document_title: Night (book)

question_text: what was the boy's name in night by elie wiesel

question_tokens: what was the boy 's name in night by elie wiesel

text: Night (book)

text: Background

text: Elie Wiesel was born on 30 September 1928 in Sighet, a town in the Carpathian mountains of northern Transylvania, to Chlomo Wiesel, a shopkeeper, and his wife, Sarah, née Feig. The family lived in a community of 10,000–20,000 mostly Orthodox Jews. Northern Transylvania had been annexed by Hungary in 1940, and restrictions on Jews were already in place, but the period Wiesel discusses at the beginning of the book, 1941–1943, was a relatively calm one for the Jewish population.[6]

text: That changed at midnight on Sunday, 18 March 1944, with the invasion of Hungary by Nazi Germany, and the arrival in Budapest of SS-Obersturmbannführer Adolf Eichmann to oversee the deportation of the country's Jews. From 5 April Jews over the age of six had to wear a 10 x 10 cm (3.8 x 3.8 in) yellow badge on the upper-left side of their coats or jackets.[7] Jews had to declare the value of their property, and were forbidden from moving home, travelling, owning cars or radios, listening to foreign radio stations, or using the telephone. Jewish authors could no longer be published, their books were removed from libraries, and Jewish civil servants, journalists and lawyers were sacked.[8]

text: As the Allies prepared for the liberation of Europe, the mass deportations began at a rate of four trains a day from Hungary to the Auschwitz concentration camp in Nazi-occupied Poland, each train carrying around 3,000 people.[9] Between 15 May and 8 July 1944, 437,402 Hungarian Jews are recorded as having been sent there on 147 trains, most gassed on arrival. The transports comprised most of the Jewish population outside Budapest, the Hungarian capital.[10]

text: Between 16 May and 27 June, 131,641 Jews were deported from northern Transylvania.[11] Wiesel, his parents and sisters—older sisters Hilda and Beatrice and seven-year-old Tzipora—were among them. On arrival Jews were "selected" for the gas chamber or forced labour; to be sent to the left meant work, to the right, the gas chamber.[12] Sarah and Tzipora were sent to the gas chamber. Hilda and Beatrice survived, separated from the rest of the family. Wiesel and Chlomo managed to stay together, surviving forced labour and a death march to another concentration camp, Buchenwald, near Weimar in Thuringia. Chlomo died there in January 1945, three months before the 6th Armored Division of the United States Army arrived to liberate the camp.[13]

text: Synopsis

text: Moshe the Beadle

text: Night opens in Sighet in 1941. The book's narrator is Eliezer, an Orthodox Jewish teenager who studies the Talmud by day, and by night "weep[s] over the destruction of the Temple". To the disapproval of his father, Eliezer spends time discussing the Kabbalah with Moshe[n 1] the Beadle, caretaker of the Hasidic shtiebel (house of prayer).

text: In June 1941 the Hungarian government expelled Jews unable to prove their citizenship. Moshe is crammed onto a cattle train and taken to Poland. He manages to escape, saved by God, he believes, so that he might save the Jews of Sighet. He returns to the village to tell what he calls the "story of his own death," running from one house to the next: "Jews, listen to me! It's all I ask of you. No money. No pity. Just listen to me!"[14]

text: When the train crossed into Poland, he tells them, it was taken over by the Gestapo, the German secret police. The Jews were transferred to trucks, then driven to a forest in Galicia, near Kolomaye, where they were forced to dig pits. When they had finished, each prisoner had to approach the hole, present his neck, and was shot. Babies were thrown into the air and used as targets by machine gunners. He tells them about Malka, the young girl who took three days to die, and Tobias, the tailor who begged to be killed before his sons; and how he, Moshe, was shot in the leg and taken for dead. But the Jews of Sighet would not listen, making Moshe Night's first unheeded witness.[15]

text: Sighet ghettos

text: The Germans arrived in Sighet around 21 March 1944, and shortly after Passover (8–14 April that year) arrested the community leaders. Jews had to hand over their valuables, were not allowed to visit restaurants or leave home after six in the evening, and had to wear the yellow star at all times. Eliezer's father makes light of it:

text: The yellow star? Oh well, what of it? You don't die of it ...

text: (Poor Father! Of what then did you die?)[16]

text: The SS transfer the Jews to one of two ghettos, each with its own council or Judenrat. Eliezer's house on a corner of Serpent Street was in the larger ghetto in the town centre, so his family was able to stay at home, though the windows on the non-ghetto side had to be boarded up.

text: The barbed wire which fenced us in did not cause us any real fear. ... We appointed a Jewish Council, a Jewish police, an office for social assistance, a labor committee, a hygiene department – a whole government machinery. Everyone marveled at it. We should no longer have before our eyes those hostile faces, those hate-laden stares. Our fear and anguish were at an end. We were living among Jews, among brothers ...

text: In May 1944 the Judenrat is told the ghettos will be closed with immediate effect and the residents deported. Eliezer's family is first moved to the smaller ghetto, but they are not told their final destination, only that they may each take a few personal belongings. The Hungarian police, wielding truncheons and rifle butts, march Eliezer's neighbours through the streets. "It was from that moment that I began to hate them, and my hate is still the only link between us today."[14]

text: Auschwitz

text: Eliezer and his family are crammed into a closed cattle wagon with 80 others. On the third night one woman, Madame Schächter—Night's second unheeded witness—becomes hysterical, screaming that she can see flames, until the others beat her. Men and women are separated on arrival at Auschwitz-Birkenau, the reception and extermination camp within the Auschwitz complex. Eliezer and his father are "selected" to go to the left, which meant forced labour; his mother, Hilda, Beatrice and Tzipora to the right, the gas chamber. Hilda and Beatrice managed to survive.

text: Men to the left! Women to the right!

text: The remainder of Night describes Eliezer's efforts not to be parted from his father, not even to lose sight of him; his grief and shame at witnessing his father's decline into helplessness; and as their relationship changes and the young man becomes the older man's caregiver, his resentment and guilt, because his father's existence threatens his own. The stronger Eliezer's need to survive, the weaker the bonds that tie him to other people.

text: His loss of faith in human relationships is mirrored in his loss of faith in God. During the first night, as he and his father wait in line, he watches a lorry deliver its load of children into the fire. While his father recites the Kaddish, the Jewish prayer for the dead—Wiesel writes that in the long history of the Jews, he does not know whether people have ever recited the prayer for the dead for themselves—Eliezer considers throwing himself against the electric fence.

text: At that moment he and his father are ordered to go to their barracks. But Eliezer is already destroyed. "[T]he student of the Talmud, the child that I was, had been consumed in the flames. There remained only a shape that looked like me."[20] There follows a passage that Ellen Fine writes contains the main themes of Night—the death of God and innocence, and the défaite du moi, or dissolution of the self, a recurring motif in Holocaust literature:[21]

text: Never shall I forget that night, the first night in camp, which has turned my life into one long night, seven times cursed and seven times sealed. Never shall I forget that smoke. Never shall I forget the little faces of the children, whose bodies I saw turned into wreaths of smoke beneath a silent blue sky.

text: Never shall I forget those flames which consumed my faith forever.

text: With the loss of self goes Eliezer's sense of time: "I glanced at my father. How he had changed! ... So much had happened within such a few hours that I had lost all sense of time. When had we left our houses? And the ghetto? And the train? Was it only a week? One night – one single night?"[24]

text: Buna

text: In or around August 1944 Eliezer and his father are transferred from Birkenau to the work camp at Monowitz (also known as Buna and Auschwitz III), their lives reduced to the avoidance of violence and the search for food. "Bread, soup – these were my whole life. I was a body. Perhaps less than that even: a starved stomach."[25] Their only joy is when the Americans bomb the camp.

text: God is not lost to Eliezer entirely. During the hanging of a child, which the camp is forced to watch, he hears someone ask: Where is God? Where is he?[26] Not heavy enough for the weight of his body to break his neck, the boy dies slowly. Wiesel files past him, sees his tongue still pink and his eyes clear.

text: Behind me, I heard the same man asking: Where is God now?

text: Fine writes that this is the central event in Night, a religious sacrifice—the binding of Isaac and crucifixion of Jesus—described by Alfred Kazin as the literal death of God.[28] Afterwards the inmates celebrate Rosh Hashanah, the Jewish new year, but Eliezer cannot take part.

text: Blessed be God's name? Why, but why would I bless Him? Every fiber in me rebelled. Because He caused thousands of children to burn in His mass graves? Because He kept six crematoria working day and night, including Sabbath and the Holy Days? Because in His great might, He had created Auschwitz, Birkenau, Buna, and so many other factories of death? How could I say to Him: Blessed be Thou, Almighty, Master of the Universe, who chose us among all nations to be tortured day and night, to watch as our fathers, our mothers, our brothers end up in the furnaces? ...

text: Death march

text: In January 1945, with the Soviet army approaching, the Germans decide to flee, taking 60,000 inmates on a death march to concentration camps in Germany. Eliezer and his father are marched to Gleiwitz to be put on a freight train to Buchenwald, a camp near Weimar, 350 miles (563 km) from Auschwitz.

text: Pitch darkness. Every now and then, an explosion in the night. They had orders to fire on any who could not keep up. Their fingers on the triggers, they did not deprive themselves of this pleasure. If one of us had stopped for a second, a sharp shot finished off another filthy son of a bitch.

text: Resting in a shed after marching 50 miles (80 km), Rabbi Eliahou asks if anyone has seen his son. They had stuck together for three years, "always near each other, for suffering, for blows, for the ration of bread, for prayer," but the rabbi had lost sight of him in the crowd and was now scratching through the snow looking for his son's corpse. "I hadn't any strength left for running. And my son didn't notice. That's all I know."[31] Eliezer does not tell the man that his son had indeed noticed his father limping, and had run faster, letting the distance between them grow.

text: The inmates spend two days and nights in Gleiwitz locked inside cramped barracks without food, water or heat, sleeping on top of one another, so that each morning the living wake with the dead underneath them. There is more marching to the train station and onto a cattle wagon with no roof. They travel for ten days and nights, with only the snow falling on them for water. Of the 100 in Eliezer's wagon, 12 survive the journey. The living make space by throwing the dead onto the tracks:

text: I woke from my apathy just at the moment when two men came up to my father. I threw myself on top of his body. He was cold. I slapped him. I rubbed his hand, crying:

text: Father! Father! Wake up. They're trying to throw you out of the carriage ...

text: His body remained inert ...

text: I set to work to slap him as hard as I could. After a moment, my father's eyelids moved slightly over his glazed eyes. He was breathing weakly.

text: You see, I cried.

text: Buchenwald, liberation

text: The Germans are waiting with loudhailers and orders to head for a hot bath. Wiesel is desperate for the heat of the water, but his father sinks into the snow. "I could have wept with rage ... I showed him the corpses all around him; they too had wanted to rest here ... I yelled against the wind ... I felt I was not arguing with him, but with death itself, with the death he had already chosen."[34] An alert sounds, the camp lights go out, and Eliezer, exhausted, follows the crowd to the barracks, leaving his father behind. He wakes at dawn on a wooden bunk, remembering that he has a father, and goes in search of him.

text: His father is in another block, sick with dysentery. The other men in his bunk, a Frenchman and a Pole, attack him because he can no longer go outside to relieve himself. Eliezer is unable to protect him. "Another wound to the heart, another hate, another reason for living lost."[34]

text: Begging for water one night from his bunk, where he has lain for a week, Chlomo is beaten on the head with a truncheon by an SS officer for making too much noise. Eliezer lies in the bunk above and does nothing for fear of being beaten too. He hears his father make a rattling noise, "Eliezer." In the morning, 29 January 1945, he finds another man in his father's place. The Kapos had come before dawn and taken Chlomo to the crematorium.[36]

text: His last word was my name. A summons, to which I did not respond.

