document_title: Hold the Dark

question_text: where was the movie hold the dark filmed

root

text: Hold the Dark

text: Plot[edit]

text:
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tag: table

text: In December 2004, wolf expert Russell Core (Jeffrey Wright), a writer who studies wolf behavior, is summoned to the small village of Keelut, Alaska by Medora Sloane (Riley Keough), who wants Core to hunt down the wolves blamed for the disappearances and presumed deaths of three small children, including Medora's 6-year-old son, Bailey.

tag: p

text: Her husband, Vernon Sloane (Alexander Skarsgård), is overseas in Iraq. After a firefight outside Fallujah where Vernon is shown mercilessly and efficiently gunning down Iraqi militants, his unit moves into the city. While stationed at a checkpoint, Vernon wanders off and comes across an American soldier raping a local woman. Vernon stabs the soldier repeatedly in the gut, and leaves the woman with his knife to finish him off. Moments later, shooting breaks out at the checkpoint, and Vernon is shot through the neck, but survives to be sent home.

text: Core, staying at the Sloane house, discusses the missing children with Medora, who tells him of a hot springs to the north of town. That night, he awakes to the sound of Medora whispering and scrubbing herself raw in the bath. She exits the bathroom nude except for a dark wooden wolf mask and approaches Core. Removing the mask, she lays beside Core and moves his hand to her neck forcefully.

text: In the morning, Core leaves town to track the wolves and meets an old native woman, Illanaq, who tells him he is going the wrong way, and that Medora 'knows evil'. Core tracks the wolves for several hours, coming across the hot springs Medora mentioned, and finds a pack of wolves eating their young. Unable to shoot them, Core returns to Keelut. Arriving at the Sloane house, Core finds Medora missing, and the cellar door unlocked. Downstairs, the frozen, strangled body of the Sloane's son. Core calls for help, and the native villagers, then the police investigate. The natives claim Medora is possessed by a wolf-demon called a tournaq.

text: Vernon's old friend, and father to another missing child, Cheeon (Julian Black Antelope) meets him at the airport and drives the two of them to meet with Police chief Donald Marium (James Badge Dale), Core, and several other officers at the morgue. After Core and Marium leave, Vernon shoots the remaining officers and the coroner with Cheeon's gun, and take Bailey's body, along with the case file.

text: Vernon and Cheeon bury Bailey in a pine box, marking it with symbols in their blood. Vernon then returns to Keelut and kills Illanaq.

text: Core remembering the woman's prescient warning, and the police, following up on the murdered officers, arrive in Keelut at the same time. Marium, and a few dozen officers take up positions outside Cheeon's house as the chief approaches to ask about his involvement with the murders. Cheeon expresses antipathy for 'useless city slickers' and refuses to come quietly, opening up barn doors on the upper level of his house and opening fire on the clustered police with a heavy machine gun, killing many. Marium flanks the building and shoots Cheeon from the inside.

text:
At an inn outside a tourist mine where Medora was sighted, Vernon meets John, an elderly hunter, who treated Vernon as a child for his seeming sociopathy with wolf-blood. The hunter invites Vernon to take a mask, saying he "needs to let the wolf out a little".
Vernon chooses a mask from the wall, puts it on and kills John. As he leaves, Vernon is shot in the shoulder by the innkeeper.

text: Vernon visits an old friend, Shan, who informs him that Cheeon has died.  Shan pulls the bullet from Vernon's shoulder.

text: Core and Marium theorize that Medora killed Bailey to save him from darkness. Core recalls Medora's saying the nearby hot springs are "a good place to get clean" and thinks she might have gone there. They agree to go after Medora and catch her before Vernon does.

text: Vernon, meanwhile, has a dream of himself and Medora in the hot springs. Now awake, he overhears Shan's informing the police that he's there. Vernon puts on the mask and stabs Shan in the head. The police force splits up, half going to the crime scene at Shan's house, and Marium and Core going to the hot springs.

text: When looking at some wolf tracks in the snow, Marium is shot through the neck by an arrow fired by Vernon, who is wearing the mask. Core leaves Marium's body and heads to the hot springs, hoping to intercept Vernon. He finds Medora in the springs and is then, again inexplicably, arrowed in the chest by Vernon.

text: As Vernon strangles her, Medora pushes the mask off his face. He releases her and they embrace. Core falls unconscious.

text: When Core wakes, Vernon offers him a cigarette. Vernon removes the arrow from Core's body before leaving with Medora. Core crawls outside the cave and encounters a pack of wolves. He is found by a father and son with a snowmachine and brought to their home for care. Vernon is seen digging up Bailey's grave with Medora; they pull the coffin along with them as they trek through the snow. Core wakes up in hospital, his daughter Amy at his bedside.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Jeffrey Wright as Russell Core
Alexander Skarsgård as Vernon Sloane
James Badge Dale as Donald Marium
Riley Keough as Medora Sloane
Julian Black Antelope as Cheeon
Macon Blair as Shan
Tantoo Cardinal as Illanaq
Peter McRobbie as Trapper John
Beckham Crawford as Bailey
Jonathan Whitesell as Arnie

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: In September 2015, it was announced Jeremy Saulnier would direct the film, based upon a screenplay by Macon Blair, while Eva Maria Daniels, Russell Ackerman and John Schoenfelder would produce the film under their VisionChaos Productions banner and Addictive Pictures banners respectively, A24 would distribute the film.[2] In January 2017, Netflix acquired distribution rights to the film, with Anish Savjani and Neil Kopp joining as producers.[3] In February 2017, Alexander Skarsgård, Riley Keough, James Bloor, James Badge Dale and Jeffrey Wright, joined the cast of the film.[4]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography began on February 27, 2017, and concluded on April 26, 2017. Filming took place in and around the areas surrounding Calgary and Kananaskis Country, Alberta, which were used to substitute for Alaska.[5][6]

text: Release[edit]

text: It had its world premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 12, 2018.[7] It also screened at Fantastic Fest on September 22, 2018.[8][9] It was released on September 28, 2018.[10]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2018)

text: Hold the Dark received generally positive reviews from critics. The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported a 67% approval rating based on 51 reviews, with an average score of 6.4/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Hold the Dark's unsettling aesthetic offers more of what filmgoers expect from director Jeremy Saulnier - and is often enough to prop up shaky narrative underpinnings."[11] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 63 out of 100 based on 25 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[12]


document_title: United Farm Workers

question_text: when was the united farm workers union formed

text: United Farm Workers

text: History[edit]

text: Founding of the UFW[edit]

text:
Hispanic and
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History[show]

History of Hispanic and Latino Americans
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zambo

Political movements[show]

Chicano Movement
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Organizations[show]

