document_title: Indian Council of Agricultural Research

question_text: indian institute of wheat and barley research is located in which district of haryana

text: Indian Council of Agricultural Research

text: Milestones[edit]

text:
As of July, 2006 it has developed a vaccine against bird flu. The vaccine was developed at the High Security Animal Disease Laboratory, Bhopal, the only facility in the country to conduct tests for the H5N1 variant of bird flu.It was entrusted with the task of developing a vaccine by the ICAR after the Avian Influenza outbreak in February. The ICAR was provided Rs. 8 crore for the purpose.
2009: In December 2009, it announced that it was considering a policy to provide open access to its research.
2010: In March 2010, ICAR made its two flagship journals (Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Indian Journal of Animal Sciences) as Open Access Journals.[8]
2013: On 13 September 2013, it announced the Open Access Policy and committed for making all the public funded scholarly research outputs openly available via open access repositories.[9]
ICA] scientists were the first in the world to sequence the pigeon pea genome. it was a purely indigenous effort by 31 scientists led by Nagendra Kumar Singh of NRCPB. The first draft of the sequence was published in J. Plant Biochem. Biotechnol.

text: ICAR institutions[edit]

text: As of October 2017[update], ICAR has following institutions:[10]

text:
4 Deemed Universities
64 ICAR Institutions
15 National Research Centres
6 National Bureaux
13 Directorates/Project Directorates

text: Deemed Universities[edit]

text:
Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi
Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh
National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana
Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, Maharashtra

text: Institutes[edit]

text:
Central Agroforestry Research Institute , Jhansi
Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur
Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar
Central Citrus Research Institute, Nagpur
Central Coastal Agricultural Research Institute, Ela, Old Goa, Goa
Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore
Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai
Central Institute for Arid Horticulture, Bikaner
Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hissar
Central Institute for Research on Cattle, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh
Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom
Central Institute for Women in Agriculture, Bhubaneshwar
Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal
Central Institute of Cotton Research, Nagpur
Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Cochin
Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubneshwar
Central Institute of Research on Cotton Technology, Mumbai
Central Institute of Sub Tropical Horticulture, Lucknow
Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture, Srinagar
Central Institute on Post harvest Engineering and Technology, Ludhiana
Central Island Agricultural Research Institute , Port Blair
Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi
Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Kasargod
Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla
Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibres, Barrackpore
Central Research Institute of Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad
Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar, Rajasthan
Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal
Central Tobacco Research Institute, Rajahmundry
Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Trivandrum
ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna
ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Barapani
Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Jharkhand
Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi
Indian Grassland and Fevener Research Institute, Jhansi
Indian Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Ranchi
Indian Institute of Farming Systems Research, Modipuram
Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bengaluru
Indian Institute of Maize Research,New Delhi
Indian Institute of Millets Research, Hyderabad
Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums, Ranchi
Indian Institute of Oil Palm Research, Pedavegi, West Godawari
Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research, Hyderabad
Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur
Indian Institute of Rice Research, Hyderabad
Indian Institute of Seed Research, Mau
Indian Institute of Soil Sciences, Bhopal
Indian Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Dehradun
Indian Institute of Spices Research, Calicut
Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research, Lucknow
Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi
Indian Institute of Water Management, Bhubaneshwar
Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Karnal
National Academy of Agricultural Research & Management, Hyderabad
National Institue of Abiotic Stress Management, Malegaon, Maharashtra
National Institute of Agricultural Economics and Policy Research, New Delhi
National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bengaluru
National Institute of Biotic Stresses Management, Raipur
National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal
National Institute of Research on Jute & Allied Fibre Technology, Kolkata
National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Hebbal, Bengaluru
National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack
Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore
Vivekananda Parvatiya Krishi Anusandhan Sansthan, Almora

text: National Research Centers[edit]

text:
National Centre for Integrated Pest Management, New Delhi
National Research Centre for Banana, Trichi
National Research Centre for Grapes, Pune
National Research Centre for Litchi, Muzaffarpur
National Research Centre for Pomegranate, Solapur
National Research Centre on Camel, Bikaner
National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar
National Research Centre on Integrated Farming, Motihari
National Research Centre on Meat, Hyderabad
National Research Centre on Mithun, Medziphema, Nagaland
National Research Centre on Orchids, Pakyong, Sikkim
National Research Centre on Pig, Guwahati
National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi
National Research Centre on Seed Spices, Ajmer
National Research Centre on Yak, West Kemang

text: Bureaus[edit]

text:
National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, Bengaluru
National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Micro Organisms, Mau Nath Bhanjan, Uttar Pradesh
National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, Haryana
National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi
National Bureau of Soil Survey & Land Use Planning, Nagpur, Maharashtra

text: Directorates/Project Directorates[edit]

text:
Directorate of Cashew Research, Puttur
Directorate of Cold Water Fisheries Research, Bhimtal, Nainital
Directorate of Floricultural Research, Pune, Maharashtra
Directorate of Groundnut Research, Junagarh
Directorate of Knowledge Management in Agriculture (DKMA), New Delhi
Directorate of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, Anand
Directorate of Mushroom Research, Solan
Directorate of Poultry Research, Hyderabad
Directorate of Rapeseed & Mustard Research, Bharatpur
Directorate of Soybean Research, Indore
Directorate of Weed Research, Jabalpur
Directorate on Onion and Garlic Research, Pune
Project Directorate on Foot & Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar

text: ICAR Headquarters[edit]

text: Indian Council of Agricultural Research's headquarters is in New Delhi.

text: Examination system[edit]

text: All India Agriculture Entrance Exam is an entrance exinto the institution.

text: Agricultural Research Service[edit]

text: The Agricultural Scientists Recruitment Board (ASRB) conducts all India competitive examination Agricultural Research Service (ARS), to recruit posts in the ARS of Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR).

text: ICAR Merits & Awards[11][edit]

text:
Choudhary Devi Lal Outstanding All-India Coordinated Research Project Award
Rafi Ahmed Kidwai Award
Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed Award for Tribal Areas
Hari Om Ashram Trust Award
Jawaharlal Nehru Award for outstanding doctoral thesis research
Vasantrao Naik Award
Lal Bahadur Shastri Young Scientist Award
Bharat Ratna Dr C Subramaniam Outstanding Teacher Award
Punjab Rao Deshmukh Woman Agricultural Scientist Award
Chaudhary Charan Singh Award for Excellence in Journalism in Agricultural Research and Development
N.G. Ranga Farmer Award for Diversified Agriculture
Jagjivan Ram Kisan Puruskar
Swamy Sahajanand Saraswati Extension Scientist/ Worker Award
ICAR Award for Outstanding Multidisciplinary Team Research in Agriculture and Allied Sciences
National Krishi Vigyan Kendra Award
Dr Rajendra Prasad Puruskar for Technical Books in Hindi in The Field of Agriculture and Allied Sciences
Udyan Pandit Award for excellence in fruit growing


document_title: Estriol

question_text: decreased estriol levels in pregnancy are associated with

root

text: Estriol

text: Biological activity[edit]

text: Estriol is an estrogen, specifically an agonist of the estrogen receptors ERα and ERβ.[1][6][7] It is a far less potent estrogen than is estradiol, and as such is a relatively weak estrogen.[1][7][8][9] According to one in vitro study, the relative binding affinity (RBA) of estriol for the human ERα and ERβ was 11.3% and 17.6% of that estradiol, respectively, and the relative transactivational capacity of estriol at the ERα and ERβ was 10.6% and 16.6% of that of estradiol, respectively.[7] According to another in vitro study however, the RBA of estriol for the ERα and ERβ were 14% and 21% of those of estradiol, respectively,[10] suggesting that unlike estradiol and estrone, estriol may have preferential affinity for ERβ.[6]

tag: p

text: Although estriol is an efficacious agonist of the ERs, it is reported to have mixed agonist–antagonist (partial agonist) activity at the ER; on its own, it is weakly estrogenic, but in the presence estradiol, it is antiestrogenic.[8][9] Relative to estradiol, the estrogenic potency of estriol and estrone have been reported to be 80- and 12-fold lower than that of estradiol, respectively.[11] It is notable that unlike estriol, estrone can be metabolized into estradiol, and most of its potency in vivo is in fact actually due to conversion into estradiol.[1]

text: In addition to acting as an agonist of the nuclear ERs, estriol also acts as an antagonist of the GPER at high concentrations, a membrane estrogen receptor where, conversely, estradiol acts as an agonist.[8][6][12] Estradiol increases breast cancer cell growth via activation of the GPER (in addition to the ER), and estriol has been found to inhibit estradiol-induced proliferation of triple-negative breast cancer cells through blockade of the GPER.[12]

text: Biochemistry[edit]

text: Biosynthesis[edit]

text: In non-pregnant women[edit]

text: In women who are not pregnant estriol is produced in only very small quantities, and circulating levels are in fact barely detectable.[3] Unlike estradiol and estrone, estriol is not synthesized in or secreted from the ovaries,[14] and is instead derived mainly if not exclusively from 16α-hydroxylation of estradiol and estrone by cytochrome P450 enzymes (e.g., CYP3A4) mainly in the liver.[15][16] Estriol is cleared from the circulation rapidly in non-pregnant women, and so circulating levels are very low, but concentrations of estriol in the urine are relatively high.[15]

text: Although circulating levels of estriol are very low outside of pregnancy, parous women have been found to have levels of estriol that are to some degree higher than those of nulliparous women.[8]

text: In pregnant women[edit]

text: Estriol is produced in quantities that are notable only during pregnancy.[3] Levels of estriol increase 1,000-fold during pregnancy,[8] whereas levels of estradiol and estrone increase 100-fold,[11] and estriol accounts for 90% of the estrogens in the urine of pregnant women.[5] At term, the daily production of estriol by the placenta is 35 to 45 mg,[11] and levels in the maternal circulation are 8 to 13 ng/dL.[3]

