document_title: Japanese people

question_text: where did the original habitants of japan come from

text: Japanese people

text: Language[edit]

text: The Japanese language is a Japonic language that in the past was treated as a language isolate; it is related to the Ryukyuan languages. The Japanese language has a tripartite writing system using Hiragana, Katakana, and Kanji. Domestic Japanese people use primarily Japanese for daily interaction. The adult literacy rate in Japan exceeds 99%.[42]

text: Religion[edit]

text: Japanese religion has traditionally been syncretic in nature, combining elements of Buddhism and Shinto (Shinbutsu-shūgō). Shinto, a polytheistic religion with no book of religious canon, is Japan's native religion. Shinto was one of the traditional grounds for the right to the throne of the Japanese imperial family, and was codified as the state religion in 1868 (State Shinto), but was abolished by the American occupation in 1945. Mahayana Buddhism came to Japan in the sixth century and evolved into many different sects. Today, the largest form of Buddhism among Japanese people is the Jōdo Shinshū sect founded by Shinran.[citation needed]

text: Most Japanese people (84% to 96%)[43][44][45] profess to believe in both Shinto and Buddhism. Japanese people's religion functions mostly as a foundation for mythology, traditions, and neighborhood activities, rather than as the single source of moral guidelines for one's life.[citation needed]

text: Christianity in Japan is among the nation's minority religions. Just under 2%, or about 2.5 million, of Japan's population are Christians.[46] Many Japanese practice Christianity in the diaspora in Brazil, which is home to the largest Japanese population outside Japan.[47] About 60% of Japanese Brazilians are Roman Catholics,[48] while 90% of Japanese Mexicans are Roman Catholic,[49] and about 37% of Japanese Americans are Christians (33% are Protestant and 4% Catholic).[33][50]

text: Literature[edit]

text: Certain genres of writing originated in and are often associated with Japanese society. These include the haiku, tanka, and I Novel, although modern writers generally avoid these writing styles. Historically, many works have sought to capture or codify traditional Japanese cultural values and aesthetics. Some of the most famous of these include Murasaki Shikibu's The Tale of Genji (1021), about Heian court culture; Miyamoto Musashi's The Book of Five Rings (1645), concerning military strategy; Matsuo Bashō's Oku no Hosomichi (1691), a travelogue; and Jun'ichirō Tanizaki's essay "In Praise of Shadows" (1933), which contrasts Eastern and Western cultures.

text: Following the opening of Japan to the West in 1854, some works of this style were written in English by natives of Japan; they include Bushido: The Soul of Japan by Nitobe Inazō (1900), concerning samurai ethics, and The Book of Tea by Okakura Kakuzo (1906), which deals with the philosophical implications of the Japanese tea ceremony. Western observers have often attempted to evaluate Japanese society as well, to varying degrees of success; one of the most well-known and controversial works resulting from this is Ruth Benedict's The Chrysanthemum and the Sword (1946).

text: Twentieth-century Japanese writers recorded changes in Japanese society through their works. Some of the most notable authors included Natsume Sōseki, Jun'ichirō Tanizaki, Osamu Dazai, Yasunari Kawabata, Fumiko Enchi, Yukio Mishima, and Ryōtarō Shiba. In contemporary Japan, popular authors such as Ryū Murakami, Haruki Murakami, and Banana Yoshimoto are highly regarded.

text: Arts[edit]

text: Decorative arts in Japan date back to prehistoric times. Jōmon pottery includes examples with elaborate ornamentation. In the Yayoi period, artisans produced mirrors, spears, and ceremonial bells known as dōtaku. Later burial mounds, or kofun, preserve characteristic clay haniwa, as well as wall paintings.

text: Beginning in the Nara period, painting, calligraphy, and sculpture flourished under strong Confucian and Buddhist influences from China. Among the architectural achievements of this period are the Hōryū-ji and the Yakushi-ji, two Buddhist temples in Nara Prefecture. After the cessation of official relations with the Tang dynasty in the ninth century, Japanese art and architecture gradually became less influenced by China. Extravagant art and clothing was commissioned by nobles to decorate their court, and although the aristocracy was quite limited in size and power, many of these pieces are still extant. After the Tōdai-ji was attacked and burned during the Genpei War, a special office of restoration was founded, and the Tōdai-ji became an important artistic center. The leading masters of the time were Unkei and Kaikei.

text: Painting advanced in the Muromachi period in the form of ink and painting under the influence of Zen Buddhism as practiced by such masters as Sesshū Tōyō. Zen Buddhist tenets were also elaborated into the tea ceremony during the Sengoku period. During the Edo period, the polychrome painting screens of the Kanō school were made influential thanks to their powerful patrons (including the Tokugawas). Popular artists created ukiyo-e, woodblock prints for sale to commoners in the flourishing cities. Pottery such as Imari ware was highly valued as far away as Europe.

text: In theater, Noh is a traditional, spare dramatic form that developed in tandem with kyōgen farce. In stark contrast to the restrained refinement of noh, kabuki, an "explosion of color", uses every possible stage trick for dramatic effect. Plays include sensational events such as suicides, and many such works were performed in both kabuki and bunraku puppet theaters.

text: Since the Meiji Restoration, Japan has absorbed elements of Western culture and gave it a "Japanese" feel or modification into it. Its modern decorative, practical and performing arts works span a spectrum ranging from the traditions of Japan to purely Western modes. Products of popular culture, including J-pop, J-rock, manga and anime have found audiences and fans around the world.

text: Theories of origins[edit]

text: Arai Hakuseki, who knew in the 18th century that there were stone tools in Japan, suggested that there was Shukushin in ancient Japan. After him, Philipp Franz von Siebold claimed that indigenous Japanese were Ainu people.[51] Iha Fuyū suggested that Japanese and Ryukyuan people have the same ethnic origin, based on his 1906 research of the Ryukyuan languages.[52] In the Taishō period, Torii Ryūzō claimed that Yamato people used Yayoi pottery and Ainu used Jōmon pottery.[51]

text: A common origin of Japanese has been proposed by a number of scholars since Arai Hakuseki first brought up the theory and Fujii Sadamoto, a pioneer of modern archeology in Japan, also treated the issue in 1781.[53] But after the end of World War II, Kotondo Hasebe and Hisashi Suzuki claimed that the origin of Japanese people was not the newcomers in the Yayoi period (300 BCE – 300 CE) but the people in the Jōmon period.[54]

text: However, Kazuro Hanihara announced a new racial admixture theory in 1984.[54] Hanihara also announced the theory "dual structure model" in English in 1991.[55] According to Hanihara, modern Japanese lineages began with Jōmon people, who moved into the Japanese archipelago during Paleolithic times from their homeland in southeast Asia. Hanihara believed that there was a second wave of immigrants, from northeast Asia to Japan from the Yayoi period. Following a population expansion in Neolithic times, these newcomers then found their way to the Japanese archipelago sometime during the Yayoi period. As a result, miscegenation was common in the island regions of Kyūshū, Shikoku, and Honshū, but did not prevail in the outlying islands of Okinawa and Hokkaidō, and the Ryukyuan and Ainu people continued to dominate there. Mark J. Hudson claimed that the main ethnic image of Japanese people was biologically and linguistically formed from 400 BCE to 1,200 CE.[54]

text: On the other hand, research in October 2009 by the National Museum of Nature and Science et al. concluded that the Minatogawa Man, who was found in Okinawa and was regarded as evidence that Jōmon people came to Japan via the southern route, had a slender face unlike the Jōmon.[56] Hiroto Takamiya of the Sapporo University suggested that the people of Kyushu immigrated to Okinawa between the 10th and 12th centuries CE.[57]

text: A 2011 study by Sean Lee and Toshikazu Hasegawa[58] reported that a common origin of Japonic languages had originated around 2,182 years before present.[59]

text: A study conducted in 2017 by Ulsan University in Korea presented an evidence that the genetic origin of Koreans is closer to that of southeast Asians.[60] This was additionally supported by Japanese research conducted in 1999 that supported the theory that the origin of the Yayoi people was in southern China near the Yangtze river.[61] This study further supports the already accepted admixture theory between the Jomon and Yayoi populations.

text: Origin of Jōmon and Yayoi[edit]

text: Currently, the most well-regarded theory is that present-day Japanese are descendants of both the indigenous Jōmon people and the immigrant Yayoi people. The origins of the Jōmon and Yayoi people have often been a subject of dispute, and a recent Japanese publisher[62] has divided the potential routes of the people living on the Japanese archipelago as follows:

text:
Aboriginals that have been living in Japan for more than 10,000 years. (Without geographic distinction, which means, the group of people living in islands from Hokkaido to Okinawa may all be considered to be Aboriginals in this case.)
Immigrants from the northern route (北方ルート in Japanese) including the people from the Korean Peninsula, Mainland China and Sakhalin Island.
Immigrants from the southern route (南方ルート in Japanese) including the people from the Pacific Islands, Southeast Asia, and in some context, India.

text: However, a clear consensus has not been reached.[63][64][65][66][67]

text: History[edit]

text: Paleolithic era[edit]

text: Archaeological evidence indicates that Stone Age people lived in the Japanese archipelago during the Paleolithic period between 39,000 and 21,000 years ago.[68][69] Japan was then connected to mainland Asia by at least one land bridge, and nomadic hunter-gatherers crossed to Japan from Southeast Asia, East Asia, Siberia, and possibly Kamchatka. Flint tools and bony implements of this era have been excavated in Japan.[70]

text: Jōmon people[edit]

text: Some of the world's oldest known pottery pieces were developed by the Jōmon people in the Upper Paleolithic period, 14th millennium BC. The name, "Jōmon" (縄文 Jōmon), which means "cord-impressed pattern", comes from the characteristic markings found on the pottery. The Jōmon people were Mesolithic hunter-gatherers, though at least one middle to late Jōmon site (Minami Mizote (南溝手), ca. 1200–1000 BC) had a primitive rice-growing agriculture. They relied primarily on fish for protein. It is believed that the Jōmon had very likely migrated from South Asia or Southeast Asia and became the Ainu of today. Research suggests that the Ainu retain a certain degree of uniqueness in their genetic make-up, while having some affinities with other regional populations in Japan as well as the Nivkhs of the Russian Far East.

