document_title: Pardon

question_text: which branch has the power to issue pardons to persons convicted of federal crimes

question_tokens: which branch has the power to issue pardons to persons convicted of federal crimes

text: Pardon

text: By country[edit]

text: Canada[edit]

text: Pardons[edit]

text: The Parole Board of Canada (PBC) is the federal agency responsible for making pardon decisions under the Criminal Records Act (CRA). Under the CRA, the PBC can issue, grant, deny, and revoke pardons.

text: In 2012, the Parliament of Canada passed the Safe Streets and Communities Act,[1] which changed a number of elements regarding the criminal justice system. The Act replaced the term "pardon" with "record suspension",[2] and the pardon system was similarly changed.[3]

text: A pardon keeps a judicial record of a conviction separate and apart from other criminal records, and gives law-abiding citizens an opportunity to reintegrate into Canadian society.

text: The CRA removes all information about the conviction for which an individual received the pardon from the Canadian Police Information Centre (CPIC). Federal agencies cannot give out information about the conviction without approval from the Minister of Public Safety Canada.

text: A pardon does not, however, erase the fact that an individual was convicted of a crime. The criminal record is not erased, but it is kept separate and apart from other (non-pardoned) criminal records.

text: A pardon removes disqualifications caused by a criminal conviction, such as the ability to contract with the federal government, or eligibility for Canadian citizenship.

text: If an individual in receipt of a pardon is convicted of a new offence, the information may lead to a reactivation of the criminal record for which the pardon was received in CPIC.

text: A pardon does not guarantee entry or visa privileges to another country. Before travelling to another country, individuals must still contact the authorities of the country in question to find out what the requirements are to enter that country.

text: Processing of pardons by the National Parole Board generally takes six months for a summary offence and 12 months for an indictable offence. If the Parole Board proposes to deny the application, it can take 24 months to process.[4]

text: Individuals can apply for a pardon if they were convicted as an adult of a criminal offence in Canada, or of an offence under a federal act or regulation of Canada, or if they were convicted of a crime in another country and were transferred to Canada under the Transfer of Offenders Act or International Transfer of Offenders Act. Non-Canadian citizens are not eligible for a Canadian pardon unless they were convicted of a crime in Canada.

text: To be eligible for a pardon or record suspension, individuals must have completed all of their sentences and a waiting period.

text: Individuals are considered to have completed all of their sentences if they have:

text:
Paid all fines, surcharges, costs, restitution and compensation orders
Served all sentences of imprisonment, conditional sentences, including parole or statutory release
Completed their probation order

text: Prior to 2012, following completion of all of their sentences, individuals must have completed a waiting period, as follows:

text:
3 years for summary convictions under the Criminal Code or other federal act or regulation, except sexual crimes against children
3 years under the National Defence Act, if fined $2,000 or less, detained or imprisoned 6 months or less, or subjected to various lesser punishments for a service offence
5 years for indictable convictions under the Criminal Code or other federal act or regulation and summary convictions of sexual crimes against children
5 years for all convictions by a Canadian offender transferred to Canada under the Transfer of Offenders Act or International Transfer of Offenders Act
5 years under the National Defence Act, if you were fined more than $2,000, detained or imprisoned more than 6 months, or dismissed from service
10 years for indictable convictions for sexual crimes against children and criminals receiving more than 2 years of imprisonment time for "serious personal injury offence" such as manslaughter or other designated offence under section 752 of the Criminal Code.[5]

text: Effective 13 March 2012, the eligibility criteria and waiting periods changed:

text:
5 years for summary convictions under the Criminal Code or other federal act or regulation, except sexual crimes against children
5 years under the National Defence Act, if fined $2,000 or less, detained or imprisoned 6 months or less, or subjected to various lesser punishments for a service offence
10 years for indictable convictions under the Criminal Code or other federal act or regulation and summary convictions of sexual crimes against children
10 years for all convictions by a Canadian offender transferred to Canada under the Transfer of Offenders Act or International Transfer of Offenders Act
10 years under the National Defence Act, if fined more than $2,000, detained or imprisoned more than 6 months, or dismissed from service
"Not Eligible" for indictable convictions for sexual crimes against children (Schedule 1 Offence under CRA)
"Not Eligible" for criminals with more than three (3) offences prosecuted by indictment, each with a prison sentence of 2 or more years.[6]

text: Applicants for a record suspension must be able to show that they have completed their sentences in full and provide proof of payment.[7]

text: Individuals can apply for a pardon by filling out the application forms available from the Parole Board and by paying a $631 pardon application fee.[8]

text: Clemency[edit]

text: In Canada, clemency is granted by the Governor-General of Canada or the Governor in Council (the federal cabinet) under the royal prerogative of mercy. Applications are also made to the National Parole Board, as in pardons, but clemency may involve the commutation of a sentence, or the remission of all or part of the sentence, a respite from the sentence (for a medical condition) or a relief from a prohibition (e.g., to allow someone to drive who has been prohibited from driving).

text: Chile[edit]

text: In Chile, the institution of pardon (indulto) is regulated in the Criminal Code (article 93, Nº 4º),[9] which deals with the extinction of criminal liability. A pardon "only grants the remission or the commutation of the sentence; it does not remove the condition of having been condemned". The pardon may be either general, when it is granted to all those covered by a specific law passed by qualified quorum in National Congress, or particular, when it is granted by Supreme Decree of the President of the Republic. In Chile's presidential regime, the President is the Head of State; in this capacity, he or she has the discretionary power to grant particular pardons. He or she is not obliged to seek opinion or approval from other authorities, although, the granting of pardons is limited by the norms of Law No. 18.050 (1981),[10] and its Regulations (Decree No. 1542 of 1981 on particular pardons),[11] which forbid particular pardons for those convicted of a crime of terrorism.[12]

text: France[edit]

text: Pardons and acts of clemency (grâces) are granted by the President of France, who, ultimately, is the sole judge of the propriety of the measure. It is a prerogative of the President which is directly inherited from that of the Kings of France. The convicted person sends a request for pardon to the President of the Republic. The prosecutor of the court that pronounced the verdict reports on the case, and the case goes to the Ministry of Justice's directorate of criminal affairs and pardons for further consideration.

text: If granted, the decree of pardon is signed by the President, the Prime Minister, the Minister of Justice, and possibly other ministers involved in the consideration of the case. It is not published in the Journal Officiel.

text: The decree may spare the applicant from serving the balance of his or her sentence, or commute the sentence to a lesser one. It does not suppress the right for the victim of the crime to obtain compensation for the damages it suffered, and does not erase the condemnation from the criminal record.

text: When the death penalty was in force in France, all capital sentences resulted in a presidential review for a possible clemency. Executions were carried out if and only if the President rejected clemency, by signing a document on which it was written: "decides to let justice take its course".

text: The Parliament of France, on occasions, grants amnesty. This is a different concept and procedure from that described above, although the phrase "presidential amnesty" (amnistie présidentielle) is sometimes pejoratively applied to some acts of parliament traditionally voted upon after a presidential election, granting amnesty for minor crimes.

text: Germany[edit]

text: Similar to the United States, the right to grant pardon in Germany is divided between the federal and the state level. Federal jurisdiction in matters of criminal law is mostly restricted to appeals against decisions of state courts. Only "political" crimes like treason or terrorism are tried on behalf of the federal government by the highest state courts. Accordingly, the category of persons eligible for a federal pardon is rather narrow. The right to grant a federal pardon lies in the office of the President of Germany, but he or she can transfer this power to other persons, such as the chancellor or the minister of justice.

text: In early 2007, there was a widespread public discussion about the granting of pardons in Germany after convicted Red Army Faction terrorist Christian Klar, who was serving six consecutive sentences of life imprisonment, filed a petition for pardon. President Horst Köhler ultimately denied his request.

text: For all other (and therefore the vast majority of) convicts, pardons are in the jurisdiction of the states. In some states it is granted by the respective cabinet, but in most states the state constitution vests the authority in the state prime minister. As on the federal level, the authority may be transferred. Amnesty can be granted only by federal law.

text: Greece[edit]

text: The Constitution of Greece grants the power of pardon to the President of the Republic (Art. 47, § 1). He/She can pardon, commute or remit punishment imposed by any court, on the proposal of the Minister of Justice and after receiving the opinion (not the consent necessarily) of the Pardon Committee.

text: Hong Kong[edit]

text: Prior to the Transfer of the sovereignty in 1997, the power of pardon was a royal prerogative of mercy of the monarch of the United Kingdom. This was used and cited the most often in cases of inmates who had been given the death penalty: from 1965 to 1993 (when the death penalty was formally abolished) death sentences were automatically commuted to life imprisonment under the Royal Prerogative.

text: Since the Transfer, the Chief Executive of Hong Kong now exercises the power to grant pardons and commute penalties under section 12 of article 48 Basic Law of Hong Kong. "The Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall exercise the following powers and functions...to pardon persons convicted of criminal offences or commute their penalties".

text: India[edit]

text: Under the Constitution of India (Article 72), the President of India can grant a pardon or reduce the sentence of a convicted person, particularly in cases involving capital punishment. A similar and parallel power vests in the Governors of each State under Article 161.

text: The Constitution of India vests sovereign power in the President and governors. The governance in the Centre and states is carried out in the name of President and Governor respectively. A President is empowered with the power to pardon under Article 72 of the Indian Constitution. Article 72 says that the President shall have the power to grant pardons, reprieves, respites or remissions of punishment or to suspend, remit or commute the sentence of any person convicted of any offence. The meaning of these terms is as follows:

text: The pardoning powers of the Indian President are elucidated in Art 72 of the Indian Constitution. There are five different types of pardoning which are mandated by law. 1. Pardon: means completely absolving the person of the crime and letting him go free. The pardoned criminal will be like a normal citizen. 2. Commutation: means changing the type of punishment given to the guilty into a less harsh one, for example, a death penalty commuted to a life sentence. 3. Reprieve: means a delay allowed in the execution of a sentence, usually a death sentence, for a guilty person to allow him some time to apply for Presidential Pardon or some other legal remedy to prove his innocence or successful rehabilitation. 4. Respite: means reducing the quantum or degree of the punishment to a criminal in view of some special circumstances, like pregnancy, mental condition etc. 5. Remission: means changing the quantum of the punishment without changing its nature, for example reducing 20 year rigorous imprisonment to 10 years.

text: The Article 72 reads:

text: (1) The President shall have the power to grant pardons, reprieves, respites or remission of punishment or to suspend remit or commute the sentence of any persons convicted of any offence-

text: (a) in all cases where the punishment or sentence is by a court martial;

text: (b) in all cases where the punishment or sentence is for an offence against any law relating to a matter to which the executive power of the Union extends;

text: (c) in all cases where the sentence is a sentence of death.

text: (2) Nothing in sub- clause (a) of clause (1) shall alter the power conferred by law on any officer of the Armed Forces of the Union to suspend, remit or commute a sentence passed by a Court Martial.

