document_title: Preamble to the United States Constitution

question_text: when was the preamble to the us constitution written

text: Text

text: We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence,[note 1] promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.

text: Drafting

text: The Preamble was placed in the Constitution during the last days of the Constitutional Convention by the Committee on Style, which wrote its final draft, with Gouverneur Morris leading the effort. It was not proposed or discussed on the floor of the convention beforehand. The initial wording of the preamble did not refer to the people of the United States, rather, it referred to people of the various states, which was the norm. In earlier documents, including the 1778 Treaty of Alliance with France, the Articles of Confederation, and the 1783 Treaty of Paris recognizing American independence, the word "people" was not used, and the phrase the United States was followed immediately by a listing of the states, from north to south.[1] The change was made out of necessity, as the Constitution provided that whenever the popularly elected ratifying conventions of nine states gave their approval, it would go into effect for those nine, irrespective of whether any of the remaining states ratified.[2]

text: Meaning and application

text: The Preamble serves solely as an introduction, and does not assign powers to the federal government,[3] nor does it provide specific limitations on government action. Due to the Preamble's limited nature, no court has ever used it as a decisive factor in case adjudication,[4] except as regards frivolous litigation.[5]

text: Judicial relevance

text: The courts have shown interest in any clues they can find in the Preamble regarding the Constitution's meaning.[6] Courts have developed several techniques for interpreting the meaning of statutes and these are also used to interpret the Constitution.[7] As a result, the courts have said that interpretive techniques that focus on the exact text of a document[8] should be used in interpreting the meaning of the Constitution. Balanced against these techniques are those that focus more attention on broader efforts to discern the meaning of the document from more than just the wording;[9] the Preamble is also useful for these efforts to identify the "spirit" of the Constitution.

text: Additionally, when interpreting a legal document, courts are usually interested in understanding the document as its authors did and their motivations for creating it;[10] as a result, the courts have cited the Preamble for evidence of the history, intent and meaning of the Constitution as it was understood by the Founders.[11] Although revolutionary in some ways, the Constitution maintained many common law concepts (such as habeas corpus, trial by jury, and sovereign immunity),[12] and courts deem that the Founders' perceptions of the legal system that the Constitution created (i.e., the interaction between what it changed and what it kept from the British legal system[13]) are uniquely important because of the authority "the People" invested them with to create it.[14] Along with evidence of the understandings of the men who debated and drafted the Constitution at the Constitutional Convention, the courts are also interested in the way that government officials have put into practice the Constitution's provisions, particularly early government officials,[15] although the courts reserve to themselves the final authority to determine the Constitution's meaning.[16] However, this focus on historical understandings of the Constitution is sometimes in tension with the changed circumstances of modern society from the late 18th century society that drafted the Constitution; courts have ruled that the Constitution must be interpreted in light of these changed circumstances.[17] All of these considerations of the political theory behind the Constitution have prompted the Supreme Court to articulate a variety of special rules of construction and principles for interpreting it.[18] For example, the Court's rendering of the purposes behind the Constitution have led it to express a preference for broad interpretations of individual freedoms.[19]

text: Examples

text: An example of the way courts utilize the Preamble is Ellis v. City of Grand Rapids.[20] Substantively, the case was about eminent domain. The City of Grand Rapids wanted to use eminent domain to force landowners to sell property in the city identified as "blighted", and convey the property to owners that would develop it in ostensibly beneficial ways: in this case, to St. Mary's Hospital, a Catholic organization. This area of substantive constitutional law is governed by the Fifth Amendment, which is understood to require that property acquired via eminent domain must be put to a "public use". In deciding whether the proposed project constituted a "public use", the court pointed to the Preamble's reference to "promot[ing] the general Welfare" as evidence that "[t]he health of the people was in the minds of our forefathers".[21] "[T]he concerted effort for renewal and expansion of hospital and medical care centers, as a part of our nation's system of hospitals, is as a public service and use within the highest meaning of such terms. Surely this is in accord with an objective of the United States Constitution: '* * * promote the general Welfare.'"[22]

text: On the other hand, courts will not interpret the Preamble to give the government powers that are not articulated elsewhere in the Constitution. United States v. Kinnebrew Motor Co.[23] is an example of this. In that case, the defendants were a car manufacturer and dealership indicted for a criminal violation of the National Industrial Recovery Act. The Congress passed the statute in order to cope with the Great Depression, and one of its provisions purported to give to the President authority to fix "the prices at which new cars may be sold".[24] The dealership, located in Oklahoma City, had sold an automobile to a customer (also from Oklahoma City) for less than the price for new cars fixed pursuant to the Act. Substantively, the case was about whether the transaction in question constituted "interstate commerce" that Congress could regulate pursuant to the Commerce Clause.[25] Although the government argued that the scope of the Commerce Clause included this transaction, it also argued that the Preamble's statement that the Constitution was created to "promote the general Welfare" should be understood to permit Congress to regulate transactions such as the one in this case, particularly in the face of an obvious national emergency like the Great Depression. The court, however, dismissed this argument as erroneous[26] and insisted that the only relevant issue was whether the transaction that prompted the indictment actually constituted "interstate commerce" under the Supreme Court's precedents that interpreted the scope of the Commerce Clause.[27]

text: Interpretation

text: Aspects of national sovereignty

text: The Preamble's reference to the "United States of America" has been interpreted over the years to explain the nature of the governmental entity that the Constitution created (i.e., the federal government). In contemporary international law, the world consists of sovereign states (or "sovereign nations" in modern equivalent). A state is said to be "sovereign," if any of its ruling inhabitants are the supreme authority over it; the concept is distinct from mere land-title or "ownership."[28] While each state was originally recognized as sovereign unto itself, the Supreme Court held that the "United States of America" consists of only one sovereign nation with respect to foreign affairs and international relations; the individual states may not conduct foreign relations.[29] Although the Constitution expressly delegates to the federal government only some of the usual powers of sovereign governments (such as the powers to declare war and make treaties), all such powers inherently belong to the federal government as the country's representative in the international community.[30]

text: Domestically, the federal government's sovereignty means that it may perform acts such as entering into contracts or accepting bonds, which are typical of governmental entities but not expressly provided for in the Constitution or laws.[31] Similarly, the federal government, as an attribute of sovereignty, has the power to enforce those powers that are granted to it (e.g., the power to "establish Post Offices and Post Roads"[32] includes the power to punish those who interfere with the postal system so established).[33] The Court has recognized the federal government's supreme power[34] over those limited matters[35] entrusted to it. Thus, no state may interfere with the federal government's operations as though its sovereignty is superior to the federal government's (discussed more below); for example, states may not interfere with the federal government's near absolute discretion to sell its own real property, even when that real property is located in one or another state.[36] The federal government exercises its supreme power not as a unitary entity, but instead via the three coordinate branches of the government (legislative, executive, and judicial),[37] each of which has its own prescribed powers and limitations under the Constitution.[38] In addition, the doctrine of separation of powers functions as a limitation on each branch of the federal government's exercise of sovereign power.[39]

text: One aspect of the American system of government is that, while the rest of the world now views the United States as one country, domestically American constitutional law recognizes a federation of state governments separate from (and not subdivisions of) the federal government, each of which is sovereign over its own affairs.[40] Sometimes, the Supreme Court has even analogized the States to being foreign countries to each other to explain the American system of State sovereignty.[41] However, each state's sovereignty is limited by the U.S. Constitution, which is the supreme law of both the United States as a nation and each state;[42] in the event of a conflict, a valid federal law controls.[43] As a result, although the federal government is (as discussed above) recognized as sovereign and has supreme power over those matters within its control, the American constitutional system also recognizes the concept of "State sovereignty," where certain matters are susceptible to government regulation, but only at the State and not the federal level.[44] For example, although the federal government prosecutes crimes against the United States (such as treason, or interference with the postal system), the general administration of criminal justice is reserved to the States.[45] Notwithstanding sometimes broad statements by the Supreme Court regarding the "supreme" and "exclusive" powers the State and Federal governments exercise,[46] the Supreme Court and State courts have also recognized that much of their power is held and exercised concurrently.[47]

text: People of the United States

text: The phrase "People of the United States" has sometimes been understood to mean "citizens." This approach reasons that, if the political community speaking for itself in the Preamble ("We the People") includes only citizens, by negative implication it specifically excludes non-citizens in some fashion.[48] It has also been construed to mean something like "all under the sovereign jurisdiction and authority of the United States."[49] The phrase has been construed as affirming that the national government created by the Constitution derives its sovereignty from the people,[50] (whereas "United Colonies" had identified external monarchical sovereignty) as well as confirming that the government under the Constitution was intended to govern and protect "the people" directly, as one society, instead of governing only the states as political units.[51] The Court has also understood this language to mean that the sovereignty of the government under the U.S. Constitution is superior to that of the States.[52] Stated in negative terms, the Preamble has been interpreted as meaning that the Constitution was not the act of sovereign and independent states.[53]

text: The popular nature of the Constitution

text: The Constitution claims to be an act of "We the People." However, because it represents a general social contract, there are limits on the ability of individual citizens to pursue legal claims allegedly arising out of the Constitution. For example, if a law was enacted which violated the Constitution, not just anybody could challenge the statute's constitutionality in court; instead, only an individual who was negatively affected by the unconstitutional statute could bring such a challenge.[54] For example, a person claiming certain benefits that are created by a statute cannot then challenge, on constitutional grounds, the administrative mechanism that awards them.[55] These same principles apply to corporate entities,[56] and can implicate the doctrine of exhaustion of remedies.[57]

text: In this same vein, courts will not answer hypothetical questions about the constitutionality of a statute.[58] The judiciary does not have the authority to invalidate unconstitutional laws solely because they are unconstitutional, but may declare a law unconstitutional if its operation would injure a person's interests.[59] For example, creditors who lose some measure of what they are owed when a bankrupt’s debts are discharged cannot claim injury, because Congress’ power to enact bankruptcy laws is also in the Constitution and inherent in it is the ability to declare certain debts valueless.[60] Similarly, while a person may not generally challenge as unconstitutional a law that they are not accused of violating,[61] once charged, a person may challenge the law's validity, even if the challenge is unrelated to the circumstances of the crime.[62]