text: Mark J. Hudson of Nishikyushu University posits that Japan was settled by a Proto-Mongoloid population in the Pleistocene who became the Jōmon, and that their features can be seen in the Ainu and Ryukyuan people.[71] The Jomon share some physical characteristics, such as relatively abundant body hair, with Caucasians, but anthropological genetics shows them to derive from a separate genetic lineage from that of Europeans.[72]

text: Anthropologist Joseph Powell of the University of New Mexico said that the Ainu descend from the Jōmon people who are an East Asian population with "closest biological affinity with south-east Asians rather than western Eurasian peoples".[73] Turner found remains of Jōmon people of Japan to belong to Sundadont pattern similar with the Southern Mongoloid living populations of Taiwanese aborigines, Filipinos, Indonesians, Thais, Borneans, Laotians, and Malaysians.

text: Yayoi people[edit]

text: Around 400–300 BC, the Yayoi people began to enter the Japanese islands, intermingling with the Jōmon. The Yayoi brought wet-rice farming and advanced bronze and iron technology to Japan. Although the islands were already abundant with resources for hunting and dry-rice farming, Yayoi farmers created more productive wet-rice paddy field systems. This allowed the communities to support larger populations and spread over time, in turn becoming the basis for more advanced institutions and heralding the new civilization of the succeeding Kofun period.

text: The estimated population in the late Jōmon period was about one hundred thousand, compared to about three million by the Nara period. Taking the growth rates of hunting and agricultural societies into account, it is calculated that about one and half million immigrants moved to Japan in the period.

text: Genetics[edit]

text: Y-chromosome DNA[edit]

text: It has been noted since as early as 1995 that the distribution of Y-chromosome DNA markers among Japanese males differs significantly from the males of neighboring populations: "The Y Alu polymorphic (YAP) element is present in 42% of the Japanese and absent in the Taiwanese, confirming the irregular distribution of this polymorphism in Asia."[74]

text: In 1999, a study by Tatiana M. Karafet et al. aimed at identifying the nearest Old World relatives of indigenous American Y-DNA lineages included a sample of 118 Japanese, of whom 55 or 47% were found to belong to DE-YAP(xE-SRY4064), 54 or 46% were found to belong to K-M9(xTat, SRY9138, P-DYS257), 6 or 5.1% were found to belong to C-RPS4Y, 2 or 1.7% were found to belong to P-DYS257, and 1 or 0.8% were found to belong to BT-SRY10831.1(xC-RPS4Y, DE-YAP, K-M9).[75]

text: A comprehensive study of worldwide Y-DNA diversity (Underhill et al. 2000) included a sample of 23 males from Japan, of whom eight (35%) belonged to haplogroup D-M174 (including one D-M15, one D-M55(xM116.2), five D-M125, and one D-M151), six (26%) belonged to O-M175(xM122, M119, M95), five (22%) belonged to O-M122 (including two O-M122(xM7, M164, M159, M121, M134), two O-M134(xM117/M133), and one O-M117/M133(xM162)), three (13%) belonged to C-M130 (including one C-M130(xM38, M48/M77/M86, M93, M8/M105/M131), one C-M93, and one C-M8/M105/M131), and one (4.3%) belonged to N-M128.[76]

text: Among 259 males from Japan (70 from Tokushima, 61 from Shizuoka, 53 from Kyūshū, 45 from Okinawa, 26 from Aomori, and 4 Ainus) whose Y-DNA has been examined in a 2005 study by Michael F. Hammer, ninety (34.7%) belong to haplogroup D-M55, eighty-two (31.7%) belong to haplogroup O-P31 (including 22% O-47z, 7.7% O-M176(x47z), and 1.9% O-M95(xM111)), fifty-two (20.1%) belong to haplogroup O-M122, fourteen (5.4%) belong to haplogroup C-M8, ten (3.9%) belong to haplogroup NO-M214(xO-M175) (including 2.3% NO-M214(xO-M175, N-LLY22g), 1.2% haplogroup N-LLY22g(xM128, P43, M178), and 0.4% haplogroup N-M178), and eight (3.1%) belong to haplogroup C-M217 (including 1.9% haplogroup C-M217(xM86) and 1.2% haplogroup C-M86).[77] The patrilines belonging to D-P37.1 were found in all the Japanese samples, but were more frequently found in the Ainu (75.0%) and Okinawa (55.6%) samples and less frequently found in the Tokushima (25.7%) and Kyūshū samples (26.4%).[77] Haplogroups O-M175 and C-M8 were not found in the small Ainu sample of four individuals, and C-M217 was not found in the Okinawa sample of 45 individuals.[77] Haplogroup N was detected in samples of Japanese from Aomori (2/26 N-LLY22g(xM128, P43, M178)), Shizuoka (1/61 N-LLY22g(xM128, P43, M178)), and Tokushima (1/70 N-M178), but was not found in the Kyūshū, Okinawa, or Ainu samples.[77] This study, and others, report that Y-chromosome patrilines crossed from the Asian mainland into the Japanese archipelago, and continue to make up a large proportion of the Japanese male lineage.[78] If focusing haplogroup O-P31 in those researches, the patrilines derived from its subclade O-SRY465 are frequently found in both Japanese (mean 32%,[79] with frequency in various samples ranging from 26%[80][81] to 36%[82]) and Koreans (mean 30%,[83] with frequency in various samples ranging from 19%[80][84] to 40%[82]). According to the research, these patrilines have undergone extensive genetic admixture with the Jōmon period populations previously established in Japan.[77]

text: A 2007 study by Nonaka et al. reported that among a total of 263 healthy unrelated Japanese male individuals born in 40 of the 47 prefectures of Japan, but especially Tokyo (n=51), Chiba (n=45), Kanagawa (n=14), Saitama (n=13), Shizuoka (n=12), and Nagano (n=11), the frequencies of the D2, O2b, and O3 lineages were 38.8%, 33.5%, and 16.7%, respectively, which constituted approximately 90% of the Japanese population. Haplogroup diversity for the binary polymorphisms was calculated to be 86.3%.[85]

text: Poznik et al. (2016) have reported that the males in the JPT (Japanese in Tokyo, Japan) sample[86] of the 1000 Genomes Project are 20/56 = 36% D2-M179, 18/56 = 32% O2b-M176, 10/56 = 18% O3-M122, 4/56 = 7.1% C1a1-M8, 2/56 = 3.6% O2a-K18, and 2/56 = 3.6% C2-M217.[87]

text: In a project approved by the Ethics Committee of Tokai University School of Medicine, Ochiai et al. (2016) have reported finding D-M174 (rs2032602 T>C) in 24/59 (40.7%), O-M268 (rs13447443 A>G) in 21/59 (35.6%), C-M130 (rs35284970 C>T) in 8/59 (13.6%), O-P198 (rs17269816 T>C) in 4/59 (6.8%), N-M231 (rs9341278 G>A) in 1/59 (1.7%), and O-P186(xM268, P198) (rs16981290 C>A, rs13447443 A, rs17269816 T) in 1/59 (1.7%) of a sample obtained through buccal swabs from Japanese male volunteers (n = 59) who had given informed consent to participate in the study.[88]

text: Mitochondrial DNA[edit]

text: According to an analysis of the 1000 Genomes Project's sample of Japanese collected in the Tokyo metropolitan area, the mtDNA haplogroups found among modern Japanese include D (42/118 = 35.6%, including 39/118 = 33.1% D4 and 3/118 = 2.5% D5), B (16/118 = 13.6%, including 11/118 = 9.3% B4 and 5/118 = 4.2% B5), M7 (12/118 = 10.2%), G (12/118 = 10.2%), N9 (10/118 = 8.5%), F (9/118 = 7.6%), A (8/118 = 6.8%), Z (4/118 = 3.4%), M9 (3/118 = 2.5%), and M8 (2/118 = 1.7%).[89]

text: Single-nucleotide polymorphism[edit]

text: A 2011 SNP consortium study done by the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Max Planck Society consisting of 1719 DNA samples determined that Koreans and Japanese clustered near to each other, confirming the findings of an earlier study that Koreans and Japanese are related. However, the Japanese were found to be genetically closer to South Asian populations as evident by a genetic position that is significantly closer towards South Asian populations on the principal component analysis (PCA) chart. Some Japanese individuals are also genetically closer to Southeast Asian and Melanesian populations when compared to other East Asians such as Koreans and Han Chinese, indicating possible genetic interactions between Japanese and these populations.[90]

text: A 2008 study about genome-wide SNPs of East Asians by Chao Tian et al. reported that Japanese, Koreans and Han Chinese are genetically distinguishable from southeast Asians, and that the Japanese are related to Koreans, who are more closely related to Han Chinese. However, the Japanese are relatively genetically distant from Han Chinese, compared to Koreans.[91]

text: Data tables[edit]

text:
Frequency of Diego factor in Mongoloids

Total
number
tested
Dia+

No.
%

Korean

     by Lee, Present series
117
17
14.5

Chinese

     by Layrisse and Arends, (1956)
100
5
5.0

Japanese

     by Layrisse and Arends, (1956)
65
8
12.31

     by Lewis et al., (1956)
77
6
7.79

     by Ueno and Murakata, (1957)
153
12
7.84

     by Lewis et al., (1958)
145
10
6.89

     by Iseki et al., (1958)
500
16
3.20

Source: Table 12, Page 23, Samuel Y. Lee (1965)[92]

text:
Masatoshi Nei's standard genetic distances (lower diagonal matrix     ) and modified
Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza's distances (above diagonal matrix     ) for the four populations

Hondo-Japanese
Korean
Ainu
Ryukyuan

Hondo-Japanese

0.00354
0.00747
0.00217

Korean
0.00404

0.01155
0.00707

Ainu
0.00808
0.01043

0.00642

Ryukyuan
0.00336
0.00899
0.00696

Source: Table 1, Page 438, Keiichi Omoto & Naruya Saitou (1997)[93]

text:
ABO allele frequencies in Korean, Japanese and German populations.

Population

ABO allele

A(Pro)
A(Leu)
B
O(T)
O(A)
O2

Korean (n=253)
0.022a,c
0.209c
0.209c
0.360a,e
0.200b
0d

Japanese1 (n=520)
0.071
0.216
0.178
0.273
0.262
0

German2 (n=169)
0.213
0.077
0.047
0.426
0.216
0.021

aKorean versus Japanese, p<0.001. bKorean versus Japanese, p<0.01.
cKorean versus German, p<0.001. dKorean versus German, p<0.01.
eKorean versus German, p<0.05 (Fisher's exact probability test).
1Fukumori et al., 1996. 2Nishimukai et al., 1996.

