document_title: Quadrilateral

question_text: quadrilateral with 2 pairs of equal sides and 2 pairs of opposite angles that are equal

question_tokens: quadrilateral with 2 pairs of equal sides and 2 pairs of opposite angles that are equal

root

text: Quadrilateral

text: Simple quadrilaterals[edit]

text: Any quadrilateral that is not self-intersecting is a simple quadrilateral.

tag: p

text: Convex quadrilaterals[edit]

text: In a convex quadrilateral, all interior angles are less than 180° and the two diagonals both lie inside the quadrilateral.

text:
Irregular quadrilateral (British English) or trapezium (North American English): no sides are parallel. (In British English this was once called a trapezoid.)
Trapezium (UK) or trapezoid (US): at least one pair of opposite sides are parallel. Trapezia (UK) and trapezoids (US) include parallelograms.
Isosceles trapezium (UK) or isosceles trapezoid (US): one pair of opposite sides are parallel and the base angles are equal in measure. Alternative definitions are a quadrilateral with an axis of symmetry bisecting one pair of opposite sides, or a trapezoid with diagonals of equal length.
Parallelogram: a quadrilateral with two pairs of parallel sides. Equivalent conditions are that opposite sides are of equal length; that opposite angles are equal; or that the diagonals bisect each other. Parallelograms include rhombi (including those rectangles we call squares) and rhomboids (including those rectangles we call oblongs). In other words, parallelograms include all rhombi and all rhomboids, and thus also include all rectangles.
Rhombus or rhomb: all four sides are of equal length. An equivalent condition is that the diagonals perpendicularly bisect each other. Informally: "a pushed-over square" (but strictly including a square, too).
Rhomboid: a parallelogram in which adjacent sides are of unequal lengths and some angles are oblique (equivalently, having no right angles). Informally: "a pushed-over oblong". Not all references agree, some define a rhomboid as a parallelogram which is not a rhombus.[1]
Rectangle: all four angles are right angles. An equivalent condition is that the diagonals bisect each other and are equal in length. Rectangles include squares and oblongs. Informally: "a box or oblong" (including a square).
Square (regular quadrilateral): all four sides are of equal length (equilateral), and all four angles are right angles. An equivalent condition is that opposite sides are parallel (a square is a parallelogram), that the diagonals perpendicularly bisect each other, and are of equal length. A quadrilateral is a square if and only if it is both a rhombus and a rectangle (four equal sides and four equal angles).
Oblong: a term sometimes used to denote a rectangle which has unequal adjacent sides (i.e. a rectangle that is not a square).[2]
Kite: two pairs of adjacent sides are of equal length. This implies that one diagonal divides the kite into congruent triangles, and so the angles between the two pairs of equal sides are equal in measure. It also implies that the diagonals are perpendicular. Kites include rhombi.

tag: ul

text:
Tangential quadrilateral: the four sides are tangents to an inscribed circle. A convex quadrilateral is tangential if and only if opposite sides have equal sums.
Tangential trapezoid: a trapezoid where the four sides are tangents to an inscribed circle.
Cyclic quadrilateral: the four vertices lie on a circumscribed circle. A convex quadrilateral is cyclic if and only if opposite angles sum to 180°.
Right kite: a kite with two opposite right angles. It is a type of cyclic quadrilateral.
Bicentric quadrilateral: it is both tangential and cyclic.
Orthodiagonal quadrilateral: the diagonals cross at right angles.
Equidiagonal quadrilateral: the diagonals are of equal length.
Ex-tangential quadrilateral: the four extensions of the sides are tangent to an excircle.
An equilic quadrilateral has two opposite equal sides that, when extended, meet at 60°.
A Watt quadrilateral is a quadrilateral with a pair of opposite sides of equal length.[3]
A quadric quadrilateral is a convex quadrilateral whose four vertices all lie on the perimeter of a square.[4]
A diametric quadrilateral is a cyclic quadrilateral having one of its sides as a diameter of the circumcircle.[5]
A Hjelmslev quadrilateral is a quadrilateral with two right angles at opposite vertices.[6]

text: Concave quadrilaterals[edit]

text: In a concave quadrilateral, one interior angle is bigger than 180° and one of the two diagonals lies outside the quadrilateral.

text: A dart (or arrowhead) is a concave quadrilateral with bilateral symmetry like a kite, but one interior angle is reflex. See (concave) kite.

text: Complex quadrilaterals[edit]

text: A self-intersecting quadrilateral is called variously a cross-quadrilateral, crossed quadrilateral, butterfly quadrilateral or bow-tie quadrilateral. In a crossed quadrilateral, the four "interior" angles on either side of the crossing (two acute and two reflex, all on the left or all on the right as the figure is traced out) add up to 720°.[7]

text:
Crossed trapezoid (US) or trapezium (Commonwealth)[8]: a crossed quadrilateral in which (like a trapezoid) one pair of nonadjacent sides is parallel
Antiparallelogram: a crossed quadrilaterals in which (like a parallelogram) each pair of nonadjacent sides have equal lengths.
Crossed rectangle: an antiparallelogram whose sides are two opposite sides and the two diagonals of a rectangle, hence having one pair of opposite sides parallel.
Crossed square: a special case of a crossed rectangle where two of the sides intersect at right angles.

text: Special line segments[edit]

text: The two diagonals of a convex quadrilateral are the line segments that connect opposite vertices.

text: The two bimedians of a convex quadrilateral are the line segments that connect the midpoints of opposite sides.[9] They intersect at the "vertex centroid" of the quadrilateral (see Remarkable points below).

text: The four maltitudes of a convex quadrilateral are the perpendiculars to a side through the midpoint of the opposite side.[10]

text: Area of a convex quadrilateral[edit]

text: There are various general formulas for the area K of a convex quadrilateral ABCD with sides a = AB, b = BC, c = CD and d = DA.

text: Trigonometric formulas[edit]

text: The area can be expressed in trigonometric terms as

text:
where the lengths of the diagonals are p and q and the angle between them is θ.[11] In the case of an orthodiagonal quadrilateral (e.g. rhombus, square, and kite), this formula reduces to

K
=

1
2

p
q

{\displaystyle K={\tfrac {1}{2}}pq}

 since θ is 90°.

text: The area can be also expressed in terms of bimedians as[12]

text: where the lengths of the bimedians are m and n and the angle between them is φ.

text: Bretschneider's formula[13] expresses the area in terms of the sides and two opposite angles:

text: where the sides in sequence are a, b, c, d, where s is the semiperimeter, and A and C are two (in fact, any two) opposite angles. This reduces to Brahmagupta's formula for the area of a cyclic quadrilateral when A + C = 180°.

text: Another area formula in terms of the sides and angles, with angle C being between sides b and c, and A being between sides a and d, is

text:
In the case of a cyclic quadrilateral, the latter formula becomes

K
=

1
2

(
a
d
+
b
c
)
sin

A

.

{\displaystyle K={\tfrac {1}{2}}(ad+bc)\sin {A}.}

text:
In a parallelogram, where both pairs of opposite sides and angles are equal, this formula reduces to

K
=
a
b
⋅
sin

A

.

{\displaystyle K=ab\cdot \sin {A}.}

text: Alternatively, we can write the area in terms of the sides and the intersection angle θ of the diagonals, so long as this angle is not 90°:[14]

text:
In the case of a parallelogram, the latter formula becomes

K
=

1
2

|

tan

θ

|

⋅

|

a

2

−

b

2

|

.

{\displaystyle K={\tfrac {1}{2}}|\tan \theta |\cdot \left|a^{2}-b^{2}\right|.}

text: Another area formula including the sides a, b, c, d is[12]

text: where x is the distance between the midpoints of the diagonals and φ is the angle between the bimedians.

text: The last trigonometric area formula including the sides a, b, c, d and the angle α between a and b is:[citation needed]

text: which can also be used for the area of a concave quadrilateral (having the concave part opposite to angle α) just changing the first sign + to - .

text: Non-trigonometric formulas[edit]

text: The following two formulas express the area in terms of the sides a, b, c, d, the semiperimeter s, and the diagonals p, q:

text: The first reduces to Brahmagupta's formula in the cyclic quadrilateral case, since then pq = ac + bd.

text: The area can also be expressed in terms of the bimedians m, n and the diagonals p, q:

text:
In fact, any three of the four values m, n, p, and q suffice for determination of the area, since in any quadrilateral the four values are related by

p

2

+

q

2

=
2
(

m

2

+

n

2

)
.

