document_title: Legal drinking age

question_text: what age are you allowed to drink in japan

text: Legal drinking age

text: Africa[edit]

text: The most common minimum age to purchase alcohol in Africa is 18. Although it varies from the lowest age limit in Ethiopia being only 15 years, Zimbabwe with a minimum purchase age of 16 years, Gambia with an age limit of 17 years and Uganda where the minimum legal purchase age is 18 but minors aged 16 or 17 may consume a glass of beer, wine or cider with a meal at a restaurant. Cameroon and Egypt are the only countries in Africa with a minimum purchase age of 21 years. However Algeria, Angola (except Luando Province), Central African Republic, Comoros, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Guinea-Bissau, Morocco, Togo, Tunisia and the Western Sahara have no laws on the book restricting the sale of alcohol to minors. In Libya, Somalia and Sudan the sale, production and consumption of alcohol is completely prohibited.

text:
Country

State/region/province

De jure

Notes

Drinking age

Purchase age

 Algeria

None[3]

 Angola

None[3]

There is no national legislation prohibiting the sale of alcohol to minors.

Luanda Province

18[4]

Legislation in Luanda Province:
It is illegal to sell alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18. It is also illegal for minors to buy and consume alcohol.[4]

 Botswana

None[5]

18[5]

It is illegal for any person with a liquor license to sell or supply alcoholic beverages to minors under the age of 18 years. Because the law only applies to licensees it is not illegal for minors to buy, consume or possess alcoholic beverages.

 Burundi

None[6]

18 (None if accompanied by parent or legal guardian)[6]

It is illegal for any person with a liquor license to sell or supply alcoholic beverages to unaccompanied minors under the age of 18 years.

 Cameroon

21/18 (if accompanied by a person 21 years of age or older)[7]

It is illegal for any person with a liquor license, to sell or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under 18 years of age. The law permits adults from the ages 18 to 21 to consume, purchase and buy alcoholic beverages if accompanied by a person 21 years of age or older. Anyone over the age of 21 years may buy or consume alcohol unaccompanied.

 Cape Verde

None[8]

18[8]

It is illegal for any person to sell or supply alcoholic beverages to minors under the age of 18 years.

 Central African Republic

None[3]

 Comoros

None[3]

 Egypt

21[3]

 Equatorial Guinea

None[3]

 Eritrea

None[9]

18[9]

It is illegal for any person to sell or serve alcoholic beverages to minors under the age of 18 years.

 Ethiopia

None[10]

15[10]

It is illegal for any person to sell, offer, serve or allow to serve alcoholic beverages "in substantial quantities" to any infant or young person. The criminal code defines a young person as any person under the age of 15 years. But the Criminal Code states: "Whoever endangers the health of another, intentionally and unscrupulously, by administering or serving, or by causing or permitting to be administered or served, to minors (defined as anyone under the age of 18 years) (...) alcoholic beverages or spirituous liquors of such kind or in such quantity as to make their injurious effect certain or probable, is punishable with simple imprisonment not exceeding one year, and fine."

 Gabon

None[3]

 Gambia

None[11][3]

17[11][3]

It is illegal to sell, serve or supply alcoholic beverages to child or young person. A "young person" is defined as anyone under the age of 17 by the Children and Young Persons Act, 1949 Section 2.

 Ghana

18[12]

 Guinea-Bissau

None[3]

 Kenya

None[13]

18[13]

It is illegal to sell, serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years.

 Lesotho

18[14]

It is illegal to sell, serve or supply any alcoholic beverage to a minor under the age of 18 years. It is also illegal for minors to consume, buy or attempt to buy alcohol.

 Liberia

None

18[3]

It is illegal to sell, serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years.

 Libya

Illegal[15]

Previously Article 498 of the Libyan Penal Code prohibted the sale of alcoholic beverages to juveniles under the age of 16 years.[3]

 Malawi

None

18[16]

It is illegal to sell, serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years.

