document_title: Fantastic Four (2015 film)

question_text: who plays ben in the new fantastic four

question_tokens: who plays ben in the new fantastic four

text: Fantastic Four (2015 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Childhood friends Reed Richards and Ben Grimm have worked together on a prototype teleporter since youth, eventually attracting the attention of Professor Franklin Storm, director of the Baxter Foundation, a government-sponsored research institute for young prodigies. Reed is recruited to join them and aid Storm's children, scientist Sue Storm and technician Johnny Storm, into completing a "Quantum Gate" designed by Storm's protégé Victor von Doom.

text: The experiment is successful, and the facility's supervisor, Dr. Allen, plans to send a group from NASA to venture into a parallel dimension known as "Planet Zero". Disappointed at being denied the chance to join the expedition, Reed, Johnny, and Victor along with Ben use the Quantum Gate to embark on an unsanctioned voyage to Planet Zero, which they learn is a world filled with otherworldly substances. Victor attempts to touch the green-lava like substance, causing the ground they are standing on to erupt. Reed, Johnny, and Ben return to their shuttle just as Sue brings them back to Earth and Victor is seemingly killed after he falls into the collapsing landscape. The Quantum Gate explodes, altering Reed, Sue, Johnny, and Ben on a genetic level and granting them superhuman abilities beyond their control: Reed can stretch like rubber, Susan can become invisible and generate force fields, Johnny can engulf his entire body in fire and fly, and Ben develops a rock-like hide which gives him superhuman strength and durability. They are then placed in government custody in order to be studied and have their abilities tested. Blaming himself for the accident, Reed escapes from the facility and tries to find a cure for their changes.

text: One year later, Reed is now a fugitive and has built a suit that helps him control his ability. Hiding in Central America, he is eventually found by the United States military with Sue's help and captured by Ben, who has become a military asset along with Johnny and Sue. Johnny and Sue have been outfitted with specialized suits designed to help them control their abilities. Reed is brought to Area 57, where Dr. Allen conscripts him into rebuilding the Quantum Gate in exchange for giving Reed the resources to find a cure. Arriving in Planet Zero, Dr. Allen's explorers find Victor, who has been fused to his spacesuit and now possesses telekinetic abilities, and bring him back to Earth. Believing the human race needs to be destroyed so he can rebuild Earth in his image, Victor kills the scientists and soldiers in the base, including Dr. Allen and Professor Storm, and returns to Planet Zero using the Quantum Gate, with Ben, Johnny, Reed, and Sue in pursuit.

text: Now dubbing himself "Doom", Victor activates a portal on Planet Zero using the Quantum Gate and begins consuming the landscape of the Earth using a structure he created from the rock formations in Planet Zero. He is confronted by the four and, after a short battle, Ben punches Doom into the portal's energy beam, disintegrating him while Johnny closes the portal. Returning to Earth, the group is rewarded by the US military for their heroics by being given a new base of operations known as "Central City" in order to study their abilities without government interference. They decide to use their powers to help people and adopt the mantle of the "Fantastic Four".

text: Cast[edit]

text: Miles Teller as Reed Richards / Mister Fantastic:

text: Michael B. Jordan as Johnny Storm / Human Torch:

text: Kate Mara as Susan Storm / Invisible Woman:

text: Jamie Bell as Ben Grimm / The Thing:

text: Toby Kebbell as Victor Von Doom / Doctor Doom:

text: Reg E. Cathey as Franklin Storm:

text: Tim Blake Nelson as Harvey Allen:

text: Additionally, Dan Castellaneta portrays Mr. Kenny, Reed's teacher and Tim Heidecker appears as Mr. Richards, Reed's stepfather.[27] Chet Hanks, son of actor Tom Hanks, has a minor appearance as Jimmy Grimm, Ben's older brother.[28][29]

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text:
"This Fantastic Four movie is sort of a celebration of all the Fantastic Four comics that have preceded it. We have elements from the original Fantastic Four that there's a sort of optimism and inspirational quality to the film. In some ways a comedy that was really distinct in the original Fantastic Four. Also, the notion of this dysfunctional surrogate family that comes together and has to work together is very present in the movie that owes a great debt to the originals and this idea that they are scientist and that it's almost like this science adventure, more than being superheroes... We also owe a lot to the Ultimate's and the current crop of Fantastic Four comics."[citation needed]

—Simon Kinberg on adapting the Fantastic Four comic books into film

tag: div

text: In August 2009, 20th Century Fox announced that they would reboot the Fantastic Four film franchise. Akiva Goldsman was attached as producer and Michael Green was hired to write the screenplay.[30] At the time, actors Adrien Brody and Jonathan Rhys Meyers were considered for the role of Mr. Fantastic, while Kiefer Sutherland was considered for role of The Thing. In July 2012, Josh Trank was hired to direct, and Jeremy Slater was hired as screenwriter.[31][32] Slater's original script featured the villains Galactus and Dr. Doom with Doom depicted as a spy who becomes a herald of Galactus and eventually the dictator of Latveria.[33][34] In February 2013, Matthew Vaughn was attached as a producer and Seth Grahame-Smith was hired to polish the script.[35][36] In October 2013, Simon Kinberg was hired to co-write and produce the film.[37] The Calvary FX was hired in April 2014 for the pre-visualization of the film.[19]

text: According to 20th Century Fox's consultant for their Marvel Comics-based films, Mark Millar, the film would take place in the same universe as the X-Men film series.[38] Although Kinberg contradicted this statement,[39] Bryan Singer confirmed talks of a potential crossover among Fox.[40] Trank has said that the film is heavily influenced by David Cronenberg, that 1981's Scanners and 1986's The Fly influenced the look of the film,[11] and that its overall tone would feel like a "cross between Steven Spielberg and Tim Burton".[41]

text: Casting[edit]

text: In January 2014, Kinberg finished rewriting the script, and casting for the roles of Reed Richards and Sue Storm began.[42] Miles Teller, Kit Harington, Richard Madden, and Jack O'Connell were tested for the role of Reed, before Teller was cast. Meanwhile, Kate Mara, Saoirse Ronan, Margot Robbie, and Emmy Rossum were tested for Sue.[43][44] In February, it was revealed that Michael B. Jordan would play Johnny Storm / Human Torch, and Mara was cast as Sue Storm / Invisible Woman.[45] In March, Toby Kebbell was cast as Victor von Doom,[46] and Teller confirmed that Jamie Bell had been cast as Ben Grimm / The Thing.[8] Sam Riley, Eddie Redmayne, and Domhnall Gleeson were considered for Doctor Doom.[47] Mads Mikkelsen also auditioned for the role of Reed Richards / Mister Fantastic; initially reported as having walked out calling the audition process "mad" and "wrong", Mikkelsen later stated that the only thing he was asked to do during his audition was stretch his arms as long as he could make them.[48][49] In April, Tim Blake Nelson entered final negotiations to play Harvey Elder.[50] In May, Reg E. Cathey was cast as Sue's and Johnny's father, Dr. Storm.[51]

text: The casting of a black actor, Michael B. Jordan, as the new Johnny Storm spawned controversy among some fans [52] Director Josh Trank justified his decision by saying the move to cast Jordan as Johnny Storm was taken to bring the iconic comic book team in line with real-world demographics.[53]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Fantastic Four had a production budget of $155 million.[54] Principal photography commenced on May 5, 2014, at the Celtic Media Centre in Baton Rouge, Louisiana and ended on August 23, 2014, lasting for 72 days.[11][55][56][57] Matthew Jensen served as director of photography.[58] The film was planned to be shot in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, but was moved to Louisiana due to the state's film production tax incentives.[59] During filming, producers Hutch Parker and Simon Kinberg rewrote Trank's original script and gave the film a different ending.[60] In January 2015, reshoots were ordered by 20th Century Fox executives who were not satisfied with the film, feeling that the movie felt more like a sequel to Trank's previous film, Chronicle.[61][62]

text: Before the film's release, several sources had reported that there were multiple disagreements between 20th Century Fox and Trank during production. After being unsatisfied with Trank's original cut, Fox ordered their own changes to the film without Trank's supervision, changing and omitting certain major plot points from Trank's version. Many other sources claimed that there was "erratic behavior" from Trank on the set of the film, which resulted in Fox's negative treatment of Trank.[63][64] Trank posted a message on Twitter one day prior to the film's release that criticized the finished film. Expressing heavy dissatisfaction towards the final product, he stated, "A year ago I had a fantastic version of this. And it would've received great reviews. You'll probably never see it. That's reality though."[65] Trank deleted the message shortly after.[66] While Fox distribution chief Chris Aronson claimed that Fox supported Trank's version of the film,[67] Kebbell conversely stated, "I tell you, the honest truth is [Trank] did cut a great film that you’ll never see. That is a shame. A much darker version, and you’ll never see it."[23]

