document_title: Baltic Sea

question_text: which major russian city borders the baltic sea

question_tokens: which major russian city borders the baltic sea

text: Baltic Sea

text: Definitions[edit]

text: Administration

text: The Helsinki Convention on the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Baltic Sea Area includes the Baltic Sea and the Kattegat, without calling Kattegat a part of the Baltic Sea, "For the purposes of this Convention the "Baltic Sea Area" shall be the Baltic Sea and the Entrance to the Baltic Sea, bounded by the parallel of the Skaw in the Skagerrak at 57°44.43'N."[3]

text: Traffic history

text: Historically, the Kingdom of Denmark collected Sound Dues from ships at the border between the ocean and the land-locked Baltic Sea. They were collected in the Øresund at Kronborg castle near Helsingør, in the Great Belt at Nyborg. In the Little Belt, the site of intake was moved to Fredericia, after that stronghold had been built. The narrowest part of Little Belt is the "Middelfart Sund" near Middelfart.[4]

text: Oceanography

text: Geographers widely agree that the preferred physical border of the Baltic is a line drawn through the southern Danish islands, Drogden-Sill and Langeland.[5] The Drogden Sill is situated north of Køge Bugt and connects Dragør in the south of Copenhagen to Malmö; it is used by the Øresund Bridge, including the Drogden Tunnel. By this definition, the Danish Straits are part of the entrance, but the Bay of Mecklenburg and the Bay of Kiel are parts of the Baltic Sea. Another usual border is the line between Falsterbo, Sweden and Stevns Klint, Denmark, as this is the southern border of Øresund. It's also the border between the shallow southern Øresund (with a typical depth of 5–10 meters only) and notably deeper water.

text: Hydrography and biology

text: Drogden Sill (depth of 7 m (23 ft)) sets a limit to Øresund and Darss Sill (depth of 18 m (59 ft)), and a limit to the Belt Sea.[6] The shallow sills are obstacles to the flow of heavy salt water from the Kattegat into the basins around Bornholm and Gotland.

text: The Kattegat and the southwestern Baltic Sea are well oxygenated and have a rich biology. The remainder of the Sea is brackish, poor in oxygen and in species. Thus, statistically, the more of the entrance that is included in its definition, the healthier the Baltic appears; conversely, the more narrowly it is defined, the more endangered its biology appears.

text: Etymology[edit]

text: While Tacitus called it Mare Suebicum after the Germanic people of the Suebi,[7] and Ptolemy Sarmatian Ocean after the Sarmatians,[8] the first to name it the Baltic Sea (Mare Balticum) was the eleventh-century German chronicler Adam of Bremen. The origin of the latter name is speculative and it was adopted into Slavic and Finnic languages spoken around the sea, very likely due to the role of Medieval Latin in cartography. It might be connected to the Germanic word belt, a name used for two of the Danish straits, the Belts, while others claim it to be directly derived from the source of the Germanic word, Latin balteus "belt".[9] Adam of Bremen himself compared the sea with a belt, stating that it is so named because it stretches through the land as a belt (Balticus, eo quod in modum baltei longo tractu per Scithicas regiones tendatur usque in Greciam).

text: He might also have been influenced by the name of a legendary island mentioned in the Natural History of Pliny the Elder. Pliny mentions an island named Baltia (or Balcia) with reference to accounts of Pytheas and Xenophon. It is possible that Pliny refers to an island named Basilia ("the royal") in On the Ocean by Pytheas. Baltia also might be derived from belt and mean "near belt of sea, strait."

text: Meanwhile, others have suggested that the name of the island originates from the Proto-Indo-European root *bhel meaning "white, fair".[10] This root and its basic meaning were retained in both Lithuanian (as baltas) and Latvian (as balts). On this basis, a related hypothesis holds that the name originated from this Indo-European root via a Baltic language such as Lithuanian.[11] Another explanation is that, while derived from the aforementioned root, the name of the sea is related to names for various forms of water and related substances in several European languages, that might have been originally associated with colors found in swamps (compare Proto-Slavic *bolto "swamp"). Yet another explanation is that the name originally meant "enclosed sea, bay" as opposed to open sea.[12] Some Swedish historians believe the name derives from the god Baldr of Nordic mythology.

text: In the Middle Ages the sea was known by a variety of names. The name Baltic Sea became dominant only after 1600. Usage of Baltic and similar terms to denote the region east of the sea started only in 19th century.

text: Name in other languages[edit]

text: The Baltic Sea was known in ancient Latin language sources as Mare Suebicum or even Mare Germanicum.[13] Older native names in languages that used to be spoken on the shores of the sea or near it usually indicate the geographical location of the sea (in Germanic languages), or its size in relation to smaller gulfs (in Old Latvian), or tribes associated with it (in Old Russian the sea was known as the Varanghian Sea). In modern languages it is known by the equivalents of "East Sea", "West Sea", or "Baltic Sea" in different languages:

text:
"Baltic Sea" is used in English; in the Baltic languages Latvian (Baltijas jūra; in Old Latvian it was referred to as "the Big Sea", while the present day Gulf of Riga was referred to as "the Little Sea") and Lithuanian (Baltijos jūra); in Latin (Mare Balticum) and the Romance languages French (Mer Baltique), Italian (Mar Baltico), Portuguese (Mar Báltico), Romanian (Marea Baltică) and Spanish (Mar Báltico); in Greek (Βαλτική Θάλασσα Valtikí Thálassa); in Albanian (Deti Balltik); in Welsh (Môr Baltig); in the Slavic languages Polish (Morze Bałtyckie or Bałtyk), Czech (Baltské moře or Balt), Slovenian (Baltsko morje), Bulgarian (Балтийско море Baltijsko More), Kashubian (Bôłt), Macedonian (Балтичко Море Baltičko More), Ukrainian (Балтійське море Baltijs′ke More), Belarusian (Балтыйскае мора Baltyjskaje Mora), Russian (Балтийское море Baltiyskoye More) and Serbo-Croatian (Baltičko more / Балтичко море); in Hungarian (Balti-tenger).
In Germanic languages, except English, "East Sea" is used, as in Afrikaans (Oossee), Danish (Østersøen), Dutch (Oostzee), German (Ostsee), Icelandic and Faroese (Eystrasalt), Norwegian (Østersjøen), and Swedish (Östersjön). In Old English it was known as Ostsæ; also in Hungarian the former name was Keleti-tenger (due to German influence). In addition, Finnish, a Finnic language, has calqued the Swedish term as Itämeri "East Sea", disregarding the geography (the sea is west of Finland), though understandably since Finland was a part of Sweden from the Middle Ages until 1809.
In another Finnic language, Estonian, it is called the "West Sea" (Läänemeri), with the correct geography (the sea is west of Estonia).

text: History[edit]

text: Classical world[edit]

text: At the time of the Roman Empire, the Baltic Sea was known as the Mare Suebicum or Mare Sarmaticum. Tacitus in his AD 98 Agricola and Germania described the Mare Suebicum, named for the Suebi tribe, during the spring months, as a brackish sea where the ice broke apart and chunks floated about. The Suebi eventually migrated southwest to reside for a while in the Rhineland area of modern Germany, where their name survives in the historic region known as Swabia. Jordanes called it the Germanic Sea in his work, the Getica.

text: Middle Ages[edit]

text: In the early Middle Ages, Norse (Scandinavian) merchants built a trade empire all around the Baltic. Later, the Norse fought for control of the Baltic against Wendish tribes dwelling on the southern shore. The Norse also used the rivers of Russia for trade routes, finding their way eventually to the Black Sea and southern Russia. This Norse-dominated period is referred to as the Viking Age.

text: Since the Viking age, the Scandinavians have referred to the Baltic Sea as Austmarr ("Eastern Lake"). "Eastern Sea", appears in the Heimskringla and Eystra salt appears in Sörla þáttr. Saxo Grammaticus recorded in Gesta Danorum an older name, Gandvik, -vik being Old Norse for "bay", which implies that the Vikings correctly regarded it as an inlet of the sea. Another form of the name, "Grandvik", attested in at least one English translation of Gesta Danorum, is likely to be a misspelling.)

text: In addition to fish the sea also provides amber, especially from its southern shores within today's borders of Poland, Russia and Lithuania. First mentions of amber deposits on the South coast of the Baltic Sea date back to the 12th century.[14] The bordering countries have also traditionally exported lumber, wood tar, flax, hemp and furs by ship across the Baltic. Sweden had from early medieval times exported iron and silver mined there, while Poland had and still has extensive salt mines. Thus the Baltic Sea has long been crossed by much merchant shipping.

text: The lands on the Baltic's eastern shore were among the last in Europe to be converted to Christianity. This finally happened during the Northern Crusades: Finland in the twelfth century by Swedes, and what are now Estonia and Latvia in the early thirteenth century by Danes and Germans (Livonian Brothers of the Sword). The Teutonic Order gained control over parts of the southern and eastern shore of the Baltic Sea, where they set up their monastic state. Lithuania was the last European state to convert to Christianity.

text: An arena of conflict[edit]

text: In the period between the 8th and 14th centuries, there was much piracy in the Baltic from the coasts of Pomerania and Prussia, and the Victual Brothers even held Gotland.

text: Starting in the 11th century, the southern and eastern shores of the Baltic were settled by migrants mainly from Germany, a movement called the Ostsiedlung ("east settling"). Other settlers were from the Netherlands, Denmark, and Scotland. The Polabian Slavs were gradually assimilated by the Germans.[15] Denmark gradually gained control over most of the Baltic coast, until she lost much of her possessions after being defeated in the 1227 Battle of Bornhöved.

