document_title: Phil McGraw

question_text: when did dr phil first appear on oprah

question_tokens: when did dr phil first appear on oprah

text: Phil McGraw

text: Early life

text: McGraw was born in Vinita, Oklahoma, the son of Anne Geraldine "Jerry" (née Stevens) and Joseph J. "Joe" McGraw, Jr.[5][6] He grew up with two older sisters, Deana and Donna, and younger sister Brenda[7] in the oilfields of North Texas where his father was an equipment supplier. During McGraw's childhood, his family moved so his father could pursue a lifelong goal of becoming a psychologist.

text: McGraw attended Shawnee Mission North High School in  Overland Park, Kansas. In 1968, he was awarded a football scholarship to the University of Tulsa, where he played middle linebacker under Coach Glenn Dobbs. On November 23 of that year, McGraw's team lost to the University of Houston 100–6, which is one of the most lopsided games in college football history.[8] Coach Dobbs retired after that season and McGraw transferred to Midwestern State University in Wichita Falls, Texas.

text: Education and early career

text: McGraw graduated in 1975 from Midwestern State University with a B.A. in psychology. He went on to earn an M.A. in experimental psychology in 1976, and a Ph.D. degree in clinical psychology in 1979 at the University of North Texas,[9] where his dissertation was titled "Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Psychological Intervention".[10][11] McGraw was guided through the doctoral program by Frank Lawlis, who later became the primary contributing psychologist for the Dr. Phil television show.[12]

text: After obtaining his doctorate, McGraw joined his father, Joe McGraw, in Wichita Falls, Texas, where the elder McGraw had established his private psychology practice.[13]

text: In 1983, McGraw and his father joined Thelma Box, a successful Texas businesswoman, in presenting "Pathways" seminars, "experience-based training which allows individuals to achieve and create their own results."[14]  Critics claim that many of the "phrases and the terminology and the quaint sayings" used by McGraw on the Oprah and Dr. Phil shows were coined by Box and presented by McGraw in this seminar. McGraw admits that some of the material from Life Strategies, his first best-seller, is taken directly from the Pathways seminar. However, he has never mentioned Box or her contributions to his success in any of his books or TV shows.[15]  Eight years after joining Box, McGraw signed an agreement for the sale of his Pathways seminar stock for $325,000 without notifying either his father or Box of the impending sale.[15] Box founded her own seminars entitled "Choices."[16]

text: On October 21, 1988, the Texas State Board of Examiners of Psychologists determined that McGraw had hired a former patient for "part-time temporary employment".[17] Specifically, the board cited "a possible failure to provide proper separation between termination of therapy and the initiation of employment,"[18] issued a letter of reprimand and imposed administrative penalties.[19] The board also investigated claims made by the patient of inappropriate contact initiated by McGraw, but the "Findings of Fact" document issued by the board on October 21, 1988, at the end of its investigation includes no reference to any physical contact of any kind. It specifically identified "the therapeutic and business relationships" as constituting McGraw's sole issue with the board.[19] McGraw fulfilled all terms of the board's requirements, and the board closed its complaint file in June 1990.[20]

text: Courtroom Sciences, Inc

text: In 1990, McGraw joined lawyer Gary Dobbs in co-founding Courtroom Sciences, Inc. (CSI), a trial consulting firm through which McGraw later came into contact with Oprah Winfrey.[21] Eventually, CSI became a profitable enterprise, advising Fortune 500 companies and injured plaintiffs in achieving settlements. McGraw is no longer an officer or director of the company.[21]

text: After starting CSI, McGraw ceased the practice of psychology. He kept his license current and in good standing until he elected to retire it 15 years later in 2006.[22] Appearing on the Today Show in January 2008, McGraw said that he has made it "very clear" that his current work does not involve the practice of psychology. He also said that he had "retired from psychology".[23] According to the Today Show, the California Board of Psychology determined in 2002 that he did not require a license because his show involves "entertainment" rather than psychology.[23]

text: The TV show Bull is based on his experience as a trial consultant, and he is credited as one of the creators of the series.[citation needed]

text: Television career

text: Oprah Winfrey and the Dr. Phil show

text: In 1995, Oprah Winfrey hired McGraw's legal consulting firm CSI to prepare her for the Amarillo Texas beef trial. Winfrey was so impressed with McGraw that she thanked him for her victory in that case, which ended in 1998. Soon after, she invited him to appear on her show. His appearance proved so successful that he began appearing weekly as a relationship and life strategy expert on Tuesdays starting in April 1998.

text: The next year, McGraw published his first best-selling book, Life Strategies.[15] In the next four years, McGraw published three additional best-selling relationship books, along with workbooks to complement them.

text: As of September 2002, McGraw formed Peteski Productions[24] and launched his own syndicated daily television show, Dr. Phil, produced by Winfrey's Harpo Studios. The format is an advice show, where he tackles a different topic on each show, offering advice for his guests' troubles.

text: Weight loss products

text:
In 2003, McGraw entered the weight loss business, selling shakes, energy bars, and supplements. These products were promoted on his show with his sisters Deana and Brenda and nephew Tony among the featured testimonials on the show.[25]  These products' labels, which carried the brand name "Shape It Up, Woo, Woo!", stated: "These products contain scientifically researched levels of ingredients that can help you change your behavior to take control of your weight." This met with swift criticism from various sources,[3] accusing McGraw (a clinical psychologist, and not a physician) of lacking the expertise to recommend weight loss products. Facing a Federal Trade Commission investigation into Shape Up's claims, McGraw pulled his supplements off the market in March 2004, and the FTC dropped its probe. In October 2005, several people who used McGraw's products declared an intent to file a class action lawsuit against him, claiming that although the supplements cost $120 per month they did not stimulate weight loss.[26]
McGraw settled the suit in September 2006 for $10.5 million.[27]
Some of the settlement ($6 million) may be paid to the plaintiffs in the form of Amway (Quixtar) brand Nutrilite vitamins.[28]

text: The Making of Dr. Phil unauthorized biography (2003)

text: The Making of Dr. Phil is a biography by Sophia Dembling, a reporter from The Dallas Morning News, and Lisa Gutierrez, a reporter from The Kansas City Star.[5] The book probes McGraw's history, with interviews of his childhood friends and former classmates. The book reports that McGraw allegedly used unethical business practices in a gym business early in his career, that he was allegedly abusive to his first wife and to his staff, while noting that he overcame adversity through setting goals and was persistent in achieving success. The book received no promotional help from McGraw or his associates.[29]

text: In 2005, McGraw published another best-selling book, Family First, along with a workbook. He also signed a five-year extension of his syndication deal with his show's distributors, King World Productions, Inc. The deal will pay McGraw $15 million a year[30] and keep the show in production through the 2013–2014 television season.[31]

text: Spin-off shows

text: Also in 2005, McGraw's son Jay's television show Renovate My Family (a clone of ABC's Extreme Makeover: Home Edition) was canceled at the start of its second season following a renovated family's lawsuit.[32][33] Jay McGraw and Phil McGraw then formed Stage 29 Productions.[34] A week later, McGraw and son announced a new show called Moochers (a clone of ABC's Kicked Out);[35] however, the show was canceled before any episodes aired. McGraw also released another book, Love Smart, which did not achieve the success of his previous bestsellers.

text: In 2006, the Dr. Phil House (a clone of CBS's Big Brother) began airing as part of the Dr. Phil television show. Following a protest by neighbors, the house in Los Angeles was shut down, and production resumed on a sound stage on a studio back lot.[36]  McGraw reached the number 22 spot on the Forbes Celebrity 100 list, with income of $45 million.[37]

text: Another Stage 29 show, Decision House (a remix of the Dr. Phil House) aired from September through November 2007 but was canceled due to poor reviews and dismal ratings.[38]  Ratings for the Dr. Phil show in 2007 began to slide. In May, viewership was close to 7 million people.[39]  However, by year's end, viewership was about 5.5 million people (#10 for syndicated TV shows, and just under Everybody Loves Raymond, Family Guy and CSI: Miami).[40]  By August 2008, viewership slipped to just over 4 million people.[41]  Two weeks later, the show slipped beneath the Nielsen top 12 syndicated TV shows, and has since resurfaced.[42]  McGraw's income fell by 1/3 to $30 million, and he dropped to the number 30 spot on the Forbes Celebrity 100 list.[43]

text: Late in 2007, McGraw began promoting his 2008 Dr. Phil Show extension, The Doctors.[44]  The show is hosted by television personality and ER physician  Travis Stork (The Bachelor). Other experts scheduled to appear include various personalities who have appeared on the Dr. Phil show over the years, such as Lisa Masterson, an obstetrician/gynecologist; Andrew Ordon, a plastic surgeon; and Jim Sears, a pediatrician.[45] Masterson, Ordon, and Sears appeared on the Dr. Phil show during the 2007–08 season so that McGraw could instruct them on "how to give articulate medical advice while being scrutinized by a studio audience in Los Angeles."[citation needed]  McGraw's eldest son, Jay McGraw, is executive producer of the show. The Doctors debuted on September 8, 2008, and, as of November 10, 2008, had a 2.0 rating.[46]

text: Kalpoe lawsuit (2006)

text: McGraw was named a co-defendant, along with CBS Television, in a 2006 lawsuit filed in relation to the disappearance of Natalee Holloway.[47] The lawsuit was filed by Deepak Kalpoe and his brother Satish Kalpoe, who claimed that an interview they did with McGraw, aired in September 2005, was "manipulated and later broadcast as being accurate, and which portrays Deepak Kalpoe and Satish Kalpoe 'as engaging in criminal activity against Natalee Holloway and constitutes defamation.'"[47] The Kalpoe brothers claimed invasion of privacy, fraud, deceit, defamation, emotional distress, and civil conspiracy in the suit, which was filed in the Los Angeles Superior Court.[48][49]

text: On March 17, 2015, the lawsuit against McGraw and CBS was dismissed.[50]  The court records disclosed the lawsuit by Deepak and Satish Kalpoe was rejected one week before the civil trial was set to begin.[51][52]

text: Britney Spears "intervention" (2008)

text: In January 2008, McGraw visited pop star Britney Spears in her hospital room.[53]  The visit by McGraw drew criticism from the Spears family and from mental health professionals.

