document_title: United States presidential election, 1788–89

question_text: who was allowed to vote in the first presidential election

text: Candidates[edit]

text: No official federal political parties existed at the time of the 1788–89 presidential election. Candidates might be Federalists, meaning they supported the ratification of the Constitution, or Anti-Federalists, meaning they opposed ratification. These designations were not established or organized political parties, but each forming faction  supported Washington for President. During this time, the Federalists were called by name of Cosmopolitans, and the Anti-Federalists as Localists. The terms "Federalist" and "Anti-Federalists" were not commonplace names until later elections. Although the first election was not known for its extensive campaigning, the beginnings of lobbying can be seen in the first 1788–1789 election for president. Maryland is a telltale example of the early formation of the two-party system, as the unofficial parties campaigned locally, advertising their platforms in order to appeal to the German-speaking population, and as a result, received substantially higher voter turnout rates. Party advocates in some states lobbied through public forums, parades in the streets, and dinners, forming what George Washington warned against in his farewell address—polarizing factions.

text: The effects in the formation of these divisions almost became a determining factor on whether George Washington would actually run for a second term, which would have eliminated the current two-term tradition. More often than not, divisions during elections prior to 1788 were based not on political stance, but on the reputations and family names of the different candidates. Some states had virtually no factional competition, especially in the south, as states like Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina had little political organization. These states would at times go years without hosting elections, unless an election was deemed necessary by the state's legislative body.

text: Federalist candidates[edit]

text:
John Adams, former Minister to Great Britain from Massachusetts
John Jay, United States Secretary of Foreign Affairs from New York
John Rutledge, former Governor of South Carolina
John Hancock, Governor of Massachusetts
Samuel Huntington, Governor of Connecticut
Benjamin Lincoln, former U.S. Secretary of War from Massachusetts
George Washington, former Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army from Virginia

text:
GeneralGeorge Washington from Virginia

John Adamsfrom Massachusetts

SecretaryJohn Jayof New York

GovernorJohn Rutledgeof South Carolina

GovernorJohn Hancockof Massachusetts

GovernorSamuel Huntingtonof Connecticut

Maj. GeneralBenjamin Lincolnfrom Massachusetts

text: Anti-Federalist candidates[edit]

text: George Clinton, Governor of New York

text: GovernorGeorge Clinton of New York

text: General election[edit]

text: In the absence of political parties, there was no formal nomination process. The framers of the Constitution had presumed that Washington would be the first president, and there was no opposition to him since George Washington was widely seen as "essential to the successful operation of the new government."[according to whom?] The nation was undivided, regardless of national beliefs or affiliations, in its decision of Washington as president, so it was of little curiosity to the nation that he won unanimously during the 1788–89 election. Alexander Hamilton, a devoted advocate of George Washington, stated to Washington that "...the point of light in which you stand home and abroad will make an infinite difference in the respectability in which the government will begin its operations in the alternative of your being or not being the head of state." Alexander Hamilton's letter to Washington is an attempt to persuade him to leave retirement on his farm in Mount Vernon, Virginia to run for the presidency, exemplifying the unanimous nature of George Washington's position as a candidate in the first election.

text: Less certain was the choice for the vice presidency, which contained no definite job description in the constitution. Although, the job title that came with being vice-president was as the head of the senate, unrelated to the executive branch. However, the Constitution did stipulate the position would be awarded to the runner-up in the presidential election. Because Washington was from Virginia, many assumed that a vice president would be chosen from one of the northern states to ease sectional tensions. In an August 1788 letter, U.S. Minister to France Thomas Jefferson wrote that he considered John Adams and John Hancock, both prominent citizens from Massachusetts, to be the top contenders. Jefferson suggested John Jay, James Madison, and John Rutledge as other possible candidates.[2]

text: Voter turnout was particularly low in the first election. Experts[who?] estimate that only 1.8-6% of the population participated. This was not due to a general lack of interest in the election, but rather a general lack of voting status. There were many restrictions put on potential voters, reducing the pool of would-be voters to a mere fraction of the population. The eligible voting population was primarily made up of white, male landowners, most of whom were educated. Of the people who could potentially vote, few knew anything of running candidates due to the inability to communicate to masses of people during the 18th century, generally making informed voting nearly impossible. Those who were of a different religion or without property were considered unfit to vote due to the idea that they could be easily swayed for one candidate or another, or had the possibility of creating detrimental factions in opposition to the government. The average person was considered uneducated, which included women, slaves, non citizens, indentured servants, and individuals younger than the age of 21. The qualities of a voter that were considered essential for a voter fit the characteristics of a "gentleman," as property owners were considered to have a "stake in society," deeming them independent and morally adept enough to be considered responsible voters. Voting eligibility varied from colony to colony, such as in Virginia and Connecticut which required a man to acquire a larger amount of property in order to hold different positions in office. The most common form of determining eligibility was the "forty pound rule", a common English practice that requires of voters to own forty pounds worth of land or receive a 5 percent return on the owned land. These eligible voter restrictions were made more inclusive with the later passage of the 15th amendment that removed racial affiliation as an eligible voter characteristic, and with the 19th amendment in 1920, which allowed for the suffrage of women.

text: No official laws were established barring immigrants who did not speak English from voting, but they were greatly discouraged from doing so by means of anti-immigrant rhetoric. The expectation was that any non-English speaking residents in the colonies were assumed to be ineligible due to property requirements. Regarding the 1788–1789 elections, eligible voting was determined by the type of Christianity that an individual affiliated with. Only Protestants, and in some instances certain denominations, could vote in certain colonies. For example, only congregationalists retained the right to vote in Massachusetts. Jews, Quakers, and especially Catholics could not vote legally in states such as Rhode Island and Virginia. However, this was not the case in every colony, as Pennsylvania allowed every citizen regardless of property to have the right to vote. Due to the sentiments of freedom and independence following the revolution, nominations became more localized and frequent, access to voting booths increased dramatically, and the first instances of the "Australian" (i.e., secret) ballot began to pop up within the United States. Although many people were more apt to participate in local elections, nearly 90 percent of white males were able to vote in states like New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and New Hampshire.

text: An often unconsidered adversity in the Election of 1788–89 was great difficulty in communicating and convening for assembly due to "impassable, perilous roads, poorly-maintained bridges, and slow postal delivery." Voter turnout was inhibited significantly, as traveling to the nearest polling place could take days, and for many, leaving the farm unattended for prolonged periods of time could not be afforded in small middle-class agrarian households which relied on daily manual labor and upkeep of farmsteads. Congress also moved at a glacial rate due to these obstacles, and it even took two months for George Washington to learn that he had won the Presidency[citation needed][dubious  – discuss], and spent an entire week traveling from Virginia to New York to be sworn in as president.  A total of four electoral votes were lost, two in Virginia as well as in Maryland, due to complications involving travel and private matters. These complications played a large role in the outcome of different aspects of the first election, ultimately causing necessary compromises that hindered the organizational efficiency of the new government.

text: Electors were chosen by the individual states, and each cast one vote for Washington. The electors used their second vote to cast a scattering of votes: while Adams won a plurality of these votes, a majority of the 69 electors voted for a candidate other than Adams. This was due largely to a scheme perpetrated by Alexander Hamilton, who feared that Adams would tie with Washington, throwing the election to the House of Representatives and embarrassing Washington and the new Constitution. Thus, Adams received only 34 of 69 votes, with the remaining 35 ballots split between ten other candidates.[3]

text: As the electors were being selected, rumors spread that there was an Anti-Federalist plot afoot to elect Richard Henry Lee or Patrick Henry president over Washington, with George Clinton as their choice for vice president. These rumors may have been encouraged by those sympathetic to the Federalists, who wished to discourage electors from voting for Clinton. If so, this strategy was effective: Clinton received only three electoral votes, possibly due to the fear that a vote for Clinton was effectively a vote against Washington.[4]

text: Only ten states out of the original thirteen cast electoral votes in this election. North Carolina and Rhode Island were ineligible to participate as they had not yet ratified the United States Constitution.[5] New York failed to appoint its allotment of eight electors because of a deadlock in the state legislature.[5]

text: Squabbles over the choice of the capital city lead to further party divisions, and cutthroat campaigning strategies were underway from slandering rumors to redistricting. The Massachusetts General Court had tampered with district borders to favor certain ideological inclinations, known today as "gerrymandering."[citation needed] Patrick Henry redrew districts for the House of Representatives election in favor of the Localists, aiding James Monroe to win the popular vote.[citation needed] Other slander in local elections that set the precedent for the Election of 1788 were the widespread conspiracy theories that often plagued candidates in running for office. Candidates published articles attacking the opposer. In South Carolina, a representative's character in terms of representing local interests was tarnished. Dave Ramsey, from New Jersey, contended in a three-way election to represent the Charleston district in 1788. Rumors circulated about his interests in "an emancipation of negroes," to which Ramsey rebutted with attempting to prove that his opponent, William Smith, was not considered a citizen under the constitution. Tensions on divisive issues increased regardless of the fact that there were no official party systems in place leading up to the 1788 election. Although these contentions played no part in Washington's unanimous vote, they revealed the strategies in which two groups attempted to secure positions in the Vice Presidential and legislative positions.

text: The founders attempted to create a society that supports more nationalistic world views that work to benefit the nation as a whole, as opposed to candidates self-interest and by simply representing the popular vote's local will. Considering the parochial nature of American society in the 18th century, it was assumed that most presidential elections would end up in the House of Representatives since electors would vote for locally known leaders and there would be no clear majority, hence the safeguarded structure of the electoral college, with one vote being mandatory out of state. The founders presumed that most elections would obtain no majority vote by the electors, as it was nearly depicted in the competitive election of John Adams as vice president. Yet, the House of Representatives has only chosen the President in 1801 and 1825 as opposed to most elections. Although the American political system did not pan out as the founders had hoped, the Election of 1788–1789 shaped the federal body experienced in the United States today. James Bryce described this in The American Commonwealth, "So hard it is to keep even a rigid constitution from warping and bending under the actual forces of politics."

text: Results[edit]

text: Popular vote[edit]

text:
Popular Vote(a), (b), (c)

Count

Percentage

Federalist electors

39,624

90.5%

Anti-Federalist electors

4,158

9.5%

Total

43,782

100.0%

text: Source: U.S. President National Vote. Our Campaigns. (February 11, 2006).

text:
(a) Only 6 of the 10 states casting electoral votes chose electors by any form of popular vote.
(b) Less than 1.8% of the population voted: the 1790 Census would count a total population of 3.0 million with a free population of 2.4 million and 600,000 slaves in those states casting electoral votes in this election.
(c) Those states that did choose electors by popular vote had widely varying restrictions on suffrage via property requirements.

text: Electoral vote[edit]

text:
Presidential candidate

Party

Home state

Popular vote(a), (b), (c)

