document_title: Mount Washington Cog Railway

question_text: what powered the original locomotives on mount washington cog railway

root

text: Mount Washington Cog Railway

text: History[edit]

text: The railway was built by Sylvester Marsh[3] who grew up in Campton. Marsh came up with the idea while climbing the mountain in 1852.[4] His plan was treated as insane. Local tradition says that the state legislature voted permission based on a consensus that harm resulting from operating it was no issue — since the design was attempting the impossible — but benefits were guaranteed. He was putting up $5,000 of his own money, and that, plus whatever else he could raise, would be spent locally, including building the Fabyan House hotel at nearby Fabyan Station to accommodate the expected tourists. The railway is sometimes called "Railway to the Moon", because one state legislator remarked during the proceedings that Marsh should be given a charter, not merely up Mount Washington, but also to the Moon.

tag: p

text: Marsh obtained a charter for the road on June 25, 1858, but the American Civil War prevented any action until May 1866.[4] He developed a prototype locomotive and a short demonstration section of track, then found investors and started construction.[citation needed] The route closely followed a mountain trail that had been established earlier in the century by Ethan Allen Crawford.[5]

text: Despite the railroad's incomplete state, the first paying customers started riding on August 14, 1868, and the construction reached the summit in July 1869.[4] The early locomotives - represented today by the restored display locomotive, #1 Old Peppersass[6] - all had vertical boilers, like many stationary steam engines of the time; the boilers were mounted to the locomotives' frames with twin trunnions, allowing them to pivot as the locomotive and coach climbed the grade, permitting gravity to always keep the boiler vertically oriented, no matter what the gradient of the track. Later designs introduced horizontal boilers, slanted so that they remain close to horizontal on the steeply graded track.

text: In August 1869, President Ulysses S. Grant visited New England to escape the heat of summer in Washington, D.C.  During his tour he rode the cog railway to the top of Mount Washington.[7]

text: Running the railway[edit]

text: Sylvester Marsh died in 1884 and control of the Cog passed to the Concord & Montreal Railroad, which ran it until 1889 when the Boston & Maine Railroad took over.[8][9]

text: Control by the Teagues began in 1931 when Col. Henry N. Teague bought the Cog. He died in 1951, and Arthur S. Teague became general manager, then gained ownership in 1961. (Arthur Teague was the colonel's protégé, but no relation.) After he died in 1967, the ownership passed to his wife, Ellen Crawford Teague, who ran the Cog as the world's first woman president of a railway. In 1983, Mrs. Teague sold the railway to a group of New Hampshire businessmen. Since 1986, the Cog Railway has been controlled and owned by Wayne Presby and Joel Bedor of Littleton, New Hampshire. The Bedor and Presby families also owned the Mount Washington Hotel and Resort in Bretton Woods for the period 1991–2006. In 1995, the railway appointed Charles Kenison the General Manager. These individuals were responsible for a complete revitalization of the railroad, with the assistance of Al LaPrade, a mechanical engineer whose career began at the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard.[1][8][10] The Cog has been in continuous operation since 1869, with service interruptions only during the World Wars.

text: In the summer of 2008, the Cog introduced its first diesel locomotive. The Great Recession and the 2000s energy crisis led to fewer passengers, and the Cog sought to cut costs with the diesel, which could make three round trips for the cost of one steam train round trip. [11]

text: In December 2016, the owner of the Cog proposed building a 35-room hotel along the line, about a mile below the summit and two miles above the station. They propose to open the facility in 2019 for the 150th anniversary of the train.[12] The proposal quickly drew public opposition due to its location in the alpine zone of the mountain.[13]

text:
Leaving the depot c. 1880s

Partway up the mountain

Arrival on the summit

"Devil's shingles" down

tag: ul

text: "Devil's shingle" slideboards[edit]

text: In the early days of the railway's construction, the workers wanted to minimize time when climbing and descending the ramp, so they invented slideboards fitting over the cog rack and providing enough room for themselves and their tools. These boards — no two were exactly alike — were approximately 35 in (90 cm) long by 9.8 in (25 cm) wide, made of wood with hand-forged iron and with two long, hardwood handles usually attached at the down-mountain end. The average time for the descent of the mountain using these boards was about 15 minutes. The record was 2:45, an average speed above 62 mph (100 km/h).[1]

text: The "Devil's shingles" were banned in 1906 after the accidental death of an employee. Later, the design of the rack was changed so that the old braking mechanism could no longer grip.

text: Accidents[edit]

text: The first of two major accidents in the railway's history occurred in 1929, involving locomotive #1 (first named Hero and later Old Peppersass[6] because of its vertical boiler's resemblance to a pepper sauce bottle). This locomotive was used to build the railway and was lost for many years, as it had been moved about the country and placed on display at numerous exhibitions. The owners of the railway at the time (the Boston & Maine Railroad) decided to restore Old Peppersass and make a commemorative trip for the railway's 60th anniversary. During the ascent, however, the locomotive's front axle broke and the locomotive began descending the mountain at high speed. All but one of its crew jumped to safety (though some suffered broken bones), but one man did not escape and died. The locomotive broke into pieces, but the boiler did not rupture, and the pieces were later reassembled to reconstruct the locomotive for static display. It is now located at the Cog Railway Base Station.[14]

text: On September 17, 1967, eight passengers were killed and seventy-two injured when Engine #3 derailed at the Skyline switch, about a mile below the summit. The engine rolled off the trestle while the uncoupled passenger car slid several hundred feet into a large rock. An investigation revealed that the Skyline switch had not been properly configured for the descending train. The railway nonetheless has a solid safety record, having taken over five million people to the summit during its existence.[15]

text: Mechanical design[edit]

text: The cog railway designs and builds all of its locomotives and passenger coaches at the company shops located at the base of Mount Washington.[16]

text: Each train consists of a locomotive pushing a single passenger car up the mountain, descending the mountain by going in reverse. Both locomotive and car were originally equipped with a ratchet and pawl mechanism engaged during the climb that prevents any roll-back; during descent, both locomotive and car are braked. Recent improvements in design have replaced the ratchet (gear and pawl mechanism) with sprag clutches and disc brake assemblies. Most of the locomotives were made by the Manchester Locomotive Works.[17]

text: The rack rail design used is one of Marsh's own inventions, using a ladder-like rack with open bar rungs engaged by the teeth of the cog wheel. This system allows snow and debris to fall through the rack, rather than lodging in it.[18] A similar design, called the Riggenbach rack system, was invented by engineer Niklaus Riggenbach in Switzerland at about the same time. The Swiss Consul to the United States visited Marsh while constructing the railway up Mount Washington, and his enthusiastic reports persuaded the Swiss government to commission Riggenbach to build the Vitznau-Rigi-Bahn on Mount Rigi, which opened on May 21, 1871.[19]

text: Initially, there was no way for two trains to pass one another on the Mount Washington Cog Railway. In 1941, a nine-motion switch was invented, and two spur sidings were added, each long enough to divert two descending trains so that climbing trains could continue to the summit, enabling more round trips per day.