text: The visit appeared to be part of an attempt at getting Spears and her parents to take part in an "intervention" on the Dr. Phil television show.[54]  Immediately after the visit, McGraw issued public statements[55][56] about Spears's situation that Spears's family spokeswoman Lou Taylor said violated their family trust in McGraw.  "This is another example of a trust being betrayed", Taylor told Today co-host Meredith Vieira.  "Rather than helping the family’s situation, the celebrity psychologist caused additional damage", she said.[57]  Several mental health care professionals criticized McGraw for his actions, but fellow television psychologist  Joyce Brothers defended McGraw.[58]  It was reported that a psychologist filed a complaint with the California Board of Psychology (BOP), alleging that McGraw had practiced psychology without a license and had violated doctor-patient privilege by discussing Spears's case with the media.[59]  A copy of the complaint appeared in the media,[59] but there is no way to verify whether or not it was actually submitted to the BOP. The BOP does not disclose that information unless an investigation is opened.[60]  Martin Greenberg, a former BOP President, said on the Today Show that this incident was not a matter that the law covers or would be concerned about.[60]

text: Polk County, Florida, controversy (2008)

text: On April 13, 2008, a producer for the Dr. Phil show secured $30,000 bail for the ringleader of a group of eight teenage girls who viciously beat another girl and videotaped the attack.[61]  The teen had been booked at the Polk County, Florida, jail on charges that included kidnapping and assault. Producers of the Dr. Phil show had made plans to tape a one-hour show devoted to the incident and had sent a production assistant to Orlando to help book guests for the show, but when news broke that the Dr. Phil show producer had posted bail for the teen, the outcry caused the show to cancel their plans. "In this case certain staffers went beyond our guidelines," said Theresa Corigliano, spokesperson for the Dr. Phil show. "We have decided not to go forward with the story as our guidelines have been compromised."[62]

text: Riccio lawsuit (2008)

text: McGraw was sued by Thomas Riccio, the memorabilia collector responsible for taping the Las Vegas robbery that led to O. J. Simpson's being convicted. Riccio sued McGraw in Los Angeles Superior Court for defamation, fraud, intentional infliction of emotional distress and false light for what Riccio claims to have been deceitful editing of the Dr. Phil Show on which he appeared in early October 2008.[63] The claims of defamation, intentional infliction of emotional distress and false light were dismissed, with the judge finding that it was protected speech under the First Amendment.[64]

text: Approach to psychology

text: McGraw's advice and methods have drawn criticism from some fellow psychotherapists as well as from some laymen. McGraw's critics regard advice given by him to be at best simplistic, and at worst, ineffective.[65] The National Alliance on Mental Illness called McGraw's conduct in one episode of his television show "unethical" and "incredibly irresponsible".[66] McGraw said in a 2001 South Florida newspaper interview that he never liked traditional one-on-one counseling, and that "I'm not the Hush-Puppies, pipe and 'Let's talk about your mother' kind of psychologist."[67]

text: Charitable foundation

text: McGraw announced the formation of the Dr. Phil Foundation, which raises funds to fight childhood obesity, on October 22, 2003.  The Foundation also supports charitable organizations that help address the emotional, spiritual, and monetary needs of children and families.[68]

text: Personal life

text: McGraw married his first wife, an ex-cheerleader and homecoming queen named Debbie Higgins McCall, in 1970, when he was 20 years old.[13]  According to her, McGraw was domineering and would not allow her to participate in the family business. She claimed that she was confined to domestic duties, which included lifting weights to improve her bustline.[69]

text: During the process of annulling the marriage in 1973, McGraw began dating Robin Jo Jameson (born December 28, 1953), whom he married in 1976.[70]  The couple had two children, Jay, born in 1979, and Jordan, born 1986.[71]

text: McGraw's son, Jay McGraw, has partially followed in his father's footsteps, publishing books aimed at teenagers based on McGraw's books and working for Stage 29. Jay McGraw became engaged to Erica Dahm, one of the famous Playboy Playmate triplets.[72] The elder McGraw was best man at his son's wedding, despite the fact that he is vocally against pornography,  which was held at his home in Beverly Hills.[73]

text: McGraw is also a private pilot, with an instrument rating, flying single engine airplanes.[74] McGraw has identified himself as a Christian.[75]

text: On 21 October 2017 he was threatened with lawsuit when he accidentally hit a skateboarder with his Mercedes-Benz.[76][77]

text: Selected works by Phil McGraw

text:
McGraw, Phillip C. (1999). Life Strategies: Doing What Works, Doing What Matters. New York: Hyperion Books. ISBN 0-7868-8459-2.
McGraw, Phillip C. (2000). The Relationship Rescue Workbook. New York: Hyperion. ISBN 0-7868-8604-8.
McGraw, Phillip C. (2000). Relationship Rescue. New York: Hyperion. ISBN 0-7868-8598-X.
McGraw, Phillip C. (2001). The Life Strategies Self-Discovery Journal: Finding What Matters Most for You. New York: Hyperion. ISBN 0-7868-8743-5.
McGraw, Phillip C. (2001). Self Matters: Creating Your Life from the Inside Out. New York: Simon & Schuster Source. ISBN 0-7432-2423-X.
McGraw, Phillip C. (2002). Getting Real: Lessons in Life, Marriage, and Family. Hay House Audio Books. ISBN 1-4019-0062-3.
McGraw, Phillip C. (2003). The Self Matters Companion: Helping You Create Your Life from the Inside Out. New York: Free Press. ISBN 0-7432-2424-8.
McGraw, Phillip C. (2003). The Ultimate Weight Solution: The 7 Keys to Weight Loss Freedom. New York: Free Press. ISBN 0-7432-3674-2.
McGraw, Phillip C. (2003). The Ultimate Weight Solution Food Guide. Pocket Books. ISBN 0-7434-9039-8.
McGraw, Phillip C. (2004). The Ultimate Weight Solution Cookbook: Recipes for Weight Loss Freedom. New York: Free Press. pp. 240 pages. ISBN 0-7432-6475-4.
McGraw, Phillip C. (2005). Family First: Your Step-by-Step Plan for Creating a Phenomenal Family. New York: Free Press. ISBN 0-7432-7377-X.
McGraw, Phillip C. (2005). The Family First Workbook: Specific Tools, Strategies, and Skills for Creating a Phenomenal Family. New York: Free Press. ISBN 0-7432-8073-3.
McGraw, Phillip C. (2006). Love Smart: Find the One You Want—Fix the One You Got. New York: Free Press. ISBN 0-7432-9243-X.

text: Filmography

text: This section of a biography of a living person does not include any references or sources. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately.Find sources: "Phil McGraw" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Year

Title

Role

Notes

2003

Frasier

Himself

Episode: The Devil and Dr. Phil

2004

Sesame Street

Himself

2 episodes

2006

Scary Movie 4

Himself

Film; Cameo appearance

2006

The Simpsons

Himself (voice over role)

Episode: Treehouse of Horror XVII

2009

Madea Goes to Jail

Himself

Film; Cameo appearance

2009

Curb Your Enthusiasm

Himself

Episode: Vehicular Fellatio

2010

Hannah Montana

Himself

Episode: I'll Always Remember You

2016

WWE Raw

Himself

Episode: April 11, 2016


document_title: Good Night, and Good Luck

question_text: who played edward murrow in goodnight and goodluck

root

text: Good Night, and Good Luck

text: Plot[edit]

text: Set in 1953, during the early days of television broadcast journalism. Edward R. Murrow (David Strathairn) along with his news team, producer Fred Friendly (George Clooney) and reporter Joseph Wershba (Robert Downey, Jr.) learn of U.S. Air Force officer Milo Radulovich, who is being forcibly discharged because of family members being known communists, and he refused to denounce them. Interest is piqued when it is found that the compilation of charges at Radulovich's hearing was in a sealed envelope and nobody saw them. Murrow presents the story to CBS News' director, Sig Mickelson (Jeff Daniels), who warns Murrow that the story will bring serious accusations and repercussions to CBS and their sponsors, some of whom have government contracts. He reluctantly allows the story to air, which gains positive responses from the public. Murrow also tries to ease the worries of his colleague, Don Hollenbeck (Ray Wise), who is struggling with both the strain of his recent divorce and attacks from newspaper writer Jack O'Brian, who is accusing him of being biased in his news reporting and being a "pinko".

tag: p

text: Soon after, Wershba's given an envelope suggesting that Murrow has previously interacted with the Soviets and used to be on their payroll. CBS's Chief Executive, William Paley (Frank Langella) brings this forward to Murrow, warning him that if any members of his staff are associated with communism in any way, however remotely, they would have to recuse themselves from Murrow's next story, which is a direct attack on Senator Joseph McCarthy and his crusade against Communist infiltration in the U.S. government, which some denounce as a witch hunt. Friendly and Murrow gather their staff together, and when one of the team members voluntarily excuses himself because his ex-wife had attended Communist meetings before they even met, Murrow concludes that this kind of fear is what McCarthy wants. The team stays together and presents the story, which becomes highly praised by the public and the press, with the exception of Jack O'Brian, who continues to attack both Murrow and especially Hollenbeck on their supposed support of Communism. Hollenbeck pleads with Murrow to go after O'Brian, but Murrow reluctantly tells him that he cannot attack O'Brian while he is busy going after McCarthy.

text: As the team turns their focus to a filmed hearing of Annie Lee Moss, a Pentagon communication worker accused of being a communist based on her name appearing on a list seen by an FBI infiltrator of the American Communist Party, they receive the news that Milo Radulovich being reinstated by the Air Force, citing no evidence supporting any connections with Communism. Soon after, McCarthy asks for the opportunity to speak for himself on Murrow's show, which Murrow allows. McCarthy openly accuses Murrow of being a Communist, citing several pieces of evidence that seem to support it. Murrow broadcasts a rebuttal the following week, easily disproving McCarthy's accusations and pointing out that McCarthy didn't do anything to defend himself other than accuse anyone who opposes him as being either a Communist or a Communist sympathizer.

text: A few days later, the news arrives that the U.S. Senate is investigating McCarthy, which means the imminent end of his crusade. As the team celebrates, Friendly and Murrow learn that Hollenbeck has committed suicide. Soon after, Paley tells Murrow and Friendly that their news program's air time is going to be severely cut, citing the high costs of the show's production, along with Murrow's attacks on controversial topics. Also, Joe Wershba and his wife Shirley, who both have been secretly hiding their marriage, due to CBS forbidding co-workers being married, are approached by Mickelson, who tells them that everyone knows of their marriage and that he will allow one of them to resign to save face, which Joe agrees to do.

text: The film is framed by performance of the speech given by Murrow to the Radio and Television News Directors Association at "A Salute to Edward R. Murrow" on October 25, 1958, in which he harshly admonishes his audience not to squander the potential of television to inform and educate the public, so that it does not become only "wires and lights in a box".[2]

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
David Strathairn as Edward R. Murrow, journalist and host of the CBS television program See It Now
George Clooney as Fred W. Friendly, coproducer with Murrow of See It Now
Robert Downey, Jr. as Joseph Wershba, writer, editor, and correspondent for CBS News
Patricia Clarkson as Shirley Wershba
Frank Langella as William Paley, chief executive of CBS
Jeff Daniels as Sig Mickelson, Director of CBS News
Tate Donovan as Jesse Zousmer
Ray Wise as Don Hollenbeck, journalist for CBS News; accused in the press of being a "pinko".
Alex Borstein as Natalie
Thomas McCarthy as Palmer Williams
Rose Abdoo as Mili Lerner
Reed Diamond as John Aaron
Matt Ross as Eddie Scott
Grant Heslov as Don Hewitt, director of See It Now
Joseph McCarthy (archive footage) as Himself
Liberace (archive footage) as Himself
Roy Cohn (archive footage) as Himself

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: In September 2005, Clooney explained his interest in the story to an audience at the New York Film Festival: "I thought it was a good time to raise the idea of using fear to stifle political debate."[3] Having majored in journalism in college, Clooney was well-versed in the subject matter. His father, Nick Clooney, was a television journalist for many years, appearing as an anchorman in Cincinnati, Ohio, Salt Lake City, Utah, Los Angeles, California, and Buffalo, New York. The elder Clooney also ran for Congress in 2004.