Electoral vote(d), (e), (f)

Count

Percentage

George Washington

Non Partisan

Virginia

43,782

100.0%

69

John Adams

Federalist

Massachusetts

—

—

34

John Jay

Federalist

New York

—

—

9

Robert H. Harrison

Federalist

Maryland

—

—

6

John Rutledge

Federalist

South Carolina

—

—

6

John Hancock

Federalist

Massachusetts

—

—

4

George Clinton

Anti Federalist

New York

—

—

3

Samuel Huntington

Federalist

Connecticut

—

—

2

John Milton

Federalist

Georgia

—

—

2

James Armstrong(g)

Federalist

Georgia(g)

—

—

1

Benjamin Lincoln

Federalist

Massachusetts

—

—

1

Edward Telfair

Anti Federalist

Georgia

—

—

1

Total

43,782

100.0%

138

Needed to win

35

text:
Source: "Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996". National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved July 30, 2005.
Source (Popular Vote): A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825[6]

text:
(a) Only 6 of the 10 states casting electoral votes chose electors by any form of popular vote.
(c) Those states that did choose electors by popular vote had widely varying restrictions on suffrage via property requirements.
(d) The New York legislature failed to appoint its allotted 8 electors in time, so there were no voting electors from New York.
(e) Two electors from Maryland did not vote.
(f) One elector from Virginia did not vote and another elector from Virginia was not chosen because an election district failed to submit returns.
(g) The identity of this candidate comes from The Documentary History of the First Federal Elections (Gordon DenBoer (ed.), University of Wisconsin Press, 1984, p. 441). Several respected sources, including the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress and the Political Graveyard, instead show this individual to be James Armstrong of Pennsylvania. However, primary sources, such as the Senate Journal, list only Armstrong's name, not his state. Skeptics observe that Armstrong received his single vote from a Georgia elector. They find this improbable because Armstrong of Pennsylvania was not nationally famous—his public service to that date consisted of being a medical officer during the American Revolution and, at most, a single year as a Pennsylvania judge.

text: Results by state[edit]

text: Popular vote[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
George WashingtonFederalist

George WashingtonAnti-Federalist

State Total

State

electoralvotes

#

%

electoralvotes

#

%

electoralvotes

#

Connecticut

7

no popular vote

7

no popular vote

-

CT

Delaware

3

685

100

3

no ballots

685

DE

Georgia

5

no popular vote

5

no popular vote

-

GA

Maryland

8

5,539

71.63

6

2,193

28.37

-

7,732

MD

Massachusetts

10

17,740

100

10

no ballots

17,740

MA

New Hampshire

5

5,909

100

5

no ballots

5,909

NH

New Jersey

6

no popular vote

6

no popular vote

-

NJ

New York

8

did not participate (legislature deadlocked)

-

NY

North Carolina

7

did not participate (did not ratify Constitution)

-

NC

Pennsylvania

10

6,711

90.90

10

672

9.10

-

7,383

PA

Rhode Island

3

did not participate (did not ratify Constitution)

-

RI

South Carolina

7

no popular vote

7

no popular vote

-

SC

Virginia

12

3,040

70.16

10

1,293

29.84

-

4,333

VA

TOTALS:

91

39,624

90.50

69

4,158

9.50

0

43,782

US

TO WIN:

35

text: Electoral vote[edit]

text:
State

Washington

Adams

Jay

Harrison

Rutledge

Hancock

Clinton

Huntington

Milton

Armstrong

Telfair

Lincoln

Connecticut

7

5

0

0

0

0

0

2

0

0

0

0

Delaware

3

0

3

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Georgia

5

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

2

1

1

1

Maryland

6

0

0

6

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Massachusetts

10

10

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

New Hampshire

5

5

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

New Jersey

6

1

5

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Pennsylvania

10

8

0

0

0

2

0

0

0

0

0

0

South Carolina

7

0

0

0

6

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

Virginia

10

5

1

0

0

1

3

0

0

0

0

0

Total

69

34

9

6

6

4

3

2

2

1

1

1

text: Source: Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections[7]

text: Electoral college selection[edit]

text: The Constitution, in Article II, Section 1, provided that the state legislatures should decide the manner in which their Electors were chosen.  Different state legislatures chose different methods:[8]

text:
Method of choosing electors

State(s)

each elector appointed by the state legislature

ConnecticutGeorgiaNew JerseyNew York(a)South Carolina

two electors appointed by state legislatureeach remaining elector chosen by state legislature from list of top two vote-getters in each congressional district

Massachusetts

each elector chosen by voters statewide; however, if no candidate wins majority, state legislature appoints elector from top two candidates

New Hampshire

state is divided into electoral districts, with one elector chosen per district by the voters of that district

Virginia(b)Delaware

electors chosen at large by voters

MarylandPennsylvania

state had not yet ratified the Constitution, so was not eligible to choose electors

North CarolinaRhode Island

text:
(a) New York's legislature deadlocked, so no electors were chosen.
(b) One electoral district failed to choose an elector.


document_title: Ashton (given name)

question_text: what does the name ashton mean for a girl

root

text: Ashton (given name)

text:
AshtonGender
UnisexLanguage(s)
EnglishOriginMeaning
From the town with ash trees.Other namesSee also
Ashten, Ashtyn, Ashtin

tag: table

text: Ashton is a given name derived from an English surname derived from a place name meaning "ash tree town."[1]

tag: p

text: The name is in use for both boys and girls in the United States. Ashton was used far more often on American females from years 1986–1997.[2] The popularity for girls was from the Terri Garber character "Ashton Main" on 1985's North and South (miniseries). Since Ashton Kutcher's debut on television and film in the late 1990s, the name is now in favor more for boys, as it was always before 1986. Ashton was the 124th most popular name for American boys born in 2007. It was the 778th most popular name for American girls in 2005, the last year it was ranked among the top 1,000 names. Ashton was ranked among the top 100 names for boys in England and Wales in 2007 and in British Columbia, Canada and New South Wales, Australia in 2005 and 2006.[3]

text: Popular nicknames include: Ash, Ashie, and Ashy.

text: Notable people with the name include:

text:
Ashton Agar, Australian cricketer
Ashton Carter, American physicist and United States Secretary of Defense
Ashton Eaton, American decathlete
Ashton Irwin, drummer from an Australian punk rock band, 5 Seconds Of Summer (5SOS)
Ashton Kutcher, American actor
Ashton Sanborn (1882–1970), American archaeologist.
Ashton Shepherd, American singer
Ashton Sims, Australian rugby league
Ashton Turner, Australian cricketer

tag: ul

text: Fictional characters with the name include:

text:
Ashton Anchors, playable male character in Star Ocean: The Second Story
Ashton Main, female southern belle character in 1985's North and South (miniseries)

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Behind the Name

Jump up ^ http://www.babynamespedia.com/meaning/Ashton/m

Jump up ^ Behind the Name

tag: ol

text: Name listThis page or section lists people that share the same given name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article.

text: Given namesEnglish given namesEnglish unisex given names

text: Articles with short descriptionAll set index articles


document_title: Bleach (2018 film)

question_text: when is the new bleach movie coming out

question_tokens: when is the new bleach movie coming out

text: Bleach (2018 film)

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Sota Fukushi as Ichigo Kurosaki[4]
Hana Sugisaki as Rukia Kuchiki[5]
Ryo Yoshizawa as Uryū Ishida[6]
Taichi Saotome as Renji Abarai[6]
Miyavi as Byakuya Kuchiki[6]

text: Development[edit]

text: In 2008, Tite Kubo stated that he wished to make Bleach an experience that can only be found by reading manga, dismissing ideas of creating any live-action film adaptations of the series.[7] When the film adaptation was announced, however, Kubo decided to be involved with its production to ensure its faithfulness to the manga and anime, so that both old and new fans may enjoy it. He also stated that his only concern was the color of Ichigo's hair, which in the manga and anime is a bright shade of orange. He said, "If that color is in the live-action movie, it'd be strange, so I wonder what they're going to do!"[8] Regarding what fans could expect in the live-action adaptation, Sota Fukushi, who will portray Ichigo, stated that the film would feature "the monstrous Hollows, otherworldly Soul Society, and destructive Zanpakuto sword-fighting techniques".[9]

text: The 10th issue of the 2018 Weekly Shōnen Jump magazine released the visual for Rukia Kuchiki, revealing that Hana Sugisaki will portray the character.[5][10] On March 2018, the film's official twitter account revealed that Uryū Ishida, Renji Abarai and Byakuya Kuchiki will be portrayed by Ryo Yoshizawa, Taichi Saotome and Miyavi respectively.[6][11]

text: Release[edit]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: After months of speculation from fans and critics, paired with months of silence from Warner Bros. Japan, a teaser trailer was released online on July 6, 2017, also revealing a poster for the movie in the process.[12] On January 1, 2018, to hype the movie's release in Summer of 2018, to commemorate the beginning of the new year and to thank the support of the fans of the anime and movie project, a short message was shared via the movie's official twitter account.[13]

text: On February 5, 2018, it was revealed that the movie would premiere on July 20, 2018 in Japan.[3] A teaser trailer was released on February 21, 2018 which was praised for its faithful adaptation of the series' first chapter.[14][15][16]


document_title: Kevin & Perry Go Large

question_text: who plays eyeball paul in kevin and perry

text: Kevin & Perry Go Large

text: Plot[edit]

text: The film begins at the beheading of Anne Boleyn, which turns out to be an erotic daydream, introducing protagonist Kevin, who is having sexual fantasies when he's supposed to be doing his homework about Boleyn.

text: Kevin has tried to lose his virginity for three years. He and his best friend, Perry go to a newsagent's to buy a pornographic magazine, which results in failure, as do all of Kevin's attempts at sexual exploration.

text: The boys come up with the idea to go to Ibiza to become DJs and get "guaranteed sex", but Kevin's parents Ray and Sheila (James Fleet and Louisa Rix) forbid the trip due to Kevin's bad grades on his school report. As a compromise however, they tell the boys they can make the trip on the condition that they get a job to pay for it.

text: The boys search fruitlessly for a job, ending up at a house party where Kevin again tries to succeed in finally having sex, and again fails.

text: Having failed miserably at all his attempts at success with women and gainful employment, Kevin is asked to sign for the delivery of his dad's credit card. Kevin then takes the card to the bank to steal the money for the flights from his dad's bank account. At the bank, Kevin accidentally foils a bank robbery, and the manager awards Kevin and Perry with enough cash to make the trip. With that, they plan for their holiday in Ibiza.

text: Once in Ibiza, the boys spot the 'girls of their dreams' Candice (Laura Fraser) and Gemma (Tabitha Wady). They also meet Eye Ball Paul (whose nickname derives from his practice of vodka eyeballing). The boys spend the day with the girls and although they are unsuccessful at having sex with them, they do begin to bond with them as friends.