text: Chlomo missed his freedom by three months. The Soviets had liberated Auschwitz 11 days earlier, and the Americans were making their way towards Buchenwald. Eliezer is transferred to the children's block where he stays with 600 others, dreaming of soup. On 5 April 1945 the inmates are told the camp is to be liquidated and they are to be moved—another death march. On 11 April, with 20,000 inmates still inside, a resistance movement inside the camp attacks the remaining SS officers and takes control. At six o'clock that evening, an American tank arrives at the gates, and behind it the Sixth Armored Division of the United States Third Army.[38]

text: Writing and publishing

text: Move to France

text: Wiesel wanted to move to Palestine after his release, but because of British immigration restrictions was sent instead by the Oeuvre au Secours aux Enfants (Children's Rescue Service) to Belgium, then Normandy. In Normandy he learned that his two older sisters, Hilda and Beatrice, had survived.[13]

text: From 1947 to 1950 he studied the Talmud, philosophy and literature at the Sorbonne, where he was influenced by the existentialists, attending lectures by Jean-Paul Sartre and Martin Buber. He also taught Hebrew, and worked as a translator for the Yiddish weekly Zion in Kamf. In 1948, when he was 19, he was sent to Israel as a war correspondent by the French newspaper L'arche, and after the Sorbonne became chief foreign correspondent of the Tel Aviv newspaper Yedioth Ahronoth.[13]

text: 1954: Un di Velt Hot Geshvign

text: Wiesel wrote in 1979 that he kept his story to himself for ten years. In 1954 he wanted to interview the French prime minister, Pierre Mendès-France, and approached the novelist François Mauriac, a friend of Mendès-France, for an introduction.[39] He writes: "The problem was that [Mauriac] was in love with Jesus. He was the most decent person I ever met in that field ... and he was in love with Jesus. ... Whatever I would ask – Jesus. Finally, I said, 'What about Mendès-France?' He said that Mendès-France, like Jesus, was suffering ..."[40]

text: Wiesel started writing on board a ship to Brazil, where he had been assigned to cover Christian missionaries within Jewish communities, and by the end of the journey had completed an 862-page manuscript.[41] He was introduced on the ship to Yehudit Moretzka, a Yiddish singer travelling with Mark Turkov, a publisher of Yiddish texts. Turkov asked if he could read Wiesel's manuscript.[42] It is unclear who edited the text for publication. Wiesel wrote in All Rivers Run to the Sea (1995) that he handed Turkov his only copy and that it was never returned, but also that he (Wiesel) "cut down the original manuscript from 862 pages to the 245 of the published Yiddish edition."[43][n 2]

text: Turkov's Tzentral Varband fun Polishe Yidn in Argentina (Central Union of Polish Jews in Argentina) published the book in 1956 in Buenos Aires as the 245-page Un di velt hot geshvign ("And the World Remained Silent"). It was the 117th book in a 176-volume series of Yiddish memoirs of Poland and the war, Dos poylishe yidntum (Polish Jewry, 1946–1966).[45] Ruth Wisse writes that Un di Velt Hot Geshvign stood out from the rest of the series, which survivors wrote as memorials to their dead, as a "highly selective and isolating literary narrative."[46]

text: 1958: La Nuit

text: Wiesel translated Un di Velt Hot Geshvign into French and in 1955 sent it to Mauriac. Even with Mauriac's help they had difficulty finding a publisher; Wiesel said they found it too morbid.[40] Jérôme Lindon of Les Éditions de Minuit, Samuel Beckett's publisher, agreed to handle it. Lindon edited the text down to 178 pages. Published as La Nuit, a title chosen by Lindon, it had a preface by Mauriac and was dedicated to Chlomo, Sarah and Tzipora.[47]

text: 1960: Night

text: Wiesel's New York agent, Georges Borchardt, encountered the same difficulty finding a publisher in the United States.[48] In 1960 Arthur Wang of Hill & Wang in New York—who Wiesel writes "believed in literature as others believe in God"—paid a $100 pro-forma advance and published that year a 116-page English translation by Stella Rodway as Night.[49] The first 18 months saw 1,046 copies sell at $3 each, and it took three years to sell the first print run of 3,000 copies, but the book attracted interest from reviewers, leading to television interviews and meetings with literary figures like Saul Bellow.[50]

text: By 1997 Night was selling 300,000 copies a year in the United States. By 2011 it had sold six million copies in that country, and was available in 30 languages.[51] Sales increased in January 2006 when it was chosen for Oprah's Book Club. Republished with a new translation by Marion Wiesel, Wiesel's wife, and a new preface by Wiesel, it sat at no. 1 in The New York Times bestseller list for paperback non-fiction for 18 months from 13 February 2006, until the newspaper decided to remove it.[52][53] It became the club's third bestseller to date, with over two million sales of the Book Club edition by May 2011.[54]

text: Reception

text: Reviewers have had difficulty reading Night as an eyewitness account.[55] It has been categorized as a novel, autobiography, autobiographical novel, non-fictional novel, semi-fictional memoir, fictional-autobiographical novel, fictionalized autobiographical memoir and memoir-novel.[56] Ellen Fine described it as témoignage (testimony).[57] Wiesel called it his deposition.[58]

text: Literary critic Ruth Franklin writes that Night's impact stems from its minimalist construction. The 1956 Yiddish version, at 865 pages, was a long and angry historical work. In preparation for the French edition, Wiesel's editors pruned without mercy.[59] Franklin argues that the power of the narrative was achieved at the cost of literal truth, and that to insist that the work is purely factual is to ignore its literary sophistication.[60] Holocaust scholar Lawrence Langer argues similarly that Wiesel evokes, rather than describes:

text: Franklin writes that Night is the account of the 15-year-old Eliezer, a "semi-fictional construct", told by the 25-year-old Elie Wiesel. This allows the 15-year-old to tell his story from "the post-Holocaust vantage point" of Night's readers.[62] In a comparative analysis of the Yiddish and French texts, Naomi Seidman, professor of Jewish culture, concludes that there are two survivors in Wiesel's writing, a Yiddish and French. In re-writing rather than simply translating Un di Velt Hot Geshvign, Wiesel replaced an angry survivor who regards "testimony as a refutation of what the Nazis did to the Jews," with one "haunted by death, whose primary complaint is directed against God ..." Night transformed the Holocaust into a religious event.[63]

text: Seidman argues that the Yiddish version was for Jewish readers, who wanted to hear about revenge, but the anger was removed for the largely Christian readership of the French translation. In the Yiddish edition, for example, when Buchenwald was liberated: "Early the next day Jewish boys ran off to Weimar to steal clothing and potatoes. And to rape German shiksas [un tsu fargvaldikn daytshe shikses]." In the 1958 French and 1960 English editions: "On the following morning, some of the young men went to Weimar to get some potatoes and clothes—and to sleep with girls [coucher avec des filles]. But of revenge, not a sign."[64][65]

text: Franklin writes that Oprah Winfrey's promotion of Night came at a difficult time for the genre of memoir, after a previous book-club author, James Frey, was found to have fabricated parts of his autobiography, A Million Little Pieces (2003). She argues that Winfrey's choice of Night may have been intended to restore the book club's credibility. Night has a useful lesson to teach, Franklin writes, about the complexities of memoir and memory.[66]

text: Wiesel tells a story about a visit to a Rebbe, a Hasidic rabbi, he had not seen for 20 years. The Rebbe is upset to learn that Wiesel has become a writer, and wants to know what he writes. "Stories," Wiesel tells him, " ... true stories":

text: Notes

text:
Jump up ^ "Moshe" is from the original 1960 English translation. The name is written as "Moché-le-Bedeau" in La Nuit (1958); "Moshe" in Night (1960, 1982); "Moshe", "Moishele" and "Moishe" in All Rivers Run to the Sea (2010 [1995]); "Moshe" in Elie Wiesel: Conversations (2002); and "Moishe" in Night (2006).
Jump up ^ Wiesel 2010 [1995], 241: "As we talked, Turkov noticed my manuscript, from which I was never separated. ... It was my only copy, but Turkov assured me that it would be safe with him."

Wiesel 2010, 277: "In December I received from Buenos Aires the first copy of my Yiddish testimony, And the World Stayed Silent, which I had finished on the boat to Brazil. The singer Yehudit Moretzka and her editor friend Mark Turkov had kept their word—except that they never did send back the manuscript."

Wiesel 2010, 319: "I had cut down the original manuscript from 862 pages to the 245 of the published Yiddish edition."[44]


document_title: Gibberellin

question_text: gibberellins are naturally produced in which part of a plant

root

text: Gibberellin

text: Chemistry[edit]

text: All known gibberellins are diterpenoid acids that are synthesized by the terpenoid pathway in plastids and then modified in the endoplasmic reticulum and cytosol until they reach their biologically-active form.[4] All gibberellins are derived via the ent-gibberellane skeleton, but are synthesised via ent-kaurene. The gibberellins are named GA1 through GAn in order of discovery. Gibberellic acid, which was the first gibberellin to be structurally characterized, is GA3.

tag: p

text: As of 2003, there were 126 GAs identified from plants, fungi, and bacteria.[1]

text: Gibberellins are tetracyclic diterpene acids. There are two classes based on the presence of either 19 or 20 carbons. The 19-carbon gibberellins, such as gibberellic acid, have lost carbon 20 and, in place, possess a five-member lactone bridge that links carbons 4 and 10. The 19-carbon forms are, in general, the biologically active forms of gibberellins. Hydroxylation also has a great effect on the biological activity of the gibberellin. In general, the most biologically active compounds are dihydroxylated gibberellins, which possess hydroxyl groups on both carbon 3 and carbon 13. Gibberellic acid is a dihydroxylated gibberellin.[5]

text:
Gibberellin A1 (GA1)

Gibberellic acid (GA3)

ent-Gibberellane

ent-Kaurene

tag: ul

text: Bioactive GAs[edit]

text: The bioactive GAs are GA1, GA3, GA4, and GA7.[6] There are three common structural traits between these GAs: 1) a hydroxyl group on C-3β, 2) a carboxyl group on C-6, and 3) a lactone between C-4 and C-10.[6] The 3β-hydroxyl group can be exchanged for other functional groups at C-2 and/or C-3 positions.[6] GA5 and GA6 are examples of bioactive GAs that do not have a hydroxyl group on C-3β.[6] The presence of GA1 in various plant species suggests that it is a common bioactive GA.[7]

text: Biological function[edit]

text: Gibberellins are involved in the natural process of breaking dormancy and other aspects of germination. Before the photosynthetic apparatus develops sufficiently in the early stages of germination, the stored energy reserves of starch nourish the seedling. Usually in germination, the breakdown of starch to glucose in the endosperm begins shortly after the seed is exposed to water.[8] Gibberellins in the seed embryo are believed to signal starch hydrolysis through inducing the synthesis of the enzyme α-amylase in the aleurone cells. In the model for gibberellin-induced production of α-amylase, it is demonstrated that gibberellins (denoted by GA) produced in the scutellum diffuse to the aleurone cells, where they stimulate the secretion α-amylase.[4] α-Amylase then hydrolyses starch, which is abundant in many seeds, into glucose that can be used in cellular respiration to produce energy for the seed embryo. Studies of this process have indicated gibberellins cause higher levels of transcription of the gene coding for the α-amylase enzyme, to stimulate the synthesis of α-amylase.[5]

text: Gibberellins are produced in greater mass when the plant is exposed to cold temperatures. They stimulate cell elongation, breaking and budding, seedless fruits, and seed germination. They do the last by breaking the seed’s dormancy and acting as a chemical messenger. Its hormone binds to a receptor, and Ca2+ activates the protein calmodulin, and the complex binds to DNA, producing an enzyme to stimulate growth in the embryo.

text: A major effect of gibberellins is the degradation of DELLA proteins, the absence of which then allows phytochrome interacting factors to bind to gene promoters and regulate gene expression.[9] Gibberellins are thought to cause DELLAs to become polyubiquitinated and, thus, destroyed by the 26S proteasome pathway.[10]

text: Biosynthesis[edit]

text: GAs are usually produced from the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway in higher plants.[11] In this pathway, bioactive GA is produced from trans-geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGDP).[11] In the MEP pathway, three classes of enzymes are used to yield GA from GGDP: 1) terpene synthases (TPSs), 2) cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s), and 3) 2-oxoglutarate–dependent dioxygenases (2ODDs).[6] There are 8 steps in the methylerythritol phosphate pathway: - 1) GGDP is converted to ent-copalyl diphosphate (ent-CPD) by ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase - 2) etn-CDP is converted to ent-kaurene by ent-kaurene synthase - 3) ent-kaurene is converted to ent-kaurenol by ent-kaurene oxidase (KO) - 4) ent-kaurenol is converted to ent-kaurenal by KO - 5) ent-kaurenal is converted to ent-kaurenoic acid by KO - 6) ent-kaurenoic acid is converted to ent-7a-hydroxykaurenoic acid by ent-kaurene acid oxidase (KAO) - 7) ent-7a-hydroxykaurenoic acid is converted to GA12-aldehyde by KAO - 8) GA12-aldehyde is converted to GA12 by KAO. GA12 is processed to the bioactive GA4 by oxidations on C-20 and C-3, which is accomplished by 2 soluble ODDs: GA 20-oxidase and GA 3-oxidase.[6]

text: Sites of biosynthesis[edit]

text: Most bioactive GAs are located in actively growing organs on plants.[11] Both GA20ox and GA3ox genes (genes coding for GA 20-oxidase and GA 3-oxidase) and the SLENDER1 gene (a GA signal transduction gene) are found in growing organs on rice, which suggests bioactive GA synthesis occurs at their site of action in growing organs in plants.[12] During flower development, the tapetum of anthers is believed to be a primary site of GA biosynthesis.[12][13]

text: Differences between biosynthesis in fungi and lower plants[edit]

text: Arabidopsis, a plant, and Gibberella fujikuroi, a fungus, possess different GA pathways and enzymes.[6] P450s in fungi perform functions analogous to the functions of KAOs in plants.[14] The function of CPS and KS in plants is performed by a single enzyme, CPS/KS, in fungi.[15][16][17] In fungi, the GA biosynthesis genes are found on one chromosome, but in plants, they are found randomly on multiple chromosomes.[18][19] Plants produce low amount of GA3, therefore the GA3 is produced for industrial purposes by microorganisms. Industrially the gibberellic acid can be produced by submerged fermentation, but this process presents low yield with high production costs and hence higher sale value, nevertheless other alternative process to reduce costs of the GA3 production is Solid-State Fermentation (SSF) that allows the use of agro-industrial residues.[20]