text: In 2004, work was completed replacing the lower Waumbek Switch and Siding with an 1,800-foot (550 m) passing loop equipped with electric and hydraulically powered automated switches. These switches are powered by batteries and recharged by solar panels. One switch is located at each end of the loop, allowing ascending and descending trains to pass one another.[20]

text: In 2014, work began on another switch and siding at the summit of Mount Washington. When completed, the new switch will allow trains to pass one another at the summit of the mountain.

text: In 2008, work began on the first diesel locomotive to be powered with biodiesel, with the assistance of a retired mechanical engineer from the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard.[21] By 2013, the railway had completed the construction of five of these locomotives.  Work was completed on a sixth biodiesel in June 2016.

text: Modern operations[edit]

text: The most common trips on the Cog Railway are between the two main stations, one at the summit and the other adjacent to the operators' logistical and repair base.

text: From 2003 to 2006, "ski trains" ran, stopping at an intermediate station, from which passengers could ski down to the Base Station.

text: The Cog Railway track crosses a hiking trail a relatively short distance below the summit of Mount Washington, and some hikers wait for the next train in order to moon the passengers. This practice is known as "Mooning the Cog."  Several hikers were arrested for performing this act in 2008.

text: Access to the base station by car is by three routes, each culminating with the upper portion of the dead-end Cog Base Road. The advertised, roughly eastbound route uses the Base Road's full length from Bretton Woods. An especially scenic route, initially southbound from U.S. Route 2, follows Jefferson Notch Road, a narrow dirt road with hairpin turns; it rises 1,500 feet (460 m) to the pass, at 3,000 feet (910 m) above sea level, between Mount Jefferson in the Presidential Range and Mount Dartmouth, before descending to its junction with the Base Road. The Jefferson Notch Road is closed to wheeled vehicles in winter—and usually before and after—and used primarily by snowmobiles. The roughly northbound route from U.S. Route 302 in Crawford Notch via Mt. Clinton Road is also closed in the winter to vehicular traffic. Operations of trains all winter began in 2004–2005, and the Cog Base Road is plowed and sanded all winter to allow tourists, skiers, and employees access to the Base Station.

text: Environmental concerns[edit]

text: The steam locomotives on the railway generate large amounts of smoke, nicknamed Cog Smog.[22] The railway is exempted from the state's air-pollution-control law (RSA 125-C:20),[23] which exempts "any steam locomotives and engines or replacements thereof used in connection with the operation of a railroad or railway which were in operation or on order prior to January 1, 1973, and are located entirely within the state."

text: Each 3 mi (4.8 km) steam locomotive ride burns 1 short ton (0.91 t) of coal and consumes 1,000 US gallons (3,800 l) of water.[24]

text:
One steam locomotive was converted to oil firing in 2008.[25]
The attempt to oil fire the existing steam locomotives failed and in 2008 the railway introduced its first diesel locomotive, designed and built by the railroad staff.  Since 2008, four more diesels were completed (M-2 and M-3 in 2009, M-4 in 2011, and M-5 in 2013). All the new diesel hydraulic locomotives are operated on B20 (20% biodiesel blend) during the summer season. The company declared that the primary reason the new diesels were built was to reduce the visual pollution caused by the coal-fired steam locomotives, to lower emissions, and to increase the length of time that passengers could spend at the summit of Mount Washington.[17]

text: Each 3 mi (4.8 km) diesel locomotive ride burns approximately 18 US gallons (68 l) of B20 (20% biodiesel blend) fuel.

text: The locomotives push passenger cars that have a capacity of 70 riders.

text: Locomotives[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text:
Number

Name

Image

Builder

Type

Date

Notes

1

Old Peppersass[6]

Campbell, Whittier and Company

Steam

1866

World's first cog locomotive, originally named Hero.  Last operated in 1929, and is now on display at Marshfield Station.

1

Mt. Washington

Manchester Locomotive Works

Steam

1883

Was the first #7 Falcon; renumbered to 1 following rebuilding after the 1895 fire. Renamed Mt. Washington after 1931. Currently stored out of service at the shops.

2

Ammonoosuc

Manchester Locomotive Works

Steam

1875

Was second #4 Atlas; renumbered to 2 following rebuilding after the 1895 fire. Named Ammonoosuc after 1931.  Still operating.

3

Agiocochook

Manchester Locomotive Works

Steam

1883

Originally #2 of the Green Mountain Cog Railway. Was the third #5, not named; became the third #3 in 1934.  This was the locomotive in the fatal accident of 1967.  Renamed Agiocochook in 1995 or 1996.  Currently stored serviceable outside the shops.

4

Summit

Manchester Locomotive Works

Steam

1883

Summit (steel cab) / retired as Chocorua (wood cab). Originally #1 of the Green Mountain Cog Railway. Renamed Chocorua in 1999 / 2000. Engine #4 is currently on display in Twin Mountain at the intersection of U.S. Routes 3 and 302, using the cab and tender of dismantled engine #8.

6

Kancamagus

Manchester Locomotive Works

Steam

1874

Originally built as first #6 Tip-Top with vertical boiler. Rebuilt into second #6 in 1878 with horizontal boiler.  Was named Great Gulf.  Currently stored serviceable inside the shops.

8

Moosilauke

Mount Washington Cog Railway Shop

Steam

1983

Built in 1983 by Mike Kenly at the Cog Shop.  At the time was the world's newest steam locomotive.  In 2008 a major boiler overhaul was underway when the project was scrapped in favor of building 2 new diesel locomotives.  The cab and tender of #8 Tip-Top/Moosilauke now rides on #4 Summit/Chocourua. Currently stored out of service outside the shops.

8

Moosilauke

Manchester Locomotive Works

Steam

1883

Originally #1 of the Green Mountain Cog Railway, then became Mount Washington Cog Railway #4 Summit.  Renamed Chocorua in 1996/97.  In 2008 it was renumbered and renamed as #8 Moosilauke, coincident with the retirement of the other locomotive with that name and number.  In 2013 the locomotive was donated to the village of Twin Mountain and placed on permanent static display at the intersection of U.S. Route 3 and U.S. Route 302.

