document_title: Kappa Kappa Psi

question_text: what does aea stand for kappa kappa psi

question_tokens: what does aea stand for kappa kappa psi

text: Kappa Kappa Psi

text: History[edit]

text: Founding and expansion[edit]

text: William A. Scroggs, a student at Oklahoma A&M College, sought to establish an organization that would "bind [dear] friendship together indefinitely" and unite members across colleges and universities.[8][9] After some initial planning, he consulted band president A. Frank Martin and Bohumil Makovsky, director of bands at Oklahoma A&M, both of whom agreed to help with the creation of the fraternity.[8] From Makovsky's band, 10 members were selected as the first members of Kappa Kappa Psi: William Alexander Scroggs, Andrew Franklin Martin, Raymond David Shannon, Clyde DeWitt Haston, Clayton Everett Soule, Carl Anderson Stevens, William Houston Coppedge, Dick Hurst, George Asher Hendrickson, and Iron Hawthorne Nelson.[8] The founders accepted chemistry professor Hilton Ira Jones' suggestion to name the fraternity "Kappa Kappa Psi."[8] It was organized on November 27, 1919, and Scroggs was unanimously elected to serve as the President.[9] Legal organization was completed on March 5, 1920, when the fraternity received its charter from the state of Oklahoma.[10] The formal organization of the fraternity was celebrated on either March 23 or 25, 1920, with the initiation of the first membership class and a banquet.[11]

text: The fraternity grew rapidly in its first years. Within ten years, there were 27 chapters[12] spanning from the University of Washington in the west to Duke University in the east. Only 14 were installed during the Great Depression, while World War II put a further damper on  fraternal activities.[12]

text: At the 1939 National Convention in Cincinnati, Ohio, plans were set into action to make Kappa Kappa Psi an international fraternity. Invitations were sent to colleges and universities in Canada and South America, but no chapters were ever installed at those institutions.[12]

text: World War II[edit]

text: Before World War II, most college bands were military-style and exclusively male. When the war began, most band members left to serve in the armed forces, which greatly strained the fraternity—to the point that 90 percent of chapters were forced to suspend activities.[13] The Grand Council granted those chapters that were forced to suspend their activities "war furlough" so that instead of treating the chapter as inactive, their service would be honored. War furlough enabled a chapter to seal its records and keep its materials in safekeeping for the duration of the war. Petitions for war furlough required the signatures of all active members, the director of bands or other faculty member who was an honorary member of the fraternity, as well as the signature of the college or university president.[14] Only five chapters remained active during the war: the Alpha chapter at Oklahoma A&M College, Alpha Beta at Butler University, Alpha Iota at the University of Colorado at Boulder, Alpha Omicron at Texas Technological College, and Alpha Pi at the University of Tulsa.[13] With so many members serving overseas, including members of the Grand Council, the 1943 and 1945 national conventions were canceled.[13][15]

text:
It is my firm conviction that eventually Kappa Kappa Psi, National Honorary Band Fraternity, should be open to both college band men and women.
Max A. Mitchell, Grand Second Vice President, (Letter to A. Frank Martin, Jan. 12, 1944)[13]

text: Because of the number of men serving in the military, many band programs opened up to women during this time. At Texas Tech, a local sorority for women in the band was established as Tau Beta Sigma. The women of Tau Beta Sigma petitioned Kappa Kappa Psi to be chartered as an auxiliary chapter of the fraternity, which was supported by founder A. Frank Martin, who was serving as National Executive Secretary, and Max Mitchell, Grand Second Vice President. On January 25, 1944, Martin wrote to fellow founder, William Scroggs, "If we do not meet this new situation and give recognition to the girls who are coming into the bands or make it possible to give aid or assistance to the many universities and colleges that have bands composed of both boys and girls, we will be playing second fiddle within the next five years to some band fraternity that will grant membership to boys and girls and their chapters will open up in the smaller schools where ours have died."[13] The fraternity was unable to decide whether or not to accept Tau Beta Sigma's petition due to the severely reduced number of members and the cancelation of the 1943 and 1945 national conventions.[13]

text: Ultimately, Tau Beta Sigma decided not to become an auxiliary chapter of Kappa Kappa Psi and chartered as a national organization on March 26, 1946.[16] They were officially recognized and accepted as a sister organization of the fraternity at the first national convention following the war in 1947.[17]:27

text: Post-war expansion[edit]

text: After the war, Kappa Kappa Psi began an ambitious expansion program to reactivate old chapters and install new ones. The fraternity had been divided into 11 districts since 1941, which were led by a Grand Counselor (now called Governors).[17]:29 With the revitalization of the fraternity, these districts were reorganized and pamphlets were printed detailing the fraternity's purposes and history.[17]:47 District governors were charged with giving information to potential chapters. The expansion program was quite successful—in the ten years following the fraternity's reorganization in 1947, Kappa Kappa Psi more than doubled the number of installed chapters, growing from 45 chapters installed before the war to 98 by the end of 1957.[18]

text: May 1957 saw the first chapters at historically black universities: On May 22, Kappa Kappa Psi chartered its 96th chapter, Gamma Omega, on the campus of Texas Southern University. On May 19, the 97th chapter, Delta Alpha, was established at Langston University.[19]

text: On September 1, 1967, the 11 districts were consolidated into nine.[17]:93 These districts would again be consolidated in 1987, to six districts with regional names: Northeast, Southeast, Southwest, North Central, Midwest, and Western.[20]

text: Effect of Title IX[edit]

text: On June 23, 1972, Title IX was enacted and had tremendous repercussions for the women's rights movement. Title IX prevented organizations from excluding members based on sex. Although social fraternities were exempt from the law, Kappa Kappa Psi, as a recognition society, fell under its purview. Rutgers University's board of trustees decided that Rutgers should serve as a model for the rest of the United States in Title IX implementation and mandated that all organizations on campus become coeducational or face disciplinary actions.[13] The men of the Alpha Phi chapter of Kappa Kappa Psi regarded this issue as minor given the ongoing Vietnam War.[13] With dwindling numbers, Alpha Phi looked to the new women members of the Rutgers band as potential members. The national constitution of Kappa Kappa Psi prohibited women from holding membership, so the Alpha Phi chapter explored the possibility of establishing a chapter of Tau Beta Sigma. This was unrealistic, as the undergraduate college for women prohibited the formation of or membership in any sorority.[13]

text: On October 8, 1972, the men of Alpha Phi voted to admit women into their chapter.[13] They alerted National Headquarters, and National Secretary Robert H. Rubin replied telling Alpha Phi not to administer any degree of ritual until the issue could be discussed in person. When Rubin arrived at Rutgers on November 11, 1972, he learned that the first degree of ritual had been administered, which began formal probationary membership.[13] Alpha Phi's charter was immediately revoked and their chapter was placed on suspension. On November 13, the former Alpha Phi chapter formally reorganized as Mu Upsilon Alpha. On October 7, 2007, Mu Upsilon Alpha became a chapter of Mu Beta Psi.[21]

text:
If women are to become a part of Kappa Kappa Psi, let it be done in an orderly manner with open discussion at a Grand Chapter meeting and not in open defiance to the National Constitution.
Richard "Doc" Worthington, Grand President, (Address to Delegation, 1973 National Convention)[22]

text: At the national convention of 1973, the issues presented by Title IX were discussed by the Grand Chapter. The jurisdiction committee considered several options that would bring the fraternity into compliance, but were not receptive of the general idea. At the insistence of committee chair Richard Adler, from the Nu chapter at the University of Michigan, the jurisdiction committee presented the Grand Chapter with an amendment "without prejudice"—that is, without recommendation for or against the amendment—that would strike the section of the constitution that read, "All members of the Fraternity shall be of the male sex."[22] The committee simultaneously recommended that the delegation take no action to change the constitution or consider a merger with Tau Beta Sigma. The amendment was defeated, and a separate amendment was proposed and approved that changed the wording to say, "All active, alumni, inactive, and life members of the Fraternity be of the male sex." This amendment was approved, allowing the fraternity to initiate women as honorary members.[22]

text: During the 1973–1975 biennium, pressure was put on Kappa Kappa Psi chapters by their host institutions to admit women to comply with Title IX. The issue was again brought up at the 1975 national convention, and a joint committee consisting of an equal number of members from Kappa Kappa Psi and Tau Beta Sigma was formed to explore the legal possibilities of a corporate merger of the two organizations, with the results of their investigation to be read at the 1977 convention. At the 1977 national convention, votes were cast by the Kappa Kappa Psi and Tau Beta Sigma delegations for a merger—Kappa Kappa Psi voted 211 against, 9 for; Tau Beta Sigma voted 104 against, 4 for.[22] With the idea of a merger soundly defeated, the delegation voted to remove all references to gender from the constitution, allowing women to become active members in full and regular standing.[22]

text: The first women to join the fraternity were sisters of the Sigma chapter of Tau Beta Sigma at Arizona State University, who merged with the Beta Omicron chapter of Kappa Kappa Psi after a unanimous vote of both organizations.[23] These women were Patricia A. Childress, Lydia L. Lennon, Leslie A. Anderson, Mary L. Duffala, Mary M. Ketterer, Kristina M. Zipsnis, Clara M. Bertilson, and Toni Ryon, who were initiated into Beta Omicron on August 26, 1977.[23] On August 27, Lea F. Fuller was initiated.[23] The first woman to participate in the formal probationary membership process and become a member of Kappa Kappa Psi was Darragh Hill Young, who was initiated into the Beta Tau chapter at Wichita State University on September 1, 1977.[23]

text: Early 21st century[edit]

text: Beginning with the installation of the Kappa Pi chapter at Claflin University on February 24, 2001, 57 new chapters have been installed in the 21st century.[18][24]

text: In 2006, Kappa Kappa Psi celebrated its inaugural National Month of Musicianship during the month of November, the month in which the fraternity was founded. The annual month-long event is intended to promote music and university bands. Local chapters celebrate the National Month of Musicianship in various ways, such as creating lab bands for student conductors, organizing reading bands, and hosting master classes.[25]

text: Also in 2008, Kappa Kappa Psi joined other Greek organizations in sponsoring hazingprevention.org, a national anti-hazing organization. Dr. Malinda Matney, past National President and current member of the Kappa Kappa Psi Board of Trustees, has served on the hazingprevention.org Board of Directors since 2009.[26]

text: On December 1, 2011, following the death of Florida A&M University drum major Robert Champion, the Delta Iota chapter was placed on investigative hold pending an investigation by the national fraternity.[27] In January 2012, the Tallahassee Democrat reported alleged hazing by the FAMU chapter in spring 2010.[27] According to the allegations, two members of the FAMU band faculty were involved in a hazing incident at a professor's home in which prospective members were struck on the back and neck and forced to recite information.[28][29] The fraternity's investigation was postponed at the request of FAMU due to the ongoing police investigation.[30] The investigations cleared Delta Iota of any connection to Champion's death; Champion was not a member or prospective member of the fraternity.[31] After the conclusion of both the police and fraternity investigations, the national council closed down the chapter because of its violations of fraternity policy and the uncertainty of the future of the FAMU band program.[32][33][34][35] As part of the chapter's termination, 28 members, including all active and prospective members in spring 2010, were expelled from the fraternity.[32][33][34] Alumni members of the chapter who were present at the hazing were also expelled.[35] Furthermore, the Delta Iota chapter may not return to FAMU before May 2017.[34] Members who joined the fraternity after spring 2010 were transferred to alumni status but cannot participate in any fraternity events due to the shutdown of the chapter.[34][35] No criminal charges were filed due to the delay in reporting and investigation.[29]