text: The placenta produces pregnenolone and progesterone from circulating cholesterol.[4] Pregnenolone is taken up by the fetal adrenal glands and converted into dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), which is then sulfated by steroid sulfotransferase into dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S).[citation needed] DHEA-S is hydroxylated by high CYP3A7 expression and activity into 16α-hydroxy-DHEA-S (16α-OH-DHEA-S) in the fetal liver and to a limited extent in the fetal adrenal glands.[3][17] 16α-OH-DHEA-S is then taken up by the placenta.[3] Due to high expression of steroid sulfatase in the placenta, 16α-OH-DHEA-S is rapidly cleaved into 16α-OH-DHEA.[3] Then, 16α-OH-DHEA is converted by 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type I (3β-HSD1) into 16α-hydroxyandrostenedione (16α-OH-A4) and 16α-OH-A4 is converted by aromatase into 16α-hydroxyestrone (16α-OH-E1),[18] which is subsequently converted into estriol by 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and then secreted predominantly into the maternal circulation.[3][15] Approximately 90% of precursors in estriol formation originate from the fetus.[15]

text: During pregnancy, 90 to 95% of estriol in the maternal circulation is conjugated in the form of estriol glucuronide and estriol sulfate, and levels of unconjugated estriol are slightly less than those of unconjugated estradiol and similar to those of unconjugated estrone.[5] As such, target tissues are likely to be exposed to similar amounts of free estriol, estradiol, and estrone during pregnancy.[5]

text: Estrone and estradiol are also produced in the placenta during pregnancy.[3] However, in the case of estrone and estradiol, DHEA-S is taken up by the placenta and cleaved by steroid sulfatase into dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), DHEA is converted by 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type I into androstenedione, and androstenedione is aromatized into estrone.[3] Then, placental 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase interconverts estrone and estradiol and the two hormones are secreted into the maternal circulation.[3] DHEA-S that is taken up by the placenta is mainly produced by the fetal adrenal glands.[3]

text: Distribution[edit]

text: Estriol is poorly bound to sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG),[19] with much lower binding affinity for this protein, relative to estradiol, and hence a greater fraction available for biological activity.[20]

text: Metabolism[edit]

text: Estriol is metabolized via glucuronidation and sulfation.[21][22]

text: Excretion[edit]

text: The main urinary metabolites of exogenous estriol administered via intravenous injection in baboons have been found to be estriol 16α-glucuronide (65.8%), estriol 3-glucuronide (14.2%), estriol 3-sulfate (13.4%), and estriol 3-sulfate 16α-glucuronide (5.1%).[21][22] The metabolism and excretion of estriol in these animals closely resembled that which has been observed in humans.[22]

text: Medical use[edit]

text: Estriol is used as a medication, primarily in hormone therapy for menopausal symptoms.[1]

text: Chemistry[edit]

text: Estriol, also known as 16α-hydroxyestradiol or as estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,16α,17β-triol, is a naturally occurring estrane steroid with double bonds between the C1 and C2, C3 and C4, and C5 and C10 positions and hydroxyl groups at the C3, C16α, and C17β positions.[24][25] The name estriol and the abbreviation E3 were derived from the chemical terms estrin (estra-1,3,5(10)-triene) and triol (three hydroxyl groups).

text: History[edit]

text: Estriol was discovered in 1930.[26][27] It was isolated and purified from the urine of pregnant women by Marrian and colleagues.[26][27]

text: Use in screening[edit]

text: Estriol can be measured in maternal blood or urine and can be used as a marker of fetal health and well-being. If levels of unconjugated estriol (uE3 or free estriol) are abnormally low in a pregnant woman, this may indicate chromosomal or congenital anomalies like Down syndrome or Edward's syndrome. It is included as part of the triple test and quadruple test for antenatal screening for fetal anomalies.

text: Because many pathological conditions in a pregnant woman can cause deviations in estriol levels, these screenings are often seen as less definitive of fetal-placental health than a nonstress test. Conditions which can create false positives and false negatives in estriol testing for fetal distress include preeclampsia, anemia, and impaired kidney function.[28]


document_title: Dropped-ball

question_text: when is the ball in play from a dropped ball

text: Dropped-ball

text: Award[edit]

text: A drop-ball is not awarded to either team; rather it is used to restart play when the referee has stopped play for any reason not listed for another form of restart.[1] Examples include when play has been stopped due to serious injury to a player, interference by an external party, or a ball becoming defective.

text: In games which use video assistant referees (VAR), if a VAR review determines that play should not have been stopped, such as when a decision to award a penalty is reversed, play is restarted with a dropped ball at the point of the incorrect call.[2]

text: Procedure[edit]

text:
The ball is dropped by the referee at the point where the ball was when play was stopped, unless this is within a goal area in which case it is dropped on the goal area line parallel to the goal line.
The ball becomes in play as soon as it touches the ground. Players must not touch the ball until it has touched the ground.
If the ball leaves the field of play before it has been touched by a player (including if the ball enters either goal), the drop-ball is retaken.[1]

text: There is no restriction in the Laws of the Game as to how many players, if any, may take part in a drop-ball or where they may be positioned.[3] A team can choose not to commit any players and thus give the ball freely to the opposition.

text: Infringements[edit]

text: If a player touches the ball before it touches the ground, the drop-ball is retaken.[1] If a player persistently touches the ball before it touches the ground, and the referee believes that the player is deliberately doing so, this may be considered misconduct and the referee may caution the player with a yellow card for delaying the restart of play.

text: In 2012 the Laws of the Game were amended[4] such that if a dropped ball is kicked directly into the opponents' goal, a goal kick is awarded (as is the case for an indirect free kick), or if a dropped ball is kicked directly into the team's own goal, a corner kick is awarded to the opposing team (which is the case for all restarts of play). A dropped ball is the only restart which allows the first player who touches the ball to touch it a second time without penalty. Like all indirect free kicks at least 2 players must touch the ball before a goal may be awarded.[5]

text: Use in the modern game[edit]

text: This method of restarting play is rarely used in modern adult football as many players sportingly elect to kick the ball out of play when an event requiring the stoppage of play – most often an injury – occurs. After the situation has been resolved, the opposing team typically, but not always, concedes possession to the other team after returning the ball into play, as a gesture of good sportsmanship.[6][7] If the referee does stop play and a dropped ball occurs, a similar return of possession is almost always made from the restart, with the ball being kicked back to the original possessors' defence.[8][9] Contested drop balls have become exceedingly rare in the modern game.[9]


question_text: do us citizens need a visa for malawi

question_tokens: do us citizens need a visa for malawi

text: Visa requirements map[edit]

text: Visa requirements[edit]

text: General visa requirements of sovereign countries towards United States citizens:

text:
Country
Visa requirement
Allowed stay
Notes (excluding departure fees)

 Afghanistan
Visa required[3][4]

Visitors born in Afghanistan do not require a visa.
Visitors arriving via military air need to legalize their stay if they wish to leave via commercial airline.
All visitors are fingerprinted.[5]

 Albania
Visa not required[6][7]
1 year[8]

 Algeria
Visa required[9][10]

Visas must be issued at the Embassy of Algeria in Washington, D.C.
Persons may be denied entry if entering with a passport containing visas or stamps issued by Israel.

 Andorra
Visa not required[11]
3 months[12][13]

 Angola
eVisa[14][15][16]
30 days

Visitors who were granted online pre-visa are then issued with visa on arrival at Luanda International Airport.[17][18]
For a maximum total stay of 90 days within year period.[19]

 Antigua and Barbuda
Visa not required[20][21]
6 months[22]

Stringent application of rules regarding proof of sufficient funds, return ticket and accommodation.
Departure tax (~$27) applies.[23]

 Argentina
Visa not required[24]
90 days

Extendable up to 180 days
Visitors are fingerprinted and photographed upon entry.

 Armenia
Visa not required[25]
180 days

 Australia
Electronic Travel Authority[26]
90 days

90 days on each visit in 12-month period if granted[27]
May enter using SmartGate.[28]

 Austria
Visa not required[29][30]
90 days

90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area[31]

 Azerbaijan
eVisa / Visa on arrival[32]
30 days[33]

If intending to stay in the Republic of Azerbaijan for more than ten days, the visitor must register at the State Migration Service of the Republic of Azerbaijan within three days upon arrival in Azerbaijan.[34]
Applicants of Armenian ancestry or with Armenian visas in their passport may not obtain a visa.[35]
Can obtain a 30 days visa on arrival only if arriving on a direct flight of Azerbaijan Airlines from New York City.[36]

 Bahamas
Visa not required[37][38]
8 months

Passport Card or Enhanced Drivers License valid for Sea Travel

 Bahrain
eVisa / Visa on arrival[39]
14 days[40]

Visa also obtainable online[41]

 Bangladesh
Visa on arrival[42]
30 days[43]

Available at Shahjalal International Airport, Shah Amanat International Airport and Osmani International Airport.
Visa is not required by Bangladeshi Americans.
Departure tax applies.[44]

 Barbados
Visa not required[45][46]
28 days

Extendable up to 6 months[47]

 Belarus
Visa not required[48]
5 days

Must arrive via Minsk International Airport.
Visas are issued on arrival at the Minsk International Airport if the support documents were submitted not later than 3 business days before expected date of arrival.[49]
Registration upon arrival for stays longer than 7 days is mandatory.
Visa-free visits to Belovezhskaya Pushcha National Park for up to 3 days.[50]
Visa-free visits to the Grodno and Augustow Canal visa-free zone for up to 5 days.[51]
No transit without a visa under any circumstance.[52]

 Belgium
Visa not required[53]
90 days

90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area[54]

 Belize
Visa not required[55][56]
1 month

Extendable up to 6 months[57]
Departure tax (~$40) applies.[58]

 Benin
Visa on arrival[59]
8 days

International Certificate of Vaccination required[60]

 Bhutan
Visa required[61]

$250 per day is a non-negotiable minimum daily tariff paid by all visitors to Bhutan.
Visas are issued only to tourists booked with a local licensed tour operator.[62]

 Bolivia
Visa on arrival[63][64]
90 days[65]

$160 reciprocal fee must be paid in cash if applying for either a pre-approved visa or a visa on arrival. Visas are issued with 10 year validity.[66][67]

 Bosnia and Herzegovina
Visa not required[68][69]
90 days

90 days within any 6-month period
Registration with the local police within 24 hours of arrival is mandatory.[70]

 Botswana
Visa not required[71][72]
90 days

90 days within any year period[73]

 Brazil
eVisa[74][75]
90 days

90 days per year; valid for 2 years.

