document_title: Chicago (2002 film)

question_text: who is roxie's first song devoted to

question_tokens: who is roxie 's first song devoted to

text: Chicago (2002 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1924, Roxie Hart sees star Velma Kelly perform ("Overture/All That Jazz") at a Chicago theater. Wanting stardom for herself, she begins an affair with Fred Casely, who claims to know the manager. After the show, Velma is arrested for killing her husband Charlie and sister Veronica, who were in bed together.

text: A month later, Casely admits to Roxie that he has no showbiz connections and just wanted her body. Enraged, she shoots him dead. She convinces her husband, Amos, to take the blame, telling him she killed a burglar in self-defense. As Amos confesses to the detective, Roxie fantasizes that she is singing a song devoted to her husband ("Funny Honey"). However, when the detective brings up evidence that Roxie and Casely were having an affair, Amos recants; Roxie furiously admits what really happened and is arrested. Ambitious District Attorney Harrison announces he will seek the death penalty.

text: At Cook County Jail, Roxie is sent to Murderess' Row, under the care of the corrupt Matron "Mama" Morton ("When You're Good to Mama"). Roxie meets her idol Velma, but her friendship is rudely rebuffed. She learns the backstories of the other women there, including Velma ("Cell Block Tango"). On Morton's advice, Roxie engages Velma's lawyer, the brilliant Billy Flynn ("All I Care About"). Flynn and Roxie manipulate the press, reinventing Roxie's identity as an originally virtuous woman turned bad by the fast life of the city; she claims she had the affair with Casely because Amos was always working, but repented and dumped him for Amos, and Casely jealously attacked her ("We Both Reached for the Gun"). The press believe the story; praised by the public as a tragic heroine, Roxie becomes an overnight sensation ("Roxie"). Velma, unhappy at losing the public's attention, tries to convince Roxie to join her act, replacing the sister that she murdered ("I Can't Do It Alone"), but Roxie, now the more popular of the two rivals, snubs her just as Velma originally did.

text: Meanwhile, Kitty Baxter, a wealthy heiress, is arrested for murdering her husband and his two lovers, and the press and Flynn pay more attention to her. To Velma's surprise, Roxie quickly steals back the fame by claiming to be pregnant. Amos is ignored by the press ("Mister Cellophane"), and Flynn, to create more sympathy for Roxie, convinces him that the child is Casely's, and that he should divorce Roxie in the middle of her predicament. Roxie over-confidently fires Flynn, believing she can now win on her own. However, when Katalin Helinszki, a Hungarian woman from Murderess' Row, becomes the first woman in Cook County history to be executed by hanging, Roxie realizes the gravity of the situation and rehires Flynn.

text: Roxie's trial begins, and Billy turns it into a media spectacle ("Razzle Dazzle") with the help of the sensationalist newspaper reporters and radio personality Mary Sunshine. Billy discredits witnesses, manipulates evidence, and even stages a public reconciliation between Amos and Roxie when she says the child is his. The trial seems to be going Roxie's way until Velma appears with Roxie's diary: she reads incriminating entries in exchange for amnesty in her own case. Billy discredits the diary, implying that Harrison was the one who planted the evidence ("A Tap Dance"). Roxie is acquitted, but her fame is eclipsed moments later when another woman, who had also shot her own husband, shoots her lawyer just outside the courthouse. Flynn tells her to accept it, and admits that he tampered with her diary himself, in order to incriminate the district attorney and also free two clients at once. Amos remains loyal and excited to be a father, but Roxie cruelly rejects him, revealing that she is not pregnant, and he finally leaves her.

text: Roxie does become a vaudeville performer, but is very unsuccessful ("Nowadays"). Velma is just as unsuccessful, and again approaches Roxie to suggest performing together: a double act consisting of two murderers. Roxie initially refuses, but later accepts when Velma points out that they can perform together despite their resentment for each other. The two stage a spectacular performance that earns them the love of the audience and the press ("Nowadays / Hot Honey Rag"). The film concludes with Roxie and Velma receiving a standing ovation from an enthusiastic audience, and proclaiming that, "We couldn't have done it without you".

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Renée Zellweger as Roxanne "Roxie" Hart, a housewife who aspires to be a vaudevillian, and is arrested for the murder of her deceitful lover.
Catherine Zeta-Jones as Velma Kelly ("Cicero"), a showgirl who is arrested for the murders of her husband, Charlie, and her sister, Veronica.
Richard Gere as Billy Flynn, a duplicitous, smooth-talking lawyer who turns his clients into celebrities to gain public support for them.
Queen Latifah as Matron "Mama" Morton, the corrupt but nurturing matron of the Cook County Jail.
John C. Reilly as Amos Hart, Roxie's naive, simple-minded but devoted husband.
Christine Baranski as Mary Sunshine, a sensationalist reporter.
Taye Diggs as The Bandleader, a shadowy, mystical master of ceremonies who introduces each song.
Colm Feore as Harrison, the prosecutor in both Roxie and Velma's court cases.
Lucy Liu as Kitty Baxter, a millionaire heiress who briefly outshines Velma and Roxie when she kills her husband and his two mistresses.
Dominic West as Fred Casely, Roxie's deceitful lover and murder victim.
Mýa as Mona ("Lipschitz"), a prisoner on Murderess' Row.
Jayne Eastwood as Mrs. Borusewicz, the Harts' neighbor from across the hall.
Chita Rivera as Nicky, a prostitute.
Susan Misner as Liz ("Pop"), a prisoner on Murderess' Row.
Denise Faye as Annie ("Six"), a prisoner on Murderess' Row .
Deidre Goodwin as June ("Squish"), a prisoner on Murderess' Row.
Ekaterina Chtchelkanova as the Hunyak (Katalin Helinszki) ("Uh Uh"), a Hungarian prisoner on Murderess' Row who does not speak English except for two words: "not guilty".
Conrad Dunn as Doctor.

text: Musical numbers[edit]

text:
"Overture / All That Jazz" – Velma, Company
"Funny Honey" – Roxie
"When You're Good to Mama" – Mama
"Cell Block Tango" – Velma, Cell Block Girls
"All I Care About" – Billy, Chorus Girls
"We Both Reached for the Gun" – Billy, Roxie, Mary, Reporters
"Roxie" – Roxie, Chorus Boys
"I Can't Do It Alone" – Velma
"Mister Cellophane" – Amos
"Razzle Dazzle" – Billy, Company
"A Tap Dance" - Billy
"Class" – Velma and Mama (cut from film; included in DVD and 2005 broadcast premiere on NBC)
"Nowadays" – Roxie
"Nowadays / Hot Honey Rag" – Roxie, Velma
"I Move On" – Roxie and Velma (over the end credits)
"All That Jazz (reprise)" – Velma, Company

text: Production and development[edit]

text: The film is based on the 1975 Broadway musical, which ran for 936 performances but was not well received by audiences, primarily due to the show's cynical tone. A film version of Chicago was to have been the next project for Bob Fosse,[4] who had directed and choreographed the original 1975 Broadway production and had won an Oscar for his direction of the film version of Cabaret (1972). Although he died before realizing his version, Fosse's distinctive jazz choreography style is evident throughout the 2002 film, and he is thanked in the credits. The minimalist 1996 revival of the musical proved far more successful, having played more than 7,800 performances (as of August 2015), holding records for longest-running musical revival, longest-running American musical on Broadway, and third longest-running show in Broadway history. Its runaway success sparked a greater appreciation of the 1975 original production and renewed stalled interest in a long-anticipated film adaptation, which incorporates the influences of both productions.[5] The original production's musical numbers were staged as vaudeville acts; the film respects this but presents them as cutaway scenes in the mind of the Roxie character, while scenes in "real life" are filmed with a hard-edged grittiness. (This construct is the reason given by director Marshall why "Class," performed by Velma and Mama, was cut from the film.)[6] The musical itself was based on a 1926 Broadway play by Maurine Watkins about two real-life Jazz-era murderers Beulah Annan (Roxie Hart) and Belva Gaertner (Velma Kelly). The George Abbott-directed production, starring Francine Larrimore and Juliette Crosby, ran for 172 performances at the Music Box Theatre, and within a year was adapted to a film in which Gaertner herself had a cameo. Chicago was produced by American companies Miramax Films and The Producers Circle in association with the German company Kallis Productions. Chicago was filmed in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The courthouse scene was shot in Osgoode Hall. Other scenes were filmed at Queen's Park, the former Gooderham and Worts Distillery, Casa Loma, the Elgin Theatre, Union Station, the Canada Life Building, the Danforth Music Hall, and at the Old City Hall.[citation needed] All vocal coaching for the film was led by Toronto-based Elaine Overholt, whom Richard Gere thanked personally during his Golden Globe acceptance speech.

text: Release[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an 85% approval rating, based on 251 reviews, with an average rating of 7.9/10. The website's critical consensus states: "A rousing and energetic adaptation of the Broadway musical, Chicago succeeds on the level of pure spectacle, but provides a surprising level of depth and humor as well."[7] On Metacritic, the film holds an average score of 82 out of 100, based on 39 critical reviews, indicating "universal acclaim".[8]

text: The cast received widespread acclaim for their performances. Tim Robey, writer for The Daily Telegraph in the United Kingdom, labeled Chicago as "The best screen musical for 30 years." He also stated that it has taken a "three-step tango for us to welcome back the movie musical as a form." Robey said "This particular Chicago makes the most prolific use it possibly can out of one specific advantage the cinema has over the stage when it comes to song and dance: it's a sustained celebration of parallel montage."[9] Roger Ebert called it "Big, brassy fun".[10] However, other reviews claimed that there were issues with the film being too streamlined, and minor complaints were made toward Marshall's directing influences.[11]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film grossed $170,687,518 in the United States and Canada, as well $136,089,214 in other territories.[12] Combined, the film grossed $306,776,732 worldwide, which was, at the time, the highest gross of any film never to reach #1 or #2 in the weekly box office charts in the North American markets (Canada and United States—where it peaked at #3). This record has since been outdone by Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Squeakquel.[13] Worldwide, Chicago was the highest grossing live action musical with $306 million, a record that was then broken by Mamma Mia!.

text: Legacy[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Chicago along with an earlier musical Moulin Rouge! and the hip hop centred film 8 Mile, is widely considered to be responsible for the re-emergence of the musical film genre in the 21st century. Following the success of Chicago many musical films have been released in cinemas including Phantom of the Opera, The Producers, Rent, Dreamgirls (also written and directed by Bill Condon), Hairspray (also starring Queen Latifah), Enchanted, Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (also featuring costumes by Coleen Atwood), Mamma Mia! (also starring Christine Baranski), Nine (also directed by Rob Marshall), Les Misérables, Rock of Ages (also starring Catherine Zeta-Jones), Sunshine on Leith, The Last Five Years, Into The Woods (also directed by Rob Marshall and also featuring Baranski and costumes by Atwood), La La Land, Beauty and the Beast (also directed by Bill Condon), and The Greatest Showman (also written by Bill Condon), all of these, bar Enchanted, Sunshine on Leith,  La La Land, Beauty and the Beast, and The Greatest Showman were adaptations of Broadway/West End stage shows (Enchanted, La La Land, The Greatest Showman were original properties, Sunshine on Leith was an adaptation of a Dundee Reps production and Beauty and the Beast was one of Disney's live action remakes and also the first live-action adaptation from the Disney Renaissance).

text: Home media[edit]

text: Chicago was released on DVD in Region 1 (USA, Canada, and US territories) on August 19, 2003. It was released in Full Screen and Widescreen. In addition to this release, a two-disc "Razzle Dazzle" Edition was released over two years later on December 20, 2005, and later, on Blu-ray format, in January 2007 and, in an updated release, in May 2011. Miramax was the label responsible for the production of the DVDs and the discs themselves provide a feature-length audio commentary track with director Marshall and screenwriter Condon. There is also a deleted musical number called "Class", performed by Zeta-Jones and Queen Latifah.