text: Post-production[edit]

text: The film used the Los Angeles-based company OTOY for the visual effects. Moving Picture Company, Pixomondo, Rodeo FX and Weta Digital also created visual effects for the film.[68][69][70] Moving Pictures Company took on the visual effects for The Thing, rendering a fully digital character based on Jamie Bell's on-set performance and the Human Torch's fiery visual effects. Weta Digital handled Reed Richards' stretch effects. Pixomondo delivered Sue Storm's force-field and cloaking effects and augmented Doom's costume. James E. Price served as the over-all visual effects supervisor.[19] Kinberg stated that the film would be converted to 3D in post-production,[71] but those plans were canceled, with Trank stating that he wanted "the viewing experience of Fantastic Four to remain as pure as possible for the audience, which means in 2D".[72] A sequence showing The Thing performing a "dive-bomb" in the film was cut due to budget constraints.[73]

text: Music[edit]

text: In January 2015, Marco Beltrami was hired to compose the film's score.[74] Philip Glass was also hired to work on the score with Beltrami.[11] Additionally, American hip-hop recording artist El-P scored the end credits of the film.[75] To promote the film, Kim Nam-joon, known as RM of the Kpop group BTS, and American recording artist Mandy Ventrice, worked on the digital single "Fantastic", which was released alongside the South Korean run of the film.[76] In July 2015, Beltrami attended the 2015 San Diego Comic-Con International to discuss scoring the film. Beltrami described the score as "eerie" and "mysterious", landing it in a "musical territory leaning towards fantasy."[77] The film score was released on August 14, 2015, by Sony Classical Records.[78] In spite of the film's negative reception, the soundtrack still gained a positive response.[79][80][81]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: The teaser trailer for Fantastic Four was released in January 2015 to a generally positive response.[82] Graeme McMillan of The Hollywood Reporter gave the trailer a positive review, calling it a "surprisingly strong step in the right direction for a faithful adaptation of an often-problematic property."[83] Abraham Riesman of New York's Vulture also responded to the trailer positively, saying that the film "could be the most innovative and tonally unique marquee superhero movie."[84] However, correspondents for Newsarama noted that there was "nothing" in the trailer to characterize it as being based on the Fantastic Four, feeling it could have easily been a substitute for similar science fiction films such as 2014's Interstellar.[85] The trailer became the most-watched trailer in 20th Century Fox's history, surpassing the previous record-holder, 2014's X-Men: Days of Future Past.[21]

text: The second trailer for the film was released in April 2015.[86] Sean O'Connell of CinemaBlend called the trailer "amazing" and said that it "does a much better job of setting up everyone's roles."[87] Drew McWeeny of HitFix said the film "looks like it was approached with serious intent" and that the scale "feels positively intimate."[88] In the same month, the cast attended CinemaCon to present footage from the film, which also generated positive reviews.[89]

text: Release[edit]

text: The world premiere of Fantastic Four occurred at Williamsburg Cinemas in New York City on August 4, 2015.[90] It was released in North America on August 7, 2015, on 3,995 screens.[91][92] In December 2012, the film was scheduled for a March 6, 2015, release date,[93] and was later changed again in November 2013 to June 19, 2015, before settling on its final date of August 7, 2015.[94]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Fantastic Four grossed $56.1 million in North America and $111.9 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $168 million, against a production budget of $155 million (estimated $200 million including marketing and distribution costs), making it the lowest grossing Fantastic Four film to date.[3][95] It received a "C–" rating from audiences surveyed by CinemaScore on a scale of A+ to F, which was referred to by Pamela McClintock of The Hollywood Reporter as "the worst grade that anyone can remember for a marquee superhero title made by a major Hollywood studio."[96]

text: In the United States and Canada, Fantastic Four was projected to take the top spot and earn around $40–50 million on its opening weekend, which would be lower than the opening weekend gross of 2005's Fantastic Four ($56.1 million) and 2007's Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer ($58.1 million).[91][97][98][99] The film made $2.7 million from late night previews on the night of August 6.[100] On its opening day, Fantastic Four earned $11.3 million (including Thursday's preview screenings), lower than early tracking,[4][101] and $25.6 million on its opening weekend,[102] marking one of the lowest openings of all time for a big-budget superhero movie which box office analysts have attributed to poor critical reviews and audience reception. It came in second place behind Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation ($28.5 million).[103] When asked by The New York Times to comment on the weekend box office results, Chris Aronson, Fox's president of domestic distribution said: "There's not much to say. I have never seen a confluence of events impact the opening of a movie so swiftly," referring to negative reviews and a renegade tweet by Trank that blamed the studio for the poor reviews.[95] In the film's second weekend, it grossed $8 million, dropping 69% from the opening weekend.[104] Its low financial performance led to it being categorized as a box office bomb.[5][6][105] It was dubbed the second biggest box office bomb of 2015, behind Tomorrowland, estimating the film's losses to be between $80–100 million.[106][107]

text: Outside North America, the film grossed $33.1 million on its opening weekend from 43 countries from 8,996 screens, coming at second place behind Rogue Nation at the international box office. While it underperformed in certain countries, it opened at number one in 20 countries. Its top openings were in Mexico ($5.29 million), the United Kingdom, Ireland and Malta ($4.19 million), France ($3.85 million), Venezuela ($3.81 million) and Brazil ($3 million).[108][109]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 9% based on 219 reviews, with a weighted average rating of 3.4/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Dull and downbeat, this Fantastic Four proves a woefully misguided attempt to translate a classic comic series without the humor, joy, or colorful thrills that made it great."[110] The film has a lower rating on Rotten Tomatoes than any other film based on a Marvel Comics property.[111] The website Metacritic gave the film a weighted average score of 27 out of 100, based on 40 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[112] Criticism of Fantastic Four was directed at the special effects, performances, slow pacing, and character designs, especially that of Doctor Doom; the film was also criticized for its gloomy and humorless tone, lack of dynamic between the title characters, and for overall squandering the promise it initially displayed.[110][113][114]

text: Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave Fantastic Four one star out of four, calling it "the cinematic equivalent of malware" and "worse than worthless."[115] Jim Vejvoda of IGN criticized the film as "aesthetically drab and dramatically inert", said that the two previous Fantastic Four films "seem better in hindsight", and that the film did not show enough character development between the members of the team. He also criticized the blatant continuity errors, such as Mara's changing hair style and color and Teller's disappearing facial hair, brought on by the film's reshoots.[116] Brian Lowry of Variety found the film to be a technical improvement over the 2005 release but criticized its uneven pacing and writing, saying "Ultimately, Fox's stab at reviving one of its inherited Marvel properties feels less like a blockbuster for this age of comics-oriented tentpoles than it does another also-ran — not an embarrassment, but an experiment that didn't gel."[117] Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter felt the film is "like a 100-minute trailer for a movie that never happens." He called the film "maddeningly lame and unimaginative" in addition to criticizing the visual style as a "dark, unattractive, gloomy mode."[118] In a review for Screen Daily, Tim Grierson criticized the film's narrative as nonsensical, making the film "progressively more muddled and tedious."[119]

text: Conversely, David Jenkins of Little White Lies praised Fantastic Four for its stylistic deviation from other recent superhero films, and argued that the film's characters "make decisions which may appear to lack credibility, but the writing works hard to show you why these people are doing what they are doing – and it's not just haphazard patching work, but believable reasons which build on the themes of the movie".[120] James Berardinelli gave the film two and a half stars out of four, opining that Fantastic Four is "no better or worse [than] the other superhero movies of 2015", welcoming the dark tone, and praising the performance of the main actors. However, he stated that as a superhero film, "it falls into the 'adequate' range of the spectrum - neither memorable nor forgettable."[121]

text: Yahoo! Movies,[122] Toronto Sun,[123] Indiewire,[124] and Rolling Stone have included Fantastic Four in their lists compiling the worst films of 2015.[125]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award
Category
Recipient
Result
Ref.

