document_title: List of football clubs in England by competitive honours won

question_text: who has won more trophies chelsea or manchester united

text: Summary totals[edit]

text: Numbers in bold are record totals for that category. Clubs in italics are Double winners: they have won two or more of the trophies listed in the same season (discounting super cups). Trophies that were shared between two clubs are counted as honours for both teams. Clubs tied in total honours are listed chronologically by most recent honour won. See the other tables for breakdowns of each competition won.

text: Cups here are competitions with a knockout format. Among FIFA and UEFA competitions, these are the UEFA Champions League, the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup, the UEFA Europa League, the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, the UEFA Intertoto Cup, and the FIFA Club World Cup. Among top-qualifying competitions overseen by The FA, these are the top division, the FA Cup, the League Cup, the Full Members Cup, the Football League Super Cup and the Football League Centenary Trophy.

text: Super cups here consist of the two FIFA and UEFA honours that had only two participating clubs per season. These are the Intercontinental Cup and UEFA Super Cup.

text: Shields are the FA Community Shield and its precursor the Sheriff of London Charity Shield. The Anglo-Italian League Cup is also listed as a shield because it only had two clubs competing per season.

text: Last updated 25 February 2017.

text:
Combined totals of English men's clubs by wins in FIFA, UEFA, FA, EFL and PL honours

FIFA and UEFA
FA, EFL and PL (top-qualifying)
Total

Club
Cups
Super Cups
Total
League
Cups
Super Cups
Total
League
Cups
Super Cups
Total

Manchester United
6
2
8
20
17
21
58
20
23
23
66

Liverpool
8
3
11
18
16
16
50
18
24
19
61

Arsenal
2
—
2
13
16
15
44
13
18
15
46

Chelsea
4
1
5
6
14
4
24
6
18
5
29

Tottenham Hotspur
3
—
3
2
12
9
23
2
15
9
26

Aston Villa
2
1
3
7
12
3
22
7
14
4
25

Everton
1
—
1
9
5
9
23
9
6
9
24

Manchester City
1
—
1
4
10
4
17
4
11
4
19

Newcastle United
2
—
2
4
6
2
12
4
8
2
14

Nottingham Forest
2
1
3
1
8
1
10
1
10
2
13

Wolverhampton Wanderers
—
—
—
3
6
4
13
3
6
4
13

Blackburn Rovers
—
—
—
3
8
1
12
3
8
1
12

Sheffield Wednesday
—
—
—
4
4
2
10
4
4
2
10

Sunderland
—
—
—
6
2
2
10
6
2
2
10

Leeds United
2
—
2
3
2
2
7
3
4
2
9

West Bromwich Albion
—
—
—
1
6
2
9
1
6
2
9

West Ham United
2
—
2
—
3
1
4
—
5
1
6

Sheffield United
—
—
—
1
4
1
6
1
4
1
6

Leicester City
—
—
—
1
3
1
5
1
3
1
5

Portsmouth
—
—
—
2
2
1
5
2
2
1
5

Burnley
—
—
—
2
1
2
5
2
1
2
5

Bolton Wanderers
—
—
—
—
4
1
5
—
4
1
5

Huddersfield Town
—
—
—
3
1
1
5
3
1
1
5

Wanderers
—
—
—
—
5
—
5
—
5
—
5

Derby County
—
—
—
2
1
1
4
2
1
1
4

Preston North End
—
—
—
2
2
—
4
2
2
—
4

Ipswich Town
1
—
1
1
1
—
2
1
2
—
3

Corinthian
—
—
—
—
—
3
3
—
—
3
3

Birmingham City
—
—
—
—
2
—
2
—
2
—
2

Swindon Town
—
—
—
—
1
1
2
—
1
1
2

Norwich City
—
—
—
—
2
—
2
—
2
—
2

Cardiff City[a]
—
—
—
—
1
1
2
—
1
1
2

Bury
—
—
—
—
2
—
2
—
2
—
2

Old Etonians
—
—
—
—
2
—
2
—
2
—
2

Wigan Athletic
—
—
—
—
1
—
1
—
1
—
1

Swansea City[b]
—
—
—
—
1
—
1
—
1
—
1

Middlesbrough
—
—
—
—
1
—
1
—
1
—
1

Fulham
1
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
1
—
1

Crystal Palace
—
—
—
—
1
—
1
—
1
—
1

Luton Town
—
—
—
—
1
—
1
—
1
—
1

Reading
—
—
—
—
1
—
1
—
1
—
1

Wimbledon
—
—
—
—
1
—
1
—
1
—
1

Coventry City
—
—
—
—
1
—
1
—
1
—
1

Oxford United
—
—
—
—
1
—
1
—
1
—
1

Southampton
—
—
—
—
1
—
1
—
1
—
1

Stoke City
—
—
—
—
1
—
1
—
1
—
1

Queens Park Rangers
—
—
—
—
1
—
1
—
1
—
1

Blackpool
—
—
—
—
1
—
1
—
1
—
1

Charlton Athletic
—
—
—
—
1
—
1
—
1
—
1

Barnsley
—
—
—
—
1
—
1
—
1
—
1

Bradford City
—
—
—
—
1
—
1
—
1
—
1

Brighton & Hove Albion
—
—
—
—
—
1
1
—
—
1
1

Queen's Park[c]
—
—
—
—
—
1
1
—
—
1
1

Notts County
—
—
—
—
1
—
1
—
1
—
1

Blackburn Olympic
—
—
—
—
1
—
1
—
1
—
1

Old Carthusians
—
—
—
—
1
—
1
—
1
—
1

Clapham Rovers
—
—
—
—
1
—
1
—
1
—
1

Royal Engineers
—
—
—
—
1
—
1
—
1
—
1

Oxford University
—
—
—
—
1
—
1
—
1
—
1

text: FIFA and UEFA honours[edit]

text: Winners of each competition are referenced above. Numbers in bold are English record totals for that competition. Trophies that were shared between two clubs are counted as honours for both teams. Clubs tied in total honours are listed chronologically by most recent honour won.

text: Last updated 2 February 2017.

text:
English men's clubs by FIFA and UEFA honours won

Club
UCL
UEL
USC
ICFC
UCWC
UIC
IC
FCWC
Total

Liverpool
5
3
3
—
—
—
—
—
11

Manchester United
3
1
1
—
1
—
1
1
8

Chelsea
1
1
1
—
2
—
—
—
5

Aston Villa
1
—
1
—
—
1
—
—
3

Tottenham Hotspur
—
2
—
—
1
—
—
—
3

Nottingham Forest
2
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
3

Newcastle United
—
—
—
1
—
1
—
—
2

West Ham United
—
—
—
—
1
1
—
—
2

Arsenal
—
—
—
1
1
—
—
—
2

Leeds United
—
—
—
2
—
—
—
—
2

Fulham
—
—
—
—
—
1
—
—
1

Everton
—
—
—
—
1
—
—
—
1

Ipswich Town
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
—
1

Manchester City
—
—
—
—
1
—
—
—
1

text: FA, EFL and PL honours[edit]

text: This section only lists competitions overseen by The FA (and its subsidiary leagues the EFL and Premier League) where there are no higher competitions clubs could participate in instead. See the next section for other competitions run by these bodies.

text: Winners of each competition are referenced above. Numbers in bold are record totals for that competition. Clubs in italics are Double winners: they have won two or more of the tournaments listed in the same season (discounting super cups). Trophies that were shared between two clubs are counted as honours for both teams. Clubs tied in total honours are listed chronologically by most recent honour won.

text: Last updated 25 February 2017.

text:
Men's clubs by top-qualifying FA, EFL and PL competitions won

Club
EFC
FAC
EFLC
FACS
SLCS
FMC
FLSC
FLCT
AILC
Total

Manchester United
20
12
5
21
—
—
—
—
—
58

Liverpool
18
7
8
15
1
—
1
—
—
50

Arsenal
13
13
2
15
—
—
—
1
—
44

Chelsea
6
7
5
4
—
2
—
—
—
24

Tottenham Hotspur
2
8
4
7
1
—
—
—
1
23

Everton
9
5
—
9
—
—
—
—
—
23

Aston Villa
7
7
5
1
2
—
—
—
—
22

Manchester City
4
5
5
4
—
—
—
—
—
18

Wolverhampton Wanderers
3
4
2
4
—
—
—
—
—
13

Blackburn Rovers
3
6
1
1
—
1
—
—
—
12

Newcastle United
4
6
—
1
1
—
—
—
—
12

Nottingham Forest
1
2
4
1
—
2
—
—
—
10

Sheffield Wednesday
4
3
1
1
1
—
—
—
—
10

Sunderland
6
2
—
1
1
—
—
—
—
10

West Bromwich Albion
1
5
1
2
—
—
—
—
—
9

Leeds United
3
1
1
2
—
—
—
—
—
7

Sheffield United
1
4
—
—
1
—
—
—
—
6

Leicester City
1
—
3
1
—
—
—
—
—
5

Portsmouth
2
2
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
5

Burnley
2
1
—
2
—
—
—
—
—
5

Bolton Wanderers
—
4
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
5

Huddersfield Town
3
1
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
5

Wanderers
—
5
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
5

West Ham United
—
3
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
4

Derby County
2
1
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
4

Preston North End
2
2
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
4

Corinthian
—
—
—
—
3
—
—
—
—
3

Birmingham City
—
—
2
—
—
—
—
—
—
2

Ipswich Town
1
1
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
2

Swindon Town
—
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
1
2

Norwich City
—
—
2
—
—
—
—
—
—
2

Cardiff City[a]
—
1
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
2

Bury
—
2
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
2

Old Etonians
—
2
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
2

Wigan Athletic
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1

Swansea City[b]
—
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
—
1

Middlesbrough
—
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
—
1

Crystal Palace
—
—
—
—
—
1
—
—
—
1

Luton Town
—
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
—
1

Reading
—
—
—
—
—
1
—
—
—
1

Wimbledon
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1

Coventry City
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1

Oxford United
—
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
—
1

Southampton
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1

Stoke City
—
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
—
1

Queens Park Rangers
—
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
—
1

Blackpool
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1

Charlton Athletic
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1

Barnsley
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1

Bradford City
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1

Brighton & Hove Albion
—
—
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
1

Queen's Park[c]
—
—
—
—
1
—
—
—
—
1

Notts County
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1

Blackburn Olympic
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1

Old Carthusians
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1

Clapham Rovers
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1

Royal Engineers
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1

Oxford University
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1

text: FA, EFL and PL (lower-qualifying)[edit]

text: In addition to the honours listed in the section above, England's football governing bodies have also organized a variety of less prominent tournaments for clubs that are not eligible for the honours above. One example is the Texaco Cup (or International League Board Competition), which was available for top division sides that hadn't qualified for Europe, and was one of the few attempts to create a cross-border competition between clubs from the various nations of the UK and Ireland.[37] Another is the EFL Trophy, which involves clubs from League One and League Two (the third and fourth tiers of the English football league system).[38]

text: County FAs[edit]

text: English football also has a network of regional governing bodies known as County Football Associations. These associations are roughly based around county lines, although some cover multiple counties or the boundaries of major cities. They generally have a Senior Cup, such as the London Senior Cup, as their premier competition for men's clubs. These involve the senior first-teams of lower-division and semi-professional clubs, or the reserve teams of Football League sides. Prior to the start of national league football however, county cups were second only to the FA Cup in importance.


document_title: List of Dallas Cowboys seasons

question_text: when's the last time dallas won a playoff game

question_tokens: when 's the last time dallas won a playoff game

root

text: List of Dallas Cowboys seasons

text: Key[edit]

text: Note: The finish, wins, losses, and ties columns list regular season results and exclude any postseason play. Italicized numbers mean that the records are subject to change each week due to regular season or postseason games being played.

tag: ul

text:
NFL Champions (1920–1969)
Super Bowl Champions (1970–present)
Conference Champions
Division Champions
Wild Card Berth

tag: table

text: Seasons[edit]

text:
Season
Team
League
Conference
Division
Regular season
Postseason Results
Awards
Head coaches

Finish
Wins
Losses
Ties

1960
1960
NFL
Western

7th
0
11
1

Tom Landry

1961
1961
NFL
Eastern

6th
4
9
1

Tom Landry

1962
1962
NFL
Eastern

5th
5
8
1

Tom Landry

1963
1963
NFL
Eastern

5th
4
10
0

Tom Landry

1964
1964
NFL
Eastern

5th
5
8
1

Tom Landry

1965
1965
NFL
Eastern

2nd
7
7
0

Tom Landry

1966
1966
NFL
Eastern

1st
10
3
1
Lost NFL Championship Game (Packers) 34–27
Tom Landry (COY)
Tom Landry

