document_title: The Love Boat

question_text: who was the captain on the love boat

question_tokens: who was the captain on the love boat

text: The Love Boat

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Gavin MacLeod as Captain Merrill Stubing
Bernie Kopell as Dr. Adam "Doc" Bricker, ship's physician
Fred Grandy as Burl "Gopher" Smith, Yeoman Purser (seasons 1–9)
Ted Lange as Isaac Washington, bartender
Lauren Tewes as Julie McCoy, Cruise Director (seasons 1–7, 9 (1 episode), 4 specials)
Jill Whelan as Vicki Stubing, the captain's daughter (seasons 3–9, 4 specials, made-for-TV movie, plus a guest star appearance in Season 2 episode 8)[3]
Ted McGinley as Ashley "Ace" Covington Evans, ship's photographer (seasons 7–9), Yeoman Purser (4 specials)
Pat Klous as Judy McCoy, Julie's sister and successor as cruise director (seasons 8–9)

text: MacLeod, Kopell and Lange are the only cast members to appear in every episode of the TV series as well as the last three made-for-TV movies. Grandy was in every episode throughout the run of the series, but was not in the last of the TV movies. MacLeod was not the captain of the Pacific Princess in the first two TV movies and did not appear in them, although when his character was introduced there was a mention of him being "the new captain".

text: Among the series' attractions was the casting of well-known actors in guest-starring roles, with many famous film stars of yesteryear making rare television appearances. It was not the first comedy series to use the guest-star cast anthology format—Love, American Style used the formula seven years earlier, but The Love Boat had such success with the formula that future series in similar style (such as Supertrain and Masquerade) were inevitably compared to The Love Boat. The series was followed on Saturday nights on ABC by Fantasy Island, which was also produced by Aaron Spelling, and had a similar format.

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Production[edit]

text: The one-hour sitcom was usually set aboard Pacific Princess, at the time a real-life Princess Cruises cruise ship.[4] Other ships used were twin sister Island Princess, Stella Solaris (for a Mediterranean cruise), Pearl of Scandinavia (for a Chinese cruise), Royal Viking Sky (for European cruises) and Royal Princess and Sun Princess (for Caribbean cruises). In 1981, P&O Cruises' Sea Princess was also used for the special two-hour episode "Julie's Wedding", set in and around Australia.

text: The series was filmed primarily on sets in California—20th Century Fox Studios for seasons one through five and Warner Hollywood Studios for the remainder of the series. After being renamed MS Pacific and spending her golden years owned by a cruise line in Spain, Pacific Princess was retired to Turkey in 2013 where she was scrapped by a ship breaking company after no buyer could be found.[5]

text: Episodes set and filmed in European and Asian locations became more frequent as the show continued. They traditionally aired as season premieres or during the sweeps months of February, May and November.

text: Writing format[edit]

text: Another unique aspect of The Love Boat was its writing format. Every episode contained several storylines, each written by a different set of writers working on one group of guest stars. As a result, episodes ended up with ungainly titles like "Disco Baby/Alas, Poor Dwyer/After the War/Ticket to Ride/Itsy Bitsy: Part 1."

text: Even though the cast of Charlie's Angels had been on separate episodes of the series, there was a crossover episode of the series in which the lady detectives had a case on the ship.

text: On rare occasions, there were crossovers between the stories. In one episode, actors Robert Reed and Florence Henderson, formerly of The Brady Bunch, guest starred in separate segments. In one scene, the two pass each other in a corridor, exchange a "Do I know you?" double-take, and then continue on their separate ways without talking.

text: In a one-time Fantasy Island crossover episode, the cruise ship makes a detour to deliver a troubled woman (played by Loni Anderson) to the mysterious island, and her storyline continued on that series.

text: There were typically three storylines. One storyline usually focused on a member of the crew, a second storyline would often focus on a crew member interacting with a passenger, and the third storyline was more focused on a single passenger (or a group of passengers). The three storylines usually followed a similar thematic pattern: One storyline (typically the "crew" one) was straight-ahead comedy. The second would typically follow more of a romantic comedy format (with only occasional dramatic elements). The third storyline would usually be the most dramatic of the three, often offering few (if any) laughs and a far more serious tone.

text: Laugh track[edit]

text: The series was also distinctive as being one of the few hour-long series ever made for American television that used a laugh track[citation needed] (Eight Is Enough, on the same network and produced at the same time, being another example).

text: Theme song and title sequence[edit]

text: The Love Boat theme song was sung by Jack Jones (except for the last season, where a cover version by Dionne Warwick was used). The lyrics were written by Paul Williams with music by Charles Fox. The song has since been recorded and released commercially by Charo in 1978 and Amanda Lear in 2001.

text: The opening sequence for the series underwent three changes over the years. From seasons one to eight, the opening sequence began with a long shot of the ship before the camera slowly zoomed in onto its bridge area. This was followed by posing shots of the crew members (updated several times due to cast additions and changes throughout all seasons) at different points on the ship set. The long shot footage of the ship was used for the credits of the celebrity guest stars. For only the first season, the guest stars were credited by having their names appear on the screen while the series' logo, a radar/compass style circle with four hearts, wrapped around them. Beginning with season two (and originally experimented with in the fifteenth episode of the first season), the compass was graphically put in place and at its center, the guest stars were shown posing for the camera on different parts of the set (or a city spot used in on-location episodes) while their names appeared at the bottom of the screen. For the final season, the compass was replaced by a crescent wave and the long shots of the ship were replaced by a montage of the various locations traveled to on the series. At the center of the wave graphic, the guest stars were shown posing for the camera wearing their formal outfits against different colored backgrounds.

text: Reception[edit]

text: For its first seven years, The Love Boat was very successful in the ratings. During that time, it ranked among the top 20, and even the top 10. For the 1980–81 season it posted its highest rating at No. 5. By the beginning of the 1984–85 season, the ratings were beginning to drop, and at the end of the following year, The Love Boat was canceled after nine years on ABC, although four three-hour specials aired during the 1986–87 season.

text: Syndication[edit]

text: The Love Boat entered the syndication market in the United States in September 1983, with Worldvision Enterprises handling distribution. As an alternative to stations with tight scheduling commitments, Worldvision offered edited 30-minute episodes in addition to the original hour-long programs beginning in the fall of 1986 after the series completed its original run on ABC. Reruns of The Love Boat were initially sold to and screened by WPIX in New York City, WTTG in Washington, D.C., WGN-TV in Chicago, KTLA in Los Angeles, KPTV in Portland, Oregon and WESH-TV in Daytona Beach, Florida, among other stations.

text: Sequels, spin-offs and crossovers[edit]

text:
A 1979 episode of another Aaron Spelling series, Charlie's Angels, had that series' characters attempting to recover a stolen statue while aboard the Pacific Princess on a Caribbean cruise (all of the Love Boat regulars had cameo appearances).
In 1982, "The Love Boat Goes to Fantasy Island" was a 90-minute back-to-back of each series--the episode started on The Love Boat and the guest stars finished on Fantasy Island.
In 1990 a TV reunion movie, The Love Boat: A Valentine Voyage, aired on CBS.
A second TV series, Love Boat: The Next Wave aired on UPN from 1998 to 1999, with Robert Urich as Captain Jim Kennedy, a retired United States Navy officer, Phil Morris as Chief Purser Will Sanders, and Heidi Mark as cruise director Nicole Jordan (several members of the original show's cast guest-starred on a reunion-themed episode, where it was revealed that Julie and Doc had been in love all along).
A two-part 1997 Martin episode, "Goin' Overboard", had the main characters going on a cruise and encountering Isaac, Julie, Doc and Vicki
Isaac Washington also appeared in a 2005 episode of The King of Queens, "The Black List".

text: Cultural references[edit]

text:
The crew of the Pacific Princess appears as some of the prisoners kept by the Sirens in their island, in the episode "Scotsman Saves Jack: Part 2" of the animated series Samurai Jack
One of the waiters of The Bloody Steak restaurant in the 2010 animated series Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated is based on Isaac Washington.

text: DVD releases[edit]

text: CBS DVD (distributed by Paramount) has released Seasons 1, 2 & 3 of The Love Boat on DVD in Region 1 & 4. Each season has been released in two volume sets.

text:
DVD Name
Ep No.
Release dates
Bonus Features

Region 1
Region 2
Region 4

Season 1, Volume 1
12
March 4, 2008
September 1, 2008
April 10, 2008

Episodic promos

Season 1, Volume 2
12
August 12, 2008
September 1, 2008
October 2, 2008

The New Love Boat (pilot TV-Movie)
Episodic promos

Season 2, Volume 1
13
January 27, 2009
N/A
September 2, 2009

Episodic promos

Season 2, Volume 2
12
August 4, 2009
N/A
December 24, 2009

Episodic promos

Season 3, Volume 1
14
January 17, 2017[6]
N/A
N/A

Episodic promos

Season 3, Volume 2
14
January 17, 2017[7]
N/A
N/A

Episodic promos

text: International syndication[edit]

text:
Country
Foreign title
Translation
Network(s)
Notes

 Australia
The Love Boat
None
Nine Network (1978–86)
Eleven (2011–)

 Canada
The Love Boat

Global Television Network (Ontario)
First-run syndication (rest of Canada)

 Cyprus
To ploio tis agapis
(The Ship of Love)
Subtitled
CyBC

 Denmark
The Love Boat
Subtitled
Kanal 2

 Finland
Lemmenlaiva
(Ship of Love)
Subtitled
MTV3

 France
 Canada

La croisière s'amuse
(The Fun Cruise)
Dubbed
TF1 (80's) FR3 (90's & 00's)
TVA

As usual in France, the laugh track was omitted in the French synchronisation which made this a romantic telenovela-like series rather than a sitcom

 Germany
Love Boat
Dubbed
Sat.1
Tele 5
9Live
Premiere (pay television network)
Anixe
Originally shown on Sat.1 and later on Tele 5, 9Live, Premiere, and Anixe.
The laugh track was omitted

 Gibraltar
Love Boat

GBC TV
Hugely popular in Gibraltar, with The Love Boat (the real one) having berthed at Gibraltar Port various times over the years

 Greece
Το Πλοίο της Αγάπης
(The Ship of Love)
Subtitled
ERT

 Hungary
Szerelemhajó
(Love Ship)
Dubbed
Movies 24
Aired in 2010; The laugh track was omitted