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Category

Nominee

Result

75th Academy Awards[14][15]

Best Picture

Martin Richards

Won

Best Actress

Renée Zellweger

Nominated

Best Supporting Actor

John C. Reilly

Nominated

Best Supporting Actress

Catherine Zeta-Jones

Won

Queen Latifah

Nominated

Best Director

Rob Marshall

Nominated

Best Adapted Screenplay

Bill Condon

Nominated

Best Cinematography

Dion Beebe

Nominated

Best Art Direction

Art Direction: John Myhre; Set Decoration: Gordon Sim

Won

Best Costume Design

Colleen Atwood

Won

Best Film Editing

Martin Walsh

Won

Best Sound

Michael Minkler, Dominick Tavella and David Lee

Won

Best Original Song

John Kander and Fred Ebb for "I Move On"

Nominated

56th BAFTA Awards[16]

Best Film

Nominated

Best Actress

Renée Zellweger

Nominated

Best Supporting Actress

Catherine Zeta-Jones

Won

Queen Latifah

Nominated

David Lean Award for Direction

Rob Marshall

Nominated

Best Cinematography

Dion Beebe

Nominated

Best Production Design

John Myhre

Nominated

Best Costume Design

Colleen Atwood

Nominated

Best Make Up and Hair

Judi Cooper-Sealy

Nominated

Best Editing

Martin Walsh

Nominated

Best Sound

Michael Minkler, David Lee, and Dominick Tavella

Won

Anthony Asquith Award for Film Music

Danny Elfman

Nominated

60th Golden Globe Awards[17]

Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy

Won

Best Actor – Musical or Comedy

Richard Gere

Won

Best Actress – Musical or Comedy

Renée Zellweger

Won

Catherine Zeta-Jones

Nominated

Best Supporting Actor

John C. Reilly

Nominated

Best Supporting Actress

Queen Latifah

Nominated

Best Director

Rob Marshall

Nominated

Best Screenplay

Bill Condon

Nominated

Critics' Choice Movie Awards[18]

Best Picture

Won

Best Supporting Actress

Catherine Zeta-Jones

Won

Best Acting Ensemble

Won

Chicago Film Critics Association Award

Best Actress

Renée Zellweger

Nominated

Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award

Best Picture

Won

Directors Guild of America Awards

Outstanding Directing

Rob Marshall

Won

Evening Standard British Film Awards

Best Actress

Catherine Zeta-Jones

Won

Florida Film Critics Circle

Best Song

"Cell Block Tango"

Won

National Board of Review of Motion Pictures

Best Directorial Debut

Rob Marshall

Won

Online Film Critics Society Awards[19]

Best Supporting Actress

Catherine Zeta-Jones

Nominated

Best Ensemble

Nominated

Best Breakthrough Filmmaker

Rob Marshall

Nominated

Best Costume Design

Colleen Atwood

Nominated

Best Editing

Martin Walsh

Nominated

Phoenix Film Critics Society

Best Picture

Nominated

Best Actress

Renée Zellweger

Nominated

Best Supporting Actress

Catherine Zeta-Jones

Won

Best Acting Ensemble

Nominated

Best Director

Rob Marshall

Nominated

Best Cinematography

Dion Beebe

Nominated

Best Costume Design

Colleen Atwood

Won

Best Film Editing

Martin Walsh

Won

Best Newcomer

Rob Marshall

Nominated

Producers Guild of America Award

Best Picture

Martin Richards

Won

Screen Actors Guild Awards[20]

Best Actress

Renée Zellweger

Won

Best Actor

Richard Gere

Nominated

Best Supporting Actress

Catherine Zeta-Jones

Won

Queen Latifah

Nominated

Best Acting Ensemble

Won

Writers Guild of America Award

Best Adapted Screenplay

Bill Condon

Nominated


document_title: Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)

question_text: when did snow white come out on vhs

question_tokens: when did snow white come out on vhs

root

text: Plot

text: Snow White is a lonely princess living with her stepmother, a vain and wicked Queen. The Queen fears that Snow White's beauty surpasses her own, so she forces Snow White to work as a scullery maid and asks her Magic Mirror daily "who is the fairest one of all". For several years the mirror always answered that the Queen was, pleasing her.

tag: p

text: One day, the Magic Mirror informs the Queen that Snow White is now the fairest in the land. The jealous Queen orders her Huntsman to take Snow White into the forest and kill her. She further demands that the huntsman return with Snow White's heart in a jeweled box as proof of the deed. However, the Huntsman cannot bring himself to kill Snow White. He tearfully begs for her forgiveness, revealing the Queen wants her dead and urges her to flee into the woods and never look back. Lost and frightened, the princess is befriended by woodland creatures who lead her to a cottage deep in the woods. Finding seven small chairs in the cottage's dining room, Snow White assumes the cottage is the untidy home of seven orphaned children.

text: In reality, the cottage belongs to seven adult dwarfs, named Doc, Grumpy, Happy, Sleepy, Bashful, Sneezy, and Dopey, who work in a nearby mine. Returning home, they are alarmed to find their cottage clean and suspect that an intruder has invaded their home. The dwarfs find Snow White upstairs, asleep across three of their beds. Snow White awakes to find the dwarfs at her bedside and introduces herself, and all of the dwarfs eventually welcome her into their home after they learn she can cook and clean beautifully. Snow White keeps house for the dwarfs while they mine for jewels during the day, and at night they all sing, play music and dance.

text: Meanwhile, the Queen discovers that Snow White is still alive when the mirror again answers that Snow White is the fairest in the land and reveals that the heart in the jeweled box is actually that of a pig. Using a potion to disguise herself as an old hag, the Queen creates a poisoned apple that will put whoever eats it into the "Sleeping Death", a curse that can only be broken by "love's first kiss", but dismisses that Snow White will be buried alive. The Queen goes to the cottage while the dwarfs are away, but the animals are wary of her and rush off to find the dwarfs. Faking a potential heart attack, the Queen tricks Snow White bringing her into the cottage to rest. The Queen fools Snow White into biting into the poisoned apple under the pretense that it is a magic apple that grants wishes. As Snow White falls asleep the Queen proclaims that she is now the fairest of the land. The dwarfs return with the animals as the Queen leaves the cottage and give chase, trapping her on a cliff. She tries to roll a boulder over them, but before she can do so, lightning strikes the cliff, causing her to fall to her death.

text: The dwarfs return to their cottage and find Snow White seemingly dead, being kept in a deathlike slumber by the poison. Unwilling to bury her out of sight in the ground, they instead place her in a glass coffin trimmed with gold in a clearing in the forest. Together with the woodland creatures, they keep watch over her. A year later, a prince, who had previously met and fallen in love with Snow White, learns of her eternal sleep and visits her coffin. Saddened by her apparent death, he kisses her, which breaks the spell and awakens her. The dwarfs and animals all rejoice as the Prince takes Snow White to his castle.

text: Cast

text:
Adriana Caselotti as Snow White: Snow White is a young princess. Her wicked stepmother has forced her to work as a scullery maid in the castle. Despite this, she retains a cheerful but naïve demeanor.
Lucille La Verne as Evil Queen Grimhilde / Witch: The Queen is the stepmother of Snow White. Once her magic mirror tells her that Snow White is fairer than she is, she immediately enlists Humbert the huntsman to kill her in the woods. After she discovers that Snow White did not die, she disguises herself as an old hag and uses a poisoned apple to remove Snow White from her path without killing her.
Harry Stockwell as The Prince. The prince first sees Snow White singing at her wishing well. He immediately falls in love with her and her voice. He later reappears to revive her.
Roy Atwell as Doc: The leader of the seven dwarfs, Doc wears glasses and often mixes up his words. He is self-appointed and funny.
Pinto Colvig as Grumpy and Sleepy in a dual role: Grumpy initially disapproves of Snow White's presence in the dwarfs' home, but later warns her of the threat posed by the Queen and rushes to her aid upon realizing that she is in danger, leading the charge himself. He has the biggest nose of the dwarfs and is frequently seen with one eye shut. Sleepy is always tired and appears laconic in most situations. Sterling Holloway, who would later voice many other characters for future Disney films was originally considered to voice Sleepy by Walt Disney.
Otis Harlan as Happy: Happy is the joyous dwarf and is usually portrayed laughing.
Scotty Mattraw as Bashful: Bashful is the shyest of the dwarfs, and is often embarrassed by the presence of any attention directed at him.
Billy Gilbert as Sneezy:[4] Sneezy's name is earned by his extraordinarily powerful sneezes (caused by hay fever), which are seen blowing even the heaviest of objects across a room.
Eddie Collins as Dopey (vocal effects and live-action reference only):[4] Dopey is the only dwarf who does not have a beard. He is clumsy and mute, with Happy explaining that he has simply "never tried" to speak. In the movie's trailer, Walt Disney describes Dopey as "nice, but sort of silly". Mel Blanc was considered to voice Dopey by Walt Disney.[5]
Moroni Olsen as The Magic Mirror: The Slave of the Magic Mirror appears as a green mask in clouds of smoke. The Queen regularly asks him who is the fairest in the land.
Stuart Buchanan as Humbert the Huntsman: Despite his status as the Queen's assassin, the Huntsman cannot bear to kill Snow White, even when the Queen orders him to take the princess's heart.