{\displaystyle p^{2}+q^{2}=2(m^{2}+n^{2}).}

[19]:p. 126 The corresponding expressions are:[20]

text: if the lengths of two bimedians and one diagonal are given, and[20]

text: if the lengths of two diagonals and one bimedian are given.

text: Vector formulas[edit]

text: The area of a quadrilateral ABCD can be calculated using vectors. Let vectors AC and BD form the diagonals from A to C and from B to D. The area of the quadrilateral is then

text: which is half the magnitude of the cross product of vectors AC and BD. In two-dimensional Euclidean space, expressing vector AC as a free vector in Cartesian space equal to (x1,y1) and BD as (x2,y2), this can be rewritten as:

text: Diagonals[edit]

text: Properties of the diagonals in some quadrilaterals[edit]

text: In the following table it is listed if the diagonals in some of the most basic quadrilaterals bisect each other, if their diagonals are perpendicular, and if their diagonals have equal length.[21] The list applies to the most general cases, and excludes named subsets.

text:
Quadrilateral
Bisecting diagonals
Perpendicular diagonals
Equal diagonals

Trapezoid
No
See note 1
No

Isosceles trapezoid
No
See note 1
Yes

Parallelogram
Yes
No
No

Kite
See note 2
Yes
See note 2

Rectangle
Yes
No
Yes

Rhombus
Yes
Yes
No

Square
Yes
Yes
Yes

tag: table

text: Note 1: The most general trapezoids and isosceles trapezoids do not have perpendicular diagonals, but there are infinite numbers of (non-similar) trapezoids and isosceles trapezoids that do have perpendicular diagonals and are not any other named quadrilateral.

text: Note 2: In a kite, one diagonal bisects the other. The most general kite has unequal diagonals, but there is an infinite number of (non-similar) kites in which the diagonals are equal in length (and the kites are not any other named quadrilateral).

text: Lengths of the diagonals[edit]

text: The lengths of the diagonals in a convex quadrilateral ABCD can be calculated using the law of cosines on each triangle formed by one diagonal and two sides of the quadrilateral. Thus

text: and

text: Other, more symmetric formulas for the lengths of the diagonals, are[22]

text: and

text: Generalizations of the parallelogram law and Ptolemy's theorem[edit]

text: In any convex quadrilateral ABCD, the sum of the squares of the four sides is equal to the sum of the squares of the two diagonals plus four times the square of the line segment connecting the midpoints of the diagonals. Thus

text: where x is the distance between the midpoints of the diagonals.[19]:p.126 This is sometimes known as Euler's quadrilateral theorem and is a generalization of the parallelogram law.

text: The German mathematician Carl Anton Bretschneider derived in 1842 the following generalization of Ptolemy's theorem, regarding the product of the diagonals in a convex quadrilateral[23]

text: This relation can be considered to be a law of cosines for a quadrilateral. In a cyclic quadrilateral, where A + C = 180°, it reduces to pq = ac + bd. Since cos (A + C) ≥ −1, it also gives a proof of Ptolemy's inequality.

text: Other metric relations[edit]

text: If X and Y are the feet of the normals from B and D to the diagonal AC = p in a convex quadrilateral ABCD with sides a = AB, b = BC, c = CD, d = DA, then[24]:p.14

text: In a convex quadrilateral ABCD with sides a = AB, b = BC, c = CD, d = DA, and where the diagonals intersect at E,

text: where e = AE, f = BE, g = CE, and h = DE.[25]

text: The shape and size of a convex quadrilateral are fully determined by the lengths of its sides in sequence and of one diagonal between two specified vertices. The two diagonals p, q and the four side lengths a, b, c, d of a quadrilateral are related[26] by the Cayley-Menger determinant, as follows:

text: Angle bisectors[edit]

text: The internal angle bisectors of a convex quadrilateral either form a cyclic quadrilateral[19]:p.127 (that is, the four intersection points of adjacent angle bisectors are concyclic) or they are concurrent. In the latter case the quadrilateral is a tangential quadrilateral.

text: In quadrilateral ABCD, if the angle bisectors of A and C meet on diagonal BD, then the angle bisectors of B and D meet on diagonal AC.[27]

text: Bimedians[edit]

text: The bimedians of a quadrilateral are the line segments connecting the midpoints of the opposite sides. The intersection of the bimedians is the centroid of the vertices of the quadrilateral.[28]

text: The midpoints of the sides of any quadrilateral (convex, concave or crossed) are the vertices of a parallelogram called the Varignon parallelogram. It has the following properties:

text:
Each pair of opposite sides of the Varignon parallelogram are parallel to a diagonal in the original quadrilateral.
A side of the Varignon parallelogram is half as long as the diagonal in the original quadrilateral it is parallel to.
The area of the Varignon parallelogram equals half the area of the original quadrilateral. This is true in convex, concave and crossed quadrilaterals provided the area of the latter is defined to be the difference of the areas of the two triangles it is composed of.[29]
The perimeter of the Varignon parallelogram equals the sum of the diagonals of the original quadrilateral.
The diagonals of the Varignon parallelogram are the bimedians of the original quadrilateral.

text: The two bimedians in a quadrilateral and the line segment joining the midpoints of the diagonals in that quadrilateral are concurrent and are all bisected by their point of intersection.[19]:p.125

text: In a convex quadrilateral with sides a, b, c and d, the length of the bimedian that connects the midpoints of the sides a and c is

text: where p and q are the length of the diagonals.[30] The length of the bimedian that connects the midpoints of the sides b and d is

text: This is also a corollary to the parallelogram law applied in the Varignon parallelogram.

text: The lengths of the bimedians can also be expressed in terms of two opposite sides and the distance x between the midpoints of the diagonals. This is possible when using Euler's quadrilateral theorem in the above formulas. Whence[18]

text: and

text: Note that the two opposite sides in these formulas are not the two that the bimedian connects.

text: In a convex quadrilateral, there is the following dual connection between the bimedians and the diagonals:[24]

text:
The two bimedians have equal length if and only if the two diagonals are perpendicular.
The two bimedians are perpendicular if and only if the two diagonals have equal length.

text: Trigonometric identities[edit]

text: The four angles of a simple quadrilateral ABCD satisfy the following identities:[31]

text: and

text: In the last two formulas, no angle is allowed to be a right angle, since tan 90° is not defined.

text: Inequalities[edit]

text: Area[edit]

text: If a convex quadrilateral has the consecutive sides a, b, c, d and the diagonals p, q, then its area K satisfies[33]

text: From Bretschneider's formula it directly follows that the area of a quadrilateral satisfies

text: with equality if and only if the quadrilateral is cyclic or degenerate such that one side is equal to the sum of the other three (it has collapsed into a line segment, so the area is zero).

text: The area of any quadrilateral also satisfies the inequality[34]

text: Denoting the perimeter as L, we have[34]:p.114

text: with equality only in the case of a square.

text: The area of a convex quadrilateral also satisfies

text: for diagonal lengths p and q, with equality if and only if the diagonals are perpendicular.

text: Diagonals and bimedians[edit]

text: A corollary to Euler's quadrilateral theorem is the inequality

text: where equality holds if and only if the quadrilateral is a parallelogram.

text: Euler also generalized Ptolemy's theorem, which is an equality in a cyclic quadrilateral, into an inequality for a convex quadrilateral. It states that

text: where there is equality if and only if the quadrilateral is cyclic.[19]:p.128–129 This is often called Ptolemy's inequality.

text: In any convex quadrilateral the bimedians m, n and the diagonals p, q are related by the inequality

text:
with equality holding if and only if the diagonals are equal.[35]:Prop.1 This follows directly from the quadrilateral identity

m

2

+

n

2

=

1
2

(

p

2

+

q

2

)
.

{\displaystyle m^{2}+n^{2}={\tfrac {1}{2}}(p^{2}+q^{2}).}

text: Sides[edit]

text: The sides a, b, c, and d of any quadrilateral satisfy[36]:p.228,#275

text: Maximum and minimum properties[edit]

text: Among all quadrilaterals with a given perimeter, the one with the largest area is the square. This is called the isoperimetric theorem for quadrilaterals. It is a direct consequence of the area inequality[34]:p.114

text: where K is the area of a convex quadrilateral with perimeter L. Equality holds if and only if the quadrilateral is a square. The dual theorem states that of all quadrilaterals with a given area, the square has the shortest perimeter.

text: The quadrilateral with given side lengths that has the maximum area is the cyclic quadrilateral.[37]

text: Of all convex quadrilaterals with given diagonals, the orthodiagonal quadrilateral has the largest area.[34]:p.119 This is a direct consequence of the fact that the area of a convex quadrilateral satisfies

text: where θ is the angle between the diagonals p and q. Equality holds if and only if θ = 90°.

text: If P is an interior point in a convex quadrilateral ABCD, then

text: From this inequality it follows that the point inside a quadrilateral that minimizes the sum of distances to the vertices is the intersection of the diagonals. Hence that point is the Fermat point of a convex quadrilateral.[38]:p.120

text: Remarkable points and lines in a convex quadrilateral[edit]

text: The centre of a quadrilateral can be defined in several different ways. The "vertex centroid" comes from considering the quadrilateral as being empty but having equal masses at its vertices. The "side centroid" comes from considering the sides to have constant mass per unit length. The usual centre, called just centroid (centre of area) comes from considering the surface of the quadrilateral as having constant density. These three points are in general not all the same point.[39]

text: The "vertex centroid" is the intersection of the two bimedians.[40] As with any polygon, the x and y coordinates of the vertex centroid are the arithmetic means of the x and y coordinates of the vertices.

text: The "area centroid" of quadrilateral ABCD can be constructed in the following way. Let Ga, Gb, Gc, Gd be the centroids of triangles BCD, ACD, ABD, ABC respectively. Then the "area centroid" is the intersection of the lines GaGc and GbGd.[41]

text: In a general convex quadrilateral ABCD, there are no natural analogies to the circumcenter and orthocenter of a triangle. But two such points can be constructed in the following way. Let Oa, Ob, Oc, Od be the circumcenters of triangles BCD, ACD, ABD, ABC respectively; and denote by Ha, Hb, Hc, Hd the orthocenters in the same triangles. Then the intersection of the lines OaOc and ObOd is called the quasicircumcenter, and the intersection of the lines HaHc and HbHd is called the quasiorthocenter of the convex quadrilateral.[41] These points can be used to define an Euler line of a quadrilateral. In a convex quadrilateral, the quasiorthocenter H, the "area centroid" G, and the quasicircumcenter O are collinear in this order, and HG = 2GO.[41]

text: There can also be defined a quasinine-point center E as the intersection of the lines EaEc and EbEd, where Ea, Eb, Ec, Ed are the nine-point centers of triangles BCD, ACD, ABD, ABC respectively. Then E is the midpoint of OH.[41]

text: Another remarkable line in a convex non-parallelogram quadrilateral is the Newton line, which connects the midpoints of the diagonals, the segment connecting these points being bisected by the vertex centroid. One more interesting line (in some sense dual to the Newton's one) is the line connecting the point of intersection of diagonals with the vertex centroid. The line is remarkable by the fact that it contains the (area) centroid. The vertex centroid divides the segment connecting the intersection of diagonals and the (area) centroid in the ratio 3:1.[42]

text: Other properties of convex quadrilaterals[edit]

text:
Let exterior squares be drawn on all sides of a quadrilateral. The segments connecting the centers of opposite squares are (a) equal in length, and (b) perpendicular. Thus these centers are the vertices of an orthodiagonal quadrilateral. This is called Van Aubel's theorem.
For any simple quadrilateral with given edge lengths, there is a cyclic quadrilateral with the same edge lengths.[37]
The four smaller triangles formed by the diagonals and sides of a convex quadrilateral have the property that the product of the areas of two opposite triangles equals the product of the areas of the other two triangles.[43]

text: Taxonomy[edit]

text: A hierarchical taxonomy of quadrilaterals is illustrated by the figure to the right. Lower classes are special cases of higher classes they are connected to. Note that "trapezoid" here is referring to the North American definition (the British equivalent is a trapezium). Inclusive definitions are used throughout.