text: That night, the boys walk down the high street filming the events around themselves. Kevin then films a couple snogging which turns out to be Ray and Sheila. Kevin sulks while he and Perry hang out with Ray and Sheila, finally ending up at the club "Amnesia" where they dance the night away. Their new friends, Candice and Gemma are refused entry by the doorman (Paul Whitehouse), citing their appearance as a reason.

text: The next day, the boys go to Paul's where he makes them clean his house in return for his listening to their tapes. Leaving Paul's house, they spot Candice and Gemma, but again their clumsy attempts at wooing them end up in failure.

text: After the girls have a makeover, they are admitted to Amnesia with Kevin and Perry. However, events again conspire to ruin their chance at romance with the girls. Later, Perry videotapes Ray having sex with Sheila. The following day, Paul listens to their music as the boys clean his kitchen. He stumbles across the taping of Ray and Sheila and shows it to everyone, resulting in Kevin ending his friendship with Perry after realizing he was responsible for filming them.

text: After a day of Kevin and he sulking around unhappily, Perry runs into Paul, who tells him that he likes their song, and that he will play it in the club. Perry tells Kevin the good news and the friends reconcile. That night they and the girls go to the club again. Their song is played but Ray and Sheila (who wanted to visit the club) are humiliated as the sex tape was used by Paul in the creation of the song. Nevertheless, the song becomes an instant club favourite. Paul becomes unhappy at Kevin and Perry's success, and turns off the song and makes the crowd angry. Kevin and Perry then take over as DJs with the club dancing through the night. The next day, Kevin and Perry finally lose their virginity to Candice and Gemma on a beach with other couples engaged in intercourse.

text: In the Epilogue, the boys are seen signing copies of their record in a music shop, whilst Kevin's parents are seen signing copies of a video they have made about better mid-marriage sex.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Cast
Characters

Harry Enfield
Kevin

Kathy Burke
Perry

Rhys Ifans
Eyeball Paul

James Fleet
Dad (Ray)

Louisa Rix
Mum (Sheila)

Laura Fraser
Candice

Tabitha Wady
Gemma

Steve O'Donnell
Big Baz

Natasha Little
Anne Boleyn

Anna Shillinglaw
Bikini Girl

Badi Uzzaman
Shopkeeper

Kenneth Cranham
Vicar

Sam Parks
Police Officer

Rupert Vansittart
Bank Manager

Frank Harper
Robber

Mark Tonderai
Music Store Boss

Amelia Curtis
Sharon

text: Music production[edit]

text: Enfield tried to use songs in the film that were top of the dance charts at the time.

text: DJ Judge Jules created the mix that Kevin and Perry create in the film, "Big Girl", which was subsequently released as a single credited to the Precocious Brats with Kevin And Perry. It was in the top 40 for 4 weeks in 2000, and reached #16 in the UK Singles Charts.

text: "Straight to Hell" by The Clash features at the beginning of the film when Kevin begins banging his head on the bedroom wall; the camera pans out to view the street, in which the film title appears. All of the cars are Ford Focuses, and all of the people shown outside are wearing red baseball caps and using Flymo lawnmowers.

text: In the film, Eyeball Paul is a wealthy and very successful DJ; however, actor Rhys Ifans admits he is a terrible DJ, but thanks to "the magic of film" he'll "look pretty sharp out there".

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: This is a list of all the songs used for the soundtrack in the film (taken from the film's credits).

text: Since being set largely in Ibiza, the film featured are large number of dance, techno & trance tracks and DJs that were popular at the time.

text:
Y:Traxx – "Mystery Land (Sickboys Courtyard Remix)"
The Precocious Brats feat. Kevin & Perry – "Big Up (All I Wanna Do is Do It!)"
Fatboy Slim – "Love Island (4/4 Mix)"
The Wiseguys – "Oh La La"
Underworld – "King of Snake (Fatboy Slim Remix)"
CRW – "I Feel Love (R.A.F. Zone Mix)"
Jools Holland & His Rhythm & Blues Orchestra feat. Jamiroquai – "I'm In the Mood for Love"
Fragma – "Toca Me"
Fragma – "Toca Me (Inpetto Mix)"
Ayla – "Ayla (DJ Taucher Remix)"
Sunburst – "Eyeball (Eyeball Paul's Theme)"
Yomanda – "Sunshine (Hi-Gate remix)"
Oasis – "Wonderwall" (excerpts performed by Mr. & Mrs. Patterson)
Mauro Picotto – "Lizard (Claxxix Mix)"
Gladys Knight – "The Look of Love"
Skip Raiders feat. Jada – "Another Day (Perfecto Dub Mix)"
Samuel Barber – "Barber's 'Adagio For Strings'"
Hybrid feat. Chrissie Hynde – "Kid 2000"
The Precocious Brats feat. Kevin & Perry – "Big Girl (All I Wanna Do is Do It!) (Yomanda Remix)"
Phil Pope & Los Lidos – "Mi Amour"
Roger Sanchez – "The Partee"
The Clash – "Straight To Hell"
Lange feat. The Morrighan – "Follow Me"
Tosca – "Fuck Dubs Parts 1&2"
Groove Armada – "Chicago"
The Birthday Party – "Release the Bats"
Ver Vlads – "Crazy Ivan"
Drew Milligan & Stewart Resiyn – "Elixir"
Nick Bardon & Steve Warr – "Insanity"
Dominic Glynn & Martin Smith – "Onslaught"
Laurie Johnson – "Galliard"
Mike Hankinson – "Death & The Maiden"
Nightmares on Wax – "Sweet Harry" / "Emotion"
Nightmares on Wax – "Ethnic Majority"
Southside Spinners – "Luvstruck"
The Precosious Brats feat. Kevin & Perry – "Big Girl (All I Wanna Do is Do It!) (The Shaft Remix)"
Signum feat. Scott Mac – "Coming on Strong"

text: Venues featured in the film[edit]

text: The Ibiza club Amnesia makes an appearance in the film. However, the front view of the club, as shown in the film, is not the same as the actual Amnesia. The DJ booth that Eyeball Paul uses in the film is not the actual booth of the club, which is sited above the giant "spectrum analyser", seen in the film to the right of the fictitious booth. The Harlequin Shopping Centre in Watford was also used. Freemans Close in the small village of Stoke Poges in Buckinghamshire was used for the location of the Patterson's house. Ibiza Airport was briefly used; however, the footage of a Virgin Sun Airlines plane taking off was actually filmed at El Altet airport in Alicante.

text: Kevin and Perry and Kevin's parents' apartment is in Santa Eulària des Riu in Ibiza. The beach that the boys go to is Cala Benirras on the western shore north of San Antonio. The buying of the indecent magazine was done in the high street of Shepperton.

text: The opening sequence where Kevin dreams of saving Anne Boleyn from execution was filmed at Dover Castle.[1]

text: Viewing certificate[edit]

text: Harry Enfield suspected that the "two uses" of the word "fuck" (there were actually three, all by Rhys Ifans) were the cause of the film's BBFC rating being a 15, rather than a targeted 12. He revealed in the film's audio commentary that the 15 rating was given because of a scene where a group of men took drugs.[contradictory] According to BBFC guidelines, scenes of drug-taking often breach the rules of a 12-rated film.

text: Box office[edit]

text: Kevin & Perry Go Large was the top-grossing film at the British box office over the Easter weekend of 2000, taking £2 million and ranking as the number one film in the UK.[2] The next week the film was knocked off the top spot by Scream 3, but it regained its number one position the week after, in a week in which box office revenues were down due to warm weather.[3]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Kevin & Perry Go Large was generally given mixed reviews by critics and positive reviews by fans. Although it has a 0% score on Rotten Tomatoes, this is only from a sample of five reviews. The Guardian said the film was inferior to "the wave of American gross-out comedies," but noted that "Enfield himself can raise a laugh simply by throwing his arms around and moaning—as he frequently does—'I'm not your slave!'"[4] Empire rated the film 3 out of 5 stars.[5] Radio Times also gave the film 3 stars out of 5,[6] whilst the BBC rated the film 4 stars out of 5.[7] Mark Sinker of the British Film Institute reviewed the film, saying "Go Large is an amiable roll through vomit, poo and erections, public-humiliation and hating-your-parents gags, working through the most obvious permutations and a scatter of clever ones. Fans of Harry Enfield and Kathy Burke's characters get pretty much what they are after. Their foray beyond the television-skit format of Harry Enfield and Chums cheerfully enters the revolting world of Farrelly Brothers' humour."[8]

text: Since the film's release it has gone on to earn cult status amongst many clubbers across the UK and Ireland, largely for its soundtrack, humour and its references to rave culture.


document_title: Alternation of generations

question_text: in alternation of generations a diploid sporophyte goes through meiosis to form

text: Alternation of generations

text: Definition[edit]

text: Alternation of generations is defined as the alternation of multicellular diploid and haploid forms in the organism's life cycle, regardless of whether or not these forms are free-living.[4] In some species, such as the alga Ulva lactuca, the diploid and haploid forms are indeed both free-living independent organisms, essentially identical in appearance and therefore said to be isomorphic. The free-swimming, haploid gametes form a diploid zygote which germinates into a multicellular diploid sporophyte. The sporophyte produces free-swimming haploid spores by meiosis that germinate into haploid gametophytes.[5]

text: However, in some other groups, either the sporophyte or the gametophyte is very much reduced and is incapable of free living. For example, in all bryophytes the gametophyte generation is dominant and the sporophyte is dependent on it. By contrast, in all modern vascular land plants the gametophytes are strongly reduced, although the fossil evidence indicates that they were derived from isomorphic ancestors.[3] In seed plants, the female gametophyte develops totally within the sporophyte which protects and nurtures it and the embryo sporophyte that it produces. The pollen grains, which are the male gametophytes, are reduced to only a few cells (just three cells in many cases). Here the notion of two generations is less obvious; as Bateman & Dimichele say "[s]porophyte and gametophyte effectively function as a single organism".[6] The alternative term 'alternation of phases' may then be more appropriate.[7]

text: History[edit]

text: Debates about alternation of generations in the early twentieth century can be confusing because various ways of classifying "generations" co-exist (sexual vs. asexual, gametophyte vs. sporophyte, haploid vs. diploid, etc.).[8]

text: Initially, Chamisso and Steenstrup described the succession of differently organized generations (sexual and asexual) in animals as "alternation of generations", while studying the development of tunicates, cnidarians and trematode animals.[8] This phenomenon is also known as heterogamy. Presently, the term "alternation of generations" is almost exclusively associated with the life cycles of plants, specifically with the alternation of haploid gametophytes and diploid sporophytes.[8]