Golden Raspberry Awards
Worst Picture
Simon Kinberg, Matthew Vaughn, Hutch Parker, Robert Kulzer, Gregory Goodman
Won (tied with
Fifty Shades of Grey)
[126]

Worst Screen Combo
All four "Fantastics" (Miles Teller, Michael B. Jordan, Kate Mara, and Jamie Bell)
Nominated

Worst Prequel, Remake, Rip-off or Sequel
Simon Kinberg, Matthew Vaughn, Hutch Parker, Robert Kulzer, Gregory Goodman
Won

Worst Screenplay
Jeremy Slater, Simon Kinberg and Josh Trank
Nominated

Worst Director
Josh Trank
Won

Teen Choice Awards
Choice Movie: Sci-Fi/Fantasy

Nominated
[127]

RGU Drama Society Oscars
Worst Film
Simon Kinberg, Matthew Vaughn, Hutch Parke, Robert Kulzer, Gregory Goodman
Won

text: Home media[edit]

text: Fantastic Four was released by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment on Blu-ray Disc and DVD on December 15, 2015.[128] It was later released on Ultra HD Blu-ray on March 1, 2016.[citation needed]

text: Future[edit]

text: Before Fantastic Four began filming, 20th Century Fox announced plans for a sequel with a scheduled release date of July 14, 2017.[129] Fox then rescheduled the release for June 2, 2017, with War for the Planet of the Apes taking its place on the July 14, 2017, slot.[130] It changed the release date again to June 9, 2017, to be two weeks after Star Wars: The Last Jedi's initial scheduled release date of May 26, 2017.[131]

text: Due to Fantastic Four's poor box office performance and negative reviews, Pamela McClintock of The Hollywood Reporter said that it "throws into question whether Fox will move ahead with a sequel".[106] Phil Hoad of The Guardian said it would "be interesting" to see if Fox proceeds with a sequel and if it keeps the "gritty-on-paper" tone, noting that if Fox did not produce a sequel or a reboot until 2022, the film rights would revert to Marvel Studios.[132][133][134][135] Despite the performance, it was reported in September 2015 that Fox still planned to produce a sequel, with Simon Kinberg working on the project.[136] Drew McWeeny of HitFix said that while a sequel may not be produced in time for the 2017 release date, Fox would likely attempt to salvage the franchise, working with Trank's defined vision and adding adjustments to it.[137] While Kinberg affirmed his intent to make a sequel, Kate Mara said that a sequel looked unlikely, despite expressing interest in reprising her role as Sue Storm.[136] In September 2015, Tommy Wiseau expressed enthusiasm in directing a sequel, having personal admiration for the film.[138]

text: In November 2015, the sequel was removed from Fox's release schedule.[139] In May 2016, Kinberg reaffirmed his intent to make another Fantastic Four film with the same cast.[140] Later that month, Toby Kebbell stated he had no interest in reprising his role as Dr. Doom if a sequel were to happen.[141] Both Miles Teller and Kate Mara said that they were open to returning for a sequel.[142][143] On February 24, 2017, when asked by Collider whether they would make another Fantastic Four film, Kinberg stated "I have no idea. I think the truth is we would not do another Fantastic Four movie until it was ready to be made. One of the lessons we learned on that movie is we want to make sure to get it 100% right, because we will not get another chance with the fans".[144]

text: Toby Kebbell stated he would only be interested in returning to the role of Doctor Doom if he joined the Marvel Cinematic Universe. Kebbell added "Truth is, Doom is an incredible bad guy. They just keep trying to force him into the Fantastic Four...Doom is a monster, but you know my Doom was not, so there's that".[145] Stan Lee (co-creator of the Fantastic Four) also expressed interest in the Fantastic Four, as well as the X-Men, returning to Marvel Studios stating, "We should have all of our characters under Marvel. Remind me on my way home to do something about that. We'll do our best."[146] However, Marvel Studios' Kevin Feige stated in June 2017 that there were no plans of adding the Fantastic Four to the Marvel Cinematic Universe at that time.[147]

text: At the 2017 San Diego Comic-Con, Noah Hawley revealed that he is developing a movie centered on Doctor Doom (unrelated to the Doctor Doom in this film).[148] Stan Lee reiterated his statements and stated that Marvel Studios is currently "working" to get the film rights to Fantastic Four and X-Men back.[149] Matthew Vaughn has expressed interest in directing a new version of Fantastic Four himself as an apology saying, "One of my favorites is the Fantastic Four, so maybe one day I'll try and rectify the mistake."[150]

text: In November 2017, it was reported that Disney and 21st Century Fox (owner of 20th Century Fox) had been negotiating a deal for Disney to acquire Fox's film and TV assets, giving the former company the film rights to the X-Men, Fantastic Four and Deadpool.[151][152] On December 14 2017, Disney announced its intention to purchase some of Fox's film and television assets, including the film rights to the Fantastic Four and X-Men franchises.[153]


document_title: Canadian dollar

question_text: last time canadian dollar was at par with us

root

text: Canadian dollar

text: History[edit]

text: From the Canadian pound to the Canadian dollar[edit]

text: In 1841, the Province of Canada adopted a new system based on the Halifax rating. The new Canadian pound was equal to four US dollars (92.88 grains gold), making one pound sterling equal to 1 pound, 4 shillings, and 4 pence Canadian. Thus, the new Canadian pound was worth 16 shillings and 5.3 pence sterling.

tag: p

text: The 1850s was a decade of wrangling over whether to adopt a sterling monetary system or a decimal monetary system based on the US dollar. The local population, for reasons of practicality in relation to the increasing trade with the neighbouring United States, had a desire to assimilate their colonial currency with the American unit, but the imperial authorities in London still preferred sterling as the sole currency throughout the British Empire. In 1851, the Legislative Council and the Legislative Assembly passed an act for the purposes of introducing a pound sterling unit in conjunction with decimal fractional coinage. The idea was that the decimal coins would correspond to exact amounts in relation to the U.S. dollar fractional coinage.

text: As a compromise, in 1853 an act of the Legislative Council and Assembly of the Province of Canada introduced the gold standard into the colony, based on both the British gold sovereign and the American gold eagle coins. This gold standard was introduced with the gold sovereign being legal tender at £1 = US$4.86 2⁄3. No coinage was provided for under the 1853 act. Sterling coinage was made legal tender and all other silver coins were demonetized. The British government in principle allowed for a decimal coinage but nevertheless held out the hope that a sterling unit would be chosen under the name of "royal". However, in 1857, the decision was made to introduce a decimal coinage into the Province of Canada in conjunction with the U.S. dollar unit. Hence, when the new decimal coins were introduced in 1858, the colony's currency became aligned with the U.S. currency, although the British gold sovereign continued to remain legal tender at the rate of £1 = 4.86 2⁄3 right up until the 1990s. In 1859, Canadian colonial postage stamps were issued with decimal denominations for the first time.

text: In 1860, the colonies of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia followed the colony of Canada in adopting a decimal system based on the U.S. dollar unit. In the following year, Canadian colonial postage stamps were issued with the denominations shown in dollars and cents.

text: Newfoundland went decimal in 1865, but unlike the Province of Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia, it decided to adopt a unit based on the Spanish dollar rather than on the U.S. dollar, and there was a slight difference between these two units. The U.S. dollar was created in 1792 on the basis of the average weight of a selection of worn Spanish dollars. As such, the Spanish dollar was worth slightly more than the U.S. dollar, and likewise, the Newfoundland dollar, until 1895, was worth slightly more than the Canadian colonial dollar.

text: In 1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia were united in a federation called the Dominion of Canada and the three currencies were merged into the Canadian dollar.

text: In 1871, Prince Edward Island went decimal within the U.S. dollar unit and introduced coins for 1¢. However, the currency of Prince Edward Island was absorbed into the Canadian system shortly afterwards, when Prince Edward island joined the Dominion of Canada in 1873.