 Brunei
Visa not required[76][77]
90 days

Immigration offenses, such as visa overstaying, are punishable by caning.[78]

 Bulgaria
Visa not required[79][80]
90 days

90 days within any 180 day period[81]

 Burkina Faso
Visa on arrival[82]
1 month

International Certificate of Vaccination required.[83]

 Burundi
Visa required[84]

Visitors are fingerprinted

 Cambodia
eVisa / Visa on arrival[85]
30 days

Visa is also obtainable online.[86]
All visitors are fingerprinted on arrival and departure.[87]

 Cameroon
Visa required[88]

International Certificate of Vaccination and current immunization records required.[89]

 Canada
Visa not required[90][91]
180 days

Anyone with a criminal record (including misdemeanors or alcohol-related driving offenses in the US) may not be able to enter Canada without first obtaining an approval for rehabilitation[92] or a Temporary Resident Permit (TRP).[93]
Passport Card, NEXUS card, or Enhanced Drivers License valid for Land and Sea Travel

 Cape Verde
Visa on arrival[94]

Obtainable at Nelson Mandela International Airport, Cesária Évora Airport, Amílcar Cabral International Airport and Aristides Pereira International Airport.
Passengers arriving via Africa must hold an International Certificate of Vaccination.[95]

 Central African Republic
Visa not required[96][97][98]
180 days

International Certificate of Vaccination required.[99]

 Chad
Visa required[100][101]

International Certificate of Vaccination required.
Registration within 72 hours is mandatory prior to arrival.[102] Registration is good for the life of the passport.[103]

 Chile
Visa not required[104]
90 days[105][106]

 China
Visa required[107]

Registration mandatory within 24 hours of arrival;[108]
All visitors are fingerprinted on arrival and departure between the ages of 14 and 70.

72-hours visa free visit when in transit at, Changsha, Chengdu, Chongqing, Guangzhou, Guilin, Harbin, Kunming, Qingdao, Wuhan, Xi'an and Xiamen.
144-hours visa free visit when in transit at Beijing (Beijing Capital International Airport)[109], Dalian, Hangzhou, Hebei (Shijiazhuang Zhengding International Airport)[110], Nanjing, Shanghai (Hongqiao and Pudong international airports, Railway Station and port), Shenyang and Tianjin (Tianjin Binhai International Airport)[111]
Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan do count as third countries under the 72 and 144-hours transit policy.

Visas for U.S. citizens are valid for up to 10 years.[112]

 Colombia
Visa not required[113][114]
90 days

Extendable up to 180-days stay within a one-year period[115]
Colombian-born U.S. citizens and U.S. citizens traveling with children may face special exit requirements requiring extra paperwork.[116]

 Comoros
Visa on arrival[117][118]

 Democratic Republic of the Congo
Visa required[119][120]

International Certificate of Vaccination required.
Airport exit fee ($50) must be paid in cash.
Registration required.
Visas must be issued at the DR Congo embassy in Washington, D.C.[121]
Exception: Visa approval may be prearranged along with booking by Virunga National Park (visitvirunga.org) for those entering via the Grand Barriere border crossing with Rwanda.

 Republic of the Congo
Visa required[122][123]

International Certificate of Vaccination required.
A letter of invitation or written proof of a hotel reservation required.[124]

 Costa Rica
Visa not required[125]
90 days

Departure tax of $29 applies.[126]

 Côte d'Ivoire
eVisa[127]

eVisa holders must arrive via Port Bouet Airport
International Certificate of Vaccination required[128]

 Croatia
Visa not required[129][130]
90 days

90 days within any 180 day period
Registration with the local police within 24 hours of arrival is mandatory.[131]

 Cuba
Tourist Card required[132]

Tourist travel was historically prohibited under U.S. law for U.S. citizens, permanent residents, and others subject to U.S. jurisdiction.[133] Under the Cuban Assets Control Regulations, all persons subject to U.S. jurisdiction are not permitted to travel to Cuba, and must be licensed in order to engage in any travel-related transactions pursuant to travel to, from, and within Cuba. In July 2015, the United States resumed diplomatic relations with Cuba. Discussions on lifting the travel ban have initiated. On June 16, 2017, U.S. President Donald Trump announced new travel restrictions.[134][135]

 Cyprus
Visa not required[136][137]
90 days

90 days within any 180 day period[138]

 Czech Republic
Visa not required[139][140]
90 days

90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area[141]

 Denmark
Visa not required[142][143]
90 days

90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area
Citizens of the United States can freely enter and stay in Denmark for up to 90 days every six months, regardless of whether they have stayed in another Schengen area (except the other Nordic countries) country prior to entry into Denmark.[144]

 Djibouti
eVisa[145]
31 days

Visa on arrival also available at Djibouti–Ambouli International Airport until 30 April 2018.[146]

 Dominica
Visa not required[147][148]
6 months

Departure tax of $22 applies.[149]

 Dominican Republic
Visa not required[150][151]
30 days

Extendable up to 90 days
Passport Card or Enhanced Drivers License valid for Sea Travel

 Ecuador
Visa not required[152]
90 days

Extendable for another 90 days, per year[153]

 Egypt
eVisa / Visa on arrival[154]

eVisa issued for 30 days.[155]
30 days when arriving by air;
Visa on arrival is issued for $25.
Tourists arriving at Sharm El Sheikh, Saint Catherine or Taba airports and remaining in the Sinai resorts do not require a visa up to 15 days[156]

 El Salvador
Visa not required[157][158]
3 months

 Equatorial Guinea
Visa not required[159]
90 days

International Certificate of Vaccination required if you are traveling from a country with risk of yellow fever.[160]

 Eritrea
Visa required[161]

Airport departure tax ($20) applies.[162]

 Estonia
Visa not required[163][164]
90 days

90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area[165]

 Ethiopia
eVisa / Visa on arrival[166]

Obtainable at Addis Ababa Bole International Airport.[167]
Visitors are fingerprinted

 Fiji
Visa not required[168]
4 months[169]

 Finland
Visa not required[170][171]
90 days

90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area[172]

 France
Visa not required[173][174]
90 days

90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area (in Regions of France)[175]

 Gabon
eVisa / Visa on arrival[176]

Electronic visa holders must arrive via Libreville International Airport.[177]
International Certificate of Vaccination required.[178]

 Gambia
Visa required[179][180]

International Certificate of Vaccination required.[181]

 Georgia
Visa not required[182]
1 year

 Germany
Visa not required[183]
90 days

90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area[184]

 Ghana
Visa required[185][186]

International Certificate of Vaccination required.[187]

 Greece
Visa not required[188][189]
90 days

90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area[190]

 Grenada
Visa not required[191][192]
3 months

Extensions possible

 Guatemala
Visa not required[193]
90 days

An exit tax must be paid when departing by air.[194]

 Guinea
Visa required[195]

Single entry valid for 3 months.
International Certificate of Vaccination required.[196]

 Guinea-Bissau
eVisa / Visa on arrival[197]
90 days[198]

Visitors must apply for a visa on arrival in advance or online.[199]

 Guyana
Visa not required[200]
3 months[201]

 Haiti
Visa not required[202][203]
3 months

 Honduras
Visa not required[204]
3 months

Departing airport tax must be paid in cash.[205]

 Hungary
Visa not required[206][207]
90 days

90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area[208]

 Iceland
Visa not required[209][210]
90 days

90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area[211]

 India
e-Visa[212]
60 days

e-Visa holders must arrive via 25 designated airports[Note 1] or 3 designated seaports.[Note 2][213]
e-Tourist Visa can be obtained twice in a calendar year.
$75 fee along with bank surcharge of 2.5%[214]
Confirmation has to be shown at the border where a visa on arrival is issued.
Visitors are fingerprinted.
American citizens are eligible for a ten-year, multiple-entry tourist visa.[215]

 Indonesia
Visa not required[216][217]
30 days

 Iran
Visa required[218]

Otherwise Iranian visas must be obtained from the Special Interests section of the Embassy of Pakistan, Washington, D.C.[219]
US visitors are fingerprinted and photographed upon entry and are ineligible for visa on arrival available to other tourists.[220]
Independent travelers from the USA applying on American, British, or Canadian passports must be accompanied by an authorized guide at all times, regardless of previous nationality, ethnic background, or religion.

 Iraq
Visa required[221]

Some U.S. citizens must obtain an exit stamp at a Residency Office before departing the country.
Some visitors who plan to stay for more than 10 days must also obtain a residency stamp.[222]
Visitors who come as part of a government-sponsored tour, upon presentation of proper paperwork from the government, may receive a visa on arrival at Baghdad International Airport for $80 + 1250 Iraqi dinar. Visitors are not required to obtain any other permits, including for Iraqi Kurdistan, or submit blood tests.[223]

 Ireland
Visa not required[224][225]
3 months

Strict application of immigration rules regarding providing proof of the trip purpose, sufficient funds, return ticket and accommodation.[226]

 Israel
Visa not required[227]
3 months

Dual nationals (of Israel and the United States) who don't have an Israeli passport, including infants, may be required to obtain an Israeli passport in order to leave Israel.[228]

 Italy
Visa not required[229][230]
90 days

90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area[231]

 Jamaica
Visa not required[232]
6 months

There is a departure tax for travelers, which is regularly included in airfare.[233]

 Japan
Visa not required[234]
90 days

All visitors are fingerprinted[235]

 Jordan
Visa on arrival[236]
30 days

Conditions apply[237]
Visa on arrival obtainable at most international ports of entry and at most international land border crossings (except King Hussein/Allenby Bridge crossing).[238]
Visa on arrival is issued for 40 JOD (about $56).
Iris scan is taken on arrival and departure[239]

 Kazakhstan
Visa not required[240][241]
30 days

As part of the no-visa pilot program in period 15 July 2014 – 15 July 2015. In June 2015 this program was extended until December 31, 2017.[242][243]

 Kenya
eVisa / Visa on arrival[244]
3 months

International Certificate of Vaccination is recommended.[245]
All visitors are fingerprinted on arrival and departure

 Kiribati
Visa not required[246]
30 days

Airport Embarkation Tax of AU$20 is levied on all passengers leaving Kiribati.[247]

 North Korea
Travel restricted[248][249][250]

U.S. passports holders must obtain a special passport validation from the U.S. federal government before travel.