text: Wilhelm Hofmeister demonstrated the morphological alternation of generations in plants,[9] between a spore-bearing generation (sporophyte) and a gamete-bearing generation (gametophyte).[10][11] By that time, a debate emerged focusing on the origin of the asexual generation of land plants (i.e., the sporophyte) and is conventionally characterized as a conflict between theories of antithetic (Čelakovský, 1874) and homologous (Pringsheim, 1876) alternation of generations.[8] Čelakovský coined the words sporophyte and gametophyte.[citation needed]

text: Eduard Strasburger (1874) discovered the alternation between diploid and haploid nuclear phases,[8] also called cytological alternation of nuclear phases.[12] Although most often coinciding, morphological alternation and nuclear phases alternation are sometimes independent of one another, e.g., in many red algae, the same nuclear phase may correspond to two diverse morphological generations.[12] In some ferns which lost sexual reproduction, there is no change in nuclear phase, but the alternation of generations is maintained.[13]

text: Alternation of generations in plants[edit]

text: Fundamental elements[edit]

text: The diagram above shows the fundamental elements of the alternation of generations in plants. The many variations found in different groups of plants are described by use of these concepts later in the article. Starting from the right of the diagram, the processes involved are as follows:[14]

text:
Two single-celled haploid gametes, each containing n unpaired chromosomes, fuse to form a single-celled diploid zygote, which now contains n pairs of chromosomes, i.e. 2n chromosomes in total.
The single-celled diploid zygote germinates, dividing by the normal process (mitosis), which maintains the number of chromosomes at 2n. The result is a multi-cellular diploid organism, called the sporophyte (because at maturity it produces spores).
When it reaches maturity, the sporophyte produces one or more sporangia (singular: sporangium) which are the organs that produce diploid spore mother cells (sporocytes). These divide by a special process (meiosis) that reduces the number of chromosomes by a half. This initially results in four single-celled haploid spores, each containing n unpaired chromosomes.
The single-celled haploid spore germinates, dividing by the normal process (mitosis), which maintains the number of chromosomes at n. The result is a multi-cellular haploid organism, called the gametophyte (because it produces gametes at maturity).
When it reaches maturity, the gametophyte produces one or more gametangia (singular: gametangium) which are the organs that produce haploid gametes. At least one kind of gamete possesses some mechanism for reaching another gamete in order to fuse with it.

text: The 'alternation of generations' in the life cycle is thus between a diploid (2n) generation of sporophytes and a haploid (n) generation of gametophytes.

text: The situation is quite different from that in animals, where the fundamental process is that a diploid (2n) individual directly produces haploid (n) gametes by meiosis. Spores (i.e. haploid cells which are able to undergo mitosis) are not produced, so neither is an asexual multi-cellular generation that alternates with a sexual multi-cellular generation. (Some insects have haploid males that develop from unfertilized eggs, but the females are all diploid.)

text: Variations[edit]

text: The diagram shown above is a good representation of the life cycle of some multi-cellular algae (e.g. the genus Cladophora) which have sporophytes and gametophytes of almost identical appearance and which do not have different kinds of spores or gametes.[15]

text: However, there are many possible variations on the fundamental elements of a life cycle which has alternation of generations. Each variation may occur separately or in combination, resulting in a bewildering variety of life cycles. The terms used by botanists in describing these life cycles can be equally bewildering. As Bateman and Dimichele say "[...] the alternation of generations has become a terminological morass; often, one term represents several concepts or one concept is represented by several terms."[16]

text: Possible variations are:

text:
Relative importance of the sporophyte and the gametophyte.

Equal (homomorphy or isomorphy).
Filamentous algae of the genus Cladophora, which are predominantly found in fresh water, have diploid sporophytes and haploid gametophytes which are externally indistinguishable.[17] No living land plant has equally dominant sporophytes and gametophytes, although some theories of the evolution of alternation of generations suggest that ancestral land plants did.
Unequal (heteromorphy or anisomorphy).

Gametophyte of Mnium hornum, a moss.

Dominant gametophyte (gametophytic).
In liverworts, mosses and hornworts, the dominant form is the haploid gametophyte. The diploid sporophyte is not capable of an independent existence, gaining most of its nutrition from the parent gametophyte, and having no chlorophyll when mature.[18]

Sporophyte of Blechnum discolor, a fern.

Dominant sporophyte (sporophytic).
In ferns, both the sporophyte and the gametophyte are capable of living independently, but the dominant form is the diploid sporophyte. The haploid gametophyte is much smaller and simpler in structure. In seed plants, the gametophyte is even more reduced (at the minimum to only three cells), gaining all its nutrition from the sporophyte. The extreme reduction in the size of the gametophyte and its retention within the sporophyte means that when applied to seed plants the term 'alternation of generations' is somewhat misleading: "[s]porophyte and gametophyte effectively function as a single organism".[6] Some authors have preferred the term 'alternation of phases'.[7]

Differentiation of the gametes.

Both gametes the same (isogamy).
Like other species of Cladophora, C. callicoma has flagellated gametes which are identical in appearance and ability to move.[17]
Gametes of two distinct sizes (anisogamy).

Both of similar motility.
Species of Ulva, the sea lettuce, have gametes which all have two flagella and so are motile. However they are of two sizes: larger 'female' gametes and smaller 'male' gametes.[19]
One large and sessile, one small and motile (oogamy). The larger sessile megagametes are eggs (ova), and smaller motile microgametes are sperm (spermatozoa, spermatozoids). The degree of motility of the sperm may be very limited (as in the case of flowering plants) but all are able to move towards the sessile eggs. When (as is almost always the case) the sperm and eggs are produced in different kinds of gametangia, the sperm-producing ones are called antheridia (singular antheridium) and the egg-producing ones archegonia (singular archegonium).

Gametophyte of Pellia epiphylla with sporophytes growing from the remains of archegonia.

Antheridia and archegonia occur on the same gametophyte, which is then called monoicous. (Many sources, including those concerned with bryophytes, use the term 'monoecious' for this situation and 'dioecious' for the opposite.[20][21] Here 'monoecious' and 'dioecious' are used only for sporophytes.)
The liverwort Pellia epiphylla has the gametophyte as the dominant generation. It is monoicous: the small reddish sperm-producing antheridia are scattered along the midrib while the egg-producing archegonia grow nearer the tips of divisions of the plant.[22]
Antheridia and archegonia occur on different gametophytes, which are then called dioicous.
The moss Mnium hornum has the gametophyte as the dominant generation. It is dioicous: male plants produce only antheridia in terminal rosettes, female plants produce only archegonia in the form of stalked capsules.[23] Seed plant gametophytes are also dioicous. However, the parent sporophyte may be monoecious, producing both male and female gametophytes or dioecious, producing gametophytes of one gender only. Seed plant gametophytes are extremely reduced in size; the archegonium consists only of a small number of cells, and the entire male gametophyte may be represented by only two cells.[24]

Differentiation of the spores.

All spores the same size (homospory or isospory).
Horsetails (species of Equisetum) have spores which are all of the same size.[25]
Spores of two distinct sizes (heterospory or anisospory): larger megaspores and smaller microspores. When the two kinds of spore are produced in different kinds of sporangia, these are called megasporangia and microsporangia. A megaspore often (but not always) develops at the expense of the other three cells resulting from meiosis, which abort.

Megasporangia and microsporangia occur on the same sporophyte, which is then called monoecious.
Most flowering plants fall into this category. Thus the flower of a lily contains six stamens (the microsporangia) which produce microspores which develop into pollen grains (the microgametophytes), and three fused carpels which produce integumented megasporangia (ovules) each of which produces a megaspore which develops inside the megasporangium to produce the megagametophyte. In other plants, such as hazel, some flowers have only stamens, others only carpels, but the same plant (i.e. sporophyte) has both kinds of flower and so is monoecious.

Flowers of European Holly, a dioecious species: male above, female below (leaves cut to show flowers more clearly)

Megasporangia and microsporangia occur on different sporophytes, which are then called dioecious.
An individual tree of the European holly (Ilex aquifolium) produces either 'male' flowers which have only functional stamens (microsporangia) producing microspores which develop into pollen grains (microgametophytes) or 'female' flowers which have only functional carpels producing integumented megasporangia (ovules) that contain a megaspore that develops into a multicellular megagametophyte.

text: There are some correlations between these variations, but they are just that, correlations, and not absolute. For example, in flowering plants, microspores ultimately produce microgametes (sperm) and megaspores ultimately produce megagametes (eggs). However, in ferns and their allies there are groups with undifferentiated spores but differentiated gametophytes. For example, the fern Ceratopteris thalictrioides has spores of only one kind, which vary continuously in size. Smaller spores tend to germinate into gametophytes which produce only sperm-producing antheridia.[25]

text: A complex life cycle[edit]

text: The diagram shows the alternation of generations in a species which is heteromorphic, sporophytic, oogametic, dioicous, heterosporic and dioecious. A seed plant example might be a willow tree (most species of the genus Salix are dioecious).[26] Starting in the centre of the diagram, the processes involved are:

text:
An immobile egg, contained in the archegonium, fuses with a mobile sperm, released from an antheridium. The resulting zygote is either 'male' or 'female'.

A 'male' zygote develops by mitosis into a microsporophyte, which at maturity produces one or more microsporangia. Microspores develop within the microsporangium by meiosis.
In a willow (like all seed plants) the zygote first develops into an embryo microsporophyte within the ovule (a megasporangium enclosed in one or more protective layers of tissue known as integument). At maturity, these structures become the seed. Later the seed is shed, germinates and grows into a mature tree. A 'male' willow tree (a microsporophyte) produces flowers with only stamens, the anthers of which are the microsporangia.
Microspores germinate producing microgametophytes; at maturity one or more antheridia are produced. Sperm develop within the antheridia.
In a willow, microspores are not liberated from the anther (the microsporangium), but develop into pollen grains (microgametophytes) within it. The whole pollen grain is moved (e.g. by an insect or by the wind) to an ovule (megagametophyte), where a sperm is produced which moves down a pollen tube to reach the egg.
A 'female' zygote develops by mitosis into a megasporophyte, which at maturity produces one or more megasporangia. Megaspores develop within the megasporangium; typically one of the four spores produced by meiosis gains bulk at the expense of the remaining three, which disappear.
'Female' willow trees (megasporophytes) produce flowers with only carpels (modified leaves that bear the megasporangia).
Megaspores germinate producing megagametophytes; at maturity one or more archegonia are produced. Eggs develop within the archegonia.
The carpels of a willow produce ovules, megasporangia enclosed in integuments. Within each ovule, a megaspore develops by mitosis into a megagametophyte. An archegonium develops within the megagametophyte and produces an egg. The whole of the gametophytic 'generation' remains within the protection of the sporophyte except for pollen grains (which have been reduced to just three cells contained within the microspore wall).

text: Life cycles of different plant groups[edit]

text: The term "plants" is taken here to mean the Archaeplastida, i.e. the glaucophytes, red and green algae and land plants.

text: Alternation of generations occurs in almost all multicellular red and green algae, both freshwater forms (such as Cladophora) and seaweeds (such as Ulva). In most, the generations are homomorphic (isomorphic) and free-living. Some species of red algae have a complex triphasic alternation of generations, in which there is a gametophyte phase and two distinct sporophyte phases. For further information, see Red algae: Reproduction.

text: Land plants all have heteromorphic (anisomorphic) alternation of generations, in which the sporophyte and gametophyte are distinctly different. All bryophytes, i.e. liverworts, mosses and hornworts, have the gametophyte generation as the most conspicuous. As an illustration, consider a monoicous moss. Antheridia and archegonia develop on the mature plant (the gametophyte). In the presence of water, the biflagellate sperm from the antheridia swim to the archegonia and fertilisation occurs, leading to the production of a diploid sporophyte. The sporophyte grows up from the archegonium. Its body comprises a long stalk topped by a capsule within which spore-producing cells undergo meiosis to form haploid spores. Most mosses rely on the wind to disperse these spores, although Splachnum sphaericum is entomophilous, recruiting insects to disperse its spores. For further information, see Liverwort: Life cycle, Moss: Life cycle, Hornwort: Life cycle.

text:
Diagram of alternation of generations in liverworts.

