document_title: List of highest-grossing openings for films

question_text: what movie holds the record for most money made in an opening weekend

text: Biggest worldwide openings on record[edit]

text: This list charts films that had openings in excess of $200 million worldwide. Since films do not open on Fridays in many markets, the 'opening' is taken to be the gross between the first day of release and the first Sunday following the movie's release. Figures prior to the year 2002 are not available.

text: This list does not take into account country-by-country variations in release dates. Therefore, in some cases opening weekend grosses from many, or even most countries may not be included. All figures are not adjusted for inflation and therefore a direct comparison of the films from different years cannot be made.

text:
Rank
Film
Year
Opening (USD)[1]

1
Avengers: Infinity War
2018
$640,521,291

2
The Fate of the Furious
2017
$541,937,239

3
Star Wars: The Force Awakens
2015
$528,966,675

4
Jurassic World
2015
$524,909,010

5
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2
2011
$483,189,427

6
Star Wars: The Last Jedi
2017
$450,821,889

7
Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice
2016
$422,507,347

8
Furious 7
2015
$397,627,459

9
Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince
2009
$394,022,354

10
Marvel's The Avengers
2012
$392,538,708

11
Avengers: Age of Ultron
2015
$392,471,109

12
Transformers: Dark of the Moon
2011
$382,425,000

13
Spider-Man 3
2007
$381,660,892

14
Captain America: Civil War
2016
$379,539,142

15
Iron Man 3
2013
$372,553,677

16
Black Panther
2018
$371,367,531

17
Beauty and the Beast
2017
$357,026,593

18
Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides
2011
$350,653,677

19
Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End
2007
$343,972,864

20
The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2
2012
$340,667,634

21
Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix
2007
$332,715,157

22
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1
2010
$330,017,372

23
Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith
2005
$303,949,700

24
Transformers: Age of Extinction
2014
$302,138,390

25
Deadpool 2
2018
$300,386,357

26
The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 1
2011
$291,022,261

27
Rogue One: A Star Wars Story
2016
$290,049,210

28
Justice League
2017
$278,842,239

29
The Twilight Saga: New Moon
2009
$274,939,137

30
The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1
2014
$273,897,634

31
Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull
2008
$272,150,927

32
Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales
2017
$271,809,637

33
Suicide Squad
2016
$266,982,248

34
Deadpool
2016
$264,711,361

35
X-Men: Days of Future Past
2014
$262,866,321

36
Spider-Man: Homecoming
2017
$256,535,853

37
Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2
2017
$252,522,752

38
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King
2003
$250,000,534

39
The Dark Knight Rises
2012
$248,887,295

40
Logan
2017
$247,444,337

41
The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2
2015
$247,158,007

42
Transformers: The Last Knight
2017
$243,880,073

43
Fifty Shades of Grey
2015
$242,360,418

44
Avatar
2009
$241,571,046

45
The Da Vinci Code
2006
$232,074,037

46
Thor: Ragnarok
2017
$231,831,205

47
2012
2009
$230,470,474

48
The Twilight Saga: Eclipse
2010
$228,893,465

49
Wonder Woman
2017
$228,251,471

50
The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey
2012
$222,617,303

51
Iron Man 2
2010
$220,766,270

52
Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen
2009
$219,921,171

53
Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them
2016
$219,903,387

54
Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs
2009
$218,430,064

55
The Hunger Games
2012
$211,785,747

56
Alice in Wonderland
2010
$210,101,023

57
The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug
2013
$209,845,197

58
Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban
2004
$207,197,367

59
War of the Worlds
2005
$203,061,125

60
Man of Steel
2013
$201,981,486

61
The Matrix Revolutions
2003
$201,390,000

62
Iron Man
2008
$201,174,140

text: Opening weekend record holders worldwide[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Opening (USD in millions)[2]

2002
Spider-Man
$125.9

2002
Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones
$179.3

2002
The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers
$189.9

2003
The Matrix Revolutions
$201.4

2003
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King
$250.0

2005
Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith
$303.9

2007
Spider-Man 3
$381.7

2009
Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince
$394.0

2011
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2
$483.2

2015
Jurassic World
$525.5

2015
Star Wars: The Force Awakens
$529.0

2017
The Fate of the Furious
$541.9

2018
Avengers: Infinity War
$640.5

text: Biggest opening weekends in the U.S. and Canada[edit]

text: A list of films that grossed in excess of $100 million between the first Friday and first Sunday of release.

text:
Rank
Film
Year
Opening Weekend
(three day)[3]
Inflation-adjusted[nb 1]
(2018 USD)

1
Avengers: Infinity War
2018
$257,698,183
$257,698,183

2
Star Wars: The Force Awakens
2015
$247,966,675
$256,008,273

3
Star Wars: The Last Jedi
2017
$220,009,584
$220,009,584

4
Jurassic World
2015
$208,806,270
$215,577,890

5
Marvel's The Avengers
2012
$207,438,708
$221,119,620

6
Black Panther
2018
$202,003,951
$202,003,951

7
Avengers: Age of Ultron
2015
$191,271,109
$197,474,061

8
Captain America: Civil War
2016
$179,139,142
$182,666,285

9
Beauty and the Beast
2017
$174,750,616
$174,750,616

10
Iron Man 3
2013
$174,144,585
$182,951,325

11
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2
2011
$169,189,427
$184,056,072

12
Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice
2016
$166,007,347
$169,275,933

13
The Dark Knight Rises
2012
$160,887,295
$171,498,067

14
The Dark Knight
2008
$158,411,483
$180,055,339

15
The Hunger Games: Catching Fire
2013
$158,074,286
$166,068,328

16
Rogue One: A Star Wars Story
2016
$155,081,681
$158,135,147

17
The Hunger Games
2012
$152,535,747
$162,595,722

18
Spider-Man 3
2007
$151,116,516
$178,351,927

19
Furious 7
2015
$147,187,040
$151,960,339

20
Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2
2017
$146,510,104
$146,510,104

21
The Twilight Saga: New Moon
2009
$142,839,137
$162,934,545

22
The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2
2012
$141,067,634
$150,371,268

23
The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 1
2011
$138,122,261
$150,259,040

24
Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest
2006
$135,634,554
$164,651,124

25
Finding Dory
2016
$135,060,273
$137,719,530

26
Suicide Squad
2016
$133,682,248
$136,314,372

27
Deadpool
2016
$132,434,639
$135,042,198

28
Iron Man 2
2010
$128,122,480
$143,783,415

29
Deadpool 2
2018
$125,507,153
$125,507,153

30
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1
2010
$125,017,372
$140,298,757

31
It
2017
$123,403,419
$123,403,419

32
Thor: Ragnarok
2017
$122,744,989
$122,744,989

33
The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1
2014
$121,897,634
$126,010,008

34
Shrek the Third
2007
$121,629,270
$143,550,257

35
Spider-Man: Homecoming
2017
$117,027,503
$117,027,503

36
Man of Steel
2013
$116,619,362
$122,516,970

37
Alice in Wonderland
2010
$116,101,023
$130,292,526

38
Minions
2015
$115,718,405
$119,471,171

39
Spider-Man
2002
$114,844,116
$156,255,991

40
Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End
2007
$114,732,820
$135,410,874

41
Toy Story 3
2010
$110,307,189
$123,790,488

42
Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen
2009
$108,966,307
$124,296,296

43
Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith
2005
$108,435,841
$135,872,751

44
Shrek 2
2004
$108,037,878
$139,977,194

45
The Secret Life of Pets
2016
$104,352,905
$106,407,552

46
The Jungle Book
2016
$103,261,464
$105,294,621

47
Wonder Woman
2017
$103,251,471
$103,251,471

48
X-Men: The Last Stand
2006
$102,750,665
$124,732,319

49
Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire
2005
$102,685,961
$128,668,011

50
The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2
2015
$102,665,981
$105,995,455

51
Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull
2008
$100,137,835
$113,819,728

52
Transformers: Age of Extinction
2014
$100,038,390[nb 2]
$103,413,315

text: Opening weekend record holders in U.S. and Canada[edit]

text: These are the films that, when first released, set the opening three-day weekend record after going into wide release.

text:
Year
Title
Opening weekend[8]
Inflation-adjusted[nb 1]
(2018 USD)

1975
Jaws[nb 3]
$7,061,513
$32,115,255

1978
Jaws 2
$9,866,023
$37,017,721

1978
Star Wars (re-release)
$10,166,336
$38,144,508

1978
Every Which Way but Loose[nb 4]
$10,272,294
$38,542,066

1979
Star Trek: The Motion Picture
$11,926,421
$40,214,076

1981
Superman II
$14,100,523
$37,955,800

1982
Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan
$14,347,221
$36,382,574

1983
Return of the Jedi
$23,019,618
$56,560,732

1984
Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom
$25,337,110
$59,682,610

1987
Beverly Hills Cop II
$26,348,555
$56,756,671

1989
Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade
$29,355,021
$57,953,510

1989
Ghostbusters II
$29,472,894
$58,186,218

1989
Batman
$40,505,884
$79,967,858

1992
Batman Returns
$45,687,711
$79,674,514

1993
Jurassic Park
$47,026,828
$79,667,195

1995
Batman Forever
$52,784,433
$84,773,252

1997
The Lost World: Jurassic Park
$72,132,785
$109,963,620

2001
Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone
$90,294,621
$124,793,581

2002
Spider-Man
$114,844,116
$156,255,991

2006
Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest
$135,634,554
$164,651,124

2007
Spider-Man 3
$151,116,516
$178,351,927

2008
The Dark Knight
$158,411,483
$180,055,339

2011
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2
$169,189,427
$184,056,072

2012
Marvel's The Avengers
$207,438,708
$221,119,620

2015
Jurassic World
$208,806,270
$215,577,890

2015
Star Wars: The Force Awakens
$247,966,675
$256,008,273

2018
Avengers: Infinity War
$257,698,183
$257,698,183

text: Biggest opening day in the U.S. and Canada[edit]

text: A list of films that grossed in excess of $50 million from the first day of release and previews. Previews from midnight or the previous evening are included in the official opening day gross.

text:
Largest opening day in the U.S. and Canada

Rank
Movie name
Year
Opening day[13]
Inflation-adjusted[nb 1]
(2018 USD)
Previews[14]

1
Star Wars: The Force Awakens
2015
$119,119,282
$122,982,339
$57,000,000

2
Avengers: Infinity War
2018
$106,334,939
$106,334,939
$39,000,000

3
Star Wars: The Last Jedi
2017
$104,684,491
$104,684,491
$45,000,000

4
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2
2011
$91,071,119
$99,073,522
$43,500,000

5
Avengers: Age of Ultron
2015
$84,424,532
$87,162,433
$27,600,000

6
Jurassic World
2015
$81,953,950
$84,611,729
$18,500,000

7
Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice
2016
$81,558,505
$83,164,344
$27,700,000