text: George Clooney was paid $1 each for writing, directing, and acting in Good Night, and Good Luck., which cost $7.5 million to make. Due to an injury he received on the set of Syriana a few months earlier, Clooney could not pass the tests to be insured. He then mortgaged his own house in Los Angeles in order to make the film.[4] Dallas Mavericks owner Mark Cuban and former eBay president Jeff Skoll invested money in the project as executive producers. The film ultimately grossed more than $54 million worldwide.[5]

text: The CBS offices and studios seen in the movie were all sets on a soundstage. To accomplish a pair of scenes showing characters going up an elevator, different "floors" of the building were laid out on the same level. The "elevator" was actually built on a large turntable at the intersection of the two floor sets, and rotated once the doors were closed. When the doors reopened, the actors appeared to be in a different location. In doing so, the movie exercised a bit of dramatic license—the CBS executive offices at the time were located at 485 Madison Avenue.[6] CBS News was located in an office building just north of Grand Central Terminal (demolished and now the site of the Met Life Building);[7] and the See It Now studio was located in Grand Central Terminal itself, above the waiting room.[8] For dramatic effect, all three areas were depicted as being in the same building.

text: Clooney and producer Grant Heslov decided to use only archival footage of Joseph McCarthy in his depiction. As all of that footage was black-and-white, that determined the color scheme of the film.[3] A young Robert Kennedy is also shown in the movie during McCarthy's hearing sessions. He was then a staff member on the Senate subcommittee chaired by McCarthy.

text: Music[edit]

text: A small jazz combo starring jazz singer Dianne Reeves was hired to record the soundtrack to the movie. This combo (Peter Martin, Christoph Luty, Jeff Hamilton and Matt Catingub) was featured in the movie in several scenes; for example, in one scene the newsmen pass a studio where she is recording with the rest of the band. The CD is Dianne Reeves's second featuring jazz standards (including "How High the Moon", "I've Got My Eyes on You", "Too Close For Comfort", "Straighten Up and Fly Right" and "One for My Baby"), and it won the Grammy Award in 2006 for Best Jazz Vocal Album.

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: The soundtrack to Good Night, and Good Luck. was released on September 27, 2005.

text:
No.
Title
Artist
Length

1.
"Straighten Up and Fly Right"
Dianne Reeves
2:44

2.
"I've Got My Eyes on You"
Dianne Reeves
2:06

3.
"Gotta Be This or That"
Dianne Reeves
3:16

4.
"Too Close for Comfort"
Dianne Reeves
3:50

5.
"How High the Moon"
Dianne Reeves
2:22

6.
"Who's Minding the Store?"
Dianne Reeves
4:31

7.
"You're Driving Me Crazy"
Dianne Reeves
1:57

8.
"Pretend"
Dianne Reeves
4:01

9.
"Solitude"
Dianne Reeves
5:28

10.
"TV Is the Thing This Year"
Dianne Reeves
1:43

11.
"Pick Yourself Up"
Dianne Reeves
2:38

12.
"When I Fall in Love"
Dianne Reeves
3:52

13.
"Into Each Life Some Rain Must Fall"
Dianne Reeves
4:08

14.
"There'll Be Another Spring"
Dianne Reeves
4:43

15.
"One for My Baby"
Dianne Reeves
3:50

Total length:
51:09[9]

tag: table

text: Reception[edit]

text: The film was critically acclaimed upon release. It was named "Best Reviewed Film of 2005 in Limited Release" by Rotten Tomatoes,[10] where it achieved a 93% positive review rating, based on reviews from 217 critics.[11] The film received six Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture, Director (Clooney), and Actor (Strathairn).[12]

text: Roger Ebert, in his Chicago Sun-Times review, contends that "the movie is not really about the abuses of McCarthy, but about the process by which Murrow and his team eventually brought about his downfall (some would say his self-destruction). It is like a morality play, from which we learn how journalists should behave. It shows Murrow as fearless, but not flawless."[13] Margaret Pomeranz and David Stratton from the ABC show At the Movies each gave the film five stars, making Good Night, and Good Luck the only other film besides Brokeback Mountain to receive such a score from the hosts in 2005.[14] Both described the film as "beautiful" but also praised Clooney for the film's importance. Margaret commented that "[The film] is so important, because it's about things that are really vital today, like the responsibility of the press and examining the press' role in forming opinion." David noted "Though [the film] is in black-and-white, there's nothing monochromatic about Clooney's passion for his subject or the importance of his message."[15]

text: Jack Shafer, a libertarian-leaning columnist for the online magazine Slate, accused the film of continuing what he characterizes as the hagiography of Murrow. Clooney's film gives the impression that Murrow brought down McCarthy single-handedly, while Shafer notes that in reality much of the mainstream media, many Democrats and some of McCarthy's Republican peers were condemning him before Murrow. Furthermore, Shafer writes, evidence obtained via the declassified Venona espionage program confirmed that many Soviet agents and sympathizers were in fact in positions of influence in the U.S. government, a disclosure the film entirely overlooks: "Clooney and company ignore the material that might argue against their simple-minded thesis about Murrow, the era, and the press to produce an after-school special".[16]

text: One complaint about the film among test audiences was their belief that the actor playing McCarthy was too over the top, not realizing that the film used actual archive footage of McCarthy himself.[17]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: The film was nominated for six Academy Awards at the 2006 Academy Awards, for six BAFTAs at the 2005 BAFTA Awards, and four Golden Globes at the 2006 Golden Globe Awards. The American Film Institute named Good Night, and Good Luck. as one of the Top Ten Movies of 2005.


document_title: Hydrofluoric acid

question_text: which acid is used to write on glass

question_tokens: which acid is used to write on glass

text: Hydrofluoric acid

text: Acidity[edit]

text: Hydrofluoric acid is classified as a weak acid because of its lower dissociation constant compared to the strong acids. It ionizes in aqueous solutions in a similar fashion to other common acids:[5]

text: HF is the only hydrohalic acid that is not considered a strong acid, i.e. it does not fully ionize in dilute aqueous solutions.

text: When the concentration of HF approaches 100%, the acidity increases dramatically because of homoassociation:

text: The bifluoride (FHF−) anion is stabilized by the very strong hydrogen–fluorine hydrogen bond.

text: Production[edit]

text: Hydrofluoric acid is produced by treatment of the mineral fluorite (CaF2) with concentrated sulfuric acid. When combined at 265 °C, these two substances react to produce hydrogen fluoride and calcium sulfate according to the following chemical equation:

text: Although bulk fluorite is a suitable precursor and a major source of world HF production, HF is also produced as a by-product of the production of phosphoric acid, which is derived from the mineral apatite. Apatite sources typically contain a few percent of fluoroapatite, acid digestion of which releases a gaseous stream consisting of sulfur dioxide (from the H2SO4), water, and HF, as well as particulates. After separation from the solids, the gases are treated with sulfuric acid and oleum to afford anhydrous HF. Owing to the corrosive nature of HF, its production is accompanied by the dissolution of silicate minerals, and, in this way, significant amounts of fluorosilicic acid are generated.[4]

text: Uses[edit]

text: Hydrofluoric acid has a variety of uses in industry and research. It is used as a starting material or intermediate in industrial chemistry, mining, refining, glass finishing, silicon chip manufacturing, and in cleaning.[6]

text: Oil refining[edit]

text: In a standard oil refinery process known as alkylation, isobutane is alkylated with low-molecular-weight alkenes (primarily a mixture of propylene and butylene) in the presence of the strong acid catalyst derived from hydrofluoric acid. The catalyst protonates the alkenes (propylene, butylene) to produce reactive carbocations, which alkylate isobutane. The reaction is carried out at mild temperatures (0 and 30 °C) in a two-phase reaction.

text: Production of organofluorine compounds[edit]

text: The principal use of hydrofluoric acid is in organofluorine chemistry. Many organofluorine compounds are prepared using HF as the fluorine source, including Teflon, fluoropolymers, fluorocarbons, and refrigerants such as freon.[4]

text: Production of fluorides[edit]

text: Most high-volume inorganic fluoride compounds are prepared from hydrofluoric acid. Foremost are Na3AlF6, cryolite, and AlF3, aluminium trifluoride. A molten mixture of these solids serves as a high-temperature solvent for the production of metallic aluminium. Given concerns about fluorides in the environment, alternative technologies are being sought. Other inorganic fluorides prepared from hydrofluoric acid include sodium fluoride and uranium hexafluoride.[4]

text: Etchant and cleaning agent[edit]

text: In metalworking, hydrofluoric acid is used as a pickling agent to remove oxides and other impurities from stainless and carbon steels because of its limited ability to dissolve steel.[citation needed] It is used in the semiconductor industry as a major component of Wright Etch and buffered oxide etch, which are used to clean silicon wafers. In a similar manner it is also used to etch glass by reacting with silicon dioxide to form gaseous or water-soluble silicon fluorides. It can also be used to polish and frost glass.[6]

text: A 5% to 9% hydrofluoric acid gel is also commonly used to etch all ceramic dental restorations to improve bonding.[7] For similar reasons, dilute hydrofluoric acid is a component of household rust stain remover, in car washes in "wheel cleaner" compounds, in ceramic and fabric rust inhibitors, and in water spot removers.[6][8] Because of its ability to dissolve iron oxides as well as silica-based contaminants, hydrofluoric acid is used in pre-commissioning boilers that produce high-pressure steam.

text: Niche applications[edit]

text: Because of its ability to dissolve (most) oxides and silicates, hydrofluoric acid is useful for dissolving rock samples (usually powdered) prior to analysis. In similar manner, this acid is used in acid macerations to extract organic fossils from silicate rocks. Fossiliferous rock may be immersed directly into the acid, or a cellulose nitrate film may be applied (dissolved in amyl acetate), which adheres to the organic component and allows the rock to be dissolved around it.[9]

text: Diluted hydrofluoric acid (1 to 3 %wt.) is used in the petroleum industry in a mixture with other acids (HCl or organic acids) in order to stimulate the production of water, oil, and gas wells specifically where sandstone is involved.[citation needed]

text: Hydrofluoric acid is also used by some collectors of antique glass bottles to remove so-called 'sickness' from the glass, caused by acids (usually in the soil the bottle was buried in) attacking the soda content of the glass.[citation needed]

text: Offset printing companies use hydrofluoric acid to remove unwanted images from printing plates. Felt-tip markers called "deletion pens" are available to make the process safer for the worker.[citation needed]

text: Health and safety[edit]

text: In addition to being a highly corrosive liquid, hydrofluoric acid is also a powerful contact poison. Because of the ability of hydrofluoric acid to penetrate tissue, poisoning can occur readily through exposure of skin or eyes, or when inhaled or swallowed. Symptoms of exposure to hydrofluoric acid may not be immediately evident, and this can provide false reassurance to victims, causing them to delay medical treatment.[10] Despite having an irritating odor, HF may reach dangerous levels without an obvious odor.[6] HF interferes with nerve function, meaning that burns may not initially be painful. Accidental exposures can go unnoticed, delaying treatment and increasing the extent and seriousness of the injury.[10] Symptoms of HF exposure include irritation of the eyes, skin, nose, and throat, eye and skin burns, rhinitis, bronchitis, pulmonary edema (fluid buildup in the lungs), and bone damage.[11]

text: Once absorbed into blood through the skin, it reacts with blood calcium and may cause cardiac arrest. Burns with areas larger than 160 cm2 (25 square inches) have the potential to cause serious systemic toxicity from interference with blood and tissue calcium levels.[12] In the body, hydrofluoric acid reacts with the ubiquitous biologically important ions Ca2+ and Mg2+. Formation of insoluble calcium fluoride is proposed as the etiology for both precipitous fall in serum calcium and the severe pain associated with tissue toxicity.[13] In some cases, exposures can lead to hypocalcemia. Thus, hydrofluoric acid exposure is often treated with calcium gluconate, a source of Ca2+ that sequesters the fluoride ions. HF chemical burns can be treated with a water wash and 2.5% calcium gluconate gel[14][15][16] or special rinsing solutions.[17][18] However, because it is absorbed, medical treatment is necessary;[12] rinsing off is not enough. Intra-arterial infusions of calcium chloride have also shown great effectiveness in treating burns.[19]

text: Hydrogen fluoride is generated upon combustion of many fluorine-containing compounds such as products containing Viton and polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) parts.[20] Hydrofluorocarbons in automatic fire suppression systems can release hydrogen fluoride at high temperatures, and this has led to deaths from acute respiratory failure in military personnel when a rocket-propelled grenade hit the fire suppression system in their vehicle.[21] Hydrofluoric acid can be released from volcanoes, sea salt aerosol, and from welding or manufacturing processes.[6]

text: The general population is exposed to hydrofluoric acid through consumption of naturally or artificially fluoridated drinking water, coal burning, volcanic emissions and the resuspension of soil by wind. Major sources of industrial fluoride emissions are aluminum production plants and phosphate fertilizer plants.[22]


document_title: Oh, the Places You'll Go!