Source: Table 2, Page 333, Kang Sung-ha et al. (1997)[94]

text:
Fst coefficients for pairs of 10 district populations based on the Reynolds' distances by using five HLA loci

Tohoku
Kanto
Hokuriku
Tokai
Kinki
Chugoku
Shikoku
Kyushu
Okinawa

Hokkaido
0.00000
0.00008
0.00214
0.00157
0.00045
0.00026
0.00100
0.00037
0.00983

Tohoku

0.00000
0.00125
0.00064
0.00000
0.00000
0.00182
0.00086
0.01070

Kanto

0.00145
0.00000
0.00000
0.00067
0.00071
0.00017
0.01127

Hokuriku

0.00367
0.00122
0.00063
0.00570
0.00181
0.01715

Tokai

0.00057
0.00170
0.00077
0.00177
0.01164

Kinki

0.00000
0.00069
0.00043
0.01134

Chugoku

0.00158
0.00169
0.01158

Shikoku

0.00088
0.00544

Kyushu

0.01178

Color Code
     Significant difference at the P-value < 0.05.

     Significant difference at the P-value < 0.01

     Significant difference after the Bonferroni correction at the P-value < 0.05/45.

Source: Table 2, Page 3, Hirofumi Nakaoka et al. (2013)[95]

text: Colonialism[edit]

text: During the Japanese colonial period of 1895 to 1945, the phrase "Japanese people" was used to refer not only to residents of the Japanese archipelago, but also to people from colonies who held Japanese citizenship, such as Taiwanese people and Korean people. The official term used to refer to ethnic Japanese during this period was "inland people" (内地人, naichijin). Such linguistic distinctions facilitated forced assimilation of colonized ethnic identities into a single Imperial Japanese identity.[96]

text: After the end of World War II, many Nivkh people and Orok people from southern Sakhalin, who held Japanese citizenship in Karafuto Prefecture, were forced to repatriate to Hokkaidō by the Soviet Union as a part of Japanese people. On the other hand, many Sakhalin Koreans who had held Japanese citizenship until the end of the war were left stateless by the Soviet occupation.[97]

text: Citizenship[edit]

text: Article 10 of the Constitution of Japan defines the term Japanese based on the Japanese Nationality.[98] The concept of the ethnic groups by the Japanese statistics is different from the ethnicity census of North American or some Western European statistics. For example, the United Kingdom Census asks ethnic or racial background which composites the population of the United Kingdom, regardless of their nationalities.[99] The Japanese Statistics Bureau, however, does not have this question. Since the Japanese population census asks the people's nationality rather than their ethnic background, naturalized Japanese citizens and Japanese nationals with multi-ethnic background are considered to be ethnically Japanese in the population census of Japan. Professor John Lie, from the University of California, Berkeley, in spite of the widespread belief that Japan is ethnically homogeneous, believes it is more accurate to describe Japan as a multiethnic society.[100] Even though such claims have long been rejected by other sectors of Japanese society such as former Japanese Prime Minister Tarō Asō, who has once described Japan as being a nation of "one race, one civilization, one language and one culture".[101]

text: Diaspora[edit]

text: The term nikkeijin (日系人) is used to refer to Japanese people who emigrated from Japan and their descendants.

text: Emigration from Japan was recorded as early as the 12th century to the Philippines and Borneo,[102] and in the 16th and 17th centuries, thousands of traders from Japan also migrated to the Philippines and assimilated into the local population.[103] pp. 52–3 But mass migration of Japanese people did not become a mass phenomenon until the Meiji Era, when Japanese people began to go to the Philippines, United States, Canada, Peru, Colombia, Brazil, and Argentina. There was also significant emigration to the territories of the Empire of Japan during the colonial period; however, most such emigrants repatriated to Japan after the end of World War II in Asia.[104]

text: According to the Association of Nikkei and Japanese Abroad, there are about 2.5 million nikkeijin living in their adopted countries. The largest of these foreign communities are in the Brazilian states of São Paulo and Paraná.[105] There are also significant cohesive Japanese communities in the Philippines,[106] East Malaysia, Peru, Buenos Aires, Córdoba and Misiones in Argentina, the U.S states of Hawaii, California, and Washington, and the Canadian cities of Vancouver and Toronto. Separately, the number of Japanese citizens living abroad is over one million according to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.


document_title: I Dream of Jeannie

question_text: when does major healy find out about jeannie

root

text: I Dream of Jeannie

text: Plot[edit]

text: In the pilot episode, "The Lady in the Bottle", astronaut Captain Tony Nelson, United States Air Force, is on a space flight when his one-man capsule Stardust One comes down far from the planned recovery area, near a deserted island in the South Pacific. On the beach, Tony notices a strange bottle that rolls by itself. When he rubs it after removing the stopper, smoke starts shooting out and a Persian-speaking female genie materializes and kisses Tony on the lips, shocking him.

tag: p

text: They cannot understand each other until Tony expresses his wish that Jeannie (a homophone of genie) could speak English, which she then does. Then, per his instructions, she "blinks" and causes a recovery helicopter to show up to rescue Tony, who is so grateful, he tells her she is free, but Jeannie, who has fallen in love with Tony at first sight after being trapped for 2,000 years, re-enters her bottle and rolls it into Tony's duffel bag so she can accompany him back home. One of the first things Jeannie does, in a subsequent episode, is break up Tony's engagement to his commanding general's daughter Melissa, who, along with that particular general, is never seen again. This event reflects producer Sidney Sheldon's decision that the engagement depicted in the pilot episode would not be part of the series continuity; he realized the romantic triangle he created between Jeannie, "Master", and Melissa would not pan out in the long run.

text: Tony at first keeps Jeannie in her bottle most of the time, but he finally relents and allows her to enjoy a life of her own. However, her life is devoted mostly to his, and most of their problems stem from her love and affection towards Tony, and her desire to please him and fulfill her ancient heritage as a genie, especially when he does not want her to do so. His efforts to cover up Jeannie's antics, because of his fear that he would be dismissed from the space program if her existence were known, brings him to the attention of NASA's resident psychiatrist, U.S. Air Force Colonel Dr. Alfred Bellows. In a running gag, Dr. Bellows tries over and over to prove to his superiors that Tony is either crazy or hiding something, but he is always foiled ("He's done it to me, again!") and Tony's job remains secure. A frequently used plot device is that Jeannie loses her powers when she is confined in a closed space. She is unable to leave her bottle when it is corked, and under certain circumstances, the person who removed the cork would become her new master. A multiple-episode story arc involves Jeannie (in miniature) becoming trapped in a safe when it is accidentally locked.

text: Tony's best friend and fellow astronaut, United States Army Corps of Engineers Captain Roger Healey, does not know about Jeannie for several episodes; when he finds out (in the episode "The Richest Astronaut in the Whole Wide World" [January 15, 1966]), he steals her so he can live in luxury, but not for long before Tony reclaims his status as Jeannie's master. Roger is often shown trying to make a quick buck or girl-crazy, and hopes to claim Jeannie so he can use her to live a princely life or gain beautiful girlfriends, but overall he is respectful that Tony is Jeannie's master, and later her husband. Both Tony and Roger are promoted to the rank of major late in the first season. In later seasons, Roger's role is retconned to portray him knowing about Jeannie from the beginning (i.e., to him having been with Tony on the space flight that touched down, and thus having seen Jeannie introduce herself to Tony).

text: Jeannie's evil fraternal twin sister, mentioned in a second-season episode (also named Jeannie - since, as Barbara Eden's character explains it, all female genies are named Jeannie -- and also portrayed by Barbara Eden in a brunette wig), proves to have a mean streak starting in the third season (demonstrated in her initial appearance in "Jeannie or the Tiger?" [September 19, 1967]), repeatedly trying to steal Tony for herself, with her as the real "master". Her final attempt in the series comes right after Tony and Jeannie get married, with a ploy involving a man played by Barbara Eden's real-life husband at the time, Michael Ansara (in a kind of in-joke, while Jeannie's sister pretends to be attracted to him, she privately scoffs at him). The evil sister wears a green costume, with a skirt rather than pantaloons.

text: Early in the fifth season (September 30, 1969), Jeannie is called upon by her Uncle Sully (Jackie Coogan) to become queen of their family's native country, Basenji. Tony inadvertently gives grave offense to Basenji national pride in their feud with neighboring Kasja. To regain favor, Tony is required by Sully to marry Jeannie and avenge Basenji's honor, by killing the ambassador from Kasja when he visits NASA. After Sully puts Tony through an ordeal of nearly killing the ambassador, Tony responds in a fit of anger that he is fed up with Sully and his cohorts and he would not marry Jeannie if she were "the last genie on earth". Hearing this, Jeannie bitterly leaves Tony and returns to Basenji. With Jeannie gone, Tony realizes how deeply he loves her. That outweighs all concerns he has had about Jeannie's threat to his career. He flies to Basenji to win Jeannie back. Upon their return to NASA, Tony introduces Jeannie as his fiancée, in which she attires herself as a modern American woman in public and it is easily accepted Tony found a girlfriend. This changed the show's premise in that instead of the avoidance of Jeannie's exposure, it was to hide her magical abilities. This is contrary to the mythology created by Sidney Sheldon's own season-two script for "The Birds and Bees Bit", in which it was claimed that, upon marriage, a genie loses all of her magical powers.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Barbara Eden as Jeannie
Larry Hagman as Captain/Major Anthony "Tony" Nelson
Bill Daily as Captain/Major Roger Healey
Hayden Rorke as Dr. Alfred Bellows

tag: ul

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Philip Ober as Brig. Gen. Wingard Stone (season 1, episodes 1 and 4)
Karen Sharpe as Melissa Stone (season 1, episodes 1 and 4)
Florence Sundstrom as Jeannie's mother (season 1, episode 2)
Lurene Tuttle as Jeannie's mother (season 1, episode 14)
Barton MacLane as Maj. Gen. Martin Peterson (seasons 1–4)
Emmaline Henry as Amanda Bellows (seasons 2–5)
Abraham Sofaer as Haji, the "master of all the genies" (seasons 2–3)
Barbara Eden as Jeannie's evil fraternal twin sister, Jeannie II (seasons 3–5)
Vinton Hayworth as Maj. Gen. Winfield Schaeffer (seasons 4–5)
Barbara Eden as Jeannie's mother (season 4, episode 2 and 18)
Michael Ansara as The Blue Djinn

text: Production[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: Background[edit]

text: The series was created and produced by Sidney Sheldon in response to the great success of rival network ABC's Bewitched series, which had debuted in 1964 as the second-most watched program in the United States. Sheldon, inspired by the movie The Brass Bottle, which had starred Tony Randall, Barbara Eden, and Burl Ives as the jinn Fakrash, conceived of the idea for a beautiful female genie. Both I Dream of Jeannie and Bewitched were Screen Gems productions. The show debuted at 8 pm, Saturday, September 18, 1965, on NBC.