text: Programs[edit]

text: National scope[edit]

text: National Intercollegiate Band[edit]

text: In 1922, plans were made to hold the first national intercollegiate band contest. A brief dispatch in the 1922 Baton explained, "Sometime within the next two years the Kappa Kappa Psi Fraternity will hold a National Intercollegiate Band Contest. This enterprise will be the first of its kind ever attempted. As Music is becoming the foremost Art in America, our Fraternity aims to assist in so spreading the good work."[36] Nothing came of these early plans, however, and the idea of a national intercollegiate band was not revisited until the 1940s.[37]

text: Beginning in 1933, the first intercollegiate band was established, with musicians from the University of Colorado (home of the Alpha Iota chapter), the University of Denver (Alpha Lambda), Colorado State College of Agricultural and Mechanical Arts (Kappa), Colorado State College of Education (Alpha Theta), the Colorado School of Mines (Xi), and the University of Utah participating.[17]:26 In 1934, the University of Utah left the intercollegiate band and the University of Wyoming (Alpha Nu) took its place.[38] The concerts held by this intercollegiate band were sponsored by the local chapters of Kappa Kappa Psi and many members of the fraternity were involved with the ensemble, including F. Lee Bowling, who served as the band's manager.[37][39]

text: F. Lee Bowling was elected Grand President of the fraternity in 1941 and presented a plan to hold a national intercollegiate band concert, modeled after the Rocky Mountain intercollegiate bands. The plan was endorsed by the delegation to be executed at the next national convention in 1943. However, due to World War II, the 1943 and 1945 national conventions were not held, and so the first National Intercollegiate Band was formed and gave a concert on the evening of Friday, March 7, 1947.[38][40] Today, participation in the National Intercollegiate Band is open to any college band member who auditions—membership in Kappa Kappa Psi or Tau Beta Sigma is not required.[37]

text: In June and July 2002, Kappa Kappa Psi and Tau Beta Sigma sponsored the first National Intercollegiate Marching Band, which traveled to the French Riviera, including the cities of Nice, Grasse, Aix-en-Provence, Cannes, Antibes, and the Principality of Monaco.[41] The thirty-five member band performed at Le Suquet in Cannes, in Nice, and in front of the Prince's Palace of Monaco.[42] After the inaugural trip, the program was dissolved by the joint national councils due to its high cost and low attendance, which was believed to be caused by a fear of traveling abroad after the September 11 attacks.[43]

text: The success of the National Intercollegiate Band led to districts creating their own bands. One such group was the Atlantic Coast Intercollegiate Band, formed in 1958 at the convention of Districts X and XI.[20][44][45][46] The Atlantic Coast band comprised around one hundred musicians and was conducted by Paul V. Yoder.[46] The convention was hosted by the Beta Chi chapter at the University of Virginia, and the convention and concert were co-sponsored by the Universities of Rutgers, Maryland, and Pittsburgh.[46] In 2009, the North Central District organized the first North Central District Intercollegiate Band.[47] The North Central District Intercollegiate Band is the only currently functioning district intercollegiate band and has performed at every North Central District convention since its inaugural.[47]

text: Commissioning Program[edit]

text: Since 1953, Kappa Kappa Psi and Tau Beta Sigma have commissioned a new work for wind band to be premiered at almost every National Intercollegiate Band concert. This program was begun to add to the wind repertoire under the direction of Grand President Hugh McMillen, and is the longest-running commissioning project in the United States.[48][49] A number of these commissioned compositions have garnered national acclaim, including Robert Russell Bennett's Symphonic Songs for Band[50] and Karel Husa's Concerto for Trumpet and Wind Orchestra.[51] In the years following the start of the national commissioning program, local chapters have begun to commission new band works themselves, such as Frank Ticheli's An American Elegy, commissioned by the Alpha Iota chapter in memory of the Columbine High School massacre.[52]

text: Stillwater Station[edit]

text: The Stillwater Santa Fe Depot is a historic building originally built in March 1900. In 1915, a brick depot was added. The depot was used as a passenger rail station until 1953.[53] The depot was purchased at auction by five Stillwater residents, including three Alpha chapter alumni, in November 1991. Stillwater Station replaced Oklahoma State University's Seretean Center for the Performing Arts as the National Headquarters of the two organizations. The fraternity and sorority share office space, a conference room, and storage space in the converted station, which also hosts the organizations' archives. The brick path leading to the building's entrance has become a "Walk of Fame" with engraved bricks purchased by individuals or chapters.[54]

text: In 2006, Kappa Kappa Psi purchased a retired Detroit, Toledo and Ironton caboose to provide additional space for the fraternity's history and archives program.[55][56] After it was purchased, the caboose was placed on newly laid tracks outside the headquarters and wired for electricity, phone, and internet. The caboose is intended to host archives, artifacts, and chapter histories, as well as displays of historical items.[57]

text: Local programs and activities[edit]

text: The mission statement and five purposes of Kappa Kappa Psi shape the activities of local chapters. Chapters of Kappa Kappa Psi provide service and support to the bands at its hosting institutions, from major projects like undertaking major renovations of rehearsal spaces used by the institution's bands to relatively minor support such as providing apples and water to athletic bands or cleaning practice rooms.[58] Some chapters also include general community service in their activities, such as sponsoring blood drives and other activities.[59][60]

text: The fifth purpose of the fraternity charges chapters and members is to "provide a pleasant and helpful social experience for all engaged in college band work," and chapters fulfill this charge through social programming such as hosting receptions after band concerts,[61] sponsoring dances and socials for band members or their campus community in general,[62] or by hosting concerts and providing food.[63] Some chapters, especially southern chapters, also take part in step shows.[64]

text: Jewelry and symbols[edit]

text: Membership pins[edit]

text: The Crown Pearl Badge is considered the "official means of identifying oneself with the Fraternity."[65] The fraternity badge is in the shape of an ancient Venetian harp, with a musical staff of gold lines on black enamel in the center of the badge, with the Greek letters "Kappa Kappa Psi" in gold across the staff. Five pearls adorn the bar across the top of the badge, and ten gems are set in the harp's semicircle. In the upper left corner, the Greek letters "Alpha Epsilon Alpha" appear in gold on black enamel. A golden baton penetrates the badge diagonally from right to left.[12] Unlike other Greek organizations, however, purchase of the badge is optional for members of Kappa Kappa Psi. Many brothers instead wear the recognition pin, which is a gold lapel pin in the shape of the fraternity's coat of arms.[65]

text: Membership Candidates may wear a lapel pin that has a musical staff and bass clef of silver on a background of blue enamel. The notes A, E, and A are placed on the staff in silver."[65] This is the only piece of regalia that Membership Candidates are allowed to wear—all other jewelry is restricted to initiated members, and even the coat of arms and letters (usually worn in the form of embroidered or ironed-on blocked letters) are restricted unless there is a clear indication that the wearer is a Membership Candidate or colony member.[65]

text: Flag[edit]

text: The Fraternity Flag was created by G. R. Schaag, a member of the Eta Sigma chapter at the University of Central Florida. The idea of a national flag was raised with the History and Traditions committee by Schaag at the 1987 national convention, but the committee ultimately decided not to take the idea to the national delegation. Schaag quickly drafted a motion to consider a national flag, which was presented by the chapter's delegate and passed. In 1989, Schaag presented a design for a flag, which won the committee's recommendation over other submissions and was accepted by the national chapter.[66] The upper half of the flag consists of a white field with the Greek letters "Kappa Kappa Psi" inscribed in an arc. On the lower half, three alternating stars of white, blue, and white appear on a blue field, with the top point of the lower white star extending into the white field above it.[67]

text: Other symbols[edit]

text: The Fraternity Hymn was written by brother Scott Jeffrey Heckstall Jr. when he was a prospective member of the Eta Gamma chapter in 1977.[68] Heckstall had wanted to be a charter member, but was not chosen. Heckstall was encouraged to rush, and he recalled that as part of his rush process, a couple of brothers took him to a piano and told him, "We know that you play [piano] in church. We need a fraternity hymn. We'll give you three hours, and you sit over there and come up with a hymn. We'll come back in three hours, and we expect a hymn."[68] Heckstall recalled the hymn Someday (Beams of Heaven As I Go) by Charles Albert Tindley and changed a few words—for example, "Beams of Heaven as I go through this wilderness below" became "K K Psi, as we go through this wilderness here below."[68] The brothers of Eta Gamma were satisfied with Heckstall's hymn. Years later, the hymn was presented to the brotherhood assembled at the 1995 National Convention and accepted as the national fraternity hymn.[69] Blue and white are the fraternity's official colors.[67] The fraternity flower is a red carnation, so chosen because it was founder William Scroggs's favorite flower.[67]

text: Membership[edit]

text: A member of a college or university band who has completed one term in such a band may be offered membership in the fraternity. First-term freshmen may only join if an exception is made by that chapter's sponsor or director of bands.[70] There were almost 6,000 members active across the country in 2011, and more than 66,000 have joined the organization since 1919.[71][72]

text:
You boys are the ones who will carry on the work started by the old masters, it is up to you, and your fraternity has the field almost exclusively, to promote music and make all who listen appreciate.
John Philip Sousa(To the Delta chapter, after his initiation, Jan. 21, 1922)[6]

text: A member of Kappa Kappa Psi may not be initiated as an active member of Tau Beta Sigma and vice versa—if a member of Kappa Kappa Psi transfers to a school with a chapter of Tau Beta Sigma and no Kappa Kappa Psi, he or she may instead join the sorority chapter as an "associate member" after going through a short orientation process acclimating the member to the sorority.[73]

text: Brothers of Kappa Kappa Psi are not restricted from joining Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia or Sigma Alpha Iota, except by the gender restrictions or other eligibility requirements of either organization.[74] Joint statements between Kappa Kappa Psi and Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia have affirmed this since at least 1973,[75] and have been reaffirmed as recently as 2005, when the organizations released a joint statement saying, "there are equally important roles for Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia, Sigma Alpha Iota, Kappa Kappa Psi and Tau Beta Sigma to fulfill on any campus where our chapters mutually exist, now or in the future. Each organization possesses a distinct mission and, as a result, fulfills a unique and vital role in the musical environment of a college campus."[74] Indeed, founder Raymond Shannon went on to join Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia after starting Kappa Kappa Psi.[76]

text: Chapters and districts[edit]

