document_title: Beaumont, Texas

question_text: how far is beaumont texas from the ocean

question_tokens: how far is beaumont texas from the ocean

text: Beaumont, Texas

text: History[edit]

text: In 1824 Noah and Nancy Tevis settled on the west bank of the Neches River and developed a farm. Soon after that, a small community grew up around the farm, which was named Tevis Bluff or Neches River Settlement.[6] In 1835 the land of Tevis, together with the nearby community of Santa Anna (in total, 50 acres (20 ha)), was purchased by Northerners Henry Millard (1796?–1844) of New York,[7] Joseph Pulsifer (1805–1861) of Massachusetts,[8] and Thomas Byers Huling (1804–1865) of Pennsylvania .[9] They began planning a town to be laid out on this land.[6] Their partnership, J.P. Pulsifer and Company, controlled the first 50 acres (200,000 m2) upon which the town was founded.[8] This town was named Beaumont, after Jefferson Beaumont, the brother-in-law of Henry Millard. They added more property for a total of 200 acres.

text: Beaumont became a town on 16 December 1838. Beaumont's first mayor was Alexander Calder.[10] From the town's founding in 1835, business activities included real estate, transportation, and retail sales. Later, other businesses were formed, especially in railroad construction and operation, new building construction, lumber sales, and communications. The Port of Beaumont became a successful regional shipping center. Beaumont was a small center for cattle raisers and farmers in its early years. With an active riverport by the 1880s, it became an important lumber and rice-milling town. It exported rice as a commodity crop.

text: The Beaumont Rice Mill, founded in 1892 by Joseph Eloi Broussard, was the first commercially successful rice mill in Texas.[5] In addition, Broussard founded a company to operate an irrigation system to support rice culture. (It became a public institution, the Lower Neches Irrigation Authority.) This helped stimulate the expansion of rice cultivation from 1500 acres in 1892 to 400,000 acres in 23 counties by his death in 1956.[5] Beaumont's lumber boom, which reached its peak in the late 19th century, was stimulated by the rebuilding and expansion of the railroads in the state and region after the Civil War.

text: The rise of Beaumont's mill economy drew many new residents to the city, many of them immigrants. The first Jewish man in the city was from Louisiana, others migrated from the South, and were joined by immigrants. They worked as merchants and in a variety of jobs in the growing city and ranching area. In 1895 Jews formed their first congregation.[11] By the early 20th century, the city was served by the Southern Pacific; Kansas City Southern, Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe; and Missouri Pacific railroad systems.[12]

text: Oil was discovered at nearby Spindletop on 10 January 1901. Spindletop became the first major oil field and one of the largest in American history. With the discovery of oil at Spindletop, Beaumont's population more than tripled in two months from 9,000 in January 1901 to 30,000 in March 1901. Oil is, and has always been, a major export of the city, and a major contributor to the national GDP.

text: William Casper Tyrrell, nicknamed "Captain W.C.", was a leading businessman and oil tycoon in the city in the early 20th century, developing businesses during the Texas Oil Boom. An entrepreneur from Pennsylvania and Iowa, he arrived after the gusher at Spindletop, and invested in development of a commercial port in the city, and an irrigation system to support the local rice industry, as well as residential and retail development of suburban property. He was also a philanthropist. He purchased and donated First Baptist Church, whose congregation had moved to a new facility, to use as the city's first public library, now known as the Tyrrell Historical Library.[13]

text: When the city became a major center for defense shipbuilding during World War II, tens of thousands of rural Texans migrated there for the new high-paying jobs. The Roosevelt administration ordered the defense industry to be integrated, and many Southern whites were working closely with blacks for the first time. Housing was scarce in the crowded city, and racial tensions increased. In June 1943 after workers at the Pennsylvania shipyard in Beaumont learned that a white woman had accused a black man of raping her, nearly 2,000 went to the jail where a suspect was being held, attracting more men along the way and reaching a total of 4,000.[14] Ultimately the white mob rioted for three days, destroying major black neighborhoods and killing five persons. No one was prosecuted for the deaths. The riot in Beaumont was one of several in 1943 which centered in the defense industry, including Los Angeles,[15] Detroit,[16] Chicago[17] and Mobile, Alabama[18] as well as other cities across the country. The wartime social disruption was similar to war time riots which had occurred in other parts of the country during and following World War I.

text: In the postwar years, Beaumont's port continued in importance. Although Beaumont's city center is located 85 highway miles from the Houston city center and 60 air miles from city limit boundary to city limit boundary, the city is now considered part of the widespread Houston metropolitan area. As was typical with other cities, post-war highway construction led to the development of new suburbs and dispersal of the population in search of new housing. There has been some renewal in Beaumont downtown and people have rediscovered the river.

text: In 1996, the Jefferson County courts, located in Beaumont, became the first court in the nation to implement electronic filing and service of court documents, eliminating the need for law firms to print and mail reams of documents.

text: In 2005 and 2008, Beaumont and surrounding areas suffered extensive damage from Hurricane Rita and Hurricane Ike. A mandatory evacuation was ordered for residents, lasting about two weeks.

text: In August 2017, Beaumont and surrounding areas suffered extensive flooding as a result of Hurricane Harvey. As a result of this flooding, Memorial Herman Baptist Hospital evacuated all its highest level of acuity patients with the help of National Guard helicopters.

text: Geography[edit]

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 85.9 square miles (222 km2), of which 85.0 square miles (220 km2) is land and 0.9 square miles (2.3 km2) (1.07%) is water.

text: Beaumont lies on Texas' coastal plain, about 30 miles (48 km) inland from the Gulf of Mexico, one hour drive east of Houston, and just south of the dense pine forests of East Texas. The city is bordered on the east by the Neches River and to the north by Pine Island Bayou. Before being settled, the area was crisscrossed by numerous small streams. Most of these streams have since been filled in or converted for drainage purposes. The island directly across from Riverfront Park is called Trinity Island. There are also three other islands in the Neches River around the downtown area/port: Harbor, Smith and Clark.

text: Climate[edit]

text: The city of Beaumont, Texas is within the humid subtropical climate zone.[19] This city is located within the Piney Woods, which cover the eastern region of Texas, as well as adjacent Louisiana.[20] This region of Texas receives the most rainfall in the state, with more than 48 inches (1,200 mm) annually. This is due to the warm gulf waters that carry humid air to the region, where it condenses and precipitates. The humidity of the region greatly amplifies the feeling of heat during the summer.

text: Hurricanes such as the Galveston Hurricane of 1900, and Hurricane Ike in 2008, also strike the region. Hurricane Ike was the largest and most damaging hurricane to hit Beaumont to date, striking 13 September 2008. Causing $32 billion in damage, it is the third-costliest hurricane in United States history.[21] On 18 August 2009, a tornado hit the west end of Beaumont, and caused damage to several local businesses and cars. Injuries were minimal.[22]

text: The winters are moderated by warm gulf currents. Wintry precipitation is unusual, but does occur. A recent snow event was 24 December 2004, the first such since 1989. However, more recently, Beaumont and the surrounding areas received a light snow on 11 December 2008, with up to 4 inches (100 mm) in the west end. Beaumont and the surrounding areas received a trace to half an inch of light snow on 4 December 2009. These are the earliest measurable snowfalls at the airport since the late 19th century. Although in unofficial records, Beaumont received as much as 30 inches (760 mm) of snow on 14 February and 15 during the blizzard of 1895 that impacted the gulf coast with unusual cold weather. Unofficially the temperature reported a drop to a low of 4 °F (−16 °C) after the storm. The area suffered a severe ice storm in January 1997.

text: The Beaumont-Port Arthur region has historically been cited as one of the most polluted urban areas in the United States due to various energy industries and chemical plants in the area. Even so, as of July, 2014, the Beaumont-Port Arthur region was not under any Environmental Protection Agency non-attainment restrictions; however, counties in the Greater Houston area, the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex, and El Paso were.[23] As of October, 2014, the Beaumont-Port Arthur area was not under any Texas Commission on Environmental Quality attainment compliance deadlines.[24] Regardless, according to an article published in 2007 focusing on Beaumont's neighbor to the south, Port Arthur, pollution was believed to have caused some general area residents to become sick and has generated debates throughout the media.[25]

text: Tropical storm Harvey caused significant damage to the area in 2017, dumping 47.47" of rain. This means 2017 is already the wettest year on record for the city with 89.59" and August 2017 is already the wettest calendar month on record with 54.73" of rain.[26]

text:
[hide]Climate data for Beaumont, Texas (1981–2010 normals)

Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year

Record high °F (°C)
86
(30)
90
(32)
95
(35)
94
(34)
101
(38)
106
(41)
108
(42)
108
(42)
105
(41)
99
(37)
94
(34)
86
(30)
108
(42)

Average high °F (°C)
62.2
(16.8)
64.5
(18.1)
71.6
(22)
79.2
(26.2)
85.8
(29.9)
90.9
(32.7)
92.2
(33.4)
93.2
(34)
88.1
(31.2)
80.9
(27.2)
72.0
(22.2)
62.8
(17.1)
78.62
(25.9)

Average low °F (°C)
42.5
(5.8)
45.5
(7.5)
52.1
(11.2)
60.0
(15.6)
68.0
(20)
73.4
(23)
75.3
(24.1)
74.8
(23.8)
69.8
(21)
60.7
(15.9)
51.7
(10.9)
42.5
(5.8)
59.69
(15.38)

Record low °F (°C)
11
(−12)
10
(−12)
20
(−7)
32
(0)
45
(7)
53
(12)
61
(16)
58
(14)
45
(7)
30
(−1)
22
(−6)
12
(−11)
10
(−12)

Average precipitation inches (mm)
4.94
(125.5)
3.86
(98)
3.50
(88.9)
2.92
(74.2)
5.18
(131.6)
7.20
(182.9)
6.20
(157.5)
4.96
(126)
6.35
(161.3)
5.44
(138.2)
4.78
(121.4)
4.99
(126.7)
60.34
(1,532.6)

Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)
10.7
9.8
8.7
6.6
7.8
10.7
11.9
10.8
9.8
7.8
8.5
10.5
113.6

Source: NOAA[27] The Weather Channel (records)[28]

text: Demographics[edit]

text:
Historical population

Census
Pop.