text: When casting was opened for the role of Jeannie, producer Sidney Sheldon could not find an actress who could play the role the way that he had written it. He did have one specific rule: He did not want a blonde genie, because the similarity with the blonde witch on Bewitched would be too much. However, after many unsuccessful auditions, he called Barbara Eden's agent. When NBC began broadcasting most of its prime-time television programs in color in the fall of 1965, Jeannie was one of two regular programs on NBC that remained in black and white, in this case because of the special photographic effects employed to achieve Jeannie's magic. By the second season, however, further work had been done on techniques to create the visual effects in color, necessary because by 1966 all prime-time series in the United States were being made in color.

text: According to Dreaming of Jeannie, a book by Stephen Cox and Howard Frank, Sheldon originally wanted to film season one in color, but NBC did not want to pay for the extra expenses, as the network (and Screen Gems) believed the series would not make it to a second season. According to Sheldon in his autobiography The Other Side of Me, he offered to pay the extra US$400 an episode needed for color filming at the beginning of the series, but Screen Gems executive Jerry Hyams advised him: "Sidney, don't throw your money away."[1]

text: Opening sequence[edit]

text: The first few episodes after the pilot (episodes two through eight) used a nonanimated, expository opening narrated by Paul Frees; the narration mentions that Nelson lived in "a mythical town" named Cocoa Beach in "a mythical state called Florida". The remaining episodes of that first season featured an animated sequence that was redone and expanded in season two, when the show switched from black and white to color. This new sequence, used from season 2–5, featured Captain Nelson's space capsule splashing down on the beach, and Jeannie dancing out of her bottle (modified to reflect its new decoration) and then kissing Nelson. Both original versions of the show's animated opening sequence were done by famed animator Friz Freleng.

text: Setting[edit]

text: Although the series was set in and around Cape Kennedy, Florida, and Nelson lived at 1020 Palm Drive[2][3] in nearby Cocoa Beach, locales in California were used in place of those in Florida. The exterior of the building where Healey and he had offices was actually the main building at the Dryden Flight Research Center at Edwards Air Force Base, north of Los Angeles.[4] "If you look at some of those old [episodes], it's supposed to be shot in Cocoa Beach, but in the background you have mountains — the Hollywood Hills," Bill Daily said.[5] In actuality, the home of Major Nelson was filmed at the Warner Ranch, in Burbank (on Blondie Street). Many exteriors were filmed at this facility. Interior filming was done at the Sunset Gower Studios (the original Columbia Pictures studio lot) in Hollywood.

text: The cast and crew only made two visits to Florida's Space Coast, both in 1969. On June 27, a parade in Cocoa Beach escorted Eden and the rest of the cast to Cocoa Beach City Hall, where she was greeted by fans and city officials. They were then taken to LC-43 at Cape Canaveral where she pressed a button to launch a Loki-Dart weather rocket. They had dinner at Bernard's Surf, where Eden was given the state of Florida's Commodore Award for outstanding acting. Later, the entourage went to Lee Caron's Carnival Club, where Eden was showered with gifts and kissed astronaut Buzz Aldrin on the cheek, just two weeks before the Apollo 11 launch.[6]

text: The cast and crew returned on November 25, 1969, for three days for a mock wedding of Eden and Hagman staged for television writers from around the nation (timed to the airing of the nuptials episode on December 2) at the Patrick Air Force Base Officers Club.[5] Then-Florida Governor Claude R. Kirk, Jr., attended and cut the cake for the couple.[6]

text: Eden returned 27 years later, in July 1996, as a featured speaker for Space Days at the Kennedy Space Center. Cocoa Beach Mayor Joe Morgan presented her an "I Dream of Jeannie Lane" street sign, later installed on a short street off Florida State Road A1A near Lori Wilson Park.[6]

text: On September 15, 2005, the area held a "We Dream of Jeannie" festival, including a Jeannie lookalike contest. Plans for one in 2004 were interrupted by Hurricane Frances and Hurricane Jeanne. However, a Jeannie lookalike contest was held in 2004, with Bill Daily attending.

text: On August 24, 2012, Cocoa Beach City leaders honored the show with a roadside plaque outside Lori Wilson Park.[7]

text: Jeannie's origin[edit]

text: In the first season, Jeannie clearly was originally a human who was turned into a genie by (as later revealed [Season 1, Episode 2: My Hero?]) the Blue Djinn when she refused to marry him (the term "djinn" is synonymous with "genie"). Several members of Jeannie's family, including her parents, are rather eccentric, but none is a genie. Her mother describes the family as "just peasants from the old country" (Season 1, Episode 14, What House Across the Street?). The Blue Djinn was played by Barbara Eden's first husband, Michael Ansara. In later seasons, he also played King Kamehameha (Season 3, Episode 15 The Battle of Waikiki), and Biff Jellico (Season 5, Episode 12 My Sister, the Homewrecker).

text: The topic of Jeannie originally being human is restated in season two during the episode, "How to be a Genie in 10 Easy Lessons". Jeannie mentions that she has a sister who is a genie, but the phrasing – "she was a genie when I left Baghdad" – does bring up the question of whether she, too, was born a genie. One small subplot that lasted over multiple episodes was WHEN Jeanie was born. In Season 2, Episode 10, "The Girl Who Never Had a Birthday" it was revealed that Jeanie was born in 46 BC and in Season 2, Episode 13 "My Master, the Great Caruso" it was revealed that she was born on April 1.

text: In the third season, this continuity was changed retroactively and Jeannie was assumed to have always been a genie. All her relatives are then also genies, including, by the fourth season, her mother (also played by Barbara Eden beginning in Season 4, Episode 2 Jeannie and the Wild Pipchicks). This may have been done to increase the similarity with Bewitched, or simply to increase the number of possible plotlines. Whatever the reason, this new concept was retained for the rest of the series.

text: The TV movie I Dream of Jeannie... Fifteen Years Later (1985) reiterates most of Jeannie's first-season origin when she tells her son, Tony Jr., that she was trapped in her bottle by an evil djinn after she refused to marry him. (No specific statement is given, however, about whether he turned her into a genie at that time or if she had been born one.)

text: In a 1966 paperback novel I Dream of Jeannie, by Al Hine, writing pseudonymously as “Dennis Brewster”, published by Pocket Books, very loosely based on the series, Jeannie (in the book, her real name is revealed as "Fawzia") and her immediate family were established in the story as genies living in Tehran hundreds of years before Tony found her bottle on an island in the Persian Gulf (instead of the South Pacific, as depicted on TV).

text: Theme music[edit]

text: The first-season theme music was an instrumental jazz waltz written by Richard Wess. Eventually, Sidney Sheldon became dissatisfied with Wess's theme and musical score.[citation needed] From the second season on, it was replaced by a new theme entitled "Jeannie", composed by Hugo Montenegro with lyrics by Buddy Kaye. Episodes 20 and 25 used a rerecorded ending of "Jeannie" for the closing credits with new, longer drum breaks and a different closing riff. The lyrics were never used in the show.

text: Songwriters Gerry Goffin and Carole King wrote a theme, called "Jeannie", for Sidney Sheldon before the series started, but it was not used.[8]

text: In the third and fourth seasons of the show, another instrumental theme by Hugo Montenegro was introduced that was played during the show's campy scenes. Simply titled "Mischief", the theme was heard mainly on outdoor locations, showing the characters attempting to do something such as Jeannie learning to drive, Major Nelson arriving up the driveway, a monkey walking around, or reactions to Doctor Bellows. This theme featured the accompaniment of a sideshow organ, a trombone, and electric bass. It was introduced in the first episode of season 3, "Fly Me to the Moon".[citation needed]

text: The I Dream of Jeannie theme music was sampled by Dutch dance music DJ Ben Liebrand for the 1990 re-release of American hip-hop artist Dimples D.'s single, "Sucker DJ".

text: The bottle[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Jeannie's famous bottle was not created for the show. The actual bottle was a special Christmas 1964 Jim Beam liquor decanter containing "Beam's Choice" bourbon whiskey. It was designed by Roy Kramer for the Wheaton Bottle Company. For years, Sidney Sheldon was said to have received one as a gift and thought it would be a perfect design for the series. Several people in the Screen Gems art department also take credit for finding the bottle. Strong evidence, however, indicates first season director Gene Nelson saw one in a liquor store and bought it, bringing it to Sheldon.[citation needed]

text: Jeannie's bottle was left in its original dark, smoke-green color, with a painted gold-leaf pattern (to make it look like an antique), during the first season. The plot description of the pilot episode in TV Guide in September 1965 referred to it as a "green bottle". In that first episode, it also looked quite rough and weathered. Since the show was originally filmed in black and white, a lot of colors and patterns were not necessary. When the show switched to color, the show's art director came up with a brightly colored purple bottle to replace the original. The later colorized version of the show's first season tried to make out that the smoked glass look of the original gold-leaf design is in fact purple, to match the consistent look of the bottle used in the second through fifth seasons.

text: The first season bottle had a clear glass stopper that Tony took from a 1956 Old Grand-Dad Bourbon bottle in his home, as the original stopper was left behind on the beach where Tony found Jeannie. In the first color episode, Jeannie returns to the beach, and her bottle is seen to have its original stopper (painted to match the bottle), presumably retrieved by her upon her return there. The rest of the TV series (and the movies) used the original bottle stopper. (During some close-ups, one can still see the plastic rings that hold the cork part of the stopper in place.)

text: During the first season, in black and white, the smoke effect was usually a screen overlay of billowing smoke, sometimes combined with animation. Early color episodes used a purely animated smoke effect. Sometime later, a live smoke pack, lifted out of the bottle on a wire, was used.

text: Jeannie's color-episodes bottle was painted mainly in pinks and purples, while the bottle for the Blue Djinn was a first-season design with a heavy green wash, and Jeannie's sister's bottle was simply a plain, unpainted Jim Beam bottle.

text: No one knows exactly how many bottles were used during the show, but members of the production have estimated that around 12 bottles were painted and used during the run of the series. The stunt bottle used mostly for the smoke effect was broken frequently by the heat and chemicals used to produce Jeannie's smoke. In the pilot episode, several bottles were used for the opening scene on the beach; one was drilled through the bottom for smoke, and another was used to walk across the sand and slip into Tony's pack. Two bottles were used from promotional tours to kick off the first season, and one bottle was used for the first-season production.

