document_title: Electricity sector in Canada

question_text: how much electricity is generated by coal in canada

question_tokens: how much electricity is generated by coal in canada

root

text: Electricity sector in Canada

text: History[edit]

text: Electricity has been significant for Canada's economy and politics since the late 19th century. In the 1890s, three firms competed to develop the Canadian Niagara Falls.[10] After the First World War, the provincial utilities were created. The public companies focused on rural electrification and hydroelectric development.

tag: p

text: Organization[edit]

text: The electricity sector in Canada is organized along provincial and territorial lines as part of their jurisdiction over natural resources. All provinces and territories have set up utilities boards and regulate transmission and distribution rates.

text: The liberalization process of the 1990s changed some parameters such as the unbundling of generation, transmission and distribution functions of incumbent utilities in order to foster a competitive wholesale market[11] or, as in the cases of large exporters like Quebec and British Columbia, to comply with Order 888 of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission and other U.S. market rules. Most provincial governments still maintain a strong financial stake as operators in the electrical markets.

text: In a majority of provinces and territories, utilities are vertically integrated Crown corporations operating as regulated monopolies. This is by and large the case in New Brunswick, Quebec, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, British Columbia and Nunavut. A second model involves a Crown corporation as a large generator or in transmission, alongside an investor-owned distributor, as in Newfoundland and Labrador, Yukon, the Northwest Territories and, to a lesser degree, Prince Edward Island. Nova Scotia has granted a virtual monopoly to Nova Scotia Power, when it divested its investments in the sector in 1992.[12] However, there remain half a dozen small public electric distributors - the Municipal Electric Utilities of Nova Scotia who have the right to buy power from other parties, or generate their own. NS has a feed-in tariff program to encourage smaller generators. [1]

text: Two provinces, Ontario and Alberta, have deregulated their electric industry to different degrees over the last decade. Both provinces operate electricity markets, but there are significant differences between the two systems. The Ontario market is a hybrid, with the Ontario Power Authority (now merged with the IESO) "contracting for supply, integrated system planning, and regulated pricing for much of Ontario's generation and load".[11] In Alberta, the generation business is competitive, while transmission and distribution are rate-regulated.[11]

text: A number of municipalities operate local distribution systems. Some of them, such as EPCOR in Edmonton, are also significant players in the power generation business, under their name or through their control of publicly traded companies.

text: The federal government, through the National Energy Board, issues permits for inter-provincial and international power lines.[13] The Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission has jurisdiction over nuclear safety.[14] Ottawa and the provinces share jurisdiction over environmental issues such as air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Also, major hydroelectric developments trigger federal environmental assessment processes,[15] as the Government of Canada has the power to regulate waterways and fisheries.

text: Energy-intensive businesses, such as the aluminium smelting and pulp and paper industries have made significant investments over time in power generation. One such company is Rio Tinto Alcan, which owns and operates 7 hydroelectric generating stations in Quebec and British Columbia, with a combined installed capacity of 3,300 MW.[16][17]

text: In recent years, partial or complete deregulation of the wholesale generation business have created a number of Independent Power Producers, who build and operate power plants and sell over the long term, through power purchase agreements — with terms of up to 35 years[18] — and in day-ahead and hour-ahead transactions, where such markets exist.

text: Generation[edit]

text:
Electricity generation
in Canada

Hydroelectric
Nuclear
Coal
Natural gas
Wind
Solar

v
t
e

tag: table

text: In 2013, Canada generated 651.8 terawatt-hours (TWh), a 10% increase since 2003. Approximately 822 generating stations are scattered from the Atlantic to the Pacific,[19] for a nameplate capacity of 130,543 MW.[20] The 100 largest generating stations in Canada have a combined capacity of 100,829 MW. In comparison, the total installed capacity of Canada was 111,000 MW in 2000.[21]

text: In 2013, the leading type of power generation by utilities in Canada is hydroelectricity, with a share of 60.1%. Nuclear (15.8%), natural gas (10.3%), coal (10%), wind (1.8%), fuel oil (1.2%), biofuels and waste (0. 8%), wood (0.4%) and solar (0.1%) follow. Other sources, such as petroleum coke make up the remaining 0.5%.[22][23][24]

text: However, these figures do not account for the variety of provincial generation mixes. Historic producers of coal, like Alberta (66.9%), Nova Scotia (58.2%), and Saskatchewan (54.8%) have come to rely mainly on coal-fired generating stations. In hydro-rich provinces, such as Manitoba (99.5%), Quebec (97.2%), Yukon (94.1%), and British Columbia (88.7%), hydroelectric power accounts for the bulk of all electric generation.

text: In Canada's most populated province, Ontario Hydro has developed 11,990 MW of nuclear capacity between 1966 and 1993, building 20 CANDU reactors at 3 sites: Pickering, Darlington and Bruce. New Brunswick and by extension, Prince Edward Island, which buys 96% of its power from the neighbouring province,[25] has a diversified mix, including a nuclear reactor and hydroelectric dams. However, the province is dependent on expensive fuel oil generation.[26]

text: The electrical generating capacities of the provinces and territories in Canada are broken down below. Numbers are given in megawatts (MW) and gigawatt-hours (GWh). The tables below use 2010 data from Statistics Canada.

text: Nameplate capacity[edit]

text:
Installed generating capacity, by source and province or territory, 2010[20]

Type
Canada
NL
PE
NS
NB
QC
ON
MB
SK
AB
BC
YT
NT
NU

MW

Hydro
75,077
6,781
0
374
947
38,438
8,406
5,054
856
883
13,205
78
56
0

Wind
3,973
54
152
218
249
658
1,457
104
171
806
104
1
0
0

Tidal
20
0
0
20
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Solar
108
0
0
0
0
0
108
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Thermal
51,365
584
117
2,006
2,849
3,018
25,516
501
3,159
11,107
2,291
33
127
54

Conventional Steam
25,491
490
67
1,686
2,068
959
9,101
250
2,173
7,780
897
0
0
0

Nuclear
12,665
0
0
0
0[a]
675[b]
11,990
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Combustion turbine
12,406
43
50
320
779
1,252
4,340
241
981
3,037
1,343
0
19
0

Internal combustion
803
51
0
0
3
131
85
10
5
271
51
33
107
54

Total installed capacity
130,543
7,419
269
2,618
4,045
42,115
35,487
5,659
4,186
12,796
15,600
112
183
54

text:
Installed generating capacity, by source and province or territory, 2015[27]

Type
Canada
NL
PE
NS
NB
QC
ON
MB
SK
AB
BC
YT
NT
NU

MW

Hydro
79,232
6,759
0
371
952
40,159
8,991
5,402
867
942
14,639
95
56
0

Wind
7,641
54
204
301
294
2,174
2,763
242
171
1,039
390
1
9
0

Tidal
20
0
0
20
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Solar
194
0
0
0
0
20
173
0
0
1
0
0
0
0

Thermal
48,182
590
130
1,970
3,259
1,378
23,836
558
3,213
11,413
1,589
34
136
75

Conventional steam
20,469
490
80
1,650
1,752
399
5,375
280
2,136
7,230
1,077
0
0
0

Nuclear
14,033
0
0
0
705
0
13,328
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Combustion turbine
12,473
43
50
320
797
794
4,900
268
1,059
3,786
437
0
20
0

Internal combustion
1,207
57
0
0
5
184
233
10
18
397
75
34
116
75

Total Installed Capacity
135,268
7,403
333
2,661
4,505
43,731
35,763
6,202
4,252
13,395
16,618
130
201
75

text: Total generation by type[edit]

text:
Electric power generation, by source and province or territory, 2011[c][23]

Type
Canada
NL
PE
NS
NB
QC
ON
MB
SK
AB
BC
YT
NT
NU

GWh

Hydro
347,417.8
39,618.2
0
1,002.0
3,296.5
178,860.3
32,575.2
33,269.1
3,866.7
1,558.3
52,762.3
380.4
228.8
0

Wind
3,665.7
0
353.5
124.5
317.9
376.0
1,270.5
0
535.4
687.8
0
0.1
0
0

Tidal
27.7
0
0
27.7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Solar
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Thermal
215,648.4
1,142.8
0.7
10,508.7
7,459.0
4,858.2
107,401.4
173.7
17,660.2
59,046.0
6,714.9
23.6
493.9
165.4

Conventional Steam
104,190.8
803.1
0.7
10,115.8
5,569.8
1,097.6
16,818.0
151.9
16,383.1
48,876.6
4,374.3
0
0
0