%±

1890
3,296

—

1900
9,427

186.0%

1910
20,640

118.9%

1920
40,422

95.8%

1930
57,732

42.8%

1940
59,061

2.3%

1950
94,014

59.2%

1960
119,175

26.8%

1970
117,548

−1.4%

1980
118,067

0.4%

1990
114,177

−3.3%

2000
113,866

−0.3%

2010
118,296

3.9%

Est. 2016
118,299
[29]
0.0%

U.S. Decennial Census[30]

text: As of the census[2] of 2010, there were 118,296 people, 45,648 households, and 28,859 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,339.4 people per square mile (517.2/km²). There were 48,815 housing units at an average density of 574.2 per square mile (221.7/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 33.5% non-Hispanic White, 47.3% African American, 0.0% Native American, 3.3% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 7.1% from other races, and 2.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 13.4% of the population.

text: There were 45,648 households out of which 28.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.7% were married couples living together, 19.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.8% were non-families. 30.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 3.12.

text: In the city, the population was spread out with 28.3% the age of 19 or under, 8.5% from 20 to 24, 25.8% from 25 to 44, 25.2% from 45 to 64, and 10.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34.4 years. For every 100 females there were 95 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.7 males.

text: The median income for a household in the city was $39,699, according to the American Community Survey (5 year), and the median income for a family was $49,766. The per capita income for the city was $23,137. About 17.6% of families and 22.1% of the population were below the poverty line.

text: Economy[edit]

text: According to the City's 2014 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report[31] the top employers in the city are:

text:
#
Employer
# of Employees

1
Conn's Appliances Inc
4,615

2
Beaumont Independent School District
2,536

3
ExxonMobil Corporation
1,941

4
ENGlobal Corporation
1,879

5
Christus St. Elizabeth Hospital
1,574

6
Memorial Herman Baptist Hospital
1,517

7
City of Beaumont
1,355

8
Jefferson County
1,206

9
Lamar University
1,183

10
Richard Design Services, Inc.
590

text: A significant element of the region's economy is the Port of Beaumont, the nation's fourth-largest seaport by tonnage. The 842d Transportation Battalion, and the 596th Transportation Group are both stationed at the port in Beaumont.

text: In addition to companies doing business within the city limits, several large industrial facilities are located within the city's five-mile extraterritorial jurisdiction boundaries including the ExxonMobil Beaumont refinery and chemical plants, Goodyear Beaumont chemical plant, and DuPont chemical plant.

text: Jason's Deli has its headquarters in Beaumont.[32] Conn's Appliances did have its headquarters in Beaumont; however, in mid-2012, Conn's moved its corporate headquarters to The Woodlands.[33] Originally Sweet Leaf Tea Company had its headquarters in Beaumont.[34] The headquarters moved to Austin in October 2003.[35]

text: Businesses associated with Beaumont[edit]

text:
Bethlehem Steel/Trinity Industries Shipyard: dating from 1917 to 1994 under the names of Beaumont Shipbuilding and Drydock Company (1917-1922), Pennsylvania Shipyards (1922-1948), Bethlehem Steel Company (1948-1988), and Trinity Industries (1989-1994). Over eight hundred (800) vessels were built and repaired at the shipyard including barges, ships, and offshore drilling rigs including seventy-two (72) jack up offshore drilling rigs,[36] the second-most offshore drilling rigs built in the United States, and seventy-one (71) Type C1 ships built for the U.S. Maritime Commission during World War II[37]
Conn's: Chain of appliance and electronic stores; now headquartered in The Woodlands [38]
Dresser Industries: A Dresser-Ideco plant was a major employer for seventy-seven years. The plant, with around 350 employees, closed in 1985.[39]
Gulf Oil: Gulf Oil Company founded 1901, now Chevron
Humble Oil: 50% of Humble Oil sold to Standard Oil of NJ to build its first refinery in Baytown. Merged and renamed Exxon 1972. Now ExxonMobil
Jason's Deli: Fast casual chain with locations in 30 states; still HQed in Beaumont.[32]
Magnolia Petroleum Company: Startup began in Corsicana in 1898, but became a major company in Beaumont in 1901. Owned KFDM radio, now 560 KLVI, in the 1930s through the 1950s. Its refinery in Beaumont along with Texas Oil Co. & Gulf's in Port Arthur, Texas were 3 of the largest in the world. Magnolia later sold 45% ownership to Standard Oil of NY, Socony. Combined companies years later into Mobil now ExxonMobil
Port of Beaumont: Young town of Beaumont grew quicker around this harbor about 1840 and would mark the spot that would become the port. Ranks consistently among the top five ports in the country for tonnage
Sweet Leaf Tea: A ready-to-drink organic tea company started in Beaumont in 1998 by Clayton Christopher and David Smith, later moved to Austin, Texas.
The Texas Oil Company: Founded in 1902 just west of Beaumont (Sour Lake, Texas) became Texaco;, now owned/part of Chevron formerly Standard Oil Company of California.
The Texas Coffee Company: Home of Seaport Coffees and Texjoy Steak Seasoning among other products distributed regionally. The company was founded in 1921 by Charles J. Fertitta, Sr. In 1968, the Texas Coffee Company became the first company in the United States to begin packaging coffee in vacuum-packed foil bags.[40]

text: Culture[edit]

text: Arts and theatre[edit]

text: Museums and buildings open for tours[edit]

text:
Art Museum of Southeast Texas (AMSET), with its Perlstein Plaza, dedicated in memory of pioneer real estate developer Hyman Asher Perlstein (1869–1947), who arrived in Beaumont in 1889 as a poor Jewish immigrant from Lithuania and eventually became one of the city's major builders.[41] The museum stands on the site of the Perlstein building, which was the tallest structure between Houston and New Orleans when it was erected in 1907. Only one column still remains from the building. AMSET, formerly the Beaumont Art Museum, exhibits 19th–21st century American art with a collecting focus on Texas art and Folk Art and offers 10–14 educational programs in any given year. Admission is free, and is the only museum open seven days per week.
Beaumont Children's Museum Started in 2008 and opened in 2012, the museum moved to a temporary location in 2015 to the Beaumont Civic Center[42]
The Art Studio (TASI), a non-profit arts cooperative and art gallery space that rents subsidized space to visual artists. Also hosts poetry readings, music events, film screenings. Housed in a converted warehouse in the industrial district of Beaumont's downtown.
Babe Didrikson Zaharias Museum. Museum dedicated to the life of the Beaumont native and accomplished athlete.
The Beaumont Art League is the oldest non-profit art gallery in the area, operating for 70 years. The two gallery spaces (at the old Fairgrounds on Gulf Street) host art exhibitions and juried shows year-round, including the notable BAL National Exhibition (formerly the Tri-State Show), which attracts artists from across the country.
The Chambers House, built in 1906, this home is open for tours. It is filled with period furniture, personal items, and artifacts used in the home.[43]
The Clifton Steamboat Museum opened on 26 October 1995. The theme of the museum is "Heroes... Past, Present, and Future", honoring military and civilian heroes. The Clifton Steamboat Museum consists of a 24,000 square feet (2,200 m2), two-story museum. Exhibits bring to life the wars fought in Southeast Texas and Louisiana, as well as the Steamboat Era, World Wars I and II, Korea, and Vietnam. Upper art galleries of the museum feature original bronze sculptures; Native American artists, wildlife, and frontier paintings from famous artists. A special gallery in the museum is dedicated to the Boy Scouts of America. This gallery features many historical scouting artifacts, some dating before the 1960s. The tugboat, Hercules, 36 feet (11 m) high, 22 feet (6.7 m) wide, and 92 feet (28 m) long, is included on the museum tour. Tours available by appointment only.[44]
Dishman Art Museum is the university art museum of Lamar University. The museum features 19th and 20th century European and American Art, as well as Tribal Art from Africa and New Guinea.
Edison Museum – about inventor Thomas Edison The museum features exhibits and artifacts about Thomas Edison and his innovations.
Fire Museum of Texas – Home of one of world's largest fire hydrants. Antique fire trucks and equipment chronicle the history of firefighting in Texas. Educational programs stress the importance of fire safety.
John Jay French House. This historic home is operated as a museum, to illustrate the life of a prosperous Texas pioneer family from 1845 to 1865. French, a tanner and merchant, built his home in 1845; it showcases period furnishings, clothing and pioneer household utensils. Outbuildings on the grounds include a blacksmith shop, tannery, privy and smokehouse.[citation needed]
The McFaddin-Ward House, was built in 1905–06 in the Beaux-Arts Colonial style and is located in the Oaks Historic District. The structure and its furnishings reflect the prominent family who lived in the house for seventy-five years. This very large historic home has a substantial carriage house. The complex has a substantial permanent collection of antique furniture and household items. Educational programs focus on history and are geared toward children and adults.
Red Lobster's historical marine museum
Spindletop-Gladys City Boomtown Museum, this complex includes several reconstructed buildings reminiscent of the original Gladys City. The buildings contain artifacts from the period.

text: Other historic buildings[edit]

text:
Beaumont Commercial District is a collection of historic buildings in downtown, a national historic district registered with the NRHP.
Crockett Street Entertainment District The entertainment district includes five vintage buildings dating from around the turn of the 20th century. Each of the buildings has been renovated and several have been re-purposed to restaurants and entertainment.
Jack Brooks Federal Building, built in 1933 as a WPA project.
Jefferson County Courthouse is an excellent example of Art Deco architecture.
The Jefferson Theatre, built in 1927, is an historic theater that presents live musical and stage performances as well as limited revival screenings of classic films. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) and recognized also as a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark.
Julie Rogers Theater was formerly Beaumont's city hall and civic auditorium. The building was renovated to serve as a theater for live performances.
St. Anthony Cathedral Basilica

text:
Temple Emanuel (Beaumont, Texas) has a notable set of stained glass windows by Israeli artist Ze'ev Raban
Tyrrell Historical Library, formerly First Baptist Church; the building is now used as an historical library. It has an extensive collection of genealogical records.