 Israel
ספינת האהבה
(The Love Boat)
Subtitled
IBA

 Italy
Love Boat
Dubbed
Mediaset
First run on Canale 5, beginning in 1980; reruns on Canale 5, Rete 4, SkyVivo, FoxRetro, Raidue; In Italy, the laugh track was omitted

 Netherlands
The Love Boat
Subtitled
VARA and later RTL4

 New Zealand
The Love Boat
None
TVNZ

 Norway
Kjærlighetsskipet
(The Love Ship)
Subtitled
TV2 (1994–96)

 Philippines
The Love Boat
None
GMA Network

 Poland
Statek miłości
(The Love Boat)
Dubbed
TVP2

 Portugal
Barco do Amor
(The Love Boat)
Subtitled
RTP 1
RTP 2
Sic Gold
Sic Comédia
RTP 1 (first run) in 1980s
RTP 2 (rerun) in 1980s and early 1990s as possible choice of phone-vote selection program Agora Escolha
Sic Gold (reruns)
Sic Comédia (reruns)

 Slovakia
Loď lásky
(Love Ship)
Dubbed
Tv Joj

 South Africa
Die Plesierboot
(The Pleasure Boat)
Dubbed in Afrikaans
TV2

 South Korea
사랑의 유람선
(Cruise ship of Love)
Dubbed
MBC

 Thailand
เรือรัก เรือสำราญ
(Ship of Love, Ship of Fun)
Dubbed
TV3

 Spain
Vacaciones en el mar
(Sea Holidays)
Dubbed
Televisión Española (first run)
Telecinco (reruns)

 Sweden
Kärlek ombord
(Love on Board)
Subtitled
TV4

 Taiwan
愛之船
(The Boat of Love)
Subtitled
CTV

 Turkey
Aşk Gemisi
(The Love Boat)
Dubbed
TRT 1 (first run)
Show TV (reruns)

 United Kingdom
The Love Boat
None
BBC TV

 Venezuela
 Mexico

El Crucero del Amor
(The Boat of Love)
Dubbed
Venezolana de Televisión
XHGC Canal 5 Televisa

The series was dubbed in Mexico for Latin America and, with the exception here marked, is known as "El Crucero del Amor" (The Cruise Ship of Love). Also the laugh track was omitted.

text: Awards and Honors[edit]

text: On May 23, 2017, the original cast (MacLeod, Kopell, Grandy, Lange, Tewes and Whelan) reunited on Today, where it was announced they will be receiving a joint star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for their contributions to television, sponsored by Princess Cruises.[8]

text:
1970s portal
1980s portal
Television portal


document_title: Postage stamps and postal history of the United States

question_text: what's the price of a us postage stamp

question_tokens: what 's the price of a us postage stamp

root

text: Postage stamps and postal history of the United States

text: Early postal history[edit]

text: Postal services began in the first half of the 17th century serving the first American colonies; today, the United States Postal Service is a large government organization providing a wide range of services across the United States and its territories abroad.

tag: p

text: In the American colonies, informal independently-run postal routes began in Boston as early as 1639, with Boston to New York City service starting in 1672.

text: Officially sanctioned mail service began in 1692 when King William III granted to an English nobleman a delivery "patent" that included the exclusive right to establish and collect a formal postal tax on official documents of all kinds. (Years later, taxation implemented through the mandatory purchase of stamps was an issue that helped to spark the American Revolution.) The tax was repealed a year later, and very few were ever actually used in the thirteen colonies, but they saw service in Canada and the British Caribbean islands.[1]

text: In the years leading up to the American Revolution mail routes among the colonies existed along the few roads between Boston, New York and Philadelphia. In the middle 18th century, individuals like Benjamin Franklin and William Goddard were the colonial postmasters who managed the mails then and were the general architects of a postal system that started out as an alternative to the Crown Post (the colonial mail system then) which was now becoming more distrusted as the American Revolution drew near. The postal system that Franklin and Goddard forged out of the American Revolution became the standard for the new U.S. Post Office and is a system whose basic designs are still used in the United States Postal Service today.[2][3]

text: Post offices and postmarks[edit]

text: In 1775, when Benjamin Franklin was appointed the first Postmaster General, the U.S. Post Office was born. So important was the Postmaster General that in 1829 this position was included among those in the President's Cabinet. As America began to grow and new towns and villages began to appear, so too did the Post Office along with them. The dates and postmarks generated from these places often has provided the historian with a window into a given time and place in question. Each postmark is uniquely distinctive with its own name of state and town, in addition to its distinctive date. Post Offices that existed along railroad lines and at various military posts have their own special historical aspect. Mail and postmarks generated from prisoner of war camps during the Civil War, or from aboard naval ships, each with a U.S. Post Office aboard, can and have offered amazing insights into United States history and are avidly sought after by historians and collectors alike.

text:
Multiple dates in 1861

Aug. 29, 1893

Oct. 17, 1898

Dec. 25, 1932

Ellisville Post Office, Illinois, 1891

tag: ul

text: Mail before postage stamps[edit]

text: Before the introduction of stamps, it was the recipient of mail—not the sender—who generally paid the cost of postage, giving the fee directly to the postman on delivery. The task of collecting money for letter after letter greatly slowed the postman on his route. Moreover, the addressee would at times refuse a piece of mail, which then had to be taken back to the Post Office (post office budgets always allowed for an appreciable volume of unpaid-for mail). Only occasionally did a sender pay delivery costs in advance, an arrangement that usually required a personal visit to the Post Office. To be sure, postmasters allowed some citizens to run charge accounts for their delivered and prepaid mail, but bookkeeping on these constituted another inefficiency.[4][5]

text: Postage stamps revolutionized this process, leading to universal prepayment; but a precondition for their issue by a nation was the establishment of standardized rates for delivery throughout the country. If postal fees were to remain (as they were in many lands) a patchwork of many different jurisdictional rates, the use of stamps would only produce limited gains in efficiency, for postal clerks would still have to spend time calculating the rates on many letters: only then would senders know how much postage to put on them.[6]

text: Provisional issue stamps[edit]

text: The introduction of postage stamps in the UK in May 1840 was received with great interest in the United States (and around the world). Later that year, Daniel Webster rose in the U.S. Senate to recommend that the recent English postal reforms—standardized rates and the use of postage stamps—be adopted in America.[7]

text: It would be private enterprise, however, that brought stamps to the U. S. On February 1, 1842 a new carrier service called "City Despatch Post" began operations in New York City, introducing the first adhesive postage stamp ever produced in the western hemisphere, which it required its clients to use for all mail. This stamp was a 3¢ issue bearing a rather amateurish drawing of George Washington,[8] printed from line engraved plates in sheets of 42 images. The company had been founded by Henry Thomas Windsor, a London merchant who at the time was living in Hoboken, New Jersey. Alexander M. Greig was advertised as the post's "agent," and as a result, historians and philatelists have tended to refer to the firm simply as "Greig's City Despatch Post," making no mention of Windsor.[9] In another innovation, the company placed mail-collection boxes around the city for the convenience of its customers.

text: A few months after its founding, the City Despatch Post was sold to the U.S. Government, which renamed it the "United States City Despatch Post." The government began operation of this local post on August 16, 1842, under an Act of Congress of some years earlier that authorized local delivery. Greig, retained by the Post Office to run the service, kept the firm's original Washington stamp in use, but soon had its lettering altered to reflect the name change. In its revised form, this issue accordingly became the first postage stamp produced under the auspices of a government in the western hemisphere.

text: An Act of Congress of March 3, 1845 (effective July 1, 1845), established uniform (and mostly reduced) postal rates throughout the nation, with a uniform rate of five cents for distances under 300 miles (500 km) and ten cents for distances between 300 and 3000 miles.[10] However, Congress did not authorize the production of stamps for nationwide use until 1847; still, postmasters realized that standard rates now made it feasible to produce and sell "provisional" issues for prepayment of uniform postal fees, and printed these in bulk. Such provisionals included both prepaid envelopes and stamps, mostly of crude design, the New York Postmaster's Provisional being the only one of quality comparable to later stamps.

text: The provisional issues of Baltimore were notable for the reproduced signature of the city's postmaster—James M. Buchanan (1803-1876), a cousin to President James Buchanan. All provisional issues are rare, some inordinately so: at a Siegel Gallery auction in New York on March 2012, an example of the Millbury provisional fetched $400,000,[11] while copies of the Alexandria and Annapolis provisionals each sold for $550,000.[12][13] Eleven cities printed provisional stamps in 1845 and 1846:

text:
Alexandria, Virginia ("ALEXANDRIA POST OFFICE" in circle)
Annapolis, Maryland (eagle in circle)
Baltimore, Maryland (James Buchanan signature)
Boscawen, New Hampshire ("PAID / 5 / CENTS")
Brattleboro, Vermont (shaded box with postmaster initials inside)
Lockport, New York ("LOCKPORT N.Y." in oval)
Millbury, Massachusetts (woodcut of George Washington)
New Haven, Connecticut ("POST OFFICE" in box, P.M. signature)
New York, New York ("POST OFFICE" over Washington portrait)
Providence, Rhode Island ("POST OFFICE / PROV. R.I." in shaded box)
St. Louis, Missouri (St. Louis Bears, Missouri coat of arms)

text: (See also:A Gallery of U. S. Postmasters' Provisional Stamps, 1845-47.)

text: The 1845 Congressional act did, in fact, raise the rate on one significant class of mail: the so-called "drop letter"—i. e., a letter delivered from the same post office that collected it. Previously one cent, the drop letter rate became two cents.

text: First national postage stamps[edit]

text: Congress finally provided for the issuance of stamps by passing an act on March 3, 1847, and the Postmaster-General immediately let a contract to the New York City engraving firm of Rawdon, Wright, Hatch, and Edson.[16] The first stamp issue of the U.S. was offered for sale on July 1, 1847, in New York City, with Boston receiving stamps the following day and other cities thereafter. They consisted of an engraved 5-cent red brown stamp depicting Benjamin Franklin (the first postmaster of the U.S.), and a 10-cent value in black with George Washington. Like all U.S. stamps until 1857, they were imperforate.

text: The 5-cent stamp paid for a letter weighing less than 1/2 ounce and traveling up to 300 miles, the 10-cent stamp for deliveries to locations greater than 300 miles, or, twice the weight deliverable for the 5-cent stamp. Each stamp was hand engraved in what is believed to be steel, and laid out in sheets of 200 stamps. The 5-cent stamp is often found today with very poor impressions because the type of ink used contained small pieces of quartz that wore down the steel plates used to print the stamp. On the other hand, most 10-cent stamps are of strong impressions. A fresh and brilliantly printed 5-cent stamp is prized by collectors.