text: (3) Nothing in sub-clause (c) of clause (1) shall affect the power to suspend remit or commute a sentence of death exercisable by the Governor of a State under any law for the time being in force.

text: Similarly, as per article 161: Governor of a State has the power to grant pardons, reprieves, respites or remissions of punishment or to suspend, remit or commute the sentence of any person convicted of any offence against any law relating to a matter to which the executive power of the State extends. Please note that President can grant pardon to a person awarded death sentence. But Governor of State does not enjoy this power.

text: The question is whether this power to grant pardon is absolute or this power of pardon shall be exercised by the President on the advice of Council of Ministers. The pardoning power of President is NOT absolute. It is governed by the advice of the Council of Ministers. This has not been discussed by the Constitution but is the practical truth. Further, the Constitution does not provide for any mechanism to question the legality of decisions of President or governors exercising mercy jurisdiction. But the SC in Epuru Sudhakar case has given a small window for judicial review of the pardon powers of President and governors for the purpose of ruling out any arbitrariness. The court has earlier held that court has retained the power of judicial review even on a matter which has been vested by the Constitution solely in the Executive.

text: However, it is important to note that India has a unitary legal system and there is no separate body of state law. All crimes are crimes against the Union of India. Therefore, a convention has developed that the Governor's powers are exercised for only minor offenses, while requests for pardons and reprieves for major offenses and offenses committed in the Union Territories are deferred to the President.

text: Both the President and Governor are bound by the advice of their respective Councils of Ministers and hence the exercise of this power is of an executive character. It is therefore subject to Judicial Review as held by the Supreme Court of India in the case of Maru Ram v. Union of India [1980] INSC 213, 1981 (1) SCC 107, Supreme Court. It was subsequently confirmed by Kehar Singh v. Union of India [1988] INSC 370, 1989(1) SCC 204, Supreme Court. In the case of Epuru Sudhakar & Anr vs Govt. Of A.P. & Ors [2006] INSC 638, Supreme Court, it was held that "clemency is subject to judicial review and that it cannot be dispensed as a privilege or act of grace". The court made these observation while quashing the decision of then Governor of Andhra Pradesh Sushil Kumar Shinde in commuting the sentence of a convicted Congress activist.[13]

text: Iran[edit]

text: In the Islamic Republic of Iran, the Supreme Leader has the power to pardon and offer clemency under Article 110, § 1, §§ 11.

text: Ireland[edit]

text: Constitutional basis[edit]

text: The Irish constitution states (in Article 13.6) that "The right of pardon and the power to commute or remit punishment imposed by any court exercising criminal jurisdiction are hereby vested in the President, but such power of commutation or remission may also be conferred by law on other authorities".

text: The power of clemency is nominally exercised by the president. However, the President of Ireland must act "on the advice" of the Government (cabinet), so in practice the clemency decisions are made by the government of the day and the president has no discretion in the matter. The responsibility can also be delegated to people or bodies other than the president.

text: Amnesty and immunity, on the other hand, are usually dealt with by an Act of the Oireachtas rather than by a general form of pardon or a slate of individual pardons.

text: There are two methods by which a pardon may proceed:

text: Method I[edit]

text: In the first procedure, aimed at miscarriages of justice, the Minister for Justice may recommend to the Government that they formally advise the President to grant a pardon, and any conditions along with it. 1993 Criminal Procedure Act provides the method by which a person convicted of an offense may apply for a pardon. Under this procedure, the person must:

text:
Have already been convicted.
Have used up their appeals.
Allege a new fact (previously known and believed to be significant, but which he has a reasonable excuse for not having mentioned) or newly discovered fact (including a fact previously known which was not believed to be significant) showing a miscarriage of justice has taken place.

text: Then they can apply in writing to the Minister for Justice for a pardon. The minister may then "make or cause to be made such inquiries as they consider necessary" and may refuse to grant the pardon on his/her own initiative, or if they think the person should be pardoned, bring such argument to cabinet.

text: Method II[edit]

text: Section six of the act allows a Minister for Justice to seek or receive a pardon request from someone whose case is not a 'miscarriage of justice', but has some other fault, such as an archaic law, a law being misapplied by a rogue judge, a reduction in the harshness of a sentence or a substitution of a sentence, without having to go through the procedure above, gone through appeals, or presented new facts. It also allows the minister to waive the procedure in a case of miscarriage of justice if the specific case warrants it. It may also allow prospective pardons as it allows the minister to pardon someone who has not been convicted yet, which the other procedure requires.

text: Committee of Inquiry[edit]

text: The government itself may assemble a committee to study the case in more detail on their behalf. This may consist of anyone, and any number, but the chair must be:

text:
A judge or former judge or
A Barrister of at least 10 years standing or
A solicitor of at least 10 years standing.

text: This special committee may look to any material it sees fit to make its decision, even if it was not, or would not be, available to a jury or trial judge in a normal court. The government do not have to be bound by the committee recommendations.

text: Pardons under Military Law[edit]

text: Under Section 7(5) of the act, the same powers of the Minister for Justice apply to the Minister for Defense in the case of military officers and enlisted convicted by courts martial.

text: Compensation[edit]

text: The Minister for Justice or Defense may also, in their absolute discretion, pay compensation, determined by them alone, to any person given a pardon, if this compensation is applied for. If they think the compensation is too low they may challenge for a higher figure in the High Court.

text: List of people who have received a Presidential Pardon since 1938

text: The power is used very infrequently compared to, for example, pardons in the United States.

text:
1940 – Thomas Quinn granted by Douglas Hyde
1943 – Walter Brady granted by Douglas Hyde
1992 – Nicky Kelly granted by Mary Robinson
1999 – William Geary granted by Mary McAleese
Source: Murdoch's Dictionary of Irish Law by Henry Murdoch, Page 566: 3rd Edition: ISBN 0-9514032-5-7

text: Israel[edit]

text: In Israel the President has the power to pardon criminals or give them clemency. The pardon is given following a recommendation by the Minister of Justice.

text: After the Kav 300 affair, President Chaim Herzog issued a pardon to four members of the Shin Bet prior to them being indicted. This unusual act was the first of its kind in Israel.

text: Italy[edit]

text: In Italy, the President of the Republic may "grant pardons, or commute punishments" according to article 87 of the Italian Constitution. Like other acts of the president, the pardon requires the countersignature of the competent government minister. The Constitutional Court of Italy has ruled that the Minister of Justice is obliged to sign acts of pardon.[14]

text: The pardon may remove the punishment altogether or change its form. Unless the decree of pardon states otherwise, the pardon does not remove any incidental effects of a criminal conviction, such as a mention in a certificate of conduct (174 c.p.) or the loss of civil rights.

text: According to article 79 of the Italian Constitution the Parliament may grant amnesty (article 151 c.p.) and pardon (article 174 c.p.) by law deliberated a majority of two thirds of the components. The last general pardon, discounting 3 years from sentences, was approved in 2006.

text: Poland[edit]

text: In Poland, the President is granted the right of pardon by Article 139 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland. As of October 2008, 7,819 people were pardoned, while 3,046 people's appeals were declined.

text:
Lech Wałęsa

Approved – 3,454
Declined – 384

Aleksander Kwaśniewski

Approved – 3,295 (the first term); 795 (the second term); total – 4,090
Declined – 993 (the first term); 1,317 (the second term); total – 2,310

Lech Kaczyński (until October 2007)

Approved – 77
Declined – 550

Bronisław Komorowski

Approved - 219
Declined - 189

text: Russia[edit]

text: The President of the Russian Federation is granted the right of pardon by Article 89 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. The chain of pardon committees manage lists of people eligible for pardon and directs them to the President for signing. While President Boris Yeltsin frequently used his power of pardon (1998 - 7,8 thousand cases), his successor Vladimir Putin is much more hesitant; he granted five pardons in 2014 and two in 2015.[15]

text: Pardon can be requested in any time. The next request can be submitted in minimum one year after the previous one.[16]

text: South Africa[edit]

text: Under section 84(2)(j) of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 (Act 108 of 1996), the President of the Republic of South Africa is responsible for pardoning or reprieving offenders. This power of the President is only exercised in highly exceptional cases.

text: To pardon a person is to forgive a person for his/her deeds. The pardon process is therefore not available to persons who maintain their innocence and is not an advanced form of appeal procedure.

text: Pardon is only granted for minor offences after a period of ten years has elapsed since the relevant conviction.

text: For many serious offences (for example if the relevant court viewed the offence in such a serious light that direct imprisonment was imposed) pardon will not be granted even if more than ten years have elapsed since the conviction.

text: Spain[edit]

text: The derecho de gracia ("right of grace") or indulto ("pardon") is acknowledged by the Spanish Constitution of 1978 as a privilege of the King of Spain (article 62.i: "Functions of the King"). The Spanish Constitution defines it as a renounce on the State's part of its own punitive power on behalf of an individual, founded on reasons of equity or public interest. The Constitution subjects royal pardons to the Law and forbids general pardons, so they have to be granted individually. Theoretically, a royal pardon can be granted for a general offense or accessory offenses alone; if it is granted for a general offense, the accessory ones it implies are also pardoned, with the exception of punishments involving political rights (i.e., removal of the right to run for a public office as a result of a sentence), which have to be explicitly mentioned in the pardon decree if they are going to be pardoned.

text: The procedure and requirements for the grant of the pardon are given by the Law of 18 June 1870, modified by the Law 1/1988 of 14 January. The application for royal pardon has to be carried out by the convicted person himself, his relatives or any other person in his name. The convicting court will then issue a report of the case, which shall be considered along with the public comments of the Prosecutor and the victims of the crime if there were any. All of this is gathered by the Minister of Justice, who will present the pardon issue to the Cabinet of Ministers. If the Cabinet decides a pardon should be granted, then the Minister of Justice will recommend as such to the King. Pardons are issued by Royal Decree and have to be published in the Boletín Oficial del Estado ("Public Journal").

text: Pardons are not commonly conceded in Spain but for offenders convicted for minor crimes who are about to complete their sentence and have shown good behaviour and repentance. Dating back to medieval times, several organisations and religious brotherhoods still hold the right of granting pardons as part of some privilege or other granted to them by the King of Spain. The scope of this privilege depends on the royal charter received by the organisation when their right to concede pardons was granted, though it usually holds only for minor offenses in very especial conditions; this right is implicitly acknowledged by the public offices nowadays, though it is not exercised but following the usual procedure for royal pardons. Traditionally, they will propose some petty criminal about to end his sentence for pardon being granted to him, and he/she will be released following the tradition to which the pardon holds, usually during the Holy Week. This type of pardons are distinguished from the usual ones in that they only release the prisoner from jail, halting the sentence, but do not pardon the offense itself.

text: Switzerland[edit]

text: In Switzerland, pardons may be granted by the Swiss Federal Assembly for crimes prosecuted by the federal authorities. For crimes under cantonal jurisdiction, cantonal law designates the authority competent to grant pardons (if any). In most cantons, the cantonal parliament may pardon felonies, and the cantonal government may pardon misdemeanors and minor infractions.

text: Turkey[edit]

text: The president of Turkey is granted the right of pardon under certain circumstances defined in the constitution, article 104. According to the article, the president can "remit, on grounds of chronic illness, disability, or old age, all or part of the sentences imposed on certain individuals". After the convict's or his or her proxy's application, if the Council of Forensic Medicine determines that the convict suffers from chronic illness, disability, or old age, the Ministry of Justice presents the situation to the president, and the president can choose to grant a pardon.

text: Additionally, the parliament of Turkey has the power to announce general amnesty.