9

Waumbek

Manchester Locomotive Works

Steam

1908

First horizontal boiler engine to have the cab on the same plane as the boiler. For a short time, this locomotive burned biodiesel, but was reconverted to coal. Still operating.

10

Col. Teague

Mount Washington Cog Railway Shop

Steam

1972

Uses a larger, welded boiler built by Munroe Boiler. Has the cab tilted on the same plane as the boiler. Converted to burn oil for a short time and converted back to coal.  Was renamed the KroFlite.  Now sits at the intersection of U.S. Route 302 and Base Station Road, bearing its original name as a sign for the entrance to the railway.

M-1

Wajo Nanatassis

Mount Washington Cog Railway Shop

Diesel

2008

First diesel-hydraulic locomotive.  Powered by biodiesel (B20).

M-2

Algonquin

Mount Washington Cog Railway Shop

Diesel

2009

Second diesel-hydraulic locomotive.  Powered by biodiesel (B20)

M-3

Abenaki

Mount Washington Cog Railway Shop

Diesel

2009

Third diesel-hydraulic locomotive.  Powered by biodiesel (B20)

M-4

Agiocochook

Mount Washington Cog Railway Shop

Diesel

2010

Fourth diesel-hydraulic locomotive, Powered by biodiesel (B20)

M-5

Metallak

Mount Washington Cog Railway Shop

Diesel

2013

Fifth diesel-hydraulic locomotive, Powered by biodiesel (B20)

M-6

LaPrade

Mount Washington Cog Railway Shop

Diesel

2016

Sixth diesel-hydraulic locomotive, powered by biodiesel (B20)

text: The Cog Railway also rosters eight wooden coaches.


document_title: Caligae

question_text: what were shoes made of in ancient rome

question_tokens: what were shoes made of in ancient rome

text: Caligae

text: Design[edit]

text: The open design of caligae allowed for the free passage of air to the feet and, unlike modern military boots, was specifically designed[citation needed] so as to reduce the likelihood of blisters forming during forced marches, as well as other disabling foot conditions like tinea or trench foot. Socks were not normally worn with caligae, although in colder climates such as Britain, woolen socks were used.

text: Caligae were constructed from three leather layers: an outsole, the middle openwork layer which formed the boot's upper, and an insole.[1] They were laced up the center of the foot and onto the top of the ankle. Additionally iron hobnails were hammered into the soles to provide the caligae with reinforcement and traction, and were also an effective weapon against a fallen enemy.

text: Shoes outside the military[edit]

text: Various other types of leather footwear were worn within the Roman empire. The carbatina was a sandal made from one piece of leather with a soft sole and openwork upper fastened by a lace. A soccus was a sole without hobnails and a separate leather upper. A calceus was a hobnailed footwear secured by laces. A solea was a simple sandal with a thong between the toes and a hobnailed sole. Women wore sandals similar to those of men, but they were of softer, finer leather. Winter shoes were usually cork-soled. Sometimes the soles were thickened to provide the imitation of height.


document_title: List of most-subscribed YouTube channels

question_text: whos the 2nd most subscribed person on youtube

text: Top channels

text: All-time

text: The following table lists the fifty most subscribed channels on YouTube, with each total rounded down to the nearest million subscribers, as well as the network and language of each channel. Channels marked as "Auto-generated by YouTube" (such as Music, Gaming, Sports and Movies) and channels whose content has been transferred (such as JustinBieberVEVO and RihannaVEVO)[note 1] are excluded. As of August 2018, 33 of these channels primarily produce content in English.

text: Self-owned channel (without a network)

text:
Rank

Chg

Channel name

Network[A]

Primarylanguage(s)

Subscribers[2](millions)

Contentcategory[2]

1.

PewDiePie[5]

N/A[6][7]

English

65

Comedy

2.

T-Series[8]

T-Series[9]

Hindi

59

Music

3.

Justin Bieber[10]

N/A[B][11]

English

40

Entertainment

4.

Canal KondZilla[12]

ONErpm[13]

Portuguese

38

Music

5.

HolaSoyGerman.[14]

HolaSoyGerman.[15]

Spanish

34

Entertainment

6.

Dude Perfect[16]

N/A[17][18]

English

Sports

7.

Ed Sheeran[19]

33

Music

8.

5-Minute Crafts[20]

Channel Frederator[21]

32

How-to

9.

WWE[22]

WWE[23]

Sports

10.

whinderssonnunes[24]

Fullscreen[25]

Portuguese

31

Comedy

11.

Katy Perry[26]

N/A[C][27][D][28]

English

Music

12.

Taylor Swift[29]

30

13.

elrubiusOMG[30]

Mixicom[31]

Spanish

Comedy

14.

Rihanna[32]

N/A[E][33]

English

Entertainment

15.

SET India[34]

SET[35]

Hindi

Shows

16.

EminemMusic[36]

UniversalMC[F][37]

English

29

Music

17.

Fernanfloo[38]

BroadbandTV[39]

Spanish

Games

18.

JuegaGerman[40]

HolaSoyGerman.[41]

28

19.

One Direction[42]

N/A[43]

English

Music

20.

TheEllenShow[44]

WarnerMedia[G][45]

27

Entertainment

21.

YouTube Spotlight[46]

Google[47]

News

22.

Ariana Grande`[48]

N/A[H][49]

25

Music

23.

Felipe Neto[50]

Maker Studios[51]

Portuguese

24

Entertainment

24.

VEGETTA777[52]

Mixicom[53]

Spanish

23

Games

25.

VanossGaming[54]

N/A[55]

English

26.

Smosh[56]

Break[57]

Comedy

27.

Shakira[58]

N/A[I][59][J][60]

Spanish and English

22

People

28.

Badabun[61]

Spanish

Entertainment

29.

Zee Music Company[62]

Zee Music Company[63]

Hindi

Music

30.

Spinnin' Records[64]

Spinnin' Records[65]

English

Entertainment

31.

Bruno Mars[66]

N/A[67][K][68][69]

English

Music

32.

Trap Nation[70]

33.

Yuya[71]

Spanish

How-to

34.

Markiplier[72]

Maker Studios[73]

English

21

Games

35.

Luis Fonsi[74]

N/A[75]

Spanish

Entertainment

36.

nigahiga[76]

English

37.

jacksepticeye[77]

Disney Digital Network[L][78]

20

Games

38.

DanTDM[79]

StyleHaul[80]

39.

Get Movies[81]

LetsonCorp[82]

Russian

19

Shows

40.

Selena Gomez[83]

N/A[M][84][N][85]

English

Films

41.

Maroon 5[86]

Music

42.

KSI[87]

StyleHaul[88]

Entertainment

43.

