document_title: Uno (card game)

question_text: how many cards do you deal in uni

question_tokens: how many cards do you deal in uni

text: Uno (card game)

text: Official rules[edit]

text: The aim of the game is to be the first player to score 500 points, achieved (usually over several rounds of play) by a player discarding all of their cards and earning points corresponding to the value of the remaining cards still held by the other players.

text: The deck consists of 108 cards, of which there are 25 of each color (red, green, blue, and yellow), each color having two of each rank except zero. The ranks in each color are zero to nine, "Skip", "Draw Two", and "Reverse" (the last three being "action cards"). In addition, the deck contains four each of "Wild" and "Wild Draw Four" cards.

text: To start a hand, seven cards are dealt to each player, with the top card of the deck flipped over and set aside to begin the discard pile. The player to the dealer's left plays first, unless the first card on the discard pile is an action or Wild card (see below). On a player's turn, they must do one of the following:

text:
play a card matching the discard in color, number, or symbol
play a Wild card, or a playable Wild Draw Four card (see restriction below)
draw the top card of the deck

text: Play proceeds clockwise around the table.

text: Action and Wild cards have the following effects:

text:
Card
Effect when played from hand
Effect as first discard

Skip
Next player in sequence misses a turn
Player to dealer's left misses a turn

Draw Two (+2)
Next player in sequence draws two cards and misses a turn
Player to dealer's left draws two cards and misses a turn

Reverse
Order of play switches directions (clockwise to counterclockwise, or vice versa)
Dealer plays first; play proceeds counterclockwise

Wild
Player determines the next color to be matched (may be used on any turn even if the player has matching color)
Player to dealer's left determines the starting color, then plays normally

Wild Draw Four/Draw Four Wild (+4 and wild)
Player determines next color to be matched; next player in sequence draws four cards and misses a turn. May be legally played only if the player has no cards of the current color (see Penalties)
Return card to deck, shuffle, flip top card to start discard pile

text:
A player who draws from the deck must either play or keep that card, and may play no other card from their hand on that turn.
A player may play a Wild card at any time, even if that player has other playable cards.
A player may play a Wild Draw Four card only if that player has no cards matching the current color. The player may have cards of a different color matching the current number or symbol or a Wild card and still play the Wild Draw Four card.[3] A player who plays a Wild Draw Four may be challenged by the next player in sequence (see Penalties) to prove that their hand meets this condition.
If the entire deck is used during play, the top discard is set aside and the rest of the pile is shuffled to create a new deck. Play then proceeds normally.
It is illegal to trade cards of any sort with another player.

text: A player who plays their next-to-last-card must call "Uno" as a warning to the other players.[4]

text: The first player to get rid of their last card ("going out") wins the hand and scores points for the cards held by the other players. Number cards count their face value, all action cards count 20, and Wild and Wild Draw Four cards count 50. If a Draw Two or Wild Draw Four card is played to go out, the next player in sequence must draw the appropriate number of cards before the score is tallied.

text: The first player to score 500 points wins the game.

text: Penalties[edit]

text:
If a player does not call "Uno" after laying down their next-to-last card and is caught before the next player in sequence takes a turn (i.e., plays a card from their hand, draws from the deck, or touches the discard pile), they must draw two cards. If the player is not caught in time (subject to interpretation), or remembers to call "Uno" before being caught, they suffer no penalty. If a player falsely calls "Uno" while having multiple cards in their hand, they must draw two cards.[3]
If a player plays a Wild Draw Four card, the following player can challenge its use. The player who used the Wild Draw Four must privately show their hand to the challenging player, in order to demonstrate that they had no matching colored cards. If the challenge is successful, the challenged player draws four cards; if it fails, the challenger must draws six cards.[3]

text: Two-player game[edit]

text: In a two-player game, the Reverse card acts like a Skip card; when played, the other player misses a turn.

text: House rules[edit]

text: The following rules are commonly used by players to alter the game:

text:
Progressive Uno: If a draw card is played, and the following player has the same card, they can play that card and "stack" the penalty, which adds to the current penalty and passes it to the following player.[3]
Seven-O: When a certain card is played, the player is able to trade hands with another player or with all players. For example, the person who played the 7 card is able to switch all his cards with a person of his choosing; the person who played the 0 card is able to make every player give all cards to his or her next person.[3]
Jump-In: Another player can assume control of the game if they have the exact same card that was last played (same number and color).[3]

text: Strategies[edit]

text: A strategy at Uno may be offensive (aiming to go out), or defensive (aiming to minimize the value of one's hand, in the event that another player goes out, thus getting those points). Part of the skill of playing Uno is knowing when to adopt an offensive or defensive strategy.

text: An offensive strategy would be holding on to Wild and Wild Draw Four cards, because they can be played near the end of the hand in order to go out (when it's harder to play a matching card). However, a defensive strategy would advise getting rid of such cards early, because they have a high point value.

text: A defensive strategy would advise playing a high card in order to reduce the point value of the hand. However, an offensive strategy would suggest playing a 0 when the player wants to continue on the current color, because it is less likely to be matched by another 0 of a different color (there is only one 0 of each color, but two of each 1–9).

text: A player holding only one card is required to call out "Uno" or risk being penalized if caught. A player who calls "Uno" risks being the target of concerted action by the other players, who may be able to use action cards to prevent that player from going out. Depending on the level and seriousness of play, some players may deliberately avoid saying "Uno", in the hope of avoiding detection and then going out on the next turn. For this reason, it is useful to conceal how many cards are in your hand, and to keep track of how many cards every other player holds.

text: Little has been published on the optimal strategy for the game of Uno. Simulations of games may shed some light on the matter. Attempts to reduce point count in a player's hands can be "read" by other players if too transparent. This information can be exploited by other players, and it follows that a mixed strategy may be more appropriate.

text: Some work has been done into the psychology of Uno as it relates to individual and group behavior.[5] Players may exhibit physical tells,[6] in which a subtle, often repeated, cue inadvertently reveals their state of mind during a game. Alternatively, they may change their playing style, switching from an aggressive card-shedding strategy to a more subdued one, or vice versa.

text: Card and deck styles[edit]

text: The new Uno action cards bear symbols which denote their action, except for the Wild cards which still bear the word "Wild." Before the design change, such cards in English versions of the game had letters only. Especially old English versions can be denoted by the absence of the white rim that surrounds the edge of most Uno cards. Other versions use symbols and images in both old and new designs, especially ones with Wild cards that do not bear the word "Wild". The Xbox 360 version of the game uses the new English style of the cards. There are also language-free versions of the newer styles that do not bear the word "Wild" but have the same styling. There is a new version called "Uno Mod" where the cards have symbols instead of letters or numbers. This version also comes in a red and white case. It is one of several "Mod" games by Mattel, the others being Othello (game) Mod, Apples to Apples Mod, Phase 10 Mod, and Skip-Bo Mod.

text: Theme packs[edit]

text: There are many different themes and versions of Uno. These theme games may come with slightly different directions and special cards.

text:
American Kennel Club (Herding Breeds) Uno
American Kennel Club (Non-Sporting Group) Uno (2006)
American Kennel Club (Sporting Group) Uno
American Kennel Club (Terrier Breeds) Uno
Angry Birds Uno (2012)
Arsenal Highbury Legends Uno (2007)
Avengers Uno (2015)
Avengers Assemble Uno (2013)
Bandai Uno[a]
Barbie Uno[b]
Barbie Cali Girl Edition Uno (2004)
Barbie - Life in the Dream House Uno (2014)
Batman Uno (2005)
Batman Begins Uno (2005)
Batman: The Dark Knight Uno (2008)
Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Uno (2015)
Beach Uno (2011)
Betty Boop Uno (2005)
The Big Bang Theory Uno (2012)
Braille Uno (2012)
Care Bears Uno (2003)
Car-Go Uno (2004)
Cars Uno (2006)
Cars 2 Uno (2011)
Cars 3 Uno (2017)
Cinderella Uno (2012)
Coca-Cola Uno (1998, 2004)
Dare (2014)
DC Super Heroes Uno
Diary of a Wimpy Kid Uno (2012)
Disney Uno (2002)
Disney Electronic Uno (Classic) (2003)
Disney Electronic Uno (Modern)
Disney Fairies Uno (2009)
Disney Pixar Uno (2012)
Disney Princess Uno[c]
Disney Channel / Disney Shows Uno[d]
Disney Sofia The First Uno[e]
Disney Theme Park Uno[f]
Doc McStuffins Uno (2013)
Dog Uno (2003)
Doraemon Uno[g]
Doctor Who Uno (2007)
Elvis Uno (2000)
Emoji Uno
Eragon Uno (2006)
Family Guy Uno (2004)
Fantastic Four Uno (2005)
Fat Albert Uno (2005)
Ferrari Uno (2000)
Finding Dory Uno (2016)
Fishing Uno (2012)
Florida State University Uno (2011)
Fraggle Rock Uno[h]
Frozen Uno (2014)
Glee Uno (2011)
Ghostbusters Uno (2016)
Golden Compass Uno (2007)
Green Lantern Uno (2011)
Hairspray Uno (2007)
Hanna-Barbera Uno (2004)
Hannah Montana Backstage Pass Uno
Hannah Montana Best of Both Worlds Uno (2007)
Happy Feet Uno (2006)
Harry Potter Uno[i]
Hello Kitty Bow Uno (2012)
Hello Kitty Friendship Uno (2003)
Hi Hi Puffy Amiyumi Uno (2006)
High School Musical Uno (2006)
High School Musical 2 Uno (2007)
High School Musical 3 Uno (2008)
Holiday Uno (2009)
Hoops and Yoyo Uno
Horses Uno (2011)
Hot Death Uno (2001)
Hot Wheels Uno (2012)
House Rules Uno (1998)
Hulk Uno (2003)
H2O[j]
H2O To Go
H2O Splash (2005)
Iron Man 2 Uno (2010)
Jelly Belly Uno (2012)
John Deere Uno(2010)[k]
Justice League Uno (2017)[l]