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: The power to grant pardons and reprieves in the United Kingdom is known as the Royal prerogative of mercy. It was traditionally in the absolute power of the monarch to pardon an individual for a crime, whether or not he or she had been convicted, and thereby commute any penalty; the power was then delegated both to the judiciary and the Sovereign's ministers. Since the creation of legal rights of appeal, the Royal prerogative of mercy is no longer exercised by the person of the sovereign, or by the judiciary, but only by the government.

text: In constitutional terms, under the doctrine of the Rule of Law, the power of ministers to overrule the judiciary by commuting criminal sanctions imposed resolves different and sometimes conflicting public interests. In civil matters, only the legislative branch, and not ministers, have the power to override the judiciary.

text: Until the nineteenth century, for many crimes the sentence was mandatory and was formally pronounced in court immediately upon conviction, but judges and ministers were given powers to exercise the Royal prerogative of mercy out of court, in order to mitigate the rigour of the law. Before there was any general form of criminal appeal, a judge might grant a pardon either by way of clemency, because he felt in his opinion that the law was unduly harsh (for example, in the case of convictions of minors), that the verdict was dubious, that to seek public approval, or it was otherwise in the public interest. Capital sentences imposed by the Assizes were generally executed when the Assize was concluded and as the circuit judge left the town, so there was a limited window of time to apply to a judge or directly to the Crown for a pardon. Especially for Assizes that were far away from the then capital and major cities of London, York, Durham, Edinburgh, or Dublin, a pardon might well arrive too late. Perhaps as a form of temporary punishment, to give solace, to avoid public disorder, to consult or obtain further evidence, or to maximise the public approval of the King's mercy, judges often did not grant their pardons until their departures; the convict often hoped until his last moments that the sentence of death would not actually be executed, and it was generally popular for a reprieve to arrive at the scaffold at the very moment of the execution.[17]

text: Conditional pardons were granted to many in the 18th century, in return for transportation to British colonies overseas for life in lieu, especially to the Australian Colonies.

text: The first known General Pardon in post-Conquest England was issued during the celebrations at the coronation of King Edward III in 1327. In 2006, all soldiers from England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland who were executed for cowardice during the First World War were given a statutory pardon by an Act of Parliament, resolving a long-running controversy about the justice of their executions.[18] (See the Armed Forces Act 2006.)

text: Today the Sovereign only grants pardons upon the advice of her ministers: currently they are the Secretary of State for Justice, for England and Wales, the First Minister of Scotland, or the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland. The Secretary of State for Defence is responsible for military cases. It is the standard policy of the Government to only grant pardons to those who are considered "morally" innocent of the offence, as opposed to those who may have been wrongly convicted by a misapplication of the law. Pardons are generally no longer issued prior to a conviction, but only after the conviction. The use of the Royal prerogative of mercy is now a rare occurrence, given that the Criminal Cases Review Commission and the Scottish Criminal Cases Review Commission are now avenues to statutory remedies against miscarriages of justice.

text: Therefore, the grant of pardons is now very rare occurrence indeed, and the vast majority of acknowledged miscarriages of justice were decided upon by the courts. During the Birmingham Six case, Home Secretary Douglas Hurd stressed that he could only make the decision for a pardon if he was "convinced of [their] innocence", which at the time he was not.[19]

text: One recent case was that of two drug smugglers, John Haase and Paul Bennett. They were pardoned in July 1996 from their sentences of imprisonment both of 18 years, having served some ten months, on the advice of Home Secretary Michael Howard.[20] This was intended as a reward for their information given to the authorities, but there were speculations as to the motives of the Home Secretary.[21] In 2008 they were sentenced to imprisonment for 20 and 22 years, respectively, after subsequent discovery that their information given was unreliable.

text: In 1980, after the courts had dismissed their appeals, the Home Secretary, William Whitelaw, used the Royal prerogative of mercy to free David Cooper and Michael McMahon from their imprisonment, both having been convicted of murder on poor evidence.[22][23]

text: Under the Act of Settlement, a pardon cannot prevent a person from being impeached by Parliament, but a pardon may commute any penalties imposed for the conviction. In England and Wales no person may be pardoned for an offence under Section 11 of the Habeas Corpus Act 1679 (unlawfully transporting prisoners out of England and Wales).[24]

text: United States[edit]

text: Federal law[edit]

text: In the United States, the pardon power for federal crimes is granted to the President of the United States under Article II, Section 2 of the United States Constitution which states that the President "shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against the United States, except in cases of impeachment". The U.S. Supreme Court has interpreted this language to include the power to grant pardons, conditional pardons, commutations of sentence, conditional commutations of sentence, remissions of fines and forfeitures, respites, and amnesties.[25]

text: All federal pardon petitions are addressed to the President, who grants or denies the request. Typically, applications for pardons are referred for review and non-binding recommendation by the Office of the Pardon Attorney, an official of the United States Department of Justice.[26] The percentage of pardons and reprieves granted varies from administration to administration; however, fewer pardons have been granted since World War II.[27]

text: The pardon power has been controversial from the enactment of the United States Constitution.

text: State law[edit]

text: The pardon power of the President extends only to an offense recognizable under federal law.[28] However, the governors of most of the 50 states have the power to grant pardons or reprieves for offenses under state criminal law. In other states, that power is committed to an appointed agency or board, or to a board and the governor in some hybrid arrangement (in some states the agency is merged with that of the parole board, as in the Oklahoma Pardon and Parole Board).[29]

text: Nine states in the United States have Boards of Pardons and Paroles that exclusively grant all state pardons. These states are: Alabama (Board of Pardons and Paroles), Connecticut (Board of Pardons and Paroles), Georgia (Board of Pardons and Paroles), Idaho (Commission of Pardons and Paroles), Minnesota (Board of Pardons), Nebraska (Board of Pardons), Nevada (Board of Pardon Commissioners), South Carolina (Board of Probation, Parole and Pardon), and Utah (Board of Pardons and Parole).

text: On at least three occasions, state governors—George Ryan[30] of Illinois in 2003, Toney Anaya[31] of New Mexico in 1986 and Martin O'Malley[32] of Maryland in 2014—have commuted all death sentences in their respective states prior to leaving office.

text: Related concepts[edit]

text: These terms differ subtly from country to country, but generally:[33][34]

text:
Amnesty: A pardon applied to a group of people rather than an individual. President Jimmy Carter offered amnesty to anyone who had evaded the draft. Weapon amnesties are often granted so that people can hand in weapons to the police without any legal questions being asked as to where they obtained them, why they had them, etc. After a civil war a mass amnesty may be granted to absolve all participants of guilt and "move on". Amnesties are typically applied in advance of any prosecution for the crime.
Commutation: Substituting the imposed penalty for a crime with a lesser penalty, whilst still remaining guilty of the original crime (e.g., someone who is guilty of murder may have their sentence commuted to life imprisonment rather than death, or the term of imprisonment may be reduced).
Remission: Complete or partial cancellation of the penalty, whilst still being considered guilty of said crime (i.e., reduced penalty). Also known as remand, the proceedings by which a case is sent back to a lower court from which it was appealed, with instructions as to what further proceedings should be had.
Reprieve: Temporary postponement of a punishment, usually so that the accused can mount an appeal (especially if he or she has been sentenced to death).[35]
Respite: The delay of an ordered sentence, or the act of temporarily imposing a lesser sentence upon the convicted, whilst further investigation, action, or appeals can be made.[36]
Clemency: Catch-all term for all of the above, or just referring to amnesty and pardons.
Expungement: The process by which the record of a criminal conviction is destroyed or sealed from the official repository, thus removing any traces of guilt or conviction.
Immunity from prosecution: A prosecutor may grant immunity, usually to a witness, in exchange for testimony or production of other evidence. The prosecutor (conditionally) agrees not to prosecute a crime that the witness might have committed in exchange for said evidence. e.g. If a car thief witnesses a murder, he will often be granted immunity for his crime in order to allow him to testify against the murderer.
Other immunity: Several other types of immunity are available, depending on the status of a person as a member of the government.

text: Some criminals who testify for the prosecution put their life in jeopardy by doing so. To encourage witnesses to testify, the government may offer witness protection. In the United States Federal Witness Protection Program, about "95% of [witnesses in the program] are ... criminals."[37] Those who testify for the prosecution may be offered immunity from prosecution for their own crimes.[37]


question_text: who has won champions league 3 times in a row

root

text: List of finals[edit]

text:
Key

Match was won during extra time

*

Match was won on a penalty shoot-out

&

Match was won after a replay

tag: table

text:
The "Season" column refers to the season the competition was held, and wikilinks to the article about that season.
The wikilinks in the "Score" column point to the article about that season's final game.

tag: ul

text:
List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League finals

#

Season

Nation

Winners

Score

Runners-up

Nation

Venue

Att.[11]

1

1955–56

 Spain

Real Madrid

4–3

Reims

 France

 Parc des Princes, Paris

38,239

2

1956–57

 Spain

Real Madrid

2–0

Fiorentina

 Italy

 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, Madrid

124,000

3

1957–58

 Spain

Real Madrid

3–2

Milan

 Italy

 Heysel Stadium, Brussels

67,000

4

1958–59

 Spain

Real Madrid

2–0

Reims

 France

 Neckarstadion, Stuttgart

72,000

5

1959–60

 Spain

Real Madrid

7–3

Eintracht Frankfurt

 West Germany

 Hampden Park, Glasgow

127,621

6

1960–61

 Portugal

Benfica

3–2

Barcelona

 Spain

 Wankdorf Stadium, Bern

26,732

7

1961–62

 Portugal

Benfica

5–3

Real Madrid

 Spain

 Olympisch Stadion, Amsterdam

61,257

8

1962–63

 Italy

Milan

2–1

Benfica

 Portugal

 Wembley Stadium, London

45,715

9

1963–64

 Italy

Internazionale

3–1

Real Madrid

 Spain

 Prater Stadium, Vienna

71,333

10

1964–65

 Italy

Internazionale

1–0

Benfica

 Portugal

 San Siro, Milan

89,000

11

1965–66

 Spain

Real Madrid

2–1

Partizan

 Yugoslavia

 Heysel Stadium, Brussels

46,745

12

1966–67

 Scotland

Celtic

2–1

Internazionale

 Italy

 Estádio Nacional, Lisbon

45,000

13

1967–68

 England

Manchester United

4–1

Benfica

 Portugal

 Wembley Stadium, London

92,225

14

1968–69

 Italy

Milan

4–1

Ajax

 Netherlands

 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, Madrid

31,782

15

1969–70

 Netherlands

Feyenoord

2–1

Celtic

 Scotland

 San Siro, Milan

53,187

16

1970–71

 Netherlands

Ajax

2–0

Panathinaikos

 Greece

 Wembley Stadium, London

83,179

17

1971–72

 Netherlands

Ajax

2–0

Internazionale

 Italy

 De Kuip, Rotterdam

61,354

18

1972–73

 Netherlands

Ajax

1–0

Juventus

 Italy

 Red Star Stadium, Belgrade

89,484

19

1973–74

 West Germany

Bayern Munich

4–0&[A]