text: Where the Constitution is legally effective

text: The Preamble has been used to confirm that the Constitution was made for, and is binding only in, the United States of America.[63] For example, in Casement v. Squier,[64] a serviceman in China during World War II was convicted of murder in the United States Court for China. After being sent to prison in the State of Washington, he filed a writ of habeas corpus with the local federal court, claiming he had been unconstitutionally put on trial without a jury.[65] The court held that, since his trial was conducted by an American court and was, by American standards, basically fair, he was not entitled to the specific constitutional right of trial by jury while overseas.[66]

text: Since the Preamble declares the Constitution to have been created by the "People of the United States", "there may be places within the jurisdiction of the United States that are no part of the Union."[67] The following examples help demonstrate the meaning of this distinction:[68]

text:
Geofroy v. Riggs, 133 U.S. 258 (1890): the Supreme Court held that a certain treaty between the United States and France which was applicable in "the States of the Union" was also applicable in Washington, D.C., even though it is not a state or a part of a state.
De Lima v. Bidwell, 182 U.S. 1 (1901): the Supreme Court ruled that a customs collector could not, under a statute providing for taxes on imported goods, collect taxes on goods coming from Puerto Rico after it had been ceded to the United States from Spain, reasoning that although it was not a State, it was under the jurisdiction of U.S. sovereignty, and thus the goods were not being imported from a foreign country. However, in Downes v. Bidwell, 182 U.S. 244 (1901), the Court held that the Congress could constitutionally enact a statute taxing goods sent from Puerto Rico to ports in the United States differently from other commerce, in spite of the constitutional requirement that "all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States,"[69] on the theory that although Puerto Rico could not be treated as a foreign country, it did not count as part of the "United States" and thus was not guaranteed "uniform" tax treatment by that clause of the Constitution. This was not the only constitutional clause held not to apply in Puerto Rico: later, a lower court went on to hold that goods brought from Puerto Rico into New York before the enactment of the tax statute held constitutional in Downes, could retroactively have the taxes applied to them notwithstanding the Constitution's ban on ex post facto laws, even if at the time they were brought into the United States no tax could be applied to the goods because Puerto Rico was not a foreign country.[70]
Ochoa v. Hernandez y Morales, 230 U.S. 139 (1913): the Fifth Amendment's requirement that "no person shall . . . be deprived of . . . property, without due process of law" was held, by the Supreme Court, to apply in Puerto Rico, even though it was not a State and thus not "part" of the United States.

text: To form a more perfect Union

text: The phrase "to form a more perfect Union" has been construed as referring to the shift to the Constitution from the Articles of Confederation.[71] In this transition, the "Union" was made "more perfect" by the creation of a federal government with enough power to act directly upon citizens, rather than a government with narrowly limited power that could act on citizens (e.g., by imposing taxes) only indirectly through the states.[72] Although the Preamble speaks of perfecting the "Union," and the country is called the "United States of America," the Supreme Court has interpreted the institution created as a government over the people, not an agreement between the States.[73] The phrase has also been interpreted to confirm that state nullification of any federal law,[74] dissolution of the Union,[75] or secession from it,[76] are not contemplated by the Constitution.


document_title: Liv and Maddie

question_text: who sings the theme song to liv and maddie

root

text: Liv and Maddie

text: Plot[edit]

text: Actress Liv Rooney is a girly girl who has just returned to her birthplace of Stevens Point, Wisconsin, after finishing a four-year stint in Hollywood, filming a popular television series called Sing It Loud! Her identical twin sister, Maddie, a tomboy with a facility for sports, but with a particular talent for basketball, welcomes Liv back home with open arms. The twins have two younger brothers: Joey, an awkward and a smart teenager who likes cat shirts, and Parker, a clever and precocious tween with a slightly mischievous personality. Their parents are Karen, the high school psychologist and later the high school's vice-principal, and Pete, the coach of Maddie's high school basketball team who later accepts a position as the coach of a college team in Beloit, Wisconsin. The series revolves around Liv adjusting to normal family life after her successful career in Hollywood. Most events take place at the Rooney residence or at Ridgewood High School. At the end of the third season, the Rooney house collapses and Maddie enrolls in a college in Los Angeles, California. This prompts the rest of the Rooneys, except Pete who remains in Wisconsin to continue his coaching job, to move to Malibu, California, to take up residence with Karen's younger sister, Dena, and her daughter, Ruby, where the series' fourth season takes place.

tag: p

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text:
Dove Cameron as Liv and Maddie Rooney
Joey Bragg as Joey Rooney
Tenzing Norgay Trainor as Parker Rooney
Kali Rocha as Karen Rooney
Benjamin King as Pete Rooney (seasons 1–3)
Lauren Lindsey Donzis as Ruby (season 4)

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Liv and Maddie began production in April 2013.[1] The series was created by John D. Beck and Ron Hart, both of whom also serve as executive producers alongside Andy Fickman. Beck and Hart are a production-writing team whose credits include According to Jim, Hey Arnold!, and Shake It Up!. Originally, the pair had shopped a script of a project called Bits and Pieces which featured a blended family similar to series like The Brady Bunch and Step by Step.[2] The series is produced under a joint venture by Beck & Hart Productions, Oops Doughnuts Productions, and It's a Laugh Productions.

text: On January 13, 2014, Disney Channel renewed Liv and Maddie for a 13-episode second season slated to premiere in fall 2014.[3] The second season was later expanded to 24 episodes.[4] The second season premiered on September 21, 2014. The series was renewed for a third season by Disney Channel on April 3, 2015.[5] The third season premiered on September 13, 2015. On December 21, 2015, actress Dove Cameron stated that Disney Channel was picking up Liv and Maddie for a fourth season.[6] On June 19, 2016, series creator Ron Hart announced on Twitter that the fourth season would premiere in fall 2016.[7] On July 1, 2016, Dove Cameron stated that they had filmed the series' final episode.[8] On August 19, 2016, it was announced by the series' creators, John D. Beck and Ron Hart, that the final season would be called Liv and Maddie: Cali Style. They also stated that the fourth and final season would premiere on September 23, 2016.[9]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Casting took place during the spring of 2012;[10] however, only a pilot episode was produced. The series followed Kali Rocha, Dove Cameron, Joey Bragg, Benjamin King, Cozi Zuehlsdorff, and Tenzing Norgay Trainor portraying Jodie Sullenger, mother of Alanna and Sticky, who married Pete Fickman, father of Crystal and Brody, with all six adjusting to life under the same roof. Eventually, Disney chose to change the concept of Bits and Pieces into one about a pair of twins.[2] Instead of hiring a new cast, production chose to keep those whom they had already hired and film a completely new pilot. The story now focused on Dove Cameron playing dual roles with the same parents and brothers. Lead billing for Cozi Zuehlsdorff was later dropped to guest star. The family name of "Rooney" was picked because of Sullenger's enjoyment of the Pittsburgh Steelers, a team owned by the Rooney family.[2]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
21
July 19, 2013 (2013-07-19)
July 27, 2014 (2014-07-27)

2
24
September 21, 2014 (2014-09-21)
August 23, 2015 (2015-08-23)

3
20
September 13, 2015 (2015-09-13)
June 19, 2016 (2016-06-19)

4
15
September 23, 2016 (2016-09-23)
March 24, 2017 (2017-03-24)

tag: table

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
First aired
Last aired
Avg. viewers
(millions)

Date
Viewers
(millions)
Date
Viewers
(millions)

1
20
July 19, 2013 (2013-07-19)
5.78[11]
July 27, 2014 (2014-07-27)
TBD
2.87

2
24
September 21, 2014 (2014-09-21)
2.04[12]
August 23, 2015 (2015-08-23)
2.45[13]
2.17

3
20
September 13, 2015 (2015-09-13)
1.80[14]
June 19, 2016 (2016-06-19)
1.53[15]
1.87

4
15
September 23, 2016 (2016-09-23)
1.66[16]
March 24, 2017 (2017-03-24)
1.30[17]
1.21

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: Liv and Maddie airs on Disney Channel in the United States and Family Channel in Canada. The pilot episode aired as a preview on July 19, 2013. The first promo for the series was seen on June 28, 2013. The series officially premiered in the United States on September 15, 2013, and in Canada on September 20, 2013.[citation needed] The series stopped airing in Canada on Family Channel on September 1, 2015, and started airing on Disney Channel on September 5, 2015.[citation needed] La Chaîne Disney in French Canada premiered the episode "Home Run-a-Rooney" on March 24, 2016, 17 days before the US and Canada airing on April 10, 2016.[citation needed] In the UK and Ireland, the series aired a preview on October 7, 2013, and later premiered on November 8, 2013.[citation needed] In Australia and New Zealand, the series premiered on October 11, 2013.[citation needed] The second season premiered on January 8, 2015.[18] The third season premiered on December 2, 2015.[citation needed] The series premiered in Southeast Asia on January 10, 2014.[citation needed] In the Balkans, Greece, the Middle East and Africa, the series premiered on March 8, 2014.[citation needed] The second season premiered on February 7, 2015.[citation needed]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Emily Ashby of Common Sense Media gave the series' quality a rating of three out of five stars, describing it as a "jovial family sitcom" and applicable for ages seven and above. Ashby credited the series' "comical spin" on common family issues, like sibling rivalry, stating: "As is true of most tween-targeted comedies, the series glosses over a lot, especially when it comes to teen issues, but that's what makes it a worry-free pick for kids."[19] Neil Genzlinger of The New York Times compared the series to The Patty Duke Show while describing it as "a gentle, moderately amusing comedy" and praising Dove Cameron's portrayal of the down-to-earth Maddie and diva Liv, stating: "...the premise gives the writers plenty of opportunities."[20]

text: Music[edit]

text: A full version of the Liv and Maddie theme song, "Better in Stereo", was recorded by Dove Cameron and released as a promotional single by Walt Disney Records on October 15, 2013.[21] A music video was filmed and aired on Disney Channel the night of October 29, 2013.[citation needed] The song was featured multiple times throughout the show, first in the season three finale, "Californi-a-Rooney", and then an acoustic version sung by Dove Cameron during the season four and series finale, "End-a-Rooney".