text: Skew quadrilaterals[edit]

text: A non-planar quadrilateral is called a skew quadrilateral. Formulas to compute its dihedral angles from the edge lengths and the angle between two adjacent edges were derived for work on the properties of molecules such as cyclobutane that contain a "puckered" ring of four atoms.[44] Historically the term gauche quadrilateral was also used to mean a skew quadrilateral.[45] A skew quadrilateral together with its diagonals form a (possibly non-regular) tetrahedron, and conversely every skew quadrilateral comes from a tetrahedron where a pair of opposite edges is removed.


document_title: List of books of the King James Version

question_text: what book in the bible comes after john

question_tokens: what book in the bible comes after john

text: List of books of the King James Version

text: Old Testament[edit]

text:
King James Bible
Vulgate
Douay Rheims
Full title in the Authorised Version

Genesis
Genesis
Genesis
The First Book of Moses, called Genesis

Exodus
Exodus
Exodus
The Second Book of Moses, called Exodus

Leviticus
Leviticus
Leviticus
The Third Book of Moses, called Leviticus

Numbers
Numeri
Numbers
The Fourth Book of Moses, called Numbers

Deuteronomy
Deuteronomium
Deuteronomy
The Fifth Book of Moses, called Deuteronomy

Joshua
Josue
Josue
The Book of Joshua

Judges
Judices
Judges
The Book of Judges

Ruth
Ruth
Ruth
The Book of Ruth

1 Samuel
1 Samuelis also known as 1 Regum
1 Kings
The First Book of Samuel, otherwise called the First Book of the Kings

2 Samuel
2 Samuelis also known as 2 Regum
2 Kings
The Second Book of Samuel, otherwise called the Second Book of the Kings

1 Kings
3 Regum
3 Kings
The First Book of the Kings, commonly called the Third Book of the Kings

2 Kings
4 Regum
4 Kings
The Second Book of the Kings, commonly called the Fourth Book of the Kings

1 Chronicles
1 Paralipomenon
1 Paralipomenon
The First Book of the Chronicles

2 Chronicles
2 Paralipomenon
2 Paralipomenon
The Second Book of the Chronicles

Ezra
1 Esdrae
1 Esdras
Ezra

Nehemiah
Nehemiae also known as 2 Esdrae
2 Esdras
The Book of Nehemiah

Esther
Esther 1,1 – 10,3
Esther 1:1 – 10:3
The Book of Esther

Job
Job
Job
The Book of Job

Psalms
Psalmi
Psalms
The Book of Psalms

Proverbs
Proverbia
Sentences
The Proverbs

Ecclesiastes
Ecclesiastes
Ecclesiastes
Ecclesiastes, or, The Preacher

Song of Solomon
Canticum Canticorum
Canticle of Canticles
The Song of Solomon

Isaiah
Isaiae
Isaias
The Book of the Prophet Isaiah

Jeremiah
Jeremiae
Jeremias
The Book of the Prophet Jeremiah

Lamentations
Lamentationes
Lamentations
The Lamentations of Jeremiah

Ezekiel
Ezechielis
Ezechiel
The Book of the Prophet Ezekiel

Daniel
Danielis 1,1 – 3,23; 3,91 – 12,13
Daniel 1:1 – 3:23; 3:91 – 12:13
The Book of Daniel

Hosea
Osee
Osee
Hosea

Joel
Joel
Joel
Joel

Amos
Amos
Amos
Amos

Obadiah
Adiae
Adias
Obadiah

Jonah
Jonae
Jonas
Jonah

Micah
Michaeae
Michaeas
Micah

Nahum
Nahum
Nahum
Nahum

Habakkuk
Habacuc
Habacuc
Habakkuk

Zephaniah
Sophoniae
Sophonias
Zephaniah

Haggai
Aggaei
Aggaeus
Haggai

Zechariah
Zachariae
Zacharias
Zechariah

Malachi
Malachiae
Malachias
Malachi

text: Apocrypha[edit]

text:
King James Bible
Vulgate
Douay Rheims
Full title in the Authorised Version

1 Esdras
3 Esdrae
3 Esdras
The First Book of Esdras

2 Esdras
4 Esdrae
4 Esdras
The Second Book of Esdras

Tobit
Tobiae
Tobias
Tobit

Judith
Judith
Judith
Judith

Rest of Esther
Esther 10,4 – 16,24
Esther 10:4 – 16:24
The Rest of the Chapters of the Book of Esther, which are found neither in the Hebrew nor the Chaldee

Wisdom
Sapientiae
Wisdom
The Wisdom of Solomon

Ecclesiasticus
Ecclesiasticus
Ecclesiasticus
The Wisdom of Jesus the son of Sirach, or Ecclesiasticus

Baruch and the Epistle of Jeremy
Baruch
Baruch
Baruch

Song of the Three Children
Danielis 3,24 – 90
Daniel 3:24 – 90
The Song of the Three Holy Children

Story of Susanna
Danielis caput 13
Daniel chapter 13
The History of Susanna

The Idol Bel and the Dragon
Danielis caput 14
Daniel chapter 14
The History of the Destruction of Bel and the Dragon

Prayer of Manasses
Oratio Manassae regis
Prayer of Manasses
The Prayer of Manasses King of Juda when he was holden captive in Babylon

1 Maccabees
1 Machabaeorum
1 Machabees
The First Book of the Maccabees

2 Maccabees
2 Machabaeorum
2 Machabees
The Second Book of the Maccabees

text: New Testament[edit]

text:
King James Bible
Vulgate
Douay Rheims
Full title in the Authorised Version

St. Matthew
secundum Matthaeum
Matthew
The Gospel According to St. Matthew

St. Mark
secundum Marcum
Mark
The Gospel According to St. Mark

St. Luke
secundum Lucam
Luke
The Gospel According to St. Luke

St. John
secundum Ioannem
John
The Gospel According to St. John

The Acts
Actus
Acts
The Acts of the Apostles

Romans
ad Romanos
Romans
The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Romans

1 Corinthians
1 ad Corinthios
1 Corinthians
The First Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Corinthians

2 Corinthians
2 ad Corinthios
2 Corinthians
The Second Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Corinthians

Galatians
ad Galatas
Galatians
The Epistle of Paul to the Galatians

Ephesians
ad Ephesios
Ephesians
The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Ephesians

Philippians
ad Philippenses
Philippians
The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Philippians

Colossians
ad Colossenses
Colossians
The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Colossians

1 Thessalonians
1 ad Thessalonicenses
1 Thessalonians
The First Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Thessalonians

2 Thessalonians
2 ad Thessalonicenses
2 Thessalonians
The Second Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Thessalonians

1 Timothy
1 ad Timotheum
1 Timothy
The First Epistle of Paul the Apostle to Timothy

2 Timothy
2 ad Timotheum
2 Timothy
The Second Epistle of Paul the Apostle to Timothy

Titus
ad Titum
Titus
The Epistle of Paul to Titus

Philemon
ad Philemonem
Philemon
The Epistle of Paul to Philemon

Hebrews
ad Hebraeos
Hebrews
The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Hebrews

James
Jacobi
James
The General Epistle of James

1 Peter
1 Petri
1 Peter
The First Epistle General of Peter

2 Peter
2 Petri
2 Peter
The Second Epistle General of Peter

1 John
1 Ioannis
1 John
The First Epistle General of John

2 John
2 Ioannis
2 John
The Second Epistle of John

3 John
3 Ioannis
3 John
The Third Epistle of John

Jude
Judae
Jude
The General Epistle of Jude

Revelation
Apocalypsis
Apocalypse
The Revelation of St. John the Divine

text: Notes[edit]

text: There are 80 books in the King James Bible—39 in the Old Testament, 14 in the Apocrypha, and 27 in the New Testament. Most modern editions omit the Apocrypha; in those editions the number of books totals 66. The reasons for the omission of the Apocrypha can be found in the article "Biblical canon". The names of those books found in the Apocrypha section of their respective versions are in italics.

text: In the Latin Vulgate, it is customary to separate chapter and verse with a comma, for example, "Ioannem 3,16". But in English bibles it is customary to separate chapter and verse with a colon, for example, "John 3:16".

text: The Psalms of the two versions are numbered differently. The Vulgate follows the Septuagint numbering, while the King James Version follows the numbering of the Masoretic Text. This generally results in the Psalms of the former being one number behind the latter. See the article on Psalms for more details.