text:
Currencies used in Canada and its predecessors

Currency
Dates in use
Value in British pounds
Value in Canadian dollars

Canadian pound
1841–1858
16s 5.3d
$4

Canadian dollar
1858–present
4s 1.3d
$1

New Brunswick dollar
1860–1867

British Columbia dollar
1865–1871

Prince Edward Island dollar
1871–1873

Nova Scotian dollar
1860–1871
4s
$0.973

Newfoundland dollar
1865–1895
4s 2d
$1.014

1895–1949
4s 1.3d
$1

tag: table

text: The Canadian Parliament passed the Uniform Currency Act in April 1871,[10] tying up loose ends as to the currencies of the various provinces and replacing them with a common Canadian dollar. The gold standard was temporarily abandoned during the First World War and definitively abolished on April 10, 1933. At the outbreak of the Second World War, the exchange rate to the U.S. dollar was fixed at C$1.10 = US$1.00. This was changed to parity in 1946. In 1949, sterling was devalued and Canada followed, returning to a peg of C$1.10 = US$1.00. However, Canada allowed its dollar to float in 1950, whereupon the currency rose to a slight premium over the U.S. dollar for the next decade. But the Canadian dollar fell sharply after 1960 before it was again pegged in 1962 at C$1.00 = US$0.925. This was sometimes pejoratively referred to as the "Diefenbuck" or the "Diefendollar", after the then Prime Minister, John Diefenbaker. This peg lasted until 1970, after which the currency's value has floated.

text: Terminology[edit]

text: Canadian English, like American English, used the slang term "buck" for a former paper dollar. The Canadian origin of this term derives from a coin struck by the Hudson's Bay Company during the 17th century with a value equal to the pelt of a male beaver – a "buck".[11] Because of the appearance of the common loon on the back of the $1 coin that replaced the dollar bill in 1987, the word "loonie" was adopted in Canadian parlance to distinguish the Canadian dollar coin from the dollar bill. When the two-dollar coin was introduced in 1996, the derivative word "toonie" ("two loonies") became the common word for it in Canadian English slang.

text: In French, the currency is also called le dollar; Canadian French slang terms include piastre or piasse (the original word used in 18th-century French to translate "dollar") and huard (equivalent to "loonie", since huard is French for "loon," the bird appearing on the coin). The French pronunciation of cent (pronounced similarly to English as /sɛnt/ or /sɛn/, not like the word for hundred, /sɑ̃/ or /sã/)[12] is generally used for the subdivision; sou is another, informal, term for 1¢. 25¢ coins in Quebec French are often called trente sous ("thirty cents") because of a series of changes in terminology, currencies, and exchange rates. After the British conquest of Canada in 1760, French coins gradually went out of use, and sou became a nickname for the halfpenny, which was similar in value to the French sou. Spanish dollars and U.S. dollars were also in use, and from 1841 to 1858, the exchange rate was fixed at $4 = £1 (or 400¢ = 240d). This made 25¢ equal to 15d, or 30 halfpence (trente sous). After decimalization and the withdrawal of halfpence coins, the nickname sou began to be used for the 1¢ coin, but the idiom trente sous for 25¢ endured.[13]

text: Coins[edit]

text: Coins are produced by the Royal Canadian Mint in Winnipeg, Manitoba, and Ottawa, Ontario, in denominations of 5¢ (nickel), 10¢ (dime), 25¢ (quarter), 50¢ (50¢ piece) (though the 50¢ piece is no longer distributed to banks and is only available directly from the mint, therefore seeing very little circulation), $1 (loonie), and $2 (toonie). The last 1¢ (penny) to be minted in Canada was struck on Friday May 4, 2012,[14] and ceased its distribution on February 4, 2013.[15] Ever since, the price for a cash transaction may be rounded to the nearest five cents. The penny continues to be legal tender, although they are only accepted as payment, and not given back as change.

text: The standard set of designs has Canadian symbols, usually wildlife, on the reverse, and an effigy of Elizabeth II on the obverse. Some pennies, nickels, and dimes remain in circulation that bear the effigy of George VI. It is also common for American coins to be found among circulation due to the close proximity to the United States and the fact that the sizes of the coins are similar. Commemorative coins with differing reverses are also issued on an irregular basis, most often quarters. 50¢ coins are rarely found in circulation; they are often collected and not regularly used in day-to-day transactions in most provinces.

text: Coin history[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In 1858, bronze 1¢ and 0.925 silver 5¢, 10¢ and 20¢ coins were issued by the Province of Canada. Except for 1¢ coins struck in 1859, no more coins were issued until 1870, when production of the 5¢ and 10¢ was resumed and silver 25¢ and 50¢ were introduced. Between 1908 and 1919, sovereigns (legal tender in Canada for $4.86 2⁄3) were struck in Ottawa with a "C" mintmark.

text: Canada produced its first gold dollar coins in 1912 in the form of $5 and $10. These coins were produced from 1912 to 1914. The obverse carries an image of King George V and on the reverse is a shield with the arms of the Dominion of Canada. Gold from the Klondike River valley in the Yukon accounts for much of the gold in the coins.

text: Two years into the coin's production World War I began and production of the coins stopped in favour of tighter control over Canadian gold reserves. Most of the 1914 coins produced never reached circulation at the time and some were stored for more than 75 years until being sold off in 2012. The high quality specimens were sold to the public and the visually unappealing ones were melted.[16]

text: In 1920, the size of the 1¢ was reduced and the silver fineness of the 5¢, 10¢, 25¢ and 50¢ coins was reduced to 0.800 silver/.200 copper. This composition was maintained for the 10¢, 25¢ and 50¢ piece through 1966, but the debasement of the 5¢ piece continued in 1922 with the silver 5¢ being entirely replaced by a larger nickel coin. In 1942, as a wartime measure, nickel was replaced by tombac in the 5¢ coin, which was changed in shape from round to dodecagonal. Chromium-plated steel was used for the 5¢ in 1944 and 1945 and between 1951 and 1954, after which nickel was readopted. The 5¢ returned to a round shape in 1963.

text: In 1935, the 0.800 silver voyageur dollar was introduced. Production was maintained through 1967 with the exception of the war years between 1939 and 1945.

text: In 1967 both 0.800 silver/0.200 copper and, later that year, 0.500 silver/.500 copper 10¢ and 25¢ coins were issued. 1968 saw further debasement: the 0.500 fine silver dimes and quarters were completely replaced by nickel ones mid-year. All 1968 50¢ and $1 coins were reduced in size and coined only in pure nickel. Thus, 1968 marked the last year in which any circulating silver coinage was issued in Canada.

text: In 1982, the 1¢ coin was changed to dodecagonal, and the 5¢ was further debased to a cupro-nickel alloy. In 1987 a $1 coin struck in aureate-plated nickel was introduced. A bimetallic $2 coin followed in 1996. In 1997, copper-plated zinc replaced bronze in the 1¢, and it returned to a round shape. This was followed, in 2000, by the introduction of even cheaper plated-steel 1¢, 5¢, 10¢, 25¢ and 50¢ coins, with the 1¢ plated in copper and the others plated in cupro-nickel. In 2012, the multi-ply plated-steel technology was introduced for $1 and $2 coins as well. Also in that year mintage of the 1¢ coin ceased and its withdrawal from circulation began in 2013.

text: Banknotes[edit]

text: The first paper money issued in Canada denominated in dollars were British Army bills, issued between 1813 and 1815. Canadian dollar bank notes were later issued by the chartered banks starting in the 1830s, by several pre-Confederation colonial governments (most notably the Province of Canada in 1866), and after confederation, by the Dominion of Canada starting in 1870. Some municipalities also issued notes, most notably depression scrip during the 1930s.

text: On July 3, 1934,[17] with only 10 chartered banks still issuing notes, the Bank of Canada was founded. It took over the federal issuance of notes from the Dominion of Canada. It began issuing notes in denominations of $1, $2, $5, $10, $20, $25, $50, $100, $500 and $1000. In 1944, the chartered banks were prohibited from issuing their own currency, with the Royal Bank of Canada and the Bank of Montreal among the last to issue notes.

text: Significant design changes to the notes have occurred since 1935, with new series introduced in 1937, 1954, 1970, 1986, and 2001. In June 2011, newly designed notes printed on a polymer substrate, as opposed to cotton fibre, were announced; the first of these polymer notes, the $100 bill, began circulation on November 14, 2011, the $50 bill began circulation on March 26, 2012, the $20 denomination began circulation on November 7, 2012, and the $5 and $10 denominations began circulation on November 12, 2013.

text: All banknotes are currently printed by the Ottawa-based Canadian Bank Note Company under contract to the Bank of Canada. Previously, a second company, BA International (founded 1866 as British American Bank Note Company), shared printing duties. In 2011, BA International announced it would shutter its banknote printing business and cease printing banknotes at the end of 2012.[18]

text: Legal tender[edit]

text: Canadian dollar banknotes issued by the Bank of Canada are legal tender in Canada. However, commercial transactions may legally be settled in any manner agreed by the parties involved.

