document_title: Lakshadweep

question_text: what percentage of the lakshadweep population belongs to the tribal community

text: Lakshadweep

text: History[edit]

text: A mention of the region in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, by an anonymous author, is one of the earliest references.[6] There are references to the control of the islands by the Cheras in the Sangam Patiṟṟuppattu. Local traditions and legends attribute the first settlement on these islands to the period of Cheraman Perumal, the last Chera king of Kerala.[7] The oldest inhabited islands in the group are Amini, Kalpeni Andrott, Kavaratti, and Agatti. Archaeological evidence suggests that Buddhism prevailed in the region during the fifth and sixth centuries AD.[6] According to popular tradition, Islam was brought to Lakshadweep by an Arab named Ubaidulla in AD 661. His grave is located on the island of Andrott.[8] During the 11th century, the islands came under the rule of the Late Cholas[6] and subsequently the Kingdom of Cannanore.[9]

text: In the 16th century, the Portuguese ruled the seas between Ormuz and the Malabar Coast and south to Ceylon. As early as 1498, they took control of the archipelago (called Laquedivas by them), later on to exploit coir production, until the islanders expelled them in 1545. In the 17th century, the islands came under the rule of Ali Rajahs/Arakkal Bheevi of Kannur, who received them as a gift from the Kolathiris. The islands are also mentioned in great detail in the stories of the Arab traveller Ibn Batuta.[10]

text: The Aminidivi group of islands (Androth, Amini, Kadmat, Kiltan, Chetlath, and Bitra) came under the rule of Tipu Sultan in 1787. They passed to British control after the Third Anglo-Mysore War and were attached to South Canara. The rest of the islands came under the suzerainty of the Arakkal family of Cannanore in return for a payment of annual tribute. The British took over the administration of those islands for nonpayment of arrears. These islands were attached to the Malabar district of the Madras Presidency during the British Raj.[11]

text: Independent India[edit]

text: On 1 November 1956, during the reorganization of Indian states, the Lakshadweep islands were separated from Madras organized into a separate union territory for administrative purposes. The new territory was called Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Islands before adopting the Lakshadweep name on 1 November 1973.[12]

text: To safeguard India's vital shipping lanes to the Middle East, and the growing relevance of the islands in security considerations, an Indian Navy base, INS Dweeprakshak, was commissioned on Kavaratti island.[13]

text: A DX-pedition (VU7AG) by amateur radio operators was run on Agatti Island during November 2013.

text: Geography[edit]

text: Lakshadweep is an archipelago of twelve atolls, three reefs and five submerged banks, with a total of about thirty-nine islands and islets. The reefs are in fact also atolls, although mostly submerged, with only small unvegetated sand cays above the high-water mark. The submerged banks are sunken atolls. Almost all the atolls have a northeast-southwest orientation with the islands lying on the eastern rim, and a mostly submerged reef on the western rim, enclosing a lagoon. It has 10 inhabited islands, 17 uninhabited islands, attached islets, 4 newly formed islets and 5 submerged reefs.[14]

text: The main islands are Kavaratti, Agatti, Minicoy, and Amini. The total population of the territory is 60,595 according to the 2001 census. Agatti has an airport with direct flights from Kochi.

text: India's Coral Islands[edit]

text: The Aminidivi subgroup of islands (consisting of Amini, Keltan, Chetlat, Kadamat, Bitra, and Perumal Par) and the Laccadive subgroup of islands (comprising mainly Androth, Kalpeni, Kavaratti, Pitti, and Suheli Par), both subgroups having a submarine connection between them through Pitti Bank. Together with Minicoy Island, a lonely atoll located at the southern end of the 200-km-broad Nine Degree Channel, they form the Coral Islands of India in the Arabian Sea. All these islands have been built up by corals and have fringing coral reefs very close to their shores.[15]

text: Two banks further north are not considered part of the group:

text:
Angria Bank
Adas Bank

text: The atolls, reefs, and banks are listed from north to south in the table:

text:
Atoll/Reef/Bank
(alternate name)
type
Land
Area
(km2)
Lagoon
Area
(km2)
No. of
islets
Pop.
Census
2001
Location

Aminidivi Islands

Cora Divh
bank
-
339.45
-
-
13°42′N 72°11′E / 13.700°N 72.183°E / 13.700; 72.183 (Cora Divh)

Sesostris Bank
bank
-
388.53
-
-
13°08′N 72°00′E / 13.133°N 72.000°E / 13.133; 72.000 (Sesostris Bank)

Bassas de Pedro
(Munyal Par, Padua Bank)
bank
-
2474.33
-
-
13°07′N 72°25′E / 13.117°N 72.417°E / 13.117; 72.417 (Bassas de Pedro)

Cherbaniani Reef (Beleapani Reef)
reef
0.01
172.59
2
-
12°18′N 71°53′E / 12.300°N 71.883°E / 12.300; 71.883 (Cherbaniani Reef)

Byramgore Reef (Chereapani)
reef
0.01
57.46
1
-
11°54′N 71°49′E / 11.900°N 71.817°E / 11.900; 71.817 (Byramgore Reef)

Chetlat Island
atoll
1.14
1.60
1
2,289
11°42′N 72°42′E / 11.700°N 72.700°E / 11.700; 72.700 (Chetlat Island)

Bitrā Island
atoll
0.10
45.61
2
264
11°33′N 72°09′E / 11.550°N 72.150°E / 11.550; 72.150 (Bitrā Island)

Kiltān Island
atoll
2.20
1.76
1
3,664
11°29′N 73°00′E / 11.483°N 73.000°E / 11.483; 73.000 (Kiltān Island)

Kadmat Island (Cardamom)
atoll
3.20
37.50
1
5,319
11°14′N 72°47′E / 11.233°N 72.783°E / 11.233; 72.783 (Kadmat Island)

Elikalpeni Bank
bank
-
95.91
-
-
11°12′N 73°58′E / 11.200°N 73.967°E / 11.200; 73.967 (Elikalpeni Bank)

Perumal Par
reef
0.01
83.02
1
-
11°10′N 72°04′E / 11.167°N 72.067°E / 11.167; 72.067 (Perumal Par)

Amini Island 1)
atoll
2.59
155.091)
1
7,340
11°06′N 72°45′E / 11.100°N 72.750°E / 11.100; 72.750 (Amini Island)

Laccadive Islands

Agatti Island (Agatti) 2)
atoll
2.70
4.84
1
8,000
10°50′N 73°41′E / 10.833°N 73.683°E / 10.833; 73.683 (Agatti Island)

Bangaram Island (Bangaram) 2)
atoll
2.30
4.84
1
61
10°50′N 73°41′E / 10.833°N 73.683°E / 10.833; 73.683 (Bangaram Island)

Pitti Island 1)
islet
0.01
155.09
1
-
10°50′N 72°38′E / 10.833°N 72.633°E / 10.833; 72.633 (Pitti Island)

Androth Island (Andrott)
atoll
4.90
4.84
1
10,720
10°50′N 73°41′E / 10.833°N 73.683°E / 10.833; 73.683 (Androth Island)

Kavaratti Island
atoll
4.22
4.96
1
10,113
10°33′N 72°38′E / 10.550°N 72.633°E / 10.550; 72.633 (Kavaratti Island)

Kalpeni Island
atoll
2.79
25.60
7
4,319
10°05′N 73°38′E / 10.083°N 73.633°E / 10.083; 73.633 (Kalpeni Island)

Suheli Par 3)
atoll
0.57
78.76
2
-
10°05′N 72°17′E / 10.083°N 72.283°E / 10.083; 72.283 (Suheli Par)

Minicoy Atoll

Investigator Bank
bank
-
141.78
-
-
08°32′N 73°17′E / 8.533°N 73.283°E / 8.533; 73.283 (Investigator Bank)

Minicoy Island 4)
atoll
4.80
30.60
2
9,495
08°17′N 73°02′E / 8.283°N 73.033°E / 8.283; 73.033 (Minicoy Island)

Viringili Island 4)
islet
0.02
30.60
1
-
08°27′N 73°01′E / 8.450°N 73.017°E / 8.450; 73.017 (Viringili (Maliku Atoll))

Lakshadweep

32.69
4203.14
32
60,595
08°16'-13°58'N,
71°44°-74°24'E

1) Amini Island and Pitti Island are both on Pitti Bank, a largely sunken atoll with a lagoon area of 155.09 km2

2) Bangaram and Agatti Islands are connected by a shallow submarine ridge

3) new international tourist resort, otherwise uninhabited, but with a population 61 at the 1990 census

4) Minicoy Island and Viringili Island are both on Maliku Atoll

text: Flora and fauna[edit]

text: The Lakshadweep Archipelago forms a terrestrial ecoregion together with the Maldives and the Chagos.[16] It has over 600 species of marine fishes, 78 species of corals, 82 species of seaweed, 52 species of crabs, 2 species of lobsters, 48 species of gastropods, 12 species of bivalves, 101 species of birds.[17] It is one of the four coral reef regions in India.[18] The corals are a major attraction for the tourist. Pitti Island, is an important breeding place for sea turtles and for a number of pelagic birds such as the brown noddy (Anous stolidus), lesser crested tern (Sterna bengalensis) and greater crested tern (Sterna bergii).[19] The island has been declared a bird sanctuary.[20] Cetacean diversity off the Lakshadweep Islands and in adjacent areas is higher than other areas although a lack of scientific study results in poor understanding and conservation promoting. These include various whales (e.g. pygmy blue, Bryde's,[21] sperm[22]), smaller cetaceans (e.g. orca,[23] pilot whale[24]) and dolphins.[25][26][27][28]

text: The region does not have a rich flora and almost all the plants can be found on the mainland of India. There is also an absence of forest in the region. Nearly 400 species of flowering plants have been documented, including three species of sea grasses Cymodocia isoetifolia, Syringodium isoetifolium and Thalassia hemprichii, other angiosperms as Pandanus, Heliotropium foertherianum, Tournefortia argentea and Pemphis acidula as well as fungi, algae, lichens are also found. The common flora of the coral sands include coconut groves and coastal shrubs as Pemphis acidula, Cordia subcordata, Scaevola taccada, Thespesia populnea, Suriana maritima, Dodonaea viscosa, Guettarda speciosa and seaweeds such as sea lettuces, Codium and Hypena.[17][29]

text: Government and administration[edit]

text: Lakshadweep forms a single Indian district and is governed by an administrator appointed by the President of India under article 239 of the constitution. The present administrator is Mr. Farooq Khan IPS[30] There are 10 Sub Divisions of the territory. In Minicoy and Agatti the Sub Division is under a Deputy Collector while in the remaining 8 islands developmental activities are coordinated by Sub Divisional Officers. The Collector cum Development Commissioner who is also the District Magistrate oversees matters coming under District Administration, such as revenue, land settlement, law and order. The District Magistrate is assisted by one Additional District Magistrate and Ten Executive Magistrates with respect to enforcement of law and order. Administrator in his capacity as Inspector General of Lakshadweep Police has command and control of the Lakshadweep Police. Administration Secretariat is in Kavaratti.[31] The union territory comes under the jurisdiction of the Kerala High Court at Kochi along with a system of lower courts.[32] The territory elects one member to the Lok Sabha (lower house of the Parliament of India).[33]

text: Demographics[edit]

text: According to the 2011 census Lakshadweep has a population of 64,429,[34] roughly equal in number to that of the Marshall Islands.[35] This gives it a ranking of 627th among the 640 districts in India.[34] The district has a population density of 2,013 inhabitants per square kilometre (5,210/sq mi).[34] Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 6.23%.[34] Lakshadweep has a sex ratio of 946 females for every 1000 males,[34] and a literacy rate of 92.28%.[34]

text: Most people of Lakshadweep are descendants of migrants from the Malabar Coast of southwest India and the islanders are ethnically similar to coastal Kerala's Malayali people. More than 93% of the population who are indigenous, are Muslims and the majority of them belong to the Shafi School of the Sunni Sect. The southernmost and second largest island of Minicoy has an ethnically Mahls population that are native to the Maldives.[14][36]

text: Religion[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Religion in State (2011)[37]

text: The inhabitants of Lakshadweep were known to practice different religious customs. Then Islam was propounded by the Sheikh Ubaidullah.[38]

text: The spread of Islam has contributed to the religious identity of Lakshadweep. Eid-ul-Fitr, Muharram, Eid-ul-Adha and Milad-un-Nabi are the prominent occasions when the people of the island gather in various mosques.