1967[6]
1967
NFL
Eastern
Capitol
1st
9
5
0
Won Conference Playoffs (Browns) 52–10
Lost NFL Championship Game (Packers) 21–17

Tom Landry

1968
1968
NFL
Eastern
Capitol
1st
12
2
0
Lost Conference Playoffs (Browns) 31–20

Tom Landry

1969
1969
NFL
Eastern
Capitol
1st
11
2
1
Lost Conference Playoffs (Browns) 38–14
Calvin Hill (OROY)
Tom Landry

1970
1970
NFL
NFC
East
1st
10
4
0
Won Divisional Playoffs (Lions) 5–0
Won Conference Championship (49ers) 17–10
Lost Super Bowl V (Colts) 16–13
Chuck Howley (SB MVP)
Tom Landry

1971
1971
NFL
NFC
East
1st
11
3
0
Won Divisional Playoffs (Vikings) 20–12
Won Conference Championship (49ers) 14–3
Won Super Bowl VI (1) (Dolphins) 24–3
Roger Staubach (SB MVP)
Tom Landry

1972
1972
NFL
NFC
East
2nd
10
4
0
Won Divisional Playoffs (49ers) 30–28
Lost Conference Championship (Redskins) 26–3

Tom Landry

1973
1973
NFL
NFC
East
1st[7]
10
4
0
Won Divisional Playoffs (Rams) 27–16
Lost Conference Championship (Vikings) 27–10

Tom Landry

1974
1974
NFL
NFC
East
3rd
8
6
0

Tom Landry

1975
1975
NFL
NFC
East
2nd
10
4
0
Won Divisional Playoffs (Vikings) 17–14
Won Conference Championship (Rams) 37–7
Lost Super Bowl X (Steelers) 21–17

Tom Landry

1976
1976
NFL
NFC
East
1st
11
3
0
Lost Divisional Playoffs (Rams) 14–12

Tom Landry

1977
1977
NFL
NFC
East
1st
12
2
0
Won Divisional Playoffs (Bears) 37–7
Won Conference Championship (Vikings) 23–6
Won Super Bowl XII (2) (Broncos) 27–10
Tony Dorsett (OROY)
Harvey Martin (DPOY, SB MVP)
Randy White (SB MVP)
Tom Landry

1978[8]
1978
NFL
NFC
East
1st[9]
12
4
0
Won Divisional Playoffs (Falcons) 27–20
Won Conference Championship (Rams) 28–0
Lost Super Bowl XIII (Steelers) 35–31

Tom Landry

1979
1979
NFL
NFC
East
1st[10]
11
5
0
Lost Divisional Playoffs (Rams) 21–19

Tom Landry

1980
1980
NFL
NFC
East
2nd[11]
12
4
0
Won Wild Card Playoffs (Rams) 34–17
Won Divisional Playoffs (Falcons) 30–27
Lost Conference Championship (Eagles) 20–7

Tom Landry

1981
1981
NFL
NFC
East
1st
12
4
0
Won Divisional Playoffs (Buccaneers) 38–0
Lost Conference Championship (49ers) 28–27

Tom Landry

1982[12]
1982
NFL
NFC

2nd
6
3
0
Won Wild Card Playoffs (Buccaneers) 30–17
Won Divisional Playoffs (Packers) 37–26
Lost Conference Championship (Redskins) 31–17

Tom Landry

1983
1983
NFL
NFC
East
2nd
12
4
0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs (Rams) 24–17

Tom Landry

1984
1984
NFL
NFC
East
4th
9
7
0

Tom Landry

1985
1985
NFL
NFC
East
1st[13]
10
6
0
Lost Divisional Playoffs (Rams) 20–0

Tom Landry

1986
1986
NFL
NFC
East
3rd
7
9
0

Tom Landry

1987[14]
1987
NFL
NFC
East
4th
7
8
0

Tom Landry

1988
1988
NFL
NFC
East
5th
3
13
0

Tom Landry

1989
1989
NFL
NFC
East
5th
1
15
0

Jimmy Johnson

1990
1990
NFL
NFC
East
4th
7
9
0

Emmitt Smith (OROY)
Jimmy Johnson (COY)
Jimmy Johnson

1991
1991
NFL
NFC
East
2nd[15]
11
5
0
Won Wild Card Playoffs (Bears) 17–13
Lost Divisional Playoffs (Lions) 38–6

Jimmy Johnson

1992
1992
NFL
NFC
East
1st
13
3
0
Won Divisional Playoffs (Eagles) 34–10
Won Conference Championship (49ers) 30–20
Won Super Bowl XXVII (3) (Bills) 52–17
Troy Aikman (SB MVP)
Jimmy Johnson

1993
1993
NFL
NFC
East
1st
12
4
0
Won Divisional Playoffs (Packers) 27–17
Won Conference Championship (49ers) 38–21
Won Super Bowl XXVIII (4) (Bills) 30–13
Emmitt Smith (MVP, SB MVP)
Jimmy Johnson

1994
1994
NFL
NFC
East
1st
12
4
0
Won Divisional Playoffs (Packers) 35–9
Lost Conference Championship (49ers) 38–28

Barry Switzer

1995
1995
NFL
NFC
East
1st
12
4
0
Won Divisional Playoffs (Eagles) 30–11
Won Conference Championship (Packers) 38–27
Won Super Bowl XXX (5) (Steelers) 27–17
Larry Brown (SB MVP)
Barry Switzer

1996
1996
NFL
NFC
East
1st[16]
10
6
0
Won Wild Card Playoffs (Vikings) 40–15
Lost Divisional Playoffs (Panthers) 26–17

Barry Switzer

1997
1997
NFL
NFC
East
4th
6
10
0

Barry Switzer

1998
1998
NFL
NFC
East
1st
10
6
0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs (Cardinals) 20–7

Chan Gailey

1999
1999
NFL
NFC
East
2nd[17]
8
8
0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs (Vikings) 27–10

Chan Gailey

2000
2000
NFL
NFC
East
4th
5
11
0

Dave Campo

2001
2001
NFL
NFC
East
5th
5
11
0

Dave Campo

2002
2002
NFL
NFC
East
4th
5
11
0

Dave Campo

2003
2003
NFL
NFC
East
2nd
10
6
0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs (Panthers) 29–10

Bill Parcells

2004
2004
NFL
NFC
East
3rd
6
10
0

Bill Parcells

2005
2005
NFL
NFC
East
3rd
9
7
0

Bill Parcells

2006
2006
NFL
NFC
East
2nd
9
7
0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs (Seahawks) 21–20

Bill Parcells

2007
2007
NFL
NFC
East
1st
13
3
0
Lost Divisional Playoffs (Giants) 21–17
Greg Ellis (CBPOY)
Wade Phillips

2008
2008
NFL
NFC
East
3rd
9
7
0

Wade Phillips

2009
2009
NFL
NFC
East
1st[18]
11
5
0
Won Wild Card Playoffs (Eagles) 34–14
Lost Divisional Playoffs (Vikings) 34–3

Wade Phillips

2010
2010
NFL
NFC
East
3rd
6
10
0

Wade Phillips (1–7)
Jason Garrett (5–3)

2011
2011
NFL
NFC
East
3rd
8
8
0

Jason Garrett

2012
2012
NFL
NFC
East
3rd
8
8
0

Jason Witten (WP MOY)
Jason Garrett

2013
2013
NFL
NFC
East
2nd
8
8
0

Jason Garrett

2014
2014
NFL
NFC
East
1st
12
4
0
Won Wild Card Playoffs (Lions) 24–20
Lost Divisional Playoffs (Packers) 26–21
DeMarco Murray (OPOY)
Jason Garrett

2015
2015
NFL
NFC
East
4th
4
12
0

Jason Garrett

2016
2016
NFL
NFC
East
1st
13
3
0
Lost Divisional Playoffs (Packers) 34–31
Dak Prescott (OROY)
Jason Garrett (COY)
Jason Garrett

Total
493
367
6
All-time regular season record (1960–2016)

34
27
0
All-time postseason record (1960–2016)

527
393
6
All-time regular season and postseason record (1960–2016)

5 NFL Championships, 10 Conference Championships, 22 Divisional Championships

text: Footnotes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ "1960 Dallas Cowboys". Dallas Cowboys' Official Website. Archived from the original on 2007-12-29. Retrieved 2008-01-12.
^ Jump up to: a b "Dallas Cowboys' Championship History". NFLTeamHistory.com. Retrieved 2008-01-12.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Dallas Cowboys Championship History". NFLTeamHistory.com. Retrieved 2008-01-28.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Dallas Cowboys History". CBS Sports. Retrieved 2008-01-27.
^ Jump up to: a b "Dallas Cowboys Franchise History". SportsEncyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2011-12-17.
Jump up ^ The 1967 NFL season marks the first season in the league's history where the league was divided into two conferences which were subdivided into two divisions. Up to 1967, the league was either divided into two divisions, two conferences, or neither.
Jump up ^ At the end of the 1973 season, the Cowboys and the Redskins finished the season with identical 10–4 records. Using the NFL's tie-breaking procedures, Dallas finished ahead of Washington in the NFC East based on better point differential in head-to-head games.
Jump up ^ For the 1978 season, the NFL expanded from a 14-game season to a 16-game season.
Jump up ^ At the end of the 1978 season, the Cowboys and the Los Angeles Rams finished the season with identical 12–4 records. Using the NFL's tie-breaking procedures, Los Angeles was the top NFC seed over Dallas based on a better head-to-head record.
Jump up ^ At the end of the 1979 season, the Cowboys and the Eagles finished the season with identical 11–5 records. Using the NFL's tie-breaking procedures, Dallas finished ahead of Philadelphia in the NFC East based on a better conference record.
Jump up ^ At the end of the 1980 season, the Cowboys and the Eagles finished the season with identical 12–4 records. Using the NFL's tie-breaking procedures, Philadelphia finished ahead of Dallas in the NFC East based on better net points in division games.
Jump up ^ The 1982 NFL season was shortened from 16 games per team to 9 games because of a players' strike. The NFL adopted a special 16-team playoff tournament; eight teams from each conference were seeded 1–8, and division standings were ignored.
Jump up ^ At the end of the 1985 season, the Cowboys, Redskins, and the Giants finished the season with identical 10–6 records. Using the NFL's tie-breaking procedures, Dallas finished ahead of New York and Washington based on a better head-to-head record.
Jump up ^ The 1987 NFL season was shortened from 16 games per team to 15 games because of a players' strike. Games to be played during the third week of the season were canceled, and replacement players were used to play games from weeks 4 through 6.
Jump up ^ At the end of the 1991 season, the Cowboys and the Bears finished the season with identical 11–5 records. Using the NFL's tie-breaking procedures, Chicago was the first NFC Wild Card based on better conference record than Dallas.
Jump up ^ At the end of the 1996 season, the Cowboys and the Eagles finished the season with identical 10–6 records. Using the NFL's tie-breaking procedures, Dallas finished ahead of Philadelphia in the NFC East based on better record against common opponents.
Jump up ^ At the end of the 1999 season, the Cowboys, Lions, and the Panthers finished the season with identical 8–8 records. Using the NFL's tie-breaking procedures, Dallas was the second NFC Wild Card based on a better record than Detroit against common opponents and a better conference record than Carolina.
Jump up ^ At the end of the 2009 season, the Cowboys and the Eagles finished with identical 11–5 records. Using the NFL's tie-breaking procedures, Dallas finished ahead of Philadelphia in the NFC East based on better head-to-head record.

tag: ol


document_title: Republic Records

question_text: when did ariana grande get signed to republic records

text: Republic Records

text: History[edit]

text: According to Avery Lipman, he and his brother Monte Lipman first conceived of Republic Records at the kitchen table of their apartment:

tag: p

text: My brother and I had been working at record companies. He was in between jobs and we started putting records out as a hobby. We had a grassroots approach to the business. The first record we put out happened to work really well. That was the Bloodhound Gang.[5]

text: The Lipman brothers accepted an offer from Universal in 2008 and resigned with UMG in 2011.[6][7] One of several labels that comprise Universal Motown Republic Group, the newly named Republic Records was formed in 1995 as a sub-label of MCA's Geffen Records.