text: Performing arts[edit]

text:
Beaumont Ballet Theatre - The company performs two times a year, a Fall Premier performance and Cinderella, performed in the spring.
Beaumont Civic Ballet Chartered in 1971, the ballet produces several performances each year, including The Nutcracker.
Beaumont Community Players - Begun in 1925, the Beaumont Community Players have performed several plays and musicals each year except for the World War II period. The Community Players have had several homes over the years including Little Theatre at Fair Park and Jefferson Theatre. Performances are now at the Betty Greenburg Center for Performing Arts.
Mary Morgan Moore Department of Music - Lamar University presents a variety of jazz, orchestral, opera, choir and chorus, brass, and concert band performances throughout the year.
Symphony of Southeast Texas - Founded in 1953 as the Beaumont Symphony Orchestra, the symphony has been performing several performances each year since then. Several guest artists including Van Cliburn and Ferrante & Teicher have appeared with the symphony.

text: Tourism and recreation[edit]

text: In Beaumont[edit]

text:
The Beaumont Botanical Gardens is located near the entrance to the 500 acre Tyrrell Park. On its 23.5 acre grounds, it includes over ten themed gardens, the 10,000 sq ft Warren Loose Conservatory and a large collection of bromeliads.[45]
Tyrrell Park and Cattail Marsh features a botanical gardens and conservatory, the Henry Homberg Municipal Golf Course, a 900-acre cattail marsh nature area, and a 2.8 mile nature trail.[46][47][48] restrooms, shelters, Babe Zaharias Drive Monument, baseball backstop, lighted basketball goals, benches, drinking fountains, 2.8-mile (4.5 km) nature trail, picnic tables
Neches River Adventures is a two-hour eco-tour down the Neches River and bayous.[49]
Ford Park includes Ford Arena, as well as twelve competition softball fields, and exhibit halls.

text: In downtown Beaumont[edit]

text: Downtown Beaumont is the center of Business, Government and night time entertainment in southeast Texas. Downtown features the Crockett Street Entertainment Complex with entertainment options from dancing, to live music to dining or a bar. In addition to the night time entertainment downtown also features a museum district with five distinct museums.

text: Other entertainment and recreation venues located downtown include the following.

text:
Beaumont Civic Center - The 6,500 seat civic center is located in downtown Beaumont.
The Event Centre and plaza features include a twelve-acre Great Lawn for concerts and a walking path. A 3,800 sq ft canopy with stage overlooks the Great Lawn, and a 14,000 sq ft canopy overlooks a two-acre lake with a thirty-five foot fountain. A 16,000 sq ft event hall is used for indoor events.[50][51]
Beautiful Mountain Skate Plaza' - Located adjacent to the Event Centre is the 10,000 sq ft skate park. The skate park opened in 2013.[52] The park includes ledges, rails, banks, bank-to-bank, quarter pipes, and stairs. The park also has an amphitheater for other events.[53][54][55]

text: Golf courses[edit]

text:
Beaumont Country Club
Tyrrell Park - Henry Homberg Golf Course
Brentwood Country Club
Bayou Din Golf Club

text: Within 30 minute drive[edit]

text:
Big Thicket National Preserve, located north of Beaumont, hiking, canoe paddling, and swimming are some of the available activities.
McFaddin National Wildlife Refuge, located about 30 minutes away from Beaumont, the refuge provides nature trails as well as photography, fishing, and hunting activities.
Sea Rim State Park, about 30 minutes from Beaumont adjacent to the McFaddin National Wildlife Refuge, Sea Rim State Park provides access to Gulf of Mexico beaches as well as hiking trails.
Village Creek State Park is located just north of Beaumont. Numerous activities including canoe paddling are provided.
Shangri La Botanical Gardens and Nature Center, located in Orange, about 20–25 minutes east of Beaumont, Shangri-La Gardens has sculptured gardens and natural settings, as well as boat tours.
Stark Museum of Art, also located in Orange, provides several exhibits.

text: Events[edit]

text:
Since 1907, Beaumont has been home of the South Texas State Fair and Rodeo, held at Ford Park during March. It is the second-largest fair in the state, attracting more than 500,000 visitors in 2009.[56] The fair features a livestock show, a commercial exhibition, a carnival midway and numerous food choices. The Fair moved from the Fair Park Coliseum to Ford Park in 2004, a new, larger facility on the west end of Beaumont. The fair was previously held in the fall but was moved to spring after hurricanes Rita in 2005 and Ike in 2008 caused its cancellation twice within three years. YMBL Championship Rodeo is held at Ford Park during the South Texas State Fair. The rodeo is an annual event and is sanctioned by the Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association. Admission to the rodeo is included in fair admission.
The Gusher Marathon, organized in 2010 by the local nonprofit Sports Society for American Health, is the city's first annual marathon. The Gusher takes place in March and includes a 5K, half marathon and full marathon. The course begins at the Montagne Center of Lamar University and tours Downtown and Lamar before returning to the Montagne.
The Beaumont Jazz & Blues Fest is a Jazz festival held in downtown Beaumont since 2005.
The Boomtown Film and Music Festival is a film and music festival that began in 2008 to replace the Spindletop Film Festival.
Dog Jam is a rock concert held annually at Ford Park.
July 4 Celebration - Each year, a July 4 celebration is held in downtown Beaumont. The celebration includes live music in and around Riverfront Park, a concert by the Symphony of Southeast Texas in the Julie Rogers Theatre, followed by a fireworks display viewed from Riverfront Park.
Lunch at the Lake - Each Monday starting in March, the City of Beaumont provides live music and seating at the Event Centre in downtown Beaumont. Ten vendors feature a wide choice of food selections.[57]

text: Parades[edit]

text:
Downtown Winter Parade - On the first Saturday of December, downtown hosts the Beaumont Downtown Winter Parade. The parade features floats that travel down Main, College and Pearl streets. In recent years the parade has also featured a lighted boat parade that travels down the Neches River; spectators can watch from Riverfront Park.
Neches River Festival Parade - Part of the Neches River Festival held in April, this is a downtown parade. The festival has been held since 1948.

text: Sports[edit]

text: Professional sports[edit]

text:
The Oxford City F.C. Of Texas plays at Ford Arena, As a farm team of Oxford City F.C.
The American Basketball Association's Southeast Texas Mavericks[58] moved to Shreveport, La in 2013.
The Texas Strikers, professional arena soccer team PASL, started playing at Ford Arena in 2012.
The Beaumont Exporters were a minor league baseball team that played at Magnolia Ballpark and the Stuart Stadium from 1920–49 and 1953-55. (Both stadiums were demolished.)
The Beaumont Golden Gators were a minor league baseball team that played at Vincent-Beck Stadium from 1983 to 1986.
The Beaumont Bullfrogs were a minor league baseball team that played in Beaumont.
The Texas Wildcatters were an ECHL Hockey team based in Beaumont from 2003 to 2008
The Beaumont Drillers were an IPFL football team that played in Beaumont from 2003 to 2007

text: University sports[edit]

text: The sports teams of Lamar University compete in Division I NCAA athletics as the Lamar Cardinals. The athletics program is a full member of the Southland Conference. The Cardinals and Lady Cardinals compete in 17 varsity sports. The Cardinals Basketball team plays in the Montagne Center and Cardinals Baseball Team plays in Vincent-Beck Stadium.

text: The university brought back football in 2010. As part of the return, Provost Umphrey Stadium was completely renovated. The return was official when the Cardinals Football team played its first game in 21 years in the fall of 2010. The team currently competes in the Southland Conference as a member of the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision (formerly Division I-AA).

text: Government[edit]

text: Local government[edit]

text: According to the city's 2015 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the city's various funds had $219.0 million in revenues, $202.8 million in expenditures, $900.1 million in total assets, $586.8 million in total liabilities, and $202.2 million in cash and investments.[59]

text: Politics[edit]

text: Beaumont is a council-manager form of government. Elections are held annually, with the Mayor and Council members each serving two-year terms. All powers of the City are vested in the Council, which enacts local legislation, adopts budgets, and determines policies. Council is also responsible for appointing the City Attorney, the City Clerk and Magistrates, and the City Manager. The city council is composed of two council members elected at-large, and four council members each elected from single-member districts, the four Wards of the city.[60]

text:
Position
Name
Elected to Current Position
Areas Represented
Council Districts

Mayor
Becky Ames
2007–present
Citywide

At Large Position 1
Gethrel 'Get' Williams-Wright
2007–present
Citywide

At Large Position 2
W.L. Pate, Jr.
2007–present
Citywide

Ward 1
Virginia Jordan
2017–present
North Beaumont

Ward 2
Mike Getz
2011–present
West Beaumont

Ward 3
Audwin M. Samuels
1984–1992, 1999–present
Central Beaumont

Ward 4
Robin Mouton
2015–present
South Beaumont

text:
Alexander Calder, circa 1840
 ?
Archibald N. Vaughan, circa 1860

John C. Craig, 1881-1882
 ?
Emmett E. Fletcher, circa 1917[61]
E.J. Diffenbacher, circa 1918[61]
B.A. Steinhagen, circa 1922[61]
 ?
J. Austin Barnes, circa 1925[62]
P. D. Renfro, circa 1936[62]
Otho Plummer, circa 1952-1954[63]
Elmo R. Beard, circa 1955[63]
Jimmie P. Cokinos, 1956-1960[64]
 ?
Ken Ritter, 1970-1978[65]
Maury Meyers, 1978-1982, 1986-1990[65]
 ?
David Moore, circa 1994-2001[66]
Guy Goodson, pro tem circa 2001[62]
Evelyn M. Lord, circa 2002[67]
 ?
Becky Ames, 2007-present[68]

text: State facilities[edit]

text: The Texas Department of Transportation operates the Beaumont District Office in Beaumont.[69]

text: The Texas Ninth Court of Appeals is located in the Jefferson County Courthouse in Beaumont.[70] The Texas Department of Criminal Justice (TDCJ) operates the Beaumont District Parole Office in Beaumont.[71] The Texas Department of Corrections operates three facilities of various custody types in unincorporated areas of Jefferson County, with a total capacity of about 7500 inmates.