8
Marvel's The Avengers
2012
$80,813,985
$86,143,796
$18,700,000

9
Black Panther
2018
$75,941,146
$75,941,146
$25,200,000

10
The Dark Knight Rises
2012
$75,754,897
$80,751,053
$30,640,000

11
Captain America: Civil War
2016
$75,502,161
$76,988,754
$25,000,000

12
The Twilight Saga: New Moon
2009
$72,703,754
$82,932,125
$26,270,000

13
The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 1
2011
$71,642,526
$77,937,742
$30,250,000

14
The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2
2012
$71,167,839
$75,861,471
$30,400,000

15
Rogue One: A Star Wars Story
2016
$71,094,394
$72,494,200
$29,000,000

16
The Hunger Games: Catching Fire
2013
$70,950,136
$74,538,186
$25,250,000

17
Iron Man 3
2013
$68,858,555
$72,340,830
$15,600,000

18
The Twilight Saga: Eclipse
2010
$68,533,840
$76,911,012
$30,100,000

19
Furious 7
2015
$67,407,340
$69,593,371
$15,800,000

20
The Hunger Games
2012
$67,263,650
$71,699,794
$19,735,000

21
The Dark Knight
2008
$67,165,092
$76,341,899
$18,500,000

22
Suicide Squad
2016
$64,893,248
$66,170,958
$20,500,000

23
Beauty and the Beast
2017
$63,777,443
$63,777,443
$16,300,000

24
Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen
2009
$62,016,476
$70,741,301
$16,800,000

25
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1
2010
$61,684,550
$69,224,505
$24,000,000

26
Spider-Man 3
2007
$59,841,919
$70,627,102
$10,000,000

27
Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince
2009
$58,175,412
$66,359,854
$22,200,000

28
Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2
2017
$56,078,520
$56,078,520
$17,000,000

29
Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest
2006
$55,830,600
$67,774,551
$9,000,000

30
The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1
2014
$55,139,942
$57,000,159
$17,000,000

31
Finding Dory
2016
$54,746,405
$55,824,329
$9,200,000

32
Deadpool 2
2018
$53,034,421
$53,034,421
$18,600,000

33
Iron Man 2
2010
$51,239,677
$57,502,912
$7,500,000

34
Spider-Man: Homecoming
2017
$50,780,982
$50,780,982
$15,400,000

35
It
2017
$50,425,786
$50,425,786
$13,500,000

36
Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith
2005
$50,013,859
$62,668,584
$16,900,000


document_title: Ford Power Stroke engine

question_text: how much horsepower does a stock 6.0 powerstroke have

root

text: Ford Power Stroke engine

text: 7.3 Power Stroke[edit]

text:
7.3 Power Stroke

Overview

Manufacturer
Navistar International

Combustion chamber

Configuration
V8

Displacement
7.3 L, 444 cu³

Cylinder bore
4.11 inches

Piston stroke
4.18 inches

Cylinder block alloy
Iron

Cylinder head alloy
Iron

Valvetrain
OHV

Combustion

Fuel type
Diesel

Output

Power output
210-275 hp [1]

Torque output
425-525 lb-ft[1]

Dimensions

Dry weight
≈920(Dry)

Chronology

Predecessor
7.3 L IDI

Successor
6.0 Power Stroke

tag: table

text: The 7.3L Power Stroke diesel was made available for 1994.5 models in Ford Econoline vans, and Ford heavy duty pickups. It effectively replaced the 7.3 IDI with which it shares nothing other than displacement size.

tag: p

text: The Power Stroke is an electronically controlled, direct injection engine with a 4.11 in (104 mm) bore and 4.18 in (106 mm) stroke creating a displacement of 444 cu in (7.3 L). It has a 17.5:1 compression ratio, and a dry weight of approximately 920 lb (420 kg). This engine produces up to 250 hp (190 kW) and 505 lb·ft (685 N·m) of torque in automatic-transmission trucks from the last years of production, and 275 hp (205 kW) and 525 lb·ft (712 N·m) of torque in manual-transmission trucks. The oil capacity is 15 quarts (14.2 liters). The oil pan holds 12 quarts (11.36 liters) while the top end holds an additional 3 quarts (2.84 liters).

text: The 1994.5 to 1996/97 DI Power stroke has "single shot" HEUI (hydraulically actuated electronic unit injection) fuel injectors and ran a high pressure oil pump (HPOP) to create the necessary oil pressure to fire the fuel injectors. This generation of Power Stroke utilizes an HPOP with a 15° swash plate angle. The 1995-1997 trucks use a cam-driven fuel pump, whereas the 1999-2003 trucks use a frame rail mounted electric fuel pump. The California trucks from 1996 and 1997 have split-shot fuel injectors; other trucks did not get split-shot injectors until 1999. Single-shot injectors only inject one charge of fuel per cycle, whereas the split-shot injector releases a preliminary light load before the main charge to initiate combustion in a more damped manner. This controlled injection helps reduce the sharp combustion 'knock'.

text: It utilizes a single turbocharger with a turbine housing size of 1.15 A/R. In 1999, an air-to-air intercooler was added to cool the charged air from the turbo for increased air density. With the new cooler, denser air would increase the horsepower potential of the engine, while also reducing exhaust gas temperatures (EGT). Eventually, the turbine housing was changed to a .84 A/R and a wastegate was added. With larger injectors, the HPOP output was increased by utilizing a 17° swash plate angle to meet the requirements of the new, higher flowing injectors.

text: The 7.3 L DI Power Stroke was in production until the second quarter of model year 2003 when it was replaced by the 6.0L because of its inability to meet newer emission requirements. Nearly 2 million 7.3s were produced from International's Indianapolis plant.[2]

text: The 7.3 L DI Power Stroke engine is commonly referred to as one of the best engines that International produced.[3]

text: 6.0 Power Stroke[edit]

text: The 7.3 L (444 CID) Power Stroke was replaced by the 6.0 L (365 CID) beginning in the second quarter of the 2003 model year. The 6.0L Power Stroke, was used in Ford Super Duty trucks until the 2007 model year but lasted until 2009 in the Ford Econoline vans (model year 2010) and in the Ford Excursion SUVs until after the 2005 models when Ford discontinued Excursion production. The engine has a 3.74 in (95 mm) bore and 4.13 in (105 mm) stroke creating a displacement of 365 cu in (6.0 L) or 5,954 cc. It utilizes a variable geometry turbocharger and intercooler, producing 325 hp (242 kW) and 570 lb·ft (773 N·m) torque with an 18:1 compression ratio, with fuel cutoff at 4,200 rpm. Many of the 6.0 L Power Stroke engines experienced problems,[4]

text: Key specifications[edit]

text:
Fuel injection system: Split-shot HEUI (hydraulic electronic unit injectors)
Valve train: OHV 4-valves per cylinder, 32 valves total (16 intake valves, 16 exhaust valves)
Turbo configuration: Single; variable vane geometry (VGT)

tag: ul

text: Common Issues[edit]

text: Oil Cooler/EGR Cooler - The sources of the main issues with the 6.0L were the in-block oil cooler, and the EGR cooler materials. The oil cooler is located in the valley of the engine block, underneath the cartridge oil filter set up. The sealed outer portion of the oil cooler is submerged in engine oil, with coolant flowing through the center passages. Over time, the oil cooler will develop small cracks in the aluminum tubes from the constant heating and cooling of the engine. This situation usually results in oil pushing it's way into the cooling system. The sludge created from the mixture of oil and coolant creates a high pressure environment in the EGR cooler (due to the viscosity change in the coolant), leading to cracking of the EGR cooler's coolant passages. Once the EGR cooler cracks, it begins to leak coolant into the intake system and is then routed into the engine's cylinders to be burnt. The burning of coolant in the cylinders then causes a steam buildup, thus increasing cylinder pressures and the stretching of the head bolts; which leads to head gasket failure. The early EGR coolers (2003-2004.5) were also susceptible to pre-mature failure without oil cooler issues, also resulting in head gasket failure.

text: High Pressure Oil System - With the use of Split-shot HEUI fuel injectors, high pressure oil is required to pressurize the fuel injectors. The main high pressure oil (HPO) system components are; High Pressure Oil Pump (HPOP), HPO manifolds, Stand pipes and branch tube. The HPOP is located in the engine valley at the rear of the engine block. Early build years (2003.5-04.5) are well known for pre-mature HPOP failure. This is due to the poor quality materials used in manufacturing. The HPOP is pressurized by a rotating gear, meshed with a rear camshaft gear. The early model HPOP gears were known to be weak, and develop stress cracks in the teeth resulting in gear failure, thus causing a no start issue for the engine. Early models also had the ICP sensor located on the HPOP cover. The high amount of heat in this location, combined with the exposure to debris in the oil was known to cause ICP sensor failure also resulting in a no start condition. This issue was addressed by Ford with the late 2004 engine update, bringing a new HPOP design, along with relocation of the ICP sensor to the Passenger side valve cover. The newly designed pump is not known for frequent failure, however a new issue arose with the update. In the late model engines, Ford also redesigned the HPO stand pipes and dummy plugs in the HPO manifold, using poor quality o-rings. These o-rings were prone to failure causing a HPO leak, and eventually a no start condition. Ford addressed this concern with updated Viton o-ring washers fixing the issue. With the new HPO system design also came a Snap To Connet (STC) fitting. Some models had issue with the prongs of the STC fitting breaking causing the fitting to lose it's sealing property and again, a no start condition for the engine. Another frequent (but not always catastrophic) issue with the HPO system is the Injection Pressure Regulator (IPR) screen. The IPR screen is located in the engine valley with the oil cooler. The material used was susceptible to failure and neglecting to replace the screen during an oil cooler replacement could lead to the debris being sent through the HPOP causing complete failure.

text: Head Gaskets - Ford/International used four Torque to Yield (TTY) cylinder head bolts per cylinder for the 6.0s and 6.4s. TTY bolts offer some of the most precise clamping force available, but can be problematic. In certain situations (Oil cooler/EGR cooler failure, high boost/load levels brought on by improper use of aftermarket programmers) TTY bolts can be stretched beyond their torque mark by increased cylinder pressures. This has never been addressed by Ford due to the fact that other malfunctions or abuse must occur to stretch the bolts. Some in the aftermarket will replace the factory bolts with head studs in an attempt to protect the head gaskets from future failure. If this is done without addressing the underlying issue, the head gaskets may fail again bringing along a cracked or warped cylinder head. In contrast, the Powerstroke 7.3s and 6.7s have 6 head bolts per cylinder while the IDI 7.3s and 6.9s have five. [5]

text: Electrical and fuel[edit]

text: Numerous PCM recalibrations, fuel injector stiction along with several other driveability and quality control problems have plagued the 6.0. The FICM (fuel injection control module) has been a problem, where low voltage in the vehicle's electrical system due to failing batteries or a low-output alternator can cause damage to the FICM. In addition, the placement of the FICM on top of the engine subjects it to varying and extreme temperatures and vibrations causing solder joints and components to fail in early build models; mostly in the power supply itself. The FICM multiplies the voltage in the fuel injector circuit from 12 to 48-50 volts to fire the injectors. Low voltage can eventually cause damage to the fuel injectors.