Association of Hispanic Arts
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text: Dolores Huerta grew up in Stockton, California, which is in the San Joaquin Valley, an area filled with farms. In the early 1950s, she completed a degree at Delta Community College, part of the University of the Pacific. She briefly worked as an elementary school teacher. Huerta saw that her students, many of them children of farm workers, were living in poverty without enough food to eat or other basic necessities. To help, she became one of the founders of the Stockton chapter of the Community Service Organization (CSO). The CSO worked to improve social and economic conditions for farm workers and to fight discrimination.[4]

text: By 1959, César Chávez had already established professional relationships with local community organizations that aimed to empower the working class population by encouraging them to become more politically active. In 1952, Chávez met Fred Ross who was a community organizer working on behalf of the Community Service Organization. This was a group which was affiliated with the Industrial Areas Foundation which was headed by Saul Alinsky.[5]

text: To further her cause, Huerta created the Agricultural Workers Association (AWA) in 1960. Through the AWA, she lobbied politicians on many issues, including allowing migrant workers without U.S. citizenship to receive public assistance and pensions and creating Spanish-language voting ballots and driver's tests. In 1962, she co-founded a workers' union with César Chávez, which was later known as the United Farm Workers (UFW). The two made a great team. Chávez was the dynamic leader and speaker and Huerta was a skilled organizer and tough negotiator. Huerta was instrumental in the union's many successes, including the strikes against California grape growers in the 1960s and 1970s.[4]

text: During Chávez’s participation in the Community Service Organization, Fred Ross trained César Chávez in the grassroots, door-to-door, house meeting tactic of organization, a tactic which was crucial to the UFW’s recruiting methods. The house meeting tactic successfully established a broad base of local Community Service Organization chapters during Ross's era, and Chávez used this technique to extend the UFW's reach as well as to find up and coming organizers. During the 1950s, César Chávez and Fred Ross developed twenty-two new Community Service Organization chapters in the Mexican American neighborhoods of San Jose. In 1959, Chávez would claim the rank of executive director in the Community Service Organization. During this time, Chávez observed and adopted the notion of having the community become more politically involved in order to bring about the social changes that the community sought. This would be a vital tactic in Chávez’s future struggles in fighting for immigrant rights.[5][6]

text: César Chávez’s ultimate goal in his participation with the Community Service Organization and the Industrial Areas Foundation was to eventually organize a union for the farm workers. Saul Alinsky did not share Chávez’s sympathy for the farm workers struggle, claiming that organizing farm workers, "was like fighting on a constantly disintegrating bed of sand." (Alinsky, 1967) [5]

text: In March 1962 at the Community Service Organization convention, Chávez proposed a pilot project for organizing farm workers which was rejected by the organization’s members. Chávez’s reaction to this led him to resign from the organization in order to pursue his goal of creating a farm workers union which would later come to be known as the National Farm Workers Association.[5]

text: By 1965 the National Farm Workers Association had acquired twelve hundred members through Chávez’s person-to-person recruitment efforts which he learned from Fred Ross just a decade earlier. Out of those twelve hundred, only about two hundred paid dues.[5] Also in 1962, Richard Chavez, the brother of César Chávez, designed the black Aztec eagle insignia that would become the symbol of the NFW and the UFW.[7] César Chávez chose the red and black colors used by the organization.[8]

text: Although still in its infant stages, the organization lent its support to a strike by workers in the rose industry in 1965. This initial protest by the young organization resulted in a failed attempt to strike against the rose industry. That same year the farm workers who worked in the Delano fields of California wanted to strike against the growers in response to the grower’s refusal to raise wages from $1.20 to $1.40 an hour, and they sought out Chávez and the National Farm Workers Association for support. The Delano agricultural workers were mostly Filipino workers affiliated with the Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee, a charter of the American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations. The unification of these two organizations, in an attempt to boycott table grapes which were grown in the Delano fields, resulted in the creation of the United Farm Workers of America.[5] The AFL-CIO chartered the United Farm Workers, officially combining the AWOC and the NFWA, in August 1966.[9]

text: Historic complications in organizing farm workers prior to UFW formation[edit]

text: In the early history of American agriculture, farm workers experienced many failed attempts to organize agricultural laborers. In 1903, Japanese and Mexican farm workers attempted to come together to fight for better wages and better working conditions. This attempt to organize agricultural laborers was ignored and disbanded when organizations, such as the American Federation of Labor, neglected to support their efforts, often withholding assistance on the basis of race.[5]

text: In 1913, the Industrial Workers of the World organized a rally at a large ranch in the rural area of Northern California which involved two thousand farm workers. This resulted in an attack against the participants of the rally by national guardsmen. As a result of the violence the two lead organizers for the Industrial Workers of the World were arrested, convicted of murder, and were sentenced to life imprisonment. It is believed that the two people arrested were wrongly convicted of the murder charges.[5]

text: In the later teens and 1920's in the United States, further attempts to organize farm laborers were undertaken by spontaneous local efforts, and some which were led by communist unions. These attempts also resulted in failure because during that time employers were not required by law to involve themselves with negotiations with their workers. During this time period, Employers could also legally fire their employees if they chose to join a union.[3]

text: In 1936, the National Labor Relations Act was put into effect. This legislation provided most American workers the right to join unions and bargain collectively. Agricultural workers were exempt from the protection of this law. Some believe that this labor category was excluded as a result of a political tactic to gain the support of Southern politicians in the passing of this law.[3]

text: In 1941, the United States Government and the Mexican Government enacted the Bracero Program. Initially, this joint project between the United States and Mexico was established during the Second World War in order to address labor shortages by allowing "guest workers" from Mexico to work in the American agricultural industry until the end of the crop harvest. Thousands of Mexican Nationals were brought north to work in the fields in the United States and growers used this opportunity to undercut domestic wages, and the Braceros were also utilized in breaking strikes from resident farm workers. This program was extended until 1964.[3]

text: Community organizing and divisions of labor in the UFW[edit]

text: Many Mexican women in California who joined the UFW in the 1960s were already previously involved in community-based activism in the 1950s through the Community Service Organization for Latino civil rights. The racial discrimination and economic disadvantages they faced from a young age made it necessary to form networks of support like the CSO to empower Latinos in America with voter registration drives, citizenship classes, lawsuits and legislative campaigns, and political protests against police brutality and immigration policies.[10]

text: While male activists held leadership roles and more authority, the women activists participated in volunteering and teaching valuable skills to individuals of the Latino community. By the 1960s, Huerta and others began to shift their attention to the labor exploitation of Latino farm workers in California and began to strike, demonstrate, and organize to fight for a myriad of issues that Mexican laborers faced. While many of the male leaders of the movement had the role of being dynamic, powerful speakers that would inspire others to join the movement, the women devoted their efforts to negotiating better working contracts with companies, organizing boycotts, rallying for changes in immigration policies, registering Latinos to vote with Spanish language ballots, and increasing pressure on legislation to improve labor relations.[11]

text: Among the women who engaged in activism for labor rights, traditional and non traditional patterns of activism existed. Mexican-American women like Dolores Huerta used their education and resources arrange programs at the grassroots level, sustaining and leading members it into the labor movement. As the sister-in-law of César Chávez, Huerta co-founded the National Farmworkers Association which would become the United Farm Workers and she had immense influence over the direction that it took, breaking stereotypes of the Mexican woman in the 1960s. However, it was most common for Chicana activists and female labor union members to be involved in administrative tasks for the early stages of UFW; women like Helen Chávez were essential in these responsibilities, such as credit union bookkeeping, behind the scenes and advising her husband. Still, both women along with other Chicana activists participated in picketing with their families in the face of police intimidation and racial abuse.[12] Keeping track of union services and membership were traditionally responsibilities given to female organizers and it was integral to the institutional survival of the UFW, but it has gone much less recognized throughout history due to the male led strikes receiving majority public attention.[13]

text: Texas strike[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In May 1966, California farm worker activist Eugene Nelson traveled to Texas to rally support for the Schenley Farms boycott. While in Houston, AFL-CIO state representatives suggested that he visit Rio Grande City on the Texas-Mexico border in the lower Rio Grande Valley. Seeing the possibilities for organizing workers in the impoverished region, he quickly set about recruiting volunteers for the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee (UFWOC) as both strikers and assistants. Other UFWOC activists joined Nelson in Rio Grande City, including Gilbert Padilla, Antonio Orendain, and Bill Chandler. At the time, some melon workers lacked access to fresh water while working in the fields, some lacked sanitary facilities for human waste, and some were present in the fields as crop dusters dropped pesticides on the crops.[14]

text: On June 1, Nelson led workers to strike demanding $1.25 as a minimum hourly wage, protesting La Casita Farms and others packing sheds. The activists also protested the hiring of "scab" labor, mostly those with green card visas from Mexico, who were allowed to cross the border as day workers. In the dispute, reports and allegations of vandalism to equipment, produce, and public property caused Starr County officials, along with the support of the growers, to call for additional law enforcement, which arrived in the form of the Texas Rangers. Both county officials and rangers arrested protestors for secondary picketing, standing within 50 feet of one another, a practice illegal at the time. Allegations of brutality and questions of jurisdictional limits created national headlines in what came to be known as "La Huelga."