Moss life cycle diagram

Hornwort life cycle diagram

text: In ferns and their allies, including clubmosses and horsetails, the conspicuous plant observed in the field is the diploid sporophyte. The haploid spores develop in sori on the underside of the fronds and are dispersed by the wind (or in some cases, by floating on water). If conditions are right, a spore will germinate and grow into a rather inconspicuous plant body called a prothallus. The haploid prothallus does not resemble the sporophyte, and as such ferns and their allies have a heteromorphic alternation of generations. The prothallus is short-lived, but carries out sexual reproduction, producing the diploid zygote that then grows out of the prothallus as the sporophyte. For further information, see Fern: Life cycle.

text:
Diagram of alternation of generations in ferns.

A gametophyte (prothallus) of Dicksonia sp.

A sporophyte of Dicksonia antarctica.

The underside of a Dicksonia antarctica frond showing the sori, or spore-producing structures.

text: In the spermatophytes, the seed plants, the sporophyte is the dominant multicellular phase; the gametophytes are strongly reduced in size and very different in morphology. The entire gametophyte generation, with the sole exception of pollen grains (microgametophytes), is contained within the sporophyte. The life cycle of a dioecious flowering plant (angiosperm), the willow, has been outlined in some detail in an earlier section (A complex life cycle). The life cycle of a gymnosperm is similar. However, flowering plants have in addition a phenomenon called 'double fertilization'. Two sperm nuclei from a pollen grain (the microgametophyte), rather than a single sperm, enter the archegonium of the megagametophyte; one fuses with the egg nucleus to form the zygote, the other fuses with two other nuclei of the gametophyte to form 'endosperm', which nourishes the developing embryo. For further information, see Double fertilization.

text: Evolutionary emergence of the dominant diploid phase[edit]

text: It has been proposed that the basis for the emergence of the diploid phase of the life cycle (sporophyte) as the dominant phase (e.g. as in vascular plants) is that diploidy allows masking of the expression of deleterious mutations through genetic complementation.[27][28] Thus if one of the parental genomes in the diploid cells contained mutations leading to defects in one or more gene products, these deficiencies could be compensated for by the other parental genome (which nevertheless may have its own defects in other genes). As the diploid phase was becoming predominant, the masking effect likely allowed genome size, and hence information content, to increase without the constraint of having to improve accuracy of DNA replication. The opportunity to increase information content at low cost was advantageous because it permitted new adaptations to be encoded. This view has been challenged, with evidence showing that selection is no more effective in the haploid than in the diploid phases of the lifecycle of mosses and angiosperms.[29]

text:
Angiosperm life cycle

Tip of tulip stamen showing pollen (microgametophytes)

Plant ovules (megagametophytes): Gymnosperm ovule on left, angiosperm ovule (inside ovary) on right

Double fertilization

text: Similar processes in other organisms[edit]

text: Rhizaria[edit]

text: Some organisms currently classified in the clade Rhizaria and thus not plants in the sense used here, exhibit alternation of generations. Foraminifera undergo a heteromorphic alternation of generations between haploid gamont and diploid agamont forms. The single-celled haploid organism is typically much larger than the diploid organism.

text: Fungi[edit]

text: Fungal mycelia are typically haploid. When mycelia of different mating types meet, they produce two multinucleate ball-shaped cells, which join via a "mating bridge". Nuclei move from one mycelium into the other, forming a heterokaryon (meaning "different nuclei"). This process is called plasmogamy. Actual fusion to form diploid nuclei is called karyogamy, and may not occur until sporangia are formed. Karogamy produces a diploid zygote, which is a short-lived sporophyte that soon undergoes meiosis to form haploid spores. When the spores germinate, they develop into new mycelia.

text: Slime moulds[edit]

text: The life cycle of slime moulds is very similar to that of fungi. Haploid spores germinate to form swarm cells or myxamoebae. These fuse in a process referred to as plasmogamy and karyogamy to form a diploid zygote. The zygote develops into a plasmodium, and the mature plasmodium produces, depending on the species, one to many fruiting bodies containing haploid spores.

text: Animals[edit]

text: Alternation between a multicellular diploid and a multicellular haploid generation is never encountered in animals.[30] In some animals, there is an alternation between parthenogenic and sexually reproductive phases (heterogamy). Both phases are diploid. This has sometimes been called "alternation of generations",[31] but is quite different. In some other animals, such as hymenopterans, males are haploid and females diploid, but this is always the case rather than there being an alternation between distinct generations.


document_title: Red Rocks Amphitheatre

question_text: how many times has widespread panic played red rocks

text: Red Rocks Amphitheatre

text: History[edit]

text: In the first decade of the twentieth century, John Brisben Walker had a vision of artists performing on a stage nestled in the perfect acoustic surroundings of Red Rocks, which likely were used by the Ute tribe in earlier times. Walker produced a number of concerts between 1906 and 1910 on a temporary platform; and from his dream, the history of Red Rocks as an entertainment venue began.[2] In addition to the platform, Walker also built the Mount Morrison Cable Incline funicular railway which carried tourists from a base at what is today the parking lot of the amphitheatre up to enjoy the view from the top of Mount Morrison; the incline operated for about five years beginning in 1909.[3]

text: Geologically, the rocks surrounding the amphitheater are representative of the Fountain Formation. Originally the place was known as the "Garden of the Angels" (1870s-1906), and then as "Garden of the Titans" during the Walker years (1906–1928). The park, however, had always been known by the folk name of "Red Rocks", which became its formal name when Denver acquired it in 1928. The amphitheater's rocks are named "Creation Rock" on the north, "Ship Rock" on the south, and "Stage Rock" to the east. Red Rocks Amphitheatre was designed by Denver architect Burnham Hoyt.

text: In 1927, George Cranmer, Manager of Denver Parks, convinced the City of Denver to purchase the area of Red Rocks from Walker for the price of $54,133 ($737,382 in 2015 dollars[4]). Cranmer convinced Benjamin Franklin Stapleton, the Mayor of Denver, Colorado, to build on the foundation laid by Walker. By enlisting the help of the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), and Works Progress Administration (WPA), labor and materials were provided for the venture. Construction of the amphitheatre began in 1936 and was completed in 1941.[5]

text: Notable performances[edit]

text: Public, organizational and private performances have been held at Red Rocks for more than 100 years. The earliest documented performance at the amphitheater was the Grand Opening of the Garden of the Titans, put on by famed editor John Brisben Walker on May 31, 1906. Featuring Pietro Satriano and his 25-piece brass band, it was the formal opening of the natural amphitheater for use by the general public after Walker purchased it with the proceeds of his sale of Cosmopolitan Magazine.

text: The amphitheater's largest-scale performance to date was the Feast of Lanterns on September 5, 1908. Commemorating the opening of the scenic road up nearby Mt. Falcon, it was patterned after the festival of Nagasaki, Japan, and featured four military bands and fireworks off Mt. Falcon, Mt. Morrison and two intermediate hills.

text: Renowned opera singer Mary Garden put Red Rocks on the world musical map with her performance on May 10, 1911. Having performed at many opera halls around the world, she pronounced Red Rocks the finest venue at which she had ever performed.

text: Upon the full construction of the amphitheatre to its present form by the Civilian Conservation Corps, the venue was formally dedicated on June 15, 1941. It has held regular concert seasons every year since 1947.

text: The first performance of each season is the Easter Sunrise Service, a non-denominational service on Easter Sunday of each year.

text: The earliest notable rock-and-roll performance at Red Rocks was by The Beatles on August 26, 1964, the only concert not sold out during their US-tour. When Ringo Starr returned to Red Rocks with his All-Starr Band on June 28, 2000, he asked if anyone in the crowd had been at the Beatles concert thirty-six years earlier. On August 26, 2004, the East-Coast-based Beatles-tribute band, "1964" was flown to Denver to re-enact the Beatles concert held at the site exactly forty-years earlier to the date. The beautiful and unique setting has led to the venue becoming a favorite for many performers. Jimi Hendrix played at Red Rocks on September 1, 1968, along with Vanilla Fudge and Soft Machine.

text: An incident during a performance by Jethro Tull on June 10, 1971, led to a five-year ban of rock concerts at Red Rocks.[6][7] Approximately 1,000 people without tickets arrived at the sold-out show. Denver police directed the overflow, non-paying crowd to an area behind the theater, where they could hear the music but not see the band. The situation seemed satisfactory until some of the people without tickets attempted to enter the amphitheatre by charging at, and breaking through, the police line. Some of those without tickets began lobbing rocks at the police, and the police responded by discharging tear gas at the gate-crashers. The wind carried the tear gas over the hill, into the paying crowd and onto the stage. Following the "Riot at Red Rocks," Denver Mayor William H. McNichols, Jr. banned rock concerts from the amphitheatre. For the next five years, shows at Red Rocks were limited to softer acts, such as John Denver, Sonny & Cher, The Carpenters, Pat Boone, Seals & Crofts, and Carole King. The ban on rock and roll was finally lifted through legal action taken by Denver concert promoter Barry Fey, who tried to book the band America at the venue in 1975. After being denied a permit by the city, Fey took the city to court, and the court ruled that the city had acted "arbitrarily and capricious" in banning rock concerts at Red Rocks. Starting in the summer of 1976, the rock bands were once again welcomed at the venue. Jethro Tull played Red Rocks again on August 12, 2008 and on June 8, 2011.