text: In the 13th to 16th centuries, the strongest economic force in Northern Europe was the Hanseatic League, a federation of merchant cities around the Baltic Sea and the North Sea. In the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, Poland, Denmark, and Sweden fought wars for Dominium maris baltici ("Lordship over the Baltic Sea"). Eventually, it was Sweden that virtually encompassed the Baltic Sea. In Sweden the sea was then referred to as Mare Nostrum Balticum ("Our Baltic Sea"). The goal of Swedish warfare during the 17th century was to make the Baltic Sea an all-Swedish sea (Ett Svenskt innanhav), something that was accomplished except the rout[clarification needed] between Riga in Latvia and Stettin in Pomerania. However, it was the Dutch who dominated Baltic trade in the seventeenth century.

text: In the eighteenth century, Russia and Prussia became the leading powers over the sea. Sweden's defeat in the Great Northern War brought Russia to the eastern coast. Russia became and remained a dominating power in the Baltic. Russia's Peter the Great saw the strategic importance of the Baltic and decided to found his new capital, Saint Petersburg, at the mouth of the Neva river at the east end of the Gulf of Finland. There was much trading not just within the Baltic region but also with the North Sea region, especially eastern England and the Netherlands: their fleets needed the Baltic timber, tar, flax and hemp.

text: During the Crimean War, a joint British and French fleet attacked the Russian fortresses in the Baltic. They bombarded Sveaborg, which guards Helsinki; and Kronstadt, which guards Saint Petersburg; and they destroyed Bomarsund in the Åland Islands. After the unification of Germany in 1871, the whole southern coast became German. World War I was partly fought in the Baltic Sea. After 1920 Poland was connected to the Baltic Sea by the Polish Corridor and enlarged the port of Gdynia in rivalry with the port of the Free City of Danzig.

text: During World War II, Germany reclaimed all of the southern and much of the eastern shore by occupying Poland and the Baltic states. In 1945, the Baltic Sea became a mass grave for retreating soldiers and refugees on torpedoed troop transports. The sinking of the Wilhelm Gustloff remains the worst maritime disaster in history, killing (very roughly) 9,000 people. In 2005, a Russian group of scientists found over five thousand airplane wrecks, sunken warships, and other material, mainly from World War II, on the bottom of the sea.

text: Since World War II[edit]

text: Since the end of World War II, various nations, including the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States, have disposed of chemical weapons in the Baltic Sea, raising concerns of environmental contamination.[16] Even now fishermen accidentally retrieve some of these materials: the most recent available report from the Helsinki Commission notes that four small scale catches of chemical munitions representing approximately 105 kg (231 lb) of material were reported in 2005. This is a reduction from the 25 incidents representing 1,110 kg (2,450 lb) of material in 2003.[17] Until now, the U.S. Government refuses to disclose the exact coordinates of the wreck sites. Rotting bottles leak Lost and other substances, thus slowly poisoning a substantial part of the Baltic Sea.

text: After 1945, the German population was expelled from all areas east of the Oder-Neisse line, making room for displaced Poles and Russians. Poland gained most of the southern shore. The Soviet Union gained another access to the Baltic with the Kaliningrad Oblast. The Baltic states on the eastern shore were annexed by the Soviet Union. The Baltic then separated opposing military blocs: NATO and the Warsaw Pact. Had war broken out, the Polish navy was prepared to invade the Danish isles. This border status restricted trade and travel. It ended only after the collapse of the Communist regimes in Central and Eastern Europe in the late 1980s.

text: Since May 2004, with the accession of the Baltic states and Poland, the Baltic Sea has been almost entirely surrounded by countries of the European Union (EU). The only remaining non-EU shore areas are Russian: the Saint Petersburg area and the exclave of the Kaliningrad Oblast.

text: Winter storms begin arriving in the region during October. These have caused numerous shipwrecks, and contributed to the extreme difficulties of rescuing passengers of the ferry M/S Estonia en route from Tallinn, Estonia, to Stockholm, Sweden, in September 1994, which claimed the lives of 852 people. Older, wood-based shipwrecks such as the Vasa tend to remain well-preserved, as the Baltic's cold and brackish water does not suit the shipworm.

text: Storm floods[edit]

text: Storm surge floodings are generally taken to occur when the water level is more than one metre above normal. In Warnemünde about 110 floods occurred from 1950 to 2000, an average of just over two per year.[18]

text: Historic flood events were the All Saints' Flood of 1304 and other floods in the years 1320, 1449, 1625, 1694, 1784 and 1825. Little is known of their extent.[19] From 1872, there exist regular and reliable records of water levels in the Baltic Sea. The highest was the flood of 1872 when the water was an average of 2.43 m (8 ft 0 in) above sea level at Warnemünde and a maximum of 2.83 m (9 ft 3 in) above sea level in Warnemünde. In the last very heavy floods the average water levels reached 1.88 m (6 ft 2 in) above sea level in 1904, 1.89 m (6 ft 2 in) in 1913, 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) in January 1954, 1.68 m (5 ft 6 in) on 2–4 November 1995 and 1.65 m (5 ft 5 in) on 21 February 2002.[20]

text: Geography[edit]

text: Geophysical data[edit]

text: An arm of the North Atlantic Ocean,[21] the Baltic Sea is enclosed by Sweden and Denmark to the northwest, Finland to the northeast, the Baltic countries to the southeast, and the North European Plain to the southwest.

text: It is about 1,600 km (990 mi) long, an average of 193 km (120 mi) wide, and an average of 55 metres (180 ft) deep. The maximum depth is 459 m (1,506 ft) which is on the Swedish side of the center. The surface area is about 349,644 km2 (134,998 sq mi) [22] and the volume is about 20,000 km3 (4,800 cu mi). The periphery amounts to about 8,000 km (5,000 mi) of coastline.[23]

text: The Baltic Sea is one of the largest brackish inland seas by area, and occupies a basin (a zungenbecken) formed by glacial erosion during the last few ice ages.

text: Physical characteristics of the Baltic Sea, its main sub-regions, and the transition zone to the Skagerrak/North Sea area[24]

text:
Sub-area
Area
Volume
Maximum depth
Average depth

km2
km3
m
m

1. Baltic proper
211,069
13,045
459
62.1

2. Gulf of Bothnia
115,516
6,389
230
60.2

3. Gulf of Finland
29,600
1,100
123
38.0

4. Gulf of Riga
16,300
424
> 60
26.0

5. Belt Sea/Kattegat
42,408
802
109
18.9

Total Baltic Sea
415,266
21,721
459
52.3

text: Extent[edit]

text: The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Baltic Sea as follows:[25]

text:
In the Little Belt. A line joining Falshöft (54°47′N 9°57.5′E / 54.783°N 9.9583°E / 54.783; 9.9583) and Vejsnæs Nakke (Ærø: 54°49′N 10°26′E / 54.817°N 10.433°E / 54.817; 10.433).
In the Great Belt. A line joining Gulstav (South extreme of Langeland Island) and Kappel Kirke (54°46′N 11°01′E / 54.767°N 11.017°E / 54.767; 11.017) on Island of Lolland.
In the Guldborg Sound. A line joining Flinthorne-Rev and Skjelby (54°38′N 11°53′E / 54.633°N 11.883°E / 54.633; 11.883).
In the Sound. A line joining Stevns Lighthouse (55°17′N 12°27′E / 55.283°N 12.450°E / 55.283; 12.450) and Falsterbo Point (55°23′N 12°49′E / 55.383°N 12.817°E / 55.383; 12.817).

text: Subdivisions[edit]

text: The northern part of the Baltic Sea is known as the Gulf of Bothnia, of which the northernmost part is the Bay of Bothnia or Bothnian Bay. The more rounded southern basin of the gulf is called Bothnian Sea and immediately to the south of it lies the Sea of Åland. The Gulf of Finland connects the Baltic Sea with Saint Petersburg. The Gulf of Riga lies between the Latvian capital city of Riga and the Estonian island of Saaremaa.

text: The Northern Baltic Sea lies between the Stockholm area, southwestern Finland and Estonia. The Western and Eastern Gotland Basins form the major parts of the Central Baltic Sea or Baltic proper. The Bornholm Basin is the area east of Bornholm, and the shallower Arkona Basin extends from Bornholm to the Danish isles of Falster and Zealand.

text: In the south, the Bay of Gdańsk lies east of the Hel Peninsula on the Polish coast and west of the Sambia Peninsula in Kaliningrad Oblast. The Bay of Pomerania lies north of the islands of Usedom and Wolin, east of Rügen. Between Falster and the German coast lie the Bay of Mecklenburg and Bay of Lübeck. The westernmost part of the Baltic Sea is the Bay of Kiel. The three Danish straits, the Great Belt, the Little Belt and The Sound (Öresund/Øresund), connect the Baltic Sea with the Kattegat and Skagerrak strait in the North Sea.

text: The ice[edit]

text: On the long-term average, the Baltic Sea is ice-covered at the annual maximum for about 45% of its surface area. The ice-covered area during such a typical winter includes the Gulf of Bothnia, the Gulf of Finland, the Gulf of Riga, the archipelago west of Estonia, the Stockholm archipelago, and the Archipelago Sea southwest of Finland. The remainder of the Baltic does not freeze during a normal winter, with the exception of sheltered bays and shallow lagoons such as the Curonian Lagoon. The ice reaches its maximum extent in February or March; typical ice thickness in the northernmost areas in the Bothnian Bay, the northern basin of the Gulf of Bothnia, is about 70 cm (28 in) for landfast sea ice. The thickness decreases farther south.