text: In the pilot, "Twin-a-Rooney", Liv shows Maddie a clip from the Sing It Loud! finale in which Liv's character, Stephanie Einstein, sings a cover of On Top of the World by Imagine Dragons. A full version of the song was recorded by Cameron and was released as a promotional single by Walt Disney Records on August 27, 2013.[22]

text: In "Fa-La-La-a-Rooney", Liv performs the classic "Let It Snow! Let It Snow! Let It Snow!" during the Steven's Point Holiday Spectacular. A full version of the song was recorded by Dove Cameron and is included on Holidays Unwrapped, a holiday album released by Walt Disney Records on October 15, 2013.[23]

text: In "Song-a-Rooney", Liv performs "FroyoYOLO" which goes viral, but Liv hates it. In the same episode, Liv performs "Count Me In". A full version of "Count Me In" was recorded by Dove Cameron and was released as a promotional single by Walt Disney Records on June 3, 2014.[24]

text: In "New Year's Eve-a-Rooney", Liv performs "You, Me and the Beat". A full version of the song was recorded by Cameron and was released as a promotional single by Walt Disney Records on December 2, 2014.

text: In "Rate-a-Rooney", Liv uploads "What a Girl Is". Two versions were created: the first being the one shown on Liv and Maddie and the other, including Christina Grimmie and Baby Kaely, was eventually recorded. Both versions are included in the Liv and Maddie soundtrack. The second version was released on iTunes on March 5, 2015, while the original version was released on March 17, 2015. On March 17, 2015, the Liv and Maddie soundtrack was released. The soundtrack includes "Better in Stereo", "On Top of the World", "FroyoYOLO", "Count Me In", "You, Me and the Beat", and both versions of "What a Girl Is". The soundtrack also includes "Say Hey", "As Long as I Have You", and "True Love", the last one of which would be morphed into two versions: Ballad, which would be sung by Jordan Fisher, and a piano duet featuring Jordan Fisher and Dove Cameron. On March 5, 2015, with the announcing of the soundtrack, the singles for those songs, minus FroyoYOLO, will no longer be available.

text: In "Prom-a-Rooney", Liv performs "True Love" at the school prom. Dove Cameron, like the other songs, recorded a full version of the song which was released as part of the Liv and Maddie soundtrack on March 17, 2015.

text: In "Band-a-Rooney", Liv's band, "The Dream", performs "Say Hey" at the Battle of the Bands. A full version was recorded by Dove Cameron, with the band member's actor doing the chorus. The song was released as part of the Liv and Maddie soundtrack on March 17, 2015.

text: In "Video-a-Rooney", Liv's band performs "As Long as I Have You". Dove Cameron recorded a full version which was released as part of the Liv and Maddie soundtrack on March 17, 2015. The song was the final song from the soundtrack that was played in the series.

text: In "SPARF-a-Rooney", Andy Grammer performs "Honey, I'm Good". This is one of the few songs in Liv and Maddie not to be part of the soundtrack.

text: In "Sing It Louder!!-a-Rooney", Liv and Ruby perform "One Second Chance" on the set of "Sing It Louder!!" The song was recorded by Dove Cameron and Lauren Lindsey Donzis and was released as a promotional single by Walt Disney Records on November 4, 2016.

text: In "Falcon-a-Rooney", "The Power of Two" is performed again by Liv and Ruby for "Sing It Louder!!" Like the previous song in season four, Dove Cameron and Lauren Lindsey Donzis recorded a full song, released on January 20, 2017.

text: In "Sing It Live!!!-a-Rooney, Liv sings "My Destiny" for the special episode of "Sing It Louder!!" Again, a full song was recorded by Dove Cameron and released as a promotional single on March 3, 2017.

text: Songs[edit]

text:
List of songs in Liv and Maddie

Title
Performed by
First episode

"Better in Stereo"
Dove Cameron
"Twin-a-Rooney"

"On Top of the World"
Dove Cameron
"Twin-a-Rooney"

"Up on the Housetop"
Dove Cameron and Ella Anderson
"Fa-La-La-a-Rooney"

"Let It Snow, Let It Snow, Let It Snow"
Dove Cameron
"Fa-La-La-a-Rooney"

"FroyoYOLO"
Dove Cameron
"Song-a-Rooney"

"Count Me In"
Dove Cameron
"Song-a-Rooney"

"You, Me and the Beat"
Dove Cameron
"New Year's Eve-a-Rooney"

"What a Girl Is"
Dove Cameron
"Rate-a-Rooney"

"True Love"
Dove Cameron
"Prom-a-Rooney"

"Say Hey"
Dove Cameron
"Band-a-Rooney"

"As Long as I Have You"
Dove Cameron
"Video-a-Rooney"

"Honey, I'm Good"
Andy Grammer
"SPARF-a-Rooney"

"Key of Life"
Dove Cameron
"Dream-a-Rooney"

"One Second Chance"
Dove Cameron and Lauren Lindsey Donzis
"Sing It Louder!!-a-Rooney"

"Power of Two"
Dove Cameron and Lauren Lindsey Donzis
"Falcon-a-Rooney"

"My Destiny"
Dove Cameron
"Sing It Live!!!-a-Rooney"

text: Merchandise[edit]

text: Brand marketing promotion from Liv and Maddie still continues strongly, with ACCO Brands, under the Day Dream brand, featuring a 2015 wall calendar and Disney D'Signed clothing line from selected retailers: Target and Kohl's. Wooky Entertainment owns Style Me Up, a creative fashion brand for tween girls, featuring Liv and Maddie: Dreams Come True and Liv and Maddie: A Rising Star sketchbooks.[citation needed] Footwear retailer Payless ShoeSource conducts Liv and Maddie-themed character footwear based on the series.[25]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Result
Ref.

2014
Kids' Choice Awards Mexico
Favorite International Program
Nominated

Kids' Choice Awards Mexico
Favorite International Program
Nominated

2015
Kids' Choice Awards Colombia
Favorite International Program
Nominated

2016
Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV Show: Comedy
Nominated
[26]

Kids' Choice Awards Mexico
Favorite International Program
Nominated
[27]

Kids' Choice Awards Colombia
Favorite International Program
Won
[28]

Kids' Choice Awards Argentina
Favorite International Program
Won
[29]

2017
Kids' Choice Awards Mexico
Favorite International Program
Won

Kids' Choice Awards Colombia
Favorite International Program
Won

Kids' Choice Awards Argentina
Favorite International Program
Won


document_title: The Canterville Ghost

question_text: who is telling the story in canterville ghost

text: The Canterville Ghost

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: The home of the Canterville Ghost was the ancient Canterville Chase, which has all the accoutrements of a traditional haunted house. Descriptions of the wainscoting, the library panelled in black oak, and the armour in the hallway characterise the setting. Wilde mixes the macabre with comedy, juxtaposing devices from traditional English ghost stories such as creaking floorboards, clanking chains, and ancient prophecies.

text: Plot[edit]

text: The story begins when the American Minister Mr Otis and his family move into Canterville Chase, despite warnings from Lord Canterville that the house is haunted. Mr Otis says that he will take the furniture as well as the ghost at valuation. The Otis family includes Mr and Mrs Otis, their eldest son Washington, their daughter Virginia, and the Otis twins. The other characters include the Canterville Ghost, the Duke of Cheshire (who wants to marry Virginia), Mrs Umney (the housekeeper), and Rev. Augustus Dampier. At first, none of the Otis family believe in ghosts, but shortly after they move in, none of them can deny the presence of Sir Simon de Canterville. The family hears clanking chains, they witness reappearing bloodstains on the floor just by the fireplace, which are removed every time they appear in various forms. But, humorously, none of these scare the Otis family in the least. In fact, upon hearing the clanking noises in the hallway, Mr Otis promptly gets out of bed and pragmatically offers the ghost Tammany Rising Sun Lubricator to oil his chains.

text: Despite the ghost's efforts to appear in the most gruesome guises, the family refuses to be frightened, and Sir Simon feels increasingly helpless and humiliated. When Mrs Otis notices a mysterious red mark on the floor, she simply replies that " she does not at all care for blood stains in the sitting room". When Mrs Umney informs Mrs Otis that the blood stain is indeed evidence of the ghost and cannot be removed, Washington Otis, the eldest son, suggests that the stain will be removed with Pinkerton's Champion Stain Remover and Paragon Detergent: a quick fix, like the Tammany Rising Sun Lubricator, and a practical way of dealing with the problem.

text: Wilde describes Mrs Otis as "a very handsome middle-aged woman" who has been "a celebrated New York belle". Her expression of "modern" American culture surfaces when she immediately resorts to giving the ghost "Doctor Dobell's tincture", thinking he was screaming due to indigestion at the family's second encounter with the ghost, and when she expresses an interest in joining the Psychical Society to help her understand the ghost. Mrs Otis is given Wilde's highest praise when he says: "Indeed, in many respects, she was quite English..."

text: The most colourful character in the story is undoubtedly the ghost himself, Sir Simon, who goes about his duties with theatrical panache and flair. He assumes a series of dramatic roles in his failed attempts to impress and terrify the Otises, making it easy to imagine him as a comical character in a stage play. The ghost has the ability to change forms, so he taps into his repertoire of tricks. He takes the role of ghostly apparitions such as a Headless Earl, a Strangled Babe, the Blood-Sucker of Bexley Moor, Suicide's Skeleton, and the Corpse-Snatcher of Chertsey Barn, all having succeeded in horrifying previous castle residents over the centuries. But none of them works with these Americans. Sir Simon schemes, but even as his costumes become increasingly gruesome, his antics do nothing to scare his house guests, and the Otises beat him every time. He falls victim to tripwires, peashooters, butter-slides, and falling buckets of water. In a particularly comical scene, he is frightened by the sight of a "ghost" rigged up by the mischievous twins.

text: During the course of the story, as narrated from Sir Simon's viewpoint, he tells us the complexity of the ghost's emotions: he sees himself brave, frightening, distressed, scared, and finally, depressed and weak. He exposes his vulnerability during an encounter with Virginia, the Otis's fifteen-year-old daughter. Virginia is different from everyone else in the family, and Sir Simon recognises this. He tells her that he has not slept in three hundred years and wants desperately to do so. The ghost reveals to Virginia the tragic tale of his wife, Lady Eleanor de Canterville.

text: Unlike the rest of her family, Virginia does not dismiss the ghost. She takes him seriously, she listens to him and learns an important lesson, as well as the true meaning behind a riddle. Sir Simon de Canterville says that she must weep for him, for he has no tears; she must pray for him, for he has no faith; and then she must accompany him to the angel of death and beg for Death's mercy upon Sir Simon. She does weep for him and pray for him, and she disappears with Sir Simon through the wainscoting and goes with him to the Garden of Death and bids the ghost farewell. Then she reappears at midnight, through a panel in the wall, carrying jewels and news that Sir Simon has passed on to the next world and no longer resides in the house.

text: Virginia's ability to accept Sir Simon leads to her enlightenment: Sir Simon, she tells her husband several years later, helped her understand "what Life is, what Death signifies, and why Love is stronger than both". The story ends with Virginia marrying the Duke of Cheshire after they both come of age.