ChuChu TV Nursery Rhymes & Kids Songs[89]

ChuChu TV Studios[90]

Education

44.

rezendeevil[91]

Disney Digital Network[O][92]

Portuguese

Games

45.

JennaMarbles[93]

N/A[94]

English

18

Comedy

46.

WatchMojo.com[95]

WatchMojo[96]

Entertainment

47.

Marshmello[97]

Monstercat Media[98]

Music

48.

Ozuna[99]

Rimas Entertainment[100]

Spanish

49.

ToyPudding TV[101]

Machinima[102]

English

Entertainment

50.

Logan Paul Vlogs[103]

Studio71[104]

As of August 29, 2018

text: By country and territory

text: The following table lists the most subscribed YouTube channel in each country and territory from which at least one channel with at least five million subscribers originates, according to social media statistics compiler DBase.

text:
Country or territory

Channel

Subscribers(millions)

 Argentina

DrossRotzank[105]

14

 Australia

Wengie[106]

12

 Austria

Red Bull[107]

7

 Brazil

Canal KondZilla[108]

38

 Canada

VanossGaming[109]

23

 Chile

HolaSoyGerman.[110]

34

 Colombia

toycantando[111]

8

 El Salvador

Fernanfloo[112]

29

 France

David Guetta[113]

18

 Germany

freekickerz[114]

6

 India

T-Series[115]

59

 Indonesia

Ricis Official[116]

5

 Iraq

الرماس ميوزك[117]

8

 Ireland

jacksepticeye[118]

20

 Japan

キッズライン♡Kids Line[119]

6

 Jordan

toyorbabytv[120]

5

 Latvia

TrapMusicHDTV[121]

 Mexico

Badabun[122]

22

 Morocco

Saad Lamjarred | سعد لمجرد[123]

5

 Netherlands

Trap City[124]

10

 Norway

Alan Walker[125]

16

 Philippines

ABS-CBN Entertainment[126]

11

 Puerto Rico

Ozuna[127]

18

 Russia

Get Movies[128]

19

 Saudi Arabia

Rotana[129]

8

 South Korea

ibighit[130]

16

 Spain

elrubiusOMG[131]

30

 Sweden

PewDiePie[132]

65

 Thailand

Workpoint Official[133]

17

 Turkey

netd müzik[134]

11

 Ukraine

SlivkiShow[135]

 United Arab Emirates

Noor Stars[136]

8

 United Kingdom

Ed Sheeran[137]

33

 United States

Dude Perfect[138]

34

 Uruguay

dosogas[139]

5

 Venezuela

LA DIVAZA[140]

7

 Vietnam

FAP TV[141]

6

As of August 26, 2018

text: Historical progression of most-subscribed channels

text: The following table lists the last 16 channels to become YouTube's most subscribed channel, from May 2006 to present.

text:
Channel name

Network / owner

Country

Date achieved

Days held

Reference

PewDiePie[5]

Felix Kjellberg

 SWE

Dec 22, 2013

1711

[142]

YouTube Spotlight[46]

Google

 USA

Dec 12, 2013

10

[143][144]

PewDiePie[5]

Felix Kjellberg

 SWE

Dec 8, 2013

4

[142]

YouTube Spotlight[46]

Google

 USA

Nov 2, 2013

36

[145]

PewDiePie[5]

Felix Kjellberg

 SWE

Aug 15, 2013

80

[146]

Smosh[56]

Defy Media

 USA

Jan 12, 2013

215

[147][148]

Ray William Johnson[149]

Ray Johnson

Jun 28, 2011

564

[150][151]

nigahiga[76]

Ryan Higa

Aug 20, 2009

677

[152][153]

Fяᴇᴅ[154]

Lucas Cruikshank

Oct 6, 2008

318

[155]

nigahiga[76]

Ryan Higa

Sep 24, 2008

12

[155]

Smosh[56]

Defy Media

Apr 26, 2007

517

[156]

lonelygirl15[157]

Mesh Flinders

Sep 17, 2006

221

[158][159][160]

geriatric1927[161]

Peter Oakley

 GBR

Aug 17, 2006

31

[162]

Brookers[163]

Brooke Brodack

 USA

Jul 3, 2006

45

[164][165]

Judson Laipply[166]

Judson Laipply

Jun 12, 2006

21

[142][167]

Smosh[56]

Defy Media

May 17, 2006

26

[4]

As of December 22, 2013

text: Timeline

text: Timeline of Most Subscribed Channels (May 2006 – August 2018)

text: Reactions

text: In late 2006, when Peter Oakley, also known as Geriatric1927, became most subscribed, a number of TV channels wanted to interview him on his rise to fame.[citation needed] The Daily Mail and TechBlog published an article about him and his success.[citation needed] In 2009, the FRED channel was the first to have over one million subscribers.[168]

text: Following the third time that Smosh became most subscribed, Ray William Johnson collaborated with the duo.[169] A flurry of top YouTubers including Ryan Higa, Shane Dawson, Felix Kjellberg, Michael Buckley, Kassem Gharaibeh, The Fine Brothers, and Johnson himself, congratulated the duo shortly after they surpassed Johnson as the most subscribed channel.[170]


document_title: Storm of the Century

question_text: who played ralphie in storm of the century

text: Storm of the Century

text: Plot[edit]

text: A very powerful blizzard hits the fictional small town of Little Tall Island (also the setting of King's novel Dolores Claiborne) off the coast of Maine. The storm is so powerful that all access off the island is blocked, and no one is able to leave the island until the storm is over. While trying to deal with the storm, tragedy strikes when one of the town's residents is brutally murdered by André Linoge (Colm Feore), a menacing stranger who appears to know the town members' darkest secrets, and who gives no hint of his motives other than the cryptic statement "Give me what I want, and I'll go away."

text: Linoge is imprisoned in the town's holding cell by part-time constable Michael Anderson (Timothy Daly), but he uses his various abilities to affect the town, driving people to commit suicides and inflict terrifying dreams. After walking from his cell, Linoge's campaign of terror culminates in an enchantment that places all eight of the town's small children into unconsciousness. While looking for Linoge, Mike notices his name is an anagram for Legion, a collective group of demons mentioned in the Gospel of Mark and Gospel of Luke, having been exorcised by Jesus and cast into a herd of swine. Linoge eventually calls a town meeting, and it is here that Linoge states he desires one of the eight children he has enchanted. He reveals his true form (an impossibly ancient, dying man), explaining that he is not immortal, and needs someone to carry on his "work." He states that he cannot simply take the child he desires, but he can punish. If they refuse, he threatens to force them to march into the sea two-by-two, as he claims to have done at Roanoke Island, North Carolina, centuries before. With his demands set, he leaves them with half an hour to make their decision.