tag: ul

text: Production

text: Development on Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs began in early 1934, and in June 1934, Walt Disney announced the production of his first feature, to be released under Walt Disney Productions,[6] to The New York Times.[7] One evening that same year, Disney acted out the entire story of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs to his staff, announcing that the film would be produced as a feature-length film.[8]

text: Before Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, the Disney studio had been primarily involved in the production of animated short subjects in the Mickey Mouse and Silly Symphonies series. Disney hoped to expand his studio's prestige and revenues by moving into features,[9] and estimated that Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs could be produced for a budget of US$250,000; this was ten times the budget of an average Silly Symphony.[7]

text: Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was to be the first full-length cel animated feature in motion picture history,[6] and as such Walt Disney had to fight to get the film produced. Both his brother and business partner Roy Disney and his wife Lillian attempted to talk him out of it,[9] and the Hollywood movie industry referred to the film derisively as "Disney's Folly" while it was in production. He had to mortgage his house to help finance the film's production, which eventually ran up a total cost of $1,488,422.74, a massive sum for a feature film in 1937.[1]

text: Story development

text: On August 9, 1934, twenty-one pages of notes—entitled "Snowwhite suggestions"—were compiled by staff writer Richard Creedon, suggesting the principal characters, as well as situations and 'gags' for the story. As Disney had stated at the very beginning of the project, the main attraction of the story for him was the Seven Dwarfs, and their possibilities for "screwiness" and "gags"; the three story meetings held in October and attended by Disney, Creedon, Larry Morey, Albert Hurter, Ted Sears and Pinto Colvig were dominated by such subjects. At this point, Disney felt that the story should begin with Snow White's discovery of the Cottage of the Seven Dwarfs.[7] Walt Disney had suggested from the beginning that each of the dwarfs, whose names and personalities are not stated in the original fairy tale, could have individual personalities. The dwarfs names were chosen from a pool of about fifty potentials, including Jumpy, Deafy, Dizzey, Hickey, Wheezy, Baldy, Gabby, Nifty, Sniffy, Swift, Lazy, Puffy, Stuffy, Tubby, Shorty, and Burpy.[10] The seven finalists were chosen through a process of elimination. The leader of the dwarfs, required to be pompous, self-important and bumbling, was named Doc; others were named for their distinguishing character traits. At the end of the October story meetings, however, only Doc, Grumpy, Bashful, Sleepy and Happy of the final seven were named; at this point, Sneezy and Dopey were replaced by 'Jumpy' and an unnamed seventh dwarf.[1]

text: Along with a focus on the characterizations and comedic possibilities of the dwarfs, Creedon's eighteen-page outline of the story written from the October meetings, featured a continuous flow of gags as well as the Queen's attempt to kill Snow White with a poisoned comb, an element taken from the Grimms' original story. After persuading Snow White to use the comb, the disguised Queen would have escaped alive, but the dwarfs would have arrived in time to remove it. After the failure of the comb, the Queen was to have the Prince captured and taken to her dungeon, where she would have come to him (story sketches show this event both with the Queen and the Witch) and used magic to bring the dungeon's skeletons to life, making them dance for him and identifying one skeleton as "Prince Oswald", an example of the more humorous atmosphere of this original story treatment.[7] It is written in story notes that the Queen has such magical power only in her own domain, the castle. With the Prince refusing to marry her, the Queen leaves him to his death (one sketch shows the Prince trapped in a subterranean chamber filling with water)[11] as she makes her way to the dwarfs' cottage with the poisoned apple. The forest animals were to help the Prince escape the Queen's minions and find his horse. The Prince was to ride to the cottage to save Snow White but took the wrong road (despite warnings from the forest animals and his horse, whom he, unlike Snow White, could not understand). He, therefore, would not have arrived in time to save her from the Queen but would have been able to save her with love's first kiss. This plot was not used in the final film, though many sketches of the scene in the dungeon were made by Ferdinand Hovarth.

text: Other examples of the more comical nature of the story at this point include suggestions for a "fat, batty, cartoon type, self-satisfied" Queen.[7] The Prince was also more of a clown, and was to serenade Snow White in a more comical fashion. Walt Disney encouraged all staff at the studio to contribute to the story, offering five dollars for every 'gag'; such gags included the dwarfs' noses popping over the foot of the bed when they first meet Snow White.[12]

text: Disney became concerned that such a comical approach would lessen the plausibility of the characters and, sensing that more time was needed for the development of the Queen, advised in an outline circulated on November 6 that attention be paid exclusively to "scenes in which only Snow White, the Dwarfs, and their bird and animal friends appear". The names and personalities of the dwarfs, however, were still "open to change". A meeting of November 16 resulted in another outline entitled 'Dwarfs Discover Snowwhite', which introduced the character of Dopey,[7] who would ultimately prove to be the most successful and popular of the dwarf characterisations.[10] For the rest of 1934 Disney further developed the story by himself, finding a dilemma in the characterization of the Queen, who he felt could no longer be "fat" and "batty", but a "stately beautiful type", a possibility already brought up in previous story meetings. Disney did not focus on the project again until the autumn of 1935. It is thought that he may have doubted his, and his studio's ability, and that his trip to Europe that summer restored his confidence. At this point, Disney and his writers focused on the scenes in which Snow White and the dwarfs are introduced to the audience and each other. He laid out the likely assignments for everyone working on the film in a memorandum of November 25, 1935, and had decided on the personalities of the individual dwarfs.[7]

text: It had first been thought that the dwarfs would be the main focus of the story, and many sequences were written for the seven characters. However, at a certain point, it was decided that the main thrust of the story was provided by the relationship between the Queen and Snow White.[12] For this reason, several sequences featuring the dwarfs were cut from the film. The first, which was animated in its entirety before being cut, showed Doc and Grumpy arguing about whether Snow White should stay with them. Another, also completely animated, would have shown the dwarfs eating soup noisily and messily; Snow White unsuccessfully attempts to teach them how to eat 'like gentlemen'. A partially animated sequence involved the dwarfs holding a "lodge meeting" in which they try to think of a gift for Snow White; this was to be followed by the elaborate 'bed building sequence', in which the dwarfs and the forest animals construct and carve a bed for the princess. This also was cut, as it was thought to slow down the movement of the story.[12] The soup-eating and bed-building sequences were animated by Ward Kimball, who was sufficiently discouraged by their removal to consider leaving the studio, however Disney persuaded him to stay by promoting him to supervising animator of Jiminy Cricket in his next feature Pinocchio (1940).[13]

text: Animation

text: The primary authority on the design of the film was concept artist Albert Hurter. All designs used in the film, from characters' appearances to the look of the rocks in the background, had to meet Hurter's approval before being finalized.[11] Two other concept artists — Ferdinand Hovarth and Gustaf Tenggren — also contributed to the visual style of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. Hovarth developed a number of dark concepts for the film, although many other designs he developed were ultimately rejected by the Disney team as less easily translated into animation than Hurter's. Tenggren was used as a color stylist and to determine the staging and atmosphere of many of the scenes in the film, as his style borrowed from the likes of Arthur Rackham and John Bauer and thus possessed the European illustration quality that Walt Disney sought. He also designed the posters for the film and illustrated the press book. However, Hovarth didn't receive a credit for the film. Other artists to work on the film included Joe Grant, whose most significant contribution was the design for the Queen's Witch form.[11]

text:
Don Graham really knew what he was teaching, and he "showed" you how to do something – he didn't just talk. He taught us things that were very important for animation. How to simplify our drawings – how to cut out all the unnecessary hen scratching amateurs have a habit of using. He showed us how to make a drawing look solid. He taught us about tension points – like a bent knee, and how the pant leg comes down from that knee and how important the wrinkles from it are to describe form. I learned a hell of a lot from him!

Art Babbitt[14]

tag: div

text: Art Babbit, an animator who joined the Disney studio in 1932, invited seven of his colleagues (who worked in the same room as him) to come with him to an art class that he himself had set up at his home in the Hollywood Hills. Though there was no teacher, Babbit had recruited a model to pose for him and his fellow animators as they drew. These "classes" were held weekly; each week, more animators would come. After three weeks, Walt Disney called Babbit to his office and offered to provide the supplies, working space and models required if the sessions were moved to the studio. Babbit ran the sessions for a month until animator Hardie Gramatky suggested that they recruit Don Graham; the art teacher from the Chouinard Institute taught his first class at the studio on November 15, 1932, and was joined by Phil Dike a few weeks later.[7] These classes were principally concerned with human anatomy and movement, though instruction later included action analysis, animal anatomy and acting.[14]

text:
The first duty of the cartoon is not to picture or duplicate real action or things as they actually happen — but to give a caricature of life and action — to picture on the screen things that have run thru the imagination of the audience to bring to life dream-fantasies and imaginative fancies that we have all thought of during our lives or have had pictured to us in various forms during our lives [...] I definitely feel that we cannot do the fantastic things, based on the real, unless we first know the real. This point should be brought out very clearly to all new men, and even the older men.

Walt Disney in 1935[15]

text: Though the classes were originally described as a "brutal battle", with neither instructor nor students well-versed in the other's craft,[7] the enthusiasm and energy of both parties made the classes stimulating and beneficial for all involved. Graham often screened Disney shorts and, along with the animators, provided critique featuring both strengths and weaknesses. For example, Graham criticised Babbit's animation of Abner the mouse in The Country Cousin as "taking a few of the obvious actions of a drunk without coordinating the rest of the body", while praising it for maintaining its humour without getting "dirty or mean or vulgar. The country mouse is always having a good time".[14]

text: Very few of the animators at the Disney studio had had artistic training (most had been newspaper cartoonists); among these few was Grim Natwick, who had trained in Europe. The animator's success in designing and animating Betty Boop for Fleischer Studios showed an understanding of human female anatomy, and when Walt Disney hired Natwick he was given female characters to animate almost exclusively. Attempts to animate Persephone, the female lead of The Goddess of Spring, had proved largely unsuccessful; Natwick's animation of the heroine in Cookie Carnival showed greater promise, and the animator was eventually given the task of animating Snow White herself. Though live action footage of Snow White, the Prince and the Queen was shot as reference for the animators, the artists' animators disapproved of rotoscoping, considering it to hinder the production of effective caricature. None of Babbit's animation of the Queen was rotoscoped;[16] despite Graham and Natwick's objections, however, some scenes of Snow White and the Prince were directly traced from the live-action footage.[14]

text: The studio's new multiplane camera gave a three-dimensional feeling in many sequences and was also used to give a rotating effect in the scene where the Queen transforms into a witch.

text: Music

text: The songs in Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs were composed by Frank Churchill and Larry Morey. Paul J. Smith and Leigh Harline composed the incidental music score. Well-known songs from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs include "Heigh-Ho", "Some Day My Prince Will Come", and "Whistle While You Work". Since Disney did not have its own music publishing company at the time, the publishing rights for the music and songs were administered through Bourne Co. Music Publishers, which continues to hold these rights. In later years, the studio was able to acquire back the rights to the music from many of the other films, but not Snow White. Snow White became the first American film to have a soundtrack album, released in conjunction with the feature film. Before Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, a film soundtrack recording was unheard of and of little value to a movie studio.