text: Universal Records: 1999–2005[edit]

text: Universal Music Group acquired the Lipman brothers' Republic Records as a fully owned subsidiary in 1999, and named Monte Lipman as President of the newly established Universal Records label, and Avery Lipman the COO; both reporting to Doug Morris (Chairman of Universal Music Group), and Mel Lewinter, (Chairman of Universal Records Group). During their tenure, the Lipmans shaped the newly formed company and took on new acts including Nelly, Lil Wayne, Elton John, and co-ventures with labels such as Cash Money Records and No Limit.[citation needed]

text: Universal Republic Records: 2006–12[edit]

text: As of 2006, Universal Republic adopted an A&R and partnership-based growth strategy. In the summer of 2011, changes were made at the Universal Motown Republic Group umbrella, Motown Records was separated from Universal Motown Records (causing it to shut down and transfer its artists to either Motown Records or Universal Republic Records) and the umbrella label and merged into The Island Def Jam Music Group, making Universal Republic Records a stand-alone label and shutting down Universal Motown Republic Group.[8]

text: Republic Records revival: 2012–present[edit]

text: In mid-2012, Universal Republic Records changed its name to its former name Republic Records. All Universal Republic Records roster were moved to Republic Records. The label has since released albums by Lil Wayne, Kid Cudi and Tyga among others. The new Republic became the number one label in soundtrack production and sales.[9] On March 31, 2014, it was announced that Big Machine and Republic Records revived Dot Records, and that Chris Stacey would be head of the label.[10] Dot is the third imprint -- technically the fourth, counting Big Machine itself -- launched under Big Machine Label Group, following Valory (Brantley Gilbert, Justin Moore, Reba McEntire) and Republic Nashville (Florida Georgia Line, The Band Perry, Eli Young Band).[11]

text: On June 20, 2014, it was announced that Republic has partnered with VH1 to create the "Make a Band Famous" campaign, which will pick a pristine star for the network to appear in new spots and a band will be added to Republic's growing roster.[12] VH1 and Republic has both used Social media in this campaign.[13] In 2015 Republic Records had songs in six of the spots in the Top 10 of the Mediabase Top 40 Chart, which tied a record that had been set in 2013.[14]

text: Republic Records appointed its first executive vice president of film & television Dana Sano, formerly New Line Cinema senior music executive, in July 2017. The position would oversee film and TV projects and Federal Films initiative in working with UMG's Polygram Entertainment.[15]

text: In November 2017, Republic was recognized as Variety's Hitmaker Label of the Year.[16]

text: Collaborations[edit]

text: In the earlier days, Republic Records released the Bloodhound Gang's EP, Dingleberry Haze (1994)[17] as well as their first LP, Use Your Fingers. Universal Republic has created strategic partnerships and co-ventures. Singer Jay Sean and producer Kevin Rudolf of Cash Money Records. Rudolf's single, "Let It Rock" was certified 3x Platinum[18] and licensed by multiple television networks for sports and other entertainment endorsements. Jay Sean's debut single "Down" sold 3 million copies in the United States and 6 million worldwide.[19] Sean's follow-up single "Do You Remember" also sold over a million copies.[20] American singer Taylor Swift with Nashville-based Big Machine Records. Swift today is a Diamond artist with 10 Grammys and 40 million records sold worldwide (Recording Industry Association of America: 4× Platinum).[21] Jack Johnson on Brushfire Records who has achieved multi-Platinum certifications twice and is estimated to have sold about 8 million albums worldwide (Recording Industry Association of America: Platinum).[21] Damian Marley with Jr. Gong Records, whose debut album reached Gold certification and sold 1 million worldwide.[22]

text: Artists[edit]

text: Notable artists[edit]

text:
2000: 3 Doors Down, whose debut album The Better Life achieved 6× Platinum certification in the United States, sold 6 million copies worldwide and featured the hit single "Kryptonite", which peaked at #3 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and was nominated for Best Rock Song at the 2001 Grammy Awards.[23][24]
2006: Hinder, whose debut album Extreme Behavior achieved 3× Platinum certification in the United States and sold 5 million worldwide.[25]
2007: Amy Winehouse, whose debut album for Universal Republic, Back to Black achieved 2× Platinum certification in the U.S. and sold 10 million copies worldwide. Winehouse also received five Grammy Awards.[26][27]
2008-present: Nicki Minaj (Onika Tanya Maraj) is a Trinidadian-born rapper. Minaj's first and second studio albums, Pink Friday (2010) and Pink Friday: Roman Reloaded (2012), both peaked at number one on the U.S. Billboard 200 and produced the successful singles "Super Bass" and "Starships", respectively. She after released a reissue titled The Re-Up which spawned several successful singles. In 2010, Minaj became the first female solo artist to have seven singles simultaneously charting on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100. Her third studio album, The Pinkprint (2014), was preceded by its second single, "Anaconda", which peaked at number two on the Hot 100 and is her highest-charting single in the U.S. to date. Her fourth studio album is expected to be released in 2018. She is the highest-selling female rapper.
2009: Owl City, whose debut album Ocean Eyes placed on Billboard 200 for 56 weeks with a peak position of #8.[28]
2011: Lava Records plans to breakout highly anticipated artists including Jessie J (winner of Critics Choice Brit Award and the BBC Sound of 2011).[29]
2011: James Blake signed with the label.[30]
2013: New Zealand singer Lorde released her single "Royals" to international acclaim and success; the song made her the first woman in seventeen years to top the U.S. Alternative Songs chart and also the first NZ solo artist to have a number-one song in the United States. "Royals" also made Lorde the youngest person to score a number one on the Billboard Hot 100 in twenty-six years.[31][32][33] In November, musician St. Vincent signed to the label. Her eponymous album published in 2014 was awarded the 2015 Best Alternative Music Album.[34]
2014: American singer Ariana Grande released her single "Problem", earning the singer her first number two on the Billboard Hot 100. It broke the record for the fastest song to go to number one on iTunes, reaching the position in less than 40 minutes after its release and making her the youngest woman to ever have a song debut with more than 400,000 downloads in its first week.[35]
2015: Canadian singer The Weeknd released his single "Can't Feel My Face", earning the singer his first number one on the Billboard Hot 100.[36] The single was also nominated for two Grammy Awards: Record of the Year and Best Pop Solo Performance.[37] The single was later replaced at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 by "The Hills", the first single released from his second studio album Beauty Behind the Madness.[38]
2013–present: Ariana Grande has been signed to the label since her musical career took off in 2013. She possesses a four octave and a note range and the whistle register.[39] Her first and second albums Yours Truly (2013) and My Everything (2014) both reached No. 1 in the United States and her 2016 album Dangerous Woman debuted at No. 2. She is the first person in the history of Billboard's Hot 100 to have the lead singles from each of her first three albums debut within the top ten.[40] Additionally, she and Adele are the only artists to have three of their songs positioned in the top 10 in the U.S. simultaneously.[41] Grande has been nominated for four Grammy awards.[42]

text: Labels[edit]

text:
American Recordings
Aware Records
BME Recordings
Brushfire Records
Casablanca Records
Cash Money Records
Young Money Entertainment
Castro Music
Indie Pop Music
International Rock Star Records
Lakeshore Records
Lava Records
Loma Vista Recordings
No Emotion
Real World Records
Big Machine Label Group
SRC Records

The viaVEGAS 3G Administration
Loud Records

Anti- (distribution for select releases)
Next Plateau Entertainment (distribution)
Serjical Strike Records (distribution)
XO


document_title: Bundaberg Rum

question_text: why is the bundaberg logo a polar bear

question_tokens: why is the bundaberg logo a polar bear

text: Bundaberg Rum

text: History[edit]

text: Bundaberg Rum originated because the local sugar mills had a problem with what to do with the waste molasses after the sugar was extracted (it was heavy, difficult to transport and the costs of converting it to stock feed were rarely worth the effort). Sugar men first began to think of the profits that could be made from distilling. The vital meeting was held at the Royal Hotel on 1 August 1885, W M C Hickson served as the chairman, and other notables in attendance included all the big sugar mill owners of that time, W G Farquhar, F L Nott, S McDougall, T Penny, S H Bravo and A H Young, all to become the first directors of the Company. They started with a capital of ₤5,000.[1]

text: The Bundaberg Distilling Company began its operations in 1888.

text: Bundaberg rum was first produced in 1889, production ceased from 1907 to 1914 and from 1936 to 1939 after fires, the second of which caused rum from the factory to spill into the nearby Burnett River.[2]

text: H T Christsen Pty Ltd operated their own Bundaberg Rum bottling plant in Bourbong Street, Bundaberg at the rear of their large grocery and hardware business in the centre of town. The spirit was sold at UP and OP strength from their business. Spokesperson for the original family, Mr Rod Patch, recalls the origins of the shape of the current "Bundy Bottle". It originated from the Bushells Coffee Chicory bottle that Bundaberg folks sold to his grandfather at the firm for one penny a bottle, after which they were washed and filled with the famous spirit. The shape remains the same but the capacity has been increased to the current 700ml. Patch's great grandfather, Hans Truval Christsen, a Danish immigrant from Copenhagen and his son Frederick Christsen had an employment policy of employing staff from the Salvation Army faith in the rum bottling process as they were less likely to be tempted to sample the spirit. The Christsen family supported settlement farming families through hard times and these good deeds were acknowledged with the naming of Christsen Park at Bargara Beach.

text: In 1961, the company introduced the polar bear as its unusual choice of mascot, to imply that the rum could ward off the coldest chill.[3]

text: In 2000, the Bundaberg Rum company and distillery were sold to British company Diageo.[4]

text: In 2014, a decision by Diageo to relocate the bottling operations of Queensland's iconic drink, "Bundaberg Rum", to the western Sydney suburb of Huntingwood resulted in local job losses in the city that bears its name. The decision drew criticism from all levels of Queensland politics:

text:
Premier Campbell Newman said it was a disappointing move, particularly in a region that had suffered devastating floods in recent years.[5]
Bundaberg mayor Mal Forman said "I'm saddened by the announcement, but I had been assured the company had a commitment to the city".
Cr Forman said "I understood demand for bottled Bundaberg Rum had declined as more people bought pre-mixed cans, a trend I wanted no part of".

text: Later a Diageo spokeswoman clarified by saying "Some premium products, such as the Master Distillers Collection, would continue to be bottled in Bundaberg. This was not a decision we have taken lightly, however it is a necessary one to ensure the longer term sustainability of the distillery. We remain absolutely committed to Bundaberg and the distillery and will continue to invest and focus on our core business of distilling, maturing and blending great quality rum in Bundaberg as we have done for the last 125 years."[5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]

text: Distillery[edit]

text: The Bundaberg Rum distillery is open to visitors for tours of the facility. There is also a museum which offers free samples of Bundaberg Rum products for visitors in a historic Queenslander house. The Big Bundy Bottle is also outside of the bondstore. A new $8.5 million visitor centre opened to the public in August 2016 replacing the smaller historic house next door.[14]

text: In 2009 as part of the Q150 celebrations, the Bundaberg Rum Distillery was announced as one of the Q150 Icons of Queensland for its role as a "location".[15]

text: Variant flavours[edit]

text:
Bundaberg Rum UP 37% [16]
Bundaberg Rum Original 100 Proof 50% [17]
Bundaberg Rum Overproof 57.7% [18]
Bundaberg Red 37% [19]
Bundaberg Red 100 Proof 50% [20]
Bundaberg Five 37% [21]
Bundaberg Select Vat Aged 6 Years 37% [22]
Bundaberg Mutiny Spiced Rum 37% [23]
Master Distillers' Collection Small Batch 40% [24]
Master Distillers' Collection Small Batch - Vintage Barrel 40% [25]
Master Distillers Collection 280 40% [26]
Master Distillers Collection Black Barrel - Distilled 2004 - Black Glass 40% [27]
Master Distillers Collection Black Barrel - Distilled 2004 - Clear Glass 40% [28]
Master Distillers Collection Black Barrel - Distilled 2005 - Clear Glass 40% [29]
Master Distillers Collection Blenders Edition 2014 40% [30]
Master Distillers Collection Blenders Edition 2015 40% [31]
Bundaberg Tropics - Pineapple & Coconut 23.5% [32]
Bundaberg Royal Liqueur Banana and Toffee 20% [33]
Bundaberg Royal Liqueur Coffee and Chocolate 20% [34]
Bundy Wings Heritage Label Original 37% [35]

text: Sponsorship[edit]

text: Bundaberg Rum is a major sponsor of the Australian Wallabies rugby union team and also sponsors the Bundaberg Rum Rugby Series. Bundaberg is also a sponsor of the NSW Waratahs.[36] Bundaberg Rum sponsored the rugby league ANZAC Test till 2009. Bundaberg Rum signed a 5-year deal with the NRL to be the official dark rum of the NRL. They are also the naming-rights sponsor of NRL Friday Night Football.