text: Although Mike begs the town to refuse Linoge's request, appealing to their common decency and the fact that they may be aiding in a great evil, all of the townspeople except him vote to give Linoge what he desires. Linoge has one parent of each child draw one of eight "weirding stones," with Mike's wife Molly drawing the black. Contemptuously thanking the town, Linoge transforms into his true form and suggests that the less they say to the outside world about the events with him, the happier they will be. With a final remark to Molly that Ralph will eventually come to call him "father", Linoge flies off into the night with his new protégé.

text: Most of the film's epilogue is narrated by Mike, as he explains how he leaves Little Tall the following summer. Unable to live with those who sacrificed his child, Mike divorces Molly and settles in San Francisco as a US Marshal. Nine years after the storm, Mike notices an old man and a teenage boy walking by, humming Linoge's favorite tune "I'm a little teapot". He calls out to the boy, realizing it is his son, now corrupted by Linoge. He chases after them into an alley, but they are gone.

text: Mike considers telling Molly about what he saw, but ultimately decides against it, sometimes thinking that was the wrong decision, "but in daylight, I know better."

text: Cast[edit]

text: This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: Minor roles need to be removed. Please help improve this section if you can. (November 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Tim Daly as Constable Michael "Mike" Anderson
Debrah Farentino as Molly Anderson
Dyllan Christopher as Ralph Emerick "Ralphie" Anderson
Colm Feore as Andre Linoge
Jeffrey DeMunn as Town Manager Robert "Robbie" Beals
Nada Despotovich as Sandra "Sandy" Beals
Spencer Breslin as Donny Beals
Denis Forest as Kirk Freeman
Nicky Guadagni as Jenna Freeman
Casey Siemaszko as Alton "Hatch" Hatcher
Soo Garay as Melinda Hatcher
Skye McCole Bartusiak as Pippa Hatcher
Ron Perkins as Peter Godsoe
Becky Ann Baker as Ursula Godsoe
Cayda Rubin as Sally Godsoe
Nancy Beatty as Octavia Godsoe
Richard Fitzpatrick as Jonas Stanhope
Kathleen Chalfant as Joanna Stanhope
Myra Carter as Cora Stanhope
Rita Tuckett as Martha Claredon
Adam Zolotin as Davey Hopewell
Gaylyn Britton as Mary Hopewell
Michael Rhoades as Stan Hopewell
Steve Rankin as Jack Carver
Torri Higginson as Angela Carver
Stephen Joffe as Buster Carver
Adam LeFevre as Ferd Andrews
Peter MacNeill as Sonny Brautigan
Beth Dixon as Tess Merchant
Leif Anderson as Johnny Harriman
Marcia Laskowski as Linda St. Pierre
Harley English-Dixon as Heidi St. Pierre
Richard Blackburn as Andy Robichaux
Jeremy Jordan as William "Billy" Soames
Lynne Griffin as Jane Kingsbury

text: Screenplay[edit]

text: The screenplay for the miniseries was written by Stephen King expressly for television, and was published by Pocket Books just prior to the initial airing of Storm of the Century on ABC, while the mass market edition of the screenplay was published only as a trade paperback. A hardcover edition was published concurrently by the Book of the Month Club. The book contains an introduction in which King describes the genesis of the idea as it occurred to him in late 1996, beginning to write it in December 1996, and debating the format the story should take, either a novel or a screenplay, ending up writing a "novel for television".[1]

text: Release and reception[edit]

text: Storm of the Century aired on ABC on February 14–18, 1999. It was released on DVD on June 22 the same year.[2]

text: The miniseries was well received by critics. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes counts six positive out of eight reviews.[3]


document_title: The Star-Spangled Banner

question_text: where is it written that we should stand during the national anthem

text: The Star-Spangled Banner

text: Early history

text: Francis Scott Key's lyrics

text: On September 3, 1814, following the Burning of Washington and the Raid on Alexandria, Francis Scott Key and John Stuart Skinner set sail from Baltimore aboard the ship HMS Minden, flying a flag of truce on a mission approved by President James Madison. Their objective was to secure an exchange of prisoners, one of whom was Dr. William Beanes, the elderly and popular town physician of Upper Marlboro and a friend of Key's who had been captured in his home. Beanes was accused of aiding the arrest of British soldiers. Key and Skinner boarded the British flagship HMS Tonnant on September 7 and spoke with Major General Robert Ross and Vice Admiral Alexander Cochrane over dinner while the two officers discussed war plans. At first, Ross and Cochrane refused to release Beanes, but relented after Key and Skinner showed them letters written by wounded British prisoners praising Beanes and other Americans for their kind treatment.

text: Because Key and Skinner had heard details of the plans for the attack on Baltimore, they were held captive until after the battle, first aboard HMS Surprise and later back on HMS Minden. After the bombardment, certain British gunboats attempted to slip past the fort and effect a landing in a cove to the west of it, but they were turned away by fire from nearby Fort Covington, the city's last line of defense.

text: During the rainy night, Key had witnessed the bombardment and observed that the fort's smaller "storm flag" continued to fly, but once the shell and Congreve rocket[5] barrage had stopped, he would not know how the battle had turned out until dawn. On the morning of September 14, the storm flag had been lowered and the larger flag had been raised.

text: During the bombardment, HMS Terror and HMS Meteor provided some of the "bombs bursting in air".

text: Key was inspired by the American victory and the sight of the large American flag flying triumphantly above the fort. This flag, with fifteen stars and fifteen stripes, had been made by Mary Young Pickersgill together with other workers in her home on Baltimore's Pratt Street. The flag later came to be known as the Star-Spangled Banner and is today on display in the National Museum of American History, a treasure of the Smithsonian Institution. It was restored in 1914 by Amelia Fowler, and again in 1998 as part of an ongoing conservation program.

text: Aboard the ship the next day, Key wrote a poem on the back of a letter he had kept in his pocket. At twilight on September 16, he and Skinner were released in Baltimore. He completed the poem at the Indian Queen Hotel, where he was staying, and titled it "Defence of Fort M'Henry".