text: The use of stamps was optional: letters could still be sent requiring payment of postage on delivery. Indeed, the post office did not issue any 2-cent value for prepaying drop letters in 1847, and these continued to be handled as they had been. Nevertheless, many Americans took up using stamps; about 3,700,000 of the 5¢ and about 865,000 of the 10¢ were sold, and enough of those have survived to ensure a ready supply for collectors, although the demand is such that a very fine 5¢ sells for around $500 as of 2003, and the 10¢ in very fine condition sells for around $1,400 in used form. Unused stamps are much scarcer, fetching around $6,000 and $28,000 respectively, if in very fine condition. One can pay as little as 5 to 10 percent of these figures if the stamps are in poor condition.

text: The post office had become so efficient by 1851 that Congress was able to reduce the common rate to three cents (which remained unchanged for over thirty years), necessitating a new issue of stamps. Moreover, the common rate now applied to letters carried up to 3000 miles. This rate, however, only applied to prepaid mail: a letter sent without a stamp still cost the recipient five cents—clear evidence that Congress envisioned making stamp use mandatory in the future (it did so in 1855). The 1-cent drop-letter rate was also restored, and Post Office plans did not at first include a stamp for it; later, however, an essay for a 6-cent Franklin double-weight stamp was converted into a drop-letter value. Along with this 1¢ stamp, the post office initially issued only two additional denominations in the series of 1851: 3¢ and 12¢, the three stamps going on sale that July and August. Since the 1847 stamps no longer conformed to any postal rate, they were declared invalid after short period during which the public could exchange old stamps for new ones. Ironically, however, within a few years the Post Office found that stamps in the old denominations were needed after all, and so, added a 10¢ value to the series in 1855, followed by a 5¢ stamp the following year. The full series included a 1¢ profile of Franklin in blue, a 3¢ profile of Washington in red brown, a 5¢ portrait of Thomas Jefferson, and portraits of Washington for 10¢ green and 12¢ black values. The 1¢ stamp achieved notoriety, at least among philatelists, because production problems (the stamp design was too tall for the space provided) led to a welter of plate modifications done in piecemeal fashion, and there are no fewer than seven major varieties, ranging in price from $100 to $200,000 (the latter for the only stamp of the 200 images on the first plate that displays the design's top and bottom ornamentation complete). Sharp-eyed collectors periodically find the rare types going unrecognized.

text:
First national postage stamps

Benjamin Franklin
Issue of 1851

George Washington
Issue of 1855

Thomas Jefferson
Issue of 1857

George Washington
Issue of 1857

George Washington
Issue of 1857

text: 1857 saw the introduction of perforation, and in 1860 24¢, 30¢ and 90¢ values (with still more images of Washington and Franklin) were issued for the first time. These higher denominations, especially the 90c value, were available for such a short time (a little over a year) that they had virtually no chance of being used. The 90c stamp used is a very rare item, and so frequently forged that authorities counsel collectors to shun cancelled copies that lack expert certification.[15]

text: In February 1861, a congressional act directed that "cards, blank or printed. . .shall also be deemed mailable matter, and charged with postage at the rate of one cent an ounce." Private companies soon began issuing post cards, printed with a rectangle in the top right corner where the stamp was to be affixed. (The Post Office would not produce pre-stamped "postal cards" for another dozen years.)

text: The issue was declared invalid for postage in May 1861, as the Confederate States had supplies of them. Therefore, stamps used after that date usually have the marking "OLD STAMPS/NOT RECOGNIZED" on the cover.

text: Issues of the Civil War era[edit]

text: The outbreak of the American Civil War threw the postal system into turmoil. On April 13, 1861, (the day after the firing on Fort Sumter) John H. Reagan, postmaster-general of the Confederate States of America, ordered local postmasters to return their U.S. stamps to Washington D.C. (although it is unlikely that many did so), while in May the Union decided to withdraw and invalidate all existing U.S. stamps, and to issue new stamps. Confederate post offices were left without legitimate stamps for several months, and while many reverted to the old system of cash payment at the post office, over 100 post offices across the South came up with their own provisional issues. Many of these are quite rare, with only single examples surviving of some types. Eventually the Confederate government issued its own stamps; see stamps and postal history of the Confederate States.

text: In the North, the new stamp designs became available in August, and old stamps were accepted in exchange, with different deadlines for replacement set for different regions of the country, first ranging from September 10 to November 1, later modified to November 1 to January 1, 1862. The whole process was very confusing to the public, and there are number of covers from 1862 and later with 1857 stamps and bearing the marking "OLD STAMPS NOT RECOGNIZED".

text: The 1861 stamps had in common the letters "U S" in their design. To make them differentiable from the older stamps at a glance, all were required to have their values expressed in Arabic numerals (in the previous series, Arabic numerals had appeared only on the 30¢ stamp). The original issue included all the denominations offered in the previous series: 1¢, 3¢, 5¢, 10¢, 12¢, 24¢, 30¢ and 90¢ stamps. Numerals apart, several of these are superficially similar to their earlier counterparts—particularly because Franklin, Washington and Jefferson still appear on the same denominations as previously. Differences in the design of the frames are more readily apparent.

text: A 2¢ stamp in black featuring Andrew Jackson was issued in 1863 and is now known to collectors as the "Black Jack". A black 15¢ stamp depicting the recently assassinated Abraham Lincoln was issued in 1866, and is generally considered part of the same series. While it was not officially described as such, and the 15¢ value was chosen to cover newly established fee for registered letters, many philatelists consider this to be the first memorial stamp ever issued.

text: The war greatly increased the amount of mail in the North; ultimately about 1,750,000,000 copies of the 3¢ stamp were printed, and a great many have survived to the present day, typically selling for 2-3 dollars apiece. Most are rose-colored; pink versions are much rarer and quite expensive, especially the "pigeon blood pink", which goes for $3,000 and up.

text: The stamps of the 1861 series, unlike those of the two previous issues, remained valid for postage after they had been superseded—as has every subsequent United States stamp.

text: Pony Express[edit]

text: In 1860, the U.S. Post Office incorporated the services of the Pony Express to get mail to and from San Francisco, an important undertaking with the outbreak of the Civil War, as a communication link between Union forces and San Francisco and the West Coast was badly needed. The Pony Express Trail from St. Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California, was 1,840 miles long. Upon arrival in Sacramento, the U.S. mail was placed on a steamer and continued down the Sacramento River to San Francisco for a total of 1,966 miles. The Pony Express was a short-lived enterprise, remaining in operation for only 18 months. Consequently, there is little surviving Pony Express mail today, only 250 examples known in existence.

text: Encased postage stamps[edit]

text: Widespread hoarding of coins during the Civil War created a shortage, prompting the use of stamps for currency. To be sure, the fragility of stamps made them unsuitable for hand-to-hand circulation, and to solve this problem, John Gault invented the encased postage stamp in 1862. A normal U. S. stamp was wrapped around a circular cardboard disc and then placed inside a coin-like circular brass jacket. A transparent mica window in the jacket allowed the face of the stamp to be seen. All eight denominations available in 1861-62, ranging from 1 cent to 90 cents, were offered in encased versions. Raised lettering on the metal backs of the jackets often advertised the goods or services of business firms; these included the Aerated Bread Company; Ayers Sarsaparilla and Cathartic Pills; Burnett's Cocoaine; Sands Ale; Drake's Plantation Bitters; Buhl & Co. Hats and Furs; Lord & Taylor; Tremont House, Chicago; Joseph L. Bates Fancy Goods; White the Hatter, New York City; and Ellis McAlpin & Co. Dry Goods, Cincinnati.[17][18][19] (See also: Fractional currency.)

text: Grills[edit]

text: During the 1860s, the postal authorities became concerned about postage stamp reuse. While there is little evidence that this occurred frequently, many post offices had never received any canceling devices. Instead, they improvised a canceling process by scribbling on the stamp with an ink pen ("pen cancellation"), or whittling designs in pieces of cork, sometimes very creatively ("fancy cancels"), to mark the stamps. However, since poor-quality ink could be washed from the stamp, this method would only have been moderately successful. A number of inventors patented various ideas to attempt to solve the problem.

text: The Post Office eventually adopted the grill, a device consisting of a pattern of tiny pyramidal bumps that would emboss the stamp, breaking up the fibers so that the ink would soak in more deeply, and thus be difficult to clean off. While the patent survives (No. 70,147), much of the actual process of grilling was not well documented, and there has been considerable research trying to recreate what happened and when. Study of the stamps shows that there were eleven types of grill in use, distinguished by size and shape (philatelists have labeled them with letters A-J and Z), and that the practice started some time in 1867 and was gradually abandoned after 1871. A number of grilled stamps are among the great rarities of US philately. The United States 1¢ Z grill was long thought to be the rarest of all U.S. stamps, with only two known to exist. In 1961, however, it was discovered that the 15¢ stamp of the same series also existed in a Z grill version; this stamp is just as rare as the 1¢, for only two examples of the 15¢ Z grill are known.[20] Rarer still may be the 30¢ stamp with the I Grill, the existence of which was discovered only recently: as of October 2011, only one copy is known.[21]

text: In 1868, the Post Office contracted with the National Bank Note Company to produce new stamps with a variety of designs. These came out in 1869, and were notable for the variety of their subjects; the 2¢ depicted a Pony Express rider, the 3¢ a locomotive, the 12¢ the steamship Adriatic, the 15¢ the landing of Christopher Columbus, and the 24¢ the signing of the Declaration of Independence.

text: Other innovations in what has become known as the 1869 Pictorial Issue included the first use of two-color printing on U.S. stamps, and as a consequence the first invert errors. Although popular with collectors today, the unconventional stamps were not very popular among a population who was accustomed to postage that bore classic portrayals of Washington, Franklin and other forefathers. Consequently, the Post Office recalled all remaining stocks after one year.