text: 6.4 Power Stroke[edit]

text: The 6.4L Power Stroke was introduced for the 2008 model year. The 6.4L Power Stroke was the first engine introduced to the light truck market that utilized dual turbochargers from the factory. This was the first Power Stroke to use a diesel particulate filter (DPF) in order to nearly eliminate particulate emissions. The new DPS and active regeneration system greatly hindered the engine's fuel economy capability, though the engine proved to be comparatively strong and reliable. The engine was ultimately retired after the 2010 model year, as Ford replaced it with its own in-house built 6.7L Power Stroke.

text: The engine has a 3.87 in (98 mm) bore and 4.13 in (105 mm) stroke, resulting in a total calculated displacement of 387 cu in (6.3 L) (6,333 cc). Despite having to meet emission regulations, the engine was able to increase horsepower ratings to 350 hp (261 kW) and torque to 650 lb·ft (881 N·m) at the flywheel. Horsepower and torque are achieved at 3,000 rpm and 2,000 rpm respectively. It also features a compound VGT turbo system. Air enters the low-pressure turbo (the smaller of the two) and is fed into the high-pressure turbo (the larger of the two), then is directed into the engine or intercooler. This system is designed to result in reduced turbo lag when accelerating from a stop. The series-turbo system is set up to provide a better throttle response while in motion to give a power flow more like a naturally aspirated engine. The 6.4 L also has a DPF and dual EGR coolers which are capable of reducing exhaust gas temps by up to 1,000 degrees before they reach the EGR valve and mix with the intake charge. The DPF traps soot and particulates from the exhaust and virtually eliminates the black smoke that most diesel engines expel upon acceleration. The engine computer is programmed to periodically inject extra fuel in the exhaust stroke of the engine (known as a "regeneration" in the F-Series) to burn off soot that accumulates in the DPF. This engine is designed to only run on ultra low sulfur diesel (ULSD) fuel which has no more than 15 ppm sulfur content; using regular diesel fuel results in emission equipment malfunctions and violates manufacturer warranties.

text: The 6.4L has had one recall (safety product recall 07S49 was released on March 23, 2007) that addresses the potential for flames to come from the tailpipe of the truck. This problem arises from the DPF which is part of the diesel after-treatment system. A PCM recalibration was released to eliminate the possibility of excessive exhaust temperatures combined with certain rare conditions resulting from what is becoming known as a "thermal event".

text: Key specifications[edit]

text:
Fuel injection system: High pressure commonrail
Valve train: OHV 4-valve
Compound VGT turbo
DPF
Advanced multi-shot piezoelectric fuel injection control

text: 6.7 Power Stroke[edit]

text: Emissions controls include exhaust gas recirculation, Denoxtronic-based selective catalytic reduction (SCR) from Bosch, and a DPF. Output was originally 390 hp (291 kW) and 735 lb·ft (997 N·m).[6] but shortly after production started, Ford announced that they made an update to the 6.7L diesel. The new engine control software makes the engine capable of 400 hp (298 kW) at 2,800 rpm and 800 lb·ft (1,085 N·m) at 1,600 rpm while achieving better fuel economy and without any physical changes to the engine. [7] The 2015 engines are rated at 440 horsepower (330 kW) and 860 lb·ft (1,166 N·m).[8] Ford claims the bump in horsepower is from a new turbo, new injector nozzles and exhaust improvements. For 2017, the torque has risen to 925 lb·ft (1,254 N·m) at 1800rpm, Horsepower remains the same..[9]

text: Key specifications[edit]

text:
DPF
Valve train: OHV 4-valve
Turbo configuration: 'GT32 SST (single sequential turbocharger)' --single 64mm turbine and dual-sided compressor
Fuel injection system: High-pressure common-rail, Bosch CP4 injection pump, piezo electric injectors

text:
Turbo configuration:
'GT37' --single 72.5mm turbine and 88mm compressor[11]

Fuel system:
High-pressure common-rail, Bosch CP4.2 injection pump, piezo electric injectors

Engine:
Power Stroke V-8

Displacement:
6.7L

Bore and stroke:
3.90 x 4.25 inches

Cylinders:
90-degree V-8

Block:
Compacted graphite iron

Heads:
Aluminum (reverse flow)

Pistons:
Forged aluminum

Valvetrain:
OHV, four valves per cylinder

Horsepower:
440 at 2,800 rpm

Torque:
860 lb-ft at 1,600 rpm

Emissions equipment:
EGR, DPF, SCR

Engine dry weight:
970 pounds

text: 3.2 Power Stroke[edit]

text: The 3.2 L Power Stroke is an inline five-cylinder engine that debuted in the U.S.-spec Transit for model year 2015. The engine is a modified version of the Ford Duratorq 3.2 L diesel engine that has been adapted to meet emissions in the United States. To aid in economy, emissions, and reduce NVH, it has a high pressure common rail fuel injection system and piezo injectors that can spray up to five different injections per compression event. It has a water cooled EGR system to reduce the temperature of the exhaust gas before being recirculated through the intake. A unique feature to the emissions system is that the diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) and the DPF have been combined into one singular unit as opposed to the traditional two separate units. Exhaust treatment continues with SCR which is done by the injection of diesel exhaust fluid in the exhaust to reduce NOx. The engine features a variable geometry turbo which allows for intake air flow tuning on the fly to increase power and fuel economy. The engine also features a variable-flow oil pump to avoid wasting mechanical energy pumping excessive amounts of oil. It has cast aluminum, low friction pistons with oil squirters to keep them cool during heavy-load conditions, a die cast aluminum cam carrier to stiffen up the valve train and reduce NVH, and to increase low end durability, the crankshaft is cast iron and the connecting rods are forged. The block itself is an extra rigid, gray cast iron with a closed deck.[12] The power figures for the 3.2 L Power Stroke are 185 hp at 3,000 rpm and 350 lb-ft at 1,500-2,750 rpm. The Euro Duratorq 3.2 makes 197 HP and 350 ft-lb of torque.

text: Key specifications[edit]

text:
Fuel injection system: High pressure commonrail
Valve train: DOHC 4-valve
Turbo configuration: Single variable geometry turbo
Combined diesel particulate filter and diesel oxidation catalyst
Urea injected selective catalytic reduction

text: 3.0 Power Stroke[edit]

text: The 3.0 liter Power Stroke turbo-diesel is set to be introduced in the new 2018 Ford F-150 as a medium duty engine to compete with the Ram 1500 EcoDiesel V6. The engine is expected to produce close to 255 hp (190 kW) while maintaining fuel efficiency.

text: Applications[edit]

text: The Power Stroke engine has been used in the following applications.

text: Ford E-Series (full-size vans)

text:
1995–2003 7.3 L
2004–2010 6.0 L

text: Ford Excursion (full-size sport utility vehicles}

text:
2000–2003 7.3 L
2003.5–2005 6.0 L

text: Ford F-Series (full-size pickup trucks)

text:
Mid-1994–Mid-2003 7.3 L[13]
Mid-2003–2007 6.0 L
2008–2010 6.4 L
2011–present 6.7 L
2018– 3.0 L (F-150 only)

text: LCF (low cab forward)

text: 2005–2010 4.5 L

text: Ford Transit

text: 2015–present 3.2 L

text: Other engines with the Power Stroke name[edit]

text:
In South American models, the Ford Ranger 2001 up to 2012 use a Power Stroke engine in their diesel versions. A 2.8L diesel engine was developed by Navistar/International Engines from an inline-four Land Rover Defender diesel 2.5L engine, with 130 (waste gate) or 133 hp (VNT). A 3L common rail four valves per cylinder and 160 hp (waste gate turbo) became the electronic version of the Power Stroke. It has only the block and connect-rods in common with 2.8 L Power Stroke
The above-detailed 3.2L Duratorq I5 is branded as Power Stroke in US-spec Ford Transit vans.


document_title: GCE Advanced Level (United Kingdom)

question_text: when was the a* introduced at a level

question_tokens: when was the a * introduced at a level

text: GCE Advanced Level (United Kingdom)

text: History[edit]

text: A Levels were introduced in 1951 as a standardised school-leaving qualification, replacing the Higher School Certificate. The examinations could be taken on a subject-by-subject basis, according to the strengths and interests of the student. This encouraged specialization and in-depth study of three to four subjects. The A Level at first was graded as simply distinction, pass or fail (although students were given an indication of their marks, to the nearest 5%), candidates obtaining a distinction originally had the option to sit a Scholarship Level paper on the same material, to attempt to win one of 400 national scholarships. The Scholarship Level was renamed the S-Level in 1963.

text: Quite soon rising numbers of students taking the A-level examinations required more differentiation of achievement below the S-Level standard. Grades were therefore introduced. Between 1963 and 1986 the grades were norm-referenced:[1][2]

text:
Grade
A
B
C
D
E
O
Fail

Percentage
10%
15%
10%
15%
20%
20%
10%

text: The O grade was equivalent to a GCE Ordinary Level pass which indicated a performance equivalent to the lowest pass grade at Ordinary Level.

text: Over time, the validity of this system was questioned because, rather than reflecting a standard, norm referencing simply maintained a specific proportion of candidates at each grade, which in small cohorts was subject to statistical fluctuations in standards. In 1984, the government's Secondary Examinations Council decided to replace the norm referencing with criterion referencing: grades would in future be awarded on examiner judgement[3] thus eliminating a possible inadequacy of the existing scheme.

text: The criterion referencing scheme came into effect for the summer 1987 exams as the system set examiners specific criteria for the awarding of B and E grades to candidates, and then divided out the other grades according to fixed percentages. Rather than awarding an Ordinary Level for the lowest pass, a new "N" (for Nearly passed) was introduced. Criticisms of A level grading continued, and when Curriculum 2000 was introduced, the decision was made to have specific criteria for each grade, and the 'N' grade was abolished.

text: In 1989, Advanced Supplementary (AS) awards were introduced; they were intended to broaden the subjects a pupil studied post 16, and were to complement rather than be part of a pupil's A-level studies. AS-Levels were generally taken over two years, and in a subject the pupil was not studying at A-Level. Each AS level contained half the content of an A-Level, and at the same level of difficulty.

text: Initially, a student might study three subjects at A-Level and one at AS-Level, or often even four subjects at A-Level.[citation needed] However, due to decreasing public spending on education over time, a growing number of schools and sixth form colleges would now arrange for their pupils to study for three A-Levels instead of four.[4]

text: A levels evolved gradually from a two-year linear course with an exam at the end, to a modular course, between the late 1980s and 2000. By the year 2000 there was a strong educational reason[clarification needed] to standardise the exam and offer greater breadth to students through modules[5] and there was also a pragmatic case based on the inefficiency of linear courses where up to 30% of students were failing to complete or pass.[6]

text: Curriculum 2000 was introduced in September 2000, with the first new examinations taken in January and June of the following year. The Curriculum 2000 reforms also replaced the S-Level extension paper with the Advanced Extension Award.