text: Much of the idea of the poem, including the flag imagery and some of the wording, is derived from an earlier song by Key, also set to the tune of "The Anacreontic Song". The song, known as "When the Warrior Returns",[6] was written in honor of Stephen Decatur and Charles Stewart on their return from the First Barbary War.  Absent elaboration by Francis Scott Key prior to his death in 1843, some have speculated in modern times about the meaning of phrases or verses. According to British historian Robin Blackburn, the words "the hireling and slave" allude to the thousands of ex-slaves in the British ranks organised as the Corps of Colonial Marines, who had been liberated by the British and demanded to be placed in the battle line "where they might expect to meet their former masters."[7] Nevertheless, Professor Mark Clague, a professor of musicology at the University of Michigan, argues that the "middle two verses of Key's lyric vilify the British enemy in the War of 1812" and "in no way glorifies or celebrates slavery."[8] Clague writes that "For Key ... the British mercenaries were scoundrels and the Colonial Marines were traitors who threatened to spark a national insurrection."[8] This harshly anti-British nature of Verse 3 led to its omission in sheet music in World War I, when Britain and the U.S. were allies.[8] Responding to the assertion of writer Jon Schwarz of The Intercept that the song is a "celebration of slavery,"[9] Clague said that: "The reference to slaves is about the use, and in some sense the manipulation, of black Americans to fight for the British, with the promise of freedom. The American forces included African-Americans as well as whites. The term 'freemen,' whose heroism is celebrated in the fourth stanza, would have encompassed both."[10]

text: Others suggest that "Key may have intended the phrase as a reference to the British Navy’s practice of impressment (kidnapping sailors and forcing them to fight in defense of the crown), or as a semi-metaphorical slap at the British invading force as a whole (which included a large number of mercenaries)."[11]

text: John Stafford Smith's music

text: Key gave the poem to his brother-in-law Judge Joseph H. Nicholson who saw that the words fit the popular melody "The Anacreontic Song", by English composer John Stafford Smith. This was the official song of the Anacreontic Society, an 18th-century gentlemen's club of amateur musicians in London. Nicholson took the poem to a printer in Baltimore, who anonymously made the first known broadside printing on September 17; of these, two known copies survive.

text: On September 20, both the Baltimore Patriot and The American printed the song, with the note "Tune: Anacreon in Heaven". The song quickly became popular, with seventeen newspapers from Georgia to New Hampshire printing it. Soon after, Thomas Carr of the Carr Music Store in Baltimore published the words and music together under the title "The Star Spangled Banner", although it was originally called "Defence of Fort M'Henry". Thomas Carr's arrangement introduced the raised fourth which became the standard deviation from "The Anacreontic Song".[12] The song's popularity increased, and its first public performance took place in October, when Baltimore actor Ferdinand Durang sang it at Captain McCauley's tavern. Washington Irving, then editor of the Analectic Magazine in Philadelphia, reprinted the song in November 1814.

text: By the early 20th century, there were various versions of the song in popular use. Seeking a singular, standard version, President Woodrow Wilson tasked the U.S. Bureau of Education with providing that official version. In response, the Bureau enlisted the help of five musicians to agree upon an arrangement. Those musicians were Walter Damrosch, Will Earhart, Arnold J. Gantvoort, Oscar Sonneck and John Philip Sousa. The standardized version that was voted upon by these five musicians premiered at Carnegie Hall on December 5, 1917, in a program that included Edward Elgar's Carillon and Gabriel Pierné's The Children's Crusade. The concert was put on by the Oratorio Society of New York and conducted by Walter Damrosch.[13] An official handwritten version of the final votes of these five men has been found and shows all five men's votes tallied, measure by measure.[14]

text: The Italian opera composer Giacomo Puccini used an extract of the melody in writing the aria "Dovunque al mondo..." in 1904 for his work Madama Butterfly.

text: National anthem

text: The song gained popularity throughout the 19th century and bands played it during public events, such as July 4th celebrations.

text: A plaque displayed at Fort Meade, South Dakota, claims that the idea of making "The Star Spangled Banner" the national anthem began on their parade ground in 1892. Colonel Caleb Carlton, Post Commander, established the tradition that the song be played "at retreat and at the close of parades and concerts." Carlton explained the custom to Governor Sheldon of South Dakota who "promised me that he would try to have the custom established among the state militia." Carlton wrote that after a similar discussion, Secretary of War, Daniel E. Lamont issued an order that it "be played at every Army post every evening at retreat." [15]

text: In 1899, the US Navy officially adopted "The Star-Spangled Banner".[16] In 1916, President Woodrow Wilson ordered that "The Star-Spangled Banner" be played at military[16] and other appropriate occasions. The playing of the song two years later during the seventh-inning stretch of Game One of the 1918 World Series, and thereafter during each game of the series is often cited as the first instance that the anthem was played at a baseball game,[17] though evidence shows that the "Star-Spangled Banner" was performed as early as 1897 at opening day ceremonies in Philadelphia and then more regularly at the Polo Grounds in New York City beginning in 1898. In any case, the tradition of performing the national anthem before every baseball game began in World War II.[18]

text: On April 10, 1918, John Charles Linthicum, U.S. Congressman from Maryland, introduced a bill to officially recognize "The Star-Spangled Banner" as the national anthem.[19] The bill did not pass.[19] On April 15, 1929, Linthicum introduced the bill again, his sixth time doing so.[19] On November 3, 1929, Robert Ripley drew a panel in his syndicated cartoon, Ripley's Believe it or Not!, saying "Believe It or Not, America has no national anthem".[20]

text: In 1930, Veterans of Foreign Wars started a petition for the United States to officially recognize "The Star-Spangled Banner" as the national anthem.[21] Five million people signed the petition.[21] The petition was presented to the United States House Committee on the Judiciary on January 31, 1930.[22] On the same day, Elsie Jorss-Reilley and Grace Evelyn Boudlin sang the song to the Committee to refute the perception that it was too high pitched for a typical person to sing.[23] The Committee voted in favor of sending the bill to the House floor for a vote.[24] The House of Representatives passed the bill later that year.[25] The Senate passed the bill on March 3, 1931.[25] President Herbert Hoover signed the bill on March 4, 1931, officially adopting "The Star-Spangled Banner" as the national anthem of the United States of America.[1] As currently codified, the United States Code states that "[t]he composition consisting of the words and music known as the Star-Spangled Banner is the national anthem."[26]

text: Lyrics

text:
O say can you see, by the dawn's early light,
What so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last gleaming,
Whose broad stripes and bright stars through the perilous fight,
O'er the ramparts we watched, were so gallantly streaming?
And the rockets' red glare, the bombs bursting in air,
Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there;
O say does that star-spangled banner yet wave
O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave?

On the shore dimly seen through the mists of the deep,
Where the foe's haughty host in dread silence reposes,
What is that which the breeze, o'er the towering steep,
As it fitfully blows, half conceals, half discloses?
Now it catches the gleam of the morning's first beam,
In full glory reflected now shines in the stream:
'Tis the star-spangled banner, O long may it wave
O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave.