text: Bank Notes[edit]

text: The postage stamps issued in the 1870s and 1880s are collectively known as the "Bank Notes" because they were produced by the National Bank Note Company, the Continental Bank Note Company, then the American Bank Note Company. After the 1869 fiasco with pictorial stamp issues, the new Postmaster-General decided to base a series of stamps on the "heads, in profile, of distinguished deceased Americans" using "marble busts of acknowledged excellence" as models. George Washington was returned to the normal-letter-rate stamp: he had played that role in the issues of 1851 and 1861 and would continue to do so in every subsequent definitive set until the Presidential Series of 1938. But the large banknotes did not represent a total retreat to past practices, for the range of celebrated Americans was widened beyond Franklin and various presidents to include notables such as Henry Clay and Oliver Hazard Perry. Moreover, while images of statesmen had provided the only pictorial content of pre-1869 issues, the large banknotes did not entirely exclude other representative images. Two denominations of the series accompanied their portraits with iconographic images appropriate to the statesmen they honored: rifles, a cannon and cannonballs appeared in the bottom corners of the 24-cent issue devoted to General Winfield Scott, while the 90-cent stamp framed Admiral Oliver Perry within a nautically hitched oval of rope and included anchors in the bottom corners of its design. National first printed these, then in 1873 Continental received the contract—and the plates that National used. Continental added secret marks to the plates of the lower values, distinguishing them from the previous issues. The American Bank Note Company acquired Continental in 1879 and took over the contract, printing similar designs on softer papers and with some color changes. Major redesigning, however, came only in 1890, when the American Bank Note Company issued a new series in which stamp-size was reduced by about 10% (the so-called "Small Bank Notes").

text: In 1873, the Post Office began producing a pre-stamped post card. One side was printed with a Liberty-head one-cent stamp design, along with the words "United States Postal Card" and three blank lines provided for the mailing address. Six years later, it introduced a series of seven Postage Due stamps in denominations ranging from 1¢ to 50¢, all printed in the same brownish-red color and conforming to the same uniform and highly utilitarian design, with their denominations rendered in numerals much larger than those found on definitive stamps. The design remained unchanged until 1894, and only four different postage due designs have appeared to date.

text: In 1883, the first-class letter rate was reduced from 3¢ to 2¢, prompting a redesign of the existing 3¢ green Washington stamp, which now became a 2¢ brown issue.

text: Special Delivery[edit]

text: In 1885 the Post Office established a Special Delivery service, issuing a ten-cent stamp depicting a running messenger, along with the wording "secures immediate delivery at a special delivery office." Initially, only 555 such offices existed but the following year all U. S. Post Offices were obliged to provide the service—an extension not, however, reflected on the Special Delivery stamp until 1888, when the words "at any post office" appeared on its reprint. (On stamps of future years, the messenger would be provided the technological enhancements of a bicycle [1902] a motorcycle [1922] and a truck [1925]. Although the last new U.S. Special Delivery stamp appeared issued in 1971, the service was continued until 1997, by which time it had largely been supplanted by Priority Mail delivery, introduced in 1989.) The 1885 Special Delivery issue was the first U.S. postage stamp designed in the double-width format. Eight years later, this shape would be chosen for the Columbian Exposition commemoratives, as it offered appropriate space for historical tableaux. The double-width layout would subsequently be employed in many United States Commemoratives.

text: Columbian Issue[edit]

text: The World Columbian Exposition of 1893 commemorated the 400th anniversary of the landing of Christopher Columbus in the Americas. The Post Office got in on the act, issuing a series of 16 stamps depicting Columbus and episodes in his career, ranging in value from 1¢ to $5 (a princely sum in those days). They are often considered the first commemorative stamps issued by any country.

text: The stamps were interesting and attractive, designed to appeal to not only postage stamps collectors but to historians, artists and of course the general public who bought them in record numbers because of the fanfare of the Columbian Exposition of the World's Fair of 1892 in Chicago, Illinois.

text: They were quite successful (a great contrast to the pictorials of 1869), with lines spilling out of the nation's post offices to buy the stamps. They are prized by collectors today with the $5 denomination, for example, selling for between $1,500 to $12,500 or more, depending upon the condition of the stamp being sold.

text: Another release in connection with the Columbian series was a reprint of the 1888 Special Delivery stamp, now colored orange (reportedly, to prevent postal clerks from confusing it with the 1¢ Columbian). After sales of the series ceased, the Special Delivery stamp reappeared in its original blue.

text: Bureau issues[edit]

text: Also during 1893, the Bureau of Engraving and Printing competed for the postage stamp printing contract, and won it on the first try. For the postage issues of the 1894 series, the Bureau took over the plates of the 1890 small banknote series but modified them by adding triangles to the upper corners of the designs. Three new designs were needed, because the Post Office elected to add $1, $2 and $5 stamps to the series (previously, the top value of any definitive issue had been 90¢). On many of the 1894 stamps, perforations are of notably poor quality, but the Bureau would soon make technical improvements. In 1895 counterfeits of the 2¢ value were discovered, which prompted the BEP to begin printing stamps on watermarked paper for the first time in U.S. postal history. The watermarks imbedded the logo U S P S into the paper in double-lined letters. The Bureau's definitive issues of the 1890s consisted of 13 different denominations ranging from 1 cent to 5 dollars, and may be differentiated by the presence or absence of this watermark, which would appear on all U. S. Postage stamps between 1895 and 1910.[15] The final issue of 1898 altered the colors of many denominations to bring the series into conformity with the recommendations of the Universal Postal Union (an international body charged with facilitating the course of transnational mail). The aim was to ensure that in all its member nations, stamps for given classes of mail would appear in the same colors. Accordingly, U.S. 1¢ stamps (postcards) were now green and 5¢ stamps (international mail) were now blue, while 2¢ stamps remained red. (As a result, it was also necessary to replace the blue and green on higher values with other colors.) U.S. postage continued to reflect this color-coding quite strictly until the mid-1930s, continuing also in the invariable use of purple for 3¢ stamps.

text: Start of the 20th century[edit]

text: In 1898, the Trans-Mississippi Exposition opened in Omaha, Nebraska, and the Post Office was ready with the Trans-Mississippi Issue. The nine stamps were originally to be two-toned, with black vignettes surrounded by colored frames, but the BEP, its resources overtaxed by the needs of the Spanish–American War, simplified the printing process, issuing the stamps in single colors. They were received favorably, though with less excitement than the Columbians; but like the Columbians, they are today prized by collectors, and many consider the $1 "Western Cattle in Storm"[22] the most attractive of all U.S. stamps.

text: Collectors, still smarting from the expense of the Columbian stamps, objected that inclusion of $1 and $2 issues in the Trans-Mississippi series presented them with an undue financial hardship.[23] Accordingly, the next stamp series commemorating a prominent exposition, the Pan-American Exposition held in Buffalo, New York in 1901, was considerably less costly, consisting of only six stamps ranging from in value 1¢ to 10¢. The result, paradoxically, was a substantial increase in Post Office profits; for, while the higher valued Columbians and Trans-Mississippis had sold only about 20,000 copies apiece, the public bought well over five million of every Pan-American denomination.[24] In the Pan-American series[25] the Post Office realized the plan for two-toned stamps that it had been obliged to abandon during the production of the Trans-Mississippi issue. Upside-down placement of some sheets during the two-stage printing process resulted in the so-called Pan-American invert errors on rare copies of the 1¢, 2¢ and 4¢ stamps.

text: Definitive issues of 1902–1903[edit]

text: The definitive stamps issued by the U.S. Post Office in 1902–1903 were markedly different in their overall designs from the regular definitive stamps released over the previous several decades. Among the prominent departures from tradition in these designs was that the names of the subjects were printed out, along with their years of birth and death. (Printed names and birth and death dates are more typically a feature of Commemorative stamps.) Unlike any definitive stamps ever issued before, the 1902–03 issues also had ornate sculptural frame work redolent of Beaux-Arts architecture about the portrait, often including allegorical figures of different sorts, with several different types of print used to denote the country, denominations and names of the subjects. This series of postage stamps were the first definitive issues to be entirely designed and printed by the Bureau of Engraving and Printing, and their Baroque revival style is much akin to that of the Pan-American commemoratives the Bureau had issued in 1901. There are fourteen denominations ranging from 1-cent to 5-dollars. The 2-cent George Washington stamp appeared with two different designs (the original version was poorly received) while each of the other values has its own individual design.[15][26] This was the first U.S. definitive series to include the image of a woman: Martha Washington, who appeared on the 8-cent stamp.

text:
Selected Issues

Franklin

Lincoln

Harrison

Marshall

text: Commemorative issues, 1904–1907[edit]

text: In these years, the postal service continued to produce commemorative sets in conjunction with important national expositions. The Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St. Louis, Missouri in 1904 prompted a set of five stamps,[27] while a trio of stamps commemorated the Jamestown Exposition, held in Norfolk, Virginia in 1907.[28]

text: Washington-Franklin era[edit]

text: 1908 saw the beginning of the long-running Washington-Franklin series of stamps. Although there were only two central images, a profile of Washington and one of Franklin, many subtle variants appeared over the years; for the Post Office experimented with half-a-dozen different perforation sizes, two kinds of watermarking, three printing methods, and large numbers of values, all adding to several hundred distinct types identified by collectors. Some are quite rare, but many are extremely common; this was the era of the postcard craze, and almost every antique shop in the U.S. will have some postcards with green 1¢ or red 2¢ stamps from this series. In 1910 the Post Office began phasing out the double-lined watermark, replacing it by the same U S P S logo in smaller single-line letters. Watermarks were discontinued entirely in 1916.

text:
Washington
issue of 1912

    Washington
issue of 1917

   Franklin
issue of 1915

   Franklin (The Big Bens)
issue of 1918

tag: table

text: Toward the beginning of the Washington-Franklin era, in 1909, the Post Office issued its first individual commemorative stamps—three single 2¢ issues honoring, respectively, the Lincoln Centennial, the Alaska-Yukon Exposition, and the tercentennial/centennial Hudson-Fulton Celebration in New York.[29] A four-stamp series commemorating the Panama–Pacific International Exposition in San Francisco, California appeared in 1913,[30] but no further commemoratives were issued until after World War I. The Lincoln Centennial's portrait format distinguished it from all other commemoratives released between 1893 and 1926, which were produced exclusively in landscape format. (The next U. S. commemorative in portrait orientation would be the Vermont Sesquicentennial issue of 1927, and many have appeared since.)

text: It was also in 1913, in January, that the Post Office introduced domestic parcel post service (a belated development, given that international parcel post service between the United States and other countries began in 1887). A series of twelve Parcel Post stamps intended for this service had already been released in December 1912, ranging in denomination from 1¢ to $1. All were printed in red and designed in the wide Columbian format. The eight lowest values illustrated aspects of mail handling and delivery, while higher denominations depicted such industries as Manufacturing, Dairying and Fruit Growing. Five green Parcel Post Postage Due stamps appeared concurrently. It soon became obvious that none of these stamps was needed: parcel postage could easily be paid by definitive or commemorative issues, and normal postage due stamps were sufficient for parcels. When original stocks ran out, no reprints appeared, nor were replacements for either group ever contemplated. However, one denomination introduced in the Parcel Post series—20¢—had proved useful, and the Post Office added this value to the Washington-Franklin issues in 1914, along with a 30¢ stamp.