text: By 2011 there were 210 active chapters out of 314 chapters chartered since 1919, and 7 colonies.[24] Colonies are probationary chapters at universities that have not historically had a chapter of Kappa Kappa Psi or whose chapter has gone inactive.[77] Chapters and colonies of Kappa Kappa Psi are organized into seven districts, six of which are named for the geographical region of the United States that they represent. These are the North Central, Northeast, Midwest, Southeast, Southwest, and Western Districts.[78] Although an International District is provided for, it has no chapters.[78]

text: National conventions[edit]

text: Every two years in odd-numbered years, Kappa Kappa Psi holds a national convention. The first such convention was held in 1922 in Stillwater, and only three conventions since then have not been held: 1931, and the 1943 and 1945 conventions which were canceled due to World War II.[15] The assembly of chapters in these conventions is called the National Chapter, which is the governing body of the fraternity and has the power to elect members of the National Council and Board of Trustees.[79] The location of the National Convention rotates among the districts.[78]

text: National Presidents of Kappa Kappa Psi[edit]

text:
A. Frank Martin, 1919–1922
Scott P. Squyers, 1922–1926
Dr. J. Lee Burke, 1926–1927
Bohumil Makovsky, 1927–1929
Oscar J. Lehrer, 1929–1932
J. B. Vandaworker, 1932–1935
John E. Howard, 1935–1937
William R. Wehrend, 1937–1939
Francis R. Todd, 1939–1941
Dr. F. Lee Bowling, 1941–1947
Dr. Max A. Mitchell, 1947–1949
W. Theodore Jones, 1949–1951
Hugh E. McMillen, 1951–1953
Charles A. Wiley, 1953–1955
Donald I. Moore, 1955–1957
Ronald D. Gregory, 1957–1959
Dr. Manley R. Whitcomb, 1959–1961
Floren Thompson, Jr., 1961–1963
Jack K. Lee, 1963–1965
Dr. Jay L. Slaughter, 1965–1967
Wayman E. Walker, 1967–1969
James A. Jacobsen, 1969–1971
Dr. Richard Worthington, 1971–1973
Dr. Thomas Tyra, 1973–1975
Melbern W. Nixon, 1975–1977
Donald Stanley, 1977–1979
Dr. Richard Rodean, 1979–1981
Dr. David Oakley, 1981–1983
Dr. Lemuel Berry, Jr., 1983–1985
Frank Stubbs, 1985–1987
Dr. Robert C. Fleming, 1987–1989
Kenneth M. Corbett, 1989–1991
Stanley G. Finck, 1991–1993
Melvin N. Miles, Jr., 1993–1995
Timothy J. Greenwell, Jr., 1995–1997
Scott E. Stowell, 1997–1999
Dr. Michael Golemo, 1999–2001
Dr. Kirk Randazzo, 2001–2003
Michael K. Osborn, 2003–2005
Dr. Rod Chesnutt, 2005–2007
Dr. Malinda M. Matney, 2007–2009
Derrick A. Mills, 2009–2011
Adam D. Cantley, 2011–2013
Dr. Christine Beason, 2013–2015
Jack D. Lee, 2015–2017
Evan L. Thompson, 2017–Present[80]


document_title: Tyler Christopher (actor)

question_text: who does tyler christopher play on days of our lives

root

text: Tyler Christopher (actor)

text: Early life[edit]

text: Christopher was born in Joliet, Illinois and grew up in Delaware, Ohio,[3] the youngest of four children.[4] He is of Native American heritage, as his mother Jimi-Ann was Choctaw and his father Jim Baker is Seneca.[citation needed] About his Native American background, Christopher has said: "I've been recognized within the Native American community in terms of entertainment. There's not a lot of us out there, not tons of competition. We are definitely a minority amongst a minority, but we're out there. Not everyone's Italian or Latin that has dark hair and dark eyes."[5]

tag: p

text: He attended Ohio Wesleyan University for two years and then moved to Los Angeles.[6]

text: Career[edit]

text: In 1993, Christopher — then credited as Tyler Baker — auditioned for the role of Stone Cates for the soap opera General Hospital; the role was later cast with actor Michael Sutton.[7] In April 1996, Christopher was cast in the role of Nikolas Cassadine for the serial; he signed a three-year deal and filmed his first scenes in late June 1996.[1][8] In June 1999, it was announced that Christopher opted not to renew his deal with the soap.[9] Following his daytime departure, Christopher made appearances in primetime. In March 2003, it was announced that Christopher would return to General Hospital; then-executive producer Jill Farren Phelps described Christopher's return as an opportunity the serial could not pass up.[10]

text: In March 2011, Soap Opera Digest reported on their social media accounts that Christopher had been let go from the serial, due to Christopher's casting on ABC Family's The Lying Game, produced by former General Hospital head writer Charles Pratt, Jr.[11][12] Christopher verified the reports of his firing to ABC Soaps In Depth; he explained that he had been released from his deal on Friday March 18, 2011, and the character of Nikolas was to be written out. Christopher's deal was set to expire in June and the date would have marked the beginning of the last 13 week-cycle period in his deal—at which time the network would notify the actor of their decision to offer another deal. While Christopher had previously admitted he was unsure about renewing his deal, he was open to working both shows and thought it was a likely possibility considering they were both under ABC.[13] Christopher last appeared on June 30, 2011; he later returned for a three-day guest appearance from July 27 to July 30, 2011.

text: In March 2013, Christopher returned in a recurring capacity at General Hospital, while continuing to appear on The Lying Game. In June 2013, it was announced that Christopher had signed a deal to appear on a regular basis on General Hospital.[14] The following month, it was announced that The Lying Game had been canceled after two seasons.[15] In May 2016, actor Nick Stabile was temporarily cast in the role of Nikolas, with Christopher being unavailable, for an undisclosed amount of time.[16] In September 2016, Soap Opera Digest reported that negotiations between Christopher and the serial had fallen apart, and that he would not be reprising his portrayal of Nikolas. Christopher made his last appearance on June 16, 2016.[17][18]

text: In August 2017, it was announced that Christopher had joined the cast of Days of Our Lives in a newly-created role. Christopher previously made a one-episode guest appearance on the soap in 2001. He made his first appearance as Stefan DiMera on December 29, 2017.[19][20][21]

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Christopher was married to Eva Longoria from 2002 to 2004. He was previously engaged to General Hospital co-star Vanessa Marcil and dated Natalia Livingston.[22] He and auto racing reporter Brienne Pedigo publicly announced their engagement in October 2006;[23] Christopher and Pedigo married September 27, 2008.[23] the couple resides in Indiana and had their first child, a son, on October 3, 2009.[24][25] In October 2014, it was announced that Christopher and his wife were expecting their second child, due in May 2015.[26] On May 3, 2015, Christopher announced on his official Twitter feed that Pedigo had given birth to a baby girl.[27]

text: Filmography[edit]

text:
Year
Film
Role
Notes

1996–2016
General Hospital
Nikolas Cassadine
Connor Bishop
July 15, 1996 – 1999, April 21, 2003 – June 30, 2011, July 27, 2011 to July 30, 2011, March 22, 2013 to June 19, 2016
October 26, 2004–January 25, 2005

1999
Catfish in Black Bean Sauce
Michael

2000
Face the Music
Dan

The Pretender
Ethan
2 episodes: "The Inner Sense" (part 1 & 2)

Charmed
Anton
1 episode

Angel
Bret Folger
1 episode

Family Law
Neil Lumston
1 episode

2001
The Pretender 2001
Ethan

Days of Our Lives
Signore Christofero
1 episode

Felicity
Clubgoer
1 episode

Out of the Black
Cole Malby

Sam's Circus
Sgt. Samuel Van Handle

Special Unit 2
Det. David Scott
1 episode

2002
Frogmen Operation Stormbringer
Rick

The Division
Seaman Stan Bellows
1 episode

JAG
GSGT Joe Akers
1 episode

Boomtown
Holden McKay
1 episode

CSI: Crime Scene Investigation
Billy Rattison
1 episode

The Twilight Zone
Dr. Jay Ferguson
Episode: "One Night at Mercy"

2003
Crossing Jordan
Officer Fisher
1 episode

2005
Into the West
Jacob Wheeler Jr.
unknown episodes

2006
Secrets of a Small Town
Grant Wilson
Unaired television pilot

2009
Raven
Vlad

The New York City Kitties
Alexandar Vander Platt/Handsome Devil

2011–2013
The Lying Game
Dan Whitehorse
Recurring role, 27 episodes

2017–present
Days of Our Lives
Stefan DiMera
Series regular

tag: table

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Project
Result
Ref.

1997
Soap Opera Digest Award
Best Newcomer
General Hospital
Won

First Americans in the Arts
Outstanding Performer in a Television Series
General Hospital
Won

1998
First Americans in the Arts
Outstanding Performer in a Television Series
General Hospital
Won

Daytime Emmy Award
Outstanding Younger Actor in a Drama Series
General Hospital
Nominated
[28]

TV Guide
12 Hottest Daytime Stars
General Hospital
Won
[29]

2004
NAACP Image Award
Outstanding Actor in a Daytime Drama Series
General Hospital
Nominated

2005
Daytime Emmy Award
Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series
General Hospital
Nominated
[30]

2006
Daytime Emmy Award
Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series
General Hospital
Nominated
[31]

2011
American Indian Film Institute,
Best Supporting Actor in a Movie

Won

2016
Daytime Emmy Award
Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series
General Hospital
Won
[32]


document_title: Runaway Tour

question_text: who did bon jovi open for in 1984

question_tokens: who did bon jovi open for in 1984

text: Runaway Tour

text: Tour highlights[edit]

text: In the fall of 1983 Bon Jovi played their first show at Madison Square Garden, New York City, supporting ZZ Top. A "thrilling experience" for the young band, it gave them the confidence to move forward.

text: Most of the tour, Bon Jovi were the support act for the Scorpions (USA-Tour 1984) and Kiss. However, they headlined at the Syria Mosque Theater, Pittsburgh and the Super Rock Tour in Japan.

text: "We're known as a hard rock band with a strong and loyal fanbase," Jon Bon Jovi reflected in 1987. "So, even if this all blows up in our face tomorrow, those people who were there for us when we toured with Kiss in '84, and played Donington the next year, will still be there."[1]

text: "Runaway", "Breakout" and "Get Ready" grew in popularity with fans as they were most often played during the tour.

text: Set list[edit]

text: Here is the set-list usually used if Bon Jovi were the main act of the concert:

text:
Breakout
Come Back
Roulette
Shot Through the Heart
Get Ready
Runaway

tag: ul

text:
Song

Album

Times

List of Bon Jovi's songs performed on this tour

Runaway

Bon Jovi

63

Roulette

Bon Jovi

63

Breakout

Bon Jovi

63

Shot Through The Heart

Bon Jovi

62

Get Ready

Bon Jovi

62

Come Back

Bon Jovi

60

She Don`t Know Me

Bon Jovi

7

Burning For Love

Bon Jovi

3

Love Lies

Bon Jovi

2

text:
Song

Times

Other songs performed(Covers & Medleys)

Walk Away Renee (The Left Banke cover)

1

I Want to Take You Higher (Sly & The Family Stone cover)