text: Editions[edit]

text: Early editions of the King James Bible, made before the standardization of English spelling, contain variations in the spelling of the names of the books. The spellings shown here are from the Oxford World's Classics edition (ISBN 978-0199535941). Early editions often make greater use of the silent e in their spelling, e.g. "Deuteronomie" for Deuteronomy, "Booke" for book, and "Wisedom" for Wisdom.

text: Books of the BibleKing James Version


document_title: Snow White and the Huntsman

question_text: who plays the queen's brother in snow white and the huntsman

question_tokens: who plays the queen 's brother in snow white and the huntsman

text: Snow White and the Huntsman

text: Plot[edit]

text: While admiring a rose blooming in the winter, Queen Eleanor of the kingdom of Tabor pricks her finger on one of its thorns. Three drops of blood fall onto the snow-covered ground, and she wishes for a daughter as white as the snow, with lips as red as the blood, hair as black as a raven's wings and a heart as strong and defiant as the rose. Queen Eleanor gives birth to her daughter, Snow White, but falls ill and dies several years later. After her death, Snow White's father, King Magnus, and his army battle an invading dark army of demonic glass soldiers. Upon rescuing their prisoner Ravenna, the King becomes enchanted with her beauty and marries her.

text: Ravenna is in fact a powerful sorceress and the Dark Army's master. On their wedding night, Ravenna confesses there was a king much like Magnus that hurt her. She declares she cannot be a weak queen and kills Magnus before unleashing her invading army upon the kingdom. Snow White's childhood friend William and his father, Duke Hammond, escape the castle but are unable to rescue her, and she is captured by Ravenna's brother Finn and locked away in the north tower of the castle for many years.

text: Tabor is ruined under Queen Ravenna's rule as she periodically drains the youth from the kingdom's young women in order to maintain a spell, cast over her as a child by her mother, which allows her to keep her youthful beauty. When Snow White comes of age, Ravenna learns from her Magic Mirror that her stepdaughter Snow White is destined to destroy her unless the Queen consumes the young girl's heart, which will make her truly immortal. Queen Ravenna orders Finn to bring her Snow White's heart, but Snow White escapes into the Dark Forest, where Ravenna has no power. Ravenna makes a bargain with Eric the Huntsman, a widower and drunkard, to capture Snow White, promising to bring his wife back to life in exchange. The Huntsman tracks down Snow White, but when Finn reveals that Queen Ravenna does not actually have the power to revive the dead, the Huntsman helps Snow White escape. Meanwhile, Finn gathers another band of men to find her, and the Duke and his son William learn that she is alive. William leaves the castle on his own to find her, joining Finn's band as a bowman.

text: The Huntsman and Snow White leave the Dark Forest, where she saves his life by charming a huge troll that attacks them. They make their way to a fishing village populated by women who have disfigured themselves to make themselves useless to the Queen. While there, the Huntsman learns Snow White's true identity, and initially leaves her in the care of the women. He soon returns when he sees the village being burned down by Finn's men. Snow White and the Huntsman evade them and eventually meet a band of eight dwarves. The blind dwarf Muir perceives that Snow White is the daughter of the former king, and the only person who can defeat Ravenna and end her reign.

text: As they travel through a fairy sanctuary, Snow White encounters a White Hart, but as Snow White approaches the deer, the group is attacked by Finn and his men. A battle ensues during which one of the dwarfs, Gus, and Finn and his men are killed, while William reveals himself. William joins the group which continues the journey to Hammond's castle.

text: Halfway to Duke Hammond's castle, Queen Ravenna disguises herself as William and tempts Snow White into eating a poisoned apple, but is forced to flee when the Huntsman and William discover her. William kisses Snow White, whose body is taken to Hammond's castle. As she lies in repose, the Huntsman professes his regret for not saving Snow White, who reminds him of his late wife, Sara; and he kisses her. The spell broken, Snow White awakens and walks into the courtyard; rallying the Duke's army to mount a siege against Queen Ravenna.

text: The dwarves infiltrate the castle through the sewers and open the gates, allowing the Duke's army inside. Snow White confronts Queen Ravenna, but is overpowered. Queen Ravenna is about to kill Snow White and consume her heart. Eventually, Snow White uses a move the Huntsman taught her and mortally wounds Queen Ravenna, and Duke Hammond's army is victorious. With Queen Ravenna defeated, the kingdom once again enjoys peace and harmony as Snow White is crowned queen.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Kristen Stewart as Snow White[6]
Raffey Cassidy as young Snow White
Chris Hemsworth as Eric the Huntsman
Charlize Theron as Queen Ravenna, Snow White's evil stepmother
Izzy Meikle-Small as young Ravenna
Sam Claflin as William, son of Duke Hammond
Xavier Atkins as young William
Sam Spruell as Finn, Ravenna's brother and enforcer
Elliot Reeve as young Finn
Vincent Regan as Duke Hammond, William's father
Lily Cole as Greta, a young girl who befriends Snow White
Noah Huntley as King Magnus, Snow White's father
Liberty Ross as Queen Eleanor, Snow White's mother
Chris Obi as the voice of Mirror Man, the physical form of the Magic Mirror
Rachael Stirling as Anna
Hattie Gotobed as Lily
Greg Hicks as Black Knight General
Peter Ferdinando as Black Knight
Anastasia Hille as Ravenna's Mother

text: The Dwarfs[edit]

text: The Dwarfs were played by actors of average height who had their faces digitally transmuted onto small bodies. This caused a protest from the Little People of America.[7]

text:
Ian McShane as Beith, the leader of the Dwarves.
Bob Hoskins as Muir, the blind elder Dwarf, who possesses the powers of premonition. This was Hoskins's final role before his retirement from acting (and his death) due to Parkinson's disease.
Ray Winstone as Gort, an ill-tempered Dwarf.
Nick Frost as Nion,[8] Beith's right-hand man.
Toby Jones as Coll, Duir's brother.
Eddie Marsan as Duir, Coll's brother.
Johnny Harris as Quert, Muir's son.
Brian Gleeson as Gus, the youngest of the Dwarfs who develops a bond with Snow White and later sacrifices himself to save her.

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Evan Daugherty initially wrote the screenplay in 2003, when he was studying at NYU.[9] At the time reboots of fairy tales were not a popular film genre and according to Daugherty "no one really knew what to do with it" [9] More problems came when the release of Terry Gilliam's The Brothers Grimm (2005) flopped at the box office which caused potential buyers to be hesitant about the script.[9] The script was finally greenlit after the success of Tim Burton's Alice in Wonderland (2010).[9]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Film producers considered casting a lesser-known actress for the role of Snow White, with mention of Riley Keough, Felicity Jones, Bella Heathcote, Alicia Vikander, and Rachel Maxwell as possible picks. This idea became less likely as known actresses Dakota Fanning and Kristen Stewart were later rumored to be short-listed for the role.[10] On March 4, 2011 a series of tweets from co-producer Palak Patel confirmed that Stewart was offered the role.[11] Winona Ryder was initially considered to play Queen Ravenna, before the role went to Charlize Theron.[12] Tom Hardy was supposedly first offered the role of Eric, the Huntsman, but turned down the offer. The role was then apparently offered to Michael Fassbender,[13] and then Johnny Depp, but both claim to have declined it.[14] Viggo Mortensen was said to have been in negotiations with Universal for the part, but supposedly turned down the role, too.[15] It was claimed that Hugh Jackman was offered the role, but that he declined.[16] In 2011, Thor star Chris Hemsworth was eventually cast in the role of the Huntsman.[17] The Dwarfs were played by actors of average height who had their faces digitally superimposed onto small bodies. This caused a protest from the Little People of America.[18]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography took place in the United Kingdom.[19] The beach scenes were predominantly filmed in Pembrokeshire, on the Marloes Sands beach near the village of Marloes between September 26 and 29, 2011.[20] Though the beach was not closed to the public during filming, as filming progressed, certain parts were advised to be off limits. A computer-generated castle was set on nearby Gateholm island. A field above the beach was used for production purposes, and a special wooden ramp was built for vehicles and horses to access the beach.[citation needed] The film used academic consultants from the University of Chichester and the University of Oxford for back-up research on fairy tales and medieval battles.[21] The English band Florence and the Machine recorded "Breath of Life" exclusively for the film, which was reportedly inspired by Theron's character Queen Ravenna.[22][23]

text: Release[edit]

text: The film had its premiere on May 14, 2012, at the Empire, Leicester Square, in London.[24]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray in Region 1 on September 11, 2012,[25] with both the theatrical version (127 minutes) and an extended version (132 minutes) available on both formats. The film was released on the same formats in Region 2 on October 1, 2012.[26]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Snow White and the Huntsman earned $155,332,381 in North America, along with $241,260,448 in other territories, for a worldwide total of $396,592,829.[5] In North America, the film earned $1,383,000 from midnight showings.[27] For its opening day, the film topped the box office with $20,468,525.[28] It debuted in first place at the box office during its opening weekend with $56,217,700.[29] It is the seventeenth highest-grossing 2012 film.[30] Outside North America, Snow White and the Huntsman had an opening of $39.3 million, ranking second overall for the weekend behind Men in Black 3; however, it ranked number 1 in 30 countries.[31]

text: Critical reaction[edit]

text: Snow White and the Huntsman received mixed reviews from critics. The film has a 48% score on Rotten Tomatoes based on 221 reviews, with an average rating of 5.6/10. The site's consensus states: "While it offers an appropriately dark take on the fairy tale that inspired it, Snow White & the Huntsman is undone by uneven acting, problematic pacing, and a confused script."[32] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 57 out of 100, based on 39 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". CinemaScore polls conducted revealed the average grade that filmgoers gave the film was a "B" on an A+ to F scale.[33]