text: Barbara Eden got to keep the color stunt bottle used on the last day of filming the final episode of the series. It was given to her by her make-up woman after the show was canceled while the show was on hiatus. According to the DVD release of the first season, Bill Daily owns an original bottle, and according to the Donny & Marie talk show, Larry Hagman also owned an original bottle.

text: In the penultimate episode, "Hurricane Jeannie", Nelson dreams that Dr. Bellows discovers Jeannie's secret, and that Jeannie's bottle is broken when dropped. A broken bottle is shown on camera. This was intended to be the series' final episode and is often shown that way in syndication.

text: Broadcast[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
30
September 18, 1965 (1965-09-18)
May 7, 1966 (1966-05-07)

2
31
September 12, 1966 (1966-09-12)
April 24, 1967 (1967-04-24)

3
26
September 12, 1967 (1967-09-12)
March 26, 1968 (1968-03-26)

4
26
September 16, 1968 (1968-09-16)
May 12, 1969 (1969-05-12)

5
26
September 16, 1969 (1969-09-16)
May 26, 1970 (1970-05-26)

TV movies
2
October 20, 1985 (1985-10-20)
October 20, 1991 (1991-10-20)

text: Multi-part story arcs[edit]

text: On several occasions, multipart story arcs were created to serve as backgrounds for national contests. During the second season, in a story that is the focus of a two-part episode and a peripheral plot of two further episodes (the "Guess Jeannie's Birthday" contest began with the opening two-part episode on November 14, 1966, concluding with the name of the winner revealed after the end of the fourth episode, "My Master, the Great Caruso", on December 5), it was established that Jeannie did not know her birthday, and her family members could not agree when it was, either. Tony and Roger use NASA's powerful new computer and horoscopic guidance based on Jeannie's traits to calculate it. The year is quickly established as 64 BC, but only Roger is privy to the exact date and he decides to make a game out of revealing it. This date became the basis of the contest. Jeannie finally forces it out of him at the end of the fourth episode: April 1. This date conflicts with the birthday given to her in the season 1 episode "G.I. Jeannie": July 1.

text: In a third-season four-part episode ("Genie, Genie, Who's Got the Genie?" January 16 – February 6, 1968), Jeannie is locked in a safe bound for the moon. Any attempt to force the safe or use the wrong combination will destroy it with an explosive. Jeannie is in there so long that whoever opens the safe will become her master. The episodes spread out over four weeks, during which a contest was held to guess the safe's combination. This explains why Larry Hagman is never seen saying the combination out loud: His mouth is hidden behind the safe or the shot is on Jeannie when he says it. The combination was not decided until just before the episode aired, with Hagman's voice dubbed in. Over the closing credits, Barbara Eden announced and congratulated the contest winner, with 4–9–7 as the winning combination.

text: In the fourth season, a two-part episode, "The Case Of My Vanishing Master" (January 6–13, 1969), concerned Tony being taken to a secret location somewhere in the world, while a perfect double took his place at home. A contest was held to guess the location where Tony had been taken. Unlike earlier contests, the answer was not revealed within the story. At the end of "Invisible House For Sale" (February 3, 1969), a special "contest epilogue" had Jeannie and Tony reveal to the audience the "secret location", Puerto Rico, followed by the name of the "Grand Prize Winner".

text: Reception[edit]

text: Nielsen ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Time
Rank
Rating

1965–66
Saturday at 8:00-8:30 PM
#27
21.8 (tie)[9]

1966–67
Monday at 8:00-8:30 PM
Not in the Top 30[10][11]

1967–68
Tuesday at 7:30-8:00 PM

1968–69
Monday at 7:30-8:00 PM
#26
20.7[12]

1969–70
Tuesday at 7:30-8:00 PM
Not in the Top 30[13]

text: Syndication[edit]

text: When reruns debuted on New York's WPIX, Jeannie won its time period with a 13 rating and a 23 share of the audience.[14] The series averaged a 14 share and 32 share of the audience when WTTG in Washington, DC began airing the series.[15] It was the first off-network series to best network competition in the ratings: "The big switch no doubt representing the first time in rating history that indies (local stations) have knocked over the network stations in a primetime slot was promoted by WPIX's premiere of the off-web Jeannie reruns back to back from 7 to 8 pm."[16]

text: Reunion movies[edit]

text: Two made-for-television reunion movies were made that followed the further exploits of Jeannie and Tony in the successive years. For various reasons, Larry Hagman did not reprise his role as Anthony Nelson in either of these reunion movies. In 1985, Wayne Rogers played the role of retiring Colonel Nelson in I Dream of Jeannie... Fifteen Years Later. In 1991, I Still Dream of Jeannie was released with Hagman's Dallas co-star Ken Kercheval essentially playing the role of Jeannie's "master". A third film was planned, but never finalized.

text: Animated series[edit]

text: Hanna-Barbera Productions produced an animated series Jeannie. This animated series is completely separate from the Eden live-action series. Jeannie the animated series was originally broadcast from September 1973 to 1975, which featured Jeannie (voiced by Julie McWhirter) and genie-in-training Babu (voiced by former Three Stooges star Joe Besser) as the servants of Corey Anders, a high-school student and surfer (voiced by Mark Hamill).

text: Factual and geographic errors[edit]

text: NASA astronauts did not live in Florida at the time of the series. Since 1962, they had lived and trained at the Manned Spacecraft Center (now Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center) in Houston.

text: Many of the exterior shots of Tony's home or other areas show mountains or hills in the background. The actual respective terrains of Florida and southeast Texas – where the real-life astronauts of that time lived and trained – are flat (especially the areas around Cape Canaveral and Cocoa Beach where the Nelsons were shown to have lived in the sitcom).


document_title: The Hanged Man (Tarot card)

question_text: what is the meaning of the hanged man

question_tokens: what is the meaning of the hanged man

text: The Hanged Man (Tarot card)

text: The Hanged Man (XII) is the twelfth trump or Major Arcana card in most traditional Tarot decks. It is used in game playing as well as in divination.

text: It depicts a pittura infamante (pronounced [pitˈtuːra iɱfaˈmante]), an image of a man being hung upside-down by one ankle. This method of hanging was a common punishment at the time for traitors in Italy. However, the solemn expression on his face traditionally suggests that he is there by his own accord, and the card is meant to represent self-sacrifice more so than it does corporal punishment or criminality.

text: In other interpretations, The Hanged Man is a depiction of the Norse god Odin, who suspended himself from a tree in order to gain knowledge. There is also a Christian interpretation that portrays Judas, and include the bags of silver in his hands.

text: Description[edit]

text: A 1393 decree for Milan and Lombardy of the punishment for traitors: “Let him be drug [dragged] on a [wooden] plank at a horse’s tail to the place of execution, and there be suspended by one foot to the gallows, and be left there until he is dead. As long as he lives let him be given food and drink.”[1]

text: Modern versions of the tarot deck depict a man hanging upside-down by one foot. The figure is most often suspended from a wooden beam (as in a cross or gallows) or a tree. Ambiguity results from the fact that the card itself may be viewed inverted.

text: In his book The Pictorial Key to the Tarot, A. E. Waite, the designer of the Rider-Waite tarot deck, wrote of the symbol:

text: The gallows from which he is suspended forms a Tau cross, while the figure—from the position of the legs—forms a fylfot cross. There is a nimbus about the head of the seeming martyr. It should be noted (1) that the tree of sacrifice is living wood, with leaves thereon; (2) that the face expresses deep entrancement, not suffering; (3) that the figure, as a whole, suggests life in suspension, but life and not death. [...] It has been called falsely a card of martyrdom, a card of prudence, a card of the Great Work, a card of duty [...] I will say very simply on my own part that it expresses the relation, in one of its aspects, between the Divine and the Universe.[2]

text: There is a halo burning brightly around the hanged man's head, signifying a higher learning or an enlightenment.[3]


document_title: List of Presidents of the United States by home state

question_text: who was the first president born in hawaii

text: Birth places[edit]

text: A list of birthplaces of U.S. Presidents. As of January 2017[update], 21 states claim the distinction of being the birthplace of a president. One claim is in dispute. North and South Carolina (British colonies at the time) both lay claim to Andrew Jackson, who was born in 1767, in the Waxhaw region along their common border. Jackson himself considered South Carolina as his birth state.[1] Born on December 5, 1782, Martin Van Buren was the first president born an American citizen (and not a British subject).[2]

text: The term Virginia dynasty is sometimes used to describe the fact that four of the first five U.S. presidents were from Virginia. The number of presidents born per state, counting Jackson as from South Carolina, are:

text:
One: Arkansas, California, Connecticut, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, Iowa, Kentucky, Missouri, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and South Carolina
Two: North Carolina, Texas, and Vermont
Four: Massachusetts
Seven: Ohio, New York
Eight: Virginia

text:
Note: Dates of birth sort by month and day     = Colony, pre–1776, rather than state.

Birth
Order
President
Date of birth
Birthplace
State of birth
In office

1
George Washington
02-22February 22, 1732
Westmoreland County
virga !Virginia
01 !(1st) April 30, 1789 – March 4, 1797

2
John Adams
10-30 October 30, 1735
Braintree
Massaa !Massachusetts
02 !(2nd) March 4, 1797 – March 4, 1801

3
Thomas Jefferson
04-13 April 13, 1743
Shadwell
virgb !Virginia
03 !(3rd) March 4, 1801 – March 4, 1809

4
James Madison
03-16 March 16, 1751
Port Conway
virgc !Virginia
04 !(4th) March 4, 1809 – March 4, 1817

5
James Monroe
04-28 April 28, 1758
Monroe Hall
virgd !Virginia
05 !(5th) March 4, 1817 – March 4, 1825

6
Andrew Jackson
03-15 March 15, 1767
Waxhaws Region
Sou !South/North Carolina
07 !(7th) March 4, 1829 – March 4, 1837

7
John Quincy Adams
07-11 July 11, 1767
Braintree
Massab !Massachusetts
06 !(6th) March 4, 1825 – March 4, 1829

8
William Henry Harrison
02-09 February 9, 1773
Charles City County
virge !Virginia
09 !(9th) March 4, 1841 – April 4, 1841