text: From 2009 until 2011, Bundaberg Rum sponsored V8 Supercar team Walkinshaw Racing.[37]

text: Recognitions[edit]

text: Bundaberg Rum has been distinguished with numerous awards. In 2011, Bundaberg Rum's Master Distillers' Collective rum was launched, with the first three releases, the 10 Year Old, Port Barrel and Golden Reserve, winning awards in the global stage.[38][39]

text: Advertising[edit]

text: Bundaberg Rum has also been criticised for targeting its advertising towards young people and boys, through television commercials during NRL broadcasts, and other promotions.[40][41] A series of advertisements featuring the Bundaberg Rum bear, a polar bear known as Bundy R. Bear, were produced by advertising agency Leo Burnett to align the product 'with a larrikin approach to Australian mateship'.[42] The Bundaberg Rum bear first appeared in 1961. It was designed to soften rum's aggressive image and broaden its appeal from the traditional older male drinker to a more sociable audience.[43] The advertisements have been cited as a favourite among Australia's youth.[44]


document_title: List of Fulham F.C. seasons

question_text: when were fulham promoted to the premier league

text: List of Fulham F.C. seasons

text: Fulham Football Club is an English professional football team based in Fulham in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham. The club was formed in West Kensington in 1879 as Fulham St Andrew's Church Sunday School F.C., shortened to Fulham F.C. in 1888.[1] They initially played at Fulham Fields before a move to Craven Cottage in 1896; the club played their first professional match in December 1898 and made their FA Cup debut in the 1902–03 season.

text: The club competed in the Southern Football League between 1898 and 1907, when they were accepted into the Football League Second Division.[1] Having spent much of their history outside the top division, the team gained promotion to the Premier League in 2001.[2][3]

text: Fulham reached the final of the UEFA Europa League in 2010.[4] To date they are the club with the highest number of seasons in the top flight (25) without having achieved a single honour. Their highest position in the English football league system was 7th in the Premier League in 2008–09, while their lowest position was 17th in the Third Division (by then the fourth tier) in 1995–96.

text: The following table gives a record of every season of the club from their first professional season in the Southern Football League Division 2, to the present day, in the EFL Championship. It details the club's achievements in major competitions, their managers, and the top scorers in the league for each season. The table is correct up to the end of the 2012–13 season.

text: Seasons[edit]

text:
Season
Division
Position
Manager(s)
FA Cup
League Cup
Europe
Top scorer(s) (League only)

1898–99
Details
Southern League Div 2
(London section)
10th/12
None
Did not enter
n/a
n/a
George Sheeran
Freddie Hopkinson
9

1899–00
Details
Southern League Div 2
(London section)
2nd/11
None
Did not enter
n/a
n/a
David Lloyd
14

1900–01
Details
Southern League Div 2
(London section)
5th/9
None
Did not enter
n/a
n/a
Tommy Meade
16

1901–02
Details
Southern League Div 2
(London section)
1st/9
None
Did not enter
n/a
n/a
Tommy Meade
29

1902–03
Details
Southern League Div 2
(London section)
1st/6
None
Qualifying round
n/a
n/a
David Lloyd
Tommy Meade
9

1903–04
Details
Southern League Div 1
11th/18
None
First round
n/a
n/a
Harry Fletcher
15

1904–05
Details
Southern League Div 1
6th/18
Harry Bradshaw
Quarter-finals
n/a
n/a
Willie Wardrope
26

1905–06
Details
Southern League Div 1
1st/18
Harry Bradshaw
Second round
n/a
n/a
Willie Wardrope
14

1906–07
Details
Southern League Div 1
1st/20
Harry Bradshaw
Second round
n/a
n/a
Walter Freeman
16

1907–08
Details
Football League Div 2
4th/20
Harry Bradshaw
Semi-finals
n/a
n/a
Robert Dalrymple
19

1908–09
Details
Football League Div 2
10th/20
Harry Bradshaw
Second round
n/a
n/a
Fred Harrison
13

1909–10
Details
Football League Div 2
7th/20
Phil Kelso
Second round
n/a
n/a
Fred Harrison
14

1910–11
Details
Football League Div 2
10th/20
Phil Kelso
First round
n/a
n/a
James Smith
11

1911–12
Details
Football League Div 2
8th/20
Phil Kelso
Quarter-finals
n/a
n/a
Bert Pearce
21

1912–13
Details
Football League Div 2
9th/20
Phil Kelso
First round
n/a
n/a
Tim Coleman
20

1913–14
Details
Football League Div 2
11th/20
Phil Kelso
First round
n/a
n/a
Bert Pearce
14

1914–15
Details
Football League Div 2
12th/20
Phil Kelso
Second round
n/a
n/a
Harry Lee
16

1915–16
Details
—[5]
n/a
Phil Kelso
n/a
n/a
n/a
Will Taylor
21

1916–17
Details
—[5]
n/a
Phil Kelso
n/a
n/a
n/a
Gordon Hoare
23

1917–18
Details
—[5]
n/a
Phil Kelso
n/a
n/a
n/a
Harry Morris
24

1918–19
Details
—[5]
n/a
Phil Kelso
n/a
n/a
n/a
Johnny McIntyre
16

1919–20
Details
Football League Div 2
6th/22
Phil Kelso
First round
n/a
n/a
Donald Cock
25

1920–21
Details
Football League Div 2
9th/22
Phil Kelso
Third round
n/a
n/a
Barney Travers
11

1921–22
Details
Football League Div 2
7th/22
Phil Kelso
Second round
n/a
n/a
Barney Travers
17

1922–23
Details
Football League Div 2
10th/22
Phil Kelso
First round
n/a
n/a
Frank Osborne
10

1923–24
Details
Football League Div 2
20th/22
Phil Kelso
Second round
n/a
n/a
George Edmonds
13

1924–25
Details
Football League Div 2
12th/22
Andy Ducat
Second round
n/a
n/a
Bill Prowse
16

1925–26
Details
Football League Div 2
19th/22
Andy Ducat
Quarter-finals[6]
n/a
n/a
Albert Pape
11

1926–27
Details
Football League Div 2
18th/22
Joe Bradshaw
Fourth round[6]
n/a
n/a
Johnny Tonner
13

1927–28
Details
Football League Div 2
21st/22
Joe Bradshaw
Third round[6]
n/a
n/a
Sid Elliott
26

1928–29
Details
Football League Div 3 South
5th/22
Joe Bradshaw
Second round
n/a
n/a
Jimmy Temple
26

1929–30
Details
Football League Div 3 South
7th/22
Ned Liddell
Fourth round
n/a
n/a
Bill Haley
21

1930–31
Details
Football League Div 3 South
9th/22
Ned Liddell
Third round
n/a
n/a
Jim Hammond
14

1931–32
Details
Football League Div 3 South
1st/22
Jimmy McIntyre
Third round
n/a
n/a
Frank Newton
43

1932–33
Details
Football League Div 2
3rd/22
Jimmy McIntyre
Third round[6]
n/a
n/a
Frank Newton
27

1933–34
Details
Football League Div 2
16th/22
Jimmy McIntyre
Third round[6]
n/a
n/a
Jim Hammond
15

1934–35
Details
Football League Div 2
7th/22
Jimmy Hogan
Third round[6]
n/a
n/a
Jim Hammond
22

1935–36
Details
Football League Div 2
9th/22
Jack Peart
Semi-finals[6]
n/a
n/a
Jim Hammond
15

1936–37
Details
Football League Div 2
11th/22
Jack Peart
Third round[6]
n/a
n/a
Ronnie Rooke
19

1937–38
Details
Football League Div 2
8th/22
Jack Peart
Third round[6]
n/a
n/a
Ronnie Rooke
17

1938–39
Details
Football League Div 2
12th/22
Jack Peart
Fourth round[6]
n/a
n/a
Ronnie Rooke
21

1939–40
Details
—[7]
n/a
Jack Peart
n/a
n/a
n/a
Ronnie Rooke
27

1940–41
Details
—[7]
n/a
Jack Peart
n/a
n/a
n/a
Ronnie Rooke
24

1941–42
Details
—[7]
n/a
Jack Peart
n/a
n/a
n/a
Ronnie Rooke
30

1942–43
Details
—[7]
n/a
Jack Peart
n/a
n/a
n/a
Ronnie Rooke
23

1943–44
Details
—[7]
n/a
Jack Peart
n/a
n/a
n/a
Ronnie Rooke
32

1944–45
Details
—[7]
n/a
Jack Peart
n/a
n/a
n/a
Ronnie Rooke
27

1945–46
Details
—[7]
n/a
Jack Peart
Third round[6]
n/a
n/a
Ronnie Rooke
33

1946–47
Details
Football League Div 2
15th/22
Jack Peart
Third round[6]
n/a
n/a
Ronnie Rooke
13

1947–48
Details
Football League Div 2
11th/22
Jack Peart
Quarter-finals[6]
n/a
n/a
Arthur Stevens
11

1948–49
Details
Football League Div 2
1st/22
Frank Osborne
Third round[6]
n/a
n/a
Bob Thomas
23

1949–50
Details
Football League Div 1
17th/22
Bill Dodgin Snr
Third round[6]
n/a
n/a
Bob Thomas
10

1950–51
Details
Football League Div 1
18th/22
Bill Dodgin Snr
Quarter-finals[6]
n/a
n/a
Bob Thomas
14

1951–52
Details
Football League Div 1
22nd/22
Bill Dodgin Snr
Third round[6]
n/a
n/a
Bedford Jezzard
8

1952–53
Details
Football League Div 2
8th/22
Bill Dodgin Snr
Third round[6]
n/a
n/a
Bedford Jezzard
35

1953–54
Details
Football League Div 2
8th/22
Frank Osborne
Fourth round[6]
n/a
n/a
Bedford Jezzard
39

1954–55
Details
Football League Div 2
14th/22
Frank Osborne
Third round[6]
n/a
n/a
Bedford Jezzard
Bobby Robson
23

1955–56
Details
Football League Div 2
9th/22
Frank Osborne / Dug Livingstone
Fourth round[6]
n/a
n/a
Bedford Jezzard
27

1956–57
Details
Football League Div 2
11th/22
Dug Livingstone
Fourth round[6]
n/a
n/a
Roy Dwight
25

1957–58
Details
Football League Div 2
5th/22
Dug Livingstone
Semi-finals[6]
n/a
n/a
Roy Dwight
22

1958–59
Details
Football League Div 2
2nd/22
Bedford Jezzard
Fourth round[6]
n/a
n/a
Johnny Haynes
25

1959–60
Details
Football League Div 1
10th/22
Bedford Jezzard
Fourth round[6]
n/a
n/a
Graham Leggat
18

1960–61
Details
Football League Div 1
17th/22
Bedford Jezzard
Third round[6]
First round
n/a
Graham Leggat
23

1961–62
Details
Football League Div 1
20th/22
Bedford Jezzard
Semi-finals[6]
First round
n/a
Maurice Cook
Graham Leggat
14

1962–63
Details
Football League Div 1
16th/22
Bedford Jezzard
Third round[6]
Fourth round[8]
n/a
Maurice Cook
15

1963–64
Details
Football League Div 1
15th/22
Bedford Jezzard
Fourth round[6]
Second round[8]
n/a
Graham Leggat
15

1964–65
Details
Football League Div 1
20th/22
Bedford Jezzard
Third round[6]
Third round[8]
n/a
Rodney Marsh
17

1965–66
Details
Football League Div 1
20th/22
Vic Buckingham
Third round[6]
Fourth round[8]
n/a
Graham Leggat
16

1966–67
Details
Football League Div 1
18th/22
Vic Buckingham
Fourth round[6]
Fourth round[8]
n/a
Allan Clarke
24

1967–68
Details
Football League Div 1
22nd/22
Vic Buckingham / Bobby Robson
Fourth round[6]
Quarter-finals[8]
n/a
Allan Clarke
20

1968–69
Details
Football League Div 2
22nd/22
Bobby Robson / Bill Dodgin Jnr
Fourth round[6]
Second round[8]
n/a
Brian Dear
7

1969–70
Details
Football League Div 3
4th/24
Bill Dodgin Jnr
First round
Second round
n/a
Steve Earle
22

1970–71
Details
Football League Div 3
2nd/24
Bill Dodgin Jnr
First round
Quarter-finals
n/a
Les Barrett
15

1971–72
Details
Football League Div 2
20th/22
Bill Dodgin Jnr
Fourth round[6]
Second round
n/a
Steve Earle
11

1972–73
Details
Football League Div 2
9th/22
Alec Stock
Third round[6]
Second round
n/a
Steve Earle
15

1973–74
Details
Football League Div 2
13th/22
Alec Stock
Fourth round[6]
Second round[8]
n/a
Viv Busby
11

