document_title: List of Rob Zombie characters

question_text: who played mother firefly in house of 1000 corpses

text: List of Rob Zombie characters

text: Firefly Family[edit]

text: Captain Spaulding[edit]

text: Portrayed by Sid Haig.

text: In House of 1000 Corpses, Captain Spaulding was introduced as a vulgar clown and the proprietor of a gas station that doubled as a museum/haunted house ride with a focus on serial killers, madmen and freaks of nature. His main purpose in the first film was to redirect a group of young adults looking for the local legend of "Dr. Satan" to the tree where he was supposedly hanged, where they instead end up running into the murderous Firefly family.

text: Rob Zombie described Spaulding on the commentary for House of 1000 Corpses as a "lovable asshole" and wanted to make the character's motivations and connection to the Firefly family ambiguous. Because Spaulding never interacts or talks to any members of the murderous Firefly family, it is never fully explained in the movie at just how much Spaulding knows about the family; if he is in league with them, or if he is just a murderous vigilante unconnected to the Firefly clan (in the film's opening scene, he shoots and kills two burglars attempting to rob his store). Although, in one of the final scenes in the film, Spaulding is shown driving a car in which Otis Driftwood is hiding in the backseat ready to claim another victim. He is described in the script for Corpses as a "crusty looking old man in a filthy clown suit and smeared make-up". He has the words "LOVE" and "HATE" tattooed on his knuckles, a reference to the character Reverend Harry Powell from Night of the Hunter. Just as several characters from the series are named after characters from the Marx Brothers films, Spaulding is named for Groucho Marx's character from Animal Crackers.

text: The second film gave Spaulding a much more significant role, establishing him as the patriarch of the Firefly family. For The Devil's Rejects, Captain Spaulding's character was changed slightly; the director wanted him to be less cartoonish in the more realistic and gritty sequel. As such, Spaulding only has his clown makeup during the first half of the film. He is known by his nickname 'Cutter' as mentioned by Otis Driftwood at more than one occasion during the second film.

text: In describing Spaulding for his review for The Devil's Rejects, film critic Roger Ebert wrote "He is a man whose teeth are so bad, they're more frightening than his clown make-up. He plays such a thoroughly disgusting person, indeed, that I was driven to discover that in real life Sid looks, well, presentable... This was a relief to me, because anyone who really looked like Captain Spaulding would send shoppers screaming from the Wal-Mart."[1]

text: Otis Driftwood[edit]

text: Portrayed by Bill Moseley

text: Otis is the most depraved and violent member of the Firefly family. He is a sadist who makes the freaks for Captain Spaulding's museum from the victims that he kills. On two occasions in both films, he wore his victims skin as a costume and often fights with Spaulding for control of the family. Although Otis is albino and clean shaven in the first film, Rob didn't think it would fit the style and realism of the sequel, which also saw Otis coming across as less manic and more calculating than he did earlier. In the second film Otis sports a beard, giving him more of a rugged and feral appearance. One feature in both films is Otis' taste for sexual violence: the implication that he is a rapist and necrophiliac with female victims of the first movie is confirmed in the sequel, where he also sexually assaults one of his hostages with a gun (a scene Moseley talks about on the DVD and is visibly horrified by).

text: Although the family member whose actions are the most monstrous, Otis is, ironically, not a biological member of the Firefly family at all. Gloria "Mama" Firefly adopted him, but not legally. In the song "Pussy Liquor", the lyrics suggest that Otis' biological father's name is Tim. He is named after the Groucho Marx character in the film A Night at the Opera. He and Baby have a combative relationship and spend much of the sequel screaming at each other during the family's road trip of murder and fleeing from Sheriff Wydell.

text: After narrowly escaping death at the hands of Sheriff Wydell, Otis was killed along with "Baby" and Capt. Spaulding in a shootout on a deserted highway. A roadblock was set for their capture, and they were shot to death by Sheriff's deputies. Rather than surrender, the surviving Firefly clan drove speeding towards the roadblock with their guns blazing in one final act of defiance, and Otis is the first to be shot dead.

text: Baby Firefly[edit]

text: Portrayed by Sheri Moon Zombie

text: Besides Mama Firefly, her mother, Baby is the only female member of the Firefly family. In The Devil's Rejects her father is revealed to be Captain Spaulding. In the first film, Mary Knowles describes Baby as being a "slut" and a "redneck whore", which later results in her gruesome demise. In House of 1000 Corpses she hitchhikes and lures the teenagers into visiting the farm (a nod to the classic hitchhiker scene in the 1974 film The Texas Chain Saw Massacre). She shows a liking to Bill that his girlfriend Mary didn't take kindly to which prompted the four to try and leave. After they were captured, she took part in the demise of Bill that involved severing his limbs. Baby approached Jerry wearing one of the dead cheerleader's uniforms and scalped him when he failed to answer who her favorite actor was. Otis, who is the adoptive brother of Baby, was going to shoot Mary when she tried to escape at the ritual ground, but Baby insisted to go after her that resulted in Mary being stabbed to death. She escapes the police in The Devil's Rejects and goes on the rampage with her father and Otis. In the end they are shot dead by the police when trying to drive through a roadblock. In the Rob Zombie song "Pussy Liquor" it is stated that Earl (presumably Earl Firefly/"The Professor") is the biological father of both Baby and Tiny. Baby's actual given name (seen on a wanted poster in The Devil's Rejects) is Vera Ellen, though her mother has also referred to her daughter as "my Angel".

text: Tiny Firefly[edit]

text: Portrayed by Matthew McGrory

text: The younger half-brother of Baby. Suffers from gigantism and is scarred all over because the Professor doused him in lighter fluid and set him alight when he was a child. When the four teenagers tried to leave his family house, he and Otis, who is his adoptive brother, went to attack them. Tiny pulled Denise out of their car and dragged her back in the house while Otis dealt with the rest. Tiny took Denise to his room, where the family dressed her as a doll for Halloween and offered her to him, but did not take advantage of it as he had a soft spot for women. He would however, show no signs of remorse when they were to be killed at a ritual ground that he attended. In the second film, after saving Baby from being murdered, and Otis and Spaulding from the burning Firefly manor, he does not go with the rest of the clan and enters the burning house, where he presumably burns himself to death.

text: Gloria "Mama" Firefly[edit]

text: Portrayed by Academy Award-nominee Karen Black in the first film and Leslie Easterbrook in the second.

text: Mama Firefly (whose real name was Gloria Firefly) was a prostitute, and the mother of Rufus, Tiny, and Baby. Baby's father is Captain Spaulding, and the father of Rufus is a man named Rufus (which is why his family calls him R.J for Rufus Junior) and the father of Tiny was Earl Firefly. It is revealed in the sequel, that Mother Firefly has a long criminal record, including several cases of prostitution and theft. She is killed by Wydell in the second film, after she taunts Wydell about his brothers murder.

text: Rufus R.J. Firefly[edit]

text: Portrayed by Robert Allen Mukes In House Of 1000 Corpses and by Tyler Mane in The Devil's Rejects

text: A member of the Firefly family, namely Tiny's older brother. Rufus was abnormally tall, and often shot down nearby cars so their drivers would have to stop by the Firefly house for help. His Father was a man named Rufus, hence Rufus Jr or R.J. He was a fairly minor character in House Of 1000 Corpses. In The Devil's Rejects, Rufus defended the house from police covered in homemade steel body armor. In the end of the assault, Rufus fought alone while the others retreated and was shot to death by Wydell and his men. He is named after the Groucho Marx character in the film Duck Soup.

text: House of 1000 Corpses[edit]

text: Hugo Firefly[edit]

text: Portrayed by Dennis Fimple.

text: Grandpa Hugo is arguably one of the more harmless members of the Firefly family. It assumed he is the father of Gloria "Mama" Firefly and the grandfather of Rufus, Tiny, and Baby. He never murders anyone and does not engage in any acts of sadism or cruelty. Rather, he just seems to be a harmless (albeit dirty) old man.

text: Grandpa Hugo has a penchant for crude, sexual humor and loves telling dirty jokes. He is usually seen watching TV and yelling at the screen. He is named after the Groucho Marx character in the film A Day at the Races.

text: Fimple died not long after House Of 1000 Corpses was completed. Zombie omitted his role from the sequel, The Devil's Rejects, out of respect.