text: Freezing begins in the northern extremities of Gulf of Bothnia typically in the middle of November, reaching the open waters of the Bothnian Bay in early January. The Bothnian Sea, the basin south of Kvarken, freezes on average in late February. The Gulf of Finland and the Gulf of Riga freeze typically in late January. In 2011, the Gulf of Finland was completely frozen on 15 February.[27]

text: The ice extent depends on whether the winter is mild, moderate, or severe. Severe winters can lead to ice formation around southern Sweden and even in the Danish straits. According to the 18th-century natural historian William Derham, during the severe winters of 1703 and 1708, the ice cover reached as far as the Danish straits.[28] Frequently, parts of the Gulf of Bothnia and Gulf of Finland are frozen, in addition to coastal fringes in more southerly locations such as the Gulf of Riga. This description meant that the whole of the Baltic Sea was covered with ice.

text: It is known that since 1720, the Baltic Sea has frozen over entirely a total of 20 times. The most recent case was in early 1987, which was the most severe winter in Scandinavia since that date. The ice then covered 400,000 km2 (150,000 sq mi). During the winter of 2010–11, which was quite severe compared to those of the last decades, the maximum ice cover was 315,000 km2 (122,000 sq mi), which was reached on 25 February 2011. The ice then extended from the north down to the northern tip of Gotland, with small ice-free areas on either side, and the east coast of the Baltic Sea was covered by an ice sheet about 25 to 100 km (16 to 62 mi) wide all the way to Gdańsk. This was brought about by a stagnant high-pressure area that lingered over central and northern Scandinavia from around 10 to 24 February. After this, strong southern winds pushed the ice further into the north, and much of the waters north of Gotland were again free of ice, which had then packed against the shores of southern Finland.[29] The effects of the afore-mentioned high-pressure area did not reach the southern parts of the Baltic Sea, and thus the entire sea did not freeze over. However, floating ice was additionally observed near Świnoujście harbour in January 2010.

text: In recent years prior to 2011, the Bothnian Bay and the Bothnian Sea were frozen with solid ice near the Baltic coast and dense floating ice far from it. In 2008, there was almost no ice formation except for a short period in March.[30]

text: During winter, fast ice, which is attached to the shoreline, develops first, rendering ports unusable without the services of icebreakers. Level ice, ice sludge, pancake ice, and rafter ice form in the more open regions. The gleaming expanse of ice is similar to the Arctic, with wind-driven pack ice and ridges up to 15 m (49 ft). Offshore of the landfast ice, the ice remains very dynamic all year, and it is relatively easily moved around by winds and therefore forms pack ice, made up of large piles and ridges pushed against the landfast ice and shores.

text: In spring, the Gulf of Finland and the Gulf of Bothnia normally thaw in late April, with some ice ridges persisting until May in the eastern extremities of the Gulf of Finland. In the northernmost reaches of the Bothnian Bay, ice usually stays until late May; by early June it is practically always gone. However, in the famine year of 1867 remnants of ice were observed as late as July 17 near Uddskär.[31] Even as far south as Øresund, remnants of ice have been observed in May on several occasions; near Taarbaek on May 15, 1942 and near Copenhagen on May 11, 1771. Drift ice was also observed on May 11, 1799.[32][33][34]

text: The ice cover is the main habitat for two large mammals, the grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) and the Baltic ringed seal (Pusa hispida botnica), both of which feed underneath the ice and breed on its surface. Of these two seals, only the Baltic ringed seal suffers when there is not adequate ice in the Baltic Sea, as it feeds its young only while on ice. The grey seal is adapted to reproducing also with no ice in the sea. The sea ice also harbours several species of algae that live in the bottom and inside unfrozen brine pockets in the ice.

text: Hydrography[edit]

text: The Baltic Sea flows out through the Danish straits; however, the flow is complex. A surface layer of brackish water discharges 940 km3 (230 cu mi) per year into the North Sea. Due to the difference in salinity, by salinity permeation principle, a sub-surface layer of more saline water moving in the opposite direction brings in 475 km3 (114 cu mi) per year. It mixes very slowly with the upper waters, resulting in a salinity gradient from top to bottom, with most of the salt water remaining below 40 to 70 m (130 to 230 ft) deep. The general circulation is anti-clockwise: northwards along its eastern boundary, and south along the western one .[35]

text: The difference between the outflow and the inflow comes entirely from fresh water. More than 250 streams drain a basin of about 1,600,000 km2 (620,000 sq mi), contributing a volume of 660 km3 (160 cu mi) per year to the Baltic. They include the major rivers of north Europe, such as the Oder, the Vistula, the Neman, the Daugava and the Neva. Additional fresh water comes from the difference of precipitation less evaporation, which is positive.

text: An important source of salty water are infrequent inflows of North Sea water into the Baltic. Such inflows, important to the Baltic ecosystem because of the oxygen they transport into the Baltic deeps, used to happen on average every four to five years until the 1980s. In recent decades they have become less frequent. The latest four occurred in 1983, 1993, 2003 and 2014 suggesting a new inter-inflow period of about ten years.

text: The water level is generally far more dependent on the regional wind situation than on tidal effects. However, tidal currents occur in narrow passages in the western parts of the Baltic Sea.

text: The significant wave height is generally much lower than that of the North Sea. Violent and sudden storms often sweep the surface, due to large transient temperature differences and a long reach of wind. Seasonal winds also cause small changes in sea level, of the order of 0.5 m (1 ft 8 in) .[35]

text: Salinity[edit]

text: The Baltic Sea's salinity is much lower than that of ocean water (which averages 3.5%), as a result of abundant freshwater runoff from the surrounding land, combined with the shallowness of the sea itself; runoff contributes roughly one-fortieth its total volume per year, as the volume of the basin is about 21,000 km3 (5,000 cu mi) and yearly runoff is about 500 km3 (120 cu mi). The open surface waters of the central basin have salinity of 0.5% to 0.8%, which makes the basin border-line freshwater. Drinking the water as a means of survival would actually hydrate the body instead of dehydrating, as is the case with ocean water.[note 1] At the semi-enclosed bays with major freshwater inflows, such as the head of Finnish Gulf with the Neva mouth and the head of the Bothnian Gulf with the close mouths of the Lule, Tornio and Kemi, the salinity is considerably lower. Below 40 to 70 m (130 to 230 ft), the salinity is between 1.0% and 1.5% in the open Baltic Sea, and higher near the Danish Straits, but this is still less than half that of ocean water.

text: The flow of fresh water into the sea from approximately two hundred rivers and the introduction of salt from the South builds up a gradient of salinity in the Baltic Sea. Near the Danish straits the salinity is close to that of the Kattegat, but still not fully oceanic, because the saltiest water that passes the straits is already mixed with considerable amounts of outflow water. The salinity steadily decreases towards North and East. At the northern part of the Gulf of Bothnia the water is no longer salty and many fresh water species live in the sea. The salinity gradient is paralleled by a temperature gradient. These two factors limit many species of animals and plants to a relatively narrow region of the Baltic Sea.

text: The most saline water is vertically stratified in the water column to the north, creating a barrier to the exchange of oxygen and nutrients, and fostering completely separate maritime environments.[36]

text: Major tributaries[edit]

text: The rating of mean discharges differs from the ranking of hydrological lengths (from the most distant source to the sea) and the rating of the nominal lengths. Göta älv, a tributary of the Kattegat, is not listed, as due to the northward upper low-salinity-flow in the sea, its water hardly reaches the Baltic proper:

text:
Name
Mean
Discharge
(m3/s)
Length (km)
Basin (km2)
States sharing the basin
Longest watercourse

Neva
2500
74 (nominal)
860 (hydrological)
281,000
Russia, Finland (Ladoga-affluent Vuoksi)
Suna (280 km) → Lake Onega (160 km) →
Svir (224 km) → Lake Ladoga (122 km) → Neva

Vistula
1080
1047
194,424
Poland, tributaries: Belarus, Ukraine, Slovakia

Daugava
678
1020
87,900
Russia (source), Latvia

Neman
678
937
98,200
Belarus (source), Lithuania, Russia

Kemijoki
556
550 (main river)
600 (river system)
51,127
Finland, Norway (source of Ounasjoki)
longer tributary Kitinen

Oder
540
866
118,861
Czech Republic (source), Poland, Germany

Lule älv
506
461
25,240
Sweden

Narva
415
77 (nominal)
652 (hydrological)
56,200
Russia (Source of Velikaya), Estonia
Velikaya (430 km) → Lake Peipus (145 km) → Narva

Torne älv
388
520 (nominal)
630 (hydrological)
40,131
Norway (source), Sweden, Finland
Válfojohka → Kamajåkka → Abiskojaure → Abiskojokk
(total 40 km) → Torneträsk (70 km) → Torne älv

text: Islands and archipelagoes[edit]

text:
Åland Islands (Finland, autonomous)
Archipelago Sea (Finland)

Pargas
Nagu
Korpo
Houtskär
Kustavi
Kimito

Blekinge archipelago (Sweden)
Bornholm, including Christiansø (Denmark)
Falster (Denmark)
Gotland (Sweden)
Hailuoto (Finland)
Kotlin (Russia)
Lolland (Denmark)
Kvarken archipelago, including Valsörarna (Finland)
Møn (Denmark)
Öland (Sweden)
Rügen (Germany)
Stockholm archipelago (Sweden)

Värmdön (Sweden)

Usedom or Uznam (split between Germany and Poland)
West Estonian archipelago (Estonia):

Hiiumaa
Muhu
Saaremaa
Vormsi

Wolin (Poland)
Zealand (Denmark)

text: Coastal countries[edit]

text: Countries that border the sea:

text: Denmark,  Estonia,  Finland,  Germany,  Latvia,  Lithuania,  Poland,  Russia,  Sweden.

text: Countries that are in the drainage basin but do not border the sea:

text: Belarus,  Czech Republic,  Norway,  Slovakia,  Ukraine.