9
Martin Van Buren
12-05 December 5, 1782
Kinderhook
New York
08 !(8th) March 4, 1837 – March 4, 1841

10
Zachary Taylor
11-24 November 24, 1784
Barboursville
virgf !Virginia
12 !(12th) March 4, 1849 – July 9, 1850

11
John Tyler
03-29 March 29, 1790
Charles City County
virgg !Virginia
10 !(10th) April 4, 1841 – March 4, 1845

12
James Buchanan
04-23 April 23, 1791
Cove Gap
Pennsylvania
15 !(15th) March 4, 1857 – March 4, 1861

13
James K. Polk
11-02 November 2, 1795
Pineville
North Carolina
11 !(11th) March 4, 1845 – March 4, 1849

14
Millard Fillmore
01-07 January 7, 1800
Summerhill
New York
13 !(13th) July 9, 1850 – March 4, 1853

15
Franklin Pierce
11-23 November 23, 1804
Hillsborough
New Hampshire
14 !(14th) March 4, 1853 – March 4, 1857

16
Andrew Johnson
12-29 December 29, 1808
Raleigh
North Carolina
17 !(17th) April 15, 1865 – March 4, 1869

17
Abraham Lincoln
02-12 February 12, 1809
Sinking !Sinking Spring
Kentucky
16 !(16th) March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865

18
Ulysses S. Grant
04-27 April 27, 1822
Point Pleasant
Ohio
18 !(18th) March 4, 1869 – March 4, 1877

19
Rutherford B. Hayes
10-04 October 4, 1822
Delaware
Ohio
19 !(19th) March 4, 1877 – March 4, 1881

20
Chester A. Arthur
10-05 October 5, 1829
Fairfield
Vermont
21 !(21st) September 19, 1881 – March 4, 1885

21
James A. Garfield
11-19 November 19, 1831
Moreland Hills
Ohio
20 !(20th) March 4, 1881 – September 19, 1881

22
Benjamin Harrison
08-20 August 20, 1833
North Bend
Ohio
23 !(23rd) March 4, 1889 – March 4, 1893

23
Grover Cleveland
03-18 March 18, 1837
Caldwell
New Jersey
22 !(22nd) March 4, 1885 – March 4, 1889

24 !(24th) March 4, 1893 – March 4, 1897

24
William McKinley
01-29 January 29, 1843
Niles
Ohio
25 !(25th) March 4, 1897 – September 14, 1901

25
Woodrow Wilson
12-28 December 28, 1856
Staunton
virgh !Virginia
28 !(28th) March 4, 1913 – March 4, 1921

26
William H. Taft
09-15 September 15, 1857
Cincinnati
Ohio
27 !(27th) March 4, 1909 – March 4, 1913

27
Theodore Roosevelt
10-27 October 27, 1858
New York City
New York
26 !(26th) September 14, 1901 – March 4, 1909

28
Warren G. Harding
11-02 November 2, 1865
Blooming Grove
Ohio
29 !(29th) March 4, 1921 – August 2, 1923

29
Calvin Coolidge
07-04 July 4, 1872
Plymouth
Vermont
30 !(30th) August 2, 1923 – March 4, 1929

30
Herbert Hoover
08-10 August 10, 1874
West Branch
Iowa
31 !(31st) March 4, 1929 – March 4, 1933

31
Franklin D. Roosevelt
01-30 January 30, 1882
Hyde Park
New York
32 !(32nd) March 4, 1933 – April 12, 1945

32
Harry S. Truman
05-08 May 8, 1884
Lamar
Missouri
33 !(33rd) April 12, 1945 – January 20, 1953

33
Dwight D. Eisenhower
10-14 October 14, 1890
Denison
Texas
34 !(34th) January 20, 1953 – January 20, 1961

34
Lyndon B. Johnson
08-27 August 27, 1908
Stonewall
Texas
36 !(36th) November 22, 1963 – January 20, 1969

35
Ronald Reagan
02-06 February 6, 1911
Tampico
Illinois
40 !(40th) January 20, 1981 – January 20, 1989

36
Richard Nixon
01-09 January 9, 1913
Yorba Linda
California
37 !(37th) January 20, 1969 – August 9, 1974

37
Gerald Ford
07-14 July 14, 1913
Omaha
Nebraska
38 !(38th) August 9, 1974 – January 20, 1977

38
John F. Kennedy
05-29 May 29, 1917
Brookline
Massachusetts
35 !(35th) January 20, 1961 – November 22, 1963

39
George H. W. Bush
06-12 June 12, 1924
Milton
Massachusetts
41 !(41st) January 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993

40
Jimmy Carter
10-01 October 1, 1924
Plains
Georgia
39 !(39th) January 20, 1977 – January 20, 1981

41
Donald Trump
06-14 June 14, 1946
New York City
New York
45 !(45th) January 20, 2017 – Incumbent

42
George W. Bush[3]
07-06 July 6, 1946
New Haven
Connecticut
43 !(43rd) January 20, 2001 – January 20, 2009

43
Bill Clinton[4]
08-19 August 19, 1946
Hope
Arkansas
42 !(42nd) January 20, 1993 – January 20, 2001

44
Barack Obama[5]
08-04 August 4, 1961
Honolulu
Hawaii
44 !(44th) January 20, 2009 – January 20, 2017

text: Presidential birthplace and early childhood historic sites[edit]

text: The birthplaces and early childhood residences of many U.S. presidents have been preserved or replicated. In instances where a physical structure is absent, a monument or roadside marker has been erected to denote the site's historic significance. All sites in the table below are listed in the National Register of Historic Places.

text: A dramatic shift in childbirth from home to hospital occurred in the United States in the early 20th century (mid–1920s to 1940).[6] Reflective of this trend, all presidents born after World War II (Bill Clinton and every president since) have been born in a hospital, not a private residence.

text:
President
Image
Historic site

George Washington
01 !
George Washington Birthplace National Monument, Colonial Beach, Virginia

John Adams
02 !
John Adams Birthplace, Quincy, Massachusetts

James Madison
03 !
Belle Grove Plantation, Port Conway, Virginia

James Monroe
04 !
James Monroe Family Home Site, Colonial Beach, Virginia

John Quincy Adams
05 !
John Quincy Adams Birthplace, Quincy, Massachusetts

William Henry Harrison
06 !
Berkeley Plantation, Charles City County, Virginia

John Tyler
07 !
Greenway Plantation, Charles City County, Virginia

James Buchanan
07.5 !
Buchanan's Birthplace State Park, Cove Gap, Pennsylvania

James K. Polk

08 !

President James K. Polk Historic Site, Pineville, North Carolina

Franklin Pierce
08 !
Franklin Pierce Homestead, Hillsborough, New Hampshire

Abraham Lincoln
09 !
Abraham Lincoln Birthplace National Historical Park, Hodgenville, Kentucky

Ulysses S. Grant
10 !
Grant Birthplace, Point Pleasant, Ohio

Chester A. Arthur
11 !
Chester Alan Arthur State Historic Site, Fairfield, Vermont

Grover Cleveland
12 !
Grover Cleveland Birthplace, Caldwell, New Jersey

William McKinley

13 !

McKinley Birthplace Home and Research Center, Niles, Ohio

Woodrow Wilson
14 !
Woodrow Wilson Presidential Library, Staunton, Virginia

William Howard Taft
15 !
William Howard Taft National Historic Site, Cincinnati, Ohio

Theodore Roosevelt
16 !
Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site, New York City, New York

Calvin Coolidge
17 !
Calvin Coolidge Homestead District, Plymouth, Vermont

Herbert Hoover
18 !
Herbert Hoover National Historic Site, West Branch, Iowa

Franklin D. Roosevelt
19 !
Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt National Historic Site, Hyde Park, New York

Harry S. Truman
20 !
Harry S Truman Birthplace State Historic Site, Lamar, Missouri

Dwight D. Eisenhower
21 !
Eisenhower Birthplace State Historic Site, Denison, Texas

Lyndon B. Johnson
22 !
Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park, Stonewall, Texas

Ronald Reagan
23 !
Birthplace of Ronald Reagan, Tampico, Illinois

Richard Nixon
24 !
Birthplace of Richard Nixon, Yorba Linda, California

Gerald R. Ford
25 !
Gerald R. Ford Birthsite and Gardens, Omaha, Nebraska

John F. Kennedy
26 !
John Fitzgerald Kennedy National Historic Site, Brookline, Massachusetts

Bill Clinton
27 !
President William Jefferson Clinton Birthplace Home National Historic Site, Hope, Arkansas

text: States of primary affiliation[edit]

text: A list of U.S. Presidents including the state with which each was primarily affiliated, due to residence, professional career, and electoral history. This is not necessarily the state in which the president was born. Nineteen Presidents (denoted with an asterisk) primarily resided in states other than their respective birth states, which are listed above.

text:
State
#
Presidents (in order of presidency)

 New York
7
Martin Van Buren (8), Millard Fillmore (13), Chester A. Arthur* (21), Grover Cleveland* (22, 24), Theodore Roosevelt (26), Franklin D. Roosevelt (32), Donald Trump (45)

 Ohio
6
William Henry Harrison* (9), Rutherford B. Hayes (19), James A. Garfield (20), William McKinley (25), William Howard Taft (27), Warren G. Harding (29)

 Virginia
5
George Washington (1), Thomas Jefferson (3), James Madison (4), James Monroe (5), John Tyler (10)

 Massachusetts
4
John Adams (2), John Quincy Adams (6), Calvin Coolidge* (30), John F. Kennedy (35)

 California
3
Herbert Hoover* (31), Richard Nixon (37), Ronald Reagan* (40)

 Tennessee
3
Andrew Jackson* (7), James K. Polk* (11), Andrew Johnson* (17)

 Texas
3
Lyndon B. Johnson (36), George H. W. Bush* (41), George W. Bush* (43)

 Illinois
3
Abraham Lincoln* (16), Ulysses S. Grant* (18), Barack Obama* (44)

 Arkansas
1
Bill Clinton (42)

 Georgia
1
Jimmy Carter (39)

 Indiana
1
Benjamin Harrison* (23)

 Kansas
1
Dwight D. Eisenhower* (34)

 Kentucky
1
Zachary Taylor* (12)

 Michigan
1
Gerald Ford* (38)

 Missouri
1
Harry S. Truman (33)

 New Hampshire
1
Franklin Pierce (14)

 New Jersey
1
Woodrow Wilson* (28)