text: On July 4, members of UFWOC, strikers, and members of the clergy set out on a march to Austin to demand the $1.25 minimum wage and other improvements for farm workers. Press coverage intensified as the marchers made their way north in the summer heat. Politicians, members of the AFL-CIO, and the Texas Council of Churches accompanied the protestors. Gov. John Connally, who had refused to meet them in Austin, traveled to New Braunfels with then House Speaker Ben Barnes, and Attorney General Waggoner Carr to intercept the march and inform strikers that their efforts would have no effect.

text: Protestors arrived in Austin in time for a Labor Day rally, but no changes in law resulted. Strikes and arrests continued in Rio Grande City through 1966 into 1967. Violence increased as the spring melon crop ripened and time neared for the May harvest. In June, when beatings of two UFWOC supporters by Texas rangers surfaced, tempers flared.

text: At the end of June as the harvest was ending, members of the Senate Subcommittee on Migratory Labor, including Senators Harrison Williams and Edward Kennedy, arrived in the lower Rio Grande Valley to hold hearings in Rio Grande City and Edinburg, Texas. The senators took their findings back to Washington as a report on pending legislation. Subsequently, the rangers left the area and the picketing ended. On September 20, Hurricane Beulah's devastations ruined the farming industry in the Valley for the following year. One major outcome of the strikes came in the form of a 1974 Supreme Court victory in Medrano v. Allee, limiting jurisdiction of Texas Rangers in labor disputes. Farm workers continued to organize through the 1970s on a smaller scale, under new leadership in San Juan, Texas, independent of César Chávez.

text: Texas campaign[edit]

text: By mid-1971 the Texas campaign was well underway. In Sept. 1971, Thomas John Wakely, recent discharge from the United States Air Force joined the San Antonio office of the Texas campaign. His pay was room and board, $5.00 a week plus all of the menudo he could eat. The menudo was provided to the UFOC staff by the families of migrant workers working the Texas fields.

text: TJ worked for UFOC for about 2 years and his responsibilities included organizing the Grape Boycott in San Antonio. His primary target was the H-E-B grocery store chain. In addition, he attempted to organize Hispanic farm workers working the farmers market in San Antonio — an institution at that time controlled by the corporate farms. Among his many organizing activities included an early 1972 episode where he and several other UFOC staff members who were attempting to organize warehouse workers in San Antonio were fired upon by security agents of the corporate farm owners.

text: In mid-1973 the San Antonio office of the UFOC was taken over by the Brown Berets. This radicalization of the San Antonio UFOC office led to the eventual collapse of the San Antonio UFOC organizing campaign.

text: In 1970, Chavez decided to move the union's headquarters from Delano to La Paz, California into a former sanatorium in the Tehachapi Mountains. Whereas Chavez thought this change would aid the creation of "a national union of the poor ... serving the needs of all who suffer," other union members objected to this distancing of the leadership away from the farmworkers.[16]

text: The union was poised to launch its next major campaign in the lettuce fields in 1970 when a deal between the International Brotherhood of Teamsters and the growers nearly destroyed it. Initially the Teamsters signed contracts with lettuce growers in the Salinas Valley, who wanted to avoid recognizing the UFW. Then in 1973, when the three-year UFW grape contracts expired, the grape growers signed contracts giving the Teamsters the right to represent the workers who had been members of the UFW.

text: The UFW responded with strikes, lawsuits and boycotts, including secondary boycotts in the retail grocery industry. The union struggled to regain the members it had lost in the lettuce fields; it never fully recovered its strength in grapes, due in some part to incompetent management of the hiring halls it had established that seemed to favor some workers over others.

text: The battles in the fields became violent, with a number of UFW members killed on the picket line. The violence led the state in 1975 to enact the California Agricultural Labor Relations Act, creating an administrative agency, the ALRB, that oversaw secret ballot elections and resolved charges of unfair labor practices, like failing to bargain in good faith, or discrimination against activists. The UFW won the majority of secret ballot elections in which it participated.[1]

text: In the late 1970s, the leadership of the UFW was wracked by a series of conflicts, as differences emerged between Chavez and some of his former colleagues.[17] In 1977, the Teamsters signed an agreement with the UFW promising to end their efforts to represent farm workers. [2]

text: In the 1980s, the membership of the UFW shrank, as did its national prominence.[3] After taking office in the 1980s, California Governor George Deukmejian stopped enforcement of the state's farm labor laws, resulting in farm workers losing their UFW contracts, being fired, and blacklisted.[18] Due to internal squabbles, most of the union's original leadership left or were forced out, except for Chavez and Huerta.[3][17] By 1986, the union had been reduced to 75 contracts and had stopped organizing.[16]

text: In the 1980s, the UFW joined with the AFL-CIO and other organizations for the national Wrath of Grapes campaign, re-instituting the grape boycott.

text: Recent developments[edit]

text: Wikimedia Commons has media related to Labor Department Honors Farmworkers and Cesar Chavez.

text: Wikinews has related news: Labor Department Honors Farmworkers and César Chávez

text: In July 2008 the farm worker Ramiro Carrillo Rodriguez, 48, died of a heat stroke. According to United Farm Workers, he was the "13th farm worker heat death since CA Governor Schwarzenegger took office"[19] in 2003. In 2006 California's first permanent heat regulations were enacted[20] but these regulations were not strictly enforced, the union contended.

text: César Chávez is a film released in March, 2014, directed by Diego Luna about the life of the Mexican-American labor leader who co-founded the United Farm Workers. The film stars Michael Peña as Chávez. Co-producer John Malkovich also co-stars in the role of an owner of a large industrial grape farm who leads the sometimes violent opposition to Chávez's organizing efforts.

text: Geography[edit]

text: The grape strike officially began in Delano in September 1965. In December, union representatives traveled from California to New York, Washington, D.C., Pittsburg, Detroit, and other large cities to encourage a boycott of grapes grown at ranches without UFW contracts.

text: In the summer of 1966, unions and religious groups from Seattle and Portland endorsed the boycott. Supporters formed a boycott committee in Vancouver, prompting an outpouring of support from Canadians that would continue throughout the following years.

text: In 1967, UFW supporters in Oregon began picketing stores in Eugene, Salem, and Portland. After melon workers went on strike in Texas, growers held the first union representation elections in the region, and the UFW became the first union to ever sign a contract with a grower in Texas.

text: National support for the UFW continued to grow in 1968, and hundreds of UFW members and supporters were arrested. Picketing continued throughout the country, including in Massachusetts, New Jersey, Ohio, Oklahoma, and Florida. The mayors of New York, Baltimore, Philadelphia, Buffalo, Detroit, and other cities pledged their support, and many of them altered their cities’ grape purchases to support the boycott.