text: The Conservative Party under Prime Minister David Cameron initiated reforms for A Levels to change from the current modular to a linear structure.[7] British Examination Boards (Edexcel, AQA and OCR) regulated and accredited by the government of the United Kingdom responded to the government's reform announcements by modifying specifications of several A Level subjects.[8]

text: Curriculum[edit]

text: Structure[edit]

text: Prior to Government reforms of the A Level system, A-levels consisted of two equally weighted parts: AS (Advanced Subsidiary) Level, assessed in the first year of study, and A2 Level, assessed in the second year of study. Following the reforms, while it is still possible to take the AS Level as a stand-alone qualification, those exams do not count toward the full A Level, for which all exams are taken at the end of the course. An AS course usually comprises two modules, or three for science subjects and Mathematics; full A Level usually comprises four modules, or six for sciences and Mathematics. The modules within each part may have different weights. Modules are either assessed by exam papers marked by national organisations, or in limited cases by school-assessed, externally moderated coursework.

text: Subjects offered[edit]

text: A wide variety of subjects are offered at A-level by the five exam boards. Although exam boards often alter their curricula, this table shows the majority of subjects which are consistently available for study.

text:
[show]Subject
AQA[9]
OCR[10]
Edexcel[11]
WJEC[12]
CCEA[13]

Accounting
Y
Y

Anthropology
Y

Arabic

Y

Archaeology
Y

Art and Design
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y

Bengali
Y

Biology
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y

Business Studies
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y

Chemistry
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y

Chinese (Mandarin)

Y

Citizenship
Y

Classical Civilisation
Y
Y

Computing
Y
Y

Y

Creative Writing
Y

Critical Thinking

Y

Dance
Y

Drama (and Theatre Studies)
Y

Y
Y

Design & Technology
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y

D&T: Food Technology
Y

Y

D&T: Product Design
Y
Y
Y

D&T: Textiles
Y

Dutch

Y

Economics
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y

Electronics
Y
Y

Y

English Language
Y
Y
Y
Y

English Literature
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y

Environmental Studies/Technology
Y

Y

Film Studies

Y

Y

French
Y

Y
Y
Y

General Studies
Y
Y
Y

Geography
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y

Geology

Y

Y

German
Y

Y
Y
Y

Government and Politics
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y

Greek

Y
Y

Gujarati

Y

Health and Social Care
Y
Y

Y
Y

Hebrew (Modern/Biblical)
Y
Y

History
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y

History of Art (and Design)
Y

Y

ICT
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y

Irish

Y

Italian

Y

Japanese

Y

Latin

Y

Law
Y
Y

Y

Mathematics
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y

Media Studies
Y
Y

Y

Music
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y

Music Technology

Y

Punjabi
Y

Persian

Y

Philosophy
Y

Physical Education
Y
Y
Y
Y

Physics
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y

Polish
Y

Portuguese

Y

Psychology
Y
Y
Y
Y

Religious Studies
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y

Russian

Y

Sociology
Y
Y

Y

Spanish
Y

Y
Y
Y

Sports Science

Y

Statistics
Y
Y

Turkish

Y
Y

Urdu

Y

Welsh

Y

World Development

Y

text: Applied A levels[edit]

text: The newly introduced GCE Applied A-level suite, taken from the old VCE A Levels, generally has a more vocational twist. For example, the new GCE A-level in Applied Business combines the traditional theory-based subject 'Business Studies' (which can be studied as an A-level itself) and adds a more practical and hands-on approach to it. In this case, for the mandatory modules in the AS year, the candidate is expected to create a simulated Marketing Proposal (module 1) and Recruitment and motivational package (module 2) as opposed to just studying the processes. This essentially asks the candidate to show a more thorough insight by actually applying the theory. Given that many universities have shown a dislike of vocational subjects as opposed to the traditional ones, their reaction to the new applied suite remains to be seen. However, considering the subject is now much broader and more "student-friendly" it is hoped[who?] that universities will see that this subject is no less than the traditional Business Studies given that the traditional aspect of the subject is not fully lost. The new GCE Applied A Levels are available in: Art and Design, ICT, Business, Science, and Health and Social care.

text: Process[edit]

text: Studying[edit]

text: The number of A-level exams taken by students can vary. A typical route is to study four subjects at AS level and then drop down to three at A2 level, although some students continue with their fourth subject. Three is usually the minimum number of A Levels required for university entrance, with some universities specifying the need for a fourth AS subject. There is no limit set on the number of A Levels one can study, and a number of students take five or more A Levels. It is permissible to take A Levels in languages one already speaks fluently, or courses with overlapping content, even if not always fully recognized by universities.

text: Grading[edit]

text: The pass grades for A Levels are, from highest to lowest, A*, A, B, C, D and E. The process to decide these grades involves the uniform mark scheme (UMS). Under this scheme, four-module A levels have a maximum mark of 400 UMS (or 200 UMS each for AS and A2), and six-module A levels have a maximum mark of 600 (or 300 UMS each for AS and A2). The maximum UMS within AS and A2 may be split unequally between each modules. For example, a Physics AS may have two exam modules worth 90 UMS and 150 UMS, and a coursework module worth 60 UMS. The 'raw marks' i.e. actual score received on a test may differ from UMS awarded. On each assignment, the correspondence of raw marks to UMS is decided by setting grade boundaries, a process which involves consultation by subject experts and consideration of statistics, aiming to keep standards for each grade the same year on year. Achieving less than 40% results in a U (unclassified). For passing grades, 40% corresponds to an E grade, 50% a D, 60% a C, 70% a B, and 80% an A. The A* grade was introduced in 2010 and is awarded to candidates who average 80% UMS across all modules, with a score over 90% UMS in all A2 modules.[14] In Mathematics, which comprises six 100 UMS modules, only the C3 and C4 modules count towards this requirement. In Further Mathematics and Additional Further Mathematics, where more than three A2 modules can be taken, the three best-scoring A2 modules count. There is no A* grade at AS level.

text: International comparisons[edit]

text: Wales and Northern Ireland[edit]

text: Recent research and the corresponding findings have shown that over a time span of several years students from Northern Ireland would outperform students from England and Wales in A-level examinations.[15]

text: Hong Kong[edit]

text: According to UCAS and HKEAA, the Hong Kong A-level examination has historically been benchmarked against the UK A Levels. In general, a UK A grade is broadly equivalent to a Hong Kong A-C grade. This conclusion is based mainly on the percentage of pupils achieving the respective grades in respective exams. In the UK, on average 25% of participants of each subject achieved an A grade every year, compared to the 25% A-C rate in Hong Kong – A(4%), A-B (10%), A-C (25%). According to the BBC, the percentage of students achieving an A* is about 8–10%, which essentially lies within the A-B range of their Hong Kong counterparts in respective subjects. [16] However, the two systems measure mastery of different sets of skills and any comparison can be subjective and therefore meaningless.

text: United States[edit]

text: In the United States of America (USA) the high school diploma is the qualification generally required for entry into colleges and universities.

text: In the United Kingdom, the high school diploma is considered to be at the level of the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE), which is awarded at Year 11.[17][18] For college and university admissions, the high school diploma may be accepted in lieu of the GCSE if an average grade of C is obtained in subjects with a GCSE counterpart.[17]

text: As the more academically rigorous A Levels awarded at Year 13 are expected for university admission, the high school diploma alone is generally not considered to meet university requirements. Students who wish to study in the United Kingdom may additionally participate in the Advanced Placement (AP) or International Baccalaureate (IB) programs, which are considered to be at the level of the A Level qualifications and earn points on the UCAS Tariff,[17][19] or may opt to take A Level examinations in British international schools or as private candidates. College Entrance Examination Board (CEEB) tests, such as the SAT, SAT Subject Tests, or the ACT, may also be considered.

text: The Universities and Colleges Admissions Service (UCAS) recommends that in addition to a high school diploma, grades of 3 or above in at least two, or ideally three, Advanced Placement exams may be considered as meeting general entry requirements for admission.[17] The IB Diploma may also be accepted. For the College Entrance Examination Board tests, a minimum score of 600 or higher in all sections of the SAT or a minimum score of 26 or higher in all sections of the ACT along with a minimum score of 600 in relevant SAT Subject Tests may be considered as meeting general entry requirements for admission.[17]

text: Special educational needs[edit]

text: For students taking GCE A Level examinations with learning difficulties, an injury/repetitive strain injury (RSI) or a disability, help is offered in these forms:

text:
Extra time (the amount depends on the severity of the learning difficulty, such as dyslexia, disability, injury or learning in English as a second language provided that the student has been studying in the UK for not more than 2 years)
An amanuensis (somebody types or handwrites as the student dictates; this is normally used when the student cannot write due to an injury or disability)
A word processor (without any spell checking tools) can be used by students who have trouble writing legibly or who are unable to write quickly enough to complete the exam within the time limit
A different format exam paper (large print, Braille, printed on coloured paper, etc.)
A 'reader' (a teacher/exam invigilator can read out the words written on the exam, but they cannot explain their meaning)
A different room (sometimes due to a disability a student can be placed in a room by themselves or with selected others; this also happens when an amanuensis is used, so as not to disturb the other candidates. All exam rooms are covered by separate dedicated invigilators.)

text: All of the above must be approved by the exam board concerned. There are other forms of help available, but these are the most commonly used.

text: Examination boards[edit]

text: A-level examinations in the UK are currently administered through 5 awarding bodies: AQA, OCR, Edexcel (London Examinations), WJEC and CCEA. The present 5 can trace their roots via a series of mergers or acquisitions to one or more of the originally 9 GCE Examination boards. Additionally, there are two examination boards offering A level qualifications internationally: Edexcel and the CIE. OCR and CIE are both branches of the parent organization, Cambridge Assessment. In the UK it is customary for schools to register with multiple examination boards and to "mix and match" A Levels to get a combined curriculum that fits the school profile.

text: Usage[edit]

text: England, Wales and Northern Ireland[edit]

text: A Levels are usually studied by students in Sixth Form, which refers to the last two years of secondary education in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, taken at ages 16–18. Some secondary schools have their own Sixth Form, which admits students from lower year groups, but will often accept external applications. There are also many specialist Sixth Form and Further Education Colleges which admit from feeder schools across a large geographic area. Admission to A level programmes is at the discretion of providers, and usually depends on GCSE grades. A typical requirement would be 5 A*-C grades at GCSE, although requirements can be higher, particularly for independent schools and grammar schools.

text: Scotland[edit]

text: A Levels are offered as an alternate qualification by a small number of educational institutions in Scotland, in place of the standard Scottish Higher, and the Advanced Higher levels of the Scottish Qualifications Certificate. The schools that offer A Levels are mainly private fee-paying schools particularly for students wishing to attend university in England.