text: U2 performed at the amphitheatre on June 5, 1983 during their War Tour, in front of a crowd of 9,000 people. The show was filmed for the group's concert film U2 Live at Red Rocks: Under a Blood Red Sky. The show was recorded and part of it was used for the group's live album Under a Blood Red Sky.

text: Depeche Mode performed at the amphitheatre four times: the first time was July 1, 1986. The second and third were on July 11 and 12, 1990 during their World Violation Tour. The fourth was on August 27, 2009 during their Tour of the Universe, in front of a crowd of 8,679 people. The show was recorded for the group's live albums project Recording the Universe.

text: Red Rocks was one of the favored venues for The Grateful Dead and the venue has become a traditional stop for many subsequent jam bands. Widespread Panic holds the record for the most sold out performances at Red Rocks Amphitheatre (54 shows).[8] Blues Traveler has played the venue every Fourth of July since 1993, except 1999 when lead singer and harmonica player John Popper was unable to play due to heart surgery.[9]

text: Geddy Lee of the rock band Rush said, "It's an amazing location. One of the most beautiful concert venues in America...or anywhere. I would hazard a guess that it's one of the most beautiful anywhere."[10] Rush played Red Rocks on their R30 30th Anniversary, Snakes and Arrows, and Time Machine tours.

text: Notable recordings[edit]

text: Red Rocks has been a popular venue for live recordings, particularly videos due to the visual uniqueness of the setting. During the 1970s and 1980s, local folk-rocker John Denver recorded several world-televised concerts at Red Rocks. U2's 1983 concert video, Live at Red Rocks: Under a Blood Red Sky, became a best-selling long-form concert video and the performance of "Sunday Bloody Sunday" was played frequently on MTV. Fleetwood Mac singer Stevie Nicks released a 60-minute-long DVD of her 1987 concert at the amphitheatre, towards the end of her Rock a Little tour. In 1992 The Moody Blues performed live for the first time with a symphony orchestra for a PBS special "A Night at Red Rocks with the Colorado Symphony Orchestra". The concert also was released on CD and DVD along with a companion DVD "The Other Side of Red Rocks" which documented the rehearsals and preparation for the concert and excerpts from the concert.

text: Other Red Rocks material on CD and DVD includes Dave Matthews Band's albums Live at Red Rocks 8.15.95 and the CD/DVD Weekend on the Rocks, which is a compilation of the band's four night run in 2005 Also recorded are The Samples live album, Live in Colorado, John Tesh's Live at Red Rocks and Worship at Red Rocks, the Incubus DVD Alive at Red Rocks, Blues Traveler's Live on the Rocks album, Steve Martin's comedy album A Wild and Crazy Guy, The Moody Blues's A Night at Red Rocks with the Colorado Symphony Orchestra, and Boukman Eksperyans' album "Live At Red Rocks". Widespread Panic's DVD "The Earth Will Swallow You" features a 15 min segment on Red Rocks.

text: The live Neil Young album, Road Rock Vol. 1, and its accompanying DVD Red Rocks Live were filmed and recorded at Red Rocks in 2000 during the "Silver and Gold" tour. Local Colorado band Big Head Todd and the Monsters released a DVD and live album of a notable 1995 performance in 2003, capturing what has become a local annual early season tradition. In 2009, they followed the original recording up with a 2-CD/1DVD set from their June 2008 performance.

text: A two-volume 2003 album, Carved in Stone, features live performances by various artists at Red Rocks, including R.E.M., Ben Harper, Coldplay, The Allman Brothers Band, and Phish, with proceeds going towards a fund for preservation of the park and amphitheatre.

text: Phish frontman, Trey Anastasio included excerpts from his 2005 performance at Red Rocks on the DVD that accompanied his album "Shine." Country music superstar Gary Allan filmed the music video for his song "Watching Airplanes" during a live sell-out concert at Red Rocks in August 2007. A portion of British rock band Oasis's rockumentary film "Lord Don't Slow Me Down" was filmed at Red Rocks. A Perfect Circle also included one live video recording on the CD/DVD AMotion. Insane Clown Posse played with Twiztid, Blaze Ya Dead Homie, Boondox, the Axe Murder Boyz, Grave Plott, The ROC, and Motown Rage in May 2008 at Red Rocks at perform the 'first annual' Hatchet Attacks Super Show, for which they released a video later that year.

text: Depeche Mode recorded their show at the amphitheatre on August 29, 2009, for their live albums project Recording the Universe.

text: Country superstar Kenny Chesney included a live version of You and Tequila, a duet with Grace Potter, on his latest album Welcome to the Fishbowl. The recording has a segment with audience participation singing the chorus "You and Tequila make me crazy, run like poison in my blood, one more night could kill me baby, one is one too many, one more is never enough".

text: A Perfect Circle recorded the DVD portion of their A Perfect Circle Live: Featuring Stone and Echo box set on August 2, 2011. Also included in the box set is a CD of the audio from the show.

text: On August 29, 2012 Mumford & Sons recorded their live performance of their first single "I Will Wait" from their new CD Babel at the Red Rocks Amphitheatre. The performance was released on September 9, 2012 as the band's official video for the song.[11] The band released a full-length DVD of their show at Red Rocks, recorded on 28 and 29 August 2012, entitled The Road To Red Rocks.

text: On June 10, 2015 Barenaked Ladies performed at Red Rocks on their Last Summer on Earth 2015 tour. The performance was aired on AXS TV, then later released on May 20, 2016 as a live album titled BNL Rocks Red Rocks.[12]

text: In film and television[edit]

text: A portion of a filmed concert at Red Rocks of country artist Waylon Jennings, was included in His 1980 ABC TV special entitled Waylon.

text: Part of the film The Adventures of Ford Fairlane was filmed at Red Rocks. Opening sequences feature the fictional rock band "Black Plague" playing at Red Rocks Amphitheatre where lead singer Bobby Black (played by Vince Neil) makes a grand entrance hanging from the rock face of the landmark red rocks above the crowd swooping on stage via zipline.[13]

text: The amphitheatre was the start and finish line of the reality show The Amazing Race 9.

text: The Red Rocks Amphitheatre was featured in an episode of South Park, as the location of a Jonas Brothers concert.

text: The Red Rocks formations were featured in an episode of Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman entitled, "Last Dance", where the character of Sully, in 1871, determined to work toward convincing the government to designate the entire area as a protected national park.

text: Rapper B.o.B. filmed his music video "Don't Let Me Fall" at Red Rocks. The music video was released on YouTube on November 17, 2010.

text: Zac Brown Band filmed their song "Keep Me In Mind" on Red Rocks.

text: The group Train with singer Ashley Monroe filmed the music video "Bruises" at Red Rocks in late summer of 2012. The video was officially released on Train's official Vevo account on November 12, 2012.

text: The American band OneRepublic partially filmed the music video for their single "I Lived" at Red Rocks in the summer of 2014.

text: On October 28, 2016 reggae rock band Rebelution released their live filmed concert DVD "Live At Red Rocks"[14]

text: Colorado Music Hall of Fame[edit]

text: In June 2015, the Colorado Music Hall of Fame opened its doors in the Trading Post at Red Rocks.[15]

text: Honors[edit]

text:
After Pollstar magazine awarded Red Rocks the honor of best small outdoor venue for the 11th time, the leading concert industry magazine decided to name the nationally coveted honor the Red Rocks Award—and remove Red Rocks from the running. It is voted on annually by the magazine's membership.
The American Institute of Architects selected Red Rocks to be Colorado's entry at the National Gallery of Art for the AIA's Centennial Exhibition in 1957.

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Red Rocks Amphitheatre Seating

Red Rocks Amphitheatre

Red Rocks Aerial Photogrammetry Mission

Downtown Denver view from Red Rocks Amphitheatre


document_title: Ford N-Series tractor

question_text: what is the horsepower for a 9n ford tractor

text: Ford N-Series tractor

text: Development of the Ford-Ferguson tractors[edit]

text: The first genuine Ford tractor, called the Fordson tractor (because a misleading Ford brand not related to Henry Ford was squatting on the Ford name at the time), was a tremendous success in North America and Europe from 1917 to 1928. Ford of the U.S. left the tractor business in 1928. Ford Ltd of Britain continued to thrive with the Fordson from 1928 onward. Some British Fordsons were imported to the U.S. during the following decade. Henry Ford continued tractor R&D in the U.S. after 1928. During the 1930s, experiments were made at Ford's Dearborn, Michigan and Richmond Plantation, Georgia facilities, creating prototypes of row-crop tricycle Fordsons, V8-powered tractors, one-wheel-drive tractors, and other ideas. But Henry Ford waited to reenter the market, planning to have the right new tractor at the right time to achieve a market-changing success.

text: In Ireland, businessman Harry Ferguson had been developing and selling various improved hitches, implements, and tractors since the 1910s. His first tractors were adapted from Model T cars. In 1920 and 1921 he gave demonstrations at Cork and Dearborn of his hitches and implements as aftermarket attachments to Fordson tractors. The hitches were mechanical at the time. By 1926, he and a team of longtime colleagues (including Willie Sands and Archie Greer) had developed a good hydraulic three-point hitch. Ferguson put such hitches on Fordsons throughout the 1920s and early 1930s. In the mid-1930s, he had David Brown Ltd build Ferguson-brand tractors with his hitches and implements. In 1938, Eber Sherman, importer of Fordsons from England to the United States and a friend of both Ford and Ferguson, arranged to have Ferguson demonstrate his tractor for Henry Ford.[1] In October 1938 the Ferguson tractor was put through a demonstration before Ford and his engineers. It was light in weight relative to its power, which impressed Ford.[1] Ferguson's successful tractor demonstration led to a handshake agreement with Ford in 1938, whereby Ford would manufacture tractors using the Ferguson three-point hitch system.[1]

text: Ford Motor Company invested $12 million in tooling to finance Ferguson's new distribution company.[2] The investment resulted in the production of the 9N tractor which was introduced on June 29, 1939.[2] It was officially called a "Ford tractor with the Ferguson system", although the name Ford-Ferguson was widely used. It sold for $585 including rubber tires, power take-off, Ferguson hydraulics, an electric starter, generator, and battery; lights were optional. Ford's 9N further improved the cantankerous Model F by updating the ignition with a distributor and coil. An innovative system of tire mounts for the rear wheels and versatile axle mounts for the fronts enabled farmers to accommodate any width row-crop work they needed.[2] The 9N weighed 2340 pounds and had 13 drawbar horsepower, which could pull a two-bottom plow.[1] It was designed to be safe, quiet and easy to operate. Ford once said "Our competition is the horse."; the 9N was intended for farmers who were not mechanically minded.[1]

text: An immediate success, the 9N's configuration became an industry standard, which was followed by other tractor manufacturers for fifteen years. Henry Ford passed leadership of his company to grandson Henry Ford II in 1945. By 1946, the younger Ford discovered that, despite its success, the Model N lost Ford Motor Company over $25 million in six years.[1] He reacted by forming Dearborn Motors in November 1946, which took over tractor distribution from Ferguson.[1] Ford informed Ferguson that after July 1947 they would no longer supply tractors to his company.[1] Ferguson sued Henry Ford II, Dearborn Motors and Ford Motor Company and others for $251 million in damages on the basis of patent infringements and conspiracy to monopolize the farm tractor business.[3] Ford Motor Company claimed the patents had already expired by the time of Dearborn Motors' incorporation.[3] Approximately 750,000 9Ns were built, and it was estimated in 2001 that nearly half of these were still in regular use.[4]

text: Harry Ferguson had understood that the handshake agreement had included the manufacture of the 9N in Britain. World War II intervened and prevented this, although one explanation was that Ford UK was uninterested in the plan.