text: David Edelstein of New York praised the film's revisionist tone and said the film was "strongly influenced by a lot of smart, feminist thinking".[34] Roger Ebert gave the film 3.5 stars out of 4.[35] A.O. Scott of The New York Times praised Theron's performance and also wrote, "Though it is an ambitious – at times mesmerizing – application of the latest cinematic technology, the movie tries to recapture some of the menace of the stories that used to be told to scare children rather than console them."[36] Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly wrote, "Ravenna hates living in a world where men can feed on women's beauty and then toss them away. She's a fascist of feminism, and Theron's acting has the blood of operatic anger coursing through it."[37] Betsy Sharkey of the Los Angeles Times said the film is, "an absolute wonder to watch and creates a warrior princess for the ages. But what this revisionist fairy tale does not give us is a passionate love – its kisses are as chaste as the snow is white."[38] Rolling Stone's Peter Travers called it "a visual marvel" while noting that Stewart "morphs convincingly from a skittish girl into a determined warrior princess."[39] MSN news said that Stewart "grows into her character, it seems, and eventually got this reviewer completely on her side.[40] Colin Covert of the Minneapolis Star Tribune gave the film 4/4 stars.[41] Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian said that while the film is "less jokey than the recent Mirror Mirror", "this Twilightified fairytale has the same basic problem," and that, "The result is tangled and overblown."[42] Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle called it "[a] slow, boring film that has no charm and is highlighted only by a handful of special effects and Charlize Theron's truly evil queen."[43] Michael O'Sullivan of the Washington Post also gave the film a negative review: "Overlong, overcrowded, overstimulating and with an over-the-top performance by Charlize Theron as the evil queen Ravenna, the movie is a virtual orchard of toxic excess, starting with the unnecessarily sprawling cast of characters."[44] Lisa Kennedy of the Denver Post gave the film two out of four stars and said, "Only Bob Hoskins as the blind seer Muir comes close to making us care. We can almost glean Snow White's heroic possibilities through his clouded eyes. As much as we'd like to, we certainly can't from Stewart's efforts."[45] Scott Foundas states that "Stewart’s Snow White... pouts her lips, bats her bedroom eyes, and scarcely seems to have more on her mind than who might take her to the senior prom—let alone the destiny of an entire kingdom."[46] Richard Roeper gave the movie a B+, calling it "Vastly superior to Mirror, Mirror", and praising Theron and Stewart's performances.[47]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
List of awards and nominations

Year

Recipient

Award

Category

Result

2012

Charlize Theron

Teen Choice Award

Choice Movie: Hissy Fit

Won

Kristen Stewart

Teen Choice Award

Choice Summer Movie Star: Female

Won

Chris Hemsworth

Teen Choice Award

Choice Summer Movie Star: Male (also for The Avengers)

Won

Sam Claflin

Teen Choice Award

Choice Movie: Breakout

Nominated

Charlize Theron

Teen Choice Award

Choice Movie: Villain

Nominated

Charlize Theron

Teen Choice Award

Choice Summer Movie Star: Female (also for Prometheus)

Nominated

Chris Hemsworth

GQ Award

GQ Men Of The Year Award for International Breakthrough

Won

Colleen Atwood

Gucci Award

Best Costume Design

Nominated

Florence and the Machine

World Soundtrack Awards

Best Original Song Written Directly for a Film

Nominated

Chris Munro and Craig Henighan

Satellite Award

Best Sound (Editing & Mixing)

Nominated

Wild Card and Universal Pictures

Golden Trailer Award

Best Action (for "Forever")

Won

Universal Pictures

Golden Trailer Award

Best Summer Blockbuster 2012 TV Spot (for "Ravenna")

Won

Universal Pictures

Golden Trailer Award

Best Motion/Title Graphics (for "Domestic Trailer 2")

Nominated

Universal Pictures and Wild Card

Golden Trailer Award

Best Summer Blockbuster 2012 TV Spot (for "Bound")

Nominated

Universal Pictures and Aspect Ratio

Golden Trailer Award

Best Summer Blockbuster 2012 TV Spot (for "Kingdom")

Nominated

Universal Pictures and Wild Card

Golden Trailer Award

Best in Show (for "Forever")

Nominated

Cedric Nicolas-Troyan, Philip Brennan, Neil Corbould, and Michael Dawson

St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association

Best Visual Effects

Nominated

Greig Fraser

San Diego Film Critics Society Awards

Special Award

Won

2012

People's Choice Awards

Favorite Film

Nominated

2013

Chris Hemsworth

People's Choice Awards

Favorite Action Movie Star (also for The Avengers)

Nominated

Charlize Theron

People's Choice Awards

Favorite Dramatic Movie Actress (also for Prometheus)

Nominated

Kristen Stewart and Chris Hemsworth

People's Choice Awards

Favorite On-Screen Chemistry

Nominated

Kristen Stewart

People's Choice Awards

Favorite Face of Heroism

Nominated

Colleen Atwood

Academy Awards

Best Costume Design

Nominated

Cedric Nicolas-Troyan, Philip Brennan, Neil Corbould, and Michael Dawson

Academy Awards

Best Visual Effects

Nominated

Kristen Stewart

Golden Raspberry Awards

Worst Actress (also for The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2)

Won

Film

Saturn Awards

Best Fantasy Film

Nominated

Charlize Theron

Saturn Awards

Best Supporting Actress

Nominated

Colleen Atwood

Saturn Awards

Best Costume

Nominated

Cedric Nicolas-Troyan, Philip Brennan, Neil Corbould and Michael Dawson

Saturn Awards

Best Special Effects

Nominated

Kristen Stewart

2013 MTV Movie Awards

Best Hero

Nominated

text: Prequel/Sequel[edit]

text: A sequel was planned, with director Rupert Sanders in talks to return.[48] In August 2012, The Hollywood Reporter reported that the sequel was shelved in the aftermath of the scandal involving Sanders cheating on his wife with Stewart and that a spin-off film concentrating on the Huntsman was planned instead, which would not star Stewart.[49] Universal announced a few days later that they were not shelving the sequel.[50] A 2012 report stated that Universal has authorized a sequel[51] and Stewart was set to reprise her role, but without Sanders to return as the director due to the scandal.[52] The script was written and production was set to begin in 2013.[51]

text: The film was originally scheduled for release in 2015.[53] In September 2013, Chris Hemsworth stated he did not know anything about the sequel while speaking to E!.[54] On June 4, 2014, Deadline reported that Frank Darabont, Gavin O'Connor and Andrés Muschietti were on the shortlist to direct the sequel.[55] On June 26, 2014, Deadline reported that Darabont was in talks to direct the sequel.[56] Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Legendary Pictures were set to co-finance the film with Universal but dropped out and were replaced by Perfect World Pictures. On July 31, 2014, the project was described as a prequel titled The Huntsman scheduled for April 22, 2016, which would not star Stewart as Snow White.[57] In January 2015, Darabont left the project as director,[58] but the third leading role was set with Emily Blunt. It was later announced that Cedric Nicolas-Troyan would take over as the new director for the film.[59][60] Nick Frost will return as Dwarf Nion and Jessica Chastain will star.[61] On March 18, 2015, Rob Brydon, Alexandra Roach and Sheridan Smith were added to the cast as dwarves.[62] TheWrap confirmed on May 7, 2015, that Sam Claflin would return as William in this sequel.[63]

text: It was later revealed that the film would feature Ravenna's sister, the Ice Queen, and would reveal the origins of the Huntsman, while also continuing the story of the first film.[64]


document_title: Arm

question_text: where is the biceps located in the body

question_tokens: where is the biceps located in the body

text: Arm

text: Anatomy[edit]

text: Bones[edit]

text: The humerus is one of the three long bones of the arm. It joins with the scapula at the shoulder joint and with the other long bones of the arm, the ulna and radius at the elbow joint.[4] The elbow is the hinge joint between the end of the humerus and the ends of the radius and ulna. The humerus cannot be broken easily. Its strength allows it to handle loading up to 300 pounds (140 kg).[citation needed]

text: Muscles[edit]

text: The arm is divided by a fascial layer (known as lateral and medial intermuscular septa) separating the muscles into two osteofascial compartments: the anterior and the posterior compartments of the arm. The fascia merges with the periosteum (outer bone layer) of the humerus. The compartments contain muscles which are innervated by the same nerve and perform the same action.[citation needed]

text: Two other muscles are considered to be partially in the arm:

text:
The large deltoid muscle is considered to have part of its body in the anterior compartment. This muscle is the main abductor muscle of the upper limb and extends over the shoulder.
The brachioradialis muscle originates in the arm but inserts into the forearm. This muscle is responsible for rotating the hand so its palm faces forward (supination).[citation needed]

text: Nerve supply[edit]

text: The musculocutaneous nerve, from C5, C6, C7, is the main supplier of muscles of the anterior compartment. It originates from the lateral cord of the brachial plexus of nerves. It pierces the coracobrachialis muscle and gives off branches to the muscle, as well as to brachialis and biceps brachii. It terminates as the anterior cutaneous nerve of the forearm.

text: The radial nerve, which is from the fifth cervical spinal nerve to the first thoracic spinal nerve, originates as the continuation of the posterior cord of the brachial plexus. This nerve enters the lower triangular space (an imaginary space bounded by, amongst others, the shaft of the humerus and the triceps brachii) of the arm and lies deep to the triceps brachii. Here it travels with the deep artery of the arm, which sits in the radial groove of the humerus. This fact is very important clinically as a fracture of the shaft of the bone here can cause lesions or even transections in the nerve.