Atlético Madrid

 Spain

 Heysel Stadium, Brussels

72,047

20

1974–75

 West Germany

Bayern Munich

2–0

Leeds United

 England

 Parc des Princes, Paris

48,374

21

1975–76

 West Germany

Bayern Munich

1–0

Saint-Étienne

 France

 Hampden Park, Glasgow

54,864

22

1976–77

 England

Liverpool

3–1

Borussia Mönchengladbach

 West Germany

 Stadio Olimpico, Rome

57,000

23

1977–78

 England

Liverpool

1–0

Club Brugge

 Belgium

 Wembley Stadium, London

92,500

24

1978–79

 England

Nottingham Forest

1–0

Malmö FF

 Sweden

 Olympiastadion, Munich

57,500

25

1979–80

 England

Nottingham Forest

1–0

Hamburg

 West Germany

 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, Madrid

51,000

26

1980–81

 England

Liverpool

1–0

Real Madrid

 Spain

 Parc des Princes, Paris

48,360

27

1981–82

 England

Aston Villa

1–0

Bayern Munich

 West Germany

 De Kuip, Rotterdam

46,000

28

1982–83

 West Germany

Hamburg

1–0

Juventus

 Italy

 Olympic Stadium, Athens

73,500

29

1983–84

 England

Liverpool

1–1*[B]

Roma

 Italy

 Stadio Olimpico, Rome

69,693

30

1984–85

 Italy

Juventus

1–0

Liverpool

 England

 Heysel Stadium, Brussels

58,000

31

1985–86

 Romania

Steaua București

0–0*[C]

Barcelona

 Spain

 Estadio Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán, Seville

70,000

32

1986–87

 Portugal

Porto

2–1

Bayern Munich

 West Germany

 Prater Stadium, Vienna

57,500

33

1987–88

 Netherlands

PSV Eindhoven

0–0*[D]

Benfica

 Portugal

 Neckarstadion, Stuttgart

68,000

34

1988–89

 Italy

Milan

4–0

Steaua București

 Romania

 Camp Nou, Barcelona

97,000

35

1989–90

 Italy

Milan

1–0

Benfica

 Portugal

 Prater Stadium, Vienna

57,558

36

1990–91

 Yugoslavia

Red Star Belgrade

0–0*[E]

Marseille

 France

 Stadio San Nicola, Bari

56,000

37

1991–92

 Spain

Barcelona

1–0

Sampdoria

 Italy

 Wembley Stadium, London

70,827

38

1992–93

 France

Marseille

1–0

Milan

 Italy

 Olympiastadion, Munich

64,400

39

1993–94

 Italy

Milan

4–0

Barcelona

 Spain

 Olympic Stadium, Athens

70,000

40

1994–95

 Netherlands

Ajax

1–0

Milan

 Italy

 Ernst-Happel-Stadion, Vienna

49,730

41

1995–96

 Italy

Juventus

1–1*[F]

Ajax

 Netherlands

 Stadio Olimpico, Rome

70,000

42

1996–97

 Germany

Borussia Dortmund

3–1

Juventus

 Italy

 Olympiastadion, Munich

59,000

43

1997–98

 Spain

Real Madrid

1–0

Juventus

 Italy

 Amsterdam Arena, Amsterdam

48,500

44

1998–99

 England

Manchester United

2–1

Bayern Munich

 Germany

 Camp Nou, Barcelona

90,245

45

1999–00

 Spain

Real Madrid

3–0

Valencia

 Spain

 Stade de France, Saint-Denis

80,000

46

2000–01

 Germany

Bayern Munich

1–1*[G]

Valencia

 Spain

 San Siro, Milan

71,500

47

2001–02

 Spain

Real Madrid

2–1

Bayer Leverkusen

 Germany

 Hampden Park, Glasgow

50,499

48

2002–03

 Italy

Milan

0–0*[H]

Juventus

 Italy

 Old Trafford, Manchester

62,315

49

2003–04

 Portugal

Porto

3–0

Monaco

 France

 Arena AufSchalke, Gelsenkirchen

53,053

50

2004–05

 England

Liverpool

3–3*[I]

Milan

 Italy

 Atatürk Olympic Stadium, Istanbul

69,000

51

2005–06

 Spain

Barcelona

2–1

Arsenal

 England

 Stade de France, Saint-Denis

79,610

52

2006–07

 Italy

Milan

2–1

Liverpool

 England

 Olympic Stadium, Athens

63,000

53

2007–08

 England

Manchester United

1–1*[J]

Chelsea

 England

 Luzhniki Stadium, Moscow

67,310

54

2008–09

 Spain

Barcelona

2–0

Manchester United

 England

 Stadio Olimpico, Rome

62,467

55

2009–10

 Italy

Internazionale

2–0

Bayern Munich

 Germany

 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, Madrid

73,490

56

2010–11

 Spain

Barcelona

3–1

Manchester United

 England

 Wembley Stadium, London

87,695

57

2011–12

 England

Chelsea

1–1*[K]

Bayern Munich

 Germany

 Allianz Arena, Munich

62,500

58

2012–13

 Germany

Bayern Munich

2–1

Borussia Dortmund

 Germany

 Wembley Stadium, London

86,298

59

2013–14

 Spain

Real Madrid

4–1

Atlético Madrid

 Spain

 Estádio da Luz, Lisbon

60,976

60

2014–15

 Spain

Barcelona

3–1

Juventus

 Italy

 Olympiastadion, Berlin

70,442

61

2015–16

 Spain

Real Madrid

1–1*[L]

Atlético Madrid

 Spain

 San Siro, Milan

71,942

62

2016–17

 Spain

Real Madrid

4–1

Juventus

 Italy

 Millennium Stadium, Cardiff

65,842

63

2017–18

 Spain

Real Madrid

3–1

Liverpool

 England

 NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium, Kiev

61,561

Upcoming finals

#

Season

Nation

Finalist

Match

Finalist

Nation

Venue

64

2018–19

v

 Wanda Metropolitano, Madrid

65

2019–20

v

 Atatürk Olympic Stadium, Istanbul

text: Performances[edit]

text: By club[edit]

text:
Performance in the European Cup and UEFA Champions League by club

vte Club

Winners

Runners-up

Years won

Years runner-up

 Real Madrid

13

3

1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1966, 1998, 2000, 2002, 2014, 2016, 2017, 2018

1962, 1964, 1981

 Milan

7

4

1963, 1969, 1989, 1990, 1994, 2003, 2007

1958, 1993, 1995, 2005

 Bayern Munich

5

5

1974, 1975, 1976, 2001, 2013

1982, 1987, 1999, 2010, 2012

 Liverpool

5

3

1977, 1978, 1981, 1984, 2005

1985, 2007, 2018

 Barcelona

5

3

1992, 2006, 2009, 2011, 2015

1961, 1986, 1994

 Ajax

4

2

1971, 1972, 1973, 1995

1969, 1996

 Manchester United

3

2

1968, 1999, 2008

2009, 2011

 Internazionale

3

2

1964, 1965, 2010

1967, 1972

 Juventus

2

7

1985, 1996

1973, 1983, 1997, 1998, 2003, 2015, 2017

 Benfica

2

5

1961, 1962

1963, 1965, 1968, 1988, 1990

 Nottingham Forest

2

0

1979, 1980

—

 Porto

2

0

1987, 2004

—

 Celtic

1

1

1967

1970

 Hamburg

1

1

1983

1980

 Steaua București

1

1

1986

1989

 Marseille

1

1

1993

1991

 Borussia Dortmund

1

1

1997

2013

 Chelsea

1

1

2012

2008

 Feyenoord

1

0

1970

—

 Aston Villa

1

0

1982

—

 PSV Eindhoven

1

0

1988

—

 Red Star Belgrade

1

0

1991

—

 Atlético Madrid

0

3

—

1974, 2014, 2016

 Reims

0

2

—

1956, 1959

 Valencia

0

2

—

2000, 2001

 Fiorentina

0

1

—

1957

 Eintracht Frankfurt

0

1

—

1960

 Partizan

0

1

—

1966

 Panathinaikos

0

1

—

1971

 Leeds United

0

1

—

1975

 Saint-Étienne

0

1

—

1976

 Borussia Mönchengladbach

0

1

—

1977

 Club Brugge

0

1

—

1978

 Malmö FF

0

1

—

1979

 Roma

0

1

—

1984

 Sampdoria

0

1

—

1992

 Bayer Leverkusen

0

1

—

2002

 Monaco

0

1

—

2004

 Arsenal

0

1

—

2006

text: By nation[edit]

text: Ten different nations have won the Champions League, and thirteen nations have sent a team to the finals. Since the 1996–97 season, however (other than Porto's win in 2003–04) the winners have come from one of only four nations — Spain (11), England (4), Italy (3), and Germany (3) — and (other than Monaco's performance in 2003–04) the runners up have all come from the same four nations.

tag: p

text:
Performance by nation

Nation

Winners

Runners-up

 Spain

18

11

 Italy

12

16

 England

12

8

 Germany

7

10

 Netherlands

6

2

 Portugal

4

5

 France

1

5

 Romania

1

1

 Scotland

1

1

 Yugoslavia

1

1

 Belgium

0

1

 Greece

0

1

 Sweden

0

1

text: Venues[edit]

text:
European Cup and UEFA Champions League final venues

Ground

Hosts

Years

 Wembley Stadium, London
7
1963, 1968, 1971, 1978, 1992, 2011, 2013

 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, Madrid
4
1957, 1969, 1980, 2010