Nuclear
85,219.9
0
0
0
-44.9
3,291.5
81,973.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Internal combustion
1,073.4
51.7
0.1
0
0
269.7
39.3
13.2
0.5
84.9
62.1
23.6
363.0
165.4

Combustion turbine
25,164.3
288.0
0
392.9
1,934.1
199.4
8,570.8
8.6
1,276.6
10,084.5
2,287.5
0
130.9
0

Other
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Total electricity generated
566,759.7
40,761.1
354.2
11,662.9
11,073.4
184,094.4
141,247.1
33,442.8
22,062.3
61,292.1
59,477.2
404.1
722.7
165.4

text:
Jump up ^ Zero value no longer current as the Point Lepreau Nuclear Generating Station returned to commercial service on November 23, 2012.
Jump up ^ Value no longer current as the Gentilly-2 reactor at the Gentilly Nuclear Generating Station was removed from commercial service on December 28, 2012.
Jump up ^ Net values.

text: Utilities generation by fuel[edit]

text:
Electricity generated from fuels by thermal plants, by province or territory, 2010[24][note 1]

Fuel
Canada
NL
PE
NS
NB
QC
ON
MB
SK
AB
BC
YT
NT
NU

GWh

Total solids
78,983.0
0
4.3
8,000.9
3,072.0
846.9
12,854.6
44.4
12,084.2
41,463.7
603.5
0
0
0

Coal
74,300.0
0
0
6,791.8
2,081.0
0
12,285.4
44.4
12,084.2
41,013.1
0
0
0
0

Wood
2,306.5
0
2.4
184.0
0
660.5
405.4
0
0
450.6
603.5
0
0
0

Petroleum coke
2,024.3
0
0
1,033.4
990.9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Other solid fuels
352.1
0
1.9
0
0
186.4
163.8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Total liquids
3,057.8
915.2
-0.5
49.9
1,307.2
367.6
60.6
17.0
17.7
12.6
62.6
25.0
61.1
161.9

Total petroleum products
3,057.7
915.2
-0.5
49.9
1307.2
367.6
60.6
17.0
17.7
12.5
62.6
25.0
61.1
161.9

Propane
0.1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.1
0
0
0
0

Other Liquid Fuels
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Total gas
34,512.6
0
0
2,274.7
1,873.4
326.2
15,020.1
22.9
3,309.2
10,775.6
1,856.5
0
27.5
0

Natural Gas
34,512.6
0
0
2,274.7
1,836.5
199.7
15,020.1
22.9
3,309.2
10,234.4
1,856.5
0
27.5
0

Methane
0
0
0
0
4.6
59.6
0
0
0
51.7
0
0
0
0

Other Gaseous Fuels
0
0
0
0
32.3
66.9
0
0
0
489.5
0
0
0
0

Uranium
85,526.6
0
0
0
0
3,551.6
81,975
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Steam from waste heat
6,179.7
0
0
0
680.7
0
2,716.4
0
627.6
1,504.4
650.6
0
0
0

text: Note: Ontario eliminated coal in 2014.

text: Electricity per person and by power source[edit]

text:
Electricity per person in Canada (kWh/ hab.) [28]

Use
Production
Export
Exp. %
Fossil
Nuclear
Nuc. %
Other RE*
Bio+waste
Wind
Non RE use*
RE %*

2004
18,408
18,733
-326
-1.8 %
4,912
2,829
15.4%
10,720
272

7,416
59.7%

2005
18,729
19,467
-738
-3.9 %
5,019
2,852
15.2%
11,315
281

7,133
61.9%

2006
18,281
19,216
-935
-5.1 %
4,740
2,862
15.7%
11,317
297

6,667
63.5%

2008
18,111
19,092
-981
-5.4 %
4,653
2,834
15.6%
11,333
272

6,506
64.1%

2009
17,507
18,566
- 1,059
- 6,0 %
4,572
2,696
15.4%
10,942
239
113
6,213
64.5%

* Other RE is waterpower, solar and geothermal electricity and windpower until 2008
* Non RE use = use – production of renewable electricity
* RE % = (production of RE / use) * 100% Note: EU calculates the share of renewable energies in gross electrical consumption.

text: In 2009 the Canadian production of electricity was 18,566 kWh per person and domestic use about 94% of production (17,507 kWh/person).[29] In 2008 the OECD average was 8,991 kWh/person.[30] 64.5% of Canadian domestic electricity use was produced with the renewable sources. The non renewable electricity use, i.e. fossil and nuclear, in Canada in 2009 was 6,213 kWh/person, respectively in UK 5,579; Germany 5,811; Denmark 4,693; Spain 4,553; Finland 11,495 and the United States 12,234.[29]

text: Transmission[edit]

text: The Canadian transmission networks extend over 160,000 km (99,000 mi).[31] The grids generally follow north-south orientations since most population centers in Canada are concentrated in southern regions along the American border while the largest hydroelectric and nuclear projects are located in scarcely inhabited areas to the north. This particular situation forced Canadian utilities to innovate. In November 1965, Hydro-Québec commissioned the first 735-kV AC power line linking the Manic-Outardes project to the Lévis substation.[32] In 1972, Manitoba Hydro connected generating stations part of the Nelson River Hydroelectric Project to the Winnipeg area through a high-voltage direct current power line, the Nelson River Bipole.[33]

text: The Canadian transmission networks are largely integrated to the US power grid. There is greater integration and trade with the US than there is between Canada’s provinces.[34] The transmission utilities of provinces sharing a border with the United States are taking part in regional reliability organizations such as the North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC); the Maritime provinces, Quebec and Ontario are part of the Northeast Power Coordinating Council (NPCC) with utilities in New England and in New York State, Manitoba participates in the Midwest Reliability Organization (MRO), while Alberta and British Columbia are linked to the Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC).

text: Utilities across Canada are making large investments in the maintenance of ageing infrastructure and in the construction of new power lines and substations to connect new generation sources to the bulk power system. For instance, Ontario is spending $2.3 billion on a series of transmission projects aimed at connecting new renewable capacity fostered by the Green Energy Act.[35] In Alberta, the AESO is recommending the construction of a $1.83 billion, 240 kV looped system in the southern part of the province to integrate up to 2,700 MW of new wind generation.[36] In Quebec, Hydro-Québec TransÉnergie filed a $1.47 billion investment plan to connect 2,000 MW of new wind generation scheduled to come on-stream between 2011 and 2015.[37]

text: Rates[edit]

text:
Retail prices of electricity in large Canadian cities
Prices (in cents/kWh) as of April 1, 2012 (excluding taxes)[38]

City (Utility)
Residential
[basis 1]
Small power
[basis 2]
Medium power
[basis 3]
Large power
[basis 4]

St. John's (Newfoundland Power/NL Hydro)
11.80
11.83
9.05
3.98

Charlottetown (Maritime Electric)
14.51
15.18
12.68
8.36

Halifax (Nova Scotia Power)
15.01
14.25
11.99
9.00

Moncton (NB Power)
11.82
12.46
10.98
6.86

Montreal (Hydro-Québec)
6.76
8.85
7.19
4.51

Ottawa (Hydro Ottawa)
13.14
12.94
11.42
10.58

Toronto (Toronto Hydro)
13.57
13.41
11.43
10.46

Winnipeg (Manitoba Hydro)
7.46
7.29
5.62
3.69

Regina (SaskPower)
12.54
10.31
9.08
5.67

Edmonton (EPCOR)
12.90
12.41
11.07
6.97

Calgary (ENMAX)
13.89
11.24
9.53
8.28

Vancouver (BC Hydro)
8.78
9.73
7.08
3.69

text:
Jump up ^ Monthly usage: 1000 kWh
Jump up ^ Power demand: 40 kW; Consumption 10,000 kWh, load factor: 35%.
Jump up ^ Power demand: 1,000 kW; Consumption: 400,000 kWh, load factor: 56 %.
Jump up ^ Power demand: 50,000 kW; Consumption: 30,600,000 kWh, load factor: 85%.