text: International schools[edit]

text: Many international schools choose to use the British system for their wide recognition. Furthermore, students may choose to sit the papers of British examination bodies at education centres around the world, such as those belonging to the British Council. According to the British Council, A Levels are similar to the American Advanced Placement courses[20] which are themselves equivalent to first-year courses of America's four-year bachelor's degrees.

text: University admissions[edit]

text: A Level students often apply to universities before they have taken their final exams, with applications administered centrally through UCAS. British universities (including Scottish universities, which receive many applicants taking A Levels) consider GCSEs, AS-level results, predicted A Level results, and extracurricular accomplishments when deciding whether applicants should be made an offer through UCAS. These offers may be 'unconditional', guaranteeing a place regardless of performance in A2 examinations. Far more often, the offers are conditional on A level grades, and become void should the student fail to achieve the marks expected by the university (for example, conditional offer of three A Levels at grades B-B-C).[21] Universities may specify which subjects they wish these grades to be in (for example, conditional offer of grades A-A-B with a grade A in Mathematics).[21] The offer may include additional requirements, such as attaining a particular grade in the Sixth Term Examination Paper. The university is obliged to accept the candidate if the conditions are met, but is not obliged to reject a candidate who misses the requirements. Leniency may in particular be shown if the candidate narrowly misses grades.

text: A Level grades are also sometimes converted into numerical scores, typically UCAS tariff scores. Under the new UCAS system starting in 2017, an A* grade at A Level is worth 56 points, while an A is worth 48, a B is worth 40, a C is worth 32, a D is 24, and a E is worth 16;[22] so a university may instead demand that an applicant achieve 112 points, instead of the equivalent offer of B-B-C. This allows greater flexibility to students, as 112 points could also, for example, be achieved through the combination A-B-D, which would not have met the requirements of a B-B-C offer because of the D grade.

text: Depending on the specific offer made, a combination of more than 3 subjects (typically 4 or 5) with lower grades, or points from non-academic input such as higher level music grades or a Key Skills course, may also be accepted by the university. The text of the offer determines whether this flexibility is available – "112 UCAS Points" likely would, while "112 UCAS Points from three A Level subjects" would not.

text: International variants[edit]

text: There are currently two examination boards which provide an international variant of the United Kingdom A level examinations to international students. These are Cambridge International Examinations (CIE) and Edexcel. International A Level is widely available worldwide, with more than 125 countries providing the programme with 60 different choices of subjects.[23]

text: Unlike the current modular system implemented in the UK, the CIE A-Level, or more commonly known as the Cambridge A level, practises a terminal-examination system. Students are required to sit for two major exams, AS and A2, at the end of each academic year. Each of the major exams carries the weightage of 50 percent to form a complete A Level. However, Edexcel A level students will be sitting the same paper as the students in UK concurrently.

text: Additionally, countries outside of the United Kingdom have established academic qualifications with the same or similar name, and with a similar format, to the United Kingdom A levels. However, these qualifications may be distinct in certain ways from those offered in the United Kingdom.

text: Awarding[edit]

text:
UK: A-level Grades Awarded (%'age)[24][25][26][27][28][29]

A*
A (A*+A)
B
C
D
E
O/N
U/F
A–E
entries

pre 1960

75.3
103,803

1963–1986

8–10
15
10
15
20
20
10
68–70
1975: 498,883
1980: 589,270

1982

8.9

68.2

1985

70.5
634,557

1989 [30]

11.4
15.2
16.4
17.4
15.3
10.9
13.4
75.7
682,997

1990 [31]

11.7
15.5
16.9
17.7
15.2
10.7
12.3
76.7
684,065

1991[32]

11.9
15.5
16.9
18.1
15.6
10.5
11.5
78.0
699,041

1992[33]

12.8
16.3
17.4
18.0
15.3
9.8
10.4
79.8
731,240

1993

13.8
16.7
17.7
18.1
14.8
9.3
9.6
81.1
734,081

1994

14.8
17.1
18.6
18.1
14.4
8.8
8.1
83.0
732,974

1995

15.8
17.1
19.0
18.1
14.1
8.4
7.5
84.1
730,415

1996

16.0
18.0
19.8
18.3
13.7
7.8
6.4
85.8
739,163

1997

16.0
18.9
20.3
18.5
13.4
7.4
5.5
87.1
776,115

1998

16.8
18.9
20.8
18.3
13.0
7.2
5.0
87.8
794,262

1999

17.5
19.0
21.0
18.3
12.7
6.9
4.6
88.5
783,692

2000

17.8
19.2
21.2
18.5
12.4
6.6
4.3
89.1
771,809

2001

18.6
19.3
21.4
18.1
12.4
6.3
3.9
89.8
748,866

2002

20.7
21.9
22.7
18.1
10.9

5.7
94.3
701,380

2003

21.6
22.9
23.0
17.8
10.1

4.6
95.4
750,537

2004

22.4
23.4
23.2
17.5
9.5

4.0
96.0
766,247

2005

22.8
23.8
23.3
17.2
9.1

3.8
96.2
783,878

2006

24.1
24.0
23.2
16.6
8.7

3.4
96.6
805,698

2007

25.3
24.4
23.1
16.0
8.1

3.1
96.9
805,657

2008

25.9
24.9
23.1
15.7
7.6

2.8
97.2
827,737

2009

26.7
25.3
23.1
15.2
7.2

2.5
97.5
846,977

2010
8.1
18.9 (27)
25.2
23.2
15.2
7.0

2.4
97.6
853,933

2011
8.2
18.8 (27)
25.6
23.6
15.1
6.5

2.2
97.8
867,317

2012
7.9
18.7 (26.6)
26.0
24.0
14.9
6.5

2.0
98.0
861,819

2013
7.6
18.7 (26.3)
26.6
24.3
14.7
6.2

1.9
98.1
850,752

2014
8.2
17.8 (26.0)
26.4
24.3
14.8
6.5

2.0
98.0
833,807

2015
8.2
17.7 (25.9)
26.9
24.5
14.7
6.1

1.9
98.1
850,749

2016
8.1
17.7 (25.8)
27.1
24.7
14.6
5.9

1.9
98.1
836,705

2017
8.3
18.1 (26.3)
28.8
24.3
14.5
5.9

2.1
97.9
828,355

text: Please note: 2015 grades are currently provisional.

text: UK A-Level classifications from June 1989 to 2015[edit]

text:
A*
  A
  B
  C
  D
  E
  N/O
  F/U

text: Note: norm* - grades allocated per the norm referenced percentile quotas described above.

text: Criticism and controversy[edit]

text: Grade inflation[edit]

text: The most common criticism of the A-level system is an accusation of grade inflation. The press have noted the steady rise in average grades for several consecutive years and drawn the conclusion that A-levels are becoming consistently easier.[34] In an educational report Robert Coe compared students' scores in the ALIS ability test with equivalent grades achieved in A level exams over the period of approximately 20 years. He found that students of similar ability were achieving on average about 2 grades lower in the past than they were in the present. In the case of maths it was nearer to 3.5 grades lower.[35]

text: The government and teaching bodies maintain that the improved grades represent higher levels of achievement due to improved and more experienced teaching methods,[36][37] but some educationalists and journalists argue that the change is due to grade inflation and the examinations getting easier.[38] It has also been suggested that government pressure on schools to achieve high examination results has led them to coach students to pass the examination rather than understand the subject.[39] In 2000 the A-level system was changed to examine students at the end of each of the two years of A-level study, rather than only at the end of the two years. The results of the first year (AS-level) examinations has allowed students to drop subjects they find difficult after one year and to retake examinations to achieve a higher grade.[39] The ability of unlimited resits, with the best mark going through, has improved results.[40] Some believe that students are tending to select easier subjects instead of harder ones in order to achieve higher grades.[41][42][43]

text: Universities in Britain have complained that the increasing number of A grades awarded makes it hard to distinguish between students at the upper end of the ability spectrum.[44] The C grade was originally intended to represent the average ability, and students typically required 60% or higher across all assessments to attain it; however, the average result is now at the lower end of the B grade. Many universities have introduced their own entrance tests such as the BMAT and LNAT for specific courses, or conduct interviews to select applicants. In addition, the head of admissions at the University of Cambridge outlined changes[45] he believed should be made to the current system, particularly the use of the Advanced Extension Awards, a more challenging qualification based on the more advanced content of the A-level syllabus. More universities have wanted to see applicants' individual module results to see how comfortably they have achieved their result[46] due to fears that the A-level might not offer an accurate test of ability,[47] or that it is a good prediction of future academic success.[48] In 2007, allegations that students had been given lower marks than they deserved in order to fix overall results and make the pass rate seem lower than it had been in previous years were raised. The Tomlinson Inquiry was set up to ascertain whether this was an underhand to disprove that A levels were becoming too easy. As a result, some papers were re-marked but only 1,220 A level and 733 AS-level students saw an improvement to their results.[49]

text: Reforms[edit]

text: In response to concerns shown by employers and universities that it is not possible to distinguish between the large number of students achieving A grades, and in order to mirror the current GCSE standards, a debate arose as to whether a new, higher "super A" grade (like the A* grade at GCSE) should be introduced.[50] As will be seen in the future, it was generally agreed that bringing in higher grades would be a much better idea than raising the grade boundaries to keep the standards consistent, and it has been proposed that on top of the A, an A* grade should be available at A level in order to stretch the most able students while still allowing others to achieve the grades they deserve. From A2 exams sat in the future, the highest A level grade will be A*, requiring an A grade overall and 90% overall average UMS in A2 papers.[51]

text: The most recent reform of the Mathematics syllabus, following calls that it was too hard,[52] has attracted criticism for allegedly being made easier.[53] In the change, content consisting of three modules (Pure 1–3) were spread to four modules (Core 1–4). It is alleged that this makes the course easier as students do less work for the same qualifications. Further reforms to make the Mathematics syllabus more popular have been met with mixed opinions.[54] Supporters cite it will reverse the downward trend in students taking the subject whilst others are concerned that the subject is being "still incredibly difficult".