text: Legal tender of Canadian coinage is governed by the Currency Act, which sets out limits of:[19]

text:
$40 if the denomination is $2 or greater but does not exceed $10;
$25 if the denomination is $1;
$10 if the denomination is 10¢ or greater but less than $1;
$5 if the denomination is 5¢;
25¢ if the denomination is 1¢.

tag: ul

text: Retailers in Canada may refuse bank notes without breaking the law. According to legal guidelines, the method of payment has to be mutually agreed upon by the parties involved with the transactions. For example, stores may refuse $100 bank notes if they feel that would put them at risk of being counterfeit victims; however, official policy suggests that the retailers should evaluate the impact of that approach. In the case that no mutually acceptable form of payment can be found for the tender, the parties involved should seek legal advice.[20]

text: Canadian dollars, especially coins, are accepted by some businesses in the northernmost cities of the United States[citation needed] and in many Canadian snowbird enclaves, just as U.S. dollars are accepted by some Canadian businesses.

text: In 2012, Iceland considered adopting the Canadian dollar as a stable alternative to the Icelandic króna.[21][22] Canada was favoured due to its northern geography and similar resource based economy, in addition to its relative economic stability.[23][24] The Canadian ambassador to Iceland said that Iceland could adopt the currency; although Iceland ultimately decided not to move on with the proposal.[25]

text: Value[edit]

text: Since 76.7% of Canada's exports go to the U.S., and 53.3% of imports into Canada come from the U.S.[26] Canadians are interested in the value of their currency mainly against the U.S. dollar. Although domestic concerns arise when the dollar trades much lower than its U.S. counterpart, there is also concern among exporters when the dollar appreciates quickly. A rise in the value of the dollar increases the price of Canadian exports to the U.S. On the other hand, there are advantages to a rising dollar, in that it is cheaper for Canadian industries to purchase foreign material and businesses.

text: The Bank of Canada currently has no specific target value for the Canadian dollar and has not intervened in foreign exchange markets since 1998.[27] The Bank's official position is that market conditions should determine the worth of the Canadian dollar, although the BoC occasionally makes minor attempts to influence its value.

text: On world markets, the Canadian dollar historically tended to move in tandem with the U.S. dollar.[citation needed] An apparently rising Canadian dollar (against the U.S. dollar) was decreasing against other international currencies; however, during the rise of the Canadian dollar since 2002, it has gained value against the U.S. dollar as well as other international currencies. In recent years, dramatic fluctuations in the value of the Canadian dollar have tended to correlate with shifts in oil prices, reflecting the Canadian dollar's status as a petrocurrency owing to Canada's significant oil exports.[28]

text: The Canadian dollar's highest ever exchange rate was US$2.78, reached on July 11, 1864 after the United States had temporarily abandoned the gold standard.

text: Unlike other currencies in the Bretton Woods system, whose values were fixed, the Canadian dollar was allowed to float from 1950 to 1962. Between 1952 and 1960, the Canadian dollar traded at a slight premium over the U.S. dollar, reaching a high of US$1.0614 on August 20, 1957.

text: The Canadian dollar fell considerably after 1960, and this contributed to Prime Minister John Diefenbaker's defeat in the 1963 election. The Canadian dollar returned to a fixed exchange rate regime in 1962 when its value was set at US$0.925, where it remained until 1970.

text: As an inflation-fighting measure, the Canadian dollar was allowed to float in 1970. Its value appreciated and it was worth more than the U.S. dollar for part of the 1970s. The high point was on April 25, 1974, when it reached US$1.0443.

text: The Canadian dollar fell in value against its American counterpart during the technological boom of the 1990s that was centred in the United States, and was traded for as little as US$0.6179 US on January 21, 2002, which was an all-time low.[29] Since then, its value against all major currencies rose until 2013, due in part to high prices for commodities (especially oil) that Canada exports.[citation needed]

text: The Canadian dollar's value against the U.S. dollar rose sharply in 2007 because of the continued strength of the Canadian economy and the U.S. currency's weakness on world markets. During trading on September 20, 2007 it met the U.S. dollar at parity for the first time since November 25, 1976.[30]

text: Inflation in the value of the Canadian dollar has been fairly low since the 1990s. In 2007 the Canadian dollar rebounded, soaring 23% in value.

text: On September 28, 2007, the Canadian dollar closed above the U.S. dollar for the first time in 30 years, at US$1.0052.[31] On November 7, 2007, it hit US$1.1024 during trading, a modern-day high[32] after China announced it would diversify its US$1.43 trillion foreign exchange reserve away from the U.S. dollar. By November 30, however, the Canadian dollar was once again at par with the U.S. dollar, and on December 4, the dollar had retreated back to US$0.98, through a cut in interest rates made by the Bank of Canada due to concerns about exports to the U.S.

text: Due to its soaring value and new record highs at the time, the Canadian dollar was named the Canadian Newsmaker of the Year for 2007 by the Canadian edition of Time magazine.[33]

text: Since the late 2000s, the Canadian dollar has been valued at levels comparable to the years before the swift rise in 2007. A dollar in the mid 70 cent US range has been the usual rate for much of the 2010s.

text: Reserve currency[edit]

text:
Most traded currencies by value
Currency distribution of global foreign exchange market turnover[34]

Rank
Currency
ISO 4217 code
(symbol)
 % daily share
(April 2016)

1

 United States dollar

USD ($)

87.6%

2

 Euro

EUR (€)

31.4%

3

 Japanese yen

JPY (¥)

21.6%

4

 Pound sterling

GBP (£)

12.8%

5

 Australian dollar

AUD (A$)

6.9%

6

 Canadian dollar

CAD (C$)

5.1%

7

 Swiss franc

CHF (Fr)

4.8%

8

 Renminbi

CNY (元)

4.0%

9

 Swedish krona

SEK (kr)

2.2%

10

 New Zealand dollar

NZD (NZ$)

2.1%

11

 Mexican peso

MXN ($)

1.9%

12

 Singapore dollar

SGD (S$)

1.8%

13

 Hong Kong dollar

HKD (HK$)

1.7%

14

 Norwegian krone

NOK (kr)

1.7%

15

 South Korean won

KRW (₩)

1.7%

16

 Turkish lira

TRY (₺)

1.4%

17

 Russian ruble

RUB (₽)

1.1%

18

 Indian rupee

INR (₹)

1.1%

19

 Brazilian real

BRL (R$)

1.0%

20

 South African rand

ZAR (R)

1.0%

Other
7.1%

Total[35]
200.0%

text: A number of central banks (and commercial banks) keep Canadian dollars as a reserve currency. The Canadian dollar is considered to be a benchmark currency.[36]

text: In the economy of the Americas, the Canadian dollar plays a similar role to that of the Australian dollar (AUD) in the Asia-Pacific region. The Canadian dollar (as a regional reserve currency for banking) has been an important part of the British, French and Dutch Caribbean states’ economies and finance systems since the 1950s. The Canadian dollar is held by many central banks in Central and South America as well.

text: By observing how the Canadian dollar behaves against the U.S. dollar, foreign exchange economists can indirectly observe internal behaviours and patterns in the U.S. economy that could not be seen by direct observation. The Canadian dollar has fully evolved into a global reserve currency only since the 1970s, when it was floated against all other world currencies. Some economists have attributed the rise of importance of the Canadian dollar to the long-term effects of the Nixon Shock that effectively ended the Bretton Woods system of global finance.[citation needed]

text: Current exchange rates[edit]

text:
Current CAD exchange rates

From Google Finance:
AUD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD INR CNY BRL

From Yahoo! Finance:
AUD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD INR CNY BRL

From XE:
AUD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD INR CNY BRL

From OANDA:
AUD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD INR CNY BRL