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: This article appears to contain trivial, minor, or unrelated references to popular culture. Please reorganize this content to explain the subject's impact on popular culture, using references to reliable sources, rather than simply listing appearances. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2017)

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
The Canterville Ghost, a 1944 Hollywood movie with Charles Laughton in the title role.
The Canterville Ghost, a 1962 BBC television drama featuring Bernard Cribbins.
The Canterville Ghost, a 1966 ABC television musical that aired 2 November and featured Douglas Fairbanks, Jr., and Michael Redgrave. Featured songs by Fiddler on the Roof songwriters Jerry Bock and Sheldon Harnick.[2]
An episode of Mystery and Imagination, which aired 12 March 1966 and featured Bruce Forsyth as the title character
Кентервильское привидение, a 1970 Soviet cartoon
The Canterville Ghost, a 1974 radio drama adapted by George Lowthar for the CBS Radio Mystery Theater series.
The Canterville Ghost (1974), a made-for-TV film aired on 10 March 1975 in the United States, which also aired in West Germany and France.  Starred David Niven.
The Canterville Ghost, a 1985 film.
The Canterville Ghost, a 1986 film.
The Canterville Ghost, a 1988 animated television special.
A radio dramatisation was broadcast on BBC Radio 4 on New Year's Eve 1992.
The Canterville Ghost, a 1996 film, starring Patrick Stewart.
The Canterville Ghost, a 1997 TV film starring Ian Richardson, Celia Imrie
The Canterville Ghost, a 2001 film by Burbank Films Australia.
A reading of the story by Alistair McGowan was broadcast on BBC Radio 7 in December 2007.
Bhoothnath, a 2008 Bollywood movie adaptation[3]
A graphic novel version published by Classical Comics in 2010 adapted by Scottish writer Sean Michael Wilson, with art by Steve Bryant and Jason Millet
The Canterville Ghost, a 2011 audiobook production by W F Howes narrated by Rupert Degas[4]
The Canterville Ghost, a 2016 film.
The Canterville Ghost, an upcoming animated feature film with the voices of Stephen Fry, Hugh Laurie, and Miranda Hart, intended for release in 2016[5]

text: In music[edit]

text:
The Canterville Ghost is an opera by the Russian composer Alexander Knaifel to a libretto by Tatiana Kramarova based on Wilde's story.
"The Canterville Ghost" is a song by the Austrian symphonic metal band Edenbridge about this ghost in the album Shine. The song is preceded by an intro track named "The Canterville Prophecy".
"El Fantasma de Canterville" is a song by the Argentinian musician Charly García
Canterville – The musical is a musical by Flavio Gargano, Robert Steiner and Valentina De Paolis – Canterville – The musical
Bílý pán aneb Těžko se dnes duchům straší is an opera by Czech composer Jaroslav Křička based on Wilde's story, libretto by J. L. Budín
The Canterville Ghost opera by Gordon Getty. Debut performance at Leipzig Opera on 9 May 2015.
"Dark Depth" is a song by the Serbian thrash metal band Alister from the album Obscurity, heavily influenced by Oscar Wilde's story.


document_title: Branches of botany

question_text: branch of botany which deals with trees and shrubs

text: Branches of botany

text: Core topics[edit]

text:
Cytology – cell structure, chromosome number
Epigenetics – Control of gene expression
Paleobotany – Study of fossil plants and plant evolution
Palynology – Pollen and spores
Plant biochemistry – Chemical processes of primary and secondary metabolism
Phenology – timing of germination, flowering and fruiting
Phytochemistry – Plant secondary chemistry and chemical processes
Phytogeography – Plant Biogeography, the study of plant distributions
Phytosociology – Plant communities and interactions
Plant anatomy – Structure of plant cells and tissues
Plant ecology – Role and function of plants in the environment
Plant evolutionary developmental biology – Plant development from an evolutionary perspective
Plant genetics – Genetic inheritance in plants
Plant morphology – Structure of plants
Plant physiology – Life functions of plants
Plant reproduction – Processes of plant reproduction
Plant systematics – Classification and naming of plants
Plant taxonomy – Classification and naming of plants

text: Applied topics[edit]

text:
Agronomy – Application of plant science to crop production
Arboriculture – Culture and propagation of trees
Biotechnology – Use of plants to synthesize products
Dendrology – Study of woody plants, shrubs, trees and lianas
Economic botany – Study of plants of economic use or value
Ethnobotany – Plants and people. Use and selection of plants by humans
Forestry – Forest management and related studies
Horticulture – cultivation of garden plants
Marine botany – Study of aquatic plants and algae that live in seawater
Micropropagation – rapid propagation of plants using cell and tissue culture
Pharming (genetics) – Genetic engineering of plants to produce pharmaceuticals
Plant breeding – Breeding of plants with desirable genetic characters
Plant pathology (Phytopathology) – Plant diseases
Plant propagation – propagation of plants from seed, bulbs, tubers, cuttings and grafting
Pomology – Fruit and nuts

text: Organismal topics[edit]

text:
Agrostology – Grasses
Batology – Brambles
Bryology[1] – Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts
Lichenology – Lichens
Mycology, or fungology – Fungi
Orchidology – Orchids
Phycology,[2] or algology – Algae
Pteridology – Fern and their allies
Rhodology – Roses
Synantherology – Compositae


document_title: Title 21 CFR Part 11

question_text: when did 21 cfr part 11 become effective

text: Title 21 CFR Part 11

text: Coverage[edit]

text: Practically speaking, Part 11 applies to drug makers, medical device manufacturers, biotech companies, biologics developers, CROs, and other FDA-regulated industries, with some specific exceptions.[2] It requires that they implement controls, including audits, system validations, audit trails, electronic signatures, and documentation for software and systems involved in processing the electronic data that FDA predicate rules require them to maintain. A predicate rule is any requirement set forth in the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, the Public Health Service Act, or any FDA regulation other than Part 11. [3]

text: The rule also applies to submissions made to the FDA in electronic format (e.g., a New Drug Application) but not to paper submissions by electronic methods (i.e., faxes). It specifically does not require the 21CFR11 requirement for record retention for tracebacks by food manufacturers. Most food manufacturers are not otherwise explicitly required to keep detailed records, but electronic documentation kept for HACCP and similar requirements must meet these requirements.

text: Broad sections of the regulation have been challenged as "very expensive and for some applications almost impractical",[4] and the FDA has stated in guidance that it will exercise enforcement discretion on many parts of the rule. This has led to confusion on exactly what is required, and the rule is being revised. In practice, the requirements on access controls are the only part routinely enforced.[5] The "predicate rules" that required organizations to keep records the first place are still in effect. If electronic records are illegible, inaccessible, or corrupted, manufacturers are still subject to those requirements.

text: If a regulated firm keeps "hard copies" of all required records, those paper documents can be considered the authoritative document for regulatory purposes, and the computer system is not in scope for electronic records requirements—though systems that control processes subject to predicate rules still require validation.[6] Firms should be careful to make a claim that the "hard copy" of required records is the authoritative document. For the "hard copy" produced from electronic source to be the authoritative document, it must be a complete and accurate copy of the electronic source. The manufacturer must use the hard copy (rather than electronic versions stored in the system) of the records for regulated activities. The current technical architecture of computer systems increasingly makes the Part 11, Electronic Records; Electronic Signatures — Scope and Application for the complete and accurate copy requirement extremely high.[7] [8]

text: Content[edit]

text:
Subpart A – General Provisions

Scope
Implementation
Definitions

Subpart B – Electronic Records

Controls for closed systems
Controls for open systems
Signature manifestations
Signature/record linking

Subpart C – Electronic Signatures

General requirements
Electronic signatures and controls
Controls for identification codes/passwords

text: History[edit]

text: FDA Title 21 CFR Part 11:Electronic Records; Electronic Signatures; Final Rule (1997)

text: Various keynote speeches by FDA insiders early in the 21st century (in addition to high-profile audit findings focusing on computer system compliance) resulted in many companies scrambling to mount a defense against rule enforcement that they were procedurally and technologically unprepared for. Many software and instrumentation vendors released Part 11 "compliant" updates that were either incomplete or insufficient to fully comply with the rule. Complaints about the wasting of critical resources, non-value added aspects, in addition to confusion within the drug, medical device, biotech/biologic and other industries about the true scope and enforcement aspects of Part 11 resulted in the FDA release of:

text: FDA Guidance for Industry Part 11, Electronic Records: Electronic Signatures – Scope and Application (2003)

text: This document was intended to clarify how Part 11 should be implemented and would be enforced. But, as with all FDA guidances, it was not intended to convey the full force of law—rather, it expressed the FDA's "current thinking" on Part 11 compliance. Many within the industry, while pleased with the more limited scope defined in the guidance, complained that, in some areas, the 2003 guidance contradicted requirements in the 1997 Final Rule.

text: Guidance for Industry Computerized Systems Used in Clinical Investigations

text: In May 2007, the FDA issued the final version of their guidance on computerized systems in clinical investigations. This guidance supersedes the guidance of the same name dated April 1999; and supplements the guidance for industry on Part 11, Electronic Records; Electronic Signatures — Scope and Application and the Agency’s international harmonization efforts when applying these guidances to source data generated at clinical study sites.

text: FDA had previously announced that a new Part 11 would be released late 2006. The Agency has since pushed that release date back. The FDA has not announced a revised time of release. John Murray, member of the Part 11 Working Group (the team at FDA developing the new Part 11), has publicly stated that the timetable for release is "flexible".