text: Despite ongoing work to improve the image of A-levels in the business community, a number of business leaders are beginning to express concern about the suitability of the qualification for school leavers and to urge the adoption of the International Baccalaureate in the UK as an alternative qualification at schools. In addition, concerns were raised by Sir Mike Rake, Chairman of BT Group, Sir Terry Leahy, Chairman of Tesco[55] and by Sir Christopher Gent, Chairman of GlaxoSmithKline.[56] Some schools have also moved to offering the Cambridge Pre-U[57] as an alternative to A-levels and with higher tariffs.[58]

text: Burden of assessment[edit]

text: With increased modularisation of subjects, the amount of time that young adults are spending being examined in the UK has risen considerably. It was estimated in a report by educationalists that by the age of 19 children will have spent an entire year of their school education being assessed.[59] As a result of such criticisms about the "burden of assessment", since candidates have taken four papers for most A-levels, instead of six as in the past.[60] This means that there are two modules for AS and two more for A2 for the majority of A levels. However, this will not be the case for all A levels: Biology, Human Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Electronics, Geology, Music, Welsh and Science will continue with six units, three units for AS and A2 respectively, and 600 UMS for the A level. Mathematics (including Further Mathematics, Additional Further Mathematics, Statistics, and the Use of Mathematics AS), will not change structurally in the modular reform; it will stay on 600 UMS (300 UMS for AS), but it will include the new A* grade and the 'Stretch and Challenge' provision. Also, Bengali, Modern Hebrew, Punjabi, Polish, Arabic, Japanese, Modern Greek, Biblical Hebrew, Dutch, Gujarati, Persian, Portuguese, and Turkish will remain at two units, one for AS and one for A2.[61][62][63] However, they will move to 200 UMS for A level. Chinese will also move to 200 UMS, but instead of two units, it will move to three units: AS will have two units, A2 will have one. It is the first A level to have an odd number of units since Curriculum 2000.[64]

text: Cambridge University has warned that it is extremely unlikely that it will accept applicants who are taking two or more supposedly 'softer' A level subjects out of 3. It has outlined a list of subjects it considers to be 'unsuitable', which includes Accounting, Design and Technology, Film Studies, Information and Communication Technology, Media Studies, Photography, and Sports studies.[65]

text: As a result of dislike of the modular system, many schools now offer the alternative International Baccalaureate Diploma qualification. The course offers more subjects, extracurricular activity, a philosophical epistemological component known as "Theory of Knowledge", as well as the requirement of an extended essay on any subject of a candidate's choice. Unlike the current AS/A2 system, the International Baccalaureate is not based on a modular system. The Diploma Programme, administered by the International Baccalaureate, is a recognised pre-university educational programme.[66]

text: Former British Prime Minister Tony Blair recently suggested that one state school in every county should offer the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme as an alternative to A levels.[67][68]

text: Breadth of study[edit]

text: The A-level has been criticised for providing less breadth since many A-level students do not generally study more than three subjects in their final year.[18] A major part of this criticism is that, while a three- or four-subject curriculum can be balanced across the spectrum (e.g. students may choose one science subject (such as Maths, Chemistry, or Biology), a language subject (e.g. English Language, English Literature, French, German, Spanish), and a "creative" subject like Art Studies), in many cases students choose three closely linked subjects, for instance, Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry or Sociology, Psychology, and Politics. This is in part due to university entrance requirements, which, for degree programs such as medicine, may require three related A-level subjects, but non-traditional combinations are becoming more common ("British Council Australia Education UK"). Thus, while the purpose of Curriculum 2000 was to encourage students to undertake contrasting subjects, to broaden their 'skill-base', there is a tendency to pursue similar disciplines. However, others disagree, arguing that the additional AS-level(s) studied would already have provided more breadth compared with the old system.

text: Predicted grading[edit]

text: A possible reformation would be something called the post-qualifications applications system (PQA), where applicants apply to university after they receive their results.[69] It has been argued that this would be fairer to applicants, especially those from lower-income families whose results were thought to be under-predicted. However, a more recent UCAS report shows that although the reliability of predicted grades declines in step with family income, this can still lead to an over-prediction effect for lower income groups. Just 45% of predicted grades are accurate – 47% are over-predictions and 9% under-predictions.[70] A recent UCAS consultation rejected the implementation of PQA following opposition from universities, schools and awarding bodies.[71][72]


document_title: Diversity Immigrant Visa

question_text: when was the diversity visa lottery program started

text: Diversity Immigrant Visa

text: History

text: Legislative and administrative history

text: Starting in 1986, the United States established several temporary immigrant visa programs outside of the usual immigration preferences (family members or by employment). The first program was NP-5, run from 1987-89, where a limited number of visas was issued on a first-come, first-served basis. The second program was OP-1, run through a lottery from 1989-91 and available for natives of countries with low levels of recent immigration to the United States.[1][2] The third program, AA-1, from 1992-94, was available for natives from a select group of countries that had been "adversely affected" by earlier immigration laws. Intentionally and in practice, people from Ireland and Northern Ireland benefited disproportionately from these programs. They were also known as the Donnelly, Berman and Morrison visas, respectively, after the sponsoring congressmen.[3] The Government of Ireland has actively supported the various lottery bills and similar legislation since their inception.[4]

text: The Donnelly visa benefited "several thousand Irish" (almost 4,000) and the Berman visa had some 500 Irish beneficiaries.[5] Under the three-year Morrison program (1992-94), by far the largest in size, those born in Ireland or Northern Ireland received a set-aside of 40% of all diversity visas, for a total of 48,000 set aside visas out of 120,000. Natives or citizens of Poland, via the sheer volume of applicants, received the second largest number of visas. The United Kingdom came in a distant third with some 6,000 visas in the Morrison program, the last in which natives of the United Kingdom or its territories (except Hong Kong and Northern Ireland) were eligible to participate.[6][7][8][9]

text: The Immigration Act of 1990 was passed with bipartisan support and signed by President George H. W. Bush.[10] The legislation established the current and permanent Diversity Visa (DV) program, where 55,000 immigrant visas (later reduced to 50,000) are available in an annual lottery. The lottery aims to diversify the immigrant population in the United States, by selecting applicants mostly from countries with low numbers of immigrants to the United States in the previous five years.[9] Starting in fiscal year 1999, 5,000 of the visas from the DV program are reserved for use by the NACARA program, so the number of immigrant visas available in the lottery was reduced to 50,000.[11]

text: The first DV lottery, for fiscal year 1995, was named DV-1.[12] For fiscal years 1996 to 1999, the name was in the format DV-YY, where YY was the last two digits of the year.[13][14][15][16] Since fiscal year 2000 the lotteries have been named in the format DV-YYYY, with the full year number.[17] The year in the name refers to the fiscal year when the immigrant visas will be given, which starts in October of the previous calendar year, and the entry period for the lottery occurs almost a year earlier. Therefore, there is a two-year difference between the lottery name and its entry period. For example, for DV-2017 (fiscal year starting in October 2016), the entry period was in 2015.[18]

text: Initially, the DV lottery was administered entirely by mail, and only winners were notified. The entry form moved to an online system starting in DV-2005, but still only winners were notified, by mail.[6] Starting in DV-2010, all applicants are able to verify online whether they were selected.[19] Notification of winners also by mail continued until DV-2011, but since DV-2012 it is done exclusively online.[20]

text: Criticism and repeal efforts

text: Criticism of the program has focused on instances of fraud, racism[21] and the random nature of the lottery, as well as criminal or terrorist actions perpetrated by certain lottery winners.[22][23]

text: In 2002, Hesham Mohamed Hadayet, an Egyptian immigrant who maintained residency in United States through his wife's diversity visa,[24] killed two people and injured four others at Los Angeles International Airport.[25][26][27] This led to criticism of the lottery as a security threat.[28][29]

text: Several attempts have been made to eliminate the lottery. In December 2005, the United States House of Representatives voted 273–148 to add an amendment to the border enforcement bill H.R. 4437 abolishing the DV. Opponents of the lottery said it was susceptible to fraud and was a way for terrorists to enter the country. The Senate never passed the bill. In March 2007, Congressman Bob Goodlatte (R-VA) introduced H.R. 1430, which would eliminate the Diversity Visa program. In June 2007, the U.S. House passed H.R. 2764 to eliminate funding for the program, and the Senate did likewise in September.[30]

text: However, the final version of this bill with amendments, signed into law on December 26, 2007, did not include the removal of funds for the program. Although H.R. 2764 was an appropriation bill and could only cut funds for the lottery during one fiscal year, this was the first time that both the House and the Senate passed a bill to halt the Diversity Visa program.H.R. 2764

text: Rep. Goodlatte reintroduced his Security and Fairness Enhancement for America Act (formerly H.R. 1430, now H.R. 2305) on May 7, 2009. The bill would have amended the Immigration and Nationality Act to eliminate the diversity immigrant program completely, but did not pass. Rep. Sheila Jackson-Lee (D-TX) introduced the Save America Comprehensive Immigration Act of 2009 (H.R. 264) on January 7, 2009. The bill would have doubled the number of diversity visas available to 110,000 yearly. This bill did not pass.[31] Had it passed, the Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013 would have abolished the program in fiscal year 2015.[clarification needed] A comprehensive analysis of DV lottery issues was prepared in 2011 by Congressional Research Service.[32]

text: In 2013, the so-called "Gang of Eight" - a bi-partisan group of eight United States Senators - introduced a bill that would have comprehensively reformed the immigration system. The bill would have repealed the Diversity Immigrant Visa program.[10][33] The legislation passed the Senate, but was defeated in the Republican-controlled House of Representatives amid Republican opposition.[10]

text: In 2017, Sayfullo Habibullaevich Saipov, who had immigrated from Uzbekistan on a diversity visa in 2010, killed eight and injured eleven when he drove his truck down a bike path in Lower Manhattan.[34][35] In response, President Donald Trump, who had earlier called for a return to a "merit-based" immigration system,[36][37] called for an end to the program.[38][39] Following Trump's call to end the program, White House Press Secretary Sarah Huckabee Sanders, indicated that diversity visa lottery recipients lack thorough vetting, something Politifact rated as false, noting that all recipients of the visa undergo background checks, security screenings, and interviews by consular officers before arrival in the U.S.[40]

text: The uncle of Akayed Ullah, the man who set off a dud bomb on a New York City subway platform in 2017, won a diversity lottery, which enabled him to bring his nephew to the United States under the family reunification provisions of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965.[41]

text: Process

text: Requirements

text: To enter the lottery, applicants must have been born in an eligible country. If selected, to qualify for the immigrant visa, they must have completed at least a high school education or at least two years of work experience in an occupation which requires at least two other years of training or experience.[18] They must also satisfy general immigration requirements, such as means of support, no criminal background, and good health.