 South Korea
Visa not required[251]
90 days

All visitors are fingerprinted.[252]

 Kuwait
eVisa / Visa on arrival[253]
3 months

 Kyrgyzstan
Visa not required[254]
60 days[255]

 Laos
Visa on arrival[256]
30 days

Conditions apply
Extendable up to 60 days[257]
Available at international airports Wattay Vientiane, Pakse Savannakhet and Luang Prabang, and at land borders Friendship Bridge, Vientiane and Savannakhet; Nam Heuang Friendship Bridge, Sayabouly Province; and border crossings at Boten-Mohan, Dansavan-Lao Bao, Houaysay-Chiang Khong, Thakhek-Nakhon Phanom, Nong Haet-Nam Kan, Nam Phao-Kao Cheo, Veun Kham-Dong Calor, and Vangtao-Chong Mek as well as Tha Naleng train station in Vientiane, which connects to the train station in Nongkhai, Thailand. Entry points Napao-Chalo, Taichang-Sophoun, Pakxan-Bungkan, and Xiengkok are open only to visa holders.[258]

 Latvia
Visa not required[259][260]
90 days

90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area[261]

 Lebanon
Visa on arrival[262]
1 month

Etendable for 2 additional months.
Granted free of charge at Beirut International Airport or any other port of entry if there is no Israeli visa or seal, holding a telephone number, an address in Lebanon, and a non refundable return or circle trip ticket

 Lesotho
Visa not required[263]
14 days

Extendable up to 180 days.[264]

 Liberia
Visa required[265]

International Certificate of Vaccination required.[266]

 Libya
Visa required[267]

Visitors travelling to Libya for touristic purposes are required to convert USD 1,000 or equivalent on arrival.
Holders of passports bearing an Israeli visa or entry/exit stamps from Israel are not allowed to enter Libya.[268]

 Liechtenstein
Visa not required[269]
90 days

90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area[270]

 Lithuania
Visa not required[271][272]
90 days

90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area
Mandatory medical insurance.[273]

 Luxembourg
Visa not required[274][275]
90 days

90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area[276]

 Macedonia
Visa not required[277]
90 days

Registration with the local police within 24 hours of arrival is mandatory[278]

 Madagascar
Visa on arrival[279]
30 days

Available at all airports servicing international flights.[280]
Visa on arrival is issued free of charge. Visas for 60 or 90 days available for a fee.

 Malawi
Visa on arrival[281]

From 1 October 2015 visitors are generally advised to obtain a visa in advance.[282]

 Malaysia
Visa not required[283]
3 months

All visitors are fingerprinted on arrival and departure.[284]
Immigration offenses, such as visa overstaying, are punishable by caning.

 Maldives
Visa on arrival[285]
30 days

Extendable up to 90 days.
Visa on arrival is issued free of charge.[286]

 Mali
Visa required[287][288]

Letter of invitation required.
International Certificate of Vaccination required.[289]

 Malta
Visa not required[290][291]
90 days

90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area[292]

 Marshall Islands
Visa not required[293]
unlimited

Departure fee of $20 applies.
U.S. citizens may live and work freely in the Marshall Islands under the Compact of Free Association.[294]

 Mauritania
Visa on arrival[295]

Available at Nouakchott–Oumtounsy International Airport.
International Certificate of Vaccination required.[296]

 Mauritius
Visa not required[297]
90 days[298]

 Mexico
Visa not required[299][300]
180 days

All visitors entering by land and traveling farther than 20 kilometers into Mexico or staying longer than 72 hours should obtain a document Forma Migratoria Multiple.[301][302]
Passport Card or Enhanced Drivers License valid for Land and Sea Travel

 Micronesia
Visa not required[303]
unlimited[304]

All states except Yap have a departure fee. The fees are $10 for Kosrae and $20 for Pohnpei and Chuuk.[305]
U.S. citizens may live and work freely in Micronesia under the Compact of Free Association.
There is no limit to the length of time U.S. citizens can remain in the FSM.[306]

 Moldova
Visa not required[307]
90 days

90 days within any 6-month period.
Registration upon arrival is mandatory.[308]

 Monaco
Visa not required[309]
90 days

90 days within any 180 day period[310][311]

 Mongolia
Visa not required[312]
90 days

Registration required after 30 days.[313]

 Montenegro
Visa not required[314]
90 days

Registration with the local police within 24 hours of arrival is mandatory.[315]

 Morocco
Visa not required[316]
3 months[317]

 Mozambique
Visa on arrival[318]
30 days[319]

 Myanmar
eVisa[320]
28 days

eVisa holders must arrive via Yangon, Nay Pyi Taw or Mandalay airports or from three land border crossings: Tachileik, Myawaddy, and Kawthaung [321]

 Namibia
Visa not required[322]
3 months[323]

 Nauru
Visa required[324]

Visas are issued with validity of 30 days.[325]

   Nepal
Visa on arrival[326]
90 days

Obtainable at Tribhuvan International Airport and certain land borders.
Total of no more than 150 aggregate days in any given calendar year.[327]

 Netherlands
Visa not required[328][329]
90 days

90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area (European Netherlands)[330]

 New Zealand
Visa not required[331]
90 days[332]

May enter using SmartGate.

 Nicaragua
Visa not required[333]
90 days

A tourist card must be purchased for $10 upon arrival.[334]

 Niger
Visa required[335][336]

International Certificate of Vaccination required.[337]

 Nigeria
Visa required[338][339]

Visa can be obtained online.

 Norway
Visa not required[340][341]
90 days

90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area[342]

 Oman
eVisa[343]
30 days

Extendable for 30 days[344]
Holders of a visa or entrance stamp of the Emirate of Dubai that is valid for at least 21 days are visa exempt.
Holders of a visa for Qatar that is valid for travel to Oman and valid for at least one month are visa exempt when arriving directly from Qatar.
Iris scan is taken on arrival[239]

 Pakistan
Visa required[345][346]

Visa on arrival when travelling on business valid for 30 days. Conditions apply.[347]
Visa on arrival when travelling as part of a group through a designated tour operator.[348]

 Palau
Visa not required[349]
1 year[350]

U.S. citizens may live and work freely in Palau under the Compact of Free Association.

 Panama
Visa not required[351]
180 days

Denial of entry or transit to any person who has a criminal conviction.[352]

 Papua New Guinea
Visa on arrival[353]
60 days

Extendable for 30 days[354]
Visa on arrival is issued free of charge.

 Paraguay
Visa on arrival[355]
90 days

A passport is required to enter Paraguay. U.S. Citizens arriving by air may obtain a "visa en arribo" (visa on arrival) at Silvio Pettirossi International Airport in Asuncion. This is a multiple entry visa with a validity of up to 10 (ten) years. The current fee is $160, payable in U.S. Currency (credit cards are not accepted). If not arriving at Silvio Pettirossi International Airport, prior to traveling to Paraguay, you must apply for a visa in person or by secure messenger at the Paraguayan Embassy in Washington D.C. or the nearest Paraguayan consulate, and pay the fee. Minors must provide a notarized authorization from parent/guardian with their visa application.[356]

 Peru
Visa not required[357]
183 days

Determined on arrival[358]

 Philippines
Visa not required[359][360]
30 days

Visa on arrival valid for 59 days is available for $50.

 Poland
Visa not required[361]
90 days

90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area
Polish Americans must use Polish passport[362]

 Portugal
Visa not required[363][364][365]
90 days

90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area[366]

 Qatar
eVisa / Visa on arrival[367]
30 days

Available only at Hamad International Airport. For other ports of entry, a Free visa as of 20 Oct 2017 that could change and can be extended for 1 month.[368]
Holders of a valid common visa issued by Oman are exempt from a visa if arriving from Oman directly.

 Romania
Visa not required[369][370]
90 days

90 days within any 180 day period[371]

 Russia
Visa required[372]

72-hour visa-free for international cruise ship/ferry passengers only if travelling with an organized tour and accompanied at all times by a tour operator.
Registration required after 7 business days.[373][374]
American citizens may receive multiple entry visas valid for three years.[375]

 Rwanda
eVisa / Visa on arrival[376][377]
30 days

Visitors are fingerprinted
International Certificate of Vaccination required.[378]

 Saint Kitts and Nevis
Visa not required[379][380]
3 months

 Saint Lucia
Visa not required[381][382]
6 weeks

 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Visa not required[383]
1 month[384]

 Samoa
Visa on arrival !Entry Permit on arrival[385]
60 days

Visa on arrival is issued free of charge.
Departure tax of $30 applies.[386]

 San Marino
Visa not required[387][388]

 São Tomé and Príncipe
Visa not required[389]
15 days

International Certificate of Vaccination required.[390]

 Saudi Arabia
Visa required[391][392]

Holders of passports that contain visas or entry/exit stamps for Israel will likely be refused entry.
Advance visa is required.
No tourist visas available.[393]
All visitors are fingerprinted[394]

 Senegal
Visa not required[395]
90 days

International Certificate of Vaccination required.[396]

 Serbia
Visa not required[397]
90 days

90 days within any 180 day period[398]

 Seychelles
Visa on arrival !Visitor's Permit on arrival[399]
3 months

Extendable up to a year[400]
Visa on arrival is issued free of charge.

 Sierra Leone
Visa required[401]

International Certificate of Vaccination required.[402]

 Singapore
Visa not required[403]
90 days[404]

All visitors are fingerprinted on arrival and departure[405]
Immigration offenses, such as visa overstaying, are punishable by caning.[406][407]

 Slovakia
Visa not required[408][409]
90 days

90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area
Medical insurance required.
Sufficient funds of $50 per person per day required.
Registration within 3 working days required.[410]

 Slovenia
Visa not required[411][412]
90 days

90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area
Registration with the local police within 72 hours of arrival is mandatory.[413]

 Solomon Islands
Visa on arrival !Visitor's permit on arrival[414]
3 months

3 months within 12 months[415]
Visa on arrival is issued free of charge.

 Somalia
Visa on arrival[416]

Available at Berbera, Borama, Burao, Erigavo and Hargeisa airports.
30 days, available at Bosaso, Galcaio and Mogadishu airports.