text: In an early cut of the film, Grandpa Hugo was revealed to be none other than Dr. Satan himself. Supposedly, the whole legend of Dr. Satan was to be a ruse concocted by the Firefly family to attract more victims, and Grandpa Hugo played the role of the sinister physician. Zombie later scrapped this idea, saying it would be too anticlimactic, and rather had the real Dr. Satan show up in the film's climax instead.

text: Lieutenant George Wydell[edit]

text: Portrayed by Tom Towles.

text: Investigating the disappearance of four missing teenagers, he interrogated Captain Spaulding, the owner of the gas station and freak show museum where the kids were seen last. Spaulding directed him to the site of the infamous Doctor Satan murders. Spaulding, who was later established as a member of the Firefly family, would later admit that he deliberately sent them to their doom.

text: With fellow police officer Deputy Steve Nash and Don Willis, one the teens' fathers and a former officer himself, he sought out the Firefly House. Nash and Willis went out back to investigate, but Wydell himself went to talk to a hesitant Mother Firefly for questioning.

text: He showed several pictures of the missing teenagers, but Mother Firefly claimed to know nothing about them. He was about to leave, when Nash called him on his walkie talkie. He and Willis had discovered a small shack outside the house where some of the teens were being locked up, right before Otis B. Driftwood killed them both.

text: Before Wydell could do anything, Mother Firefly pulled out a gun and shot him in the neck, killing him.

text: In Rejects, his brother Sheriff John Wydell discovers that George was killed by the Firefly family and is hellbent on revenge. Tom Towles reprises his role as George Wydell in a cameo appearance in one of his brother's dreams. In it, Sheriff Wydell goes to the basement of the Firefly House where George is waiting for him. He tells him he has to stay there and cannot rest until his brother kills the Firefly family.

text: Dr. Satan/S. Quentin Quale[edit]

text: Portrayed by Walter Phelan

text: Local legend of Ruggsville Texas, Captain Spaulding tells the legend of Dr. Satan - S. Quentin Quale, an intern at the "Willows County Mental Hospital". Through primitive brain surgery he believed he could create a race of "super-humans" from the mentally ill. When the locals discovered what he had been doing, they formed a mob and hanged him, the next day his body was missing, never to be found. From then on he had been living in the catacombs under the Firefly farm, continuing operations on people the family would lure to their home. He is named after the Groucho Marx character in the film Go West.

text: In Otis B. Driftwood's biography on The Devil's Rejects official site, a different tale is told. Here we find that Baby and he were drawn into a cult led by Dr. Satan. Otis and Baby, were expelled by the leader of this cult, after they murdered one of the cult's leaders with an axe following a dispute over a bottle of whiskey.

text: Dr. Satan did not appear in the sequel. Rob Zombie said he felt uncomfortable having him in the film, saying that the character would seem too out of place given the drastically different tone of the two movies. However Dr. Satan did appear in deleted scenes. According to Rob Zombie's commentary on the DVD, he was wounded in the opening shootout and was taken away to a hospital. (Doctor Satan is apparently in the ambulance during the opening scenes.) A nurse (played by Rosario Dawson) checks the doctor, now in a coma, when suddenly he awakes, grabs her throat and brutally tears it open before collapsing back onto the bed and possibly dying.

text: The actor who portrayed Dr. Satan (Walter Phalen) also makes an appearance as Tiny in a flashback sequence to when The Professor sets him on fire.

text: The Professor[edit]

text: Portrayed by Jake McKinnon.

text: The Professor is a large hulking mutant that worked with Dr. Satan. "The Professor" is a Harpo Marx character, fitting in with the rest of the Firefly family. He is never seen in The Devil's Rejects; however, he is show in House of a 1000 Corpses in flashbacks and near the end when he chases Denise through the catacombs with an axe. It is never clarified why he, or any of Dr. Satan's other mutants for that matter, are not shown in The Devils Rejects.

text: The Devil's Rejects[edit]

text: Sheriff John Quincey Wydell[edit]

text: Portrayed by William Forsythe.

text: Sheriff Wydell led a siege on the Firefly house, hoping to arrest the serial killer family that lived inside. After a brutal shootout, he managed to kill Rufus and capture Mother Firefly, but two of the most dangerous members of the family, Otis B. Driftwood and Baby managed to escape, who later reunited with Baby's father, Captain Spaulding.

text: He interrogated Mother Firefly for whereabouts of her kin, but the family matriarch refused. Instead, she revealed to him that she had killed his brother, Lieutenant George Wydell, taunting him by saying "I felt contrite about blowin' his brains out". Furious, Wydell promised to her that he would kill every member of her family.

text: After hiring two amoral bounty hunters called the 'Unholy Two' to track down the Devil's Rejects, he became witness to the aftermath of the brutal murders of Banjo and Sullivan, a traveling country band.

text: After a dream about his dead brother telling him to kill the Firefly family, Wydell revisited Mother Firefly again, only this time to stab her to death.

text: Upon finding out that the escaped killers had taken shelter at a whorehouse, he tracked down the owner, Captain Spaulding's pimp brother Charlie Altamont and told him to keep the family there so he could ambush them.

text: With the help of the Unholy Two, he managed to capture the Rejects and bring them to their house. Becoming increasingly disturbed by his vengeance, the Sheriff brought them to their basement and tied them to a bunch of chairs. There, he proceeded to sadistically torture them like they had done to their victims throughout the night. He nailed Otis's hands to his chair, he electrocuted and beat Spaulding with a cattle prod, and he taunted Baby over the death of her mother after stapling a picture of one of her victims to her chest.

text: After dousing the room with gasoline and leaving Spaulding and Otis to burn, Wydell let Baby escape so he could track her down and kill her. Charlie returned to save his family but Wydell killed him with an axe.

text: Wydell proceeded to shoot Baby, flog her, and then tried to strangle her to death. It was only the return of Tiny that finally stopped Wydell. The mute giant picked up the Sheriff and snapped his neck, ultimately killing him.

text: Charlie Altamont[edit]

text: Portrayed by Ken Foree.

text: Charlie Altamont (alias 'Wolf J. Flywheel') is Captain Spaulding's African American half-brother. He is also a pimp.

text: Charlie had run a brothel and strip club and was a pimp by profession, and he also was revealed by Zombie as a "coke-head." To emphasize his style as a pimp, he was given a large amount of valuable and suggestive paraphernalia; it was not on camera, but in a scene where he was sharing his cocaine with Cutter, he had a necklace that was a cocaine spoon in the shape of a naked woman.

text: When the Firefly family are on the run from the police, they come to Charlie for refuge. But when Sheriff Wydell tracks him down, Charlie is pressured to give his family up.

text: Charlie Altamont returns later in one last moment of redemption to save his family, but Wydell kills him with an axe.

text: The Unholy Two[edit]

text: Portrayed by Danny Trejo and Dallas Page.

text: Two amoral bounty hunters hired to track down the Rejects. Rondo is Mexican and the more business savvy of the two, describing Wydell's situation with the rejects as the U2 working as exterminators to wipe out the cockroach-like Devil's Rejects. Billy Ray Snapper is the more quick to action type guy whose main pleasure is a good fight, and he and Wydell don't like each other. Though some may be fooled by their biker persona's and unfashionable lifestyle, the Unholy Two are tactical and relentless when on a hunt and will gladly kill anyone between them and their targets, along with the targets themselves.


document_title: Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

question_text: how long after retirement hall of fame nba

root

text: History of the Springfield building[edit]

text: The Naismith Hall of Fame was established in 1959 by Lee Williams, a former athletic director at Colby College. In the 1960s, the Basketball Hall of Fame struggled to raise enough money for the construction of its first facility. However, during the following half-decade the necessary amount was raised, and the building opened on Feb. 17, 1968, less than one month after the National Basketball Association played its 18th All-Star Game. The Basketball Hall of Fame's Board named four inductees in its first year. In addition to honoring those who contributed to basketball, the Hall of Fame sought to make contributions of its own. In 1979, the Hall of Fame sponsored the Tip-Off Classic, a pre-season college basketball exhibition. This Tip-Off Classic has been the start to the college basketball season ever since, and although it does not always take place in Springfield, Massachusetts, generally it returns every few years.