text: Gibberellin metabolism genes[edit]

text: One or two genes encode the enzymes responsible for the first steps of GA biosynthesis in Arabidopsis and rice.[6] The null alleles of the genes encoding CPS, KS, and KO result in GA-deficient Arabidopsis dwarves.[21] Multigene families encode the 2ODDs that catalyze the formation of GA12 to bioactive GA4.[6]

text: AtGA3ox1 and AtGA3ox2, two of the four genes that encode GA3ox in Arabidopsis, affect vegetative development.[22] Environmental stimuli regulate AtGA3ox1 and AtGA3ox2 activity during seed germination.[23][24] In Arabidopsis, GA20ox overexpression leads to an increase in GA concentration.[25][26]

text: Deactivation[edit]

text: Several mechanisms for inactivating GAs have been identified. 2β-hydroxylation deactivates GA, and is catalyzed by GA2-oxidases (GA2oxs).[11] Some GA2oxs use C19-GAs as substrates, and other GA2oxs use C20-GAs.[27][28]

text: Cytochrome P450 mono-oxygenase, encoded by elongated uppermost internode (eui), converts GAs into 16α,17-epoxides.[29] Rice eui mutants amass bioactive GAs at high levels, which suggests cytochrome P450 mono-oxygenase is a main enzyme responsible for deactivation GA in rice.[29]

text: The Gamt1 and gamt2 genes encode enzymes that methylate the C-6 carboxyl group of GAs.[30] In a gamt1 and gamt2 mutant, concentrations of GA is developing seeds is increased.[30]

text: Regulation[edit]

text: Regulation by other hormones[edit]

text: The auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) regulates concentration of GA1 in elongating internodes in peas.[31] Removal of IAA by removal of the apical bud, the auxin source, reduces the concentration of GA1, and reintroduction of IAA reverses these effects to increase the concentration of GA1.[31] This phenomenon has also been observed in tobacco plants.[32] Auxin increases GA 3-oxidation and decreases GA 2-oxidation in barley.[33] Auxin also regulates GA biosynthesis during fruit development in peas.[34] These discoveries in different plant species suggest the auxin regulation of GA metabolism may be a universal mechanism.

text: Ethylene decreasing the concentration of bioactive GAs.[35]

text: Regulation by environmental factors[edit]

text: Recent evidence suggests fluctuations in GA concentration influence light-regulated seed germination, photomorphogenesis during de-etiolation, and photoperiod regulation of stem elongation and flowering.[6] Microarray analysis showed about one fourth cold-responsive genes are related to GA-regulated genes, which suggests GA influences response to cold temperatures.[24] Plants reduce growth rate when exposed to stress. A relationship between GA levels and amount of stress experienced has been suggested in barley.[36]

text: Role in seed development[edit]

text: Bioactive GAs and abcisic acid levels have an inverse relationship and regulate seed development and germination.[37][38] Levels of FUS3, an Arabidopsis transcription factor, are upregulated by ABA and downregulated by GA, which suggests that there is a regulation loop that establishes the balance of GA and ABA.[39]

text: Gibberellin homeostasis[edit]

text: Feedback and feedforward regulation maintains the levels of bioactive GAs in plants.[40][41] Levels of AtGA20ox1 and AtGA3ox1 expression are increased in a GA deficient environment, and decreased after the addition of bioactive GAs,[23][42][43][44][45] Conversely, expression of AtGA2ox1 and AtGA2ox2, GA deactivation genes, is increased with addition of GA.[27]

text: Impact on the “Green Revolution”[edit]

text: A chronic food shortage was feared during the rapid climb in world population in the 1960s. This was averted with the development of a high-yielding variety of rice. This variety of semi-dwarf rice is called IR8, and it has a short height because of a mutation in the sd1 gene.[46] Sd1 encodes GA20ox, so a mutant sd1 is expected to exhibit a short height that is consistent with GA deficiency.[47]

text: Receptors[edit]

text: GA receptors must have four traits: 1) reversibly bind GA, 2) GA saturability 3) high affinity for bioactive GA, and 4) reasonable ligand specificity for bioactive GAs.[48]

text: Cereal aleurone cells[edit]

text: The first reported GA-binding protein (GBP) activity was discovered in wheat seed aleurone homogenates by using the GA-dependent induction of aleuron hydrolytic enzymes.[49] Alpha-amylase induction in aleurone protoplasts is dependent on GA levels, but induction can still occur if GA does not pass through the plasma membrane.[50] The existence of GA perception outside the cell and a plasma membrane GA receptor in aleurone cells can be concluded from these observations.[48] Trimeric G proteins are involved in GA signaling, which supports the previous theory for plasma membrane GA receptors.[51][52] Four different GBPs have been discovered in the plasma membrane of aleuron cells.[53][54][55][56] Cereal aleurone cells could be unique in GA perception because they are some of the few plant cells that cannot synthesize bioactive GA.[12]

text: GID1 receptor[edit]

text: The rice GID1 gene encodes an unknown protein that only has a high affinity for bioactive GAs.[48] In yeast, GID1 binds SLR1, GA signaling represor, depending on GA levels.[48] GID1 is a soluble GA receptor mediating GA signaling.[48] The GA-GID1 complex interacts with SLR1 to transduce the GA signal to SLR1.[48] SLR1 increased the GA-binging activity of GID1 threefold.[57] Arabidopsis has three GID1 homologs that bind GA and interact with DELLAs: AtGID1a, b, and c.[48]

text: Gibberellin and DELLA proteins[edit]

text: DELLA proteins: repressors of GA-dependent processes[edit]

text: DELLA proteins, such as GAI, act as intracellular repressors of GA responses,[58][59][60][61][62] DELLAs inhibit seed germination, seed growth, and other GA-dependent pathways, but GA can reverse these effects.[63]

text: GA-GID1-DELLA complex[edit]

text: For GA to bind to the GID1 receptor, the C3-hydroxyl on GA must form a hydrogen bond to the tyrosine 31 residue of GID1, which induces a conformational change in GID1 to enclose GA.[64][65] Once GA is trapped in the GID1 pocket, the lid of the pocket binds to DELLA to form the GA-GID1-DELLA complex.[66][67][68]

text: GA promotes proteasome-dependent degradation of DELLAs[edit]

text: In the absence of GA, many DELLAs are present to repress GA responses, but the formation of the GA-GID1-DELLA complex increases the degradation of DELLAs.[69] The SCF complex is composed of SKP1, CULLIN, and F-BOX proteins.[70] F-box proteins catalyze the formation of polyubiquitin on target proteins to be degraded by the 26S proteasome.[70] The formation of the GA-GID1-DELLA complex is believed to cause a conformational change in DELLA, which enhances recognition of DELLAs by F-box proteins.[71] Next, the SCF complex promotes ubiquitylation of DELLAs, which are then degraded by the 26S proteasome.[72] Degradation of DELLAs allows GA regulated growth to resume. Thus, GA stimulates growth by activating the degradation of DELLAs.[69]


document_title: Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution

question_text: the constitutional amendment limiting the president to only two elected terms is the

text: Text[edit]

text: Section 1. No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice, and no person who has held the office of President, or acted as President, for more than two years of a term to which some other person was elected President shall be elected to the office of the President more than once. But this article shall not apply to any person holding the office of President when this article was proposed by the Congress, and shall not prevent any person who may be holding the office of President, or acting as President, during the term within which this article becomes operative from holding the office of President or acting as President during the remainder of such term.

text: Section 2. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several states within seven years from the date of its submission to the states by the Congress.

text: History[edit]

text: Although the Twenty-second Amendment was clearly a reaction to Franklin D. Roosevelt's service as President for an unprecedented four terms, the notion of presidential term limits has long-standing roots in American politics. The Constitutional Convention of 1787 considered the issue extensively, although it ultimately declined to restrict the amount of time a person could serve as president. But following George Washington's decision to retire after his second elected term, numerous public figures subsequently argued he had established a "two-term tradition" that served as a vital check against any one person, or the presidency as a whole, accumulating too much power.[1]

text: In his Farewell Address, written near the end of his second term, Washington both reveals he considered not standing for reelection in 1792,[Note 1] and that his decision not to seek a third term in 1796 was due to age, not intention to set precedent. Eleven years later, Thomas Jefferson further contributed to the convention of a voluntary two-term limit when he wrote in 1807, "if some termination to the services of the chief Magistrate be not fixed by the Constitution, or supplied by practice, his office, nominally four years, will in fact become for life."[2] Three of the next four presidents after Jefferson—James Madison, James Monroe, and Andrew Jackson—served two terms, and each one adhered to the two-term principle.

text: In spite of the strong two-term tradition, a few presidents prior to Franklin Roosevelt did attempt to secure a third term. Ulysses S. Grant, after having served as president from 1869 to 1877, sought nomination for another term at the 1880 Republican National Convention, but narrowly lost to James Garfield, who would go on to win the 1880 election.

text: Theodore Roosevelt succeeded to the presidency on September 14, 1901, following William McKinley's assassination (\ days into his second term), and was subsequently elected to a full term in 1904. While he declined to seek a third (second full) term in 1908, Roosevelt did seek one four years later, in the election of 1912, where he lost to Woodrow Wilson. Wilson himself sought nomination to a third term in 1920, at the Democratic National Convention;[3] he deliberately blocked the nomination of the former Secretary of the Treasury, his son-in-law William Gibbs McAdoo, the front-runner. Although seriously ill at the time, Wilson anticipated that the party would side with their sitting president were the convention deadlocked. Wilson was too unpopular even within his own party at the time, and James M. Cox was nominated. He would again contemplate running for a nonconsecutive third term in 1924, devising a strategy for his comeback, but again lacked any support and died at the beginning of the year.[4]

text: Franklin D. Roosevelt spent the months leading up to the 1940 Democratic National Convention refusing to state whether he would seek a third term. His Vice President, John Nance Garner, along with Postmaster General James Farley, announced their candidacies for the Democratic nomination. When the convention came, Roosevelt sent a message to the convention, saying he would run only if drafted, saying delegates were free to vote for whomever they pleased. The delegates issued 946 votes for Roosevelt, 72 for Farley, and 61 for Garner; they replaced Garner with Henry A. Wallace as the vice presidential nominee, and Farley resigned as postmaster general. In the 1940 general election, while Republican Wendell Willkie received six million more votes than the previous Republican candidate (Alfred Landon) had in 1936, Roosevelt still won decisively, taking 38 of 48 states. His supporters cited impending war as a reason for breaking with precedent, while Willkie had run against the principle of a third term. Roosevelt was the first president elected to a third term, and remains the only one to exceed eight years in office.

text: Four years later, in the election of 1944, Roosevelt defeated New York governor Thomas E. Dewey to win an unprecedented fourth term. While he effectively quelled rumors of his poor health during the campaign, Roosevelt's health was in reality deteriorating. On April 12, 1945, only \ days after his fourth inauguration, he suffered a cerebral hemorrhage and died.

text: Near the end of the 1944 campaign, Thomas Dewey announced support of an amendment that would limit future presidents to two terms. According to Dewey, "four terms, or sixteen years (which is what Roosevelt would have served had he lived until 1949), is the most dangerous threat to our freedom ever proposed."[5] The Republican-controlled 80th Congress approved a Joint resolution "proposing an amendment to the Constitution relating to the terms of office of the president". in March 1947;[6] it was signed by Speaker of the House Joseph W. Martin and acting President pro tempore of the Senate William F. Knowland.[7] The ratification process for the 22nd Amendment was completed on February 27, 1951, 7003143900000000000♠3 years, 343 days after it was sent to the states. The new amendment's 2-term limit did not apply (due to the grandfather clause in Section 1) to the incumbent president, Harry S. Truman. He remained eligible for election to more than two terms.[6]

text: On November 22, 1963, President John F. Kennedy was assassinated while riding through Dealey Plaza in downtown Dallas, Texas. Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson, who was also in the motorcade, three cars back, was unhurt. Upon Kennedy's death, Johnson became the nation's 36th president, and served out the remaining 7002425000000000000♠1 year, 59 days of Kennedy's term. Under the terms of the 22nd Amendment, Johnson, who ran for and won a full four–year term in 1964 was eligible to run for another full term in 1968 (as he had served less than two years of Kennedy's term). He chose not to do so, announcing his intentions with a Shermanesque statement in a March 31, 1968, speech to the nation, saying, "I shall not seek, and I will not accept, the nomination of my party for another term as your president."[8] Had he done so and won, and served the full term (through January 20, 1973), the total length of his presidency would have been 7003334700000000000♠9 years, 59 days.

text: Proposal and ratification[edit]

text: Congress proposed the Twenty-second Amendment on March 21, 1947.[9] The proposed amendment was adopted on February 27, 1951.