 Pennsylvania
1
James Buchanan (15)


document_title: List of most-followed Twitter accounts

question_text: first person to have 1 million followers on twitter

text: List of most-followed Twitter accounts

text: This list contains the top 50 accounts with the largest number of followers on the social media platform Twitter.[1] As of April 9, 2018, the most followed person is American singer Katy Perry, with over 108 million followers. Her account was the first to exceed 100 million followers, in June 2017.[2]

text: Top 50 accounts[edit]

text: The following table lists the top 50 most followed accounts on Twitter, with each total rounded to the nearest million followers, as well as the profession or activity of each user, and their country of origin.[1]

text:
Rank
Account name
Owner
Followers
(millions)
Profession
Country

1.
@katyperry
Katy Perry
109
Musician
 United States

2.
@justinbieber
Justin Bieber
106
Musician
 Canada

3.
@BarackObama
Barack Obama
101
Former U.S. President
 United States

4.
@rihanna
Rihanna
87
Musician
 Barbados

5.
@taylorswift13
Taylor Swift
86
Musician
 United States

6.
@ladygaga
Lady Gaga
78
Musician
 United States

7.
@TheEllenShow
Ellen DeGeneres
77
Comedian
 United States

8.
@Cristiano
Cristiano Ronaldo
72
Footballer
 Portugal

9.
@YouTube
YouTube
72
Social media platform
 United States

10.
@jtimberlake
Justin Timberlake
66
Musician and actor
 United States

11.
@twitter
Twitter
63
Social media platform
 United States

12.
@KimKardashian
Kim Kardashian West
59
Reality TV personality
 United States

13.
@britneyspears
Britney Spears
58
Musician
 United States

14.
@ArianaGrande
Ariana Grande
57
Musician
 United States

15.
@selenagomez
Selena Gomez
56
Musician and actress
 United States

16.
@ddlovato
Demi Lovato
56
Musician and actress
 United States

17.
@cnnbrk
CNN Breaking News
55
News
 United States

18.
@shakira
Shakira
52
Musician
 Colombia

19.
@jimmyfallon
Jimmy Fallon
51
Comedian
 United States

20.
@realDonaldTrump
Donald Trump
50
U.S. President
 United States

21.
@BillGates
Bill Gates
45
Businessman and philanthropist
 United States

22.
@JLo
Jennifer Lopez
45
Musician and actress
 United States

23.
@Oprah
Oprah Winfrey
42
Businesswoman
 United States

24.
@BrunoMars
Bruno Mars
42
Musician
 United States

25.
@narendramodi
Narendra Modi
42
Prime Minister of India
 India

26.
@nytimes
The New York Times
42
Newspaper
 United States

27.
@KingJames
LeBron James
41
Basketball player
 United States

28.
@MileyCyrus
Miley Cyrus
41
Musician and actress
 United States

29.
@CNN
CNN
40
Television channel
 United States

30.
@NiallOfficial
Niall Horan
40
Musician
 Ireland

31.
@instagram
Instagram
39
Social media platform
 United States

32.
@neymarjr
Neymar
39
Footballer
 Brazil

33.
@BBCBreaking
BBC Breaking News
38
News
 United Kingdom

34.
@Drake
Drake
37
Rapper
 Canada

35.
@SportsCenter
SportsCenter
36
Television show
 United States

36.
@KevinHart4real
Kevin Hart
35
Comedian
 United States

37.
@iamsrk
Shah Rukh Khan
35
Actor
 India

38.
@espn
ESPN
34
Television channel
 United States

39.
@LilTunechi
Lil Wayne
34
Rapper
 United States

40.
@SrBachchan
Amitabh Bachchan
34
Actor
 India

41.
@wizkhalifa
Wiz Khalifa
34
Rapper
 United States

42.
@Louis_Tomlinson
Louis Tomlinson
33
Musician
 United Kingdom

43.
@Pink
Pink
33
Musician
 United States

44.
@LiamPayne
Liam Payne
33
Musician
 United Kingdom

45.
@BeingSalmanKhan
Salman Khan
33
Actor
 India

46.
@Harry_Styles
Harry Styles
32
Musician
 United Kingdom

47.
@onedirection
One Direction
32
Band
 UK /  Ireland

48.
@aliciakeys
Alicia Keys
31
Musician
 United States

49.
@KAKA
Kaká
30
Footballer
 Brazil

50.
@realmadrid
Real Madrid C.F.
30
Football club
 Spain

As of April 6, 2018[update]


document_title: How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2000 film)

question_text: who played young martha may in the grinch

text: Plot[edit]

text: Inside the magical snowflake, the people in Whoville enjoy celebrating Christmas with much happiness and joy, except the Grinch, who hatefully resents Christmas and the Whos. He occasionally pulls dangerous and harmful practical jokes on them with vengeance. As a result, no one likes or cares for the Grinch. Meanwhile, six-year-old Cindy Lou believes everyone is missing the point about Christmas by being more concerned about the gifts and festivities. After her two brothers are scared off by the Grinch when they trespass on his domain, and she herself has a face-to-face encounter with the Grinch at the post office, in which he reluctantly saves her life, Cindy Lou becomes interested in his history. She then asks everyone what they know about him, and soon discovers that he has a tragic past.

text: The Grinch actually arrived in Whoville by mistake when he was a baby, and was adopted by two elderly sisters. Although he showed some sadistic tendencies as a child, he was rather timid and not cruel as he would become. He was bullied by his classmates (particularly by Augustus May Who, who grew up to be Mayor of Whoville) because of his appearance, with the exception of Martha May Whovier, whom both the Grinch and May Who had feeling for. One Christmas season, when he was eight, the Grinch made a gift for Martha, but attempted to shave his face after being made fun of for having a "beard", cutting himself by accident. When his classmates saw his face covered with shaving tape the next morning, led by Augustus they ridiculed him. He lost his temper, trashed the classroom, and ran away to live on Mount Crumpit, a mountain north of Whoville.

text: Cindy Lou, touched by this story, decides to make the Grinch the main participant of the Whobilation, much to the great displeasure of Mayor May Who, who reluctantly agrees after pressure from the townspeople, who have been warmed by Cindy Lou's generous spirit. When Cindy Lou goes to Mount Crumpit and offers an invitation to the Grinch, he turns her down. He gradually changes his mind due to the promise of an award, the presence of Martha at the celebration and the chance to upset the Mayor. Just as the Grinch is enjoying himself, May Who gives him an electric shaver as a present, reminding him of his awful humiliation at school. May Who then asks Martha to marry him, promising her a new car in return. In response, the Grinch berates the Whos, and criticizes Christmas, claiming that the holiday is only about gifts that they will just dispose of later, in the hopes of making them too ashamed to celebrate the holiday. The Grinch then goes on to ruin the party by burning the Christmas tree with a makeshift flamethrower, but his actions prove to be fruitless as the Whos have a spare tree, which the Grinch sees them erect before he leaves. May Who then harshly scolds Cindy Lou for inviting the Grinch, making her feel ashamed.

text: The Grinch, knowing that his attack has failed to remove the Whos' Christmas spirit, instead concocts a plan to steal all of their presents while they are sleeping. Creating a Santa suit and sleigh with his own dog Max as a "reindeer", the Grinch arrives at Whoville, stealing all of the Whos' Christmas gifts. He is almost discovered by Cindy Lou, but lies to her in order to get away. On Christmas morning, the Whos discover the Grinch's scheme, and May Who blames Cindy Lou for the whole disaster. However, her father, Lou Lou Who, the Whoville postmaster, finally stands up to him, and reminds everyone that they still have Christmas spirit, and that the principal meaning of Christmas is to spend it with family and friends. The people accept his fate and begin to sing. Hoping that the change of mood would inspire the Grinch, Cindy Lou goes to Mount Crumpit to find him.

text: The Grinch reveals that he intends to push the stolen gifts off the top of the mountain after he hears the Whos crying. However, instead of crying, he hears the joyful singing of the Whos. Infuriated over the failure of his plan, the Grinch has an epiphany about what Christmas is really about: not material gifts, but spending time with loved ones, an insight that profoundly touches him, and causes his heart to grow to three times its original size. When the sleigh full of stolen gifts begins to go over the edge of the cliff, the Grinch desperately tries to save them to no avail. However, when he realizes that Cindy Lou has come to wish him a merry Christmas and is in danger of falling off the cliff with the sleigh, the Grinch finds enough strength to lift the sleigh, the gifts and Cindy Lou to safety. After a long descent down Mount Crumpit, the Grinch returns to Whoville with Max, Cindy and the gifts. He confesses to the burglary, tearfully apologizes for his actions towards the Whos and surrenders himself to the police as they arrive, but the Whos reconcile with him, much to May Who's dismay. Martha turns down May Who's proposal and decides that she would rather stay with the Grinch instead. The redeemed Grinch (along with Max) starts a new life with the Whos, commemorating the Christmas feast with them in his cave.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Jim Carrey as The Grinch, a misanthropic green creature who despises Christmas and the Whos of Whoville. It is revealed in his origin story that he started to hate Christmas after his school classmates humiliated him when he tried to shave his face. Before Jim Carrey was cast to play the Grinch, Jack Nicholson and Eddie Murphy were briefly considered.[3][4]

Josh Ryan Evans as an 8-year-old Grinch; his humiliation at school by May Who is what drives him into a hatred of Christmas.

Taylor Momsen as Cindy Lou Who, a young Who who thinks the Christmas spirit in Whoville is lost. (In this version, she is six years old, whereas in the book in 1957 and TV special in 1966 by Chuck Jones she was "no more than two").
Jeffrey Tambor as Mayor Augustus May Who, Whoville's rude, arrogant, judgmental, and greedy mayor. He is revealed to be a school bully who picked on the young Grinch over his shaved face, which is what motivated the Grinch to hate Christmas in the first place. He also denounces the Grinch every chance he gets and wants to have a Grinch-less Christmas.

Ben Bookbinder as an 8-year-old Augustus May Who; he tormented the young Grinch, which then motivated the Grinch to hate Christmas.

Christine Baranski as Martha May Whovier, The Grinch's lifelong crush and the romantic interest of Mayor Who. She ultimately rejects the Mayor and chooses the Grinch.

Landry Allbright as an 8-year-old Martha May Whovier. She shows compassion towards the young Grinch.

Bill Irwin as Lou Lou Who, Cindy Lou's father and the postman of Whoville.
Molly Shannon as Betty Lou Who, Cindy Lou's mother and a rival to Martha May in a house-lighting contest.
Kelley as Max, who is The Grinch's pet dog and only companion on Mt. Crumpit. It is unknown how or when The Grinch got him.

Frank Welker as the voice of Max

Clint Howard as Whobris, the mayor's sycophantic aide.

Reid Kirchenbauer as an 8-year-old Whobris.