text: On November 3, 1917, the normal letter rate was raised from 2¢ to 3¢ in support of the war effort. The rate hike was reflected in the first postwar commemorative—a 3¢ "victory" stamp released on March 3, 1919 (not until July 1 would postal fees return to peacetime levels). Only once before (with the Lincoln Memorial issue of 1909) had the Post Office issued a commemorative stamp unconnected to an important national exposition; and the appearance of the Pilgrim Tercentenary series in 1920 confirmed that a new policy was developing: the Post Office would no longer need the pretext of significant patriotic trade fairs to issue commemoratives: they could now freely produce stamps commemorating the anniversaries of any notable historical figures, organizations or events.

text: The 1920s and 1930s[edit]

text: The stamps of the 1920s were dominated by the Series of 1922, the first new design of definitive stamps to appear in a generation. The lower values mostly depicted various presidents, with the 5c particularly intended as a memorial of the recently deceased Theodore Roosevelt, while the higher values included an "American Indian" (Hollow Horn Bear), the Statue of Liberty, Golden Gate (without the bridge, which had yet to be built), Niagara Falls, a bison, the Lincoln Memorial and so forth. Higher values of the series (from 17¢ through $5) were differentiated from the cheaper stamps by being designed in horizontal (landscape) rather than vertical format, an idea carried over from the "big Bens" of the Washington-Franklin series.

text: Stamp printing was switching from a flat plate press to a rotary press while these stamps were in use, and most come in two perforations as a result; 11 for flat plate, and 11x10.5 for rotary. In 1929, theft problems in the Midwest led to the Kansas-Nebraska overprints on the regular stamps. (See also: Fourth Bureau issue).

text: From 1924 on, commemorative stamps appeared every year. The 1920s saw a number of 150th anniversaries connected with the American Revolutionary War, and a number of stamps were issued in connection with those. These included the first U.S. souvenir sheet, for the Battle of White Plains sesquicentennial, and the first overprint, reading "MOLLY / PITCHER", the heroine of the Battle of Monmouth.

text: Two Cent Red Sesquicentennial issues of 1926–1932[edit]

text: During this period, the U.S. Post Office issued more than a dozen 'Two Cent Reds' commemorating the 150th anniversaries of Battles and Events that occurred during the American Revolution. The first among these was the Liberty Bell 150th Anniversary Issue of 1926, designed by Clair Aubrey Huston, and engraved by J.Eissler & E.M.Hall, two among America's most renowned master engravers. The 'Two Cent Reds' were among the last stamps used to carry a letter for 2 cents, the rate changing to 3 cents on July 6, 1932. The rate remained the same for 26 years until it finally changed to 4 cents in 1958.

text: Graf Zeppelin stamps[edit]

text: The German zeppelins were of much interest during this period, and in 1930 the Department issued special stamps to be used on the Pan-American flight of Graf Zeppelin.

text: Although the Graf Zeppelin stamps are today highly prized by collectors as masterpieces of the engraver's art, in 1930 the recent stock market crash meant that few were able to afford these stamps (the $4.55 value for the set represented a week's food allowance for a family of four). Less than 10 percent of the 1,000,000 of each denomination issued were sold and the remainders were incinerated (the stamps were only available for sale to the public from April 19, 1930, to June 30, 1930). It is estimated that less than 8 percent of the stamps produced survive today and they remain the smallest U.S. issue of the 20th century (only 229,260 of these stamps were ever purchased, and only 61,296 of the $2.60 stamp were sold).

text: In 1932, a set of 12 stamps was issued to celebrate the George Washington's 200th birthday 1932 Washington Bicentennial. For the 2¢ value, which satisfied the normal letter rate, the most familiar Gilbert Stuart image of Washington had been chosen. After postal rates rose that July, this 2¢ red Washington was redesigned as a 3¢ stamp and issued in the purple color that now became ubiquitous among U.S. commemoratives.

text: The New Deal Era[edit]

text: In 1933, Franklin D. Roosevelt became President. He was notable not only as an avid collector in his own right (with a collection estimated at around 1 million stamps), but also for taking an interest in the stamp issues of the Department, working closely with Postmaster James Farley, the former Democratic Party Committee Chairman. Many designs of the 1930s were inspired or altered according to Roosevelt's advice. In 2009-10, the National Postal Museum exhibited six Roosevelt sketches that were developed into stamp issues: the 6-cent eagle airmail stamp and five miscellaneous commemoratives, which honored the Byrd Antarctic Expedition, the Mothers of America, Susan B. Anthony, Virginia Dare and the Northwest Territories' rise to statehood. A steady stream of commemoratives appeared during these years, including a striking 1934 issue of ten stamps presenting iconic vistas of ten National Parks—a set that has remained widely beloved. (In a memorable sequence from Philip Roth's novel The Plot Against America, the young protagonist dreams that his National Parks stamps, the pride and joy of his collection, have become disfigured with swastika overprints.) Choosing an orange color for the 2¢ Grand Canyon tableau instead of the standard 2¢ carmine red, the Post Office departed from U. P. U. color-coding for the first time.

text: With a philatelist in the White House, the Post Office catered to collectors as never before, issuing seven separate souvenir sheets between 1933 and 1937. In one case, a collectors' series had to be produced as the result of a miscalculation. Around 1935, Postmaster Farley removed sheets of the National Parks set from stock before they had been gummed or perforated, giving these and unfinished examples of ten other issues to President Roosevelt and Interior Secretary Harold Ickes (also a philatelist) as curiosities for their collections. When word of these gifts got out, public outcries arose. Some accused Farley of a corrupt scheme to enrich Roosevelt and Ickes by creating valuable rarities for them at taxpayer expense. Stamp aficionados, in turn, demanded that these curiosities be sold to the public so that ordinary collectors could acquire them, and Farley duly issued them in bulk. This series of special printings soon became known as "Farley's Follies." As the decade progressed, the purples used for 3¢ issues, although still ostensibly conforming to the traditional purple, displayed an increasingly wide variety of hues, and one 1940 issue, a 3¢ stamp commemorating the Pony Express, dispensed with purple entirely, appearing in a rust brown earth tone more suitable to the image of a horse and rider departing from a western rural post office.

text: Presidential Issue of 1938[edit]

text: The famous Presidential Issue, known as "Prexies" for short, came out in 1938. The series featured all 29 U.S. presidents through Calvin Coolidge, each of whom appeared in profile as a small sculptural bust. Values of 50¢ and lower were mono-colored; on the $1, $2, and $5 stamps the presidents' images were printed in black on white, surrounded by colored lettering and ornamentation. Up through the 22¢ Cleveland stamp, the denomination assigned to each president corresponds to his position in the presidential roster: thus the first president, Washington, is on the 1¢ value, the seventeenth, Andrew Johnson, is on the 17¢ value, etc. Additional stamps depict Franklin (½¢), Martha Washington (1½¢), and the White House (4½¢). Many of the values were included merely to place the presidents in proper numerical order and did not necessarily correspond to a postal rate; and one of the (difficult) games for Prexie collectors is to find a cover with, for instance, a single 16¢ stamp that pays a combination of rate and fees valid during the Prexies' period of usage. Many such covers remain to be discovered; some sellers on eBay have been surprised to discover an ordinary-seeming cover bid up to several hundred dollars because it was one of the sought-after solo usages. The Presidential issue remained in distribution for many years. Not until 1954 did the Post Office begin replacing its values with the stamps of a new definitive issue, the Liberty series.

text: Famous Americans Series of 1940[edit]

text: In 1940, the U.S. Post Office issued a set of 35 stamps, issued over the course of approximately ten months, commemorating America's famous Authors, Poets, Educators, Scientists, Composers, Artists and Inventors. The Educators included Booker T. Washington, who now became the first African-American to be honored on a U.S. stamp. This series of Postage issues was printed by the Bureau of Engraving and Printing. These stamps were larger in size than normal definitive issues, with only 280 stamp images contained on the printing plate (400 images was standard for the Presidential series). Notable also is the red-violet color chosen for the 3¢ stamps, a brighter hue than the traditional purple.

text: Authors: Washington Irving - James Fenimore Cooper - Ralph Waldo Emerson - Louisa May Alcott - Samuel Clemens

text: Poets: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow - John Greenleaf Whittier - James Russell Lowell - Walt Whitman - James Whitcomb Riley

text: Educators: Horace Mann - Mark Hopkins - Charles W. Eliot - Frances E. Willard - Booker T. Washington

text: Scientists: John James Audubon - Dr. Crawford W. Long - Luther Burbank - Dr. Walter Reed - Jane Addams

text: Composers: Stephen Collins Foster - John Philip Sousa - Victor Herbert - Edward A. MacDowell - Ethelbert Nevin

text: Artists: Gilbert Charles Stuart - James McNeil Whistler - Augustus Saint-Gaudens - Daniel Chester French - Frederick Remington

text: Inventors: Eli Whitney - Samuel F. B. Morse - Cyrus Hall McCormick - Elias Howe - Alexander Graham Bell

text: World War II[edit]

text: During World War II, production of new U. S. 3¢ commemorative stamps all but ceased. Among the three issues that appeared in 1942[31] was the celebrated Win the War stamp, which enjoyed enormously wide use, owing partly to patriotism and partly to the relative unavailability of alternatives. It presents an eagle posed in a "V" shape for victory surrounded by 13 stars. The eagle is grasping arrows, but has no olive branch. A notable commemorative set did, indeed, appear in 1943-44, but its stamps, all valued at 5 cents, were not competitive with the Win the War issue. This was the Overrun Countries series (known to collectors as the Flag set), produced as a tribute to the thirteen nations that had been occupied by the Axis Powers.[32]

text: The thirteen stamps present full color images of the national flags of Poland, Czechoslovakia, Norway, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Greece, Yugoslavia, Albania, Austria, Denmark, and Korea, with the names of the respective countries written beneath. To the left of each flag appears the image of the phoenix, which symbolizes the renewal of life, and to its right appears a kneeling female figure with arms raised, breaking the shackles of servitude.[33]

text: The stamps with flags of European countries were released at intervals from June to December 1943, while the Korea flag stamp was released in November 1944.[34] These stamps were priced at 5 cents, although the standard cost for a first class stamp was 3 cents. These stamps were intended for use on V-mail, a means whereby mail intended for military personnel overseas was delivered with certainty.