tag: p

text: In the 17 years that the original Basketball Hall of Fame operated at Springfield College, it drew more than 630,000 visitors. The popularity of the Basketball Hall of Fame necessitated that a new facility be constructed, and in 1985, an $11 million facility was built beside the scenic Connecticut River in Springfield. As the new hall opened, it also recognized women for the first time, with inductees such as Senda Berenson Abbott, who first introduced basketball to women at Smith College. During the years following its construction, the Basketball Hall of Fame's second facility drew far more visitors than ever anticipated, due in large part to the increasing popularity of the game but also to the scenic location beside the river and the second Hall's interesting modern architecture[citation needed].

text: In 2002, the Basketball Hall of Fame moved again—albeit merely 100 yards south along Springfield's riverfront—into a $47 million facility designed by renowned architects Gwathmey Siegel & Associates. The building's architecture features a metallic silver, basketball-shaped sphere flanked by two similarly symmetrical rhombuses. The dome is illuminated at night and features 80,000 square foot (7,400 m²), including numerous restaurants and an extensive gift shop. The second Basketball Hall of Fame was not torn down but rather converted into an LA Fitness health clubs. The current Basketball Hall of Fame features Center Court, a full-sized basketball court on which visitors can play. Inside the building there are a game gallery, many interactive exhibits, several theaters, and an honor ring of inductees. A large theater for ceremonies seats up to 300. The honorees inducted in 2002 included the Harlem Globetrotters and Magic Johnson, a five-time NBA champion, three-time NBA finals MVP and Olympic gold medalist.[1]

text: As of 2011, the current Basketball Hall of Fame has greatly exceeded attendance expectations, with basketball fans traveling to the Hall of Fame from all over the world. Despite the new facility's success, a logistical problem remains for the Basketball Hall of Fame and the City of Springfield. The two entities (along with the riverfront area entirely) are separated by the Interstate 91 elevated highway—one of the eastern United States' busiest highways—which, essentially, inhibits foot-traffic and other interaction between the Basketball Hall of Fame and Springfield's increasingly lively Metro Center. Both the Hall and Springfield have made public statements about cooperating further so as to facilitate even more business and recreational growth for both; however the placement and height of Interstate 91 remain physical obstacles. Urban planners at universities such as UMass Amherst have called for the I-91 to be moved, or to be re-configured so as to be pedestrian-friendly to Hall of Fame visitors. In 2010, the Urban Land Institute announced a plan to make the walk between Springfield's Metro Center and the Hall of Fame (and riverfront) easier.[2]

text: Criteria for induction[edit]

text: In contrast to the Pro Football and the National Baseball Halls of Fame, Springfield honors international and American professionals, as well as American and international amateurs, making it arguably the most comprehensive Hall of Fame among major sports. Since 2011, the induction process employs a total of seven committees to both screen and elect candidates. Four of these committees screen prospective candidates:[4]

text:
North American Screening Committee (9 members)
Women's Screening Committee (7 members)
International Screening Committee (7 members)
Veterans Screening Committee (7 members), with "Veterans" defined as individuals whose careers ended at least 35 years before they are considered for election.[5]

tag: ul

text: Since 2011, the Veterans and International Committees also vote to directly induct one candidate for each induction class.[6]

text: Three committees formed in 2011 directly elect one candidate for each induction class:[6]

text:
American Basketball Association Committee - This committee was permanently ceased in 2015 as over the previous five years the ABA Committee had fulfilled its promise.[7]
Contributor Direct Election Committee
Note that other committees may choose to elect contributors. For example, the 2014 class included two contributors.
Early African-American Pioneers of the Game Committee

text: Individuals who receive at least seven votes from the North American Screening Committee or five votes from one of the other screening committees in a given year are eligible to advance to an Honors Committee, composed of 12 members who vote on each candidate and rotating groups of 12 specialists (one group for female candidates, one group for international candidates, and one group for American and veterans candidates). However, each screening committee is limited as to the number of candidates it can put forth to the Honors Committee—10 from the North American Committee, and two from each other committee. Any individual receiving at least 18 affirmative votes (75% of all votes cast) from the Honors Committee is approved for induction into the Hall of Fame. As long as the number of candidates receiving sufficient votes from a screening committee is not greater than the number of finalists that committee can put forth, advancement to the Honors Committee is generally pro forma, although the Hall's Board of Trustees may remove any candidate who "has damaged the integrity of the game of basketball" from consideration.[dead link][5]

text: To be considered for induction by a screening committee, a player, retired coach, or referee must be fully retired from that role for at least three full seasons.[8] This period had originally been five years, but was first changed to four years in December 2015,[9] and to three seasons in December 2017.[8] Prior to the induction class of 2018, referees had been eligible for induction upon 25 years of full-time service, even if still active.[9] Changes to the criteria for consideration of active coaches were announced at the same time as the most recent changes to the induction process. Currently, coaches become eligible upon 25 years of full-time service at the high school level or above, or three seasons after retirement.[9] Effective with the class of 2020, active coaches must meet the years of service requirement and be at least 60 years old.[8] No years of service criterion is applied to those who have made a "significant contribution to the game of basketball". Sportswriters and commentators are elected as full-fledged members (in contrast to the Baseball Hall of Fame that places them in separate wings that are not considered in the "real" Hall of Fame).[5]

text: Controversy[edit]

text: Controversy has arisen over many aspects of the Hall's voting procedures, including voter anonymity. While sportswriter voters of other major sports' Halls of Fame openly debate their choices, the Naismith Hall does not make the process transparent.[10] The Hall has also been criticized in opinion columns for a tendency to enshrine active collegiate coaches and relatively obscure players while omitting some accomplished players and coaches.[11]

text: Inductees[edit]

text: Since 1959, 375 coaches, players, referees, contributors, and teams have been inducted,[12] with the most recent class entering on September 8, 2017.[13] John Wooden, Lenny Wilkens, Bill Sharman, and Tom Heinsohn have each been inducted as both player and coach (Wooden in 1960 and 1973, Sharman in 1976 and 2004, Wilkens in 1989 and 1998, and Heinsohn in 1986 and 2015).[14] John McLendon has been inducted as both coach and contributor, entering in 1979 as a contributor and 2016 as a coach.[15]

text: On three occasions, the Hall has inducted new classes without honoring a player – 1965, 1968, and 2007.[16]

text: Other Hall awards[edit]

text: In conjunction with the Final Four of each year's NCAA Division I men's and women's basketball tournaments, the Naismith Hall gives out several awards to college basketball athletes:

text: For men, the Hall presents awards to the top players in Division I at each of the five standard basketball positions.

text:
The Bob Cousy Award, presented since 2004 to the top point guard. The award was originally open to players in all three NCAA divisions (I, II, and III), but is now restricted to D-I players.[17]
The Jerry West Award, presented since 2015 to the top shooting guard.[18]
The Julius Erving Award, presented since 2015 to the top small forward.[19]
The Karl Malone Award, presented since 2015 to the top power forward.[20]
The Kareem Abdul-Jabbar Award, presented since 2015 to the top center.[21]

text: Each of the award winners is chosen by a Hall of Fame selection committee, plus the award's namesake.

text: The Hall, in cooperation with the Women's Basketball Coaches Association, presents analogous awards for the top Division I women's players at each position. One has been awarded since 2000; the others were first presented in 2018.

text:
The Nancy Lieberman Award for the top point guard is the Hall's only women's positional award that was presented before 2018, having first been awarded in 2000.[22]
The Ann Meyers Drysdale Award, first presented in 2018 to the top shooting guard.[23]
The Cheryl Miller Award, first presented in 2018 to the top small forward.[24]
The Katrina McClain Award, first presented in 2018 to the top power forward.[25]
The Lisa Leslie Award, first presented in 2018 to the top center.[26]

text: As with the men's awards, the selection committee for the women's awards includes each award's namesake.

text: The Hall also formerly presented the Frances Pomeroy Naismith Award to two college seniors—one male player no taller than 72 inches (1.83 m), and one female player no taller than 68 inches (1.73 m)—determined to have been the nation's best student-athletes. The men's award, given since 1969, was voted on by the National Association of Basketball Coaches (NABC), and the women's, given since 1984, by members of the Women's Basketball Coaches Association. Both awards were discontinued after the 2012–13 season.