And where is that band who so vauntingly swore
That the havoc of war and the battle's confusion,
A home and a country, should leave us no more?
Their blood has washed out their foul footsteps' pollution.
No refuge could save the hireling and slave
From the terror of flight, or the gloom of the grave:
And the star-spangled banner in triumph doth wave,
O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave.

O thus be it ever, when freemen shall stand
Between their loved homes and the war's desolation.
Blest with vict'ry and peace, may the Heav'n rescued land
Praise the Power that hath made and preserved us a nation!
Then conquer we must, when our cause it is just,
And this be our motto: 'In God is our trust.'
And the star-spangled banner in triumph shall wave
O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave![27]

text: Additional Civil War period lyrics

text: In indignation over the start of the American Civil War, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr.[28] added a fifth stanza to the song in 1861, which appeared in songbooks of the era.[29]

text:
When our land is illumined with Liberty's smile,
If a foe from within strike a blow at her glory,
Down, down with the traitor that dares to defile
The flag of her stars and the page of her story!
By the millions unchained who our birthright have gained,
We will keep her bright blazon forever unstained!
And the Star-Spangled Banner in triumph shall wave
While the land of the free is the home of the brave.

text: Alternative lyrics

text: In a version hand-written by Francis Scott Key in 1840, the third line reads "Whose bright stars and broad stripes, through the clouds of the fight".[30]

text: Modern history

text: Performances

text: This section may contain indiscriminate, excessive, or irrelevant examples. Please improve the article by adding more descriptive text and removing less pertinent examples. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for further suggestions. (November 2012)

text: The song is notoriously difficult for nonprofessionals to sing because of its wide range – a 12th. Humorist Richard Armour referred to the song's difficulty in his book It All Started With Columbus.

text: In an attempt to take Baltimore, the British attacked Fort McHenry, which protected the harbor. Bombs were soon bursting in air, rockets were glaring, and all in all it was a moment of great historical interest. During the bombardment, a young lawyer named Francis Off Key [sic] wrote "The Star-Spangled Banner", and when, by the dawn's early light, the British heard it sung, they fled in terror.

text: Professional and amateur singers have been known to forget the words, which is one reason the song is sometimes pre-recorded and lip-synced.[citation needed] Other times the issue is avoided by having the performer(s) play the anthem instrumentally instead of singing it. The pre-recording of the anthem has become standard practice at some ballparks, such as Boston's Fenway Park, according to the SABR publication The Fenway Project.[31]

text: "The Star-Spangled Banner" is traditionally played at the beginning of public sports events and orchestral concerts in the United States, as well as other public gatherings. The National Hockey League and Major League Soccer both require venues in both the U.S. and Canada to perform both the Canadian and American national anthems at games that involve teams from both countries (with the "away" anthem being performed first) .[32][better source needed] It is also usual for both American and Canadian anthems (done in the same way as the NHL and MLS) to be played at Major League Baseball and National Basketball Association games involving the Toronto Blue Jays and the Toronto Raptors (respectively), the only Canadian teams in those two major U.S. sports leagues, and in All Star Games on the MLB, NBA, and NHL. The Buffalo Sabres of the NHL, which play in a city on the Canada–US border and have a substantial Canadian fan base, play both anthems before all home games regardless of where the visiting team is based.[33]

text: Two especially unusual performances of the song took place in the immediate aftermath of the United States September 11 attacks. On September 12, 2001, the Queen broke with tradition and allowed the Band of the Coldstream Guards to perform the anthem at Buckingham Palace, London, at the ceremonial Changing of the Guard, as a gesture of support for Britain's ally.[34] The following day at a St. Paul's Cathedral memorial service, the Queen joined in the singing of the anthem, an unprecedented occurrence.[35]

text: 200th anniversary celebrations

text: The 200th anniversary of the "Star-Spangled Banner" occurred in 2014 with various special events occurring throughout the United States. A particularly significant celebration occurred during the week of September 10–16 in and around Baltimore, Maryland. Highlights included playing of a new arrangement of the anthem arranged by John Williams and participation of President Obama on Defender's Day, September 12, 2014, at Fort McHenry.[36] In addition, the anthem bicentennial included a youth music celebration[37] including the presentation of the National Anthem Bicentennial Youth Challenge winning composition written by Noah Altshuler.

text: Adaptations

text: The first popular music performance of the anthem heard by the mainstream U.S. was by Puerto Rican singer and guitarist José Feliciano. He created a nationwide uproar when he strummed a slow, blues-style rendition of the song[38] at Tiger Stadium in Detroit before game five of the 1968 World Series, between Detroit and St. Louis.[39] This rendition started contemporary "Star-Spangled Banner" controversies. The response from many in the Vietnam War-era U.S. was generally negative. Despite the controversy, Feliciano's performance opened the door for the countless interpretations of the "Star-Spangled Banner" heard in the years since.[40] One week after Feliciano's performance, the anthem was in the news again when American athletes Tommie Smith and John Carlos lifted controversial raised fists at the 1968 Olympics while the "Star-Spangled Banner" played at a medal ceremony.

text: Marvin Gaye gave a soul-influenced performance at the 1983 NBA All-Star Game and Whitney Houston gave a soulful rendition before Super Bowl XXV in 1991, which was released as a single that charted at number 20 in 1991 and number 6 in 2001 (along with José Feliciano, the only times the anthem has been on the Billboard Hot 100). In 1993, Kiss did an instrumental rock version as the closing track on their album, Alive III. Another famous instrumental interpretation is Jimi Hendrix's version, which was a set-list staple from autumn 1968 until his death in September 1970, including a famous rendition at the Woodstock music festival in 1969. Incorporating sonic effects to emphasize the "rockets' red glare", and "bombs bursting in air", it became a late-1960s emblem. Roseanne Barr gave a controversial performance of the anthem at a San Diego Padres baseball game at Jack Murphy Stadium on July 25, 1990. The comedian belted out a screechy rendition of the song, and afterward she attempted a gesture of ball players by spitting and grabbing her crotch as if adjusting a protective cup. The performance offended some, including the sitting U.S. President, George H. W. Bush.[41] Sufjan Stevens has frequently performed the "Star-Spangled Banner" in live sets, replacing the optimism in the end of the first verse with a new coda that alludes to the divisive state of the nation today. David Lee Roth both referenced parts of the anthem and played part of a hard rock rendition of the anthem on his song, "Yankee Rose" on his 1986 solo album, Eat 'Em and Smile. Steven Tyler also caused some controversy in 2001 (at the Indianapolis 500, to which he later issued a public apology) and again in 2012 (at the AFC Championship Game) with a cappella renditions of the song with changed lyrics.[42] A version of Aerosmith's Joe Perry and Brad Whitford playing part of the song can be heard at the end of their version of "Train Kept A-Rollin'" on the Rockin' the Joint album. The band Boston gave an instrumental rock rendition of the anthem on their Greatest Hits album. The band Crush 40 made a version of the song as opening track from the album Thrill of the Feel (2000).