text: Cinematic influences

text: At this time, Disney also encouraged his staff to see a variety of films. These ranged from the mainstream, such as MGM's Romeo and Juliet (1936) — to which Disney made direct reference in a story meeting pertaining to the scene in which Snow White lies in her glass coffin — to the more obscure, including European silent cinema. Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, as well as the two Disney films to follow it, were also influenced by such German expressionist films as Nosferatu (1922) and The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1919), both of which were recommended by Disney to his staff. This influence is particularly evident in the scenes of Snow White fleeing through the forest and the Queen's transformation into the Witch. The latter scene was also inspired by Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1931), to which Disney made specific reference in story meetings.[14]

text: Release

text: Original theatrical run

text: Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs premiered at the Carthay Circle Theatre on December 21, 1937, to a wildly receptive audience, many of whom were the same naysayers who dubbed the film "Disney's Folly".[1] The film received a standing ovation at its completion[17] from an audience that included Judy Garland and Marlene Dietrich.[18] Six days later, Walt Disney and the seven dwarfs appeared on the cover of Time magazine.[19] The New York Times said: "Thank you very much, Mr. Disney".[20] Variety suggested that "[so] perfect is the illusion, so tender the romance and fantasy, so emotional are certain portions when the acting of the characters strikes a depth comparable to the sincerity of human players, that the film approaches real greatness."[21]

text: Following successful exclusive runs at Radio City Music Hall in New York City and a theater in Miami in January 1938,[1] RKO Radio Pictures put the film into general release on February 4. It became a major box-office success, making four times more money than any other motion picture released in 1938.[22] In its original release, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs grossed $3.5 million in the United States and Canada,[23] and by May 1939 its total international gross of $6.5 million made it the most successful sound film of all time, displacing Al Jolson's The Singing Fool (1928) (Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was soon displaced from this position by Gone with the Wind in 1940).[23][24] By the end of its original run, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs had earned $7,846,000 in international box office receipts.[25] This earned RKO a profit of $380,000.[26]

text: Re-releases

text: Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was first re-released in 1944, to raise revenue for the Disney studio during the World War II period. This re-release set a tradition of re-releasing Disney animated features every seven to ten years, and Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was re-released to theaters in 1952, 1958, 1967, 1975, 1983, 1987 and 1993.[27] Coinciding with the fiftieth-anniversary release in 1987, Disney released an authorized novelization of the story, written by children's author Suzanne Weyn.[28][29]

text: In 1993, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs became the first film to be entirely scanned to digital files, manipulated, and recorded back to film. The restoration project was carried out entirely at 4K resolution and 10-bit color depth using the Cineon system to digitally remove dirt and scratches and restore faded colors.[30]

text: Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs has had a lifetime gross of $418.2 million across its original release and several reissues.[2][3] Adjusted for inflation, and incorporating subsequent releases, the film still registers one of the top ten American film moneymakers of all time.[31]

text: Reception

text: The film was a tremendous critical success, with many reviewers hailing it as a genuine work of art, recommended for both children and adults.[32] Although film histories often state that the animation of the human characters was criticized, more recent scholarship finds that most reviewers praised the realistic style of the human animation, with several stating that audiences will forget that they are watching animated humans rather than real ones.[32] At the 11th Academy Awards, the film won an Academy Honorary Award for Walt Disney "as a significant screen innovation which has charmed millions and pioneered a great new entertainment field". Disney received a full-size Oscar statuette and seven miniature ones, presented to him by 10-year-old child actress Shirley Temple. The film was also nominated for Best Musical Score.[33] "Some Day My Prince Will Come" has become a jazz standard that has been performed by numerous artists, including Buddy Rich, Lee Wiley, Oscar Peterson, Frank Churchill,[34] and Oliver Jones.[35] Albums by Miles Davis, by Wynton Kelly, and Alexis Cole.[36]

text: Noted filmmakers such as Sergei Eisenstein and Charlie Chaplin praised Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs as a notable achievement in cinema; Eisenstein went so far as to call it the greatest film ever made.[37] The film inspired Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer to produce its own fantasy film, The Wizard of Oz, in 1939.[38] Another animation pioneer, Max Fleischer, decided to produce his animated feature film Gulliver's Travels in order to compete with Snow White. The 1943 Merrie Melodies short Coal Black and de Sebben Dwarfs, directed by Bob Clampett, parodies Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs by presenting the story with an all-black cast singing a jazz score.

text: Snow White's success led to Disney moving ahead with more feature-film productions. Walt Disney used much of the profits from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs to finance a new $4.5 million studio in Burbank – the location on which The Walt Disney Studios is located to this day.[22] Within two years, the studio completed Pinocchio and Fantasia and had begun production on features such as Dumbo, Bambi, Alice in Wonderland and Peter Pan.[39]

text: The American Film Institute (AFI), an independent non-profit organization created in the United States by the National Endowment for the Arts,[40] releases a variety of annual awards and film lists recognizing excellence in filmmaking. The AFI 100 Years... series, which ran from 1998 to 2008, created categorized lists of America's best movies as selected by juries composed from among over 1,500 artists, scholars, critics, and historians. A film's inclusion in one of these lists was based on the film's popularity over time, historical significance and cultural impact.[41] Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was selected by juries for inclusion on many AFI lists, including the following:

text:
AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies – No. 49[42]
AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) – No. 34[43]
AFI's 10 Top 10 – No. 1 Animated film[44]
AFI's 100 Years... 100 Heroes and Villains: The Queen – No. 10 Villain[45]
AFI's 100 Years... 100 Songs:

"Someday My Prince Will Come" – No. 19[46]
"Whistle While You Work" – Nominated[47]

AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movie Quotes: "Magic Mirror on the wall, who is the fairest one of all?" – Nominated[48]
AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals – Nominated[49]

text: Home media

text: On October 28, 1994, the film was released for the first time on home video as the first video in the Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection.[6]

text: Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was released on DVD on October 9, 2001, the first in Disney's Platinum Editions, and featured, across two discs, the digitally restored film, a making-of documentary narrated by Angela Lansbury, an audio commentary by John Canemaker and, via archived audio clips, Walt Disney.[50]

text: Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was released on Blu-ray Disc on October 6, 2009, the first of Disney's Diamond Editions, and a new DVD edition was released on November 24, 2009. The Blu-ray includes a high-definition version of the movie sourced from a new restoration by Lowry Digital, a DVD copy of the film, and several bonus features not included on the 2001 DVD. This set returned to the Disney Vault on April 30, 2011.[51]

text: Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment re-released Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs on Blu-ray and DVD on February 2, 2016, as the first of the Walt Disney Signature Collection Line. It was released on Digital HD on January 19, 2016, with bonus material.[52]

text: Appearances in other media

text: Theme parks

text: Snow White's Scary Adventures is a popular theme park ride at Disneyland (an opening day attraction dating from 1955),[53] Tokyo Disneyland,[54] and Disneyland Paris.[55] Fantasyland at Walt Disney World's Magic Kingdom[56] underwent an expansion from 2012 to 2014. The Snow White's Scary Adventures ride was replaced with Princess Fairytale Hall, where Snow White and other princesses are located for a meet and greet. Included in the 2013 expansion of Fantasyland is the Seven Dwarfs Mine Train roller coaster.[57] Snow White, her Prince, the Queen, and the Seven Dwarfs are also featured in parades and character appearances throughout the parks. Disneyland's Fantasyland Theater hosted Snow White: An Enchanting Musical from 2004 to 2006.

text: Video games

text:
The first attempt at a Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs video game was for the Atari 2600 as part of their line of children's games.[58] It was never officially released, although a "homebrew" version was made available on a limited basis.[59]
Walt Disney's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was released for the Game Boy Color system in 2001.[60]
Snow White also makes an appearance in the PlayStation 2 game Kingdom Hearts as one of the seven fabled Princesses of Heart.[61] A world based on the movie, Dwarf Woodlands, appears in Kingdom Hearts: Birth by Sleep for the PSP.[62]
In 2013's free-to-play mobile game Snow White: Queen's Return (also known as Seven Dwarfs: The Queen's Return),[63] an uncanonical continuation of the film, the Queen has survived the fall at the climax of the film and then reverted to her youthful form to cast a curse on Snow White and the dwarfs and their entire forest.[64]

text: Broadway musical

text: Unknown Mary Jo Salerno played Snow White in the Disney-produced Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (also known as Snow White Live!) at the Radio City Music Hall.[65] Music and lyrics for four new songs were created by Jay Blackton and Joe Cook, respectively; titles included "Welcome to the Kingdom of Once Upon a Time" and "Will I Ever See Her Again?".[66] It ran from October 18 to November 18, 1979, and January 11 to March 9, 1980, a total of 106 performances.[67]

text: Canceled prequel

text: In the 2000s, DisneyToon Studios began development on a computer-animated prequel to Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, titled The Seven Dwarfs. Director Mike Disa and screenwriter Evan Spiliotopoulos pitched a story explaining how the Dwarfs met, and how the Evil Queen killed Snow White's father and took the throne. According to Disa, DisneyToon management changed the prequel to center around how Dopey lost his voice upon witnessing the death of his mother. After Disney purchased Pixar in 2006, John Lasseter, DisneyToons' new Chief Creative Officer, canceled Dwarfs.[68]

text: Live-action adaptations

text: In March 2016, the studio announced a new film in development titled Rose Red, a live-action spin-off film which will be told from the perspective of Snow White's sister, Red Rose.[69] In late October that year, a live-action feature-length Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was announced, with Erin Cressida Wilson in negotiations to write the script and Pasek and Paul writing new songs for the film.[70]

text: Other appearances

text: The Seven Dwarfs made rare appearances in shorts, despite their popularity; they simply were too numerous to animate efficiently. Commissioned shorts The Standard Parade (1939), The Seven Wise Dwarfs (1941, using mostly recycled footage), All Together (1942) and The Winged Scourge (1943) all include appearances.[71]

text: The animated television series House of Mouse, which included many Disney character animated cameos, included the characters in the special Mickey's Magical Christmas: Snowed in at the House of Mouse. The Evil Queen appeared in a starring role in the film Once Upon a Halloween as well. In the arena of live action, the fantasy television series Once Upon a Time (produced by Disney-owned ABC Studios) regularly includes live-action interpretations of these characters including Snow White, the Evil Queen and Grumpy.

text: An animated television series featuring the seven dwarfs titled The 7D premiered on Disney XD on July 7, 2014, and ended its run on November 5, 2016. The show takes place 30 years before the events of the original film.

text: A 1937–1938 newspaper comic strip adaptation was republished repeatedly as a comic book, most recently in 1995.[72]


document_title: Fresh water

question_text: where is almost 2/3 of earth's freshwater located

question_tokens: where is almost 2/3 of earth 's freshwater located

text: Fresh water

text: Systems[edit]

text: Fresh water habitats are divided into lentic systems, which are the stillwaters including ponds, lakes, swamps and mires; lotic, or running-water systems; and groundwater which flows in rocks and aquifers. There is, in addition, a zone which bridges between groundwater and lotic systems, which is the hyporheic zone, which underlies many larger rivers and can contain substantially more water than is seen in the open channel. It may also be in direct contact with the underlying underground water. The majority of fresh water on Earth is in ice caps.