text: The Baltic sea drainage basin is roughly four times the surface area of the sea itself. About 48% of the region is forested, with Sweden and Finland containing the majority of the forest, especially around the Gulfs of Bothnia and Finland.

text: About 20% of the land is used for agriculture and pasture, mainly in Poland and around the edge of the Baltic Proper, in Germany, Denmark and Sweden. About 17% of the basin is unused open land with another 8% of wetlands. Most of the latter are in the Gulfs of Bothnia and Finland.

text: The rest of the land is heavily populated. About 85 million people live in the Baltic drainage basin, 15 million within 10 km (6 mi) of the coast and 29 million within 50 km (31 mi) of the coast. Around 22 million live in population centers of over 250,000. 90% of these are concentrated in the 10 km (6 mi) band around the coast. Of the nations containing all or part of the basin, Poland includes 45% of the 85 million, Russia 12%, Sweden 10% and the others less than 6% each.[citation needed]

text: Cities[edit]

text:
The biggest coastal cities (by population):

Saint Petersburg (Russia) 4,700,000 (metropolitan area 6,000,000)
Stockholm (Sweden) 843,139 (metropolitan area 2,046,103)
Riga (Latvia) 696,567 (metropolitan area 842,000)
Helsinki (Finland) 605,022 (metropolitan area 1,358,901)
Gdańsk (Poland) 462,700 (metropolitan area 1,041,000)
Tallinn (Estonia) 435,245 (metropolitan area 542,983)
Kaliningrad (Russia) 431,500
Szczecin (Poland) 413,600 (metropolitan area 778,000)
Gdynia (Poland) 255,600 (metropolitan area 1,041,000)
Kiel (Germany) 242,000[37]
Espoo (Finland) 257,195 (part of Helsinki metropolitan area)
Lübeck (Germany) 216,100
Rostock (Germany) 212,700
Klaipėda (Lithuania) 194,400
Oulu (Finland) 191,050
Turku (Finland) 180,350

Important ports:
Estonia:

Pärnu 44,568
Maardu 16,570
Sillamäe 16,567

Finland:

Pori 83,272
Kotka 54,887
Kokkola 46,809
Port of Naantali 18,789
Mariehamn 11,372
Hanko 9,270

Germany:

Stralsund 58,000
Greifswald 55,000
Wismar 44,000
Eckernförde 22,000
Neustadt in Holstein 16,000
Wolgast 12,000
Sassnitz 10,000

Latvia:

Liepāja 85,000
Ventspils 44,000

Lithuania:

Klaipėda 194,000
Palanga 15,000

Poland:

Kołobrzeg 44,800
Świnoujście 41,500
Police 34,284
Władysławowo 15,000
Darłowo 14,000

Russia:

Vyborg 79,962
Baltiysk 34,000

Sweden:

Norrköping 84,000
Gävle 69,000
Trelleborg 26,000
Karlshamn 19,000
Oxelösund 11,000

text: Geology[edit]

text:
Evolution of the Baltic Sea

Pleistocene

Eemian Sea (130,000–115,000 BP)
Ice sheets and seas (115,000–12,600 BP)

Holocene

Baltic Ice Lake (12,600–10,300 BP)
Yoldia Sea (10,300–9,500 BP)
Ancylus Lake (9,500–8,000 BP)
Mastogloia Sea (8,000–7,500 BP)
Littorina Sea (7,500–4,000 BP)
Modern Baltic Sea (4,000 BP–present)

v
t
e

text: The Baltic Sea somewhat resembles a riverbed, with two tributaries, the Gulf of Finland and Gulf of Bothnia. Geological surveys show that before the Pleistocene, instead of the Baltic Sea, there was a wide plain around a great river paleontologists call the Eridanos. Several Pleistocene glacial episodes scooped out the river bed into the sea basin. By the time of the last, or Eemian Stage (MIS 5e), the Eemian Sea was in place. Instead of a true sea, the Baltic can even today also be understood as the common estuary of all rivers flowing into it.

text: From that time the waters underwent a geologic history summarized under the names listed below. Many of the stages are named after marine animals (e.g. the Littorina mollusk) that are clear markers of changing water temperatures and salinity.

text: The factors that determined the sea's characteristics were the submergence or emergence of the region due to the weight of ice and subsequent isostatic readjustment, and the connecting channels it found to the North Sea-Atlantic, either through the straits of Denmark or at what are now the large lakes of Sweden, and the White Sea-Arctic Sea.

text:
Eemian Sea, 130,000–115,000 (years ago)
Baltic Ice Lake, 12,600–10,300
Yoldia Sea, 10,300–9500
Ancylus Lake, 9,500–8,000
Mastogloia Sea 8,000–7,500
Littorina Sea, 7,500–4,000
Post-Littorina Sea 4,000–present

text: The land is still emerging isostatically from its depressed state, which was caused by the weight of ice during the last glaciation. The phenomenon is known as post-glacial rebound. Consequently, the surface area and the depth of the sea are diminishing. The uplift is about eight millimetres per year on the Finnish coast of the northernmost Gulf of Bothnia. In the area, the former seabed is only gently sloping, leading to large areas of land being reclaimed in what are, geologically speaking, relatively short periods (decades and centuries).

text: Anomalous object/formation[edit]

text: This section may present fringe theories, without giving appropriate weight to the mainstream view, and explaining the responses to the fringe theories. Please help improve it or discuss the issue on the talk page. (September 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The Baltic Sea anomaly is a 60-metre (200 ft) diameter circular rock-like formation on the floor of the northern Baltic Sea at the center of the Bothnian Sea, discovered by Peter Lindberg, Dennis Åsberg and their Swedish "Ocean X" diving team in June 2011. The team reported that the formation rests on a pillar and includes a structure similar in appearance to a staircase, leading to a dark hole.

text: According to Ocean X, the formation has an appearance of "rough granite", is round, 3 to 4 metres (9.8 to 13.1 ft) thick and approximately 60 metres (200 ft) in diameter, stands on an 8-metre-tall (26 ft) pillar-like feature, and is located at a depth of 85 to 90 metres (279 to 295 ft). There is also another smaller object not far away.[38][39][40][41] The object is at the end of what resembles a 300-metre (980 ft) "runway".[42]

text: The Ocean X team has published one additional close-up sonar scan on their Web site and nine additional close-up sonar scans on their YouTube page that appear to show a 90-degree angle and other features of the object.[43][44]

text: On their second expedition, they reported that they found something that looks like a staircase and a round black hole that goes directly into the structure.[45]

text: Biology[edit]

text: Fauna[edit]

text: The fauna of the Baltic sea is a mixture of marine and freshwater species. Among marine fishes are cod, herring, hake, plaice, flounder, shorthorn sculpin, stickleback and turbot, and examples of freshwater species include perch, pike, whitefish and roach.

text: There is a decrease in faunal species from the Belts to the Gulf of Bothnia. The decreasing salinity along this path causes restrictions in both physiology and habitats.[46] The lack of tides has affected the marine species as compared with the Atlantic.

text: Since the Baltic Sea is so young there are only a few endemic species. The mostly asexually reproducing brown alga Fucus radicans seems to have evolved in the basin. Another endemic is the Copenhagen cockle parvicardium hauniense. However, several marine species have populations in the Baltic Sea adapted to the low salinity, such as the Baltic Sea herring which is smaller than the Atlantic herring.

text: A peculiar feature of the fauna is that it contains a number of glacial relict species, isolated populations of arctic species which have remained in the Baltic Sea since the last glaciation, such as the large isopod Saduria entomon, the Baltic subspecies of ringed seal, and the fourhorn sculpin. Some of these relicts are derived from glacial lakes, such as Monoporeia affinis, which is a main element in the benthic fauna of the low-salinity Bothnian Bay.

text: Cetaceans in Baltic Sea have been monitored by the ASCOBANS. Critically endangered populations of Atlantic white-sided dolphins and harbor porpoises inhabit the sea where white-colored porpoises have been recorded,[47] and occasionally oceanic and out-of-range species such as minke whales,[48] bottlenose dolphins,[49] beluga whales,[50] orcas,[51] and beaked whales[52] visit the waters. In recent years, very small, but with increasing rates, fin whales[53][54][55][56] and humpback whales migrate into Baltic sea including mother and calf pair.[57] Now extinct Atlantic grey whales (remains found from Gräsö along Bothnian Sea/southern Bothnian Gulf[58] and Ystad[59]) and eastern population of North Atlantic right whales that is facing functional extinction[60] once migrated into Baltic Sea.[61]

text: Strandings of Leatherback turtles have been recorded in Baltic Sea, too.[62] Other notable megafauna include the basking sharks.[63]

text: Environmental status[edit]

text: Satellite images taken in July 2010 revealed a massive algal bloom covering 377,000 square kilometres (146,000 sq mi) in the Baltic Sea. The area of the bloom extended from Germany and Poland to Finland. Researchers of the phenomenon have indicated that algal blooms have occurred every summer for decades. Fertilizer runoff from surrounding agricultural land has exacerbated the problem and led to increased eutrophication.[64]

text: Approximately 100,000 km2 (38,610 sq mi) of the Baltic's seafloor (a quarter of its total area) is a variable dead zone. The more saline (and therefore denser) water remains on the bottom, isolating it from surface waters and the atmosphere. This leads to decreased oxygen concentrations within the zone. It is mainly bacteria that grow in it, digesting organic material and releasing hydrogen sulfide. Because of this large anaerobic zone, the seafloor ecology differs from that of the neighbouring Atlantic.