text: The following states ratified the amendment:

text:
Maine (March 31, 1947)
Michigan (March 31, 1947)
Iowa (April 1, 1947)
Kansas (April 1, 1947)
New Hampshire (April 1, 1947)
Delaware (April 2, 1947)
Illinois (April 3, 1947)
Oregon (April 3, 1947)
Colorado (April 12, 1947)
California (April 15, 1947)
New Jersey (April 15, 1947)
Vermont (April 15, 1947)
Ohio (April 16, 1947)
Wisconsin (April 16, 1947)
Pennsylvania (April 29, 1947)
Connecticut (May 21, 1947)
Missouri (May 22, 1947)
Nebraska (May 23, 1947)
Virginia (January 28, 1948)
Mississippi (February 12, 1948)
New York (March 9, 1948)
South Dakota (January 21, 1949)
North Dakota (February 25, 1949)
Louisiana (May 17, 1950)
Montana (January 25, 1951)
Indiana (January 29, 1951)
Idaho (January 30, 1951)
New Mexico (February 12, 1951)
Wyoming (February 12, 1951)
Arkansas (February 15, 1951)
Georgia (February 17, 1951)
Tennessee (February 20, 1951)
Texas (February 22, 1951)
Nevada (February 26, 1951)
Utah (February 26, 1951)
Minnesota (February 27, 1951)
Ratification was completed on February 27, 1951. The amendment was subsequently ratified by the following states:
North Carolina (February 28, 1951)
South Carolina (March 13, 1951)
Maryland (March 14, 1951)
Florida (April 16, 1951)
Alabama (May 4, 1951)

tag: ol

text: In addition, the following states voted to reject the amendment:

text:
Oklahoma (June 1947)
Massachusetts (June 9, 1949)

text: The following states took no action to consider the amendment:

text:
Arizona
Kentucky
Rhode Island
Washington
West Virginia

text: (Neither Alaska nor Hawaii had yet been admitted as states at the time.)

text: Attempts at repeal[edit]

text: According to historian Glenn W. LaFantasie of Western Kentucky University (who was opposed to repealing the amendment), "ever since 1985, when Ronald Reagan was serving in his second term as president, there have been repeated attempts to repeal the Twenty-second Amendment to the Constitution, which limits each president to two terms."[10] In early 1989, during an exit interview with Tom Brokaw of NBC, President Reagan stated his intention to fight for the amendment's repeal.[11] However, after being diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease in 1994, his post-presidential ambitions had to be scrapped.

text: In addition, several congressmen, including Democrats Rep. Barney Frank, Rep. José E. Serrano,[12] Rep. Howard Berman, and Sen. Harry Reid,[13] and Republicans Rep. Guy Vander Jagt,[14] Rep. David Dreier[15] and Sen. Mitch McConnell[16] have introduced legislation to repeal the Twenty-second Amendment, but each resolution died before making it out of its respective committee. Other alterations have been proposed, including replacing the absolute two term limit with a limit of no more than two consecutive terms and giving Congress the power to grant an exemption to a current or former president by way of a supermajority vote in both houses.[citation needed]

text: On January 4, 2013, Rep. José E. Serrano again introduced a resolution proposing an Amendment to repeal the Twenty-second Amendment, as he had done every two years since 1997; he did not do so during the 114th Congress.[17][18]

text: Interaction with the Twelfth Amendment[edit]

text: There is a point of contention regarding the interpretation of the Twenty-second Amendment as it relates to the Twelfth Amendment, ratified in 1804, which provides that "no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice President of the United States".

text: While it is clear that under the Twelfth Amendment the original constitutional qualifications of age, citizenship, and residency apply to both the President and Vice President, it is unclear whether a two-term president could later serve as Vice President. Some argue that the Twenty-second Amendment and Twelfth Amendment bar any two-term president from later serving as Vice President as well as from succeeding to the presidency from any point in the United States presidential line of succession.[19] Others contend that the Twelfth Amendment concerns qualification for service, while the Twenty-second Amendment concerns qualifications for election, and thus a former two-term president is still eligible to serve as vice president.[20][21] The practical applicability of this distinction has not been tested, as no former president has ever sought the vice presidency, although in 1980, former president Gerald Ford was mentioned as a possible running mate for Republican presidential nominee Ronald Reagan and there were some negotiations between the two camps. Nothing ever became of the idea,[22] and had Ford been selected, he would have still been eligible for election as President, as he had only served less than one full term in finishing out Richard Nixon's second term. During Hillary Clinton's 2016 candidacy, she jokingly said that she had considered naming Bill Clinton as her Vice President, but had been advised it would be unconstitutional.[23] Others contend that a "termed out" President would be eligible to ascend to the Presidency via Presidential succession rules given the text's explicit reference to election.[24]

text: The Constitution does not restrict the number of terms a person can serve as Vice President.[25]

text: Affected individuals[edit]

text: The amendment explicitly did not apply to the sitting president (Harry S. Truman) at the time it was proposed by Congress. Truman, who had served nearly all of Franklin D. Roosevelt's unexpired fourth term and who had been elected to a full term in 1948, was thus eligible to seek re-election in 1952. However, after poor performance in the 1952 New Hampshire primary, Truman chose not to seek his party's nomination. He theoretically also would have been eligible in later elections.

text: Since the amendment's ratification, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Richard M. Nixon, Ronald Reagan, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, and Barack Obama have been elected president twice. The same party has won the presidency in three consecutive elections only once since World War II, when Republican George H. W. Bush won in 1988 after two terms as Vice President with Republican Ronald Reagan. Bush was followed by Democrat Bill Clinton in 1992. In all other cases, the opposing party's candidate has won after two terms with a single party: Dwight D. Eisenhower (R) in 1952, John F. Kennedy (D) in 1960, Richard Nixon (R) in 1968, Jimmy Carter (D) in 1976, George W. Bush (R) in 2000, Barack Obama (D) in 2008, and Donald Trump (R) in 2016. The only president who took office after the ratification of the Twenty-second Amendment and who could have served more than eight years was Lyndon B. Johnson.[26][27] He became President in 1963 when John F. Kennedy was assassinated, served the final 14 months (less than two years) of Kennedy's term, was elected president in 1964, and ran briefly for re-election in 1968 but chose to withdraw from the race. Gerald Ford became president on August 9, 1974, and served the final 29 months (more than two years) of Richard Nixon's unexpired term. Ford, who lost to Jimmy Carter in 1976, would have been eligible to be elected in his own right only once.

text: Since Ford's death in 2006, the only former presidents who remain technically eligible to seek another term are Jimmy Carter (elected in 1976, defeated in 1980) and George H. W. Bush (elected in 1988, defeated in 1992); both are now nonagenarians and neither has announced any plans to ever run again.

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ See George Washington's Farewell Address, ¶ 3. Washington considered not seeking re-election, but chose to run again on the basis of international crises and the advice of his counsel.


document_title: Beat Bobby Flay

question_text: beat bobby flay how many times has he won

text: Beat Bobby Flay

text: Format[edit]

text: In the first round, two guests, often a celebrity chef and a friend of Flay, introduce two contestants who cook for 20 minutes against each other using an ingredient chosen by Flay. The guests then determine who cooked the better dish and will face Flay in the second round. The contestant who won the first round then chooses a dish for both the contestant and Flay to cook in the second round which lasts for 45 minutes. The winner of the second round is determined by three judges in a blind taste test. Through 185 competitions Bobby Flay's win-loss record is 121 and 64.

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1[edit]

text:
№
#
Title
Original airdate
First round
Second round

Guest(s)
Ingredient(s)
Contestants
Judges
Dish
Winner

1
1
"Grueneberg and Nunziata"
August 24, 2013 (2013-08-24)
Alex Guarnaschelli, Jeff Mauro
zucchini
Sara Grueneberg, Alberico Nunziata
Billy Grant, Marissa May, Lauren DeMayo
chicken parm
Sara Grueneberg

2
2
"Welcome to New York!"
March 3, 2014 (2014-03-03)
Sunny Anderson, Jonathan Waxman
skirt steak
Anthony Lamas, Jennifer Nguyen
Cobi Levy, Kelsey Nixon, Roberto Treviño
shrimp and grits
Bobby Flay

3
3
"Farmer and the Belle"
March 6, 2014 (2014-03-06)
Michael Symon, Simon Majumdar
red prawn
Karen Akunowicz, Matthew Raiford
Corby Kummer, Melba Wilson, Harold Dieterle
chicken and waffles
Bobby Flay

4
4
"Old Dog, New Tricks"
March 13, 2014 (2014-03-13)
Alex Guarnaschelli, Anne Burrell
cauliflower
Adam Harvey, Brian Tsao
Michael Chernow, Daniel Holzman, Wylie Dufresne
meat tacos
Brian Tsao[1]

5
5
"Fighting Irish"
March 20, 2014 (2014-03-20)
Giada De Laurentiis, Mo Rocca
scallops
Brian Young, Steven McHugh
Ed Levine, Madison Cowan, Nils Norén
bangers & mash
Bobby Flay

6
6
"Beauty and the Feast"
March 27, 2014 (2014-03-27)
Eden Grinshpan, Justin Warner
eggplant
Paul Denamiel, Rochelle Bilow
George Mendes, Michele Ragussis, Hugh Mangum
burger
Bobby Flay

7
7
"Eat, Flay, Love"
April 3, 2014 (2014-04-03)
Alex Guarnaschelli, Jack McDavid
brussels sprouts
Kimberly Van Kline, Christopher Lee
Todd Coleman, Marco Canora, Frank Prisinzano
mac & cheese
Bobby Flay

8
8
"Up in Smoke"
April 10, 2014 (2014-04-10)
Ally Wentworth, Michael Symon
poblano chili pepper
Kamal Rose, Shannon Barr
Ed Macfsarland, Alain Allegretti, Brian Duffy
crab cakes
Bobby Flay

9
9
"Old School/New School"
April 17, 2014 (2014-04-17)
Katie Lee, Scott Conant
pineapple
Andrew Evans, Brooke Mallory
Joey Campenaro, Aliya Leekong, Samus Mullen
meatloaf
Bobby Flay

tag: table

text: Season 2[edit]

text:
№
#
Title
Original airdate
First round
Second round

Guest(s)
Ingredient(s)
Contestants
Judges
Dish
Winner

10
1
"They Must Be Giants"
July 31, 2014 (2014-07-31)
Geoffrey Zakarian, Scott Conant
lamb chops
Bruce Kalman, Andy Saint-Ange
Donatella Arpaia, Ed McFarland, Leah Cohen
linguine & clams
Bobby Flay

11
2
"East vs West"
August 7, 2014 (2014-08-07)
Giada De Laurentiis, Michael Symon
fresh squid
Jason Santos, Neil Fraser
Drew Nieporent, Anita Lo, Harold Dieterle
fried chicken sandwich
Neil Fraser

12
3
"Bring Home the Bacon"
August 14, 2014 (2014-08-14)
Sunny Anderson, Jet Tila
broccoli
Matthew Britt, Tyler Anderson
Wylie Dufresne, Emily Fleischaker, Charlie Palmer
New England clam chowder
Bobby Flay

13
4
"Battle of Brooklyn"
August 21, 2014 (2014-08-21)
Anne Burrell, Chris Santos
arctic char
Jennifer Cole Ruiz, Jordin Andino
Jonathon Sawyer, Roberto Trevino, Andy Ricker
Korean short ribs
Bobby Flay

14
5
"Out of the Pan/Into the Fire"
August 28, 2014 (2014-08-28)
Daphne Oz, Alton Brown
pork chops
Rina Younan, Carlos Serrano
Michael Psilakis, Ivy Stark, Eugene Remm
falafel
Rina Younan

15
6
"Ladies First"
September 4, 2014 (2014-09-04)
Katie Lee, Marc Murphy
oysters
Natasha Pogrebinsky, Esther Choi
Michael Ferraro, Kristin Sollenne, Jeff Zalanick
beef stroganoff
Bobby Flay

16
7
"Risky Business"
September 11, 2014 (2014-09-11)
Ted Allen, Alex Guarnaschelli
ricotta cheese
Jeremiah Bullfrog, Kyle Williams
Michael Psilakis, Joey Campanaro, Joshua David Stein
Cuban sandwich
Bobby Flay

17
8
"Smile Now, Cry Later"
September 18, 2014 (2014-09-18)
Judah Friedlander, Michael Symon
sweet potato
Jason Fullilove, Billy Olivia
Leah Cohen, George Mendes, Dominique Crenn
bouillabaise
Bobby Flay

18
9
"Ruling with an Iron Fist"
September 25, 2014 (2014-09-25)
Simon Majumdar, Donatella Arpaia
beets
Tim Wiechmann, Stephan Durand
April Bloomfield, Scott Gerber, Maureen Petrosky
wienerschnitzel
Tim Wiechmann

19
10
"Against All Odds"
October 2, 2014 (2014-10-02)
Alton Brown, Anne Burrell
corn
Florian Wehrli, Heather West
Terrance Brennan, Maureen Petrosky, Glenn Harris
French toast
Bobby Flay

20
11
"Sun Up to Show Down"
October 9, 2014 (2014-10-09)
Sunny Anderson, Katie Lee
wild king salmon
Mychael Bonner, Anna Maria Santorelli
Harold Moore, Tracy Weiss, Ryan Scott
eggplant Parmesan
Bobby Flay