 South Africa
Visa not required[417]
90 days

Holders of passports without 2 blank pages may be refused entry.[418]

 South Sudan
Visa required[419][420]

Two blank passport pages required.[421]

 Spain
Visa not required[422][423]
90 days

90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area[424]

 Sri Lanka
eVisa / Visa on arrival[425]
30 days[426]

 Sudan
Visa required[427][428]

Holders of passports that contain visas or entry/exit stamps for Israel will likely be refused entry.
Exit visa required.
Registration within 3 days mandatory.[429]

 Suriname
Visa on arrival !Tourist Card on arrival[430]
90 days

Obtainable at Johan Adolf Pengel International Airport.[431]

 Swaziland
Visa not required[432]
30 days

Extendable up to 60 days[433]

 Sweden
Visa not required[434][435]
90 days

90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area[436]

  Switzerland
Visa not required[437][438]
90 days

90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area[439]

 Syria
Visa required[440][441]

Registration required within 15 days.
Departure tax applies at all borders.
Persons with passports bearing Israeli visas or entry/exit stamps are not allowed to enter.[442]

 Tajikistan
eVisa[443][444]
45 days

If arriving from a country that has a Tajik diplomatic mission a visa should be obtained in advance.
E-visa holders can enter through all border points.[445]
Fee $50.

 Tanzania
Visa on arrival[446][447]
3 months

Ordinary visa available on arrival for $100[448]

 Thailand
Visa not required[449]
30 days

Maximum two visits annually if not arriving by air.

 Timor-Leste
Visa on arrival[450]
30 days

For arrivals by air only[451]

 Togo
Visa on arrival[452]
7 days[453]

 Tonga
Visa on arrival[454]
31 days[455]

Visa on arrival is issued free of charge.

 Trinidad and Tobago
Visa not required[456]
90 days[457]

 Tunisia
Visa not required[458]
90 days[459]

 Turkey
e-Visa / Visa on arrival[460][461]
3 months

 Turkmenistan
Visa required[462]

Departure fee of $25 applies.[463]
10-day visa on arrival if holding letter of invitation issued by a company registered in Turkmenistan with a prior approval from the Foreign Ministry.[464]

 Tuvalu
Visa on arrival[465]
1 month

Extendable up to 3 months[466]
Visa on arrival is issued free of charge.

 Uganda
eVisa / Visa on arrival[467]

Determined at the port of entry.
Must apply online at least 2 business days or more prior to travel.[468] As of March 2017, airlines were refusing passengers permission to board flights to Uganda if they did not have a print-out of the document showing that they had successfully applied for an eVisa. Ugandan immigration authorities also may require additional documentation, including proof of a return plane ticket and detailed tour itinerary in Uganda.
International Certificate of Vaccination required.[469]

 Ukraine
Visa not required[470]
90 days

90 days within any 180 day period[471]

 United Arab Emirates
Visa on arrival[472]
30 days

Visa on arrival is issued free of charge.[473]
Iris scan taken on arrival

 United Kingdom
Visa not required[474][475]
6 months[476]

 Uruguay
Visa not required[477]
3 months[478]

 Uzbekistan
Visa required[479]

Simplified procedure for the United States citizens - no requirement for tourist voucher or invitation letter from Uzbekistan.[480]
Registration within 3 days is mandatory.[481]

 Vanuatu
Visa not required[482]
30 days

Extendable up to 120 days[483]

  Vatican City
Visa not required[484]

 Venezuela
Visa required[485]

All visa applications must be made in person, and all applicants will be interviewed at the Venezuelan embassy or consulate.[486]

 Vietnam
eVisa[485]
30 days

A single entry eVisa is available.[487]
Phú Quốc visa exemption for up to 30 days.[488][489]

 Yemen
Visa required[490][491]

Registration mandatory.
Exit visa required for stays over 30 days.[492]

 Zambia
eVisa / Visa on arrival[493]
90 days

Exact period determined on arrival, later extendable free of charge.
All visitors are fingerprinted.
Two blank pages required
International Certificate of Vaccination required.[494]
Electronic visa also available.[495]

 Zimbabwe
eVisa / Visa on arrival[496]
3 months

Tourism purposes only.[497]
Electronic visa also available.[498]

tag: table

text: Dependent, Disputed, or Restricted territories[edit]

text: Visa requirements for United States citizens for visits to various territories, disputed areas, partially recognized countries not mentioned in the list above, and restricted zones:

text:
Africa

Visitor to
Visa requirement
Allowed stay
Notes (excluding departure fees)

 Eritrea outside Asmara
Travel permit required

To travel in the rest of the country, a Travel Permit for Foreigners is required (20 Eritrean nakfa).[499]

 Ascension Island
Entry Permit required

Entry Permit must be obtained minimum 28 days in advance (3 months for 20/30 pounds sterling, single/double entry).[500]

 Saint Helena
Visitor's Pass required

Visitor's Pass granted on arrival valid for 4/10/21/60/90 days for 12/14/16/20/25 pound sterling.[501]

 Tristan da Cunha
Permission required

Permission to land required for 15/30 pounds sterling (yacht/ship passenger) for Tristan da Cunha Island or 20 pounds sterling for Gough Island, Inaccessible Island or Nightingale Islands.[502]

 Mayotte
Visa not required[503]
90 days

 Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
Undefined

Undefined visa regime in the Western Sahara controlled territory.

 Somaliland
Visa on arrival
30 days
30 US dollars, payable on arrival.[504][505]

 Reunion
Visa not required[506]
90 days

 Sudan outside Khartoum
Travel permit required

All foreigners traveling more than 25 kilometers outside of Khartoum must obtain a travel permit.

 Sudan Darfur
Travel permit required

Separate travel permit is required.[421]

Asia

Visitor to
Visa requirement
Allowed stay
Notes (excluding departure fees)

 British Indian Ocean Territory
Special permit required

Special permit required.[507]

 Hainan
Visa required

Visa not required for 15 days for traveling as part of a tourist group (2 or more people)[508][509]

 Hong Kong
Visa not required
3 months[510]

 India PAP/RAP
PAP/RAP required

Protected Area Permit (PAP) required for whole states of Nagaland and Sikkim and parts of states Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Jammu and Kashmir, Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh. Restricted Area Permit (RAP) required for all of Andaman and Nicobar Islands and parts of Sikkim. Some of these requirements are occasionally lifted for a year.[511][512][513][514][515][516]

 Iraqi Kurdistan
Visa on arrival

Visa on arrival for 15 days is available at Erbil and Sulaymaniyah airports.[221]

 Baikonur & Priozersk
Special permission required

Special permission required for the city of Baikonur and surrounding areas in Kyzylorda Oblast, and the town of Priozersk near Almaty.[517]

 Kish Island
Visa not required

Visitors to Kish Island do not require a visa.[220]

 Macau
Visa not required
30 days[518]

 Sabah and Sarawak
Visa not required

These states have their own immigration authorities and passport is required to travel to them, however the same visa applies.[519]

 Maldives outside Malé
Permission required

Tourists are generally prohibited from visiting non-resort islands without the express permission of the Government of the Maldives.[520]

 Mecca and Medina
Special access required

Non-Muslims and those following the Ahmadiyya religious movement are strictly prohibited from entry.

 North Sentinel Island
Restricted zone

 Palestine
Visa not required

Arrival by sea to Gaza Strip not allowed.[521]

 Taiwan
Visa not required
90 days[522]
Visitors fingerprinted

 Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province
OIVR permit required

OIVR permit required (15+5 Tajikistani Somoni) and another special permit (free of charge) is required for Lake Sarez.[523][524][525]

 Tibet Autonomous Region
TTP required

Tibet Travel Permit required (10 US Dollars).[526][527][528]

 Closed cities of Turkmenistan
Special permit required

A special permit, issued prior to arrival by Ministry of Foreign Affairs, is required if visiting the following places: Atamurat, Cheleken, Dashoguz, Serakhs and Serhetabat.[529]

 Korean Demilitarized Zone
Restricted zone

 UNDOF Zone and Ghajar
Restricted zone

 Phú Quốc
Visa not required
30 days[488]

 Yemen outside Sana’a or Aden
Special permission required

Special permission needed for travel outside Sana’a or Aden.[492]

Caribbean and North Atlantic

Visitor to
Visa requirement
Allowed stay
Notes (excluding departure fees)

 Anguilla
Visa not required
3 months[530]

 Aruba
Visa not required
90 days
90 days within any year period[531][532]
90 days in Aruba, Caribbean Netherlands, Curaçao and Sint Maarten combined

 Bermuda
Visa not required
6 months
Decided on arrival.[533]

 (Bonaire, St. Eustatius and Saba)
Visa not required
90 days
90 days within any year period[534][535]
90 days in Aruba, Caribbean Netherlands, Curaçao and Sint Maarten combined

 British Virgin Islands
Visa not required
30 days
Extensions possible[536]

 Cayman Islands
Visa not required
6 months[537]

 San Andrés and Leticia
Tourist Card on arrival

Visitors arriving at Gustavo Rojas Pinilla International Airport and Alfredo Vásquez Cobo International Airport must buy tourist cards on arrival.[538]

 Curacao
Visa not required
90 days
90 days within any year period[539]
90 days in Aruba, Caribbean Netherlands, Curaçao and Sint Maarten combined

 French West Indies
Visa not required
3 months
French West Indies refers to Martinique, Guadeloupe, Saint Martin and Saint Barthélemy[540]

 Greenland
Visa not required[541]

 Margarita Island
Visa required[542]

All visitors are fingerprinted.[543]

 Montserrat
Visa not required
6 months

 Puerto Rico
Visa not required
Unlimited

U.S. citizens and American Samoan citizens may live and work freely in Puerto Rico[544][545]
No Passport is required, but a driver's permit/license is required for entry if flying.

 Sint Maarten
Visa not required
90 days
90 days in 1 year[546][547]
90 days in Aruba, Caribbean Netherlands, Curaçao and Sint Maarten combined

 Turks and Caicos Islands
Visa not required
90 days[548]

 U.S. Virgin Islands
Visa not required
Unlimited

U.S. citizens and American Samoan citizens may live and work freely in the U.S. Virgin Islands[549]
No Passport is required, but it may be necessary when departing and re-entering.