question_text: when was oh the places you'll go published

question_tokens: when was oh the places you 'll go published

text: Oh, the Places You'll Go!

text:
Oh, the Places You'll Go!
Author
Dr. SeussCountry
United StatesLanguage
EnglishGenre
Children's literaturePublisher
Random HousePublication date
January 22, 1990Media type
Print (Hardcover and paperback)ISBN
0-679-80527-3OCLC
20169007Dewey Decimal
[E] 20LC Class
PZ8.3.G276 Og 1990Preceded by
I Am Not Going to Get Up Today!Followed by
Daisy-Head Mayzie

text: Oh, the Places You'll Go! is a book written and illustrated by children's author Dr. Seuss. It was first published by Random House on January 22, 1990, making it his last book published in his lifetime. The book concerns the journey of life and its challenges.

text: Though written in the style of classics such as Green Eggs and Ham and The Cat in the Hat, Oh, the Places You’ll Go!  has many specific characters including a narrator and the reader. A young boy, referred to simply as "you", initiates the action of the story. However, the presence of a main character helps readers to identify with the book. It is written in second person and uses future tense.

text: Plot[edit]

text: The story begins with the narrator, relating the decision of the unnamed protagonist (who represents the reader) to leave town. The protagonist travels through several geometrical and polychromatic landscapes and places, eventually encountering a place simply called "The Waiting Place", which is ominously addressed as being a place where everyone is always waiting for something to happen. As the protagonist continues to explore, spurred on by the thoughts of places he will visit and things he will discover, the book cheerfully concludes with an open end.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Upon its original release in 1990, Oh, the Places You'll Go! reached number one on The New York Times Best-Selling Fiction Hardcover list. That made Dr. Seuss one of the handful of authors to have number one Hardcover Fiction and Nonfiction books on the list; among them are John Steinbeck, Jimmy Buffett and Mitch Albom; his You're Only Old Once hit number one on the Nonfiction list in 1986.

text: In the United States and Canada, Oh, the Places You'll Go! is a popular gift for students graduating from high school and college, spiking in sales every spring.[1] It reached number one on USA Today's Best Selling Book list in 1997, and reached #2 in 2015 and 2017.[2]  Based on a 2007 online poll, the National Education Association named the book one of its "Teachers' Top 100 Books for Children."[3]


document_title: Cellular respiration

question_text: what is the net yield of atp from glycolysis of one glucose molecule

text: Cellular respiration

text: Aerobic respiration

text: Aerobic respiration requires oxygen (O2) in order to create ATP. Although carbohydrates, fats, and proteins  are consumed as reactants, it is the preferred method of pyruvate breakdown in glycolysis and requires that pyruvate enter the mitochondria in order to be fully oxidized by the Krebs cycle. The products of this process are carbon dioxide and water, but the energy transferred is used to break bonds in ADP as the third phosphate group is added to form  ATP (adenosine triphosphate), by substrate-level phosphorylation, NADH and FADH2

text:
Simplified reaction:

C6H12O6 (s) + 6 O2 (g) → 6 CO2 (g) + 6 H2O (l) + heat

ΔG = −2880 kJ per mol of C6H12O6

text: The negative ΔG indicates that the reaction can occur spontaneously.

text: The potential of NADH and FADH2 is converted to more ATP through an electron transport chain with oxygen as the "terminal electron acceptor". Most of the ATP produced by aerobic cellular respiration is made by oxidative phosphorylation. This works by the energy released in the consumption of pyruvate being used to create a chemiosmotic potential by pumping protons across a membrane. This potential is then used to drive ATP synthase and produce ATP from ADP and a phosphate group. Biology textbooks often state that 38 ATP molecules can be made per oxidised glucose molecule during cellular respiration (2 from glycolysis, 2 from the Krebs cycle, and about 34 from the electron transport system).[2] However, this maximum yield is never quite reached because of losses due to leaky membranes as well as the cost of moving pyruvate and ADP into the mitochondrial matrix, and current estimates range around 29 to 30 ATP per glucose.[2]

text: Aerobic metabolism is up to 15 times more efficient than anaerobic metabolism (which yields 2 molecules ATP per 1 molecule glucose).  However some anaerobic organisms, such as methanogens are able to continue with anaerobic respiration, yielding more ATP by using other inorganic molecules (not oxygen) as final electron acceptors in the electron transport chain.  They share the initial pathway of glycolysis but aerobic metabolism continues with the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. The post-glycolytic reactions take place in the mitochondria in eukaryotic cells, and in the cytoplasm in prokaryotic cells.

text: Aerobic respiration summed up

text: 1. Glycolysis:

text: --- 2 ATPs  +  Glucose  →  2 Pyruvic Acid  +  4 Hydrogen  +  4 ATPs

text: 2. Formation of Acetyl CoA:

text: --- 2 Pyruvic Acid  +  2 CoA  →  2 Acetyl CoA  +  2 Carbon Dioxide  +  2 Hydrogen

text: 3. Krebs Cycle:

text: --- 2 Acetyl CoA  +  3 O2  →  6 Hydrogen  +  4 Carbon Dioxide  +  2 ATPs

text: 4. Electron Transport System:

text: --- 12 Hydrogen  +  3 O2  →  6 Water  +  32 ATPs

text: Overall Reaction:

text: --- Glucose  +  6 O2  →  6 Carbon Dioxide  +  6 Water  +  36 ATPs

text: Glycolysis

text: Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway that takes place in the cytosol of cells in all living organisms. This pathway can function with or without the presence of oxygen. In humans, aerobic conditions produce pyruvate and anaerobic conditions produce lactate. In aerobic conditions, the process converts one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate (pyruvic acid), generating energy in the form of two net molecules of ATP. Four molecules of ATP per glucose are actually produced, however, two are consumed as part of the preparatory phase. The initial phosphorylation of glucose is required to increase the reactivity (decrease its stability) in order for the molecule to be cleaved into two pyruvate molecules by the enzyme aldolase. During the pay-off phase of glycolysis, four phosphate groups are transferred to ADP by substrate-level phosphorylation to make four ATP, and two NADH are produced when the pyruvate are oxidized. The overall reaction can be expressed this way:

text: Starting with glucose,  1 ATP is used to donate a phosphate to glucose to produce glucose 6-phosphate. Glycogen can be converted into glucose 6-phosphate as well with the help of glycogen phosphorylase. During energy metabolism, glucose 6-phosphate becomes fructose 6-phosphate. An additional ATP is used to phosphorylate fructose 6-phosphate into fructose 1,6-disphosphate by the help of phosphofructokinase. Fructose 1,6-diphosphate then splits into two phosphorylated molecules with three carbon chains which later degrades into pyruvate.

text: Glycolysis can be literally translated as "sugar splitting".[3]

text: Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate

text: Pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl-CoA and CO2 by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC).  The PDC contains multiple copies of three enzymes and is located in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells and in the cytosol of prokaryotes. In the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, one molecule of NADH and one molecule of CO2 is formed.

text: Citric acid cycle

text: This is also called the Krebs cycle or the tricarboxylic acid cycle. When oxygen is present, acetyl-CoA is produced from the pyruvate molecules created from glycolysis. Once acetyl-CoA is formed, aerobic or anaerobic respiration can occur.[4] When oxygen is present, the mitochondria will undergo aerobic respiration which leads to the Krebs cycle.  However, if oxygen is not present, fermentation of the pyruvate molecule will occur.  In the presence of oxygen, when acetyl-CoA is produced, the molecule then enters the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) inside the mitochondrial matrix, and is oxidized to CO2 while at the same time reducing NAD to NADH. NADH can be used by the electron transport chain to create further ATP as part of oxidative phosphorylation. To fully oxidize the equivalent of one glucose molecule, two acetyl-CoA must be metabolized by the Krebs cycle. Two waste products, H2O and CO2, are created during this cycle.

text: The citric acid cycle is an 8-step process involving 18 different enzymes and co-enzymes.[4] During the cycle, acetyl-CoA (2 carbons) + oxaloacetate (4 carbons) yields citrate (6 carbons), which is rearranged to a more reactive form called isocitrate (6 carbons). Isocitrate is modified to become α-ketoglutarate (5 carbons), succinyl-CoA, succinate, fumarate, malate, and, finally, oxaloacetate.

text: The net gain of high-energy compounds from one cycle is 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 GTP; the GTP may subsequently be used to produce ATP. Thus, the total yield from 1 glucose molecule (2 pyruvate molecules) is 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 2 ATP.

text: Oxidative phosphorylation

text: In eukaryotes, oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondrial cristae. It comprises the electron transport chain that establishes a proton gradient (chemiosmotic potential) across the boundary of inner membrane by oxidizing the NADH produced from the Krebs cycle. ATP is synthesized by the ATP synthase enzyme when the chemiosmotic gradient is used to drive the phosphorylation of ADP. The electrons are finally transferred to exogenous oxygen and, with the addition of two protons, water is formed.

text: Efficiency of ATP production

text: The table below describes the reactions involved when one glucose molecule is fully oxidized into carbon dioxide. It is assumed that all the reduced coenzymes are oxidized by the electron transport chain and used for oxidative phosphorylation.

text:
Step

coenzyme yield

ATP yield

Source of ATP

Glycolysis preparatory phase

−2

Phosphorylation of glucose and fructose 6-phosphate uses two ATP from the cytoplasm.