text: N Series models[edit]

text: The first tractor of the series was the 9N, the first tractor to have both three-point hitch and a rear power take-off (PTO). The 9N was first demonstrated in Dearborn, Michigan on June 29, 1939. Its model name reflected a model-naming system using the last digit of the year of introduction and a letter for product type, with "N" for tractors (hence 9N). Like the Farmall, it was designed to be a general-purpose row-crop tractor for use on smaller farms. An extremely simple tractor, the 9N was fitted with the Ferguson system three-point hitch, a three-speed transmission, and featured footpegs instead of running boards. The 9N's relatively tall and wide-spaced front wheel design resulted in somewhat sluggish steering and reduced maneuverability compared to competing machines such as John Deere's Models A and B, and the Farmall "Letter series". The 9N had variable front track, a valuable feature for row-crop cultivation, via front half-axles that could be slid in and out and pinned in place. It also had variable rear track via the reversible offset of the rear wheel design (flipping the rear wheels around 180°, moving the formerly inboard side to the outboard side, widened the rear track). Uniquely, the exhaust was routed underneath the tractor, much like an automobile. All 9N tractors were painted dark grey. This tractor has a rear PTO, which could be used to drive three-point or towed implements. The Ferguson hitch was designed to solve some of the problems found in the earlier Fordson tractors, such as flipping over if the plow hit an obstruction. The upper link also would adjust the hydraulic lift to use the drag of the plow to improve traction. This was known as draft control.

text: The original 9N engine was a four-cylinder engine and was designed to be powered by distillate fuels. The engine shares the same bore and stroke sizes as one bank of the Ford V8 automobile engines. A few standard Ford auto and truck parts, such as timing gears and valve tappets, were used in this engine.

text: The ford 9N engine was a side-valve, four-cylinder engine, with a 3.19-inch (81 mm) bore, 3.75-inch (95 mm) stroke, providing a displacement of 120 cubic inches (2,000 cm3). The transmission was the standard three-speed.

text: The finished tractor weighed 2,340 pounds (1,060 kg), and initially sold for US$585. This was an advantage, as tractors from other manufactures cost almost twice as much.[5]

text: The 9N was revised a number of times, until being relaunched as the 2N in 1942. The 2N still came in dark grey, but now had added improvements, including a larger cooling fan and a pressurized radiator. However, the 2N, like the 9N, still had only a 3-speed transmission, a disadvantage compared to many tractors at the time, such as the Farmall A and M. By this time, wartime regulations had imposed manufacturing economies, and some 2Ns can be seen with all-steel wheels. Batteries were reserved for the war effort, so the all-steel wheel tractors came with a magneto ignition system instead of a battery and had to be started with a hand-crank.

text: Introducing a new model name also allowed Ford to raise the price of the tractor. Wartime price controls prevented the raising of prices on existing models, but they could not determine the price of a "new" model. Despite the model name change, the serial numbers continued to be prefixed with "9N".

text: After the war the steel wheels and magneto system were replaced with rubber tires and batteries, respectively.

text: Ferguson and Ford part ways[edit]

text: In 1945 due to Henry Ford's failing health, Henry Ford II, his grandson, took over the Ford Motor Company. Since the original agreement between Ford and Ferguson was sealed with a handshake (versus a written contract) and included the notion that either party could terminate it at any time without reason, Henry Ford II didn't feel the need to continue to honor it. Ferguson was furious and sued Ford Motor Company. A few years later his Ferguson interests were merged with Massey Harris, a Canadian company, to become Massey Ferguson.

text: Official production of the 8N tractor began in July 1947. Equipped with a 4-speed transmission, this model was destined to become the top-selling individual tractor of all time in North America. The most noticeable differences between the 8N and its predecessors was the inclusion of a 4-speed transmission instead of a 3-speed in the 9N and 2N, and an increase in both PTO and drawbar horsepower. The other big change on the 8N was the addition of a 'Position-control' setting for the hydraulics. This change was made partially to improve flexibility in varying soil conditions, and partially to evade Harry Ferguson's patent on the hydraulic system. The original automatic draft control on the Ferguson system would allow the depth of the implement to vary based on soil conditions, which did not work well for some implements. The new Position Control setting bypassed the draft control and allowed the implement to remain at a consistent position relative to the position of the Touch Control lever. A continued drawback to this series of tractor, was the lack of a "live" PTO. Without a live PTO certain implements such as brush cutters which store inertial energy could send that back into the transmission. This would cause the tractor to surge forward if the clutch were disengaged. This was addressed with the advent of the PTO overrunning coupler.

text: The 8N was equipped with running boards and was painted lighter gray on the sheetmetal and red on the body. It was the first Ford tractor to feature a clutch on the left side and independent brakes on the right. The wide-spaced front wheel design of the 9N and 2N was retained. In 1950 the 8N design changed to feature a side-mounted distributor, as well a Proofmeter (combined speedometer, tachometer, hour meter) located on the lower right portion of the dash.

text: Replacement[edit]

text: In 1953 The N-series tractor was replaced with the all-new model dubbed the Golden Jubilee, also known as the Ford NAA.[6][7] The NAA designation was a reference to the first three digits of the serial style used starting with this tractor.[8] Larger than the 8N, the Golden Jubilee featured live hydraulics and an all-new overhead valve engine. The new tractor was four inches longer, four inches higher and 100 pounds heavier at 2,840 pounds than the N-series. The following 600 series and later numbered model tractors were derived from the NAA.[9] The 'N' in the serial number sometimes causes confusion that the Golden Jubilee tractor was a continuation of the N-series.[8]

text: New Holland tribute tractor[edit]

text: Beginning in 2009, New Holland produced a retro-styled tractor designed to resemble the Ford 8N.[10] The tractor was based on the Boomer 3050 series tractor.[11] The tractor featured a hood styled after the 8N and a gray and red paint scheme similar to the 8N. The tractor was produced for three years through 2011. The tractor had no parts in common with the original Ford 8N.

text:
New Holland Boomer 8N

Boomer 3040 (stand-in for 3050)


document_title: 2018 FIFA World Cup broadcasting rights

question_text: tv channel in india for fifa world cup

question_tokens: tv channel in india for fifa world cup

text: 2018 FIFA World Cup broadcasting rights

text: FIFA, through several companies, sold the broadcasting rights for the 2018 FIFA World Cup[1] to the following broadcasters.

text: Television[edit]

text:
Country/Region

Broadcaster

Ref.

 Afghanistan

ATN

[1][2]

 Albania

RTSH

[1]

 Andorra

TF1, France Télévisions, TVE, beIN Sports

[1]

 Angola

TPA, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+

[1]

 Argentina

TV Pública, TyC Sports, DirecTV

[1]

 Armenia

ARMTV

[1]

 Australia

SBS, Optus Sport

[3][4][5]

 Austria

ORF, OE24, DAZN

[1]

 Azerbaijan

İTV, AzTV

[1]

 Bangladesh

BTV, Maasranga TV,  Nagorik TV, Sony Pictures Networks

[1][2][6]

 Bahamas

ZNS, DirecTV

[1]

 Belarus

BTRC

[1]

 Belgium

VRT, RTBF

[1]

 Benin

ORTB, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+

[1]

 Bermuda

BBC, DirecTV

[1]

 Bhutan

Sony Pictures Networks

[1]

 Bolivia

Unitel, Red Uno, DirecTV

[1]

 Bosnia and Herzegovina

BHRT

[1]

 Brazil

Globo, SporTV, Fox Sports

[7][8][9]

 Brunei

Astro

[1]

 Bulgaria

BNT

[1]

 Burkina Faso

RTB, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+

[1]

 Cambodia

CBS

[1][2]

 Cameroon

CRTV, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+

[1]

 Canada

CBC, Sportsnet, TVA Sports

[4][10][1]

 Chad

ORTNV, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+

[1]

 Chile

Canal 13, TVN, Mega, DirecTV, Movistar

[1]

 China

CCTV, Migu, Youku

[2][11][12]

 Colombia

Caracol TV, RCN TV, DirecTV

[1]

 Congo

Télé Congo, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+

[1]

 Costa Rica

Teletica, Sky, Movistar

[1][13]

 Côte d'Ivoire

RTI, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+

[1]

 Croatia

HRT

[1]

 Cuba

ICRT

[1]

 Cyprus

CyBC

[1]

 Czech Republic

ČT

[1]

 Denmark

DR, TV 2

[1]

 Dominica

Sky, DirecTV

[1]

 Dominican Republic

Antena 7, Sky

[14]

 Ecuador

RTS, DirecTV

[1]

 El Salvador

TCS, Sky

[1]

 Estonia

ERR

[1]

 Faroe Islands

DR, TV 2

[1]

 Finland

Yle

[1][15]

 France

TF1, France Télévisions, beIN Sports

[1]

 Gabon

RTG, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+

[1]

 Gambia

GRTS, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+

[1]

 Germany

ARD, ZDF, Sky Sport, DAZN

[16][17][18][19][20]

 Georgia

GPB

[1]

 Ghana

GBC, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+

[1]

 Greece

ERT

[1]

 Greenland

DR, TV 2

[1]

 Guatemala

TV Azteca, Tigo Sports, Sky, Movistar

[1]

 Guinea

RTG, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+

[1]

 Honduras

TVC, Sky, Movistar

[1]

 Hong Kong

ViuTV,  Now TV

[1][2][21][22]

 Hungary

MTVA

[1]

 Iceland

RÚV

[1]

 India

Jio TV, AirTel TV, Sony Pictures Networks

[1][23]

 Indonesia

Trans Media, K-Vision, SuperPass, USeeTV

[2][24][25][26][27]

 Iran

IRIB, beIN Sports

[28]

 Ireland

RTÉ

[1]

 Israel

KAN, Keshet, Sport 5, Charlton

[1]

 Italy

Mediaset

[1]

 Jamaica

TVJ, DirecTV

[1]