 Mauritius

None

18[17]

It is illegal to sell, serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years.

 Morocco

None[3]

 Mozambique

18[18]

 Namibia

None

18[19]

It is illegal to sell, serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years.

 Niger

18[3]

 Nigeria

18[3]

 Republic of the Congo

None

18[20]

 Rwanda

18[3]

 Senegal

18[21]

 Seychelles

18[3]

 Somalia

Illegal[22]

 South Africa

18

The parent, adult guardian of a minor or a person responsible for administering a religious sacrament, may on occasion supply to that minor a moderate quantity of liquor to be consumed by the minor in the presence and under the supervision of that parent, guardian or other person.[23]

 South Sudan

18[3]

 Sudan

Illegal[24]

 Swaziland

18[3]

 Tanzania

None

18[25]

 Togo

None[3]

 Tunisia

None[3]

 Uganda

None[26]

1816 (wine, beer, porter, cider, perry or native liquor with meal)[26]

It is illegal for any licensee to sell, serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years. The law provides an exception for anyone who is 16 or 17 years of age, and consumes a fermented alcoholic drink with a meal, in a part of a licensed premises that serves meals and is not a bar.

 Western Sahara

None[3]

 Zambia

18[27]

It is illegal for any person with a liquor license, to sell, serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under 18 years of age. Before the Liquor Licensing Act was enacted in 2011, the minimum age to sell, serve and supply alcoholic beverages was 14 years.[28]

 Zimbabwe

None[29]

16 [29]

It is illegal for any person to sell, lend, give, supply, deliver or offer alcoholic beverages to any child under the age of 16 years, except upon production of a written order signed by the parent or guardian of the child known to such person. The police has the duty to seize any alcoholice beverage in the possession of a child under the age of 16 years without a written consent of the parents or legal guardian.

text: Americas[edit]

text: The minimum age to purchase and consume varies, but the most common age is 18 years. However, in North America the age limits varies between 18 and 21 years of age. Throughout the United States the minimum legal age to purchase any alcoholic beverage from a shop, supermarket, liquor store, bar, club or any other licensed premises is 21 years of age.  In Canada each province can decide which minimum age limit is to be set to buy or consume alcohol. Most provinces have a minimum age of 19 years, while Alberta, Manitoba and Quebec have set a minimum age of 18 years. In South America all countries have set a minimum purchase age of 18 years, except for Guyana where minors aged 16 or 17 may consume a glass of beer, wine or cider in a restaurant provided they buy a meal, and Paraguay the only country with a minimum legal purchase and drinking age of 20 years.

text:
Country

State/region/province

De jure

hideNotes

Drinking age

Purchase age

 Anguilla

None[30]

18 [30]

It is illegal to sell or serve alcoholic drinks to anyone under the age of 18 years. Violating the regulation is punished with a $9.600 fine.

 Antigua and Barbuda

None

16[31]

The sale and distribution of alcohol to a person under 16 years of age is illegal.

 Argentina

18[32]

 Bahamas

18[33]

It is illegal for any adult to sell, serve or supply any alcoholic beverage to a child (defined as anyone under the age of 18 years). The law provides an exception to treat an illness in urgent cases or upon order by a medical doctor.

 Barbados

None

16[34]

It is illegal to sell or serve any alcoholic beverage to anyone under the age of 16 years. The President of the Barbados Road Safety Association is trying to raise the drinking age to 18 years because the law is often violated.[34]

 Belize

18[35]

Drinking age is rarely enforced. IDs are almost never requested.

 Bermuda

18[36]

It is illegal to sell or serve any alcoholic beverage to a child under the age of 18 years.