text: Federal facilities[edit]

text: The Federal Bureau of Prisons operates the Beaumont Federal Correctional Complex in an unincorporated area in Jefferson County, near Beaumont.[72]

text: Education[edit]

text: Colleges and universities[edit]

text: Lamar University[edit]

text: Beaumont has one state university, Lamar University, which belongs to The Texas State University System. Lamar University was established in 1923 as South Park Junior College. The university is currently classified as a national university. It is also classified as a Doctoral Research University by the Carnegie Foundation.[73] With over 100 degrees offered, the university's main academic offerings are in Business, Nursing, Teaching and Engineering. Lamar University's enrollment has grown tremendously in the first decade of the 21st century.[74] This has prompted a building boom at the campus. The school's enrollment as of Fall, 2015 was above 14,966 students.[75]

text: Lamar Institute of Technology[edit]

text: Lamar Institute of Technology, located directly adjacent to Lamar University, serves as the region's technical college for two-year degrees and certificates. Originally a part of Lamar University and its predecessors since 1923, Lamar Institute of Technology was chartered in 1949 when the Lamar College Bill was passed. The bill was sponsored in the Texas Legislature by State Representative Jack Brooks and Senator W.R. Cousins, Jr. of Beaumont. Lamar Institute of Technology became a separate entity in 1995.[76][77] As of Fall, 2014, enrollment totaled 2,920 students.

text: Primary and secondary schools[edit]

text: Beaumont is served by the Beaumont Independent School District.

text: High Schools

text:
West Brook Senior High School
Ozen High School
Central High School

text: Harmony Science Academy of Beaumont, public charter school. Premier High School of Beaumont, also a public charter school in Beaumont.

text: The Roman Catholic Diocese of Beaumont runs three Catholic elementary schools in Beaumont, St. Anne Catholic School, St. Anthony Cathedral Catholic School, and Our Mother of Mercy Catholic School. Monsignor Kelly Catholic High School is the city's lone Catholic high school. Legacy Christian Academy, on Highway 105, enrolls PK-3 through 12th grade. All Saints Episcopal School, on Delaware St., enrolls Kindergarten through 8th grade.

text: Media[edit]

text: Newspapers[edit]

text: The Beaumont Enterprise is the only daily newspaper serving Beaumont. Operating since 1880 The Enterprise is one of the oldest continually operated business in Beaumont. It is operated by the Hearst Corporation. Two weekly publications The Examiner and The Southeast Texas Record serve Beaumont and the area. The Examiner is primarily an investigative reporting paper. the Southeast Texas Record is a legal journal that covers Jefferson and Orange County courts.

text: Television[edit]

text:
KBTV (FOX) 4.1 with BOUNCE on 4.2; RF channel 40
KFDM (CBS)/DT 6.1 with (CW Network on 6.2) RF channel 25 / PSIP 6.x

text: KBTV is operated by the same owners of KFDM, Sinclair Broadcast Group.

text:
KBMT (ABC)/DT 12.1 with (NBC) at 720p on 12.2; RF channel 12 / PSIP 12.x with Cozi on 12.3 and MeTV on 12.4. Gannett owns KBMT.
KEBQ-TV9 (Soul Of The South)
KUMY-TV22 (Mexicanal) Setx Public Television Corp owns
KITU-TV (TBN) 34.1 - 34.5; RF channel 33
KUIL-LD/K36ID LMAed by KBMT/London from KVHP; RF channel 43/36 and PSIP 12.5/.6 with MyTV on 12.5 and MundoFOX on 12.6
LUTV Lamar University's video service that provides C-SPAN-like coverage on local government proceedings, and original programming from students. It does not have an over the air channel and is available only on cable TV.

text: The region currently has no PBS station of its own; Houston's PBS on channel 8 and Lake Charles LPB on channel 20 do not reach the area. KUHT has a construction permit for a digital translator on RF 24, which would share KFDM's antenna on 25 but the University of Houston has had financial cutbacks and recently cancelled a translator application in Victoria. What outcome this will have on the Beaumont facility remains to be seen.

text: Radio[edit]

text:
Frequency
Call letters / licensed to (if not Beaumont)
Format
Owner
Notes

560
KLVI
News, Talk radio
Clear Channel

990
KZZB
Gospel "Gospel 990"
Martin Broadcasting

1150
KBPO (Port Neches)
Spanish-language Christian Radio
Christian Ministries of the Valley

1250
KDEI (Port Arthur)
Catholic radio
Radio Maria

1300
KSET (Lumberton)
Silent
Proctor-Williams, Inc.

1340
KOLE (Port Arthur)
Various
Birach Broadcasting

1450
KIKR
Sports "Sports Radio 1450/1510 AM"
Cumulus Broadcasting

1510
KBED (Nederland)
Sports "Sports Radio 1450/1510 AM"
Cumulus Broadcasting
Simulcast of KIKR only during daytime hours

1600
KOGT (Orange)
Country

88.1
KLBT
Contemporary Christian
The King's Musician Educational Foundation

88.5
KGHY
Southern Gospel "The Gospel Highway"
CCS Radio

89.7
KTXB
Christian radio "Family Radio"
Family Stations

90.5
KZFT (Fanette)
Christian radio
AFR

91.3
KVLU
Public Radio
Lamar University

92.5
KCOL (Groves)
Oldies "Cool 92.5"
Clear Channel

93.3 (Port Arthur)
KQBU
Regional Mexican "Que Buena 93.3"
Univision

94.1
KQXY
CHR "Q94"
Cumulus Broadcasting

95.1
KYKR
Country "Kicker 95.1"
Clear Channel

97.5
KFNC (Mont Belvieu)
Sports "ESPN 97.5"
Gow Media-Houston

98.5
KTJM (Port Arthur)
Regional Mexican "La Raza 98.5/103.3"
Liberman Broadcasting-Houston

99.9
KSHN (Liberty)
Full service "Shine All 9"
Trinity River Valley Broadcasting

100.7
KKHT (Lumberton)
Christian radio "100.7 The Word"
Salem Broadcasting

101.7
KAYD (Silsbee)
Country "KD101"
Cumulus Broadcasting

102.5
KTCX
Urban contemporary "Magic 102.5"
Cumulus Broadcasting

103.3
K277AG (Beaumont)
Hip-Pop and R&B "The Beat 103.3"
Clear Channel
Simulcast of KKMY-HD2

104.5 (Orange)
KKMY
Rhythmic CHR "104.5 Kiss FM"
Clear Channel

105.3
KXXF (Winnie)
Mostly rock but varied (with Walton and Johnson mornings
Excel Media

106.1
KIOC (Orange)
Rock "Big Dog 106"
Clear Channel

107.9
KQQK
Regional Mexican "107.9 El Norte"
Liberman Broadcasting-Houston

text: Transportation[edit]

text: Jack Brooks Regional Airport (BPT), located 9 miles (14 km) south of Beaumont's central business district, serves the region with regional jet flights nonstop to Dallas/Fort Worth Airport (DFW), Texas with this scheduled passenger service being operated by American Eagle on behalf of American Airlines. The Beaumont Municipal Airport (BMT) near the western city limit is available for general aviation travel.

text: Amtrak's Sunset Limited serves Beaumont's train station.

text: The city operates the Beaumont Municipal Transit System, a citywide bus system called (BMT).

text: Major Highways

text:
I-10
 US 69
 US 90
 US 96
 US 287

text: Notable people[edit]

text: For a full list of people associated with Beaumont, Texas see: People from Beaumont, Texas

text:
Chip Ambres, minor league baseball player[78]
Kelly Asbury, film director, writer, illustrator and voice actor[79]
Doug Ault, Major League Baseball player
Melvin Baker, football player
Jerry Ball, football player for SMU and in NFL, 3-time Pro Bowl selection; born in Beaumont[80]
Vance Bedford, football coach
Charlotte Beers, businesswoman and former Under Secretary of State[81]
James Brown, starting quarterback of Texas Longhorns from 1994–97[82]
Ben Broussard, Major League Baseball first baseman[83]
Jay Bruce, Major League Baseball player, three-time All-Star; born in Beaumont[84]
James Busceme, boxer who fought Alexis Arguello for world title in 1982
Wayde Butler, football player
Tracy Byrd, country music artist; grew up in Vidor[85]
Henry E. Chambers, Louisiana historian and educator; was a school principal in Beaumont[86]
Mark Chesnutt, country music artist; grew up in Nederland[85]
William Roy Cousins, Sr., represented Beaumont for 2 of 4 terms he served in Texas State Senate[87]
Wilfred Roy Cousins, Jr., served in Texas House of Representatives and as state senator;[88] instrumental in passing Lamar College Bill and creating Port Commission
Robert Crippen, astronaut[89]
Tiffany Derry, celebrity chef, Top Chef contestant and fan favorite winner[90]
Mel Farr, football player, UCLA, first-round draft choice of Detroit Lions, NFL Rookie if the Year; born in Beaumont[91]
Miller Farr, NFL player, first-round draft choice, three-time AFL All-Star; born in Beaumont[92]
Debra Jo Fondren, model and actress, lived in Beaumont[93]
Lew Ford, Major League Baseball player[94]
Herman Fontenot, NFL player[citation needed]
Larry Graham, bass player for Sly and The Family Stone, pioneered "slapping" technique, founder and frontman of Graham Central Station[95]
Detrick Hughes, poet, author[96]
Harry James, musician and bandleader in Grammy Hall of Fame[97]
Blind Willie Johnson, Baptist minister and seminal gospel/blues bottle-neck guitarist[98]
George Jones, country music artist; grew up in Vidor[99]
L.Q. Jones, actor, known for films like The Wild Bunch and Casino; born in Beaumont
Louie Kelcher, NFL player, 4-time All-Pro for San Diego Chargers; born in Beaumont[100]
Jerry LeVias, college and NFL football player, member of the College Football Hall of Fame.[101]
Bruce Lietzke, professional golfer, 22 victories, member of winning 1981 Ryder Cup team[102]
Barbara Lynn, R&B music artist[103]
Bob Mann, political historian, columnist, head of Department of Journalism at LSU; born in Beaumont[104]
Masada, pro wrestler
Christine Michael, Texas A&M running back[105]
Kevin Millar, Major League Baseball player; played in college for Lamar[106]
Frank Middleton, NFL player[107]
Roger Mobley, child actor; police officer in Beaumont
Vamsi Mootha, Indian-American physician-scientist[citation needed]
David Ozio, bowler, won 11 titles on PBA Tour; executive at Etonic Shoe Company[108]
Kendrick Perkins, NBA player; member of 2008 NBA champion Boston Celtics[109]
Mark Petkovsek, Major League Baseball player[110]
Dade Phelan, Republican member of Texas House of Representatives from District 21; real estate developer born in Beaumont[111]
Bob Pollard, NFL player[112]
Kheeston Randall, football player[113]
Taylor Reed, football player
J.P. Richardson, "The Big Bopper", DJ, rock & roll singer, killed with Buddy Holly and Ritchie Valens in 1959 plane crash[114]
Allan Ritter, member of Texas House of Representatives from Jefferson and Orange counties, born in Beaumont[115]
Frank Robinson, Major League Baseball player and manager, member of Hall of Fame; born in Beaumont[116]
Kevin Russell, musician, born and raised in Beaumont[117]
Brian Sanches, Major League Baseball player; grew up in Nederland, TX[118]
Bubba Smith, football player, College Football Hall of Fame, Super Bowl V champion in NFL and actor[119]
Tom Tierney, noted paper doll artist, cartoonist, and painter[120]
Billy Tubbs, basketball coach at Lamar, Texas Christian and Oklahoma University, 1988 NCAA Final Four
Jason Tyner, Major League Baseball player[121]
Helen Vinson, actress, appeared in more than 40 films between 1932 and 1945; born in Beaumont
Clay Walker, country music artist; grew up in Vidor, Texas[122]
Ben Wells, defensive back for CFL's Montreal Alouettes
Edgar Winter, rock music artist, brother to Johnny Winter; born in Beaumont[123]
Johnny Winter, blues and rock music artist, brother to Edgar Winter; born in Beaumont[124]
Will Wynn, former mayor of Austin[125]
Mildred Ella ("Babe") Didrikson Zaharias, Olympic champion athlete and Hall of Fame pro golfer; one of the founders of LPGA[126]
Gus Zernial, Major League Baseball player, 1951 American League home run leader; born in Beaumont[127]