text: Plans to artificially oxygenate areas of the Baltic that have experienced eutrophication have been proposed by the University of Gothenburg and Inocean AB. The proposal intends to use wind-driven pumps to inject oxygen (air) into waters at, or around, 130m below sea level.[65]

text: Economy[edit]

text: Construction of the Great Belt Bridge in Denmark (completed 1997) and the Øresund Bridge-Tunnel (completed 1999), linking Denmark with Sweden, provided a highway and railroad connection between Sweden and the Danish mainland (the Jutland Peninsula, precisely the Zealand). The undersea tunnel of the Øresund Bridge-Tunnel provides for navigation of large ships into and out of the Baltic Sea. The Baltic Sea is the main trade route for export of Russian petroleum. Many of the countries neighboring the Baltic Sea have been concerned about this, since a major oil leak in a seagoing tanker would be disastrous for the Baltic—given the slow exchange of water. The tourism industry surrounding the Baltic Sea is naturally concerned about oil pollution.

text: Much shipbuilding is carried out in the shipyards around the Baltic Sea. The largest shipyards are at Gdańsk, Gdynia, and Szczecin, Poland; Kiel, Germany; Karlskrona and Malmö, Sweden; Rauma, Turku, and Helsinki, Finland; Riga, Ventspils, and Liepāja, Latvia; Klaipėda, Lithuania; and Saint Petersburg, Russia.

text: There are several cargo and passenger ferries that operate on the Baltic Sea, such as Scandlines, Silja Line, Polferries, the Viking Line, Tallink, and Superfast Ferries.

text: Tourism[edit]

text:
Piers

Ahlbeck (Usedom), Germany
Heiligendamm, Germany
Liepaja, Latvia
Klaipėda, Lithuania
Gdynia, Poland
Kołobrzeg, Poland
Misdroy, Poland
Sopot, Poland

Resort towns

Pärnu, Estonia
Hanko, Finland
Mariehamn, Finland
Ueckermünde, Germany
Travemünde, Germany
Jūrmala, Latvia
Nida, Lithuania
Palanga, Lithuania
Kamień Pomorski, Poland
Kołobrzeg, Poland
Sopot, Poland
Świnoujście, Poland
Ustka, Poland
Svetlogorsk, Russia

text: The Helsinki Convention[edit]

text: 1974 Convention[edit]

text: For the first time ever, all the sources of pollution around an entire sea were made subject to a single convention, signed in 1974 by the then seven Baltic coastal states. The 1974 Convention entered into force on 3 May 1980.

text: 1992 Convention[edit]

text: In the light of political changes and developments in international environmental and maritime law, a new convention was signed in 1992 by all the states bordering on the Baltic Sea, and the European Community. After ratification the Convention entered into force on 17 January 2000. The Convention covers the whole of the Baltic Sea area, including inland waters and the water of the sea itself, as well as the seabed. Measures are also taken in the whole catchment area of the Baltic Sea to reduce land-based pollution. The Convention on the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Baltic Sea Area, 1992, entered into force on 17 January 2000.

text: The governing body of the Convention is the Helsinki Commission,[66] also known as HELCOM, or Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission. The present contracting parties are Denmark, Estonia, the European Community, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia and Sweden.

text: The ratification instruments were deposited by the European Community, Germany, Latvia and Sweden in 1994, by Estonia and Finland in 1995, by Denmark in 1996, by Lithuania in 1997 and by Poland and Russia in November 1999.


document_title: Lester Barrie

question_text: who played the pastor in don't be a menace

question_tokens: who played the pastor in do n 't be a menace

root

text: Lester Barrie

text: Lester Barrie is a Southern California Christian Pastor, a professional stand up comedian, and former movie and television actor.

tag: p

text: Rev Lester Eugene Barrie is currently the Senior Pastor of the Bible Believers Missionary Baptist Church in Lakewood CA where he has served since 2011.

text: Additionally, Lester Barrie makes stand up comedy appearances at clubs, colleges, and churches around the country.

text: He is a native of Chicago, Illinois and a graduate of the University of Southern California.

text: In 2006 Lester Barrie Founded Perfecting Christian Fellowship Church in the City of Carson California and after moving around for many years, the ministry merged its membership and ministry efforts with the Bible Believers MBC in 2011.

text: Additionally Lester Barrie has enjoyed much success as a stand up comedian over the years. In 1993 he won best comedian on Star Search over a young Dave Chappelle. In 1999 he would host a season of Comic View on Black Entertainment Television.

text: His latest television appearance as a stand up comedian would be a set on Martin Lawrence's "First Amendment Stand Up" on the STARZ Network in 2009. To date Lester Barrie still makes frequent appearances at the Laugh Factory in Hollywood and Long Beach California.

text: Lester Barrie also enjoyed moderate success in small acting roles as well, most notably guest starred on several episodes of Fox's & Sci-Fi Networks Sliders and best known in a guest role in the Wayan's Bros. film Don't Be A Menace To South Central While Drinking Your Juice In The Hood as the Preacher.

text: Lester has a 22 year old son from a previous marriage and is remarried since 2013 with a daughter born in 2016.


document_title: Charity Tate

question_text: who did charity sell her baby to in emmerdale

text: Charity Tate

text: Storylines[edit]

text: Charity comes to Emmerdale for her cousin, Butch's (Paul Loughran) funeral.[2][3] It emerges that she is working as a prostitute and there is a warrant out for her arrest. Charity stays with Zak Dingle (Steve Halliwell) and his wife Lisa (Jane Cox).

text: Charity begins dating Chris Tate, which his sister, Zoe, is unhappy about and offers her money to end it but Charity refuses. Zoe and Charity then have an affair but Charity ends it when Zoe gets too possessive. Chris proposes marriage and Charity accepts so Zoe records Charity taking about their affair and blackmails her to sign a prenuptial agreement. However, Charity tells Chris about her affair and Chris forgives her, tearing up the pre-nup and Zoe moves out. Chris and Charity marry and Charity helps Chris run his business empire.

text: Chris and Charity eventually realize that Zoe is ill and she has to be sectioned. While in hospital, she is diagnosed with schizophrenia. Charity supports Zoe when she realizes she is pregnant and considers giving the baby up for adoption, revealing she had a baby girl that she put up for adoption. Charity is shocked when Paddy (Dominic Brunt) and Emily Kirk's (Kate McGregor) foster daughter, Debbie Jones (Charley Webb), realizes that Charity is her birth mother. Charity initially refuses contact with Debbie but comforts her when her mother dies. Despite her reserve, she and Debbie bond so Charity files for custody and wins, much to Paddy and Emily's dismay. Charity is delighted when Chris and Debbie bond and he suggests adopting her. Cain later realizes that he is Debbie's father and bonds with his daughter, leading him and Charity to begin an affair. Chris sees them and throws her out. A month later, Charity goes to Home Farm to discuss her marriage, hoping they will reconcile. However, Chris knows that he has an inoperable brain tumour and frames Charity for his murder, before committing suicide. The police arrest Charity after finding her fingerprints on Chris's glass and her signature on an order for poison. She and Cain blame each other so Charity is released on bail when she learns that she is pregnant and moves in with Marlon. After getting drunk, they sleep together. Charity realizes Zoe knows that Chris killed himself and kisses her but Zoe testifies that Charity killed Chris so Charity is found guilty and sentenced to life imprisonment. While in prison, she gives birth to a son who she names Noah (Alfie Mortimer). Unsure of Noah's paternity, she arranges for Zoe, Cain and Marlon to do a DNA test and the results show that Chris is Noah's father. Charity strikes a deal with Zoe - she can have custody of Noah in return for £20,000 and evidence that Chris committed suicide. Zoe agrees and Charity is released. Zoe refuses to allow Charity any contact with Noah, who she calls Christopher, and plans to adopt him but permission is refused, due to already having 2 children (Chris's eldest son, Joseph (Oliver Young), and her daughter, Jean (Megan Pearson), running Home Farm and her mental health issues. Social Services ask Charity to decide if she wants to raise him or put him up for adoption elsewhere. She chooses to raise him and Zoe returns him to Charity.

text: Charity set her sights on Tom King (Ken Farrington) and gets a job as his secretary. Tom's daughter-in-law, Sadie (Patsy Kensit), takes an instant dislike to Charity and tries to sabotage the plan. Unfortunately this doesn't work and Sadie is forced to accept that Charity is Tom's new partner. Eventually Tom proposes and Charity accepts but Sadie refuses to accept this and hires Cain to kiss Charity in front of a photographer and shows the pictures to Tom. He calls the wedding off, leaving Charity furious. Knowing Sadie is responsible, they fight before she returns to the Dingles. In revenge, Charity has an affair with Jimmy (Nick Miles), Sadie's husband, looking for something she can use against Sadie. She is thrilled when Jimmy tells her that although he thought they were trying for a baby, she is still having contraceptive injections. Charity records Jimmy talking about this and her plan to set Charity up. Initially, she simply blackmails Jimmy but then plays the video at a party and Tom throws them out before begging her to give him another chance but she refuses, saying that she no longer loves him and leaves with Noah.

text: Charity is shocked to see Cain and Debbie at her wedding to Michael Conway (Jamie Belman) and Debbie's news that she and Michael were having an affair. Cain tells Michael that Charity used to be a prostitute and Michael leaves Charity at the altar. Charity reveals that she knew Michael was having doubts and told him that she was pregnant to stop him leaving. Michael is told, very clearly, to choose either Charity or Debbie. He chooses Debbie but she ignores him, choosing to spend time with Charity and Noah. Debbie invites Charity and Noah to move in with her, which they do.