1

text: Tour dates[edit]

text:
Date

City

Country

Venue

North America (From the first support act ever to the club shows)

September 24, 1983

New York City

United States

Madison Square Garden

October 1, 1983

Passaic

Capitol Theatre

October 13, 1983

Utica

Stanley Theater

October 16, 1983

Lawrenceville

Rider College

March 3, 1984

Pittsburgh

Syria Mosque

March 10, 1984

Boston

The Metro

March 12, 1984

Harrisburg

The Metron

March 15, 1984

Boston

Paradise Theater

March 16, 1984

Philadelphia

Ripley's Music Hall

March 17, 1984

Syracuse

The Lost Horizon

March 20, 1984

Cleveland

Agora Ballroom

March 22, 1984

Pittsburgh

Heaven

March 29, 1984

Portland

Starry Night

April 1, 1984

San Francisco

The Stone

April 2, 1984

Reseda

Reseda Country Club

North America (Supporting the Scorpions)

April 13, 1984

West Palm Beach

United States

West Palm Beach Auditorium

April 20, 1984

Reno

Lawlor Events Center

April 21, 1984

Sacramento

Cal Expo Amphitheatre

April 22, 1984

Fresno

Selland Arena

April 24, 1984

Inglewood

The Forum

April 25, 1984

April 26, 1984

San Diego

San Diego Sports Arena

April 28, 1984

Costa Mesa

Pacific Amphitheatre

April 29, 1984

Daly City

Cow Palace

April 30, 1984

May 2, 1984

Vancouver

Canada

Pacific Coliseum

May 4, 1984

Edmonton

Northlands Coliseum

May 5, 1984

Calgary

Stampede Corral

May 7, 1984

Winnipeg

Winnipeg Arena

May 9, 1984

St. Paul

United States

St. Paul Civic Center

May 10, 1984

Sioux Falls

Sioux Falls Arena

May 12, 1984

Wichita

Kansas Coliseum

May 13, 1984

Kansas City

Kansas City Municipal Auditorium

May 15, 1984

Omaha

Omaha Civic Auditorium

May 16, 1984

Cedar Rapids

Five Seasons Center

May 17, 1984

St. Louis

Kiel Auditorium

May 19, 1984

Springfield

Prairie Capital Convention Center

May 20, 1984

Rosemont

Rosemont Horizon

May 21, 1984

May 23, 1984

May 24, 1984

Kalamazoo

Wings Stadium

May 26, 1984

East Troy

Alpine Valley Music Theatre

May 27, 1984

Charlevoix

Castle Farms

May 28, 1984

Clarkston

Pine Knob Music Theatre

May 30, 1984

Richfield

Richfield Coliseum

June 1, 1984

Philadelphia

The Spectrum

June 2, 1984

Buffalo

Buffalo Memorial Auditorium

June 3, 1984

Binghamton

Broome County Veterans Memorial Arena

June 5, 1984

Rochester

Rochester Community War Memorial

June 6, 1984

New York City

Madison Square Garden

June 7, 1984

June 8, 1984

June 9, 1984

Providence

Providence Civic Center

June 10, 1984

New Haven

New Haven Coliseum

June 12, 1984

Worcester

The Centrum

June 13, 1984

Portland

Cumberland County Civic Center

June 15, 1984

Glens Falls

Glens Falls Civic Center

June 16, 1984

Allentown

Allentown Fairgrounds

June 17, 1984

Hampton

Hampton Coliseum

June 19, 1984

Charleston

Charleston Civic Center

June 20, 1984

Pittsburgh

Pittsburgh Civic Arena

June 22, 1984

Indianapolis

Market Square Arena

June 23, 1984

Fort Wayne

Allen County Coliseum

June 24, 1984

Cincinnati

Cincinnati Gardens

June 26, 1984

Columbus

Ohio Center

June 27, 1984

Toledo

Toledo Sports Arena

June 29, 1984

Nashville

Nashville Municipal Auditorium

June 30, 1984

Knoxville

Knoxville Civic Coliseum

July 1, 1984

Huntsville

Von Braun Civic Center

July 3, 1984

Memphis

Mid-South Coliseum

July 4, 1984

Louisville

Louisville Gardens

July 7, 1984

Atlanta

Omni Coliseum

July 8, 1984

Greensboro

Greensboro Coliseum

July 10, 1984

St. Petersburg

Bayfront Center

July 11, 1984

Fort Myers

Lee County Civic Center

July 13, 1984

San Juan

Puerto Rico

Estadio Hiram Bithorn

July 14, 1984

Hollywood

United States

Hollywood Sportatorium

July 15, 1984

Jacksonville

Jacksonville Veterans Memorial Coliseum

July 17, 1984

Savannah

Savannah Civic Center

July 18, 1984

Charlotte

Charlotte Coliseum

Asia

August 4, 1984

Nagoya

Japan

Nagoya Stadium

August 6, 1984

Fukuoka

Fukuoka Sports Center

August 8, 1984

Osaka

Osaka Nanko

August 9, 1984

August 11, 1984

Saitama

Seibu Lions Stadium

August 12, 1984

Europe (Supporting Kiss)

September 30, 1984

Brighton

England

Brighton Centre

October 1, 1984

Southampton

Gaumont Theatre

October 2, 1984

St. Austell

Cornwall Coliseum

October 4, 1984

Manchester

Manchester Apollo

October 5, 1984

Glasgow

Scotland

Apollo Theatre

October 6, 1984

Edinburgh

Edinburgh Playhouse

October 7, 1984

Newcastle

England

Newcastle City Hall

October 8, 1984

October 10, 1984

Leicester

De Monfort Hall

October 11, 1984

Ipswich

Gaumont Theatre

October 12, 1984

Stafford

Bingley Hall

October 13, 1984

Leeds

Queen's Hall

October 14, 1984

London

Wembley Arena

October 15, 1984

October 17, 1984

Offenbach

West Germany

Stadthalle Offenbach

October 18, 1984

Munich

Circus Krone

October 19, 1984

Neunkirchen

Hemmerleinhalle

October 21, 1984

Copenhagen

Denmark

Falkoner Teatret

October 22, 1984

Drammen

Norway

Drammenshallen

October 24, 1984

Lund

Sweden

Olympen

October 26, 1984

Stockholm

Johanneshovs Isstadion

October 27, 1984

Gothenburg

Scandinavium

October 29, 1984

Hannover

West Germany

Stadionsporthalle

October 30, 1984

Düsseldorf

Philipshalle

October 31, 1984

Ludwigshafen

Friedrich-Ebert-Halle

November 1, 1984

Lausanne

Switzerland

Halle 18

November 3, 1984

Brussels

Belgium

Vorst Nationaal

November 4, 1984

Zwolle

Netherlands

Ijsselhal

November 5, 1984

Paris

France

Lé Zenith De Paris


document_title: List of Presidents of the United States by military service

question_text: last american president to serve in the military

text: The United States Constitution names the President of the United States the commander in chief of the U.S. armed forces. Previous service in the military is not a prerequisite for the position of president. As of the 2016 presidential election[update], no member of the U.S. Marine Corps or U.S. Coast Guard has yet been elected President. The most frequent military experience is Army/Army Reserve with 15 presidents, followed by State Militias at 9, Navy/Naval Reserve at 6 and the Continental Army with 2 presidents serving.

text: Eight presidents served during World War II, while seven served in the military during the American Civil War.

text: The following list outlines the military service of each president before becoming the commander in chief.

text:
President
Service
Rank
Active Service

Donald Trump
None
None
None. Received four educational deferments and one 1-Y medical deferment during the Vietnam War.[1]

Barack Obama
None
None
None

George W. Bush
Texas Air National Guard, United States Air Force
First Lieutenant
Stateside service as pilot during Vietnam War (1968–1973). Received early discharge in 1973.[2]

Bill Clinton
None
None
None. Signed agreement to join Reserve Officer Training Corps at University of Arkansas during Vietnam War.[3] Subsequently withdrew and entered draft, but received high draft number and was not drafted.[4] (See Bill Clinton: Vietnam War opposition and draft controversy.)

George H. W. Bush
United States Naval Reserve
Lieutenant (Junior Grade)
Navy pilot in World War II (1942–1945). Shot down and received the Distinguished Flying Cross. Congressman during the Vietnam War. President during the Gulf War.

Ronald Reagan
United States Army Reserve, United States Army Air Corps
Captain
Stateside service during World War II (1942–1945); Army Reserve (1937–1942).

Jimmy Carter
United States Navy
Lieutenant (navy)
Served during World War II as a midshipman at the United States Naval Academy. Sea duty and stateside service 1946–1953 during the Korean War.

Gerald Ford
United States Naval Reserve
Lieutenant Commander
World War II (1942–1945); combat on USS Monterey, discharged in 1946.

Richard Nixon
United States Naval Reserve
Commander
World War II (1942–1945); earned two battle stars for service in the Pacific.

Lyndon B. Johnson
United States Naval Reserve
Commander[5]
World War II received Silver Star medal after observation mission in which aircraft he was on came under Japanese attack.

John F. Kennedy
United States Naval Reserve
Lieutenant (navy)
Served in combat during World War II. Received the Navy and Marine Corps Medal and the Purple Heart.

Dwight D. Eisenhower
United States Army
General of the Army
Stateside service during World War I. Served as Supreme Allied Commander in Europe during World War II (1942–1945). Visited troops in Korea in December 1952. Entire active-duty career spanned from 1915 until 1969 (excepting his two terms as president and Commander-in-Chief). President during final months of the Korean War.

Harry S. Truman[6]
Missouri Army National Guard,
United States Army,
United States Army Reserve
Colonel
Stateside National Guard service in Missouri (1905–1911); served in combat in France during World War I (1917–1918); transferred to Army Reserve and retired in 1953.

Franklin D. Roosevelt
None
None
None; Assistant Secretary of the Navy during World War I. Attempted to resign in order to enter uniformed service, but resignation not accepted. Visited France as part of Navy Department duties to observe military activities first hand.

Herbert Hoover
None
None
None; helped guide US Marines in 1900 during the Boxer Rebellion.

Calvin Coolidge
None
None
None

Warren G. Harding
None
None
None

Woodrow Wilson
None
None
None

William Howard Taft
Connecticut Home Guard
None
None; United States Secretary of War 1904–1908. Enlisted in Connecticut Home Guard for World War I.

Theodore Roosevelt
United States Army
Colonel
New York National Guard, 1882 to 1886, captain and company commander. Spanish–American War service as second in command and then commander of the 1st United States Volunteer Cavalry (Rough Riders). Only U.S. President to receive the Medal of Honor (awarded posthumously in 2001). Also a Navy Civilian, as Assistant Secretary of the Navy[7]

William McKinley
United States Army
Brevet Major
American Civil War. Served in the 23rd Ohio Infantry under future President Rutherford B. Hayes; fought in the Battle of South Mountain, The Battle of Antietam, and in the Valley Campaigns of 1864. Served as President during the Spanish–American War and at the beginning of the Philippine–American War.