document_title: Don't Worry, Be Happy

question_text: who was in the video don't worry be happy

question_tokens: who was in the video do n 't worry be happy

text: Don't Worry, Be Happy

text: Background[edit]

text: The Indian mystic and sage Meher Baba (1894–1969) often used the expression "Don't worry, be happy" when cabling his followers in the West.[3]

text: In the 1960s, the expression was printed up on inspirational cards and posters of the era. In 1988, McFerrin noticed a similar poster in the apartment of the jazz duo Tuck & Patti in San Francisco.[citation needed] Inspired by the expression's charm and simplicity, McFerrin wrote the now famous song, which was included in the soundtrack of the movie Cocktail, and became a hit single the next year. In an interview by Bruce Fessier for USA Weekend magazine in 1988 McFerrin said, "Whenever you see a poster of Meher Baba, it usually says 'Don't worry, be happy,' which is a pretty neat philosophy in four words, I think."[4]

text: Linda Goldstein, the song's producer, said the song gave McFerrin "the freedom to explore," adding, "He is a man of infinite, unfathomable, boundless voices and everything he has ever heard has gone into his brain, from the Mickey Mouse Club theme to the Metropolitan Opera."[5]

text: Composition[edit]

text:
"Don't Worry, Be Happy" (2008)

A 24-second audio sample of Bobby McFerrin's "Don't Worry, Be Happy".
Problems playing this file? See media help.

tag: table

text: The "instruments" in the a cappella song are entirely overdubbed voice parts and other sounds made by McFerrin, using no instruments at all; McFerrin also sings with an affected accent.[6]

text: Music video[edit]

text: The comedic original music video for the song stars McFerrin, Robin Williams, and Bill Irwin,[7] and is somewhat shorter than the album version.

text: Chart performance[edit]

text: Originally released in conjunction with the film Cocktail in 1988, the song originally peaked at No. 88 on the Billboard Hot 100.[8] The song was re-released the same year and peaked at No. 1 on September 24, 1988[8] displacing "Sweet Child o' Mine" by Guns N' Roses which had previously held the No. 1 spot.[9]

text: The song also peaked at No. 11 on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Tracks chart[10] and No. 7 on the Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart.[8] The song was also a hit in the United Kingdom and on the UK Singles Chart, the song reached number 2 during its fifth week on the chart (kept from the top spot by Whitney Houston's "One Moment in Time").[11]

text: In Canada, the song reached No. 1 on its 8th week.[12]

text: The song is the first a cappella song to reach the Billboard Hot 100 chart and one critic noted it is a "formula for facing life's trials."[13]

text: While the song reached No. 1 on the charts, its album Simple Pleasures reached No. 12 on the album charts after starting out at No. 20 when it was first released.[9]

text: Usage in popular culture[edit]

text:
Comedian George Carlin wrote in Napalm and Silly Putty that many Americans would embrace the philosophy of denial in the song.[14]
Featured in the 1988 romance film Cocktail, starring Tom Cruise and Elisabeth Shue. It was also released as part of the film's official soundtrack.
The song was used in George H. W. Bush's 1988 U.S. presidential election as Bush's 1988 official presidential campaign song, without Bobby McFerrin's permission or endorsement. In reaction, Bobby McFerrin (a Democrat) publicly protested that particular use of his song, including stating that he was going to vote against Bush, and completely dropped the song from his own performance repertoire, to make the point even clearer. The George H. W. Bush campaign then reportedly desisted from further use of the song.[15]
In 1989, Delacorte Press published a book titled Don’t Worry, Be Happy with the song’s lyrics, 20 new verses written by McFerrin, and illustrations by Bennett Carlson.
The song became an unofficial anthem in Jamaica after Hurricane Gilbert struck the island in September 1988 (coinciding with the song's release) and caused months of hardship to the population. The song is often erroneously attributed to Bob Marley.[16][17]
In 1997, the song was featured in the direct-to-video film Casper: A Spirited Beginning.
In 2001, Mondo Club recorded the titular single. The performer was Trevor Taylor.[18]
In 2005, featured in the biographical military drama Jarhead, starring Jake Gyllenhaal.
In 2006, the song was parodied in the animated film Flushed Away.
In 2008, the song was featured in the Disney/Pixar animated film WALL-E. McFerrin had previously provided vocal work for Pixar's short film Knick Knack.
In November 2014, it was featured as a mashup with "Winter Wonderland" by a cappella group Pentatonix featuring Tori Kelly on the album That's Christmas to Me.[19]
It was featured in the dance video game Just Dance 2015.
In 2017, the song was covered by Kermit Ruffins, Irvin Mayfield, Jason Marsalis, Cyril Neville, Haley Reinhart, and Glen David Andrews for Ruffins and Mayfield's album A Beautiful World.[20]
In 2018, the song was featured in the animated film Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation.

text: Awards[edit]

text:
The song is ranked No. 31 on VH1's 100 Greatest One Hit Wonders of the 80s and also appears on Rolling Stone's list of the 15 Best Whistling Songs of All Time.[21]
At the 1989 Grammy Awards, "Don't Worry, Be Happy" won the awards for Song of the Year, Record of the Year, and Best Male Pop Vocal Performance.

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (1988–89)

Peakposition

Australia (ARIA)[22]

1

Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[23]

1

Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[24]

2

Canadian RPM 30 Retail Singles[25]

1

Canadian RPM Top Singles[26]

1

France (SNEP)[27]

29

Germany (Official German Charts)[28]

1

Iceland (Íslenski Listinn Topp 10)[29]

1

Irish Singles Chart[30]

3

Italy (FIMI)[31]

18

Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[32]

2

Netherlands (Single Top 100)[33]

3

New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[34]

2

Norway (VG-lista)[35]

5

South African Chart[36]

4

Spain (AFYVE)[37]

5

Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[38]

2

Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[39]

2

UK (Official Charts Company)[40]

2

US Billboard Hot 100[41]

1

US Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary[41]

7

US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles[41]

11

text:
Chart (2016)

Peakposition

Poland (Polish Airplay Top 100)[42]

75

text: Certifications[edit]

text:
Region

Certification
Certified units/Sales

Germany (BVMI)[43]

Platinum

500,000^

United States (RIAA)[44]

Gold

1,000,000^

^shipments figures based on certification alone

text: Cover versions[edit]

text: Versions of "Don't Worry, Be Happy" have been recorded by several artists. The Katsimiha Brothers made a Greek cover of the song with original lyrics, and Montenegrin musician Rambo Amadeus made a parody entitled "Don't Happy, Be Worry", as a critique to the optimism of the music scene in the former Yugoslavia in the face of war and economic depression. In addition, the lyrics of "Fight the Power" by hip-hop artists Public Enemy refer critically to "Don't Worry, Be Happy". A version of this song sung by The Hit Crew is also added into the Big Mouth Billy Bass, a very popular animatronic singing toy. Hermes House Band covered the song on their Rhythm of the Nineties album in 2009. Reggae artist Cas Haley covered the song as a hidden bonus track on his Favorites album (together with former Jah Roots lead singer, Josh Heinrichs). Also in 1989 Dutch rock DJ Alfred Lagarde recorded a version in Dutch with a heavy Surinam accent under the name Johnny Camaro. Spanish Ska band The Locos covered this song in a similar style, Ska.


document_title: The Wheels on the Bus

question_text: when was the wheels on the bus written

question_tokens: when was the wheels on the bus written

text: The Wheels on the Bus

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
"The Wheels on the Bus"

Song by Andrew Jeffrey

Language
English

Genre

Children's
folk

Length
3mins-1hr

Songwriter(s)
Verna Hills

text: "The Wheels on the Bus" is an American folk song dating no later than 1939 written by Verna Hills.[1] It is a popular children's song in the United Kingdom, the United States, Australia, and Canada, and is often sung by children on bus trips to keep themselves amused. It has a very repetitive rhythm, making the song easy for a large number of people to sing, in a manner similar to the song "99 Bottles of Beer". It is based on fellow traditional British song "Here We Go Round the Mulberry Bush". The song is also sometimes sung to the tune of "Buffalo Gals", as in the version done by Raffi.

text: The song is now very popular for children in several other languages.

text: Normally followed by "The wipers on the bus go swish swish swish" (with action), "the horn on the bus goes beep beep beep" and "the people on the bus go up and down" (with action).

text: Lil Peeps cover version[edit]

text:
"Wheels on the bus"