text: Sources[edit]

text: The source of almost all fresh water is precipitation from the atmosphere, in the form of mist, rain and snow. Fresh water falling as mist, rain or snow contains materials dissolved from the atmosphere and material from the sea and land over which the rain bearing clouds have traveled. In industrialized areas rain is typically acidic because of dissolved oxides of sulfur and nitrogen formed from burning of fossil fuels in cars, factories, trains and aircraft and from the atmospheric emissions of industry. In some cases this acid rain results in pollution of lakes and rivers.

text: In coastal areas fresh water may contain significant concentrations of salts derived from the sea if windy conditions have lifted drops of seawater into the rain-bearing clouds. This can give rise to elevated concentrations of sodium, chloride, magnesium and sulfate as well as many other compounds in smaller concentrations.

text: In desert areas, or areas with impoverished or dusty soils, rain-bearing winds can pick up sand and dust and this can be deposited elsewhere in precipitation and causing the freshwater flow to be measurably contaminated both by insoluble solids but also by the soluble components of those soils. Significant quantities of iron may be transported in this way including the well-documented transfer of iron-rich rainfall falling in Brazil derived from sand-storms in the Sahara in north Africa.

text: Water distribution[edit]

text: Water is a critical issue for the survival of all living organisms. Some can use salt water but many organisms including the great majority of higher plants and most mammals must have access to fresh water to live. Some terrestrial mammals, especially desert rodents appear to survive without drinking but they do generate water through the metabolism of cereal seeds and they also have mechanisms to conserve water to the maximum degree.

text: Out of all the water on Earth, saline water in oceans, seas and saline groundwater make up about 97% of it. Only 2.5–2.75% is fresh water, including 1.75–2% frozen in glaciers, ice and snow, 0.5–0.75% as fresh groundwater and soil moisture, and less than 0.01% of it as surface water in lakes, swamps and rivers.[2][3] Freshwater lakes contain about 87% of this fresh surface water, including 29% in the African Great Lakes, 22% in Lake Baikal in Russia, 21% in the North American Great Lakes, and 14% in other lakes. Swamps have most of the balance with only a small amount in rivers, most notably the Amazon River. The atmosphere contains 0.04% water.[4] In areas with no fresh water on the ground surface, fresh water derived from precipitation may, because of its lower density, overlie saline ground water in lenses or layers. Most of the world's fresh water is frozen in ice sheets. Many areas suffer from lack of distribution of fresh water, such as deserts.

text: Numerical definition[edit]

text: Fresh water can be defined as water with less than 500 parts per million (ppm) of dissolved salts.[5]

text:
Part of a series on

Water salinity

Salinity levels

Fresh water (< 0.05%)
Brackish water (0.05–3%)
Saline water (3–5%)
Brine (> 5%)

Bodies of water

Seawater • Salt lake • Hypersaline lake • Salt pan • Brine pool • Bodies by salinity

v
t
e

tag: table

text: Other sources give higher upper salinity limits for fresh water, e.g. 1000 ppm[6] or 3000 ppm.[7]

text: Aquatic organisms[edit]

text: Fresh water creates a hypotonic environment for aquatic organisms. This is problematic for some organisms with pervious skins or with gill membranes, whose cell membranes may burst if excess water is not excreted. Some protists accomplish this using contractile vacuoles, while freshwater fish excrete excess water via the kidney.[8] Although most aquatic organisms have a limited ability to regulate their osmotic balance and therefore can only live within a narrow range of salinity, diadromous fish have the ability to migrate between fresh water and saline water bodies. During these migrations they undergo changes to adapt to the surroundings of the changed salinities; these processes are hormonally controlled. The eel (Anguilla anguilla) uses the hormone prolactin,[9] while in salmon (Salmo salar) the hormone cortisol plays a key role during this process.[10]

text: Many sea birds have special glands at the base of the bill through which excess salt is excreted. Similarly the marine iguanas on the Galápagos Islands excrete excess salt through a nasal gland and they sneeze out a very salty excretion.

text: Freshwater molluscs include freshwater snails and freshwater bivalves. Freshwater crustaceans include freshwater crabs, and others.

text: Fresh water as a resource[edit]

text: An important concern for hydrological ecosystems is securing minimum streamflow, especially preserving and restoring instream water allocations.[11] Fresh water is an important natural resource necessary for the survival of all ecosystems. The use of water by humans for activities such as irrigation and industrial applications can have adverse impacts on down-stream ecosystems. Chemical contamination of fresh water can also seriously damage eco-systems.

text: Pollution from human activity, including oil spills and also presents a problem for freshwater resources. The largest petroleum spill that has ever occurred in fresh water was caused by a Royal Dutch Shell tank ship in Magdalena, Argentina, on 15 January 1999, polluting the environment, drinkable water, plants and animals.[12]

text: Fresh and unpolluted water accounts for 0.003% of total water available globally.[13]

text: Agriculture[edit]

text: Changing landscape for the use of agriculture has a great effect on the flow of fresh water. Changes in landscape by the removal of trees and soils changes the flow of fresh water in the local environment and also affects the cycle of fresh water. As a result, more fresh water is stored in the soil which benefits agriculture. However, since agriculture is the human activity that consumes the most fresh water,[14] this can put a severe strain on local freshwater resources resulting in the destruction of local ecosystems. In Australia, over-abstraction of fresh water for intensive irrigation activities has caused 33% of the land area to be at risk of salination.[14] With regards to agriculture, the World Bank targets food production and water management as an increasingly global issue that will foster debate.[15]

text: Limited resource[edit]

text: Fresh water is a renewable and variable, but finite natural resource. Fresh water can only be replenished through the process of the water cycle, in which water from seas, lakes, forests, land, rivers, and reservoirs evaporates, forms clouds, and returns as precipitation. Locally however, if more fresh water is consumed through human activities than is naturally restored, this may result in reduced fresh water availability from surface and underground sources and can cause serious damage to surrounding and associated environments.

text: Fresh water withdrawal[edit]

text: Fresh water withdrawal is the quantity of water removed from available sources for use in any purpose, excluding evaporation losses. Water drawn off is not necessarily entirely consumed and some portion may be returned for further use downstream.

text: Causes of limited fresh water[edit]

text: The increase in the world population and the increase in per capita water use puts increasing strains on the finite resources avialability of clean fresh water The World Bank adds that the response by freshwater ecosystems to a changing climate can be described in terms of three interrelated components: water quality, water quantity or volume, and water timing. A change in one often leads to shifts in the others as well.[16] Water pollution and subsequent eutrophication also reduces the availability of fresh water.[17]

text: Fresh water in the future[edit]

text: Many areas of the world are already experiencing stress on water availability. Due to the accelerated pace of population growth and an increase in the amount of water a single person uses, it is expected that this situation will continue to get worse. A shortage of water in the future would be detrimental to the human population as it would affect everything from sanitation, to overall health and the production of grain.[18]

text: Choices in the use of fresh water[edit]

text: With one in eight people in the world not having access to safe water[19] it is important to use this resource in a prudent manner. Making the best use of water on a local basis probably provides the best solution. Local communities need to plan their use of fresh water and should be made aware of how certain crops and animals use water.

text: As a guide the following tables provide some indicators.

text: Table 1 Recommended basic water requirements for human needs (per person) [20]

text:
Activity
Minimum, litres / day
Range / day

Drinking Water
5
2–5

Sanitation Services
20
20–75

Bathing
15
5–70

Cooking and Kitchen
10
10–50

text: Table 2. Water Requirements of different classes of livestock [21]

text:
Animal
Average / day
Range / day

Dairy cow
76 L (20 US gal)
57 to 95 L (15 to 25 US gal)

Cow-calf pair
57 L (15 US gal)
8 to 76 L (2 to 20 US gal)

Yearling cattle
38 L (10 US gal)
23 to 53 L (6 to 14 US gal)

Horse
38 L (10 US gal)
30 to 53 L (8 to 14 US gal)

Sheep
8 L (2 US gal)
8 to 11 L (2 to 3 US gal)

text: Table 3 Approximate values of seasonal crop water needs [22]

text:
Crop
Crop water needs mm / total growing period

Banana
1200–2200

Barley/Oats/Wheat
450–650

Cabbage
350–500

Citrus
900–1200

Onions
350–550

Pea
350–500

Potato
500–700

Sugar Cane
1500–2500

Tomato
400–800


document_title: Ed Sheeran

question_text: who is signed to ed sheerans record label

text: Ed Sheeran

text: Early life

text: Sheeran was born in Halifax,[6] on 17 February 1991.[2] When he was a child, he moved with his family from Hebden Bridge to Framlingham in Suffolk.[7] He has an older brother named Matthew who works as a composer.[citation needed] Sheeran's parents, John and Imogen, are from London. His paternal grandparents are Irish,[8][9][10] and Sheeran has stated that his father is from a "very large" Catholic family.[11] John is an art curator and lecturer, and Imogen is a culture publicist turned jewellery designer.[9][12] His parents ran Sheeran Lock, an independent art consultancy, from 1990 to 2010.[13]

text: Sheeran sang in a local church choir from the age of four, learned to play the guitar during his time at Rishworth School,[14] and began writing songs while at Thomas Mills High School in Framlingham.[15][16] He was accepted at the National Youth Theatre in London as a teenager.[17][18]  He is a patron of the Youth Music Theatre UK[19] and of Access to Music, where he studied Artist Development course.[20][21] Sheeran is a second cousin of Northern Irish broadcaster Gordon Burns,[22] who hosted the British game show The Krypton Factor.[9]

text: Music career

text: 2004–2010: Career beginnings

text:
Sheeran began recording music in 2004, and independently released his first collection of work, Spinning Man.[A] He has been friends with fellow English singer, Passenger, since he was 15, with the two playing on the same gig in Cambridge.[24] He moved to London in 2008, and began playing in small venues. In 2008, he auditioned for the ITV series, Britannia High.[25] He also opened for Nizlopi in Norwich in April 2008, after being one of their guitar technicians.[16]
He released another EP in 2009, You Need Me, just before going on tour with Just Jack. He also did a few collaborations with Essex singer, Leddra Chapman, including CeeLo Green's "Fuck You". In February 2010, Sheeran posted a video through SB.TV, and rapper Example invited Sheeran to tour with him. In the same month, he also released his critically acclaimed Loose Change EP, which featured his future debut single, "The A Team".[26] In the autumn of 2009, Sheeran began studying music at the Academy of Contemporary Music (ACM) in Guildford, Surrey as an undergraduate,[27][28] though it is not clear how long he remained at the college.