 Heysel Stadium, Brussels
4
1958, 1966, 1974, 1985

 Ernst-Happel-Stadion, Vienna
4
1964, 1987, 1990, 1995

 San Siro, Milan
4
1965, 1970, 2001, 2016

 Stadio Olimpico, Rome
4
1977, 1984, 1996, 2009

 Parc des Princes, Paris
3
1956, 1975, 1981

 Hampden Park, Glasgow
3
1960, 1976, 2002

 Olympiastadion, Munich
3
1979, 1993, 1997

 Olympic Stadium, Athens
3
1983, 1994, 2007

 Neckarstadion, Stuttgart
2
1959, 1988

 De Kuip, Rotterdam
2
1972, 1982

 Camp Nou, Barcelona
2
1989, 1999

 Stade de France, Saint-Denis
2
2000, 2006

 Atatürk Olympic Stadium, Istanbul
1
2005

 Wankdorf Stadium, Bern
1
1961

 Olympisch Stadion, Amsterdam
1
1962

 Estádio Nacional, Lisbon
1
1967

 Red Star Stadium, Belgrade
1
1973

 Estadio Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán, Seville
1
1986

 Stadio San Nicola, Bari
1
1991

 Amsterdam Arena, Amsterdam
1
1998

 Old Trafford, Manchester
1
2003

 Arena AufSchalke, Gelsenkirchen
1
2004

 Luzhniki Stadium, Moscow
1
2008

 Allianz Arena, Munich
1
2012

 Estádio da Luz, Lisbon
1
2014

 Olympiastadion, Berlin
1
2015

 Millennium Stadium, Cardiff
1
2017

 NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium, Kiev
1
2018

 Wanda Metropolitano, Madrid
1
2019

text: Notes[edit]

text: A. ^  The first final, played two days earlier, ended 1–1 after extra time.[12]

text: B. ^  Score was 1–1 after 90 minutes and extra time. Liverpool won the penalty shoot-out 4–2.[13]

text: C. ^  Score was 0–0 after 90 minutes and extra time. Steaua București won the penalty shoot-out 2–0.[14]

text: D. ^  Score was 0–0 after 90 minutes and extra time. PSV Eindhoven won the penalty shoot-out 6–5.[15]

text: E. ^  Score was 0–0 after 90 minutes and extra time. Red Star Belgrade won the penalty shoot-out 5–3.[16]

text: F. ^  Score was 1–1 after 90 minutes and extra time. Juventus won the penalty shoot-out 4–2.[17]

text: G. ^  Score was 1–1 after 90 minutes and extra time. Bayern Munich won the penalty shoot-out 5–4.[18]

text: H. ^  Score was 0–0 after 90 minutes and extra time. Milan won the penalty shoot-out 3–2.[19]

text: I. ^  Score was 3–3 after 90 minutes and extra time. Liverpool won the penalty shoot-out 3–2.[20]

text: J. ^  Score was 1–1 after 90 minutes and extra time. Manchester United won the penalty shoot-out 6–5.[21]

text: K. ^  Score was 1–1 after 90 minutes and extra time. Chelsea won the penalty shoot-out 4–3.[22]

text: L. ^  Score was 1–1 after 90 minutes and extra time. Real Madrid won the penalty shoot-out 5–3.[23]


document_title: Clemson Tigers men's basketball

question_text: when was the last time clemson was in the sweet 16

text: Clemson Tigers men's basketball

text: Team history[edit]

text: Clemson's basketball history had an unusual beginning. The Tigers first two basketball games were both played in Greenville, South Carolina on February 9, 1912, a 46–12 win at Furman, followed by a 78–6 victory over the Butler Guards later that evening. Brothers John and Frank Erwin scored a combined 74 points in their second game; John Erwin's 58 points still stand as Clemson's single game scoring record, unique in college basketball for not being broken in over a century since the program's inaugural day. Clemson won its first seven games in the program's history, the longest streak to open a program among the current 15 ACC schools. Former Pittsburgh Nationals player Frank Dobson was Clemson's first basketball coach, taking the Tigers to a 13–5 record in the first two seasons.

text: Southern Conference: The Tigers began play in the Southern Conference in 1921, and in 1922–23 had an 11–6 finish. Josh Cody, coached for five seasons, the longest tenure for a Clemson Basketball coach in the first 25 years. In 1928–29 the Tigers won 15 games, a school record, and then followed that with a 16–9 mark. Cody pulled off the first huge upset in Clemson basketball history when the Tigers defeated Adolph Rupp's 10–1 Kentucky Wildcats, 29–26, at Clemson on Valentine's Day in 1931. From 1931–40, Joe Davis coached Clemson to 101 victories, including 44 wins on the road. Davis still has the best winning percentage in Clemson history on the road and led the Tigers to a 15–3 (.833) mark in 1934–35. In the 1938–39 season, the Tigers won 10 of their last 11 games to close the regular season. Banks McFadden, eventual All-American in both football and basketball averaged 11.8 points per game to lead the team as the starting pivot to four victories. It was an incredible run in the tournament as Clemson beat North Carolina, 44–43, Wake Forest, 30–28, Davidson 49–33 and Maryland 39–27 to clench the Southern Conference title. McFadden's best year as coach was the 1951–52 season when the Tigers were 17–7 overall and 11–4 in the Conference.[4]

text: Atlantic Coast Conference[edit]

text: In 1953, Clemson became a founding member of the Atlantic Coast Conference. In the 1954–55 season, Bill Yarborough averaged 28.3 points per game, 4th best in the nation, and best in the ACC. Press Maravich, father of basketball legend Pete Maravich, coached the Tigers to a 96–94 double overtime victory against a #8 NC State team. Jim Brennan became the first Clemson player to make first-team All-ACC Tournament in 1962 with 34-points against #8 Duke in the semifinals before losing to Billy Packer and the Wake Forest Demon Deacons, 77–66. In 1963–64, coach Bobby Roberts guided the Tigers to an 8–6 record in the ACC. The season included the only regular season sweep of North Carolina in school history. Roberts beat the Tar Heels and Dean Smith, 66–64, in double overtime at Clemson to open the season; and beat them again, 97–90, in double overtime in Charlotte at the North–South Doubleheader. In 1966–67. Clemson won seven straight ACC games including consecutive wins over Wake Forest, #14 Duke, North Carolina State and #4 North Carolina. It was the first sweep of "the North Carolina ACC schools" in ACC history. Clemson finished with a 17–8 record and 9–5 record in the ACC. Randy Mahaffey was a first-team All-ACC selection who went on to become Clemson's first professional player. His teammate Jim Sutherland averaged 17 points a game and was the first Clemson athlete in any sport to win the Jim Weaver Award as the ACC's top scholar athlete.[5]

text: Tates Locke and Bill Foster eras[edit]

text: Tree Rollins ushered in a new era in Clemson basketball when he matriculated to Tigertown for the 1973–74 season. He changed the image of Clemson basketball more than any other player under head coach Tates Locke. At 7–2 he was a shot-blocking phenomenon who burst on the national scene in just his second game when he had 22 points, 20 rebounds and nine blocked shots against St. John's. Rollins started 110 games in a row, a national record at the time. His sophomore year, 1974–75, he joined forces with Skip Wise to take Clemson to its first top 20 final ranking and its first postseason NIT tournament bid. The Tigers defeated 3rd ranked Maryland, 10th ranked North Carolina and 4th ranked NC State at home. Wise was named first-team All-ACC the first true freshman in league history to obtain that honor. Bill Foster was brought in to further build the program. He had an impeccable reputation and was coming from a UNC Charlotte program that he started in 1970. When Rollins decided not to turn professional, Foster and Rollins motivated the Tigers to 22–6 record, the program's ninth straight year with an improved winning percentage. Prior to his final game, Rollins had his #30 jersey retired, the first athlete in Clemson history so honored. It was a fitting way to honor Rollins who averaged a double-double for four years and is still first in ACC history in blocked shots, before starting his 18-year career in the NBA. Bill Foster did a remarkable job in keeping Clemson at a winning level. He won 100 games in his first 147, still fifth in ACC history in terms of fewest games required to get 100 wins. He had an ability to find diamonds in the rough that kept Clemson competitive in the ACC: Bobby Conrad, Horace Grant, Harvey Grant, & Larry Nance an eventual All-West regional choice in the 1980 NCAA tournament and NBA All-Star. Foster's 1979–80 team defeated six top 20 teams during the year, including #1 ranked Duke on January 9, 1980 in overtime, 87–82. Clemson went to the NCAA Tournament defeating Danny Ainge and BYU in Round 2 before being eliminated by Larry Brown and UCLA in the Elite Eight.[6]

text: Cliff Ellis[edit]

text: Cliff Ellis became the winningest coach in Clemson basketball history on a total victories basis (177–128). He took the Tigers to eight post-season tournaments, including three NCAA tournaments, and won a record 25 games in 1987. Ellis coached Clemson to the ACC regular season title in 1990, with the Tigers posting a 24–8 record that year behind Dale Davis and Elden Campbell, ending in a last second shot by UConn in the Sweet 16. Ellis set 33 Clemson coaching records, including ACC regular season victories, victories at home and home winning percentage. The Tigers won 22 games over top 25 teams in Ellis' ten years at Clemson, including an upset of 12th-ranked Florida State in the 1993 ACC Tournament, and a victory over #2 North Carolina in 1994. Ellis was also named ACC Coach-of-the-Year in 1987 and 1990, the only Clemson coach to win that award.

text: Rick Barnes[edit]

text: Rick Barnes was the first coach in Clemson history to take the Tigers to the NCAA Tournament three consecutive years. Barnes coached Clemson into post-season play every year of his tenure, and to the NCAA's in 1996, 1997, and 1998. The Tiger's top season was his third year, when he coached the Tigers to a 16–1 start and a #2 national ranking. The season opened with a 79–71 overtime victory against defending National Champion Kentucky. The team ended the season 23–10 and ranked #8 in the final USA Today poll. Picked last in the ACC prior to his first season, he shocked the basketball world by winning his first ten games, including a 75–70 victory over 9th ranked Duke in Cameron Indoor Stadium. His second season featured an 18–11 record, including Clemson's first-ever ACC Tournament victory over #20 North Carolina . The Tigers were ranked fifth in the nation in the pre-season poll of 1997–1998, an example of the level of respect that Barnes had brought back to the program. His fiery on the floor interactions with Dean Smith and teams' physical style of play made him a basketball fan favorite. Clemson defeated three top-25 teams in 1997–1998, including sixth-ranked South Carolina. Barnes concluded his four years with a 74–48 record, a 60.7 percent winning mark before leaving for the University of Texas.

text: Larry Shyatt[edit]

text: Barnes' assistant Larry Shyatt, who was a part of Clemson's success in the three seasons prior, took over as head coach for five seasons from 1998–2003. In his first season, Shyatt led the Tigers to a 20-win season (20–15). The Tigers advanced to the 1999 NIT Championship Game before losing by one point, 60–61, to California. At the time, Shyatt became only the fourth first-year coach in Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) history to guide his team to a 20-win season. Also during his time as head coach at Clemson, the 2000–01 team set a school record for three-point field goals in a season and recorded one of the biggest wins in school history with a 75–65 win over No. 1 ranked North Carolina on Feb. 18, 2001, ending an 18-game winning streak for the Tar Heels.