document_title: The Ugly Truth

question_text: where was the movie the ugly truth filmed

text: The Ugly Truth

text: Plot[edit]

text: Abby Richter (Katherine Heigl) is a morning show TV producer in Sacramento, California. Abby firmly believes in true love and is a big supporter of complex self-help books such as Chicken Soup for the Soul and Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus. Coming home from a disastrous date, she happens to see a segment of a local television show, The Ugly Truth, featuring Mike Chadway (Gerard Butler), whose cynicism about relationships prompts Abby to call in to argue with him on-air. The next day, she discovers the TV station is threatening to cancel her show because of its poor ratings. The station owner has hired Mike to do a segment on her show.

text: At first, the two have a rocky relationship; Abby thinks Mike is crass and disgusting while Mike finds her to be naive and a control freak. Nevertheless, when she meets the man of her dreams, a doctor named Colin (Eric Winter) living next to her, Mike convinces her that by following his advice she will improve her chances with Colin. Abby is skeptical, but they make a deal: If Mike's management of her courtship results in her landing Colin, proving his theories on relationships, she will work happily with him, but if Mike fails, he agrees to leave her show.[2]

text: Mike succeeds in improving the ratings, brings married co-anchors Georgia and Larry closer and successfully instructs Abby to be exactly what Colin would want through a number of pointers including: always laugh at his jokes and say he is amazing in bed. Mike is invited to appear on The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson and is offered a job at another network. Abby is forced to cancel a romantic weekend away with Colin, during which they had planned to finally sleep together, and instead fly to Los Angeles to persuade Mike to stay with her show.

text: They drink and dance and Mike admits he does not want to move because he wants to stay in Sacramento near his sister and nephew. In the hotel elevator, they passionately kiss, but go to their separate rooms. Mike, dealing with the intensity of his feelings for Abby, calls on her room only to find Colin has shown up to surprise her. Mike leaves. Abby is upset and soon realizes Colin only likes the woman she has been pretending to be, not the real her. She breaks up with him.

text: Mike quits and takes a job with a rival TV station in Sacramento, and ends up doing a broadcast at the same hot air balloon festival as Abby. He cannot resist intruding when she kicks the new "Mike Chadway" imitator off the air and begins ranting about what cowardly weaklings men are. The balloon takes off while they argue. Abby says she broke up with Colin, and Mike admits he loves her. Abby kisses him while they fly off, all of which is broadcast due to a camera mounted in the balloon. The film ends with Abby and Mike in bed. When Mike asks if she was faking it, Abby responds, "You will never know it."

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Katherine Heigl as Abigail "Abby" Richter, a romantically challenged morning show producer.[2]
Gerard Butler as Mike Chadway, her male chauvinist correspondent.
Eric Winter as Colin Anderson, an orthopedic surgeon who lives across from Abby. In the alternate ending, he was in a relationship with Joy.
Nick Searcy as Stuart, Abby and Mike's Boss
Cheryl Hines as Georgia Bordeney, co-anchor of the morning show, married to Larry.[2]
John Michael Higgins as Larry Williams, co-anchor of the morning show, married to Georgia.
Bree Turner as Joy Haim, assistant and friend to Abby who is also love starved and lives vicariously through Abby. In the alternate ending she is shown to be in a relationship with Colin.
Kevin Connolly as Jim Ryan, a blind date.
Bonnie Somerville as Elizabeth, Mike's sister.
Yvette Nicole Brown as Dori Coleman.
Allen Maldonado as Duane
Craig Ferguson as Himself.

text: Production[edit]

text: The film was made by the producers of Legally Blonde[2] and written by Nicole Eastman, Karen McCullah, and Kirsten Smith.[3]

text: The Mike Chadway character is allegedly based on and inspired by Adam Carolla. Gerard Butler sat in on The Adam Carolla Show, observing only, in order to prepare for his role.[4]

text: Filming locations[edit]

text: The film was, for the most part, filmed on location in California, including Sacramento, Los Angeles, and San Pedro, Los Angeles. The montage sequence toward the end of the film includes the Foresthill Bridge near Auburn.[5]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: A soundtrack was released on August 4, but only contained music composed for the film. Below are the songs featured in the film.

text:
"Hot 'n' Cold" by Katy Perry
"Cafe Metropole" by Rick Krive
"Catz Meow" by Scott Robinson
"Solo Violin 2" by Daniel May
"Everybody Got Their Something" by Nikka Costa
"Pocketful of Sunshine" by Natasha Bedingfield
"Under the Covers" by Josh Kelley
"Soluna" by Los Pinguos
"De Vez en Cuando" by Los Pinguos
"El Gitano del Amor" by Latin Soul Syndicate
"Chainsaw" by Daniel Merriweather
"Right Round" by Flo Rida featuring Ke$ha

tag: ol

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The film received negative reviews from critics. Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 13% based on 169 reviews and an average rating of 3.7 out of 10. The site's consensus is that "Despite the best efforts of Butler and Heigl, The Ugly Truth suffers from a weak script that relies on romantic comedy formula, with little charm or comedic payoff."

text: Rolling Stone critic Peter Travers gave the film a half star out of four, stating: "There's not a genuine laugh in it [...] Toss this ugly-ass crap to the curb, along with the other multiplex garbage, and see a romance that gets it right. I'm talking (500) Days of Summer."[6] Time named it one of the top 10 worst chick flicks.[7] The A.V. Club gave the film a D.[8] Critic Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film two out of four stars, saying that Heigl and Butler were "pleasant" but "the movie does them in." He commented on the restaurant scene that also was a red-band clip on YouTube,[9] saying that "Heigl makes a real effort" but that Meg Ryan's scene in When Harry Met Sally was the gold standard "in this rare but never boring category". As for portraying the morning news realistically, he says "the film makes Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy look like a documentary".[3]

text: Ruth McCann of The Washington Post called the film "indulgently glossy, refreshingly snarky and legitimately sexy".[10] Kara Nesvig of the Star Tribune said "the dialogue is snappy and sexy, Heigl and Butler spar with zingy chemistry, and though the ending is as predictable as you'd assume, it's a sexy sort of popcorn flick". Nesvig praises Heigl saying the film "adds up to more than the sum of its clichés".[11]

text: Moviegoers, unlike many critics, thought much higher of the film. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A-" on an A+ to F scale.[12]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film opened to third place at the box office—behind Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (in its second weekend) and the newly released G-Force—with $27,605,576 and the highest per-screen average in the top 10. As of November 8, 2009, the film has grossed $88.9 million at the North American domestic box office and $116.3 million internationally for a worldwide total of $205.2 million, becoming Katherine Heigl's second best grossing film behind Knocked Up.[13]

text: In Great Britain and Ireland, the film topped the box office and took in £1.9 million in its opening weekend, fighting off competition from G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra, which entered at number two with £1.7 million.[citation needed]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The Ugly Truth was released on DVD and Blu-Ray on November 10, 2009.


document_title: Poop deck

question_text: where does the term poop deck come from

question_tokens: where does the term poop deck come from

text: Poop deck

text: In naval architecture, a poop deck is a deck that forms the roof of a cabin built in the rear, or "aft", part of the superstructure of a ship.[1]

text: The name originates from the French word for stern, la poupe, from Latin puppis. Thus the poop deck is technically a stern deck, which in sailing ships was usually elevated as the roof of the stern or "after" cabin, also known as the "poop cabin". In sailing ships, with the helmsman at the stern, an elevated position was ideal for both navigation and observation of the crew and sails.[2]

text: On modern, motorized warships, the ship functions which were once carried out on the poop deck have been moved to the bridge, usually located on the superstructure in the center of ships, or the starboard side island of aircraft carriers.[citation needed]


document_title: Embassy of the United States, London

question_text: who bought the old american embassy in london

text: Embassy of the United States, London

text: History[edit]

text: The American legation in London was first situated in Great Cumberland Place, later moving to Piccadilly, 98 Portland Place (1863–1866),[4] and 123 Victoria Street in Westminster (1883–1893). The legation was upgraded to an embassy in 1893 and remained at Victoria Street until 1912, when it moved to 4 Grosvenor Gardens.[5] In 1938, the embassy was moved to 1 Grosvenor Square (Macdonald House) (which also used to host part of the Canadian High Commission). During this time, Grosvenor Square began to accommodate many U.S. government offices, including the headquarters of General Dwight D. Eisenhower and the European headquarters of the United States Navy. Following World War II, the Duke of Westminster donated land for a memorial to wartime President Franklin D. Roosevelt.

text: The American Embassy London Chancery Building was designed by Finnish American modernist architect Eero Saarinen and constructed in the late 1950s, opening in 1960. The building has nine storeys, three of which are below ground. A large gilded aluminum bald eagle by Theodore Roszak,[6] with a wingspan of over 11 metres (35 feet) is situated on the roof of the Chancery Building, making it a recognizable London landmark.[7] In October 2009, the building was granted Grade II listed status.[8][9] The building has been described as a modernist classic and architectural gem.[10]

text: Demonstrations[edit]

text: In March 1968, a crowd of some 10,000 demonstrated at Trafalgar Square against US involvement in the Vietnam War, before marching to Grosvenor Square. The Metropolitan Police had attempted to cordon off part of the square nearest to the embassy and there was violence as the crowd broke through the police line. Police horses were used to regain control. 200 demonstrators were arrested and 50 people needed hospital treatment including 25 police officers, one of them with a serious spinal injury.[11] In October of the same year, during a demonstration organised by the Vietnam Solidarity Campaign, a splinter group of 6,000 demonstrators returned to the square. A thousand police officers formed a cordon that the protesters failed to breach and remained relatively peaceful until the crowd began to disperse when there was disorder in the neighbouring streets.[12]

text: Security concerns[edit]

text: Security at the former embassy was tightened in the 1980s and 1990s following successive terrorist attacks on U.S. embassies and consulates worldwide. However, it was after the September 11 attacks in 2001 that security was significantly increased. A massive security operation at the embassy has seen one side of Grosvenor Square closed to public access by car, and armed roadblocks are stationed outside the building. On August 29, 2002, Kerim Chatty, a Swedish citizen of Tunisian descent, was arrested at Stockholm-Västerås Airport trying to board a Ryanair Flight 685 destined for London Stansted Airport with a loaded gun in his luggage. Anonymous intelligence sources cited in the media claimed that the man was planning to hijack the aircraft and crash it into the United States embassy in London, using the rooftop eagle to identify it from the air. Sweden's Security Service, Säpo, denied the claims and called the reports "false information".[13] The man was subsequently cleared of all terrorism-related charges.[14]