text: Sheeran began to be seen by more people over the internet through YouTube and his fan-base grew, with him also getting credit from The Independent newspaper, England football captain Rio Ferdinand and Elton John.[29] He played a Station Session in St. Pancras International in June 2010.[30][31] The episode is unavailable from the official Station Sessions channel.[32] Sheeran also self-released two other EPs in 2010, Ed Sheeran: Live at the Bedford and Songs I Wrote with Amy, which is a collection of love songs he wrote in Wales with singer, Amy Wadge.[33] In 2010 he was in Los Angeles and was invited to perform at The Foxxhole, a club run by actor Jamie Foxx, which ended with an invitation to stay at Foxx's home.[34]

text: On 8 January 2011, Sheeran released another independent EP, No. 5 Collaborations Project, featuring grime artists such as Wiley, Jme, Devlin, Sway and Ghetts.[35] With this EP, Sheeran gained mainstream attention for reaching number 2 in the iTunes chart without any promotion or label, selling over 7,000 copies in its first week.[36] Three months later, Sheeran put on a free show to fans at the Barfly in Camden Town. Over 1,000 fans turned up, so Sheeran played four different shows to ensure everyone saw a gig, including a gig outside on the street after the venue had closed.  Later that month, Sheeran was signed to Asylum Records.[36]

text: 2011–2013: + and international success

text: On 26 April 2011, Sheeran appeared on the TV music show Later... with Jools Holland, where he performed his debut single "The A Team". Six weeks later, "The A Team" was released as a digital download in the UK. The release served as the lead single from Sheeran's debut studio album, + (pronounced "plus").[37] "The A Team" entered the UK Singles Chart at number three, selling over 58,000 copies in the first week. It was the best selling debut single and the overall eighth-best selling single of 2011, selling 801,000 copies.[38] The lead single also became a top ten hit in Australia, Germany, Ireland, Japan, Luxembourg, New Zealand, Norway and the Netherlands. During a headline set in the BBC Introducing tent at Glastonbury Festival 2011, Sheeran announced that "You Need Me, I Don't Need You" would be released on 26 August as the second single from the album. The second single peaked at number four on the UK Singles Chart.[39] "Lego House" was released as the third single, reaching the top ten on the Australian, Irish and New Zealand Singles Charts.[40] The music video for “Lego House” features Harry Potter actor Rupert Grint, as a play on their similar appearance.[41] "Drunk", released on 19 February 2012, became Sheeran's fourth consecutive top ten single in the UK, peaking at number nine.[42]

text: Sheeran released + on 12 September 2011. The album received generally favourable reviews from music critics.[43] + debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart for sales of 102,000 copies.[44] By end of 2011, sales of the album in the UK stand at 791,000; it became the second best-selling debut album and the ninth biggest-selling album there.[45] The album has been certified platinum six times by the British Phonographic Industry, denoting shipments of 1,800,000 copies.[46] As of March 2012, the album had sold 1,021,072 copies in the UK.[47] The album also reached the top five in Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand and the US.[48][49][50]

text: The song, "Moments", on the debut album by boy band One Direction, released in November 2011, was co-written by Sheeran.[51] At the 2012 Brit Awards on 21 February, Sheeran won the Brit Awards for Best British Male Solo Artist, and British Breakthrough Act of the Year.[52][53] On 10 January 2012, it was announced that Sheeran would support Snow Patrol on their US tour from late March until May.[54] His song, "Give Me Love", was featured in the episode "Dangerous Liaisons" of The Vampire Diaries.[55] At the Ivor Novello Awards in May 2012, Sheeran's "The A Team" bested Adele's "Rolling in the Deep" and Florence and the Machine's "Shake It Out" for Best Song Musically and Lyrically.[56] Sheeran performed "The A Team" at the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II concert held on The Mall outside Buckingham Palace on 4 June 2012 and a cover of Pink Floyd's "Wish You Were Here" at the closing ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics on 12 August 2012.[57]

text: Taylor Swift contacted Sheeran after hearing his music while touring Australia in March 2012.[58] He later co-wrote and provided vocals for "Everything Has Changed", a single featured on Swift's fourth studio album, Red. Sheeran also contributed two songs to One Direction's second studio album, Take Me Home, released in November 2012; the single "Little Things" became the group's second number-one in the UK.[59] Sheeran's album peaked at No. 5 on the Billboard 200, while "The A Team" reached No. 16 on the US Billboard Hot 100.[58] In late 2012 and early 2013, he headlined a US tour of 6,000–9,000 capacity venues.[58] "The A Team" received a nomination for Song of the Year at the 2013 Grammy Awards.[60] Elton John, who runs Sheeran's management company, canvassed the award organisers to get Sheeran a performance slot at the ceremony but was told that Sheeran alone was not high-profile enough. John decided to appear with Sheeran to circumvent this problem.[61]

text: From March to September 2013, Sheeran played at arenas and stadiums across North America as the opening act for Swift's The Red Tour.[62][63] According to Sheeran, it was then his biggest tour and he added a scarlet RED tattoo to commemorate it.[64] In October 2013, Sheeran headlined three sold-out shows at New York's Madison Square Garden, which has a capacity of 18,200.[63][65][66] At the concert, Sheeran debuted new songs including "Tenerife Sea",[67] a future track on his second studio album. Sheeran released "I See Fire" on 5 November 2013. The song is featured in the end credits of the film The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug, the film's soundtrack, and on the deluxe version of his second album.[68] Sheeran was nominated for Best New Artist at the 2014 Grammy Awards.[69]

text: 2014–2015: ×

text: On 24 March 2014, Sheeran performed at the Teenage Cancer Trust charity concert at the Royal Albert Hall in London where he unveiled "Take It Back", a track that would appear on the deluxe version of the second album.[70] "Sing", the lead single, was released on 7 April 2014. Sonically, the song is a departure from Sheeran's previous recordings.[71][72] "Sing" was intended to create hype over the album release, but from concern that this might alienate Sheeran's fan base, "One", an acoustic ballad, was released on 16 May 2014;[63][73] "One" also marked the first of several promotional singles released leading to the album release. By early June 2014, "Sing" had earned Sheeran his first number-one single in the UK.[74]

text:
Sheeran's second studio album, x (pronounced "multiply"), was released worldwide on 23 June 2014. In a span of three years, Sheeran wrote more than 120 songs for the album,[75] the earliest of which was composed shortly after + was released.[76] The album features tracks produced by Rick Rubin, Pharrell Williams and Benny Blanco,[75] as well as that of Gosling's.[71] x peaked at number one in both the UK Albums Chart and the US Billboard 200. To support the album, Sheeran embarked on a world tour starting on 6 August 2014 at Osaka, Japan. On 27 September 2014, Sheeran was one of the headline acts at the Melbourne Cricket Ground prior to the 2014 AFL Grand Final.[77]
Following "Don't", "Thinking Out Loud" was released on 24 September 2014 as the album's third single. Unlike his previous music videos, Sheeran took the lead role in the single's accompaniment, where he performed a ballroom dance.[78] It became his second single to reach number one in the UK,[79] and it also spent eight weeks at number two on the US Billboard Hot 100 (with only "Uptown Funk" by Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars keeping it from top spot).[80] In 2014, combined streams on Sheeran's catalogue in Spotify reached 860 million; Spotify named him the most-streamed artist and x the most-streamed album.[81] In the same year, the album made Sheeran iTunes' best-selling artist in the UK, Ireland and New Zealand.[82][83]

text: x was nominated for Album of the Year at the 57th Grammy Awards.[84] Sheeran performed alongside John Mayer at the ceremony.[85] On 25 February, Sheeran won British Male Solo Artist and British Album of the Year for x at the 2015 Brit Awards.[86] On 21 May he received the Ivor Novello Award for Songwriter of the Year.[87] On 21 June, Sheeran co-hosted the 2015 Much Music Video Awards in Toronto, where he performed the singles, "Thinking Out Loud" and "Photograph"; he also won two awards, Best International Artist and Most Buzzworthy International Artist or Group.[88][89] On 27 June, Sheeran performed as the opening act for The Rolling Stones in their Zip Code Tour date in Kansas City's Arrowhead Stadium.[90] On 10–12 July 2015, Sheeran performed sold-out shows at London's Wembley Stadium. The shows, which were announced in November 2014, were part of his world tour.[91] The concert was documented and aired on 16 August 2015 on NBC; the one-hour special Ed Sheeran – Live at Wembley Stadium also included behind-the-scenes footage.[92] In November 2015 Sheeran released the DVD Jumpers for Goalposts: Live at Wembley Stadium, the title a nod to playing concerts at Wembley Stadium, the home of English football.[93]

text: In 2015, Sheeran wrote "Love Yourself" for Justin Bieber's fourth album.[94] Sheeran had initially planned to put the song on his third album ÷ and added that the track would have been scrapped before Bieber took the song.[95] On 26 September, Sheeran performed at the 2015 Global Citizen Festival in Central Park's Great Lawn in New York, an event organised by Coldplay lead singer, Chris Martin, that advocates an end to extreme global poverty. Sheeran headlined the festival along with Beyoncé, Coldplay, and Pearl Jam. The festival was broadcast on NBC in the US on 27 September and the BBC in the UK on 28 September.[96] Sheeran co-hosted the 2015 MTV Europe Music Awards on 25 October in Milan, Italy. He won the awards for Best Live Act and Best Live Stage;[97] the latter was in recognition for his performance at the 2014 V Festival in England.[98] Sheeran won the Breakthrough award at the 2015 Billboard Touring Awards.[99] His single from x, "Thinking Out Loud", earned him two Grammy Awards at the 2016 ceremony: Song of the Year and Best Pop Solo Performance.  In May 2016, x was named the second-best-selling album worldwide in 2015, behind 25 by Adele.[100]

text: 2016–present: Hiatus and ÷

text: On 13 December 2016, after a year long hiatus and social media break, Sheeran tweeted a picture and changed his Twitter, Facebook and Instagram to a light blue, implying the release of a new album – each of Sheeran's previous albums were a single coloured background with a solid mathematical symbol.[101] On 1 January 2017, Sheeran uploaded a video on social media websites which shows him holding a piece of paper with the words "New Music Coming Friday" written on it.[102] On 2 January, he posted a 10-second video on Twitter and other social media showing what was the cover design of his forthcoming album entitled ÷ (pronounced "divide") which was released 3 March 2017.[103][104] The album debuted at number one in the UK, the US, Germany, Australia, Canada and other major markets.[105][106][107] With first week sales of 672,000 it is the fastest selling album by a male solo artist in the UK, and third fastest in UK chart history behind 25 by Adele and Be Here Now by Oasis.[105] It had the biggest first week sales of 2017 in the US, until it was surpassed by Taylor Swift's Reputation.[106]