text: In 1969, support for farm workers increased throughout North America. The grape boycott spread into the South as civil rights groups pressured grocery stores in Atlanta, Miami, New Orleans, Nashville, and Louisville to remove non-union grapes. Student groups in New York protested the Department of Defense and accused them of deliberately purchasing boycotted grapes. On May 10, UFW supporters picketed Safeway stores throughout the U.S. and Canada in celebration of International Grape Boycott Day. Cesar Chavez also went on a speaking tour along the East Coast to ask for support from labor groups, religious groups, and universities.[9]

text: Mapping UFW Strikes, Boycotts, and Farm Worker Actions 1965-1975 shows over 1,000 farm worker strikes, boycotts, and other actions.

text: Immigration[edit]

text: The UFW during Chavez's tenure was committed to restricting immigration. With the introduction of new laws restricting immigration like the Alien Contract Labor Act of 1885, Chavez and other like minded individuals fought the influx of people that could hurt their cause. Chavez and Dolores Huerta, co-founder and president of the UFW, fought the Bracero Program that existed from 1942 to 1964. Their opposition stemmed from their belief that the program undermined U.S. workers and exploited the migrant workers. Since the Bracero Program ensured a constant supply of cheap immigrant labor for growers, immigrants could not protest any infringement of their rights, lest they be fired and replaced. Their efforts contributed to Congress ending the Bracero Program in 1964. In 1973, the UFW was one of the first labor unions to oppose proposed employer sanctions that would have prohibited hiring illegal immigrants.

text: On a few occasions, concerns that illegal immigrant labor would undermine UFW strike campaigns led to a number of controversial events, which the UFW describes as anti-strikebreaking events, but which have also been interpreted as being anti-immigrant. In 1969, Chavez and members of the UFW marched through the Imperial and Coachella Valleys to the border of Mexico to protest growers' use of illegal immigrants as strikebreakers. In its early years, the UFW and Chavez went so far as to report illegal immigrants who served as strikebreaking replacement workers (as well as those who refused to unionize) to the Immigration and Naturalization Service.[21][22][23][24][25]

text: In 1973, the United Farm Workers set up a "wet line" along the United States-Mexico border to prevent Mexican immigrants from entering the United States illegally and potentially undermining the UFW's unionization efforts.[26] During one such event, in which Chavez was not involved, some UFW members, under the guidance of Chavez's cousin Manuel, physically attacked the strikebreakers after peaceful attempts to persuade them not to cross the border failed.[27][28][29]

text: Roles[edit]

text: The United Farm Workers, a working class movement, had received substantial support from the middle class, causing problems of power and control within the union. The UFW gave no structural power to farm workers, as there were no locals elected as staff. The survival of the staff wasn't linked directly to membership, since they made more money from outside sources than union dues. Today, the UFW only consists of five thousand members who work in very similar low conditions as they did 40 years ago.[30] UFW includes undocumented farmworkers as well.

text: The role of Cesar Chavez, the founder of UFW, was to frame his campaigns in terms of consumer safety and involving social justice, bringing benefits to the farmworker unions. One of UFW’s, along with Cesar Chavez’s, important aspects that has been overlooked is building coalitions.[31]

text: The United Farm Workers allows farmworkers to help improve their working conditions and wages. The UFW embraces nonviolence in its attempt to cultivate members on political and social issues.[32]

text: The union publicly adopted the principles of non-violence championed by Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

text: On July 22, 2005, the UFW announced that it was joining the Change to Win Federation, a coalition of labor unions functioning as an alternative to the AFL-CIO. On January 13, 2006, the union officially disaffiliated from the AFL-CIO. In contrast to other Change to Win-affiliated unions, the AFL-CIO neglected to offer the right of affiliation to regional bodies to the UFW.[33]

text: Historic sites[edit]

text:
National Farm Workers Association Headquarters, Delano, California, listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP)
The Forty Acres, Delano, California, NRHP-listed

text: Archival collections[edit]

text:
The Walter P. Reuther Library, Archives of Labor and Urban Affairs at Wayne State University is the official repository of the United Farm Workers Union. Collections include the papers of Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta as well as numerous administrative records and personal papers. Visit the United Farm Workers Collections at the Reuther Library.
Jerry Cohen Papers in the Archives & Special Collections at Amherst College. Cohen was General Counsel of the United Farm Workers of America and personal attorney of César Chávez from 1967-1979.
United Farm Workers Records. 1968-1976. circa 0.1 Cubic Ft. At the University of Washington Libraries Special Collections.
King County Labor Council of Washington Records. 1889-2008. 41.26 cubic ft. (61 boxes). At the University of Washington Libraries Special Collections.
Guide to the United Farm Workers Information Fair Collection. Special Collections and Archives, The UC Irvine Libraries, Irvine, California.
Rosalinda Guillen and Joseph Moore Papers. - Court Case Documents, Chateau Ste. Michelle Winery Picket, Joseph Moore Speeding Ticket


document_title: Declaration of war by the United States

question_text: when was the last time the united states was at war

text: Declaration of war by the United States

text: History[edit]

text: The United States has formally declared war against foreign nations five separate times, each upon prior request by the President of the United States. Four of those five declarations came after hostilities had begun.[3] James Madison reported that in the Federal Convention of 1787, the phrase "make war" was changed to "declare war" in order to leave to the Executive the power to repel sudden attacks but not to commence war without the explicit approval of Congress.[4] Debate continues as to the legal extent of the President's authority in this regard. Public opposition to American involvement in foreign wars, particularly during the 1930s, was expressed as support for a Constitutional Amendment that would require a national referendum on a declaration of war.[5] Several Constitutional Amendments, such as the Ludlow Amendment, have been proposed that would require a national referendum on a declaration of war.

text: After Congress repealed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution in January 1971 and President Richard Nixon continued to wage war in Vietnam, Congress passed the War Powers Resolution (Pub.L. 93–148) over the veto of Nixon in an attempt to rein in some of the president's claimed powers. The War Powers Resolution proscribes the only power of the president to wage war which is recognized by Congress.[6]

text: Declarations of war[edit]

text: Formal[edit]

text: The table below lists the five wars in which the United States has formally declared war against eleven foreign nations.[7] The only country against which the United States has declared war more than once is Germany, against which the United States has declared war twice (though a case could be made for Hungary as a successor state to Austria-Hungary).

text: In World War II, the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. Germany and Italy, led respectively by Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini, declared war on the United States, and the U.S. Congress responded in kind.[8][9]

text:
War

Declaration

Opponent(s)

Date of declaration

Votes

President

Result

Senate

House

War of 1812

Declaration of War upon the U.K.