text: The service persons overseas used the same method for writing letters home, and the same process was used to reconstruct their letters, except that their postage was free.

text: The two-cent surcharge on the V-mail letters helped pay for the additional expense of this method of delivery.

text: Because of the elaborate process necessary for the full-color printing, the Bureau of Engraving and Printing contracted with a private firm, the American Bank Note Company, to produce the series - the first U. S. stamps to be printed by a private company since 1893. Uniquely among U. S. issues, the sheets lack the plate numbers usually printed on the selvage surrounding the stamps. In the places where the numbers normally appear on each sheet, the name of the country is substituted, engraved in capital letters.

text: Post-World War II[edit]

text: The post-World War II stamp program followed a consistent pattern for many years: a steady stream of commemorative issues sold as single stamps at the first-class letter rate. While the majority of these were designed in the double-width format, an appreciable number issued in honor of individuals conformed instead to the format, size, general design style and red-violet hue used in the 1940 Famous Americans series.

text: The Postal Service had become increasingly lax about employing purple for 3¢ stamps, and after the war, departures from that color in double-width commemoratives veritably became the rule rather than the exception (although U. P. U. colors and purple for 3¢ stamps would continue to be used in the definitive issues of the next decades). Beginning in 1948, Congressional Representatives and Senators began to push the Post Office for stamps proposed by constituents, leading to a relative flood of stamps honoring obscure persons and organizations. Stamp issue did not again become well regulated until the formation of the Citizens' Stamp Advisory Committee (CSAC) in 1957.

text: The Liberty issue of 1954, deep in the Cold War, took a much more political slant than previous issues. The common first-class stamp was a 3¢ Statue of Liberty in purple, and included the inscription "In God We Trust", the first explicit religious reference on a U.S. stamp (ten days before the issue of the 3¢ Liberty stamp, the words "under God" had been inserted into the Pledge of Allegiance). The Statue of Liberty appeared on two additional higher values as well, 8¢ and 11¢, both of which were printed in two colors. The other stamps in the series included liberty-related statesmen and landmarks, such as Patrick Henry and Bunker Hill, although other subjects, (Benjamin Harrison, for example) seem unrelated to the basic theme.

text: In 1957, the American Flag was featured on a U. S. stamp for the first time. The Post Office had long avoided this image, fearing accusations that, in issuing stamps on which they would be defacing the flag by cancellation marks, they would be both committing and fomenting desecration. However, protests against this initial flag issue were muted, and the flag has remained a perennially popular U. S. stamp subject ever since.

text: The 3¢ rate for first-class had been unchanged since 1932, but by 1958 there were no more efficiency gains to keep the lid on prices,[35] and the rate went to 4¢, beginning a steady series of rate increases that reached 49¢ as of January 26, 2014.[36]

text: The Prominent Americans series superseded the "Liberties" in the 1960s and proved the last definitive issue to conform to the Universal Postal Union color code. In the 1970s, they were replaced by the Americana series, in which colors became purely a matter of designer preference.

text: In 1971, the Post Office was reorganized, becoming the United States Postal Service (USPS). However, it is still heavily regulated, with, for instance, the CSAC continuing to decide which commemorative stamps to issue.

text: Air Mail[edit]

text: Airmail in the United States Post Office emerged in three stages beginning with the 'pioneer period'[37] where there were many unofficial flights carrying the mail prior to 1918, the year the US Post Office assumed delivery of all Air Mail. The US Post office began contracting out to the private sector to carry the mail (Contract Air Mail, CAM) on February 15, 1926. In 1934, all US Air Mail was carried by the U.S. Army for six months, after which the contract system resumed.

text: Abraham Lincoln postage issues[edit]

text: In 1866, about a year after Abraham Lincoln's assassination, the U.S. Post Office issued its first postage stamp honoring the fallen President. The Post Office stated that the release took place on June 17. Some sources, however, believe that the stamp was introduced on April 14, the one-year anniversary of Lincoln's death, and one notable expert made an (unverifiable) claim that the stamp first saw use on April 15.[23] In any case, it is considered by some as America's first commemorative stamp. From that point on Lincoln's portrait appeared on a variety of U.S. postage stamps and today exists on more than a dozen issues. Lincoln is also honored on commemorative stamps issued by Costa Rica and Nicaragua. With the exceptions of George Washington and Benjamin Franklin, Lincoln appears on US Postage more than any other famous American.[15]

text:
Lincoln Issues

The 1st Lincoln postage stamp issue of 1866

Issue of 1890

Issue of 1903

Issue of 1938

text: Modern U.S. stamps[edit]

text: The first self-adhesive stamp was a 10 cent stamp from the Christmas issue of 1974. It was not considered successful, and the surviving stamps, though not rare, are all gradually becoming discolored due to the adhesive used. Self-adhesives were not issued again until 1989, gradually becoming so popular that as of 2004[update], only a handful of types are offered with the traditional gum (now affectionately called "manual stamps" by postal employees).

text: The increasing frequency of postal rate increases from the 1970s on, and the necessity to wait for these to be approved by Congress, made it problematic for the Postal Service to provide stamps matching the increased costs in a timely manner. Until it was known, for example, whether the new first-class rate would be 16c or, instead, 15c, no denominated stamp could be printed. The Postal Service found a way to bypass this problem in 1978. Preparatory to that year's increase, an orange colored stamp with a simple eagle design appeared bearing the denomination "A" instead of a number; and the public was informed that this stamp would satisfy the new first-class rate, whatever it turned out to be. Subsequent rate increases resulted in B, C and D stamps, which bore the same eagle design but were printed, respectively, in purple, buff-brown and blue-green. When it came time for an E stamp in 1987, the Postal Service commissioned a more elaborate design: a color picture of the globe as seen from space (E for Earth). Rises since have prompted F for Flower, G for Old Glory and H for Hat stamps, all appropriately illustrated. The F stamp in 1991 was accompanied by an undenominated "make-up" stamp with no pictorial design beyond a frame, which enclosed the words "This U. S. stamp, along with 25c of additional U. S. postage, is equivalent to the 'F' stamp rate."

text: The Great Americans series and the Transportation coils began appearing in 1980 and 1981, respectively. The transportation coils were used steadily for some 20 years, while Great Americans was replaced by the Distinguished Americans series, which began in 2000.[38]

text: The increasing use of email and other technologies during the 1990s led to a decline in the amount of first-class mail, while bulk mail increased. A large variety of commemorative stamps continue to appear, but more of them just go to collectors, while the stamps of the average person's daily mail are non-denominated types issued specifically for businesses.[citation needed]

text: The first US postage stamp to incorporate microprinting as a security feature was the American Wildflower Series introduced by The United States Postal Service in 1992. It was also the first commemorative stamp to be wholly produced by offset lithography. The USPS has since issued other stamps with more complex microprinting incorporated along with dates, words, and abbreviations such as USPS and even entire stamp designs composed of microprint letters.[39]

text: In 2005, after 111 years of producing American postage stamps, the Bureau of Engraving and Printing ended its involvement with the postal service.

text: On April 12, 2007, the Forever stamp went on sale for 41 cents, and is good for mailing one-ounce First-Class letters anytime in the future—regardless of price changes. In 2011, the Post Office began issuing all new stamps for First-Class postage—both definitives and commemoratives—as Forever stamps: denominations were no longer included on them.

text: On February 25, 2010, the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ruled 2-1 that Frank Gaylord, sculptor of a portion of the Korean War Veterans Memorial, was entitled to compensation when an image of that sculpture was used on a 37 cent postage stamp because he had not signed away his intellectual property rights to the sculpture when it was erected. The appeals court rejected arguments that the photo was transformative.[40] In 2006 sculptor Frank Gaylord enlisted Fish & Richardson to make a pro bono claim that the Postal Service had violated his Intellectual property rights to the sculpture and thus should have been compensated. The Postal Service argued that Gaylord was not the sole sculptor (saying he had received advice from federal sources—who recommended that the uniforms appear more in the wind) and also that the sculpture was actually architecture. Gaylord won all of his arguments in the lower court except for one: the court ruled the photo was fair use and thus he was not entitled to compensation. Gaylord appealed and won the case on appeal. The case can now either be appealed to the United States Supreme Court or damages can be assessed by the lower court.[40]

text: Later in the 2010, automated stamp and bank automatic teller machines began dispensing thinner stamps. The thin stamps were to make it easier for automated stamp machines to dispense and to make the stamps more environmentally friendly.[41]

text: On January 26, 2014, the postal service raised the price of First-class postage stamps to 49 cents. Rates for other mail, including postcards and packages, also increased.[36]

text: New stamps[edit]

text: Twelve criteria for new stamps and postal stationery[42] include that "events of historical significance shall be considered for commemoration only on anniversaries in multiples of 50 years." For many years, these included the restriction that "no postal item will be issued sooner than five years after the individual's death," with an exception provided for stamps memorializing recently deceased U.S. Presidents. In September 2011, however, the postal service announced that, in an attempt to increase flagging revenues, stamps would soon offer images of celebrated living persons, chosen by the Committee in response to suggestions submitted by the public via surface mail and social networks on the Internet. The revised criterion reads: "The Postal Service will honor living men and women who have made extraordinary contributions to American society and culture."[42]

text: On June 14, 2008, in Washington, DC, the Postal Service issued the first set of 10 designs in the 42–cent Flags of Our Nation stamps. The stamps were designed by Howard E. Paine of Delaplane, Virginia. Five subsequent sets of ten stamps each had appeared by August 16, 2012, bringing the total of stamp designs to sixty. Sets nos. 3 and 4 were denominated 44-cents, while the final two sets appeared as Forever stamps.[43][44]

text: In August 2014, former Postmaster General Benjamin F. Bailar complained that the USPS was "prostituting" its stamps by focusing on stamps centered on popular culture, not cultural icons. He claims that this is a move aimed at making up for the USPS' revenue shortage at the expense of the values of the stamp program.[45]

text: Timeline[edit]