text: Provinces[edit]

text: Alberta[edit]

text: Alberta was the first Canadian province to implement a deregulated electricity market. The market was established in 1996, following the adoption of the Electric Utility Act, the year before. Local distribution utilities, either investor- or municipally owned, retained the obligation to supply and the 6 largest utilities were assigned a share of the output of existing generators at a fixed price. The province moved to full retail access in 2001 and a spot market, under the Alberta Electric System Operator, was established in 2003. After consumers complained about high prices in 2000, the government implemented a Regulated Rate Option (RRO), as a means to shield consumers from price volatility.[1]

text: The generation sector in Alberta is dominated by TransAlta, ENMAX, and Capital Power Corporation, a spin-off of Edmonton's municipally owned company EPCOR. Although 5,700 MW of new generation was added and 1,470 of old plants were retired between 1998 and 2009,[39] coal still accounted for 73.8% of utility-generated power in 2007, followed by natural gas, with 20.6%.[40]

text: Installed capacity reached 12,834 MW in 2009, with coal (5,692 MW) and natural gas (5,189 MW) representing the bulk of the province's generation fleet. Recent additions to the grid have increased wind capacity to 657 MW, while hydroelectric capacity stands at 900 MW.[39] Despite tougher new emission measures announced by the federal government in June 2010, industry officials believe the province will continue using coal to generate electricity into 2050.[41] Syncrude's Mildred Lake and Aurora North Plant Sites, the coal fired Sundance Power Station and the coal fired Genesee Generating Station are the top three sources of greenhouse gases in Canada.[42]

text: British Columbia[edit]

text: BC Hydro was created in 1961 when the government of British Columbia, under Premier W. A. C. Bennett, passed the BC Hydro Act. This act led to the amalgamation of BC Electric Company and the BC Power Commission, and the creation of the British Columbia Hydro and Power Authority (BCHPA).[43] BC Hydro is the main electric distributor, serving 1.8 million customers in most areas,[44] with the exception of the Kootenay region, where FortisBC, a subsidiary of Fortis Inc. directly provides electric service to 111,000 customers and supplies municipally owned utilities in the same area.[45]

text: Between 1960 and 1984, BC Hydro completed six large hydro-electric generating projects, including the 2,730 MW W. A. C. Bennett Dam and Gordon M. Shrum Generating Station and Peace Canyon on the Peace River, Mica and Revelstoke on the Columbia River, Kootenay Canal on the Kootenay River and Seven Mile Dam, on the Pend d'Oreille River.

text: A third dam and 900 MW generating station on the Peace River, the Site C dam near Fort St. John, has been discussed for decades and was rejected in the early 1990s.[46] In April 2010, the British Columbia government announced moving the project to a regulatory review phase.[47] A notice of Site C construction commencing in 2015 was issued July 2015.[48] Revelstoke Dam built in 1984 was the last new dam built by BC Hydro.

text: The province's Liberal government has promoted the construction of a slew of small-scale hydro projects by private businesses. As of April 2010, 63 long-term power purchase agreements have been signed with Independent Power Producers for 2,629 MW of capacity and 10.3 TWh of energy.[49]

text: In 2015 Hydropower made up 87% of total generation, the rest being biomass, wind and some natural gas.[50]

text: BC Hydro via Powerex trades electricity eastward with Alberta and south to all of the western US through the Pacific-Intertie. In 2014 BC had the largest volume of electricity imports in Canada (9700 Mwh), from the Western Interconnection in the US which is 60% fossil fueled.[50][51] BC Hydro typically imports power during off-peak hours when thermal plants in the US and Alberta have excess power for sale, Then exports hydropower during peak hours when prices are higher.[52]

text: Manitoba[edit]

text: Manitoba Hydro is the crown corporation in charge of electricity generation, transmission and distribution in Manitoba. Its installed capacity stands, as of 2015, at 5,701 MW, mostly generated at 15 hydroelectricity generation stations on the Nelson, Saskatchewan, Laurie and the Winnipeg Rivers.[53]

text: The company has completed the 200-MW Wuskatim hydroelectric project in partnership with the Nisichawayasihk Cree Nation, with first power from the project in June 2012. By advancing the completion date of the project by 3 years, Manitoba Hydro hopes to cash in on lucrative exports in the Midwestern United States.[54] The utility is currently building a new 695 MW station at Keeyask on the Nelson River, expecting completion in 2019.[55]

text: The utility is also planning the construction of a third HVDC power line linking northern Manitoba and the Winnipeg area. The Bipole III project involves the construction of a 1,364 km power line and two new converter stations.[56] With Keeyask under construction, Manitoba Hydro has also undertaken studies of one more large hydroelectric project, the Conawapa generation station.[54]

text: New Brunswick[edit]

text: New Brunswick has a diversified generation mix, featuring fossil fuel, hydroelectric and nuclear capacity. Established in 1920, the provincial utility, NB Power owned 3,297 MW of installed capacity as of March 31, 2008.[58] Since then, the company retired 2 power plants and plans to permanently shut down the 300-MW oil-fired Dalhousie generating station.[59]

text: In the last decade[clarification needed], the government-owned utility has faced problems with the failure of a plan to switch two of its large thermal facilities to Orimulsion, a heavy bitumen fuel produced by PDVSA, the Venezuelan government oil company, and a 2-year delay in the mid-life refit of the Point Lepreau Nuclear Generating Station.[60]

text: In October 2009, the provincial government signed a memorandum of understanding with Quebec to sell most of NB Power's assets to Hydro-Québec. The controversial deal was cancelled in March 2010.[61][62]

text: Since then[when?], a couple of options are discussed to modernize New Brunswick electricity infrastructure, including a plan to build a 500-MW intertie with Nova Scotia[63] and a preliminary agreement with France's Areva to evaluate the feasibility of a second nuclear generating station at the Point Lepreau site.[64] However, the nuclear expansion plan was shelved within hours of the election of a Progressive Conservative government led by David Alward in September 2010.[65]

text: Newfoundland and Labrador[edit]

text: Newfoundland and Labrador Hydro, a subsidiary of government-owned Nalcor Energy, has an installed generating capacity of 7289 MW and is the fourth largest of all utility companies in Canada. It owns and operates most generation in the province, the transmission grid and sells directly to large industrial customers. The company also serves remote communities not connected to the main power grids, on Newfoundland and in Labrador.

text: Newfoundland Power, a subsidiary of St. John's-based Fortis Inc., is a regulated distributor serving 239,000 customers, making up 85% of all electricity consumers in the province. The company buys 90% of its energy from Newfoundland and Labrador Hydro.[66]

text: Newfoundland and Labrador mainly relies on hydropower for its generation needs, supplemented by the 500-MW Holyrood Thermal Generating Station, near St. John's. The province's main power station, the 5,428-MW Churchill Falls Generating Station, was commissioned between 1971 and 1974. The generating station is owned by the Churchill Falls Labrador Corporation Limited, a joint venture between Newfoundland and Labrador Hydro (65.8%) and Hydro-Québec (34.2%). Most of the output of the plant is sold at a fixed price to the Quebec utility under a 65-year power purchase agreement due to expire in 2041.[67][68]

text: The Lower Churchill Project is a planned hydroelectric project in Labrador, to develop the remaining 35 per cent of the Churchill River that has not already been developed by the Churchill Falls Generating Station. The Lower Churchill's two installations at Gull Island and Muskrat Falls will have a combined capacity of over 3,074 MW and have the ability to provide 16.7 TWh of electricity per year. The Muskrat Falls Generation Facility will consist of a dam, a spillway, and a powerhouse with four Kaplan turbines and a total generating capacity of 824 MW. Construction of the Muskrat Falls Generation Facility began in 2013 and is expected to be complete in 2017.[69]

text: Nova Scotia[edit]

text: Nova Scotia Power Inc. (NSPI), a subsidiary of Halifax-based Emera, is the public utility in charge of the generation, transmission and distribution of electricity in Nova Scotia. Formerly a government-owned company, it was privatized in 1992 by the conservative government of premier Donald Cameron, in what was called at the time the biggest initial public offering (IPO) in Canadian history.[70] From the $816 million proceeds, "$616 million was used to recapitalize Nova Scotia Power by paying down debt owed by the utility".[71]

text: NS Power has a generating capacity of 2,293 MW:[70] 5 thermal plants fired with a mix of coal, petroleum coke, fuel oil and natural gas, provide the bulk of the 13 TWh yearly supply. The company also operates the Annapolis Royal Tidal Generating Station, the only one of its kind in North America and 33 hydroelectric generating stations,[70] most of them small ones, with the exception of the 230 MW Wreck Cove Generating Station,[72] inaugurated in 1978.[70]

text: Over the years, NS Power has been blamed by Nova Scotia residents for its poor maintenance record and its failure to quickly reconnect customers after storms.[73] In September 2003, 700,000 Nova Scotia residents were without power for up to two weeks after the passage of Hurricane Juan.[74] The Category 2 storm damaged 27 main transmission lines, several transmission towers, 117 distribution feeders, and 31 major electrical substations.[75] More recently, the issue of the company's investment in the provincial grid has been raised at a leaders' debate during the 2009 election campaign.[76] The company received praise from premier Darrell Dexter for its efforts in restoring power after the passage of Hurricane Earl in September 2010.[77]

text: For information on the small utility cooperative of Riverport and public utility electric distributors (of Lunenburg, Mahone Bay, Antigonish, Berwick and Canso) see those towns' main articles. For information on their cooperative see Municipal Electric Utilities of Nova Scotia.