text:
Kittens Uno
Kung Fu Panda Uno (2008)
Limited Too It's A Girl's World Uno (2008)
Macy's Parade Uno
Magic Tree House Uno (2007)
Marvel Heroes Uno (2010)
Mario Bros. Uno (2012)
Mini Party Favors Uno
Muppet Show Uno[m]
My Scene Uno (2005)
MyUno Uno (2005)
National Parks Uno (2002, 2009)
New York City Uno (2001)
NHL Uno
Nightmare Before Christmas Uno (2007)
Nintendo Uno (2004)
North American Wildlife Uno
Notre Dame Uno (2005)
NSYNC Uno(2000)
One Piece Uno (2003, 2011)
One Piece: The New World Uno (Japan-2012)
Over the Hedge Uno (2006)
Paw Patrol Uno (2015)
Peanuts Uno (2002)[n]
Peanuts – A Charlie Brown Christmas Uno[o]
Peanuts – It's the Great Pumpkin Uno (2006)
Peanuts - Be My Valentine Uno (2006)
Peanuts Movie Uno (2015)
Peanuts – Vintage Peanuts Uno (2005)
The Penguins of Madagascar Uno (2012)
Penn State University Uno
Phineas and Ferb Uno (2012)
Pinkalicious Uno (2010)
Pirates of the Caribbean Uno (2007)
Planes Uno (2013)
Planes - Fire and Rescue! Uno (2014)
Pokémon Uno (2006)
Pokémon: Best Wishes (Japan)
Pokémon: XY (Japan)
Polly Pocket Uno (2006)
Power Rangers Super Samurai Uno
Puppies Uno
Ratatouille Uno (2007)
Ren and Stimpy Uno (2004)
Retro Uno (2014)
Scooby-Doo Uno
Sesame Street Uno (2004)
Shopkins Uno (2015)
Shrek Uno
Shrek 2 Uno (2004)
Shrek the Third Uno[p]
The Simpsons Uno (2003)
The Simpsons (D'oh) Uno (2009)
The Simpsons: Springfield / Great Scot Uno (2006)
The Simpsons: Treehouse of Horror Uno (2005)
Sock Monkey Uno
South Park Uno (2004)
Speed Racer[q]
Spider-Man Uno (2002)
Spider-Man 2 Uno (2004)
Spider-Man Spider Sense Uno*
Marvel Ultimate Spider-Man Web-Warriors Uno (2014)
Splash Uno[r]*
Splash: Finding Dory Uno[s]
SpongeBob SquarePants #1[t]
SpongeBob SquarePants #2[u]
SpongeBob SquarePants #3[v]
SpongeBob SquarePants - Eye Eye SpongeBob! (2008)
SpongeBob SquarePants - Jellyfishing (2008)
SpongeBob SquarePants - Lost in Time (2006)
St. Louis Uno (2005)
Star Trek Uno[w]

Mattel-produced "Special Edition"[x]
Fundex Games "Collector's Edition"[y]

Star Wars: The Clone Wars Uno
Super Mario (2016)
Superman Uno (2005)
Superman Returns Uno (2005)
Sydney 2000 Uno (1999)
Teen Titans Uno (2006)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Uno (2014)
Texas Uno (2006)
Toy Story Uno (2010)
University of Alabama Uno
University of Florida Uno
University of Georgia Uno
University of Kentucky Uno
University of Michigan Uno
University of North Carolina Uno
University of Texas Uno
Uno (1971)
Uno 25th Anniversary (1996)
Uno 30th Anniversary (2001)
Uno 35th Anniversary (2011)
UNO in FitSand Travel Zipper Carry EVA Hard Case (2016)
Uno Deluxe in box[z]
Uno Deluxe in Wood Box
UNO With Customizable Wild Cards (2015)
Uno Mod (2010)
USA Uno
Vacation Uno[aa]
Wilderness Uno (2016)
Wildlife Uno (2012)
Wizard of Oz Uno(2007) [ab]
WWE Legends Uno (2005)
X-Games (1999, 2007)
X-Men Uno (2003)

text: Note: * indicates HIT Entertainment character, by which Mattel acquired HIT in 2012.

text: Themed My First Uno games[edit]

text: Card sets only have 36 cards designed for children at least 3 years of age. These sets come in several variants, based on titles for children. My First Uno versions:

text:
Angelina Ballerina Uno (2005)
Animals Uno
Bob The Builder Uno (2007)
Clifford the Big Red Dog
Curious George Uno (2005)
Dora the Explorer Uno (2003, 2010)
Elmo Uno
Handy Manny Uno (2009)
Disney's Jake and the Neverland Pirates Uno (2011)
Koala Brothers Uno (2005)
Little People Uno (2006)
Mickey Mouse Club Uno (2008)
Miss Spider's Sunny Patch Friends Uno (2006)
Rugrats Uno (1991)
Sesame Street Uno (2004)
SpongeBob SquarePants and Friends Uno (2012)
Thomas & Friends Uno (2010)
Where the Wild Things Are Uno (2007)
Winnie the Pooh and Friends Uno (2002, 2011, 2012)
Yo Gabba Gabba! Uno

text: Themed video games[edit]

text: Uno versions available on the Xbox 360:

text:
Street Fighter II Uno[ac]
Project Gotham Racing Uno[ad]

text:
Kameo: Elements of Power Uno[ae]
Uno 35th Anniversary (see above)

text: Themed sports teams[edit]

text: Several sports teams each have 112-card sets, featuring players from those teams. The special cards in each deck vary depending on the card set itself. The following teams have confirmed Uno sets.

text:
Minnesota Patriots
Auburn Tigers (NCAA)
England FA (2010)
England Rugby (2010)
Manchester United
Hockey
Calgary Flames (2010)
NHL
NHL Stars of Finland
MLB All-Stars
American League (2005)
American League - Stars of the American League (2006)[af]
American League - Baltimore Orioles Miguel Tejada
American League - Boston Red Sox (Regular (2004) and World Series editions (2007))
American League - Boston Red Sox David Ortiz Limited (2007)
American League - Chicago White Sox (2007)
American League - Chicago White Sox World Series Championship
American League - Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim (2005)
American League - New York Yankees (2006)
American League - New York Yankees Derek Jeter Limited (2007)
American League - Seattle Mariners (2003)
American League - Texas Rangers (2006)

National League
National League - MLB All Stars National League
National League - Chicago Cubs[ag]
National League - Chicago Cubs: Derek Lee (2006)
National League - Houston Astros (2005)
National League - New York Mets (2005)
National League - New Your Mets: David Wright Special (2007)
National League - Philadelphia Phillies (2005)
National League - St. Louis Cardinals (2006)
NBA All-Stars
(East and West)
Eastern Conference - NBA All Stars Eastern Conference (2006)
Eastern Conference - Boston Celtics Legends (2005)
Eastern Conference - Cleveland Cavaliers: LeBron James Special Edition (2007)
Eastern Conference - New York Knicks (2006)
Western Conference - NBA All Stars Western Conference (2006)
Western Conference - Los Angeles Lakers Legends Edition (2006)
Western Conference - Los Angeles Lakers Kobe Bryant Special Edition (2007)
Western Conference - San Antonio Spurs (2006)
American Football
Chicago Bears (2006)
Dallas Cowboys (2006)
Green Bay Packers (2007)
Minnesota Vikings
National Football League NFC Edition (2006)
New England Patriots (2007)
New York Giants (2006)
New York Jets (2009)
NFL American League (2006)
NFL National League (2006)
Phil. Eagles (2006)
Pittsburgh Steelers (2006)
Super Bowl XL Steelers Special Edition (2006)
NFL Greatest Players Editions
Tom Brady (2007)
Reggie Bush(2007)
Brett Favre (2007)
LaDanian Tomlinson (2007)
Brian Urlacher (2007)

text: Special Uno games[edit]

text:
Uno Attack (Uno Extreme in the UK and Canada) (1999)
Uno Attack Refill Deck
Uno Bingo (1997)
Uno Blast (2012)
Uno Blitzo (2000)
Uno Choo-Choo (2011)
Uno Color Screen
Uno Deluxe
Uno Dare (2014)
Uno Dice (1987, 1996, 2011)
Uno Dominoes (1986)
Electronic Uno
Uno Flash (2007)
Uno Flip (2009)
Giant Uno (2016)
Uno H2O (2004)
Uno H2O To Go
Uno Hearts (1994)
Uno Junior (1992)
King Size Uno The oversized cards have animal illustrations in addition to numbers (1-6) and colors to help children make matches. The deck also contains 4 wild cards, a Draw 2 card for each suit, and a Free Turn card for each suit. (1994)
Killer Uno (1995)
Uno Madness (1995)
Uno Moo (2008, 2014)
Uno Power Grab
Uno Reflex
Uno Roboto
Uno Royal Revenge Whoever wears the crown makes the rules! (2014)
Uno Rummy Up (1993)
Uno Spin (2005)
Uno Spin Hannah Montana (2005)
Uno Spin One Piece (Japan)
Uno Spin To Go (2010)
Uno Stacko (1994)
Travel Uno Stacko
Uno Tippo (2009)
Uno Slam
Uno Tiki Twist (2014)
Uno Wild Jackpot (2016)
Uno Wild Tiles (1982)
Get Wild for Uno (2016)
Uno MineCraft (201x)

text: Video games[edit]

text:
Hot Death UNO (IBM - 1993)
Uno (handheld video game - 2000)
Uno (handheld video game for the Game Boy Color of the classic Uno board game)
UNO DX (Japanese exclusive Sega Saturn game by Mitsui & Co. - 1998)
Uno (PlayStation Network)
Uno (Xbox Live Arcade)
Uno Rush (Xbox Live Arcade)
Uno Challenge (mobile version of the classic Uno board game)
Uno Free Fall (puzzle game for mobile phones)
Uno 52 (Nintendo Game Boy Advance)
Super Uno (Super Famicom)
Uno (Facebook) (Adobe Flash–based version of the classic Uno card game produced by GameHouse Studios)
Uno iPhone version featuring online and local play. Produced by Gameloft
Uno The same as on the iPhone, but with enhanced graphics. Produced by Gameloft
Uno Released as three versions: SD, HD and Free with adverts. Produced by Gameloft
Uno
Uno & Friends (various platforms)
Pocket Uno
Uno and UNO & Friends for Windows Phone
Uno Undercover (Windows)
Uno (2016 video game for PC, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One by Ubisoft)
Uno (2017 video game for Nintendo Switch, produced by Ubisoft)

text: Variations[edit]

text: Alternative Game Play[edit]

text: Many variations from standard gameplay exist, such as Elimination Uno, Speed Uno, French Uno, Pirate Uno, and Pakistani Uno.[7]

text: Alternative Games Featuring Uno Deck[edit]

text: Limonada

text: Similar games[edit]

text: Uno is a member of the shedding family of card games. The shedding family of card games consists of games where the objective is to get rid of all your cards while preventing the other players from getting rid of their cards.

text:
AdrenalineUno
Crazy Eights
Boom-O
Eleusis
Last Card
Luck Plus
Macau
MAD Magazine Card Game
Mao
Mau Mau (game)
O'NO 99
One Card (game)
One Card - Stop (game)
Petei
Phase 10
Spaced Out (game)
SKIP-BO
Taki
UNO 2 DS
Whot!