text: Architecture[edit]

text: Beaumont has 8 buildings over 100 feet (30 m) tall, the tallest being the Edison Plaza, which is 254 feet (77 m) tall.[128] The old Edson Hotel, built in 1928 is nearly the same height at 240 feet (73 m).[129] One of the most prominent downtown buildings is the 15-story San Jacinto Building. Built in 1921, it sports one of the largest four faced clock towers in the nation, each dial being 17 feet (5.2 m) in diameter.[130] In 1922 the 11-story Hotel Beaumont was built across the street from the San Jacinto. The Hotel Beaumont bears a resemblance to the old Winecoff Hotel in Atlanta. The second oil boom of 1925 brought more people and wealth to Beaumont, the same year the 12-story American National Bank Building (now Orleans Building), was erected, and in 1926 Forrest Goodhue built the 12-story Goodhue Building which included a penthouse. In 1928, the Edson Hotel was built. No other buildings were built until Century Tower in 1962 and in 1982 Edison Plaza was built. In 1994 the 12-story LaSalle Hotel, built in 1927, was demolished.

text: The Jefferson Theatre was built in 1927 by the Jefferson Amusement Company for $1 million and was Beaumont's showpiece for many years. In 1928 the City Hall and Auditorium was built. It is now the Julie Rogers Theater.

text: Beaumont's Jefferson County Courthouse is one of the tallest county courthouses in the state and is an excellent example of Art Deco architecture.[131] Across the street from the Jack Brooks Federal Building is the Kyle Building, built in 1933. The storefront was recently restored and is considered to be one of the best examples of Zig-Zag architecture in Texas.[132]

text: The Oaks Historic District has many restored historic homes.

text:
Kyle Building, Edson Hotel, Goodhue Building

Orleans Building

Left-San Jacinto Building, Right-Hotel Beaumont

Century Tower

Goodhue Building

Jefferson Theatre.

Julie Rogers Theater

Edison Plaza

text: Sister cities[edit]

text: Beaumont's Sister City in Japan Beppu, Oita


document_title: Why Did I Get Married?

question_text: jill scott's boyfriend in why did i get married

question_tokens: jill scott 's boyfriend in why did i get married

root

text: Why Did I Get Married?

text: Plot synopsis[edit]

text: The four couples, who are also best friends, converge in a house in the mountains for a week-long retreat that has become their ritual of sorts to help work out their marital problems and ask the question "Why did I get married?". Though the couples have committed to being physically present for the week, some of them have not been emotionally present in their respective marriages for quite some time. The week is not planned out in a well-programmed sequence, so the events unfold somewhat spontaneously, beginning with their "adventures" in getting up to the mountain retreat.

tag: p

text:
The first couple, over-worked Diane and ignored Terry, drive up together and argue most of the way because Dianne (a lawyer) refuses to stop working. She takes calls on her phone instead of talking to her husband Terry.
The second couple, over-the-top Angela and annoyed Marcus, take the train. Angela constantly argues with Marcus and anyone who dares to interrupt them.
The third couple is overweight Sheila and conceited Mike. Sheila has to get off the plane because of her weight and the requirement to purchase two seats so she drives the long distance in the snow, while her husband Mike continues flirting on the flight with Sheila's single friend, Trina.
The fourth couple is overly-perfect Patricia and depressed Gavin who arrive by limo cab. Their journey is not documented. However, right before they leave to go to the retreat, Gavin shows up to pick up Patricia at a lecture she was giving (she is the author of a book called "Why Did I Get Married?") and artlessly dodges a question about their own marriage.

tag: ul

text: Dianne falls asleep not long after arriving with her BlackBerry close at hand and when her secretary calls while she is asleep, Terry tells the woman not to call them while they are on their vacation. When Patricia arrives, she goes up to wake Dianne while the men bond over the wine that Terry has poured for his wife. The sound of arguing signals the arrival of Angela and Marcus. When Mike arrives without Sheila, the other wives berate him and Trina for having left Shelia to drive alone. Sheila's husband shows clearly that he does not care for his wife at all. Her friends try to reach Sheila by phone but get her voice mail only.

text: Sheila is persistent to get to the retreat because she wants to make her marriage work. Providence leads her to Sheriff Troy Jackson's office. Due to the weather, the roads have been closed for the night and she has no choice but to spend the night in the office. That same night, Mike tiptoes, not unseen by Angela, to Trina's bedroom. Sheila arrives at the retreat house the following morning with Troy in tow. She introduces Troy to the others and tells them she has invited him to breakfast. Troy fast becomes a threat to Sheila's husband Mike, not because of Sheila, but because of Trina, with whom he is having an affair. Breakfast is a noisy affair with the arguing couples and Angela insulting Trina, the only single woman on the retreat, whom she instantly disliked.

text: Throughout the few days spent on retreat, there are spontaneous revelations. The infidelity of two of the husbands leads to a discussion by the men of the 80/20 rule. This rule states that most men get 80% of what they need from a marriage yet they tend to go after the 20% that someone outside can provide for them because it appears to be more to them when it really isn't.

text: During a heated argument with Angela, Mike reveals several secrets the couples have been hiding from one another: Marcus had contracted an STD after he cheated on Angela with another woman, Dianne had her tubes tied after her daughter was born and didn't want a son and kept it a secret from Terry, and Gavin had criticized Patricia for not protecting their young son in a tragic car accident that killed him a year prior. Mike, whose secret was revealed that he cheated on Sheila with Trina, makes it clear he isn't attracted to his wife any longer. After all this, Angela reveals that she's the one who gave Marcus the STD after she slept with someone, then Marcus tries to choke Angela out of anger yelling how she's so evil. Mike then tells Sheila he wants a divorce, and she smashes a wine bottle over his head knocking him out.

text: All the couples suddenly decide they can't stay in the house any longer after all the secrets. Sheila checks into a local hotel to recover from the shock of her divorce and the realization that Mike has drained her bank account. She is in a depressed state when Troy goes to visit her. He takes her up to a mountain where she cries and mourns the loss of her love and the only life she knew.

text: The other couples head back home. Patricia and Gavin are barely speaking to each other because she was deemed "stupid" for not protecting their son in a tragic accident by Gavin; Patricia breaks down emotionally in his arms and eventually confesses that she was only trying to be perfect. They both agree to face the situation and soon reconcile. Angela and Marcus are still fighting, especially when Marcus' ex-girlfriend and baby mama, Keisha, shows up at Angela's salon, and disrespects her. Marcus finally stands up to both women, and manages to frighten Angela into realizing she is wrecking their life with her constant arguing by not showing up for a couple of days. Dianne and Terry fight again right before they leave the mountains because he had a paternity test done on their daughter, and later on Terry's birthday at their home; Terry moves out because Dianne forgot about his birthday and did not tell him about getting her tubes tied. Patricia meets up with Dianne and Angela, moping over their husbands, and gives them good counseling about the need to get back on track: making a list of both the good and bad things their husbands have done. The men drown all their sorrows in bottles.

text: In the mountains, Sheila settles into a new life at her new job at the general store owned by Troy's father and, while she realizes her own self-worth, the two bond. Angela cooks dinner for Marcus after finishing with her list, but he suspects she is trying to poison him. Eventually, they make up and set new conditions. Dianne goes to see Terry and begs him to come back after crying over her list. He plays with her head a little to get back at her, but they eventually reconcile as well.

text: Later, all the couples converge at a gala celebration for an award recently received by Patricia. Dianne, Patricia and Angela are shocked when Sheila arrives and introduces Troy as her husband and has successfully lost weight thanks to his help. Her very jealous ex-husband, Mike, although still with Trina, tries to weasel his way back into her good graces, but she tells him to go enjoy Trina as his "20", referring to the 80/20 rule. Patricia includes a confession of her love for Gavin, as well as a message of loving, respecting and trusting God in her acceptance speech.

