document_title: Google Maps

question_text: where was the technology that has become google maps first developed

question_tokens: where was the technology that has become google maps first developed

text: Google Maps

text: Directions[edit]

text: Google Maps provides a route planner,[9] allowing users to find available directions through driving, public transportation, walking, or biking.[10] Google has partnered globally with over 800 public transportation providers to adopt General Transit Feed Specification (GTFS), making the data available to 3rd parties.[11][12] Google Traffic offers traffic data in real-time, using a colored map overlay to display the speed of vehicles on particular roads.[13] Crowdsourcing is used to obtain the GPS-determined locations of a large number of cellphone users, from which live traffic maps are produced.[14]

text: Implementation[edit]

text: As the user drags the map, the grid squares are downloaded from the server and inserted into the page. When a user searches for a business, the results are downloaded in the background for insertion into the side panel and map; the page is not reloaded. Locations are drawn dynamically by positioning a red pin (composed of several partially transparent PNGs) on top of the map images. A hidden IFrame with form submission is used because it preserves browser history. Like many other Google web applications, Google Maps uses JavaScript extensively.[15] The site also uses JSON for data transfer rather than XML, for performance reasons. These techniques both fall under the broad Ajax umbrella. The result is termed a slippy map and is implemented elsewhere in projects such as OpenLayers.[citation needed]

text: Users who are logged into a Google Account can save locations indefinitely so that they are overlayed on the map with various colored "pins" whenever they browse the application.  These "Saved places" can be organised into user named lists and shared with other users.  One default list "Starred places" also automatically creates a record in another google product, Google Bookmarks.  The related Google "My Maps" service allows users to save maps with a specific set of location overlays containing personalized notes, images and travel pathways.  These "My Maps" overlays can be selectively chosen to display or not within the standard Google Maps system both on desktop and mobile devices.

text: In October 2011, Google announced MapsGL, a WebGL version of Maps with better renderings and smoother transitions.[16]

text: The version of Google Street View for classic Google Maps requires Adobe Flash.[17]

text: Google Indoor Maps uses JPG, .PNG, .PDF, .BMP, or .GIF, for floor plan.[18]

text: Extensibility and customization[edit]

text: As Google Maps is coded almost entirely in JavaScript and XML, some end users have reverse-engineered the tool and produced client-side scripts and server-side hooks which allowed a user or website to introduce expanded or customized features into the Google Maps interface.

text: Using the core engine and the map/satellite images hosted by Google, such tools can introduce custom location icons, location coordinates and metadata, and even custom map image sources into the Google Maps interface. The script-insertion tool Greasemonkey provides a large number of client-side scripts to customize Google Maps data.

text: Combinations with photo sharing websites, such as Flickr, are used to create "memory maps".[clarification needed What are memory maps?] Using copies of the Keyhole satellite photos, users have taken advantage of image annotation features to provide personal histories and information regarding particular points of the area.

text: Google Maps API[edit]

text: After the success of reverse-engineered mashups such as chicagocrime.org and housingmaps.com, Google launched the Google Maps API in June 2005[19] to allow developers to integrate Google Maps into their websites. It was a free service that didn't require an API key until June 2018 (changes went into effect on July 16), when it was announced that an API key linked to a Google Cloud account with billing enabled would be required to access the API.[20] The API currently[update] does not contain ads, but Google states in their terms of use that they reserve the right to display ads in the future.[21]

text: By using the Google Maps API, it is possible to embed Google Maps into an external website, on to which site-specific data can be overlaid.[22] Although initially only a JavaScript API, the Maps API was expanded to include an API for Adobe Flash applications (but this has been deprecated), a service for retrieving static map images, and web services for performing geocoding, generating driving directions, and obtaining elevation profiles. Over 1,000,000[23] web sites use the Google Maps API, making it the most heavily used web application development API.[24]

text: The Google Maps API is free for commercial use, provided that the site on which it is being used is publicly accessible and does not charge for access, and is not generating more than 25,000 map accesses a day.[25][26] Sites that do not meet these requirements can purchase the Google Maps API for Business.[27]

text: The success of the Google Maps API has spawned a number of competing alternatives, including the HERE Maps API, Bing Maps Platform, Leaflet and OpenLayers via self-hosting.[citation needed]. The Yahoo! Maps API is in the process of being shut down.[28]

text: In September 2011, Google announced it would discontinue a number of its products, including Google Maps API for Flash.[29]

text: Google Maps for Android and iOS devices[edit]

text: Google Maps is available as a mobile app for the Android and iOS mobile operating systems.

text: The Android app was first released in September 2008,[30][31] though the GPS-localization feature had been in testing on cellphones since 2007.[32][33][34] Google Maps was Apple's solution for its mapping service on iOS until the release of iOS 6 in September 2012, at which point it was replaced by Apple Maps,[35][36] with Google releasing its own Google Maps standalone app on the iOS platform the following December.[37][38]

text: The Google Maps apps on Android and iOS have many features in common, including turn-by-turn navigation, street view, and public transit information.[39] Updates in June 2012 and May 2014 enabled functionality to let users save certain map regions for offline access,[40][41][42][43] while updates in 2017 have included features to actively help U.S. users find available parking spots in cities,[44][45][46][47] and to give Indian users a two-wheeler transportation mode for improved traffic accessibility.[48][49]

text: Google Maps on iOS received significant praise after its standalone app release in December 2012, with critics highlighting its detailed information and design as positives.[50][51] However, the apps have received criticism over privacy concerns, particularly a location history tracking page that offers "step by step" location logging, with privacy advocates advising users to disable the feature,[52] and that an April 2014 privacy policy change enabled Google to have a unified login throughout its iOS apps, helping it identify each user's interactions within each app.[53]

text: Google Maps and Street View parameters[edit]

text:
In Google Maps, URL parameters are sometimes data-driven in their limits and the user interface presented by the web may or may not reflect those limits. In particular, the zoom level (denoted by the z parameter) supported varies.[54] In less populated regions, the supported zoom levels might stop at around 18. In earlier versions of the API, specifying these higher values might result in no image being displayed. In Western cities, the supported zoom level generally stops at about 20. In some isolated cases, the data supports up to 23 or greater, as in
these elephants or this view of people at a well in Chad, Africa. Different versions of the API and web interfaces may or may not fully support these higher levels.

text: As of October 2010, the Google map viewer updates its zoom bar to allow the user to zoom all the way when centered over areas that support higher zoom levels. A customized split view, with Map above and Street View below it (and its rotation) can be saved as parametrized URL link and shared by users.

text: History[edit]

text: Acquisitions[edit]

text:
Google Maps first started as a C++ program designed by two Danish brothers, Lars and Jens Eilstrup Rasmussen, at the Sydney-based company Where 2 Technologies. It was first designed to be separately downloaded by users, but the company later pitched the idea for a purely Web-based product to Google management, changing the method of distribution.[55] In October 2004, the company was acquired by Google Inc.[56] where it transformed into the web application Google Maps.
In the same month, Google acquired Keyhole, a geospatial data visualization company (with controversial investment from the CIA), whose marquee application suite, Earth Viewer, emerged as the highly successful Google Earth application in 2005 while other aspects of its core technology were integrated into Google Maps.[57] In September 2004 Google acquired ZipDash, a company that provided realtime traffic analysis.[58]

text: The application was  first announced on the Google Blog on February 8, 2005,[59] and was located at Google.

text: In September 2005, in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, Google Maps quickly updated its satellite imagery of New Orleans to allow users to view the extent of the flooding in various parts of that city. (Oddly, in March 2007, imagery showing hurricane damage was replaced with images from before the storm; this replacement was not made on Google Earth, which still uses post-Katrina imagery.)[60][61]

text: In October 2009, Google replaced Tele Atlas as their primary supplier of geo spatial data in the US version of Maps and use their own data.[62]

text: On April 19, 2011, Map Maker was added to the American version of Google Maps, allowing any viewer to edit and add changes to Google Maps. This provides Google with local map updates almost in real time instead waiting for digital map data companies to release more infrequent updates.