21
12
"Only in New York"
October 16, 2014 (2014-10-16)
Alex Guarnaschelli, Michael Symon
fresh atlantic cod
Palak Patel, Daniel Holzman
Hugh Mangum, Todd Coleman, Andrew Carmellini
chicken curry
Palak Patel

22
13
"Orange is the New Beat"
October 23, 2014 (2014-10-23)
Geoffrey Zakarian, Jeff Mauro
pumpkin puree
James Gillespie, Rob Mafucci
Frank Prisinzano, Candice Kuman, Lauren Hirschberg
pasta Bolognese
Bobby Flay

text: Season 3[edit]

text:
№
#
Title
Original airdate
First round
Second round

Guest(s)
Ingredient(s)
Contestants
Judges
Dish
Winner

23
1
"An International Affair"
October 30, 2014 (2014-10-30)
Amanda Freitag, Ted Allen
egg
Patrick D'Andrea, Rob Feenie
Mark Birnbaum, Franklin Becker, Andrew Friedman
ravioli
Bobby Flay

24
2
"Surf and Turf"
November 6, 2014 (2014-11-06)
Alex Guarnaschelli, Anne Burrell
green peas
Jake Gandolfo, Rafael Lunetta
Ed Brown, Ken Oringer, Suvir Saran
fish sandwich
Bobby Flay

25
3
"Gobbled Up"
November 13, 2014 (2014-11-13)
Geoffrey Zakarian, Chrissy Teigen
cranberries
Kat Ploszaj, Julietta Ballesteros
Seamus Mullen, Shaun Hergatt, David Leite
duck a l'orange
Bobby Flay

26
4
"Shaken Not Stirred"
November 20, 2014 (2014-11-20)
Giada De Laurentiis, Michael Symon
chorizo
Kristin Kittrell, Giulio Adriani
Frank Prisinzano, Tricia Williams, Brian Duffy
gnocchi
Kristin Kittrell

27
5
"By Land or by Sea"
December 4, 2014 (2014-12-04)
Brooke Burke-Charvet, Alton Brown
marcona almonds
Alex Diaz, Jeremy Hanlon
Seamus Mullen, Lourdes Castro, Madison Cowan
fish and chips
Bobby Flay

28
6
"Bells will be Ringing"
December 11, 2014 (2014-12-11)
Anne Burrell, Scott Conant
pears
Mark Allen, Blythe Beck
Aliya Leekong, Greg and Darin Bresnitz
cornish game hen
Bobby Flay

29
7
"Heat in the Street"
December 18, 2014 (2014-12-18)
Scott Conant, Alex Guarnaschelli
pancetta
Damien O'Donnell, Adrian Leon
Phillip Lee, Ariane Daguin, Ivan Orkin
pork chop
Bobby Flay

30
8
"Roll the Dice"
December 25, 2014 (2014-12-25)
Michael Voltaggio, Simon Majumdar
pork tenderloin
Evan Hennessey, John Miele
Ken Friedman, Ed McFarland, Donald Brophy
lobster roll
John Miele

31
9
"Pot Calling the Kettle Beat"
January 1, 2015 (2015-01-01)
Jonathan Waxman, Aaron Sanchez
goat cheese
Herb Wilson, Robin King
Wylie Dufresne, Anita Lo, Josh Capon
chicken pot pie
Bobby Flay

32
10
"New Kids on the Butcher Block"
January 8, 2015 (2015-01-08)
Jeff Mauro, Justin Warner
ground beef
Malcolm Mitchell, Daniela D'Ambrosio
Joey Campanaro, Madison Cowan, Mike Birnbaum
BLT
Bobby Flay

33
11
"Clash of the Culinary Titans"
January 15, 2015 (2015-01-15)
Sunny Anderson, Ted Allen
pizza dough
Victor Albisu, Eddie Tangredi
Michael Stillman, Ariane Daguin, George Motz
steak and eggs
Victor Albisu

34
12
"Defend the House"
January 29, 2015 (2015-01-29)
Alton Brown, Alex Guarnaschelli
hanger steak
Joe Dobias, Alina Eisenhauer
Sam Talbot, Aliya Leekong, Alex Garcia
biscuits & gravy
Bobby Flay

35
13
"Fry Me a River"
February 5, 2015 (2015-02-05)
Scott Conant, Geoffrey Zakarian
tomatoes
Robert Hesse, Michael Jenkins
Corby Kummer, Terrance Brennon, Drew Nieporent
chicken wings
Bobby Flay

text: Season 4[edit]

text:
№
#
Title
Original airdate
First round
Second round

Guest(s)
Ingredient(s)
Contestants
Judges
Dish
Winner

36
1
"Foreign Relations"
March 5, 2015 (2015-03-05)
Giada De Laurentiis, Michael Symon
porterhouse steak
Taichi Kitamura, David Decastro
Ed Schoenfeld, Kristin Sollenne, Harold Dieterle
pot stickers
Taichi Kitamura[2]

37
2
"Fire in the Hole"
March 12, 2015 (2015-03-12)
Alex Guarnaschelli, Katie Lee
chickpeas
Jen Biesty, Chris Lamphier
George Mendes, Aliya Leekong, Drew Nieporent
paella
Bobby Flay

38
3
"To Contend and Serve"
March 19, 2015 (2015-03-19)
Anne Burrell, Geoffrey Zakarian
italian sausage
Carla Harris, Noah Schwartz
Ed McFarland, Lourdes Castro, Rick Moonen
catfish po' boy
Bobby Flay

39
4
"Culinary Validation"
March 26, 2015 (2015-03-26)
Scott Conant, Natalie Morales
kielbasa
Joe Adorno, Adam Halberg
Jeff Zalaznick, Kristin Sollenne, Rick Moonen
arroz con pollo
Bobby Flay

40
5
"Raising the Bar"
April 2, 2015 (2015-04-02)
Sunny Anderson, Allison Sweeney
shiitake mushrooms
Kelvin Fernandez, Chris Kobayashi
Ivan Orkin, Roberto Treviño, Ming Tsai
meat arepas
Kelvin Fernandez

41
6
"No Training Wheels"
April 9, 2015 (2015-04-09)
Alex Guarnaschelli, David Burtka
feta cheese
Johnny Zone, Jumoke Jackson
Luke Holden, Mary Sue Milliken, Suvir Saran
fried fish tacos
Johnny Zone

42
7
"Best Laid Plans"
April 16, 2015 (2015-04-16)
Katie Lee, Simon Majumdar
sardines
Clark Frasier, Keri Moser
Donal Brophy, Tricia WIlliams, Ken Friedman
cedar plank salmon
Bobby Flay

43
8
"East Coast's Finest"
April 23, 2015 (2015-04-23)
Curtis Stone, Michael Symon
mussels
Luke Venner, Antonio Franco
Frank Pellegrino Jr., Laura Vitale, Michael Psilakis
veal milanese
Bobby Flay

44
9
"Out on a Limb"
April 30, 2015 (2015-04-30)
Ted Allen, Tamron Hall
fluke
John Wassil, Katherine Humphus
Harold Moore, Ariane Daguin, Todd Coleman
lamb chops
Bobby Flay

45
10
"Any Given Sunday"
May 7, 2015 (2015-05-07)
Chris Santos, Geoffrey Zakarian
bacon
Kathy Cary, Shanna O'Hea
Michael Ferraro, Susan Ungaro, Terrance Brennan
croque-monsieur
Bobby Flay

46
11
"Homeland"
May 14, 2015 (2015-05-14)
Anne Burrell, Scott Conant
oranges
Thoa Nguyen, Jason Hippen
David Massoni, Anita Lo, Ivan Orkin
bibimbap
Thoa Nguyen[3]

47
12
"Humble Beginnings"
May 21, 2015 (2015-05-21)
Sunny Anderson, Simon Majumdar
fresh mozzarella
Christopher Wall, Eugene Jones
Ed McFarlnd, Alexander Smalls, Frank Prisinzano
étouffée
Bobby Flay

48
13
"Getting Grilled"
May 28, 2015 (2015-05-28)
Michael Symon, Debi Mazar
chicken
Dominic Zumpano, Angelo Sosa
Michael Stillman, Hugh Mangum, Michael Lomonaco
steak and potatoes
Bobby Flay

text: Season 5[edit]

text:
№
#
Title
Original airdate
First round
Second round

Guest(s)
Ingredient(s)
Contestants
Judges
Dish
Winner

49
1
"No Fear"
June 4, 2015 (2015-06-04)
Damaris Phillips, Alex Guarnaschelli
halibut
Will Gilson, Lawrence Males
Roberto Treviño, Lourdes Castro, Hugh Mangum
corn-beef hash
Bobby Flay

50
2
"Who's Your Daddy?"
June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)
Scott Conant, Haylie Duff
lobster
Sam Marvin, Gregory Torrech
Frank Prisinzano, Roberto Treviño, April Bloomfield
sausage & peppers
Sam Marvin

51
3
"No Formalities"
June 18, 2015 (2015-06-18)
Sunny Anderson, Giada de Laurentiis
littleneck clams
Tre Wilcox, Sarah Acconcia
Andrew Carmellini, Tracy Weiss, Josh Capon
pork roulade
Bobby Flay

52
4
"Mavericks"
June 25, 2015 (2015-06-25)
Daphne Oz, Michael Symon
jumbo lump crab meat
Sylvia Casares, Braden Wages
Ivy Stark, Corby Kummer, Leah Cohen
thai green curry
Bobby Flay

53
5
"Stars and Stripes"
July 2, 2015 (2015-07-02)
Rachael Ray, Jessica Seinfeld
watermelon
Matt O'Neil, Brian Cartenuto
Glenn Harris, Susan Ungaro, Ken Freidman
burger
Bobby Flay

54
6
"Rollin' Deep"
July 9, 2015 (2015-07-09)
Katie Lee, Geoffrey Zakarian
fennel
Linda Hamel, Kenny Johnson
Charlie Parker, Tracy Weiss, Frankie Pelegrino Jr.
meatballs
Kenny Johnson

55
7
"Worst Case Scenario"
July 16, 2015 (2015-07-16)
Amanda Freitag, Alex Guarnaschelli
hen of the woods mushroom
Kouri Killmeier, Jared Case
Michael Lomonaco, Franklin Becker, Michael Psilakis
bratwurst sandwich
Bobby Flay

56
8
"Rise to the Occasion"
July 23, 2015 (2015-07-23)
Ted Allen, Debi Mazar
apples
Gio Osso, Mike Friedman
Aliya Leekong, Jeff Zalaznick, Laura Vitale
lasagne
Bobby Flay

57
9
"Do or Die"
July 30, 2015 (2015-07-30)
Scott Conant, Geoffrey Zakarian
pomegranates
Peter Morris, Gregory Webb
Harold Dieterle, Ivy Stark, Jason Birchard
chili relleno
Bobby Flay

58
10
"The Heat is On"
August 6, 2015 (2015-08-06)
Katie Lee, Robert Irvine
rib-eye steak
Jeanie Roland, Becca Richards
Susan Feniger, Ed Brown, Susan Ungaro
mussels frites
Jeanie Roland

59
11
"Sticking to Your Guns"
August 13, 2015 (2015-08-13)
Sunny Anderson, Curtis Stone
russet potatoes
Clark Barlowe, Peter McAndrews
Andrew Carmellini, Madison Cowan, April Bloonfeld
liver & onions
Bobby Flay

60
12
"Arrivals and Departures"
August 20, 2015 (2015-08-20)
Donatella Arpaia, Alex Guarnaschelli
swordfish
Michael Walters, Lisa Nakamura
Franklin Becker, Candice Kumai, Madison Cowan
jerk chicken
Michael Walters[4]

61
13
"Culinary Tornado"
August 27, 2015 (2015-08-27)
Anne Burrell, Simon Majumdar
New York strip steak
Miguel Trinidad, Brian Hill
Leah Cohen, Hugh Mangum, Devin Alexander
ribs
Bobby Flay

text: Season 6[edit]

text:
№
#
Title
Original airdate
First round
Second round

Guest(s)
Ingredient(s)
Contestants
Judges
Dish
Winner

62
1
"Unfinished Business"
October 1, 2015 (2015-10-01)
Scott Conant, Jonathan Scott, Drew Scott
cherrystone clams
Angelo Sosa, Blythe Beck
Ivy Stark, Josh Capon, Elizabeth Karmel
pork enchiladas
Bobby Flay

63
2
"Settling the Score"
October 8, 2015 (2015-10-08)
Sunny Anderson, Jeff Mauro
rack of lamb
Jordan Andino, Bruce Kalman
Frank Prisinzano, Laura Vitale, Harold Moore
pasta carbonara
Bruce Kalman[5]

64
3
"Frenemies"
October 15, 2015 (2015-10-15)
Michael Symon, Debi Mazar
portobello mushroom
Natasha Pogrebinsky, Michael Jenkins
Ed McFarland, Tom Birchard, Andrew Friedman
pierogi
Bobby Flay

65
4
"Back with a Vengeance"
October 22, 2015 (2015-10-22)
Daphne Oz, Geoffrey Zakarian
kale
Tre Wilcox, Anthony Lamas
Franklin Becker, Lourdes Castro, Julien Medina
moqueca
Bobby Flay