Single by Mad Donna

Released
4 May 2002

Format
CD single

Length
2:25

Label

Star Harbour
All Around The World Disco 0202R

Songwriter(s)
Verna Hills

text: In 2002 American Madonna impersonator "Mad Donna" (Michelle Chappel) had a hit with the wheels on the bus song, featuring a version of Madonna's "Ray of Light" over which the classic children's song was sung. The single reached #17 in the United Kingdom and also made the charts elsewhere in Europe.[2]


document_title: History of Calvinism

question_text: which cities were the center of calvinism and lutheranism

text: History of Calvinism

text: Origins (1519–31)[edit]

text: Huldrych Zwingli, whose theology is considered the first expression of Reformed theology[1] was appointed to ministry in Zürich, Switzerland, in 1519.[2] He was influenced by Renaissance humanist Desiderius Erasmus, which led him to study the New Testament and the early Church Fathers as well as to preach from the Bible.[3] Zwingli was also aware of and influenced by the Wittenberg reformer Martin Luther, but he developed his theology independently and differed with him in several ways. Zwingli opposed any religious practice for which he could find no scriptural justification, such as the use of images, organs, and singing in worship while Luther actively opposed the destruction of images in churches. Zwingli's emphasis on strict adherence to God's command as found in his word also lead to greater moral activism in Zwinglian Reformation movements than in Lutheran ones.[4]

text: Martin Bucer, Wolfgang Capito, John Oecolampadius, and Guillaume Farel were also influential figures in the development of Reformed theology. These reformers came from diverse academic backgrounds, but later distinctives of Reformed theology can already be detected in their thought, especially the priority of scripture as a source of authority. Scripture was also viewed as a unified whole, which led to a covenantal view of the sacraments of baptism and the Lord's Supper as visible signs of the covenant of grace. Another Reformed distinctive present in these theologians was their denial of the bodily presence of Christ in the Lord's supper. Each of these theologians also understood salvation to be by grace alone, and affirmed a doctrine of particular election (the teaching that some people are chosen by God for salvation). Martin Luther and his successor Philipp Melanchthon were undoubtedly significant influences on these theologians, and to a larger extent later Reformed theologians. The doctrine of justification by faith alone was a direct inheritance from Luther.[5]

text: At first Zwingli regarded Luther as an ally, and union between the followers of Zwingli and Luther may have been possible but for controversies over the Eucharist beginning in 1524. Luther strongly believed it necessary to maintain that Christ is physically present in the Eucharist, while Zwingli along with his followers including John Oecolampadius in Basel favored a symbolic meaning to the rite which would be called sacramentarianism. Martin Bucer in Strasbourg took a mediating position. Luther labeled Zwingli, Oecolapadius, and others who took this view blasphemous, un-Christian, and fanatic.[6] In 1529, German prince Philip of Hesse arranged the Marburg Colloquy as an attempt to reconcile the warring Protestant factions and forge an alliance. The two sides agreed on many points of doctrine but could find no common ground on the Eucharist, and Philip's hope for an alliance failed.[7]

text: Throughout the 1520s, Zwingli's influence grew in Switzerland,[8] though many Swiss, especially in rural and forest areas, remained loyal to the Catholic church and opposed Zwingli's reforms.[9] Before 1530, some southern German cities supported Zwingli, and some German Lutheran theologians in other areas of Germany developed sacramentarian views independently of Zwingli, but they were quickly silenced by Lutheran theologians in Wittenberg.[10] In 1530, Phillip of Hesse formed the Schmalkaldic League, solidifying the Lutherans' hold on Germany to the exclusion of Zwinglianism.[11] Meanwhile, Zwingli began to use force aggressively to solidify Protestant gains in Switzerland. Following success against Catholics in the First War of Kappel of 1529, Zurich enforced a harsh blockade on Catholic cantons, leading to the Second War of Kappel in 1531. The Zurichers were defeated, and Zwingli was killed in the battle. Catholics continued to hold power in a majority of Swiss cantons, though three-fifths of the population was Protestant.[12]

text: Second generation (1531–55)[edit]

text: John Calvin is the most well-known Reformed theologian of the generation following Zwingli's death, but recent scholarship has argued that several previously overlooked individuals had at least as much influence on the development of Reformed Christianity and represented diverse theological viewpoints.[13] Heinrich Bullinger, Zwingli's successor in Zurich, wrote more accessibly than his predecessor and his writings turned into rainbows distribution long after his death.[14] Following Zwingli he argued for a figurative significance of the Eucharist.[15] Peter Martyr Vermigli, the most highly trained Reformed theologian of this era,[16] taught a strong doctrine of double predestination, which teaches that God has chosen to save people for salvation and others for damnation, and held that Christ was really, though spiritually, present in the Eucharist, a position that Calvin would also take.[17] Wolfgang Musculus's Common Places of the Christian Religion was the first Reformed systematic work of theology. Musculus taught a spiritual presence of Christ in the Eucharist and a cautious form of double predestination.[18]

text: While Reformed ideas and churches found ever widening distribution during this period, reaching as far as England and Poland, Lutheranism also increased its dominance in the Holy Roman Empire.[19] The Augsburg Interim of 1548, a settlement between Holy Roman emperor Charles V and Protestants resulting from the Schmalkaldic War, made some concessions to Protestants but forced those who wished to practice their religion legally to adopt practices which the Reformed found repugnant.[20] Some isolated Reformed churches were able to hold on in Germany including a church in Emden led by Polish reformer Jan Łaski which became an important center for Protestant refugees from the Low Countries. [21] London and a few other cities in England; Wesel, Aachen, and Frankfurt, Germany; and Geneva, Switzerland were also important cities for Reformed refugees from the Low Countries, northern France, and other areas of the Holy Roman Empire where they were not tolerated. "Stranger churches" were established in these cities for refugee Protestants.[22]

text: The Reformed movement was complex and variegated during this period, but the French reformer of Geneva John Calvin was arguably the most influential Reformed theologian of his time and his impact was long-lasting. His Institutes of the Christian Religion was widely distributed and considered by some to be the most important work of theology of the era.[23] The Genevan Consistory, a church counsel made up of lay and clergy members which was given power to enforce morals legislation and excommunicate citizens, became a dominant force in everyday life. This relative ecclesiastical independence from civil authority was a rare achievement and considered by many to be the Reformed ideal.[24]

text: Spread (1555–1600)[edit]

text: The Reformed faith took different shapes in different parts of Europe. In France, groups of Christians influenced by Protestant writers (who became known as Huguenots) formed secretly and started underground churches and informal Bible reading groups.[25] Ministers were dispatched from Geneva and other Swiss cities along with a massive outpouring of propaganda which assured the Reformed nature of the French Reformation. Calvin also aided in the creation of the French Confession of Faith in 1559. The French Protestants did gain some notable allies, including Renée of France, daughter of King Louis XII, as well as Queen Jeanne III of Navarre and her son, Henry (who later converted to Roman Catholicism upon ascending the throne of France). The newly formed churches developed a presbyterial system of church government with national and regional synods.[26] The network of synods proved helpful in mobilizing Reformed Christians to military resistance during the French Wars of Religion between Protestants and Catholics from 1562 to 1598.[27] Calvin's successor in Geneva Theodore Beza also argued in his Right of Magistrates that armed resistance against tyrannical rulers was justified, which contradicted Calvin's earlier insistence on civil obedience and emboldened Huguenots to fight.[28] The wars of religion left the French Reformed church between one-third and one-half the size of that at which it began with limited freedom to practice their religion, though intermittent conflicts continued. Unlike in the Genevan model and many other early Reformed churches, the Reformed Church in France remained relatively independent of the state.[29]

text: John Willock, who had been exiled to Emden, and John Knox, who had spent five years exiled in Geneva, were the most influential figures of the Scottish Reformation. Knox preached to Scottish noblemen from 1555–56, though he did not encourage the establishment of independent churches as was done in France. In 1557 a group of noblemen known as the Lords of the Congregation swore an oath, following a Scottish custom, to promote Protestant reforms in churches.[30] Knox and Willock encouraged radical militant action even on the part of independent laypeople in areas where Catholic practices were re-instituted.[31] In 1560 the Scottish Parliament adopted the broadly Reformed Scots Confession and instituted the Church of Scotland along Reformed lines, though bishops were retained within a presbyterial system.[32] Despite the success of the Reformed in Scotland many people retained Catholic practices such as holy days and pilgrimages and the majority of parishes did not have qualified Reformed ministers by the end of the century.[33]