text: The security threat against the embassy prompted the U.S. government to consider moving the embassy. Several British media outlets reported that the U.S. government had wished to use Kensington Palace as their embassy, which allegedly had been vetoed by Queen Elizabeth II, as several members of the British Royal Family have their residences there. The embassy "strenuously denied" the reports, and a spokesman for Buckingham Palace reported that no formal request had been made.[15] Another possible option was Chelsea Barracks, for which the U.S. Embassy made an unsuccessful bid in February 2007.[16]

text: New building[edit]

text: On October 8, 2008, the embassy announced a conditional agreement with the real estate developer Ballymore Group to purchase property for a new embassy site on the South Bank of the River Thames in the Nine Elms area of the London Borough of Wandsworth.[17] The site lies within the Vauxhall/Nine Elms/Battersea Opportunity Area as set out in the London Plan. The proposed plan would only go forward if approved by the United States Congress and by the local planning authority.[18] The Northern line extension to Battersea will have new stations at Battersea and Nine Elms—combined with major local development. The United States Department of State announced in January 2009 that it was choosing among nine architectural firms, all "modern" and "upmarket", to replace the ageing embassy headquarters.[19] In March 2009 the U.S. Department of State's Bureau of Overseas Buildings Operations announced that four architectural firms had been selected for the final phase of the design competition.[19] By law, the architect for a U.S. embassy must be an American firm with "numerous security clearances".[19]

text: In November 2009, the U.S. government conditionally agreed to sell the lease of the Grosvenor Square Chancery Building to Qatari real-estate investment firm Qatari Diar, which in 2007 purchased the Chelsea Barracks.[20] Though the price was undisclosed, the lease's worth was estimated at £500 million in July 2000.[21] The development value of the property was reduced when the building was given Grade II listed status, requiring developers to maintain its current design. The building is now one of Mayfair's 238 listed buildings and monuments.[22][23] In 2016 plans were approved for the conversion of the building into a hotel.[24]

text: On February 23, 2010, the U.S. government announced that a team led by the firm of KieranTimberlake had won the competition to design the new embassy building and surrounding green spaces.[25] The winning design resembles a crystalline cube, with a semi-circular pond on one side (called a "moat" by The Times)[26] and surrounded by extensive public green spaces[27] and the Embassy Gardens housing development.

text: Ground was broken on November 13, 2013, and the building opened to the public on December 13, 2017.[28][29] US President Donald Trump had been expected to visit in February 2018 to undertake the official opening of the new embassy, but, in January 2018 announced he would not make the trip. Trump publicly criticized the cost of the new embassy and its location, as well as the apparent price received for the sale of the lease of the building in Grosvenor Square, blaming the administration of his predecessor, Barack Obama for making what he referred to as a "bad deal".[30] However, the decision to move the embassy was made before the Obama administration.[31]

text: Mission leaders[edit]

text: Ambassador[edit]

text: The United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom is Woody Johnson, who was confirmed by the Senate on August 3, 2017. He was sworn in by Vice President Mike Pence on August 21, 2017.[32]

text: Other diplomatic staff[edit]

text:
Deputy Chief of Mission, Lewis Lukens.[33] Lukens was Chargé d'affaires at the embassy between the departure of ambassador Matthew Barzun in January 2017 and the arrival of Woody Johnson the following August.
Belfast Consul General, Daniel James Lawton
Edinburgh Principal Officer, Susan A. Wilson

text: Embassy sections[edit]

text:
Consular Section

American Citizen Services
Visa Services

United States Commercial Service

Liaison Office to European Bank for Reconstruction and Development

Defense Attaché
Foreign Agricultural Service
U.S. Customs and Border Protection
Public Affairs
Office of Defense Cooperation
Department of Homeland Security (Immigration)

text: There are also American consulates general in Belfast and Edinburgh, a Welsh Affairs Office in Cardiff, and a contact centre Glasgow.

text: Previous embassy locations[edit]

text:
Great Cumberland Place
Piccadilly
98 Portland Place (1863–1866)
123 Victoria Street in Westminster (1883–1893) (1893–1912)
4 Grosvenor Gardens (1912–1938)
1 Grosvenor Square (1938–1960)
London Chancery Building in Grosvenor Square (1960–2018)


document_title: List of National Basketball Association career turnovers leaders

question_text: who has the most turnovers in the nba

question_tokens: who has the most turnovers in the nba

text: Turnover Leaders[edit]

text: This is a list of National Basketball Association players by total career regular season turnovers recorded.[2]

text:
^
Active NBA player

*
Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

†
Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration [3]

§
1st time nominee for Hall of Fame in 2018 [4]

text:
Rank
Player
Position(s)
Team(s) played for (years)[5]
Total turnovers
Games played
Turnovers per game
average[6]

1
Malone, KarlKarl Malone*
PF
Utah Jazz (1985–2003)
Los Angeles Lakers (2003–2004)
4,524
1,476
3.07

2
Stockton, JohnJohn Stockton*
PG
Utah Jazz (1984–2003)
4,248
1,504
2.82

3
Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant†
SG
Los Angeles Lakers (1996–2016)
4,010
1,346
2.98

4
Kidd, JasonJason Kidd*
PG
Dallas Mavericks (1994–1996)
Phoenix Suns (1996–2001)
New Jersey Nets (2001–2008)
Dallas Mavericks (2008–2012)
New York Knicks (2012–2013)
4,003
1,391
2.88

5
James, LeBronLeBron James^
SF
Cleveland Cavaliers (2003-2010)
Miami Heat (2010–2014)
Cleveland Cavaliers (2014–present)
3,966
1,143
3.47

6
Malone, MosesMoses Malone*
C
Buffalo Braves (1976)[7]
Houston Rockets (1976–1977)[7]
Houston Rockets (1977–1982)
Philadelphia 76ers (1982–1986)
Washington Bullets (1986–1988)
Atlanta Hawks (1988–1991)
Milwaukee Bucks (1991–1993)
Philadelphia 76ers (1993–1994)
San Antonio Spurs (1994–1995)
3,804
1,247
3.05

7
Thomas, IsiahIsiah Thomas*
PG
Detroit Pistons (1981–1994)
3,682
979
3.76

8
Olajuwon, HakeemHakeem Olajuwon*[8]
C
Houston Rockets (1984–2001)
Toronto Raptors (2001–2002)
3,667
1,238
2.96

9
Ewing, PatrickPatrick Ewing*
C
New York Knicks (1985–2000)
Seattle SuperSonics (2000–2001)
Orlando Magic (2001–2002)
3,537
1,183
2.99

10
Pierce, PaulPaul Pierce†
SF
Boston Celtics (1999–2013)
Brooklyn Nets (2013–2014)
Washington Wizards (2014–2015)
Los Angeles Clippers (2015–2017)
3,532
1,343
2.63

11
Johnson, MagicMagic Johnson*
PG
Los Angeles Lakers (1979–1991, 1996)
3,506
906
3.87

12
Theus, ReggieReggie Theus
PG/SG
Chicago Bulls (1978–1984)
Kansas City/Sacramento Kings (1984–1988)
Atlanta Hawks (1988–1989)
Orlando Magic (1989–1990)
New Jersey Nets (1990–1991)
3,493
1,026
3.40

13
Nash, SteveSteve Nash*
PG
Phoenix Suns (1996–1998)
Dallas Mavericks (1999–2004)
Phoenix Suns (2004–2012)
Los Angeles Lakers (2012–2014)
3,478
1,217
2.86

14
Duncan, TimTim Duncan†
PF/C
San Antonio Spurs (1997–2016)
3,381
1,392
2.43

15
Barkley, CharlesCharles Barkley*
PF
Philadelphia 76ers (1984–1992)
Phoenix Suns (1992–1996)
Houston Rockets (1996–2000)
3,376
1,073
3.15

16
O'Neal, ShaquilleShaquille O'Neal*
C
Orlando Magic (1992–1996)
Los Angeles Lakers (1996–2004)
Miami Heat (2004–2008)
Phoenix Suns (2008–2009)
Cleveland Cavaliers (2009–2010)
Boston Celtics (2010–2011)
3,310
1,207
2.74

17
Iverson, AllenAllen Iverson*
SG/PG
Philadelphia 76ers (1996–2006)
Denver Nuggets (2006–2008)
Detroit Pistons (2008–2009)
Memphis Grizzlies (2009)
Philadelphia 76ers (2009–2010)
3,262
914
3.57

18
Pippen, ScottieScottie Pippen*
SF
Chicago Bulls (1987–1998)
Houston Rockets (1999)
Portland Trail Blazers (1999–2003)
Chicago Bulls (2003–2004)
3,257
1,178
2.76

19
Parish, RobertRobert Parish*
C
Golden State Warriors (1976–1977)[7]
Golden State Warriors (1977–1980)
Boston Celtics (1980–1994)
Charlotte Hornets (1994–1996)
Chicago Bulls (1996–1997)
3,183
1,534
2.07

20
Garnett, KevinKevin Garnett†
PF/C
Minnesota Timberwolves (1995–2007), (2015–2016)
Boston Celtics (2007–2013)
Brooklyn Nets (2013–2015)
3,179
1,462
2.17

21
Wade, DwyaneDwyane Wade^
SG
Miami Heat (2003–2016, 2018–present)
Chicago Bulls (2016–2017)
Cleveland Cavaliers (2017–2018)
3,160
982
3.22

22
Jackson, MarkMark Jackson
PG
New York Knicks (1987–1992)
Los Angeles Clippers (1992–1994)
Indiana Pacers (1994–1996)
Denver Nuggets (1996–1997)
Indiana Pacers (1997–2000)
Toronto Raptors (2000–2001)
New York Knicks (2001–2002)
Utah Jazz (2002–2003)
Houston Rockets (2004)
3,155
1,296
2.43

23
Miller, AndreAndre Miller†
PG
Cleveland Cavaliers (1999–2002)
Los Angeles Clippers (2002–2003)
Denver Nuggets (2003–2006)
Philadelphia 76ers (2006–2009)
Portland Trail Blazers (2009–2011)
Denver Nuggets (2011–2013)
Washington Wizards (2014–2015)
Sacramento Kings (2015)
Minnesota Timberwolves (2015–2016)
San Antonio Spurs (2016)
3,121
1,304
2.39