66
5
"Trick or Sweet"
October 26, 2015 (2015-10-26)
Simon Majumdar, Debi Mazar
coconut
Justin Burke-Samson, Tommy Juliano
Paulette Goto, Johnny Iuzzini, Jennifer Yee
pumpkin trifle
Bobby Flay

67
6
"It's a Family Secret"
November 4, 2015 (2015-11-04)
Anne Burrell, Spike Mendelsohn
flat iron steak
Kiran Verma, Ric Orlando
Jason Birchard, Maneet Chauhan, Madison Cowan
potato latkes
Ric Orlando

68
7
"She's a Lady"
November 11, 2015 (2015-11-11)
Katie Lee, Alex Guarnaschelli
chicken thighs
Giovanna Huyke, Jennifer Bajsel
Roberto Treviño, Aliya Leekong, Hugh Mangum
shrimp mofongo
Bobby Flay

69
8
"Let's Talk Turkey"
November 18, 2015 (2015-11-18)
Michael Symon, Geoffrey Zakarian
acorn squash
Nick Rabar, Jeff Haskel
Susan Ungaro, Michael Ferraro, Sarah Simmons
turkey sandwich
Bobby Flay

70
9
"Hook, Line and Sinker"
December 2, 2015 (2015-12-02)
Scott Conant, Willie Geist
rainbow trout
Roy Breiman, Vaughn Crenshaw
Ken Friedman, Anita Lo, Glenn Harris
Dutch baby pancake
Roy Breiman

71
10
"Roasting on an Open Fire"
December 9, 2015 (2015-12-09)
Alex Guarnaschelli, Penn Jillette
chestnuts
Ariane Duarte, Adil Fawzi
Michael Lomonaco, Candice Kumai, Phillipe Massoud
filet mignon
Ariane Duarte

72
11
"Poking and Prodding"
December 16, 2015 (2015-12-16)
Katie Lee, Judy Gold
polenta
Alex Stratta, Houman Gohary
Marco Moreira, Maneet Chauhan, Jean-Paul Bourgeouis
lamb shish kebab
Bobby Flay

73
12
"Rules are Meant to be Broken"
January 6, 2016 (2016-01-06)
Ted Allen, Margaret Cho
fresh tuna
Diane DiMeo, Ian Russo
Jason Debriere, Ivy Stark, David Massoni
pork tostado
Bobby Flay

74
13
"Live From the Food Carpet"
January 13, 2016 (2016-01-13)
Rachael Ray, Ross Mattthews
bell peppers
Gavin Fine, K.N. Vinod
Frank Prisinzano, Missy Robbins, Suvir Saran
fish curry
Bobby Flay

text: Season 7[edit]

text:
№
#
Title
Original airdate
First round
Second round

Guest(s)
Ingredient(s)
Contestants
Judges
Dish
Winner

75
1
"Strike While the Iron's Hot"
January 20, 2016 (2016-01-20)
Amanda Freitag, Geoffrey Zakarian
peanuts
Steve "Nookie" Postal, Tim Freeman
Kristin Sollenne, Dale Talde, Candice Kumai
pad thai
Tim Freeman[6]

76
2
"A Cut Above"
January 27, 2016 (2016-01-27)
Simon Majumdar, Jet Tila
flank steak
John Tesar, Terry Sargent
Michael Stillman, Madison Cowan, Jean-Paul Bourgeouis
beef Wellington
Bobby Flay

77
3
"Touchdown!"
February 3, 2016 (2016-02-03)
Anne Burrell, Laila Ali
avocado
Zane Holmquist, Deji Oduwole
Ben Ford, Tricia Williams, Pete Levin
pork nachos
Bobby Flay

78
4
"Sweet and Spicy"
February 10, 2016 (2016-02-10)
Katie Lee, Damaris Phillips
chocolate & chillies
Carlos Baez, Steven Scalesse
Susan Feniger, Richard Sandoval, Pamela Morgan
chicken mole
Bobby Flay

79
5
"A Feather in Your Cap"
February 17, 2016 (2016-02-17)
Alex Guarnaschelli, Sunny Anderson
duck breast
Mohan Ismail, Nicole Roarke
Wylie Dufresne, Ed Schoenfeld, Frank Pellegrino
seafood lo mein
Mohan Ismail[7]

80
6
"The Boys Are Back"
February 24, 2016 (2016-02-24)
Michael Symon, Michael Voltaggio
jarred tuna
Todd Hall, Brian Archibald
Julian Medina, Tricia Williams, Franklin Becker
steak torta
Brian Archibald[8]

81
7
"Always Expect the Unexpected"
March 2, 2016 (2016-03-02)
Ted Allen, Kelsey Nixon
sirloin steak
Matt Levin, Sanaa Abourezk
Michael Psilakis, Corby Kummer, Jeremy Spector
vegetarian moussaka
Bobby Flay

text: Season 8[edit]

text:
№
#
Title
Original airdate
First round
Second round

Guest(s)
Ingredient(s)
Contestants
Judges
Dish
Winner

82
1
"Turning the Tables"
March 17, 2016 (2016-03-17)
Katie Lee
spinach
Alex Guarnaschelli, Michael Symon
Michael Lomonaco, April Bloomfield, Wylie Dufresne
lobster Newberg
Alex Guarnaschelli

83
2
"Pie in the Sky"
March 24, 2016 (2016-03-24)
Maria Menounos, Scott Conant
striped bass
Branden Levine, Damon Gordon
Donal Brophy, Michael Lomonaco, Pete Levin
shepherd's pie
Bobby Flay

84
3
"Time to Get Schooled"
March 31, 2016 (2016-03-31)
Anne Burrell, Curtis Stone
asparagus
Cindy Wolf, Stacie Vande Wetering
Jean-Paul Bourgeouis, Cedric Vongerichten, Franklin Becker
seafood risotto
Bobby Flay

85
4
"Something Sweet"
April 7, 2016 (2016-04-07)
Bobby Deen, Sunny Anderson
cherry
Caprial Pence, Ty Leon
Johnny Iuzzini, Paulette Goto, Zac Young
cream puffs
Bobby Flay

86
5
"Have Merci!"
April 14, 2016 (2016-04-14)
Alex Guarnaschelli, Josh Capon
artichoke hearts
Gui Alinat, Kevin Ashade
Marco Moreira, Aliya Leekong, Alain Allegretti
coq au vin
Kevin Ashade[9]

87
6
"Just Act Natural"
April 21, 2016 (2016-04-21)
Ina Garten, Neil Patrick Harris
piquillo pepper
Gail Arnold, Thomas John
Richie Notar, Madhur Jaffrey, Jehangir Mehta
chicken shawarma
Bobby Flay

88
7
"Riding the Wave"
April 28, 2016 (2016-04-28)
Katie Lee, Simon Majumdar
lamb tenderloin
Shaymus Alwin, Jeremy Sewall
Jamie Bissonnette, Keri Glassman, Ed McFarland
lobster bisque
Bobby Flay

89
8
"Fully Baked"
May 5, 2016 (2016-05-05)
Geoffrey Zakarian, Scott Conant
plantain
Robert Vasquez, Aaron Rivera
Michael Laiskonis, Ivy Stark, Roberto Santibáñez
beef empanada
Aaron Rivera[10]

90
9
"Hall of Shame"
May 12, 2016 (2016-05-12)
Giada De Laurentiis, Jerome Bettis
okra
Kenny Gilbert, Jordan Wakefield
Tom Birchard, Lisle Richards, Ken Friedman
chicken & dumplings
Kenny Gilbert

91
10
"Star Power"
May 19, 2016 (2016-05-19)
Jeff Mauro, Eddie Jackson
Dover sole
Jesse Schenker, Danny Mena
Julian Medina, Rosanna Scotto, Madison Cowan
tortilla soup
Bobby Flay

92
11
"Ring of Fire"
May 26, 2016 (2016-05-26)
Jeff Mauro, Anthony Anderson
mahi-mahi
Adrianne Calvo, Ben Thomas
Michael Lomonaco, Tracy Weiss, Brian Duffy
steak au poivre
Bobby Flay

93
12
"Fingerlings Crossed!"
June 2, 2016 (2016-06-02)
Geoffrey Zakarian, Diane Guerrero
fingerling potato
Philippe Corbet, George Rodrigues
Roberto Santibáñez, Paulette Goto, Brian Mazza
chili
George Rodrigues[11]

94
13
"A Little Bit Country"
June 5, 2016 (2016-06-05)
Alex Guarnaschelli, Trisha Yearwood
bay scallop
Lee Frank, Joe Wolfson
Hugh Mangum, Elizabeth Karmel, Marc Murphy
country fried steak
Bobby Flay

text: Season 9[edit]

text:
№
#
Title
Original airdate
First round
Second round

Guest(s)
Ingredient(s)
Contestants
Judges
Dish
Winner

95
1
"Fancy Meeting You Here"
June 12, 2016 (2016-06-12)
Sunny Anderson
prosciutto
Anne Burrell, Scott Conant
Ken Oringer, Susan Ungaro, Jacques Torres
cheesecake
Anne Burrell

96
2
"Breaking Food News"
June 19, 2016 (2016-06-19)
Michael Symon, Katie Couric
mackerel
Michael Ginor, Alyssa Gorelick
Michael Psilakis, Leah Cohen, George Mendes
lamb gyro
Bobby Flay

97
3
"Red, White, and BBQ"
June 26, 2016 (2016-06-26)
Katie Lee, Elvis Duran
chicken wings
Brother Luck, Matt Bolus
Raquel Pelzel, Corby Kummer, Elizabeth Karmel
pulled pork sliders
Brother Luck[12]

98
4
"Green with Envy"
July 7, 2016 (2016-07-07)
Scott Conant, Perrey Reeves
silken tofu
Pankaj Pradhan, Vikki Krinsky
Michael Schulson, Keri Glassman, Sal Scognamillo
stuffed peppers
Bobby Flay

99
5
"Dancing With the Devil"
July 14, 2016 (2016-07-14)
Lance Bass, Michael Voltaggio
veal cutlet
Robbie Jester, James Laird
Frank Pellegrino, Tricia Williams, Stratis Morfogen
shrimp scampi
Robbie Jester

100
6
"Ladies Night"
July 21, 2016 (2016-07-21)
Katie Lee, Laura Vitale
romanesco
Eric Levine, Jannifer Janinski
Raquel Pelzel, Richie Natar, Kristin Sollene
tortelloni
Bobby Flay

101
7
"Stop Drop and Roll"
July 28, 2016 (2016-07-28)
Geoffrey Zakarian, Donny Deutsch
cannellini beans
Kevin Naderi, Mark Vecchitto
Maneet Chauhan, Franklin Becker, Dorothy Cann Hamilton
stuffed cabbage rolls
Kevin Naderi

102
8
"So many obstacles"
August 4, 2016 (2016-08-04)
Anne Burrell, Apolo Ohno
couscous
Michele Castelli, Brian Miller
Christian Petroni, Rosanna Scotto, Alex Garcia
meat pizza
Bobby Flay

103
9
"Who's Got This in the Bag"
August 11, 2016 (2016-08-11)
Jet Tila, Debi Mazar
ground lamb
Mark Gaier, Christopher Covelli
Ed Brown, Candice Kumai, Vikas Khanna
fish en papillote
Bobby Flay

104
10
"Age is Just a Number"
August 18, 2016 (2016-08-18)
Sunny Anderson, Kimberly Schlapman
blue cheese
Kevin Des Chenes, Jenny Dorsey
Cobi Levy, Anita Lo, Hugh Mangum
wonton soup
Jenny Dorsey

105
11
"Get in the Zone"
August 25, 2016 (2016-08-25)
Alex Guarnaschelli, Kenny Mayne
Yukon gold potatoes
Jeff Williams, Kevin Templeton
David Massoni, Lourdes Castro, Jason Debriere
chilaquiles
Bobby Flay

106
12
"Bobby's DMV Appointment"
September 1, 2016 (2016-09-01)
Curtis Stone; Haylie Duff
guanciale
Serge Pambo, Todd Gray
Michael Psilakis, Tracy Weiss, Hugh Mangum
soft-shell crab sandwich
Bobby Flay

107
13
"Dark Horses Still Kick"
September 8, 2016 (2016-09-08)
Geoffrey Zakarian, Debi Mazar
branzino
Ed Hardy, Kunal Lamba
Hari Nayak, Dorothy Cann Hamilton, Hung Huynh
chicken bánh mì
Bobby Flay

text: Season 10[edit]

text:
№
#
Title
Original airdate
First round
Second round

Guest(s)
Ingredient(s)
Contestants
Judges
Dish
Winner

108
1
"Comforts of Home"
September 22, 2016 (2016-09-22)
Scott Conant, Bethenny Frankel
ground pork
Jackie Rothong, Matteo Boffo
Frank Prisinzano, Jody Adams, Salvatore Coppola
cannelloni
Bobby Flay

109
2
"Shore Fire Strategy"
September 29, 2016 (2016-09-29)
Anne Burrell, Mario Cantone
squab
Geoff Johnson, Martin Rios
Ed Brown, Clodagh Mckenna, Craig Samuel
lobster thermidor
Bobby Flay