text: Locations[edit]

text: Agnes Scott College, Decatur, Georgia, USA; Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Pemberton, British Columbia, Canada; Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Whistler, British Columbia, Canada [1] [2]

text: Couples cast[edit]

text: First Couple, The Brocks

text: Tyler Perry as Terry, a pediatrician & Sharon Leal as Dianne, an attorney.

text: Second Couple, The Agnews

text: Malik Yoba as Gavin, an architect & Janet Jackson as Patricia, a psychologist.

text: Third Couple, The Williams

text: Michael Jai White as Marcus, a former football player & Tasha Smith as Angela, owner of a hair salon.

text: Fourth Couple, last name unknown

text: Richard T. Jones as Mike, an entrepreneur & Jill Scott as Sheila, a housewife.

text: Single cast[edit]

text:
Lamman Rucker as Troy Jackson
Denise Boutte as Trina aka Tricka

text:
Keesha Sharp as Pam
Kaira Whitehead as Keisha
Sheri Mann Stewart

text: Production and development[edit]

text: Perry decided to take out many of the church and message scenes because he wanted the film to be "on a whole 'nother spiritual level--there's a whole 'nother connection to it." He said his writing has improved since the play.[3]

text: Perry invited experienced and neophyte African-American actors to a reading of an early script in order to field reactions, including Danny! and Tracee Ellis Ross.[4]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 45% based on 42 reviews.[5] The consensus was "Despite some poignant observations on modern marriages, Why Did I Get Married? is too preachy and melodramatic." On Metacritic, the film had an average score of 54/100 based on reviews from 12 critics.[6]

text: Paul Grenada said that while "there are times where the script seems stiff,...[the film] teaches without hammering, and you leave the movie feeling good about what you saw."[7] Giving the movie a B-, Entertainment Weekly said that Perry is of the "spell-everything-in-capital-letters and act-it-out-loudly schools," but added that "one performance glistens--Jill Scott's as the sad, heavyset Sheila, who locates the faith that's the source of love."[8] Time magazine gave the film a B and called it the "usual artless mix of broad comedy, teary confessions and spiritual uplift."[9]

text: Box office[edit]

text: In its opening weekend, the film grossed $21.4 million in 3,105 theaters in the United States and Canada, ranking #1 at the box office.[10] In its second weekend, the film slipped to #2 in the box office charts, with a gross of $12.1 million, bringing the 10-day total to over $38 million.[11] In total, the film domestically grossed $55,862,886.

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: The soundtrack was released by Atlantic Records on October 2, 2007. Neither Janet Jackson nor Jill Scott are featured on the soundtrack. The soundtrack debuted at number 51 on Billboard 200, number seven on R&B/Hip-Hop Albums and number six on Soundtracks with 58,000 copies sold in first week.[12][13]

text:
Keith Sweat feat. Keyshia Cole - "Love U Better"
Babyface - "Sorry for the Stupid Things"
Anita Baker - "You Belong to Me"
Kelly Price - "Why"
Gerald Levert feat. Jaheim - "DJ Don't Remix"
Musiq Soulchild - "Betterman"
Tyrese - "One"
Hope - "Who Am I To Say"
Beyoncé - "Flaws And All"
Laura Izibor - "Mmm..."
Amel Larrieux - "No One Else"
Tamika Scott - "Why Did I Get Married"
Michael Bublé - "L-O-V-E"
Jennifer Holliday - "Givin' Up"

tag: ol

text: Home media[edit]

text: The film was released on DVD on February 12, 2008. The DVD includes subtitles in English and Spanish, as well as bloopers.

text: A Blu-ray was released on November 23, 2010.

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Image Awards

Outstanding Motion Picture (Nominated)
Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture: Jill Scott (Nominated)
Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture: Tyler Perry (Nominated)
Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture: Janet Jackson (Winner)

text: Sequel[edit]

text: A sequel, titled Why Did I Get Married Too? starring Perry and Tasha Smith, was released on April 2, 2010.[14]

text: Subsequently, Perry created a comedy-drama television series based upon the two films titled Tyler Perry's For Better or Worse. The series, which stars White and Smith as Marcus and Angela, premiered on TBS on November 25, 2011.


document_title: Boyhood (film)

question_text: what college does mason go to in boyhood

text: Boyhood (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 2002, six-year-old Mason Evans Jr., and his older sister Samantha live with their single mother Olivia in Texas. Mason overhears Olivia arguing with her boyfriend, saying she has no free time due to parenting.

text: In 2003, Olivia moves the family to Houston, so she can attend the University of Houston, complete her degree, and get a better job.

text: In 2004, Mason's father, Mason Sr., visits Houston and takes Mason and his sister bowling. He promises to spend more time with them. When he drops the children off at home, he argues with Olivia while Mason and Samantha watch from a window. Olivia takes Mason to one of her classes, introducing him to her professor, Bill Welbrock; Mason sees them flirt.

text: By 2005, Olivia and Bill have married and blended their two families, including Bill's children from a previous marriage. They share experiences such as playing video games and attending a midnight release of Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince. Mason and Samantha are enrolled in the same school as their step-siblings, where Mason meets and befriends a girl named Nicole, who also has a crush on him.

text: In 2006, Mason and Samantha bond with their father Mason Sr. as he takes them out for a day in Houston, culminating in a Houston Astros game and a sleepover at his house with his roommate Jimmy. Olivia continues her education and is initially supportive of Bill's strict parenting style, which includes many chores for the children and an enforced cutting of Mason's long hair.

text: In 2007, Bill becomes abusive as alcoholism takes over his life. After Bill assaults Olivia and endangers the children, Olivia moves the family to a friend's house and files for divorce.

text: In 2008, Mason Sr. learns that Samantha has a boyfriend and talks to her and Mason about contraception. He and Mason go camping at Pedernales Falls State Park and bond over the music of Wilco, Star Wars, and Mason's blossoming interest in girls. Mason and Samantha have grown into their new lives in San Marcos, a town close to Austin.

text: In 2009, Mason is bullied by other students at school and teased on a camping trip but starts receiving attention from girls. Olivia teaches psychology at college and moves in with Jim, a student and Bosnian/Iraq War veteran.

text: By 2010, Mason has experimented with marijuana and alcohol. Mason Sr., who has remarried and now has a baby, takes Mason and Samantha to visit his wife's parents. For his birthday, Mason Sr. gives Mason a suit and The Black Album, a mix CD of Beatles solo songs; Mason's step-grandparents give him a personalized Bible and a vintage shotgun.

text: In 2011, Mason is lectured by his photography teacher, who sees his potential but is disappointed in his lack of ambition and hard work. Mason attends a party and meets Sheena, who becomes his girlfriend. After Mason arrives home late one night from a party, a drunk Jim confronts Mason about his late hours. Olivia and Jim eventually split up.

text: In 2012, Mason and Sheena visit Samantha at the University of Texas at Austin, where they share their hopes and fears about college, staying up late to watch the sunrise. Samantha's roommate discovers them asleep together in her dormitory.

text: In May 2013, during the end of Mason's senior year in high school, he has a painful breakup with Sheena, wins the silver medal in a state photography contest, and is awarded college scholarship money. Mason's family throws him a graduation party and toasts his success. Mason Sr. gives him advice about his breakup. Planning to sell the house and downsize, Olivia meets Samantha and Mason for lunch and asks them to sort through their possessions. Later that year, as Mason prepares to leave his mother's new apartment for college, Olivia breaks down, disillusioned by how quickly life has passed. At Sul Ross State University in Alpine, Mason moves into his dorm room and meets his new roommate Dalton, Dalton's girlfriend Barb, and Barb's roommate Nicole. Mason eats a cannabis edible or mushroom chocolate given to him by Barb and the group goes hiking at Big Bend Ranch State Park. Nicole shares with Mason her belief that, rather than people seizing moments, moments seize people, to which Mason agrees.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Family

Patricia Arquette as Olivia Evans
Ellar Coltrane as Mason Evans Jr.
Lorelei Linklater as Samantha Evans
Ethan Hawke as Mason Evans Sr.
Libby Villari as Catherine: Olivia's mother
Marco Perella as Bill Welbrock: Olivia's second husband
Brad Hawkins as Jim: Olivia's boyfriend
Jamie Howard as Mindy Welbrock: Bill's daughter
Andrew Villarreal as Randy Welbrock: Bill's son
Jenni Tooley as Annie: Mason Sr.'s second wife
Richard Andrew Jones as Annie's father
Karen Jones as Annie's mother
Bill Wise as Steve Evans: Mason Sr.'s brother

Acquaintances

Zoe Graham as Sheena: Mason Jr.'s girlfriend
Charlie Sexton as Jimmy: Mason Sr.'s roommate and friend
Barbara Chisholm as Carol: Olivia's friend
Cassidy Johnson as Abby: Carol's daughter
Richard Robichaux as Mason's boss
Steven Chester Prince as Ted: Olivia's boyfriend
Tom McTigue as Mr. Turlington: Mason Jr.'s photography teacher
Will Harris as Sam's boyfriend at college
Andrea Chen as Sam's college roommate
Maximillian McNamara as Dalton: Mason Jr.'s college roommate
Taylor Weaver as Barb: Dalton's girlfriend
Jessi Mechler as Nicole: Barb's roommate

tag: table

text: Production[edit]

text: In May 2002, Linklater said that he would begin shooting an untitled film in his home city of Houston that summer.[7] He planned to assemble the cast and crew for a few weeks' filming annually for 12 years. He said: "I've long wanted to tell the story of a parent–child relationship that follows a boy from the first through the 12th grade and ends with him going off to college. But the dilemma is that kids change so much that it is impossible to cover that much ground. And I am totally ready to adapt the story to whatever he is going through."[7] IFC, the film's distributor, committed to a film budget of US$200,000 per year, or $2.4 million over the 12-year shooting period.[8]

text: Linklater hired the six-year-old Coltrane to play the boy.[9][10] The cast could not sign contracts for the film due to the De Havilland Law, which makes it illegal to contract someone for more than seven years of work. Linklater told Hawke that he would have to finish the film if Linklater died.[11][12]