text: Religious observance in Lakshadweep is characterized by certain festivals that are found in its core ethnic groups. Moulood is one such religious event when the islanders offer prayers to the divine power and eat in groups. The festival of Ratheeb is another uncommon occasion which originated in the Kavaratti region of Lakshadweep. The grave of Sheikh Kasim, one of the respected saints is praised during Ratheeb by the people of the island to gather his holy blessings.

text: The Sunni branch of Islam is the predominant faith.

text: Languages[edit]

text: Languages of Lakshadweep in 2001[39]

text: The principal languages of Lakshadweep are Malayalam, Jeseri (Dweep Bhasha) and Mahl.[40] The people of all the northern islands speak a dialect of Malayalam with the influence of Tamil and Arabic similar to Arwi. The people of Minicoy, the southernmost atoll, speak Mahl, a variant of Divehi language spoken in the Maldives.

text: Malayalam with Malayalam script was introduced as the official language of Lakshadweep during the British raj. Previously a type of Arabic script (Arabi Malayalam) was used for the language. The policy was continued by the Indian government. Malayalam serves as a link language on the islands including on the Mahl dominated Minicoy Island.[41] The dances here include:-Lava Dance, Kolkali dance & Parichakli Dance.

text: Economy[edit]

text: Lakshadweep's gross territorial domestic product for 2004 is estimated at US$ 60 million at current prices. There is little economic inequality in Lakshadweep and the poverty index is low. Coconut fibre extraction and production of fibre products is Lakshadweep's main industry. There are five coir fibre factories, five production demonstration centres and seven fibre curling units run by the government of India. These units produce coir fibre, coir yarn, curled fibre and corridor mattings.[42]

text: Fisheries[edit]

text: Lakshadweep comprises the only coral atolls of the country. With a vast lagoon of 4,200 km2 (1,600 sq mi), it has territorial waters of 20,000 km2 (7,700 sq mi), Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of 4,00,000 lakh (400,000 km2 [150,000 sq mi]) and coastal line of about 132 kilometres (82 mi). There is an estimation of about one lakh tonnes (100,000 tonnes [110,000 tons]) of tuna and tuna-like fishes and about an equal quantity of shark in the sea around Lakshadweep. Fishing is the main livelihood of the islanders.[43] Freshly caught tuna is processed by drying it in the sun after cooking and smoking. The resultant product, known as 'mas', are popular products exported from these islands to southeast Asian countries.[44] Eleven workshops in islands and two boat building yards cater to the needs of fishermen. There are 375 boats in operation in Lakshadweep.[45]

text: Tourism[edit]

text: Due to its isolation and scenic appeal, Lakshadweep was already known as a tourist attraction for Indians since 1974.[46] This brings in significant revenue, which is likely to increase. Since such a small region cannot support industries, the government is actively promoting tourism as a means of income in Bangaram and Kadmat islands. Bangaram is projected to become a major destination for international tourism.[47] Marine fauna are plentiful. Water sports activities such as scuba diving, wind surfing, snorkelling, surfing, kayaking, canoeing, water skiing, sportfishing, yachting and night sea voyages are popular activities among tourists. Tourists flock to these islands throughout the year, except during the South-west monsoon months when seas are extremely rough. The government has also proposed to set up two customs clearance check-in offices so that tourists can enter directly instead of getting permission from the nearest customs office in Kochi, which is 260 nautical miles (300 mi; 480 km) from these islands. These will be the smallest customs offices in India. Tourism is expected to get a big boost after these offices open as the islands lie on one of the busiest cruise ways.

text: Desalination[edit]

text:
Local symbols of Lakshadweep

Animal
Butterfly fish[48][49]

Bird
Noddy tern[48][49]

Tree
Bread fruit[48][49]

Flower
Not designated

text: A low-temperature thermal desalination plant opened on Kavaratti in 2005, at a cost of ₹50 million (€922,000). The experimental plant, which uses the temperature difference between warm surface seawater and much colder seawater at 500m depth to generate potable water as well as energy, was slated to produce 100,000 litres/day of potable water from seawater.[50][51] Production costs in 2005 were ₹220-250/m³ (€4.1-4.6/m³); the cost was supposed to drop to ₹30-60/m³ (€0.55-1.11/m³) with increased capacity.[52]

text: The technology was developed by the National Institute of Ocean Technology. It can be used to produce drinking water and also for power generation and air conditioning. In addition, the deep seawater contains extra nutrients for fish, an important source of food and income for the local population. The government plans to set up desalination plants with a capacity of 10 million litres/per day on all islands and coastal areas.[50] In 2009, the NIOT announced plans to build plants on Minicoy, Agatti and Andrott.[53]

text: Transport and tourism[edit]

text: Agatti Aerodrome on Agatti Island is the only airport in Lakshadweep. Alliance Air, a subsidiary of the state-owned carrier, serves Agatti and flies to Kochi and Bengaluru on the mainland. Kingfisher Airlines, had flights connecting Kochi and Bangalore to Agatti before the airline ceased operations. The other islands are linked by the Pawan Hans helicopter or boat service.[54] Six ships connect Kochi, Calicut(Beypore) and Lakshadweep: MV Kavaratti, MV Aminidivi, MV Minicoy, MV Arabian Sea, MV Lakshadweep Sea and MV Bharath Seema.[55]

text: Tourists need a permit to visit the islands; foreign nationals are not permitted to visit certain islands.[56] According to the current alcohol laws of India, alcoholic beverage consumption is not permitted in the Lakshadweep Archipelago except on Bangaram Island.[57]


document_title: List of Akufo-Addo government ministers and political appointees

question_text: name of the minister of education in ghana

root

text: Ministers[edit]

text:
Current Government

Office(s)
Officeholder
Term

President
Nana Addo Danquah Akuffo-Addo[1]
January 7, 2017 –

Vice President
Mahamudu Bawumia[1]
January 7, 2017 –

Sector Ministers[2]Note 1

Office(s)
Officeholder
Term

Ministry of Trade and Industry
Alan John Kyerematen[3][4][5]Carlos Kingsley Ahenkorah (MP) (Deputy minister)Robert Ahomka-Lindsey (Deputy minister)
January 27, 2017 –(nominated)(nominated)

Ministry of Finance

Ken Ofori-Atta[6][4][5]Kwaku Kwarteng (Deputy minister)Abena Osei Asare (MP) (Deputy minister)Charles Adu Boahen (Deputy minister)

January 27, 2017 –(nominated)(nominated)(nominated)

Ministry of Defence

Dominic Nitiwul[6][4][5]Derrick Oduro (Maj.) (Deputy minister)

January 27, 2017 –(nominated)

Ministry of The Interior

Ambrose Dery[6][4][5]Henry Quartey (Deputy minister)

January 27, 2017 –(nominated)

Ministry of Energy and Petroleum

John Peter Amewu
Boakye Agyarko (PhD)[6][4][5]
Owuraku Aidoo (Deputy minister)Joseph Cudjoe (Deputy minister)Mohammed Amin Anta (Deputy minister)

August 2018-
January 27, 2017 –August 2018(nominated)(nominated)(nominated)

Office of Attorney General and Ministry of Justice

Gloria Akuffo[6][4][5]Godfred Dame (Deputy minister)Joseph Dindiok Kpemka (Deputy minister)

January 27, 2017 –(nominated)(nominated)

Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Shirley Ayorkor Botwe (MP)[7][8]Mohammed Habbib Tijani (Deputy minister)Charles Owiredu (Deputy minister)

January 29, 2017 -(nominated)(nominated)

Ministry of Food and Agriculture

Owusu Afriyie Akoto (PhD)[3][4][5]William Agyapong Quaitoo (Deputy minister)Sagre Bambangi (Deputy minister)George Oduro (Deputy minister)

January 27, 2017 –(nominated) - August 29, 2017[9](nominated)(nominated)

Ministry of Education

Matthew Opoku Prempeh (PhD)[6][4][5]Yaw Osei Adutwum (PhD) (Deputy minister)Barbara Ayisi Acher (Deputy minister)

January 27, 2017 –(nominated)(nominated)

Ministry of Health

Kwaku Agyemang-Manu[6][4][5]Kingsley Aboagye Gyedu (MP) (Deputy minister)Tina Mensah (Deputy minister)

January 27, 2017 –(nominated)(nominated)

Ministry Monitoring and Evaluation

Anthony Akoto Osei (PhD)[10][11]William Kwasi Sabi (Deputy minister)

February 7, 2017 –(nominated)

Ministry of Regional Reorganization and Development

Dan Kweku Botwe (MP)[10][11]Martin Agyei-Mensah Korsah (Deputy minister)

February 7, 2017 –(nominated)

Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources

Kwaku Asomah-Cheremeh
John Peter Amewu[10][11]
Benito Owusu Bio (Deputy minister)Barbara Oteng Gyasi (Deputy minister)

August 2018-
February 7, 2017 –August 2018(nominated)(nominated)

Ministry of Sanitation and Water Resources

Joseph Kofi Adda (MP)[10][11]Patrick Boamah (Deputy minister)Michael Yaw Gyato (Deputy minister)

February 7, 2017 –(nominated)(nominated)

Ministry of Railway Development (Ghana)

Joe Ghartey[10][11]Kwaku Agyenim Boateng (Deputy minister)Andy Appiah-Kubi (Deputy minister)

February 7, 2017 –(nominated)(nominated)

Ministry of Employment and Labour Relations

Ignatius Bafuor Awuah (MP)[10][11]Bright Wireko Brobbey (Deputy minister)

February 7, 2017 –(nominated)

Ministry of Transport

Kweku Ofori Asiamah[10][11]Nii Kwartei Titus Glover (Deputy minister)

February 7, 2017 –(nominated)

Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Creative Arts

Catherine Ablema Afeku (MP)[12][13]Ziblim Barri Iddi (PhD) (Deputy minister)

February 10, 2017 –(nominated)

Ministry of Special Development Initiative

Mavis Hawa Koomson (MP)[12][13]

February 10, 2017 –

Senior Minister

Yaw Osafo-Maafo[6][4][5]

January 27, 2017 –

Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology
Kwabena Frimpong-Boateng[3][11]Patricia Appiagyei (Deputy minister)
February 7, 2017 –(nominated)

National Security Ministry
Albert Kan-Dapaah[14][4][5]
January 27, 2017 –

Ministry of Youth and Sports
Isaac Kwame Asiamah (MP)[15][13]Pius Enam Hadzide (Deputy minister)
February 10, 2017 –(nominated)

Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development
Alima Mahama[6][4][5]Osei Bonsu Amoah (Deputy minister)Collins Ntim (Deputy minister)Kwasi Boateng Agyei (Deputy minister)
January 27, 2017 –(nominated)(nominated)(nominated)

Ministry of Works and Housing (Ghana)
Samuel Atta Akyea (MP)[10][11]Freda Prempeh (Deputy minister)Eugene Antwi (Deputy minister)
February 7, 2017 –(nominated)(nominated)

Ministry of Communication
Ursula Owusu Ekuful (MP)[10][11]George Andah (Deputy minister) Vincent Sowah Odotei (Deputy minister)
February 7, 2017 –(nominated)(nominated)