 Japan

NHK, NTV, TV Asahi, TBS, Fuji TV

[1]

 Kazakhstan

Qazaqstan

[1]

 Kenya

NTV, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+

[1]

 Kosovo

RTK

[1]

 Kyrgyzstan

KTRK

[1]

 Laos

TVLAO

[1][2]

 Latvia

LTV

[1]

 Lebanon

Télé Liban, beIN Sports

[1][29][30]

 Liechtenstein

SRG SSR

[31]

 Lithuania

LRT

[1]

 Macau

TDM

[2][32]

 Madagascar

ORTM, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+

[1]

 Malaysia

Astro, RTM

[1][33][34][35]

 Maldives

PSM, Sony Pictures Networks

[1]

 Mali

Africable, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+

[1]

 Malta

PBS

[1]

 Mauritius

MBC, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+

[1]

 Mexico

Televisa, TV Azteca, Sky México

[1]

 Moldova

TRM

[1]

 Monaco

TF1, France Télévisions, beIN Sports

[1]

 Mongolia

NTV, MNB

[1][2]

 Montenegro

RTCG

[1]

 Morocco

SNRT, beIN Sports

[1][36]

 Mozambique

TVM, TV Miramar, TV Sucesso, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+

[1]

 Myanmar

Skynet Sports

[1][2]

 Namibia

NBC, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+

[1]

   Nepal

NTV, Kantipur TV, Sony Pictures Networks

[1]

 Netherlands

NOS

[1]

 New Zealand

Sky Sport

[1][37]

 Nicaragua

Ratensa, Sky, Movistar

[1]

 Niger

ORTN, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+

[1]

 Nigeria

NTA, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+

[1]

 North Korea

KCTV

[1]

 Norway

NRK, TV 2

[1]

 Pakistan

PTV, Sony Pictures Networks

[1]

 Panama

Corporación Medcom, Televisora Nacional, Sky, Movistar

[1]

 Papua New Guinea

EM TV, Sky Pacific

[1]

 Paraguay

SNT, Telefuturo, TyC, DirecTV

[1]

 Peru

Latina, DirecTV

[1]

 Philippines

ABS-CBN

[1][2][38]

 Poland

TVP, NC+

[1]

 Portugal

RTP, SIC, SportTV

[39][40][41]

 Romania

TVR

[1]

 Rwanda

RBA, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+

[1]

 Russia

Perviy Kanal, VGTRK, Match TV

[42]

 San Marino

Mediaset

[1]

 Senegal

RTS, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+

[1]

 Serbia

RTS

[1]

 Seychelles

SBC, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+

[1]

 Singapore

Mediacorp, Singtel, StarHub

[2][43]

 Slovakia

RTVS

[1]

 Slovenia

RTVSLO

[1]

 Solomon Islands

Our Telekom, Sky Pacific

[1]

 South Africa

SABC, SuperSport, StarTimes

[1][44]

 South Korea

KBS, MBC, SBS

[1]

 Spain

TVE

[1]

 Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka Rupavahini Corporation, Sony Pictures Networks

[1]

 Suriname

SCCN, DirecTV

[1]

 Sweden

SVT, TV4

[16][18]

  Switzerland

SRG SSR, DAZN

[31]

 Taiwan

ELTA, CTS

[1][2][45]

 Tajikistan

Varzish TV

[1]

 Tanzania

TBC, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+

[1]

 Thailand

TrueVisions, Channel 5, Amarin TV

[2][46][47][48]

 Timor Leste

ETO Telco

[1][2]

 Togo

TVT, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+

[1]

 Trinidad & Tobago

CNC3, DirecTV

[1]

 Tunisia

ERTT, beIN Sports

[1]

 Turkey

TRT

[1]

 Uganda

BBS, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+

[1]

 Ukraine

Inter, NTN

[1][49]

 United KingdomshowHome Nations/Territories
 Channel Islands
 England
 Isle of Man
 Northern Ireland
 Scotland
 Wales

BBC, ITV

[17]

 United Statesshowand territories
 American Samoa
 Guam
 Northern Mariana Islands
 Puerto Rico
 Baker Island
 Howland Island
 Jarvis Island
 Johnston Atoll
 Kingman Reef
 Midway Islands
 Navassa Island
 Palmyra Atoll
 Wake Island

NBC, Telemundo

[50][51]

 Uruguay

Monte Carlo, Canal 10, Teledoce, TyC, DirecTV

[1]

 Uzbekistan

Uzreport TV, Futbol TV

[2][52]

  Vatican City

RAI, Sky Sport

[1]

 Venezuela

Venevisión, TVes, Meridiano Televisión, VC Sports, DirecTV

[1]

 Vietnam

VTV

[2][53][54]

 Zambia

Muvi TV, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+

[1]

text:
Region

Broadcaster

Ref.

CaribbeanshowCountries/Territories
 Antigua & Barbuda
 Anguilla
 Aruba
 Barbados
 Belize
 British Virgin Islands
 Cayman Islands
 Curaçao
 Dominican Republic
 Grenada
 Guyana
 Haiti
 Montserrat
 St. Lucia
 St. Kitts & Nevis
 St. Vincent & the Grenadines
 Turks and Caicos
 U.S. Virgin Islands

DirecTV

[1][55][1]

Middle East and North AfricashowCountries
 Algeria
 Bahrain
 Comoros
 Djibouti
 Egypt
 Iraq
 Jordan
 Kuwait
 Libya
 Mauritania
 Oman
 Palestinian Authority
 Qatar
 Saudi Arabia
 Somalia
 South Sudan
 Sudan
 Syria
 United Arab Emirates
 Yemen

beIN Sports

[1][56][57][58]

OceaniashowCountries/Territories
 Cook Islands
 Fiji
 Kiribati
 Micronesia
 Nauru
 Palau
 Samoa
 Tonga
 Tuvalu
 Vanuatu

Sky Pacific

[1]

Sub-Saharan AfricashowCountries
 Botswana
 Burundi
 Cape Verde
 Central African Republic
 DR Congo
 Equatorial Guinea
 Eritrea
 Ethiopia
 Guinea-Bissau
 Lesotho
 Liberia
 Malawi
 Sierra Leone
 Swaziland
 Zimbabwe

Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+

[1][59]

text: Radio[edit]

text:
Nation/Territory

Broadcaster

Ref

 Albania

RTSH

[1]

 Australia

SBS, ABC

[1]

 Austria

ORF

[1]

 Belarus

BTRC

[1]

 Belgium

VRT, RTBF

[1]

 Bosnia and Herzegovina

BHRT

[1]

 Brazil

Rádio Bandeirantes, Rádio Gaúcha, Rádio Itatiaia, Rádio Jovem Pan, Rádio Verdes Mares, Radio Sagres 730, Sistema Globo de Rádio, Super Rádio Tupi

[1]

 Bulgaria

BNR

[1]

 Chile

ADN Radio, Radio Bío-Bío, Radio Cooperativa, UCV Radio

[1]

 Colombia

Blu Radio, Caracol Radio, RCN Radio

[1]

 Costa Rica

Radio Columbia, Radio Monumental, Teletica Radio

[1]

 Croatia

HRT

[1]

 Cyprus

CyBC

[1]

 Denmark

DR

[1]

 Ecuador

RTS

[1]

 Estonia

ERR

[1]

 France

Europe 1, RTL, Radio France, RMC

[1]

 Finland

Yle

[1]

 Georgia

GPB

[1]

 Germany

ARD, RTL Radio, Radio Hamburg, Radio NRW, Hitradio RTL Sachsen, Hitradio FFH, Antenne Bayern, 89.0 RTL

[1]

 Guatemala

Emisoras Unidas, La Red Deportes 106.1

[1]

 Hong Kong

RTHK

[60]

 Iceland

RÚV

[1]

 Indonesia

RRI

[61]

 Iran

IRIB

[1]

 Ireland

RTÉ

[1]

 Israel

KAN

[1]

 Italy

RAI, Mediaset

[1][62]

 Jamaica

RJR 94 FM

[1]

 Kosovo

RTK

[1]

 Liechtenstein

SRG SSR

[1]

 Lithuania

LT

[1]

 Macau

TDM

[1]

 Macedonia

MRT

[1]

 Moldova

TeleRadio-Moldova

[1]

 Monaco

RMC Sport

[1]

 Montenegro

RTCG

[1]

 Morocco

SNRT,Radio Mars

[1][36]

 Netherlands

NOS

[1]

 Norway

NRK

[1]

 Peru

RPP

[1]

 Portugal

RTP, TSF, Rádio Renascença

[1]

 Portuguese-speaking AfricashowCountries
 Cape Verde
 Guinea-Bissau
 Mozambique
 São Tomé and Príncipe

RTP

[63]

 Russia

VGTRK

[1]

 Serbia

RTS

[1]

 Slovenia

RTVSLO

[1]

 South Africa

SABC

[1]

 South Korea

SBS

[1]

 Spain

RTVE, Cadena COPE, Cadena SER, Onda Cero, Radio Marca

[1]

 Sub-Saharan AfricashowCountries
 Angola
 Benin
 Botswana
 Burkina Faso
 Burundi
 Cameroon
 Cape Verde
 Central African Republic
 Chad
 Congo
 Côte d'Ivoire
 DR Congo
 Equatorial Guinea
 Eritrea
 Ethiopia
 Gabon
 Gambia
 Ghana
 Guinea
 Guinea-Bissau
 Kenya
 Lesotho
 Liberia
 Madagascar
 Malawi
 Mali
 Mauritius
 Mozambique
 Namibia
 Niger
 Nigeria
 Rwanda
 São Tomé and Príncipe
 Senegal
 Seychelles
 Sierra Leone
 Swaziland
 Tanzania
 Togo
 Uganda
 Zambia
 Zimbabwe

France Médias Monde

[1]

 Sweden

SR

[1]

  Switzerland

SRG SSR

[1]

 Turkey

TRT

[1]

 United KingdomshowHome Nations/Territories
 England
 Scotland
 Wales
 Northern Ireland
 Gibraltar
 Channel Islands
 Isle of Man

BBC, talkSPORT

[1]

 United States showand territories
 American Samoa
 Guam
 Northern Mariana Islands
 Puerto Rico
 U.S. Virgin Islands
 Baker Island
 Howland Island
 Jarvis Island
 Johnston Atoll
 Kingman Reef
 Midway Islands
 Navassa Island
 Palmyra Atoll
 Wake Island

ESPN Radio, Fútbol de Primera

[1][64]

 Uruguay

770 AM Oriental, 810 AM El Espectador, 850 AM Carve, 890 AM Sarandí Sport, 930 AM Monte Carlo, 970 AM Radio Universal, 1090 AM Radio Imparcial, 1410 AM Radio LaCatorce10, 99.5 FM Del Sol

[1]

 Vietnam

VOV

[1][65]