24
Howard, DwightDwight Howard^
C
Orlando Magic (2004–2012)
Los Angeles Lakers (2012–2013)
Houston Rockets (2013–2016)
Atlanta Hawks (2016–2017)
Charlotte Hornets (2017–present)
3,043
1,035
2.94

25
Payton, GaryGary Payton*
PG
Seattle SuperSonics (1990–2003)
Milwaukee Bucks (2003)
Los Angeles Lakers (2003–2004)
Boston Celtics (2004–2005)
Miami Heat (2005–2007)
3,030
1,335
2.27

26
Westbrook, RussellRussell Westbrook^
PG
Oklahoma City Thunder (2008–present)
3,001
748
4.01

27
Drexler, ClydeClyde Drexler*
SG
Portland Trail Blazers (1983–1995)
Houston Rockets (1995–1998)
2,977
1,086
2.74

28
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan*
SG
Chicago Bulls (1984–1993, 1995–1998)
Washington Wizards (2001–2003)
2,924
1,072
2.73

29
Strickland, RodRod Strickland
PG
New York Knicks (1988–1990)
San Antonio Spurs (1990–1992)
Portland Trail Blazers (1992–1996)
Washington Bullets/Wizards (1996–2001)
Portland Trail Blazers (2001)
Miami Heat (2001–2002)
Minnesota Timberwolves (2002–2003)
Orlando Magic (2003–2004)
Toronto Raptors (2004)
Houston Rockets (2005)
2,862
1,094
2.62

30
Anthony, CarmeloCarmelo Anthony^
SF
Denver Nuggets (2003–2011)
New York Knicks (2011–2017)
Oklahoma City Thunder (2017–present)
2,824
1,054
2.68

31
English, AlexAlex English*
SF/PF
Milwaukee Bucks (1976–1977)[7]
Milwaukee Bucks (1977–1978)
Indiana Pacers (1978–1980)
Denver Nuggets (1980–1990)
Dallas Mavericks (1990–1991)
2,821
1,133
2.49

32
Bird, LarryLarry Bird*
SF/PF
Boston Celtics (1979–1992)
2,816
897
3.14

33
King, BernardBernard King*
SF
New Jersey Nets (1977–1979)
Utah Jazz (1979–1980)
Golden State Warriors (1980–1982)
New York Knicks (1982–1985, 1987)
Washington Bullets (1987–1991)
New Jersey Nets (1993)
2,791
874
3.19

34
Parker, TonyTony Parker^
PG
San Antonio Spurs (2001–present)
2,790
1,198
2.33

35
Oakley, CharlesCharles Oakley
PF
Chicago Bulls (1985–1988)
New York Knicks (1988–1998)
Toronto Raptors (1999–2001)
Chicago Bulls (2001–2002)
Washington Wizards (2002–2003)
Houston Rockets (2004)
2,785
1,282
2.17

36
Williams, BuckBuck Williams
PF
New Jersey Nets (1981–1989)
Portland Trail Blazers (1989–1996)
New York Knicks (1996–1998)
2,784
1,307
2.13

37
Thorpe, OtisOtis Thorpe
PF/C
Kansas City/Sacramento Kings (1984–1988)
Houston Rockets (1988–1995)
Portland Trail Blazers (1995)
Detroit Pistons (1995–1997)
Vancouver Grizzlies (1997–1998)
Sacramento Kings (1998)
Washington Wizards (1999)
Miami Heat (1999–2000)
Charlotte Hornets (2000–2001)
2,774
1,257
2.21

38
Kemp, ShawnShawn Kemp
PF/C
Seattle SuperSonics (1989–1997)
Cleveland Cavaliers (1997–2000)
Portland Trail Blazers (2000–2002)
Orlando Magic (2002–2003)
2,766
1,051
2.63

39
Allen, RayRay Allen*
SG
Milwaukee Bucks (1996–2003)
Seattle SuperSonics (2003–2007)
Boston Celtics (2007–2012)
Miami Heat (2012–2014)
2,709
1,300
2.08

40
Wilkins, DominiqueDominique Wilkins*
SF
Atlanta Hawks (1982–1994)
Los Angeles Clippers (1994)
Boston Celtics (1994–1995)
San Antonio Spurs (1996–1997)
Orlando Magic (1999)
2,669
1,074
2.49

41
Porter, TerryTerry Porter
PG/SG
Portland Trail Blazers (1985–1995)
Minnesota Timberwolves (1995–1998)
Miami Heat (1999)
San Antonio Spurs (1999–2002)
2,666
1,274
2.09

42
Stackhouse, JerryJerry Stackhouse
SG
Philadelphia 76ers (1995–1997)
Detroit Pistons (1997–2002)
Washington Wizards (2002–2004)
Dallas Mavericks (2004–2009)
Milwaukee Bucks (2010)
Miami Heat (2010)
Atlanta Hawks (2011–2012)
Brooklyn Nets (2012–2013)
2,641
970
2.72

43
Gasol, PauPau Gasol^
C/PF
Memphis Grizzlies (2001–2008)
Los Angeles Lakers (2008–2014)
Chicago Bulls (2014–2016)
San Antonio Spurs (2016–present)
2,622
1,196
2.19

44
Sikma, JackJack Sikma
C
Seattle SuperSonics (1977–1986)
Milwaukee Bucks (1986–1991)
2,586
1,107
2.34

45
Richmond, MitchMitch Richmond*
SG
Golden State Warriors (1988–1991)
Sacramento Kings (1991–1998)
Washington Wizards (1999–2001)
Los Angeles Lakers (2001–2002)
2,579
976
2.64

46
Chambers, TomTom Chambers
PF/C
San Diego Clippers (1981–1983)
Seattle SuperSonics (1983–1988)
Phoenix Suns (1988–1993)
Utah Jazz (1993–1995)
Charlotte Hornets (1997)
Philadelphia 76ers (1997)
2,549
1,107
2.30

47
Marbury, StephonStephon Marbury
PG
Minnesota Timberwolves (1996–1999)
New Jersey Nets (1999–2001)
Phoenix Suns (2001–2004)
New York Knicks (2004–2008)
Boston Celtics (2009)
2,547
846
3.01

48
Davis, WalterWalter Davis
SF/SG
Phoenix Suns (1977–1988)
Denver Nuggets (1988–1991)
Portland Trail Blazers (1991)
Denver Nuggets (1991–1992)
2,541
1,033
2.46

49
Abdul-Jabbar, KareemKareem Abdul-Jabbar*[9]
C
Milwaukee Bucks (1969–1975)[7]
Los Angeles Lakers (1975–1977)[7]
Los Angeles Lakers (1977–1989)
2,527
929
2.72

50
Willis, KevinKevin Willis
PF/C
Atlanta Hawks (1984–1994)
Miami Heat (1994–1996)
Golden State Warriors (1996)
Houston Rockets (1996–1998)
Toronto Raptors (1999–2001)
Denver Nuggets (2001)
Houston Rockets (2001–2002)
San Antonio Spurs (2002–2004)
Atlanta Hawks (2004–2005)
Dallas Mavericks (2007)
2,520
1,424
1.77

text: Progressive List of Turnover Leaders[edit]

text: This is a progressive list of turnover leaders showing how the record increased through the years.[2]

text:
^
Active NBA player

*
Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

†
Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration[3]

§
1st time nominee for Hall of Fame in 2018 [4]

text:
Team Abbreviations
Team listed is the one player was on when he established the record.

ATL
Atlanta Hawks
HOU
Houston Rockets
NJN
New Jersey Nets
SAS
San Antonio Spurs

BOS
Boston Celtics
IND
Indiana Pacers
NYK
New York Knicks
UTA
Utah Jazz

CHI
Chicago Bulls
KCK
Kansas City Kings
OKC
Oklahoma City Thunder
VAN
Vancouver Grizzlies

CLE
Cleveland Cavaliers
LAC
Los Angeles Clippers
ORL
Orlando Magic
WAS
Washington Wizards

DAL
Dallas Mavericks
LAL
Los Angeles Lakers
PHI
Philadelphia 76ers
WSB
Washington Bullets

DEN
Denver Nuggets
MIA
Miami Heat
PHO
Phoenix Suns

DET
Detroit Pistons
MIL
Milwaukee Bucks
POR
Portland Trail Blazers

text:
NBA Progressive Leaders and Records for Turnovers for Every Season

Season
Year-by-Year Leader
TOV
Active Player Leader
TOV
Career Turnover Record
TOV
Single Season Record
TOV
Season

1977–78
Artis Gilmore*000CHI
366
Artis Gilmore*000CHI
366
Artis Gilmore*000CHI
366
Artis Gilmore*000CHI
366
1977–78

1978–79
George McGinnis*000DEN
346
Kevin Porter000DET
697
Kevin Porter000DET
697
1978–79

1979–80
Micheal Ray Richardson000NYK
359
George McGinnis*
000DEN 1979–80
000IND 1980–81
939
George McGinnis*
000DEN 1979–80
000IND 1980–81
939
1979–80

1980–81
Moses Malone*000HOU
308
1,160
1,160
1980–81

1981–82
Isiah Thomas*000DET
Adrian Dantley*000UTA
299
Moses Malone*
000HOU 1981–82
000PHI 1982–86
000WSB 1986–88
000ATL 1988–91
000MIL 1991–93
000PHI 1993–94
000SAS 1994–95
1,448
Moses Malone*
000HOU 1981–82
000PHI 1982–86
000WSB 1986–88
000ATL 1988–91
000MIL 1991–93
000PHI 1993–94
000SAS 1994–95
1,448
1981–82