Glycolysis pay-off phase

4

Substrate-level phosphorylation

2 NADH

3 or 5

Oxidative phosphorylation : Each NADH produces net 1.5 ATP (instead of usual 2.5) due to NADH transport over the mitochondrial membrane

Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate

2 NADH

5

Oxidative phosphorylation

Krebs cycle

2

Substrate-level phosphorylation

6 NADH

15

Oxidative phosphorylation

2 FADH2

3

Oxidative phosphorylation

Total yield

30 or 32 ATP

From the complete oxidation of one glucose molecule to carbon dioxide and oxidation of all the reduced coenzymes.

text: Although there is a theoretical yield of 38 ATP molecules per glucose during cellular respiration, such conditions are generally not realized because of losses such as the cost of moving pyruvate (from glycolysis), phosphate, and ADP (substrates for ATP synthesis) into the mitochondria. All are actively transported using carriers that utilize the stored energy in the proton electrochemical gradient.

text:
Pyruvate is taken up by a specific, low Km transporter to bring it into the mitochondrial matrix for oxidation by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.
The phosphate carrier (PiC) mediates the electroneutral exchange (antiport) of phosphate (H2PO4−; Pi) for OH− or symport of phosphate and protons (H+) across the inner membrane, and the driving force for moving phosphate ions into the mitochondria is the proton motive force.
The ATP-ADP translocase (also called adenine nucleotide translocase, ANT) is an antiporter and exchanges ADP and ATP across the inner membrane. The driving force is due to the ATP (−4) having a more negative charge than the ADP (−3), and thus it dissipates some of the electrical component of the proton electrochemical gradient.

text: The outcome of these transport processes using the proton electrochemical gradient is that more than 3 H+ are needed to make 1 ATP. Obviously this reduces the theoretical efficiency of the whole process and the likely maximum is closer to 28–30 ATP molecules.[2] In practice the efficiency may be even lower because the inner membrane of the mitochondria is slightly leaky to protons.[5] Other factors may also dissipate the proton gradient creating an apparently leaky mitochondria. An uncoupling protein known as thermogenin is expressed in some cell types and is a channel that can transport protons. When this protein is active in the inner membrane it short circuits the coupling between the electron transport chain and ATP synthesis. The potential energy from the proton gradient is not used to make ATP but generates heat. This is particularly important in brown fat thermogenesis of newborn and hibernating mammals.

text: According to some of newer sources the ATP yield during aerobic respiration is not 36–38, but only about 30–32 ATP molecules / 1 molecule of glucose [6], because:

text:
ATP : NADH+H+ and ATP : FADH2 ratios during the oxidative phosphorylation appear to be not 3 and 2, but 2.5 and 1.5 respectively. Unlike in the substrate-level phosphorylation, the stoichiometry here is difficult to establish.
ATP synthase produces 1 ATP / 3 H+. However the exchange of matrix ATP  for cytosolic ADP and Pi (antiport with OH− or symport with H+) mediated by ATP–ADP translocase and phosphate carrier consumes 1 H+ / 1 ATP as a result of regeneration of the transmembrane potential changed during this transfer, so the net ratio is 1 ATP : 4 H+.
The mitochondrial electron transport chain proton pump transfers across the inner membrane 10 H+ / 1 NADH+H+ (4 + 2 + 4) or 6 H+ / 1 FADH2 (2 + 4).

text:
ATP : NADH+H+ coming from glycolysis ratio during the oxidative phosphorylation is
1.5, as for FADH2, if hydrogen atoms (2H++2e−) are transferred from cytosolic NADH+H+ to mitochondrial FAD by the glycerol phosphate shuttle located in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
2.5 in case of malate-aspartate shuttle transferring hydrogen atoms from cytosolic NADH+H+ to mitochondrial NAD+

text: So finally we have, per molecule of glucose

text:
Substrate-level phosphorylation: 2 ATP from glycolysis + 2 ATP (directly GTP) from Krebs cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation
2 NADH+H+ from glycolysis: 2 × 1.5 ATP (if glycerol phosphate shuttle transfers hydrogen atoms) or 2 × 2.5 ATP (malate-aspartate shuttle)
2 NADH+H+ from the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate and 6 from Krebs cycle: 8 × 2.5 ATP
2 FADH2 from the Krebs cycle: 2 × 1.5 ATP

text: Altogether this gives 4 + 3 (or 5) + 20 + 3 = 30 (or 32) ATP per molecule of glucose

text: The total ATP yield in ethanol or lactic acid fermentation is only 2 molecules coming from glycolysis, because pyruvate is not transferred to the mitochondrion and finally oxidized to the carbon dioxide (CO2), but reduced to ethanol or lactic acid in the cytoplasm.[6]

text: Fermentation

text: Without oxygen, pyruvate (pyruvic acid) is not metabolized by cellular respiration but undergoes a process of fermentation. The pyruvate is not transported into the mitochondrion, but remains in the cytoplasm, where it is converted to waste products that may be removed from the cell. This serves the purpose of oxidizing the electron carriers so that they can perform glycolysis again and removing the excess pyruvate. Fermentation oxidizes NADH to NAD+ so it can be re-used in glycolysis.  In the absence of oxygen, fermentation prevents the buildup of NADH in the cytoplasm and provides NAD+ for glycolysis.  This waste product varies depending on the organism. In skeletal muscles, the waste product is lactic acid. This type of fermentation is called lactic acid fermentation. In strenuous exercise, when energy demands exceed energy supply, the respiratory chain cannot process all of the hydrogen atoms joined by NADH. During anaerobic glycolysis, NAD+ regenerates when pairs of hydrogen combine with pyruvate to form lactate. Lactate formation is catalyzed by lactate dehydrogenase in a reversible reaction. Lactate can also be used as an indirect precursor for liver glycogen. During recovery, when oxygen becomes available, NAD+ attaches to hydrogen from lactate to form ATP. In yeast, the waste products are ethanol and carbon dioxide. This type of fermentation is known as alcoholic or ethanol fermentation. The ATP generated in this process is made by substrate-level phosphorylation, which does not require oxygen.

text: Fermentation is less efficient at using the energy from glucose: only 2 ATP are produced per glucose, compared to the 38 ATP per glucose nominally produced by aerobic respiration. This is because the waste products of fermentation still contain chemical potential energy that can be released by oxidation. Ethanol, for example, can be burned in an internal combustion engine like gasoline. Glycolytic ATP, however, is created more quickly. For prokaryotes to continue a rapid growth rate when they are shifted from an aerobic environment to an anaerobic environment, they must increase the rate of the glycolytic reactions. For multicellular organisms, during short bursts of strenuous activity, muscle cells use fermentation to supplement the ATP production from the slower aerobic respiration, so fermentation may be used by a cell even before the oxygen levels are depleted, as is the case in sports that do not require athletes to pace themselves, such as sprinting.

text: Anaerobic respiration

text: Cellular respiration is the process by which biological fuels are oxidised in the presence of an inorganic electron acceptor (such as oxygen) to produce large amounts of energy, to drive the bulk production of ATP.

text:
Anaerobic respiration is used by some microorganisms in which neither oxygen (aerobic respiration) nor pyruvate derivatives (fermentation) is the final electron acceptor.  Rather, an inorganic acceptor such as sulfate or nitrate is used.
Such organisms are typically found in unusual places such as underwater caves or near hydrothermal vents at the bottom of the ocean.


document_title: UN mediation of the Kashmir dispute

question_text: when was the kashmir issue presented in united nations

text: UN mediation of the Kashmir dispute

text: Overview[edit]

text: Following the outbreak of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947, India's Governor General Mountbatten flew to Lahore On 1 November 1947 for a conference with Muhammad Ali Jinnah, proposing that, in all the princely States where the ruler did not accede to a Dominion corresponding to the majority population (which would have included Junagadh, Hyderabad as well Kashmir), the accession should be decided by an `impartial reference to the will of the people'. Jinnah rejected the offer.[1] The Prime Ministers Jawaharlal Nehru and Liaquat Ali Khan met again in December, where Nehru informed Khan of India's intention to refer the dispute to the United Nations under article 35 of the UN Charter, which allows the member states to bring to the Security Council attention situations `likely to endanger the maintenance of international peace'.[2]

text: India sought resolution of the issue at the UN Security Council on 1 January 1948.[3] Following the set-up of the United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan (UNCIP), the UN Security Council passed Resolution 47 on 21 April 1948. The measure imposed an immediate cease-fire and called on the Government of Pakistan 'to secure the withdrawal from the state of Jammu and Kashmir of tribesmen and Pakistani nationals not normally resident therein who have entered the state for the purpose of fighting.' It also asked Government of India to reduce its forces to minimum strength, after which the circumstances for holding a plebiscite should be put into effect 'on the question of Accession of the state to India or Pakistan.' However, it was not until 1 January 1949 that the ceasefire could be put into effect, signed by General Gracey on behalf of Pakistan and General Roy Bucher on behalf of India.[4] However, both India and Pakistan failed to arrive at a truce agreement due to differences over interpretation of the procedure for and the extent of demilitarisation. One sticking point was whether the Azad Kashmiri army was to be disbanded during the truce stage or at the plebiscite stage.[5]

text: The UNCIP made three visits to the subcontinent between 1948 and 1949, trying to find a solution agreeable to both India and Pakistan.[6] It reported to the Security Council in August 1948 that "the presence of troops of Pakistan" inside Kashmir represented a "material change" in the situation. A two-part process was proposed for the withdrawal of forces. In the first part, Pakistan was to withdraw its forces as well as other Pakistani nationals from the state. In the second part, "when the Commission shall have notified the Government of India" that Pakistani withdrawal has been completed, India was to withdraw the bulk of its forces. After both the withdrawals were completed, a plebiscite would be held.[7] The resolution was accepted by India but effectively rejected by Pakistan.[note 1]

text: The Indian government considered itself to be under legal possession of Jammu and Kashmir by virtue of the accession of the state. The assistance given by Pakistan to the rebel forces and the Pakhtoon tribes was held to be a hostile act and the further involvement of the Pakistan army was taken to be an invasion of Indian territory. From the Indian perspective, the plebiscite was meant to confirm the accession, which was in all respects already complete, and Pakistan could not aspire to an equal footing with India in the contest.[8]

text: The crux of India's argument, which it felt the UN Security Council had ignored, that Pakistan was an aggressor in a territory which had legally become part of India by the Instrument of Accession, has been criticized. The point is raised that the refusal of India to accept the accession of Junagadh's Muslim ruler to Pakistan must be taken into consideration when India raises such legalistic arguments.[9][10] Korbel points out that by agreeing to the Commission's resolutions as a basis for solving the dispute, India no longer has the right to use arguments such as ″Pakistani aggression″.[11]

text: The Pakistan government held that the state of Jammu and Kashmir had executed a Standstill Agreement with Pakistan which precluded it from entering into agreements with other countries. It also held that the Maharaja had no authority left to execute accession because his people had revolted and he had to flee the capital. It believed that the Azad Kashmir movement as well as the tribal incursions were indigenous and spontaneous, and Pakistan's assistance to them was not open to criticism.[12]

text: In short, India required an asymmetric treatment of the two countries in the withdrawal arrangements regarding Pakistan as an `aggressor', whereas Pakistan insisted on parity. The UN mediators tended towards parity, which was not to India's satisfaction.[13] In the end, no withdrawal was ever carried out, India insisting that Pakistan had to withdraw first, and Pakistan contending that there was no guarantee that India would withdraw afterwards.[14] No agreement could be reached between the two countries on the process of demilitarisation.[note 2]

text: Scholars have commented that the failure of the Security Council efforts of mediation owed to the fact that the Council regarded the issue as a purely political dispute without investigating its legal underpinnings.[note 3] Declassified British papers indicate that Britain and US have let their cold war calculations influence their policy in the UN disregarding the merits of the case.[note 4]

text: Stages of the UN involvement[edit]

text: McNaughton proposals[edit]