text: In March 2005, a government-sponsored program, the National Anthem Project, was launched after a Harris Interactive poll showed many adults knew neither the lyrics nor the history of the anthem.[43]

text: References in film, television, literature

text: Several films have their titles taken from the song's lyrics. These include two films titled Dawn's Early Light (2000[44] and 2005);[45] two made-for-TV features titled By Dawn's Early Light (1990[46] and 2000);[47] two films titled So Proudly We Hail (1943[48] and 1990);[49] a feature (1977)[50] and a short (2005)[51] titled Twilight's Last Gleaming; and four films titled Home of the Brave (1949,[52] 1986,[53] 2004,[54] and 2006).[55] A 1936 short titled "The Song of a Nation" from Warner Brothers shows a version of the origin of the song. [56]

text: Customs and federal law

text: When the National Anthem was first recognized by law in 1932, there was no prescription as to behavior during its playing. On June 22, 1942, the law was revised indicating that those in uniform should salute during its playing, while others should simply stand at attention, men removing their hats. (The same code also required that women should place their hands over their hearts when the flag is displayed during the playing of the Anthem, but not if the flag was not present.) On December 23, 1942 the law was again revised instructing men and women to stand at attention and face in the direction of the music when it was played. That revision also directed men and women to place their hands over their hearts only if the flag was displayed. Those in uniform were required to salute. On July 7, 1976, the law was simplified. Men and women were instructed to stand with their hands over their hearts, men removing their hats, irrespective of whether or not the flag was displayed and those in uniform saluting. On August 12, 1998, the law was rewritten keeping the same instructions, but differentiating between "those in uniform" and "members of the Armed Forces and veterans" who were both instructed to salute during the playing whether or not the flag was displayed. Because of the changes in law over the years and confusion between instructions for the Pledge of Allegence versus the National Anthem, throughout most of the 20th century many people simply stood at attention or with their hands folded in front of them during the playing of the Anthem, and when reciting the Pledge they would hold their hand (or hat) over their heart. After 9/11, the custom of placing the hand over the heart during the playing of the Anthem became nearly universal. [57][58][59]

text: Since 1998, federal law (viz., the United States Code 36 U.S.C. § 301) states that during a rendition of the national anthem, when the flag is displayed, all present including those in uniform should stand at attention; Non-military service individuals should face the flag with the right hand over the heart; Members of the Armed Forces and veterans who are present and not in uniform may render the military salute; Military service persons not in uniform should remove their headdress with their right hand and hold the headdress at the left shoulder, the hand being over the heart; and Members of the Armed Forces and veterans who are in uniform should give the military salute at the first note of the anthem and maintain that position until the last note. The law further provides that when the flag is not displayed, all present should face toward the music and act in the same manner they would if the flag were displayed. Military law requires all vehicles on the installation to stop when the song is played and all individuals outside to stand at attention and face the direction of the music and either salute, in uniform, or place the right hand over the heart, if out of uniform. The law was amended in 2008, and since allows military veterans to salute out of uniform, as well.[60][61]

text: The text of 36 U.S.C. § 301 is suggestive and not regulatory in nature. Failure to follow the suggestions is not a violation of law. This behavioral requirement for the national anthem is subject to the same First Amendment controversies that surround the Pledge of Allegiance.[62] For example, Jehovah's Witnesses do not sing the national anthem, though they are taught that standing is an "ethical decision" that individual believers must make based on their "conscience."[63][64][65]

text: Protests

text: 1968 Olympics Black Power Salute

text: The 1968 Olympics Black Power salute was a political demonstration conducted by African-American athletes Tommie Smith and John Carlos during their medal ceremony at the 1968 Summer Olympics in the Olympic Stadium in Mexico City. After having won gold and bronze medals respectively in the 200 meter running event, they turned on the podium to face their flags, and to hear the American national anthem, "The Star-Spangled Banner". Each athlete raised a black-gloved fist, and kept them raised until the anthem had finished. In addition, Smith, Carlos, and Australian silver medalist Peter Norman all wore human rights badges on their jackets. In his autobiography, Silent Gesture, Smith stated that the gesture was not a "Black Power" salute, but a "human rights salute". The event is regarded as one of the most overtly political statements in the history of the modern Olympic Games.[66]

text: 2016 protests

text: Politically motivated protests of the national anthem began in the National Football League (NFL) after San Francisco 49ers quarterback (QB) Colin Kaepernick sat during the anthem, as opposed to the tradition of standing, before his team's third preseason game of 2016. Kaepernick also sat during the first two preseason games, but he went unnoticed.[67]

text: NAACP call remove the national anthem

text: In November 2017, the California NAACP called on Congress to remove The Star-Spangled Banner as the national anthem. Alice Huffman, California NCAAP president said “it’s racist; it doesn’t represent our community, it’s anti-black.”[68] The third stansa of the anthem, which is rarely sung, contain the words, "No refuge could save the hireling and slave, From the terror of flight, or the gloom of the grave:", which some interpret as racist. The organization was still seeking a representative to sponsor the legislation in Congress at the time of their announcement.

text: Translations

text: As a result of immigration to the United States and the incorporation of non-English speaking people into the country, the lyrics of the song have been translated into other languages. In 1861, it was translated into German.[69] The Library of Congress also has record of a Spanish-language version from 1919.[70] It has since been translated into Hebrew[71] and Yiddish by Jewish immigrants,[72] Latin American Spanish (with one version popularized during immigration reform protests in 2006),[73] French by Acadians of Louisiana,[74] Samoan,[75] and Irish.[76] The third verse of the anthem has also been translated into Latin.[77]

text: With regard to the indigenous languages of North America, there are versions in Navajo[78][79][80] and Cherokee.[81]

text: Media

text:
The Star-Spangled Banner (1915)

A 1915 recording of the Star-Spangled Banner as sung by Margaret Woodrow Wilson, daughter of Woodrow Wilson

The Star-Spangled Banner (1942)

Fred Waring and His Pennsylvanians sing The Star-Spangled Banner in 1942

The Star-Spangled Banner (1953)

A 1953 instrumental recording by the United States Marine Corps band

The Star Spangled Banner (circa 2000)

An instrumental recording by the United States Navy Band.

Problems playing these files? See media help.

text:
Play media

(1944)

Play media

(1940)