text: Ontario[edit]

text: Electricity is generated in Ontario from nuclear power, hydroelectric power, natural gas[80] and renewables such as wind, solar and biomass. Total production in 2013 was 154 TWh (i.e. 154 billion kWh.)[78] The various sources of generation used in 2013 are shown in the pie chart to the right. Production from fossil sources, i.e. natural gas and coal, was 13%. In April 2014, Ontario eliminated coal as a source of electricity generation.[6][7] The generation mix for the current hour can be viewed at the Independent Electricity System Operator (IESO) webpage.

text: As noted above, total electricity production in Ontario 2013 was 154 TWh. Adding imports of 4.9 TWh and subtracting exports of 18.3 TWh[79] leaves 140.6 TWh usage within Ontario. With an estimated 2013 population of 13,550,900,[81] electricity usage per person in Ontario in 2013 was 10,376 kWh per year, or about 60% of the Canadian average shown in the table Electricity per person and by power source displayed earlier in this article. (Note that this number includes all use—commercial, industrial and institutional use as well as household use—and it is at the point of production, i.e. before subtracting transmission and distribution losses.) Usage per person in Ontario may be lower than the national average because natural gas is more widely available and has a significant cost advantage for heating.

text: Ontario has been considered a summer peaking grid since 2000,[82] however due to particularly cold winter temperatures and moderate summer temperatures, Ontario was winter peaking in 2014.[83] In its 18-Month Outlook issued September 2014, the Independent Electricity System Operator (IESO) predicts a winter 2014-2015 peak of 22,149 MW under a normal weather scenario, and a summer 2015 peak of 22,808 MW, also under a normal weather scenario.[84] The all-time record for Ontario demand was set on August 1, 2006, when peak demand for electricity reached 27,005 megawatts.[85] (See 2006 North American heat wave.)

text: Overall, Ontario is a net exporter of electricity. Ontario imports electricity, primarily from its neighbouring provinces of Quebec and Manitoba (both of which are primarily hydroelectric systems), and exports electricity, primarily to Michigan and New York State,[79] which rely heavily on fossil fuels—coal in the case of Michigan,[86] and natural gas in the case of New York.[87]

text: In 2013, Ontario's gross exports were 18.3 TWh,[79] i.e. roughly equal to its natural gas-fueled generation of 17.1 TWh in 2013.[78] (Although Canada is the world's third-largest producer of natural gas,[88] Ontario imports natural gas from the United States and from western Canada.) If all the carbon emissions associated with natural gas-fueled generation were allocated to the exports, almost all the electricity consumed within Ontario would be from non-carbon or carbon neutral sources. (Note however that the natural gas generation is not necessarily coincident with exports and natural gas plants sometimes need to be operated due to regional transmission constraints, and as backup for wind generation[89] which is intermittent and somewhat unpredictable.)

text: Ontario embraced nuclear power in the 1970s and 1980s, building 3 major nuclear facilities and 18 CANDU reactors, which in 2013 provided 59% of the province's electricity production, or kilowatt-hours equal to 65% of the electricity consumed within the province. The completion of the Darlington Nuclear Generating Station in 1993, "at a cost several times the original estimates",[citation needed] caused huge rate increases[citation needed] and a reassessment of Ontario's electricity policy. Three major policy documents, the Advisory Committee on Competition in Ontario’s Electricity System (1996), chaired by former federal minister Donald Macdonald, a government White Paper on electricity policy (1997) and the Market Design Committee report (1999) paved the way for a major overhaul of the industry.[1]

text: In April 1999, Ontario Hydro was split into five successor companies: Ontario Power Generation (OPG), in charge of generation; Hydro One, a transmission and distribution utility; the Independent Market Operator, responsible for the operation of a deregulated wholesale electric market in the province; the Electrical Safety Authority and the Ontario Electricity Financial Corporation, in charge of the $38.1 billion stranded debt, derivatives and other liabilities of the former integrated public utility.[90]

text: In 2001, OPG leased Canada's largest power plant, the Bruce Nuclear Generating Station to Bruce Power, a private consortium originally led by British Energy, reducing its share of the provincial generation market to 70%. The government opened the competitive market on May 1, 2002, but heat waves and droughts in the summer of 2002 caused wholesale prices to soar to peaks of $4.71/kWh in July and $10.28/kWh in September. Faced with bitter complaints from consumers, the Ernie Eves government announced a price freeze for small customers while leaving the wholesale market intact, on November 11, 2002.[1]

text: Although Eves was praised for the pause in generation market deregulation the cancellation of Hydro One's initial public offering and his handling of the 2003 North American blackout, the Progressive Conservatives were defeated by Dalton McGuinty's Liberals in the provincial election of 2003. In the meantime, the phasing out of coal-fired generation — including North America's largest coal plant, the 3,640-MW Nanticoke Generating Station — became a political issue. In 2002, the Conservatives promised to shut down Ontario's 5 coal plants by 2015, while McGuinty committed to a 2007 retirement date, which was pushed back to 2014.[91]

text: In April 2009, the Ontario legislature passed the Green Energy Act establishing feed-in tariffs for power from renewable sources and streamlining the approval process for new generation sites.[92] Two months after passing the bill, Ontario announced the suspension of a competitive process for the purchase of 2 new nuclear reactors at Darlington, citing the price tag, later evaluated at $26 billion.[93] Critics of the government strategy stress the Act will increase the price of electricity and undermine the system's reliability,[94] while pitting some local residents against wind developers.[95]

text: The impact of the Act has been notable in terms of the price impact on end consumers. Since 2009, electricity prices have risen by 95% for homeowners and by 115% for small businesses in the province of Ontario.[96]

text: As of September 2014, Ontario's wind capacity stood at 2,483 MW.[97] As of 2010, Ontario's wind capacity represented more than a third of Canada's total.[98]

text: Prince Edward Island[edit]

text: Prince Edward Island is the only Canadian province without a hydroelectric power station. The province is largely dependent on imported power from NB Power generation facilities in New Brunswick. Two submarine power lines provide more than 80% of the provincial load. Since the early 2000, the provincial government has promoted the province as a good place to set up wind farms.[citation needed]

text: Maritime Electric, a subsidiary of St. John's-based Fortis Inc., operates the integrated public utility serving most of the province, with the exception of the city of Summerside, which has been providing electric service to its residents since 1920. Both utilities own and operate diesel plants, used as peakers or during emergencies.

text: Electricity rates in Charlottetown are the highest of the 12 large Canadian cities surveyed by Hydro-Québec in its annual compendium of North American electricity rates. According to the document, a residential customer using 1,000 kWh per month would pay 17.29 cents/kWh, a rate two and a half times higher than the one paid by consumers in Montreal, Winnipeg or Vancouver.[38]

text: In November 2009, Premier Robert Ghiz hoped to reduce the price of electricity while limiting atmospheric emissions by opening talks with the government of Quebec for a long term supply agreement.[99][100] Negotiations, with Hydro-Québec, and other suppliers, including current supplier NB Power, are ongoing.[101][102]

text: Québec[edit]

text: The Quebec electricity sector is dominated by Canada's largest utility, government-owned Hydro-Québec. With an installed capacity of 36,810 MW, including 34,118 MW of hydropower, the utility generated and bought 203.2 TWh in 2009, almost one-third of all electricity generated in Canada. Benefiting from low generation costs, favorable interest rates and high export prices, Hydro-Québec paid $10 billion in dividends to the Quebec government between 2005 and 2009.[68]

text: Since 2003, the company commissioned 8 new hydroelectric generating stations for a total of 2,343 MW[103] and is currently building 6 new power plants: Eastmain-1-A (768 MW) and Sarcelle (150 MW) scheduled for 2012,[104] and 4 generating stations on the Romaine River (1,550 MW) to be commissioned between 2014 and 2020.[105] Hydro-Québec's latest strategic plan, released in 2009, outline a further 3,500 MW of new generation capacity, including 3,000 MW of additional hydro projects, to be built by 2035. The company's total investments in generation, transmission, distribution and energy efficiency for the 2009–2013 timeframe are expected to reach $25.1 billion.[106]

text: Quebec also intends to increase its wind generation capacity. The government's 2006 energy strategy calls for the construction of 3,500 MW by 2015.[107] Two calls for tenders initiated in 2003 and 2005 resulted in the signing of 22 20-year Power Purchase Agreements between Hydro-Québec and independent power producers, for a total capacity of 2,990 MW.[108] A third one, geared at small-scale community- or First Nations-led projects, is expected to be completed by the end of 2010.[109] The province got 99% of its electricity from renewable sources in 2013.[110]