text: In December 1949 the Security Council asked its Canadian President General McNaughton to meet both sides for a solution. McNaughton forwarded his proposals to both Governments on 22 December and reported to the Security Council on 29 December, before his term as President of the Security Council expired on the 31st. Nevertheless, he continued his mediatory activities at the Council's request and submitted a final report on 3 February 1950.[15]

text: On 22 December he proposed that there be a simultaneous withdrawal of Pakistan's regular forces and India's regular forces not required for security, that there be a disbanding of both the Azad Kashmir forces and the Kashmir State forces and millitia and thirdly the inclusion of the Northern Areas in this demilitarisation scheme while the civil administration there would continue to be vested in the local authorities subject to United Nations supervision. Pakistan accepted these proposals but India rejected them.[16][17]

text: India was unhappy that Pakistan was treated as an equal party as in its view Pakistan was present illegally in Kashmir while India was present legally. The United States warned India that if it refused the McNaughton proposals it would be the third consecutive time it rejected the findings of an impartial UN agent and the United States would be left with no choice but to support whatever action the Security Council would take. Nehru responded by accusing the United States of pressuring the Indian Government. US policy makers saw India's rejection of the proposals as the "worst example yet" of its intransigence.[18][19]

text: Cold War historian Robert J. McMahon states that American officials increasingly blamed India for rejecting various UNCIP truce proposals under various dubious legal technicalities just to avoid a plebiscite. McMahon adds that they were 'right' since a Muslim majority made a vote to join Pakistan the 'most likely outcome' and postponing the plebiscite would serve India's interests. Some Indian officials privately admitted to their American counterparts that they would prefer a partition of the State to a plebiscite.[20]

text: US ambassador Loy Henderson told Indian officials that the American impression that India was evading a plebiscite was being fuelled by India's refusal to have a conciliatory attitude which would help in the prompt holding of a plebiscite.[21]

text: Despite India's rejection the McNaughton proposals were warmly received by the Security Council. It passed a resolution giving both countries five months to arrange the demilitarisation scheme.  India later accepted the draft resolution on 14 March 1950. The Council then appointed Sir Owen Dixon who was to implement McNaughton's demilitarisation proposals for the State.[22][23][24]

text: Dixon Mission[edit]

text: In the first phase, Dixon proposed that areas evacuated by Pakistani troops could be administered by local authorities under the Commission's surveillance. To meet India's objections regarding the terms 'authorities' and 'surveillance' Dixon proposed that the administration in areas west to the ceasefire line be carried out according to the law and custom of the Jammu and Kashmir State before the present troubles. An officer of the United Nations would be attached to each district magistrate to ensure the impartiality required for the holding of a plebiscite. India refused this plan because it believed that the local authorities, who had replaced the 'legally authorised' State executives, were biased in favour of Pakistan and this was not in India's interests. India suggested no alternative.[25]

text: Dixon also believed that on the Indian side of the ceasefire line certain conditions needed to be met to ensure a fair plebiscite. This included attaching a United Nations officer with each district magistrate who would be allowed to see the Magistrate's records and proceedings, the UN officer was to observe, inspect, remonstrate and report. Nehru objected to these proposals on the grounds that they constituted a "derogation from the sovereignty of the state". Nehru also gave no alternative proposal.[26]

text: Sir Owen Dixon then put before the Prime Ministers of the two countries an alternative set of plans which would practically in the process eliminate the ceasefire line. These plans included a coalition government between Sheikh Abdullah and Ghulam Abbas, or allocating portfolios among the different parties. The second suggestion was instituting a neutral government by respected non-political persons for a period of six months before the plebiscite would take place. The membership would be equally split between Hindus and Muslims under a United Nations supervisor. The third proposal was the installation of an administrative body manned totally by UN representatives. None of these proposals appealed to Nehru.[27] Sir Owen Dixon took India to task in very strong language for its negative reactions to the various alternative demilitarisation proposals.[28]

text:
Dixon next asked Nehru in the presence of the Pakistani Prime Minister whether it would be advisable to have plebiscites by region and allocate each region according to the results of a plebiscite in each. India reacted favourably to this plan.[29]
According to the Indian commentator Raghavan, it was first Nehru who proposed a partition-cum-plebiscite plan: Jammu and Ladakh would go to India, Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas to Pakistan, and a plebiscite would be held in the Kashmir Valley. Dixon favoured the plan, which bears his name till this day.[30] Dixon agreed that people in Jammu and Ladakh were clearly in favour of India; equally clearly, those in Azad Kashmir and the Northern Areas wanted to be part of Pakistan. This left the Kashmir Valley and 'perhaps some adjacent country' around Muzaffarabad in uncertain political terrain. However, according to Dixon, Pakistan "bluntly rejected" the proposal. It believed that the plebiscite should be held in the entire state or the state should be partitioned along religious lines.[31] Pakistan believed that India's commitment to a plebiscite for the whole of Jammu and Kashmir should not be departed from.[32][33][34]

text: Dixon also had concerns that the Kashmiris, not being high-spirited people, may vote under fear or improper influences.[35] Following Pakistan's objections, he proposed that Sheikh Abdullah administration should be held in "commission" (in abeyance) while the plebiscite was held. This was not acceptable to India.[37] According to Raghavan, at this point, Dixon lost patience and declared failure.[30]

text: The Dixon Plan had involved the exclusion of both Indian and Pakistani troops from the plebiscite zone. On 16 August 1950 Nehru turned down Dixon's plan for a limited plebiscite on the grounds that the State Government's authority should not be suppressed for any period of time. Another reason for India's rejection of the Dixon Plan was that it wanted Indian troops to remain during the plebiscite for "security reasons" while it demanded at the same time that Pakistani troops be excluded.[38]

text: Dixon felt that India would not agree to demilitarisation and other provisions governing the plebiscite that guard against influence and abuse.[39][40] Without a demilitarisation by India, Pakistan and the Azad forces were not willing to withdraw from the territory they had retained. Dixon's final comment was to suggest that India and Pakistan be left to solve the situation on their own.[41]

text: Dixon's failure compounded American ambassador Loy Henderson's suspicions about India's motives and good faith. He concluded that Indian allegations of America's pro-Pakistan bias, which he noted were being quietly stimulated by Nehru himself, made it more suitable for the Commonwealth nations to intervene. Washington heeded its ambassador's advice and for the rest of 1950 played a scant role in the Kashmir issue.[42] Henderson became the first American to visit Kashmir and observed that the majority of the Valley would choose Pakistan over India in a plebiscite. The majority if given the third option would opt for independence.[43]

text: Frank Graham's mediation[edit]

text: When Dixon's successor, Dr Frank Graham, arrived in the subcontinent during a time of tension, he tried to effect demilitarisation prior to a plebiscite but India and Pakistan could not agree on the number of troops who were to remain in Kashmir.[44]

text: Dr Frank Graham was appointed by the Security Council as the UN representative for India and Pakistan on 30 April 1951. Dr Graham arrived in the subcontinent on 30 June 1951. The Graham mission had to reach an agreement between the two countries concerning the demilitarisation of Kashmir. Similar to the experience of previous UN envoys,  Graham had first suggested a demilitarisation plan which found acceptance from Pakistan but rejection from India. Thereafter, Graham gave an alternative proposal whereby both countries were to gradually reduce their forces to a minimum and in proportion to the forces of both countries that were in Kashmir on 1 January 1949. This proposal was accepted by Pakistan but rejected by India.[45]

text: On 16 July 1952 Dr Graham offered a fresh set of proposals. By them Pakistan would reduce its forces to a size between 3,000 and 6,000 and India would reduce its troops number to between 12,000 and 16,000. But these figures did not include the state militias on the Indian side or the Gilgit and Norther Scouts in the Pakistani side. Because Pakistan was hopeful for a plebiscite it accepted this plan but India rejected it, possibly because the question of irregular forces was not solved. Graham revised the figures so that 6,000 would be the limit of Pakistan's forces and 18,000 would be the limit for India's forces. India answered by asking that it be allowed to keep 21,000 troops including the state militia in its side but that Pakistan be allowed only a civilian force of 4,000. Dr Graham reported his failure to the Security Council, which subsequently passed a resolution in December 1951 calling for India and Pakistan to come to an agreement on reducing the size of their forces. The resolution suggested Pakistan to cut the number of its troops to between 3,000 and 6,000 and India to cut its own troop numbers to a number between 12,000 and 18,000. The Security Council urged both countries to consider DR Graham's criterion for troop reductions Graham had suggested on 4 September 1951. Pakistan accepted this Security Council resolution but India rejected it and gave no reason for its rejection.[46]

text: Graham then tried to move the mediation further and, without proposing a corresponding increase of the Pakistani force size, gave a proposal which would allow India to keep 21,000 troops in Kashmir as had been India's demand. This proposal was also unsuccessful.  Dr Graham submitted a second report to the United Nations in December to recount the failure of his attempts to achieve a demilitarisation for a plebiscite. His third submission to the UN in April 1952 reported some progress on the demilitarisation question as both countries had begun withdrawing forces since March. But by the fourth report in October 1952 Graham had to inform the Security Council that the talks had stumbled again over the question of the number and character of forces to be allowed on both sides. The Security Council then passed a resolution asking that the countries negotiate directly on this question. These negotiations took place in Geneva in February 1953 but it became obvious to the UN representative that this approach would be unsuccessful. Dr Graham submitted his final report on 27 March 1953 and his mediatory efforts ended. The two questions during this mediation which India and Pakistan differed upon was the number of forces to remain after demilitarisation on each side and when the plebiscite administrator could assume their duty.[47]

text: United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan[edit]

text: The Security Council Resolution 47 (1948) also enlarged the membership of the UNCIP to 5 members. India and Pakistan signed the Karachi Agreement in March 1951 and established a ceasefire line to be supervised by observers. After the termination of the UNCIP, the Security Council passed Resolution 91 (1951) and established a United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) to observe and report violations of ceasefire.

text: After the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, the two countries signed the Simla Agreement in 1972 to define the Line of Control in Kashmir. India and Pakistan disagree on UNMOGIP’s mandate in Kashmir because India argued that the mandate of UNMOGIP has lapsed after the Simla agreement because it was specifically established to observe ceasefire according to the Karachi Agreement.