 United Kingdom

June 18, 1812

19–13

79–49

James Madison

Treaty of Ghent (December 24, 1814)

Mexican–American War

"An Act providing for the Prosecution of the existing War between the United States and the Republic of Mexico."[10]

 Mexico

May 13, 1846

40–2

173–14

James K. Polk

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (February 2, 1848)

Spanish–American War

Declaration of War upon Spain

 Spain

April 25, 1898

42–35

310–6

William McKinley

Treaty of Paris (December 10, 1898)

World War I

Declaration of War upon Germany

 Germany

April 6, 1917

82–6

373–50

Woodrow Wilson

Treaty of Berlin (August 25, 1921)

Declaration of War upon Austria-Hungary[11][12]

 Austria-Hungary

December 7, 1917

74–0

365–1

1921 U.S.–Austrian Peace Treaty (August 24, 1921), 1921 U.S.-Hungarian Peace Treaty (August 29, 1921)

World War II

Declaration of War upon Japan

 Japan

December 8, 1941

82–0

388–1

Franklin D. Roosevelt

V-J Day, Japanese Instrument of Surrender (September 2, 1945), Treaty of San Francisco (September 8, 1951)

Declaration of War upon Germany

 Germany

December 11, 1941

88–0

393–0

V-E Day, German Instrument of Surrender (May 8, 1945), Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany (September 12, 1990), Treaty of Vienna with Austria (May 15, 1955)

Declaration of War upon Italy

 Italy

90–0

399–0

Paris Peace Treaty (February 10, 1947)

Declaration of War upon Bulgaria

 Bulgaria

June 5, 1942

73–0

357–0

Declaration of War upon Hungary[11]

 Hungary

360–0

Declaration of War upon Romania[11]

 Romania

361–0

text: Undeclared wars[edit]

text: Military engagements authorized by Congress[edit]

text: In other instances, the United States has engaged in extended military combat that was authorized by Congress.

text:
War or conflict

Opponent(s)

Initial authorization

Votes

President

Result

Senate

House

Quasi-War

 France

An Act further to protect the commerce of the United StatesJuly 9, 1798

18–4

John Adams

Treaty of Mortefontaine

First Barbary War

 Morocco
 Tripolitania

February 6, 1802[13]

Thomas Jefferson

War ended 1805

Second Barbary War

 Algiers

May 10, 1815[14]

James Madison

War ended 1816

Enforcing 1808 slave trade ban; naval squadron sent to African waters to apprehend illegal slave traders

 Slave traders and pirates

"Act in addition to the acts prohibiting the Slave Trade" 1819

James Monroe

1822 first African-American settlement founded in Liberia, 1823 U.S. Navy stops anti-trafficking patrols

Redress for attack on U.S. Navy's USS Water Witch

 Paraguay

1858.[15]

James Buchanan

Mexican Revolution
United States occupation of Veracruz

 Mexico

H.J.R. 251, 38 Stat. 770April 22, 1914

337–37

Woodrow Wilson

Force withdrawn after six months. However, the Joint Resolution was likely used to authorize the Pancho Villa Expedition. In the Senate, "when word reached the Senate that the invasion had gone forward before the use-of-force resolution had been approved, Republicans reacted angrily" saying it was a violation of the Constitution, but eventually after the action had already started, a resolution was passed after the action to "justify" it since Senators did not think it was a declaration of war.[16][17]

Russian Civil War
Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War

 Commune of Estonia
 Far Eastern Republic
 Latvia
 Mongolian People's Party
 Russia
 Ukraine

1918[18]

Woodrow Wilson

Lebanon crisis of 1958

 Lebanese Opposition
 Al-Mourabitoun
 Lebanese Communist Party
 Progressive Socialist Party

H.J. Res. 117, Public Law 85-7, Joint Resolution "To promote peace and stability in the Middle East", March 9, 1957[19]

72–19

355–61

Dwight D. Eisenhower

U.S. forces withdrawn, October 25, 1958

Vietnam War

Laotian Civil War

Cambodian Civil War

 China
National United Front of Kampuchea

 Khmer Rouge
 Khmer Rumdo
 Khmer Việt Minh
 North Korea
 North Vietnam
 Pathet Lao
 South Vietnam

Việt Cộng

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, August 7, 1964

88–2

416–0

Lyndon B. Johnson

U.S. forces withdrawn under terms of the Paris Peace Accords signed January 27, 1973

Multinational Force in Lebanon

Shia and Druze militias; Syria

S.J.Res. 159Pub.L. 98–119September 29, 1983

54–46

253–156

Ronald W. Reagan

Forces withdrawn in 1984

Persian Gulf War

 Iraq

H.J.Res. 77January 12, 1991.

52–47

250–183

George H.W. Bush

The United Nations Security Council drew up terms for the cease-fire, April 3, 1991

War in Afghanistan
Operation Enduring Freedom – Afghanistan
Operation Freedom's Sentinel

al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen

Yemeni Civil War

Somali Civil War

Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa

War in North-West Pakistan

Moro conflict

Operation Enduring Freedom – Philippines

Iraqi Civil War

Operation Inherent Resolve

Syrian Civil War

Operation Inherent Resolve

Second Libyan Civil War

 Afghanistan
Quetta Shura
Taliban
Haqqani network
Mullah Dadullah Front
 al-Qaeda

055 Brigade
Al-Nusra Front
Khorasan group
al-Qaeda Emirate in Yemen
Aden-Abyan Islamic Army
Islamic Jihad of Yemen
al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula
Ansar al-Sharia
al-Qaeda in the Indian Subcontinent
Lashkar al-Zil
 Harakat Ahrar al-Sham al-Islamiyya
 Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin
 Islamic Jihad Union
Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan
Jamaat-ul-Ahrar
Jundallah
Lashkar-e-Islam
 Lashkar-e-Jhangvi
 Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi
 Turkistan Islamic Party
 Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan

 High Council of the Islamic Emirate
 Fidai Mahaz

 al-Itihaad al-Islamiya
 Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia
 Harakat al-Shabaab Mujahedeen
 Hizbul Islam
 Islamic Courts Union
 Jabhatul Islamiya
 Mu'askar Anole
 Ras Kamboni Brigades

 Abu Sayyaf
 Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters
 Islamic State
 Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan
 Maute group
 Khalifa Islamiyah Mindanao

S.J. Res. 23September 14, 2001

98–0

420–1

George W. Bush

Iraq War[20]

 Iraq

H.J. Res. 114, March 3, 2003

77–23

296–132

George W. Bush

Ba'athist Iraqi government deposed April 2003. U.S. combat operations ended August 31, 2010. War ended December 15, 2011. Destabilization of Iraq and emergence of ISIL in the region 2011–present.[21]

text: Military engagements authorized by United Nations Security Council Resolutions and funded by Congress[edit]

text: In many instances, the United States has engaged in extended military engagements that were authorized by United Nations Security Council Resolutions and funded by appropriations from Congress.

text:
Military engagement

Opponent(s)

Initial authorization

President

Result

Korean War

 China
 North Korea
 Soviet Union

UNSCR 84, 1950

Harry S. Truman

Korean Armistice Agreement,[22] 1953

Multinational Force in Lebanon

Shia militias, Druze militias, Syria

UNSCR 425, 1978
UNSCR 426, 1978

Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan

U.S. forces withdrew in 1984

Persian Gulf War

 Iraq

UNSCR 678, 1990

George H. W. Bush

UNSCR 689, 1991

Bosnian War

 Republika Srpska

UNSCR 770, 1992UNSCR 776, 1992UNSCR 836, 1993

Bill Clinton

Reflagged as IFOR in 1995, Reflagged as SFOR in 1996, Completed in 2004

Second Liberian Civil War

Peacekeeping

UNSCR 1497, 2003

George W. Bush

U.S. forces are withdrawn in 2003 after the UNMIL is established.