text: From family gossip, Charity learns that Cain stole money from the Kings and teams up with Carl King (Tom Lister) to get it back. She reconciles with Cain and learns that the money is kept in a storage unit. She takes the money but changes her mind but Cain and Debbie catch her. Cain gives Charity the money and leaves the village. Charity moves in with Marlon and tries to give Debbie the money but she refuses so Charity donates it to the church but Debbie retrieves it. Cain returns and he and Charity agree to be civil. During an argument, Debbie sets fire to the money and realizing they have nothing left to argue about, Charity proposes to Cain and he accepts. Cain organizes a surprise wedding and Chas (Lucy Pargeter) brings Charity to the registry office. Charity is surprised but won't marry Cain, telling him that she loves him but is not ready to settle down yet.

text: Charity and Cain start stealing cars to make money after Charity steals a businessman's keys after flirting with him at a local hotel. However, the second time they try this, they learn that their target, Declan Macey (Jason Merrells), knows people in the village and spots Charity. Declan tells her that he will not go to the police if she returns the car and has a drink with him.

text: Charity helps Chas get revenge on Carl for cheating on her and begins working for Jai Sharma (Chris Bisson). Charity advises Jai on the restoration of the barn next to the Dingle farm. Jai pays Charity to persuade Lisa to sell the farm and move to Hotten, but Lisa refuses. Cain is jealous of Charity and Jai's relationship and warns Jai to stay away. Jai buys Charity a new car and takes her to a hotel but she insists they have they have separate rooms. Charity ends things with Cain after learning that he slept with Faye Lamb (Kim Thomson), thinking that she had slept with Jai. Charity and Noah move in with Jai and Nikhil (Rik Makarem), at Holdgate Farm. Charity and Jai begin dating and Cain tries to win Charity back but Charity tells him that she is not interested. Charity tries to make Nikhil look incompetent, wanting his job, so Jai throws her out. Charity apologizes and proposes to Jai. He initially refuses but later accepts. Charity, Cain and Cameron Murray (Dominic Power) steal the Kings' haulage trucks and sell them. Refusing to accept Charity is with Jai, Cain starts attacking the Sharmas forcing them to call off their wedding when the threats become more severe. Cain is attacked and Charity is questioned by the police but she insists she did not do it. Charity and Jai reconcile and she supports him when he is charged with assaulting Cain. Charity reveals she found Cain the night he was attacked and walked away. Cain changes his statement and the charges against Jai are dropped. Charity is late for her wedding as she visits Debbie but does marry Jai. Charity tells Jai that she does not want any more children, leaving him disappointed but he suggests that he adopt Noah. Charity disapproves, worried the about the effect it will have on Noah if the marriage failed, so they compromise and change his surname to Sharma. Later, Jai has a drunken one-night stand with Rachel Breckle (Gemma Oaten) and Charity has a one-night stand with Declan and admits it immediately. Jai forgives her as he feels guilty about his own indiscretion, knowing that Rachel is pregnant and later has a son, Archie. Charity becomes suspicious so Jai's father, Rishi, claims to be Archie's father to save Jai's marriage and ensure that Jai can spend time with Archie. However, Charity realizes the truth when Jai overreacts to an injury Archie sustains in an accident with a sparkler and ends the marriage, moving in with Debbie and her children.

text: Charity sees Declan attempting to commit suicide by burning down Home Farm, unaware that his sister Megan (Gaynor Faye) is inside. Charity persuades Declan to frame her cousin, Sam, so that they can split the insurance money and deprive Jai of his son, thinking Sam, Rachel and the children would go on the run but Rachel refused, insisting that they clear their names. Before Sam's court date, Charity tells Rachel that she and Declan framed Sam and Rachel can clear his name by giving a statement to the police, admitting that she started the fire or Sam will go to prison. Unwilling to see Sam go down, Rachel does as Charity and Declan ask and tells the police that she was the arsonist. When she gets bail, Charity and Declan give her everything she will need to start a new life with Archie. Rachel's sister, Ali, knows that Rachel is innocent but keeps quiet after Charity and Declan threaten her daughter.

text: Charity and Declan then start dating but no one thinks it will last. Charity realizes she is pregnant in April and plans to have a termination, feeling that she and Declan couldn't cope with a child. However, Declan finds out when Megan finds the positive test in the bin at Debbie's house. He is happy and proposes to her, making her walk out. Later, Charity accepts Declan's proposal and Declan announces their engagement in the Woolpack and Charity's pregnancy, just as Jai walks in. Charity later decides to go ahead with a termination and offloads to her consultant, bursting into tears and telling her how she gave Debbie up for adoption. However, after booking an abortion, she finds that Declan has told Noah about the baby. Charity marries Declan with only Noah, Megan and Declan's nephew, Robbie Lawson (Jamie Shelton), present. Megan tries to sabotage the wedding and sets off the fire alarm. Charity realizes what Megan is up to and a catfight broke out. She panics when Declan reveals he has booked a month's holiday to Barbados for them and Noah as she worries over how to have her abortion. However, a confrontation with Megan a few days later gives Charity an opportunity to feign miscarriage when she is accidentally knocked to the floor. A scan at the hospital confirms she has lost the baby, leaving Declan devastated. Wracked with guilt, Megan tells Declan that she is resigning and won't move into Home Farm but Jai advises her to test Charity's intentions. Charity is shaken when Megan says she may stay after all and is horrified to find Megan telling Declan that she caused the miscarriage. Enraged, Declan throws Megan out. Charity, relieved, agrees to rearrange a late honeymoon for them and Noah, but insists it is too soon for another baby, much to Declan's chagrin. A vengeful Megan then decides to spy on Charity with Nicola at Home Farm. After returning from Barbados, Charity agrees to try for another baby.

text: When Declan finds out about Charity's abortion, he keeps quiet and takes her away for a romantic break but tries to kill her, hitting her with a mallet and tries to shoot her with a flare gun. However, Declan accidentally shoots Robbie, when he tries to save Charity and later dies from the blast. Declan tries to drown Charity by pulling her into the lake but she hits him over the head with an anchor and he sinks into the water. Charity then passes out on the boat, stating "You were never a match for me", while Megan watches. Charity is extremely paranoid when she returns to the village and manages to patch things up with Megan before Robbie's funeral. Declan later returns and drugs Charity, while holding Megan, Jai, Cain, Debbie, Sam, Zak, Chas and Ashley hostage at the Sharma house. He tells them how Charity framed Rachel for the fire at Home Farm, before leaving the village. The Dingles and Jai then confront a bitter Charity, who eventually confesses. When they turn on her, Charity retaliates that they are all hypocrites and that she no longer wants to be part of the family. Zak promptly disowns her before leaving with Chas and Sam, who expresses his hatred towards Charity. Jai leaves too, but not before vowing to make Charity suffer for what she did to him. Debbie and Cain reveal their disgust and, despite Charity's pleas, walk away. When trying to leave, Charity is attacked and kidnapped by an unknown culprit and held in a shipping container in the woods. It was later revealed that the kidnapper is Jai. He tells Charity that unless she reveals Rachel and Archie's location, she will be left to die. While arguing with Sam about Rachel's whereabouts, Jai falls down the stairs and falls into a coma, but reveals where Charity is. Sam goes to the shipping container and hears Charity stating that she only cares about herself and should care more about Debbie and Noah. Sam leaves Charity there but eventually tells Cain where Charity is and he and Sam save her. To redeem herself to her family, Charity drives off with Maxine, a woman who is blackmailing Cain's wife, Moira. She drives extremely fast down narrow country lanes and threatens to kill her if she gives Moira any more grief. Moira worries that Charity has made things worse, while Cain is proud of Charity's actions.

text: Charity, meanwhile, is found guilty for perverting the course of justice and is sentenced to two years in prison. When Cain takes Noah to visit Charity in prison, she tells him that she has a plan in the works that might help her get early release. Charity goes into labour while Debbie is there, unaware that Charity is pregnant. She gives birth to a baby boy and hands him to a social worker, telling them Debbie is the legal guardian until she is released from prison. Knowing that Charity confessed her love for Cain after her imprisonment, Debbie and Chas suspect that Cain is the father, which he denies. He visits Charity in prison and demands to know who the father is, otherwise he will sever all contact but she refuses to divulge the father's identity so Cain walks out. The Dingles name the baby Moses. Charity calls the father, Ross Barton (Michael Parr), when Moses is rushed to hospital and needs an operation. Soon after, Cain tells Debbie that Ross is Moses's father, to stop her leaving the village with him. After Charity is released from prison, she steals a Ferrari. When she gets it stuck in a field, she needs Cain and Moira's help to avoid the police. She later becomes the new owner of The Woolpack.

text: Cain and Moira's marriage breaks down and he kisses Charity. Cain saves Charity from a drug dealer, after she tries to find Belle, who has gone missing. Cain and Charity have sex in the garage, and he stands up for her in front of Zak and Lisa. They continue dating, and plan to leave the village to stay with Debbie in France. However, Cain changes his mind, as he still loves Moira, so Charity fakes her suicide by crashing his car in a quarry.