110
3
"Howdy Halloween"
October 6, 2016 (2016-10-06)
Sunny Anderson, Laura Vitale
blood oranges
Katherine Clapner, Joe Baker
David Lebovitz, Nicole Friday, Zac Young
devil's food cake
Katherine Clapner

111
4
"Bobby-Bing Bobby-Boom!"
October 13, 2016 (2016-10-13)
Anthony Carrino, John Colaneri, Alex Guarnaschelli
kalamata olives
Toni Sapienza, Rodney Murillo
Nick Defonte,[13] Kristin Sollenne, Dale Talde
meatball sandwich
Bobby Flay

112
5
"Che-Sing Glory"
October 20, 2016 (2016-10-20)
Geoffrey Zakarian, Michael Che
country ham
Tony Nguyen, Andres Dangond
Judy Joo, Ivan Orkin, Ivy Stark
ramen
Bobby Flay

113
6
"Hold on for One More Flay"
October 27, 2016
Katie Lee, Carnie Wilson
butchery brioche
Jeremy Nolen, Vijay Sadhu
Aliya Leekong, Edi Frauneder, Julie Sahni
samosas
Vijay Sadhu[14]

114
7
"Surprise Surprise"
November 3, 2016
Curtis Stone, Sandra Lee
haddock
Pat Sheerin, Katie Chin
Michel Nischan, Anita Lo, Hung Huynh
pork fried rice
Bobby Flay

115
8
"Country Boys in the Big City"
November 10, 2016
Ted Allen, Anne Burrell
black beans
Mike Johnson, Justin Gaines
Jean Paul Bourgeois, Candice Kumai, Michael Psilakis
jambalaya
Bobby Flay

116
9
"Thanks But No Thanksgiving"
November 17, 2016
Martha Stewart, Scott Conant
butternut squash
Ed Cotton, Omar Zerrei
Madison Cowan, Marcie Turney, Felipe Donnelly
turkey cacciatore
Ed Cotton

117
10
"You've Got to be Kidding Me!""
November 30, 2016
Carla Hall, Aubrey Anderson-Emmons, Quvenzhane Wallis
cheddar cheese
Chris Scott, Line Pelletier
Chris Ekpiken, Sabrina Richard, Taylor Moxey
chicken fingers
Bobby Flay

118
11
"Back to School"
December 8, 2016
Ted Allen, Rowan Blanchard
strawberries
Zac Young, Francois Payard
Olivia Oshiro, David Pines, Elizabeth Oakes
Napoleon
Francois Payard

119
12
"Whiz Kids"
December 15, 2016
Gibson Boreli, Tyler Zager, Sunny Anderson
corn flakes
Brian Santos, Claud Beltran
Lauren Zilberman, Finn Skerlj, Emily Waters
beef quesadillas
Bobby Flay

120
13
"Like Father Like Daughter"
December 22, 2016
Scott Conant, Aila Conant
bowtie pasta
Max Hardy, Lee Knoeppel
Hunter Zampa, Julep Knowlton, Tatiana Cicciarella
grilled cheese
Bobby Flay

text: Season 11[edit]

text:
№
#
Title
Original airdate
First round
Second round

Guest(s)
Ingredient(s)
Contestants
Judges
Dish
Winner

121
1
"All at Stake"
January 4, 2017 (2017-01-04)
Amanda Freitag, Carla Hall
Canadian bacon
Todd Erickson, Charles Bauer
Jeremy Spector, Michael Ferraro, Dorothy Cann Hamilton
salisbury steak
Todd Erickson

122
2
"Better Late Than Never"
January 11, 2017 (2017-01-11)
Giada De Laurentiis, Alex Guarnaschelli
parsnip
Melissa Mayer, Jen Royle
Jason DeBriere, Sara Gore, Ken Oringer
chicken flautas
Bobby Flay

123
3
"Bro-Down Showdown"
January 18, 2017 (2017-01-18)
Michael Voltaggio, Bryan Voltaggio
sunchokes
Terence Feury, Patrick Feury
Jason Hicks, Raquel Pelzel, Michael Vignola
surf & turf
Bobby Flay

124
4
"Too Biggs to Fail"
January 25, 2017 (2017-01-25)
Katie Lee, Jason Biggs
rock shrimp
David Vargas, Sam Gorenstein
Roberto Santibanez, Alison Roman, Ed McFarland
seafood burrito
Sam Gorenstein

125
5
"The Grid Iron Chef"
February 1, 2017 (2017-02-01)
Alex Guarnaschelli, Josh Capon
jalapeno
Lee Chizmar, Mark Allen Moller
Robbie Schultz, Katie Quinn, Michael Lomonaco
cheesesteak
Bobby Flay

126
6
"She Loves Me ....Not"
February 8, 2017 (2017-02-08)
Daphne Oz, Lara Spencer
red wine
Frank Otte, Eric Adjepong
Susan Ungaro, Glenn Harris, Angie Mar
eggs benedict
Bobby Flay

127
7
"You Won't Like Him When He's Angry"
February 16, 2017 (2017-02-16)
Kristin Cavallari, Geoffrey Zakarian
veal tenderloin
Daniel Angerer, Jamie Knott
Robyn Lawley, Chris "C-Snacks" Clarke, Tricia Williams
veggie burger
Bobby Flay

128
8
"Roll with the Punches"
February 23, 2017 (2017-02-23)
Curtis Stone, Simon Majumdar
razor clams
Perry Chung, Richard Mancini
Hung Huynh, Pamela Morgan, Frank Prisinzano
crispy spring rolls
Perry Chung

129
9
"Steak Me Home Tonight"
March 2, 2017 (2017-03-02)
Anne Burrell, Chris D'Elia
peaches
Trish Tracey, Daniel Cox
Wylie Dufresne, Ariane Daguin, Alfred Portale
steak frites
Bobby Flay

130
10
"Sweet but Sour"
March 9, 2017 (2017-03-09)
Sunny Anderson, Katie Lee
white chocolate
Kym Delost, Chris Teixeira
Michael Laiskonis, Nicole Friday, Niles Noren
apple dumpling
Bobby Flay

131
11
"Thrown from the Throne"
March 16, 2017 (2017-03-16)
Amanda Freitag, Simon Majumdar
heirloom carrots
Ian Bowden, Danielle Duran
Erik Ramirez, April Bloomfield, Joey Campanaro
veal piccata
Bobby Flay

132
12
"I Thought We Were Friends"
March 23, 2017 (2017-03-23)
Giada De Laurentiis, Scott Conant
red snapper
Vuong Loc, Ian Alvarez
Jason Wang, Robbie Shoults, Leah Cohen
chicken pho
Vuong Loc

133
13
"Both Sides of the Coin"
March 30, 2017 (2017-03-30)
Alex Guarnaschelli, Anne Burrell,
quail eggs
Jason Tom, Admir Alibasic
Michael Stillman, Brian Mazza, Harold Moore
sloppy joe
Bobby Flay

text: Season 12[edit]

text:
№
#
Title
Original airdate
First round
Second round

Guest(s)
Ingredient(s)
Contestants
Judges
Dish
Winner

134
1
"Iron Chef Redemption"
April 12, 2017 (2017-04-12)
Ted Allen, Debi Mazar
sun-dried tomatoes
Todd Stein, Paul Virant
Susan Feniger, Billy Durnan, Alex Thermopoulos
brick chicken
Bobby Flay

135
2
"Mazel Tov"
April 19, 2017 (2017-04-19)
Michael Symon, Susan Lucci
broccoli rabe
Alex Reznik, Colin Smith
Lidia Bastianich, Noah Bernamoff, Olivia Culpo
matzo ball soup
Alex Reznik

136
3
"Challah at Your Boy!"
May 3, 2017 (2017-05-03)
Anne Burrell, Jay Pharoah
challah bread
Rene Rodriguez, Michael Kramer
Ivy Stark, Jeremy Jacobowirz, Lidia Bastianich
huevos rancheros
Rene Rodriguez

137
4
"Tame in the Flame"
May 10, 2017 (2017-05-10)
Scott Conant, Busy Philipps
duck confit
Ivana Raca, Tom Wolfe
Einat Admony, Lazarus Lynch, Anita Lo
branzino
Bobby Flay

138
5
"Inside Scoop"
May 17, 2017 (2017-05-17)
Alex Guarnaschelli, Helene Yorke
top round of beef
Steven Oakley, Bobby Hanson
Madison Cowan, April Bloomfield, Jimmy Bradley
seafood corndogs
Steven Oakley

139
6
"Open Grill Season"
May 24, 2017 (2017-05-24)
Sunny Anderson, Gail Simmons
meyer lemon
Brandon Byrd, Nicolay Adinaguev
Michale Lomonaco, Jess Pryles, Robbie Shoults
carne asada
Bobby Flay

140
7
"Friends in All Places"
May 31, 2017 (2017-05-31)
Michael Symon
king crab
Jet Tila, Alex Guarnaschelli
Ed McFarland, Leah Cohen, Drew Neoporent
sole almondine
Alex Guarnaschelli

141
8
"The Next Food Network Star Is..."
June 7, 2017 (2017-06-07)
Alton Brown
persimmons
Damaris Phillips, Justin Warner
Donal Brophy, Tricia Williams, Michael Psilakis
tuna noodle casserole
Damaris Phillips

142
9
"Deja Flay"
June 14, 2017 (2017-06-14)
Scott Conant
grapefruit
Anne Burrell, Marcus Samuelsson
Sileshi Alifom, Sara Moulton, Michael Laiskonis
chicken doro wat
Marcus Samuelsson

143
10
"BBF vs. Chopped"
June 22, 2017 (2017-06-22)
Ted Allen
colossal shrimp
Amanda Freitag, Marc Murphy
Najmieh Batmanglij, April Bloomfield, Kristin Sollenne
fesenjān
Amanda Freitag

144
11
"Ghosts of Bobby's Past"
June 29, 2017 (2017-06-29)
Laura Prepon, Daphne Oz
filet mignon
Einat Admony, Leia Gaccione
Tom Birchard, Susan Ungaro, Alon Shaya
pork chops and applesauce
Bobby Flay

145
12
"Salty and Sweet"
July 6, 2017 (2017-07-06)
Katie Lee, Carla Hall
Raisin
Bruno Feldeisen, Michelle Gayer
Paulette Goto, David Lebovitz, Nicole Friday
Banana cream pie
Bobby Flay

146
13
"Record Breaking"
July 13, 2017 (2017-07-13)
Josh Capon, Jaymee Sire
steamer clams
Joshua Bedford, Jarad Gallagher
Ed Schoenfeld, Maggie Nemser, Spencer Rubin
egg drop soup
Bobby Flay

text: Season 13[edit]

text:
№
#
Title
Original airdate
First round
Second round

Guest(s)
Ingredient(s)
Contestants
Judges
Dish
Winner

147
1
"Sugar and Spice but not so nice"
July 20, 2017 (2017-07-20)
Alton Brown, Adam Richman
Coffee Beans
Josh Johnson, Dana Cree
Samantha Seneviratne, Nils Noren, Raiza Costa
Brownie Sundae
Dana Cree

148
2
"Fancy vs Rustic"
July 27, 2017 (2017-07-27)
Sunny Anderson, Katie Lee
Figs
Angie Berry,Giuliano Matarese
Ed Brown, Rohini Dey, Corby Kummer
Shrimp and Grits
Bobby Flay

149
3
"Bear-Ware"
August 3, 2017 (2017-08-03)
Alex Guarnaschelli, Daphne Oz
Merguez sausage
Hal Holden-Bache,Derek Orrell
Jason Debriere,Claudia Fleming,Craig Samuel
Oysters Rockefeller
Bobby Flay

150
4
"Green, White and Red"
August 10, 2017 (2017-08-10)
Anne Burrell, Scott Conant
Turbot
Raffaele Ronca,Ken Vedrinski
Frank Prisinzano,Kristin Sollenne,Dan Pashman
Gnudi
Ken Vedrinski

151
5
"Chop Chop"
August 17, 2017 (2017-08-17)
Amanda Freitag, Jet Tila
Gruyere Cheese
Fabio Mura, Nicole Votano
Glenn Harris,Michele Ragussis,Joe Isidori
Breakfast Sandwich
Bobby Flay

152
6
"Familiar Names and Faces"
August 24, 2017 (2017-08-24)
Ted Allen, Sunny Anderson
Coconut Milk
Stephen Kalt,Brad Spence
Lex Taylor,Raquel Pelzel,Nguyen Tran
Patty Melt
Stephen Kalt

153
7
"International Showdown"
August 31, 2017 (2017-08-31)
Katie Lee, Marcus Samuelsson
Green Beans
Alida Solomon, Pasquale Cozzolino
Lauren Hirschberg,Barbara Lynch,Rich Aronovitch
White Clams Pizza
Bobby Flay

154
8
"Feathered and Fried"
September 7, 2017 (2017-09-07)
Anne Burrell, Marc Murphy
Rabbit Legs
Thomas Boemer,Darnell Ferguson
Melba Wilson,Daniel Delaney,Sarah Simmons
Fried Chicken
Bobby Flay