text: Saskatchewan[edit]

text: In 2007, Saskatchewan produced 12,362 GWh of electricity through its coal-fired power plants, on a total generation of 20,278 GWh. SaskPower, the government-owned public utility is the main power generator in the province. The company has a generating capacity of 3,371 MW and 17 generating facilities. These include three coal-fired baseload facilities (1682 MW), five natural gas-fired plants (674 MW), seven hydroelectric developments (854 MW), and two wind farms (161 MW). Two independent power producers, the Cory and Meridian cogeneration stations have a combined capacity of 438 MW, while 5 waste heat facilities have a maximum output of 31 MW.[111]

text: The current state of the electric system will require heavy investments in the next decade. Discussion have been undertaken with Manitoba about building a 138-kV interconnection between the two neighbouring provinces.[112] A new privately owned natural gas-fired combined-cycle generation turbine in North Battleford is under construction. The 260-MW facility is expected to be completed in 2013.[113]

text: Yukon[edit]

text: Yukon Energy Corporation is the crown corporation that generates most of the power consumed in Yukon. Hydro is the main generation source, with a 93.2% share in 2007. It is supplemented by a wind turbine in Whitehorse and diesel generators in remote communities. Yukon has two separate grids. Neither are connected to the continental power grid. Yukon Electrical Company is the main distributor in Yukon.

text: In its Energy Strategy, released in 2009, the Yukon government has stated it wants to increase the supply of renewable energy, hydro and wind, by 20%. The government is also considering linking Yukon's two main power grids by completing the Carmacks to Stewart transmission line. No timetable has been set.[114]

text: Northwest Territories[edit]

text: Although the Northwest Territories are not connected to the North American power grid, there are two electric networks operating in the territory, the first one in the Yellowknife area and the other in Fort Smith. In most communities, loads are served by local diesel generators. The government-owned Northwest Territories Power Corporation is in charge of power generation, while Northland Utilities, a subsidiary of ATCO, operate the distribution networks.

text: Nunavut[edit]

text: The government-owned Qulliq Energy Corporation is the only power generator serving the remote communities of Nunavut. Qulliq, operating under the name Nunavut Power, has a total of 27 diesel-powered generators, serving 25 communities. The territory is not connected to the North American power grid.

text: Qulliq Energy plans to build a small hydroelectric project at Jaynes Inlet, not far from the territorial capital, Iqaluit, which is currently served by two diesel generators. The 5-MW generating station, which could cost upwards of $200 million, has been delayed by lower oil prices and the financial crisis. Construction could start in 2015 or 2016.[115]

text: Climate change[edit]

text: in 2013, electricity generation was responsible for 105 Mt of carbon dioxide emissions, 20% of the nation's total, second only to transport at 32%. This represents a 18% reduction since 2005.[116]

text: While Canada reduces the carbon footprint in the US by exporting 10% of total hydroelectricity, more than half of all Canadian homes and businesses burn natural gas for heat.[117] Hydro power, nuclear power and wind generate 80% of Canada's electricity, coal and natural gas are burned for the remaining 20%.[118]

text:
British Columbia which borders Alberta has undeveloped micro hydro potential of 5000 GWh.[119] As of 2008, Alberta's electricity sector was the most carbon-intensive of all Canadian provinces and territories, with total emissions of 55.9 million tonnes of CO
2 equivalent in 2008, accounting for 47% of all Canadian emissions in the electricity and heat generation sector. It is followed by Ontario (27.4 Mt CO
2 eq.), Saskatchewan (15.4 Mt CO
2 eq.) and Nova Scotia (9.4 Mt CO
2 eq.).[120] Of all provinces, Quebec has the lowest carbon intensity in the electricity sector with 2.45 g of CO
2 eq. per kWh of electricity generated.

text: Ontario registered a large drop in emissions in 2008, due to lower demand, natural gas prices and government instructions to Ontario Power Generation regarding a gradual decommissioning of coal-fired generation by 2014.[121] According to the Independent Electricity System Operator of Ontario, 4,700 MW of new natural gas-fired generation and 1,100 MW of wind farms have been commissioned in the province between 2003 and 2009. The new natural gas capacity will allow Ontario to retire 2 units each at the Nanticoke and Lambton generating stations by the end of 2010, on track for a complete phase-out by the end of 2014.[122]

text:
In Alberta, TransAlta and Capital Power Corporation have undertaken the construction of a carbon capture and storage project at the 450-MW Keephills-3 supercritical sub-bituminous coal-fired power station. The project, which received a $770 million grant from the federal and provincial governments, involves storing the captured CO
2 through geological sequestration and enhanced oil recovery. It is scheduled to be operational by 2015.[123] In March 2010, SaskPower has announced its own carbon sequestration project at the Boundary Dam Power Station,[124] the province's largest coal plant. In British Columbia, the provincial government ordered BC Hydro to remove the 50-year-old gas-fired Burrard Generating Station from its roster of baseload plants.[125]

text:
Greenhouse gas emissions from Electricity and Heat Generation, 1990–2008, by province or territory[120]

Province/Territory
1990
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008

kilotonnes CO
2 equivalent

Newfoundland and Labrador
1,630
1,450
1,230
795
1,230
1,040

Prince Edward Island
103
18
12
8
-
-

Nova Scotia
6,840
9,990
9,360
8,680
9,140
9,420

New Brunswick
6,130
8,690
8,630
7,060
7,310
6,830

Quebec
1,520
1,660
727
918
2,180
470

Ontario
26,600
32,300
34,300
28,600
32,000
27,400

Manitoba
569
393
511
382
497
488

Saskatchewan
10,400
16,800
15,500
14,900
15,700
15,400

Alberta
40,200
53,400
52,600
53,900
55,400
55,900

British Columbia
1,180
1,870
1,480
1,540
1,460
1,520

Yukon
94
8
8
8
11
-

Northwest Territories
222
264
282
222
256
-

Nunavut
91
45
35
54
35
48

Canada
95,500
127,000
125,000
117,000
125,000
119,000

text: International trade[edit]

text: Some provincial hydro companies benefited a great deal from the liberalization of the United States electricity sector brought by the Energy Policy Act of 1992 and the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission's Order 888. New Brunswick, Manitoba, Ontario and Quebec have been net exporters while BC Hydro has created an energy marketing subsidiary to actively trade on the neighbouring electricity market.

text: In 2009, Canada exported more than 53 TWh of electricity — approximately 9% of its output — to its southern neighbour the United States, while it imported 18 TWh.[126] While occupying a relatively small part of the overall U.S. market, Canadian supplies constitute a significant share of the power consumed in key markets, such as New England, New York State, Ohio, Michigan, Minnesota and the Pacific Northwest.

text: In August 2010, Hydro-Québec signed a 26-year renewal of its 225-MW power contract with the largest Vermont public utilities, Central Vermont Public Service and Green Mountain Power.[127] To facilitate the deal, a new renewable energy law, H.781,[128] was signed into law by governor Jim Douglas on June 4, 2010, after passage in both houses of the Vermont Legislature. The Act makes Vermont the first U.S. state to declare large-scale hydroelectric power as "a renewable energy resource".[129]

text:
Transfers of Electricity between Canada and the United States, 2006–2011

Province
2011[130]
2010[130]
2009[126]
2008[131]
2007[132]
2006[133]

from the U.S.
to the U.S.
from the U.S.
to the U.S.
from the U.S.
to the U.S.
from the U.S.
to the U.S.
from the U.S.
to the U.S.
from the U.S.
to the U.S.