text: On 6 January, Sheeran released two singles, "Shape of You" and "Castle on the Hill"; the theme of the latter single is about Sheeran's upbringing in his home town of Framlingham in Suffolk, with the castle referring to Framlingham Castle.[108] Following the release of these singles, Sheeran went on to co-host the BBC Radio 1 Breakfast Show with Scott Mills where it was inferred that he would possibly make an appearance at the Glastonbury Festival in 2017.[109] It was also during this show that Sheeran used a new Martin guitar that featured the ÷ logo (of his new album) on both the headstock and body of the acoustic guitar.[110] Both singles went on to break the Spotify day one streaming record, with a combined total of over 13 million streams in 24 hours.[111]

text: On 13 January, "Shape of You" and "Castle on the Hill" entered the UK Singles Chart at number one and number two, the first time in history an artist has taken the top two UK chart positions with new songs.[112] The same day he also became the first artist to debut at number one and number two on the official German Single Charts.[113] On 15 January, the songs debuted at number one and number two on the ARIA Singles Chart, the first time this has been achieved in the history of the Australian chart.[114] On 17 January, "Shape of You" debuted at number one on the US Billboard Hot 100, while "Castle on the Hill" entered at number six; this made Sheeran the first artist ever to have two songs simultaneously debut in the US top 10.[115]

text: On 26 January, Sheeran announced tour dates for the album ÷ in Europe, South America and North America from 17 March until 14 June 2017.[116] Sheeran played to over 950,000 people in Australia and New Zealand in March and April 2018, making it the biggest concert tour in Australasian music history, overtaking the previous record set by Dire Straits in 1986.[117] On 17 February 2017, Sheeran released "How Would You Feel (Paean)". Though not an official single, the song peaked at number two in the UK.[118] By 11 March 2017 Sheeran had accumulated ten top 10 singles from ÷ on the UK Singles Chart, breaking Scottish DJ Calvin Harris's record of nine top 10 singles from one album.[119] On hearing the news Harris stated "Congrats Ed but also fuck you I love you but also fuck you."[119] At the 2017 MTV Video Music Awards Sheeran was named Artist of the Year.[120] The fourth single from ÷, "Perfect", reached number one in the UK and Australia, and a stripped down acoustic version of the song titled "Perfect Duet", a collaboration with Beyoncé, reached number one in the US and the UK,[121][122] becoming the year's UK Christmas number one.[123] On 7 November, Taylor Swift revealed that Sheeran collaborated on the song "End Game" for her sixth studio album Reputation.[124] The song, which also features rapper Future, was released on 10 November.[125]

text: On 4 December, Sheeran was named Spotify's most streamed artist of 2017 with 6.3 billion streams. He has Spotify's biggest album of the year with ÷ streamed 3.1 billion times, and the top song with "Shape of You" with 1.4 billion streams.[126] On 5 December 2017, hip-hop artist Eminem announced that Sheeran had collaborated on the song "River" for his ninth studio album Revival.[127] On working with Eminem, Sheeran stated, "He is one of the reasons I started writing songs, and was such a pleasure to work with him."[127] Speaking on The Late Late Show on Irish television on 15 December, Sheeran stated he has a theme song written for a James Bond film in case he gets the call from producers of the film series.[128]

text: On 3 January 2018, "Shape of You" was named the best selling single of 2017 in the UK,[129] and the best selling single of 2017 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the US.[130] The same day, ÷ was named the best selling album of 2017 in the UK,[131] and the US.[132] At the 2018 Brit Awards held at the O2 Arena in London on 21 February, Sheeran performed "Supermarket Flowers", and received the Global Success Award.[133] In April 2018, the IFPI named ÷ the best-selling album worldwide of 2017.[134] At the 2018 Billboard Music Awards on 20 May, Sheeran performed "Galway Girl" from Phoenix Park in Dublin, Ireland, and picked up six awards, including Top Artist and Top Hot 100 Artist.[135]

text: Influences

text: Sheeran's earliest memories include listening to the records of Joni Mitchell, Bob Dylan and Elton John's Greatest Hits.[34] According to Sheeran, the album that introduced him to music was Van Morrison's Irish Heartbeat.[9] During his childhood his father took him to live concerts that would inspire his musical creations. These included seeing Eric Clapton at the Royal Albert Hall, Paul McCartney in Birmingham, and Bob Dylan.[136] On the influence of Clapton, Sheeran states, "He's the reason I started playing guitar".[137] He singled out Clapton's performance at the Party at the Palace in the grounds of Buckingham Palace, "I was eleven when I saw Eric Clapton play at the Queen's Golden Jubilee concert in June 2002. I remember him walking on stage with this rainbow-coloured Stratocaster and playing the first riff of "Layla". I was hooked. Two days later I bought a black Stratocaster copy for £30 that came with an amp. All I did for the next month was try to play that Layla riff."[138]

text: He has also cited The Beatles, Nizlopi and Eminem as his biggest musical influences.[139][140] According to Sheeran, he had a stutter in his speech when he was younger, and he credited rapping along to Eminem's The Marshall Mathers LP for helping him get rid of it.[141] He was also inspired by "Cannonball" singer-songwriter Damien Rice in 2002, with Sheeran stating, "seeing him play this small club in Ireland, I was able to meet him, and he was unbelievably cool. I went straight home and started writing songs. I would not be doing what I'm doing now if he'd been a jerk."[142] Sheeran collaborated with his idol Eric Clapton in April 2016, with Sheeran stating to People magazine, "I sang on Eric Clapton's album [I Still Do]. It's one thing having him on mine, but being his, that's an honour that you can't ever pinpoint on how great that is. I did something for his record, and I was credited as 'Angelo Mysterioso,' [appearing as a guest on Clapton's "I Will Be There", in addition to performing the song with Clapton on stage], and he did something for my record [performing a guitar solo on "Dive" on Sheeran's album ÷] and was credited as 'Angelo Mysterioso.'"[137]

text: Other ventures

text: Gingerbread Man records

text: In March 2015, Sheeran revealed he was setting up a record label, Gingerbread Man Records, which is a deal with Warner Music Group.[143] The label was launched in August 2015 alongside its accompanying YouTube channel.[144] Jamie Lawson, the label's first signee, met Sheeran while they were both in London's folk circuit.[145] Lawson released his self-titled debut album on 9 October 2015, which has earned him a number one in the UK Albums Chart.[146] Sheeran signed his second artist, Foy Vance, in November 2015.[147]

text: Charity

text: Sheeran performed a gig in Bristol, which raised £40,000 for a charity that reaches out to street sex workers. "It's good to show insight that these people are real people with real emotions and they deserve the same charity work as anyone else," Sheeran said. "There's a lot more popular charities that get a lot of attention. And with certain subjects like this they're often washed over and people don't necessarily give them the attention they deserve." Tickets were available to those taking part in the charity's Give it up for One25 campaign by giving something up for 125 hours and hitting the £40,000 fundraising mark.[148]

text: Sheeran frequently gives away his clothes to charity shops around Suffolk, his home county.[149] An ambassador for East Anglia's Children's Hospice, he has donated clothes to the St Elizabeth Hospice charity shop in his home town Framlingham, including eight bags of clothes to the shop in February 2014, and eight items of clothing he wore at the 2015 Grammy Awards.[150] In 2016 he donated 13 bags of clothes to the shop.[151] The tartan shirt worn by Sheeran when he met Renee Zellweger's character, Bridget, in Bridget Jones's Baby, was auctioned online to raise further funds for the hospice.[151]

text: On 15 November 2014, Sheeran joined the charity supergroup Band Aid 30 along with other British and Irish pop acts, recording the latest version of the track "Do They Know It's Christmas?" at Sarm West Studios in Notting Hill, London, to raise money for the West African Ebola virus epidemic.[152]

text: In November 2015, Sheeran supported the No Cold Homes campaign by the UK charity, Turn2us.[153] Sheeran was one of nearly thirty celebrities, which included Helen Mirren, Jeremy Irons and Hugh Laurie, to donate items of winter clothing to the campaign, with the proceeds used to help people in the country struggling to keep their home warm in winter.[154]

text: Sheeran appeared in a November 2017 episode of Gogglebox along with other UK celebrities such as Ozzy Osbourne, former Oasis frontman Liam Gallagher, and Labour Party leader Jeremy Corbyn as part of Channel 4 and Cancer Research UK's Stand Up to Cancer fundraising campaign.[155]

text: Acting

text: Sheeran made his acting debut in 2014, a cameo role as himself on New Zealand soap opera Shortland Street, filmed while he was in the country for a one-off performance.[156] In May 2015, he appeared as himself and performed on a live episode of the NBC sitcom Undateable.[157] Later that year, while in Australia, he recorded scenes for the soap Home and Away, as a character based on himself.[158]

text: After recording a cover version of Foy Vance's "Make It Rain" for  Sons of Anarchy, Sheeran was cast by creator Kurt Sutter to play Sir Cormac in the medieval drama The Bastard Executioner on FX.[159] Sheeran also appeared as himself in the 2016 film Bridget Jones's Baby in a scene where Bridget Jones, played by Renée Zellweger, encounters the singer at the Glastonbury Festival where he is performing.[160]

text: In July 2017, Sheeran appeared in a longer cameo on Game of Thrones in a scene together with actress Maisie Williams, who plays the character Arya Stark.[161] David Benioff explained that since Williams was a big fan of the singer, they wanted to have Sheeran appear on the show to surprise Williams, and that they had tried to get him on for years.[162] It received a mix of positive and very critical reviews.[163][164]

text: Personal life

text: In early 2011, after securing recording and publishing deals, Sheeran purchased and renovated a farm near Framlingham, Suffolk, where he was raised. He has stated that he hopes to raise a family there.[63][165] During 2013, he lived between Hendersonville, Tennessee and Los Angeles, California.[166] In 2014, he bought a house in South London.[63]

text: Sheeran was in a relationship with Scottish singer-songwriter Nina Nesbitt (who was in his music video for "Drunk") in 2012, before breaking up.[167] Nesbitt is the subject of Sheeran's songs "Nina" and "Photograph", while most of Nesbitt's album, Peroxide, is about Sheeran.[167] In January 2014, Sheeran was in a relationship with Athina Andrelos, who works for chef Jamie Oliver.[168] She is the inspiration of Sheeran's song "Thinking Out Loud".[169] They broke up in February 2015.[169] Since July 2015, Sheeran has been in a relationship with childhood friend and former high school classmate Cherry Seaborn.[170] They announced their engagement in January 2018.[171] He is also close friends with singer-songwriter Taylor Swift, and collaborated on her albums Red and Reputation.[137]

text: In June 2015, Forbes listed his earnings at $57 million for the previous 12 months, and ranked him the 27th-highest-earning celebrity in the world.[172] On 19 October 2015, Sheeran received an honorary degree from the University of Suffolk in Ipswich for his "outstanding contribution to music".[173] Sheeran commented: "Suffolk is very much where I call home. Receiving this recognition is a real privilege."[173]

text: Sheeran supported Vote Remain at the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum in 2016, voicing his opposition to Brexit.[174] In a December 2017 interview with The Sunday Times' "Culture" magazine, Sheeran spoke of his admiration for Labour Party leader Jeremy Corbyn. "I love Corbyn. I love everything Corbyn is about. And I feel people thought that, because I didn't put myself behind him, I wasn't a Corbyn supporter. He cares about other people. He cares about all classes, races and generations, and that's how I was brought up – we need more people that care about everyone."[175]

text: Awards and nominations

text: Sheeran was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2017 Birthday Honours for services to music and charity.[176] He received the award from Prince Charles at Buckingham Palace on 7 December 2017.[177] In July 2018, he was entitled by Forbes as the 9th most earning celebrity in the "Celebrity 100 List of The World's Highest-Paid Entertainers".[178]

text: Discography

text:
+ (2011)
× (2014)
÷ (2017)

text: Filmography

text:
Year

Title

Role

Notes

Ref(s)