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ A version released in Japan.
Jump up ^ Features the "friendship" card, where the player can swap his/her hand with another player. (2002, 2010)
Jump up ^ Features the Dragon Card, when played, all players must discard a prince card (regardless of color or number) to kill the dragon before continuing play. If a player does not have a prince card in their hand, they must pick up cards until they find a prince card. (2004) (2013)
Jump up ^ Deck features many of the characters on the Disney Channel.
Jump up ^ Card game in Foil Bag.
Jump up ^ Evil card: the player holding this card can steal the top card from the DISCARD pile at any point in the game, even if it's not his or her turn. (2005, 2012)
Jump up ^ Released in Japan
Jump up ^ Includes the Travel card (featuring Traveling Matt), which allows the player to "travel" to another player's spot and view his or her entire hand. (2006)
Jump up ^ which features a Draw Three (instead of Draw Two) card; also features a "howler" wild card where, if played, the player who uses the card may select another player to say all of their cards aloud; also features an "invisibility" wild card where, if played, the player can block any card placed down (such as, a card that forces them to draw cards). (2000, 2003, 2005, 2010)
Jump up ^ A deck with transparent waterproof cards. It includes 4 (2 of which are +1 2 of which are +2 downpour cards) black action cards called "wild DownPour" cards; when played, all the other players must pick up the number specified on the card and may choose the next color of play these cards replace two of the wild cards and two of the wild draw four cards out of the original deck, and also double as wild cards. (2004)
Jump up ^ Features farm equipment graphics and a "Harvest" card-The player who plays the harvest card selects another player to draw from the DRAW pile until he/she draws a green card, which will allow them to complete the harvest (or, until they draw 5 cards, whichever comes first).
Jump up ^ Features X-Ray card that lets a player see another's hand and strategically exchange a card.
Jump up ^ Mayhem card: the player who plays it causes everyone to swap hands. The direction of the swap is determined by the player playing the card. (2003)
Jump up ^ Wei, R. H. "Gamebits: Peanuts at Play". Games. Issue 196 (Vol. 27, No. 10). Pg.4. December 2003.
Jump up ^ Happy Holidays Card (2007, 2008, 2010)
Jump up ^ In a Shrek-faced package. 'Merlin Card' When you play this card you call out a color of your choice. All other players draw cards from the DRAW pile until each draws a card of that color. All of the cards that they draw are added to the cards in their hands. (2007)
Jump up ^ This set has a special Racer X card. The player who uses this card draws a card from the draw pile onto the discard pile and the depending on the number, the next player must place a card that follows the number drawn before. For example, player A draws the racer X card and draws a card with the number 3. The next player must place a card with the number 4 (regardless of colour) and the next player must place a card with the number 5 and so on. If they reach 9, they must start over with 0 until a player is unable to place a card and he/she must draw three cards. (2007)
Jump up ^ Comes with a handy clip that keeps all the cards together and attaches to a beach bag, backpack or camping gear. Seems to be about the same as H20 To Go.
Jump up ^ Comes with a handy clip that keeps all the cards together and attaches to a beach bag, backpack or camping gear.
Jump up ^ Super Absorbency (#1) Uno – which features the Super Absorbency card, a wild card which requires the next player to draw one card from all other players' hands at random. There is controversy as to what happens when the Super Absorbency card is played as the player's penultimate card. Some contend that the person playing the card would win as the next player would be required to take that card from him/her. However, some say that there is an exception whereas the Super Absorbency requires a card to be drawn from all players' hands except those who are in the uno stage. Clarification can be found on the back of the SpongeBob metallic tin. (2002)
Jump up ^ Secret Recipe (#2) Uno – Secret Recipe – Allows the player to look at another player's hand. The player can also select a new color just like a wild card.
Jump up ^ Lost in Time (#3 Uno) – Daredevil – Can be played to counter a Draw 2 or Draw 4 card. Can also be used as a wild card.
Jump up ^ Two Editions, both based on Star Trek: The Original Series
Jump up ^ With special cards, each of which appears once per pack: Double Tribble card – The player who plays this card chooses the color of play, then next player doubles the number of cards in their hand and forfeits their turn; Beam Me Up, Scotty card – This can played to stop any command card (a "Draw 2" card, for example) and allows for the color of play to be chosen; Mind Meld card – This commands the next player to show the person who played this card their hand; Live Long & Prosper card – This can be played at any time to discard the players hand and pick up an entirely new one, then allows him/her to choose color of play. (1999)
Jump up ^ Simplifies the special WILDs to one kind: 4 "Beam Up WILD" cards that can negate the effects of any DRAW 2 or DRAW 4 WILD cards played against a player. That player can then call a new color, and play resumes as if they had played a regular WILD. (It can also be used as a regular WILD if desired.) (2008)
Jump up ^ Some versions with erasable score pad. (1978, 1979, 1983, 1986, 1987, 1991, 1993, 2001, 2000, 2004, 2008)
Jump up ^ When this Check Two Card played by a player, he/she can: - immediately play another card of the same suit color, OR - play either Wild or Wild Draw 4 Card, the wild color called must match the color of the Check Two Card played. However, this Check Two Card cannot be played: - on its own (without a card of the same suit color), OR - as the last card in your hand. If the Check Two Card is the last card in a player hand, he/she must take another card from the draw pile. If the card just drawn matches the suit color of the Check Two Card, he/she may directly play the Check Two Card, say UNO, and play the matching suit color card to complete the game. (2002)
Jump up ^ Includes a special "Over The Rainbow" card where the person playing this card chooses someone hand to look at, also acts as a wild which then the person chooses the color of play.
Jump up ^ In this game, the cards show different characters from the Street Fighter II video game. This deck contains a special Hadouken card, which allows the user to choose 1 player to draw cards until they have drawn a Skip or a Reverse card. Play then continues on as normally.
Jump up ^ In this game, the cards are drawn like cars seen in the Project Gotham Racing series of video games. In this game, the rules include a card called the "Gotham Live" card, which is the same name used as the replay feature in Project Gotham Racing 3. This card allows a player to look at the hand of any of the other players.
Jump up ^ This pack was released on 1 November 2006. This is a custom deck with artwork from the Kameo game. In addition, a special play card allows you to swap your hand with the hand of another player in the game.
Jump up ^ This may be the same as the "American League" deck
Jump up ^ Different sources list 2005, 2006, & 2007

tag: ol


document_title: Garage Sale Mystery

question_text: who plays lori loughlin's husband on garage sale mystery

question_tokens: who plays lori loughlin 's husband on garage sale mystery

root

text: Garage Sale Mystery

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Lori Loughlin as Jennifer "Jenn" Shannon[1][2] series protagonist who runs an antiques shop called Rags to Riches.
Steve Bacic as Jason Shannon, Jennifer's engineer husband (Rick Ravanello[3] played the role in the first film)
Cameron Bancroft as Ben Douglas
Eva Bourne as Hannah Shannon, Jennifer's daughter (Sara Canning played the role in the first film)
Connor Stanhope as Logan Shannon, Jennifer and Jason's son (Brendan Meyer played the role in films #1–4)
Sarah Strange as Danielle/"Dani", Jennifer's business partner and co-owner of Rags to Riches
Kevin O'Grady as Detective Frank Lynwood, a friend of Jason's
Andrew Dunbar as Detective Adam Iverson, a police detective helping Jennifer

tag: ul

text: Films[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date

1
"Garage Sale Mystery"
Peter DeLuise
Suzi Weinert (book), Walter Klenhard (teleplay)
September 14, 2013 (2013-09-14)

Jennifer notices that several rich houses are robbed right after they have garage sales, including one woman who ends up dead, apparently from accidentally falling down the stairs, but Jennifer suspects foul play. She convinces Detective Adam Iverson to accompany her to some garage sales, and they do turn up some suspects for the robberies, but no evidence emerges for the murder. Jennifer eventually finds the murderer.

2
"Garage Sale Mystery: All that Glitters"
Peter DeLuise
Suzi Weinert (book), Walter Klenhard (teleplay)
October 26, 2014 (2014-10-26)

Jennifer Shannon (Lori Loughlin) has a gift for finding rare treasures hidden in garage sales that she can resell at her consignment store, Rags to Riches. When Jennifer's friend and self-storage facility owner Martin (Michael Kopsa) turns up murdered just hours after auctioning off an abandoned storage unit full of unique items, she is immediately pulled into the investigation as a key eyewitness. Working with Detective Lynwood (Kevin O'Grady), Jennifer helps single out a disgruntled customer as the prime suspect, while she and her business partner, Danielle (Sarah Strange), sift through boxes from the auction. As her husband Jason (Steve Bacic) worries about her safety, there is a break-in at her store, and a run-in with Martin's angry widow. Then, Jennifer and Danielle discover their new merchandise contains the sparkly evidence they needed all along to nail the surprising real culprit, and they must race to save a life and put their own on the line.[4]

3
"Garage Sale Mystery: The Deadly Room"
Peter DeLuise
Suzi Weinert (book), Walter Klenhard (teleplay)
April 28, 2015 (2015-04-28)

A real estate agent sleeps all night in one of her listings to prove that it is not cursed but ends up dead.

4
"Garage Sale Mystery: The Wedding Dress"
Peter DeLuise
Suzi Weinert (book), Walter Klenhard (teleplay)
August 9, 2015 (2015-08-09)

Jennifer finds an old but expensive wedding dress in a box of clothes purchased at an estate sale. She finds a blood stain on a pocket and investigation turns up Helen Carter, the bride, together with the story that the groom disappeared between the wedding and the reception after the wedding. Jennifer doggedly pursues the mystery and, using Luminol, determines that there were still blood stains inside a closet in the storage room of the church. She persuades Ted to confess to murder, but then Helen confesses her role in the murder. Helen's actions are ruled justified and she is not charged. Helen and Ted renew their romance after a gap of 35 years.

5
"Garage Sale Mystery: Guilty Until Proven Innocent"
Peter DeLuise
Suzi Weinert (book), Walter Klenhard (teleplay)
January 3, 2016 (2016-01-03)

Sandra (Kirsten Robek), a former friend of Jennifer's, comes to Rags to Riches offering to sell all of her antiques from her store Past Perfect asking for no payment up front and only 20% of any sale Jennifer makes. At Sandra's store in Madison, Jennifer discovers a basement filled with beautiful antiques, and they find the body of Sandra's former fiance, Michael Chambers (Frank Zotter), whom Sandra thought had left her for another woman when he had disappeared two years ago. An investigation ensues under local Sheriff Conners (Panou). Jennifer must find out the truth to prove Sandra's innocence. Then she meets recently widowed Kimberly Colette Baumaine (Aliyah O'Brien) who comes to Jennifer's store to sell her late husband's antiques and the pieces begin to fall into place.

6
"Garage Sale Mystery: The Novel Murders"
Norma Bailey
Suzi Weinert (book), Walter Klenhard (teleplay)
June 4, 2016 (2016-06-04)

There is a series of murders, each one taken out of a mystery novel. First, Art Henley (John Innes) is murdered, following the Agatha Christie crime novel Three Act Tragedy. Second, Gerry McNally (Alex Zahara) is murdered, following Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes novel, A Study in Scarlet. Third, Myles Fowler (Gerard Plunkett) is murdered, loosely following the mystery novel The Circular Staircase.

7
"Garage Sale Mystery: The Art of Murder"
Kristoffer Tabori
Suzi Weinert (book), Walter Klenhard (teleplay)
January 8, 2017 (2017-01-08)

While setting up a charity garage sale, Jennifer Shannon discovers a body in the attic of a nearby home. Using her eye for detail as well as her experience with antiques and murder, Jennifer puts together clues that help catch a killer.