text: Casting[edit]

text: Actress Suranne Jones auditioned for the role of Charity, however it was Atkins who was eventually cast.[4] The actress received the part while she was in her final year of a performing arts degree at Salford University.[5] Her agent asked her if she wanted to audition for a role as a Dingle in Emmerdale and Atkins wondered whether she would be able to portray a member of that family, as she is so removed from those types of characters.[6] The actress told Merle Brown of the Daily Record that the more her agent told her about the role, the more she thought she would enjoy playing it.[6] Atkins attended the audition and was later recalled to do a screen test alongside Mark Charnock (who plays Marlon Dingle).[6] Two weeks later, Atkins was told she had won the role of Charity.[6] She began filming her scenes in February 2000 and made her first appearance in March.[5]

text: On 26 July 2004, Kris Green of Digital Spy reported Atkins had quit Emmerdale, claiming that it was time to move on.[7] Of her decision to leave, Atkins said "I will be desperately sad to say goodbye to everyone but there are so many other roles that I would like to try and it's important to me that Charity leaves on a high."[7] Atkins made her on screen departure on 1 March 2005.[8]

text: On 18 March 2009, it was announced Atkins would be returning to Emmerdale as part of the ongoing overhaul of the show by series producer, Gavin Blyth.[8] Of her decision to reprise her role, Atkins said: "Charity is a wonderfully complex character and an absolute joy to play. I couldn't resist the opportunity to explore a new era of Charity, Cain and Debbie and will relish seeing what she's been up to since we saw her last."[8] Charity and her five-year-old son returned on 1 October 2009.[8][9] Two months later, Digital Spy's Kris Green reported Atkins had signed a six-month extension to her contract, keeping her with the show well into 2010.[10]

text: On 20 January 2015, Atkins confirmed that she would be taking temporary maternity leave from the show.[11] Charity was written out of Emmerdale after receiving a prison sentence for perverting the course of justice.[11] After a few brief returns throughout the rest of 2015, Charity returned permanently on 10 March 2016 when she was eventually released from prison.

text: Development[edit]

text: Characterisation[edit]

text: "Charity is a blunt, no-nonsense woman and knows how to get what she wants – mostly by flirting. She's self-sufficient, self-serving and will happily step over people, including her daughter Debbie, to reach her goal. However, she is trying to be a better mother. She’s also determined to better herself but it's money that drives her."[12]

text: During a 2001 interview with the Daily Mirror's Nina Myskow, Atkins said she loved playing Charity as she is a ballsy wild child who is not scared of anything.[5] Atkins commented that her character is everything she is not.[5] Myskow agreed with Atkins and said the actress is nothing like Charity, who she called a "loud-mouthed bad girl."[5] Writing for the Daily Record, Merle Brown deemed Charity a "brassy tart with a heart."[6] Atkins told him Charity is very argumentative, flirty and a bitch, which makes her "a brilliant character to play."[6] Atkins said there are many different sides to Charity that she hoped viewers would get to see as she developed.[6] Tessa Cunningham of the Daily Mirror branded Charity a "manipulative gold-digger."[13] Of Charity's style, Atkins said "She's a lady of the night - looks like a slapper, a complete slapper. I wouldn't have it any other way. I get to wear short mini-skirts and things I'd never dream of wearing. Going shopping with the costume people is brilliant fun, because it's like: "Oh God, that's so bad. Yeah, we'll have it."[5] Atkins added Charity does not have to open her mouth as her outfits say everything for her.[5]

text: Three years after her introduction, Atkins revealed Charity had developed into a "bigger, fiestier and more business-oriented" woman.[14] The actress said she had grown into the character and hoped she would remain cheeky, mischievous and a tart with a heart.[14] Atkins added Charity is playful, but not evil or corrupt.[14] A writer for the Western Mail called Charity "mad, bad and dangerous to know."[15] In February 2011, Atkins said Charity cannot resist an element of risk to anything because it is exciting to her and it makes village life more exciting too.[16] Atkins explained that Charity is the sort of person who does not know why she is in a village like Emmerdale, as she has "much bigger fish to fry" elsewhere.[16]

text: Relationship with Chris Tate and affair with Zoe Tate[edit]

text: Charity begins an "unlikely relationship" with wheelchair-bound, local millionaire, Chris Tate (Peter Amory).[13][17] Charity realises she likes Chris when she becomes involved with his businesses. Charity thinks he is sweet and they get on well.[17] When Chris suspects Charity is cheating on him, her flirtatious habits do little to reassure him. Charity denies Chris's accusations that she is seeing somebody else.[17] Atkins told Claire Brand of Inside Soap "Charity has been trying to convince Chris that nothing is going on. She's been having blazing rows with him and saying 'How could you possibly accuse me?' She's making him feel really guilty about suspecting her and he ends up wallowing in self pity, thinking he's blown it with her."[17] Atkins went on to say Charity is very clever and makes Chris do what she says, as opposed to the other way round, which Chris is used to.[17] Charity flirts with many of the men in the village to make Chris jealous. Chris decides to trap Charity and invites all the major suspects – Marlon Dingle, Scott Windsor (Ben Freeman) and Rodney Blackstock (Patrick Mower) – to an important party Charity is helping to organise.[17] Atkins said viewers would be surprised to find out who Charity is seeing behind Chris's back.[17]

text: Charity's secret lover was revealed to be Chris's sister, Zoe (Leah Bracknell), during a special hour-long episode.[13][17] Atkins explained the storyline was a shock to her as she had always thought Charity was "a man's woman."[13] However, the more she thought about it, the more she realised the story made sense. Atkins explained "Charity lives on the edge. She's certainly not gay, but she loves sex and it doesn't matter whether it's with a man or a woman."[13] Atkins said Charity likes to play games and she finds the idea of an affair with Chris's sister exciting.[13] The actress did not think the storyline was "sensationalist" and reckoned Charity is probably bisexual and was only just realising that through her relationship with Zoe.[13] Charity eventually ends the relationship with Zoe and goes on to marry Chris, despite admitting she does not love him and his money is the big attraction.[14] Atkins said Charity is honest, but she does have feelings for Chris, which would grow.[14] She added the lesbian affair had run its course, but she thought there might be repercussions from it in the future.[14]

text: Reception[edit]

text: For her portrayal of Charity, Atkins was nominated in the categories of Best Actress, Best Exit and Best Single Episode (for her wedding with Tom) at the 2005 British Soap Awards.[18] In 2010, Atkins was nominated for the Best Actress award.[19] The following year she and Hordley received a nomination for Best On-Screen Partnership.[20] The character was selected as one of the "top 100 British soap characters" by industry experts for a poll to be run by What's on TV, with readers able to vote for their favourite character to discover "Who is Soap's greatest Legend?"[21] Kris Green of Digital Spy called Charity "one of the soap's most controversial characters."[7] Steve Hendry of the Sunday Mail branded the Charity, Chris and Zoe storyline as "one of soapland's more bizarre love triangles."[14] A writer for Virgin Media named Cain and Charity one of "Soaps' sexiest couples."[22] Laura Morgan of All About Soap said that viewers should not count on Charity settling into married life with Jai, especially with Cain hanging around "like a bad smell".[23] A Sunday Mail reporter dubbed Charity "one of the great British soap villains".[24] Charity's sentencing in January 2015 was named one of "the best bits of January" in the Inside Soap Yearbook 2016.[25] In August 2017, Atkins was longlisted for Best Bad Girl at the Inside Soap Awards.[26] Despite making the viewer-voted shortlist,[27] Atkins did not win the award.[28]


document_title: Project Runway All Stars (season 2)

question_text: who won project runway all stars season 2

text: Project Runway All Stars (season 2)

text: Judges[edit]

text: American model and actress Carolyn Murphy serves as the host as well as a judge. Designers Isaac Mizrahi and Georgina Chapman also judge the returning designers. Marie Claire Editor-in-Chief Joanna Coles will mentor the veteran designers.

text: Designers[edit]

text:
Designer
Age
Place of Residence
Original Season
Original Rank
Place Finished

Peach Carr
52
Lake Forest, IL
Season 8
11th
13th

Wendy Pepper
48
Middleburg, VA
Season 1
3rd
12th

Stephen "Suede" Baum
42
Barryville, NY
Season 5
5th
11th

Andrae Gonzalo
39
New York, NY
Season 2
6th
10th

Kayne Gillaspie
33
Nashville, TN
Season 3
5th
9th

Althea Harper
28
New Haven, CT
Season 6
Runner-up
8th

Carlos Casanova
36
New York, NY
Season 8
10th
7th

Laura Kathleen Planck
28
St. Louis, MO
Season 9
5th
6th

Ivy Higa
32
New York, NY
Season 8
8th
5th

Joshua McKinley
26
New York, NY
Season 9
Runner-up
4th

Uli Herzner
41
Miami, FL
Season 3
Runner-up
3rd

Emilio Sosa
46
New York, NY
Season 7
Runner-up
Runner-up

Anthony Ryan Auld
28
Baton Rouge, Louisiana
Season 9
7th
Winner

tag: table

text: Designer Progress[edit]

text: This table possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (October 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Designer Elimination Table

Designers
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Eliminated Episode

Anthony Ryan
WIN
IN
HIGH
WIN
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
WIN
WIN
LOW
WIN
WINNER
12 - Finale: Go Big Or Go Home

Emilio
IN
IN
WIN
HIGH
WIN
LOW
IN
HIGH
LOW
LOW
HIGH
RUNNER-UP

Uli
IN
WIN
IN
IN
HIGH
HIGH
WIN
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
3RD PLACE

Joshua
IN
IN
IN
LOW
IN
IN
LOW
IN
LOW
WIN
OUT

11- Couture de France

Ivy
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
IN
IN
LOW
LOW
LOW
OUT

9 - There's No Business Like Sew Business

Laura Kathleen
IN
IN
LOW
HIGH
LOW
WIN
HIGH
OUT

8 - Flapper Fashion Face-Off

Casanova
HIGH
HIGH
IN
IN
LOW
IN
OUT

7 - An Unconventional Nightmare Before Christmas

Althea
IN
IN
IN
LOW
IN
OUT

6 - Green Dress for the Red Carpet

Kayne
IN
LOW
LOW
IN
OUT

5 - You've Got Male

Andrae
LOW
LOW
IN
OUT

4 - Made in the USA Today

Suede
LOW
IN
OUT

3 - Up Your Aerosol

Wendy
IN
OUT

2 - Put On Your Dancing Shoes

Peach
OUT

1 - Redemption on the Runway

text: Models

text:
Kelly Jesionowski
Aminat Ayinde
Tsubasa Watanabe
Elyce Cole
Jenn Kosinski
Kiara Ridgell
Sam Taylor
Marleis Pfeifhofer
Elena Greenwell
Katya Tolstova
Ashley Johnson
Scarlett Shoeffling
Brittany Mason
Kelley Lynch

tag: ul

text: Rate The Runway Results[edit]

text:
Designer Elimination Table

Designer
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

Anthony Ryan
WIN
IN
HIGH
WIN
WIN
WIN
HIGH
WIN
WIN
LOW
WIN
WINNER

Emilio
IN
HIGH
WIN
IN
HIGH
HIGH
IN
HIGH
HIGH
OUT
HIGH
3RD PLACE

Uli
IN
WIN
IN
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
WIN
HIGH
HIGH
WIN
LOW
RUNNER-UP