Ministry of Information
Kojo Oppong Nkrumah
Mustapha Abdul-Hamid[12][13]Ama Dokuaa Asiamah Agyei (Deputy minister)Perry Curtis Kwabla Okudzeto (Deputy minister)

August 2018-
February 10, 2017 –August 2018
(nominated)(nominated)

Ministry of Roads and Highways
Kwesi Amoako Atta[10][11]Kwabena Owusu Aduomi (MP) (Deputy minister)Anthony N-Yoh Puowele Karbo (MP) (Deputy minister)
February 7, 2017 –(nominated)(nominated)

Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Protection
Otiko Afisa Djaba[10][11]Gifty Twum Ampofo (Deputy minister)
February 7, 2017 –(nominated)

Ministry of Planning
George Yaw Gyan-Baffour (Prof.) (MP)[12][13]
February 10, 2017 –

Ministry of Fisheries And Aquaculture
Elizabeth Afoley Quaye (MP)[12][13]Francis Kingsley Ato Cudjoe (Deputy minister)
February 10, 2017 –(nominated)

Ministry for Chieftaincy and Religious Affairs
Kofi Dzamesi[12][13]Paul Essien (Deputy minister)
February 10, 2017 –(nominated)

Ministry of Inner cities and Zongo Development
Abubakar Boniface Siddique (MP)[12][13]
Mustapha Abdul-Hamid

February 10, 2017 –August 2018
August 2018-

Ministry of Business Development
Ibrahim Mohammed Awal[12][13]
February 10, 2017 –

Minister for Parliamentary Affairs
Osei Kyei Mensah Bonsu (MP)[12][13]
February 10, 2017 –

Ministry of Aviation
Cecilia Dapaah[13]Kwabena O. Darko-Mensah (Deputy minister)
February 10, 2017 –(nominated)

Ministers of State

Office(s)
Officeholder
Term

Minister of State at the Office of the President in charge of Public Procurement

Sarah Adwoa Safo[16][17]Note 2

April 4, 2017 –

Minister of State at the Ministry of Education in charge of Tertiary Education

Kwesi Yankah (Prof.)[16][17]

April 4, 2017 –

Minister of State at the Ministry of Agriculture

Nurah Gyeile (PhD)[16][17]

April 4, 2017 –

Minister of State at the Office of the President

Bryan Acheampong (MP)[16][17]

April 4, 2017 –

Regional Ministers

Region
Officeholder
Term

Ashanti Region
Simon Osei-Mensah[18][19]Elizabeth Agyeman (Deputy minister)

February 19, 2017 –(nominated)

Brong Ahafo Region
Kweku Asomah-Cheremeh[18][19]Evans Opoku (Deputy minister)

February 19, 2017 –(nominated)

Central Region
Kwamena Duncan[18][19]Thomas Agyei Baffour (Deputy minister)

February 19, 2017 –(nominated)

Eastern Region
Kwakye Darfour (PhD)[18][19]Joseph Tetteh (MP) (Nkansah Sampson)

February 19, 2017 –(nominated)

Greater Accra Region
Ishmael Ashitey[18][19]Elizabeth Kwatsoo Tetteh Sackey (Deputy minister)

February 19, 2017 –(nominated)

Northern Region
Salifu Saeed[18][19]Solomon Namliit Boar (MP) (Deputy minister)

February 19, 2017 –(nominated)

Upper East Region
[[Alhassan
Samari ]][18][19]Frank Fuseini Adongo (MP) (Deputy minister)

February 19, 2017 –(nominated)

Upper West Region
Sulemana Alhassan[18][19]Amidu Ishaq (Deputy minister)

February 19, 2017 –(nominated)

Volta Region
Archibald Letsa (PhD)[18][19]Maxwell Blagogee (Deputy minister)

February 19, 2017 –(nominated)

Western Region
Kwaku Afriyie (PhD)[18][19]Eugenia Gifty Kusi (Deputy minister)

February 19, 2017 –(nominated)

tag: table

text: Cabinet Ministers[edit]

text:
Portrait
Portfolio
Incumbent
Term

Ministry of Trade and Industry
Alan Kyeremanten
2017 -

Ministry of Finance
Ken Ofori-Atta
2017 -

Ministry of Defence
Dominic Nitiwul
2017 -

Ministry of The Interior
Ambrose Dery
2017 -

Ministry of Energy
Boakye Agyarko
2017 -

Office of Attorney General and Ministry of Justice
Gloria Akuffo
2017 -

Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Shirley Ayorkor Botchway
2017 -

Ministry of Food and Agriculture
Dr. Owusu Afriyie Akoto
2017 -

Ministry of Education
Dr. Matthew Opoku Prempeh
2017 -

Ministry of Health
Kwaku Agyemang-Manu
2017 -

Minister of Monitoring and Evaluation
Dr. Anthony Akoto Osei
2017 -

Ministry of Regional Reorganization and Development
Dan Kweku Botwe
2017 -

Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources
John Peter Amewu
2017 -

Ministry of Sanitation and Water Resources
Joseph Kofi Adda
2017 -

Ministry of Railway Development
Joe Ghartey
2017 -

Ministry of Employment and Labour Relations
Ignatius Bafuor Awuah
2017 -

Ministry of Transport
Kweku Ofori Asiamah
2017 -

Ministry of Tourism, Arts and Culture
Catherine Afeku
2017 -

Ministry of Special Development Initiative
Mavis Hawa Koomson
2017 -

Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture Development (Ghana)
Elizabeth Afoley Quaye
2017 -

Deputy minister (Ghana)
Owuraku Aidoo

text: Local government administration[edit]

text:
showLocal government administrators

Region
Assembly
Administrative subdivision
Chief Executive
Term

Greater Accra Region

Accra

Metropolitan

Mohammed Adjei Sowah

(nominated)

Ashanti Region

Kumasi

Metropolitan

Osei Assibey Antwi

(nominated)

Western Region

Secondi/Takoradi

Metropolitan

Anthony K. K. Sam

(nominated)

Northern Region

Tamale

Metropolitan
Iddrisu Musa
(nominated)

Northern Region

Bole

District

Alele Veronica Herming[20]

(nominated)

Ashanti Region

Ahafo Ano North

Martina Appiah-Nyantakyi

(nominated)

Ashanti Region

Ejisu-Juaben

Beatrice Serwah Derkyi

(nominated)

Ashanti Region

Sekyere East

Mary Boatemaa Marfo

(nominated)

Ashanti Region

Nkansah Sampson

Catherine Reckling

(nominated)

Brong-Ahafo Region

Banda

Mary Okone

(nominated)

Brong-Ahafo Region

Dormaa West

Mary Ameyaa

(nominated)

Brong-Ahafo Region

Nkoranza North

Gifty Akosa Arthur

(nominated)

Brong-Ahafo Region

Nkoranza South

Diana Attaa-Kusiwaa

(nominated)

Brong-Ahafo Region

Sunyani East

Municipal

Evelyn Amma Kumi Richardson[21]

May 5, 2017 -

Brong-Ahafo Region

Tain

Charity Foriwaa Dwommoh

(nominated)

Central Region

Abura/Asebu/Kwamankese

Felicia Aba Hagan

(nominated)

Central Region

Agona West

Municipal

Justina Marigold Assan[22]

May 5, 2017 -

Eastern Region

Ayensuano

Florence Governor

(nominated)

Eastern Region

New Juaben

Comfort Asante

(nominated)

Eastern Region

Suhum

Margaret Darko

(nominated)

Greater Accra Region

Ada East

Sarah Dugbakie Pobee

(nominated)

Greater Accra Region

Ga East

Janet Tulasu Mensah

(nominated)

Greater Accra Region

La Dade Kotopon

Gladys Mann Dedey

(nominated)

Greater Accra Region

La Nkwantanang Madina

Jennifer Dede Afagbedzi

(nominated)

Greater Accra Region

Ledzokuku-Kwowor

Municipal

Adjeley Twum Gyamrah[23]

May 15, 2017 -

Northern Region

Sagnarigu

Mariama Iddrisu

(nominated)

Northern Region

Savelugu-Nanton

Ayishetu Seidu

(nominated)

Northern Region

Tolon

Amama Ayibu

(nominated)

Upper East Region

Bawku East

Victoria Ayamba

(nominated)

Upper East Region

Nabdam

Agnes Anamoo

(nominated)

Upper East Region

Pusiga

Zubeiru Abdulai

(nominated)

Upper West Region

Daffiama Bussie Issa

Nadi Sanda Imoro

(nominated)

Upper West Region

Nadowli

Katherine Lankono

(nominated)

Upper West Region

Jirapa

Christine Bonbbanye-Amadu

(nominated)

Volta Region

Boateng Adaklu

Josphine Ohene

(nominated)

Volta Region

Afadjato South

Wisdom Semanu Seneadza

(nominated)

Volta Region

Agotime-Ziope

David Dickson Dzorkpe

(nominated)

Volta Region

Akatsi North

Prince Sodoke Amuzu

(nominated)

Volta Region

Akatsi South

Leonelson Adzidogah

(nominated)

Volta Region

Biakoye

Millicent Kabuki Carboo

(nominated)

Volta Region

Central Tongu

Thomas Moore Zonyrah

(nominated)

Volta Region

Ho Central

Nelson Akorli

(nominated)

Volta Region

Ho West

Ernest Victor Apau

(nominated)

Volta Region

Hohoe

Andrews Teddy Ofori

(nominated)

Volta Region

Jasikan

Lawrence Aziale

(nominated)

Volta Region

Kadjebi

Maxwell Kofi Asiedu

(nominated)

Volta Region

Keta

Seth Yormewu

(nominated)

Volta Region

Ketu North

Anthony Avorgbedor

(nominated)

Volta Region

Ketu South

Edem Elliot Agbewornu

(nominated)

Volta Region

Kpando

Elvis Kweku Djampoh

(nominated)

Volta Region

Krachi East

Patrick Jilima

(nominated)

Volta Region

Krachi Nchumuru

Appiah Augustine

(nominated)

Volta Region

Krachi West

Douglas Osei Nti

(nominated)

Volta Region

Nkwanta North

Jakayi Jackson

(nominated)

Volta Region

Nkwanta South

John Thasun

(nominated)

Volta Region

North Dayi

Kudjo Edmund Attah

(nominated)

Volta Region

North Tongu

Richard Collins Arku

(nominated)

Volta Region

South Dayi

Elia Boateng

(nominated)

Volta Region

South Tonu

Emmanuel Louis Agama

(nominated)

Western Region

Ahanta West

Henrietta Mary Eyison

(nominated)

Western Region

Juaboso

Martha Kwayie Manu

(nominated)

Western Region

Wasa Amenfi West

Helena Appiah

(nominated)

Upper West Region

Wa

Municipal

Moomin Issahaku Tahiru[24]

May 4, 2017 -

Eastern Region

Akuapem North

Municipal

Denis Edward Aboagye[25]

May 10, 2017 -

text: Parliamentary appointments[edit]

text:
Office(s)
Officeholder
Term

Speaker of Parliament
Aaron Mike Oquaye[26]
January 7, 2017 -

First Deputy Speaker of Parliament
Joseph Osei Owusu (MP)[26]
January 7, 2017 -

Majority Leader
Osei Kyei Mensah Bonsu (MP)[26]
January 7, 2017 -

Deputy Majority Leader
Sarah Adwoa Safo (MP)[26]
January 7, 2017 -

Majority Chief Whip
Kwasi Ameyaw-Cheremeh (MP)[26]
January 7, 2017 -

text: Government administrative staff[edit]

text:
Administrative staff

Office(s)
Officeholder
Term

Chief of Staff
Frema Osei-Opare[27]
January 7, 2017 -

Deputy Chief of Staff
Samuel Abu Jinapor[27]
January 7, 2017 -

Secretary to the Cabinet

Mercy Yvonne Debrah-Karikari[28]