text: On January 31, 2012, Google, due to offering its Maps for free, was found guilty of abusing the dominant position of its Google Maps application and ordered by a court to pay a fine and damages to Bottin Cartographer, a French mapping company.[63]

text: In June 2012, Google started mapping Britain's rivers and canals in partnership with the Canal and River Trust. The company has stated that it will update the program during the year to allow users to plan trips which include locks, bridges and towpaths along the 2,000 miles of river paths in the UK.[64]

text: In December 2012, the Google Maps application was separately made available in the App Store, after Apple removed it from its default installation of the mobile operating system version iOS 6. In the face of numerous complaints about the newly released Apple Maps application, Apple CEO Tim Cook was forced to make an apology and recommend other similar applications.[65]

text: On January 29, 2013, Google Maps was updated to include a map of North Korea.[66]

text: As of May 3, 2013, Google Maps recognizes Palestine as a country, instead of redirecting to the Palestinian territories.[67]

text: In August 2013, Google Maps removed the Wikipedia Layer, which provided links to Wikipedia content about locations shown in Google Maps using Wikipedia geocodes.[68]

text: On April 12, 2014, Google Maps was updated to reflect the 2014 Crimean crisis. Crimea is shown as the Republic of Crimea in Russia and as the Autonomous Republic of Crimea in Ukraine. All other versions show a dotted disputed border.[69]

text: In April 2015, on a map near the Pakistani city of Rawalpindi, imagery of the Android logo urinating on the Apple logo was added via Map Maker and appeared on Google Maps. The vandalism was soon removed and Google publicly apologized.[70] However, as a result, Google disabled user moderation on Map Maker, and on May 12, disabled editing worldwide until it can devise a new policy for approving edits and avoiding vandalism.[71]

text: On April 29, 2015, users of the classic Google Maps were forwarded to the new Google Maps with the option to revert removed from the interface. The old url schemes also forwarded to the new Google Maps, making it impossible for users to use the classic version. However, on various blogs users have found workarounds to continue using the classic Google Maps.[72] One blogger also launched a petition directed to Google CEO Larry Page, asking him to give back the option to use the classic Maps, which has received over 17,000 signatures.

text: On July 14, 2015 the Chinese name for Scarborough Shoal was removed after a petition from the Philippines was posted on Change.org.[73]

text: On June 27, 2016, Google rolled out new satellite imagery worldwide sourced from Landsat 8, comprising over 700 trillion pixels of new data.[74] In September 2016, Google Maps acquired mapping analytics startup Urban Engines.[75]

text: On October 16, 2017, Google Maps was updated with accessible imagery of several planets and moons such as Titan, Mercury, and Venus, as well as direct access to imagery of the Moon and Mars.[76][77]

text: In May 2018 Google announced major changes to the API structure starting June 11, 2018. This change consolidates the 18 different endpoints into three services and merges the basic and premium plan into one. A major consequence of this change is a 1400% price raise for users of the basic plan with only six weeks of notice. This sudden move caused a harsh reaction within the developers community.[78] In June, Google postponed the change date to July 16, 2018.

text: In August 2018, Google maps changed its over-all view (when zoomed out completely) into a 3D globe dropping the Mercator projection, which was used to project the planet onto a flat surface.[79]

text: Google's use of classic Google Maps[edit]

text: Google Street View[edit]

text: On May 25, 2007, Google released Google Street View, a new feature of Google Maps which provides 360° panoramic street-level views of various locations. On the date of release, the feature only included five cities in the US. It has since expanded to thousands of locations around the world. In July 2009, Google began mapping college campuses and surrounding paths and trails.

text: Street View garnered much controversy after its release because of privacy concerns about the uncensored nature of the panoramic photographs, although the views are only taken on public streets.[80][81] Since then, Google has begun blurring faces and license plates through automated facial recognition.[82][83][84]

text: In late 2014, Google launched Google Underwater Street View, including 2,300 kilometres (1,400 mi) of the Australian Great Barrier Reef in 3D. The images are taken by special cameras which turn 360 degrees and take shots every 3 seconds.[85]

text: Google Latitude[edit]

text: Google Latitude was a feature from Google that lets users share their physical locations with other people. This service was based on Google Maps, specifically on mobile devices. There was an iGoogle widget for Desktops and Laptops as well.[86] Some concerns were expressed about the privacy issues raised by the use of the service. On August 9, 2013, this service was discontinued,[87] and in March 22, 2017, Google incorporated the features from Latitude into the Google Maps app.[88]

text: Indoor Google Maps[edit]

text: In March 2011, indoor maps were added to Google Maps, giving users the ability to navigate themselves within buildings such as airports, museums, shopping malls, big-box stores, universities, transit stations, and other public spaces (including underground facilities). Google encourages owners of public facilities to submit floor plans of their buildings in order to add them to the service.[89] Map users can view different floors of a building or subway station by clicking on a level selector that is displayed near any structures which are mapped on multiple levels.

text: Google Local Guides[edit]

text: Google Local Guides is a program launched by Google Maps to enable its users to contribute to Google Maps and provide them additional perks and benefits for the work. The program is partially a successor to Google Map Maker as features from the former program became integrated into the website and app.[90]

text: The program consists of adding reviews, photos, basic information, videos and correcting information such as wheelchair accessibility.[91][92]

text: Maps of areas other than Earth[edit]

text: Google has programs and features, including within Google Earth, allowing exploration of Mars, The Moon, the view of the sky from Earth and outer space, including the surfaces of various objects in the solar system.

text: Google took public domain imagery of the Moon, integrated it into the Google Maps interface, and created a tool called Google Moon.[93] By default this tool, with a reduced set of features, also displays the points of landing of all Apollo spacecraft to land on the Moon. A collaborative project between NASA Ames Research Center and Google called the Planetary Content Project integrates and improves the data that is used for Google Moon.[94]

text: Google Mars provides a visible imagery view, like Google Moon, as well as infrared imagery and shaded relief (elevation) of the planet Mars. Users can toggle between the elevation, visible, and infrared data, in the same manner as switching between map, satellite, and hybrid modes of Google Maps. In collaboration with NASA scientists at the Mars Space Flight Facility located at Arizona State University, Google has provided the public with data collected from two NASA Mars missions, Mars Global Surveyor and 2001 Mars Odyssey.[95]

text: Mashups[edit]

text: Google Maps interface links through the "Wikipedia layer" to the geo-tags placed in English Wikipedia articles, but does not support non-English ones, reducing its usefulness in non-English languages and in non-English speaking territories. It also links to photos with GPS tags from Panoramio.[citation needed]

text: Isochrone maps can be generated using the Google Maps API.[96]

text: Copyright[edit]

text: The Google Maps terms and conditions[97] state that usage of material from Google Maps is regulated by Google Terms of Service[98] and some additional restrictions. Google has either purchased local map data from established companies, or has entered into lease agreements to use copyrighted map data. The owner of the copyright is listed at the bottom of zoomed maps. For example, street maps in Japan are leased from Zenrin. Street maps in China are leased from AutoNavi.[99] Russian street maps are leased from Geocentre Consulting and Tele Atlas. Data for North Korea is sourced from the companion project Google Map Maker.

text: Errors[edit]

text: Fixing and reporting errors[edit]

text: In areas where Google Map Maker was available, for example, much of Asia, Africa, Latin America and Europe as well as the United States and Canada, anyone who logged into their Google account could directly improve the map by fixing incorrect driving directions, adding biking trails, or adding a missing building or road. General map errors in Australia, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Liechtenstein, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, Switzerland, and the United States could be reported using the Report a Problem link in Google Maps and would be updated by Google.[100] For areas where Google used Tele Atlas data, map errors could be reported using Tele Atlas map insight.[101]

text: If imagery was missing, outdated, misaligned, or generally incorrect, one could notify Google through their contact request form.[102]

text: In November 2016, Google announced the discontinuation of Google Map Maker as of March 2017.[103]

text: Maps data[edit]

text: In 2011, Google Maps mislabeled the entire length of US Route 30 from Astoria, Oregon to Atlantic City, New Jersey as being concurrent with Quebec Route 366.[104]

text: Users are able to suggest corrections using the "Send feedback" button.  These suggestions are reviewed, and either accepted or declined; the user is informed when this decision occurs.

text: Business listings[edit]

text: Google collates business listings from multiple on-line and off-line sources. To reduce duplication in the index, Google's algorithm combines listings automatically based on address, phone number, or geocode,[105] but sometimes information for separate businesses will be inadvertently merged with each other, resulting in listings inaccurately incorporating elements from multiple businesses.[106]

text: Google allows business owners to verify their own business data,[107]  and has also recruited volunteers to check and correct ground truth data.[108]

text: Google Maps can easily be manipulated by businesses which aren't physically located in the area they record a listing.[109] There are cases of people abusing Google Maps to overtake their competition where they place a number of unverified listings on online directory sites knowing the information will roll across to Google (duplicate sites). The people that update these listings do not use a registered business name.  Keywords and location details are placed on their Google Maps business title which overtake credible business listings. In Australia in particular, genuine companies and businesses are noticing a trend of fake business listings in a variety of industries.[110]

text: Imagery[edit]

text: Street map overlays, in some areas, may not match up precisely with the corresponding satellite images. The street data may be entirely erroneous, or simply out of date: "The biggest challenge is the currency of data, the authenticity of data," said Google Earth representative Brian McClendon. As a result, in March 2008 Google added a feature to edit the locations of houses and businesses.[111][112]

text: Restrictions have been placed on Google Maps through the apparent censoring of locations deemed potential security threats. In some cases the area of redaction is for specific buildings, but in other cases, such as Washington, D.C.,[113] the restriction is to use outdated imagery. These locations are fully listed on Satellite map images with missing or unclear data.