Haitian coup d'état

UNSCR 1529, 2004
UNSCR 1542, 2004

2004

First Libyan Civil War
2011 military intervention in Libya
Operation Odyssey Dawn
Operation Unified Protector

 Libya

UNSCR 1973, 2011

Barack Obama

Debellation of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, October 31, 2011

text: Other undeclared wars[edit]

text:
Military engagement

Opponent(s)

President

Result

American Revolutionary War

 Great Britain
Quebec
Loyalists
German auxiliaries

 Hesse-Kassel
 Hesse-Hanau
 Hanover
 Waldeck
 Brunswick
 Ansbach
 Anhalt-Zerbst
Native Americans[23]

 Iroquois Confederacy

None

Peace of Paris

text: On at least 125 occasions, the President has acted without prior express military authorization from Congress.[24] These include instances in which the United States fought in the Philippine–American War from 1898–1903, in Nicaragua in 1927, as well as the NATO bombing campaign of Yugoslavia in 1999, and the 2017 missile strikes on Syria.

text: The United States' longest war was fought between approximately 1840 and 1886 against the Apache Nation. During that entire 46-year period, there was never more than 90 days of peace.[citation needed]

text: The Indian Wars comprise at least 28 conflicts and engagements.  These localized conflicts, with Native Americans, began with European colonists coming to North America, long before the establishment of the United States. For the purpose of this discussion, the Indian Wars are defined as conflicts with the United States of America.  They begin as one front in the American Revolutionary War in 1775 and had concluded by 1918. The United States Army still maintains a campaign streamer for Pine Ridge 1890–1891 despite opposition from certain Native American groups.[25]

text: The American Civil War was not an international conflict under the laws of war, because the Confederate States of America was not a government that had been granted full diplomatic recognition as a sovereign nation by other sovereign states.[26][27] The CSA was recognized by the United States government as a belligerent power, a different status of recognition that authorized Confederate warships to visit non-U.S. ports.  This recognition of the CSA's status as a belligerent power did not impose any duty upon the United States to recognize the sovereignty of the Confederacy, and the United States never did so.[citation needed]

text: The War Powers Resolution[edit]

text: In 1973, following the withdrawal of most American troops from the Vietnam War, a debate emerged about the extent of presidential power in deploying troops without a declaration of war. A compromise in the debate was reached with the War Powers Resolution. This act clearly defined how many soldiers could be deployed by the President of the United States and for how long. It also required formal reports by the President to Congress regarding the status of such deployments, and limited the total amount of time that American forces could be deployed without a formal declaration of war.

text: Although the constitutionality of the act has never been tested, it is usually followed, most notably during the Grenada Conflict, the Panamanian Conflict, the Somalia Conflict, the Persian Gulf War, and the Iraq War[clarification needed].  The only exception was President Clinton's use of U.S. troops in the 78-day NATO air campaign against Yugoslavia during the Kosovo War.[citation needed]  In all other cases, the President asserted the constitutional authority to commit troops without the necessity of Congressional approval, but in each case the President received Congressional authorization that satisfied the provisions of the War Powers Act.

text: On March 21, 2011, a number of lawmakers expressed concern that the decision of President Barack Obama to order the U.S. military to join in attacks of Libyan air defenses and government forces exceeded his constitutional authority because the decision to authorize the attack was made without Congressional permission.[28] Obama explained his rationale in a two-page letter, stating that as commander in chief, he had constitutional authority to authorize the strikes, which would be limited in scope and duration, and necessary to prevent a humanitarian disaster in Libya.


document_title: Padmavyuha

question_text: who knew to get out of chakravyuh in mahabharat

text: Padmavyuha

text: Background[edit]

text: The Padmavyūha is a multi-tiered defensive formation that looks like a blooming lotus (पद्म padma) or disc (चक्र chakra) when viewed from above.[1] The warriors at each interleaving position would be in an increasingly tough position to fight. The formation was used in the battle of Kurukshetra by Dronacharya, who became commander-in-chief of the Kaurava army after the fall of Bhishma Pitamaha.

text: The various vyūhas (military formations) were studied by the Kauravas and Pandavas alike. Most of them can be beaten using a counter-measure targeted specifically against that formation. It is important to observe that in the form of battle described in the Mahabharata, it was important to place powerful fighters in positions where they could inflict maximum damage to the opposing force, or defend their own side. As per this military strategy, a specific stationary object or a moving object or person could be captured, surrounded and fully secured during battle.

text: The formation begins with two soldiers on both sides, with other soldiers following them at a distance of three hands, drawing up seven circles and culminating in the end which is the place where the captured person or object is to be kept. In order to form the Chakravyuha, the commander has to identify soldiers who will form this formation. The number of soldiers to be deployed and the size of the Chakravyuha is calculated as per the resistance estimated. Once drawn, the foremost soldiers come on either side of the opponent to be captured, engage briefly and then advance. Their place is taken up by the next soldiers on either side, who again engage the opponent briefly and then advance. In this fashion, a number of soldiers pass the enemy and proceed in a circular pattern. By the time the rear of the formation arrives, the oblivious enemy is surrounded on all sides by seven tiers of soldiers. The last soldiers of the formation give the signal of completing the Chakravyuha. On the signal, every soldier who so far has been facing outwards turns inwards to face the opponent. It is only then that the captured enemy realizes his captivity. The army maintains the circular formation and can lead away the captive as well.

text: Abhimanyu and the Chakravyūha[edit]

text: The Chakravyūha or Padmavyūha was a very special formation (vyuha), and knowledge of how to penetrate it was limited to only a handful of warriors on the Pandavas' side, namely: Abhimanyu, Arjuna, Krishna and Pradyumna, of which only Abhimanyu was present when the Kauravas used it on the battlefield. In the Mahabharata it is mentioned that Abhimanyu learnt about the Chakravyūha while in his mother's womb but he was not able to hear how to escape the formation. After Abhimanyu had penetrated the sixth tier of the formation, all the Kauravas' commanders attacked him simultaneously, which was against the righteous rules of warfare Dharmayuddha, and gradually exhausted and killed him.[2]


document_title: Forbes' list of world's highest-paid athletes

question_text: who's the highest paid athlete in sports

question_tokens: who 's the highest paid athlete in sports

text: 2017 list[edit]

text: The 2017 list:[1]

text:
Rank
Name
Sport
Nation
Total
Salary/Winnings
Endorsements

1
Cristiano Ronaldo
Football
 Portugal
$93 million
$58 million
$35 million

2
LeBron James
Basketball
 United States
$86.2 million
$31.2 million
$55 million

3
Lionel Messi
Football
 Argentina
$80 million
$53 million
$27 million

4
Roger Federer
Tennis
 Switzerland
$64 million
$6 million
$58 million

5
Kevin Durant
Basketball
 United States
$60.6 million
$26.6 million
$34 million

6
Andrew Luck
American football
 United States
$50 million
$47 million
$3 million

6
Rory McIlroy
Golf
 Northern Ireland
$50 million
$16 million
$34 million

8
Stephen Curry
Basketball
 United States
$47.3 million
$12.3 million
$35 million

9
James Harden
Basketball
 United States
$46.6 million
$26.6 million
$20 million

10
Lewis Hamilton
Auto racing
 England
$46 million
$38 million
$8 million

text: 2016 list[edit]

text: The 2016 list:[2]

text:
Rank
Name
Sport
Nation
Total
Salary/Winnings
Endorsements

1
Cristiano Ronaldo
Football
 Portugal
$88 million
$56 million
$32 million

2
Lionel Messi
Football
 Argentina
$81.4 million
$53.4 million
$28 million

3
LeBron James
Basketball
 United States
$77.2 million
$23.2 million
$54 million

4
Roger Federer
Tennis
 Switzerland
$67.8 million
$7.8 million
$60 million

5
Kevin Durant
Basketball
 United States
$56.2 million
$20.2 million
$36 million

6
Novak Djokovic
Tennis
 Serbia
$55.8 million
$21.8 million
$34 million

7
Cam Newton
American football
 United States
$53.1 million
$41.1 million
$12 million

8
Phil Mickelson
Golf
 United States
$52.9 million
$2.9 million
$50 million

9
Jordan Spieth
Golf
 United States
$52.8 million
$20.8 million
$32 million

10
Kobe Bryant
Basketball
 United States
$50 million
$25 million
$25 million

text: 2015 list[edit]