February 14, 2017

Executive Secretary to the president
Nana Bediatuo Asante[27]
January 7, 2017 -

Director of Communications at the Presidency
Eugene Arhin[27]
January 7, 2017 -

Deputy Director of Communications at the Presidency
Fatimatu Abubakari[29]
February 16, 2017 -

National security adviser
Emmanuel Okyere (Brig.-Gen.)[27]
January 7, 2017 -

National security coordinator
Joshua Kyeremeh[27]
January 7, 2017 -

Director of Research
Victor Newman[27]
January 7, 2017 -

Political assistant to the president and deputy chief of staff
Francis Asenso-Boakye[27]
January 7, 2017 -

Director of state protocol
Hassan Ahmed[27]
January 7, 2017 -

Director of Operations
Lord Oblitey Commey[27]
January 7, 2017 -

Personal assistant to the president
Saratu Atta[27]
January 7, 2017 -

Presidential staffer
Clara Napaga Tia Sulemana[27]
January 7, 2017 -

Presidential staffer

Charles Bissue[30]

March 10, 2017 -

text: Heads of Institutions[edit]

text:
Office(s)
Officeholder
Term

Director General of National Communications Authority
Joseph Anokye[31]
(appointed)

Director General of Ghana Ports and Harbours Authority
Mr Michael Achagwe Luguj[32]
June 5, 2018-

Executive Secretary of Ghana Free Zones Authority
Michael Okyere Baafi[33]
January 27, 2017 -

Chief Executive Officer of National Petroleum Authority
Hassan Tampuli[34]
January 27, 2017 -

Managing Director of Tema Oil Refinery
Isaac Osei[35]
January 7, 2017 -

Chief Executive Officer of Ghana National Petroleum Corporation
Kofi Koduah Sarpong (PhD)[36]
January 25, 2017 -

Chief Executive Officer of Bulk Oil Storage and Transportation Company Limited
Alfred Obeng Boateng[37]
January 25, 2017 -

Chief Executive Officer of National Identification Authority
Ken Agyeman Attafuah (Prof.)[38]
January 28, 2017 -

Executive Director of National Service Scheme
Mustapha Ussif[39]
February 6, 2017 -

Deputy Executive Director of National Service Scheme (Operations and Programmes)
Nana Boakye[40]
February 6, 2017 -

Deputy Executive Director of National Service Scheme (Finance and Administration)
Gifty Oware-Aboagye[40]
February 6, 2017 -

Executive Director of the Council for Technical and Vocational Education and Training
Fred Kyei Asamoah[41]
February 6, 2017 -

Commissioner General of Ghana Revenue Authority
Emmanuel Kofi Nti[42]
February 17, 2017 -

Chief Executive Officer of Ghana National Gas Company
Benjamin K. D. Asante (PhD)[43]
February 1, 2017 -

Coordinator for the National Youth Authority
Emmanuel Asigiri[44]
February 23, 2017 -

Deputy Chief Executive of the National Youth Authority

Bright Kwabena Acheampong[45]

April 18, 2017 -

Chief Executive of the Forestry Commission

Kwadwo Owusu Afriyie[46]

February 23, 2017-

Director General of Ghana Health Service

Nsiah Asare (PhD)[46]

February 23, 2017-

Chief Executive Officer of Microfinance and Small Loans Center

Stephen Amoah[46]

February 23, 2017-

Deputy Executive Secretary of Microfinance and Small Loans Center

Maame Afia Akoto[47]

March 8, 2017 -

Chief Executive Officer of Ghana Oil Company Limited

Kwame Osei-Prempeh[46]

February 23, 2017-

Chief Executive Officer of Driver and Vehicle Licensing Authority

Kwasi Agyemang Busia[48]

February 28, 2017-

Chief Executive Officer of Public Procurement Authority

Agyenim Boateng Agyei[49]

March 9, 2017 -

Director General of National Disaster Management Organisation

Eric Nana Agyeman-Prempeh[50]

March 10, 2017 -

Deputy Director General of National Disaster Management Organisation

Abu Ramadan[51]

March 10, 2017 -

Chief Executive Officer of Food and Drugs Authority

Delese Mimi Darko[52]

March 7, 2017 -

Director of Ghana Standards Authority

Addai-Mensah Otchere (PhD)[53]

March 7, 2017 -

Chief Executive Officer of Ghana Export Import Bank

Lawrence Agyinsam[54]

March 11, 2017 -

President of Creative Arts Council

Mark Okraku Mantey[55]

March 1, 2017 -

Director of Creative Arts Council

Gyankroma Akufo-Addo[55]

March 1, 2017 -

Secretary of Creative Arts Council

Bibi Bright[55]

March 1, 2017 -

Chief Executive Officer of Ghana Forestry Commission

Kwadwo Owusu Afriyie[56]

March 14, 2017 -

Deputy Commissioner of National Commission for Civic Education

Kathleen Addy[57]

March 15, 2017 -

Chief Executive Officer of Ghana Tourism Development Company

Kwadwo Odame Antwi[58]

January 24, 2017 -

Director General of Social Security and National Insurance Trust

John Ofori-Tenkorang (PhD)[59]

March 29, 2017 -

Director General of the Ghana Prisons Service

Patrick Darko Missah (DOP)[60]

March 28, 2017 -

Deputy Chief Executive Officer of Youth Employment Agency (Operations)

Ibrahim Bashiru[61]

February 16, 2017 -

Comptroller General of Ghana Immigration Service

Kwame Asuah Takyi[62]

March 1, 2017 -

Managing Director of Ghana Water Company Limited

Clifford Braimah (PhD)[63]

March 27, 2017 -

Managing Director of Intercity State Transport Company

Nana Akomea[64]

(nominated)

Deputy Chief Executive Officer of National Lotteries Authority

Yaw Amoakohene Baafi[65]

April 24, 2017 -

Director General of National Sports Authority

Robert Sarfo Mensah[66]

April 25, 2017 -

Chief Executive Officer of State Enterprises Commission

Stephen Asamoah-Boateng[67]

April 24, 2017 -

Director General of Ghana Education Service

Kwasi Opoku-Amankwa (Prof.)[68]

April 20, 2017 -

Chief Executive Officer of Ghana Export Promotion Authority

Gifty Kekeli Klenam[69]

May 3, 2017 -

Deputy Chief Executive Officer Ghana Export Promotion Authority

Eric Amoako Twum[70]

May 3, 2017 -

Deputy Chief Executive Officer Ghana Export Promotion Authority

Akilu Sayibu[70]

May 3, 2017 -

Executive Director of National Board for Small Scale Industries

Kosi Antwiwaa Yankey[71]

May 4, 2017 -

Managing Director of State Housing Company

Kwabena Ampofo Appiah[72]

May 10, 2017 -

Deputy Managing Director of State Housing Company

Roni Kwasi Nicol[72]

May 10, 2017 -

Chief Executive Officer of Cylinder Manufacturing Company

Frances Essiam[73]

April 25, 2017 -

Controller and Accountant General

Eugene Asante Ofosuhene[74]

(appointed)

Director of Budget at Ministry of Finance

Eva Mends[75]

(appointed)

Chief Budget Analyst at Ministry of Finance

David Klotey Collison[75]

(appointed)

Director of Public Investment Division and Financial Sector Division of the Ministry of Finance

Sampson Akligoh[75]

(appointed)

Chief Executive Officer of Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital

Felix Anyah[76]

(appointed)

District Assembly Common Fund administrator

Irene Naa Torshie Addo[77]

(appointed)

Chief Executive Officer of Ghana Shippers Authority

Benonita Bismarck[78]

(appointed)

Chief Executive Officer of Public Sector Reforms

Thomas Kusi Boafo[79]

(appointed)

Director General of Ghana AIDS Commission

Mokowaa Blay Adu[80]

April 25, 2017 -

text: Ambassadorial roles[edit]

text:
Host country
Officeholder
Term

Canada

Ayikoi Otoo[81]

(nominated)

Germany

Gina Blay[81][82]

June 3, 2017 -

United States of America

Baffour Adjei Bawuah (PhD)[81][82]

June 3, 2017 -

United Kingdom

Papa Owusu-Ankomah[81][82]

June 3, 2017 -

France

Anna Bossman[81][82]

June 3, 2017 -

China

Edward Boateng[81][82]

June 3, 2017 -

Nigeria

Rashid Bawa[81][82]

June 3, 2017 -

Kingdom of Morocco

Stephen Mahamudu Yakubu[82]

June 3, 2017 -

Côte d'Ivoire

Frederick Daniel Laryea[82]

June 3, 2017 -

Republic of Equatorial Guinea

Esther Dzifa Ofori[83][84][85]

July 11, 2017 -

Republic of Zambia

Margaret Ekua Prah[83][84][85]

July 11, 2017 -

Federative Republic of Brazil

Prof. Abena Pokua Busia[83][84][85]

July 11, 2017 -

Republic of Italy

Paulina Patience Abagaye[83][84][85]

July 11, 2017 -

Republic of South Africa

George Ayisi-Boateng[83][84][85]

July 11, 2017 -

Burkina Faso

Naa Bolinaa Saaka[83][84][85]

July 11, 2017 -

Republic of India

Mike Nii Nortey Oquaye jnr[83][84][85]

July 11, 2017 -

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Sheikh T.B Damba[83][84][85]

July 11, 2017 -

Federal Democratic of Ethiopia

William Azuma Awinador Kanyirigi[83][84][85]

July 11, 2017 -

Republic of Turkey

Salma Frances Mancell-Egala[83][84][85]

July 11, 2017 -

Arab Republic of Egypt

Paul Okoh[83][84][85]

July 11, 2017 -

Republic of Malta

Mercy Bampo Addo[83][84][85]

July 11, 2017 -

Republic of Togo

Kwasi Owusu-Yeboa[83][84][85]

July 11, 2017 -

The Netherlands

Sophia Horner-Sam[83][84][85]

July 11, 2017 -

The Kingdom of Denmark

Amerley Ollennu Awua-Asamoa[83][84][85]

July 11, 2017 -

Republic of Namibia

Elizabeth Salamatu Forgor[83][84][85]

July 11, 2017 -

Republic of Cuba

Napoleon Abdulai[83][84][85]

July 11, 2017 -

Republic of Mali

Gen. Francis Adu-Amanfoh[83][84][85]

July 11, 2017 -

Vatican

Joseph Kojo Akudibilah[83][84][85]

July 11, 2017 -

Ambassador-at-large

Dr. Edward Nasigiri Mahama[83][84][85]

July 11, 2017 -

Ambassador-at-large

Rasheed Seidu Inusa[83][84][85]

July 11, 2017 -

tag: p

text: Council of State[edit]

text:
Officeholder
Term

Stanley Nii Adjiri Blankson[86]

February 27, 2017 -

Sam Okudzeto[86]

February 27, 2017 -

Nana Otuo Siriboe II[86]

February 27, 2017 -

Nana Kofi Obiri Egyir II[86]

February 27, 2017 -

Alberta Cudjoe[86]

February 27, 2017 -

Aminu Amadu[86]

February 27, 2017 -

Margaret Amoakohene[86] (PhD)

February 27, 2017 -

Sahanun Moqtar[86]

February 27, 2017 -

Georgina Kusi[86]

February 27, 2017 -

Sule Yiremiah[86]

February 27, 2017 -

Joseph Boateng Danquah[86]Note 3 (Lt. General, retd)

February 27, 2017 -

Nana Owusu-Nsiah[86]Note 4

February 27, 2017 -

Paa Kofi Ansong[86]

February 27, 2017 -

Togbe Afede XIV[86]Note 5

February 27, 2017 -

Georgina Theodora Wood[87]