text: Oliver Purnell[edit]

text: After several lackluster seasons and renovations to Littlejohn Coliseum, Oliver Purnell rebuilt the program steadily, improving each subsequent season. The trademark of Purnell's teams was full court pressure defense. In 2008, he guided the Tigers to a third-place 10–6 record in the Atlantic Coast Conference and a runner-up position in the ACC Tournament in Charlotte, losing to North Carolina by 5 points. The 2008–09 season was record-breaking on many fronts. Purnell's team finished with a 23–9 record, a .719 winning percentage, and a No. 24 final ranking in the Associated Press poll. Among Clemson's victims that season were #3 Duke, who lost to the #10 Tigers by a score of 74–47 at Littlejohn Coliseum. It was the largest margin of victory ever for Clemson against a ranked opponent. Coaching players such as Cliff Hammonds, K.C. Rivers, and Trevor Booker, Purnell finished with a record of 138–88 and guided the Tigers to 3 NCAA appearances.

text: Brad Brownell[edit]

text: Currently, Brad Brownell is the Clemson head basketball coach. In his first season in 2010, Brownell guided the Tigers to a 4th place ACC finish, and a 2nd round finish in the NCAA Tournament and set a record with 22 wins (9 ACC), the most ever by a rookie coach. Jerai Grant and Demontez Stitt became the first scholarship players in school history to be consistent contributors to four straight NCAA Tournament teams. Brownell's second team went 16–15 and 8–8 in ACC play, a record fifth straight season the Tigers were .500 or better in conference games, defeating three teams that advanced to the NCAA Tournament, including NC State. In 2013, the Tigers suffered a 13–18 overall record but were impressive in several statistical categories, yielding just 60.1 points per game, finishing 2nd in the ACC in Scoring Defense, and setting a record for fewest turnovers. Brownell's defensive style of play continued to stifle teams into the 2014 season, as the Tigers, led by blocking and scoring leader K. J. McDaniels, were ranked 2nd in the nation in Scoring Defense (56.8 ppg), which helped elevate Clemson to a 72–59 upset of #16 Duke on January 11. The Tigers were seeded 6th in the 2014 ACC Tournament and advanced to the semifinals of the NIT at Madison Square Garden. On January 16, 2016 the Clemson Tigers defeated #8 Miami marking the first time Clemson has defeated three consecutive top 25 opponents. The two games prior Clemson defeated #16 Louisville and #9 Duke. After the 2016-2017 season, it was announced that Brownell would stay on as Clemson head coach with a contract extension until 2021. [7]

text: Awards[edit]

text:
All-Americans

Banks McFadden (1939 Helms Foundation)
Tree Rollins (1977 Helms, 3rd Team – AP)
Billy Williams (1980 Helms, Honorable Mention – AP)
Horace Grant (1987 Helms, 2nd Team – AP)
Elden Campbell (1990 Honorable Mention – AP)
Dale Davis (1990 Honorable Mention – AP)
Sharone Wright (1994 Honorable Mention – AP)

Clemson Ring of Honor

Banks McFadden
Dale Davis

Retired Jerseys

23 – Banks McFadden
30 – Tree Rollins
34 – Dale Davis

ACC Player of the Year[8]

Horace Grant – 1987

ACC Defensive Player of the Year

K. J. McDaniels – 2014

ACC Freshman of the Year[9]

Skip Wise – 1975
Greg Buckner – 1995

ACC Most Improved Player

Jaron Blossomgame – 2016

ACC All-Defensive Team

Greg Buckner – 1997
Vernon Hamilton – 2006 & 2007
James Mays – 2007 & 2008
Cliff Hammonds – 2008
Trevor Booker – 2009 & 2010
K. J. McDaniels – 2014
Landry Nnoko – 2016

ACC Coach of the Year[9]

Cliff Ellis – 1987, 1990

All-Southern Conference

Banks McFadden – 1938, 1939, 1940
Johnny Snee – 1952

All-ACC First Team[9]

Vince Yockel – 1958
Choppy Patterson – 1960
Randy Mahaffey – 1967
Skip Wise – 1975
Billy Williams – 1980
Horace Grant – 1987
Dale Davis – 1990
Elden Campbell – 1990
Terrell McIntyre – 1998
Will Solomon – 2000
Ed Scott – 2003
Trevor Booker – 2010
K. J. McDaniels – 2014
Jaron Blossomgame – 2016

All-ACC Second Team

Bill Yarborough – 1955 & 1956
Vince Yockel – 1956
Choppy Patterson – 1961
Jim Brennan – 1963 & 1964
Randy Mahaffey – 1965
Jim Sutherland – 1965, 1967
Butch Zatezalo – 1968, 1969, 1970
Tree Rollins – 1975, 1976, 1977
Stan Rome – 1977
Larry Nance – 1981
Vince Hamilton – 1982
Horace Grant – 1986
Elden Campbell – 1989
Dale Davis – 1991
Sharone Wright – 1994
Greg Buckner – 1997, 1998
Terrell McIntyre – 1997, 1999
Will Solomon – 2001
K. C. Rivers – 2008
Trevor Booker – 2009
Marquise Reed – 2018

All-ACC Third Team

Sharone Wright – 1993
Chris Whitney – 1993
Devin Gray – 1994
Terrell McIntyre – 1998
Ed Scott – 2002
Sharrod Ford – 2005
Cliff Hammonds – 2008
Demontez Stitt – 2011
Devin Booker – 2013

NBA Players

Trevor Booker
Sharrod Ford
Will Solomon
Harold Jamison
Greg Buckner
Devin Gray
Sharone Wright
Chris Whitney
Dale Davis
Elden Campbell
Horace Grant
Larry Nance
Tree Rollins
Skip Wise
Randy Mahaffey
K.J. McDaniels

text: Postseason[edit]

text: NCAA tournament results[edit]

text: The Tigers have appeared in the NCAA Tournament 12 times. Their combined record is 11–12.

text:
Year
Seed
Round
Opponent
Result

1980
#6
First Round
Second Round
Sweet Sixteen
Elite Eight
#11 Utah State
#3 BYU
#10 Lamar
#8 UCLA
W 76–73
W 71–66
W 74–66
L 74–85

1987
#4
First Round
#13 SW Missouri State
L 60–65

1989
#9
First Round
Second Round
#8 Saint Mary's
#1 Arizona
W 83–70
L 68–94

1990
#5
First Round
Second Round
Sweet Sixteen
#12 BYU
#4 La Salle
#1 Connecticut
W 49–47
W 79–75
L 70–71

1996
#9
First Round
#8 Georgia
L 74–81

1997
#4
First Round
Second Round
Sweet Sixteen
#13 Miami (OH)
#5 Tulsa
#1 Minnesota
W 68–56
W 65–59
L 84–902OT

1998
#6
First Round
#11 Western Michigan
L 72–75

2008
#5
First Round
#12 Villanova
L 69–75

2009
#7
First Round
#10 Michigan
L 59–62

2010
#7
First Round
#10 Missouri
L 78–86

2011
#12
First Four
Second Round
#12 UAB
#5 West Virginia
W 70–52
L 76–84

2018
#5
First Round
Second Round
Sweet Sixteen
#12 New Mexico State
#4 Auburn
#1 Kansas
W 79–68
W 84–53
L 76–80

text: NIT results[edit]

text: The Tigers have appeared in the National Invitation Tournament (NIT) 16 times. Their combined record is 18–16.

text:
Year
Round
Opponent
Result

1975
First Round
Providence
L 84–91

1979
First Round
Second Round
Kentucky
Old Dominion
W 68–67
L 59–61

1981
First Round
Temple
L 82–90

1982
First Round
Ole Miss
L 49–53

1985
First Round
Chattanooga
L 65–67

1986
First Round
Second Round
Quarterfinals
Middle Tennessee
Georgia
Wyoming
W 99–81
W 77–65
L 57–62

1988
First Round
Southern Miss
L 69–74

1993
First Round
Second Round
Auburn
UAB
W 84–72
L 64–65

1994
First Round
Second Round
Quarterfinals
Southern Miss
West Virginia
Vanderbilt
W 96–85
W 96–79
L 74–89

1995
First Round
Virginia Tech
L 54–62

1999
First Round
Second Round
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
Finals
Georgia
Rutgers
Butler
Xavier
California
W 77–57
W 78–68
W 89–69
W 79–76
L 60–61

2005
First Round
Texas A&M
L 74–82

2006
First Round
Second Round
Louisiana Tech
Louisville
W 69–53
L 68–74

2007
First Round
Second Round
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
Finals
East Tennessee State
Ole Miss
Syracuse
Air Force
West Virginia
W 64–57
W 89–68
W 74–70
W 68–67
L 73–78

2014
First Round
Second Round
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
Georgia State
Illinois
Belmont
SMU
W 78–66
W 50–49
W 73–68
L 59–65

2017
First Round
Oakland
L 69–74

text: Home courts[edit]

text:
Clemson Field House/Fike Field House: 1930–1968
Littlejohn Coliseum: November 30, 1968 – February 23, 2002; January 5, 2003–2015; 2016 – present
Civic Center of Anderson: November 13, 2002 – December 31, 2002, (For eight games as Littlejohn Coliseum was undergoing renovations)
Bon Secours Wellness Arena, Greenville: 2015–2016 season, (While Littlejohn Coliseum was undergoing renovations)

text: Coaching history[edit]

text: Current coaching staff[edit]

text:
Head coach: Brad Brownell
Assistant coach: Dick Bender
Assistant coach: Antonito Reynolds Dean
Assistant coach: Steve Smith
Director of Basketball Operations: Lucas McKay

text: Season-by-season results[edit]

text:
Season
Coach
Overall
Conference
Standing
Postseason

2005–06
Oliver Purnell
19–13
7–9
T-7th
NIT Second Round

2006–07
Oliver Purnell
25–11
9–7
T-8th
NIT Final

2007–08
Oliver Purnell
24–10
10–6
3rd
NCAA First Round

2008–09
Oliver Purnell
23–9
9–7
5th
NCAA First Round

2009–10
Oliver Purnell
21–11
9–7
T-5th
NCAA First Round

2010–11
Brad Brownell
22–12
9–7
T-4th
NCAA First Round

2011–12
Brad Brownell
16–15
8–8
6th

2012–13
Brad Brownell
13–18
5–13
T-10th

2013–14
Brad Brownell
23–13
10–7
6th
NIT Semifinals

2014–15
Brad Brownell
16–15
8–10
9th

2015–16
Brad Brownell
17–14
10–8
8th

2016–17
Brad Brownell
17–16
6–12
12th
NIT First Round

2017–18
Brad Brownell
25–10
11–7
T-3rd
NCAA Sweet 16

Since 2005:
261–167
113–110

Total:
1309–1293–1


document_title: P-Square

question_text: what is the name of psquare first song

question_tokens: what is the name of psquare first song

text: P-Square

text: History[edit]

text: P-Square began in St. Murumba secondary school, a small Catholic school in Jos, Plateau State Nigeria[citation needed]. Peter and Paul joined their school music and drama club where they began singing, dancing, and mimicking songs by MC Hammer, Bobby Brown and Michael Jackson.