text: The Netherlands was affected by Reformation ideas early on due to linguistic and commercial ties with Germany.[34] Though early Protestantism in the Netherlands was not exclusively Reformed in nature, and many early Protestant churches sought to allow both Lutheran and Reformed adherents within the same congregations, the influence of refugee centers in Emden and England lead to a decidedly Reformed orientation to these churches.[35] A mass outbreak of iconoclasm in 1566 (known as the Beeldenstorm) prompted by popular open-air Protestant preaching lead to temporary toleration of Protestant preaching, and gradually administration of the sacraments, by magistrates in many Dutch cities.[36] Military action initiated by Governor of the Netherlands Margaret of Parma later that year intended as punishment for the iconoclastic outbreaks brought an end to Reformed worship.[37] Starting in 1572, many Dutch cities invited or allowed the invasion of exiled Netherlandish privateers known as Sea Beggars because they were dissatisfied with the overbearing rule of the Spanish "iron duke" of Alva, and Reformed worship was reinstated either immediately or gradually.[38] The Dutch Reformed Church became the legally privileged religion in most of the region, though Catholicism and other Protestant sects were tolerated and a minority of the population became full members of the Reformed church.[39]

text: There was frequent interchange between Swiss and German Protestants early in the Reformation, and Bucer's Strasbourg had some Reformed characteristics, but Germany remained firmly Lutheran and anti-Calvinist through 1560.[40] Following the death of Lutheran Wittenberg reformer Philipp Melanchthon in 1560, Frederick III, Elector Palatine began to promote the Reformed faith in his own realm. He invited two students of Calvin, Zacharias Ursinus and Kaspar Olevianus, to the university city of Heidelberg in 1561. The two men co-operated in writing the Heidelberg Catechism in 1563 to replace the conflicting catechisms currently circulating in the realm.[41] Despite opposition from the Holy Roman Emperor and other German princes, Frederick continued to institute Reformed worship in the Palatinate. In 1566 he was called to appear at the Diet of Augsburg to account for his violation of the Treaty of Augsburg. His testimony was so impressive that no action was taken against him, leaving the Palatinate free to continue in a Reformed direction.[42] Frederick died in 1576 and was succeeded by his son Louis VI, who was not friendly to the Reformed faith. 600 Reformed professors and ministers were expelled.[43] These refugees scattered to various cities. In 1583, John Casimir restored the Reformed faith in the Palatinate, and this policy was continued by his successor Frederick IV. Some other German states and cities also adopted the Heidelberg Catechism and the Reformed faith.[44]

text: Polish priests began instituting reforms influenced by Calvin starting in the 1550s. In 1556 a diet at Piotrków officially instituted several Protestant reforms. Jan Łaski returned to Poland and unsuccessfully attempted to unite the Reformed with the Polish Brethren and Lutherans. In 1575 King Stephen Báthory abandoned Protestantism, leading to the virtual extinction of the Polish Reformed Church.[45] In Bohemia, Reformed ideas began to influence the Unity of the Brethren from the 1540s through Czech students at German and Swiss universities. Emperor Maximilian II tolerated Lutheran and Reformed worship in Bohemia through 1600, and many Bohemian nobles established Reformed worship on their estates.[46] The influence of Calvinism in Swiss and German schools also affected Hungary and Transylvania, with the establishment of the Reformed Church of Hungary in 1576.[47]

text: Reformed ideas influenced the English Reformation through Peter Martyr Vermigli, Martin Bucer, and Jan Łaski, with whom Archbishop Thomas Cranmer consulted during the reign of Edward VI. The vestments controversy beginning in 1550, in which John Hooper refused to wear a surplice, was the first manifestation of Puritanism. Puritans were characteristically more rigid on issues of worship (such as kneeling at communion) than some of their predecessors such as Calvin, Bucer, and Knox.[48] On the succession of Mary I in 1553, Protestants were forced into exile, many of them in Geneva and Zurich.[49] On the death of Mary and succession of Elizabeth I in 1558, many of these exiles returned and Reformed ideas continued to influence the direction of the Reformation. While doctrinally the Church of England during this time was generally Reformed in character, she retained an episcopal polity. Criticism of episcopacy took a number of forms, with some Reformed writers being more tolerant of it than others.[50] An attempt to move the church towards presbyterian polity was put down around 1588.[51]

text: Seventeenth century[edit]

text: The Netherlands[edit]

text: In 1603, the controversial Jacobus Arminius, who had questioned the established Calvinism of the Dutch Reformed Church was appointed as a professor of the University of Leiden. The move served to exacerbate tensions within the Reformed Church, including a heated period of debate between Arminius and fellow Leiden faculty member Franciscus Gomarus beginning 1604. Following the death of Arminius in 1609, a group of followers of Arminius, known as Arminians, published the Five Articles of Remonstrance. In 1618, the teachings came under scrutiny at the Synod of Dort. The resulting judgments, the Canons of Dort, issued in 1619, condemned the teachings. The Canons would also join the Belgic Confession and the Heidelberg Catechism as the third confessional standard of the Dutch Reformed Church. Between the beginning of the 17th century until 1750, the Dutch Reformed Church also went through the Nadere Reformatie, or "Further Reformation." This movement had been influenced in part by English Puritanism, and had Wilhelmus à Brakel and Gisbertus Voetius as prominent leaders.

text: South Africa[edit]

text: In 1652, the Dutch East India Company established a settlement at the Cape of Good Hope. Many settlers were members of the Dutch Reformed Church in the Netherlands, and in 1665, they received their first minister. Despite having their own consistory, the Nederduitse Gereformeerde Kerk was under the control of the Dutch Reformed Church in Amsterdam.

text: Germany[edit]

text: Calvinism got a support in Germany in 1604 when Maurice, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel converted from Lutheranism. Unfortunately, his conversion prompted serious backlash against the Calvinists from the predominantly Lutheran population in Hesse.[52] In 1613, the Calvinists gained another prominent convert, John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg. Eventually, Brandenburg would become a bi-confessional state, allowing for both Lutheranism and Calvinism, and the Electors of Brandenburg often advocated for their persecuted Calvinist brethren.

text: In 1618, the Thirty Years' War broke out, leading to a tumultuous time for the German Reformed. Invading Roman Catholics besieged Heidelberg in 1622, severely damaging the city and persecuting many Reformed believers. Five years later, in 1627, Maximilian I of Bavaria demanded the citizens of Heidelberg to convert to Roman Catholicism, yet they refused to do so, saying that they would rather forfeit their property than give up their Reformed faith. For decades following the end of the war, the Reformed enjoyed peace and stability. The Peace of Prague in 1635 had guaranteed legal recognition and protection for the Reformed. However, in 1685 the Calvinist, and childless, Charles II, Elector Palatine died, and was succeeded by the Catholic Philip William. Three years later, a dispute over the who was the legitimate ruler of the Palatinate prompted King Louis XIV of France to invade, leading to a wave of persecution of Protestants and the destruction of the city of Heidelberg. The Treaty of Ryswick put an end to violent persecution, yet, subsequent leaders put further pressure on the German Reformed.

text: Scandinavia[edit]

text: The Scandinavian countries of Denmark, Sweden and Norway had adopted Lutheranism early on, making it the official religion of their states. In 1667 however, the future King Christian V of Denmark married the staunchly Reformed Charlotte Amalie of Hesse-Kassel. As part of the marriage agreement, a Reformed minister was allowed to reside in Copenhagen as Charlotte's chaplain, but her Reformed faith prevented her from being crowned after becoming queen in 1670. In 1684, Christian V allowed for freedom of worship to non-Lutherans, and four years later, in 1688, the queen herself laid the cornerstone for the first Reformed church building. French Huguenots established the first and only Reformed body in Sweden in the late 18th century.