text:
1639: First American Post Office set up in Boston
1672: New York City mail service to Boston, Massachusetts
1674: Mail service in Connecticut
1683: William Penn begins weekly service to Pennsylvania and Maryland villages and towns
1693: service between colonies began in Virginia
1775: First postmaster general appointed: Benjamin Franklin
1799: U.S. Congress passes law authorizing death penalty for mail robbery
1813: First mail carried by steamboat
1832: First official railroad mail service
1847: First U.S. postage stamps issued
1857: perforated stamps introduced
1860: Pony Express started
1861: Mailing of post cards permitted
1873: Pre-stamped "postal cards" introduced
1879: Postage due stamps introduced
1885: Special Delivery service introduced
1893: First commemorative event stamps: World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago
1913: Domestic parcel post delivery began
1918: First airmail stamps used
1920: Transcontinental mail between New York and San Francisco
1955: Certified Mail service introduced
1958: Well-known artists begin designing stamps
1963: 5-digit ZIP Codes introduced
1983: ZIP + 4 code introduced
1989: Priority Mail introduced
1992: Microprint introduced and first commemorative stamp developed entirely by offset lithography
1997: Special Delivery discontinued
2007: Forever stamps introduced


document_title: Bye, Felicia

question_text: where did the expression bye felicia come from

text: Bye, Felicia

text: The phrase "Bye, Felicia" (actually spelled "Felisha" in the cast listing) came from a scene in the American stoner buddy crime comedy film Friday (1995). According to Ice Cube, who starred in the film and co-wrote its script, "Bye, Felicia" is "the phrase 'to get anyone out of your face'," and, as it was used in the Friday scene, is generally intended as a dismissive kiss-off.[1]

text: Popular culture[edit]

text: The saying gained popularity and continues to be used, even by people who have never seen the film. In 2009, it entered the lexicon of RuPaul's Drag Race, an American reality competition television series. However, People said "even that wouldn't necessarily account for the phrase extending beyond the cultures that would watch either Friday, Drag Race or both. (Seriously, just look how often people use it on Twitter.)"[1] Furthermore, the magazine said of the phrase, "So when your square friend uses it, take a little bit of pleasure in knowing they're referencing a stoner comedy – or a drag reality show referencing a stoner comedy – even if they have no idea."[1]

text: In 2014, VH1 began airing a television show called Bye Felicia, and American R&B-pop singer Jordin Sparks released a mixtape titled #ByeFelicia.[1][2] According to Google Trends, the phrase reached its highest usage in mid-2015.[1]

text: On December 14, 2017, Robin Roberts, a host of ABC TV’s Good Morning America, used the phrase to conclude a segment about Omarosa Manigault Newman's departure from the Trump administration staff.[3]


document_title: (The Man Who Shot) Liberty Valance

question_text: who sang the song the man who shot liberty valance

text: (The Man Who Shot) Liberty Valance

text:
"(The Man Who Shot) Liberty Valance"Single by Gene Pitneyfrom the album Only Love Can Break a HeartB-side
"Take It Like a Man"Released
1962Format
Vinyl, 7", 45 RPMGenre
Country popLength
2:49Label
MusicorSongwriter(s)
Burt Bacharach & Hal DavidGene Pitney singles chronology

"Town Without Pity" (1961)

"(The Man Who Shot) Liberty Valance" (1962)

"Only Love Can Break a Heart" (1962)

"Town Without Pity"(1961)

"(The Man Who Shot) Liberty Valance"(1962)

"Only Love Can Break a Heart"(1962)

text: "(The Man Who Shot) Liberty Valance" is a song written by Burt Bacharach and Hal David, which was released by Gene Pitney in 1962. The song spent 13 weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, peaking at No. 4,[1] while reaching No. 2 on Canada's CHUM Hit Parade,[2] and No. 4 on New Zealand's "Lever Hit Parade".[3]

text: Although the song never appeared in the film, The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance, there is disagreement about whether the song had been intended to appear in it.[4] Nevertheless, Pitney has stated that the song's recording session was paid for by Paramount, and that it was midway through the song's recording session that he found out that the song was not going to be included in the film, when one of the orchestra members told him that the film had been released.  Session drummer Gary Chester plays on the recording.[4]

text: The song was ranked No. 36 in the Western Writers of America's list of the top 100 Western songs of all time, as compiled from a survey of its members.[5]

text: James Taylor released a cover of the song on his 1985 album That's Why I'm Here.

text: Chart performance[edit]

text:
Chart (1962)

Peakposition

Australia

1

Canada - CHUM Hit Parade

2

New Zealand - Lever Hit Parade

4

US Billboard Hot 100

4


document_title: Burj Al Arab

question_text: when was the burj al arab dubai built

question_tokens: when was the burj al arab dubai built

text: Burj Al Arab

text: Site[edit]

text: The beachfront area where Burj Al Arab and Jumeirah Beach Hotel are located was previously called Miami Beach.[10] The hotel is located on an island of reclaimed land 280 meters offshore of the beach of the former Chicago Beach Hotel.[11] The locale's name had its origins in the Chicago Bridge & Iron Company which at one time welded giant floating oil storage tanks, known locally as Kazzans on the site.[10]

text: The old name persisted after the old Hotel was demolished in 1997. Dubai Chicago Beach Hotel remained as the Public Project Name for the construction phase of Burj Al Arab Hotel until Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum announced the new name.[11]

text: Design and construction[edit]

text: Burj Al Arab was designed by multidisciplinary consultancy Atkins, led by architect Tom Wright, who has since become co-founder of WKK Architects. The design and construction were managed by Canadian engineer Rick Gregory also of WS Atkins. It's very similar with the Vasco da Gama Tower, located in Lisbon, Portugal. Construction of the Island began in 1994 and involved up to 2,000 construction workers during peak construction. It was built to resemble the billowing spinnaker sail of a J-class yacht.[12] Two "wings" spread in a V to form a vast "mast", while the space between them is enclosed in a massive atrium. The architect Tom Wright[13] said "The client wanted a building that would become an iconic or symbolic statement for Dubai; this is very similar to Sydney with its Opera House, London with Big Ben, or Paris with the Eiffel Tower. It needed to be a building that would become synonymous with the name of the country."[14][not in citation given]

text: Fletcher Construction from New Zealand was the lead joint venture partner in the initial stages of pre-construction and construction.[15] The hotel was built by South African construction contractor Murray & Roberts and Al Habtoor Engineering and the interior works were delivered by UAE based Depa.[16][17]

text: The building opened in December 1999.[18]

text: Features[edit]

text: Several features of the hotel required complex engineering feats to achieve. The hotel rests on an artificial island constructed 280 m (920 ft) offshore. To secure a foundation, the builders drove 230 forty-meter-long (130 ft) concrete piles into the sand.[19]

text: Engineers created a ground/surface layer of large rocks, which is circled with a concrete honeycomb pattern, which serves to protect the foundation from erosion. It took three years to reclaim the land from the sea, while it took fewer than three years to construct the building itself. The building contains over 70,000 m3 (92,000 cu yd) of concrete and 9,000 tons of steel.[19]

text: Inside the building, the atrium is 180 m (590 ft) tall.[20]

text: Burj Al Arab is the world's third tallest hotel (not including buildings with mixed use). The structure of the Rose Rayhaan, also in Dubai, is 11 m (36 ft) taller than Burj Al Arab.[citation needed]

text: Rooms and suites[edit]

text: The hotel is managed by the Jumeirah Group. Despite its size, Burj Al Arab holds only 28 double-story floors which accommodate 202 bedroom suites. The smallest suite occupies an area of 169 m2 (1,820 sq ft), the largest covers 780 m2 (8,400 sq ft).[21]

text: Suites feature design details that juxtapose east and west. White columns show great influence.[clarification needed] Bathrooms are accented by mosaic tile patterns.[citation needed]

text: The Royal Suite, billed at US$24,000 per night, is listed at number 12 on World's 15 most expensive hotel suites compiled by CNN Go in 2012.[22]

text: The Burj Al Arab is very popular with the Chinese market, which made up 25 percent of all bookings at the hotel in 2011 and 2012.[23]

text: Restaurants[edit]

text: Al Muntaha ("The Ultimate"), is located 200 m (660 ft) above the Persian Gulf, offering a view of Dubai. It is supported by a full cantilever that extends 27 m (89 ft) from either side of the mast, and is accessed by a panoramic elevator.[citation needed]

text: Al Mahara ("Oyster"), which is accessed via a simulated submarine voyage, features a large seawater aquarium, holding roughly 990,000 L (260,000 US gal) of water. The wall of the tank, made of acrylic glass in order to withstand the water pressure, is about 18 cm (7.1 in) thick.[citation needed]

text: Rating[edit]

text: The Burj Al Arab is a five-star hotel, the highest official ranking. While the hotel is sometimes erroneously described as "the world's only seven-star hotel", the hotel management claims to never have done that themselves. In the words of a Jumeirah Group spokesperson: "There's not a lot we can do to stop it. We're not encouraging the use of the term. We've never used it in our advertising."[24]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Reviews by architecture critics[edit]

text: Burj Al Arab has attracted criticism as well "a contradiction of sorts, considering how well-designed and impressive the construction ultimately proves to be."[21] The contradiction here seems to be related to the hotel’s decor. "This extraordinary investment in state-of-the-art construction technology stretches the limits of the ambitious urban imagination in an exercise that is largely due to the power of excessive wealth." Another critic includes negative critiques for the city of Dubai as well: "both the hotel and the city, after all, are monuments to the triumph of money over practicality. Both elevate style over substance."[21] Yet another: "Emulating the quality of palatial interiors, in an expression of wealth for the mainstream, a theater of opulence is created in Burj Al Arab … The result is a baroque effect".[21]

text: Notable events[edit]

text: Several events have taken place on the helipad 210 m (689 ft) above ground to attract media attention. These include :

text:
2004: Tiger Woods teeing off[25]
2005: Andre Agassi and Roger Federer playing tennis[26]
2006: Ronan Keating shot the Music Video for his single "Iris" at the Helipad of Burj Al Arab.
2007: The Today Show broadcast from the Helipad a segment of Where in the World is Matt Lauer?[27]
2011: Golfer Rory McIlroy performing a bunker shot.[28]
2013: Heli-lift of Aston Martin Vanquish.[29]
2013: David Coulthard performing donuts in a Formula 1 racecar.[30]
2017: Nick Jacobsen kiteboards down to the sea.[31][32]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: The last chapter of the espionage novel Performance Anomalies[33][34]takes place at the top of the Burj Al Arab,[1][35] where the spy protagonist Cono 7Q discovers that through deadly betrayal his spy nemesis Katerina has maneuvered herself into the top echelon of the government of Kazakhstan. The Hotel can also be seen in Syriana, Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol and also some Bollywood movies.[which?]

text: Richard Hammond included the building in his television series, Richard Hammond's Engineering Connections.

text: The Burj Al Arab serves as the cover image for the 2009 album Ocean Eyes by Owl City.