Benjamin Harrison
United States Army
Brigadier General
American Civil War; Commanded an Infantry Brigade at the battles of Resaca, New Hope Church, Kennesaw Mountain, Marietta, Peachtree Creek and Atlanta; also Commanded a Brigade during Sherman's March to the Sea.

Grover Cleveland
None
None
Paid George Benninsky $150 to take his place after Cleveland was drafted during American Civil War under the Conscription Act of 1863.

Chester A. Arthur
New York State Militia
Brigadier General
Judge Advocate General, Second Brigade of the New York Militia. Served as Engineer-in-Chief on the Governor's staff, Quartermaster General and Inspector General of the New York Militia before and during the American Civil War. Declined appointment as commander of the 9th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment and command of four New York City regiments organized as the Metropolitan Brigade when Governor requested he remain Quartermaster General.

James Garfield
United States Army
Major General
American Civil War (1861–1863; commanded an Ohio Infantry Brigade at the Battles of Shiloh and Corinth; served as Chief of Staff for General William Rosecrans at the Battle of Chickamauga; left the army to serve in the United States House of Representatives).

Rutherford B. Hayes
United States Army
Major General
American Civil War. Served in the 23rd Ohio Infantry and commanded future President William McKinley; wounded at the Battle of South Mountain; also served at the Battle of Antietam and in the Valley Campaigns of 1864.

Ulysses S. Grant
United States Army
General of the Army
Mexican–American War and American Civil War; served 1843–54 and 1861–68.

Andrew Johnson
United States Army
Brigadier General
Served in Tennessee Militia in 1830s. American Civil War; served as Military Governor of Tennessee in 1862.

Abraham Lincoln
Illinois State Militia
Captain
Black Hawk War (served three months in 1832); see Abraham Lincoln in the Black Hawk War.

James Buchanan
Pennsylvania State Militia
Private
War of 1812

Franklin Pierce
United States Army
Brigadier General
New Hampshire Militia, 1831–46; Mexican–American War; commanded Infantry Brigade at Battle of Contreras (where his leg was injured), Battle of Churubusco, and the Assault on Mexico City.

Millard Fillmore
New York State Militia
Major
Served in New York Militia in 1820s and 1830s; Organized Union Continentals home guard unit in Buffalo, New York during the American Civil War.

Zachary Taylor
United States Army
Major General
War of 1812, Black Hawk War, Second Seminole War, Mexican–American War; entire career spanned from 1808 until 1848.

James K. Polk
Tennessee State Militia
Colonel
Joined cavalry unit in Tennessee Militia as a Captain. Subsequently appointed a Colonel on the staff of Governor William Carroll. Did not see war service. Served as President during the Mexican–American War.

John Tyler
Virginia militia
Captain
War of 1812.

William Henry Harrison
United States Army
Major General
Northwest Indian War, War of 1812.

Martin Van Buren
None
None
None. Special Judge Advocate appointed to aid in prosecuting William Hull at Hull's court-martial after surrender of Detroit during the War of 1812.

Andrew Jackson
Tennessee State Militia, Continental Army, United States Army
Major General
American Revolutionary War, War of 1812, Creek War, First Seminole War.

John Quincy Adams
None
None
None

James Monroe
Continental Army
Major
American Revolutionary War; depicted holding the American flag behind General George Washington in the famous painting Washington Crossing the Delaware; wounded at the Battle of Trenton, depicted in the painting The Capture of the Hessians at Trenton, December 26, 1776 by John Trumbull.

James Madison
Virginia militia
Colonel
American Revolutionary War, did not see action.

Thomas Jefferson
Virginia militia
Colonel
Commander of Albemarle County Militia at start of American Revolution, did not see action

John Adams
None
None
Adams served as chairman of the Continental Congress's Board of War (1776–77), making him the simultaneous equivalent of today's Secretary of Defense and Chairman of Senate Armed Services Committee; was a semi-participant in a naval engagement between a British and US ship during the American Revolution.

George Washington
Virginia militia, Virginia Regiment, Continental Army, United States Army
General of the Armies
French and Indian War, American Revolutionary War.


document_title: Chitty Chitty Bang Bang

question_text: where were the beach scenes in chitty chitty bang bang filmed

text: Chitty Chitty Bang Bang

text: Plot[edit]

text: Set in the 1910s, the story opens with a montage of European Grand Prix races in which one particular car appears to win every race. In the final race, the car crashes and catches fire, ending its racing career. The car ends up in an old garage in rural England, where two children, Jeremy (Adrian Hall) and Jemima Potts (Heather Ripley), have grown fond of it. However, a man in the junkyard intends to buy the car from the garage owner, Mr. Coggins (Desmond Llewelyn), for scrap. The children, who live with their widowed father Caractacus Potts (Dick Van Dyke), an eccentric inventor, and the family's equally peculiar grandfather, implore their father to buy the car, but Caractacus can't afford it. While playing hooky from school, they meet Truly Scrumptious (Sally Ann Howes), a beautiful upper-class woman with her own motorcar, who brings them home to report their truancy to their father. After she leaves, Caractacus promises the children that he will save the car, but is taken aback at the cost he has committed himself to. He looks for ways to raise money to avoid letting them down.

text: The next morning, Caractacus discovers that the sweets produced by a machine he has invented can be played like a flute. He tries to sell the "Toot Sweets" to Truly's father, Lord Scrumptious (James Robertson Justice), a major confectionery manufacturer. He is almost successful until the whistle attracts a pack of dogs who overrun the factory, resulting in Caractacus's proposition being rejected.

text: Caractacus next takes his automatic hair-cutting machine to a carnival to raise money, but his invention accidentally ruins the hair of a customer. Caractacus eludes the man by joining a song-and-dance act. He becomes the centre of the show and earns enough in tips to buy the car and rebuild it. They name the car "Chitty Chitty Bang Bang" for the unusual noise of its engine. In the first trip in the car, Caractacus, the children, and Truly picnic on the beach. Caractacus tells them a tale about nasty Baron Bomburst (Gert Fröbe), the tyrant of fictional Vulgaria, who wants to steal Chitty Chitty Bang Bang.

text: As Caractacus tells his story, the quartet and the car are stranded by high tide and are attacked by pirates working for the Baron. All of a sudden, Chitty deploys huge flotation devices and transforms into a power boat, and they escape Bomburst's yacht and return to shore. The Baron sends two spies to capture the car, but they capture Lord Scrumptious, then Grandpa Potts (Lionel Jeffries), mistaking each for the car's creator. Caractacus, Truly, and the children see Grandpa being taken away by airship, and they give chase. When they accidentally drive off a cliff, Chitty sprouts wings and propellers and begins to fly. They follow the airship to Vulgaria and find a land without children; the Baroness Bomburst (Anna Quayle) abhors them and imprisons any she finds. Grandpa has been ordered by the Baron to make another floating car, and he bluffs his abilities to avoid being tortured. The Potts' party is hidden by the local Toymaker (Benny Hill), who now works only for the childish Baron. Chitty is discovered and taken to the castle. While Caractacus and the toymaker search for Grandpa and Truly searches for food, the children are caught by the Baron's Child Catcher (Robert Helpmann).

text: The Toymaker takes Truly and Caractacus to a grotto beneath the castle where the townspeople have been hiding their children. They concoct a scheme to free the children and the village from the Baron. The Toymaker sneaks them into the castle disguised as life-size dolls for the Baron's birthday. Caractacus snares the Baron, and the children swarm into the banquet hall, overcoming the Baron's palace guards and guests. In the ensuing chaos, the Baron, Baroness, and the evil Child Catcher are captured. The Pottses and Truly fly back to England. When they arrive home, Lord Scrumptious surprises Caractacus with an offer to buy the Toot Sweet as a canine confection. Caratacus, realising that he will be rich, rushes to tell Truly the news. They kiss, and Truly agrees to marry him. As they drive home, he acknowledges the importance of pragmatism, as the car takes off into the air again.

text: Cast[edit]

text: The cast includes:[5]

text:
Dick Van Dyke as Caractacus Potts
Sally Ann Howes as Truly Scrumptious
Adrian Hall as Jeremy Potts
Heather Ripley as Jemima Potts
Lionel Jeffries as Grandpa Bungie Potts
Gert Fröbe as Baron Bomburst
Anna Quayle as Baroness Bomburst
Benny Hill as the Toymaker
James Robertson Justice as Lord Scrumptious
Robert Helpmann as the Evil Child Catcher
Barbara Windsor as Blonde
Davy Kaye as Admiral
Stanley Unwin as the Chancellor
Peter Arne as the Captain of Bomburst's Army
Desmond Llewelyn as Mr. Coggins
Victor Maddern as Junkman
Arthur Mullard as Big Man
Max Wall as Inventor
Gerald Campion as Minister
Max Bacon as Orchestra Leader
Alexander Doré as First Spy
Bernard Spear as Second Spy
Richard Wattis as Sweet Factory Secretary (uncredited)
Phil Collins as Vulgarian Child (scene cut)

text: The part of Truly Scrumptious had originally been offered to Julie Andrews, to reunite her with Van Dyke after their success in Mary Poppins. Andrews rejected the role specifically because she considered that the part was too close to the Poppins mould.[6] Instead, Sally Ann Howes was given the role. Dick Van Dyke was cast after he turned down the role of Fagin from another 1968 musical Oliver! (which ended up going to Ron Moody).

text: Production[edit]

text: The Caractacus Potts inventions in the film were created by Rowland Emett; by 1976, Time magazine, describing Emett's work, said no term other than "Fantasticator...could remotely convey the diverse genius of the perky, pink-cheeked Englishman whose pixilations, in cartoon, watercolor and clanking 3-D reality, range from the celebrated Far Tottering and Oyster Creek Railway to the demented thingamabobs that made the 1968 movie Chitty Chitty Bang Bang a minuscule classic."[7]

text: Six Chitty-Chitty Bang-Bang cars were created for the film, only one of which was fully functional. At a 1973 auction in Florida, one of them sold for $37,000, equal to $199,617 today.[8] The original "hero" car, in a condition described as fully functional and road-going, was offered at auction on 15 May 2011 by a California-based auction house.[9] The car sold for $805,000, less than the $1–2 million it was expected to reach.[10] It was purchased by New Zealand film director Sir Peter Jackson.[11]

text: Locations[edit]

text:
Scrumptious Sweet Co. factory (exterior) – Kempton Waterworks, Snakey Lane, Hanworth, Middlesex, England.[12] This location now includes a steam museum open to the public.
Scrumptious Mansion – Heatherden Hall at Pinewood Studios in Iver Heath, Buckinghamshire, England.[12]
Windmill/Cottage – Cobstone Windmill in Ibstone, near Turville, Buckinghamshire, England.[12]
Duck Pond – Russell's Water, Oxfordshire, England.[12]
Train scene – The Longmoor Military Railway.
Beach – Cap Taillat in St. Tropez, France.
Bridge (river) where spies attempt to blow up Chitty – Iver Bridge, Iver, Buckinghamshire, England.
Bridge (railway) where spies kidnap Lord Scrumptious – Ilmer Bridge, Ilmer, Buckinghamshire, England.
White rock spires in the ocean and lighthouse – The Needles stacks, Isle of Wight, England.
White cliffs – Beachy Head, East Sussex, England.
Baron Bomburst's castle – Neuschwanstein Castle, Bavaria, Germany.
Vulgarian village – Rothenburg ob der Tauber, Germany.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film was the tenth most popular at the US box office in 1969.[13]