1974–75
Details
Football League Div 2
9th/22
Alec Stock
Runners-up[6]
Fourth round[8]
n/a
Viv Busby
11

1975–76
Details
Football League Div 2
12th/22
Alec Stock
Third round[6]
Third round[8]
n/a
John Mitchell
10

1976–77
Details
Football League Div 2
17th/22
Bobby Campbell
Third round[6]
Third round[8]
n/a
John Mitchell
19

1977–78
Details
Football League Div 2
10th/22
Bobby Campbell
Third round[6]
First round
n/a
John Mitchell
9

1978–79
Details
Football League Div 2
10th/22
Bobby Campbell
Fourth round[6]
Second round[8]
n/a
Chris Guthrie
13

1979–80
Details
Football League Div 2
20th/22
Bobby Campbell
Third round[6]
Second round[8]
n/a
Gordon Davies
15

1980–81
Details
Football League Div 3
13th/24
Malcolm Macdonald
Fourth round
First round
n/a
Gordon Davies
18

1981–82
Details
Football League Div 3
3rd/24
Malcolm Macdonald
Second round
Fourth round
n/a
Gordon Davies
24

1982–83
Details
Football League Div 2
4th/22
Malcolm Macdonald
Fourth round[6]
Second round
n/a
Gordon Davies
19

1983–84
Details
Football League Div 2
11th/22
Malcolm Macdonald
Third round[6]
Third round[8]
n/a
Gordon Davies
21

1984–85
Details
Football League Div 2
9th/22
Ray Harford
Third round[6]
Third round[8]
n/a
Robert Wilson
11

1985–86
Details
Football League Div 2
22nd/22
Ray Harford
Third round[6]
Third round[8]
n/a
Dean Coney
12

1986–87
Details
Football League Div 3
18th/24
Ray Lewington
Third round
Second round
n/a
Dean Coney
10

1987–88
Details
Football League Div 3
9th/24
Ray Lewington
First round
Second round
n/a
Leroy Rosenior
20

1988–89
Details
Football League Div 3
4th/24
Ray Lewington
First round
First round
n/a
Gordon Davies
14

1989–90
Details
Football League Div 3
20th/24
Ray Lewington
Second round
Second round
n/a
Clive Walker
13

1990–91
Details
Football League Div 3
21st/24
Alan Dicks
Second round
First round
n/a
Gordon Davies
6

1991–92
Details
Football League Div 3
9th/24
Don Mackay
First round
First round
n/a
Gary Brazil
14

1992–93
Details
Football League Div 2[9]
12th/24
Don Mackay
First round
First round
n/a
Sean Farrell
12

1993–94
Details
Football League Div 2
21st/24
Don Mackay
First round
Second round
n/a
Gary Brazil
14

1994–95
Details
Football League Div 3
8th/22
Ian Branfoot
Second round
Second round
n/a
Simon Morgan
11

1995–96
Details
Football League Div 3
17th/24
Ian Branfoot / Micky Adams
Third round
Second round
n/a
Mike Conroy
9

1996–97
Details
Football League Div 3
2nd/24
Micky Adams
First round
Second round
n/a
Mike Conroy
23

1997–98
Details
Football League Div 2
6th/24
Micky Adams / Ray Wilkins / Kevin Keegan
Third round
Second round
n/a
Paul Moody
15

1998–99
Details
Football League Div 2
1st/24
Kevin Keegan
Fifth round
Third round
n/a
Geoff Horsfield
15

1999–00
Details
Football League Div 1
9th/24
Paul Bracewell / Jean Tigana
Fifth round[6]
Quarter–finals
n/a
Lee Clark
8

2000–01
Details
Football League Div 1
1st/24
Jean Tigana
Third round[6]
Quarter-finals
n/a
Louis Saha
27

2001–02
Details
Premier League
13th/20
Jean Tigana
Semi-finals[6]
Fourth round[8]
n/a
Barry Hayles
Steed Malbranque
Louis Saha
8

2002–03
Details
Premier League
14th/20
Jean Tigana / Chris Coleman
Fifth round[6]
Fourth round[6]
UEFA Cup
Third round[10]
Steed Malbranque
6

2003–04
Details
Premier League
9th/20
Chris Coleman
Quarter-finals[6]
Second round[8]
n/a
Louis Saha
13

2004–05
Details
Premier League
13th/20
Chris Coleman
Fifth round[6]
Quarter-finals[8]
n/a
Andy Cole
12

2005–06
Details
Premier League
12th/20
Chris Coleman
Third round[6]
Third round[8]
n/a
Collins John
11

2006–07
Details
Premier League
16th/20
Chris Coleman / Lawrie Sanchez
Fifth round[6]
Second round[8]
n/a
Brian McBride
9

2007–08
Details
Premier League
17th/20
Lawrie Sanchez / Roy Hodgson
Third round[6]
Third round[8]
n/a
Clint Dempsey
6

2008–09
Details
Premier League
7th/20
Roy Hodgson
Quarter Finals
Fourth round[8]
n/a
Andrew Johnson
10

2009–10
Details
Premier League
12th/20
Roy Hodgson
Quarter Finals
Third round
UEFA Europa League
Runners-up
Bobby Zamora
8

2010–11
Details
Premier League
8th/20
Mark Hughes
Fifth round
Third round
n/a
Clint Dempsey
13

2011–12
Details
Premier League
9th/20
Martin Jol
Fourth round
Third round
UEFA Europa League
Group stage
Clint Dempsey
17

2012–13
Details
Premier League
12th/20
Martin Jol
Fourth round
Second round
n/a
Dimitar Berbatov
15

2013–14
Details
Premier League
19th/20
Martin Jol / René Meulensteen / Felix Magath
Fourth round
Fourth round
n/a
Steve Sidwell
8

2014–15
Details
Football League Championship
17th/24
Felix Magath / Kit Symons
Fourth round
Fourth round
n/a
Ross McCormack
17

2015–16
Details
Football League Championship
20th/24
Kit Symons / Slavisa Jokanovic
Third round
Third round
n/a
Ross McCormack
21

2016–17
Details
Football League Championship
6th/24
Slavisa Jokanovic
Fifth round
Third round
n/a
Tom Cairney
12

2017–18
Details
Football League Championship
3rd/24
Slavisa Jokanovic
Third round
Second round
n/a
Ryan Sessegnon
15


document_title: Nuclear transmutation

question_text: what would need to happen to change a lead atom into a gold atom

text: Nuclear transmutation

text: History[edit]

text: Alchemy[edit]

text: The term transmutation dates back to alchemy. Alchemists pursued the philosopher's stone, capable of chrysopoeia – the transformation of base metals into gold.[3] While alchemists often understood chrysopoeia as a metaphor for a mystical, or religious process, some practitioners adopted a literal interpretation, and tried to make gold through physical experiment. The impossibility of the metallic transmutation had been debated amongst alchemists, philosophers and scientists since the Middle Ages. Pseudo-alchemical transmutation was outlawed[4] and publicly mocked beginning in the fourteenth century. Alchemists like Michael Maier and Heinrich Khunrath wrote tracts exposing fraudulent claims of gold making. By the 1720s, there were no longer any respectable figures pursuing the physical transmutation of substances into gold.[5] Antoine Lavoisier, in the 18th century, replaced the alchemical theory of elements with the modern theory of chemical elements, and John Dalton further developed the notion of atoms (from the alchemical theory of corpuscles) to explain various chemical processes. The disintegration of atoms is a distinct process involving much greater energies than could be achieved by alchemists.

text: Modern physics[edit]

text: It was first consciously applied to modern physics by Frederick Soddy when he, along with Ernest Rutherford, discovered that radioactive thorium was converting itself into radium in 1901. At the moment of realization, Soddy later recalled, he shouted out: "Rutherford, this is transmutation!" Rutherford snapped back, "For Christ's sake, Soddy, don't call it transmutation. They'll have our heads off as alchemists."[6]

text: Rutherford and Soddy were observing natural transmutation as a part of radioactive decay of the alpha decay type. However, in 1919, Rutherford was able to accomplish transmutation of nitrogen into oxygen, using alpha particles directed at nitrogen 14N + α → 17O + p.  This was the first observation of a nuclear reaction, that is, a reaction in which particles from one decay are used to transform another atomic nucleus. In 1932, a fully artificial nuclear reaction and nuclear transmutation was achieved by Rutherford's colleagues John Cockcroft and Ernest Walton, who used artificially accelerated protons against lithium-7 to split the nucleus into two alpha particles. The feat was popularly known as "splitting the atom," although it was not the modern nuclear fission reaction discovered in 1938 by Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner and their assistant Fritz Strassmann in heavy elements.[7]

text: Later in the twentieth century the transmutation of elements within stars was elaborated, accounting for the relative abundance of heavier elements in the universe. Save for the first five elements, which were produced in the Big Bang and other cosmic ray processes, stellar nucleosynthesis accounted for the abundance of all elements heavier than boron. In their 1957 paper Synthesis of the Elements in Stars,[8] William Alfred Fowler, Margaret Burbidge, Geoffrey Burbidge, and Fred Hoyle explained how the abundances of essentially all but the lightest chemical elements could be explained by the process of nucleosynthesis in stars.

text: It transpired that, under true nuclear transmutation, it is far easier to turn gold into lead than the reverse reaction, which was the one the alchemists had ardently pursued. Nuclear experiments have successfully transmuted lead into gold, but the expense far exceeds any gain.[9] It would be easier to convert lead into gold via neutron capture and beta decay by leaving lead in a nuclear reactor for a long period of time.

text: Glenn Seaborg produced several thousand atoms of gold from bismuth, but at a net loss.

text: More information on gold synthesis, see Synthesis of precious metals.

text: 197Au + n → 198Au (half-life 2.7 days) → 198Hg + n → 199Hg + n → 200Hg + n → 201Hg + n → 202Hg + n → 203Hg (halflife 47 days) → 203Tl + n → 204Tl (halflife 3.8 years) → 204Pb

text: Transmutation in the universe[edit]

text: The Big Bang is thought to be the origin of the hydrogen (including all deuterium) and helium in the universe. Hydrogen and helium together account for 98% of the mass of ordinary matter in the universe, while the other 2% makes up everything else. The Big Bang also produced small amounts of lithium, beryllium and perhaps boron. More lithium, beryllium and boron were produced later, in a natural nuclear reaction, cosmic ray spallation.

text: Stellar nucleosynthesis is responsible for all of the other elements occurring naturally in the universe as stable isotopes and primordial nuclide, from carbon to uranium. These occurred after the Big Bang, during star formation. Some lighter elements from carbon to iron were formed in stars and released into space by asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars. These are a type of red giant that "puffs" off its outer atmosphere, containing some elements from carbon to nickel and iron. All elements with atomic weight greater than 64 atomic mass units are produced in supernova stars by means of neutron capture, which sub-divides into two processes: r-process and s-process.

text: The Solar System is thought to have condensed approximately 4.6 billion years before the present, from a cloud of hydrogen and helium containing heavier elements in dust grains formed previously by a large number of such stars. These grains contained the heavier elements formed by transmutation earlier in the history of the universe.

text: All of these natural processes of transmutation in stars are continuing today, in our own galaxy and in others. Stars fuse hydrogen and helium into heavier and heavier elements in order to produce energy. For example, the observed light curves of supernova stars such as SN 1987A show them blasting large amounts (comparable to the mass of Earth) of radioactive nickel and cobalt into space. However, little of this material reaches Earth. Most natural transmutation on the Earth today is mediated by cosmic rays (such as production of carbon-14) and by the radioactive decay of radioactive primordial nuclides left over from the initial formation of the solar system (such as potassium-40, uranium and thorium), plus the radioactive decay of products of these nuclides (radium, radon, polonium, etc.). See decay chain.

text: Artificial transmutation of nuclear waste[edit]

text: Overview[edit]

text: Transmutation of transuranium elements (TRUs, i.e. actinides minus actinium to uranium) such as the isotopes of plutonium (about 1wt% in the Light Water Reactors' used nuclear fuel (UNF)) or the minor actinides (MAs, i.e. neptunium, americium, and curium, about 0.1wt% each in LWRs' UNF) has the potential to help solve some problems posed by the management of radioactive waste by reducing the proportion of long-lived isotopes it contains. (This does not rule-out the need for a Deep Geological Repository (DGR) for High radioactive Level Waste (HLW).) When irradiated with fast neutrons in a nuclear reactor, these isotopes can undergo nuclear fission, destroying the original actinide isotope and producing a spectrum of radioactive and nonradioactive fission products.