June 8, 2017 -

text: Other political appointments[edit]

text:
Office(s)
Officeholder
Term

Special Independent prosecutor of government
Martin Amidu[88]
January 11, 2018 -

Chief of Defense Staff
Obed Akwa (Lt. General)[89][90]
March 5, 2017 -

Chief of Army Staff

William Azure Ayamdo (Major General)[90]

March 5, 2017 -

Chief of Air Staff

Maxwell Mantsebi-Tei Nagai (Air Vice Marshal)[91]

January, 2016 -

Chief of Naval Staff

Peter Kofi Faidoo (Rear Admiral)[92]

January, 2016 -

Inspector General of Police of the Ghana Police Service
David Asante-Apeatu[90][93]
March 5, 2017 -

Board Chairman of Ghana Infrastructural Investment Fund

Christopher Ameyaw Akumfi (Prof.)[94]

March 10, 2017 -

Board Chairman of Millennium Development Authority

Yaa Ntiamoah Badu (Prof.)[95]

March 13, 2017 -

Board Chairman of Ghana Cocoa Board

Hackman Owusu-Agyeman[96]

March 28, 2017 -

Board Chairman of National Hajj Secretariat

Ibrahim Cudjoe Quaye[97]

February 11, 2017 -

Government representative on Board of National Media Commission

Kenneth Agyei Kuranchie[98]

(nominated)

Governor of the Bank of Ghana

Ernest Kwamina Yedu Addison (PhD)[99][100]

April 3, 2017 -

Board Chairman of Ghana National Petroleum Corporation

Frederick Worsemao Armah Blay[101]

May 11, 2017-

Board member of Ghana National Petroleum Corporation

Kofi Koduah Sarpong (PhD)[102]

May 11, 2017-

Board member of Ghana National Petroleum Corporation

Kwabena Kwakye[102]

May 11, 2017-

Board member of Ghana National Petroleum Corporation

John S. Nabila (Prof.)[102]

May 11, 2017-

Board member of Ghana National Petroleum Corporation

Yaw Kyei[102]

May 11, 2017-

Board member of Ghana National Petroleum Corporation

Nana Adjoa Hackman[102]

May 11, 2017-

Board member of Ghana National Petroleum Corporation

Ogyeahohoo Yaw Gyebi[102]

May 11, 2017-

Director of communications of Ghana Gas Company Limited

Ernest Owusu-Bempah[103]

(nominated)

Chief Justice of Ghana

Sophia Akuffo[104]

(nominated)

Chairman of Ghana Oil Company Board of Directors

Kwamena Bartels[105]

(appointed)

Board member of Ghana Oil Company

Patrick Akpe Kwame Akorli[105]

(appointed)

Board member of Ghana Oil Company

Thomas Kofi Manu[105]

(appointed)

Board member of Ghana Oil Company

Kwame Osei-Prempeh[105]

(appointed)

Board member of Ghana Oil Company

Beaucerc Ato Williams[105]

(appointed)

Board member of Ghana Oil Company

Beatrix Agyeman Prempeh[105]

(appointed)

Board member of Ghana Oil Company

Robert Owusu Amankwah[105]

(appointed)

Board member of Ghana Oil Company

Rhoderline Baafour[105]

(appointed)

Board Chairman of National Information Technology Agency

Mohammed-Sani Abdulai (PhD)

August, 2017-


document_title: 1932 Democratic National Convention

question_text: who appeared at his party's 1932 nominating convention to give an acceptance speech

question_tokens: who appeared at his party 's 1932 nominating convention to give an acceptance speech

text: 1932 Democratic National Convention

text: The candidates[edit]

text: The three major candidates:

text:
Candidate
Born [1]
Office Held
State
Delegates, 1st ballot
Final ballot

Franklin D. Roosevelt
January 30, 1882
(age 50)
Hyde Park, New York
44th
Governor of New York
(1929-1932)

New York
666.25
945

Al Smith
December 30, 1873
(age 58)
Manhattan, New York
42nd
Governor of New York
(1919-1920, 1923-1928)

New York
201.75
190.25

John Nance Garner
November 22, 1868
(age 63)
Detroit, Texas
39th
Speaker of the
House of Representatives
(1931-1933)

Texas
90.25
Nominated for
Vice President

text: Convention[edit]

text: The three major contenders for the presidential nomination were Roosevelt, Garner and former governor of New York and 1928 presidential candidate, Al Smith. They roughly represented three competing factions of the Democratic Party. Smith was supported by the Tammany Hall machine in New York City, and had many supporters in the Democratic National Committee, as well as in Chicago. Chicago mayor Anton Cermak packed the hall with Smith supporters.

text: Roosevelt was supported by a solid majority of the delegates, and had the support of Senators Burton Wheeler, Cordell Hull, Alben Barkley, and Huey Long, who held the Deep South for Roosevelt. The new Democratic coalition would begin at this convention: Roosevelt brought into the Democratic fold western progressives, ethnic minorities, rural farmers, and intellectuals. Supporters of Roosevelt pushed for the abolition of the two thirds rule (which required the presidential nominee to win the votes of two thirds of the delegates), but backlash killed the idea.[2]

text: Garner had support from California newspaper magnate William Randolph Hearst and Senator William Gibbs McAdoo. He was never a serious threat, and never bothered to campaign for the position. However, the faction that supported Garner was important because it could break a potential deadlock between Smith and Roosevelt.

text: After three ballots, Roosevelt had not secured the 770 votes necessary for the nomination, and his campaign feared that his support had peaked. As New York, New Jersey, Massachusetts, and Connecticut did not support Roosevelt, he needed McAdoo, who had the California delegation, and Garner, who had Texas'. Roosevelt's campaign was able to persuade Garner to release his delegates to vote for Roosevelt, possibly with the help of Hearst, who disliked Roosevelt but hated Smith and Newton D. Baker, a possible compromise candidate. When McAdoo, who himself had been denied nomination by the two thirds rule at the 1924 convention, announced that California would back Roosevelt, the convention realized that Roosevelt had the necessary number of delegates to win the nomination.[2] Roosevelt received 945 votes on the fourth ballot to Smith's 190. Garner became the vice-presidential candidate, likely as part of a deal for his delegates.[3] McAdoo had also hoped to be on the ticket, but his inclusion was opposed by Hearst.[4]

text:
Presidential Balloting, DNC 1932

ballot
1
2
3
4

Gov. Franklin D. Roosevelt
666.25
677.75
682.79
945

Former Gov. Al Smith
201.75
194.25
190.25
190.25

House Speaker John Nance Garner
90.25
90.25
101.25
—

Gov. Albert Ritchie
21
23.5
23.5
3.5

Gov. George White
52
50.5
52.5
3

Melvin Alvah Traylor
42.25
40.25
40.25
—

Sen. James A. Reed
24
18
27.5
—

Former Gov. Harry F. Byrd
25
24
24.96
—

Will Rogers
—
22
—
—

Gov. William "Alfalfa Bill" Murray
23
—
—
—

Former War Secretary Newton D. Baker
8.5
8
8.5
5.5

Former Gov. James M. Cox
—
—
—
1

text: Roosevelt's acceptance speech[edit]

text: In his acceptance speech, Roosevelt broke tradition and established the precedent of formally accepting the nomination in person at the convention. In his speech, he pledged "a new deal for the American people".[3]


document_title: Chin

question_text: where does the dimple in the chin come from

text: Chin

text: Evolution[edit]

text: In human evolution, the chin is a cladistic apomorphy, partially defining anatomically modern humans as distinct from archaic forms. Non-human anthropoid apes have a simian shelf for example. Elephants are the only other animals considered to display such a feature,[3] although this leads to debate over the use of the term.[4]

text: The chin emerged during the Middle and Late Pleistocene, but its origin and biomechanical significance are the subjects of controversy.[5][better source needed] Prominent hypotheses include buttressing the jaw against stresses resulting from speech[5][unreliable medical source?] or chewing[6] as well as simple sexual selection through mate choice.[7] With the advent of more advanced computational facilities, finite element analyses have been used to support hypotheses involving mechanical stress.[8] On the other hand, increased availability of data regarding sexual dimorphism in chins has also lent support to the sexual selection hypothesis as sexual dimorphism is more difficult to explain under other regimes.[7] It is possible that multiple causal factors have played a role in the chin's evolution.[9]

text: Cleft chin[edit]

text: The terms cleft chin,[10] chin cleft,[10][11] dimple chin,[12][13] or chin dimple,[10] refer to a dimple on the chin. It is a Y-shaped fissure on the chin with an underlying bony peculiarity.[14] Specifically, the chin fissure follows the fissure in the lower jaw bone that resulted from the incomplete fusion of the left and right halves of the jaw bone, or muscle, during the embryonal and fetal development. For other individuals, it can develop over time, often because one half of the jaw is longer than the other, leading to facial asymmetry.[10]

text: This is an inherited trait in humans, where the recessive gene causes the cleft chin, while the dominant genotype presents without a cleft. However, it is also a classic example for variable penetrance[15] with environmental factors or a modifier gene possibly affecting the phenotypical expression of the actual genotype. Cleft chins are common among people originating from Europe and the Middle East.[16]

text: In Persian literature, the chin dimple is considered a factor of beauty, and is metaphorically referred to as "the chin pit" or "the chin well": a well in which the poor lover is fallen and trapped.[17]

text: Double chin[edit]

text: A double chin is a layer of subcutaneous fat around the neck that sags down and creates a wrinkle, making the owner appear to have a second chin. This fat pad is sometimes surgically removed and the muscles under the jaw shortened to remove the double chin.[18]


document_title: National FFA Organization

question_text: what are the three pins which may be worn below your name on the ffa jacket

text: National FFA Organization

text: Overview[edit]

text: The National FFA Organization is a youth leadership organization that makes a positive difference in the lives of young people by developing their potential for premier leadership, personal growth and career success through agriculture education. The FFA Motto is Learning to do, Doing to learn, Earning to live, Living to serve.

text: FFA functions within the three-circle model of agricultural education as a student leadership organization that complements a student's classroom/laboratory instruction and supervised agricultural experience program.[13] FFA members can compete in Career Development Events (CDE) that cover job skills in everything from communications to mechanics. Some events allow students to compete as individuals, while others allow them to compete in teams.[14] These competitions can happen at a local or district level, state level, and on the national level.

text: Students are supervised by agricultural education teachers in cooperation with parents, employers and other adults who assist individuals in the development and achievement of educational and career goals.

text: Official colors of the FFA are National Blue and Corn Gold.[15]

text: FFA structure[edit]

text: FFA is represented at several different levels across the nation; FFA administration may change from state to state. The basic levels are the national level, serving all of the United States of America, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands; the state level, serving an individual state association; and the chapter level, serving a school or set of schools in an area. By definition, there can be three types of chapters at the secondary level, they are middle for middle school, junior for ninth grade and senior which can be either tenth through twelfth or ninth through twelfth depending on the school. Other levels include districts, subdistricts, sections, regions, areas, and federations.

text: FFA was created to serve high school students, and has moved into middle schools where membership may begin as early as age 12, allowing members to become active earlier and stay active for longer. Each chapter is chartered as part of the state association and national organization. Collegiate chapters exist as well.