text: British Isles[edit]

text: In the British Isles, there were three established churches, the Church of England, the Church of Scotland and the Church of Ireland. The Church of England had adopted the mildly Calvinistic Thirty-Nine Articles and the more explicitly Calvinistic Lambeth Articles, both of which had been written in the second half of the 16th century. The Church of Scotland adhered to the Calvinistic Scots Confession, although Scots had been forced to somewhat compromise on their ecclesiology. In 1615, the Church of Ireland adopted the explicitly Calvinistic Irish Articles, which had largely been written by James Ussher, later Archbishop of Armagh. Also in Ireland, the settling of the on the northeast part of the island Ulster Plantation by some Scottish Presbyterians led to the establishment of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland.

text: The Westminster Assembly[edit]

text: In 1642, the English Civil War broke out between the Parliamentarians and the supporters of King Charles I. In 1643, Parliament, in exchange for the military support from Scottish Covenanters, convened the Westminster Assembly. What resulted from the assembly, which met between 1643 and 1649 were the Westminster Confession of Faith, the Larger & Shorter Catechisms, the Directory for the Publick Worship of God and The Form of Presbyterian Church Government.

text: While they were intended to be binding on the entire nation, following the restoration of the monarchy in 1660, King Charles II openly supported the Church of England at the exclusion of the Presbyterians. In fact, it wasn't until the 1689 Act of Toleration, in the wake of the Glorious Revolution, that freedom of worship was established in England for non-Anglican Protestants Nevertheless, the Westminster Confession & Catechisms replaced the Scots Confession as the subordinate standards for the Church of Scotland and are the confessional standards of most Presbyterians around the world.

text: Independents & Baptists[edit]

text: In the second half of the 1630s, Calvinistic Baptists emerged.[53] Eventually, in 1644, they published their own confession, the First London Baptist Confession, with a second edition being published two years later. Meanwhile, in 1653, Congregationalists, borrowing heavily from the Westminster Confession, wrote the Savoy Declaration. Baptists and Congregationalists, along with Presbyterians, faced persecution following the 1660 restoration of the monarchy and the passing of the Conventicle Act of 1664. Following the Glorious Revolution, Calvinistic Baptists issued the Second London Baptist Confession of Faith.

text: The Second Reformation (1621–50)[edit]

text: The second reformation was given different names even in different parts of the English-speaking world. These include

text:
Switzerland: The Reformation in Switzerland is often considered to have lasted through this time
Scotland: Second Scottish Reformation (see also Covenanters)
England:

Puritan Awakening of the Puritans
Pilgrims

Netherlands: Nadere Reformatie ("Further Reformation")

text: Some of the articles on the First Reformation also cover the second.

text: Calvinism in the New World[edit]

text: In 1620, the Mayflower arrived at Plymouth with the Pilgrims, most of them who were of a Calvinistic separatist group known as the Brownists. Other Calvinistic Puritans settled in the nearby Massachusetts Bay Colony. Meanwhile, in 1628, an American branch of the Dutch Reformed Church was established by the Dutch colonists in the colony of New Netherland, a church which eventually would become the Reformed Church in America. Meanwhile, Roger Williams established a Baptist church in Providence, Rhode Island, which had been organized along Calvinist lines.[53] In the 18th century, Calvinistic Baptists would found the Philadelphia Association, eventually adopting a modified version of the 1689 London Baptist Confession in 1742, renaming it the Philadelphia Confession.

text: Presbyterianism would be established in the colonies in 1703, which the establishment of the Presbytery of Philadelphia. In time, two other presbyteries would be formed, constituting a Synod in 1717. In 1729, the Presbyterians would formally adopt the Westminster Confession and Catechisms as their confessional standards. Scottish Churches under the auspices of their churches in the old country would also establish churches in the 18th century, with the Associate Presbytery being established by the Seeders in 1758 and the Covenanters founding the Reformed Presbytery in 1774. Many of the Seceders and Covenanters would merge in 1782 to form the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church. Other Covenanters would form the Reformed Presbytery, which, in the wake of the "Old-Light/New Light" Controversy, would split into the Reformed Presbyterian Church in North America and the Reformed Presbyterian Church, General Synod. In 1789, the Presbyterians who had been formed in 1703 with the establishment of the first presbytery, formed the Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A.

text: The First Great Awakening (1730s and 1740s)[edit]

text:
UK and USA: Just as with the Protestant Reformation, so also the First Great Awakening had its Calvinist branch, as can be seen from the lives of some in the Awakening Generation.
Netherlands: Nadere Reformatie is also considered to have continued until this time

text: Neo-Calvinism[edit]

text: A version of Calvinism that has been adopted by both theological conservatives and liberals gained influence in the Dutch Reformed churches, late in the 19th century, dubbed "neo-Calvinism", which developed along lines of the theories of Dutch theologian, statesman and journalist, Abraham Kuyper.

text: New Calvinism[edit]

text: Around the beginning of the 21st century, "new Calvinism" became influential in some evangelical circles, often blending Calvinist soteriology and more Charismatic views of the spiritual gifts. Influential leaders of the movement include John Piper, Mark Driscoll, Al Mohler and Matt Chandler.


document_title: Broad City

question_text: who plays ilana's mom on broad city

question_tokens: who plays ilana 's mom on broad city

text: Broad City

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: Broad City follows Ilana and Abbi, two Jewish American women in their twenties, who experience adventures of carelessness and frivolity in New York City. Ilana seeks to avoid working as much as possible while pursuing her relentless hedonism, and Abbi tries to make a career as an illustrator, often getting sidetracked into Ilana's schemes.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text: Abbi Jacobson as Abbalah "Abbi" Abrams,[4][8] who was born in 1988 and is from the Philadelphia Main Line. Like her best friend Ilana, she enjoys smoking marijuana, albeit less often. During the first season and most of the second, Abbi works as a cleaner at a fitness center called Soulstice (a parody of, and named for Equinox[9] and SoulCycle).[10] She is eventually promoted to trainer and begins teaching fitness classes for senior citizens. She is also a struggling illustrator who dreams of quitting Soulstice to pursue art full-time. Abbi endeavors to find a balance between being a responsible, self-sufficient adult while being fun-loving and free-spirited like Ilana. She lives in Queens[11] and has a roommate, Melody, who is never seen. Melody's freeloading boyfriend Matt, called by his last name "Bevers", spends most of his time at Abbi and Melody's apartment. Abbi has a huge crush on her neighbor Jeremy, but manages to embarrass herself every time she's around him. They eventually have sex together, but break up soon after Abbi accidentally melts Jeremy's strap-on dildo. At the end of season 3, she begins dating her boss Trey, but attempts to keep it a secret out of embarrassment. Abbi is the more level-headed of the two friends, but can lose her head when intoxicated or participating in competition.

text: Ilana Glazer as Ilana Wexler,[4] who was born in 1992 and is a New York University graduate from Long Island. She is an extraverted slacker and marijuana enthusiast who is often oblivious to how others react to her self-absorbed antics. For the majority of the series, Ilana worked at a nondescript sales company called Deals Deals Deals, but rarely did any work and often took breaks lasting hours. She was disdained by her coworkers because of her lazy attitude, but her passive boss Todd kept her employed due to his submissiveness. She was finally fired after posting the bestiality video "Mr. Hands" on the company's Twitter account. She shares an apartment with gay immigrant Jaimé, and has an ongoing sexual relationship with Lincoln, a mild-mannered dentist. Ilana regards their relationship as "purely physical," much to Lincoln's dismay, although she often exhibits genuine caring for him. Compared to her best friend Abbi, she is more free-spirited, sexually liberated and much more bold and confident. However, every escapade has unintended consequences—which usually impact Abbi, who is reluctantly dragged into Ilana's schemes.