text: They later formed an a cappella quartet called "MMMPP" (M Clef a.k.a. Itemoh, Michael, Melvin, Peter and Paul). Drawing inspiration from their music idol Michael Jackson, they began break dancing, formed the group called "Smooth Criminals" in 1997.[5] They dropped M Clef from the group "MMMPP" which later was changed to "MMPP". Their artistic talent and precise dance routine soon made them household names in the city of Jos, where they performed at school functions and other occasions.[5]

text: Later in 1999, Peter and Paul returned to music school to develop their skills on the keyboard, drums, bass and rhythm guitar. Their work includes the soundtracks for a number of films like Tobi, Mama Sunday, Moment of Bitterness and Evas River.

text: Later in 1999, they applied to the University of Abuja to study Business Administration. The Smooth Criminals disbanded when its members left to various other universities. Subsequently, Peter and Paul formed their own group, variously called "Double P", "P&P", and "Da Pees", until they eventually settled on "P Square". They were managed by Bayo Odusami aka Howie T, a seasoned concert promoter and the CEO of Adrot Nigeria Limited.

text: In 2001, "P-Square" won the "Grab Da Mic" competition, and hence Benson & Hedges sponsored their debut album, titled Last Nite, which was released under Timbuk2 music label. P-Square was also nominated as "Most Promising African Group" in the Kora Awards three months after the release of their debut album. They eventually won the 2003 Amen Award for "Best R&B Group".[5]

text: In 2005, they released their second album, Get Squared under their own label, Square Records. This album was marketed nationwide by TJoe Enterprises, although they were still managed by Howie T of Adrot Nigeria Limited. The video for the second album held the #1 position on the MTV Base chart for four straight weeks.

text: The group performed with artists like Ginuwine and Sean Paul, Akon.[5]

text: Late in 2007, they released their best selling album so far, Game Over. It sold 8 million copies worldwide.[5]

text: In 2009, P-Square released their fourth studio album, Danger. The album features collaborations with 2 Face Idibia, J Martins and Frenzy. The first single called "Danger" is a hip hop song with cutting synths and a frog bass baseline similar to an Eminem song. The video affirms this with the presence of clowns and staggered movements in front of the camera reminiscent of comical videos by Eminem. They are also known for the close resemblance which the twins have to American R&B singer, Usher Raymond.

text: On 4 April 2010, P-Square were named the Artist of the Year[6] at the Kora Awards in Ouagadougou, Burkina-Faso while they were in London for a concert at the Troxy, and they will receive a sum of $1 Million Dollars as the award winners, in Ebebiyin City.

text: On 29 August 2014, P-Square released a single track featuring a top American Artist T.I. which P-Square titled EjeAjo produced and co-written by VTEK,[7] EjeAjo official video featuring T.I.[8] was also released 29 August 2014 on both TV stations, Radio Stations and Web blogs.

text: On 14 September 2014 P-Square released their 6th studio album titled Double Trouble .[9]

text: On 8 October 2015 P-Square were given Range Rover SUVs from Globacom as Glo Ambassadors for their sponsorship of the #DanceWithPeter TV Radio entertainment programme. The programme brings dancers from around the world to showcase their talents for prizes.

text: On 24 February 2016 News of how Globacom decided not to renew its Ambassadorship deal with the duo, albeit renewing the contract with other Ambassadors hit the news. This was as a result of a fallout between the company’s representatives and Peter, one half of the P-Square twins during the grand finale of the Dance with Peter talent hunt show.[10]

text: Controversy[edit]

text: The duo were reported to have handled most of their production/beat making in house. The band has been faced with many controversies for their habit of sampling western songs and popular hits in their records. They have addressed the issue many times in interviews as well as in the lyrics of their songs. Technically speaking, P Square does more in the line of reconstructing the drum patterns, chord progressions or lyrics of the sampled songs as against actually cutting parts of the song and directly sampling into their production. This accounts for the largely electronic feel of their sound.

text: Some of the songs which have been called up on this account include "Get Squared", "Game Over", "Danger" and others.

text:
P-Square attracted headlines because they reportedly turned irate when they were notified by organisers in the middle of their performance at the Guinness Show about some change in plans which would affect the length of their performance, and that of the next act, 2 Face Idibia. As reported by a news site vanguardngr.com, the info apparently stirred up resentment as Peter immediately said "I don’t know why, anytime a foreign artiste comes to Nigeria, they (show organizers) wanna treat us like slaves in our country". Although initially they continued their performance but midway through, they threw their microphones to the ground and angrily stormed out of the stage saying, "We are leaving; they don’t want 2face to come on stage"
They were said to have immediately left the premises of the show, but after intervention of the show organisers, they came on stage later with 2face for a performance, but later on were apologised to.

text: Paul Okoye, The boy, one half of the musical duo, P-Square, was involved in a paternity scandal with a lady named Elshamah Igbanoi. The lady claimed Paul impregnated her; Paul denied the pregnancy and went for a paternity test.[11]

text: The duo had a difference in opinion regarding what Peter perceived as a lopsidedness in individual input of songs which was getting featured on their joint albums with Paul getting a lion share of his songs selected. This led to Peter refusing to do anything P-Square for weeks. Peter relocated taking his wife and kids from the mansion they both lived years and accommodated their extended family in. A lawyer was also involved to help split their fortune as they were both involved in joint ventures over the years.[12]

text: Personal life[edit]

text: After dating for seven years, Peter Okoye got engaged to his longtime girlfriend, Titilola Loretta Omotayo.[13]  Omotayo is a marketing representative. The couple are already parents to son Cameron and daughter Aliona.[14][15][16] On 17 November 2013, the two held their traditional wedding at The Ark in Lekki, Lagos, Nigeria. Public figures who attended the wedding include Aliko Dangote, Emmanuel Adebayor, Kate Henshaw, Genevieve Nnaji, Rukky Sanda, Folorunsho Alakija, May D, Toke Makinwa, Dr SID, Don Jazzy, and Karen Igho among others.[17][18]

text: Paul Okoye met Anita Isama in 2004 while attending the University of Abuja.[19][20]  Their son Andre was born 11 April 2013 in Atlanta, Georgia, United States.[21][22][23] The couple married on Saturday, 22 March 2014 at the Aztech Arcum Events Centre in Port Harcourt.[23][24]

text: In January 2014, the Okoye brothers bought mansions next door to one another in Atlanta.[25] The duo has gone solo and Peter Okoye now performing as Mr.P[26] while Paul Okoye performs as Rudeboy or King Rudy.

text: Discography[edit]

text: Studio albums[edit]

text:
2003: Last Nite [Timbuk2 Music Label]
2005: Get Squared [Square Records]
2007: Game Over [Square Records]
2009: Danger [Square Records]
2011: The Invasion [Square Records]
2014: Double Trouble [Square Records]

text: Compilation albums[edit]

text: 2013: Greatest Hits [Square Records]

text: International singles[edit]

text:
Title
Year
Album

"E No Easy" (P-Square featuring J. Martins)
2009
Danger

"Positif" (Matt Houston feat. P-Square)
2012
Racines

"Chop My Money" (P-Square featuring Akon & May D)
The Invasion

"Beautiful Onyinye" (P-Square featuring Rick Ross)

"Personally" (P-Square)
2013
Double Trouble

"Ejeajo" (P-Square featuring T.I)

2014

"Bring It On" (P-Square featuring Dave Scott)

2015

"Getting Down" (Mokobé featuring P-Square)
2015

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
P-Square awards and nominations

hideAwards and nominations

Award

Wins

Nominations

The Headies

5

0

City Mag 9th Awards Show

1

0

Nigerian Music Awards (NMA)

2

0

Channel O Music Video Awards

5

1

MTV Africa Music Awards

4

9

KORA Awards

1

1

Lil Perry Productions

1

0

BET Awards

0

1

MOBO Awards

0

4

Ghana Music Awards

0

2

MTV Europe Music Awards

0

1

Soul Train Music Awards

0

1

Totals

Awards won

17

Nominations

18

text:
Year

Nominee/work

Award

Result

2013

P-Square

"Best African Act"

Nominated[27]

2015

P-Square

"Artist of the Decade"

Nominated

2015

P-Square

"Best Group"

Nominated

text:
Year

Nominee/work

Award

Result

2013

"Personally"

"Best International Performance"

Nominated[28]

text:
Year

Nominee/work

Award

Result

2006

Get Squared

"Best R&B/Pop Album"

Won[29]

"Album of the Year"

Won[29]

"Get Squared"

"Best Music Video"

Won[29]

"Bizzy Body"

"Song of the Year"

Won[29]

P-Square

"Artiste of the Year"

Won[29]

text:
Year

Nominee/work

Award

Result

2006

P-Square

"Best Hip Hop Group"

Won[30]

text:
Year

Nominee/work

Award

Result

2006

Get Squared

"Album of the Year"

Won[31]

"Get Squared"

"Music Video of the Year"

Won[31]

text:
Year

Nominee/work

Award

Result

2007

P-Square

"Best Duo or Group"

Won[31]

2008

P-Square

"Best Duo or Group"

Won[31]

"Do Me"

"Video of the Year"

Won[31]

2012

P-Square

"Most Gifted Group of the Year"

Won[32]

2013

"Alingo"

"Most Gifted African (West) Video"

Won[33]

"Most Gifted Video of the Year"

Nominated[34]

text:
Year

Nominee/work

Award

Result

2008

P-Square

"Best Group"

Won[35]

P-Square

"Artist of the Year"

Nominated[36]

P-Square

"Best R&B"

Nominated[36]

"Roll It"

"Best Video"

Nominated[36]

2009

P-Square

"Best Group"

Won[37]

P-Square

"Best Live Performer"

Nominated[36]

2014

P-Square

Best Group

Nominated[38]

Artist of the Year

Nominated[38]

"Personally"

Song of the Year

Nominated[38]

text:
Year

Nominee/work

Award

Result

2003

P-Square

"Most Promising African Group"

Nominated[36]

2010

P-Square

"Artiste of the Year"

Won[39]

text:
Year

Nominee/work

Award

Result

2010

P-Square

"Producer of the Year"

Won

text:
Year

Nominee/work

Award

Result

2006

P-Square

"Best African Act"

Nominated[36]

2008

P-Square

"Best African Act"

Nominated[36]

2010

P-Square

"Best African Act"

Nominated[40]

2012

P-Square

"Best African Act"

Nominated[41]

text:
Year

Nominee/work

Award

Result

2010

P-Square

"Best International Act"

Nominated[42]

text:
Year

Nominee/work

Award

Result

2014

P-Square

"African Artiste of the Year"

Nominated[43]

2013

Nominated[44]


document_title: The Tell-Tale Heart

question_text: what does the eye stand for in the tell tale heart

text: The Tell-Tale Heart

text: Plot summary[edit]

text: "The Tell-Tale Heart" is a first-person narrative of an unnamed narrator, who insists he is sane but is suffering from a disease (nervousness) which causes "over-acuteness of the senses". Due to the ambiguity surrounding the identity of the story's narrator, the narrator's gender cannot be known for certain. However, for ease of description, masculine pronouns are used in this article.