8
"Garage Sale Mystery: The Beach Murder"
Neill Fearnley
Suzi Weinert (book), Walter Klenhard (teleplay)
August 11, 2017 (2017-08-11)

Jennifer's friend and customer Anne's (Chiara Zanni) husband is found dead at an isolated beach and his death is suspected to be an accidental drowning. But Anne suspects foul play convinced that her avid surfer husband Steve was murdered. Steve's brother Todd (Ben Cotton) is a prime suspect when Steve's business partner Mitch (Michael Teigen) is also attacked but he is soon found dead deepening the mystery. A local surfer with a criminal past had vandalized Steve's car and is soon arrested. With the clues still not adding up, Jennifer works with Detective Lynwood to uncover the truth. Meanwhile, a smitten Logan decides to try his hand at theater to be cast opposite his crush. Jennifer and Dani try to reconcile a couple who try selling each other's memorabilia to the store.

9
"Garage Sale Mystery: Murder by Text"
Neill Fearnley
Suzi Weinert (book), Walter Klenhard (teleplay)
August 13, 2017 (2017-08-13)

A bass player is found dead before a planned tour with a big country singer.

10
"Garage Sale Mystery: Murder Most Medieval"
Neill Fearnley
Suzi Weinert (book), Walter Klenhard (teleplay)
August 20, 2017 (2017-08-20)

Jenn finds the body of a local college history professor hidden in a suit of armor she purchased. After the professor's teaching assistant becomes the next victim, Jennifer finds herself caught in a killer's web of dangerous lies.

11
"Garage Sale Mystery: A Case of Murder"
Neill Fearnley
Suzi Weinert (book), Walter Klenhard (teleplay)
August 27, 2017 (2017-08-27)

After buying an old reel-to-reel recorder at a garage sale, Jenn discovers that it includes the sound of a man pleading for his life. An audio repair shop leads her to find the owner Dr. Veders only he is has died of stab wounds. The devoted psychologist worked with a group of patients at a local community center and had retired the day he was later murdered. An unhappy wife and a group of abandoned patients make for a long list of suspects but when one of them turns up dead, Jenn and Detective Lynwood must find the killer before Jenn's life is in danger.

tag: table

text: Background[edit]

text: The series started an adaptation of a two-part book series by author Suzi Weinert: Garage Sale Stalker and Garage Sale Diamonds.[5]

tag: p

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: The films were originally Hallmark Channel projects until broadcast on other stations.

text: Bravo (Canada) aired the entire hexalogy in July 2016 and the expanded entire eleven movies in September 2017.[6]

text: Channel 5 (UK) broadcast the 7th film.[7]


document_title: Hoodwinked!

question_text: who does the voice of the rabbit in hoodwinked

text: Hoodwinked!

text: Plot[edit]

text: Little Red Riding Hood (Anne Hathaway) discovers that the Big Bad Wolf (Patrick Warburton) has disguised himself as her grandmother. Granny (Glenn Close) jumps out of the closet tied up just as the axe-wielding woodsman (Jim Belushi) bursts through the window, startling everyone. The police quickly arrive, and Red, Wolf, Granny, and the Woodsman are questioned by Detective Nicky Flippers (David Ogden Stiers) about the events leading up to the incident.

text: Red explains that she was delivering goodies for her grandmother when she discovered a threat from the mysterious Goodie Bandit. Hoping to save her Granny's recipes, she embarked upon a journey to take them to the top of a nearby mountain where her Granny lives. On her way, she encountered the Wolf, who asked her a series of suspicious questions. She managed to escape and eventually reached her Granny's house; however, she found the Wolf already waiting in ambush.

text: What at first seems to be an open-and-shut case becomes confused though, once it is learned that the Wolf is an investigative reporter. He reveals that he was searching for a lead on the identity of the Goody Bandit and had reason to believe that Red and Granny were the culprits. Locating Red, he questioned her, hoping to get to the bottom of the mystery. When Red escaped, he headed for her Granny's house and arriving first, went undercover, hoping to trick her into giving him the evidence he needed.

text: When questioned, the Woodsman, Kirk, reveals that he is in fact an aspiring actor who was only trying out for the part of a woodsman in a commercial. After his schnitzel truck was robbed by the Goody Bandit, he went out into the woods to get in character for his role and spent the rest of the day chopping trees. A large tree rolled after him and pushed him through the window of Granny's home. The investigation then turns to Granny, who reveals that, unbeknownst to her family, she is an extreme sports enthusiast. During a ski race earlier that day, she was attacked by the opposing team, but got away safely after learning that they were hired by the Goody Bandit.

text: Despondent over her Granny's lack of honesty, Red wanders off alone. Meanwhile, Nicky Flippers realizes that the one commonality between all four stories is a bunny named Boingo  (Andy Dick) and concludes that he is the Goody Bandit. However, Boingo has already sneaked into the home and stolen Granny's recipes. Red sees Boingo and follows him to his hideout at a cable car station, but the police pursue him in the wrong direction. Granny, the Wolf, and Kirk manage to locate Boingo as he is explaining his evil scheme to Red. Boingo plans to add an addictive substance to the stolen recipes and then destroy the forest, making way for new real estate for expanding his business.

text: The Wolf and Kirk go undercover to distract Boingo as Granny sneaks into his lair, but open conflict ensues. Boingo sends a bound and gagged Red down the mountain in a cable car loaded with explosives and Granny goes after her, with Boingo and his henchmen in pursuit. Red manages to free herself, and escapes with Granny, while the police, who have been located by the Wolf's squirrel assistant Twitchy (Cory Edwards), are waiting at the bottom of the mountain to arrest Boingo and his henchmen. Some time later, Kirk finds success as part of a yodeling troupe, and Red, Granny, the Wolf, and Twitchy are enlisted by Nicky Flippers to join a crime solving organization called Happily Ever After Agency.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Anne Hathaway as Red Puckett
Glenn Close as Granny Puckett
Jim Belushi as Kirk, the Woodsman
Patrick Warburton as Alexander W. Wolf
Anthony Anderson as Det. Bill Stork
David Ogden Stiers as Det. Nicky Flippers
Xzibit as Chief Ted Grizzly
Chazz Palminteri as Woolworth
Andy Dick as Boingo
Cory Edwards as Twitchy
Benjy Gaither as Japeth the Goat
Ken Marino as Raccoon Jerry
Tom Kenny as Tommy
Preston Stutzman as Timmy
Tony Leech as Glen
Joshua J. Greene as Jimmy Lizard
Mark Primiano as 2-Tone
Kevin Michael Richardson as P-Biggie
Tara Strong as Zorra
Tye Edwards as Dolph
Kathryn J. Lovegren as Quill

text: Production[edit]

text:
"... I realize that there were other independently-funded projects being done at the same time, but... we were the first... the first kind of a new model and a new way of making an animated film. It was made with no studio money, overseas, then picked up by a major distributor. A few other animated films have followed this path, but not to the level of success that Hoodwinked was able to achieve. I know Veggie Tales had a movie come out earlier that year, but that was with a struck deal and brand recognition. Hoodwinked was this freak of nature that was made completely outside of the studio system and, thankfully, worked."
Cory Edwards, director of Hoodwinked! [4][5]

tag: div

text:
Hoodwinked! was one of the first independent computer-animated films to be produced without the aid of a distributor.[4][5] It was produced on a budget of less than $8 million,[2]
significantly less than a typical computer-animated film's budget.[6]
The costs of computer-animation software had only recently decreased to a price that was accessible to more than just major studios, and according to producer David Lovegren, "Six or seven years ago, the idea of doing Hoodwinked! as an independent [animated] feature would have been impossible."[7]

text:
The filmmakers only made the film independently by necessity,[8]
and Cory Edwards has said, "It's not a model to be followed. It was a once-in-a-lifetime, seat-of-your-pants kind of thing that just barely came off."[9]
However, he added that the process was worth going through to get the film made, and encouraged aspiring filmmakers to be willing to follow it.[9]

text: Development[edit]

text:
Brothers Cory and Todd Edwards founded Blue Yonder Films after a number of years spent producing commercials and music videos in Tulsa. Joined by their friend Preston Stutzman, who was put in charge of marketing for the company, they released their first feature film, Chillicothe, at the 1999 Sundance Film Festival. The three then moved to Los Angeles in pursuit of new opportunities, but did not find the amount of success that they had expected.[10]
Sue Bea Montgomery, who had served as an associate producer on Chillicothe, also tried to interest studios in working with them, but was met with indifference. She determined that they would have to find greater success in independent filmmaking before anyone would take interest in them and introduced the three to Maurice Kanbar, a successful entrepreneur who had made a minor investment in Chillicothe.[11][12]
They pitched a number of live-action ideas to Kanbar and proposed that he invest in a development division of their company, paying them and covering their rent in exchange for a significant portion of the rights to any scripts that they might sell. Kanbar however, was interested in a more direct approach, and preferred to focus on trying to produce a single film. He had always been a great admirer of animation and was impressed after being shown a direct-to-DVD computer-animated short film that Cory had made called Wobots. He suggested the possibility of producing an animated feature with them that would tell a familiar story with a twist, and gave them a month to come up with a story idea. Kanbar had expressed interest in Cinderella or Pinocchio, but the Edwards brothers did not like these ideas as they had already been done by Walt Disney.[12] A few days after the brothers' initial meeting with Kanbar, Todd found inspiration in non-linear crime dramas, such as Rashomon, Pulp Fiction, Run Lola Run, and Memento and came up with the idea of telling the fairy tale Little Red Riding Hood as a police investigation, using multiple points of view.[11][13]
Kanbar was taken with the idea and agreed to fully finance the film before even seeing a finished script,[11] with the initial intent of releasing the film directly to DVD.[6] In 2002, Kanbar and Montgomery founded Kanbar Entertainment and Kanbar Animation for the production of the film.[14][15]

text: Cory served as the film's main director, as he had more experience with animation, comedy, and children's entertainment, while Todd served as co-director. Montgomery and Stutzman were joined by Disney animation veteran David Lovegren as producers on the film,[7] and Cory's and Todd's sister Katie Hooten joined as an associate producer.[10] Tony Leech, who had worked with the Edwards brothers on Chillicothe, was initially hired as an editor, but gained story input as well.[12] He eventually proved to be so valuable to the production that he was given a role as co-director.[7]

text: Pre-production[edit]

text:
The filmmakers found independently producing the film to have both benefits and challenges. Although they were given a great amount of creative control by their executive producer Maurice Kanbar,[7] their small budget kept them from making potentially beneficial changes to the story once production was underway. Todd Edwards related that "Money doesn't just buy you more talent and more machinery, it also buys you flexibility on a story level. At Disney, if they don't like the third act, they just throw the whole thing out and re-animate the whole thing, even if it's finished ... We had no such luxury, and so in a way, you're watching our first version of the movie."[16]
Knowing ahead of time their inability to alter the film's script once animating had begun, an effort was made by the filmmakers to finalize the script as much as possible before the start of production, which is not a common practice for studio-produced animated films.[16]

text:
Turning away from the well-known archetypes of the Little Red Riding Hood characters, the filmmakers continued to look towards non-linear crime dramas for inspiration instead. Producer Preston Stutzman explained that "The whole film is about surprises and secret lives."[17]
Not wanting Red to be "boring" or "too innocent", she was patterned on James Dean and given the desire of leaving home to find her way in the world. Todd Edwards had the idea of basing the Wolf on Chevy Chase's character in Fletch, feeling that it would be fun to apply the character's dry, deadpan style of humor to an animated wolf, while Cory Edwards created the hyperactive character of Twitchy to serve as the Wolf's foil. Going against types, Red's Granny was written as a thrill-seeking action hero, while the strong Woodsman was written as being childishly incompetent.[17]