Europe

Visitor to
Visa requirement
Allowed stay
Notes (excluding departure fees)

 Abkhazia
Visa required[550]

 Mount Athos
Special permit required

Special permit required (4 days: 25 euro for Orthodox visitors, 35 euro for non-Orthodox visitors, 18 euro for students). There is a visitors' quota: maximum 100 Orthodox and 10 non-Orthodox per day and women are not allowed.[551][552]

 ATO zone
Special permission required[553]

 Brest and Grodno
Visa not required
10 days[554]

 Crimea
Visa required

Visa issued by Russia is required.[555]

 Donetsk People's Republic
Restricted area

Crossing from Ukraine requires visit purpose to be explained to Ukrainian passport control on exit and those who entered from Russia are not allowed to proceed further into Ukraine.[556][557]

 Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
Visa not required
3 months[558][559]

 UN Buffer Zone in Cyprus
Access Permit required[560]

Access Permit is required for travelling inside the zone, except Civil Use Areas.

 Faroe Islands
Visa not required[541]

 Gibraltar
Visa not required[561]

 Guernsey
Visa not required[562]

 Isle of Man
Visa not required[563]

 Jan Mayen
Permit required[561]
24 hours
Permit issued by the local police required for staying for less than 24 hours[564] and permit issued by the Norwegian police for staying for more than 24 hours.[565]

 Jersey
Visa not required[566]

 Kosovo
Visa not required
90 days[567]

 Lugansk People's Republic
Restricted area

Crossing from Ukraine requires visit purpose to be explained to Ukrainian passport control on exit and those who entered from Russia are not allowed to proceed further into Ukraine.[556][557]

 Artsakh
Visa required[568][569]

Travellers with Artsakh visa (expired or valid) or evidence of travel to Artsakh (stamps) will be permanently denied entry to Azerbaijan.[570]

 Closed cities of Russia
Special authorization required

Several closed cities and regions in Russia require special authorization.[374]

 South Ossetia
Visa not required

Multiple entry visa to Russia and three-day prior notification are required to enter South Ossetia.[571][572]

 Svalbard
Visa not required[573]
Unlimited
Svalbard Treaty

 Transnistria
Visa not required
24 hours
Registration required after 24h.[574][575]

Oceania

Visitor to
Visa requirement
Allowed stay
Notes (excluding departure fees)

 American Samoa
Visa not required
Unlimited

Must have a valid six month passport, a return ticket, or an onward ticket, for entry
U.S. citizens may live and work freely in American Samoa.[576]

 Ashmore and Cartier Islands
Special authorisation required

Special authorisation required.[577]

 Clipperton Island
Special permit required

Special permit required.[578]

 Cook Islands
Visa not required
31 days[579]

 Lau Province
Special permission required

Special permission required.[169]

 French Polynesia
Visa not required
90 days
90 days within any 180 day period[580]

 Guam
Visa not required
Unlimited
U.S. citizens and American Samoan citizens may live and work freely in Guam. Proof of citizenship is required for entry.[581][582]

 Niue
Visa on arrival
30 days[583]

 Northern Mariana Islands
Visa not required
Unlimited
U.S. citizens and American Samoan citizens may live and work freely in the Northern Mariana Islands. Proof of citizenship is required for entry.[584]

 Pitcairn Islands
Visa not required
14 days
Visa free and landing fee 35 USD or tax of 5 USD if not going ashore.[585][586][587]

 Tokelau
Entry permit required[588]

 United States Minor Outlying Islands
Special permits required

Special permits required for Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Atoll, Palmyra Atoll and Wake Island.[589][590][591][592][593][594][595]

South America

Visitor to
Visa requirement
Allowed stay
Notes (excluding departure fees)

 Galápagos
Pre-registration required

Online pre-registration is required. Transit Control Card must also be obtained at the airport prior to departure.[596]

 French Guiana
Visa not required
3 months[597]

South Atlantic and Antarctica

Visitor to
Visa requirement
Allowed stay
Notes (excluding departure fees)

 Falkland Islands
Visa not required

Visa is not required.[598]

 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
Permit required

Pre-arrival permit from the Commissioner required (72 hours/1 month for 110/160 pounds sterling).[599][600]

 Antarctica
Special permits required

Special permits required for  Bouvet Island,  British Antarctic Territory,  French Southern and Antarctic Lands,  Argentine Antarctica,  Australian Antarctic Territory,  Chilean Antarctic Territory,  Heard Island and McDonald Islands,  Peter I Island,  Queen Maud Land,  Ross Dependency.[601][602][603][604][605][606][607][608][609][610][611][612]

text: Non-visa restrictions[edit]

text: Passport validity length[edit]

text: Many countries require passports to be valid for at least 6 months upon arrival.[613] Note that some nations have bilateral agreements with other countries to shorten the passport validity cut-off period for each other's citizens.[614][615]

text: Countries requiring passports to be valid at least 6 months on arrival include Afghanistan, Algeria, Anguilla, Bahrain, Bhutan, Botswana, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cayman Islands, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Côte d'Ivoire, Curaçao, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Fiji, Gabon, Guinea Bissau, Guyana, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq (except when arriving at Basra and Erbil or Sulaimaniyah), Israel, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, Laos, Madagascar, Malaysia, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Myanmar, Namibia, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Oman, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Qatar, Rwanda, Saint Lucia, Samoa, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Somaliland, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen and Zimbabwe.[616]

text: Countries requiring passports valid for at least 4 months on arrival include Micronesia and Zambia.

text: Countries requiring passports valid for at least 3 months on arrival include European Union countries (except Denmark, Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom, and always excepting EU/EEA/Swiss nationals), Albania, Belarus, Georgia, Honduras, Iceland, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Liechtenstein, Moldova, Monaco, Nauru, Panama, Saint Barthélemy, San Marino, Switzerland and the United Arab Emirates.

text: Bermuda requires passports to be valid for at least 45 days upon entry.

text: Countries that require a passport validity of at least 1 month on arrival include Eritrea, Hong Kong, Macao, New Zealand and South Africa.[617]

text: Other countries require either a passport valid on arrival or a passport valid throughout the period of the intended stay.

text: Blank passport pages[edit]

text: Many countries require a minimum number of blank pages in the passport being presented, generally one or two pages.[618] Endorsement pages which oftentimes appear after the visa pages are not counted.

text: Vaccination[edit]

text: Many African countries, including Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Uganda, and Zambia require all incoming passengers to have a current International Certificate of Vaccination.

text: Some other countries require vaccination only if the passenger is coming from an infected area.[619]

text: Israeli stamps[edit]

text: Kuwait,[620] Lebanon,[621] Libya,[622] Saudi Arabia,[623] Sudan,[624] Syria[625] and Yemen[626] do not allow entry to people with passport stamps from Israel or whose passports have either a used or an unused Israeli visa, or where there is evidence of previous travel to Israel such as entry or exit stamps from neighbouring border posts in transit countries such as Jordan and Egypt.

text: To circumvent this Arab League boycott of Israel, the Israeli immigration services have now mostly ceased to stamp foreign nationals' passports on either entry to or exit from Israel. Since 15 January 2013, Israel no longer stamps foreign passports at Ben Gurion Airport, giving passengers a card instead: "Since January 2013 a pilot scheme has been introduced whereby visitors are given an entry card instead of an entry stamp on arrival. You should keep this card with your passport until you leave. This is evidence of your legal entry into Israel and may be required, particularly at any crossing points into the Occupied Palestinian Territories." [627] Passports are still (as of 22 June 2017[update]) stamped at Erez when travelling into and out of Gaza. Also, passports are still stamped (as of 22 June 2017[update]) at the Jordan Valley/Sheikh Hussein and Yitzhak Rabin/Arava land borders with Jordan.

text: Iran: Admission is refused for holders of passports containing an Israeli visa/stamp in the last 12 months

tag: ul

text: Armenian ethnicity[edit]

text: Due to a state of war existing between Armenia and Azerbaijan, the government of Azerbaijan not only bans entry of citizens from Armenia, but also all citizens and nationals of any other country who are of Armenian descent, to the Republic of Azerbaijan[628][629] (although there have been exceptions, notably for Armenia's participation at the 2015 European Games held in Azerbaijan).

text: Azerbaijan also strictly bans any visit by foreign citizens to the separatist region of Nagorno-Karabakh[630] (the de facto independent Republic of Artsakh), its surrounding territories and the Azerbaijani exclaves of Karki, Yuxarı Əskipara, Barxudarlı and Sofulu which are de jure part of Azerbaijan but under control of Armenia, without the prior consent of the government of Azerbaijan. Foreign citizens who enter these occupied territories will be permanently banned from entering the Republic of Azerbaijan[631] and will be included in their "list of personae non gratae".[632] As of late 2017 the list contains 699 persons.

text: Upon request, the Republic of Artsakh authorities may attach their visa and/or stamps to a separate piece of paper in order to avoid detection of travel to their country.

text: Persona non grata[edit]

text: The government of a country can declare a diplomat persona non grata, banning their entry into that country. In non-diplomatic use, the authorities of a country may also declare a foreigner persona non grata permanently or temporarily, usually because of unlawful activity. Attempts to enter the Gaza strip by sea may attract a 10-year ban on entering Israel.[633]

text: Fingerprinting[edit]

text: Several countries including Argentina, Brunei, Cambodia, Japan, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Korea and the United States demand all travellers, or all foreign travellers, to be fingerprinted on arrival.[634][635][636][637][638][639][640]

text: Criminal record[edit]

text: Some countries (for example, Canada and the United States[641]) routinely deny entry to non-citizens who have a criminal record.

text: Passport card[edit]

text: The United States Passport Card can be used as an alternative to the booklet passport when travelling to and from Canada, Mexico, Bermuda and many Caribbean islands at sea ports-of-entry or land border crossings.[642]

text: APEC Travel Business Card[edit]

text: The APEC Business Travel Card (ABTC) is meant to facilitate travel for U.S. citizens engaged in verified business in the APEC region.[643]

text: The U.S. ABTC will enable access to a dedicated fast-track lane for expedited immigration processing at participating foreign some APEC member airports.[644] U.S. APEC Business Travel Card holders may also use the Global Entry kiosks at participating airports upon their U.S. return.[645] But the U.S. APEC Business Travel Card can’t be used in lieu of a visa to enter an APEC member country. Other countries’ APEC cards can be used in lieu of visas. But the U.S. has decided not to participate in the visa reciprocity part of the program because the government is unwilling to waive visa interviews.[646] Legislation authorizes the Department of Homeland Security to issue U.S. APEC Business Travel Cards only through Sept. 30, 2018, unless the law is amended to extend that date.