From fxtop.com:
AUD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD INR CNY BRL


document_title: Morbidity and mortality conference

question_text: what does m and m stand for in medicine

question_tokens: what does m and m stand for in medicine

text: Morbidity and mortality conference

text: Morbidity and mortality (M&M) conferences are traditional, recurring conferences held by medical services at academic medical centers, most large private medical and surgical practices, and other medical centers. Their use in psychiatric medicine is less evident.[1] Death, deterioration and complications may be unavoidable in some patients due to underlying disease processes. However they may also be associated with errors or omissions in patient care. M&M conferences involve the analysis of adverse outcomes in patient care, through peer review. The objectives of a well-run M&M conference are to identify adverse outcomes associated with medical error, to modify behavior and judgment based on previous experiences, and to prevent repetition of errors leading to complications.[2] Conferences are non-punitive and focus on the goal of improved patient care. The proceedings are generally kept confidential by law.[3] M&M conferences occur with regular frequency, often weekly, biweekly or monthly, and highlight recent cases and identify areas of improvement for clinicians involved in the case. They are particularly important for identifying systems issues (e.g., outdated policies, changes in patient identification procedures, arithmetic errors, etc.) which affect patient care.[2][4]

text: The results of a survey that endeavored to study the relevance and traits of morbidity and mortality conferences (M&MCs) in the spring of 1998 indicate that 90% of U.S. internal medicine training programs hold M&MCs. The majority of these conferences occur on a monthly basis, where an assigned leader reviews certain select cases that had unpredicted consequences or a suspected medical error. It was also reported that two-thirds of the hospitals use the M&MCs as a means to fulfill their administrative requirements for quality assurance. [5]

text: Morbidity and Mortality conferences have long been part of the practice of medicine, having originated in the early 1900s with Ernest Codman at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston. He lost his staff privileges there after suggesting the evaluating of surgeon competence. Codman's ideas contributed to the standardization of hospital practices — including a case report system that ascribed responsibility for adverse outcomes — by the American College of Surgeons in 1916. As the medical profession evolved, physicians grew accustomed to discussing their errors at mortality conferences, where autopsy findings were presented, and in published case reports. By 1983, the ACGME began requiring that accredited residency programs conduct a weekly review of all complications and deaths.


document_title: List of oil fields

question_text: where is north america's largest oil field

question_tokens: where is north america 's largest oil field

text: List of oil fields

text: This article needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (November 2010)

text: This list of oil fields includes some major oil fields of the past and present.

text: The list is incomplete; there are more than 65,000 oil and gas fields of all sizes in the world.[1] However, 94% of known oil is concentrated in fewer than 1500 giant and major fields.[2] Most of the world's largest oilfields are located in the Middle East, but there are also supergiant (>10 billion bbls) oilfields in Brazil, Mexico, Venezuela, Kazakhstan, and Russia.

text: Amounts listed below, in billions of barrels, are the estimated ultimate recoverable petroleum resources (proved reserves plus cumulative production), given historical production and current extraction technology. Oil shale reserves (perhaps 3 trillion barrels (4.8×1011 m3)) and coal reserves, both of which can be converted to liquid petroleum, are not included in this chart. Other non-conventional liquid fuel sources are similarly excluded from this list.

text: Oil fields greater than 1 billion barrels (160 million cubic metres)[edit]

text:
Field
Location
Discovered
Started production
Peaked
Recoverable oil, past and future (billion barrels)
Production (million barrels/day)
Rate of decline

Ghawar Field
Saudi Arabia
1948[3]
1951[3]
2005,[4] disputed[5]
88-104[6]
5[7]
8% per year[8]

Burgan Field
Kuwait
1937
1948
2005[9]
66-72[8]
1.7[10]
14% per year[citation needed]

Ahvaz Field

Iran

1958

1970s[11]

65 (25 recoverable)[12]

.750[13]

Upper Zakum oil field
Abu Dhabi, UAE
1963[14]
1982[15][16] (1967[14])
Production still increasing
50[15] (21 recoverable[14])
0.750[15]
Extension planned to 1 MMb/d[17]

Gachsaran Field

Iran

1927

1930

1974

66[18]

0.480

Cantarell Field

Mexico

1976

1981

2004[19]

35[8] 18 billion recoverable

.340 [20]

peaked in 2004 at 2.14 million barrels per day (340,000 m3/d)[20]

Ku-Maloob-Zaap

Mexico

1979

1981

production still increasing

.867 [21]

production increasing, most productive Mexican oil field

Bolivar Coastal Field

Venezuela

1917

1922

30-32[8]

2.6-3[8]

Aghajari Field

Iran

1938

1940

28[22]

0.300

Lula Field

Brazil, Santos Basin

2007

5-8

0.1

Safaniya Oil Field

Kuwait/Saudi Arabia

1951

30

1.2

Esfandiar Field

Iran

30

Rumaila Field

Iraq

1953

17[23]

1.3[23]

Tengiz Field

Kazakhstan

1979

1993

2010

26-40[8]

.53[8]

expanding from 285k to 1.3 m bpd [24]

Kirkuk Field

Iraq

1927

1934

8.5

0.480

Shaybah Field

Saudi Arabia

15

Agha Jari Field

Iran

1937

8.7

.200

Majnoon Field

Iraq

1975

11-20[23]

0.5[23]

Samotlor Field

Russia, West Siberia

1965

1969

1980[25]

14-16

0.844 [26]

(depletion: 73%) [26] 5% decline per year (2008 - 2014)[27]

Shaikan Sheikh Adi Field

Iraq Kurdistan

2009

2013

production still increasing

4-6

0.04

production still increasing

Romashkino Field

Russia Volga-Ural

1948

1949

in decline

16-17

.301 (2006) [26]

depletion: 85% [26]

Prudhoe Bay

United States, Alaska

1967-68

1977

1988 [28]

25 (~13 recoverable)

0.66

11% per year[citation needed]

Sarir Field

Libya

1961

1961

12 (6.5 billion recoverable)

Priobskoye field

Russia, West Siberia

1982

2000

13

0.680 (2008)

14% depleted, production rapidly expanding[29]

Lyantorskoye field

Russia, West Siberia

1966

1979

13

0.168 (2004) [26]

depletion: 81% [26]

Abqaiq Field

Saudi Arabia

12

0.43[30]

Chicontepec Field

Mexico

1926

6.5 [20] (19 certified)[31]

Berri Field

Saudi Arabia

12

West Qurna Field

Iraq

1973

15-21 [23]

0.18-0.25 (pot.)* civil war [23]

Manifa Field

Saudi Arabia

11

Fyodorovskoye Field

Russia, West Siberia

1971

1974

11

1.9 (197x)

East Baghdad Field

Iraq

1976

8 [23]

0-0.05 (pot.)* civil war [23]

Foroozan-Marjan (Iran) Field

Saudi Arabia/Iran

10

Marlim Field

Brazil, Campos Basin

in decline

10-14

8% per year[32]

Awali

Bahrain

1

Azadegan Field

Iran

1999

5.2

Marun Field

Iran

1963

16

0.52

Mesopotamian Foredeep Basin

Kuwait

66-72

Minagish

Kuwait

2

Raudhatain

Kuwait

11

Sabriya

Kuwait

3.8-4

Yibal

Oman

1968

1

Mukhaizna Oil Field

Oman

1

Dukhan Field

Qatar

1939

2.2

Halfaya Field

Iraq

4.1

Az Zubayr Field

Iraq

1949

6

Nahr Umr Field

Iraq

1948

6

Abu-Sa'fah field

Saudi Arabia

6.1

Hassi Messaoud

Algeria

1956

9

Bouri Field

Libya

1976

1988

4.5

0.060

Kizomba Complex

Angola

2

Dalia (oil field)

Angola

1997

1

Belayim

Angola

>1

Zafiro

Angola

1

Zelten oil field

Libya

1956

1961

2.5

Agbami Field

Nigeria

1998

2008

0.8-1.2

Bonga Field

Nigeria

1996

2005

1.4

Azeri-Chirag-Guneshli

Azerbaijan

1985

1997

5.4

0.684

Karachaganak Field

Kazakhstan

1972

2.5

Kashagan Field

Kazakhstan

2000

30 [33]

Kurmangazy Field

Kazakhstan

6-7

Darkhan Field

Kazakhstan

9.5

Zhanazhol Field

Kazakhstan

1960

1987

3

Uzen Field

Kazakhstan

7

Kalamkas Field

Kazakhstan

3.2

Zhetybay Field

Kazakhstan

2.1

Nursultan Field

Kazakhstan

4.5

Ekofisk oil field

Norway

1969

1971

2006

3.3

0.127

Troll Vest

Norway

1979

1990

2003

1.4

Statfjord

Norway

1974

1979

1987

3.4

Gullfaks

Norway

1978

1986

1994

2.1

Oseberg

Norway

1979

1988

2.2

Snorre

Norway

1979

1992

2003

1.5

Mamontovskoye Field

Russia

8

Russkoye Field

Russia

2.5

Kamennoe Field

Russia

1.9

Vankor Field

Russia

1983

2009

3.8[34]