 Bolivia

None[30]

18 [30]

It is illegal to sell or serve alcoholic beverages to minors under the age of 18 years. Every sold alcoholic beverage has to have a warning message on the bottle or container reading: “VENTA PROHIBIDA A MENORES DE 18 AÑOS DE EDAD” (Sale prohibited to (anyone) under 18 years of age) and “EL CONSUMO EXCESIVO DE ALCOHOL ES DAÑINO PARA LA SALUD” (Excessive alcohol consumption is harmful to (ones) health).

 Brazil

None[37]

18 [37]

It is illegal to sell, serve or supply any alcoholic beverage to a person under 18 years of age. The presidential law enacted on March 17, 2015 made any violation of the law a criminal offence. Any adult person selling, serving, giving or supplying alcoholic beverages to a minor is punished with imprisonment of 2 to 4 years, a fine of R$3.000 to R$10.000 and a ban to operate any business selling or serving alcohol.

 British Virgin Islands

16[35]

It is illegal to sell or to supply alcohol to anyone under the age of 16.

 Canada

 Alberta Manitoba Quebec

18[38][39][40]

In Alberta no person may give or sell or permit any person to give or sell liquor to a minor in licensed premises.[38] In Manitoba a person must not give, sell or otherwise supply liquor to a minor. the law provides exceptions for a doctor, dentist, pharmacist or other health care professional for medical purposes; for sacramental purposes and by the parent, guardian, spouse or common-law partner, if it is given or supplied in a residence.[39] In Quebec the law probits the sale of alcoholic beverages to a minor under the age of 18 years.[40]

 Ontario Saskatchewan British Columbia Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia New Brunswick Prince Edward Island Northwest Territories Yukon Nunavut

19

 Cayman Islands

18[41]

It is prohibited to sell, serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years. It is also illegal for any minor to buy, attempt to buy or consume alcoholic beverages. Violation of the lawis punished with a fine of five thousand dollars, and the court may, if the offence was committed by the licensee, order that the licensee shall forfeit his licence and that no licence may be issued to that person for a period not exceeding ten years from the date of his conviction.

 Chile

18[42]

The minimum age is 18 to enter an enclosure that sells alcoholic beverages. Selling alcohol to a minor may incur a fine. One must provide identification upon request. Residents of Chile over the age of 18 must carry their Chilean identification card issued by the Civil Registry and Identification Service at all times.[43]

 Colombia

None

18[44]

The law prohibits the sale of alcohol to a minor (anyone under the age of 18 years). It is not illegal for minors to buy, attempt to buy or consume alcohol.[44]

 Costa Rica

None

18[45]

The law prohibits the sale of alcohol to a minor (anyone under the age of 18 years). Selling alcohol to a minor will be punished with a fine equivalent to ten basic salaries. Whoever permits minors to maintain in any establishment which main purpose is to sell alcoholic beverages, will be sanctioned with a fine equivalent to five salaries. It is not illegal for minors to buy, attempt to buy or consume alcohol.[45]

 Cuba

None

16[46]

The penal code prohibits any adult to induce any young person under the age of 16 years, to habitually consume alcoholic beverages. However this means that de facto anyone selling, serving or supplying alcohol should check if the buyer has attained the age of 16 years. In most cases this law is not strictly enforced.[46][47]

 Dominican Republic

None

18[48]

 Ecuador

None

18[49]

It is illegal to sell alcohol beverages to a minor under the age of 18 years of age. The law obligates establishments to place a visible notice at the point of sale and to check identification to enforce the law. However it is not illegal for minors to buy, attempt to buy or consume alcohol.[49]

 El Salvador

None

18[50]

It is strictly prohibited to sell or serve alcoholic beverages to a minor under the age of 18 years. Violation of the law is punished with ¢ 25,000.00 and if convicted once more the license will be suspended for a period of six months. It is legal for minors to buy, attempt to buy and consume alcohol.[50]

 Falkland Islands

18[51]

It is illegal for any adult to sell, give or provide alcohol to a minor under the age of 18 years in any public place or licensed premises. Parents may permit their children to consume alcohol on private premises. Minors consuming alcohol in public are committing a criminal offence. The law provides exceptions for the consumption of alcohol by minors for prescription of or at the direction of a government medical officer or in the course of the administration of Holy Communion according to the rites of any Christian denomination.[51]