text: Ceramic targets containing actinides can be bombarded with neutrons to induce transmutation reactions to remove the most difficult long-lived species. These can consist of actinide-containing solid solutions such as (Am,Zr)N, (Am,Y)N, (Zr,Cm)O2, (Zr,Cm,Am)O2, (Zr,Am,Y)O2 or just actinide phases such as AmO2, NpO2, NpN, AmN mixed with some inert phases such as MgO, MgAl2O4, (Zr,Y)O2, TiN and ZrN. The role of non-radioactive inert phases is mainly to provide stable mechanical behaviour to the target under neutron irradiation.[10]

text: Reactor types[edit]

text: For instance, plutonium can be reprocessed into MOX fuels and transmuted in standard reactors. The heavier elements could be transmuted in fast reactors, but probably more effectively in a subcritical reactor which is sometimes known as an energy amplifier and which was devised by Carlo Rubbia. Fusion neutron sources have also been proposed as well suited.[11][12][13]

text: Fuel types[edit]

text: There are several fuels that can incorporate plutonium in their initial composition at beginning of cycle (BOC) and have a smaller amount of this element at the end of cycle (EOC). During the cycle, plutonium can be burnt in a power reactor, generating electricity. This process is not only interesting from a power generation standpoint, but also due to its capability of consuming the surplus weapons grade plutonium from the weapons program and plutonium resulting of reprocessing UNF.

text: Mixed oxide fuel (MOX) is one of these. Its blend of oxides of plutonium and uranium constitutes an alternative to the low enriched uranium (LEU) fuel predominantly used in LWRs. Since uranium is present in MOX, although plutonium will be burnt, second generation plutonium will be produced through the radiative capture of U-238 and the two subsequent beta minus decays.

text: Fuels with plutonium and thorium are also an option. In these, the neutrons released in the fission of plutonium are captured by Th-232. After this radiative capture, Th-232 becomes Th-233, which undergoes two beta minus decays resulting in the production of the fissile isotope U-233. The radiative capture cross section for Th-232 is more than three times that of U-238, yielding a higher conversion to fissile fuel than that from U-238. Due to the absence of uranium in the fuel, there is no second generation plutonium produced, and the amount of plutonium burnt will be higher than in MOX fuels. However, U-233, which is fissile, will be present in the UNF. Weapons-grade and reactor-grade plutonium can be used in plutonium-thorium fuels, with weapons-grade plutonium being the one that shows a bigger reduction in the amount of Pu-239.

text: Reasoning behind transmutation[edit]

text: Isotopes of plutonium and other actinides tend to be long-lived with half-lives of many thousands of years, whereas radioactive fission products tend to be shorter-lived (most with half-lives of 30 years or less). From a waste management viewpoint, transmutation (or "burning" or "incineration") of actinides eliminates a very long-term radioactive hazard and replaces it with a much shorter-term one.

text: It is important to understand that the threat posed by a radioisotope is influenced by many factors including the physical (e.g. heat -infrared photon radiation-, which is an advantage for the storage or disposal af radioactive waste), chemical and biological properties of the element. For instance caesium has a relatively short biological half-life (1 to 4 months) while strontium and radium both have very long biological half-lives. As a result, strontium-90 and radium are much more able to cause harm than caesium-137 when a given activity is ingested. Insert a brief calculation of doses[citation needed]

text: Many of the actinides are very radiotoxic because they have long biological half-lives and are alpha emitters. In transmutation the intention is to convert the actinides into fission products. The fission products are very radioactive, but the majority of the activity will decay away within a short time. The most worrying short-lived fission products are those that accumulate in the body, such as iodine-131 which accumulates in the thyroid gland, but it is hoped[by whom?] that by good design of the nuclear fuel and transmutation plant that such fission products can be isolated from humans and their environment and allowed to decay. In the medium term the fission products of highest concern are strontium-90 and caesium-137; both have a half-life of about 30 years. The caesium-137 is responsible for the majority of the external gamma dose experienced by workers in nuclear reprocessing plants[14] and, in 2005, to workers at the Chernobyl site.[15] When these medium-lived isotopes have decayed almost completely (usually after 10 half-lives) the remaining isotopes will pose a much smaller threat.

text: Long-lived fission products (LLFP)[edit]

text:
Long-lived
fission products

Prop:
Unit:
t½
(Ma)
Yield
(%)
Q *
(keV)
βγ
*

99Tc
0.211
6.1385
294
β

126Sn
0.230
0.1084
4050
βγ

79Se
0.327
0.0447
151
β

93Zr
1.53
5.4575
91
βγ

135Cs
2.3
6.9110
269
β

107Pd
6.5
1.2499
33
β

129I
15.7
0.8410
194
βγ

Hover underlined: more info

text:
Medium-lived
fission products

Prop:
Unit:
t½
(a)
Yield
(%)
Q *
(keV)
βγ *

155Eu
4.76
0.0803
252
βγ

85Kr
10.76
0.2180
687
βγ

113mCd
14.1
0.0008
316
β

90Sr
28.9
4.505
2826
β

137Cs
30.23
6.337
1176
βγ

121mSn
43.9
0.00005
390
βγ

151Sm
96.6
0.5314
77
β

text: Some radioactive fission products can be converted into shorter-lived radioisotopes by transmutation. Transmutation of all fission products with half-life greater than one year is studied in Grenoble,[16] with varying results.

text: Sr-90 and Cs-137, with half-lives of about 30 years, are the largest radiation (including heat) emitters in used nuclear fuel on a scale of decades to ~305 years (Sn-121m is insignificant because of the low yield), and are not easily transmuted because they have low neutron absorption cross sections. Instead, they should simply be stored until they decay. Given that this length of storage is necessary, the fission products with shorter half-lives can also be stored until they decay.

text: The next longer-lived fission product is Sm-151, which has a half-life of 90 years, and is such a good neutron absorber that most of it is transmuted while the nuclear fuel is still being used; however, effectively transmuting the remaining Sm-151 in nuclear waste would require separation from other isotopes of samarium. Given the smaller quantities and its low-energy radioactivity, Sm-151 is less dangerous than Sr-90 and Cs-137 and can also be left to decay for ~970 years.

text: Finally, there are 7 long-lived fission products. They have much longer half-lives in the range 211,000 years to 15.7 million years. Two of them, Tc-99 and I-129, are mobile enough in the environment to be potential dangers, are free or mostly free of mixture with stable isotopes of the same element, and have neutron cross sections that are small but adequate to support transmutation. Also, Tc-99 can substitute for U-238 in supplying Doppler broadening for negative feedback for reactor stability.[17] Most studies of proposed transmutation schemes have assumed 99Tc, 129I, and TRUs as the targets for transmutation, with other fission products, activation products, and possibly reprocessed uranium remaining as waste.[18]

text: Of the remaining 5 long-lived fission products, Se-79, Sn-126 and Pd-107 are produced only in small quantities (at least in today's thermal neutron, U-235-burning light water reactors) and the last two should be relatively inert. The other two, Zr-93 and Cs-135, are produced in larger quantities, but also not highly mobile in the environment. They are also mixed with larger quantities of other isotopes of the same element.


document_title: South Park (season 21)

question_text: when does south park new season come out

text: South Park (season 21)

text:
South Park (season 21)

Digital purchase image

Country of origin
United States

No. of episodes
10

Release

Original network
Comedy Central

Original release
September 13 (2017-09-13) – December 6, 2017 (2017-12-06)

Season chronology

← Previous
Season 20

List of South Park episodes

text: The twenty-first season of the American animated sitcom South Park premiered on Comedy Central on September 13, 2017, and contains ten episodes.[1]

text: This season had planned "dark weeks" (weeks where no new episodes would air) after episode three, episode six, and episode eight.[1]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

278
1
"White People Renovating Houses"
Trey Parker
Trey Parker
September 13, 2017 (2017-09-13)
2101
1.68[2]

Randy and Sharon start a home renovation show that is threatened. Cartman's relationship with Heidi becomes strained and he grows attached to his Amazon Alexa.

279
2
"Put It Down"
Trey Parker
Trey Parker
September 20, 2017 (2017-09-20)
2102
1.25[3]

Tweek and Craig's relationship is strained. Cartman begs Heidi to take him back but claims suicidal thoughts. Everyone else is busy mourning people killed by distracted drivers.

280
3
"Holiday Special"
Trey Parker
Trey Parker
September 27, 2017 (2017-09-27)
2103
1.25[4]

A relationship is formed when Randy kisses a Native American man.

281
4
"Franchise Prequel"
Trey Parker
Trey Parker
October 11, 2017 (2017-10-11)
2104
1.12[5]

The Coon and Friends members struggle to start a superhero franchise while fake news gets spread about them through Facebook.

282
5
"Hummels & Heroin"
Trey Parker
Trey Parker
October 18, 2017 (2017-10-18)
2105
0.93[6]

Opiates cause a problem in South Park and Stan is believed to be responsible.

283
6
"Sons a Witches"
Trey Parker
Trey Parker
October 25, 2017 (2017-10-25)
2106
1.22[7]

When a witch causes problems for South Park's Halloween, Cartman looks for a way to take advantage.

284
7
"Doubling Down"
Trey Parker
Trey Parker
November 8, 2017 (2017-11-08)
2107
1.13[8]

Kyle is fed up with Cartman's abuse towards Heidi and gets involved. President Garrison's advisers worry about some of his recent actions.

285
8
"Moss Piglets"
Trey Parker
Trey Parker
November 15, 2017 (2017-11-15)
2108
1.09[9]

Timmy and Jimmy's science project catches the attention of some very important people. Heidi begins to resemble Cartman earning the disapproval of her peers and Cartman.

286
9
"Super Hard PCness"
Trey Parker
Trey Parker
November 29, 2017 (2017-11-29)
2109
0.90[10]

PC Principal falls in love with the new vice-principal. Kyle realizes how wrong Terrance and Philip are.

287
10
"Splatty Tomato"
Trey Parker
Trey Parker
December 6, 2017 (2017-12-06)
2110
0.97[11]

The President, Mr. Garrison, continues to cause problems for the children of South Park.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Jesse Schedeen with IGN rated the entire season a 8.2 out of 10, noting "Creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone seem to have decided that they took the continuity-driven approach about as far as it could go last year. Season 21 shifted gears by returning the show to its roots, and the series became better for it. There was still a certain degree of continuity involved with Season 20. The events of one episode were sometimes referenced in subsequent episodes, and the rapidly deteriorating relationship between Cartman and Heidi gave the show one serialized storyline to explore over the course of the fall. But for the most part, the emphasis was more on standalone adventures that downplayed topical humor in favor of sillier conflicts centered around the kids of South Park Elementary. It's not that this season ignored what was going on in the world this year, but it wasn't quite so obsessed with lampooning current events from week to week. That shift, more than anything else, resulted in a stronger, more well-rounded show."[12]


document_title: Dark (TV series)

question_text: where is the netflix show the dark filmed

text: Dark (TV series)

text: Premise[edit]

text: When local children in the fictional[8] German town of Winden start disappearing, it brings to light the fractured relationships, double lives, and dark past of four families living there, revealing a mystery that spans three generations.

text: The series follows Jonas Kahnwald, a teenager struggling to cope with his father's suicide; police officer Ulrich Nielsen, whose brother disappeared 33 years earlier; and police chief Charlotte Doppler.

text: Beginning in 2019, the story soon spreads to include storylines in 1986 and 1953 via time travel, as certain characters of the show's core families slowly grow aware of the existence of a wormhole in the cave system beneath the local nuclear power plant, under the management of the influential Tiedemann family.

text: During the first season, the secrets of the Kahnwald, Nielsen, Doppler, and Tiedemann families begin to be revealed, and their lives start to crumble as the ties between the disappeared children and the history of the town and its citizens becomes evident.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Taking place mainly in 2019, the first season also includes stories in 1986 and 1953, with several core characters being portrayed at various ages by multiple actors.

text: Kahnwald family[edit]

text:
Character
Description
Actor (2019)
Actor (1986)
Actor (1953)

Jonas Kahnwald
A high school student struggling with his father's suicide
Louis Hofmann
(also appears in the 1986 storyline)
—
—

Michael Kahnwald
Jonas' father, an artist whose suicide opens the series
Sebastian Rudolph
Daan Lennard Liebrenz
(see Mikkel Nielsen)
—

Hannah Kahnwald (née Krüger)
Jonas' mother, a massage therapist
Maja Schöne
Ella Lee
—

Ines Kahnwald
Michael's adoptive mother, a nurse
Angela Winkler
Anne Ratte-Polle
Lena Urzendowsky