text: Boyhood began filming without a completed script. Linklater had prepared each character's basic plot points, and the ending—including the final shot—but otherwise wrote the script for the next year's filming after rewatching the previous year's footage, incorporating the changes he saw in each actor. All major actors participated in the writing process, contributing their life experiences; for example, Hawke's character is based on his and Linklater's fathers—both Texan insurance agents who divorced and remarried—and Arquette's character is based on her mother, who resumed her education later in life and became a psychotherapist.[12]

text: Despite the unconventional screenwriting process, Linklater stated that he had a general storyline in mind, and that the actors did not change the general direction of the story:

text: People think I asked Ellar, "What did you do in school the other day? Let's make a scene about that!" That never happened. The time we spent together was me just gauging where he was at in his life—what his concerns were and what he was doing. Then I would think, maybe we could move the camping trip up, and we can do this or that.[13]

text: Scripts for certain scenes were sometimes finished the night prior to shooting. According to Hawke, the discussion about the possibility of additional Star Wars films is "the only honest-to-god improvised moment in the movie".[12] The cast and crew gathered once or twice each year, on varying dates, to film for three or four days. The production team spent approximately two months in pre-production, and one month in post-production each year.[14] When Arquette became the lead on the TV series Medium, she filmed her scenes over weekends.[12]

text: Hawke said in 2013:

text: It's Tolstoy-esque in scope. I thought Before Sunrise was the most unique thing I would ever be a part of, but Rick has engaged me in something even more strange. Doing a scene with a young boy at the age of seven when he talks about why do raccoons die, and at the age of 12 when he talks about video games, and 17 when he asks me about girls, and have it be the same actor—to watch his voice and body morph—it's a little bit like time-lapse photography of a human being.[15]

text: Although Linklater had referred to the project as Boyhood during the early years of production,[9] in 2013 he settled on the title 12 Years, but was forced to rename it by the release of 12 Years a Slave in the same year.[8] Hawke was amazed that the producers "still had their job" at the film's completion, despite "(having) to hide a couple hundred thousand dollars a year for over a decade while we slowly made this movie".[11] Despite the risks, Linklater was allowed an unusual level of freedom with the production, never having to show IFC the work as it progressed.[8]

text: Costume designer Kari Perkins had to review each year's footage to ensure there were no accidental repetitions and to create a "flow" to the costumes.[16]

text: When discussing shooting format in an interview, Linklater discussed how insistent he was on shooting 35mm film:

text: "We very intentionally shot in the same way throughout, just to get a unified look. 35mm negative is about the most stable thing you could shoot on. We kinda had that from the beginning. I remember it not even being a question. You know the HD formats, I didn't really like them very much at all. I'm just not warming up to them. But they change a lot. The film would have six different looks if we tried to keep up."[17]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Boyhood premiered theatrically on July 11, 2014, in a limited release in four theaters in North America and grossed $387,618, with an average of $77,524 per theater, ranking number 19 at the box office. The film expanded the next week to 34 theaters and grossed $1.2 million, with an average of $34,418 per theater. The film's wide release occurred on August 15, opening in 771 theaters and grossing $2 million, with an average of $2,584 per theater and ranking number 11. The film's widest release in the U.S. was 775 theaters. The film ultimately earned $25.4 million domestically and $21 million internationally for a total of $46.4 million, against a $4 million production budget.[18]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a "Certified Fresh" score of 98%, based on 280 reviews, with an average rating of 9.2/10. The critical consensus states, "Epic in technical scale but breathlessly intimate in narrative scope, Boyhood is a sprawling investigation of the human condition."[19] On Metacritic, the film has a perfect score of 100 out of 100, based on 50 reviews.[20] It is the highest rated of all films reviewed upon their original release on the site,[21] and one of only three films in the site's history to achieve a perfect aggregate score.[22] It also holds the highest number of reviews for a film with a score of 100.

text: A collection of 25 French critiques on AlloCiné, including those from Le Monde and Cahiers du cinéma, indicates wide approval, with an average score of 4.0 out of 5.[23]

text: In her review for The New York Times, Manohla Dargis stated that the film's realism was "jolting" and "so brilliantly realized and understated that it would be easy to overlook".[24] A. O. Scott, also writing for The New York Times, called Boyhood the best film of 2014, saying that he could not think of any film that had affected him the way Boyhood had in his 15 years as a professional film critic.[25] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone also named Boyhood the best movie of the year, calling it the year's "biggest emotional powerhouse".[26] Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian called it "one of the greatest films of the decade".[27] Richard Roeper gave the film an A+, calling it one of the greatest films he had ever seen.[28] Wai Chee Dimock, writing in the Los Angeles Review of Books, compared Linklater's film with Nobel laureate J. M. Coetzee's memoir, Boyhood: Scenes from Provincial Life.[29]

text: Many critics singled out Patricia Arquette's performance for praise. Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle said that watching Arquette was "like watching a generation's hopes and struggles, presented by an actress with a fullness of emotion, and yet with utter matter-of-factness".[30] Michael Phillips, writing for the Chicago Tribune, lauded Arquette's "lack of pretense or affectation as a performer".[31]

text: Boyhood also earned the admiration of other filmmakers and artists. Director Christopher Nolan named Boyhood as his favorite film of 2014, calling it "extraordinary".[32] Writer-director Mike Leigh, while accepting a fellowship from the British Academy of Film and Television Arts in 2015, called it "the definitive independent film".[33] Writer Joyce Carol Oates tweeted her support, saying: "It is rare that a film so mimics the rhythms and texture of actual life as Boyhood. Such seeming spontaneity is a very high art."[34] Poet and critic Dan Chiasson wrote in a contribution to The New York Review of Books: "This is a great film, the greatest American movie I have ever seen in a theater. It is great for what we see, but it is even greater for its way of making real what we cannot see, or for suggesting that what we cannot yet see we might one day see."[35] According to Canadian philosopher Howard Adelman, "[Boyhood] is Huckleberry Finn for the twenty-first century, for it is only Mason Jr. who retains his honesty, integrity and sense of decency throughout ... a masterful movie not to be missed."[36] Alejandro González Iñárritu, winner of the Academy Award for Best Director in 2015 and Linklater's fellow nominee, said that when he watched Boyhood, he sent an email to Linklater and thanked him for giving "this incredible gift".[37]

text: Other critics reacted less positively to the film. Los Angeles Times critic Kenneth Turan described it as "at best, OK" and one whose "animating idea is more interesting than its actual satisfactions".[38] Sam Adams of IndieWire argued that the unanimous praise for Boyhood is bad for film criticism, as it tends to marginalize the analysis of critics who disagree with the majority; Adams further elaborated that masterpieces are not made "by unanimous praise, but by careful scrutiny".[39] Richard Brody of The New Yorker listed the film at the top of a year-end list he called "The Negative Ten", a list of films with "significant merit", but that also "occluded the view toward the year's most accomplished and daringly original work".[40]

text: Year-end lists[edit]

text: The international film magazine Sight & Sound named it the best film of 2014 after polling an international group of 112 film critics.[41] Both Metacritic and Rotten Tomatoes listed Boyhood as the best-reviewed film of 2014.[42][43]

text: Boyhood appeared on more critics' annual "best-of" lists in 2014 than any other film, including the most first-place votes.[44][45] According to CriticsTop10.com, it was included on 536 lists and topped 189 of them—with the latter being a record by that site's count.[46]

text:
1st – Jeffrey M. Anderson – San Francisco Examiner[47]
1st – Marjorie Baumgarten – The Austin Chronicle[48]
1st – Peter Bradshaw – The Guardian[49]
1st – Justin Chang – Variety[50]
1st – Simon Crook – Empire[51]
1st – A. A. Dowd – The A.V. Club[52]
1st – David Edelstein – New York[53]
1st – Bill Goodykoontz – The Arizona Republic[54]
1st – Stephen Holden – The New York Times[55]
1st – Ann Hornaday – The Washington Post[56]
1st – Peter Howell – Toronto Star[57]
1st – Eric Kohn – Indiewire[58]
1st – Mick LaSalle – San Francisco Chronicle[59]
1st – Bob Mondello – National Public Radio[60]
1st – Joe Morgenstern – The Wall Street Journal[61]
1st – Andrew O'Hehir – Salon[62]
1st – Michael Phillips – Chicago Tribune[63]
1st – Claudia Puig – USA Today[64]
1st – Richard Roeper – Chicago Sun-Times[65]
1st – Joshua Rothkopf – Time Out New York[66]
1st – A. O. Scott – The New York Times[67]
1st – Betsy Sharkey – The Los Angeles Times[68]
1st – Sight & Sound contributors – British Film Institute[69]
1st – Peter Travers – Rolling Stone[70]
2nd – Tom Brook – British Broadcasting Corporation[71]
2nd – Robbie Collin – The Daily Telegraph[72]
2nd – Seth Malvín Romero – A.V. Wire[73]
2nd – Richard Corliss – Time[74]
2nd – Chris Nashawaty – Entertainment Weekly[75]
2nd – Kyle Smith – New York Post[76]
2nd – Mark Kermode – BBC Radio Five Live[77]
3rd – Rex Reed – New York Observer[78]
3rd – Craig Mathieson – The Sydney Morning Herald[79]
4th – James Berardinelli – Reelviews[80]
5th – Richard Lawson – Vanity Fair[81]
5th – Todd McCarthy – The Hollywood Reporter[82]
6th – Christopher Orr – The Atlantic[83]
7th – Peter Rainer – The Christian Science Monitor[84]
9th – Lou Lumenick – New York Post[85]
10th – Matt Zoller Seitz – RogerEbert.com[86]
Not ranked – Manohla Dargis – The New York Times[87]
Not ranked – David Denby – The New Yorker[88]
Not ranked – Steven Rea – The Philadelphia Inquirer[89]
Not ranked – Dana Stevens – Slate[90]

text: In a 2016 poll by BBC Culture, critics ranked Boyhood as the fifth greatest film since 2000.[91] The film was also named the eighth "Best Film of the 21st Century So Far" in 2017 by The New York Times.[92]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Linklater told Hypable in July 2014 that he was planning a DVD/Blu-ray release through The Criterion Collection:[93]

text: Yeah, we've got a ton of behind the scenes stuff. We made this in the era where everyone has a digital camera so we unearthed an interview from year one with Ellar, Lorelei, Patricia and myself, Patricia interviewed me in 2002. I hadn't seen this since we shot it, Ellar had forgotten quite a bit of it but he got to see himself as a wide-eyed six year old. For people who like the movie, I think there will be a lot of cool little treasures.