 Grenada

18[52]

It is illegal to sell, serve or supply any alcoholic drink to a minor under 18 years of age. Minors under 18 years are prohibited by law, to consume alcoholic beverages in public.[52]

 Guatemala

18[53]

It is illegal to sell, serve or supply any alcoholic drink to a minor under 18 years of age. Minors under 18 years are prohibited by law, to consume alcoholic beverages in public.[53]

 Guyana

18/16 for beer, wine and cider with meal[54]

It is illegal to sell or serve alcohol to a person under 18 years of age. The law provides an exception for minors aged 16 and 17, if they consume a glass of beer, wine oder cider with a meal in a restaurant. Otherwise attempting to buy alcohol or buying alcohol as a minor is an offence.[54]

 Haiti

None

18[55]

It is illegal to sell or serve alcohol to minors from May 17, 2017. Vendors are required to check identification.

 Honduras

18[42]

 Jamaica

None

18[56]

It is illegal to sell or serve any alcoholic beverage to a child (which is defined as anyone under the age of 18 years).[56]

 Mexico

18[42]

The minimum age to buy and consume alcoholic beverages is regulated by each state of Mexico. But all states have set a minimum age of 18 years, and in no state it is illegal for minors to buy and consume alcohol.

 Nicaragua

None

14 (restaurant)18 (bars, clubs, markets, supermarkets, sports and recreation centers)[57]

The law from 1980 prohibits the sale of alcoholic beverages to minors under the age of 18 years. Ever point of sale or establishment serving alcohol, is required to post a notice stating that the sale of alcohol to minors under 18 years of age is illegal. However the law permits children as young as 14 to purchase and consume alcohol in a restaurant  without further restrictions.[57]

 Panama

None

18[58]

 Paraguay

20[59]

According to Art. 1° of the law to "ban on the sale of alcoholic beverages to minors", it is illegal to serve or sell alcohol or to allow the consumption by minors under 20 years of age. Furthermore, under Art 2° all public establishments selling alcohol must display a clearly legible notice in the sales area with the following text: "ESTA PROHIBIDA LA VENTA DE BEBIDAS ALCOHÓLICAS A MENORES DE VEINTE AÑOS DE EDAD" (It is illegal (prohibited) to sell alcoholic beverages to minors under 20 years of age)

 Peru

None

18[60]

 Puerto Rico

18

 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

16[61]

 Trinidad and Tobago

None

18[62]

It is illegal to sell, serve or supply alcoholiv beverages to child under the age of 18 years. It is also illegal for an adult to send a child to buy alcohol on behalf. It is not illegal for children to buy or consume alcohol.[62]

 Turks and Caicos Islands

None

18[63]

It is illegal to serve or sell liquor to a young person under the age of eighteen years. Minors under the age of sixteen years may not present in a licensed premises mainly serving and selling alcoholic beverages.[63]

 United States(50 states and integral territories)

Varies by jurisdiction[42]

21[42]

The National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 withholds revenue from states that allow the purchase of alcohol by anyone under the age of 21. Prior to the effective date of that Act, the drinking age varied from state to state. Some states do not allow those under the legal drinking age to be present in liquor stores or in bars (usually, the difference between a bar and a restaurant is that food is served only in the latter). Contrary to popular belief, since the act went into law, only a few states prohibit minors and young adults from consuming alcohol in private settings. As of January 1, 2010, 15 states and the District of Columbia ban underage consumption outright, 17 states do not ban underage consumption, and the remaining 18 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage consumption laws.
Federal law explicitly provides for religious exceptions. As of 2005, 31 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage possession laws. However, non-alcoholic beer in many (but not all) states, such as Idaho, Texas, and Maryland, is considered legal for those under the age of 21.[64]
By a judge's ruling, South Carolina appears to allow the possession and consumption of alcohol by adults 18 to 20 years of age, but a circuit court judge has said otherwise.[65]
The states of Washington and Wisconsin allows the consumption of alcohol in the presence of parents.
Some U.S. states have legislation that make providing to and possession of alcohol by persons under twenty-one a gross misdemeanor with a potential penalty of a $5,000 fine or up to a year in jail.[66]