Sebastian Krüger
Hannah's blue-collar father
—
Denis Schmidt
—

Daniel Kahnwald
Ines' father, Winden police chief in 1953
—
—
Florian Panzner

text: Nielsen family[edit]

text:
Character
Description
Actor (2019)
Actor (1986)
Actor (1953)

Martha Nielsen
Jonas' classmate, for whom he has feelings
Lisa Vicari
—
—

Magnus Nielsen
Martha's brother
Moritz Jahn
—
—

Mikkel Nielsen
Magnus and Martha's younger brother
Daan Lennard Liebrenz
(also appears in the 1986 storyline, becoming Michael Kahnwald)
—
—

Ulrich Nielsen
Magnus, Martha and Mikkel's father, a police officer
Oliver Masucci
(also appears in the 1953 storyline)
Ludger Bökelmann
—

Katharina Nielsen
Ulrich's wife; Magnus, Martha, and Mikkel's mother; a high school principal
Jördis Triebel
Nele Trebs
—

Mads Nielsen
Ulrich's younger brother, who disappeared in 1986
—
Valentin Oppermann
—

Tronte Nielsen
Mads and Ulrich's father, a journalist
Walter Kreye
Felix Kramer
Joshio Marlon

Jana Nielsen
Mads and Ulrich's mother
Tatja Seibt
Anne Lebinsky
Rike Sindler

Agnes Nielsen
Tronte's mother
—
—
Antje Traue

text: Doppler family[edit]

text:
Character
Description
Actor (2019)
Actor (1986)
Actor (1953)

Franziska Doppler
Jonas, Magnus, and Martha's classmate
Gina Stiebitz
—
—

Elisabeth Doppler
Franziska's deaf younger sister
Carlotta von Falkenhayn
—
—

Peter Doppler
Franziska and Elisabeth's father and Jonas' psychologist
Stephan Kampwirth
—
—

Charlotte Doppler
Peter's wife, Franziska and Elisabeth's mother, and the Winden chief of police in 2019
Karoline Eichhorn
Stephanie Amarell
—

Helge Doppler
Peter's father, a longtime power plant guard
Hermann Beyer
(also appears in the 1986 storyline)
Peter Schneider
Tom Philipp
(also appears in the 1986 storyline)

Bernd Doppler
Helge's father, founder of the Winden nuclear power plant
—
Michael Mendl
Anatole Taubman

Greta Doppler
Bernd's wife and Helge's mother
—
—
Cordelia Wege

H.G. Tannhaus
Charlotte's grandfather,[9] a clockmaker
–
Christian Steyer
Arnd Klawitter

text: Tiedemann family[edit]

text:
Character
Description
Actor (2019)
Actor (1986)
Actor (1953)

Bartosz Tiedemann
Jonas' best friend and Martha's boyfriend
Paul Lux
—
—

Regina Tiedemann
Bartosz' mother, a hotel manager
Deborah Kaufmann
Lydia Makrides
—

Aleksander Tiedemann
Bartosz' father, director of the nuclear plant in 2019
Peter Benedict
Béla Gabor Lenz
—

Claudia Tiedemann
Regina's mother, director of the nuclear plant in 1986
Lisa Kreuzer
(also appears in the 1953 storyline)
Julika Jenkins
Gwendolyn Göbel

Egon Tiedemann
Claudia's father, a police officer
—
Christian Pätzold
Sebastian Hülk

Doris Tiedemann
Claudia's mother and Egon's wife
—
—
Luise Heyer

text: Additional cast[edit]

text:
Andreas Pietschmann as the Stranger / adult Jonas
Mark Waschke as Noah
Lea van Acken as Girl from the future

text: Recurring supporting cast[edit]

text:
Nils Brunkhorst as the high school's science teacher in 2019
Lena Dörrie as Clara Schrage, a nurse attending to Helge Doppler in 2019
Tara Fischer as a friend of Katharina in 1986
Leopold Hornung as Torben Wöller, a junior police officer in 2019
Tom Jahn as Jürgen Obendorf, Erik Obendorf's father
Anna König as Edda Heimann, a pathologist in 2019
Vico Mücke as Yasin Friese, Elisabeth Doppler's friend in 2019
Barbara Philipp as Selma Ahrens, a 1986 caseworker
Paul Radom as Erik Obendorf, a teenage drug dealer gone missing in 2019
Anton Rubtsov as Benni/Bernadette, a transgender prostitute in 2019
Anna Schönberg as Nurse Donata, Ines Kahnwald's co-worker in 1986
Mieke Schymura as Officer Jankowski, a junior police officer in 2019
Lea Willkowsky as Jasmin Trewen, Claudia Tiedemann's secretary in 1986

text: Family trees[edit]

text:
Kahnwald family tree

Nielsen family tree

Doppler family tree

Tiedemann family tree

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date

1
"Secrets"
"Geheimnisse"
Baran bo Odar
Jantje Friese & Baran bo Odar
December 1, 2017 (2017-12-01)

In June 2019, 43-year-old Michael Kahnwald commits suicide, but his mother, Ines, hides his suicide letter before anyone else notices it. On November 4, after months of treatment at a psychiatric facility, Michael's teenaged son, Jonas, returns to school, and reunites with best friend Bartosz Tiedemann, who is now dating Jonas' love interest Martha. Erik Obendorf, the high school's main supplier of marijuana, has been missing for two weeks, and police officer Ulrich Nielsen – the father of Martha and her brothers, teenager Magnus and pre-teen Mikkel – has been assigned the investigation, which struggles to uncover any clues. Meanwhile, Ulrich is also cheating on his wife, high school principal Katharina, with Jonas' mother Hannah. While searching for Erik's stash of drugs in a cave not far from the town's soon-to-be closed down nuclear power plant, Jonas, Bartosz, the three Nielsen children, and schoolmate Franziska Doppler are frightened by strange sounds and their flickering flashlights, and Mikkel disappears as they flee the cave. The next day, the body of a young boy is discovered, but it is not Mikkel. At an unknown location, a hooded figure straps Erik to a chair, while clamping a mechanism around his head.

2
"Lies"
"Lügen"
Baran bo Odar
Jantje Friese & Ronny Schalk
December 1, 2017 (2017-12-01)

Mikkel's disappearance brings back memories from 1986, when Ulrich's younger brother Mads vanished, and Ulrich starts believing that the disappearances of Erik, Mikkel and the body of the third boy are related. While searching the caves, he finds a locked door leading to the nearby nuclear power plant, and although Ulrich's request to enter the power plant is refused by its director Aleksander Tiedemann, Bartosz' father, he is still able to discard the father of Erik Obendorf, a power plant driver, from his list of suspects. Police chief Charlotte Doppler is informed that the dead boy, dressed in a 1980s outfit, died only 16 hours earlier, and that his ears were destroyed by extreme pressure. Later, as lights starts flickering and birds fall dead from the sky, Charlotte grows even more concerned. Meanwhile, an unkempt stranger checks into the hotel owned by Bartosz' mother, Regina. Ulrich's mother Jana lies to Ulrich, claiming that her husband Tronte was with her the night of Mikkel's disappearance, while knowing he left their house. At dawn, a disorientated Mikkel wakes up in the cave and runs home, only to discover what date he now lives in: November 5, 1986.

3
"Past and Present"
"Gestern und Heute"
Baran bo Odar
Jantje Friese & Marc O. Seng
December 1, 2017 (2017-12-01)

In 1986, four weeks after the disappearance of Mads Nielsen, a desperate Mikkel is taken in by police officer Egon Tiedemann, who suspects he has been beaten by the teenage Ulrich. Mikkel is brought to the hospital by nurse Ines Kahnwald, who gains his trust. At the nuclear plant, newly elected director Claudia Tiedemann, Egon's daughter and Regina's mother, clashes with her predecessor Bernd Doppler, who informs her of secret barrels hidden in the nearby caves. Bernd's son, guard Helge, gives Claudia a book: Eine Reise durch die Zeit (A Journey Through Time) by H. G. Tannhaus. Meanwhile, as the town's electricity is flickering, a teenaged Charlotte starts investigating the deaths of multiple birds, while shy young Hannah has an unrequited crush on Ulrich, and Regina is being bullied and engages in self-harm. A flock of sheep is found dead from cardiac arrest with their eardrums ruptured, and, in an undisclosed location, a man surrounded by clocks tinkers with a brass machine. Mikkel sneaks away from the hospital and returns to the caves; after injuring himself, he calls for help. In 2019, Ulrich, also having returned to the caves, hears his faint calls, but they are unable to see each other.

4
"Double Lives"
"Doppelleben"
Baran bo Odar
Martin Behnke & Jantje Friese
December 1, 2017 (2017-12-01)

In 2019, Jonas finds maps and notes about the caves in his family's garage, while Charlotte tries to find a connection between the disappeared boys and the dead birds, which – just like the dead boy – are found to have burst eardrums. The birds also show similar symptoms to birds found after the Chernobyl disaster, and Charlotte suspects connections to the Winden events of 1986. Meanwhile, her marriage to psychologist Peter is crumbling since he was discovered to be having an affair with a transgender prostitute, and she finds evidence that Peter was out driving the night of Mikkel's disappearance, despite him claiming otherwise. Their oldest daughter, Franziska, confides in Magnus Nielsen that she plans to leave Winden due to her parents' wrecked marriage, and they end up having sex. Franziska's younger sister, the deaf Elisabeth, goes missing after school, but eventually returns home, explaining that she met a mysterious man, Noah, who gave her a watch once belonging to Charlotte. Meanwhile, Peter's father Helge, who is suffering from dementia, is found roaming the forest, claiming that he "must stop Noah". The next morning, a hooded figure approaches Elisabeth's friend, Yasin, and tells him that Noah has sent him.

5
"Truths"
"Wahrheiten"
Baran bo Odar
Martin Behnke & Jantje Friese
December 1, 2017 (2017-12-01)

In 1986, Mikkel is in the hospital after breaking his leg in the cave, and is visited by a priest: Noah. After having witnessed Ulrich and Katharina having sex, Hannah falsely tells the police that she saw Ulrich rape Katharina, and Ulrich is arrested.
In 2019, with Yasin also vanished, panic is starting to spread, and Charlotte accuses Peter of being involved in the boys' disappearances. Hannah wants to resume her affair with Ulrich, but he angrily refuses. At the hotel, the Stranger tells Regina to deliver a package to Jonas while he is away for a few days, and at Michael's grave, the Stranger approaches Jonas, telling him that his father once saved his life. Bartosz meets Erik Obendorf's drug supplier, who is shown to be the same priest who visited Mikkel 33 years earlier. Later, Jonas receives the Stranger's package, containing a light, a Geiger counter, and Michael's suicide letter. In the letter Jonas' father explains that on 4 November 2019, he traveled back to 1986, where he stayed and grew up, raised by Ines, eventually marrying Hannah and fathering Jonas. Thus Mikkel Nielsen became Michael Kahnwald.

6
"Sic Mundus Creatus Est"
Baran bo Odar
Jantje Friese & Ronny Schalk
December 1, 2017 (2017-12-01)

In 2019, Mikkel's family struggles not to turn against each other, Regina finds out that she has breast cancer, and Ulrich learns that his father was having an affair with Claudia at the time of Mads' disappearance. After learning that Regina was the last one to see Mads in 1986, Ulrich confronts her, and while she admits to detesting him for bullying her during their childhood, she also makes him see that Hannah was the one framing him for rape. Visiting the morgue, Ulrich finally realizes that the dead boy is Mads, not aged since 33 years ago. Meanwhile, Jonas fails to tell his mother about the suicide letter, but enters the caves armed with his father's notes and the equipment from the package sent by the Stranger. Within the caves, he finds a door with a Latin phrase, Sic mundus creatus est ("Thus the world was created"), and after crawling through to the other side, he notices flyers put up for the missing Mads Nielsen. A van drives by and stops: it's 14-year-old Hannah and her father Sebastian, offering him a ride in the rain, warning him about acid rain from the recent Chernobyl disaster.

7
"Crossroads"
"Kreuzwege"
Baran bo Odar
Jantje Friese & Marc O. Seng
December 1, 2017 (2017-12-01)

In 2019, the police are finally allowed to enter the power plant, and Charlotte finds a welded shut door in the caves. Meanwhile, Ulrich finds Egon's 1986 notes, making Helge a suspect, and visits him at the nursing home. Frightened, Helge claims to be able to change past and future. Ulrich is suspended from work and Katharina confronts him about his affair. Charlotte discovers that the cave system goes beneath an old cabin owned by Helge, and later she receives a voice message from Ulrich, stating that Helge is the kidnapper, but that the question is not how he is doing it, but when. Late at night, Helge leaves the nursing home, followed by Ulrich, who brings a book from Helge's room: Eine Reise durch die Zeit by H.G. Tannhaus.
In 1986, Helge, who was working at the plant the night Mads disappeared, is questioned by Egon about his whereabouts. The Stranger warns Jonas that taking Mikkel back home will result in Jonas never being born. Katharina unsuccessfully attempts to convince Egon that Ulrich never raped her, and Helge and Noah prepare to move Yasin's dead body from a bunker behind Helge's cabin.