text: Most states hold FFA conventions at least once annually, where members gather to compete, be recognized for awards, attend leadership workshops, debate organizational issues in a delegate process, and more. Nationally, the National FFA Convention & Expo is held once a year in the fall. It was held in Kansas City, Missouri, from 1928 to 1998. The convention moved to Louisville, Kentucky, in 1999 before moving again in 2006 to Indianapolis, Indiana. Louisville again hosted the national convention from 2013 to 2015. FFA announced in July 2015 that the national convention would be hosted in Indianapolis each year from 2016 to 2024.[16]

text: Officers of FFA[edit]

text: As the FFA is a member-led organization intended to serve youth around the nation, it elects officers from its own diverse membership to certain levels of FFA. With these basic constitutional officers a basis of parliamentary procedure is completed during meetings and banquets; each officer during these procedures will stand and recite their office level and what it is stationed by, and why the particular position is stationed as so.Typical officer roles are:

text: Constitutional officers[edit]

text:
President — Stationed by the rising sun, a token of a new era in agriculture.
Vice President — Stationed by the plow, the symbol of labor and tillage of the soil.
Secretary — Stationed by the ear of corn, to keep a record of all meetings and correspond with other secretaries wherever corn is grown and FFA members meet.
Treasurer — Stationed by the emblem of George Washington, to keep an accurate account of receipts and disbursements just as Washington kept his farm accounts.
Reporter — Stationed by the Flag, strives to inform the public in order that every man, woman, and child may know the FFA is a national organization.
Sentinel — Stationed by the door, to ensure the door is open to all and keep the meeting room comfortable as well as assist in maintaining order.
Advisor — Stationed by the owl, the time honored emblem of knowledge and wisdom

tag: ul

text: Others may include[edit]

text:
Parliamentarian — Stationed by a copy of Robert's Rules of Order.
Historian — Stationed at the scroll or chapter scrapbook.
Student Advisor — Stationed by the owl or the key.
Chaplain — Stationed by the Bible or Book.
Executive Committee/Executive Board.

text: Each officer is an agricultural student and holds responsibilities needed to serve, and are elected each year by members at the respective levels.

text: National officers[edit]

text: At the national level, the organization has student-held positions of president, secretary, and vice president for each of the four administrative regions (Eastern, Southern, Central, and Western).

text: Official FFA dress[edit]

text: FFA jacket[edit]

text: The most recognizable symbol of the organization is the blue corduroy FFA jacket that is worn by current FFA members. The back of the jacket features a large FFA emblem just underneath the name of each FFA member's state. The name of the local FFA chapter, district, region or area is embroidered below the emblem. The front of the FFA jacket features a smaller FFA emblem on the left chest and the FFA member's name and sometimes, if applicable, office and year on the right chest. FFA members are required to wear the FFA jacket as part of official dress while participating in all official organization activities.[17]

text: The FFA jacket was created to be worn by the Fredericktown Band of the Fredericktown FFA Chapter by Dr. Gus Lintner.[18] It was adopted in 1933.

text: The color of the jacket's corduroy has ranged from shades of blue to shades of purple through the years. In 2004, the National FFA Organization worked with a supplier in North Carolina to set a new standard for the blue corduroy by using samples from archived FFA jackets. The jacket's color standardization was accompanied by a restoration of the embroidered FFA emblems and fit corrections led by Clemson University's Apparel Research Center. The improved FFA jacket, produced in both Van Wert, Ohio and South Vietnam, was first made available in August 2005. Currently, all lettering, embroidery and finishing of FFA jackets is completed by Universal Lettering Company in Van Wert, Ohio.[19]

text: Elements of FFA official dress[edit]

text: FFA members are required to wear official FFA dress while participating in official organization activities. The National FFA Organization recently updated its bylaws, stating that members may choose to identify however they choose in regards to official dress, in order to include transgender as well as gender non-conforming individuals within the organization. For females, official dress consists of a black skirt (black slacks may be appropriate for traveling and outdoor activities), a white collared blouse, an official FFA blue scarf, black dress shoes with a closed heel and toe, black nylon hosiery, and an official FFA jacket zipped to the top. Male official dress includes black dress pants, a white dress shirt, an official FFA tie, black dress shoes with a closed heel and toe, black socks and an official FFA jacket zipped to the top.[20]

text: Awards and pins[edit]

text: FFA members earn metal pins that signify achievement within the organization. These pins can be placed on the front of the FFA jacket,[20] however, official guidelines state that no more than three pins may be worn at one time. The pins are to be placed beneath the FFA member's name on the right chest and can recognize the highest office, highest award, and highest organizational degree. Two exceptions exist within pin placement guidelines. When an FFA member earns a State FFA Degree or American FFA Degree, the award keys should be worn above the name on right chest or attached to the FFA jacket with a standard key chain, and no other pins should accompany these.[20]

text: Traditions[edit]

text: As an organization, the FFA has many traditions and trademarks identifying it as an agricultural education organization:[21]

text: The FFA Motto: Learning to Do, Doing to Learn, Earning to Live, Living to Serve.

text: The FFA Mission: The National FFA Organization is dedicated to making a positive difference in the lives of students by developing their potential for premier leadership, personal growth, and career success through agricultural education.[21]

text: The Official FFA Colors: National Blue and Corn Gold (worn on the Official FFA jackets).[22]

text: The FFA Emblem: Cross section of the ear of corn: represents unity. Where ever you live in the United States, corn is grown everywhere. Rising Sun: signifies progress. It represents that tomorrow will always bring a new day. Plow: signifies labor and tillage of the soil. It also shows the historic foundation of our country's strength. Eagle: symbolizes freedom and our ability to explore the new agriculture world. Owl: represents knowledge. Long recognized for wisdom and knowledge. Agriculture Education and FFA: symbolizes the combination of learning and leadership.

text: The FFA Creed: The creed was written by Erwin Milton "E.M." Tiffany of Lyndon, Kansas[23] and adopted at the 3rd National FFA Convention.[23] It was revised at the 38th and 63rd National FFA Conventions by the assembled delegate body. It is recited by new members to the organization to reflect their growing belief in agriculture and agricultural education. The FFA Creed also must be memorized and recited to earn the Greenhand Degree.

text:
I believe in the future of agriculture, with a faith born not of words but of deeds – achievements won by the present and past generations of agriculturists; in the promise of better days through better ways, even as the better things we now enjoy have come to us from the struggles of former years.

I believe that to live and work on a good farm or to be engaged in other agricultural pursuits, is pleasant as well as challenging; for I know the joys and discomforts of agricultural life and hold an inborn fondness for those associations which, even in hours of discouragement I cannot deny.
I believe in leadership from ourselves and respect from others. I believe in my own ability to work efficiently and think clearly, with such knowledge and skill as I can secure, and in the ability of progressive agriculturists to serve our own and the public interest in producing and marketing the product of our toil.
I believe in less dependence on begging and more power in bargaining; in the life abundant and enough honest wealth to help make it so-for others as well as myself; in less need for charity and more of it when needed; in being happy myself and playing square with those whose happiness depends upon me.
I believe that American agriculture can and will hold true to the best traditions of our national life and that I can exert an influence in my home and community which will stand solid for my part in that inspiring task.

text: Career Development Events[edit]

text: FFA Career Development Event (CDEs) are contests that members compete in to test their skills learned through agricultural education instruction. They vary at the different levels of FFA, and some are contested only at certain levels and certain states, districts, areas or federations.[24]

text: At the national level, there are 24 Career Development Events:[24]

text:
Ag Business
Ag Communications
Ag Issues Forum
Ag Mechanics
Ag Sales
Agronomy (Insects, seeds, etc.)
Dairy Cattle Evaluation
Dairy Cattle Handlers Activity
Dairy Foods
Environmental & Natural Resources
Extemporaneous Public Speaking
Floriculture
Food Science & Technology
Forestry
Horse Evaluation
Job Interview
Land Judging
Livestock Evaluation
Marketing Plan
Meats Evaluation & Technology
Nursery/Landscape
Parliamentary Procedure
Poultry Evaluation
Prepared Public Speaking
Rangeland Judging

text: Wildlife Management

text:
Veterinarian Science
Quiz Bowl

text: Others[edit]

text: Examples of CDEs that can be available at the state level are:

text:
Small Animal Care
Arboriculture
Aquaculture
Safe Equipment Operation
Opening/Closing Ceremonies
Wildlife
Website Development
Entomology
Tractor Operations
Greenhand CDE
F.A.R.M education
Envirothon
Demonstration

text: Supervised Agricultural Experience Programs[edit]

text: To be an active member in the National FFA Organization, a member must have an Supervised Agricultural Experience (SAE) project.[25] The projects involve hands-on application of concepts and principles learned in the agricultural education classroom, with guidelines for the SAE projects governed by the state FFA delegation. SAE programs are grouped into four different areas:

text:
Exploratory – learning about the 'big picture' of agriculture and related careers
Research/Experimentation and Analysis – conducting research or analysis of information to discover new knowledge
Ownership/Entrepreneurship – planning and operation of an agriculture-related business
Placement – working either for pay or experience in an agricultural setting

text: Notable alumni[edit]

text: In politics[edit]

text:
Harold Brubaker, North Carolina state representative, past National FFA Secretary from Pennsylvania
Jimmy Carter, Governor of Georgia, 39th President of the United States
Matt Lohr, Virginia state representative, past state FFA President and National FFA Vice President
Bruce Maloch, Arkansas state senator, past state FFA President and National FFA Secretary
Rick Perry, Governor of Texas, past district FFA officer
Jeff Miller (Florida politician), United States Representative from Florida, past state FFA Secretary
Sam Brownback, Governor of Kansas, past United States Senator & United States representative, past state FFA President and national FFA vice president

text: In entertainment[edit]

text:
Trace Adkins, country music singer
Johnny Cash, country and rock & roll music singer/songwriter, actor
Chris Colfer, actor best known for Glee
Easton Corbin, country music singer/songwriter
Steve Doocy, network-television personality on the Fox News Channel and a best selling author. Co-host of Fox & Friends in the mornings.
Matthew Fox, actor best known for Lost and Party of Five
Brantley Gilbert, country music singer
Don Henley, music entertainer
Toby Keith, country music singer, actor
Lyle Lovett, country music singer
Tim McGraw, country music singer
Eddie Montgomery, country music singer, half of the duo Montgomery Gentry
Beyoncé Giselle Knowles, pop and R&B singer
Willie Nelson, country music singer
Jim Ross, WWE Hall of Famer, past state FFA Vice President
Orion Samuelson, radio broadcaster
Josh Shipp, motivational speaker & entertainer
Taylor Swift, country and pop music singer/songwriter, actress
Craig Morgan, country music singer/songwriter
A$AP Rocky, rapper, songwriter, record producer, actor
John Mellencamp, recording artist, co-founder of Farm Aid

text: In the arts[edit]

text:
Jim Davis, creator of the Garfield comic strip
Jared Hess, director of Napoleon Dynamite
Nicholas Kristof, Pulitzer Prize Winner, past Oregon State Officer

text: Other[edit]

text:
Leonard J. Arrington, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints Historian. "Dean of Mormon History", past National FFA Vice President
Howard Warren Buffett, grandson of famed American investor and philanthropist Warren Edward Buffett, past FFA chapter president
Bo Jackson, American athlete and a former multi-sport professional in American football (NFL) and Baseball (MLB)
Sterling Marlin, NASCAR driver
Brad Meester, American football center for the Jacksonville Jaguars of the National Football League, past FFA chapter president
Rebecca Podio, Miss Wyoming 2013
Bryant Reeves, retired American professional basketball player for the NBA's Vancouver Grizzlies
Carroll Shelby, American automotive designer, racing driver and entrepreneur
Chris Soules, The Bachelorette contestant and The Bachelor star, past Iowa FFA Member
Harry Stine, founder and owner of Stine Seed, past Iowa FFA Member
Mark Tauscher, American football Offensive Tackle for the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League

text: Notable historic events and milestones[edit]

text:
1928: FFA is established
1929: National Blue and Corn Gold is adopted as official colors
1930: Official FFA creed adopted
1944: Future Farmers of America Foundation formed
1953: Future Farmers of America U.S. postage stamp issued by U.S. Postal Service
1965: African American New Farmers of America merged with FFA
1969: Girls are allowed to join FFA
1988: Official Name change from Future Farmers of America to FFA Organization
2006: National FFA Foundation receives first $1 million contribution from Ford Motor Company.
2009: FFA celebrates 40 years of women in the organization.
2010: FFA members earn a record 3,449 American FFA Degrees.
2011: National FFA Alumni Association celebrates its 40th anniversary.
2013: Official FFA Jacket celebrates 80th anniversary.
2015: National FFA celebrates 50 years since NFA merged with the FFA.
2017: National FFA elects first Woman African-American National President, Ms. Breanna Holbert from the State of California.