Joshua
IN
IN
IN
LOW
IN
LOW
OUT
LOW
OUT
HIGH
OUT

Ivy
HIGH
IN
LOW
IN
LOW
OUT
LOW
OUT
LOW

Laura Kathleen
IN
IN
IN
IN
OUT
IN
HIGH
LOW

Casanova
IN
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
IN
IN
LOW

Althea
HIGH
LOW
IN
LOW
IN
LOW

Kayne
IN
IN
IN
IN
LOW

Andrae
LOW
LOW
LOW
OUT

Suede
LOW
IN
OUT

Wendy
IN
OUT

Peach
OUT

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Episode 1: Redemption on the Runway[edit]

text: Original airdate: October 25, 2012

text: The designers are split into two teams, and are tasked with creating collections inspired by a word selected from a board; one team chooses "Confident" as their inspiration, while the other team chooses "Bold." Team "Confident" wins the challenge, which means that the loser will be from Team "Bold." Laura Kathleen, a member of Team "Bold", is told that she had the strongest design on the losing team, and had Team "Bold" beaten Team "Confident" she would have been the winner of the challenge.

text:
Attitude
Team Members (in the order of being chosen)

Confident
Kayne, Uli, Casanova, Ivy, Althea, Anthony Ryan, Wendy

Bold
Joshua, Peach, Laura, Emilio, Andrae, Suede

text: Guest Judges: Rachel Roy & Mondo Guerra

text: Episode 2: Put On Your Dancing Shoes[edit]

text: Original airdate: November 1, 2012

text: The designers arrive at the Nine West showroom in Manhattan, where they each are given the opportunity to select a shoe from the upcoming collection to serve as their aesthetic starting point for the challenge, which is revealed to be creating a glamorous look for a night out on the town, inspired by the concept of "Disco".

text: Guest Judge: Rafe Totengco

text: Episode 3: Up Your Aerosol[edit]

text: Original airdate: November 8, 2012

text: The designers are challenged to create "wearable art" using graffiti art as an inspiration. They are given a chance to create their own print with crate of spray paint, and 7 yards of a choice of cotton or chiffon fabric.

text: Guest Judges: Jeffrey Costello & Robert Tagliapietra

text: Episode 4: Made in the USA Today[edit]

text: Original airdate: November 15, 2012

text: With the first ever interactive challenge, the designers are instructed to choose a picture submitted via Twitter by a Project Runway fan as inspiration for a dress. Many viewers came from all different places of the world. The winning designer & look would be featured in an editorial issue of USA Today.

text: Guest Judges: Tavi Gevinson & Charlotte Ronson

text: Episode 5: You've Got Male[edit]

text: Original airdate: November 29, 2012

text: The designers are instructed to create an avant-garde androgynous look for their models. The day after, they are surprised with male models and are given an extra day to create a second look for the male model. The judges compare the looks side by side as they walk down the Runway together.

text: Guest Judges: Jason Wu & Robert Rodriguez

text: Episode 6: Green Dress for the Red Carpet[edit]

text: Original airdate: December 6, 2012

text: The designers are brought to "The High Line" and are given the task to create an evening gown using Green Fabrics with prints or solid colors that were given to them. After selecting their fabrics, the designers are then allowed to use extra accessories or trimmings that were used by the designers in past challenges. The winning design is to be worn by Carolyn Murphy at a Red Carpet event.

text: Guest Judge: Diane von Fürstenberg

text: Episode 7: An Unconventional Nightmare before Christmas[edit]

text: Original airdate: December 13, 2012

text: The seven still-standing designers take on an unconventional challenge of creating a look from items found in a Christmas novelty store, with the added twist that the dress cannot look like something inspired by or relating to Christmas.

text: Guest Judges: Kylie Minogue & La La Anthony

text: Episode 8: Flapper Fashion Face-Off[edit]

text: Original airdate: December 20, 2012

text: The six remaining designers are challenged in a "Fashion Face Off" to design an outfit modernizing the Roaring 20's. The designers go head to head against each other in teams of two.

text:
Anthony Ryan vs. Ivy
Laura Kathleen vs. Uli
Emilio vs. Joshua

text: Winning Designers in bold.

text: Note: Although Emilio's design was named the winning design of his and Joshua's challenge, the judges also considered Joshua's work very good, and therefore didn't consider him for elimination. Conversely, although Emilio had the high score between him and Joshua, his design wasn't considered quite as good as Anthony Ryan's or Uli's, and the judges agreed during their deliberation that he was not the winner. Ivy makes history in Project Runway by surviving three consecutive Bottom Two appearances.

text: Guest Judges: Gretchen Mol & Jenny Packham

text: Episode 9: There's No Business Like Sew Business[edit]

text: Original airdate: December 27, 2012

text: The five remaining All Stars must create a ready to wear look while also meeting a retail budget of $500–$700. The winning design would be displayed in the store windows of Elie Tahari & manufactured and sold, with profits going to Save the Garment Center.

text: Guest Judges: Elie Tahari & Stacy Keibler

text: Episode 10: All Stars and Stripes[edit]

text: Original airdate: January 3, 2013

text: The Project Runway designers pay their tribute to the armed forces! The four remaining designers are paired with four female veterans from an array of different military branches. The designers will have to battle it out to see who can create a design that best suits each veteran for each of the special events they are attending.

text: Guest Judges: Katie Holmes & Carmen Marc Valvo

text: Episode 11: Couture de France[edit]

text: Original airdate: January 10, 2013

text: The designers go international! For the first time ever in Project Runway history, the designers retire sketching at 1407 for a day of sketching in Paris at the Eiffel tower! The designers also get a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to tour the Valentino atelier and showrooms, and are also invited to a private preview of Valentino's Couture show by creative directors Maria Grazia Chiuri and Pier Paolo Piccioli. With all of their newly acquired Parisian knowledge, the designers return to NYC to design a couture gown of their own that will hopefully secure their spot in the finale!

text: Guest Judge: Cynthia Rowley

text: Episode 12: Finale: Go Big Or Go Home[edit]

text: Original airdate: January 17, 2013

text: The three remaining designers compete in the final for a chance to win a life-altering grand prize! However, because this is All Stars, the final three designers only get four days and an hour and a half at Mood, to complete a full mini collection. With the help of previously eliminated designers, the final three duke it out and give it all they've got to prove who Project Runway's true All Star is.

text: Guest Judges: Liv Tyler & Margherita Missoni


document_title: Let the Good Times Roll (Louis Jordan song)

question_text: who wrote the song let the good times roll

text: Original song[edit]

text: "Let the Good Times Roll" is "Louis Jordan's buoyant invitation to party":[2]

text: The song was written by Sam Theard, a New Orleans-born blues singer and songwriter, and was co-credited to Fleecie Moore, Jordan's wife, who never wrote a lyric in her life (however, her name was sometimes substituted for Jordan's to get around an inconvenient publishing contract; this strategy backfired when Louis and Fleecie divorced acrimoniously and she kept ownership of the songs he'd put her name on -- thus denying him any income from them). Jordan and the Tympany Five performed the song in the 1947 film Reet, Petite, and Gone, although the studio recording rather than a live performance is used in the soundtrack.

text: Charts and recognition[edit]

text: "Let the Good Times Roll" reached number two in the Billboard R&B chart in 1947. Its A-side, "Ain't Nobody Here but Us Chickens", was the top number one record of 1947 — both songs spent nearly six months in the chart.[3] In 2009, the song was acknowledged with a Grammy Hall of Fame Award[4] and was inducted into the Blues Foundation Hall of Fame in 2013 in the "Classic of Blues Recording — Singles or Album Tracks" category.[2]

text: Other versions[edit]

text: Numerous artists have performed "Let the Good Times Roll"[2][1] and many have recorded it, including: Ray Charles (1959, The Genius of Ray Charles), Sam Butera and the Silent Witnesses (from the 1960 album The Wildest Clan), Georgie Fame and the Blue Flames (1964 Rhythm and Blues at the Flamingo), Muddy Waters (1975, Muddy Waters Woodstock Album), Koko Taylor (1978, The Earthshaker), Clifton Chenier and His Red Hot Louisiana Band (1982, Live at the San Francisco Blues Festival), Buckwheat Zydeco and Ils Sont Partis Band (1992, Let the Good Times Roll - released 2009), Quincy Jones (with Stevie Wonder, Bono, and Ray Charles – 1995, Q's Jook Joint), Rick Derringer (1998, Blues Deluxe), and Johnny Mathis with Gordon Goodwin's Big Phat Band (2003, "XXL").

text: B.B. King has recorded several studio and live versions, including with Bobby Bland and Tony Bennett. It also appeared in Five Guys Named Moe, the 1992 musical review about Louis Jordan, and in the 1980 film The Blues Brothers. Lynda Carter covered this song in her 2011 album Crazy Little Things.