text: Other nerves passing through give no supply to the arm. These include:

text:
The median nerve, nerve origin C5-T1, which is a branch of the lateral and medial cords of the brachial plexus. This nerve continues in the arm, travelling in a plane between the biceps and triceps muscles. At the cubital fossa, this nerve is deep to the pronator teres muscle and is the most medial structure in the fossa. The nerve passes into the forearm.
The ulnar nerve, origin C8-T1, is a continuation of the medial cord of the brachial plexus. This nerve passes in the same plane as the median nerve, between the biceps and triceps muscles. At the elbow, this nerve travels posterior to the medial epicondyle of the humerus. This means that condylar fractures can cause lesion to this nerve.

text: Blood supply[edit]

text: The main artery in the arm is the brachial artery. This artery is a continuation of the axillary artery. The point at which the axillary becomes the brachial is distal to the lower border of teres major. The brachial artery gives off an unimportant branch, the deep artery of arm. This branching occurs just below the lower border of teres major.

text: The brachial artery continues to the cubital fossa in the anterior compartment of the arm. It travels in a plane between the biceps and triceps muscles, the same as the median nerve and basilic vein. It is accompanied by venae comitantes (accompanying veins). It gives branches to the muscles of the anterior compartment. The artery is in between the median nerve and the tendon of the biceps muscle in the cubital fossa. It then continues into the forearm.

text: The deep artery of the arm travels through the lower triangular space with the radial nerve. From here onwards it has an intimate relationship with the radial nerve. They are both found deep to the triceps muscle and are located on the spiral groove of the humerus. Therefore, fracture of the bone may not only lead to lesion of the radial nerve, but also haematoma of the internal structures of the arm. The artery then continues on to anastamose with the recurrent radial branch of the brachial artery, providing a diffuse blood supply for the elbow joint.

text: Veins[edit]

text: The veins of the arm carry blood from the extremities of the limb, as well as drain the arm itself. The two main veins are the basilic and the cephalic veins. There is a connecting vein between the two, the median cubital vein, which passes through the cubital fossa and is clinically important for venepuncture (withdrawing blood).

text: The basilic vein travels on the medial side of the arm and terminates at the level of the seventh rib.

text: The cephalic vein travels on the lateral side of the arm and terminates as the axillary vein. It passes through the deltopectoral triangle, a space between the deltoid and the pectoralis major muscles.

text: Society and culture[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2015)

text: Clinical significance [edit]

text: The cubital fossa is clinically important for venepuncture and for blood pressure measurement.[citation needed]

text: When the arm is fractured this may refer to a fracture of the humerus bone.

text: Veins on the arm may be taken when a coronary artery bypass graft is needed.

text: Other animals[edit]

text: In other animals, the term arm can also be used for analogous structures, (such as one of the paired forelimbs of a four-legged animal or the arms of cephalopods). In anatomical usage, the term arm may[1] sometimes refer specifically to the segment between the shoulder and the elbow,[5][6] while the segment between the elbow and wrist is the forearm. However, in common, literary, and historical usage, arm refers to the entire upper limb from shoulder to wrist. This article uses the former definition; see upper limb for the wider definition.[citation needed]

text: In primates the arm is adapted for precise positioning of the hand and thus assist in the hand's manipulative tasks. The ball and socket shoulder joint allows for movement of the arms in a wide circular plane, while the structure of the two forearm bones which can rotate around each other allows for additional range of motion at that level.[citation needed]

text: Additional images[edit]

text: Gross anatomy of the upper arm and elbow.


document_title: Top Gun Anthem

question_text: who played guitar on the top gun anthem

question_tokens: who played guitar on the top gun anthem

text: Top Gun Anthem

text:
"Top Gun Anthem"

Single by Harold Faltermeyer and Steve Stevens

from the album Top Gun (soundtrack)

Released
1986 (1986)

Format
CD

Recorded
1985

Genre

Instrumental rock
glam metal
hard rock

Length
4:12

Label
Columbia

Songwriter(s)
Harold Faltermeyer

Producer(s)
Harold Faltermeyer

text: "Top Gun Anthem" is an instrumental rock composition and the theme for the 1986 film Top Gun. Harold Faltermeyer wrote the music. Steve Stevens played guitar on the recording. In the film, the full song is heard in the film's ending scene.

text: An edited version of the song without the electric guitar is played in the opening scene when an F-14 Tomcat is being prepared to take off from an aircraft carrier. After the F-14's engines are on full afterburners and the aircraft subsequently launches from the catapult, the music changes immediately to "Danger Zone" by Kenny Loggins.

text: "Top Gun Anthem" won a 1987 Grammy Award for Best Pop Instrumental Performance. The song's music video, directed by Dominic Sena, shows Harold Faltermeyer playing the piano and Stevens on electric guitar in a hangar with naval aircraft. This video was re-released within the 2004 Top Gun Collector's Edition DVD.

text: The song was written by composer Harold Faltermeyer, who was recording keyboard parts for Billy Idol's Whiplash Smile album. Faltermeyer asked Stevens, Idol's longtime guitarist, to play guitar on the track. Stevens was shown a clip of the film, and agreed to play on the track because he felt the film would be a hit. A guitar track had already been recorded on the demo that was given to Stevens. Stevens wanted to record his parts using one track, and avoid any overdubbing.[citation needed]

text: Stevens used a Hamer SS and a 100-watt Marshall amplifier to record his part. He also used a small Boss compressor pedal to add more sustain.[citation needed] There is only one guitar track throughout the entire piece, with the exception of the ending.

text: The song is available on both the original Top Gun soundtrack album and the expanded edition.

text: Personnel[edit]

text:
Harold Faltermeyer – piano
Steve Stevens – electric guitar

text: Other uses[edit]

text: The theme was played on organ as an intro to "Don't Need a Gun" during Billy Idol's Whiplash Smile tour.

text: A similar tune was found in the 1988 Amiga flight simulator F/A-18 Interceptor.

text: Rapper T.I. sampled the guitar riff for his song "Big Things Poppin'."

text: On July 3, 2008, Activision released a free downloadable version of the "Top Gun Anthem" covered by Steve Ouimette for both the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions of Guitar Hero III: Legends of Rock.[1]


question_text: when did the smoking ban start in scotland

text: The Smoking, Health and Social Care (Scotland) Act 2005 (asp 13) is an Act of the Scottish Parliament passed in 2005, after being introduced by Scottish Executive Health minister Andy Kerr.

text: The Act established that, from 26 March 2006, it would be an offence to smoke in any wholly or substantially enclosed public space in Scotland, with a small number of exceptions, such as: prisons, care homes and police interview rooms. Private member clubs were not exempted. Hotel rooms could be designated by the proprietors as smoking rooms, but they were under no obligation to do so, and if they did not, the Act applied to them as any other space.

text: It passed on 30 June 2005 with an 83 to 15 vote, with only the Scottish Conservatives opposing, and received Royal Assent on 5 August 2005.

text: Since the ban came into force on 26 March 2006, it has been largely accepted by the vast majority of the Scottish public.  Compliance rates have been high, and as of 14 June 2006, only one premises has been fined for permitting smoking, and that happened on the day the Act came into being.  Additionally, the Swallow Group of hotels, who had launched a legal challenge to the legislation, formally abandoned their attempt on 13 June 2006, after being advised that it would not succeed.

text: Cigarette litter continues to be a problem outside premises; especially bars and restaurants, and Environmental Health Officers have become more proactive in fining people dropping cigarette ends. Phone calls to Smokeline (a smoking support line run by NHS Health Scotland) increased before and after the ban and smoking cessation services have reported that their number of clients has increased since the ban came into force.[citation needed]

text: ASH Scotland was one of the main campaigners for smoke-free legislation, and recognition of their role was confirmed when Maureen Moore (Chief Executive of ASH Scotland) received an OBE in June 2006 for services to  healthcare.

text: Smoking in enclosed public spaces was later banned in England and Wales by the Health Act 2006, and in Northern Ireland by the Smoking (Northern Ireland) Order 2006.


document_title: Aging (scheduling)

question_text: a solution to the problem of indefinite blockage of low-priority processes is

text: Aging (scheduling)

text: Problem[edit]

text: In priority-based scheduling algorithms, a major problem is indefinite block, or starvation. A process that is ready to run but waiting for the CPU can be considered blocked. A priority scheduling algorithm can leave some low-priority processes waiting indefinitely. A steady stream of higher-priority processes can prevent a low-priority process from ever getting the CPU.[1]

text: Application[edit]

text: Aging is used to ensure that jobs with lower priority will eventually complete their execution. This technique can be used to reduce starvation of low priority tasks.[2] There are many ways to implement aging, but all have the same principle that the priority of a process should increase as it waits in the ready queue. The increase in priority may or may not be equal to the waiting time of the process.

text: Example[edit]

text: Suppose a system with priority range of 0-512. In this system, 0 means highest priority. Consider a process with priority 127. If we increase its priority by 1 every 15 minutes, then in more than 32 hours the process will age to 0 priority and get executed.


document_title: Indo-Guyanese

question_text: when did the east indian came to guyana

question_tokens: when did the east indian came to guyana

text: Indo-Guyanese

text: History[edit]

text: On May 5, 1838, the year of finalized abolition slave emancipation in the British West Indies and the beginning of the indentured labor system, 396 Indian immigrants popularly known as the 'Gladstone Coolies' landed in British Guiana (now Guyana) from Calcutta (now Kolkata).[2] This was the beginning of the indenture system which was to continue for over three-quarters of a century and whose essential features were very reminiscent of slavery. Within a decade Indian immigration was largely responsible for changing the fortunes of the sugar industry, the mainstay of the economy, from the predicted 'ruin' to prosperity.