1982–83
Ray Williams000KCK
335
1,712
1,712
1982–83

1983–84
Jeff Ruland000WSB
342
1,962
1,962
1983–84

1984–85
Ralph Sampson*000HOU
326
2,248
2,248
1984–85

1985–86
Charles Barkley*000PHI
350
2,509
2,509
1985–86

1986–87
Ron Harper000CLE
345
2,711
2,711
1986–87

1987–88
Karl Malone*000UTA
325
2,960
2,960
1987–88

1988–89
Kevin Johnson000PHO
322
3,205
3,205
1988–89

1989–90
Isiah Thomas*000DET
322
3,437
3,437
1989–90

1990–91
Magic Johnson*000LAL
314
3,574
3,574
1990–91

1991–92
John Stockton*000UTA
286
3,724
3,724
1991–92

1992–93
Shaquille O'Neal*000ORL
307
3,734
3,734
1992–93

1993–94
Jim Jackson000DAL
334
3,793
3,793
1993–94

1994–95
Glenn Robinson000MIL
313
3,804
3,804
1994–95

1995–96
Jason Kidd*000DAL
328
Magic Johnson*000LAL
3,506
1995–96

1996–97
Allen Iverson*000PHI
337
John Stockton*000UTA
3,201
1996–97

1997–98
Antoine Walker000BOS
292
3,362
1997–98

1998–99
Shareef Abdur-Rahim000VAN
186
Karl Malone*
000UTA 1998–03
000LAL 2003–04
3,473
1998–99

1999–00
Jerry Stackhouse000DET
311
3,704
1999–00

2000–01
326
3,948
Karl Malone*
000UTA 2000–03
000LAL 2003–04
3,948
2000–01

2001–02
Jason Kidd*000NJN
286
4,211
4,211
2001–02

2002–03
Steve Francis000HOU
299
4,421
4,421
2002–03

2003–04
Paul Pierce†000BOS
303
4,524
4,524
2003–04

2004–05
Allen Iverson*000PHI
344

Gary Payton*000BOS
Rod Strickland000HOU
2,862
2004–05

2005–06
Gilbert Arenas000WAS
297
Gary Payton*000MIA
2,964
2005–06

2006–07
Dwight Howard^000ORL
317
3,030
2006–07

2007–08
Steve Nash*000PHO
295
Jason Kidd*
000NJN 2007–08
000DAL 2008–12
000NYK 2012–13
3,277
2007–08

2008–09
Russell Westbrook^000OKC
274
3,462
2008–09

2009–10
Steve Nash*000PHO
295
3,657
2009–10

2010–11
Russell Westbrook^000OKC
316
3,836
2010–11

2011–12
John Wall^000WAS
255
3,927
2011–12

2012–13
James Harden^000HOU
295
4,003
2012–13

2013–14
John Wall^000WAS
295
Kobe Bryant†000LAL
3,753
2013–14

2014–15
James Harden^000HOU
321
3,881
2014–15

2015–16
374
4,010
James Harden^000HOU
374
2015–16

2016–17
464
LeBron James^000CLE
3,619
464
2016–17

2017–18
Russell Westbrook^000OKC
381
3,966
2017–18

Season
Year-by-Year Leader
TOV
Active Player Leader
TOV
Career Turnover Record
TOV
Single Season Record
TOV
Season


document_title: Come a Little Bit Closer

question_text: who wrote the song come a little bit closer

text: Come a Little Bit Closer

text:
"Come a Little Bit Closer"
Single by Jay and the Americansfrom the album Come a Little Bit CloserB-side
"Goodbye Boys, Goodbye"Released
1964Recorded
1964Genre
RockLength
2:49Label
United ArtistsSongwriter(s)
Tommy Boyce, Bobby Hart, Wes FarrellProducer(s)
Artie RippJay and the Americans singles chronology

"Come Dance with Me" (1963)

"Come a Little Bit Closer" (1964)

"Let's Lock the Door (And Throw Away the Key)" (1965)

"Come Dance with Me"(1963)

"Come a Little Bit Closer"(1964)

"Let's Lock the Door (And Throw Away the Key)"(1965)

text:
"Come a Little Bit Closer"Single by Johnny Duncan and Janie Frickefrom the album Come a Little Bit CloserB-side
"Loneliness (Can Break a Man's Heart)" (Duncan only)Released
October 1977Format
7"Recorded
August 1977Genre
CountryLabel
ColumbiaSongwriter(s)
Tommy Boyce, Bobby Hart, Wes FarrellProducer(s)
Billy Sherrill and Larry Gatlin
Johnny Duncan singles chronology

"A Song in the Night" (1977) A Song in the Night1977

"Come a Little Bit Closer" (1977) Come a Little Bit Closer1977

"She Can Put Her Shoes Under My Bed (Anytime)" (1978) She Can Put Her Shoes Under My Bed (Anytime)1978

Janie Fricke singles chronology

"What're You Doing Tonight"(1977) What're You Doing Tonight1977

"Come a Little Bit Closer" (1977) Come a Little Bit Closer1977

"Baby It's You"(1978) Baby It's You1978

text: "Come a Little Bit Closer" is a song by the 1960s rock and roll band Jay and the Americans. It reached number 3 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1964, making it the band's highest charting single. It remains their most popular song, according to Last.fm song rankings.[1][2] It also peaked at number 4 on the Cashbox chart and at number 1 on RPM's singles chart. The single served as a comeback for the group, who had not had a hit in some time.[3]

text: It was written by songwriters Tommy Boyce and Bobby Hart, as well as Wes Farrell, and became Boyce and Hart's first top 10 hit.[4]

text: Jay and the Americans also recorded a Spanish version of the song, in which, due to a poor translation, the final punch line is totally missing.

text: The song is featured in the 2017 film Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2.[5]

text: Lyrics[edit]

text: The lyrics tell the story of a young woman who is romantically involved with a man named José, but seduces the narrator with flattering words until he is love-stricken. After they kiss José arrives and the narrator flees, only to hear in the distance as the young woman uses on José the exact same enticing words she told the narrator, suggesting she lures every suitor she meets with the exact same "script".


document_title: List of governors of Tamil Nadu

question_text: who is the governor of tamilnadu 2017 in tamil

text: List of governors of Tamil Nadu

text: Governors[edit]

text: Madras Presidency and Madras State[edit]

text: Headquartered in Fort St. George, Madras Presidency was a province of British India. It comprised present day Tamil Nadu, the Malabar region of North Kerala, the coastal and Rayalaseema regions of Andhra Pradesh, and the Bellary, Dakshina Kannada, and Udupi districts of Karnataka. It was established in 1653 to be the headquarters of the English settlements on the Coromandel Coast. After India's independence in 1947, Madras State, the precursor to the present day state of Tamil Nadu, was carved out of Madras Presidency. It comprised present-day Tamil Nadu and parts of present-day Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Kerala.[2]

text: Tabular[edit]

text:
#
Name
Took Office
Left Office
Term[nb 1]

1
Lieutenant-General Sir Archibald Edward Nye[3]
6 May 1946
7 September 1948
1

2
Maharaja Sir Krishna Kumarasinhji Bhavsinhji
7 September 1948
12 March 1952
1

3
Sri Prakasa
12 March 1952
10 December 1956
1

4
A. J. John, Anaparambil
10 December 1956
30 September 1957
1

5
Pakala Venkata Rajamannar (acting)
1 October 1957
24 January 1958
1

6
Bhishnuram Medhi
24 January 1958
4 May 1964
1

7
Maharaja Sir Jayachamaraja Wodeyar Bahadur
4 May 1964
24 November 1964
1

8
P. Chandra Reddy (acting)[4]
24 November 1964
7 December 1965
1

9
Maharaja Sir Jayachamaraja Wodeyar Bahadur[nb 2]
7 December 1965
28 June 1966
1

10
Sardar Ujjal Singh (acting till 16 June 1967)
28 June 1966
14 January 1969
1

text: Graphical[edit]

text: Tamil Nadu[edit]

text: Madras State was renamed as Tamil Nadu (Tamil for Tamil country) on 14 January 1969. Governors have similar powers and functions at the state level as that of the President of India at the Central government level. The Governor acts as the nominal head of the state while the Chief Ministers of the states and the Chief Minister's Council of Ministers are invested with most executive powers.

text:
#
Name
Took Office
Left Office
Term[nb 1]
President
who appointed the Governor

1
Sardar Ujjal Singh
14 January 1969
27 May 1971
1
Zakir Hussain

2
Kodardas Kalidas Shah
27 May 1971
16 June 1976
1
Varaha Venkata Giri

3
Mohan Lal Sukhadia
16 June 1976
8 April 1977
1
Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed

4
P. Govindan Nair (acting)[5]
9 April 1977
27 April 1977
1

5
Prabhudas Patwari
27 April 1977
27 October 1980
1
Basappa Danappa Jatti

6
M. M. Ismail (acting)
27 October 1980
4 November 1980
1

7
Sadiq Ali
4 November 1980
3 September 1982
1
Neelam Sanjiva Reddy

8
Sundar Lal Khurana, IAS (Retired)
3 September 1982
17 February 1988
1
Giani Zail Singh

9
P. C. Alexander, IAS (Retired)
17 February 1988
24 May 1990
1
R. Venkataraman

10
Surjit Singh Barnala
24 May 1990
15 February 1991
1
R. Venkataraman

11
Bhishma Narain Singh
15 February 1991
31 May 1993
1
R. Venkataraman

12
Marri Chenna Reddy
31 May 1993
2 December 1996
1
Shankar Dayal Sharma

13
Krishan Kant (additional charge)[5]
2 December 1996
25 January 1997
1

14
M. Fathima Beevi
25 January 1997
3 July 2001
1
Shankar Dayal Sharma

15
C. Rangarajan (additional charge)
3 July 2001
18 January 2002
1

16
P. S. Ramamohan Rao, IPS (Retired)
18 January 2002
3 November 2004
1
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam

17
Surjit Singh Barnala
3 November 2004
31 August 2011
2

18
Konijeti Rosaiah
31 August 2011
30 August 2016
1
Pratibha Patil

19
C. Vidyasagar Rao (additional charge)
2 September 2016
6 October 2017
1
Pranab Mukherjee

20
Banwarilal Purohit
6 October 2017
Incumbent
1
Ram Nath Kovind

text: Records[edit]

text:
Surjit Singh Barnala is the only appointed Governor to have served two terms in office (24 May 1990–15 February 1991 and 3 November 2004–31 August 2011).
The longest term in office was that of Surjit Singh Barnala who served as the Governor for a period of almost six and a half years (3 November 2004–31 August 2011).
The shortest term in office was that of M. M. Ismail who served as the acting Governor for a period of nine days (27 October 1980–4 November 1980).
The longest term in office as additional in-charge was that of C. Vidyasagar Rao for a period of 1 year 1 month and 4 days (2nd September 2016– 6th October 2017).