text: Critical[edit]

text: Time began its review saying the film is a "picture for the ages—the ages between five and twelve" and ends noting that "At a time when violence and sex are the dual sellers at the box office, Chitty Chitty Bang Bang looks better than it is simply because it's not not all all bad bad"; the film's "eleven songs have all the rich melodic variety of an automobile horn. Persistent syncopation and some breathless choreography partly redeem it, but most of the film's sporadic success is due to Director Ken Hughes's fantasy scenes, which make up in imagination what they lack in technical facility."[14]

text: The New York Times critic Renata Adler wrote, "in spite of the dreadful title, Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ... is a fast, dense, friendly children's musical, with something of the joys of singing together on a team bus on the way to a game"; Adler called the screenplay "remarkably good" and the film's "preoccupation with sweets and machinery seems ideal for children"; she ends her review on the same note as Time: "There is nothing coy, or stodgy or too frightening about the film; and this year, when it has seemed highly doubtful that children ought to go to the movies at all, Chitty Chitty Bang Bang sees to it that none of the audience's terrific eagerness to have a good time is betrayed or lost."[15]

text: Film critic Roger Ebert reviewed the film (Chicago Sun Times, 24 December 1968). He wrote: "Chitty Chitty Bang Bang contains about the best two-hour children's movie you could hope for, with a marvelous magical auto and lots of adventure and a nutty old grandpa and a mean Baron and some funny dances and a couple of [scary] moments."

text: Film critic and historian Leonard Maltin considered the picture "one big Edsel, with totally forgettable score and some of the shoddiest special effects ever."[16] In 2008, Entertainment Weekly called Helpmann's depiction of the Child Catcher one of the "50 Most Vile Movie Villains."[17]

text: As of March 2014, the film has a 65% "Fresh" rating (17 of 26 reviews) on Rotten Tomatoes.[18]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: The film was nominated for the American Film Institute's 2006 AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals list.[19]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The original soundtrack album, as was typical of soundtrack albums, presented mostly songs with very few instrumental tracks. The songs were also edited, with specially recorded intros and outros and most instrumental portions removed, both because of time limitations of the vinyl LP and the belief that listeners would not be interested in listening to long instrumental dance portions during the songs.

text: The soundtrack has been released on CD four times, the first two releases using the original LP masters rather than going back to the original music masters to compile a more complete soundtrack album with underscoring and complete versions of songs. The 1997 Rykodisc release included several quick bits of dialogue from the film between some of the tracks and has gone out of circulation. On 24 February 2004, a few short months after MGM released the movie on a 2-Disc Special Edition DVD, Varèse Sarabande reissued a newly remastered soundtrack album without the dialogue tracks, restoring it to its original 1968 LP format.

text: In 2011, Kritzerland released the definitive soundtrack album, a 2-CD set featuring the Original Soundtrack Album plus bonus tracks, music from the Song and Picture Book Album on disc 1, and the Richard Sherman Demos, as well as six Playback Tracks (including a long version of international covers of the theme song). Inexplicably, this release was limited to only 1,000 units.

text: In April 2013, Perseverance Records re-released the Kritzerland double CD set with expansive new liner notes by John Trujillo and a completely new designed booklet by Perseverance regular James Wingrove.

text: Home video releases[edit]

text: Chitty Chitty Bang Bang was released numerous times in the VHS format. In 1998 the film saw its first DVD release. The year 2003 brought a two-disc "Special Edition" release. On 2 November 2010, 20th Century Fox released a two-disc Blu-ray and DVD combination set featuring the extras from the 2003 release as well as new features. The 1993 LaserDisc release by MGM/UA Home Video was the first home video release with the proper 2.20:1 Super Panavision 70 aspect ratio.

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: Novelisation of film[edit]

text: The film did not follow Fleming's novel closely. A separate novelisation of the film was published at the time of the film's release. It basically followed the film's story but with some differences of tone and emphasis, e.g. it mentioned that Caractacus Potts had had difficulty coping after the death of his wife, and it made it clearer that the sequences including Baron Bomburst were extended fantasy sequences. It was written by John Burke.[20]

text: Comic book adaption[edit]

text: Gold Key: Chitty Chitty Bang Bang. Gold Key Comics. February 1969. [21]


document_title: The Real Housewives of New York City

question_text: old cast of real housewives of new york

question_tokens: old cast of real housewives of new york

text: The Real Housewives of New York City

text: Overview and casting[edit]

text: Season 1–4[edit]

text: While in pre-production, the show was initially titled Manhattan Moms, but it was eventually re-branded to become the second installment of the then-new Real Housewives franchise.[1] The first season premiered on March 4, 2008, and starred LuAnn de Lesseps, Bethenny Frankel, Alex McCord, Ramona Singer and Jill Zarin.[2] Despite the series title, most of the women featured were not housewives. Frankel and Singer owned their own businesses; McCord and Zarin also had careers outside their home.

text: Kelly Killoren Bensimon was added to the cast for the second season, which premiered on February 17, 2009.[3] Sonja Morgan was added to the cast during the third season, along with Jennifer Gilbert in a recurring capacity. On August 31, 2010, Frankel announced that she would not be returning to The Real Housewives of New York City for its fourth season, becoming the first woman to do so, in order to expand a burgeoning career in spin-offs, books, and her Skinnygirl business. [4]

text: In September 2010, the fourth season began filming with entrepreneur Cindy Barshop as Frankel's replacement. Citing production issues, Bravo pushed the Season 4 premiere back until April 7, 2011, and instead premiered The Real Housewives of Miami.[5] While the sans-Frankel ensemble held steady in the ratings, the network had grown unhappy with much of the cast. Original stars Alex McCord and Jill Zarin, as well as Kelly Killoren Bensimon and brand-new recruit Cindy Barshop, were effectively fired from the cast.

text: Season 5–present[edit]

text: In April 2012, Bravo announced that the show would be revamped for the upcoming fifth season. The Real Housewives of New York City returned on June 4, 2012, with original cast members Singer and De Lesseps, as well as season-three recruit Sonja Morgan, as the veteran cast members. Stay-at-home mom Aviva Drescher, journalist/author Carole Radziwill, and entrepreneur Heather Thomson were introduced as the new Housewives, rounding out the six-women ensemble.[6][7]

text: The series was officially renewed for a sixth season on April 2, 2013.[8] Production was set to begin on May 8, 2013, but the housewives instead chose to go into salary negotiations with Bravo.[9] Morgan, Radziwill, Thomson and Singer rejoined the series on May 9, 2013, while Drescher signed her contract on May 24, 2013.[10][11] Luann de Lesseps agreed to the new contract on May 28, 2013.[12][13] It was announced that model Kristen Taekman would join the cast. [14] It was announced in January 2014 that The Real Housewives of New York City would return for its sixth season on March 11, 2014, a year later than planned.[15] Kristen Taekman ended up being a replacement for de Lesseps, who was demoted to a recurring role.

text: After two years, Drescher was dismissed from the series after the conclusion of the sixth season.[16] In October 2014, it was announced that Bethenny Frankel was filming with the cast and would return to The Real Housewives of New York City after a three-season hiatus.[17][18] Dorinda Medley was hired to appear full-time, in replacement of Drescher, while Luann de Lesseps also regained her full-time status,[19] joining Singer, Morgan, Radziwill, Thomson and Taekman, all returning from season six.[20] This brought the cast to eight full-time Housewives, becoming the largest ensemble in the history of the franchise. The seventh season premiered on April 7, 2015.

text: On September 8, 2015, Thomson announced, after three years in the cast, that she would not return for season eight, while on October 26, 2015, Taekman confirmed that she too would not return for the upcoming season.[21][22] In March 2016, Bravo announced that Singer, Frankel, Lesseps, Morgan, Radziwill, and Medley would all be returning for an eighth season alongside stay-at-home mom and aspiring entrepreneur Jules Wainstein.[23] As former housewife Kelly Killoren Bensimon had done in seasons six and seven, it was announced Heather Thomson would make a guest appearance.[24] The eighth season premiered on April 6, 2016.[25]

text: On September 19, 2016, Wainstein confirmed that she would not be returning for the ninth season to focus on her children amidst her divorce proceedings.[26] Filming for season nine began in October 2016, with de Lesseps, Singer and Medley confirming their return for the ninth season.[27][28][29] On March 6, 2017, the ninth season of The Real Housewives of New York City was announced, with all of the season eight housewives returning, with Tinsley Mortimer joining the cast, replacing the previously-confirmed departure of Wainstein. Former housewives Zarin and Thomson are also confirmed for appearances during the season. The ninth season premiered April 5, 2017.[30][31]

text: Timeline of housewives[edit]

text:
Housewives
Seasons

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Luann de Lesseps
Main
Friend
Main

Bethenny Frankel
Main

Main

Alex McCord
Main

Ramona Singer
Main

Jill Zarin
Main

Guest

Kelly Killoren Bensimon

Main

Guest

Sonja Morgan

Main

Cindy Barshop

Main

Aviva Drescher

Main

Carole Radziwill

Main

Heather Thomson

Main
Guest

Kristen Taekman

Main

Dorinda Medley

Guest

Main

Jules Wainstein

Main

Tinsley Mortimer

Main

Friends of the housewives

Jennifer Gilbert

Friend

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
9
March 4, 2008 (2008-03-04)
May 27, 2008 (2008-05-27)

2
15
February 17, 2009 (2009-02-17)
May 28, 2009 (2009-05-28)

3
18
March 4, 2010 (2010-03-04)
June 24, 2010 (2010-06-24)

4
18
April 7, 2011 (2011-04-07)
August 1, 2011 (2011-08-01)

5
21
June 4, 2012 (2012-06-04)
October 22, 2012 (2012-10-22)

6
23
March 11, 2014 (2014-03-11)
August 12, 2014 (2014-08-12)

7
23
April 7, 2015 (2015-04-07)
September 3, 2015 (2015-09-03)

8
23
April 6, 2016 (2016-04-06)
September 14, 2016 (2016-09-14)

9
22
April 5, 2017 (2017-04-05)
August 30, 2017 (2017-08-30)

text: Facebook game[edit]

text: In July 2012, Bravo released a social networking video game version of The Real Housewives of New York City which is titled Real Housewives: The Game. Following weekly new episodes, a new game was available based on the story.[32][33] It has been discontinued since October 2012.

text: Bus tour[edit]

text: In 2016, On Location Tours hosted an official The Real Housewives of New York themed tour in New York City. The tour is centered around giving passengers an almost four-hour trip to visit numerous places where current and former housewives "have dined, shopped, dated or had a fight or two," and is described as the "ultimate, one-of-a-kind "Real Housewives" experience."[34] The bus tour is endorsed by Bravo and is featured on their official website.