text: Google Maps in China[edit]

text: Due to restrictions on geographic data in China, Google Maps must partner with a Chinese digital map provider in order to legally show China map data. Since 2006, this partner has been AutoNavi.[99]

text: Within China, the State Council mandates that all maps of China use the GCJ-02 coordinate system, which is offset from the WGS-84 system used in most of the world. google.cn/maps (formerly Google Ditu) uses the GCJ-02 system for both its street maps[114] and satellite imagery.[115] google.com/maps also uses GCJ-02 data for the street map, but uses WGS-84 coordinates for satellite imagery,[116] causing the so-called China GPS shift problem.

text: Frontier alignments also present some differences between google.cn/maps and google.com/maps. On the latter, sections of the Chinese border with India and Pakistan are shown with dotted lines, indicating areas or frontiers in dispute. However, google.cn shows the Chinese frontier strictly according to Chinese claims with no dotted lines indicating the border with India and Pakistan. For example, the South Tibet region claimed by China but administered by India as a large part of Arunachal Pradesh is shown inside the Chinese frontier by google.cn, with Indian highways ending abruptly at the Chinese claim line. Google.cn also shows Taiwan and the South China Sea Islands as part of China. Google Ditu's street map coverage of Taiwan no longer omits major state organs, such as the Presidential Palace, the five Yuans, and the Supreme Court.[117]

text: Feature-wise, google.cn/maps does not feature My Maps. On the other hand, while google.cn displays virtually all text in Chinese, google.com/maps displays most text (user-selectable real text as well as those on map) in English.  This behavior of displaying English text is not consistent but intermittent – sometimes it is in English, sometimes it is in Chinese.  The criteria for choosing which language is displayed are not known publicly.

text: Potential misuse[edit]

text: In 2005 the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization (ANSTO) complained about the potential for terrorists to use the satellite images in planning attacks, with specific reference to the Lucas Heights nuclear reactor; however, the Australian Federal government did not support the organization's concern. At the time of the ANSTO complaint, Google had colored over some areas for security (mostly in the US), such as the rooftop of the White House and several other Washington, D.C., US buildings.[118][119][120]

text: In October 2010, Nicaraguan military commander Edén Pastora stationed Nicaraguan troops on the Isla Calero (in the delta of the San Juan River), justifying his action on the border delineation given by Google Maps. Google has since updated its data which it found to be incorrect.[121]

text: On January 27, 2014, documents leaked by Edward Snowden revealed that the NSA and the GCHQ intercepted Google Maps queries made on smartphones, and used them to locate the users making these queries. One leaked document, dating to 2008, stated that "[i]t effectively means that anyone using Google Maps on a smartphone is working in support of a GCHQ system."[122]

text: Comparable services[edit]

text:
Apple Maps – Apple's map service, launched in 2012 with iOS 6 to replace the Google Maps application on iOS devices
Bing Maps – Microsoft's mapping service with road maps and aerial/satellite imagery
OpenStreetMap – a royalty free, editable map of the world
Mapbox – an online service to build custom maps based on OpenStreetMap
Here – a map service developed by Navteq and Nokia and since 2015 owned by a German automobile consortium
TomTom Maps – a map service built on top of Tele Atlas, which TomTom acquired in 2008
Waze – similar to Google Maps but also offers right of way indication in satellite mode, along with traffic incidents
Géoportail – a French rival offering detailed aerial photographs of French territories
NearMap – Australia specific aerial photography, regularly updated (paid subscription service)
Naver Maps[123] – a South Korean mapping service offering a comprehensive map of South Korea and Jeju.
PinMaps[124] – an online service that allow users to add pins on a map
Maps of Switzerland[125] – a Swiss federal service offering very rich maps and layers of Switzerland
Position Images – perhaps the earliest demo of GPS linked 360° photos on the web; the Wayback Machine recorded it in 2002[126]
Terralink International
ViaMichelin
MapQuest
Yahoo! Maps (defunct as of June 2015)[127]
Yandex Maps


document_title: Three Ring Circus

question_text: who sang life is a three ring circus

question_tokens: who sang life is a three ring circus

root

text: Three Ring Circus

text: Three Ring Circus may refer to

tag: p

text:
"Three Ring Circus", song by Barry Biggs 1977
"Three Ring Circus", song by Blue Magic 1974
"Three Ring Circus", song by Yorkville Grind 1970
"Three Ring Circus", song by Beady Eye

tag: ul


document_title: I Stand Here Ironing

question_text: when does i stand here ironing take place

text: I Stand Here Ironing

text: Plot introduction[edit]

text: Point of view: The story is told from a mother's first person point of view. The narrator, a remarried mother of five children, remembers the way she parented her first child, Emily. Her thoughts, and the story, are about what she would have done differently while parenting Emily if she had been more experienced and had better options. It is one of Olsen's most anthologized works.

text: The story is about guilt, guilt that will be developed during the narration of the whole story. The mother is standing here ironing and within the next 30 minutes she will recall the whole trip of her and her daughter life. Trying to find an answer for: what she can do now when it is too late? Her feeling that her daughter can claim her responsible for her suffering was the main idea in this short story.

text: Setting[edit]

text: The story moves through a fairly long timeframe; although it is set in the early 1950s, it looks back to the 1930s (the time of the Great Depression), and the 1940s (the time of the Second World War). The story is set in the working class home of the narrator, who comments that when her first child was born, they "were poor and could not afford for her the soil of easy growth." ..

text: The story style reflect idea flow of narration, the phone call from the school and guilt led her for a full review to her life while she is ironing.

text: Plot summary[edit]

text: A mother is contacted by an unnamed "you"—a guidance counselor at her daughter's school or a teacher—informing her that her daughter is in trouble. While she irons, the mother works through her response to the summons, and has flashbacks to her daughter's childhood. Some of the things that the mother remembers in Emily's past include:

text:
Her father left her when she was only eight months old;
Her mother worked for the first six years of Emily's life;
Emily was sent away to live with relatives because her mother could not work and take care of her at the same time;
Emily was sent away to a convalescent home where she was deeply unhappy.

text: The story ends with the things that the mother wants to tell to the school councilor about helping Emily. To set Emily free from the past and help her to dig her way onward, to forget about who is responsible and what should have been done. The story is about the well of life legacy to Emily, to help her move forward and stop torturing herself by the past.

text: Characters[edit]

text:
Emily—A shy nineteen-year-old girl. She is the oldest of five children. Emily had a very difficult childhood, but has recently developed a talent for comedic acting. She is cynical about life, and the world, despite her youth. She believes the atomic bomb will soon destroy everything; so there is no point in caring about anything.
Emily's father—deserted the family so as not to "share poverty with them" less than one year after Emily's birth.
Emily's mother—A mother who is filled with regrets and worries about her daughter. She worked hard to support her family and take care of them, but in retrospect she realizes there are many things she would have done differently if she could.
Emily's stepfather—called away to fight in World War II.
Susan—the second child, golden and curly haired, chubby, quick, articulate and sure. By the time Susan was born, her mother had remarried and gained enough experience to show more affection than when Emily was born.


document_title: 999 (emergency telephone number)

question_text: how to call emergency services from a mobile phone uk

text: 999 (emergency telephone number)

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: 999 is the official emergency number for the United Kingdom, but calls are also accepted on the European Union emergency number, 112. All calls are answered by 999 operators. Calls are always free.