Mindy Sterling as Clarnella Who, one of the Grinch's childhood caretakers.
Rachel Winfree as Rose Who, one of the Grinch's childhood caretakers.
Jeremy Howard and T. J. Thyne as Drew Lou and Stu Lou Who, troublesome sons of Lou and Betty, and brothers to Cindy Lou.
Jim Meskimen as Officer Wholihan, the chief of police.
Lacey Kohl and Nadja Pionilla as Christina Whoterberry and Junie, Drew and Stu's girlfriends.
Mary Stein as Miss Rue Who, the school teacher.
Bryce Dallas Howard as surprised Who.
Anthony Hopkins as The Narrator.

text: Production[edit]

text: Before his death in 1991, Dr. Seuss had refused offers to sell the film rights to his books. However, his widow, Audrey Geisel, agreed to several merchandising deals, including clothing lines, accessories, and CDs.[5] In July 1998, Geisel's agents announced via letter she would auction the film rights of How the Grinch Stole Christmas. In order to pitch their ideas to Geisel, the suitors ultimately had to be willing to pay $5 million for the material, and hand over 4 percent of the box-office gross, 50 percent of the merchandising revenue and music-related material, and 70 percent of the income from book tie-ins. The letter also stated that "any actor submitted for the Grinch must be of comparable stature to Jack Nicholson, Jim Carrey, Robin Williams and Dustin Hoffman." Additionally, it was stipulated that the estate would not consider a director or writer who hadn't earned at least $1 million on a previous picture.[6]

text: 20th Century Fox pitched its version with director Tom Shadyac and producers Dave Phillips and John Davis in attendance, in which Jack Nicholson was in mind to play the Grinch.[7] Additionally, the Farrelly brothers and John Hughes pitched their separate versions.[8] Universal Pictures held its pitch presentation with Brian Grazer and Gary Ross in attendance, but Geisel refused such offer. Grazer then enlisted his producing partner Ron Howard to help with the negotiations. At the time, Howard was developing a film adaptation of The Sea Wolf, and did not express interest in Grinch, but Grazer talked Howard into traveling to Geisel's residence for the pitch meeting.[9] While studying the book, Howard became interested in the character, Cindy Lou Who, and pitched a film in which she would have a larger role, as well as a materialistic representation of the Whos and an expanded backstory of the Grinch.[6][10]

text: On September 16, 1998, it was announced that Howard would direct and co-produce a live-action adaptation of How the Grinch Stole Christmas with Jim Carrey attached to star.[11] It was also reported that Universal Pictures, who had acquired the distribution rights, paid $9 million for the film rights for an adaptation of Grinch and Oh, the Places You'll Go to Audrey Geisel.[12] Jeffrey Price and Peter S. Seaman wrote the final screenplay following eight drafts, but Geisel also had veto power over the script. She objected to several jokes and sexual innuendos in the screenplay, some including about one family who did not have a Christmas tree or presents jokingly called the "Who-steins" and the placement of a stuffed trophy of the Cat in the Hat on the Grinch's wall.[13] Alec Berg, David Mandel and Jeff Schaffer did an uncredited rewrite of the script.[14]

text: The film was shot between September 1999 and January 2000. Dr. Seuss' wife, Audrey, visited the set in October 1999. Much of the Whoville set was constructed on the backlot of Universal Studios behind the Bates Motel. During a break in filming, Jim Carrey scared tourists on the Studio Tour by running out of the motel in a dress and brandishing a knife.[citation needed] Despite this, none of the Universal employees and tourists on the tour recognized him. Jim Carrey's Grinch suit was covered in yak hair, which was dyed green, and sewed onto a spandex suit. The first application of the makeup took eight hours, after which a frustrated Carrey kicked a hole in the wall of his trailer, wanting to quit the film. The production brought in CIA operative who instructed agents how to endure extreme torture techniques to coach Carrey to remain calm during the process.[15] The process was later refined so that it took only three hours in the morning getting in, and one hour in the evening to get out. In total, Carrey spent 92 days in the Grinch make-up, and became a "Zen Master" while sitting in the make-up chair.

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
"Kids Today" – Jim Carrey and Taylor Momsen *
"Grinch 2000" – Busta Rhymes and Jim Carrey
"Green Christmas" – Barenaked Ladies
"Christmas of Love" – Little Isidore and the Inquisitors
"Lonely Christmas Eve" – Ben Folds
"Grinch Schedule" – Jim Carrey *
"Better Do It Right" – Smash Mouth
"Whoville Medley" (Perfect Christmas Night/Grinch) – Trans-Siberian Orchestra
"Reindeer" – Jim Carrey *
"Christmas Is Going to the Dogs" – The Eels
"You're a Mean One, Mr. Grinch" – Jim Carrey
"Christmas Means More" – Anthony Hopkins and Jim Carrey *
"You Don't Have to Be Alone" – *NSYNC
"Where Are You, Christmas?" – Faith Hill
"The Shape of Things to Come" – James Horner
"Memories of a Green Childhood" – James Horner +
"Christmas, Why Can't I Find You?" – James Horner and Taylor Momsen
"Stealing Christmas" – Anthony Hopkins, James Horner, Jim Carrey, and Taylor Momsen ~
"The Big Heist" – James Horner +
"Does Cindy Lou Really Ruin Christmas?" – James Horner +
"A Change of Heart" – James Horner +
"The Sleigh of Presents" – James Horner +
"He Carves the Roast Beast" – James Horner ^

tag: ol

text:
Legend:
*Dialogue
+ Instrumental
~ Includes Narration and Dialogue
^ Includes "Welcome Christmas"

text: Release[edit]

text: How the Grinch Stole Christmas grossed $260.0 million domestically and $85.1 million in other territories for a worldwide gross of $345.1 million, becoming the sixth highest-grossing film of 2000.

text: In the United States, The Grinch opened at number-one on its opening day, making $15.6 million, with a weekend gross of $55.0 million, for an average of $17,615 from 3,127 theaters. The film still holds the record for the highest opening weekend for a Christmas-themed film. In its second weekend, the film grossed $52.1 million, dropping only 5.1%, settling a new record for highest-grossing second weekend for any film. The film stayed at the top of the box office for four weekends, until it was overtaken by What Women Want in mid-December. The Grinch closed on April 30, 2001, after five months, with a final gross of $260,044,825.[1] Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold over 48.1 million tickets in North America.[16] The film was released on VHS and DVD on November 20, 2001. The extended version on VHS and DVD is released on October 29, 2002. The network TV version was premiered in November 30, 2003. A Blu-ray/DVD combo pack was released on October 13, 2009.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Rotten Tomatoes gave the film an approval rating of 53%; the critical consensus reads, "Jim Carrey shines as the Grinch. Unfortunately, it's not enough to save this movie. You'd be better off watching the TV cartoon."[17] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 46 out of 100 based on 29 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[18]

text: Roger Ebert gave the film two out of four stars, referring to it as "a dank, eerie, weird movie about a sour creature" and said, "There should be...a jollier production design and a brighter look overall... It's just not much fun." Ebert observed that Carrey "works as hard as an actor has ever worked in a movie, to small avail." Nevertheless, he decided that "adults may appreciate Carrey's remarkable performance in an intellectual sort of way and give him points for what was obviously a supreme effort."[19]

text: Paul Clinton of CNN declared that Carrey "was born to play this role" and noted that "Carrey carries nearly every scene. In fact, if he's not in the scene, there is no scene.[20] Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly began his review of the film analyzing the Grinch's "mischievously divided, now-I'm-calm/ now-I'm-a-raving-sarcastic-PSYCH-o! personality" and summed up Carrey's Grinch as "a slobby, self-loathing elitist ruled by the secret fear that he's always being left out of things." Gleiberman expressed surprise at "how affecting Carrey makes the Grinch's ultimate big-hearted turnaround, as Carrey the actor sneaks up on Carrey the wild-man dervish. In whichever mode, he carreys  [sic] the movie."[21]

text: Peter Stack of the San Francisco Chronicle said, "Nobody could play the Grinch better than Jim Carrey, whose rubbery antics and maniacal sense of mischief are so well suited to How the Grinch Stole Christmas. Dr. Seuss himself might have turned to Carrey as a model for the classic curmudgeon had the actor been around in 1957." However, he wondered why Carrey "made himself sound like Sean Connery" and warned that the character's intensity may frighten small children.[22] James Berardinelli of ReelViews wrote that Carrey's "off-the-wall performance is reminiscent of what he accomplished in The Mask, except that here he never allows the special effects to upstage him. Carrey's Grinch is a combination of Seuss' creation and Carrey's personality, with a voice that sounds far more like a weird amalgamation of Sean Connery and Jim Backus (Bond meets Magoo!) than it does Karloff." He concluded that Carrey "brings animation to the live action, and, surrounded by glittering, fantastical sets and computer-spun special effects, Carrey enables Ron Howard's version of the classic story to come across as more of a welcome endeavor than a pointless re-tread."[23]

text: Some reviews were more middling. Stephanie Zacharek of Salon, in a generally negative review of the film, wrote, "Carrey pulls off an admirable impersonation of an animated figure ... It’s fine as mimicry goes — but mimicry isn't the best playground for comic genius. Shouldn't we be asking more of a man who's very likely the most gifted comic actor of his generation?" She concluded that in spite of "a few terrific ad-libs [...] his jokes come off as nothing more than a desperate effort to inject some offbeat humor into an otherwise numbingly unhip, nonsensical and just plain dull story."[24]

text: Todd McCarthy of Variety wrote, "Carrey tries out all sorts of intonations, vocal pitches and delivery styles, his tough guy posturing reminding at times of Cagney and his sibilant S's recalling Bogart. His antic gesturing and face-making hit the mark at times, but at other moments seem arbitrary and scattershot. Furthermore, his free-flowing tirades, full of catch-all allusions and references, are pitched for adult appreciation and look destined to sail right over the heads of pre-teens."[25]

text: Awards[edit]

text: Despite receiving mixed reviews, the film was still able to be nominated for as well as win several awards. It garnered three Academy Award nominations, including Best Costume Design (Rita Ryack) and Best Art Direction (Michael Corenblith and Merideth Boswell), and nominees Rick Baker and Gail Rowell-Ryan won the Academy Award for Best Makeup. At the Golden Globes, Carrey was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy, losing the award to George Clooney for O Brother, Where Art Thou?.

text: It also won the Blimp Awards for Favorite Movie and Favorite Movie Actor at the 2001 Kids' Choice Awards. The film won a Saturn Award for Best Music and a Saturn Award for Best Make-Up. However, it was also nominated for two 2000 Golden Raspberry Awards for Worst Remake or Sequel and Worst Screenplay, but lost to Book of Shadows: Blair Witch 2 and Battlefield Earth respectively.[citation needed]