GWh

Alberta
991
41
464
253
662
216
761
228
651
247
209
67

British Columbia
9,999
9,955
10,124
5,671
11,275
6,943
11,514
8,081
7,202
10,323
12,209
5,174

Manitoba
139
9,344
296
9,070
224
9,262
88
9,880
528
11,063
819
12,312

New Brunswick
585
1,056
844
1,030
1,408
1,904
1,081
1,367
646
1,598
511
2,058

Nova Scotia
146
—
205
4
—
—
273
13
25
13
25
229

Ontario
1,764
11,066
3,601
11,208
3,328
16,180
7,998
18,571
6,908
10,365
6,353
9,059

Quebec
443
19,879
2,502
17,011
1,057
18,637
1,352
17,455
3,359
16,101
2,535
11,713

Saskatchewan
321
991
414
464
334
110
432
137
203
392
1,147
595

Canada
14,387
51,341
18,449
44,373
18,288
53,252
23,499
55,732
19,522
50,102
23,808
41,207

text: Further reading[edit]

text:
Bolduc, André; Hogue, Clarence; Larouche, Daniel (1989). Québec : l'héritage d'un siècle d'électricité (in French) (3rd ed.). Montreal: Libre Expression/Forces. ISBN 2-89111-388-8.
Bothwell, Robert (1988). Nucleus, the history of Atomic Energy of Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-2670-2.
Canadian Nuclear Association (2011). 2011 Canadian Nuclear Factbook (PDF). Ottawa: Canadian Nuclear Association.
Dales, John H. (1957). Hydroelectricity and Industrial Development Quebec 1898–1940. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Froschauer, Karl (1999). White Gold: Hydroelectric Power in Canada. Vancouver: UBC Press. ISBN 0-7748-0708-3.
International Energy Agency (2009). Energy Policies of IEA Countries - Canada 2009 Review. Paris: OECD/IEA. ISBN 978-92-64-06043-2.
Negru, John (1990). The electric century : an illustrated history of electricity in Canada : the Canadian Electrical Association, 1891–1991. Montreal: Canadian Electrical Association. ISBN 2-9802153-0-9.
Norrie, Kenneth; Owram, Douglas; Emery, J.C. Herbert (2008). A History of the Canadian Economy (4th ed.). Toronto: Nelson. ISBN 978-0-17-625250-2.
Regehr, Theodore David (1990). The Beauharnois scandal : a story of Canadian entrepreneurship and politics. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-2629-X.
Statistics Canada (April 2009). Electric Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution (catalog number: 57-202-X) (PDF). Ottawa: Statistics Canada. ISSN 1703-2636.
Statistics Canada (February 2010). Report on Energy Supply and Demand in Canada (catalog number: 57-003-X) (PDF). Ottawa: Statistics Canada. ISSN 1708-1599.
L'Ère électrique - The Electric Age from PUO - Publications en libre accès // UOP - Open access publications.

tag: ul

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ A detailed breakdown for industrial generation by fuel source is not available.


document_title: Slender Man

question_text: when did slender man the movie come out

question_tokens: when did slender man the movie come out

text: Slender Man

text: Origin

text: The Slender Man was created on June 10, 2009, on a thread in the Something Awful Internet forum.[5][6] The thread was a Photoshop contest in which users were challenged to "create paranormal images."[7][8] Forum poster Eric Knudsen, under the pseudonym "Victor Surge",[9] contributed two black-and-white images of groups of children to which he added a tall, thin, spectral figure wearing a black suit.[10][11] Although previous entries had consisted solely of photographs, Surge supplemented his submission with snatches of text—supposedly from witnesses—describing the abductions of the groups of children and giving the character the name "The Slender Man":

text: The quote under the first photograph read:

text: We didn't want to go, we didn't want to kill them, but its persistent silence and outstretched arms horrified and comforted us at the same time…

text: The quote under the second photograph read:

text: One of two recovered photographs from the Stirling City Library blaze. Notable for being taken the day which fourteen children vanished and for what is referred to as “The Slender Man”. Deformities cited as film defects by officials. Fire at library occurred one week later. Actual photograph confiscated as evidence.

text: These additions effectively transformed the photographs into a work of fiction. Subsequent posters expanded upon the character, adding their own visual or textual contributions.[10][11]

text: Knudsen was inspired to create the Slender Man primarily by Zack Parsons' "That Insidious Beast", Stephen King's The Mist, reports of shadow people, Mothman and the Mad Gasser of Mattoon.[12]  Other inspirations for the character were the Tall Man from the 1979 film Phantasm,[13] H. P. Lovecraft, the surrealist work of William S. Burroughs, and the survival horror video games Silent Hill and Resident Evil.[14] Knudsen's intention was "to formulate something whose motivations can barely be comprehended, and [which caused] unease and terror in a general population."[15] Other pre-existing fictional or legendary creatures which are similar to the Slender Man include: the Gentlemen, black-suited, pale, bald demons from the Buffy the Vampire Slayer episode "Hush"; Men in black, many accounts of which grant them an uncanny appearance with an unnatural walk and "oriental" features; and The Question, a DC Comics superhero with a blank face, whose secret identity is "Victor Sage", a name similar to Knudsen's alias "Victor Surge".[13]

text: In her book, Folklore, Horror Stories, and the Slender Man: The Development of an Internet Mythology, Professor Shira Chess of the University of Georgia connected the Slender Man to ancient folklore about fairies. Like fairies, Slender Man is otherworldly, with motives that are often difficult to grasp; like fairies, his appearance is vague and often shifts to reflect what the viewer wants or fears to see, and, like fairies, the Slender Man calls the woods and wild places his home and kidnaps children.[13][page needed]

text: Development

text: The Slender Man soon went viral,[16] spawning numerous works of fanart, cosplay, and online fiction known as "creepypasta"—scary stories told in short snatches of easily copyable text that spread from site to site. Divorced from its original creator, the Slender Man became the subject of myriad stories by multiple authors within an overarching mythos.[3]

text: Many aspects of the Slender Man mythos first appeared on the original Something Awful thread. One of the earliest additions was added by a forum user named "Thoreau-Up", who created a folklore story set in 16th-century Germany involving a character called Der Groẞman, which was implied to be an early reference to the Slender Man.[13]:36 The first video series involving the Slender Man evolved from a post on the Something Awful thread by user "ce gars". It tells of a fictional film school friend named Alex Kralie, who had stumbled upon something troubling while shooting his first feature-length project, Marble Hornets. The video series, published in found footage style on YouTube, forms an alternate reality game describing the filmers' fictional experiences with the Slender Man. The ARG also incorporates a Twitter feed and an alternate YouTube channel created by a user named "totheark".[2][17] As of 2013, Marble Hornets had over 250,000 subscribers around the world and had received 55 million views.[18] Other Slender Man-themed YouTube serials followed, including EverymanHYBRID and TribeTwelve.[2]

text: In 2012, the Slender Man was adapted into a video game titled Slender: The Eight Pages; within its first month of release, the game was downloaded over 2 million times.[19]  Several popular variants of the game followed, including Slenderman's Shadow[20] and Slender Man for iOS, which became the second most-popular app download.[21] The sequel to Slender: The Eight Pages, Slender: The Arrival, was released in 2013.[22] Several independent films about the Slender Man have been released or are in development, including Entity[23] and The Slender Man, released free online after a $10,000 Kickstarter campaign.[24] In 2013, it was announced that Marble Hornets would become a feature film.[18] In 2015, the film adaptation, Always Watching: A Marble Hornets Story, was released on VOD, where the character was portrayed by Doug Jones.[25] In 2016, Sony Pictures subsidiary Screen Gems partnered with Mythology Entertainment to bring a Slender Man film into theatres, with the title character portrayed by Javier Botet.[26]

text: Description

text: Because the Slender Man's fictional "mythology" has evolved without an official "canon" for reference, his appearance, motives, habits, and abilities are not fixed but change depending on the storyteller.[27] He is most commonly described as very tall and thin with unnaturally long, tentacle-like arms (or merely tentacles),[3] which he can extend to intimidate or capture prey. In most stories his face is white and featureless, but occasionally his face appears differently to anyone who sees it.[27] He appears to be wearing a dark suit and tie. The Slender Man is often associated with the forest and/or abandoned locations and has the ability to teleport.[28][29] Proximity to the Slender Man is often said to trigger a "Slender sickness"; a rapid onset of paranoia, nightmares and delusions accompanied by nosebleeds.[30]

text: Early stories featured him targeting children or young adults. Some featured young adults driven insane or to act on his behalf, while others did not, and others claim that investigating the Slender Man will draw his attention.[13][page needed] The web series Marble Hornets established the idea of proxies (humans who fall under the Slender Man's influence) though initially they were simply violently insane, rather than puppets of the Slender Man. Marble Hornets also introduced the idea that the Slender Man could interfere with video and audio recordings, as well as the "Slender Man symbol", which became a common trope of Slender fiction.[13][page needed] Graphic violence and body horror are uncommon in the Slender Man mythos, with many narratives choosing to leave the fate of his victims obscure.[13][page needed] Shira Chess notes that "It is important to note that few of the retellings identify exactly what kind of monster the Slender Man might be, and what his specific intentions are- these points all remain mysteriously and usefully vague."[27]