text:
The police officers were written to come across as everyday guys and Cory Edwards has explained that the decision to make three of them pigs was not politically motivated.[18]
Nicky Flippers was not a part of the story as it was initially conceived and prior to his creation, the investigation was going to be led by Chief Grizzly. After producer Sue Bea Montgomery and her husband pointed out similarities between the film and the 1950s television series The Thin Man, the Edwards brothers and Leech decided to introduce the character and his dog into the film as an homage.[18] They considered several different types of animals before settling on making him a frog.[15]

text:
Cory Edwards chose to approach the film predominantly as an action/comedy, instead of as a typical animated film, and wrote the script to appeal to audiences of any age like many of the films produced by Pixar or Disney.[19]
Road Runner, Rocky and Bullwinkle, and The Muppets have all been cited as inspirations for the film. An attempt was made to distance the film from Shrek and other similar themed films that had been recently released, by excluding magic, wizards, and fairies from the film.[20]
Cory Edwards also strived for a different style of humor than Shrek, choosing to make his film more family friendly and less of a satire.[21]

text: Working out of Tony Leech's apartment, Cory Edwards sketched the film's storyboards, Todd Edwards wrote the script while simultaneously writing the songs, and Leech edited the story reel on his Mac computer.[4][5] Producer Sue Bea Montgomery showed test screenings of the story reel to children in her neighborhood, and gained input from their reactions. The filmmakers had been considering removing Japeth, but chose not to when he proved popular at these screenings. The children also particularly liked Twitchy, which led to the expansion of the character's role.[22]

text:
In an effort to save costs, the film's cast was originally going to be composed mostly of friends and family members of the filmmakers.[6][23]
Cory and Todd brought in their cousin Tye Edwards to play Dolph and turned to their friend Joshua J. Greene to play Jimmy Lizard.[23][24]
Japeth was written specifically for Benjy Gaither, the son of gospel music singers Bill and Gloria Gaither. He had been a friend of the Edwards brothers since childhood and Cory's short film Wobots had been produced through his animation studio Live Bait Productions.[12][25]
Cory's wife Vicki was given the role of a skunk reporter, and while some consideration was initially given to having an adult play the child woodpecker Quill, the role was instead given to producer David K. Lovegren's daughter Kathryn.[26]
The Edwards brothers, Leech, and producer Preston Stutzman all took on roles as well.[23] Cory took on the role of Twitchy, and Pro Tools was used to speed up the recording of his dialogue by 50 percent.[27]
Todd played Sandwich Man, Leech played both Det. Bill Stork and Glen, and Stutzman played Timmy.[2]

text: As the producers gained greater confidence in the film however, larger name actors were brought in.[6] Patrick Warburton was the first celebrity actor to join the film and did so purely out of a love for the script. Though Cory Edwards had originally envisioned the Wolf as sounding like a mixture between a young Chevy Chase and Bill Murray, he praised Warburton's performance, saying that he "made the Wolf his own character."[17] Andy Dick also joined the cast early on, to voice Boingo. He used improvisation and approached the role differently from how it had been written, interpreting the character as victimized and unstable. The filmmakers were enthusiastic over Dick's angle on the character, and Todd Edwards said, "What we had written was kind of stock, to be honest, but Andy Dick, well, where he was supposed to laugh, he'd be crying. Where he was supposed to yell, he'd be laughing. He just mixed it up!"[17] Prolific voice performers Tara Strong, David Ogden Stiers, and Tom Kenny were cast in multiple roles. Strong was cast as Red and Zorra, Stiers was cast as Kirk, the Woodsman and Nicky Flippers, and Kenny was cast as Tommy and Woolworth the Sheep.[2] Emmy-winning actress Sally Struthers was brought in to play Granny Puckett and Joel McCrary was cast as Chief Grizzly.[2][24]

text: Animation[edit]

text:
"I'll be real honest, there are many, many shots that I wince at when I see them, because it's not my standard of excellence. I know they could be better, but there comes a time at the end of the day where we just had to give up on some things. So to hear critics and people on the internet, like, ranting about it, we all want to yell back and go, "We know! We know it's bad! But this is what we could do!" And the fact that the film is successful in spite of that is really cool, because it basically says to the industry, not to continue to make poorly animated films, but to say, "Look at what the story and the charming characters did; they were able to surpass the bad animation and the technical problem."
Cory Edwards, director of Hoodwinked!, on the quality of the film's animation.[12]

text:
The film's animation was created on Maya software, and in an effort to save costs, was produced in Manila, Philippines.[7][28]
Producers Sue Bea Montgomery and David K. Lovegren founded the animation studio Digital Eyecandy for the purpose of the film's production[29]
and stationed it in a 5,000-square-foot rented house. Cory Edwards traveled to this studio a total of fifteen times over the course of the film's three-year production and has explained that although the house was located in an expensive part of Manila, the rent was no more than that of his two-bedroom apartment in Los Angeles.[13] When Cory was not able to be on site, Todd took over directing duties. "Along with Tony, we were kind of a 'three headed monster,'" Cory explains. "We all knew what movie we were making, and I trusted those guys to make creative calls when I couldn't be there." Lovegren had attempted to start an independent animation studio in the Philippines before in 2001, but the studio, called ImagineAsia, was closed after it failed to attract business. Digital Eyecandy hired approximately twenty animators that had previously been employed by ImagineAsia[7][30]
and at one point, the studio reached fifty employees.[13]

text: The film's animators had little experience with computer-animation and feature-length films, and had to be trained by the producers over the course of the film's production.[8] Since none of the animators were specialists, they were not divided into specific teams, but instead each worked on all areas of the animating process. The filmmakers found this to be a poor method though, because it kept the individual skills of the animators from being optimized. Due to their independent backgrounds, the animators were accustomed to working at fast paces, and despite their small numbers, each phase of production was able to be completed within a short period of time.[9] Still, schedule and budget restraints led the filmmakers to enlist Prana Studios in Mumbai, India to perform lighting and compositing.[29]

text: The filmmakers found that the most difficult aspect of producing the film independently was their inability to fix all of the mistakes made in the film's animation.[6][16] Todd Edwards explained that "it becomes an equation: 'I have 10 things that I would like to change in this shot. I have the time and the budget to do three. Pick those three and then let's move on.' And that was hard to do."[16]

text: Knowing that they could not match the quality of other computer-animated films, the film was instead designed to imitate the look of stop motion. Cory Edwards cited Rankin-Bass as an inspiration and explained, "If we approach our look like that – photographed miniatures in stop-motion – and if that nostalgia resonates with our audience as far as that look, then we're not going to shoot ourselves in the foot trying to put every freckle and hair on photoreal creatures."[7] Edwards contrasted the technically innovative, but critically panned 1986 film Howard the Duck with the simple, but beloved puppet character Kermit the Frog to illustrate to his crew the importance of well-written, likeable characters over technical quality.[12]

text: Distancing the film from what producer Preston Stutzman called the "candy-coated, brightly colored pastel world[s]" of other CG animated films, an attempt was made to bring an organic look to the film, and dirt was rubbed into the colors.[17] The Nightmare Before Christmas was cited as an inspiration for the filmmakers to try to bend the characters' shapes into extremes, and many other choices unconventional to computer-animated films were also made. For example, one of the Woodsman's eyes was made bigger than the other, and Red was given only four fingers, so as to make her look more like a doll. Producer Katie Hooten explained that "CG in the past has been pushing the envelope to make things look more realistic, but Hoodwinked takes things back to where CG looks a lot more like a cartoon."[9]

text: Music[edit]

text:
The film's score was composed by John Mark Painter, who along with his wife Fleming McWilliams, constituted the rock duo Fleming and John in the 1990s. The Edwards brothers were fans of the group and first met Painter while Cory was performing in an animated film on which Painter served as the composer.[12] The score was inspired by music from the 1960s and the soundtracks to Planet of the Apes, Dark Shadows, and The Untouchables have been cited as influences, as well as the works of Henry Mancini.[31]
It was recorded in Nashville, Tennessee, where Kristin Wilkinson served as the orchestrator and conductor.[32][33]

text:
In an effort to appeal to older audience members, Todd Edwards chose to replace parts of Painter's score with original rock music. From this came the song "Little Boat", written and sung by Daniel Rogers, who had composed Edwards' first film Chillicothe.[20][34]
"Runaway" was written by Joshua J. Greene, a friend of the Edwards brothers, who also provided the voice of Jimmy Lizard in the film.[24] "The Real G", sung by Cory Edwards and "Bounce", sung by Todd Collins were both written by Painter and Cory Edwards.  "Blow Your House Down" was performed by the Filipino band Pupil and written by their lead singer Ely Buendia.[35]

text:
Todd Edwards wrote nine original songs for the film and sung four of them: "Critters Have Feelings", "Tree Critter", "Eva Deanna", and "Glow". "Eva Deanna" was written about a day that he and his wife spent at the zoo with their niece, the daughter of associate producer Katie Hooten.[36]
"Great Big World" was sung by Anne Hathaway and replaced another song called "Woods Go-Round", which Edwards considered too childish and described as being "in the vein of Saturday morning cartoons." This change required the scene to be re-animated and re-cut.[20] "Be Prepared" was sung by Benjy Gaither and developed out of a practicality; the filmmakers wanted to introduce Japeth while the character is rocking back and forth on his horns, as though the horns are a rocking chair. However, they realized that this would make the horns too big to fit in a minecart later on in the film. As a solution, they came up with the gag of having the character switch his horns several times, and this led to the song's concept.[37]
McWilliams joined Jim Belushi to sing "The Schnitzel Song" and Painter asked his longtime friend Ben Folds to sing "Red is Blue", a selection strongly advocated for by Edwards. Folds was working on a new album at the time, but a year after the proposal, found the opportunity to record the song and compose a piano arrangement for it as well.[38]
"Top of the Woods" was sung by Andy Dick and was originally composed to be slow-paced. The recording of Dick's performance was sped up though at the suggestion of Ralf Palmer, a prolific animator and friend of producer Sue Bea Montgomery.[39]

text: Distribution[edit]

text:
"Sally Struthers was the original Granny for two years of the project. She did a fantastic voice. When Glenn Close walked in, she said, 'Why do you need me? Sally did a great job.' I didn't want to say 'because Harvey made us.' I'm friends with Sally through some other people – I ended up writing her a nice note... Sally did more of a southern, battleaxe granny, Glenn's was more a prim and proper one."
Cory Edwards, director of Hoodwinked!, on the recasting of Sally Struthers.[24]

text: Hoodwinked! was shown to potential distributors throughout various stages of its production. Though a distribution offer was made by DreamWorks, it was turned down as the filmmakers did not feel that it was a good deal.[40] As the film neared the end of production, it was screened at the Cannes Film Festival. Harvey and Bob Weinstein were also at the festival at the time, screening Robert Rodriguez's film Sin City, which they were distributing through their then newly formed studio, The Weinstein Company. They decided to pick Hoodwinked! up for distribution after it was brought to their attention by Rodriguez's wife, whose attorney also happened to work for Blue Yonder Films.[14][40][41][42]