text: Consular protection of U.S. citizens abroad[edit]

text:
The United States has the most diplomatic missions out of any country in the world.
See also List of diplomatic missions of the United States.

text: The Department of State regularly publishes travel warnings or travel alerts.

text: Foreign travel statistics[edit]

text: These are the numbers of visits by U.S. nationals to various countries in 2015 (unless otherwise noted):

text:
Foreign travel statistics

Destination
Number of visitors

 American Samoa[note 1][647]
17,560

 Angola[648]
17,259

 Anguilla[note 1][649]
101,055

 Antarctica[note 2][650]
14,893

 Antigua and Barbuda[note 2][651]
96,347

 Aruba[note 3][652]
576,793

 Australia[note 2][653]
781,000

 Austria[note 4][note 1][654]
702,900

 Azerbaijan[note 1][655]
12,291

 Bahamas[656]
1,146,272

 Barbados[note 4][note 1][657]
168,945

 Belgium[note 1][658]
299,907

 Belize[note 1][note 4][659]
254,544

 Bermuda[note 2][660]
551,976

 Bhutan[note 1][661]
7,292

 Bolivia[note 1][662]
58,403

 Bosnia and Herzegovina[note 1][663]
20,985

 Botswana[664]
49,451

 Brazil[note 1][665]
570,350

 British Virgin Islands[note 5][666]
442,434

 Bulgaria[note 2][667]
90,963

 Burkina Faso[note 3][668]
5,984

 Cambodia[note 1][669]
238,658

 Cameroon[note 3][note 4][670]
13,280

 Canada[note 1][671]
23,895,385

 Cape Verde[note 4][672]
4,282

 Cayman Islands[note 2][note 6][673]
340,955

 Chile[note 2][674]
211,718

 China[675]
2,085,800

 Colombia[note 2][676]
529,013

 Congo[note 7][677]
5,352

 Cook Islands[note 1][678]
6,192

 Costa Rica[note 1][679]
1,233,277

 Croatia[680]
317,414

 Cuba[681]
91,254

 Curacao[note 1][682]
59,714

 Cyprus[note 2][683]
25,388

 Czech Republic[note 4][note 2][684]
539,023

 Dominica[685]
17,773

 Dominican Republic[note 2][686]
2,073,963

 Dutch Caribbean:[note 3][note 6][687]

 Bonaire
 Saba
 Sint Eustatius

5,900
2,000
2,700
1,200

 Ecuador[note 3][688]
259,406

 El Salvador[note 8][689]
447,628

 Estonia[note 4][note 2][690]
38,381

 Fiji[note 2][691]
81,198

 Finland[note 4][note 2][692]
124,997

 France[693]
3,622,362

 French Polynesia[note 2][694]
51,095

 Gambia[note 7][695]
4,058

 Georgia[note 2][696]
42,645

 Germany[note 1][697]
2,558,495

 Greece[698]
750,250

 Greenland[note 1][699][700]
2,767

 Grenada[note 2][701]
67,250

 Guam[note 2][note 6][702]
77,058

 Guatemala[note 3][703]
447,140

 Guyana[note 9][704]
82,966

 Haiti[note 10][705]
266,793

 Hong Kong[note 2][706]
1,215,629

 Hungary[note 4][note 1][707]
275,314

 Iceland[note 2][708]
576,403

 Indonesia[note 1][709]
316,782

 India[note 1][710]
1,296,939

 Ireland[note 1][711]
1,294,000

 Israel[note 1][712]
672,100

 Italy[note 1][713]
3,567,000

 Jamaica[note 2][714]
1,509,963

 Japan[note 2][715]
1,375,000

 Jordan[note 1][716]
166,441

 Kazakhstan[note 1][717]
26,402

 Kiribati[note 11][718]
100

 Kyrgyzstan[note 1][719]
13,900

 Laos[note 1][720]
58,094

 Latvia[note 4][note 1][721]
41,517

 Lebanon[note 1][722]
154,095

 Lesotho[note 5][723]
2,679

 Lithuania[note 1][724]
35,300

 Luxembourg[note 1][note 4][725]
32,144

 Macau[note 2][726]
186,378

 Macedonia[note 1][note 4][727]
11,495

 Madagascar[728]
4,165

 Malaysia[note 2][729]
198,203

 Maldives[note 2][730]
39,180

 Malta[note 2][731]
35,758

 Malawi[note 12][732]
36,386

 Mali[note 3][733]
4,479

 Martinique[note 9][734]
6,463

 Mauritius[note 2][735]
9,655

 Mexico[note 2][note 6][736]
10,340,463

 Micronesia[737]
6,671

 Moldova[note 1][738]
18,263

 Mongolia[note 2][739]
16,684

 Montenegro[note 4][note 1][740]
18,874

 Montserrat[note 9][741]
1,665

 Myanmar[note 1][742]
76,502

 Namibia[743]
26,339

   Nepal[744]
42,687

 Netherlands[note 2][745]
1,450,000

 New Zealand[note 2][746]
330,128

 Niue[note 12][747]
157

 Nicaragua[note 1][748]
288,538

 Oman[note 5][749]
53,165

 Pakistan[note 12][750]
117,500

 Panama[751]
338,590

 Papua New Guinea[note 1][752]
12,181

 Paraguay[753]
19,479

 Peru[754]
545,212

 Philippines[note 2][755]
957,813

 Poland[note 1][756]
474,100

 Qatar[note 1][757]
102,774

 Romania[note 1][758]
175,667

 Russia[note 2][759]
293,011

 São Tomé and Príncipe[note 13][760]
154

 Saint Lucia[761]
152,738

 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines[762]
22,324

 Samoa[763]
10,591

 Serbia[note 2][note 4][764]
34,169

 Seychelles[765]
6,038

 Singapore[note 2][766]
565,250

 Sint Maarten[note 9][767]
236,379

 Slovakia[note 1][note 4][768]
45,670

 Slovenia[note 2][note 4][769]
95,863

 Solomon Islands[770]
1,413

 South Africa[771]
297,226

 South Korea[note 2][772]
868,881

 Spain[note 2][773]
2,650,068

 Sri Lanka[note 2][774]
57,479

 Suriname[775]
7,543

 Swaziland[note 1][776]
18,014

 Taiwan[note 2][777]
577,628

 Tanzania[note 1][778]
86,860

 Thailand[note 2][779]
1,056,124

 Timor-Leste[note 3][note 14][780]
1,666

 Tonga[781]
6,718

 Trinidad and Tobago[note 3][782]
161,539

 Tunisia[note 5][783]
13,896

 Turkey[note 2][784]
329,257

 Turks and Caicos[785]
315,247

 Tuvalu[note 11][786]
85

 Uganda[note 5][787]
56,766

 Ukraine[note 2][788]
153,778

 United Arab Emirates[note 2][789]
633,000

 United Kingdom[note 1][790]
2,949,000

 Uzbekistan[note 15][791]
1,200

 Venezuela[note 5][792]
70,457

 Vietnam[note 2][793]
614,117

 Zambia[794]
38,496

 Zimbabwe[795]
66,577

text:
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as Data for 2016
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as Data for 2017
^ a b c d e f g h i Dats for 2014
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Counting only guests in tourist accommodation establishments.
^ a b c d e f Data for 2013
^ a b c d Data for arrivals by air only.
^ a b Data for 2012
^ Excluding an one-day visits
^ a b c d Data for 2010
^ Data for 2007
^ a b Data for 2011
^ a b c Data for 2009
^ Data for 2005
^ Data for arrivals by air only.
^ Data for 2015

tag: ol


document_title: Batman: The Enemy Within

question_text: when does batman telltale episode 5 come out

text: Batman: The Enemy Within

text: Gameplay[edit]

text: Like most Telltale games, the game features a similar episodic format found in other titles (such as Game of Thrones, The Walking Dead, The Wolf Among Us and Tales from the Borderlands). The player controls Bruce Wayne and his alter-ego Batman, with the game evenly split for both characters. The game features a branching narrative, similar to past Telltale games, giving the player options in approaching a situation and having that choice affect later events in the game. If the player had played the previous game, choices made, such as saving certain characters or stopping a criminal, may also be imported, though the game can be played as a standalone title. The game includes action sequences that are resolved similar to Telltale's other games, using quick time events. The series also includes investigation sequences, allowing the player to use Batman's detective skills to investigate areas. Sections of the game also present situations to the player where they may choose to approach as Bruce Wayne or as Batman. Crowd Play, a feature implemented in the predecessor, also returns for The Enemy Within, allowing streamers to let their audience interact with their session with the game.

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: Setting[edit]

text: The Enemy Within is set in the same Batman continuity introduced in Batman: The Telltale Series, which took place a number of years into Batman's career. Like the previous installment, the game is set during the mid-to-late 2010s in Gotham City, primarily the Batcave, Wayne Enterprises and Gotham City Police Headquarters. The game also follows the events of the previous game, taking place between a couple of months to a year after these events.

text: Characters[edit]

text: The player once again assumes control of Bruce Wayne/Batman (Troy Baker), a billionaire who secretly fights crime in Gotham. His butler and former legal guardian Alfred Pennyworth (Enn Reitel), Police Commissioner James Gordon (Murphy Guyer), and Wayne Enterprises Chief of Technology Lucius Fox (Dave Fennoy) return to assist Batman in the field. The game introduces "The Agency", a mysterious government organization with its own agenda led by the ruthless Amanda Waller (Debra Wilson). New supporting characters are also introduced, including Special Agent Iman Avesta (Emily O'Brien), one of the Agency's operatives, and Tiffany Fox (Valarie Rae Miller), the daughter of Lucius and an employee at Wayne Enterprises.

text: "John Doe" (Anthony Ingruber) and Selina Kyle/Catwoman (Laura Bailey) also return, now members of a group of criminals called "the Pact". Other members of the group include Riddler (Robin Atkin Downes), Bane (J. B. Blanc), Dr. Victor Fries/Mr. Freeze (Matthew Mercer) and Harleen Quinzel/Harley Quinn (Laura Post).