text: As folklore

text:
Several scholars have argued that, despite being a fictional work with an identifiable origin point, the Slender Man represents a form of digital folklore.
Shira Chess argues that the Slender Man exemplifies the similarities between traditional folklore and the open source ethos of the Internet, and that, unlike those of traditional monsters such as vampires and werewolves, the fact that the Slender Man's mythos can be tracked and signposted offers a powerful insight into how myth and folklore form.[10] Chess identifies three aspects of the Slender Man mythos that tie it to folklore: collectivity (meaning that it is created by a collective, rather than a single individual), variability (meaning that the story changes depending on the teller), and performance (meaning that the storyteller's narrative changes to reflect the responses of his/her audience).[13][page needed]

text: Andrew Peck also considers the Slender Man to be an authentic form of folklore and notes its similarity to emergent forms of offline legend performance. Peck suggests that digital folklore performance extends the dynamics of face-to-face performance in several notable ways, such as by occurring asynchronously, encouraging imitation and personalization while also allowing perfect replication, combining elements of oral, written, and visual communication, and generating shared expectations for performance that enact group identity despite the lack of a physically present group. He concludes that the Slender Man represents a digital legend cycle that combines the generic conventions and emergent qualities of oral and visual performance with the collaborative potential of networked communication.[31]

text: Jeff Tolbert also accepts the Slender Man as folkloric and suggests it represents a process he calls “reverse ostension.” Ostension in folkloristics is the process of acting out a folk narrative. According to Tolbert, the Slender Man does the opposite by creating a set of folklore-like narratives where none existed before. It is an iconic figure produced through a collective effort and deliberately modeled after an existing and familiar folklore genre. According to Tolbert, this represents two processes in one: it involves the creation of new objects and new disconnected examples of experience, and it involves the combination of these elements into a body of “traditional” narratives, modeled on existing folklore (but not wholly indebted to any specific tradition).[32]

text: Professor Thomas Pettitt of the University of Southern Denmark has described the Slender Man as being an exemplar of the modern age's closing of the "Gutenberg Parenthesis"; the time period from the invention of the printing press to the spread of the web in which stories and information were codified in discrete media, to a return to the older, more primal forms of storytelling, exemplified by oral tradition and campfire tales, in which the same story can be retold, reinterpreted and recast by different tellers, expanding and evolving with time.[28]

text: Reasons for success

text: Media scholar and folklorist Andrew Peck attributes the success of the Slender Man to its highly collaborative nature. Because the character and its motives are shrouded in mystery, users can easily adapt existing Slender Man tropes and imagery to create new stories. This ability for users to tap into the ideas of others while also supplying their own helped inspire the collaborative culture that arose surrounding the Slender Man. Instead of privileging the choices of certain creators as canonical, this collaborative culture informally locates ownership of the creature across the community. In these respects, the Slender Man is similar to campfire stories or urban legends, and the character's success comes from enabling both social interaction and personal acts of creative expression.[31]

text: Although nearly all users understand that the Slender Man is not real, they suspend that disbelief in order to become more engrossed when telling or listening to stories.[32] This adds a sense of authenticity to Slender Man legend performances and blurs the lines between legend and reality, keeping the creature as an object of legend dialectic.[33] This ambiguity has led some to some confusion over the character's origin and purpose. Only five months after his creation, George Noory's Coast to Coast AM, a radio call-in show devoted to the paranormal and conspiracy theories, began receiving callers asking about the Slender Man.[34] Two years later, an article in the Minneapolis Star Tribune described his origins as "difficult to pinpoint."[27] Eric Knudsen has commented that many people, despite understanding that the Slender Man was created on the Something Awful forums, still entertain the possibility that he might be real.[28]

text: Shira Chess describes the Slender Man as a metaphor for "helplessness, power differentials, and anonymous forces."[27] Peck sees parallels between the Slender Man and common anxieties about the digital age, such as feelings of constant connectedness and unknown third-party observation.[31] Similarly, Tye Van Horn, a writer for The Elm, has suggested that the Slender Man represents modern fear of the unknown; in an age flooded with information, people have become so unaccustomed to ignorance that they now fear what they cannot understand.[35] Troy Wagner, the creator of Marble Hornets, ascribes the terror of the Slender Man to its malleability; people can shape it into whatever frightens them most.[28] Tina Marie Boyer noted that "The Slender man is a prohibitive monster, but the cultural boundaries he guards are not clear. Victims do not know when they have violated or crossed them."[13][page needed]

text: Copyright

text: Despite his folkloric qualities, the Slender Man is not in the public domain. Several for-profit ventures involving the Slender Man have unequivocally acknowledged Knudsen as the creator of this fictional character, while others were civilly blocked from distribution (including the Kickstarter-funded film) after legal complaints from Knudsen and other sources. Though Knudsen himself has given his personal blessing to a number of Slender Man-related projects, the issue is complicated by the fact that, while he is the character's creator, a third party holds the options to any adaptations into other media, including film and television. The identity of this option holder has not been made public.[9] Knudsen himself has argued that his enforcement of copyright has less to do with money than with artistic integrity: "I just want something amazing to come off it... something that's scary and disturbing and kinda different. I would hate for something to come out and just be kinda conventional."[34] As of May 2016, the media rights to Slender Man have been sold to production company Mythology Entertainment.[26]

text: Related incidents

text: Waukesha stabbing

text: On May 31, 2014, two 12-year-old girls in Waukesha, Wisconsin held down and stabbed a 12-year-old classmate 19 times. When questioned later by authorities, they reportedly claimed that they wished to commit a murder as a first step to becoming proxies for the Slender Man, having read about it online.[36] They also stated that they were afraid that Slender Man would kill their families if they did not commit the murder.[37] After the perpetrators left the scene, the victim crawled out of the woods to a roadway. A passing cyclist alerted authorities, and the victim survived the attack. Both attackers have been diagnosed with mental illnesses[38] but have also been charged as adults and are each facing up to 65 years in prison.[39] One of the girls reportedly said Slender Man watches her, can read minds, and could teleport.[36]

text: Experts testified in court that she also said she conversed with Lord Voldemort and one of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. On August 1, 2014, she was found incompetent to stand trial and her prosecution was suspended until her condition improved.[40] On November 12, 2014, a doctor judged that her condition had improved enough for her to stand trial,[41] and on December 19, 2014, the judge ruled that both girls were competent to stand trial.[42] In August 2015, the presiding judge ruled that the girls would be tried as adults.[43] They were tried separately.[44] On August 21, 2017, one of the girls, now 15, pleaded guilty to being a party to attempted second-degree homicide, but claimed she was not responsible for her actions on grounds of insanity.[45] Although prosecutors alleged that she knew what she was doing was wrong, the jury determined that she was mentally ill during the attack. She will spend at least three years in a mental hospital.[46][47] On December 21, Waukesha County Circuit Judge Michael Bohren sentenced Weier,[clarification needed] then 16 years-old, to be hospitalized for 25 years from the date of the crime, which would keep her institutionalized until age 37.[48]

text: In a statement to the media, Eric Knudsen said, "I am deeply saddened by the tragedy in Wisconsin and my heart goes out to the families of those affected by this terrible act." He stated he would not be giving interviews on the matter.[49]

text: On 25 September 2017, it was reported[50] that Morgan Geyser, then 15, had agreed to plead guilty to attempting to commit first-degree homicide in an arrangement that would allow her avoid jail time. In terms of the arrangement Geyser would remain at the mental hospital where she had been staying for the past two years for at least a further three years.

text: On February 1, 2018, the Associated Press reported that Geyser had been sentenced to 40 years in the Wisconsin mental hospital, the maximum sentence allowed.[51]

text: A documentary film on the incident called Beware the Slenderman was released by HBO Films in March 2016, and was broadcast on HBO on January 23, 2017.[52]

text: Other incidents

text: After hearing the story, an unidentified woman from Cincinnati, Ohio, told a WLWT TV reporter in June 2014 that her 13-year-old daughter had attacked her with a knife, and had written macabre fiction, some involving the Slender Man, who the mother said motivated the attack.[53]

text: On September 4, 2014, a 14-year-old girl in Port Richey, Florida, allegedly set her family's house on fire while her mother and nine-year-old brother were inside. Police reported that the teenager had been reading online stories about Slender Man as well as Atsushi Ōkubo's manga Soul Eater.[54] Eddie Daniels of the Pasco County Sheriff's Office said the girl "had visited the website that contains a lot of the Slender Man information and stories [...] It would be safe to say there is a connection to that."[55]

text: During an early 2015 epidemic of suicide attempts by young people ages 12 to 24 on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, Slender Man was cited as an influence; the Oglala Sioux tribe president noted that many Native Americans traditionally believe in a "suicide spirit" similar to the Slender Man.[56]