Vatyeganskoye Field

Russia

1.4

Tevlinsko-Russkinskoye Field

Russia

1.3

Sutorminskoye Field

Russia

1.3

Urengoy group

Russia

1

Ust-Balykskoe Field

Russia

>1

Tuymazinskoe Field

Russia

3

Arlanskoye Field

Russia

>2

South-Hilchuy Field

Russia

3.1

North-Dolginskoye Field

Russia

2.2

Nizhne-Chutinskoe Field

Russia

1.7

South-Dolginskoye Field

Russia

1.6

Prirazlomnoye Field

Russia

1989

2011

1.4

West-Matveevskoye Field

Russia

1.1

Sakhalin Islands

Russia

14

Odoptu

Russia

1

Arukutun-Dagi

Russia

1

Piltun-Astokhskoye Field

Russia

1986

1

Ayash Field East-Odoptu Field

Russia

4.5

Verhne-Chonskoye Field

Russia

1.3

Talakan Field

Russia

1.3

North-Caucasus Basin

Russia

1.7

Clair oilfield

United Kingdom

1977

5 (1.75 recoverable)

Forties oilfield

United Kingdom

1970

5

Jupiter field

Brazil

2008

7

Cupiagua/Cusiana

Colombia

1

Boscán Field, Venezuela

Venezuela

1946

1947

1.6

Pembina

Canada

1953

1953

1.81 (recoverable)[35]

Swan Hills

Canada

Rainbow Lake

Canada

Hibernia

Canada

1979

1997

3

Terra Nova Field

Canada

1984

2002

1.0

Kelly-Snyder / SACROC

United States, Texas

1.5

Bakken Oil Field

United States, North Dakota

1951

7.3 [36]

Yates Oil Field

United States, Texas

1926

1926

1929

3.0 (2.0 billion recovered; 1.0 reserve remaining)[37][38]

Kuparuk oil field

United States, Alaska

1969

6

Alpine

United States, Alaska

0.4-1

East Texas Oil Field

United States, Texas

1930

6

Spraberry Trend

United States, Texas

1943

10[39]

Wilmington Oil Field

United States, California

1932

3

South Belridge Oil Field

United States, California

1911

2[40]

Coalinga Oil Field

United States, California

1887

1

Elk Hills

United States, California

1911

1.5[40]

Kern River

United States, California

1899

2.5[40]

Midway-Sunset Field

United States, California

1894

3.4[40]

Thunder Horse Oil Field

United States, Gulf of Mexico

1999

1

0.25

Kingfish

Australia

1.2

Halibut

Australia

1967

1

Daqing Field

China

1959

1960

16

depletion: 90%

Jidong Field

China

2.2

Tahe Field

China

8

Nanpu Oil Field

China

7.35

Wushi Oil Field

China

2015

Zafiro Field

Equatorial Guinea

1995

2004

1[41]


document_title: Baby Driver

question_text: where does the name baby driver come from

text: Baby Driver

text: Plot[edit]

text: Baby is a getaway driver in Atlanta, Georgia. When he was a child, a car accident killed his parents and left him with tinnitus, which he blocks out by listening to music on iPods. He ferries crews of robbers assembled by Doc, a heist mastermind, to pay off a debt he incurred after stealing one of Doc's cars. Between jobs, he creates remixes from snippets of conversations he records, and cares for his deaf foster father Joseph. At a diner, he meets a waitress, Debora, and they start dating.

text: Baby's next robbery goes awry after an armed bystander chases them down, but Baby evades him and the police. Having paid his debt, Baby quits his life of crime and starts delivering pizzas. While Baby is on a date with Debora, Doc insists he join a heist at a post office, threatening to hurt Debora if he refuses.

text: The crew consists of easy-going Buddy, his sharpshooter wife Darling, and trigger-happy Bats, who takes an immediate dislike to Baby. While the crew attempts to purchase illegal arms for the job, Bats realizes the dealers are police and opens fire, killing them all. Afterwards, Bats forces Baby to stop at Debora's diner, unaware of Baby and Debora's romance, and nearly kills her in a hold-up.

text: Doc, furious at the botched deal, tries to cancel the heist, but Baby convinces him to go through with it. He attempts to flee later that night, hoping to take Debora and leave Atlanta. He is stopped by Buddy and Bats, who have discovered his recordings and believe he is an informant; when they and Doc hear his mixtapes, they are convinced of his innocence.

text: During the heist, Bats kills a security guard. Disgusted, Baby refuses to drive the crew, causing Bats to hit him. Baby rams the car into rebar which impales Bats, killing him. The three flee the police on foot. After police kill Darling, Buddy blames Baby for her death, and vows to kill him. Baby steals another car and flees to his apartment. After leaving Joseph at an assisted living home, Baby drives to Debora's diner to pick her up, where he discovers Buddy waiting. Baby shoots Buddy and flees with Debora as the police close in.

text: Baby seeks help from Doc, who initially refuses to help as he blames Baby for ruining the heist. After seeing he truly loves Debora, Doc supplies them with cash and directions to get out of the country, stating that he was also in love once. Buddy ambushes them in the parking garage and hits and kills Doc with a stolen police car. A cat-and-mouse game ensues until Buddy has Baby at his mercy and shoots next to both his ears, temporarily deafening Baby. Debora disarms Buddy with a crowbar and Baby shoots him with the pistol, causing him to fall to his death.

text: Fleeing Atlanta, Baby and Debora run into a police roadblock. Debora prepares to ram it, but Baby stops her and surrenders, telling her she does not belong in the world of crime. At Baby's trial, Joseph, Debora, and several people Baby saved during the robberies testify in his defense. Baby is sentenced to 25 years in prison with a parole hearing after five years served. He receives postcards from Debora, who promises to wait for him. Baby is released and finds Debora waiting, and they kiss.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Ansel Elgort as Baby / Miles, a young man with a love for music who works as the getaway driver for a rotating crew of bank robbers[8]

Hudson Meek as young Miles

Kevin Spacey as Doc, the mysterious kingpin of the rag-tag gang of bank robbers and a veteran criminal mastermind
Jamie Foxx as Bats / Leon Jefferson III, an impulsive, violent member of Doc's gang
Lily James as Debora, a young waitress who befriends Baby
Jon Hamm as Buddy / Jason Van Horn, a handsome party animal and frequent member of Doc's gang
Eiza González as Darling / Monica Castello, one of Doc's gang of bank robbers, Buddy’s lawless and scandalous wife and partner in crime[9]
Jon Bernthal as Griff, one of Doc's gang, who mocks Baby constantly
Flea as Eddie "No-Nose", one of Doc's gang[10]
Lanny Joon as JD, one of Doc's gang
CJ Jones as Joseph, Baby's deaf foster father
Sky Ferreira as Baby's Mother
Lance Palmer as Baby's Father
Big Boi as Restaurant Patron #1[11]
Killer Mike as Restaurant Patron #2[11]
Paul Williams as "The Butcher"[11]
Jon Spencer as Prison Guard[11]
Micah Howard as "Barista"
Morgan Brown as Street Preacher
Sidney and Thurman Sewell (The ATL Twins) as Hellcat Thug #1 and #2 (cameo)[12]

text: Filmmaker Walter Hill makes a vocal cameo appearance as a courtroom interpreter during Baby's trial hearing near the end of the film. Wright has cited Hill's 1978 film The Driver as a major inspiration for Baby Driver.