document_title: Notre Dame Fighting Irish football rivalries

question_text: when's the last time notre dame played georgia

question_tokens: when 's the last time notre dame played georgia

text: Current annual rivalries[edit]

text: USC[edit]

text: Notre Dame's main rival is the University of Southern California. The Notre Dame–USC football rivalry has been played annually since 1926, except from 1943–45,[1] and is regarded as the greatest intersectional series in college football.[2] The winner of the annual rivalry game is awarded the coveted Jeweled Shillelagh, a war club adorned with emerald-emblazoned clovers signifying Fighting Irish victories and Ruby-emblazoned Trojan warrior heads for Trojan wins. When the original shillelagh ran out of space for the Trojan heads and shamrocks after the 1989 game, it was retired and is permanently displayed at Notre Dame. A new shillelagh was introduced for the 1997 season. Through the 2015 season, Notre Dame leads the series 46–36–5.[3]

text: The origin of the series is quite often recounted as a "conversation between wives"[4] of Notre Dame head coach Knute Rockne and USC athletic director Gywnn Wilson. In fact, many sports writers often cite this popular story as the main reason the two schools decided to play one another. As the story goes, the rivalry began with USC looking for a national rival.[4] USC dispatched Wilson and his wife to Lincoln, Nebraska, where Notre Dame was playing Nebraska on Thanksgiving Day.[4] On that day (Nebraska 17, Notre Dame 0) Knute Rockne resisted the idea of a home-and-home series with USC because of the travel involved, but Mrs. Wilson was able to persuade Mrs. Rockne that a trip every two years to sunny Southern California was better than one to snowy, hostile Nebraska.[4] Mrs. Rockne spoke to her husband and on December 4, 1926, USC became an annual fixture on Notre Dame’s schedule.[4]

text: However, several college football historians, including Murray Sperber, have uncovered evidence that somewhat contradicts this story. Of the most contradictory parts is the idea that Rockne was resistant to playing out west.[5] Sperber documents that USC offered to play Notre Dame back in 1925 at the Rose Bowl.[5] Notre Dame ultimately played Stanford that year because they were the Pacific Coast Conference champs.[5] But due to the large alumni support for an annual season ending game in Los Angeles and the still existing interest for a home-and-home series, Notre Dame and USC started playing the series the following year in 1926.[5] The series creation was also likely aided by USC coach Howard Jones, whom Rockne recommended USC hire due to their long friendship.[5]

text: Since 1961, the game has alternated between Notre Dame Stadium in South Bend in mid-October and the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, which serves as USC's home field, in late November. Originally the game was played in both locations in late November, but because of poor weather during that time of the year at South Bend, USC insisted on having the game moved to October in 1961.

text: Navy (U.S. Naval Academy)[edit]

text: The Navy–Notre Dame series has been played annually since 1927, making it the longest uninterrupted intersectional series in college football.[6] Notre Dame leads the series 76–12–1.[3] Before Navy won a 46–44 triple-overtime thriller in 2007, Notre Dame had a 43-game winning streak that was the longest series win streak between two annual opponents in the history of Division I FBS football.[7] Navy's previous win came in 1963, 35–14 with future Heisman Trophy winner and NFL QB Roger Staubach at the helm. Navy had come close to winning on numerous occasions before 2007. They subsequently won again in 2009, 2010, and 2016.

text: Despite the one-sided result the last few decades, most Notre Dame and Navy fans consider the series a sacred tradition for historical reasons. Both schools have strong football traditions going back to the beginnings of the sport. Notre Dame, like many colleges, faced severe financial difficulties during World War II. The US Navy made Notre Dame a training center and paid enough for usage of the facilities to keep the University afloat. Notre Dame has since extended an open invitation for Navy to play the Fighting Irish in football and considers the game annual repayment on a debt of honor. The series is marked by mutual respect, as evidenced by each team standing at attention during the playing of the other's alma mater after the game, a tradition that started in 2005. Navy's athletic director, on renewing the series through 2016, remarked "...it is of great interest to our collective national audience of Fighting Irish fans, Naval Academy alumni, and the Navy family at large."[6] The series is scheduled to continue indefinitely; renewals are a mere formality.[6]

text: Shortly before the start of the 2014 season, ESPN polled the head coaches in the so-called "Power Five" football conferences, plus Notre Dame's Brian Kelly, as to whether they would favor a schedule consisting only of "Power 5" opponents. Kelly was adamantly opposed to such a requirement if it meant taking Navy off the schedule, specifically calling a potential loss of the Navy game "a deal-breaker."[8]

text: The series is a "home and home" series with the schools alternating the home team. Due to the relatively small size of the football stadium in Annapolis, the two teams have never met there. Instead, Navy usually hosts the game at larger facilities such as Baltimore's old Memorial Stadium or current M&T Bank Stadium, FedExField in Landover, Maryland, Veterans Stadium and later Lincoln Financial Field in Philadelphia, or at Giants Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey. During the 1960s, the Midshipmen hosted the game at John F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium in Philadelphia. In 1996 the game was played at Croke Park in Dublin, Ireland. The game returned to Dublin in 2012, where the Aviva Stadium hosted the event won by Notre Dame 50–10.[9] The game was also occasionally played at old Cleveland Stadium.

text: In years when Navy hosts (even-numbered), it is one of few non-Southeastern Conference games aired on CBS. In years when Notre Dame hosts (odd-numbered), it is carried on NBC as are other Notre Dame home games.

text: Stanford[edit]

text: The Fighting Irish have a rivalry with the Stanford Cardinal for the Legends Trophy, a combination of Fighting Irish crystal with California redwood. The two teams first met in the 1925 Rose Bowl, then played each other in 1942 and again in 1963–64. The modern series began in 1988 when Notre Dame sought out a school to play out west over Thanksgiving weekend during the years that USC plays in South Bend. The series has been played annually except in 1995–96. The rivalry has become more competitive in recent years, during the tenures of Stanford coaches Jim Harbaugh and David Shaw. Notre Dame and Stanford are regularly ranked in the U.S. News & World Report top 20 best colleges in America, and both share a mission to develop student athletes that can compete in the classroom and on the football field. As a result, both schools often compete for similar types of athletes in recruiting. Notre Dame leads the series 19–11.[3] When the game is played in Palo Alto, it is usually the last game on Stanford's schedule (as has been the case since 1999), one week after the Cardinal plays archrival Cal in The Big Game. All but one of the games in South Bend have been played in October; the only exception, in 2010, was on the last Saturday of September.

text: Previous annual rivalries[edit]

text: Michigan State[edit]

text: Notre Dame also has a rivalry with Michigan State University that began in 1897.[3] From 1959 to 2013 the Fighting Irish played Michigan State every year without interruption, except for a two-year hiatus in 1995 and 1996. The next scheduled game is in 2017. The 1966 Notre Dame vs. Michigan State football game is regarded as one of the Games of the Century and is still talked about to this day because of the way it ended - in a 10–10 tie.[10] Since polls began in 1936, this game marked the 10th matchup that paired the #1 team against the #2 team, with Notre Dame having been involved in five of these ten games up to that point.[11] Notre Dame leads the series 48–28–1.[3]

text: Purdue[edit]

text: This in-state rivalry began in 1896. From 1946 to 2014, the Fighting Irish played Purdue Boilermakers every year without interruption. The series is scheduled to resume on a non-annual basis in 2020 with Notre Dame leading the series 58–26–2. The two teams play for the Shillelagh Trophy. The series has been marked by a number of key upsets. Purdue ended Notre Dame's 39-game unbeaten streak in 1950 and posted upsets in 1954, 1967 and 1974.[3] They also hold the record for the most points scored in one game by an opponent in Notre Dame Stadium with 51 in 1960. In addition, Purdue holds records for the most points scored against Notre Dame in the first (24 in 1974) and second quarters (31 in 1960). On September 28, 1968, #1 Purdue defeated #2 Notre Dame 37–22 behind the effort of Leroy Keyes, a two-way player for the Boilermakers.[12] It was the eleventh 1 vs 2 game (and the sixth involving Notre Dame).[11]

text: Traditional rivalries[edit]

text: Boston College[edit]

text: Boston College is considered by some to be a rival with Notre Dame based on both institutions' connection to the Roman Catholic Church[citation needed]. The Fighting Irish and Boston College Eagles first met in 1975 in Dan Devine's debut as head coach. They met in the 1983 Liberty Bowl and during the regular season in 1987, then played each other annually from 1992–2004. The Fighting Irish and Eagles play for the Frank Leahy Memorial Bowl and Ireland Trophy. The matchup has become relatively popular and gained several nicknames including the "Holy War", "The Bingo Bowl" and "The Celtic Bowl". In 1993, the Eagles ruined Notre Dame's undefeated season with a 41–39 victory on a 41-yard field goal by David Gordon as time ran out, overshadowing a furious comeback from a 38–17 fourth quarter deficit by Notre Dame. Notre Dame leads the series 14–9,[3] winning the last five after the Eagles won the prior six meetings. The series was scheduled to end after the 2010 season due in part to BC's move to the ACC; however, it was renewed in 2010. With Notre Dame's move to the ACC, they will continue to meet at least semi-regularly. The first meeting after Notre Dame's arrival in the ACC was held at Fenway Park in 2015 as part of Notre Dame's Shamrock Series, with the Irish winning 19–16; the next scheduled game will be in 2017.

text: Michigan[edit]

text: Notre Dame and Michigan first played in 1887 in Notre Dame's introduction to football.[3] The Wolverines proceeded to win the first eight contests, before losing in 1909, the final game in the series until 1942, when the Wolverines defeated the Fighting Irish. On October 9, 1943, top-ranked Notre Dame defeated second-ranked Michigan in the first matchup of top teams since the institution of the AP Poll in 1936. The rivalry then froze at 11 games played until 1978, when it launched an evenly matched 15–15–1 run through 2014 (skipping only 1983–84, 1995–96, and 2000–01). In the aftermath of Notre Dame's 5 game ACC schedule and Michigan's expanded Big 10 schedule, the series was terminated with Michigan leading the overall series 24–17–1.[3] The series will resume for 2 games scheduled for 2018 and 2019. The rivalry is heightened by the two schools' competitive leadership atop the college football all-time winning percentage board, as well as its competition for the same type of student-athletes.

text: Army[edit]

text: While Notre Dame and Army aren't exactly rivals in a modern sense, it was Army that helped Notre Dame gain a national following by agreeing to schedule them during the Rockne years while Notre Dame was boycotted by the Big Ten. The first Army–Notre Dame matchup in 1913 is generally regarded as the game that put the Fighting Irish on the college football map.[5] In that game, Notre Dame revolutionized the forward pass in a stunning 35–13 victory.[5] For years it was "The Game" on Notre Dame's schedule, played at the first Yankee Stadium in New York.[5]

text: During the 1940s, the rivalry with the U.S. Military Academy Cadets (now Black Knights) reached its zenith. This was because both teams were extremely successful and met several times in key games (including one of the Games of the Century, a scoreless tie in the 1946 Army vs. Notre Dame football game). In 1944, the Cadets administered the worst defeat in Notre Dame football history, crushing the Fighting Irish 59–0. The following year, it was more of the same, a 48–0 blitzkrieg. The 1947 game was played in South Bend for the first time and the Fighting Irish prevailed, 27–7. The annual game then went on hiatus for 10 years, after occurring every year since 1919.