text: However, The Secretary General of the United Nations maintained that the UNMOGIP should continue to function because no resolution has been passed to terminate it. India has partially restricted the activities of the unarmed 45 UN observers on the Indian side of the Line of Control on the grounds that it's mandate has lost.[48][49]

text: Map issues[edit]

text:
Map of UN's version of the South Asia region

Map of UN's version of Pakistan

Map of UN's version of the Kashmir region

Map of UN's version of the Republic of India and border areas

text: As with other disputed territories, each government issues maps depicting their claims in Kashmir as part of their territory, regardless of actual control. It is illegal in India to exclude all or part of Kashmir in a map. It is also illegal in Pakistan not to include the state of Jammu and Kashmir as disputed territory, as permitted by the U.N. Non-participants often use the Line of Control and the Line of Actual Control as the depicted boundaries, as is done in the CIA World Factbook, and the region is often marked out in hashmarks, although the Indian government strictly opposes such practices[citation needed].   When Microsoft released a map in Windows 95 and MapPoint 2002, a controversy was raised because it did not show all of Kashmir as part of India as per Indian claim. However, all the neutral and Pakistani companies claim to follow UN's map and over 90% of all maps containing the territory of Kashmir show it as disputed territory.[1]


document_title: List of Miss America titleholders

question_text: which state has the most miss america winners

text: List of Miss America titleholders

text: Gallery of past Miss Americas[edit]

text:
Margaret Gorman,Miss America 1921

Mary Katherine Campbell,Miss America 1922 and 1923

 Lois Delander,Miss America 1927

Bess Myerson,Miss America 1945

 Marilyn Buferd,Miss America 1946

Lee Meriwether,Miss America 1955

 Mary Ann Mobley,Miss America 1959

 Lynda Lee Mead,Miss America 1960

Phyllis George,Miss America 1971

 Shirley Cothran,Miss America 1975

 Susan Perkins,Miss America 1978

 Debra Maffett,Miss America 1983

Vanessa L. Williams,Miss America 1984

 Susan Akin,Miss America 1986

 Heather French,Miss America 2000

Erika Harold,Miss America 2003

Jennifer Berry,Miss America 2006

Lauren Nelson,Miss America 2007

Kirsten Haglund,Miss America 2008

Katie Stam,Miss America 2009

Caressa Cameron,Miss America 2010

Teresa Scanlan,Miss America 2011

Laura Kaeppeler,Miss America 2012

Mallory Hagan,Miss America 2013

Nina Davuluri,Miss America 2014

Kira Kazantsev,Miss America 2015

Savvy Shields,Miss America 2017

Cara Mund,Miss America 2018

text: Winners[edit]

text:
Year

Crowned

Winner

State/District

City

Age [2]

Awards

Talent

Notes

1921

Sept. 8, 1921

Margaret Gorman

 District of Columbia

Washington

16

Inter-City Beauty, Amateur

 Actually crowned "The Most Beautiful Bathing Girl in America"; was not titled "Miss America" until 1922

1922

Sept. 7, 1922

Mary Katherine Campbell

 Ohio

Columbus

16

Only person to win twice; also was 1st runner-up at the 1924 pageant

1923

Sept. 7, 1923

17

1924

Sept. 6, 1924

Ruth Malcomson

 Pennsylvania

Philadelphia

18

1925

Sept. 11, 1925

Fay Lanphier

 California

Oakland

19

1926

Sept. 10, 1926

Norma Smallwood

 Oklahoma

Tulsa

18

Bather's Revue WinnerEvening Gown Award

1927

Sept. 9, 1927

Lois Delander

 Illinois

Joliet

17

1928

No pageants were held

1929

1930

1931

1932

1933

Sept. 9, 1933

Marian Bergeron

 Connecticut

West Haven

15

Youngest winner in history at the age of 15½Held title for two years since no competition was held in 1934

1934

No pageant was held

1935

Sept. 7, 1935

Henrietta Leaver

 Pennsylvania

Pittsburgh

17

Vocal / Tap dance,"Living In a Great Big Way"

1936

Sept. 12, 1936

Rose Coyle

 Pennsylvania

Philadelphia

22

Preliminary Talent

Vocal / Tap dance,"I Can't Escape From You" & "Truckin'"

1937

Sept. 11, 1937

Bette Cooper

 New Jersey

Bertrand Island

17

Evening Gown Award

Vocal,"When the Poppies Bloom Again"

1938

Sept. 10, 1938

Marilyn Meseke

 Ohio

Marion

21

Tap dance,"The World Is Waiting for the Sunrise"

 Held the title of Miss Ohio twice (1931 & 1938)

1939

Sept. 9, 1939

Patricia Donnelly[3]

 Michigan

Detroit

19

Vocal / Bass Fiddle,"To You" & "Ol' Man Mose"

1940

Sept. 7, 1940

Frances Marie Burke

 Pennsylvania

Philadelphia

19

Preliminary Swimsuit

Vocal / Dance,"I Can't Love You Anymore"

1941

Sept. 6, 1941

Rosemary LaPlanche

 California

Los Angeles

18

Preliminary Swimsuit

Dance

Also placed 1st runner-up at Miss America 1940 pageant

1942

Sept. 12, 1942

Jo-Carroll Dennison

 Texas

Tyler

18

Preliminary SwimsuitPreliminary Talent

Vocal / Dance,"Deep in the Heart of Texas"

1943

Sept. 11, 1943

Jean Bartel

 California

Los Angeles

19

Preliminary Swimsuit Preliminary Talent

Vocal,"Night and Day"

1944

Sept. 9, 1944

Venus Ramey

 District of Columbia

Washington

19

Preliminary Swimsuit Preliminary Talent

Vocal / Dance,"Take It Easy"

1945

Sept. 8, 1945

Bess Myerson

 New York

New York City

21

Preliminary Swimsuit Preliminary Talent

Piano & flute,"Piano Concerto In A Minor" by Edvard Grieg & "Summertime"

First Jewish-American Miss AmericaFirst Miss New York crowned

1946

Sept. 7, 1946

Marilyn Buferd

 California

Los Angeles

21

Preliminary Swimsuit Preliminary Talent (tie)

Dramatic monologue,Accent on Youth

1947

Sept. 6, 1947

Barbara Jo Walker

 Tennessee

Memphis

21

Preliminary Talent

Art display & vocal medley,"One Kiss" & "Un Bel Di" from Madama Butterfly

1948

Sept. 11, 1948

BeBe Shopp

 Minnesota

Hopkins

18

Preliminary Swimsuit

Vibraharp,"Caprice Viennois" by Fritz Kreisler

1949

Sept. 10, 1949

Jacque Mercer

 Arizona

Litchfield Park

18

Preliminary Swimsuit (tie) Preliminary Talent

Dramatic reading,Romeo and Juliet

1951 [a]

Sept. 9, 1950

Yolande Betbeze

 Alabama

Mobile

21

Preliminary Swimsuit

Classical vocal,"Caro Nome" from Rigoletto

Sparked the creation of the Miss USA and Miss Universe pageants[citation needed]

1952

Sept. 8, 1951

Colleen Kay Hutchins

 Utah

Salt Lake City

25

Preliminary Talent

Dramatic monologue,"Elizabeth the Queen" by Maxwell Anderson

1953

Sept. 6, 1952

Neva Jane Langley

 Georgia

Macon

19

Preliminary Swimsuit Preliminary Talent

Classical piano,"Toccata"

1954

Sept. 12, 1953

Evelyn Margaret Ay

 Pennsylvania

Ephrata

20

Preliminary Swimsuit

Poetry recitation,"Footsteps" from Leaves from a Grass-House by Don Blanding

1955

Sept. 11, 1954

Lee Meriwether

 California

San Francisco

19

Preliminary Swimsuit

Dramatic monologue,Riders to the Sea

First winner crowned on television (ABC)Became an actress (Batman)

1956

Sept. 10, 1955

Sharon Ritchie

 Colorado

Denver

18

Recitation,"The Murder of Lidice" by Edna St. Vincent Millay

1957

Sept. 8, 1956

Marian McKnight

 South Carolina

Manning

19

Comedy sketch,"The Monroe Doctrine"

1958

Sept. 7, 1957

Marilyn Van Derbur

 Colorado

Denver

20

Organ,"Tea for Two" & "Tenderly"

 Television broadcast moved to CBS

1959

Sept. 6, 1958

Mary Ann Mobley

 Mississippi

Brandon

21

Preliminary Talent

Vocal medley & dance,"Un Bel Di" & "There'll Be Some Changes Made"

Became an actress (Diff'rent Strokes) and TV hostess

1960

Sept. 12, 1959

Lynda Lee Mead

Natchez

20

Original dramatic act,"Schizophrenia"

1961

Sept. 10, 1960

Nancy Fleming

 Michigan

Montague

18

Preliminary Swimsuit Preliminary Talent (tie)

Presentation of dress design

1962

Sept. 9, 1961

Maria Fletcher

 North Carolina

Asheville

19

Preliminary Swimsuit

First Miss North Carolina crowned

1963

Sept. 8, 1962

Jacquelyn Mayer

 Ohio

Sandusky

20

Broadway vignette,"Wishing Upon a Star," "My Favorite Things" & The White Cliffs of Dover

1964

Sept. 7, 1963

Donna Axum

 Arkansas

El Dorado

21

Preliminary Swimsuit

Vocal medley,"Quando me'n vo'" & "I Love Paris"

1965

Sept. 12, 1964

Vonda Kay Van Dyke

 Arizona

Phoenix

21

Miss Congeniality

Ventriloquism,"Together (Wherever We Go)"

Only Miss Congeniality award winner to be also crowned Miss America

1966

Sept. 11, 1965

Deborah Irene Bryant

 Kansas

Overland Park

19

Preliminary Swimsuit

Dramatic interpretation,"The Miserable Miserliness of Midas Moneybags"

1967

Sept. 10, 1966

Jane Anne Jayroe[4]

 Oklahoma

Laverne

19

Preliminary Talent

Vocal / Orchestral conducting,"1-2-3"

 Television broadcast moved to NBC

1968

Sept. 9, 1967

Debra Dene Barnes[5]

 Kansas

Moran

20

Preliminary Swimsuit

Piano,"Born Free"

1969

Sept. 7, 1968

Judith Ford[6]

 Illinois

Belvidere

18

Preliminary Swimsuit Preliminary Talent

Acrobatic dance & trampoline,"The Blue Danube"

1970

Sept. 6, 1969

Pamela Eldred[7]

 Michigan

West Bloomfield

21

Preliminary Swimsuit

Ballet,"Love Theme" from Romeo & Juliet

1971

Sept. 12, 1970

Phyllis George[8]

 Texas

Denton

21

Preliminary Swimsuit

Piano medley,Promises, Promises & "Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head"

Former sportscaster on CBS[8]Former First Lady of Kentucky (1979-83)[8]

1972

Sept. 11, 1971

Laurie Lea Schaefer[9]

 Ohio

Bexley

22

Preliminary Swimsuit

Semi-classical vocal,"And This Is My Beloved"

1973

Sept. 9, 1972

Terry Meeuwsen[10]

 Wisconsin

De Pere

23

Preliminary Swimsuit Preliminary Talent

Vocal,"He Touched Me" from Drat! The Cat!