text: Eligibility is determined by the applicant's country of birth, with two exceptions: the applicant may claim the spouse's country of birth instead if desired, or a parent's country of birth if neither parent was born in the applicant's country of birth and did not legally reside there when the applicant was born. The applicant's country of residence or nationality is irrelevant to the lottery.[18]

text: Each year, the Department of State publishes new instructions for applicants.[42][43]

text: Geographical distribution

text: The visas are distributed among six regions: Africa, Asia, Europe (Turkey, Cyprus and all countries in the former Soviet Union are allocated to Europe, even though some of them are geographically entirely in Asia), Latin America (Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean and South America), North America (consisting only of Canada and the Bahamas), and Oceania.[18][44]

text: Dependent territories are treated as part of their respective sovereign countries, and disputed territories are allocated as recognized by the United States. For example, Bermuda is treated as part of the United Kingdom under Europe, the Gaza Strip is considered part of Egypt under Africa, and the West Bank is considered part of Jordan under Asia. However, there are some exceptions: Northern Ireland, Hong Kong and Taiwan are treated as separate countries, and Macau is considered part of Portugal under Europe (even after its sovereignty returned to China in 1999).[18]

text: Each region that sent more than one sixth of the total number of immigrants to the United States in the previous five years is considered a "high-admission region" (currently Latin America and Asia), and each region that sent less than one sixth is a "low-admission region" (currently North America, Europe, Africa and Oceania). The proportion of diversity visas given to the low-admission group is set as the proportion of recent immigrants from the high-admission group (currently about 80%),[45] and vice versa. Among regions of the same group, the diversity visas are allocated proportionally to their population, excluding ineligible countries (those that sent more than 50,000 immigrants in the previous five years).[44]

text: Within each region, the visas are not allocated among individual countries. All applicants from the same region are selected randomly as a whole, for the number of visas allocated for that region, but with the limitation that no single country may receive more than 7% of the total diversity visas (3,500).[18]

text: Although only 50,000 diversity visas are available each year, the lottery selects about 100,000 applicants. The reason for the larger selection is to ensure that all 50,000 diversity visas are eventually given each year, as some applicants are expected to fail general immigration requirements or may decide to withdraw and not to continue the process. As a result, some lottery winners who have received notifications might not obtain visas.[46]

text: It is also possible that some visas remain available after all initially selected applicants are reviewed. In this case, additional applicants are selected later. For this reason, applicants who were not initially selected in the lottery should keep checking their status online periodically, until the end of the respective fiscal year.[47]

text: Ineligible countries

text: Those born in any territory that has sent more than 50,000 immigrants to the United States in the previous five years are not eligible to receive a diversity visa. For DV-2019 (the most recent lottery, with entry period in 2017), natives of the following nations are ineligible: Bangladesh, Brazil, Canada, China (mainland-born), Colombia, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Haiti, India, Jamaica, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, South Korea, United Kingdom and its dependent territories (except Northern Ireland), and Vietnam.[48]

text: Exemptions

text: The term 50,000 "immigrants" refers only to people who immigrated via the family-sponsored, employment, or immediate relatives of U.S. citizen categories, and does not include other categories such as refugees, asylum seekers, NACARA beneficiaries, or previous diversity immigrants. For this reason that Cuba, Iraq, Myanmar, Ethiopia, Iran, Nepal, Guatemala, Egypt and Ecuador are not on the ineligible list as of 2017, despite sending over 50,000 immigrants in the previous five years.[49] Northern Ireland, due to lobbying by Irish Americans, has a special exemption, as does Hong Kong, with those born in either jurisdiction being eligible to enter the lottery despite both China and the United Kingdom being ineligible.

text: Changes

text: The first program was in fiscal year 1995, and the following 12 countries were ineligible from the start: Canada, China (mainland), Dominican Republic, El Salvador, India, Jamaica, Mexico, Philippines, South Korea, Taiwan, United Kingdom and its dependent territories (except Northern Ireland and Hong Kong), and Vietnam.[50] Since then, Bangladesh, Brazil, Colombia, Haiti, Nigeria, Pakistan and Peru have been added to the ineligible list and are currently on it, Taiwan has been removed from it, and Ecuador, Guatemala, Poland and Russia have all been both on and off the ineligible list, reflecting shifting levels of immigration from these countries.

text: Macau was ineligible as part of China only for DV-2002, whose entry period (October 2000) was after the transfer of sovereignty of Macau from Portugal to China (December 1999) but before enactment of the Macau Policy Act (December 2000), which specified that U.S. law would treat Macau as it did before the transfer.[51]

text: Of the eight most populous countries in the world, all are ineligible except Indonesia. Of the next 11 most populous countries, eight are eligible, of which six are among the heaviest users of the lottery (Russia, Egypt, Ethiopia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Iran and Turkey); each of these countries was assigned close to the maximum possible ~4,500 openings for DV-2018 (along with Albania, Nepal, Ukraine and Uzbekistan).[46]

text:
Historical eligibility for the Diversity Immigrant Visa lottery

Country
Fiscal year

1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019

 Bangladesh
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No

 Brazil
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No

 Canada
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No

 China
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No

 Colombia
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No

 Dominican Republic
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No

 Ecuador
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes

 El Salvador
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No

 Guatemala
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

 Haiti
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No

 India
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No

 Jamaica
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No

 Mexico
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No

 Nigeria
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No

 Pakistan
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No

 Peru
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No

 Philippines
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No

 Poland
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

 Russia
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

 South Korea
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No

 Taiwan
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

 United Kingdom
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No

 Vietnam
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No

Others
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

text: Statistics

text:
Applicants (including dependents)[52][53][54][46]

Region
DV-2007
DV-2008
DV-2009
DV-2010
DV-2011
DV-2012
DV-2013
DV-2014
DV-2015
DV-2016
DV-2017
DV-2018

Africa
3,901,066
4,150,726
4,372,522
5,105,274
5,812,139
6,304,186
6,783,699
7,500,487
6,586,260
N/A
N/A
N/A

Asia
2,732,805
3,506,073
6,401,172
6,175,452
7,870,896
10,102,185
1,863,169
2,384,168
2,720,578
N/A
N/A
N/A

Europe
1,910,410
2,120,916
2,174,715
2,154,567
2,593,074
3,022,506
3,512,521
4,434,266
4,731,913
N/A
N/A
N/A

Latin America
489,144
243,694
192,447
126,168
193,932
200,712
377,386
266,272
315,667
N/A
N/A
N/A

North America
1,968
2,647
3,193
2,624
3,793
3,717
3,356
3,657
3,585
N/A
N/A
N/A

Oceania
34,834
40,260
40,964
33,743
37,674
38,962
37,224
45,120
39,884
N/A
N/A
N/A

Total
9,070,227
10,064,316
13,185,013
13,597,828
16,511,508
19,672,268
12,577,355
14,633,970
14,397,887
17,573,350
19,344,586
23,088,613

text:
Selected applicants (including dependents)[52][53][54]

Region
DV-2007
DV-2008
DV-2009
DV-2010
DV-2011
DV-2012
DV-2013
DV-2014
DV-2015
DV-2016
DV-2017
DV-2018

Africa
43,998
52,823
53,979
54,003
51,004
50,000
52,080
61,942
58,000
45,034
38,500
49,392

Asia
11,929
14,142
14,002
15,001
14,999
15,002
16,045
23,270
20,002
15,002
13,499
15,997

Europe
21,939
26,150
27,921
29,803
30,999
31,001
33,088
46,589
40,000
27,011
28,500
41,706

Latin America
3,097
1,845
1,893
1,982
2,001
2,002
2,206
4,620
3,999
3,000
1,951
4,995

North America
12
17
12
18
18
15
16
23
14
16
10
15

Oceania
1,398
1,713
1,801
1,803
1,600
2,001
2,193
4,215
3,499
1,500
1,450
3,863

Total
82,373
96,690
99,608
102,610
100,621
100,021
105,628
140,659
125,514
91,563
83,910
115,968

text:
Proportion of applicants who were selected

Region
DV-2007
DV-2008
DV-2009
DV-2010
DV-2011
DV-2012
DV-2013
DV-2014
DV-2015
DV-2016
DV-2017
DV-2018

Africa
1.13%
1.27%
1.23%
1.06%
0.88%
0.79%
0.77%
0.83%
0.88%
N/A
N/A
N/A

Asia
0.44%
0.40%
0.22%
0.24%
0.19%
0.15%
0.86%
0.98%
0.74%
N/A
N/A
N/A

Europe
1.15%
1.23%
1.28%
1.38%
1.20%
1.03%
0.94%
1.05%
0.85%
N/A
N/A
N/A

Latin America
0.63%
0.76%
0.98%
1.57%
1.03%
1.00%
0.58%
1.74%
1.27%
N/A
N/A
N/A

North America
0.61%
0.64%
0.38%
0.69%
0.47%
0.40%
0.48%
0.63%
0.39%
N/A
N/A
N/A

Oceania
4.01%
4.25%
4.40%
5.34%
4.25%
5.14%
5.89%
9.34%
8.77%
N/A
N/A
N/A

Total
0.91%
0.96%
0.76%
0.75%
0.61%
0.51%
0.84%
0.96%
0.87%
0.52%
0.43%
0.50%

text: Fraud

text: There is no charge to enter the Diversity Visa lottery, and the only way to do so is by completing and sending the electronic form available at the U.S. Department of State website during the registration period. However, there are numerous companies and websites that charge a fee in order to complete the form for the applicant. The Department of State and the Federal Trade Commission have warned that some of these businesses falsely claim to increase someone's chances of winning the lottery, or that they are affiliated with the U.S. government.[55]

text: There have also been numerous cases of fraudulent emails and letters which falsely claim to have been sent by the Department of State and that the recipient has been granted a Permanent Resident Card. These messages prompt the recipients to transfer a "visa processing fee" as a prerequisite for obtaining a "guaranteed" green card. The messages are sometimes sent to people who never participated in the lottery and can look trustworthy as they contain the recipient's exact name and contact details and what appears to be a legal notice.

text: The Department of State has issued a warning against the scammers. It notes that any email claiming the recipient to be a winner of the lottery is fake because the Department has never notified and will not notify winners by email. The Department has urged recipients of such messages to notify the Internet Crime Complaint Center about the scam.[56]

text: The office of inspector general has identified multiple problems with DV lottery in several countries, including Ukraine, Ghana, Albania in embassy inspection reports.[57][58][59]

text: According to testimony from Stephen A. Edson before the House Judiciary Committee, "in Bangladesh, for example, one agent is reported to have enrolled an entire phone book so that he could then either extort money from winning applicants who had never entered the program to begin with or sell their winning slots to others."[60]

text: Impact

text: Economic

text: According to Dartmouth economist Ethan Lewis, ending the diversity lottery program would likely have an adverse economic impact on Americans.[why?][61]

text: There is no support in the economics for the assertion that immigrants suppress wages and take jobs from Americans; to the contrary, research by Lewis and several other economists of migration shows that diverse and low-skilled immigrants lift the wages of native-born workers, as those immigrants are less substitutable to native-born workers.[61] Charles Kenny, an economist at the Center for Global Development, noted that research by Harvard economist Alberto Alesina found that countries with a higher share of foreign-born populations tended to have more innovation and higher incomes.[62]

text: Security

text: In 2004, the State Department’s deputy inspector general warned that there were security risks to granting visas to winners from countries with ties to terrorism.[63] A 2007 Government Accountability Office report however found no evidence that recipients of diversity visas posed a threat.[63]

text: According to PolitiFact, "there is at least one documented example of an individual who migrated through the diversity visa system and was later arrested on terrorism-related charges. But it is unclear that the diversity lottery has historically been used as a strategic entry point for terrorists."[64]

text: Experts on immigration note that the chances of winning the lottery are low and those who do win the lottery still have to undergo background checks and vetting, which makes the diversity lottery program a poor choice for immigrants considering launching terrorist attacks in the United States.[64]

text: According to the Cato Institute, immigrants from the countries with the highest percentage of diversity visas have vastly lower incarceration rates than native-born Americans.[65]


document_title: Sing (2016 American film)

question_text: who plays the voice of mike in sing

question_tokens: who plays the voice of mike in sing

text: Sing (2016 American film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In a world of anthropomorphic animals, koala Buster Moon owns a theater, having been interested in show business since his father took him to his first music show as a child. Following financial problems brought up by the bank representative Judith, he tells his wealthy friend Eddie that he will host a singing competition with a prize of $1,000. But Buster's assistant, Miss Crawly, accidentally appends two extra zeroes, and the promotional fliers showing $100,000 are blown out of Buster's office into the city streets.