text: The 2015 list was released on 10 June 2015.[3]

text:
Rank
Name
Sport
Nation
Total
Salary/Winnings
Endorsements

1
Floyd Mayweather Jr.
Boxing
 United States
$300 million
$285 million
$15 million

2
Manny Pacquiao
Boxing
 Philippines
$160 million
$148 million
$12 million

3
Cristiano Ronaldo
Football
 Portugal
$79.6 million
$52.6 million
$27 million

4
Lionel Messi
Football
 Argentina
$73.8 million
$51.8 million
$22 million

5
Roger Federer
Tennis
 Switzerland
$67 million
$9 million
$58 million

6
LeBron James
Basketball
 United States
$64.8 million
$20.8 million
$44 million

7
Kevin Durant
Basketball
 United States
$54.1 million
$19.1 million
$35 million

8
Phil Mickelson
Golf
 United States
$50.8 million
$2.8 million
$48 million

9
Tiger Woods
Golf
 United States
$50.6 million
$0.6 million
$50 million

10
Kobe Bryant
Basketball
 United States
$49.5 million
$23.5 million
$26 million

text: 2014 list[edit]

text: The 2014 list was released on 11 June 2014.[4]

text:
Rank
Name
Sport
Nation
Total
Salary/Winnings
Endorsements

1
Floyd Mayweather Jr.
Boxing
 United States
$105 million
$105 million
$0

2
Cristiano Ronaldo
Football
 Portugal
$80 million
$52 million
$28 million

3
LeBron James
Basketball
 United States
$72.3 million
$19.3 million
$53 million

4
Lionel Messi
Football
 Argentina
$64.7 million
$41.7 million
$23 million

5
Kobe Bryant
Basketball
 United States
$61.5 million
$30.5 million
$31 million

6
Tiger Woods
Golf
 United States
$61.2 million
$6.2 million
$55 million

7
Roger Federer
Tennis
 Switzerland
$56.2 million
$4.2 million
$52 million

8
Phil Mickelson
Golf
 United States
$53.2 million
$5.2 million
$48 million

9
Rafael Nadal
Tennis
 Spain
$44.5 million
$14.5 million
$30 million

10
Matt Ryan
American football
 United States
$43.8 million
$42 million
$1.8 million

text: 2013 list[edit]

text: The 2013 list was released on 5 June 2013.[5]

text:
Rank
Name
Sport
Nation
Total
Salary/Winnings
Endorsements

1
Tiger Woods
Golf
 United States
$78.1 million
$13.1 million
$65 million

2
Roger Federer
Tennis
 Switzerland
$71.5 million
$6.5 million
$65 million

3
Kobe Bryant
Basketball
 United States
$61.9 million
$27.9 million
$34 million

4
LeBron James
Basketball
 United States
$59.8 million
$17.8 million
$42 million

5
Drew Brees
American football
 United States
$51 million
$40 million
$11 million

6
Aaron Rodgers
American football
 United States
$49 million
$43 million
$6 million

7
Phil Mickelson
Golf
 United States
$48.7 million
$4.7 million
$44 million

8
David Beckham
Football
 England
$47.2 million
$5.2 million
$42 million

9
Cristiano Ronaldo
Football
 Portugal
$44 million
$23 million
$21 million

10
Lionel Messi
Football
 Argentina
$41.3 million
$20.3 million
$21 million

text: 2012 list[edit]

text: The 2012 list was released on 18 June 2012.[6]

text:
Rank
Name
Sport
Nationality
Total earnings
Salary/winnings
Endorsements

1
Floyd Mayweather Jr.
Boxing
 United States
$85 million
$85 million
$0

2
Manny Pacquiao
Boxing
 Philippines
$62 million
$56 million
$6 million

3
Tiger Woods
Golf
 United States
$59.4 million
$4.4 million
$55 million

4
LeBron James
Basketball
 United States
$53 million
$13 million
$40 million

5
Roger Federer
Tennis
 Switzerland
$52.7 million
$7.7 million
$45 million

6
Kobe Bryant
Basketball
 United States
$52.3 million
$20.3 million
$32 million

7
Phil Mickelson
Golf
 United States
$47.8 million
$4.8 million
$43 million

8
David Beckham
Football
 England
$46 million
$9 million
$37 million

9
Cristiano Ronaldo
Football
 Portugal
$42.5 million
$20.5 million
$22 million

10
Peyton Manning
American football
 United States
$42.4 million
$32.4 million
$10 million


document_title: List of mammals of Ohio

question_text: what kind of wild cats live in ohio

question_tokens: what kind of wild cats live in ohio

text: List of mammals of Ohio

text: Opossums[edit]

text: Order: Didelphimorphia   Family: Didelphidae

text: Virginia opossum, Didelphis virginiana

text: Shrews[edit]

text: Order: Soricomorpha   Family: Soricidae

text:
Northern short-tailed shrew, Blarina brevicauda
North American least shrew, Cryptotis parva
Masked shrew, Sorex cinereus
Smoky shrew, Sorex fumeus
American pygmy shrew, Sorex hoyi

text: Moles[edit]

text: Order: Soricomorpha   Family: Talpidae

text:
Eastern mole, Scalopus aquaticus
Hairy-tailed mole, Parascalops breweri
Star-nosed mole, Condylura cristata

text: Vesper bats[edit]

text: Order: Chiroptera   Family: Vespertilionidae

text:
Big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus
Eastern red bat, Lasiurus borealis
Hoary bat, Lasiurus cinereus
Evening bat, Nycticeius humeralis
Tricolored bat, Perimyotis subflavus
Rafinesque's big-eared bat, Corynorhinus rafinesquii
Northern long-eared bat, Myotis septentrionalis
Eastern small-footed bat, Myotis leibii
Indiana bat, Myotis sodalis (E)
Gray bat, Myotis grisescens (A)
Little brown bat, Myotis lucifugus
Silver-haired bat, Lasionycteris noctivagans

text: Free-tailed bats[edit]

text: Order: Chiroptera   Family: Molossidae

text: Mexican free-tailed bat, Tadarida brasiliensis (A)

text: Rabbits and hares[edit]

text: Order: Lagomorpha   Family: Leporidae

text:
Eastern cottontail, Sylvilagus floridanus
Snowshoe hare, Lepus americanus

text: Squirrels[edit]

text: Order: Rodentia   Family: Sciuridae

text:
Eastern gray squirrel, Sciurus carolinensis
Fox squirrel, Sciurus niger
American red squirrel, Tamiasciurus hudsonicus
Southern flying squirrel, Glaucomys volans
Eastern chipmunk, Tamias striatus
Thirteen-lined ground squirrel, Ictidomys tridecemlineatus
Groundhog, Marmota monax

text: Beavers[edit]

text: Order: Rodentia   Family: Castoridae

text: North American beaver, Castor canadensis

text: Jumping mice[edit]

text: Order: Rodentia   Family: Dipodidae

text:
Meadow jumping mouse, Zapus hudsonius
Woodland jumping mouse, Napaeozapus insignis

text: New World mice, rats, and voles[edit]