See also: Minor in Possession and List of alcohol laws of the United States

 United States Virgin Islands

18[67]

 Uruguay

None

18[68]

Only selling alcohol to minors under the age of 18 is prohibited, consumption and purchase by minors is not illegal.

 Venezuela

None

18[69]

Only selling alcohol to minors under the age of 18 is prohibited, consumption and purchase by minors is not illegal.[69]

text: Asia[edit]

text:
Country

State/region/province

De jure

Notes

Drinking age

Purchase age

 Afghanistan

Illegal[70]

 Bangladesh

(Illegal for Muslims.)[71]

Alcohol will be sold to foreigners in certain locations, albeit clandestinely.[citation needed]

 Bhutan

18[72]

 Brunei

17 with restrictions, unless Muslim[42]

Non-Muslims over 17 years of age are allowed to import alcohol not to exceed maximum total volume 2 liters of liquor and 12 cans of beer at 330 ml for personal use, once in 48 hours. This alcohol must be “stored and consumed at the place of residence of the importer” and is “not to be given, transferred or sold to another person.”.[42]

 Cambodia

None[73]

 China

Only selling alcohol to minors under the age of 18 is prohibited, consumption by minors is not illegal.[42]

Introduced in January 2006.[74]

 Hong Kong

18[75]

The regulation is only applicable to restaurants, bars and clubs, where a liquor license is required. Private drinking is also not regulated.[citation needed]

 India

18–25 (varies by jurisdiction)[42]

Main article: Alcohol laws of IndiaConsumption of alcohol is illegal in the states of Bihar, Gujarat and Nagaland.[76]

 Indonesia

21[77]

 Iran

Illegal [42]

There is a ban on alcohol, but religious minorities may purchase small amounts from shops owned by the same religious minority.[78]

 Iraq

Illegal[79]

 Israel

None

18[42]

Israel law prohibits selling or serving alcohol to minors, but it does not prohibit minors to drink, although the police may confiscate alcoholic drinks consumed by minors in public.[citation needed]

 Japan

20[42]

 Jordan

18[80]

 Kazakhstan

21[81]

 Kuwait

Illegal[82]

 Kyrgyzstan

18[42]

 Lebanon

18[42]

Often unenforced and according to a global school health study, 40% of minors over 13 drink alcohol and up to 25% buy it from stores.[83]

 Macau

None[84]

 Malaysia

21

Increased from 18 to 21 in December 2017.[85]

 Maldives

Illegal except for tourists, 18[citation needed]

Sale of alcohol is limited to tourist resorts. It is illegal to sell alcohol to local Maldivians[86]

 Mongolia

18[87]

 Myanmar

None

18[88]

   Nepal

18

The legal age for consumption of alcohol in Nepal is 18. However, there are exceptions to underage consumption for purposes of religious ceremonies.[citation needed]

 North Korea

18[89]

 Oman

21

Residents need personal liquor licenses to consume alcohol in their private residences.[90][91]

 Pakistan

Illegal (18 for non-Muslims) [42]

Non-Muslim citizens may possess alcohol to be used in accordance with religious ceremonies[42]

 Palestinian Authority

16[citation needed]

Legal in most cities.[citation needed]

 Philippines

18[92]

 Qatar

Illegal[citation needed]

Muslims are allowed to purchase alcohol, but generally not allowed to consume. Non Muslims are allowed to purchase, and consume alcohol. The only legal distributor of alcohol in the country is the Qatar Distribution Company located in Doha.[citation needed]