document_title: 2019 Cricket World Cup

question_text: when will the 2019 cricket world cup fixtures be announced

text: 2019 Cricket World Cup

text: Qualification

text: The 2019 World Cup will feature 10 teams, a decrease from previous World Cups in 2011 and 2015 which featured 14 teams.[5] The hosts, England, and the top seven other teams in the ICC One Day International rankings as of 30 September 2017 earned automatic qualification, with the remaining two spots being decided by the 2018 Cricket World Cup Qualifier.[6]

text: At the time of the announcement of the qualification structure, ICC Associate and Affiliate members, who were guaranteed four spots in the previous two World Cup tournaments, could be represented by at most two teams, and possibly none at all if they were beaten by the lowest ranked Full Members in the Qualifier.[6] It also meant that at least two of the 10 Test playing nations at the time of the announcement would have to play in the qualifying tournament, and could possibly miss the World Cup finals entirely.

text: Following recent success, Ireland and Afghanistan were promoted into the ICC ODI Championship and have also since been promoted to full members of the ICC, becoming the newest Test cricketing nations. However, they still needed to qualify for the World Cup via the current process.

text: Afghanistan won the qualifying tournament defeating the West Indies in the final. Both teams qualified for the World Cup, while Zimbabwe despite hosting the qualifying tournament failed to reach the final and will miss the World Cup for the first time since 1983.[7] Recently appointed full member Ireland will also miss the World Cup for the first time since 2007 and for the first time ever no Associate nation will be participating in the World Cup.[8]

text:
Means of qualification

Date

Venue

Berths

Qualified[9]

Host nation

30 September 2006[10]

N/A

1

 England

ICC ODI Championship

30 September 2017

Various

7

 Australia Bangladesh India New Zealand  Pakistan  South Africa Sri Lanka

2018 Cricket World Cup Qualifier

23 March 2018

 Zimbabwe

2

 Afghanistan West Indies

Total

10

text: Venues

text: The fixture list for the tournament was released on 26 April 2018 after the completion of an International Cricket Council (ICC) meeting in Kolkata. London Stadium had been named as a possible venue in the planning stages,[11][12] and in January 2017 the ICC completed an inspection of the ground, confirming that the pitch dimensions would be compliant with the requirements to host ODI matches.[13] However, when the fixtures were announced, London Stadium was not included as a venue.[14]

text:
City

Birmingham

Bristol

Cardiff

Chester-le-Street

Leeds

Ground

Edgbaston

Bristol County Ground

Sophia Gardens

Riverside Ground

Headingley

County Team

Warwickshire

Gloucestershire

Glamorgan

Durham

Yorkshire

Capacity

25,000

17,500

15,643

20,000

20,000 (after redevelopment)

Matches

5 (including semi-final)

3

4

3

4

London

London

Manchester

Nottingham

Southampton

Taunton

Lord's

The Oval

Old Trafford

Trent Bridge

Rose Bowl

County Ground

Middlesex

Surrey

Lancashire

Nottinghamshire

Hampshire

Somerset

28,000

25,500

26,000

17,500

25,000

12,500

5 (including Final)

5

6 (including semi-final)

5

5

3

text: Group stage

text: The group stage format is a round-robin, where all ten teams play each other once, in a single group. This means a total of 45 matches will be played, with each team playing a total of nine matches.  The top four teams from the group will progress to the knockout stage. A similar format was previously used in the 1992 Cricket World Cup.

text: Points table

text:
Pos

Teamvte

Pld

W

L

T

NR

Pts

NRR

Qualification

1

 England

0
0
0
0
0
0
+0.000
Advance to semi-finals

2

 South Africa

0
0
0
0
0
0
+0.000

3

 India

0
0
0
0
0
0
+0.000

4

 Australia

0
0
0
0
0
0
+0.000

5

 New Zealand

0
0
0
0
0
0
+0.000
Eliminated

6

 Pakistan

0
0
0
0
0
0
+0.000

7

 Bangladesh

0
0
0
0
0
0
+0.000

8

 Sri Lanka

0
0
0
0
0
0
+0.000

9

 Afghanistan

0
0
0
0
0
0
+0.000

10

 West Indies

0
0
0
0
0
0
+0.000

text: Fixtures

text: The ICC released the fixture details on 26 April 2018.[15]

text: 30 May 2019 10:30   Scorecard

text:
England

v

 South Africa

text: The Oval, London

text: 31 May 2019 10:30   Scorecard

text:
Pakistan

v

 West Indies

text: Trent Bridge, Nottingham

text: 1 June 2019 10:30   Scorecard

text:
New Zealand

v

 Sri Lanka

text: Sophia Gardens, Cardiff

text: 1 June 2019 13:30 (D/N)  Scorecard

text:
Australia

v

 Afghanistan

text: County Ground, Bristol

text: 2 June 2019 10:30   Scorecard

text:
Bangladesh

v

 South Africa

text: The Oval, London

text: 3 June 2019 10:30   Scorecard

text:
England

v

 Pakistan

text: Trent Bridge, Nottingham

text: 4 June 2019 10:30   Scorecard

text:
Afghanistan

v

 Sri Lanka

text: Sophia Gardens, Cardiff

text: 5 June 2019 10:30   Scorecard

text:
India

v

 South Africa

text: Rose Bowl, Southampton

text: 5 June 2019 13:30 (D/N)  Scorecard

text:
Bangladesh

v

 New Zealand

text: The Oval, London

text: 6 June 2019 10:30   Scorecard

text:
Australia

v

 West Indies

text: Trent Bridge, Nottingham

text: 7 June 2019 10:30   Scorecard

text:
Pakistan

v

 Sri Lanka

text: County Ground, Bristol

text: 8 June 2019 10:30   Scorecard

text:
England

v

 Bangladesh

text: Sophia Gardens, Cardiff

text: 8 June 2019 13:30 (D/N)  Scorecard

text:
Afghanistan

v

 New Zealand

text: County Ground, Taunton

text: 9 June 2019 10:30   Scorecard

text:
Australia

v

 India

text: The Oval, London

text: 10 June 2019 10:30   Scorecard

text:
South Africa

v

 West Indies

text: Rose Bowl, Southampton

text: 11 June 2019 10:30   Scorecard

text:
Bangladesh

v

 Sri Lanka

text: County Ground, Bristol

text: 12 June 2019 10:30   Scorecard

text:
Australia

v

 Pakistan

text: County Ground, Taunton

text: 13 June 2019 10:30   Scorecard

text:
India

v

 New Zealand

text: Trent Bridge, Nottingham

text: 14 June 2019 10:30   Scorecard

text:
England

v

 West Indies

text: Rose Bowl, Southampton

text: 15 June 2019 10:30   Scorecard

text:
Australia

v

 Sri Lanka

text: The Oval, London

text: 15 June 2019 13:30 (D/N)  Scorecard

text:
Afghanistan

v

 South Africa

text: Sophia Gardens, Cardiff

text: 16 June 2019 10:30   Scorecard

text:
India

v

 Pakistan

text: Old Trafford, Manchester

text: 17 June 2019 10:30   Scorecard

text:
Bangladesh

v

 West Indies

text: County Ground, Taunton

text: 18 June 2019 10:30   Scorecard

text:
England

v

 Afghanistan

text: Old Trafford, Manchester

text: 19 June 2019 10:30   Scorecard

text:
New Zealand

v

 South Africa

text: Edgbaston, Birmingham

text: 20 June 2019 10:30   Scorecard

text:
Australia

v

 Bangladesh

text: Trent Bridge, Nottingham

text: 21 June 2019 10:30   Scorecard

text:
England

v

 Sri Lanka

text: Headingley, Leeds

text: 22 June 2019 10:30   Scorecard

text:
Afghanistan

v

 India

text: Rose Bowl, Southampton

text: 22 June 2019 13:30 (D/N)  Scorecard

text:
New Zealand

v

 West Indies

text: Old Trafford, Manchester

text: 23 June 2019 10:30   Scorecard

text:
Pakistan

v

 South Africa

text: Lord's, London

text: 24 June 2019 10:30   Scorecard

text:
Afghanistan

v

 Bangladesh

text: Rose Bowl, Southampton

text: 25 June 2019 10:30   Scorecard

text:
England

v

 Australia

text: Lord's, London

text: 26 June 2019 10:30   Scorecard

text:
New Zealand

v

 Pakistan

text: Edgbaston, Birmingham

text: 27 June 2019 10:30   Scorecard

text:
India

v

 West Indies

text: Old Trafford, Manchester

text: 28 June 2019 10:30   Scorecard

text:
South Africa

v

 Sri Lanka

text: Riverside Ground, Chester-le-Street

text: 29 June 2019 10:30   Scorecard

text:
Afghanistan

v

 Pakistan

text: Headingley, Leeds

text: 29 June 2019 13:30 (D/N)  Scorecard

text:
Australia

v

 New Zealand

text: Lord's, London

text: 30 June 2019 10:30   Scorecard

text:
England

v

 India

text: Edgbaston, Birmingham

text: 1 July 2019 10:30   Scorecard

text:
Sri Lanka

v

 West Indies

text: Riverside Ground, Chester-le-Street

text: 2 July 2019 10:30   Scorecard

text:
Bangladesh

v

 India

text: Edgbaston, Birmingham

text: 3 July 2019 10:30   Scorecard

text:
England

v

 New Zealand

text: Riverside Ground, Chester-le-Street

text: 4 July 2019 10:30   Scorecard

text:
Afghanistan

v

 West Indies

text: Headingley, Leeds

text: 5 July 2019 10:30   Scorecard

text:
Bangladesh

v

 Pakistan

text: Lord's, London

text: 6 July 2019 10:30   Scorecard

text:
India

v

 Sri Lanka

text: Headingley, Leeds

text: 6 July 2019 13:30 (D/N)  Scorecard

text:
Australia

v

 South Africa

text: Old Trafford, Manchester

text: Knockout stage

text: The knockout stage will see two semi-finals, with the winners of each progressing to the final at Lord's. On 25 April 2018, it was reported that Old Trafford and Edgbaston would host the two semi-finals, with all of the knockout games having a reserve day.[16]

text: Semi-finals

text: 9 July 2019 10:30   Scorecard

text:
Qualifier 1

v

Qualifier 4

text: Old Trafford, Manchester

text: 11 July 2019 10:30   Scorecard

text:
Qualifier 2

v

Qualifier 3

text: Edgbaston, Birmingham

text: Final

text: 14 July 2019 10:30   Scorecard

text:
Winners Semi-final 1

v

Winners Semi-final 2

text: Lord's, London