text: The Weinsteins had recently left the Walt Disney Company and according to Cory Edwards, they "loved the idea of picking up an animated film and giving Disney a run for their money."[40] The involvement of the Weinstein Company encouraged Kanbar enough to enlist Skywalker Sound.[4][5] The film was nearly complete by the time that the Weinsteins became involved, and Edwards has stated that nothing was done by them to ruin "the original vision of the movie." However, a few edit suggestions were made to quicken the film's pace which Edwards felt were good ideas, as he considered the first twenty minutes to be dragging.[41]

text: The Weinstein Company also heavily recast the film with bigger-name actors in the hopes of attracting a larger audience. Anne Hathaway replaced Tara Strong in the lead role of Red; Jim Belushi replaced David Ogden Stiers in the role of Kirk, the Woodsman; Anthony Anderson replaced Tony Leech in the role of Det. Bill Stork; Glenn Close replaced Sally Struthers in the role of Granny Puckett; Xzibit replaced Joel McCrary in the role of Chief Grizzly; and Chazz Palminteri replaced Tom Kenny in the role of Woolworth the Sheep.[2] Despite these recastings, Tara Strong retained the much-smaller role of Zorra, David Ogden Stiers retained the role of Nicky Flippers, Tom Kenny retained the role of Tommy, and Tony Leech retained the role of Glen. Many high-profile country singers were considered to replace Benjy Gaither in the role of Japeth, but none of them were available and Gaither retained the role. The Weinsteins also wanted to replace Joshua J. Greene in the role of Jimmy Lizard with a more famous actor such as Albert Brooks, but the role was ultimately not recast. Edwards appreciated the reason for the recastings and attributed a large part of the film's financial success to them. He expressed disappointment about the amount of recasting however, saying, "At a certain point it became Recast-o-Rama, everybody got recast-happy. My feeling is, you get two or three names on that poster, you're fine. Our Hoodwinked poster has like a paragraph of names on it. After a certain point, I don't think you need more than two, three celebrities – give it to the voice actors. It sweetens the pot."[24] Since the film's animation had already been mostly completed by the time the recastings were made, the new actors had to deliver their lines exactly as the old actors had done, giving them no opportunity to improvise. Edwards expressed disappointment with the fact that the original actors would not get any credit for their improvisations in the film, which were copied by the replacement actors.[24]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Hoodwinked: Original Motion Picture SoundtrackSoundtrack album by various artistsReleased
December 2005Genre
SoundtrackLength
48:35Label
RykodiscProducer
various artists

text:
The soundtrack was released in December 2005. Owing to legal disputes, the CD was pulled off of the market a month after its release[43]
and was not available again until November 2009.[44]
It was re-released on iTunes in January 2010.[45]

text: showTrack listingNo.TitlePerformer(s)Length1."Into the Book"Instrumental0:332."Great Big World"Anne Hathaway1:573."Critters Have Feelings"Todd Edwards3:344."Nicky Intro"Instrumental0:165."Red is Blue"Ben Folds4:216."Be Prepared"Benjy Gaither2:467."Go Flippers"Instrumental0:108."Little Boat"Daniel Rogers4:389."Red/Wolf Stare-Down"Instrumental0:1110."Runaway"Josh Greene3:0111."The Schnitzel Song"Fleming K. McWilliams and Jim Belushi2:0412."Tree Critter"Todd Edwards2:5413."Three G's"Instrumental0:2314."The Real G"Cory Edwards2:4415."Blow Your House Down" (Instrumental Version)Pupil1:0216."Hoodwinked Theme" (Granny Techno Mix) (Banzai!)Instrumental0:5517."Eva Deanna"Todd Edwards1:2418."Chopping for Actors"Instrumental0:2619."Glow"Todd Edwards1:1720."Nicky Knows"Instrumental3:1921."Top of the Woods"Andy Dick2:4122."Delivery Girl"Instrumental0:1923."Lair Rescue"Instrumental0:3224."Cable Car Rescue/End of the Line"Instrumental1:3625."Bounce"Todd Collins3:5126."Bossa for Boingo"Instrumental1:2027."Hoodwinked Theme" (Surfer Version)Instrumental0:21Total length:48:35

text: Release[edit]

text:
Hoodwinked! received a one-week, limited release in Los Angeles on December 16, 2005 to qualify for Oscar consideration.[46]
A nationwide U.S. release was scheduled for Christmas Day, 2005, but it was moved to January 13, 2006 to avoid competition with other films released during the holiday season.[41]

text: Box office[edit]

text:
In its opening four-day weekend, Hoodwinked! grossed $16,879,402 in 2,394 theaters in the United States, ranking No. 2 at the box office and averaging $7,050 per venue.[47]
It fell $50,000 short of Glory Road, which took the box office's number-one spot that week.[48]
The film maintained its number-two spot in the box office for its second weekend, dropping 16.1 percent, and placed in the top ten for a total of five weeks.[47] At the end of its theatrical run it had grossed a total of $110,013,167 worldwide – $51,386,611 in the United States and $58,626,556 in other territories.[3]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Hoodwinked! received mixed reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 47%, based on 124 reviews. The site's consensus reads, "This fractured fairytale doesn't have the wit or animation quality to compete with the likes of the Shrek franchise."[49] On Metacritic, it received a score of 45 out of 100, based on 29 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[50]

text: James Berardinelli of ReelViews gave the film two and a half stars out of four, and claimed that many of the film's ideas for altering its familiar storyline "sound better on paper than they turn out in execution." Finding it tedious to view the film's story told multiple times, he wrote that the film "slips into boredom."[51] Bruce Westbrook of the Houston Chronicle also gave the film two and a half stars, and although he praised its "snappy dialogue and fresh characterizations", he considered the film's plot underdeveloped and characters lacking in motivation.[52] Peter Rainer writing for The Christian Science Monitor gave the film a C+ and called it "a moderately enjoyable escapade that isn't quite clever enough for adults and not quite imaginative enough for children."[53] He was not overly critical of the film, but felt that it was a disappointment in comparison to the high standards for computer-animated films set by Pixar.[53] Jami Bernard of the New York Daily News suggested that timelessness is a necessary component of an animated classic, and faulted the film for its attempt to be hip and current.[54] While Ty Burr of The Boston Globe praised the film's vocal performances, he wrote, "Hoodwinked never builds to a level of sustained comic mania ... One aches to think what the great Looney Tunes directors could have done with this material."[55]

text:
Several critics however, were more enthusiastic about the film. Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave Hoodwinked! an A- and praised the zaniness of its humor. Calling the filmmakers heroes, he compared them to Quentin Tarantino and Steven Soderbergh due to their potential for bringing independent filmmaking to prominence in animation.[56]
Although Nancy Churnin of the Dallas Morning News considered the film inferior to those of Pixar and DreamWorks, she still gave it a B and wrote, "it's got an upstart charm, a clever premise, appealing characters voiced by a terrific cast and a script that should make you laugh out loud more than once."[57]
In his review for the Chicago Tribune, Michael Wilmington praised the film's voice cast, music, and script, and wrote, "it packs more verbal wit and surprise than the usual cartoon."[58]
Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times gave it three and a half stars out of five calling it "high-energy, imaginative entertainment".[46]

text:
Japeth was praised amongst both positive and negative reviews. Gleiberman and Churnin both felt that the character was one of the best parts of the film,[56][57] and Westbrook and Wilmington both described him as "a hoot". In a mostly positive review for the Orlando Sentinel, Roger Moore called the character hilarious,[59]
while in a mostly negative review for Variety, Justin Chang wrote that the character "steals the show every minute he's onscreen."[1]

text: One of the main criticisms of the film was the poor quality of its animation. Berardinelli called it some of the worst CGI animation in memory. He felt that the characters looked plastic, considered the backgrounds dull, and wrote, "On more than one occasion, I thought I was watching something made for TV. When compared to today's visual standards for animated films, Hoodwinked is far below the curve."[51] Burr considered the film's surfaces poorly rendered and compared them to "Teletubbieland reupholstered with Naugahyde."[55] Westbrook felt that the animation worked well for the animal characters, but wrote, "the humans have a glassy sheen and brittle hardness, much like work done in the early days of CG ...  That art has come too far to embrace a throwback like Hoodwinked as lovably quaint. It's simply dated."[52] Stephen Hunter of The Washington Post compared the characters to rubber toys, and wrote, "their faces are without nuance or vividness ... In movement, especially, do they lack grace and conviction. It seems like the recent breakthroughs in computerized magic have bypassed the poor Edwards fellows, as it looks stuck somewhere in the 1970s, or maybe even earlier."[60]

text: Many reviews negatively compared the film to the Shrek series. Liam Lacey of The Globe and Mail considered the film to be "a sort of discount Shrek",[61] while Burr called it "Shrek with added drek."[55] Westbrook wrote that "Echoing such a popular predecessor as Shrek is not a good thing – especially when the echo is so faint."[52] Berardinelli felt that the fairy tale references were not as smartly done as in the first Shrek film,[51] while Bernard felt that Hoodwinked! took fairy tale revisionism too far. He felt that the humor in Shrek worked due to the fairy tale characters remaining in character throughout the film, and wrote, "It's pointless to scold them for behaving the way fairy tales intended, and that's far funnier than turning them into breakdancing anachronisms."[54] Bill Muller of The Arizona Republic, considered Red's kung fu abilities to be overly similar to Princess Fiona's "Matrix agility."[62] Gleiberman also noted the similarities between the film and Shrek, but he was positive in the comparison, feeling that its independent production gave the filmmakers "the freedom to follow their flakiest corkscrew whims."[56] While Wilmington did not find Hoodwinked! as impressive or beguiling as Shrek, he wrote that "when it's cooking, it does make you laugh."[58]

text: Retrospectively, several critics noted that the film was considerably better than the 2007 computer-animated fairy tale parody film Happily N'Ever After. Although Burr had given Hoodwinked! a negative review, he likened the film to Citizen Kane in comparison to Happily N'Ever After.[63] Wilmington also considered Hoodwinked! the superior of the two films,[64] and Lou Lumenick of the New York Post felt that the film was far wittier than Happily N'Ever After.[65] While Christy Lemire of Associated Press likened Hoodwinked! to a poor man's Shrek, she went on to call Happily N'Ever After a poor man's Hoodwinked![66]

text: In 2018, Richard Brody of The New Yorker called Hoodwinked! one of the top independent films for families. Acknowledging the crudeness of the animation, he nonetheless praised the writing as "bold and funny" and wrote that the direction "displays admirable comic timing."[67] Brody considered the character personalities distinct from those in other animated comedies. He also commended the vocal performances for having a "zippy, brash energy that doesn't feel condescending".[67]

text: Hoodwinked! received a Saturn Award nomination for Best Animated Film at the Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films,[68] but lost to Corpse Bride.[69] Entertainment Weekly ranked the film as number ten on "The Must List" for its January 27, 2006 issue, calling it a "genre-busting indie animated gem."[70]