8
"As You Sow, So You Shall Reap"
"Was man sät, das wird man ernten"
Baran bo Odar
Martin Behnke & Jantje Friese
December 1, 2017 (2017-12-01)

In 1953, birds begin to die, and the unidentified bodies of Erik and Yasin are discovered. Police chief Daniel Kahnwald and officer Egon Tiedemann are puzzled by the boys' odd outfits. Ulrich arrives from 2019, and meets several locals, including newcomer Agnes Nielsen and her son Tronte, who are about to rent a room in the Tiedemann house, and a watchmaker named H.G. Tannhaus, who declines knowledge of the book found in Helge's 2019 home. Through the young Ines and Jana, Ulrich learns of the two bodies, and when introduced to the 9-year-old Helge, he realizes killing him will save the lives of the boys. He bludgeons Helge, and leaves him for dead in the bunker. Later, Tannhaus finds Ulrich's smartphone.
In 1986, the Stranger meets with an elderly Tannhaus, who shares his theory of time travel through wormholes. The Stranger confirms his theories, and states that such a wormhole, allowing people to travel 33 years into the past or into the future, exists in Winden. He asks Tannhaus to fix a broken brass device of his, so he can destroy the wormhole. Tannhaus later brings out a newer version of the device, studying them side by side.

9
"Everything is Now"
"Alles ist Jetzt"
Baran bo Odar
Jantje Friese & Marc O. Seng
December 1, 2017 (2017-12-01)

In 1986, Ulrich is freed from rape accusations, and Hannah secretly discovers that a newly arrived young man, the later-to-be Aleksander Tiedemann, is living under a false identity. Claudia encounters her dog Gretchen, who disappeared in 1953, alive and well by the caves, and starts to read Tannhaus' book. When Bernd admits that the hidden barrels contain byproducts of a small meltdown, Claudia hires Aleksander to secretly weld shut the door to them. In an argument with Helge (revealing that the abducted boys died from Noah's attempt to create a time machine) Noah states his mission to free humanity, likening himself to the Biblical Noah.
In 2019, Hannah uses her knowledge of Aleksander's past to blackmail him into destroying Ulrich's life, while Regina discovers the Stranger's research. Bartosz is approached by Claudia, his supposedly dead grandmother. Later, Bartosz meets with Noah, and agrees to join him.
In 1953, Helge has been reported missing, and Noah – appearing the same age as in 1986 and 2019 – offers pastoral support to Helge's mother, Greta. Ulrich is arrested and confesses to murdering Helge. The Claudia of 2019 enters Tannhaus' shop with blueprints for the brass machine, asking him to build it for her.

10
"Alpha and Omega"
"Alpha und Omega"
Baran bo Odar
Jantje Friese & Ronny Schalk
December 1, 2017 (2017-12-01)

During the night of Mikkel's disappearance, Peter is visiting the solitude of Helge's cabin when Mads' body suddenly appears. He calls Tronte to the cabin, and Claudia arrives, telling them to move the corpse.
In 1986, Noah and Helge kidnap Jonas, who has returned to bring Mikkel back to 2019. Also having returned to 1986, the elderly Helge is later killed while attempting to stop his younger self by driving a car into him. Jonas awakes in the bunker, accompanied by the Stranger, who reveals himself to be the adult Jonas and leaves to destroy the wormhole by using the brass machine, which Tannhaus has completed from the broken version brought by the adult Jonas and Ulrich's smartphone.
In 2019, Charlotte finds a 1953 article on Helge's kidnapping, including a photo of Ulrich. Noah tells Bartosz that Claudia is their main adversary, and that the adult Jonas, unwittingly, is about to create the wormhole.
In 1953, 9-year-old Helge regains consciousness as the wormhole appears, connecting him to Jonas in 1986. As they reach out to each other, Helge is transported to 1986, while Jonas awakes in a post-apocalyptic Winden of 2052,[10] getting knocked out by an armed girl.

text: Production[edit]

text: In February 2016, Netflix greenlit the series for a first season consisting of 10 episodes.[11] It was revealed that each episode would be an hour long.[1] Principal photography started on October 18, 2016, in and around Berlin and ended in March 2017.[1] The series was filmed in 4K (Ultra HD) resolution.[12]

text: It is the first German-language Netflix original series and follows an increasing trend of internationally produced Netflix originals, including the Spanish-language series Club de Cuervos in 2015, the Portuguese-language series 3% in 2016 and the Italian-language series Suburra: Blood on Rome in 2017.

text: Release[edit]

text: The first season of the series was released on December 1, 2017.

text: A second season was announced with a short teaser on the German Facebook pages of the series and Netflix on December 20, 2017,[13][14] although no time frame has been confirmed for its creation or release.

text: Reception[edit]

text: The first season received mostly positive reviews from critics, with many critics noting the series' similarity to the 1990s TV series Twin Peaks and the 2016 Netflix series Stranger Things. It has a score of 84% on Rotten Tomatoes, with an average rating of 7.1 out of 10, based on 31 critics.[15] The series was praised for its tone, the complexity of its narrative, and its pacing.[6] Many critics claimed that the series was darker and more in depth than Stranger Things, and far more evocative of the tone of Twin Peaks.[4]

text: However, some criticism was directed towards the series' heavy-handed approach towards its message, the lack of sympathetic characters and the unoriginality of certain aspects of the series.[5]

text: Awards and Nominations[edit]

text: The series has been nominated for the German "Goldene Kamera" TV awards 2018 in three categories: best series; best actress: Karoline Eichhorn as Charlotte Doppler; and best actor: Oliver Masucci as Ulrich Nielsen.[16] None of these nominations resulted in being awarded, but Louis Hofmann received the "Best newcomer acting award" of the "Goldene Kamera" TV awards 2018, also in recognition of his lead role in Dark.[17]

text: The series was awarded with the prestigious German "Grimme Preis" award 2018 in the category "fiction", naming specifically the awardees (1) Jantje Friese (screenplay), (2) Baran bo Odar (director), (3) Udo Kramer (production design), (4) Simone Baer (casting), (5) Angela Winkler (actress), (6) Louis Hofmann (actor), (7) Oliver Masucci (actor). The actors named are awarded "representative for the full cast".[18]


document_title: The Wanderer (poem)

question_text: who is the wanderer and what happened to him

text: The Wanderer (poem)

text: Origins[edit]

text: The date of the poem is impossible to determine, but it must have been composed and written before the Exeter Book. The poem has only been found in the Exeter Book, which was a manuscript made at around 975, although the poem is considered to have been written earlier.[2] The inclusion of a number of Norse-influenced words, such as the compound hrimceald (ice-cold, from the Old Norse word hrimkaldr), and some unusual spelling forms, has encouraged others to date the poem to the late 9th or early 10th century.[3]

text: The metre of the poem is of four-stress lines, divided between the second and third stresses by a caesura. Each caesura is indicated in the manuscript by a subtle increase in character spacing and with full stops, but modern print editions render them in a more obvious fashion. Like most Old English poetry, it is written in alliterative metre. It is considered an example of an Anglo-Saxon elegy.[4]

text: Contents[edit]

text: The Wanderer conveys the meditations of a solitary exile on his past happiness as a member of his lord's band of retainers, his present hardships and the values of forbearance and faith in the heavenly Lord. The warrior is identified as eardstapa (line 6a), usually translated as "wanderer" (from eard meaning 'earth' or 'land', and steppan, meaning 'to step'[5]), who roams the cold seas and walks "paths of exile" (wræclastas). He remembers the days when, as a young man, he served his lord, feasted together with comrades, and received precious gifts from the lord. Yet fate (wyrd) turned against him when he lost his lord, kinsmen and comrades in battle—they were defending their homeland against an attack—and he was driven into exile. Some readings of the poem see the wanderer as progressing through three phases; first as the anhoga (solitary man) who dwells on the deaths of other warriors and the funeral of his lord, then as the modcearig man (man troubled in mind) who meditates on past hardships and on the fact that mass killings have been innumerable in history, and finally as the snottor on mode (man wise in mind) who has come to understand that life is full of hardships, impermanence, and suffering, and that stability only resides with God. Other readings accept the general statement that the exile does come to understand human history, his own included, in philosophical terms, but would point out that the poem has elements in common with "The Battle of Maldon", a poem about a battle in which an Anglo-Saxon troop was defeated by Viking invaders.[6]

text: However, the speaker reflects upon life while spending years in exile, and to some extent has gone beyond his personal sorrow. In this respect, the poem is a "wisdom poem". The degeneration of “earthly glory” is presented as inevitable in the poem, contrasting with the theme of salvation through faith in God.

text: The wanderer vividly describes his loneliness and yearning for the bright days past, and concludes with an admonition to put faith in God, "in whom all stability dwells". It has been argued by some scholars[by whom?] that this admonition is a later addition, as it lies at the end of a poem that some would say is otherwise entirely secular in its concerns. Opponents of this interpretation such as I. L. Gordon have argued that because many of the words in the poem have both secular and spiritual or religious meanings, the foundation of this argument is not on firm ground.[7]

text: The psychological or spiritual progress of the wanderer has been described as an "act of courage of one sitting alone in meditation", who through embracing the values of Christianity seeks "a meaning beyond the temporary and transitory meaning of earthly values".[8]

text: Interpretation[edit]

text: Critical history[edit]

text: The development of critical approaches to The Wanderer corresponds closely to changing historical trends in European and Anglo-American philology, literary theory, and historiography as a whole.[9]

text: Like other works in Old English, the rapid changes in the English language after the Norman Conquest meant that it simply would not have been understood between the twelfth and sixteenth centuries.[10] Until the early nineteenth century, the existence of the poem was largely unknown outside of Exeter Cathedral library. In John Josias Conybeare's 1826 compilation of Anglo Saxon poetry, The Wanderer was erroneously treated as part of the preceding poem Juliana.[11] It was not until 1842 that it was identified as a separate work, in its first print edition, by the pioneering Anglo-Saxonist Benjamin Thorpe. Thorpe considered it to bear "considerable evidence of originality", but regretted an absence of information on its historical and mythological context.[12] His decision to name it The Wanderer has not always been met with approval. J. R. R. Tolkien, who adopted elements of the poem into The Lord of the Rings, is typical of such dissatisfaction. By 1926-7 Tolkien was considering the alternative titles 'An Exile', or 'Alone the Banished Man', and by 1964-5 was arguing for 'The Exile's Lament'.[13] Despite such pressure, the poem is generally referred to under Thorpe's original title.

text: Themes and motifs[edit]

text: A number of formal elements of the poem have been identified by critics, including the use of the "beasts of battle" motif,[14] the ubi sunt formula,[15] the exile theme,[16] the ruin theme,[16] and the siþ-motif.

text: The "beasts of battle" motif, often found in Anglo-Saxon heroic poetry, is here modified to include not only the standard eagle, raven, and wolf, but also a "sad-faced man". It has been suggested that this is the poem's protagonist.[17]

text: The ubi sunt or "where is" formula is here in the form "hwær cwom", the Old English phrase "where has gone". The use of this emphasises the sense of loss that pervades the poem.

text: The preoccupation with the siþ-motif in Anglo-Saxon literature is matched in many post-Conquest texts where journeying is central to the text. A necessarily brief survey of the corpus might include Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels, Samuel Taylor Coleridge's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner and William Golding's Rites of Passage. Not only do we find physical journeying within The Wanderer and those later texts, but a sense in which the journey is responsible for a visible transformation in the mind of the character making the journey.

text: Speech boundaries[edit]

text: A plurality of scholarly opinion holds that the main body of the poem is spoken as monologue, bound between a prologue and epilogue voiced by the poet. For example, lines 1-5, or 1-7, and 111-115 can be considered the words of the poet as they refer to the wanderer in the third person, and lines 8-110 as those of a singular individual[18] in the first-person. Alternatively, the entire piece can be seen as a soliloquy spoken by a single speaker.[19] Due to the disparity between the anxiety of the 'wanderer' (anhaga) in the first half and the contentment of the 'wise-man' (snottor) in the second half, others have interpreted it as a dialogue between two distinct personas, framed within the first person prologue and epilogue. An alternative approach grounded in post-structuralist literary theory identifies a polyphonic series of different speaking positions determined by the subject that the speaker will address.[20]