text: Animals from all around the city gather for auditions. Those selected include: housewife and mother of 25 piglets Rosita; street musician mouse Mike; mobster's son gorilla Johnny; and punk-rock porcupine Ash. Shy teenage elephant Meena fails her audition out of stage fright, while Ash's boyfriend Lance is dismissed from the contest. Rosita is paired with another contestant, an exuberant pig named Gunter, for a dance routine. Although Buster discovers the flyers show a prize of $100,000 (money he does not have), he remains optimistic. Buster convinces Eddie to arrange a visit with Eddie's grandmother, former opera singer and theater actress Nana Noodleman, to persuade her to sponsor the prize money. She is hesitant to contribute, but agrees to see a private screening of the show.

text: Encouraged by her grandfather, Meena tries to ask Buster for another chance, but becomes his stage hand instead. When one of the acts quits, and another is injured, Meena is added as an act. The performers' individual problems begin to hinder rehearsals: Rosita flounders in her dance routine with Gunter, after having been distracted by her parenting duties that have fallen into disarray. After discovering Lance with a new girlfriend and evicting them from her apartment, Ash is devastated and can no longer sing her assigned song, Carly Rae Jepsen's "Call Me Maybe." Johnny is torn between having to help his father as the driver of a getaway car in a heist and making the practices. When he tries to do both, he does not show up for the planned pickup in time, and his father and his gang are arrested. Meena does not get any help in overcoming her stage fright, and Mike, certain that the prize money is as good as his, buys a fancy car to impress a female mouse, and then swindles a group of bears in a card game at a nightclub.

text: The day of the screening, the bears interrupt the show, demanding the money from Mike, who in turn, points to Buster. The bears open the chest containing the prize money, but it is nowhere near $100,000. The glass tank full of luminescent squids that Buster got to light up the theater breaks under all their weight, flooding the theater, which then comes crashing down. With the lot repossessed by Judith, Buster, who had been living in his theater's office desk, takes up residence at Eddie's place (his parents' pool house). Although the contestants (besides Mike, who saw Buster as a fraud) visit him and try to cheer him up, Buster is too despondent to listen to them. He tries to start over by opening a car wash, using the same bucket that his father had used to earn money for Buster's theater.

text: When Meena goes to the theater's rubble lot and sings Leonard Cohen's "Hallelujah," Buster hears her and is inspired to reinstate the show without the prize money. They perform on a makeshift stage on the lot in front of Rosita and Meena's family members. As Rosita and Gunter perform Taylor Swift's "Shake It Off," more animals are attracted to the scene as the show is broadcast on the news. Johnny's rendition of Elton John's "I'm Still Standing" impresses his father, who then escapes from prison to reconcile with him. Despite an interruption by Judith, Ash sings her original rock song "Set It All Free." Mike returns to the show and sings Frank Sinatra's "My Way." Meena finally overcomes her fears and sings Stevie Wonder's "Don't You Worry 'bout a Thing," which literally brings down the house. The show becomes a success and impresses Nana, who was in the audience. Nana buys the lot and the theater is rebuilt and reopened.

text: Voice cast[edit]

text:
Matthew McConaughey as Buster Moon, an optimistic koala who plans to save his theater from closure by holding a singing competition.[3][5]
Reese Witherspoon as Rosita, a pig who gave up her teenage music dreams to become a devoted wife to Norman, and mother to their 25 piglets.[5]
Seth MacFarlane as Mike, an arrogant street musician mouse with a strong, Frank Sinatra-esque voice.[5]
Scarlett Johansson as Ash, a teenage porcupine punk rocker who takes part in an alternative-rock music duo with her boyfriend Lance.[1][5]
John C. Reilly as Eddie Noodleman, a sheep and Buster's friend who doubts the future of the theater.[5][6]
Tori Kelly as Meena, a teenage elephant with an exquisite singing voice and severe stage fright.[5]
Taron Egerton as Johnny, a teenage gorilla who wants to sing, though his father would rather have him follow his criminal footsteps.[5]
Jennifer Saunders as Nana Noodleman, a sheep and Eddie's grandmother who was a singer in her glory days.[7][8]

Jennifer Hudson[1] as Young Nana

Garth Jennings as Miss Crawly, an elderly iguana with a glass eye who is Buster's administrative assistant.[1]
Peter Serafinowicz as Big Daddy, a gorilla gang leader who wants his son Johnny to follow in his crime business.[1]
Nick Kroll as Gunter, a passionate dancing pig who is partnered with Rosita for the show.[9][7]
Beck Bennett as Lance, a porcupine and Ash's boyfriend.[1]
Jay Pharoah[7] as Meena's grandfather who pressures her to overcome her stage fright.
Nick Offerman[7] as Norman, a pig and Rosita's husband.
Leslie Jones as Meena's mother
Rhea Perlman as Judith,[1][10] a brown llama from the bank who warns Buster that his theater will be repossessed if he does not pay.
Laraine Newman as Meena's grandmother
Adam Buxton as Stan, a gorilla who is a member of Big Daddy's gang.
Brad Morris as Baboon, whom Mike attacks for not donating more money to his street performances.
Bill Farmer as News Reporter Dog, who documents Buster's singing competition.

text: The voices of Rosita's piglet children were provided by Oscar, Leo, Caspar, and Asa Jennings, the children of Garth Jennings, the film's writer and director. Jennings had directors Edgar Wright and Wes Anderson provide "additional voices", continuing a tradition of the three friends appearing in each other's films.[11]

text: Production[edit]

text: In January 2014, it was announced that Garth Jennings would write and direct an animated comedy film for Universal Pictures and Illumination Entertainment, about "courage, competition and carrying a tune,"[12] which was originally titled Lunch,[13] and then retitled as Sing.[5]

text: On January 14, 2015, Matthew McConaughey was cast in the film's lead voice role.[3] Chris Meledandri and Janet Healy produced the film.[3] On June 17, 2015, it was confirmed that McConaughey's character is named Buster and that John C. Reilly would voice Eddie, a sheep and Buster's best friend.[6] In November 2015, it was announced that Reese Witherspoon, Seth MacFarlane, Scarlett Johansson, Tori Kelly and Taron Egerton had joined the cast of the film.[5]

text: The film features 65 pop songs, the rights to which cost 15 percent of the film's $75 million budget.[14] The animation was created entirely in France by Illumination MacGuff.[15]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: A soundtrack album for the film was released on December 21, 2016.

text: Release[edit]

text: The almost complete[16] film was screened as a work in progress beginning September 11, 2016 at the Toronto International Film Festival.[17] Universal Studios released the film on December 21, 2016.[18]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Sing was released on Blu-ray, Blu-ray 3D, Ultra HD Blu-ray and DVD on March 21, 2017. It includes three short films: Gunter Babysits, Love at First Sight, and Eddie's Life Coach.[19]

text:
In Gunter Babysits, Gunter offers to watch over Rosita and Norman's piglets while they are away as he works to prove himself to be a good babysitter.
In Love at First Sight, Johnny sets Miss Crawly up with an online dating website where she manages to score a date with a lizard named Herman.
In Eddie's Life Coach, Eddie's mother sets Eddie up for a digital training seminar where he will be assigned to a dachshund named Garry "The Winner" Wishman.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Sing grossed $270.3 million in the United States and Canada, and $363.8 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $634.1 million, against a production budget of $75 million.[2] Deadline.com calculated the net profit of the film to be $194.2 million, when factoring together all expenses and revenue for the film, making it the 7th most profitable release of 2016.[20]

text: In North America, the film opened alongside Passengers and Assassin's Creed, and was expected to gross around $70 million from 4,022 theaters over its first six days of release.[21] The film made $1.7 million during its Tuesday night previews.[22] It went on to gross $35.3 million in its opening weekend (a six-day total of $75.5 million), finishing second at the box office behind Rogue One: A Star Wars Story, which was in its second week.[23] Sing holds the record for being the highest-grossing film to never finish first at the North American box office, besting My Big Fat Greek Wedding ($241.4 million in 2002).[24]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On the aggregate site Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 73% based on 157 reviews, and an average rating of 6.5/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Sing delivers colorfully animated, cheerfully undemanding entertainment with a solid voice cast and a warm-hearted – albeit familiar – storyline that lives up to its title."[25] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 59 out of 100 based on 37 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews."[26] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.[23]

text: Brian Truitt of USA Today gave the film three-and-a-half out of four stars and wrote, "In a year full of talking-animal hits, Sing isn't quite as strong a number. It's a tale that might not be particularly thought-provoking but sure is toe-tapping."[27] In her review for the Los Angeles Times, Katie Walsh called Sing, "a cute movie with genuinely funny moments (keep an eye out for the koala car wash), and some great tunes to boot."[28] The Arizona Republic's Bill Goodykoontz was rather mixed about the movie in his review and overall said, "Sing is like an album with a good song here and there, but too much filler and not enough hits."[29] Reviewing the version of the film screened at the Toronto International Film Festival, Stefan Pape of the British website HeyUGuys gave the film a mixed review of 2/5, stating that "Garth Jennings's Sing effectively acknowledges early on that it's following a completely unoriginal formula, and yet carries on regardless."[30] While Peter Debruge of Variety, who also saw the film during the same festival, did not find the subplots to have any "profound life lessons," he overall praised Jennings' direction, the cast's voice performances and the film's silliness.[31]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
List of awards and nominations

Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipient(s)
Result
Ref(s)

AARP Annual Movies for Grownups Awards
February 6, 2017
Best Movie for Grownups who Refuse to Grow Up
Sing
Nominated
[32]

Annie Awards
February 4, 2017
Outstanding Achievement, Music in an Animated Feature Production
Joby Talbot
[33]

Golden Globe Awards
January 8, 2017
Best Animated Feature Film
Sing
[34]

Best Original Song
"Faith" – Ryan Tedder, Stevie Wonder and Francis Farewell Starlite

Hollywood Music in Media Awards
November 17, 2016
Best Song – Animated Film
[35][36]

Best Soundtrack Album
Sing: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack

Outstanding Music Supervision – Film
Jojo Villanueva
Won

Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards
March 11, 2017
Favorite Animated Movie
Sing
Nominated
[37]

Favorite Voice From an Animated Movie
Reese Witherspoon

Most Wanted Pet

Favorite Soundtrack
Sing

Saturn Awards
June 28, 2017
Best Animated Film
Nominated
[38]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: Universal and Illumination have announced plans for a sequel, tentatively titled Sing 2, slated for December 25, 2020.[39]