text: Emergency services[edit]

text: In the United Kingdom there are four emergency services which maintain full-time Emergency Control Centres (ECC), to which 999 emergency calls may be directly routed by emergency operators in telephone company Operator Assistance Centres (OAC). These services are as follows, listed in the order of percentage of calls received:[1]

text:
Police
Ambulance service
Fire Brigade
Coastguard

text: Other emergency services may also be reached through the 999 system, but do not maintain permanent Emergency Control Centres. All of these emergency services are summoned through the ECC of one of the four principal services listed above:

text:
Lifeboat service
Mountain rescue service
Cave rescue service
Moorland search and rescue service (particularly in Cornwall and Yorkshire)
Quicksand search and rescue service (operating in the extensive quicksands of Morecambe Bay)[2]
Mine rescue service
Bomb disposal (provided by HM Armed Forces)

text: History[edit]

text: First introduced in the London area on 30 June 1937, the UK's 999 number is the world's oldest emergency call telephone service. The system was introduced following a fire on 10 November 1935 in a house on Wimpole Street in which five women were killed.[3] A neighbour had tried to telephone the fire brigade and was so outraged at being held in a queue by the Welbeck telephone exchange that he wrote a letter to the editor of The Times,[4] which prompted a government inquiry.[3]

text: The initial scheme covered a 12-mile radius around Oxford Circus[5] and the public were advised only to use it in ongoing emergency if "for instance, the man in the flat next to yours is murdering his wife or you have seen a heavily masked cat burglar peering round the stack pipe of the local bank building."[6] The first arrest – for burglary – took place a week later and the scheme was extended to major cities after World War II and then to the whole UK in 1976.[6]

text: The 9-9-9 format was chosen based on the 'button A' and 'button B' design of pre-payment coin-operated public payphones in wide use (first introduced in 1925) which could be easily modified to allow free use of the 9 digit on the rotary dial in addition to the 0 digit (then used to call the operator), without allowing free use of numbers involving other digits; other combinations of free call 9 and 0 were later used for more purposes, including multiples of 9 (to access exchanges before STD came into use) as a fail-safe for attempted emergency calls, e.g. 9 or 99, reaching at least an operator.[7]

text: As it happens, the choice of 999 was fortunate for accessibility reasons, compared with e.g. lower numbers, because in the dark or in dense smoke 999 could be dialled by placing a finger one hole away from the dial stop (see the articles on rotary dial and GPO telephones) and rotating the dial to the full extent three times. This enables all users including the visually impaired to easily dial the emergency number. It is also the case that it is relatively easy for 111, and other low-number sequences, to be called accidentally, including when transmission wires making momentary contact produce a pulse similar to dialling (e.g. when overhead cables touch in high winds).[8][9]

text: Hoax calls and improper use are an issue. For these reasons, there are frequent public information campaigns in the UK on the correct use of the 999 system.

text: Alternative three-digit numbers for non-emergency calls have also been introduced in recent years. 101 was introduced for non-urgent calls in England and Wales[10] The scheme was extended to Scotland[11] and Northern Ireland.[12]

text: Trials of 111 as a number to access health services in the UK for urgent but not life-threatening cases began in England in 2010. The main roll-out occurred from 2011 to 2013, with a number of delays, and was completed by February 2014.[citation needed] In Scotland, the NHS24 service moved from 0845 424 2424 to 111 on 29 April 2014.[13][14] NHS Direct Wales continues to use 0845 46 47 despite it costing up to 57p per minute from mobile phones.

text: In 2008–2009, Nottinghamshire Police ran a successful pilot of Pegasus, a database containing the details of people with physical and learning disabilities or mental health problems, who have registered with the force because their disabilities make it difficult for them to give spoken details when calling the police. Those registered on the database are issued with a personal identification number (PIN) that can be used in two ways. By phone – either 999 or the force's non-emergency 101 number can be used – once a person is put through to the control room, they only need to say "Pegasus" and their PIN. Their details can then be retrieved from the database and the caller can quickly get on with explaining why they have called. In person – the Pegasus PIN can be told or shown to a police officer. Pegasus is also used by the City of London Police, Dyfed Powys Police, Surrey Police & Lincolnshire Police.

text: The introduction of push-button (landline, cordless and mobile) telephones has produced a problem for UK emergency services,[15] due to the ease of same-digit sequences being accidentally keyed, e.g., by objects in the same pocket as a telephone (termed 'pocket dialling') or by children playing with a telephone. This problem is less of a concern with emergency numbers that use two different digits, such as 112 and 911 although on landlines 112 suffers much of the same risk of false generation as the 111 code which was considered and rejected when the original choice of 999 was made.

text: The pan-European 112 code was introduced in the UK in April 1995[16] with little publicity. It connects to existing 999 circuits. The GSM standard mandates that the user of a GSM phone can dial 112 without unlocking the keypad, a feature that can save time in emergencies but that also causes some accidental calls. All mobile telephones will make emergency calls with the keypad locked. Originally a valid SIM card was not required to make a 999/112 emergency call in the UK. However, as a result of high numbers of untraceable hoax calls being made, this feature is now blocked by all UK networks. Most UK mobile telephone handsets will dial 999/112 without a SIM inserted (or with a locked/invalid SIM), but the call will not be connected. Following the blocking of SIM-less calls, in 2009 the UK networks introduced emergency call roaming. This allows a user with a valid SIM of a UK network to make emergency calls on any network for which they have coverage.

text: Silent solution 55 is the name given to the initiative that allows people to call 999 when they aren’t able to speak. If there is no answer, the operator will then ask you to cough, or make another audible sign that you’re in need of police assistance. If you’re in too much danger to make any sound at all, the call will be put through to an automated system which asks the caller to press 55 if they’re in danger.[17]

text: Procedure[edit]

text: 999 or 112 is used to contact the emergency services upon witnessing or being involved in an emergency. In the United Kingdom, the numbers 999 and 112 both connect to the same service, and there is no priority or charge for either of them.

text: An emergency can be:

text:
A person in immediate danger of injury or whose life is at risk
Suspicion that a crime is in progress, or that an offender is in the area
Structure on fire
Another serious incident which needs immediate emergency service attendance

text: All telecoms providers operating in the UK are obliged as part of their licence agreement to provide a free of charge emergency operator service. As of 2014 emergency calls made on any network in the UK are handled predominantly by BT, although other emergency operator services are provided by Vodafone (ex-Cable&Wireless) and Level 3 Communications (ex-Global Crossing, previously British Rail Telecoms).

text: On dialling 999 or 112 an operator will answer and ask, "Emergency. Which service?"[18] Previously operators asked "Which service do you require?" (approximately up to the mid-90s).

text: The operator will then transfer the call to the appropriate service's own call-taker. If the caller is unsure as to which service they require, the operator will default the call to the police, and if an incident requires more than one service, for instance a road traffic accident with injuries and trapped people, depending on the service the caller has chosen, this service will alert the other services for the caller (while the operator has to also contact each emergency service individually, regardless of whether the caller has remained on the line). The caller will be connected to the service which covers the area that they are (or appear to be) calling from.

text: On 6 October 1998, BT introduced a new system whereby all the information about the location of the calling telephone was transmitted electronically to the relevant service rather than having to read it out (with the possibility of errors). This system is called EISEC (Enhanced Information Service for Emergency Calls). Previously, the operator had to start the connection to the emergency service control room by stating the location of the operator, followed by the caller's telephone number, e.g. "Bangor connecting 01248 300 000". It was common for the person calling to be confused as to why the operator was talking to the emergency service, and the caller frequently talked over the operator. Only around 50% of the emergency authorities have EISEC, although the number is ever increasing, so, in those cases without EISEC present, the operator still has to pass their location and the caller's number.

text: The rooms in which operators work are called operator assistance centres (OACs). There are BT OACs in Bangor, Blackburn, Dundee, Glasgow, Liverpool, Newport, and Nottingham. The rooms in which emergency response operators work are called Emergency Control Centres (ECCs) and are operated by local authorities.

text: In some situations there may be specific instructions on nearby signs to notify some other authority of an emergency before calling 999. For example, bridges carrying railways over roads may carry signs advising that if a road vehicle strikes the bridge the railway authority (Network Rail in most instances) (on a given number) should be called first to alert the railway operator of the potential of a major incident occurring should a train pass over the damaged bridge. Network Rail has its own procedures to alert trains to the emergency and to stop them if necessary. The instructions on the signs then state 999 should then be dialled and that the Police should be requested.

text: Access to the 999/112 service is provided for the hearing-impaired via Textphone and use of the Text Relay service, run by BT to cover all telephone providers, and previously known as the RNID "Typetalk" relay service. The number is 18000.

text: 999 is also accessible via SMS for pre-registered users.[a] The service is open for anyone to register and works with all major providers in the UK.[19]

text: Location[edit]

text: It is important for the caller to be aware of their location when phoning for the emergency services; the caller's location will not be passed onto the emergency services immediately, and finding the location requires a combination of efforts from both parties. However it is possible to trace both landline and mobile telephone numbers with the BT operator; the former can be traced to an address. The latter can be immediately traced to a grid reference according to the transmitter being used,[20] however this is only accurate to a certain wide area — for more specific traces senior authority must be acquired and an expensive operation can be conducted to trace the mobile phone to within a few metres. A number of smartphone apps can now be downloaded that assist with caller location by using the smartphone's satellite navigation features.

text: Since 2014, smartphones will detect that an emergency call is being placed, and use any available location services (WiFi or GPS based location) to send an emergency SMS which also contains an identifier for the call. This is intended to be received by the mobile operator whilst the call is in progress.[21]

text: On some occasions callers will be put through to the wrong area service – this is called a "misrouted nines". The most common reason for this is when a mobile phone calls 999 and is using a radio transmitter that is located in another force area; most frequently these are calls that are made within a few miles of a border. Upon establishing the incident location, the emergency service operator will relay the information to the responsible force for their dispatch. In most areas, other forces will respond to incidents just within the border if they could get there quicker, assist, and then hand over to the other force when they arrive.