text: Up to the early 1860s recruits in North India were drawn from in and around Calcutta and from the Chota Nagpur plateau, a sub-division of the Bengal Presidency about two to three hundred miles from Calcutta . Recruiting operations were pushed further north-westwards and the North-Western Provinces and Oudh (Modern Uttar Pradesh) and Bihar became the main suppliers of colonial labor.

text: The importation of labor from the Indian subcontinent was part of a continuing search by Guianese planters for a labor force that was docile, reliable and amenable to discipline under harsh, tropical conditions. Emancipation had conferred on the Guianese laborers both physical and occupational mobility. The majority of Indian immigrants were drawn from small villages in North India with smaller batches coming from the Tamil and Telugu districts of South India. They were recruited, very often on spurious promises, by professional recruiters, largely assisted by paid local agents called "Arkatis" in North India and "Maistris" in South India.

text: This system of recruitment by local agents formed the backbone of all recruiting operations from the inception of the system to its cessation in 1917. Intimidation, coercion and deception were very often used to recruit Indian laborers. Women, in particular, were very vulnerable. When laborers were difficult to enlist, the recruiters resorted to such illegal practices as kidnapping and forced detention. Many recruited to be shipped off the Caribbean, were falsely advised on where they were heading. Names of places would be altered, to fit a higher meaning. For example, recruiters told migrants, heading to Dutch Suriname they were heading to Sri-Ram, instead of Suriname, taking into account, Ram in the Hindu religion means, a religious place where good triumphs evil.[3]

text: With a need for labor, after the slave emancipation within British territory in 1834, the recruited Indian immigrants set sail for Guiana and other British West Indian territories. Upon arrival, the newly transplanted indentured servants were forced to adapt to extreme tropical conditions, along with their new working contract working conditions. Between 1835 and 1918, 341,600 indentured laborers from India were imported into British Guiana.[4]

text: With the increase of Indians laborers, hostility and fear of being undermined derived from the existing working class of newly free slaves in British Guiana. Treatment of the newly arrived immigrants was horrendous, and they were pushed into isolated communities.[5]

text: The indentured servants were required to sign a contract, the terms binding their service to a plantation for five years, while earning a fixed daily wage. Once this five-year period had passed, they would have another five years of industrial residence in Guiana, then they were entitled to free repatriation. At the end of the contract, laborers either returned to India or stayed in British Guiana. Those who stayed received land and money to create their own businesses.[6]

text: The prospect of sexual relations with Indian women was at first unappealing to the original mostly male Chinese migrants to Guyana even though there was a lack of Chinese women.The prospect of sexual relations with Chinese men was not only unappealing but frowned upon by Indians. Economic circumstances and lack of opportunity for Indian women to find Indian partners gave the women no choice. Eventually their attitude changed and Indian women and Chinese men established sexual relationships with each other as happened in Mauritius.[7] Chinese men had to marry women of other ethnicities due to the lack of Chinese women migrating to British Guiana.[8] Creole sexual relationships and marriages with Chinese and Indians were rare,[9] however, more common was Indian women and Chinese men establishing sexual relations with each other and some Chinese men took their Indian wives back with them to China.[10]

text: Over time, although there were more Creole marriages with Chinese, there was a growth of Indian marriages with Chinese. In 1891, Dr. Comins reported that "[i]t is not an uncommon thing to find a cooly woman living with a Chinaman as his wife, and in one or two instances the woman has accompanied her reputed husband to China", with six Indian women marrying Chinese men in 1892 as reported by The Immigration Report for 1892.[11][12]

text: On plantations white European managers took advantage of and used indentured Indian woman for sex.[13] In addition, English, Portuguese, and Chinese men were also in sexual relationships with Indian women as noted by Attorney General W.F. Haynes Smith, while Creole women were abhorred or ignored by Indian men.[14][15]

text: The low ratio of Indian women to Indian men, along with the factor of Portuguese, white overseers and managers, and Chinese men having sexual relations with Indian women, aggravated the problem of rivalry for Indian women between Indian men, and drove up the value of Indian women.[16] The deficit in Indian women compared to men was caused by the recruitment quota ratio of 100 men to 40 women; most of the women were young and single.[17] The shortage of Indian women for Indian men was aggravated when Indian women were taken by Africans and European overseers, leading to high amounts of wife murders against Indian woman by Indian men.[18]

text: The Guyanese-Indian journalist Gaiutra Bahadur wrote about the experiences of Indian women.[19][20] Sex was utilized as a potent instrument by a few Indian women such as when they obtained favors from overseers by having sex with them,[21] and the women could either have been "imperiled" or "empowered" when forming sexual relations with overseers.[22]

text: Sexual abuse, horrible living standards, and tough work were all things Indian women had to contend with.[23][24]

text: Culture[edit]

text: Unlike the African slaves, the East Indian indentured workers were permitted to retain some of their cultural traditions. But the process of assimilation has made the culture of the modern Indo-Guyanese more homogeneous than that of their immigrant ancestors.[25]

text: Cultural origins and religion[edit]

text: Between 1838 and 1917 over 500 ship voyages with 238,909 indentured Indian immigrants came to Guyana; while just 75,898 of them or their children returned. The vast majority came from the Hindustani (or Hindi) speaking areas of North India. The most popular dialect spoken was Bhojpuri (spoken in east Uttar Pradesh and west Bihar), followed by Awadhi (spoken in central Uttar Pradesh). 62% of the immigrants came from districts that are now part of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh; 21% from districts that are now part of Bihar state; 6% were from pre-partitioned Bengal; 3% from what are today Orissa and Jharkhand states; 3% from what is today Tamil Nadu state; 3% from Central India, 1% from pre-partitioned Punjab - and the remaining 1% from the rest of India.[citation needed] (96.8% of all the Indian Immigrants to Guyana left from the port of Calcutta in North India, and 3.2% from the port of Madras in South India)[26]

text: The religious breakdown was 85% Hindu, 15% Muslims.[26]

text: Indenture documents show Hindu by caste: 11% were Brahmin, Bhumihar, Chatri, Rajput and Thakur castes; 1% were of the merchant or writer castes; 30% were of the medium agricultural castes; 9% were of the artisan castes; 2% were of the petty trading castes; 2% were of fishermen and boatmen castes; 25% were from menial or dalit castes; 3% were Hindus who were Madrasis; 2% were Hill Coolies or Tribals. The only acknowledgment the colonial government and the plantation managers gave to caste differences was their distrust of the Brahmins as potential leaders.[citation needed]

text: East Indian workers were housed together and placed in work gangs without consideration of caste, and no solidified caste groups survived the early colonial period.[citation needed]

text: Festivals and holidays[edit]

text: Guyanese Hindus continue to observe holidays such as Phagwah also known outside the country as Holi (burning of Holika) and Diwali (festival of lights) among others while Muslims celebrate the holidays Eid ul-Fitr and Eid al-Adha.[27] Through British influence, celebrating holidays such as Christmas and Easter, is common regardless of religious beliefs. In Guyana, Indian Arrival Day is celebrated on May 5 commemorating the first arrival of indentured servants from India to the country, on May 5, 1838. On this day, the workers arrived to work in sugar plantations.[28]

text: Marriage[edit]

text: Among Hindus and Muslims, arranged, comparatively early marriages were common in rural areas until the modern period (early 1960's) but are rare now. Middle-class Indians had greater freedom in choosing a spouse, especially if the woman was a professional. As in most parts of the western world marriage now occurs later, and the family unit is smaller, than in the past. Indo Guyanese families are patriarchal with a extended system, where family members assist each other, like many other groups in Guyana.[29] For individuals who are Hindu, wedding ceremonies are now performed with the bride and groom dressed in traditional Indian clothing, as an expression of their culture. If it can be afforded there is usually a Hindu wedding ceremony and also a western or "regular" wedding reception, or a small Hindu ceremony and a much larger "reception" so friends from the larger community can attend.[citation needed]

text: Cuisine[edit]

text: With the blending of cultures in the Caribbean Indo Caribbean dishes became one of the dominant notes throughout most of the English Caribbean, with dishes such as curry and roti, dal puri. Dishes that survived the colonial period include gulab jamun, parasad, kheer known as "sweet rice", and seven curry, and other dishes associated with religious functions. In Guyana, among the Indo-Guyanese people, it is popular to eat fried vegetables such as okra or "okro", pumpkin, bitter melon or "karela", long beans or "bora", and eggplant known as "baigan" or "balanjay."[citation needed]

text: Entertainment[edit]

text: The Indo-Guyanese community has always had great admiration for Bollywood, the Hindi film industry. Bollywood movies and songs have had a huge impact upon the Guyanese pop culture since the early 1950s. Many Bollywood stars have visited and performed in Guyana like megastars Shah Rukh Khan, Juhi Chawla, and Preity Zinta, also very popular singers such as Sonu Nigam, Alka Yagnik, Shreya Ghoshal, Udit Narayan, Sunidhi Chauhan, and Kumar Sanu have had very successful shows in Guyana.In 1980, Lata Mangeshkar, one of the most beloved singers in Guyana, was greeted with crowds of fans and was presented with the key of the city of Georgetown, Guyana on her visit. Indian soap operas have recently grown in popularity in Guyana. The most popular genres of music among Indo-Guyanese people include Chutney music, Soca music, Indian music, and Chutney soca. Popular music artists include Sundar Popo, Terry Gajraj, Rakesh Yankaran, and most definitely Babla & Kanchan. Indian instrumental influence can be seen in Guyana through the use of the tabla, harmonium, dholak, dhantal, and tassa drums.