document_title: Sarah Ann Kennedy

question_text: who does the voice of nanny plum in ben and holly

text: Sarah Ann Kennedy

text:
Sarah Ann KennedyBorn
[Perivale Middlesex EnglandYears active
1995–presentNotable work
Peppa PigBen & Holly's Little KingdomPond LifeCrapston VillasSpouse(s)
Rob ParrChildren
1

text: Sarah Ann Kennedy is a British voice actress best known for providing the voices of Miss Rabbit and Mummy Rabbit in the children's animated series Peppa Pig, Nanny Plum in the children's animated series Ben & Holly's Little Kingdom and Dolly Pond in Pond Life.[1] She is also a writer and animation director and the creator of Crapston Villas, an animated soap opera for Channel 4 in 1996–1998.[2][3][4] She has also written for Hit Entertainment and Peppa Pig, and is a lecturer at the University of Central Lancashire.[5][6]

text: Kennedy was born in Perivale Middlesex and grew up in Stratford-upon-Avon. She is married to ceramicist Rob Parr. They currently live in Preston, Lancashire, and have one child, a daughter.


document_title: Quadrilateral

question_text: shapes with diagonals that are not equal in length

question_tokens: shapes with diagonals that are not equal in length

text: Quadrilateral

text: Simple quadrilaterals[edit]

text: Any quadrilateral that is not self-intersecting is a simple quadrilateral.

text: Convex quadrilaterals[edit]

text: In a convex quadrilateral, all interior angles are less than 180° and the two diagonals both lie inside the quadrilateral.

text:
Irregular quadrilateral (British English) or trapezium (North American English): no sides are parallel. (In British English this was once called a trapezoid.)
Trapezium (UK) or trapezoid (US): at least one pair of opposite sides are parallel. Trapezia (UK) and trapezoids (US) include parallelograms.
Isosceles trapezium (UK) or isosceles trapezoid (US): one pair of opposite sides are parallel and the base angles are equal in measure. Alternative definitions are a quadrilateral with an axis of symmetry bisecting one pair of opposite sides, or a trapezoid with diagonals of equal length.
Parallelogram: a quadrilateral with two pairs of parallel sides. Equivalent conditions are that opposite sides are of equal length; that opposite angles are equal; or that the diagonals bisect each other. Parallelograms include rhombi (including those rectangles we call squares) and rhomboids (including those rectangles we call oblongs). In other words, parallelograms include all rhombi and all rhomboids, and thus also include all rectangles.
Rhombus or rhomb: all four sides are of equal length. An equivalent condition is that the diagonals perpendicularly bisect each other. Informally: "a pushed-over square" (but strictly including a square, too).
Rhomboid: a parallelogram in which adjacent sides are of unequal lengths and some angles are oblique (equivalently, having no right angles). Informally: "a pushed-over oblong". Not all references agree, some define a rhomboid as a parallelogram which is not a rhombus.[1]
Rectangle: all four angles are right angles. An equivalent condition is that the diagonals bisect each other and are equal in length. Rectangles include squares and oblongs. Informally: "a box or oblong" (including a square).
Square (regular quadrilateral): all four sides are of equal length (equilateral), and all four angles are right angles. An equivalent condition is that opposite sides are parallel (a square is a parallelogram), that the diagonals perpendicularly bisect each other, and are of equal length. A quadrilateral is a square if and only if it is both a rhombus and a rectangle (four equal sides and four equal angles).
Oblong: a term sometimes used to denote a rectangle which has unequal adjacent sides (i.e. a rectangle that is not a square).[2]
Kite: two pairs of adjacent sides are of equal length. This implies that one diagonal divides the kite into congruent triangles, and so the angles between the two pairs of equal sides are equal in measure. It also implies that the diagonals are perpendicular. Kites include rhombi.

text:
Tangential quadrilateral: the four sides are tangents to an inscribed circle. A convex quadrilateral is tangential if and only if opposite sides have equal sums.
Tangential trapezoid: a trapezoid where the four sides are tangents to an inscribed circle.
Cyclic quadrilateral: the four vertices lie on a circumscribed circle. A convex quadrilateral is cyclic if and only if opposite angles sum to 180°.
Right kite: a kite with two opposite right angles. It is a type of cyclic quadrilateral.
Bicentric quadrilateral: it is both tangential and cyclic.
Orthodiagonal quadrilateral: the diagonals cross at right angles.
Equidiagonal quadrilateral: the diagonals are of equal length.
Ex-tangential quadrilateral: the four extensions of the sides are tangent to an excircle.
An equilic quadrilateral has two opposite equal sides that, when extended, meet at 60°.
A Watt quadrilateral is a quadrilateral with a pair of opposite sides of equal length.[3]
A quadric quadrilateral is a convex quadrilateral whose four vertices all lie on the perimeter of a square.[4]
A diametric quadrilateral is a cyclic quadrilateral having one of its sides as a diameter of the circumcircle.[5]
A Hjelmslev quadrilateral is a quadrilateral with two right angles at opposite vertices.[6]

text: Concave quadrilaterals[edit]

text: In a concave quadrilateral, one interior angle is bigger than 180° and one of the two diagonals lies outside the quadrilateral.

text: A dart (or arrowhead) is a concave quadrilateral with bilateral symmetry like a kite, but one interior angle is reflex. See (concave) kite.

text: Complex quadrilaterals[edit]

text: A self-intersecting quadrilateral is called variously a cross-quadrilateral, crossed quadrilateral, butterfly quadrilateral or bow-tie quadrilateral. In a crossed quadrilateral, the four "interior" angles on either side of the crossing (two acute and two reflex, all on the left or all on the right as the figure is traced out) add up to 720°.[7]

text:
Crossed trapezoid (US) or trapezium (Commonwealth)[8]: a crossed quadrilateral in which (like a trapezoid) one pair of nonadjacent sides is parallel
Antiparallelogram: a crossed quadrilaterals in which (like a parallelogram) each pair of nonadjacent sides have equal lengths.
Crossed rectangle: an antiparallelogram whose sides are two opposite sides and the two diagonals of a rectangle, hence having one pair of opposite sides parallel.
Crossed square: a special case of a crossed rectangle where two of the sides intersect at right angles.

text: Special line segments[edit]

text: The two diagonals of a convex quadrilateral are the line segments that connect opposite vertices.

text: The two bimedians of a convex quadrilateral are the line segments that connect the midpoints of opposite sides.[9] They intersect at the "vertex centroid" of the quadrilateral (see Remarkable points below).

text: The four maltitudes of a convex quadrilateral are the perpendiculars to a side through the midpoint of the opposite side.[10]

text: Area of a convex quadrilateral[edit]

text: There are various general formulas for the area K of a convex quadrilateral ABCD with sides a = AB, b = BC, c = CD and d = DA.

text: Trigonometric formulas[edit]

text: The area can be expressed in trigonometric terms as

text:
where the lengths of the diagonals are p and q and the angle between them is θ.[11] In the case of an orthodiagonal quadrilateral (e.g. rhombus, square, and kite), this formula reduces to

K
=

1
2

p
q

{\displaystyle K={\tfrac {1}{2}}pq}

 since θ is 90°.

text: The area can be also expressed in terms of bimedians as[12]

text: where the lengths of the bimedians are m and n and the angle between them is φ.

text: Bretschneider's formula[13] expresses the area in terms of the sides and two opposite angles:

text: where the sides in sequence are a, b, c, d, where s is the semiperimeter, and A and C are two (in fact, any two) opposite angles. This reduces to Brahmagupta's formula for the area of a cyclic quadrilateral when A + C = 180°.

text: Another area formula in terms of the sides and angles, with angle C being between sides b and c, and A being between sides a and d, is

text:
In the case of a cyclic quadrilateral, the latter formula becomes

K
=

1
2

(
a
d
+
b
c
)
sin

A

.

{\displaystyle K={\tfrac {1}{2}}(ad+bc)\sin {A}.}

text:
In a parallelogram, where both pairs of opposite sides and angles are equal, this formula reduces to

K
=
a
b
⋅
sin

A

.

{\displaystyle K=ab\cdot \sin {A}.}

text: Alternatively, we can write the area in terms of the sides and the intersection angle θ of the diagonals, so long as this angle is not 90°:[14]

text:
In the case of a parallelogram, the latter formula becomes

K
=

1
2

|

tan

θ

|

⋅

|

a

2

−

b

2

|

.

{\displaystyle K={\tfrac {1}{2}}|\tan \theta |\cdot \left|a^{2}-b^{2}\right|.}

text: Another area formula including the sides a, b, c, d is[12]

text: where x is the distance between the midpoints of the diagonals and φ is the angle between the bimedians.

text: The last trigonometric area formula including the sides a, b, c, d and the angle α between a and b is:[citation needed]

text: which can also be used for the area of a concave quadrilateral (having the concave part opposite to angle α) just changing the first sign + to - .

text: Non-trigonometric formulas[edit]

text: The following two formulas express the area in terms of the sides a, b, c, d, the semiperimeter s, and the diagonals p, q:

text: The first reduces to Brahmagupta's formula in the cyclic quadrilateral case, since then pq = ac + bd.

text: The area can also be expressed in terms of the bimedians m, n and the diagonals p, q:

text:
In fact, any three of the four values m, n, p, and q suffice for determination of the area, since in any quadrilateral the four values are related by

p

2

+

q

2

=
2
(

m

2

+

n

2

)
.