text: On August 21, Variety reported that Paramount Home Media Distribution had acquired the U.S. home entertainment rights for DVD, Blu-ray and digital distribution. IFC Films will retain VOD and EST sales as part of the deal.[94] The film became available on Digital HD on December 9, 2014, and was released on Blu-ray and DVD on January 6, 2015.[95] The Criterion Collection released a special edition of the film on Blu-ray and DVD on October 18, 2016.[96]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: Boyhood earned dozens of accolades, including top prizes from the New York Film Critics Circle, the Los Angeles Film Critics Association, the Chicago Film Critics Association, the Broadcast Film Critics Association, and the London Film Critics' Circle. It received both the Golden Globe Award and the British Academy Film Award for Best Film. At the 87th Academy Awards, it received its sole Oscar for Supporting Actress, losing the other nominations to Birdman and Whiplash.


document_title: Hofmann voltameter

question_text: apparatus used to determine the volumetric composition of water

text: Hofmann voltameter

text: Name[edit]

text: The name 'voltameter' was coined by Daniell, who shortened Faraday's original name of "volta-electrometer".[2] Hofmann voltameters are no longer used as electrical measuring devices. However, before the invention of the ammeter, voltameters were often used to measure direct current, since current through a voltameter with iron or copper electrodes electroplates the cathode with an amount of metal from the anode directly proportional to the total coulombs of charge transferred (Faraday's law of electrolysis). The modern name is "electrochemical coulometer". Although the correct spelling of Hofmann contains only one 'f', it is often incorrectly depicted as Hoffmann.

text: Uses[edit]

text: The amount of electricity that has passed through the system can then be determined by weighing the cathode. Thomas Edison used voltameters as electricity meters. (A Hofmann voltameter cannot be used to weigh electric current in this fashion, as the platinum electrodes are too inert for plating.)

text: A Hofmann voltameter is often used as a demonstration of stoichiometric principles, as the two-to-one ratio of the volumes of hydrogen and oxygen gas produced by the apparatus illustrates the chemical formula of water, H2O. However, this is only true if oxygen and hydrogen gases are assumed to be diatomic. If hydrogen gas were monatomic and oxygen diatomic, the gas volume ratio would be 4:1. The volumetric composition of water is the ratio by volume of hydrogen to oxygen present. This value is 2:1 experimentally; this value is determined using Hofmann's water voltameter.


question_text: who played the joker in the batman series

text: Batman, a fictional superhero appearing in publications by DC Comics, has appeared in numerous filmed works, with a variety of casts. The list below presents the casts of the television series in which Batman was the eponymous starring character.

text: Television series[edit]

text:
Character
Series (all except Batman (1966-1968) are animated)

Batman
(1966-1968)
The Adventures of Batman and Robin the Boy Wonder
(1968-1969)
The New Adventures of Batman
(1977-1978)
Batman: The Animated Series
(1992-1995)
The New Batman Adventures
(1997-1999)
Batman Beyond
(1999-2001)
The Batman
(2004-2008)
Batman: The Brave and the Bold
(2008-2011)
Beware the Batman
(2013-2014)

CAST

Bruce Wayne
Batman
Adam West
Olan Soule
Adam West
Kevin Conroy
Rino Romano
Diedrich Bader

Zachary Gordon (young)

Mikey Kelley (pre-teen)

Dee Bradley Baker (infant)
Anthony Ruivivar

Terry McGinnis
Batman

Will Friedle

Alfred Pennyworth
Alan Napier
Olan Soule

Clive Revill

Efrem Zimbalist, Jr.

Alastair Duncan
James Garrett
JB Blanc

Commissioner James Gordon
Neil Hamilton
Ted Knight
Lennie Weinrib
Bob Hastings

Mitch Pileggi

Kurtwood Smith

Dick Grayson
Robin
Burt Ward
Casey Kasem
Burt Ward
Loren Lester
Brianne Siddall

Evan Sabara
Jeremy Shada
Crawford Wilson
Grey DeLisle
Jason Marsden

Nightwing

Loren Lester

Jerry O'Connell
Crawford Wilson

Tim Drake
Robin

Mathew Valencia

Carry Kelly
Robin

Anndi McAfee

Barbara Gordon
Batgirl
Yvonne Craig
Jane Webb
Melendy Britt
Melissa Gilbert
Tara Strong
Stockard Channing
Danielle Judovits
Mae Whitman
Tara Strong

Katana

Vyvan Pham
Kim Mai Guest
Sumalee Montano

The Joker
Cesar Romero
Larry Storch
Lennie Weinrib
Mark Hamill
Michael McKean

Kevin Michael Richardson
Jeff Bennett
Corey Burton

The Penguin
Burgess Meredith
Ted Knight
Lennie Weinrib
Paul Williams

Tom Kenny
Stephen Root
Jeff Bennett

The Riddler
Frank Gorshin
John Astin
Ted Knight

John Glover

Robert Englund
John Michael Higgins

Two-Face

Richard Moll

James Remar
Richard Moll

Catwoman
Julie Newmar
Eartha Kitt
Jane Webb
Melendy Britt
Adrienne Barbeau

Gina Gershon
Nika Futterman

Mr. Freeze
George Sanders
Otto Preminger
Eli Wallach

Lennie Weinrib
Michael Ansara
Clancy Brown
John Di Maggio

Ra's al Ghul

David Warner

Peter Woodward
Lance Reddick

Clock King
Walter Slezak

Alan Rachins

Dee Bradley Baker

Scarecrow

Henry Polic II

Dee Bradley Baker

Mad Hatter
David Wayne

Roddy McDowall

False Face
Malachi Throne

Townsend Coleman

Corey Burton

Harley Quinn

Arleen Sorkin

Hynden Walch
Meghan Strange

Man-Bat

Marc Singer

Peter MacNicol

Killer Moth

Jeff Bennett
Corey Burton

Killer Croc

Aron Kincaid

Ron Perlman
Stephen Root

Poison Ivy

Diane Pershing

Piera Coppola
Jennifer Hale

Scarface / The Ventriloquist

George Dzundza

Dan Castellaneta

Bane

Henry Silva

Joaquim de Almeida
Ron Perlman
Clancy Brown
Michael Dorn

Firefly

Mark Rolston

Jason Marsden

Dr. Hugo Strange

Ray Buktenica

Frank Gorshin
Richard Green

Rupert Thorne

John Vernon

Victor Brandt

Tony Zucco

Thomas F. Wilson

Mark Hamill

Fox

Bill Mumy

David Faustino
Phil Morris

Shark

Peter Scolari

Googy Gress

Vulture

David Jolliffe

Grey DeLisle
Edoardo Ballerini

Count Vertigo

Michael York

Greg Ellis

Spellbinder

Jon Cypher
Michael Massee

Blockbuster

Kevin Michael Richardson
Gary Anthony Williams

Black Mask

James Remar
John Di Maggio

Thomas Wayne

Kevin Conroy

Corey Burton
Greg Ellis
Adam West

Martha Wayne

Adrienne Barbeau

Pat Musick
Julie Newmar

Chief O'Hara
Stafford Repp

Harvey Bullock

Robert Costanzo

Renee Montoya

Ingrid Oliu
Liane Schirmer

Aunt Harriet Cooper
Madge Blake

Lucius Fox

Brock Peters
Mel Winkler

Louis Gossett, Jr.

Green Arrow

Chris Hardwick
James Arnold Taylor

Hal Jordan
Green Lantern

Dermot Mulroney
Loren Lester

Zatanna

Julie Brown

Jennifer Hale

Hawkman

Robert Patrick
William Katt

Rex Mason
Metamorpho

Scott Menville
Adam Baldwin

Sinestro

Miguel Ferrer
Xander Berkeley

Solomon Grundy

Kevin Grevioux
Diedrich Bader

Jason Blood
Etrigan

Billy Zane

Dee Bradley Baker

Jonah Hex

Bill McKinney

Phil Morris

Summer Gleeson

Mari Devon

Mayor Hamilton Hill

Lloyd Bochner

Dr. Leslie Thompkins

Diana Muldaur

Bat-Mite

Lou Scheimer

Paul Reubens

Ace the Bat-Hound

Frank Welker

Dee Bradley Baker

Dana Tan

Lauren Tom

Mrs. Mary McGinnis

Teri Garr

Delia & Deidre Dennis

Melissa Joan Hart

text:
[hide]

v
t
e

1966–1968 Batman television series

Characters adapted
for the series

Alfred
Batgirl / Barbara Gordon
Batman / Bruce Wayne
Catwoman
Clock King
Commissioner James Gordon
Green Hornet
The Joker
Kato
The Mad Hatter
Mr. Freeze
The Penguin
The Riddler
Robin / Richard "Dick" Grayson

Characters created
for the series

Egghead

Vehicles & gadgetry

Batmobile
Batboat
Batcopter
Batcycle
Batsuit
Bat phone
Batcomputer
Batbelt

In-story locations

Gotham City
Batcave
Wayne Manor
Londinium

Related topics

Shows

Legends of the Superheroes
The New Adventures of Batman
Return to the Batcave: The Misadventures of Adam and Burt
The Green Hornet
The Man from U.N.C.L.E.

Films

Batman
Batman: Return of the Caped Crusaders
Batman vs. Two-Face

Music

"Batman Theme"

Lists

List of Batman television episodes
List of Batman television series cast members
Holy...

Other

Batman '66
Batman XXX: A Porn Parody
Bat Pussy
Batusi

text: Batman listsBatman television seriesLists of actors by crime television seriesLists of actors by science fiction television seriesLists of DC Comics television charactersLists of DC Comics animated television characters