text: In the United Kingdom the Highways Agency have placed blue signs with the location printed on them, at approximately 500-metre intervals on their managed routes, such as motorways and major A-Roads. These signs contain a code which can be given to the emergency operator to locate you quickly. For example, a sign may say "M1 A 100.1". This translates as the M1 motorway, on the "Alpha" carriageway, at 100.1 kilometres from its start (or nominal start). The "Alpha" and "Bravo" carriageways are designated by the Highways Agency to each side of the road, dependent upon which direction it travels; other letters are used for additional carriageways at intersections. These signs are in addition to the pre-existing 100m distance marker posts alongside the carriageway.

text: Abandoned and hoax calls[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: [22]An abandoned call is when a caller, intentionally or otherwise, rings 999 and then ends the call or stays silent; this could be for any number of reasons, including coercion or harm coming to the caller. Abandoned calls are filtered by emergency operators BT and Cable & Wireless which they are either disconnected or passed on to police.

text: They are normally disconnected by the operator repeating "Emergency. Which service?", then if no response is given, the operator will say "Do you need police, fire or ambulance?". If there is still no response, the operator will sometimes ask the caller to press the keypad or make a noise if they need assistance. If no response is given, they will confirm they are clearing the line.

text: For abandoned calls, if the caller requests the police and the call is routed to police and then the line is dropped, either while waiting for connection or on the line with police, they are checked by police and a call back will be done. If there is no answer, the police service are likely to attend and if the line is disconnected without the caller telling the operator which service they need, they then make a decision to filter the call to police (if suspicious background noise) or clear the line.

text: The most common reasons for abandoned calls include:

text:
Accidental dialling of 999 on mobile phones. As a GSM standard, mobile phones still allow emergency calls to be made even with the keypad locked.
Faulty phone lines.
Believing an urban myth that says dialing 999 charges mobile phone batteries

text: Ireland[edit]

text: In Ireland, 999 (and the European and GSM standard 112)[23] are the national emergency numbers. The 999 and 112 service is able to respond in English, Irish[citation needed], Polish, French, German and Italian. 999 and 112 operators in Ireland answer the calls in under one second and say "Emergency, which service?". The caller may then request the Gardaí (the Irish police), ambulance, fire brigade, coastguard, or cave and mountain rescue service. The caller is then transferred to the emergency dispatcher for the appropriate service.[24]

text: Bangladesh[edit]

text: In Bangladesh, 999 is the emergency number.It's available for Dhaka And Chittagong only. History “This helpdesk number is toll-free,” according to an allotment letter signed by BTRC Deputy Director Md Mesbahuzzaman on September 5.

text: Previously allotted short codes 2041 and 16666 for the help desk were cancelled by the regulators, the letter said.

text: In the letter, BTRC said that short code 999 was allocated to the ICT Division to run its national help desk and it will be free of charge.

text: The services will be provided under the national help desk, which is being set up at a cost of Tk 60.50 crore. The help desk will be rolled out shortly, according to officials of the ICT division.

text: The telecommunication regulator initially allotted 2041 and 16666 short codes for the help desk, but upon ICT State Minister's Zunaid Ahmed Palak's request the second code was changed to a three-digit one.

text: At present, dialling 100 would connect to Bangladesh Police, 101 to Rapid Action Battalion, 102 to fire services, 103 to ambulance service and 104 to the Access to Information Programme under the Prime Minister's Office.

text: Currently, the ICT division runs a customer complaint centre on the 16364 short code. Earlier, State Minister for Telecom Tarana Halim said she planned to bring all the emergency services under a simple three-digit short code.

text: Hong Kong and Macau[edit]

text: 999 was introduced to Hong Kong for emergency services (Police，Fire-fighting Services and Ambulance Services) during British rule and continues to be used following the transfer of sovereignty.

text: Macau also adopted the 999 number; it also introduced two emergency hotline numbers: 110 (mainly for tourists from mainland China) and 112 (mainly for tourists from overseas).

text: The worldwide emergency number for GSM mobile phones, 112, also works on all GSM networks in the country. Calls made to this number are redirected to the 999 call centre.

text: Malaysia[edit]

text: The 999 emergency services in Malaysia is staffed by about 138 telephonists from Telekom Malaysia. Like Singapore, the number was inherited from British rule and continued after independence. Ongoing upgrading works are taking place to introduce the Computer-Telephony Integration (CTI) for hospital exchanges, digital mapping to track the callers' locations and Computer Assisted Despatching (CAD) for online connectivity among the agencies providing the emergency services in the country. All calls to the number are made free of charge. In the late 90s, the number 994 was adopted as a direct connection to fire stations, but use of the number has been discontinued due to cost-saving measures taken by the government. 991 Connects to civil services.

text: Mauritius[edit]

text: Mauritius uses the 999 emergency number for police contact only. The other emergency numbers in use are 114 for emergency medical assistance and 115 for the fire service.[25]

text: Poland[edit]

text: The 112 emergency number is an all-service number in Poland like in other EU states, but old numbers that were traditionally designated for emergencies are still in use parallel to 112. Those are 999 for ambulance, 998 for fire brigade and 997 for police.

text: United Arab Emirates[edit]

text: In the United Arab Emirates the 999 service is used to contact the police who are also capable of forwarding the call as appropriate to the ambulance or fire services. The number 998 connects directly to the ambulance service and 997 to the fire brigade.

text: Singapore[edit]

text: In Singapore, the number 999 was inherited from British rule and continued after independence. The number is attributed more to requesting for the police, with the number 995, established in 1984, used for direct lines to the fire brigade and ambulance services of the Singapore Civil Defence Force. Because most of the population of Singapore is Chinese, it is likely that 995 was adopted because the Chinese pronunciation for that number (jiŭ jiŭ wŭ) sounds similar to the Chinese phrase for 'Save me' (jiù jiù wŏ).

text: Swaziland[edit]

text: The Kingdom of Swaziland uses the 999 emergency number for police contact only. Also 975 for human trafficking reports. The other emergency numbers in use are 977 for emergency medical assistance and 933 for the fire service.

text: Trinidad and Tobago[edit]

text: In Trinidad and Tobago, 999 is used to contact the police only. The number 990 is used for the ambulance service and fire brigade.

text: Others[edit]

text: In 1959, Winnipeg, Manitoba (16 municipalities) used 9-9-9[26] as the first North American deployment of a local unified emergency number.[27] North America later standardised on 9-1-1, with +1-204-999-xxxx eventually reassigned as a standard mobile telephone exchange.[28]


document_title: Jack Link's Beef Jerky

question_text: where is jack link's beef jerky made

question_tokens: where is jack link 's beef jerky made

text: Jack Link's Beef Jerky

text:
Link Snacks, Inc.

Industry
Food manufacturing

Founded
Minong, Wisconsin, U.S.A
(1986; 31 years ago (1986))

Founder
John 'Jack' Link

Headquarters
Minong, Wisconsin, United States of America[1]

Area served

Worldwide

Key people

Jack Link
Troy Link

Products

Beef jerky

Website

Official Website

text: Jack Link's Beef Jerky is an American[2] snack company best known as the producer and marketer of the eponymous brand of beef jerky. It was founded by John 'Jack' Link in 1986.[3] Jack thought of the idea to make jerky while hunting with his family. He used his great-grandfather's Old World recipes.[4] They are known for their "Messin' with Sasquatch" ads. In 2013 they signed a sponsoring deal with the Seattle Mariners.[5]

text: In addition to their original facility in Minong, Wisconsin, the company also has facilities across the Midwest such as in New Glarus, Wisconsin; Alpena, South Dakota; Mankato, Minnesota; Laurens, Iowa; and Bellevue, Nebraska; and its marketing office in Minneapolis.[6][7]

text: On April 1, 2014, Jack Link's acquired Unilever's meat snack division [8] in an attempt to expand its consumer base all throughout Europe. The acquisition includes the Bifi brand, sold in Germany, Benelux, Austria and Switzerland; and Peperami, which retails in the UK and Ireland; and the manufacturing unit in Ansbach, Germany.

text: Advertising[edit]

text: In April 2015 Jack Link's Beef Jerky changed its logo "to better represent the brand’s 'Feed Your Wild Side' positioning and overall appeal."[9] This new logo was designed by Davis Design of Mississauga, Ontario.[10]

text: In May 2015 Jack Link's Jerky added five new commercials to the comedic ad campaign "Messin' with Sasquatch".[11]

text: In 2017, Jack Link's extended its popular "Messin' with Sasquatch" ad campaign to feature NBA player Karl-Anthony Towns.[12]

text: The company also allows consumers to learn exactly what they are eating. Proteins are a major component of their jerky. By explaining the effects of proteins on the body, and by having nutritionist, Christina Meyer-Jax, overviewing the health contributions of jerky, Jack Link's is able to appease a wider audience. [13]

text: As of September 2017[update] , the company sells apparel in their online store.