text: Detective Renee Montoya (Sumalee Montano), Reporter Jack Ryder (Robert Clotworthy) and Wayne Enterprises Chairwoman Regina Zellerbach (Lorri Holt) return with smaller roles within the series. New minor characters introduced include Police Detective Harvey Bullock (Keith Szarabajka), Agency operative Vernon Blake (Christian Lanz), international arms dealer Rumi Mori (Keone Young), Riddler's second-in-command Eli Knable (Alex Hernandez), and Stacked Deck patrons Frank Dumfree and Willy Deever (Kirk Thornton and Dave B. Mitchell respectively).

text: Plot[edit]

text: Approximately a year after the defeat of the Children of Arkham, Batman continues to patrol Gotham while slowly regaining his reputation as Bruce Wayne. While targeting arms dealer Rumi Mori at his casino, he witnesses the return of the Riddler, one of Gotham's first costumed criminals. Confronting Riddler with help from Gordon and the GCPD, he fails to capture the criminal; the Agency and their operatives arrive to help clean up. During their clean up, Batman meets Amanda Waller, the director of the Agency, who take over the investigation and offer to assist him in tracking Riddler. After returning to the Batcave with a puzzle left by Riddler, Bruce solves it, though is fazed when discovering a signal emitter. When Lucius Fox, the chief of technology at Wayne Enterprises investigates, he is mysteriously killed in an explosion. At Lucius' funeral, Bruce reunites with former Arkham patient "John Doe", who has been released for good behavior. John, having made a number of "friends" after his release, asks Bruce to meet and joined his group, which he refers to as "the Pact". When finding out that Bruce is searching for Riddler, John gives him a lead to investigate in Gotham's East End.

text: With Gordon, Batman follows the lead to discover Riddler's lair, where he discovers clues to his plans and a death trap to solve. He also finds a radio wave guided homing missile and deduces that the signal was actually a homing guide and had drawn a missile to its location if allowed to play long enough, resulting Fox's death. Using evidence he finds, Batman deduces that Riddler plans to target the Agency, having hacked the agent's phones and making them send the targeting signal to call missiles to their locations. Determined to find Riddler, Bruce follows another lead and tracks him to a freight ship. After escaping a deadly game set up by Riddler, Batman manages to redirect the missiles and defeats the criminal. As he is interrogated by the vigilante, Riddler is shot with a poisoned dart and dies, revealing that he is also a member of the Pact. As the Agency and GCPD arrive, Waller takes over law enforcement in Gotham and reveals to Batman her knowledge of his true identity.

text: Waller suggests that Bruce infiltrates the Pact as his alter-ego and gives him an ultimatum: work with the Agency to help arrest the Pact or risk having his identity exposed. Several moments later, a series of explosions go off throughout the city. Responding to an attack at the police arsenal, Batman battles another member of the Pact, Bane, who easily overpowers him with help from a steroid called Venom. Surviving thanks to help from either Gordon or Waller, Batman decides to follow the latter's advice and meets with John to accept his offer. The two meet at a bar, where he is introduced to John's former psychiatrist Harleen Quinzel, now the criminal Harley Quinn. Suspicious of Bruce, Harley gives him a chance to prove himself by stealing a prototype electrical skeleton key from Wayne Enterprises, with them joining him during the heist. Despite problems, including an unexpected encounter with Lucius' grieving daughter Tiffany, he is able to get the device to them and an EMP generator. After this show of compliance, Bruce is called to meet the other members of the Pact, Bane and Mr. Freeze, and convince them to vote him into the group. Successful, he joins them on their latest heist: a mysterious package guarded by an Agency convoy. With Waller refusing to help, Bruce is forced to assist the Pact and escapes with them. Upon returning to the group's hideout, the target is revealed to have been the Riddler's body and that his former ally Catwoman is also a member of the Pact.

text: After copying Riddler's eyes, Harley reveals one of Riddler's laptops, which he had left in their possession, and Bruce, John and Catwoman head to his hideout to find the location of their mark. After solving another death trap hidden in the lair, Bruce and Catwoman discover a supercomputer linked to an organization called SANCTUS that Riddler was associated with. When they fail to complete a retinal scan, the computer self-destructs and Catwoman escapes with a decrypting drive, hoping to steal another laptop in Harley's possession. The Pact also begin to suspect a mole, due to the time it took for the job to escalate, and suspicions fall on Bruce. After retrieving the laptop through help from either Selina or John, Bruce finds that SANCTUS was one of the Agency's former divisions in charge of experimentation. The laptop contains evidence of a biological weaponry and the lab's location. Waller also relieves Gordon from duty after he tries to arrest Bruce, having suspected he was involved with criminal activities. After the Pact learn of the lab's location at the Bodhi Spa, Bruce is forced to either give himself or Selina up as the mole, leading to the Pact attempting to execute them.

text: Depending on the decision, Bruce either accompanies them during the heist and sabotages it or escapes from his fate and confronts the group as Batman with Catwoman's help. During the heist, Harley betrays the Pact, leading to Freeze and Bane being captured. While searching for her, Bruce learns that Project LOTUS was a failed restorative agent, with Riddler being the only known survivor of the experiment. The members of the Pact planned to use his blood to convert the virus into a healing serum to cure their own ailments. However, Waller had been aware of this plan, and was hoping to stop them by stealing Riddler's corpse and blackmailing them into joining the Agency with the promise of a cure. Unknown to all parties, using even the working version can cause insanity within the user. After following another lead given by John, Bruce finds him surrounded by agents' bodies. Claiming it to be self defense, John realizes the truth about their "friendship" and reveals his knowledge of Bruce's activities as Batman. Regardless of whether he believes him, Bruce leaves to help the Agency capture a volatile Harley Quinn. During the confrontation, John arrives and attack the Agency, escaping with the LOTUS virus and potentially Quinn, the latter depending on the player's choices.

text: Several weeks later, John, now known as "Joker", reemerges, now either a vigilante with a twisted sense of right and wrong or a criminal collaborating with Quinn to get revenge on Bruce. The former has Bruce briefly working with Joker until a confrontation with the Agency reveals how far he has fallen, leading him to battle his friend to save Waller. However, the latter has him forced into a demented game, pitting him against his allies. Regardless of which, Bruce learns that Tiffany murdered Riddler to avenge her father and he eventually defeats Joker. Following Joker's defeat, Waller orders the Agency to leave Gotham and promises not to reveal Bruce's identity. As Batman, Bruce confronts Tiffany, leading to her either leaving to work for the Agency, joining him in his crusade against crime, escaping to become a fugitive, or being handed over to the authorities for murder. Returning to the manor, Bruce learns that Alfred has decided to leave their life of operations as Batman, having been struggling to continue since he was kidnapped by Lady Arkham. After a heated discussion, Bruce either decides to leave the life of vigilantism behind to convince Alfred to stay or allows Alfred to leave whilst he continues to operate as Batman.

text: In a post credits scene, Joker sits in his cell at Arkham, contemplating his action before either being visited by Bruce or promising to see him once again.

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date

1
1
"The Enigma"
Kent Mudle
James Windeler, Patrick Kevin Day & Shanon Ingles
August 8, 2017 (2017-08-08)

2
2
"The Pact"
Matthew Leach
Luke McMullen, Chris Hockabout, Shanon Ingles & Patrick Kevin Day
October 3, 2017 (2017-10-03)

3
3
"Fractured Mask"
Sean Manning
Ross Beeley, Shanon Ingles, Lauren R. Mee & Josh R. Trujillo
November 21, 2017 (2017-11-21)

4
4
"What Ails You"
Chris Rieser
Patrick Kevin Day & Lauren R. Mee
January 23, 2018 (2018-01-23)

5
5
"Same Stitch"
Kent Mudle
Meghan Thornton, Ross Beeley & Lauren R. Mee
March 27, 2018 (2018-03-27)

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Batman: The Enemy Within received generally positive reviews from critics, some of which considered it an improvement over its predecessor, earning praise for its story, choices, action sequences, and portrayal of the Batman mythos.[3][4][5] The game won the award for "Performance in a Drama, Supporting" with Debra Wilson at the 17th Annual National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers Awards, whereas its other nomination was for "Game, Franchise Adventure".[6][7]

text: Many reviewers praised the game's unique depiction of the Joker, with the player being given the opportunity to try to prevent him from becoming a villain. For example, Scott Maslow from GQ was happily surprised by this version of the Joker and said it managed to make "Batman's most overexposed villain" interesting again: "The Joker has always said his past is multiple-choice, but this is the first time I’ve felt like I was the one checking the boxes."[8] Bradley Shankar from MobileSyrup was especially positive with a review titled "Batman: The Enemy Within offers one of the greatest Joker stories ever told". He explained: "... while there have been numerous great interpretations of the Batman-Joker relationship over the years, there has never been one quite as complex and morally grey as what Telltale has created with The Enemy Within".[9] Tamoor Hussain from GameSpot gave the final episode a 9/10, concluding: "While Telltale's first Batman season stuck a bit too close to established mythos and delivered an underwhelming ending, the second is a memorable Joker origin story that Bat-fans should make a point of playing."[10] Stephanie Chan from VentureBeat was slightly less enthusiastic but still gave the game a score of 80/100 and said: "By the end of the series, I’ll say that Batman: The Enemy Within has tentatively won me over. That’s purely on the strength of the relationship between Batman and The Joker."[11]


document_title: Nigerian National Democratic Party

question_text: who form the first political party in nigeria

text: Nigerian National Democratic Party

text: The Nigerian National Democratic Party (NNDP) was Nigeria's first political party.

text: Formed in 1923 by Herbert Macaulay to take advantage of the new Clifford Constitution, the NNDP successfully organized various Lagos interest groups into a single group that was able to compete politically. The (NNDP) ran many candidates for seats in the 1922 elections for the Lagos Legislative Council, winning three seats.The party won all the seats in the elections of 1923, 1928 and 1933. Though, the party's major function was to put candidates into the legislative council, it had a broader objective of promoting democracy in Nigeria, increasing higher Nigerian participation in the social, economic and educational development of Nigeria. The party continued to dominate politics in  Lagos until 1938, when the Nigerian Youth Movement (NYM) overtook it in elections.

text: The party's name was adopted in 1964 by Samuel Akintola for his party as part of a process of unseating the left-leaning Action Group led by Obafemi Awolowo from power in the Western Region.[1][2]

text: Party member Augustus Akinloye later became chairman of the National Party of Nigeria in 1978.