{\displaystyle p^{2}+q^{2}=2(m^{2}+n^{2}).}

[19]:p. 126 The corresponding expressions are:[20]

text: if the lengths of two bimedians and one diagonal are given, and[20]

text: if the lengths of two diagonals and one bimedian are given.

text: Vector formulas[edit]

text: The area of a quadrilateral ABCD can be calculated using vectors. Let vectors AC and BD form the diagonals from A to C and from B to D. The area of the quadrilateral is then

text: which is half the magnitude of the cross product of vectors AC and BD. In two-dimensional Euclidean space, expressing vector AC as a free vector in Cartesian space equal to (x1,y1) and BD as (x2,y2), this can be rewritten as:

text: Diagonals[edit]

text: Properties of the diagonals in some quadrilaterals[edit]

text: In the following table it is listed if the diagonals in some of the most basic quadrilaterals bisect each other, if their diagonals are perpendicular, and if their diagonals have equal length.[21] The list applies to the most general cases, and excludes named subsets.

text:
Quadrilateral
Bisecting diagonals
Perpendicular diagonals
Equal diagonals

Trapezoid
No
See note 1
No

Isosceles trapezoid
No
See note 1
Yes

Parallelogram
Yes
No
No

Kite
See note 2
Yes
See note 2

Rectangle
Yes
No
Yes

Rhombus
Yes
Yes
No

Square
Yes
Yes
Yes

text: Note 1: The most general trapezoids and isosceles trapezoids do not have perpendicular diagonals, but there are infinite numbers of (non-similar) trapezoids and isosceles trapezoids that do have perpendicular diagonals and are not any other named quadrilateral.

text: Note 2: In a kite, one diagonal bisects the other. The most general kite has unequal diagonals, but there is an infinite number of (non-similar) kites in which the diagonals are equal in length (and the kites are not any other named quadrilateral).

text: Lengths of the diagonals[edit]

text: The lengths of the diagonals in a convex quadrilateral ABCD can be calculated using the law of cosines on each triangle formed by one diagonal and two sides of the quadrilateral. Thus

text: and

text: Other, more symmetric formulas for the lengths of the diagonals, are[22]

text: and

text: Generalizations of the parallelogram law and Ptolemy's theorem[edit]

text: In any convex quadrilateral ABCD, the sum of the squares of the four sides is equal to the sum of the squares of the two diagonals plus four times the square of the line segment connecting the midpoints of the diagonals. Thus

text: where x is the distance between the midpoints of the diagonals.[19]:p.126 This is sometimes known as Euler's quadrilateral theorem and is a generalization of the parallelogram law.

text: The German mathematician Carl Anton Bretschneider derived in 1842 the following generalization of Ptolemy's theorem, regarding the product of the diagonals in a convex quadrilateral[23]

text: This relation can be considered to be a law of cosines for a quadrilateral. In a cyclic quadrilateral, where A + C = 180°, it reduces to pq = ac + bd. Since cos (A + C) ≥ −1, it also gives a proof of Ptolemy's inequality.

text: Other metric relations[edit]

text: If X and Y are the feet of the normals from B and D to the diagonal AC = p in a convex quadrilateral ABCD with sides a = AB, b = BC, c = CD, d = DA, then[24]:p.14

text: In a convex quadrilateral ABCD with sides a = AB, b = BC, c = CD, d = DA, and where the diagonals intersect at E,

text: where e = AE, f = BE, g = CE, and h = DE.[25]

text: The shape and size of a convex quadrilateral are fully determined by the lengths of its sides in sequence and of one diagonal between two specified vertices. The two diagonals p, q and the four side lengths a, b, c, d of a quadrilateral are related[26] by the Cayley-Menger determinant, as follows:

text: Angle bisectors[edit]

text: The internal angle bisectors of a convex quadrilateral either form a cyclic quadrilateral[19]:p.127 (that is, the four intersection points of adjacent angle bisectors are concyclic) or they are concurrent. In the latter case the quadrilateral is a tangential quadrilateral.

text: In quadrilateral ABCD, if the angle bisectors of A and C meet on diagonal BD, then the angle bisectors of B and D meet on diagonal AC.[27]

text: Bimedians[edit]

text: The bimedians of a quadrilateral are the line segments connecting the midpoints of the opposite sides. The intersection of the bimedians is the centroid of the vertices of the quadrilateral.[28]

text: The midpoints of the sides of any quadrilateral (convex, concave or crossed) are the vertices of a parallelogram called the Varignon parallelogram. It has the following properties:

text:
Each pair of opposite sides of the Varignon parallelogram are parallel to a diagonal in the original quadrilateral.
A side of the Varignon parallelogram is half as long as the diagonal in the original quadrilateral it is parallel to.
The area of the Varignon parallelogram equals half the area of the original quadrilateral. This is true in convex, concave and crossed quadrilaterals provided the area of the latter is defined to be the difference of the areas of the two triangles it is composed of.[29]
The perimeter of the Varignon parallelogram equals the sum of the diagonals of the original quadrilateral.
The diagonals of the Varignon parallelogram are the bimedians of the original quadrilateral.

text: The two bimedians in a quadrilateral and the line segment joining the midpoints of the diagonals in that quadrilateral are concurrent and are all bisected by their point of intersection.[19]:p.125

text: In a convex quadrilateral with sides a, b, c and d, the length of the bimedian that connects the midpoints of the sides a and c is

text: where p and q are the length of the diagonals.[30] The length of the bimedian that connects the midpoints of the sides b and d is

text: This is also a corollary to the parallelogram law applied in the Varignon parallelogram.

text: The lengths of the bimedians can also be expressed in terms of two opposite sides and the distance x between the midpoints of the diagonals. This is possible when using Euler's quadrilateral theorem in the above formulas. Whence[18]

text: and

text: Note that the two opposite sides in these formulas are not the two that the bimedian connects.

text: In a convex quadrilateral, there is the following dual connection between the bimedians and the diagonals:[24]

text:
The two bimedians have equal length if and only if the two diagonals are perpendicular.
The two bimedians are perpendicular if and only if the two diagonals have equal length.

text: Trigonometric identities[edit]

text: The four angles of a simple quadrilateral ABCD satisfy the following identities:[31]

text: and

text: In the last two formulas, no angle is allowed to be a right angle, since tan 90° is not defined.

text: Inequalities[edit]

text: Area[edit]

text: If a convex quadrilateral has the consecutive sides a, b, c, d and the diagonals p, q, then its area K satisfies[33]

text: From Bretschneider's formula it directly follows that the area of a quadrilateral satisfies

text: with equality if and only if the quadrilateral is cyclic or degenerate such that one side is equal to the sum of the other three (it has collapsed into a line segment, so the area is zero).

text: The area of any quadrilateral also satisfies the inequality[34]

text: Denoting the perimeter as L, we have[34]:p.114

text: with equality only in the case of a square.

text: The area of a convex quadrilateral also satisfies

text: for diagonal lengths p and q, with equality if and only if the diagonals are perpendicular.

text: Diagonals and bimedians[edit]

text: A corollary to Euler's quadrilateral theorem is the inequality

text: where equality holds if and only if the quadrilateral is a parallelogram.

text: Euler also generalized Ptolemy's theorem, which is an equality in a cyclic quadrilateral, into an inequality for a convex quadrilateral. It states that

text: where there is equality if and only if the quadrilateral is cyclic.[19]:p.128–129 This is often called Ptolemy's inequality.

text: In any convex quadrilateral the bimedians m, n and the diagonals p, q are related by the inequality

text:
with equality holding if and only if the diagonals are equal.[35]:Prop.1 This follows directly from the quadrilateral identity

m

2

+

n

2

=

1
2

(

p

2

+

q

2

)
.

{\displaystyle m^{2}+n^{2}={\tfrac {1}{2}}(p^{2}+q^{2}).}

text: Sides[edit]

text: The sides a, b, c, and d of any quadrilateral satisfy[36]:p.228,#275

text: Maximum and minimum properties[edit]

text: Among all quadrilaterals with a given perimeter, the one with the largest area is the square. This is called the isoperimetric theorem for quadrilaterals. It is a direct consequence of the area inequality[34]:p.114

text: where K is the area of a convex quadrilateral with perimeter L. Equality holds if and only if the quadrilateral is a square. The dual theorem states that of all quadrilaterals with a given area, the square has the shortest perimeter.

text: The quadrilateral with given side lengths that has the maximum area is the cyclic quadrilateral.[37]

text: Of all convex quadrilaterals with given diagonals, the orthodiagonal quadrilateral has the largest area.[34]:p.119 This is a direct consequence of the fact that the area of a convex quadrilateral satisfies

text: where θ is the angle between the diagonals p and q. Equality holds if and only if θ = 90°.

text: If P is an interior point in a convex quadrilateral ABCD, then

text: From this inequality it follows that the point inside a quadrilateral that minimizes the sum of distances to the vertices is the intersection of the diagonals. Hence that point is the Fermat point of a convex quadrilateral.[38]:p.120

text: Remarkable points and lines in a convex quadrilateral[edit]

text: The centre of a quadrilateral can be defined in several different ways. The "vertex centroid" comes from considering the quadrilateral as being empty but having equal masses at its vertices. The "side centroid" comes from considering the sides to have constant mass per unit length. The usual centre, called just centroid (centre of area) comes from considering the surface of the quadrilateral as having constant density. These three points are in general not all the same point.[39]

text: The "vertex centroid" is the intersection of the two bimedians.[40] As with any polygon, the x and y coordinates of the vertex centroid are the arithmetic means of the x and y coordinates of the vertices.

text: The "area centroid" of quadrilateral ABCD can be constructed in the following way. Let Ga, Gb, Gc, Gd be the centroids of triangles BCD, ACD, ABD, ABC respectively. Then the "area centroid" is the intersection of the lines GaGc and GbGd.[41]

text: In a general convex quadrilateral ABCD, there are no natural analogies to the circumcenter and orthocenter of a triangle. But two such points can be constructed in the following way. Let Oa, Ob, Oc, Od be the circumcenters of triangles BCD, ACD, ABD, ABC respectively; and denote by Ha, Hb, Hc, Hd the orthocenters in the same triangles. Then the intersection of the lines OaOc and ObOd is called the quasicircumcenter, and the intersection of the lines HaHc and HbHd is called the quasiorthocenter of the convex quadrilateral.[41] These points can be used to define an Euler line of a quadrilateral. In a convex quadrilateral, the quasiorthocenter H, the "area centroid" G, and the quasicircumcenter O are collinear in this order, and HG = 2GO.[41]

text: There can also be defined a quasinine-point center E as the intersection of the lines EaEc and EbEd, where Ea, Eb, Ec, Ed are the nine-point centers of triangles BCD, ACD, ABD, ABC respectively. Then E is the midpoint of OH.[41]

text: Another remarkable line in a convex non-parallelogram quadrilateral is the Newton line, which connects the midpoints of the diagonals, the segment connecting these points being bisected by the vertex centroid. One more interesting line (in some sense dual to the Newton's one) is the line connecting the point of intersection of diagonals with the vertex centroid. The line is remarkable by the fact that it contains the (area) centroid. The vertex centroid divides the segment connecting the intersection of diagonals and the (area) centroid in the ratio 3:1.[42]

text: Other properties of convex quadrilaterals[edit]

text:
Let exterior squares be drawn on all sides of a quadrilateral. The segments connecting the centers of opposite squares are (a) equal in length, and (b) perpendicular. Thus these centers are the vertices of an orthodiagonal quadrilateral. This is called Van Aubel's theorem.
For any simple quadrilateral with given edge lengths, there is a cyclic quadrilateral with the same edge lengths.[37]
The four smaller triangles formed by the diagonals and sides of a convex quadrilateral have the property that the product of the areas of two opposite triangles equals the product of the areas of the other two triangles.[43]

text: Taxonomy[edit]

text: A hierarchical taxonomy of quadrilaterals is illustrated by the figure to the right. Lower classes are special cases of higher classes they are connected to. Note that "trapezoid" here is referring to the North American definition (the British equivalent is a trapezium). Inclusive definitions are used throughout.

text: Skew quadrilaterals[edit]

text: A non-planar quadrilateral is called a skew quadrilateral. Formulas to compute its dihedral angles from the edge lengths and the angle between two adjacent edges were derived for work on the properties of molecules such as cyclobutane that contain a "puckered" ring of four atoms.[44] Historically the term gauche quadrilateral was also used to mean a skew quadrilateral.[45] A skew quadrilateral together with its diagonals form a (possibly non-regular) tetrahedron, and conversely every skew quadrilateral comes from a tetrahedron where a pair of opposite edges is removed.