text: References in media

text: This section gives self-sourcing examples without describing their significance in the context of the article. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources that describe the examples' significance, and by removing less pertinent examples. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged or removed. (October 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
In 2011, Markus "Notch" Persson, creator of the sandbox indie game Minecraft, added a new hostile mob to the game, which he named the "Enderman" when multiple users on Reddit and Google+ commented on the similarity to the Slender Man.[57]
The Slender Man was the antagonist of the 2013 Lost Girl episode "SubterrFaenean", in which the Slender Man was said to be the basis for the Pied Piper legend.[58]
In 2014, the Total Drama All-Stars episode "Moon Madness" had Slender Man cameo on a monitor in a security room.[citation needed]
In the 2014 episode "Pinkie Apple Pie" of My Little Pony: Friendship is Magic, a pony version of the character appears in a brief cameo.[59]
The TV series Supernatural parodied Slender Man as "Thinman" in the 2014 episode of the same name.[60]
In 2016, American horror punk band Haunted Garage released an EP entitled Slenderman and Other Strange Tales, featuring a song and accompanying music video based on both the character and the 2014 stabbing case.[61]
The sixteenth season of the crime drama TV series Law & Order: Special Victims Unit featured an episode, "Glasgowman's Wrath", inspired by the Slender Man stabbings.[62]
The board game Kingdom Death: Monster features an expansion pack based on Slender Man.[citation needed]
Adventure Quest Worlds has featured numerous armors and pets that are based off of Slender Man.[63]


document_title: The Book of Eli

question_text: what was the disaster in the book of eli

text: The Book of Eli

text: Plot

text: Thirty years after a nuclear apocalypse,[5] Eli (Denzel Washington) travels on foot toward the west coast of the former United States. Along the way he demonstrates uncanny survival and fighting skills, hunting wildlife and swiftly defeating a group of desert bandits who try to ambush him. Searching for water, he arrives in a ramshackle town rebuilt and overseen by Carnegie (Gary Oldman). Carnegie dreams of building more towns and of controlling the people by using the power of a certain book. His henchmen scour the desolate landscape daily in search of it, but to no avail.

text: In town Eli barters with a store owner, the Engineer (Tom Waits), to recharge the battery of his portable music player. While waiting, he goes across the street to the town bar, where a gang of bikers attack, but he quickly kills them all. Realizing Eli is a literate man like himself, Carnegie asks Eli to stay, making it clear that the offer is non-negotiable. After Carnegie's blind mistress Claudia (Jennifer Beals) gives Eli some food and water, Carnegie orders Claudia's daughter Solara (Mila Kunis) to seduce Eli, but he turns her down. While killing time, she finds his book. Unperturbed, Eli offers to share his food with her, and before they eat, he says grace. The following day, Solara repeats the prayer, but Carnegie overhears them and realizes Solara's words relate to the book he has been seeking. He soon forces Solara to tell him if Eli was reading a book, and realizes Eli's book is the one he wants—a Bible.

text: Eli sneaks out of his room and Carnegie has his henchmen shoot at Eli, but the bullets seemingly just graze him, as if he is being protected. Eli shoots most of Carnegie's men and hits Carnegie in the leg with a shotgun blast. Solara, having left the town, leads Eli to a cave which is the town's water supply, hoping she can accompany him on his travels. Eli traps her inside and continues on alone. Solara escapes and soon finds herself ambushed by two bandits who attempt to rape her, but Eli reappears and kills them. As they continue on, Eli explains his mission to Solara. According to Eli, his book is the last remaining copy of the Bible, as all other copies were intentionally destroyed following the nuclear war thirty years ago. He says he was led to the book by a voice in his head, which then directed him to travel westward to a place where it would be safe. The voice assured him that he would be protected and guided on his journey.

text: Eventually, Eli and Solara investigate an isolated house. They fall into a trap, but manage to allay the suspicions of the residents, George (Michael Gambon) and Martha (Frances de la Tour), who invite them in for tea. When Eli realizes that the couple are cannibals, they attempt to leave just as Carnegie and his henchmen arrive. In the ensuing shootout, George, Martha and many of Carnegie's men are killed. While Eli and Solara are captured, Carnegie threatens to kill Solara unless Eli surrenders the Bible. With the Bible now in his possession, Carnegie shoots Eli, leaving him for dead. Solara escapes and drives back to help Eli. Rather than chase her, Carnegie returns to the town, since his sole remaining vehicle is running low on fuel. Solara finds Eli, and they drive until they reach the Golden Gate Bridge, and then row to Alcatraz Island, where they find a group intent on preserving what they can of literature and music. Eli tells the guards that he has a copy of the King James Version of the Bible. Once inside, Eli, revealed to be blind, begins to dictate the Bible from memory to Lombardi (Malcolm McDowell), the leader of the group.[6][5]

text: Meanwhile, back in the town, the Engineer opens the locked Bible where Carnegie discovers, to his dismay, that it is in Braille, and orders Claudia to read it to him. She pretends that she cannot remember how to read it, telling Carnegie his leg wound has become infected and his men have begun to run amok. At the sanctuary, Eli has died, but not before he finished reciting the entire book. The printing press at Alcatraz begins producing copies of the Bible, and Lombardi places one on a bookshelf between the Torah and Tanakh on one side and the Quran on the other. Solara, though offered sanctuary, chooses to return home, taking with her Eli's sword and other possessions.

text: Cast

text:
Denzel Washington as Eli
Gary Oldman as Carnegie
Mila Kunis as Solara
Ray Stevenson as Redridge
Jennifer Beals as Claudia
Evan Jones as Martz
Joe Pingue as Hoyt
Frances de la Tour as Martha
Michael Gambon as George
Tom Waits as Engineer
Chris Browning as Hijack Leader
Malcolm McDowell as Lombardi (uncredited)

text: Production

text: In May 2007, Columbia Pictures and Warner Bros. signed the Hughes brothers to direct The Book of Eli, based on a script by Gary Whitta. (The brothers had last directed the 2001 film From Hell.)[7] Subsequently, Anthony Peckham rewrote the script, and in September 2008 Denzel Washington won the lead role.[8] The following October, Gary Oldman was cast to star alongside Washington.[9] Principal photography began in February 2009 and took place in New Mexico.[10] Alcon Entertainment financed the film and co-produced with Silver Pictures.[11]

text: Jeff Imada choreographed the complex fight scenes, which feature the Filipino martial art of Kali. Washington trained for months with Dan Inosanto and Imada for his role.[12]

text: Reception

text: Box office

text: The film was released in North America on January 15, 2010 in 3,111 theaters. It took in $11,672,970—$3,752 per theater, its opening day.[13] By the end of its opening four-day holiday weekend it grossed $38,437,553—$12,355 per theater. It ranked number two, behind Avatar.[14] On its second weekend, it placed third with Legion taking its number two place and grossed $15,732,493—$5,057 per theater.[15] By its third weekend it dropped down to number five and made $8,908,286—$2,897 per theater.[16] The film has come to gross $94,835,059 in the United States and Canada, and $62,256,659 in other markets, with an estimated worldwide total of $157,091,718.[3]

text: Critical reviews

text: The film has received mixed reviews from critics. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 48% of 188 critics have given the film a positive review, with a rating average of 5.5 out of 10. The site's consensus is that "It's certainly uneven, and many viewers will find that its reach exceeds its grasp, but The Book of Eli finds the Hughes brothers injecting some fresh stylish fun into the kind of post-apocalyptic wasteland filmgoers have seen more than enough of lately."[17] Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 0–100 reviews from film critics, has a rating score of 53 based on 33 reviews.[18]

text: Todd McCarthy of Variety predicted "this will not be one of ... Denzel Washington's bigger grossers."[19] Chicago Sun-Times critic Roger Ebert gave the film 3 of 4 stars and said of the film: "You won't be sorry you went. It grips your attention, and then at the end throws in several WTF! moments, which are a bonus."[20] Reviewing the film for The A.V. Club, Scott Tobias graded the film a B, and wrote "At a time when theaters are experiencing a glut of doomsday scenarios, the Hughes' ashen, bombed-out future world looks a little too familiar, no matter how crisply they present it. But the showdown between Washington and a deliciously hammy Oldman complicates the film's overt religiosity...".[21] Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a D, calling it "a ponderous dystopian bummer that might be described as The Road Warrior without car chases, or The Road without humanity.[22]

text: Home media

text: The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc on May 31, 2010 in the UK and on June 15, 2010 in the United States and Canada. The DVD took the top spot on all three national home video market charts in its first week. It premiered No. 1 on Home Media Magazine's Rental Chart, the Nielsen VideoScan Blu-ray chart, and the Nielsen VideoScan First Alert Sales Chart, where it outdistanced its nearest competitor in sales by a 3 to 1 margin.[23]