2014

Shortland Street

Himself

[156]

2015

Undateable

Himself

[157]

Home and Away

Teddy

[158]

The Bastard Executioner

Sir Cormac

5 episodes

[159]

Jumpers for Goalposts: Live at Wembley Stadium

Himself

Concert Film

[179]

2016

Bridget Jones's Baby

Himself

[180]

2017

Game of Thrones

Lannister soldier

Episode: "Dragonstone"

[181]

2018

The Simpsons

Brendan (voice)

Episode: "Haw-Haw Land"

[182]

2019

Untitled Danny Boyle/Richard Curtis film

Post-production

[183]

text: Tours

text: Headlining act

text:
+ Tour (2011–2013)
× Tour (2014–2015)
÷ Tour (2017–2019)

text: Opening act

text:
Snow Patrol's Fallen Empires Tour (North American select dates) (2012)
Taylor Swift's The Red Tour (all North American dates) (2013)
The Rolling Stones's Zip Code Tour (Kansas City only)


document_title: Renaming of cities in India

question_text: when did madras changed its name to chennai

text: Renaming of cities in India

text: Renaming in local languages[edit]

text: In the post-colonial era, several Indian states' names were changed. Some of these changes coincided with the States Reorganisation Act of 1956, a major reform of the boundaries of India's states and territories that organised them along linguistic lines. At this time, for example, Travancore-Cochin was renamed Kerala. Later state name changes include the reorganisation of Madhya Bharat into Madhya Pradesh in 1959;[2] and the renamings of the Madras State to Tamil Nadu in 1969, of the Mysore State to Karnataka in 1973, and of Uttaranchal to Uttarakhand in 2007.

text: Name changes have varied with respect to the levels of language at which they have been applied, and also accepted. Some of these local name changes were changes made in all languages: the immediate local name, and also all India's other languages. An example of this is the renaming of predominantly Hindi-speaking Uttaranchal (Hindi: उत्तराञ्चल) to a new local Hindi name (Hindi: उत्तराखण्ड Uttarakhand). Other changes were only changes in some of the indigenous languages. For example, the renaming of the Madras Presidency to Madras State in 1947 and then Tamil Nadu in 1969 required non-Tamil speakers to change from an approximation of the British name (Tamil: மதராஸ் மாகாணம் Madras Presidency, then Madras State Tamil: மதராஸ் மாநிலம்) to a native Tamil name (Tamil: தமிழ்நாடு Tamil Nadu, "Tamil land").

text: In general, changes to the local names of cities in the indigenous languages are less common. However, a change in English may sometimes also be a reflection of changes in other Indian languages other than the specific local one. For example, the change of Madras (Tamil: மதராஸ் Madras) to Chennai (Tamil: சென்னை Chennai) was reflected in many of India's languages, and incidentally in English, while the Tamil endonym had always been Chennai and remained unaffected by the change.

text: Renaming in English[edit]

text: Change in official English spelling[edit]

text: The renaming of cities is often specifically from English to Indian English in connection with that dialect's internal reforms. In other words, the city itself is not actually renamed in the local language, and the local name (or endonym) in the indigenous languages of India does not change, but the official spelling in Indian English is amended. An example is the change from English "Calcutta" to English "Kolkata" – the local Bengali name (কলকাতা Kôlkata) did not change. Such changes in English spelling may be in order to better reflect a more accurate phonetic transliteration of the local name, or may be for other reasons. In the early years after Indian independence, many name changes were effected in northern India for English spellings of Hindi place names that had simply been romanised inconsistently by the British administration – such as the British spelling "Jubbulpore," renamed "Jabalpur" (जबलपुर) among the first changes in 1947. These changes did not generate significant controversy. More recent and high-profile changes – including renaming such major cities as Calcutta to Kolkata – have generated greater controversy.[3] Since independence, such changes have typically been enacted officially by legislation at local or national Indian government level, and may or may not then be adopted by the Indian media, particularly the influential Indian press. In the case of smaller towns and districts which were less notable outside and inside India, and where a well known English name (or exonym) could not be said to exist, older spellings used under British India may not have had any specific legislation other than changes in practice on the romanisation of indigenous Indian language names.

text: Realignment of the official Indian English name to an alternative local name[edit]

text: Aside from changes to the official English spellings of local names there have also been renaming proposals to realign the official name, hence the English name with an alternative local name. Ethnically sensitive examples include the proposals by the Bharatiya Janata Party (1990, 2001) to rename Ahmedabad to Karnavati[4] and Allahabad to Prayag. These two proposals are changes from the Muslim (or Mughal) name to a Hindu native name. These can be represented as a change from Urdu language to Hindi language, but since the two languages are variants of Hindustani the proposal is effectively a cultural and ethno-religious proposal rather than a linguistic one.[5]

text: Adoption of name changes in India and overseas[edit]

text: Official name changes naturally take place quickly if not immediately in official government sources.[6] Adoption may be slower among the media in India and abroad, and among Indian authors.[7][8][9]

text: Important examples[edit]

text: States[edit]

text:
Travancore-Cochin → Kerala (1 November 1956).
Madhya Bharat → Madhya Pradesh (1 November 1959)
Madras State → Tamil Nadu (14 January 1969)
Mysore State → Karnataka (1 November 1973)
Uttaranchal → Uttarakhand (1 January 2007)
Orissa → Odisha (4 November 2011)

text: Cities[edit]

text: Notable city names that were officially changed by legislation after independence include:

text:
Jabalpur (Hindi: जबलपुर), from Jubbulpore, respelled in 1947
Jajmau (Hindi: जाजमऊ), from Jajesmow, respelled in 1948 [10]
Kanpur (Hindi: कानपुर), from Cawnpore, respelled in 1948
Vadodara (Gujarati: વડોદરા), from Baroda, respelled in 1974
Thiruvananthapuram (Malayalam: തിരുവനന്തപുരം), from Trivandrum, respelled in 1991
Mumbai (Marathi: मुंबई), from Bombay, renamed in 1995 [11]
Kochi (Malayalam: കൊച്ചി), from Cochin, respelled in 1996
Chennai (Tamil: சென்னை), from Madras, renamed in 1996
Kolkata (Bengali: কলকাতা), from Calcutta, respelled in 2001
Kadapa (Telugu: కడప), from Cuddapah, respelled in 2005
Puducherry (Tamil: புதுச்சேரி), from Pondicherry, respelled in 2006
Bengaluru (Kannada: ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು), from Bangalore, respelled in 2007 [12]
Belagavi from Belgaum in 2014 [13][14]
Tumakuru from Tumkur in 2014
Hubballi from Hubli in 2014
Shivamogga from Shimoga in 2014
Hosapete from Hospet in 2014
Mysuru from Mysore in 2014
Kalaburagi from Gulbarga in 2014
Chikkamagaluru from Chikmagalur
Vijapura from Bijapur in 2014
Ballari from Bellary in 2014
Mangaluru from Mangalore in 2014
Rajahmahendravaram from Rajahmundry in 2015
Gurugram from Gurgaon in 2016

text: For others, by state order, see list of renamed Indian cities and states.

text:
Alappuzha, from Alleppey
Guwahati, from Gauhati
Indore, from Indhur
Kanchipuram from Kāñci-pura And Conjevaram
Kannur, from Cannanore
Kollam, from Quilon
Koyilandy, from Quilandi
Kozhikode, from Calicut
Kumbakonam from ancient name Kudanthai
Mayiladuthurai from Mayavaram ancient name Mayuram
Narmada, from Nerbudda
Palakkad, from Palghat
Panaji, from Panjim
Pune, from Poona
Ramanathapuram, from Ramnad
Sagar, from Saugor
Shimla, from Simla
Thalassery, from Tellicherry
Thanjavur, from ancient name Tanjore
Thoothukudi, from Tuticorin
Thrissur, from Trichur
Tindivanam, from Tinthirivanam
Tiruchirapalli, from Trichinopoly and its short form Trichy
Tirunelveli, from Tinnevelly
Tiruvallikeni, from Triplicane
Udhagamandalam, from Ootacamund and its short form Ooty
Viluppuram, from Vizhupparaiyar And Vizhimaa Nagaram
Varanasi, from Benares
Vatakara, from Badagara
Virudhachalam, from Vriddhachalam ancient name Thirumudhukundram
Vijayawada, from Bejawada
Visakhapatnam, from Waltair, and before that Vizagapatnam and its short form Vizag

text: Town names that derive from ancient names:

text:
Mandi, derived from Mandav Nagar [15]
Nellore, in ancient times Simhapuri [16]

text: Proposed changes[edit]

text: Several other changes have been proposed for states and towns.

text: States and Union territories[edit]

text:
Goa to Govapuri [17]
Kerala to Keralam
Nagaland to Naganchi [18]
West Bengal to Bengal

text: Towns[edit]

text:
Allahabad to Prayag
Aurangabad to Sambhajinagar
Bhopal to Bhojpal [19]
Hyderabad to Bhagyanagar
Mahabubabad to Manukota
Mahbubnagar to Palamuru

text: Need for unification of spelling[edit]

text: India has various local languages. Even (Romanised) English spellings in long and wide use often vary depending upon which government department or agency uses them. To the point, a few examples are Quilandy vs. Koyilandy, Canannore vs. Kannur, and Rangiya vs. Rangia. Different departments of the government may have used official spellings in use at the time, while locations associated with Indian railways mostly maintained British-era spellings. The confusion inherent in such variations has often resulted in serious consequences like people having two "different" addresses (theoretically designating the same place) in their official records leading to legal disputes, or one house having residents of different house addresses due to differing place names. Many people argue that such confusion can lead to indeterminate and/or unintended consequences [20]