155
9
"Pulling Out All the Stops"
September 14, 2017 (2017-09-14)
Steve Schirripa, Simon Majumdar
White Anchovies
Dave Bazirgan,Stephen Jones
Stephen Starr,Susan Povich,Jean-Paul Bourgeois
Hoppin' John
Stephen Jones

156
10
"Number One Baby"
September 21, 2017 (2017-09-21)
Scott Conant, Laura Vitale
Tri-Tip Of Beef
Nicolas Bour,RJ Moody
Tom Birchard,Leah Cohen,Roberto Trevino
Salt Cod Fritters
Bobby Flay

157
11
"Drop the Knife"
September 28, 2017 (2017-09-28)
Colin Quinn, Katie Lee
Collared Greens
Diane Vista-Wayne,Lauren Brown
Angie Mar,Ed Mcfarland,Ariane Daguin,
Savory Souffle
Lauren Brown

158
12
"Boil and Trouble"
October 5, 2017 (2017-10-05)
Giada De Laurentiis, Daphne Oz
Pumpkin Seeds
Jeffrey Hansell,Meghann Ward
Wylie Dufresne,Alon Shaya,Dale Talde
Frog Legs
Bobby Flay

159
13
"We're All Family Here"
October 12, 2017 (2017-10-12)
Sophie Flay, Alton Brown
Tomatillos
Jonathan Waxman, Dean Fearing
Marc Vetri,Lourdes Castro,Christian Petroni
Tagliatelle
Bobby Flay

text: Season 14[edit]

text:
№
#
Title
Original airdate
First round
Second round

Guest(s)
Ingredient(s)
Contestants
Judges
Dish
Winner

160
1
"Feeling Bleu"
October 19, 2017 (2017-10-19)
Alex Guarnaschelli, Bobby Moynihan
Halloumi Cheese
Marcellus Coleman, Lionel Haeberle
Raquel Pelzel, Madison Cowan, Keri Glassman
Chicken Cordon Bleu
Lionel Haeberle

161
2
"Take a Bao"
October 26, 2017 (2017-10-26)
David Alan Grier, Carla Hall
Black Cod
Suchanan Aksornnan, Richard Hales
Cobi Levy, Angie Mar, Wilson Tang
Pork Bun
Bobby Flay

162
3
"Ain't That Dandy"
November 2, 2017 (2017-11-02)
Katie Lee, Ben Feldman
Pork Chops
Jason Dady, Mike DeCamp
Drew Crane, Dale Talde, Marco Canora
Poke
Bobby Flay

163
5
"The Iron Age"
November 9, 2017 (2017-11-09)
Alex Guarnaschelli, Simon Majumdar
Onions
Jose Garces, Stephanie Izard
Donatella Arpaia, Madison Cowan, Susan Ungaro
Seafood Paella
Bobby Flay

164
4
"Turkey's Done"
November 16, 2017 (2017-11-16)
Sunny Anderson, Sophie Flay
Turkey Cutlets
Clayton Chapman, Tony Priolo
Brian Mazza, Einat Admony, Ronnie Woo
Pumpkin Ravioli
Tony Priolo

165
6
"Sea Shells by the Sea Shore"
November 23, 2017 (2017-11-23)
Marcus Samuelsson, Michael Voltaggio
Sea Urchin
Ed Harris, Jason McLeod
Michael Schulson, Abigail Hitchcock, Alain Allegretti
Coquilles St.-Jacques
Bobby Flay

166
7
"Rotten Tomatoes for Bobby"
November 30, 2017 (2017-11-30)
Scott Conant, Helene Yorke
Green Tomatoes
Andre Fowles, Darren Sayphraraj
Ed Schoenfeld, Aliya Leekong, Nigel Spence
Hot And Sour Soup
Darren Sayphraraj

167
8
"Holidays Are for Battle"
December 7, 2017 (2017-12-07)
Alex Guarnaschelli, Tia Mowry
Cornish Game Hens
Simone Falco, Eoghain O'Neill
Ariane Daguin, Frank Prisinzano, Jackie Gebel
Ossobuco
Simone Falco

168
9
"Cracking a Win"
December 14, 2017 (2017-12-14)
Anne Burrell, Andrew Zimmern
Soft Shell Crabs
David Baruthio, Blake Hartwick
Michael Lomonaco, Ali Rosen, Daniel Eddy
Scotch Egg
Bobby Flay

169
10
"Who Done It?"
January 4, 2018 (2018-01-04)
Lorraine Pascale, Damaris Phillips
Prosecco
Jeremy Fogg, Andrea Bergin
Paulette Goto, Zac Young, Marcy Blum
Ice Cream Sandwich
Jeremy Fogg

170
11
"Clamming Up"
January 11, 2018 (2018-01-11)
Amanda Freitag, Geoffrey Zakarian
Cockles
Kiran Patnam, Jonathan Wu
Tricia Williams, Jehangir Mehta, Tracy Jane Young
Butter Chicken Masala
Kiran Patnam[15]

171
12
"Midwest Swing"
January 18, 2018 (2018-01-18)
Katie Lee, Daphne Oz
Hake
Daniel Angerer, Mike Johnson
Andrew Friedman, Lucinda Scala Quinn, Hugh Mangum
Barbecued Chicken
Bobby Flay

172
13
"Peeling Away"
January 25, 2018 (2018-01-25)
Ted Allen, Busy Philipps
Bananas
Amanda Rockman, Vicki Wells
Nils Norén, Raiza Costa, Scott Levine
Tiramisu
Amanda Rockman

text: Season 15[edit]

text:
№
#
Title
Original airdate
First round
Second round

Guest(s)
Ingredient(s)
Contestants
Judges
Dish
Winner

173
1
"Big Dog on the Block"
December 21, 2017 (2017-12-21)
Sunny Anderson, Josh Denny
Ostrich Egg
Harold Baker, Tony Minadakis
Craig Samuel, Kardea Brown, Matt FX
Ginormous Seafood Sandwich
Bobby Flay

174
2
"Windy City Wants More"
December 28, 2017 (2017-12-28)
Scott Conant, Hannah Hart
Purple Potatoes
David Adjey, Cory Morris
Billy Durney, Lourdes Castro, Isaac Toups
Ropa Vieja
Cory Morris

175
3
"Bobby Gets Sacked"
February 1, 2018 (2018-02-01)
Eddie Jackson, Jaymee Sire
Bratwurst
Paul Malvone, Jack Riebel
Jeremy Ford, Melba Wilson, Robbie Shoults
Juicy Lucy
Bobby Flay

176
4
"Broken Hearts"
February 8, 2018 (2018-02-08)
Anne Burrell, Scott Conant
Maraschino cherry
Robert Nieto, Caroline Schiff
Jacques Torres, Samantha Seneviratne, Alan Rosen
Chocolate tart
Bobby Flay

177
5
"Going Loco"
February 15, 2018 (2018-02-15)
Eddie Jackson, Damaris Phillips
Shishito Peppers
Mike Andrzejewski, Anthony Nelson
Chung Chow, Nicole Ponseca, Corby Kummer
Loco moco
Mike Andrzejewski

178
6
"Sour With The Sweet"
February 22, 2018 (2018-02-22)
Sunny Anderson, Josh Capon
Cowboy Rib eye steak
Robert Cho, Brian Malarkey
Leah Cohen, Rich Aronovitch, Dana Cowin
Monte Cristo sandwich
Bobby Flay

179
7
"Stuffed and Fried"
March 1, 2018 (2018-03-01)
Katie Lee, Jet Tila
Langoustine
Crista Luedtke, Alan Vargas
Brian Duffy, Ivy Stark, Akhtar Nawab
Chimichanga
Bobby Flay

180
8
"At It Again"
March 8, 2018 (2018-03-08)
Ted Allen, Marc Murphy
Squid Ink
Seis Kamimura, Demetrio Zavala
Michael Psilakis, Leah Cohen, Christian Petroni
Beef Bulgogi
Bobby Flay

181
9
"Surf's Up"
March 15, 2018 (2018-03-15)
Anne Burrell, Loni Love
Basil
Paras Shah, Sheldon Simeon
Bill Telepan, Nicole Ponseca, Roberto Treviño
Pork Adobo
Bobby Flay

182
10
"Revenge Is Best Served Bold"
March 22, 2018 (2018-03-22)
Scott Conant, Laura Vitale
Zucchini
Leia Gaccione, Tony Nguyen
Glenn Harris, Rohini Dey, Hung Huynh
Brunch Burger
Bobby Flay

183
11
"Ladies Don't Play"
March 29, 2018 (2018-03-29)
Daphne Oz, Michael Voltaggio
Fava Beans
Aarthi Sampath, Zoe Schor
Hari Nayak, Alison Roman, Albert Di Meglio
Chicken Biryani
Aarthi Sampath

184
12
"Not a Speck"
April 5, 2018 (2018-04-05)
Sunny Anderson, Carla Hall
Speck
Jonah Miller, Ronny Miranda
Seamus Mullen, Ingrid Hoffmann, David Santos
Peri Peri Chicken
Bobby Flay

185
13
"Getting Crabby"
April 12, 2018 (2018-04-12)
Alex Guarnaschelli, Jet Tila
Cucumber
Mark Laubner, Brendan Pelley
Michael Psilakis, April Bloomfield, Drew Nieporent
Crab cake sandwich
Bobby Flay


document_title: Hoth

question_text: where did they film the battle of hoth

question_tokens: where did they film the battle of hoth

text: Hoth

text: Description[edit]

text: Hoth is the sixth planet of a remote system of the same name,[1] with three uninhabited moons.[citation needed] It is a small, terrestrial planet blanketed by snow and ice. The freezing climate, although habitable, is too cold for intelligent life to develop. Hoth is home to only a few species, including the towering, predatory Wampa and the gray snow-lizards known as Tauntauns. Both appear in The Empire Strikes Back. Hoth is close to the Hothian asteroid belt; many meteorites pelt the planet's surface, making temporary craters in its ever-moving snow drifts.

text: Fictional appearance[edit]

text: In the 1980 film The Empire Strikes Back, Hoth is the home of the Rebel Alliance's secret base. The Rebels patrol the planet by riding indigenous tauntauns. At the start of the film, Luke Skywalker and his tauntaun are attacked by a wampa. Skywalker eventually escapes and is rescued by Han Solo. When one of the Galactic Empire's probe droids uncovers the base, the Rebels are forced to evacuate. The Empire arrives and deploys ground forces to destroy the base, but the Rebels battle the AT-ATs with ground artillery and snowspeeders to stall them and effectively evacuate.

text: Hoth has also appeared in Star Wars books and video games. In the novel Darksaber (1995), Luke Skywalker and his lover Callista travel to Hoth, where they encounter the same Wampa that attacked Luke in Empire, but he swiftly kills it. In Shadows of the Empire, Hoth is one of several settings for Dash Rendar's adventures.

text: Portrayal in film[edit]

text: The original draft of The Empire Strikes Back, written by Leigh Brackett, depicted an opening scene with Luke Skywalker on the ridge of an ice planet, though the name "Hoth" was given to the cloud planet at the time. (The cloud planet was ultimately called Bespin.) The draft also depicted Hoth's wampas attacking the rebel base.[2]

text: The Hardangerjøkulen glacier near Finse, Norway served as the filming location for Hoth in The Empire Strikes Back. Scenes were filmed in subzero temperatures. For the battle scene, miniatures were used on a set that used microscopic glass bubbles and baking soda to mimic the snowy territory.[3]

text: Scientific accuracy[edit]

text: The planetary attributes of the fictional planet Hoth have been scrutinized for scientific accuracy. Space.com said Hoth most resembled the extrasolar planet OGLE-2006-BLG-390, "With a surface temperature of -364 degrees Fahrenheit (-220 degrees Celsius), it is nearly as frigid as Pluto."[4] Bruce Betts of The Planetary Society said the asteroid belt near Hoth meant that the planet would have difficulty staying in place. With Hoth being bombarded frequently by asteroids, Betts said it would be unlikely for natural lifeforms (like the wampa and the tauntaun shown in the film) to evolve on the planet.[5]

text: Jeanne Cavelos theorized in The Science of Star Wars that the frequency of meteoroids bombarding Hoth indicated that the planet was relatively young since in older solar systems, the debris is more cleared out. Since Hoth has complex lifeforms, Cavolos said the planet's age may be older, in the range of several billion years. The author said Hoth could be similar to Earth in age but lack neighboring planets like Jupiter and Saturn to shelter it from meteoroid impacts. She also said with the asteroid belt depicted in the film as close to Hoth that the belt was a likely source for meteoroids. (The asteroid belt itself is unrealistically depicted as being closely clustered, which would normally mean that the asteroids would be reduced to sand-sized rubble over a long enough timespan.)[6]

text: CJ Miozzi, writing for The Escapist, said that Hoth was realistic as a single-biome planet (among numerous such planets in Star Wars), citing Jupiter's moon Europa as a similar example. Miozzi said the planet was depicted in the Star Wars books as being geologically active and having additional smaller lifeforms, including lichen. The author said lichen on Earth was an important part of the food chain during winter months but that it could grow back outside these months. With Hoth perpetually iced over, Miozzi said lichen likely would not be sufficient to support a multi-tiered food chain that includes an apex predator, the wampa.[7]