text: Miss Guyana[edit]

text: Indo-Guyanese women have always been a great asset to beauty pageants in Guyana. Most notable Miss Guyana is Shakira Baksh, the 1967 Miss Guyana, who went on to become a runner-up at the Miss World 1967 pageant and later married popular British actor Michael Caine. Rafieya Husain, Miss Guyana World 2014, won the ‘Beauty With a Purpose Title’, received the Miss World Caribbean, and became a contestant in the Final 10 at the Miss World 2014 pageant. Alana Seebarran, Miss India Guyana, won the Miss India Worldwide 2012.

text: Notable Indo-Guyanese[edit]

text: This section contains embedded lists that may be poorly defined, unverified or indiscriminate. Please help to clean it up to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Where appropriate, incorporate items into the main body of the article. (June 2015)

text: Politics[edit]

text:
Waheed Alli, Baron Alli – life peer in the British House of Lords
Cheddi Jagan – former President of Guyana
Bharrat Jagdeo – former President of Guyana
Moses Nagamootoo – Prime Minister of Guyana
Shridath Ramphal – former Commonwealth Secretary General
Donald Ramotar – former President of Guyana
Tara Singh Varma – Dutch politician

text: Academics[edit]

text:
David Dabydeen – professor at the University of Warwick and historian
Clem Seecharan – professor and Caribbean historian
Bertrand Ramcharan – former UN High Commissioner for Human Rights
Bishnodat Persaud – professor at the University of the West Indies and former Director of the Commonwealth Secretariat

text: Medicine[edit]

text: Dr. Deborah Persaud – virologist, named one of the world's most influential people in Time 100 for 2013

text: Arts and entertainment[edit]

text:
Anjulie – Canadian singer-songwriter
Dave Baksh – lead guitarist of the Canadian band Sum 41 (also plays with Brown Brigade)
Rhona Fox – actress
Terry Gajraj – chutney singer
Harischandra Khemraj – writer
Laxmi Kallicharan – writer
Raymond Ablack – Canadian actor
Gordon Warnecke – British actor
Melinda Shankar – Canadian Actress
Sandhja – Finnish singer

text: Sports[edit]

text:
Shivnarine Chanderpaul – former captain of the West Indies cricket team
Narsingh Deonarine – West Indian cricketer
Rohan Kanhai – former captain of the West Indies cricket team
Alvin Kallicharran – former captain of the West Indies cricket team
Kriskal Persaud – chess player
Harry Prowell – Marathon Olympian and British West Indies Champion in long-distance running
Mark Ramprakash – British cricketer
Ramnaresh Sarwan – former captain of the West Indies cricket team
Devendra Bishoo – a prominent leg spinner of the West Indies cricket team

text: Religion and Philosophy[edit]

text: Maya Tiwari – Hindu spiritual teacher


document_title: Need for Speed Payback

question_text: need for speed payback where does it take place

text: Need for Speed Payback

text: Gameplay

text: Need for Speed Payback is a racing game set in an open world environment of Fortune Valley. It is focused on "action driving" and has three playable characters (each with different sets of skills) working together to pull off action movie like sequences. In contrast with the previous game, it also features a 24-hour day-night cycle.[2] Unlike the 2015 Need for Speed reboot, Payback includes an offline single-player mode.[3]

text: Plot

text: Tyler "Ty" Morgan, Sean "Mac" McAlister, and Jessica "Jess" Miller are part of a crew in Silver Rock, Fortune Valley along with their friend and mechanic Ravindra "Rav" Chaudhry. After a friendly race between them, Tyler's childhood acquaintance and fixer Lina Navarro arrives, with a job for them: steal a precious Koenigsegg Regera belonging to Marcus "The Gambler" Weir with some high level tech inside. Tyler, posing as a test driver, successfully steals the car and evades the police. However, as he arrives at the drop point, he finds Rav knocked out. Lina appears, revealing that she set up Tyler and his crew to take the fall for the stolen car and she drives away, leaving them at the mercy of the oncoming police force. Tyler leads the cops away from his crew and runs into The Gambler, who demands his car back. On learning that Lina betrayed both of them, Weir is angry and decides to leave Tyler to be arrested, but changes his mind and asks him to come with him so that he can be protected from being arrested. Six months later, Tyler is working as a valet for Weir. As he delivers his car to his casino, Tyler spots Lina threatening Weir to hand over the casino to The House, a cartel who controls Fortune Valley's underworld. Tyler considers going after her, but Weir advises him to bide his time. Frustrated at the lack of progress, he decides to take matters into his own hands. Contacting The House as a racer, he enters the race and wins it, despite Lina having rigged the race for profit. Lina tries to have him taken out, but fails. Weir calls Tyler and asks him to meet him at his casino, where he proposes a way to take down The House and Lina along with it. Tyler is to enter and win "The Outlaw's Rush", a massive street racing event that has the nation's top racers participating, which The House plans to rig for their own ends. Tyler refuses at first, but when his house is blown up by Lina as a warning, he decides to accept Weir's offer and get his crew back together.

text: Since the failed mission, Mac has hit rock bottom, and has agreed to teach Internet celebrity "HashTiger" how to drift. Rav has decided to go legitimate as a mechanic, and Jess, on her own since the job, now operates as a getaway driver for the Silver Rock criminal underground. However, they agree to meet and hear out Tyler's plan for taking down The House. In order to get into The Outlaw's Rush, Tyler and Mac must take down the street leagues in Fortune Valley to be accepted into the race. Meanwhile, Jess does several escorts and courier deliveries inside The House for a woman only named The Broker. Tyler takes on and wins against La Catrina and her league, Graveyard Shift, while Mac challenges and wins against Udo Roth and his League 73. Afterwards, they get a chance to perform a heist, stealing back the Koenigsegg and delivering it back to Weir. Afterwards, Tyler and Mac race against two leagues, Big Sister and her league Riot Club, and Shift Lock led by The Underground Soldier. Jess finds out that Lina is paying off cops and racers alike to do her bidding whenever required, and learns that she and the crew need are on the police and The House's watchlist. She also finds out that they are planning to bring something into the city called Skyhammer, and it would be operational soon. Later, Tyler is contacted by Riot Club for a rematch, but on reaching there, he finds Mac and Jess there too, who have been called there on different pretexts. Realizing they have been set up by Navarro, the three are pursued by the police. During the chase, Skyhammer is revealed to be an EMP killswitch placed on the pursuit helicopter which when activated, was capable of slowing down a car or immobilizing it if focused on for long periods. The three manage to take down the helicopter and escape the cops. Exiled once again by The House, Tyler and Mac continue their quest to gain allies against The House by defeating the remaining leagues: The Silver Six, led by Tyler's childhood friend "Gallo" Rivera, Noise Bomb, led by Aki Kimura (originally from Need for Speed: ProStreet), and Free Ember Militia, led by Faith Jones.

text: Jess, now inside The House, continues her intel gathering on The House's operations for The Broker. She learns of two gold plated cars that The Collector, the head of The House, is putting on display, and plans to steal them with Tyler and Mac. However, Navarro and The Collector have anticipated this and plant bombs on the cars. With the police in hot pursuit, Tyler and Rav manage to detach the bombs and throw them at the oncoming police cars, ensuring their escape. Jess, going back undercover, learns more about the House's activities with the help of Underground Soldier, who goes under when his cover is blown. Nevertheless, Jess manages to get the data to The Broker, where she learns The Collector is just a pawn and of something called Arkwright. Meanwhile, Tyler and Mac race against the final three leagues: Mitko Vasilev's Diamond Block, Holtzman's Hazard Company and Natalia "SuperNova" Nova's One Percent Club, all of whom are on The House's payroll. After winning, Tyler and his crew learn they have successfully made it into The Outlaw's Rush. Knowing that Navarro would do anything to ensure that they don't win, Rav outfits the cars with countermeasures that prevent them from being hit by the killswitches, which have been set up on the police cars as well. Tyler decides to run both the street and the off-road races, during which Navarro sends the league bosses under her payroll to stop him, but they fail. She decides to send the cops after Tyler, but all the crews he and Mac have gained as allies, create multiple distractions across Fortune Valley, to draw away the cops, as well as take down the units chasing Tyler. Left with no option, Navarro decides to race against Tyler herself. During the race, The Collector calls and offers Tyler to replace Navarro as his lieutenant, but he refuses. Tyler wins The Outlaw's Rush for Silver Rock, while Navarro is left at the mercy of The Collector's thugs for her failure. The game ends with the crew deciding to race each other home. In a post-credits scene, Mr. Kobashi, a customer whom Jess had driven, calls Weir and tells him his gamble worked, and that The Collector is finished. He welcomes Weir to the aforementioned Arkwright and Weir hangs up, satisfied.

text: Development

text: In January 2016, Ghost Games began development on the next Need for Speed game to be released in 2017.[4][better source needed] Electronic Arts later confirmed in their January 2017 earnings call that the next game in the franchise was in development and set to be launched during EA's fiscal year 2018 (Comprising from April 2017 to March 2018).[5]

text: Reception

text:
Reception

Aggregate score

Aggregator
Score

Metacritic
(PC) 61/100[6]
(PS4) 60/100[7]
(XONE) 61/100[8]

Review scores

Publication
Score

EGM
4/10[9]

GameSpot
5/10[10]

GamesRadar
[11]

IGN
5.9/10[12]

Polygon
6.5/10[13]

text: Need for Speed Payback received "mixed or average" reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic.[6][7][8]

text: Luke Reilly of IGN praised Electronic Arts for repairing the problems the game's predecessor, Need for Speed, but criticized its "scripted" story, lack of police chases during free roam, scripted police chases, loot-box-like mechanisms during customization, poor car handling, unrealistic car damage and several other issues.[12] PC World criticized the game for being full of microtransactions, the severely limited customizability of cars, gameplay mechanics, a lack of cockpit view and several more issues, even going so far as to compare it harshly to the Forza Horizon series.[14]