text: Home media[edit]

text:
Hoodwinked! was released on DVD on May 2, 2006 and on Blu-ray and DVD on February 15, 2011. The film was the best-selling DVD in its initial week of release, selling over 700,000 copies and making over $13.5 million.[71]
A twenty-two-minute behind the scenes video podcast is available for free on iTunes.[72]

text: Analysis[edit]

text: In February 2006, author Timothy Sexton wrote an article titled "Hoodwinked: A Postmodern Examination of the Dangers of Runaway Capitalism" for Associated Content, in which he posited that Hoodwinked! was one of the first postmodern animated films and also carried political undertones. He argued that the relative nature of truth was shown by revealing deviations from the original fairy tale as the film explored the story from each of the central characters' points of view. Calling Hoodwinked! "the most subversive movie released nationwide since Fahrenheit 9/11",[73] Sexton went on to interpret the film as a critique on the free enterprise system. He drew comparisons between the film's villain and the typical American business owner, going so far as to say that the character was "clearly based on people like Bill Gates and Sam Walton".[73] In Sexton's view, the film exposed the flaws of capitalism, showing that if left unregulated, business owners will establish monopolies and eliminate competition.[73]

text: The film's director and co-writer Cory Edwards was surprised by Sexton's interpretation and denied that the film intentionally carried any political messages. He explained that he and the other filmmakers were simply drawing from the evil schemes common of James Bond films, Bugs Bunny cartoons, and The A-Team, and wrote "If Mr. Sexton sees my movie as a sermon against mega-corporations monopolizing America, that's fine. But our villain is just as easily the face of every dictator in history, or every schoolyard bully who is compensating for low self-esteem, or any Mafia boss who dominates by either absorbing or wiping out his competition. Hey, if you look at an abstract painting and see the devil in a red splotch, that's your prerogative ... I guess a movie's message is only partially supplied by the filmmaker."[74]

text: In May 2007 Time magazine ran an article by James Poniewozik titled "Is Shrek Bad for Kids?" which considered the negative effects on children of being raised with fairy tale satires, instead of the original stories. Poniewozik mentioned Hoodwinked! writing, "I thought Hoodwinked! and most of the Shrek series were hilarious ... But even if you ultimately reject their messages, old-school fairy tales are part of our cultural vocabulary. There's something a little sad about kids growing up in a culture where their fairy tales come pre-satirized, the skepticism, critique and revision having been done for them by the mama birds of Hollywood."[75] Cory Edwards wrote into the magazine, expressing his similar sentiments and writing, "As the writer-director of Hoodwinked, it may surprise you that I couldn't agree more with James Poniewozik's article. Even as I was making the film, I asked myself the same question: Are we parodying something that kids should have the chance to experience first, 'un-parodied?' We went to great lengths to distance our film from Shrek's humor (and no, I don't think Shrek considers kids). I would hope that Hoodwinked and its sequels will be seen as trying to do something genuine with its characters, rather than look for the next joke at the expense of innocence. We ALL need the real folklore of fairytales, whether we admit it or not."[21]

text: Sequel[edit]

text:
A sequel, Hoodwinked Too! Hood vs. Evil, was released on April 29, 2011. It was first announced in January 2006[76]
and in February, Cory Edwards, Todd Edwards, and Tony Leech explained that although they would be writing the screenplay, they would not return to direct.[20] Cory Edwards later elaborated on this decision, explaining that he had a negative experience working with some of the first film's "key players" and felt that he had been poorly treated by them.[77]
He also cited concerns over being confined to animation, and stated that he felt it would be a lateral move to direct a sequel to his first film as his second film.[77] In March 2007, Edwards announced that Mike Disa had been hired to direct the sequel and expressed enthusiasm over his involvement, saying that he "has a real passion for the film and a devotion to maintaining the Hoodwinked world. He wants to do the sequel justice and he really gets what we're trying to do."[78]
Although much of the first film's cast returned for the sequel, Anne Hathaway was replaced by Hayden Panettiere in the role of Red and Jim Belushi was replaced by Martin Short in the role of Kirk, the Woodsman.[79]

text:
Kanbar Entertainment initially intended to finance production of the sequel independently as it had done with the first film, but entered into a co-financing agreement proposed by The Weinstein Company.[80]
The film was initially scheduled to be released on January 15, 2010, but in December 2009, The Weinstein Company postponed the film's release date indefinitely.[81]
In April 2010, Kanbar Entertainment brought a lawsuit against The Weinstein Company. In addition to claiming that the postponement of the film's release date breached an agreement between the two companies, the lawsuit accused the Weinstein Company of not contributing to monthly production accounts after February, 2009, neglecting to consult Kanbar Entertainment of a release strategy, and not responding to proposed changes to the film, even though Kanbar Entertainment held "final authority on production decisions".[80]

text:
The film was a financial failure, earning $16.9 million worldwide; only about half of its budget.[82][83]
Critical reception to the film was almost universally negative, with a Rotten score of 11% across 61 reviews on Rotten Tomatoes[84] and a score of 20/100 on Metacritic.[85]
Cory Edwards expressed disappointment with the finished film, indicating that it was heavily altered from the original script and saying that it was "deflating to give this thing away and watch others run with it in ways I would not."[86]


document_title: Geography of Florida

question_text: what body of water is located west of florida

text: Geography of Florida

text: History[edit]

text: Florida's extensive coastline made it a perceived target during World War II, so the government built airstrips throughout the state; today, approximately 400 airports are still in service.[1]

text: Terrain[edit]

text: At 345 feet (105 m) above mean sea level, Britton Hill in northern Walton County is the highest point in Florida and the lowest highpoint of any U.S. state.[2] Much of the state south of Orlando is low-lying and fairly level; however, some places, such as Clearwater, feature vistas that rise 50 to 100 feet (15 to 30 m) above the water. Much of Central and North Florida, typically 25 miles (40 km) or more away from the coastline, features rolling hills with elevations ranging from 100 to 250 feet (30 to 76 m). The highest point in peninsular Florida, Sugarloaf Mountain, is a 312-foot (95 m) peak in Lake County.[3] Much of Florida has an elevation of less than 12 feet (3.7 m), including many populated areas such as Miami which are located on the coast. Miami and other parts of south Florida are the most vulnerable regions in the world to rising sea levels associated with climate change.[4] Due to the vast amounts of limestone bedrock that Florida sits above, water is allowed to move relatively freely beneath dry land and to rise up to the surface. Water will also likely encroach from the Atlantic Coast and the Gulf Coast, and up through the Everglades, endangering the plant biomass within its marsh communities .[5]

text: Boundaries[edit]

text: The state line begins in the Atlantic Ocean, traveling west, south, and north up the thalweg of the Saint Mary's River. At the origin of that river, it then follows a straight line nearly due west and slightly north, to the point where the confluence of the Flint River (from Georgia) and the Chattahoochee River (down the Alabama/Georgia line) used to form Florida's Apalachicola River. (Since Woodruff Dam was built, this point has been under Lake Seminole.) The border with Georgia continues north through the lake for a short distance up the former thalweg of the Chattahoochee, then with Alabama runs due west along 31°N to the Perdido River, then south along its thalweg to the Gulf via Perdido Bay. Much of the state is at or near sea level.Florida is also 65,755 square miles.

text: Climate[edit]

text: The climate of Florida is tempered by the fact that no part of the state is very distant from the ocean. North of Lake Okeechobee, the prevalent climate is humid subtropical, while coastal areas south of the lake (including the Florida Keys) have a true tropical climate.[6] Mean high temperatures for late July are primarily in the low 90s Fahrenheit (32–34 °C). Mean low temperatures for early to mid January range from the low 40s Fahrenheit (4–7 °C) in northern Florida to the mid-50s (≈13 °C) in southern Florida.

text: In the summer, high temperatures in the state seldom exceed 100 °F (38 °C). During the late autumn and winter months, Florida has experienced occasional cold fronts that can bring high winds and relatively cooler temperatures for the entire state, with high temperatures that could remain into the 40s and 50s (4 to 15 °C) and lows in the 20s and 30s (−7 to 4 °C). Several record cold maxima have been in the 30s °F (−1 to 4 °C) and record lows have been in the 10s (−12 to −7 °C). These temperatures normally extend at most a few days at a time in the northern and central parts of Florida. Southern Florida, however, rarely encounters sub-freezing temperatures.

text: The hottest temperature ever recorded in Florida was 109 °F (43 °C), which was set on June 29, 1931 in Monticello. The coldest temperature was −2 °F (−19 °C), on February 13, 1899, just 25 miles (40 km) away, in Tallahassee.

text: The USDA Plant hardiness zones for the state range from zone 8a (no colder than 10 °F (−12 °C) ) in the Crestview to zone 10b (no colder than 35 °F (2 °C) ) in Southeast Florida.[7]

text:
During El Nino there is greater rainfall between November to March.
At the end of El Nino in 1998 480 wildfire occurred.

text: The seasons in Florida are determined more by precipitation than by temperature, with the hot, wet springs and summers making up the wet season, and mild to cool, and the relatively dry winters and autumns, making the dry season. Fall foliage appears in Central and North Florida starting around late November, and into winter.

text: The Florida Keys, because they are completely surrounded by water, have lesser variability in temperatures. At Key West, temperatures rarely exceed 95 °F (35 °C) in the summer or fall below 55 °F (13 °C) in the winter, and frost has never been reported in the Keys.

text:
Average high and low temperatures for various Florida cities

City

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Jacksonville[8]

65/43

68/45

74/50

80/56

86/64

90/70

92/73

91/73

87/70

80/61

73/51

66/44

Key West[9]

75/65

76/66

79/69

82/72

85/76

88/78

89/80

90/80

88/78

85/76

80/71

76/67

Melbourne[10]

72/51

73/53

77/57

81/61

85/67

88/71

90/73

90/73

88/72

83/67

78/60

73/53

Miami[11]

76/60

77/61

80/64

83/68

86/72

88/75

90/77

90/77

88/76

85/72

81/67

77/62

Pensacola[12]

61/43

64/46

70/51

76/58

84/66

89/72

90/74

90/74

87/70

80/60

70/50

63/45

Tallahassee[13]

64/40

67/42

73/48

80/53

87/62

91/69

91/72

91/72

88/68

81/57

72/47

66/41

Tampa[14]

71/51

72/52

77/57

82/62

88/68

90/73

90/75

90/75

89/73

84/66

77/58

72/52

text: Severe weather[edit]

text:
Florida's nickname is the "Sunshine State", but severe weather is a common occurrence in the state. Central Florida is known as the lightning capital of the United States, as it experiences more lightning strikes than anywhere else in the country.
[15] Florida has the highest average precipitation of any state, in large part because afternoon thunderstorms are common in most of the state from late spring until early autumn. A fair day may be interrupted with a storm, only to return to sunshine an hour or so later. These thunderstorms, caused by overland collisions of moist masses of air from the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean[citation needed], pop up in the early afternoon and can bring heavy downpours, high winds, and sometimes, tornadoes. Florida leads the United States in tornadoes per square mile (when including waterspouts),[16] but they do not typically reach the intensity of those in the Midwest and Great Plains. Hail often accompanies the most severe thunderstorms.