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Writer-director Edgar Wright conceived Baby Driver in 1994; he adapted the film's original planned beginning into a 2003 music video he directed for Mint Royale's "Blue Song",[13] which starred Noel Fielding as a music-loving getaway driver for a group of bank robbers.[14] A clip of the music video is shown briefly in the movie as the main character flips between television channels.[15] Inspirations for the film came from the films Straight Time, Point Break, Reservoir Dogs and Heat.[14]

text: Casting[edit]

text: The film was announced in July 2014.[16] By January 2015 it was reported that Ansel Elgort was in talks to star.[17] Elgort's audition required him to lip sync and dance to the song of his choosing. Elgort chose Easy by The Commodores which resonated with Wright to the point where he would include the song in the movie.[18]

text: Emma Stone and Michael Douglas were also rumoured to be in the cast.[19] On May 7, 2015, Lily James was reported to be in talks to be the female lead, a waitress and Elgort's character's love interest.[20][21]

text: Jamie Foxx was reported to be in talks to join the film on September 8, 2015.[22] On October 20, 2015, Jon Hamm signed on to play one of the villains, a former Wall Street trader turned member of the gang.[21] On November 3, 2015, it was announced that Kevin Spacey had been cast as a veteran criminal and the boss of the crew.[23] On December 16, 2015, Eiza González joined the film to play one of the bank robbers—the wife of Hamm's character.[24] Jon Bernthal was cast as Griff, another one of the gang, on February 23, 2016.[25]

text: Wright enlisted choreographer Ryan Heffington to sync the actors' timing and movements with the soundtrack.[26][27]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography, which took place in Atlanta, Georgia, began on February 17, 2016, and concluded on May 13.[28][29]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Baby Driver (Music from the Motion Picture)

Soundtrack album by Various artists

Released
June 23, 2017 (2017-06-23)

Length
1:43:53

Label
30th Century

Producer
Danger Mouse

text: Baby Driver (Music from the Motion Picture) is the soundtrack album of the film. The soundtrack was released on June 23, 2017, on CD, vinyl and digital music via the Columbia Records imprint, 30th Century Records.[30] The album features a combination of artists, from various decades, including Blur, Run the Jewels, Sky Ferreira, Jon Spencer Blues Explosion, Queen and Golden Earring.[31]

text: The film takes its name from "Baby Driver", a song from the Simon & Garfunkel album Bridge over Troubled Water. The song is played during the end credits.[32][33] Wright consulted with James Gunn, director of Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2, before Vol. 2 released to ensure the two films did not feature the same songs on their soundtracks.[34]

text: Track listing[edit]

text: The soundtrack features three original tracks: a cover of "Easy" by Sky Ferreira; "Chase Me" by Danger Mouse (featuring Run the Jewels and Big Boi); and "Was He Slow?" by Kid Koala.[31]

text:
No.
Title
Artist(s)
Length

1.
"Bellbottoms"
Jon Spencer Blues Explosion
5:17

2.
"Harlem Shuffle"
Bob & Earl
2:52

3.
"Egyptian Reggae"
Jonathan Richman & The Modern Lovers
2:37

4.
"Smokey Joe's La La"
Googie Rene
3:02

5.
"Let's Go Away for Awhile"
The Beach Boys
2:21

6.
"B-A-B-Y"
Carla Thomas
2:57

7.
"Kashmere"
Kashmere Stage Band
4:57

8.
"Unsquare Dance"
Dave Brubeck
2:00

9.
"Neat Neat Neat"
The Damned
2:42

10.
"Easy (Single Version)"
The Commodores
4:16

11.
"Debora"
T. Rex
3:19

12.
"Debra"
Beck
5:43

13.
"Bongolia"
Incredible Bongo Band
2:15

14.
"Baby Let Me Take You (In My Arms)"
The Detroit Emeralds
3:53

15.
"Early in the Morning"
Alexis Korner
3:01

16.
"The Edge"
David McCallum
2:54

17.
"Nowhere to Run"
Martha and the Vandellas
3:02

18.
"Tequila"
The Button Down Brass
3:32

19.
"When Something Is Wrong with My Baby"
Sam & Dave
3:16

20.
"Every Little Bit Hurts"
Brenda Holloway
2:57

21.
"Intermission"
Blur
2:27

22.
"Hocus Pocus" (original single version)
Focus
3:18

23.
"Radar Love" (1973 single edit)
Golden Earring
3:44

24.
"Never, Never Gonna Give Ya Up"
Barry White
4:51

25.
"Know How"
Young MC
4:02

26.
"Brighton Rock"
Queen
5:10

27.
"Easy"
Sky Ferreira
4:28

28.
"Baby Driver"
Simon & Garfunkel
3:16

29.
"Was He Slow?" (credit roll version)
Kid Koala
1:47

30.
"Chase Me"
Danger Mouse featuring Run the Jewels and Big Boi
3:27

Total length:
1:43:53

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (2017)
Peak
position

Australian Albums (ARIA)[35]
5

Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)[36]
56

Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[37]
48

Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)[38]
64

Canadian Albums (Billboard)[39]
40

Dutch Albums (MegaCharts)[40]
66

German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[41]
76

New Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[42]
16

Spanish Albums (PROMUSICAE)[43]
52

Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[44]
54

US Billboard 200[45]
27

text: Lawsuit[edit]

text: In August 2017, Rolan Feld, son of T. Rex lead vocalist Marc Bolan, sued Sony Pictures, Media Rights Capital, and Bambino Films for using the band's song "Debora" without permission.[46]

text: Release[edit]

text: In August 2015, Sony Pictures Entertainment announced that the film would be released on March 17, 2017. It was briefly pushed back to August 11, 2017 before a final date of June 28, 2017 was settled on.[47] Baby Driver had its world premiere at the South by Southwest film festival on March 11, 2017.[48] On the weekend of August 25, the film was re-released in 1,074 theaters.[49]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Baby Driver was released on Digital Media on September 12, 2017, and on 4K Ultra HD/Blu-ray Combo Pack, Blu-ray & DVD October 10, 2017, from Sony Pictures Home Entertainment.[50] The film debuted at No. 2 on both the NPD VideoScan First Alert sales chart and the dedicated Blu-ray Disc sales chart, behind Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales.[51]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Baby Driver grossed $107.8 million in the United States and Canada and $119.1 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $226.9 million (against a production budget of $34 million).[5]

text: In North America, Baby Driver was initially projected to gross $12–20 million from 3,150 theaters over its first five days, with the possibility to earn more due to strong reviews.[4] The film made $5.7 million on its first day (including $2.1 million from Tuesday-night previews) and $3.3 million on Thursday.[52] It made $6 million on Friday, increasing five-day projections to $27 million. It ended up opening to $21 million (and a five-day total of $30 million), finishing second behind another new release, Despicable Me 3 ($72.4 million). This marked the biggest American debut of Wright's career, doubling the $10.6 million opening of Scott Pilgrim vs. the World in 2010.[53] In its second weekend, Baby Driver grossed $13 million (a drop of 36.7%), finishing third at the box office;[54] in its third weekend, the film made $8.8 million, finishing fourth.[55] The film was re-released into 1,074 theaters on August 25 and made $1.2 million, up 34% from the previous week.[56]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 93% based on 296 reviews, with an average rating of 8 out of 10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Stylish, exciting, and fueled by a killer soundtrack, Baby Driver hits the road and it's gone—proving fast-paced action movies can be smartly written without sacrificing thrills."[57] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film has a score of 86 out of 100, based on 52 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[58] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A-" on an A+ to F scale.[52]

text: Peter Debruge of Variety called the film "a blast, featuring wall-to-wall music and a surfeit of inspired ideas".[59] The New York Times' Manohla Dargis listed the film as a "NYT Critic’s Pick", writing that the film "is so good that you want it to be better and go deeper, for it to put down its guns (or at least hold them differently) and transcend its clichés and cine-quotes so it can rocket out of the genre safe box into the cosmic beyond where craft and technique transform into art".[60] Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian gave the film five out of five stars, listing it as his "film of the week" and calling it an "outrageously enjoyable petrolhead heist caper".[61]

text: CNN's Brian Lowry wrote that the film "is a crackling-good ride, one that organically weaves music and humor into a slick showcase for its cast. Despite a few plotholes toward the end, writer-director Edgar Wright's stylish thriller consistently clicks on all cylinders".[62] Brian Tallerico of RogerEbert.com gave the film three-and-a-half out of four stars, and called it "fluid and jaw-dropping—the kind of thing you want to see immediately again after it's over to catch all the things you missed".[63] Empire's Terri White gave the film five out of five stars, calling it an "awe-inspiring piece of filmmaking" and "one of the most utterly original films in years".[64]

text: However, there were several less positive reviews. Rating Baby Driver three out of five stars, Joyce Slaton of Common Sense Media praised the driving sequences and music, but felt that the film "quickly slump[s] into stereotypes" and "fails to grab viewers on a visceral level", particularly criticizing Baby's backstory and the portrayal of Debora and Darling.[65] In a dismissive review, Richard Brody of The New Yorker cited many flaws, calling it "an imitation of generation’s worth of imitations."[66]