document_title: Sputnik 1

question_text: who was the leader of the soviet union when sputnik was launched

text: Sputnik 1

text: Before the launch[edit]

text: Satellite construction project[edit]

text: On 17 December 1954, chief Soviet rocket scientist Sergei Korolev proposed a developmental plan for an artificial satellite to Minister of Defence Industry Dimitri Ustinov. Korolev forwarded a report by Mikhail Tikhonravov with an overview of similar projects abroad.[11] Tikhonravov had emphasized that the launch of an orbital satellite was an inevitable stage in the development of rocket technology.[12]

text: On 29 July 1955, U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower announced through his press secretary that the United States would launch an artificial satellite during the International Geophysical Year (IGY).[13] A week later, on 8 August, the Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union approved the proposal to create an artificial satellite.[14] On 30 August Vasily Ryabikov – the head of the State Commission on R-7 rocket test launches – held a meeting where Korolev presented calculation data for a spaceflight trajectory to the Moon. They decided to develop a three-stage version of the R-7 rocket for satellite launches.[15]

text: On 30 January 1956 the Council of Ministers approved practical work on an artificial Earth-orbiting satellite. This satellite, named Object D, was planned to be completed in 1957–58; it would have a mass of 1,000 to 1,400 kg (2,200 to 3,100 lb) and would carry 200 to 300 kg (440 to 660 lb) of scientific instruments.[16] The first test launch of "Object D" was scheduled for 1957.[12] Work on the satellite was to be divided among institutions as follows:[17]

text:
the USSR Academy of Sciences was responsible for the general scientific leadership and research instruments supply
the Ministry of Defence Industry and its primary design bureau OKB-1 were assigned the task of building the satellite
the Ministry of Radiotechnical Industry would develop the control system, radio/technical instruments and the telemetry system
the Ministry of Ship Building Industry would develop gyroscope devices
the Ministry of Machine Building would develop ground launching, refueling and transportation means
the Ministry of Defense was responsible for conducting launches

text: Preliminary design work was completed by July 1956 and the scientific tasks to be carried out by the satellite were defined. These included measuring the density of the atmosphere and its ion composition, the solar wind, magnetic fields, and cosmic rays. These data would be valuable in the creation of future artificial satellites. A system of ground stations was to be developed to collect data transmitted by the satellite, observe the satellite's orbit, and transmit commands to the satellite. Because of the limited time frame, observations were planned for only 7 to 10 days and orbit calculations were not expected to be extremely accurate.[18]

text: By the end of 1956 it became clear that the complexity of the ambitious design meant that 'Object D' could not be launched in time because of difficulties creating scientific instruments and the low specific impulse produced by the completed R-7 engines (304 sec instead of the planned 309 to 310 sec). Consequently, the government rescheduled the launch for April 1958.[12] Object D would later fly as Sputnik 3.[19]

text: Fearing the U.S. would launch a satellite before the USSR, OKB-1 suggested the creation and launch of a satellite in April–May 1957, before the IGY began in July 1957. The new satellite would be simple, light (100 kg or 220 lb), and easy to construct, forgoing the complex, heavy scientific equipment in favour of a simple radio transmitter. On 15 February 1957 the Council of Ministers of the USSR approved this simple satellite, designated 'Object PS'.[20] This version allowed the satellite to be tracked visually by Earth-based observers, and it could transmit tracking signals to ground-based receiving stations.[20] The launch of two satellites, PS-1 and PS-2, with two R-7 rockets (8K71) was approved, provided that the R-7 completed at least two successful test flights.[20]

text: Launch vehicle preparation and launch site selection[edit]

text: The R-7 Semyorka was initially designed as an ICBM by OKB-1. The decision to build it was made by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the Council of Ministers of the USSR on 20 May 1954.[21] The R-7 was also known by its GRAU (later GURVO) designation 8K71.[22] At the time, the R-7 was known to NATO sources as the T-3 or M-104,[23] and Type A.[24] A special reconnaissance commission selected Tyuratam for the construction of a rocket proving ground (the 5th Tyuratam range, usually referred to as "NIIP-5", or "GIK-5" in the post-Soviet time). The selection was approved on 12 February 1955 by the Council of Ministers of the USSR, but the site would not be completed until 1958.[25] Actual work on the construction of the site began on 20 July by military building units. On 14 June 1956 Sergei Korolev decided to adapt the R-7 rocket to the 'Object D',[26] that would later be replaced by the much lighter 'Object PS'.

text: The first launch of an R-7 rocket (8K71 No.5L) occurred on 15 May 1957. A fire began in the Blok D strap-on almost immediately at liftoff, but the booster continued flying until T+98 seconds when the strap-on broke away and the vehicle crashed some 400 km downrange.[27] Three attempts to launch the second rocket (8K71 No.6) were made on 10–11 June, but an assembly defect prevented launch.[28] The unsuccessful launch of the third R-7 rocket (8K71 No.7) took place on 12 July.[27] An electrical short caused the vernier engines to put the missile into an uncontrolled roll which resulted in all of the strap-ons separating 33 seconds into the launch. The R-7 crashed about 7 km from the pad.[29]

text: The launch of the fourth rocket (8K71 No.8), on 21 August at 15:25 Moscow Time,[27] was successful. The rocket's core boosted the dummy warhead to the target altitude and velocity, reentered the atmosphere, and broke apart at a height of 10 km (6.2 mi) after traveling 6,000 km. On 27 August TASS issued a statement on the successful launch of a long-distance multistage ICBM. The launch of the fifth R-7 rocket (8K71 No.9), on 7 September[27] was also successful, but the dummy was also destroyed on atmospheric re-entry,[29] and hence needed a redesign to completely fulfill its military purpose. The rocket, however, was deemed suitable for satellite launches, and Korolev was able to convince the State Commission to allow the use of the next R-7 to launch PS-1,[30] allowing the delay in the rocket's military exploitation to launch the PS-1 and PS-2 satellites.[31][32]

text: On 22 September a modified R-7 rocket, named Sputnik and indexed as 8K71PS,[33] arrived at the proving ground and preparations for the launch of PS-1 began.[34] Compared to the military R-7 test vehicles, the mass of 8K71PS was reduced from 280 tonnes to 272 tonnes; its length with PS-1 was 29.167 metres (95 ft 8.3 in) and the thrust at lift off was 3.90 NM (7.22 km; 4.49 mi).[35] These weight reductions were accomplished by deleting the inertial guidance system, several telemetry measurements, and assorted hardware designed to support a warhead.

text: Observation complex[edit]

text: PS-1 was not designed to be controlled, it could only be observed. Initial data at the launch site would be collected at six separate observatories and telegraphed to NII-4.[31] Located back in Moscow (at Bolshevo), NII-4 was a scientific research arm of the Ministry of Defence dedicated to missile development.[36] The six observatories, designated IP-1 through IP-6, were clustered around the launch site, with the closest (IP-1) situated at a distance of 1 km (0.62 mi) from the launch pad.[31]

text: A second, nationwide observation complex was established to track the satellite after its separation from the rocket. Called the Command-Measurement Complex, it consisted of the coordination center in NII-4 and seven distant stations situated along the line of the satellite's ground track.[37] These tracking stations were located at Tyuratam; Sary-Shagan; Yeniseysk; Klyuchi; Yelizovo; Makat in Guryev Oblast; and Ishkup in Krasnoyarsk Krai.[31][37] Stations were equipped with radar, optical instruments, and communications systems. Data from stations were transmitted by telegraphs into NII-4 where ballistics specialists calculated orbital parameters. The complex became an early prototype of the Soviet Mission Control Center.[38]

text: The observatories used a trajectory measurement system called "Tral," developed by OKB MEI, by which they received and monitored data from transponders mounted on the R-7 rocket's core stage.[39] The data was useful even after the satellite's separation from the second stage of the rocket; Sputnik's location was calculated from the data on the second stage's location which followed Sputnik at a known distance.[40] Tracking of the booster during launch had to be accomplished through purely passive means such as visual coverage and radar detection. R-7 test launches demonstrated that the tracking cameras were only good up to an altitude of 200 km (120 mi) but radar could track it for almost 400 km (250 mi).