text: A narrow eastern part of the state including Orlando and Jacksonville receives between 2,400 and 2,800 hours of sunshine annually. The rest of the state, including Miami, receives between 2,800 and 3,200 hours annually.[17]

text:
Snow in Florida is a rare occurrence, especially on the peninsula. During the Great Blizzard of 1899, Florida experienced blizzard conditions; the Tampa Bay area had "gulf-effect" snow, similar to lake-effect snow in the Great Lakes region.[18] During the 1899 blizzard was the only time the temperature in Florida is known to have fallen below 0 degrees Fahrenheit (−18 °C). The most widespread snowfall in Florida history occurred on January 19, 1977, when snow fell over much of the state, with flurries as far south as Homestead. Snow flurries also fell on Miami Beach for the only time in recorded history. A hard freeze in 2003 brought "ocean-effect" snow flurries to the Atlantic coast as far south as Cape Canaveral.[19]
The 1993 Superstorm brought blizzard conditions to the panhandle, while heavy rain and tornadoes beset the peninsula. The storm is believed to have been similar in composition to a hurricane, some Gulf coast regions even seeing storm surges of six feet or more. More recently, traces of snow and sleet fell across central and southern Florida during a hard freeze event in January, 2010. There was some slight accumulation north of the I-4 corridor, mostly in the form of sleet.[20]

text: Hurricanes[edit]

text: Hurricanes pose a severe threat during hurricane season, which lasts from June 1 to November 30, although some storms have been known to form out of season. Florida is the most hurricane-prone US state, with subtropical or tropical water on a lengthy coastline. From 1851 to 2006, Florida has been struck by 114 hurricanes, 37 of them major—category 3 and above.[21] It is rare for a hurricane season to pass without any impact in the state by at least a tropical storm. For storms, category 4 or higher, 83% have either hit Florida or Texas.[21] August to October is the most likely period for a hurricane in Florida.

text: In 2004, Florida was hit by a record four hurricanes. Hurricanes Charley (August 13), Frances (September 4–5), Ivan (September 16), and Jeanne (September 25–26) cumulatively cost the state's economy $42 billion. Additionally, the four storms caused an estimated $45 billion in damage.[22] In 2005, Hurricane Dennis (July 10) became the fifth storm to strike Florida within eleven months. Later, Hurricane Katrina (August 25) passed through South Florida and Hurricane Rita (September 20) swept through the Florida Keys. Hurricane Wilma (October 24) made landfall near Cape Romano, just south of Marco Island, finishing another very active hurricane season. Wilma is the second most expensive hurricane in Florida history, due in part to a five-year window in which to file claims.[23]

text: Florida was the site of the second costliest weather disaster in U.S. history, Hurricane Andrew, which caused more than US$25 billion in damage when it struck on August 24, 1992. In a long list of other infamous hurricane strikes are the 1926 Miami hurricane, the 1928 Okeechobee hurricane, the Labor Day Hurricane of 1935, Hurricane Donna in 1960, and Hurricane Opal in 1995. A 2005 US government report suggests the storms are part of a natural cycle and not a result of global warming,[24][25] but that report has been criticized as having been politicized.[26][27]

text: Animals of Florida[edit]

text: Florida is host to many types of wildlife including:

text:
Marine mammals: bottlenose dolphin, short-finned pilot whale, North Atlantic right whale, West Indian manatee
Reptiles: American alligator and crocodile, eastern diamondback and pygmy rattlesnakes, gopher tortoise, green and leatherback sea turtles, eastern indigo snake
Mammals: Florida panther, northern river otter, mink, eastern cottontail rabbit, marsh rabbit, raccoon, striped skunk, squirrel, white-tailed deer, Key deer, bobcats, gray fox, coyote, wild boar, Florida black bear, nine-banded armadillos
Birds: bald eagle, northern caracara, snail kite, osprey, white and brown pelicans, sea gulls, whooping and sandhill cranes, roseate spoonbill, Florida scrub jay (state endemic), and others. One subspecies of wild turkey, Meleagris gallopavo, namely subspecies osceola, is found only in the state of Florida.[28] The state is a wintering location for many species of eastern North American birds.
Invertebrates: carpenter ants, termites, and American cockroach.

text: The only known calving area for the northern right whale is off the coasts of Florida and Georgia.[29]

text: Since their accidental importation from South America into North America in the 1930s, the red imported fire ant population has increased its territorial range to include most of the Southern United States, including Florida. They are more aggressive than most native ant species and have a painful sting.[30]

text: A number of non-native snakes have been released in the wild. In 2010 the state created a hunting season for Burmese and Indian pythons, African rock pythons, green anacondas, and Nile monitor lizards.[31]

text: Geology[edit]

text: The Florida peninsula is a porous plateau of karst limestone sitting atop bedrock known as the Florida Platform. The emergent portion of the platform was created during the Eocene to Oligocene as the Gulf Trough filled with silts, clays, and sands. Flora and fauna began appearing during the Miocene. No land animals were present in Florida prior to the Miocene.

text: The largest deposits of potash in the country are found in Florida.[32]

text: Extended systems of underwater caves, sinkholes and springs are found throughout the state and supply most of the water used by residents. The limestone is topped with sandy soils deposited as ancient beaches over millions of years as global sea levels rose and fell. During the last glacial period, lower sea levels and a drier climate revealed a much wider peninsula, largely savanna.[33] The Everglades, a wide, slow-flowing river, encompasses the southern tip of the peninsula.

text: While there are sinkholes in much of the state, modern sinkholes have tended to be in West-Central Florida.[34][35]

text: Florida is tied for last place (with North Dakota) as having the fewest earthquakes of any US state.[36] Because Florida is not located near any tectonic plate boundaries, earthquakes are very rare, but not totally unknown. In January, 1879, a shock occurred near St. Augustine. There were reports of heavy shaking that knocked plaster from walls and articles from shelves. Similar effects were noted at Daytona Beach 50 miles (80 km) south. The tremor was felt as far south as Tampa and as far north as Savannah, Georgia.[citation needed] In January 1880, Cuba was the center of two strong earthquakes that sent severe shock waves through the city of Key West, Florida. (See List of earthquakes in Cuba) Another earthquake centered outside Florida was the 1886 Charleston earthquake. The shock was felt throughout northern Florida, ringing church bells at St. Augustine and severely jolting other towns along that section of Florida's east coast. Jacksonville residents felt many of the strong aftershocks that occurred in September, October, and November 1886.[37] As recently as 2006, a magnitude 6.0 earthquake centered about 260 miles (420 km) southwest of Tampa in the Gulf of Mexico sent shock waves through southwest and central Florida. The earthquake was too small to trigger a tsunami and no damage was reported.[38]


document_title: Thin blue line

question_text: when did the thin blue line flag start

question_tokens: when did the thin blue line flag start

text: Thin blue line

text: History[edit]

text: The term is derived from the Thin Red Line, a formation of the 93rd Highland Regiment of Foot of the British Army at the Battle of Balaclava in 1854, in which the Highlanders stood their ground against a Russian cavalry charge.[1] This action was widely publicized by the press and became one of the most famous of the Crimean War.

text: The first known use of the phrase "thin blue line" is from a 1911 poem by Nels Dickmann Anderson, titled "The Thin Blue Line." In the poem, the phrase is used to refer to the United States Army, alluding to the Thin Red Line, and to the fact that US Army soldiers wore blue uniforms from the eighteenth century through the nineteenth century.[2][1]

text: It is unknown when the term was first used to refer to police. In the 1950s, LAPD Chief Bill Parker used the phrase in the department-produced television show of the same name.[3]  Parker coined the term thin blue line to further reinforce the role of the LAPD.  As Parker explained, the thin blue line, representing the LAPD, was the barrier between law and order and social and civil anarchy.[4]

text: The OED records its use in 1962 by the Sunday Times referring to police presence at an anti-nuclear demonstration.[5] The phrase is also documented in a 1965 pamphlet by the Massachusetts government, referring to its state police force, and in even earlier police reports of the NYPD. By the early 1970s, the term had spread to police departments across the United States.[1]

text: Use of the term became especially widespread following the release of Errol Morris' 1988 documentary film The Thin Blue Line, about the murder of a Dallas Police officer Robert W Wood.[1] Judge Don Metcalfe, who presided over the trial of Randall Adams, states in the film that prosecutor "Doug Mulder's final argument was one I'd never heard before: about the 'thin blue line' of police that separate the public from anarchy." The judge admitted to being deeply moved by the prosecutor's words, though the trial resulted in a wrongful conviction and death sentence.[6]

text: Symbols[edit]

text: Proponents say that the idea behind the various graphics that incorporate a thin blue line is that law enforcement is a Thin Blue Line that stands between chaos and order or between criminals and the potential victims of crime, and it is primarily used to show solidarity with police.[7] Opponents note that the representations of the public and the criminals as black bars on either side of the blue line are identical, and suggest that the symbology represents a police vs. everyone else mindset.[8]

text: Blue Line Identifier[edit]

text: The Blue Line Identifier, consisting of a single horizontal blue line on a black field, is a registered trademark of Blue Line Productions, Inc.[9] The Blue Line Identifier was developed by Blue Line Productions in 1993 and is used on a line of goods sold only to certified law enforcement officers.[10]

text: Variations[edit]

text: Various emblems portraying a Thin Blue Line have been made, including a horizontal thin blue line across a Union Jack rendered in black and white in the United Kingdom, or on a black and white American flag in the United States.  The sale of badges and bracelets[11] with these emblems has been used to raise money for families of police officers that have died in the line of duty.

text: Due to the popularity of Thin Blue Line phrase for law enforcement, other various groups have derived their own "thin line" terms and emblems to represent themselves. Most notably, in the United States, the term The Thin Red Line has been adopted by firefighters as an analogy to the Thin Blue Line, despite the phrase originally referring to the British Army.[12]

text: Controversy[edit]

text: The "Thin Blue Line" has been controversial in both the US and the UK.

text:
In 2015, police officers in Sussex, England were told by their supervisors to remove a badge from their uniforms with a blue line across a union jack since it was not part of their official uniform. There was a concern that it could be seen as a political statement related to cutbacks in police forces.[13][14]
In Chicago, in November 2016, counterprotesters carried the black and white US flag symbol to show support for police after a police shooting of Joshua Beal. The counterprotesters carried the symbol in confrontations with another group of protesters who felt the shooting was unjust and racially motivated.[15]
The black and white US version of the flag with the Thin Blue Line is seen by many as a desecration of the official US flag but proponents argue that it's a completely different flag.[16]
In Warwick, New York, the painting of a blue line down a roadway was protested by some citizens as being in opposition to the Black Lives Matter movement. The town has since painted the line red white and blue, the colors  of the US flag.[17]
In Riviera Beach, Florida, a group of police officers flew the thin blue line flags on their personal vehicles. They were ordered by their captain to remove the flags.[18]
During the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville in 2017, the thin blue line flag was used by white nationalist groups to symbolize support for police and opposition to the Black Lives Matter movement.[19][20]