text: The old man with whom he lives has a clouded, pale, blue "vulture-like" eye, which distresses the narrator so much that he plots to murder the old man, despite also insisting that he loves the old man. The narrator insists that his careful precision in committing the murder proves that he cannot possibly be insane. For seven nights, the narrator opens the door of the old man's room in order to shine a sliver of light onto the "evil eye". However, the old man's vulture-eye is always closed, making it impossible to "do the work".

text: On the eighth night, the old man awakens after the narrator's hand slips and makes a noise, interrupting the narrator's nightly ritual. But the narrator does not draw back and, after some time, decides to open his lantern. A single thin ray of light shines out and lands precisely on the "evil eye", revealing that it is wide open. Hearing the old man's heart beating loudly and dangerously fast from terror, the narrator decides to strike, jumping out with a loud yell and smothering the old man with his own bed. The narrator then dismembers the body and conceals the pieces under the floorboards, and ensures the concealment of all signs of the crime. Even so, the old man's scream during the night causes a neighbor to report to the police, who the narrator invites in to look around. He claims that the screams heard were his own in a nightmare and that the man is absent in the country. Confident that they will not find any evidence of the murder, the narrator brings chairs for them and they sit in the old man's room, on the very spot where the body is concealed, and suspect nothing, as the narrator has a pleasant and easy manner about him.

text: The narrator begins to feel uncomfortable and notices a ringing in his ears. As the ringing grows louder, the narrator comes to the conclusion that it is the heartbeat of the old man coming from under the floorboards. The sound increases steadily, though the officers seem to pay no attention to it. Terrified by the violent beating of the heart, and convinced that the officers are aware not only of the heartbeat, but also of his guilt, the narrator breaks down and confesses, telling them to tear up the floorboards to reveal the remains of the old man's body.

text: Publication history[edit]

text: "The Tell-Tale Heart" was first published in January 1843 in the inaugural issue of The Pioneer: A Literary and Critical Magazine, a short-lived Boston magazine edited by James Russell Lowell and Robert Carter who were listed as the "proprietors" on the front cover. The magazine was published in Boston by Leland and Whiting and in Philadelphia by Drew and Scammell.

text: Poe was likely paid $10 for the story.[1] Its original publication included an epigraph which quoted Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's poem "A Psalm of Life".[2] The story was slightly revised when republished in the August 23, 1845, edition of the Broadway Journal. This edition omitted Longfellow's poem because Poe believed it was plagiarized.[2] "The Tell-Tale Heart" was reprinted several additional times during Poe's lifetime.[3]

text: Analysis[edit]

text: "The Tell-Tale Heart" uses an unreliable narrator. The exactness with which the narrator recounts murdering the old man, as if the stealthy way in which he executed the crime were evidence of his sanity, reveals his monomania and paranoia. The focus of the story is the perverse scheme to commit the perfect crime.[4]

text: The narrator of "The Tell-Tale Heart" is generally assumed to be male. However, some critics have suggested a woman may be narrating; no pronouns are used to clarify one way or the other.[5] The story starts in medias res. The story opens with a conversation already in progress between the narrator and another person who is not identified in any way. It has been speculated that the narrator is confessing to a prison warden, a judge, a reporter, a doctor or (anachronistically) a psychiatrist.[6] In any case, the narrator explains himself in great detail.[7] What follows is a study of terror but, more specifically, the memory of terror, as the narrator is relating events from the past.[8] The first word of the story, "True!", is an admission of his guilt, as well as an assurance of reliability.[6] This introduction also serves to gain the reader's attention.[9] Every word contributes to the purpose of moving the story forward, exemplifying Poe's theories about the writing of short stories.[10]

text: The story is driven not by the narrator's insistence upon his "innocence", but by his insistence on his sanity. This, however, is self-destructive, because in attempting to prove his sanity he fully admits that he is guilty of murder.[11] His denial of insanity is based on his systematic actions and his precision, as he provides a rational explanation for irrational behavior.[7] This rationality, however, is undermined by his lack of motive ("Object there was none. Passion there was none."). Despite this, he says, the idea of murder "haunted me day and night."[11]

text: The story's final scene shows the result of the narrator's feelings of guilt. Like many characters in Gothic fiction, he allows his nerves to dictate his nature. Despite his best efforts at defending himself, his "over acuteness of the senses", which help him hear the heart beating beneath the floorboards, is evidence that he is truly mad.[12] Poe's contemporaries may well have been reminded of the controversy over the insanity defense in the 1840s.[13]

text: The narrator claims to have a disease that causes hypersensitivity. A similar motif is used for Roderick Usher in "The Fall of the House of Usher" (1839) and in "The Colloquy of Monos and Una" (1841).[14] It is unclear, however, if the narrator actually has very acute senses, or if he is merely imagining things. If his condition is believed to be true, what he hears at the end of the story may not be the old man's heart but deathwatch beetles. The narrator first admits to hearing beetles in the wall after startling the old man from his sleep. According to superstition, deathwatch beetles are a sign of impending death. One variety of deathwatch beetle raps its head against surfaces, presumably as part of a mating ritual, while others emit ticking sounds.[14] Henry David Thoreau observed in an 1838 article that deathwatch beetles make sounds similar to a heartbeat.[15] The beating could even be the sound of the narrator's own heart. Alternatively, if the beating is really a product of the narrator's imagination, it is that uncontrolled imagination that leads to his own destruction.[16]

text: The relationship between the old man and the narrator is ambiguous. Their names, occupations, and places of residence are not given, contrasting with the strict attention to detail in the plot.[17] The narrator may be a servant of the old man's or, as is more often assumed, his son. In that case, the "vulture-eye" of the old man as a father figure may symbolize parental surveillance, or the paternal principles of right and wrong. The murder of the eye, then, is a removal of conscience.[18] The eye may also represent secrecy: only when the eye is found open on the final night, penetrating the veil of secrecy, is the murder carried out.[19]

text: Richard Wilbur has suggested that the tale is an allegorical representation of Poe's poem "To Science", which depicts a struggle between imagination and science. In "The Tell-Tale Heart", the old man may thus represent the scientific and rational mind, while the narrator may stand for the imaginative.[20]

text: Adaptations[edit]

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text:
The earliest acknowledged adaptation of "The Tell-Tale Heart" was in a 1928 silent film of that title[21] directed by Leon Shamroy and starring Otto Matieson as "The Insane", William Herford as "The Old Man" with Charles Darvas and Hans Fuerberg as "Detectives". It was faithful to the original tale,[5] unlike future television and film adaptations which often expanded the short story to full-length feature films.[22]
The earliest known "talkie" adaptation was a 1934 version filmed at the Blattner Studios, Elstree, by Clifton-Hurst Productions, directed by Brian Desmond Hurst and starring Norman Dryden. This version was 55 minutes in length.[23]
A 1941 live-action adaptation starred Joseph Schildkraut and was the directorial debut of Jules Dassin.[24]
A 1953 animated short film produced by United Productions of America and narrated by James Mason[25] is included among the list of films preserved in the United States National Film Registry.
Also in 1953, a "Variation" on "The Tell-Tale Heart" entitled "Sleep No More", by Gaines and Feldstein, appeared.[26]
In 1956, an adaptation of "The Tell-Tale Heart" was written by William Templeton for the NBC Matinee Theatre and aired on the 6th November 1956.
A 1960 film adaptation, The Tell-Tale Heart, adds a love triangle to the story.[27]
A 1971 film adaptation directed by Steve Carver, and starring Sam Jaffe as the old man.[28]
The film Nightmares from the Mind of Poe (2006) adapts "The Tell-Tale Heart" along with "The Cask of Amontillado", "The Premature Burial" and "The Raven".
The Radio Tales series produced The Tell-Tale Heart for National Public Radio. The story was performed by Winifred Phillips along with music composed by her.
CBS Radio Mystery Theater performed an adaptation of the story in 1975; the cast included Fred Gwynne.
The Canadian radio program Nightfall presented an adaptation on August 1, 1980.
A 2009 thriller film, Tell-Tale, produced by Ridley Scott and Tony Scott, credits Poe's "The Tell-Tale Heart" as the basis for the story of a man being haunted by his donor's memories, after a heart transplant.[29]
In the 1972 film An Evening with Edgar Allan Poe, four of Poe's short stories are recited by Vincent Price in front of a live audience, including "The Tell-Tale Heart".
Steven Berkoff adapted the story in 1991, and was broadcast on British television. This adaptation was originally presented on British TV as part of the acclaimed series "Without Walls". This version was later broadcast in the United States on the cable channel BRAVO as part of the Texaco Performing Arts series.
A musical adaptation performed by The Alan Parsons Project was released on their 1976 debut album Tales of Mystery and Imagination, and was later covered by Slough Feg for their 2010 album, The Animal Spirits.
The Christian Thrash / Hybrid Metal band Tourniquet adapted the story into song for their 1997 release "Crawl To China". A hidden bonus track on the album captures an adaptation of the conversation between the main character and the police officers without music. Drummer/primary songwriter Ted Kirkpatrick is a huge fan of Edgar Alan Poe and has also released an album of poems and songs featuring adaptations of his works. "The Tell Tale Heart" is the opening track, and is read by Les Carlson (vocalist for the Metal band Bloodgood).
The SpongeBob SquarePants episode "Squeaky Boots," first aired in 1999, is loosely based on the story.[30]
A musical adaptation, entitled "Dark Chilling Heartbeat", was performed by Deceased on their 2000 album Supernatural Addiction.
A musical adaptation by the Insane Clown Posse was included on their album The Riddle Box, entitled "Ol' Evil Eye", which covers the story of a young man determined to kill "old man Willie on the hilltop" because of his grotesque left eye, and is interspersed with samples from an audio recording of a reading of the original short story.
Poe's Tell-Tale Heart: The Game, is a mobile game adaptation in which players enact the protagonist's actions to recreate Poe's story on Google Play[31] and Apple iOS.
V.H. Belvadi's 2012 short film, Telltale, credits Poe's "The Tell-tale Heart" as its inspiration and uses some dialog from the original work.[32]
A 2013 Spanish short film adaptation, Entrañas ("Entrails"), was directed by Narciso Velver.[33]
Paul Simon, before his work in Simon & Garfunkel, wrote (as Jerry Landis) a song titled "Tell Tale Heart". It is about a man whose heart's "beat-beat-beat" reveals that he still pines for his former lover, although both of them are now in new relationships.
An Australian ballet was based on the story, and was recorded for television in the early 1960s.[34]
The 2015 animated anthology Extraordinary Tales includes "The Tell-Tale Heart", narrated by Bela Lugosi.
A 2015 Lifetime movie, The Murder Pact, starring Alexa Vega, is based on Poe's work and incorporates allusions to it, such as the "vulture eye" from "The Tell-Tale Heart".[35]
In spring 2017, Udon Entertainment's Manga Classics line will publish The Stories of Edgar Allan Poe, which will include a manga format adaptation of "The Tell-Tale Heart".[36]