text: Outside the Soviet Union, the satellite was tracked by amateur radio operators in many countries.[41] The US government followed it from the Central Radio Propagation Laboratory of the National Bureau of Standards.[42] The booster rocket was located and tracked by the British using the Lovell Telescope at the Jodrell Bank Observatory, the only telescope in the world able to do so by radar.[41] Canada's Newbrook Observatory was the first facility in North America to photograph Sputnik 1.[43]

text: Design[edit]

text: The chief constructor of Sputnik 1 at OKB-1 was Mikhail S. Khomyakov.[44] The satellite was a 585-millimetre (23.0 in) diameter sphere, assembled from two hemispheres that were hermetically sealed with o-rings and connected by 36 bolts. It had a mass of 83.6 kilograms (184 lb).[45] The hemispheres were 2 mm thick,[46] and were covered with a highly polished 1 mm-thick heat shield[47] made of aluminium-magnesium-titanium AMG6T alloy ("AMG" is an abbreviation for "aluminium-magnesium" and "T" stands for "titanium"; the alloy is 6% magnesium and 0.2% titanium[48]). The satellite carried two pairs of antennas designed by the Antenna Laboratory of OKB-1 led by Mikhail V. Krayushkin.[17] Each antenna was made up of two whip-like parts: 2.4 and 2.9 meters (7.9 and 9.5 ft) in length,[49] and had an almost spherical radiation pattern,[50] so that the satellite beeps were transmitted with equal power in all directions, making reception of the transmitted signal independent of the satellite's rotation.

text: The power supply, with a mass of 51 kg (112 lb),[51] was in the shape of an octagonal nut with the radio transmitter in its hole.[52] It consisted of three silver-zinc batteries, developed at the All-Union Research Institute of Current Sources (VNIIT) under the leadership of Nikolai S. Lidorenko. Two of these batteries powered the radio transmitter and one powered the temperature regulation system.[51] The batteries had an expected lifetime of two weeks, and operated for 22 days. The power supply was turned on automatically at the moment of the satellite's separation from the second stage of the rocket.[53]

text: The satellite had a one-watt, 3.5 kg (7.7 lb)[31] radio transmitting unit inside, developed by Vyacheslav I. Lappo from NII-885, the Moscow Electronics Research Institute,[53][54] that worked on two frequencies, 20.005 and 40.002 MHz. Signals on the first frequency were transmitted in 0.3 sec pulses (under normal temperature and pressure conditions on-board), with pauses of the same duration filled by pulses on the second frequency.[55] Analysis of the radio signals was used to gather information about the electron density of the ionosphere. Temperature and pressure were encoded in the duration of radio beeps. A temperature regulation system contained a fan, a dual thermal switch, and a control thermal switch.[53] If the temperature inside the satellite exceeded 36 °C (97 °F) the fan was turned on and when it fell below 20 °C (68 °F) the fan was turned off by the dual thermal switch.[50] If the temperature exceeded 50 °C (122 °F) or fell below 0 °C (32 °F), another control thermal switch was activated, changing the duration of the radio signal pulses.[53] Sputnik 1 was filled with dry nitrogen, pressurized to 1.3 atm.[33] The satellite had a barometric switch, activated if the pressure inside the satellite fell below 130 kPa, which would have indicated failure of the pressure vessel or puncture by a meteor, and would have changed the duration of radio signal impulse.[56]

text: While attached to the rocket, Sputnik 1 was protected by a cone-shaped payload fairing, with a height of 80 cm (31.5 in).[31] The fairing separated from both Sputnik and the spent R-7 second stage at the same time as the satellite was ejected.[53] Tests of the satellite were conducted at OKB-1 under the leadership of Oleg G. Ivanovsky.[44]

text: Launch and mission[edit]

text: The control system of the Sputnik rocket was adjusted to an intended orbit of 223 by 1,450 km (139 by 901 mi), with an orbital period of 101.5 min.[57] The trajectory had been calculated earlier by Georgi Grechko, using the USSR Academy of Sciences' mainframe computer.[31][58]

text: The Sputnik rocket was launched on 4 October 1957 at 19:28:34 UTC (5 October at the launch site[1]) from Site No.1 at NIIP-5.[59] Telemetry indicated that the strap-ons separated 116 seconds into the flight and the core stage engine shut down 295.4 seconds into the flight.[57] At shut down, the 7.5 tonne core stage with PS-1 attached had attained an altitude of 223 km (139 mi) above sea level, a velocity of 7,780 m/s (25,500 ft/s) and velocity vector inclination to the local horizon of 0 degrees 24 minutes. This resulted in an initial orbit of 223 kilometres (139 mi) by 950 kilometres (590 mi), with an apogee approximately 500 kilometres (310 mi) lower than intended, and an inclination of 65.1 degrees and a period of 96.2 minutes.[57]

text: The launch came very close to failure—a postflight examination of telemetry data found that the Blok G strap-on had not attained full power at ignition and the resulting imbalanced thrust caused the booster to pitch over about 2° six seconds after liftoff. Two seconds later, the flight control system tried to compensate by rapidly moving the vernier engines and stabilizer fins. The Blok G strap-on finally reached 100% thrust only one second before the pitch angle would have been great enough to trigger an automatic shutdown command, which would have terminated the launch and sent the R-7 and Sputnik 1 crashing to the ground in a fireball only a short distance from the pad.

text: A fuel regulator in the booster also failed around 16 seconds into launch, which resulted in excessive RP-1 consumption for most of powered flight and engine thrust 4% above nominal. Core stage cutoff was intended for T+296 seconds, but the premature propellant depletion caused thrust termination to occur one second earlier when a sensor detected overspeed of the empty RP-1 turbopump. There were 375 kilograms (827 lb) of LOX remaining at cutoff.[60]

text: At 19.9 seconds after engine cut-off, PS-1 separated from the second stage[1] and the satellite's transmitter was activated. These signals were detected at the IP-1 station by Junior Engineer-Lieutenant V.G. Borisov, where reception of Sputnik 1's "beep-beep-beep" tones confirmed the satellite's successful deployment. Reception lasted for two minutes, until PS-1 fell below the horizon.[31][61] The Tral telemetry system on the R-7 core stage continued to transmit and was detected on its second orbit.[1]

text: The designers, engineers and technicians who developed the rocket and satellite watched the launch from the range.[62] After the launch they drove to the mobile radio station to listen for signals from the satellite.[62] They waited about 90 minutes to ensure that the satellite had made one orbit and was transmitting, before Korolev called Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev.[63]

text: On the first orbit the Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union (TASS) transmitted: "As result of great, intense work of scientific institutes and design bureaus the first artificial Earth satellite has been built".[64] The R-7 core stage, with a mass of 7.5 tonnes and a length of 26 meters, also reached Earth orbit and was visible from the ground at night as a first magnitude object following the satellite. Deployable reflective panels were placed on the booster in order to increase its visibility for tracking.[63] The satellite, a small, highly polished sphere, was barely visible at sixth magnitude, and thus more difficult to follow optically. A third object, the payload fairing, also achieved orbit.

text: The core stage of the R-7 remained in orbit for two months until 2 December 1957, while Sputnik 1 orbited for three months, until 4 January 1958, having completed 1,440 orbits of the Earth.[1]

text: Reaction[edit]

text: Our movies and television programs in the fifties were full of the idea of going into space. What came as a surprise was that it was the Soviet Union that launched the first satellite. It is hard to recall the atmosphere of the time.

text: The Soviets provided details of Sputnik 1 before the launch but few outside the Soviet Union noticed. After reviewing information publicly available before the launch, the science writer Willy Ley wrote in 1958:

text: If somebody tells me that he has the rockets to shoot — which we know from other sources, anyway — and tells me what he will shoot, how he will shoot it, and in general says virtually everything except for the precise date — well, what should I feel like if I'm surprised when the man shoots?[66]

text: Organized through the citizen science project Operation Moonwatch, teams of visual observers at 150 stations in the United States and other countries were alerted during the night to watch for the Soviet sphere at dawn and during the evening twilight through binoculars or telescopes as it passed overhead.[67] The USSR asked radio amateurs and commercial stations to record the sound of the satellite on magnetic tape.[67]

text: News reports at the time pointed out that "anyone possessing a short wave receiver can hear the new Russian earth satellite as it hurtles over this area of the globe".[69] Directions, provided by the American Radio Relay League were to "Tune in 20 megacycles sharply, by the time signals, given on that frequency. Then tune to slightly higher frequencies. The 'beep, beep' sound of the satellite can be heard each time it rounds the globe."[70] The first recording of Sputnik 1's signal was made by RCA engineers near Riverhead, Long Island. They then drove the tape recording into Manhattan for broadcast to the public over NBC radio. However, as Sputnik rose higher over the East Coast, its signal was picked up by W2AEE, the ham radio station of Columbia University. Students working in the university's FM station, WKCR, made a tape of this, and were the first to rebroadcast the Sputnik signal to the American public (or whoever could receive the FM station).