First Miss Wisconsin crowned[10]Co-host of The 700 Club[11]

1974

Sept. 8, 1973

Rebecca King[12]

 Colorado

Denver

23

Vocal,"If I Ruled the World"

Mother of Miss Colorado 2011, Diana Dremen[13]

1975

Sept. 7, 1974

Shirley Cothran[14]

 Texas

Fort Worth

21

Preliminary Swimsuit

Flute medley,"Bumble Boogie" & "Swingin' Shepherd Blues"

1976

Sept. 6, 1975

Tawny Godin[15]

 New York

Yonkers

18

Original piano composition,"Images in Pastels"

1977

Sept. 11, 1976

Dorothy Benham[16]

 Minnesota

Edina

20

Preliminary Swimsuit Preliminary Talent

Classical vocal,"Adele's Laughing Song" from Die Fledermaus

 Appeared in Jerome Robbins' Broadway[17]

1978

Sept. 10, 1977

Susan Perkins[18]

 Ohio

Columbus

23

Preliminary Talent

Vocal,"Good Morning Heartache"

 Television broadcast moved to CBS

1979

Sept. 9, 1978

Kylene Barker[19]

 Virginia

Galax

22

Gymnastics routine,"Gonna Fly Now" & "Feels So Good"

 Television broadcast moved to NBC

1980

Sept. 8, 1979

Cheryl Prewitt[20]

 Mississippi

Ackerman

22

Preliminary Swimsuit

Vocal / Piano,"Don't Cry Out Loud"

1981

Sept. 6, 1980

Susan Powell[21]

 Oklahoma

Elk City

21

Preliminary Talent (tie)

Classical vocal,"The Telephone Aria"

1982

Sept. 12, 1981

Elizabeth Ward[22]

 Arkansas

Russellville

20

Preliminary Swimsuit

Vocal,"After You've Gone"

 Previously National Sweetheart 1981[22]Infamously had short-lived affair with President Bill Clinton in 1998[23][24]

1983

Sept. 11, 1982

Debra Maffett[25]

 California

Anaheim

25

Preliminary Swimsuit Preliminary Talent

Popular vocal,"Come In From the Rain"

1984

Sept. 17, 1983

Vanessa Lynn Williams[26]

 New York

Millwood

20

Preliminary Swimsuit Preliminary Talent

Popular vocal,"Happy Days Are Here Again"

First African American Miss America[26]Resigned on July 23, 1984 due to backlash from unauthorized nude photos of her being published in Penthouse magazine[27][28]

July 23, 1984

Suzette Charles[29]

 New Jersey

Mays Landing

21

Preliminary Talent

Popular vocal,"Kiss Me In the Rain"

Served the shortest term by any Miss America, lasting only seven weeks[30]

1985

Sept. 8, 1984

Sharlene Wells[31]

 Utah

Salt Lake City

20

Preliminary Swimsuit

Spanish vocal & Paraguyan harp,"Mis Noches Sin Ti"

The first foreign-born, bilingual Miss America (born in Asunción, Paraguay)[32]

1986

Sept. 14, 1985

Susan Akin[33]

 Mississippi

Meridian

21

Preliminary Swimsuit

Vocal,"You're My World"

1987

Sept. 13, 1986

Kellye Cash[34]

 Tennessee

Memphis

21

Preliminary Swimsuit Preliminary Talent

Piano / Vocal,"I'll Be Home"

Grandniece of singer, Johnny Cash[35]

1988

Sept. 19, 1987

Kaye Lani Rae Rafko[36]

 Michigan

Monroe

24

Preliminary Swimsuit

Hawaiian-Tahitian dance

1989

Sept. 10, 1988

Gretchen Carlson[37]

 Minnesota

Anoka

22

Preliminary Talent

Classical violin,"Zigeunerweisen"

Former news anchor of Fox & FriendsCurrent chairwoman of the board of directors of the Miss America Organization[38]

1990

Sept. 16, 1989

Debbye Turner[39]

 Missouri

Mexico

23

Preliminary Swimsuit

Marimba medley,"Flight of the Bumblebee," "Csárdás" & "Can-Can"

 Medical Reporter and Anchor for CBS's The Early ShowFirst Miss Missouri crowned

1991

Sept. 8, 1990

Marjorie Vincent[40]

 Illinois

Oak Park

25

Preliminary Talent

Classical piano,"Fantaisie-Impromptu"

First Miss America winner of Haitian descent Former Chair of the Board of Trustees for the Miss America Organization (served for 3 months)[41]

1992

Sept. 14, 1991

Carolyn Suzanne Sapp[42]

 Hawaii

Kona

24

Preliminary Swimsuit

Vocal,"Ain't Misbehavin'"

First Miss Hawaii crowned[42]

1993

Sept. 19, 1992

Leanza Cornett[43]

 Florida

Jacksonville

21

Vocal,"A New Life" from Jekyll & Hyde

Married (and later divorced) Mark Steines[44]

1994

Sept. 18, 1993

Kimberly Clarice Aiken[45]

 South Carolina

Columbia

18

Vocal,"Summertime"

1995

Sept. 17, 1994

Heather Whitestone[46]

 Alabama

Birmingham

21

Preliminary Swimsuit Preliminary Talent

Ballet en Pointe,"Via Dolorosa"

First deaf Miss America[46]

1996

Sept. 16, 1995

Shawntel Smith[47]

 Oklahoma

Muldrow

24

Vocal,"The Woman in the Moon" from A Star Is Born

1997

Sept. 14, 1996

Tara Dawn Holland[48]

 Kansas

Overland Park

23

Preliminary Swimsuit

Classical vocal,"Où Va la Jeune Hindoue" from Lakmé

Her crowning was featured at beginning of the 2006 film, Little Miss Sunshine

1998

Sept. 13, 1997

Katherine Shindle[49]

 Illinois

Evanston

20

Preliminary Talent

Vocal,"Don't Rain on My Parade"

Performed in Legally Blonde on BroadwayPresident of the Actors' Equity Association[50]Briefly on the Board of Directors for the Miss America Organization in 2018[51] Television broadcast moved to ABC

1999

Sept. 19, 1998

Nicole Johnson[52]

 Virginia

Roanoke

24

Vocal,"That's Life"

Diabetes awareness advocate

2000

Sept. 18, 1999

Heather Renee French[53]

 Kentucky

Maysville

24

Preliminary Swimsuit

Vocal,"As If We Never Said Goodbye" from Sunset Boulevard

First Miss Kentucky crowned

2001

Oct. 14, 2000

Angela Perez Baraquio[54]

 Hawaii

Honolulu

24

Preliminary Swimsuit

Hula,"Theme" from Mutiny on the Bounty

First Filipino American and Asian American Miss America[54]

2002

Sept. 22, 2001

Katie Harman[55]

 Oregon

Gresham

21

Preliminary Talent

Classical vocal,"O mio babbino caro"

First Miss Oregon crowned[55]

2003

Sept. 21, 2002

Erika Harold[56]

 Illinois

Urbana

22

Classical vocal,"Habanera"

2004

Sept. 20, 2003

Ericka Dunlap[57]

 Florida

Orlando

21

Vocal,"If I Could"

Finished in third place on The Amazing Race 15 with her then-husband, Brian Kleinschmidt

2005

Sept. 18, 2004

Deidre Downs[58]

 Alabama

Birmingham

24

Vocal,"I'm Afraid This Must Be Love"

2006

Jan. 21, 2006

Jennifer Berry[59]

 Oklahoma

Tulsa

22

Preliminary Talent

Ballet en Pointe,"Within"

 Television broadcast moved to CMT

2007

Jan. 29, 2007

Lauren Nelson[60]

Lawton

20

Preliminary Lifestyle & Fitness

Vocal,"You'll Be in My Heart"

2008

Jan. 26, 2008

Kirsten Haglund[61][62]

 Michigan

Farmington Hills

19

Preliminary Lifestyle & Fitness

Vocal,"Over the Rainbow"

Haglund's grandmother, Iora Hunt, represented Detroit, Michigan at the Miss America 1944 pageant[63]Television broadcast moved to TLC

2009

Jan. 24, 2009

Katie Stam[64][65]

 Indiana

Seymour

22

Preliminary Lifestyle & Fitness

Vocal,"Via Dolorosa"

First Miss Indiana crowned[65]

2010

Jan. 30, 2010

Caressa Cameron[66]

 Virginia

Fredericksburg

22

Preliminary Talent

Vocal,"Listen" from Dreamgirls

2011

Jan. 15, 2011

Teresa Scanlan[67]

 Nebraska

Gering

17

Preliminary Talent

Piano,"White Water Chopped Sticks" by Calvin Jones

Youngest Miss America winner since 1933[67]First Miss Nebraska crowned[67] Television broadcast moved to ABC

2012

Jan. 14, 2012

Laura Kaeppeler[68]

 Wisconsin

Kenosha

23

Preliminary Talent

Operatic vocal,"Il Bacio" by Luigi Arditi

Briefly on the Board of Directors for the Miss America Organization in 2018[51]

2013

Jan. 12, 2013

Mallory Hagan[69]

 New York

Brooklyn

24

Tap dance,"Get Up Offa That Thing" by James Brown

Served the second shortest term by any Miss America, lasting only nine months

2014

Sept. 15, 2013

Nina Davuluri[70][71]

Fayetteville

24

Bollywood fusion dance,"Dhoom Tana" from Om Shanti Om

First Indian American winner[70]First to perform a Bollywood dance at a Miss America pageant

2015

Sept. 14, 2014

Kira Kazantsev[72]

Manhattan

23

Vocal with plastic cup percussion,"Happy" by Pharrell Williams

2016

Sept. 13, 2015

Betty Cantrell[73]

 Georgia

Warner Robins

21

Preliminary Talent

Classical vocal,"Tu? Tu? Piccolo Iddio!" from Madama Butterfly

2017

Sept. 11, 2016

Savvy Shields[74]

 Arkansas

Fayetteville

21

Preliminary Talent

Jazz dance, "They Just Keep Moving the Line" from the NBC show Smash

2018

Sept. 10, 2017

Cara Mund[75]

 North Dakota

Bismarck

23

Jazz dance, “The Way You Make Me Feel” by Michael Jackson

First Miss North Dakota crowned[75]

2019

Sept. 9, 2018

Nia Franklin[76]

 New York

Brooklyn

25

Operatic vocal,"Quando m'en vò" from La bohème

text: Winners by state[edit]

text:
State

Number of titles won

Year(s) won

New York

7

1945[b], 1976, 1984, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2019

Oklahoma

6

1926[c], 1967, 1981, 1996, 2006, 2007

California

1925, 1941, 1943, 1946, 1955, 1983

Ohio

1922[d], 1923[e], 1938, 1963, 1972, 1978

Michigan

5

1939, 1961, 1970, 1988, 2008

Illinois

1927, 1969, 1991, 1998, 2003

Pennsylvania

1924[f], 1935[g], 1936[h], 1940[i], 1954

Mississippi

4

1959, 1960, 1980, 1986

Arkansas

3

1964, 1982, 2017

Virginia

1979, 1999, 2010

Alabama

1951, 1995, 2005

Kansas

1966, 1968, 1997

Minnesota

1948, 1977, 1989

Texas

1942, 1971, 1975

Colorado

1956, 1958, 1974

Georgia

2

1953, 2016

Wisconsin

1973, 2012

Florida

1993, 2004

Hawaii

1992, 2001

South Carolina

1957, 1994

Tennessee

1947[j], 1987

Utah

1952, 1985

New Jersey

1937[k], 1984

Arizona

1949, 1965

District of Columbia

1921, 1944

North Dakota

1

2018

Nebraska

2011

Indiana

2009

Oregon

2002

Kentucky

2000

Missouri

1990

North Carolina

1962

Connecticut

1933

text: States without Miss America winners[edit]

text: There have been no Miss America winners from the following eighteen states and two U.S. territories:

text:
Alaska
Delaware
Idaho
Iowa
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland

Massachusetts
Montana
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Mexico
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island

South Dakota
Vermont
Virgin Islands
Washington
West Virginia
Wyoming

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ No "Miss America 1950" was officially crowned. Since the majority of each titleholder's reign occurred during the following year, the organization began referring to titleholder using upcoming year.

Jump up ^ Competed at Miss New York City

Jump up ^ Competed at Miss Tulsa

Jump up ^ Competed at Miss Columbus

Jump up ^ Competed at Miss Columbus

Jump up ^ Competed at Miss Philadelphia

Jump up ^ Competed at Miss Pittsburgh

Jump up ^ Competed at Miss Philadelphia

Jump up ^ Competed at Miss Philadelphia

Jump up ^ Competed at Miss Memphis

Jump up ^ Competed at Miss Bertrand Island

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