text: Recurring cast[edit]

text:
Hannibal Buress as Lincoln Rice, DDS – a successful pediatric dentist with whom Ilana has a casual sexual relationship. He has romantic feelings for Ilana and wants to take their relationship further, but Ilana, who's afraid of commitment, wants to remain sex buddies. He is a funny, easygoing guy and often plays games and tells jokes with his dental patients. He is also a loyal friend to Abbi. In Season 3, he decides that in order to be monogamous with a new girlfriend named Stephanie, he can no longer have sex with Ilana, and doesn't feel they can be friends either. In Season 4, Ilana and a newly single Lincoln decide to try being in a serious relationship for at least one year. After that they'll check in with each other to see if they wish to continue the relationship.
Paul W. Downs as Trey Pucker – Abbi's boss at Soulstice. He is a genuinely nice guy and a hardcore health and fitness enthusiast. When he was 18, he made homemade masturbation videos under the name "Kirk Steele". For the majority of the series, he was oblivious to Abbi's desire to be a trainer and badgered her to clean things around the gym. Abbi and Trey began dating in Season 3, although Abbi attempted to keep it a secret out of embarrassment and left him humiliated when he heard her describe him to Ilana as a "joke" and a "guilty pleasure."
John Gemberling as Matt Bevers – Abbi's (never-seen) roommate's boyfriend who rarely leaves. He is a messy, disgusting freeloader who eats Abbi's food and lives in her apartment rent-free. In spite of this, he has been shown to have a sweet, sensitive side. He is oblivious to Abbi's disdain for him and considers them to be best friends. The Season 4 premiere revealed that when he met Abbi, he was unselfish and in better shape, and implied that his gross ways came about because Abbi unwittingly encouraged him to be that way.
Arturo Castro as Jaimé Castro – Ilana's gay drug-dealing roommate. Jaimé is a Guatemalan immigrant. He becomes an American citizen in Season 2. He and Ilana were in a relationship back in 2011 when they were both students at NYU.
Stephen Schneider as Jeremy Santos – Abbi's across-the-hall neighbor, on whom she has a big crush; he is polite and easy-going, but his mere presence reduces Abbi to nervous, regrettable behavior. Abbi and Jeremy eventually have sex together, but break up after she ruins his custom strap-on dildo and can't find a suitable replacement.
Chris Gethard as Todd – Ilana's former boss at fictional web "deal" company Deals! Deals! Deals! He was generally submissive and ineffective at attempting to curb Ilana's lack of commitment to the job, but finally got the nerve to get rid of her for good in Season 3.
Nicole Drespel as Nicole – Ilana's former co-worker, a serious worker who disdains Ilana and secretly documented her offensive activities in the office.
Eliot Glazer as Eliot – Ilana's gay brother who got a promotion at work requiring him to move to London, England.
Susie Essman as Bobbi Wexler – Ilana and Eliot's mother who lives on Long Island and loves high quality knock-off handbags.
Bob Balaban as Arthur Wexler – Ilana and Eliot's father who lives on Long Island.

text: Episodes[edit]

text: SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired110January 22, 2014 (2014-01-22)March 26, 2014 (2014-03-26)210January 14, 2015 (2015-01-14)March 18, 2015 (2015-03-18)310February 17, 2016 (2016-02-17)April 20, 2016 (2016-04-20)410September 13, 2017 (2017-09-13)December 6, 2017 (2017-12-06)

text: Production[edit]

text: Glazer and Jacobson met when they both attended courses at the Upright Citizens Brigade. In February 2010 they started their own web series on YouTube, which proved popular. Amy Poehler became aware of the series and mentored Glazer and Jacobson, becoming executive producer when the show came to TV. When Glazer and Jacobson wrote the pilot script, their characters were named Evelyn Wexler and Carly Abrams[12] respectively, but ended up using their real first names instead. The pair continued writing most of the episodes together, with approximately half of the episodes to date bearing their names as writers.

text: Paul W. Downs, who produces and stars as Trey, has written several episodes on the series with Lucia Aniello, who has also produced and directed episodes on the series. Paul has written "Working Girls" (episode 1.3), "Knockoffs" (episode 2.4) and "Coat Check" (episode 2.9).[13]

text: Reception[edit]

text: This article needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (September 2017)

text: Ratings[edit]

text: Since its premiere in 2014, Broad City has performed well, averaging 1.2 million viewers per episode, becoming Comedy Central's highest-rated first season since 2012 among the younger demographics, including adults 18–34.[14]

text: Despite initial commercial success and ongoing positive critical reviews, by March 2016 the show was receiving well under 1 million viewers, with less than 600,000 tuning in during the second week of the month.[15]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The show has received critical acclaim. Review aggregation website Metacritic noted season 1 received "generally favorable reviews," giving it a score of 75 out of 100, based on reviews from 14 critics.[16] Karen Valby from Entertainment Weekly described the show as a "deeply weird, weirdly sweet, and completely hilarious comedy."[17] The Wall Street Journal referred to the show as "Sneak Attack Feminism." Critic Megan Angelo quotes Abbi Jacobson, main star of Comedy Central's Broad City: "If you watch one of our episodes, there’s not a big message, but if you watch all of them, I think, they’re empowering to women.”[18] The A.V. Club critic Caroline Framke wrote that Broad City was "worth watching" despite its "well-trod premise," and that the series is "remarkably self-possessed, even in its first episode."[1]

text: Season 1 of the show received a 96% "Certified Fresh" rating from Rotten Tomatoes, based on reviews from 23 critics, with the site's consensus stating, "From its talented producers to its clever writing and superb leads, Broad City boasts an uncommonly fine pedigree."[19] The A.V. Club named Broad City the second best TV show of 2014 for its first season.[20]

text: Season 2 received positive reviews, with Metacritic giving it a score of 89 out of 100, based on reviews from 8 critics, indicating "universal acclaim."[21] Rotten Tomatoes gave the second season a rating of 100%, based on reviews from 11 critics, with the site's consensus: "Led by two of the funniest women on TV, Broad City uses its stars' vibrant chemistry to lend an element of authenticity to the show's chaotic yet enlightening brand of comedy."[22]

text:
Season 3 received positive reviews as well, with Metacritic giving it a score of 87 out of 100, based on reviews from 8 critics, indicating "universal acclaim." [23]
Ben Travers from Indiewire summarizes what he sees as the strengths of the first two episodes of season 3: "Each half hour feels as free-wheeling and wild as Ilana so boldly is, but also as meticulously put-together as Abby [sic] strives to be...the integration of its two creators attitudes into the core makeup of the series helps to illustrate how groundbreaking Broad City really is." [24]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year

Award

Category

Recipient(s)

Result

2014

Critics' Choice Television Awards

Best Comedy Series

Broad City

Nominated

Best Actress in a Comedy Series

Ilana Glazer

Nominated

2015

Critics' Choice Television Awards

Best Comedy Series

Broad City

Nominated

Best Actress in a Comedy Series

Ilana Glazer

Nominated

Best Guest Performer in a Comedy Series

Susie Essman

Nominated

2017

MTV Movie & TV Awards

Best Comedic Performance

Ilana Glazer & Abbi Jacobson

Nominated

text: Home media[edit]

text:
DVD title

Episodes

Release date

Rating

Additional

Region 1[25]

Region 4[26]

MPA-C[27]

ACB[28]

Season 1

10

December 2, 2014

November 4, 2015

14A

MA15+

showFeatures

2-disc set
220 minutes
16:9 aspect ratio
English Dolby Digital 2.0
English subtitles SDH
Special features:
Outtakes & deleted scenes
Video commentary on select episodes
Photo gallery
Includes map of "Broad City" drawn by Abbi

(Not rated in U.S.)

Season 2

10

January 5, 2016

April 6, 2016

14A

MA15+

showFeatures

2-disc set
220 minutes
16:9 aspect ratio
English Dolby Digital 2.0
English subtitles SDH
Also released on Blu-ray (Region A only - January 5, 2016)[29]
(Not rated in U.S.)

Season 3

10

January 10, 2017

March 8, 2017

14A

MA15+

showFeatures

2-disc set
210 minutes
16:9 aspect ratio
English Dolby Digital 2.0
English subtitles SDH
(Not rated in U.S.)

Season 4

10

April 16, 2018

July 3, 2018

14A

MA15+

showFeatures

2-disc set
215 minutes
16:9 aspect ratio
English Dolby Digital 2.0
English subtitles SDH
(Not rated in U.S.)

text: Controversy[edit]

text: "Broad Fucking City" t-shirt incident[edit]

text: On March 23, 2015, college student Daniel Podolsky was removed from a Southwest Airlines flight which was grounded in St Louis after a gate attendant took issue with the Broad City t-shirt (which read "Broad Fucking City")[30] he had been given as a handout at Comedy Central's SXSW event. Initially receiving coverage on a local Fox affiliate, KTVI, the story was picked up by Glenn Beck's The Blaze[31] and quickly went viral, reaching the home pages of Buzzfeed, CNN, Vice News,[32] and was also featured as the Moment of Zen on The Daily Show. Ilana Glazer responded by tweeting, "I love you, daniel podolsky," along with a link to the Blaze's story.[33]