text: At first the Soviet Union agreed to use equipment "compatible" with that of the United States, but later announced the lower frequencies.[67] The White House declined to comment on military aspects of the launch, but said "it did not come as a surprise."[71] On 5 October the Naval Research Laboratory announced it had recorded four crossings of Sputnik 1 over the United States.[67] The USAF Cambridge Research Center collaborated with Bendix-Friez, Westinghouse Broadcasting Co., and the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory to obtain a motion picture of Sputnik's rocket body crossing the pre-dawn sky of Baltimore, broadcast on 12 October by WBZ-TV in Boston.[72] U.S. President Eisenhower obtained photographs of the Soviet facilities from Lockheed U-2 flights conducted since 1956.[73]

text: The success of Sputnik 1 seemed to have changed minds around the world regarding a shift in power to the Soviets.[74]

text: The USSR's launch of Sputnik 1 spurred the United States to create the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA, later DARPA) in February 1958 to regain a technological lead.[75][76][77]

text: In Britain the media and population initially reacted with a mixture of fear for the future, but also amazement about humankind's progress. Many newspapers and magazines heralded the arrival of the Space Age. However, when the Soviet Union launched a second craft containing the dog Laika, the media narrative returned to one of anti-communism and many people sent protests to the Russian embassy and the RSPCA.[78]

text: Propaganda[edit]

text: Sputnik 1 was not immediately used for Soviet propaganda. The Soviets had kept quiet about their earlier accomplishments in rocketry, fearing that it would lead to secrets being revealed and failures being exploited by the West.[79] When the Soviets began using Sputnik in their propaganda, they emphasized pride in the achievement of Soviet technology, arguing that it demonstrated the Soviets' superiority over the West. People were encouraged to listen to Sputnik's signals on the radio[79] and to look out for Sputnik in the night sky. While Sputnik itself had been highly polished, its small size made it barely visible to the naked eye. What most watchers actually saw was the much more visible 26 meter core stage of the R-7.[79] Shortly after the launch of PS-1, Khrushchev pressed Korolev to launch another satellite in time for the 40th anniversary of the October Revolution on 7 November 1957.[80]

text: The launch of Sputnik 1 surprised the American public and shattered the perception, furthered by American propaganda, of the United States as the technological superpower and the Soviet Union as a backward country.[81] Privately, however, the CIA and President Eisenhower were aware of progress being made by the Soviets on Sputnik from secret spy plane imagery.[82] Together with the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), the Army Ballistic Missile Agency built Explorer 1, and launched it on 31 January 1958. Before work was completed, however, the Soviet Union launched a second satellite, Sputnik 2, on 3 November 1957. Meanwhile, the televised failure of Vanguard TV3 on 6 December 1957 deepened American dismay over the country's position in the Space Race. The Americans took a more aggressive stance in the emerging space race,[83] resulting in an emphasis on science and technological research and reforms in many areas from the military to education systems.[84] The federal government began investing in science, engineering and mathematics at all levels of education.[81][85] An advanced research group was assembled for military purposes.[81] These research groups developed weapons such as ICBMs and missile defense systems, as well as spy satellites for the U.S.[81]

text: Impact[edit]

text: On Friday, 4 October 1957, the Soviets had orbited the world's first artificial satellite. Anyone who doubted its existence could walk into the backyard just after sunset and see it.

text: Initially U.S. President Eisenhower was not surprised by Sputnik 1. He had been forewarned of the R-7's capabilities by information derived from U-2 spy plane overflight photos, as well as signals and telemetry intercepts.[87][88] The Eisenhower administration's first response was low-key and almost dismissive.[89] Eisenhower was even pleased that the USSR, not the U.S., would be the first to test the waters of the still-uncertain legal status of orbital satellite overflights.[90] Eisenhower had suffered the Soviet protests and shoot-downs of Project Genetrix (Moby Dick) balloons[91] and was concerned about the probability of a U-2 being shot down.[92] To set a precedent for "freedom of space" before the launch of America's secret WS-117L spy satellites,[93] the U.S. had launched Project Vanguard as its own "civilian" satellite entry for the International Geophysical Year.[94] Eisenhower greatly underestimated the reaction of the American public, who were shocked by the launch of Sputnik and by the televised failure of the Vanguard Test Vehicle 3 launch attempt. The sense of fear was inflamed by Democratic politicians and professional cold warriors, who portrayed the United States as woefully behind.[95] One of the many books that suddenly appeared for the lay-audience noted seven points of "impact" upon the nation: Western leadership, Western strategy and tactics, missile production, applied research, basic research, education, and democratic culture.[23]

text: The U.S. soon had a number of successful satellites, including Explorer 1, Project SCORE, and Courier 1B. However, public reaction to the Sputnik crisis spurred America to action in the Space Race, leading to the creation of both the Advanced Research Projects Agency (renamed the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency or DARPA in 1972),[96] and NASA (through the National Aeronautics and Space Act),[97] as well as an increase in U.S. government spending on scientific research and education.

text: Sputnik also contributed directly to a new emphasis on science and technology in American schools. With a sense of urgency, Congress enacted the 1958 National Defense Education Act, which provided low-interest loans for college tuition to students majoring in math and science.[98][99] After the launch of Sputnik, a poll conducted and published by the University of Michigan showed that 26% of Americans surveyed thought that Russian sciences and engineering were superior to that of the United States. (A year later, however, that figure had dropped to 10% as the U.S. began launching its own satellites into space.)[100]

text: One consequence of the Sputnik shock was the perception of a "missile gap."[101] This became a dominant issue in the 1960 Presidential campaign.

text: One irony of the Sputnik event was the initially low-key response of the Soviet Union. The Communist Party newspaper Pravda only printed a few paragraphs about Sputnik 1 on 4 October.[102] In the days following the world's startled response, the Soviets started celebrating their great accomplishment.

text: Sputnik also inspired a generation of engineers and scientists. Harrison Storms, the North American designer who was responsible for the X-15 rocket plane, and went on to head the effort to design the Apollo Command/Service Module and Saturn V launch vehicle's second stage was moved by the launch of Sputnik to think of space as being the next step for America.[103] Astronauts Alan Shepard, who was the first American in space, and Deke Slayton later wrote of how the sight of Sputnik I passing overhead inspired them to their new careers.[104] Homer Hickam's memoir Rocket Boys and the movie October Sky tell the story of how a coal miner's son, inspired by Sputnik, started building rockets in the mining town where he lived.

text: The launch of Sputnik 1 inspired United States writer Herb Caen to coin the term "beatnik" in an article about the Beat Generation in the San Francisco Chronicle on 2 April 1958[105].

text: The flag of the Russian city of Kaluga, which, due to its importance as Konstantin Tsiolkovsky's birthplace, is very focused on space, features a small Sputnik in the left section.

text: Backup units and replicas[edit]

text: At least two vintage duplicates of Sputnik 1 exist, built apparently as backup units. One resides just outside Moscow in the corporate museum of Energia, the modern descendant of Korolev's design bureau, where it is on display by appointment only.[106][107] Another is in the Museum of Flight in Seattle, Washington. Unlike Energia's unit, it has no internal components, but it does have casings and molded fittings inside (as well as evidence of battery wear), which suggest it was built as more than just a model. Authenticated by the Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics in Moscow, the unit was auctioned in 2001 and purchased by an anonymous private buyer who donated it to the museum.[106] Two more Sputnik backups are said to be in the personal collections of American entrepreneurs Richard Garriott[106] and Jay S. Walker.[108]

text: In 1959, the Soviet Union donated a replica of Sputnik to the United Nations.[109] There are dozens of other full-size Sputnik replicas, more or less accurate, on display in locations around the world, including the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C.;[106] the Frontiers of Flight Museum and the Fort Worth Museum of Science and History, both in Texas;[106][110] the Armstrong Air and Space Museum and the National Museum of the United States Air Force, both in Ohio; the Cosmosphere in Hutchinson, Kansas; the California Science Center in Los Angeles; the Science Museum, London; the World Museum in Liverpool; the Powerhouse Museum in Sydney, Australia and outside the Russian embassy in Madrid, Spain.

text: Three one-third scale student-built replicas of Sputnik 1 were deployed from the Mir space station between 1997 and 1999. The first, named Sputnik 40 to commemorate the fortieth anniversary of the launch of Sputnik 1, was deployed in November 1997.[73] Sputnik 41 was launched a year later, and Sputnik 99 was deployed in February 1999. A fourth replica was launched, but never deployed, and was destroyed when Mir was deorbited.[106][111]

text: In media[edit]

text:
Sputnik 1 is mentioned in the 1999 film Toy Story 2 as the cause of the interest of kids to space toys instead of western toys.
Sputnik 1 appears in the 1999 film The Iron Giant.
Sputnik 1, or a replica of it, appears in the 2008 film WALL-E, as the titular character exits Earth's atmosphere, attached to EVE's rocket, and finds a subsized Sputnik, still transmitting its radio signal, on his face.
Sputnik appears in the 1999 film October Sky as the catalyst for real-life NASA engineer Homer Hickam's interest in amateur rocketry.