text: Since then, there have been infrequent meetings over the past several decades, with Army's last win coming in 1958. Like Navy, due to the small capacity of Army's Michie Stadium, the Black Knights would play their home games at a neutral site, which for a number of years was Yankee Stadium and before that, the Polo Grounds. In 1957, the game was played in Philadelphia's Municipal (later John F. Kennedy Memorial) Stadium while in 1965, the teams met at Shea Stadium in New York. They last met at Yankee Stadium in 1969. The 1973 contest was played at West Point with the Fighting Irish prevailing, 62–3. In more recent times, games in which Army was the host have been played at Giants Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey.

text: Notre Dame leads the series 39–8–4,[3] most recently defeating Army 44–6 at the Alamodome in San Antonio in 2016.[13]

text: Pittsburgh[edit]

text: The Fighting Irish's longtime series with the Pittsburgh Panthers, Notre Dame's fifth most played football opponent, began in 1909, and there have been no more than two consecutive seasons without two teams meeting each other except between 1913–29, 1938–42, and 1979–81. Since 1982, the Panthers have remained a relative fixture on the schedule. Notre Dame leads the series 48–21–1. The longest game in Notre Dame history occurred between the two schools in 2008, when Pitt defeated ND in a record 4 overtimes by a field goal. The 2012 contest saw Notre Dame erase a 20–6 deficit in the fourth quarter and force overtime. The Irish won 29–26 in triple overtime after the Panthers narrowly missed a game-winning field goal in the second overtime. In 2013 both schools joined the ACC (Pitt for all sports including football, and Notre Dame for non-football sports), which led to the schools playing at least once every three years. Their ACC matches began in 2013 in Pittsburgh with a 28–21 Panthers win;[14] the most recent game was a 42–30 Irish win in 2015.

text: Frequently scheduled opponents[edit]

text: Notre Dame has traditionally played Division I FBS football independent from any conference affiliation. In its early years joining a conference, in particular the geographically-contiguous Big Ten Conference, would have provided stability and scheduling opportunities.[5] Conferences have periodically approached Notre Dame about joining,[15] most notably the Big Ten in 1999.[16] Notre Dame elected to keep its independent status in football, partially due to the Big Ten refusing to schedule the Irish, feeling that it has contributed to Notre Dame's unique place in college football lore. Subsequently, Notre Dame has developed close relationships with several schools from various conferences to fill its schedule. With Notre Dame's agreement to play the ACC for 5 games per year, the future of some of these series is unknown. The following is a list of Notre Dame's more frequent opponents and a synopsis of the series history.

text: Air Force[edit]

text: The Fighting Irish and Falcons first met in 1964, with the Fighting Irish prevailing 34–7, and proceeded to play each other annually from 1972–91 (they didn't meet in 1976). Notre Dame won the first 11 contests before Gerry Faust's teams lost four straight in the early 1980s. One of the most memorable games was the 1975 contest in which Notre Dame, trailing 30–10 in the fourth quarter, rallied behind Joe Montana for a 31–30 comeback win. In the match-up in 2007, the Fighting Irish came into the game matching their worst start in Notre Dame history with a 1–8 record. The Falcons won for the first time since 1996, 41–24, the largest margin of victory for Air Force in six wins over the Fighting Irish, the biggest by a military academy since Navy beat the Fighting Irish 35–14 in 1963 behind Roger Staubach, and the first time that Air Force had ever scored 40 points in a game against Notre Dame. It marked the first time Notre Dame had lost to two service academies in the same season since 1944 and it was also a school-record sixth straight home loss for the Fighting Irish. Notre Dame leads the series 24–6.[17] In 2010, Notre Dame and Air Force agreed to a home-and-home football series starting with the 2011 season. The series began when Air Force visited Notre Dame Stadium on October 8, 2011, with Notre Dame prevailing 59–33. The series finale was a 45–10 Notre Dame win at Falcon Stadium on October 26, 2013.[18][19]

text: Florida State[edit]

text: Notre Dame and Florida State have met eight times, first when both were strong independents and now as part of Notre Dame's commitment to scheduling ACC schools. This series began in South Bend, in 1981. Florida State won 19–13. Notre Dame won the second contest, however, in 1993, in South Bend, by a score of 31–24. The contest was referred to by some as "The Game of the Century." Florida State was, at the time, ranked #1 and Notre Dame was ranked #2. Although Notre Dame beat FSU again, in Tallahassee, in 2002 (by a score of 34–24), Florida State has won five of the last six meetings (1994, 1995, 2003, 2011, 2014), including two bowl victories (the January 1996 Orange Bowl and the 2011 Champs Sports Bowl). The two teams are currently scheduled to meet again, during the regular season, in 2018, 2021 and 2024. Florida State leads the series 6–2.

text: Georgia Tech[edit]

text: This series began in 1922. The Yellow Jackets were a longtime rival of the Fighting Irish and the two teams met periodically on an annual basis over the years, particularly from 1963 to 1981 when both schools were independents following Tech's departure from the Southeastern Conference. The 1975 Georgia Tech-Notre Dame game marked the sole appearance in an Irish uniform of Rudy Ruettiger, the subject of the film Rudy. When Georgia Tech joined the Atlantic Coast Conference beginning in 1982, they were forced to end the series after 1981 because of scheduling difficulties. Consequently, the two teams have met very infrequently since then. Georgia Tech was the opponent in the inaugural game in the newly expanded Notre Dame Stadium in 1997, then a year later they met again in the Gator Bowl. The Fighting Irish and Yellow Jackets met in the 2006 and 2007 season openers and split both games. Notre Dame leads the series 29–6–1.[3] The rivalry resumed in 2015 with a 30–22 Irish win in South Bend, and will continue on a semi-regular basis thereafter, due to Notre Dame's current commitment to scheduling several ACC opponents each season.

text: Miami (Florida)[edit]

text: The series with the University of Miami Hurricanes began in 1955. They met three times in Miami during the 1960s (1960, 1965 and 1967), then played each other annually from 1971–90, except in 1986, during a period when the two were among college football's strongest independents. Throughout the 1970s, this series was dominated by Notre Dame. Traditionally, it was the season-ending game for the Fighting Irish in odd-numbered years, as they sought to end each season at a warm-weather site. Miami holds the distinction of being the only team to shut out Notre Dame during the Ara Parseghian (0–0 in 1965), Gerry Faust (20–0 in 1983) and Lou Holtz (24–0 in 1987) eras. During the 1980s, this once-docile rivalry intensified. Both teams were national contenders in the later part of the decade, and both teams cost each other at least one national championship. Hostilities were fueled when the Hurricanes routed the Fighting Irish in the 1985 season finale 58–7, with Miami widely accused of running up the score in the second half. The rivalry gained national attention and both teams played their most famous games from 1988–90. The first game was won by the Fighting Irish 31–30, with Miami ending Notre Dame's record 23-game winning streak the following year, 27–10. The rivalry ended after the Fighting Irish dashed #2 Miami's hopes for a repeat national championship with a 29–20 victory in South Bend. Miami dropped off the Irish's schedule when it joined the Big East Conference. The Fighting Irish and Hurricanes met again, in the 2010 Sun Bowl in El Paso, Texas, where Notre Dame defeated Miami 33–17. In 2012, Notre Dame defeated Miami 41–3 at Soldier Field. Notre Dame leads the series 18–7–1. The teams met most recently in 2017, with Miami winning 41-8, and will continue to meet at least once every three years afterward as part of Notre Dame's current commitment to schedule several ACC opponents each year.

text: Nebraska[edit]

text: The Fighting Irish and Nebraska Cornhuskers first met in 1915 and played each other annually through 1925. During the years of Notre Dame's famed Four Horsemen backfield from 1922–24, the Fighting Irish compiled a record of 27–2–1, with their only losses coming to Nebraska in Lincoln (1922 & 1923). The Fighting Irish won in 1924 in South Bend and Nebraska won in 1925 in Lincoln, evening up the series at 5–5–1 (the 0–0 tie occurring in 1918). The Huskers were replaced on Notre Dame's schedule with USC. They met twice during the Frank Leahy era in 1947 and 1948 (with the Fighting Irish winning 31–0 and 44–13, respectively) and squared off in the 1973 Orange Bowl, a game in which the Huskers handed the Fighting Irish their worst defeat under Ara Parseghian, 40–6. More recently, there was a home-and-home series in 2000-01 (with the Huskers winning 27–24 and 27–10, respectively). The 2000 game was a memorable one, as #1 Nebraska escaped a Fighting Irish defeat in overtime on a touchdown run by Heisman winner Eric Crouch. Nebraska leads the series 8–7–1.[3]

text: North Carolina[edit]

text: The Irish and North Carolina Tar Heels first met in 1949 in Yankee Stadium with Notre Dame winning 42–6 en route to a national championship. They met regularly throughout the 1950s and 60s and most recently split a home-and-home series in 2006 and 2008. The 1962 contest in South Bend featured the smallest paid crowd at Notre Dame Stadium (35,553) since 1943. Ara Parseghian's squads faced North Carolina three times (1965, 1966 and 1971) and managed to shut them out each time. The 1975 contest is perhaps the most memorable one. Trailing 14–6 in the fourth quarter on a brutally hot day in Chapel Hill, Joe Montana entered the game and engineered the first of his many comebacks, completing a game-winning, 80-yard touchdown pass to Ted Burgmeier with just over a minute left to play to secure a 21–14 victory. Notre Dame leads the series 18–2. The series resumed on October 11, 2014, in South Bend with Notre Dame winning 50–43, and will continue on a semi-regular basis thereafter as part of Notre Dame's current commitment to schedule several ACC opponents each year.

text: Northwestern[edit]

text: It began in 1889, one of the oldest in Fighting Irish football annals. It has been suggested that the nickname, "Fighting Irish," originated during that first meeting when Northwestern fans chanted, "Kill those Irish! Kill those fighting Irish!" at halftime. Northwestern and Notre Dame had a yearly contest from 1929–48, with the winner taking home a shillelagh,[20] much like the winner of the Notre Dame–USC contest now receives. The Northwestern-Notre Dame shillelagh was largely forgotten by the early 1960s. Northwestern ended the series after 1948, as did several other schools who were getting tired of being beaten year in and year out by Notre Dame, and the two schools would not meet again until 1959. By then, Ara Parseghian was coaching the Wildcats, who notched four consecutive victories over Notre Dame between 1959–62. After Ara came to Notre Dame, he posted a 9–0 docket against his old team. In fact, the Fighting Irish did not lose to Northwestern again until September 1995, which was the beginning of a Rose Bowl season for the Wildcats and the two teams' last meeting for nearly 20 years. The series was renewed in 2014 when the Wildcats traveled to South Bend for the first time since 1995, defeating the Irish 43–40 in overtime. The Irish will repay the visit in 2018 when they travel to Evanston.[21] Notre Dame leads the series 37–9–2.[3]

text: Penn State[edit]

text: Notre Dame and Penn State first met in 1913. After subsequent games in 1925, 1926 and 1928, the two schools would not meet again until the 1976 Gator Bowl, by which time an annual home-and-home series beginning in 1981 had been agreed upon. The Fighting Irish held a 4–0–1 edge going into 1981, but Penn State won 6 of the next 7. The coaches were one source of the rivalry. Lou Holtz and Joe Paterno were both long serving and successful coaches. Their friendly rivalry helped expand the Notre Dame–Penn State rivalry to new dimensions. The series ended after the 1992 season, coinciding with formerly independent Penn State's affiliation with the Big Ten. It had been scheduled to continue through 1994 and Notre Dame approached Penn State about extending it even further, but Penn State's admittance to the Big Ten in 1990 made it more difficult to fit the games on the schedule. However, the Fighting Irish and Nittany Lions recent successes and other factors led to the renewal of the rivalry in 2006–07, in which the teams split both games. The series is tied 9–9–1.