text: Order: Rodentia   Family: Cricetidae

text:
Eastern harvest mouse, Reithrodontomys humulis
North American deer mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus
White-footed mouse, Peromyscus leucopus
Marsh rice rat, Oryzomys palustris (Ex)
Allegheny woodrat, Neotoma magister (E)
Meadow vole, Microtus pennsylvanicus
Pine vole, Microtus pinetorum
Prairie vole, Microtus ochrogaster
Southern red-backed vole, Myodes gapperi (Ex)
Southern bog lemming, Synaptomys cooperi
Muskrat, Ondatra zibethicus

text: Old World mice and rats[edit]

text: Order: Rodentia   Family: Muridae

text:
Norway rat, Rattus norvegicus (I)
House mouse, Mus musculus (I)

text: New World porcupines[edit]

text: Order: Rodentia   Family: Erethizontidae

text: North American porcupine, Erethizon dorsatum

text: Wolves, coyotes, and foxes[edit]

text: Order: Carnivora   Family: Canidae

text:
Gray wolf, Canis lupus (Ex)
Coyote, Canis latrans
Red fox, Vulpes vulpes
Gray fox, Urocyon cinereoargenteus

text: Bears[edit]

text: Order: Carnivora   Family: Ursidae

text: American black bear, Ursus americanus (E)

text: Raccoons[edit]

text: Order: Carnivora   Family: Procyonidae

text: Raccoon, Procyon lotor

text: Weasels[edit]

text: Order: Carnivora   Family: Mustelidae

text:
Short-tailed weasel, Mustela erminea
Long-tailed weasel, Mustela frenata
Least weasel, Mustela nivalis
American mink, Neovison vison
American marten, Martes americana (Ex)
Fisher, Martes pennanti
American badger, Taxidea taxus
North American river otter, Lontra canadensis

text: Skunks[edit]

text: Order: Carnivora   Family: Mephitidae

text: Striped skunk, Mephitis mephitis

text: Cats[edit]

text: Order: Carnivora   Family: Felidae

text:
Bobcat, Lynx rufus
Canada lynx, Lynx canadensis (Ex)
Cougar, Puma concolor (Ex)

text: Deer[edit]

text: Order: Artiodactyla   Cervidae

text:
Elk, Cervus canadensis (Ex)
White-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus

text: Bison[edit]

text: Order: Artiodactyla   Family: Bovidae

text: American bison, Bison bison (Ex)

text: Pigs[edit]

text: Order: Artiodactyla   Family: Suidae

text: Wild boar, Sus scrofa (I)


document_title: All in All Azhagu Raja

question_text: all in all azhagu raja movie actress name

text: All in All Azhagu Raja

text: Plot[edit]

text: Azhagu Raja (Karthi), is the only son of the Muthukrishnan family. He owns an unpopular cable channel called "Triple A". The cable company has only two employees, Raja and Kalyanam (Santhanam). Nothing they do improves the company's fortunes. By chance, Raja meets Devi Priya (Kajal Aggarwal) when she is singing at a wedding. Her unusual voice irritates him and they argue. However, Priya eventually agrees that she cannot sing well. Priya says she fails at everything she tries, even suicide. As their friendship blossoms, Raja tells his father, Muthukrishnan, about Priya which triggers a memory in Muthukrishnan about his past.

text: He used to work for Burma Ramaswamy (Nassar) after being recommended by Kali (Santhanam), Seeing his hard work & dedication, Burma Ramaswamy promotes him to more responsible work in the theatre and appoints Kali under him. An enraged Kali,filled with jealousy plots to pit Burma Ramaswamy against Muthukrishnan & is successful when Muthukrishnan is ousted by Ramaswamy due to a misunderstanding.

text: Raja steps into Muthukrishnan's 1980s world. Muthukrishnan and Priya's father, Kandhaswamy reject Raja's marriage to Priya. Muthukrishnan and Kandhaswamy meet & realise that jealousy of Kali, Kalyanam's father was the reason for the problems of the families; finally Kalyanam tells the real story & both families unite to marry Raja and Priya .[4]

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Karthi as Azhagu Raja and Young Muthukrishnan
Prabhu as Muthukrishnan
Kajal Aggarwal as Chitra Devi Priya
Santhanam as Kalyanam (Kareena Chopra) and Kali
Radhika Apte as Meenakshi
Saranya Ponvannan as Meenakshi Muthukrishnan
Aadukalam Naren as Kanthasamy
M. S. Bhaskar as Dhillaana Divyanathan
Sriranjini as Kanthasamy's wife
Nassar as Burma Ramasamy
Kota Srinivasa Rao as Chokkanathan
Santhana Bharathi as Khader Bhai
V. S. Raghavan as Moorthy
Subbu Panchu as the Doctor

text: Production, promotion and distribution[edit]

text: Rajesh first announced a project with Karthi called Kaagitha Kappal but it did not proceed and Rajesh went on to Oru Kal Oru Kannadi.[5] In 2012, Rajesh announced "All in All Azhaguraja",[6] He named the new project with Karthi after a character played by Goundamani in the film Vaidehi Kaathirundhal.[7] Rajesh's usual comedian Santhanam would provide the comic relief. Kajal Aggarwal was selected as the heroine. She had worked with Karthi in Naan Mahaan Alla.[8][9] Prabhu joined the cast.[10] Initially, Narain denied being a part of the film project.[11] Filming began with tests and stills and then on 2 March 2013, the filming schedule began.[12] The satellite rights of the film were sold to Sun TV. The film's first look teaser was released on 6 September 2013.[13] The theatrical trailer was released on 9 October 2013.[14]

text: Reception[edit]

text: All in All Azhagu Raja received negative reviews from critics.[3] Baradwaj Rangan wrote, "What a wretched, bloated, unfunny mess this is, with the ugliest segues between comedy and melodrama in recent memory. Scenes go on and on with no point, and as a result, the film goes on and on pointlessly."[15] Rediff.com gave it 1.5 stars out of 5 and wrote, "All in All Azhagu Raja is an absolutely ridiculous and tortuously long romantic comedy film that seriously tests your patience."[16] Sify wrote, "All in All Azhaguraja falls flat on its face... it is an ordeal to sit through this profoundly irritating film...it lacks basic storyline and took the audiences for granted. The film has no real script to speak of, at best a skeletal plot and in its final verdict termed the film as a "Big Bore".[17] Prakash Upadhyaya of OneIndia called it "A comedy story presented in a boring way."[18] Behindwoods said, "All in All Azhaguraja lacks the Rajesh - Santhanam magic" and rated it 2.25 out of 5.0.[19] Indiaglitz said that while Rajesh has a history for being able "to milk humor out of a thin storyline without much trouble," he failed to do so in this film.[20]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
All in All Azhaguraja

Soundtrack album to All in All Azhaguraja by S. Thaman

Released
10 October 2013

Recorded
2013

Genre
Feature film soundtrack

Language
Tamil

Label
Sony Music India

Producer
S. Thaman

S. Thaman chronology

Ramayya Vasthavayya
(2013)Ramayya Vasthavayya2013
All in All Azhaguraja
(2013)
Masala
(2013)Masala2013

text: The music for the film, including the soundtrack, was initially reported to have been composed by Yuvan Shankar Raja.[21] In fact, it was S. Thaman.[22] The audio was launched on 10 October 2013 by the actor, Surya.[23] Behindwoods called the soundtrack "Simple and enjoyable."[24]

text:
No.
Title
Singer(s)
Length

1.
"All in All"
Suchith Suresan

2.
"Yaarukkum Sollama"
Rahul Nambiar

3.
"Unnai Partha Neram"
Vijay Yesudas, Srivardhini

4.
"Ore Oru"
Javed Ali

5.
"Yamma Yamma"
Sooraj Santhosh, Shreya Ghoshal