 Saudi Arabia

Illegal

Drinking or possessing alcohol is illegal in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Persons who drink or possess alcohol are subject to arrest and trial. Punishments range from heavy fines, lengthy prison terms and whippings.[citation needed]

 Singapore

None (private places, sometimes with permission from parents/guardian)18 (public places e.g. bars and restaurants)

18[42]

For convenience stores, those who pretend to be 18 years and above in a "Challenge 18" scheme will be downgraded to "Challenge 21" scheme, and after which the licences will be revoked once they pretend to be 18 years and above if it is on "Challenge 21".[citation needed]. It is illegal to purchase alcohol in Singapore or consume in a nightclub/allow entry to the nightclub under 18. Home and private drinking of alcohol is allowed, although the safest age could be 6. Parents can try a sip of alcohol at any age.[citation needed]

 South Korea

None

19[93]

The age limit for alcohol is after January 1 of the year one's age turns to 19.[93]

 Sri Lanka

21[42]

 Syria

18[citation needed]

 Taiwan

18[94]

It is illegal for anyone under the age of 18 to consume alcohol.[95]
Parents, guardians, and others taking care of people under 18 shall prohibit underage drinking,[96] or risk administrative fines of 10000 to 50000 new Taiwan dollars when the situations are serious.[97]
One shall not supply alcohol to anyone under the age of 18.[98] A violator shall be administratively fined 3000 to 15000 New Taiwan Dollars.[99]

 Tajikistan

18[42]

 Thailand

20[100]

The Alcoholic Beverage Control Act of 2008 increased the drinking age in Thailand from 18 to 20, private drinking is not regulated in private locations.[100][101]

 Turkmenistan

18[42]

 United Arab Emirates

18–21 (varies by jurisdiction)[102]

Expatriate non-Muslim residents may request a liquor permit to purchase alcoholic beverages, but it is illegal for such holders to provide drinks to others.[103]
The legal age for drinking alcohol is 18 in Abu Dhabi (although a Ministry of Tourism by-law allows hotels to serve alcohol only to those over 21), and 21 in Dubai and the Northern Emirates (except Sharjah, where drinking alcohol is illegal).[102]
It is a punishable offence to drink, or to be under the influence of alcohol, in public.[102]

 Uzbekistan

None

20[42]

 Vietnam

18[42]

 Yemen

Illegal[citation needed]

Exception is in Aden Region where it's legal for 21 and up[citation needed]

text: Europe[edit]

text: Most countries within Europe have set 18 as the minimum age to purchase alcohol. Although Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Denmark, Germany, Gibraltar, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Serbia and Switzerland (except Ticino) maintain a minimum purchase age below 18 years permitting minors either full or limited access to alcohol. In 2005,[104] 2007[105] and  recently in 2015[106] the European Union has failed to enact a law forcing member states to raise their purchase age to 18 years. But in the past years several European countries have raised their drinking/purchase age or enacted laws restricting the access to alcohol for minors:

text:
In 2002 the autonomous communities Madrid,[107] Valencia[108] and Catalonia[109] raised their minimum purchase age to 18 years. Previous to 2002 Valencia and Madrid had a minimum purchase age of 16 years, and in Catalonia minors aged 16 or 17 could purchase alcohol up to 23% ABV on and off premises.
In 2004 Denmark[110] raised its off premises purchase age from 15 to 16 years.
In November 2005 Switzerland passed its "Food and Commodities Regulation"[111] (German: Lebensmittel- und Gebrauchsgegenständeverordnung), introducing a ban on alcohol sales to anyone under the age of 16, even though "Alcohol Law"[112] (German: Alkoholgesetz) passed in 1980 already required a minimum age of 18 years for the retail sale of distilled spirits. Therefore, it is illegal to sell fermented alcohol (e.g. beer, wine, sparkling wine or cider) to anyone under the age of 16, and any distilled alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years. Further the canton of Ticino introduced a cantonal law in 1989 banning all alcohol sales to anyone under the age of 18 years.[113]
In 2006 the autonomous communitie Castile and León[114] raised its minimum purchase age from 16 to 18 years.
In late 2006, Gibraltar[115] lawmakers passed the "Children and Young Persons (Alcohol, Tobacco and Gaming) Act 2006", which raised the minimum purchase age from 16 to 18 years. But the new law made an exception: minors aged 16 or 17 can purchase and consume on premises beer, wine or cider under 15% ABV or pre-packed containers of an alcoholic strength not exceeding 5.5% ABV (e.g. alcopops).
In 2009 France[116] raised its minimum purchase age to 18 years, and fines were increased for selling or serving alcohol to a minor (up to 7,500 €). Previous to 2009 the minimum age to purchase any alcohol from off licensed premises was 16 years. In order to purchase alcohol on premises the minimum age was 16 years for low alcoholic beverages such as wine, beer, cider, perry, mead, crème de cassis and juices from fermented fruits or vegetables that contain 1.2 to 3° alcohol, natural sweet wines from controlled cultivation – to purchase or be served stronger alcoholic drinks one had to be 18 years of age.
In October 2009, the government of Malta[117] passed a new law raising its drinking and purchase age from 16 to 17 years.
In 2010 the autonomous community of Galicia raised its minimum purchase age from 16 to 18 years.[118]
In 2011 Denmark[119] passed a new law, raising the minimum age for off-premises sale of alcohol >16.5% ABV to 18 years of age. The age to purchase alcohol <16.5% ABV remaines at 16.
Italy raised its minimum purchase age from 16 to 18 in 2012. Previously Italy did not have a purchase age for off-premises sales, and the minimum age of 16 years for on premises sales was barely enforced.[120]
In 2013 the government of Portugal restricted alcohol sales to young people: distilled spirits can not be sold to anyone under the age of 18, and other alcohol (e.g. beer, wine or cider) can't be sold to anyone under the age of 16. Previously the minimum age for all kinds of alcoholic beverages was 16 years.[121]
As of 1 January 2014, the minimum legal purchase and consumption age was raised from 16 to 18 in the Netherlands. Previously young people over the age of 16 could purchase and consume alcohol <15% ABV, and adults aged 18 and over could purchase alcohol over 15% ABV.[122]
As of March 2015, the autonomous community of Asturias raised its drinking age from 16 to 18 years. Asturias was Spain's last community with a drinking age of 16 years. The new law brings the drinking age into line with the rest of Spain.[123]
As of 1 January 2018, Lithuania raised its minimum drinking age from 18 to 20 years.[124]

text:
Country

State/region/province

De jure

Notes

Drinking age

Purchase age

 Albania

18[42]

 Andorra

18[91]

 Armenia

None[125]

18[125]

There are no laws mandating alcohol vendors to ID potential underage drinkers. ID checks are very rarely, if ever, carried out[125]

 Austria

 Burgenland  Lower Austria Vienna

16

[126]

 Carinthia Upper Austria Salzburg Styria Tyrol Vorarlberg

16 (beer, wine and cider)18 (distilled beverages)

Carinthia also requires adolescents to maintain a blood alcohol level below 0.05%.[126]

 Azerbaijan

None[127]

18[127]

It is illegal to sell or serve alcohol to a minor under 18 years of age.[127]

 Belarus

None[128]

18[128]

The law prohibits the sale of alcohol to anyone under the age of 18 years. However, the law is rarely enforced.[128]

 Belgium

None[129]

16 (beer, wine and cider) 18 (spirits)[129]

Since 10 January 2010, it is illegal to "sell, serve, or offer" any form of distilled alcohol to those under the age of 18 or any alcoholic drink to those under 16. So fermented drinks like beer or wine are permitted above 16.[129] Previously, it was illegal to sell alcoholic drinks to under-16s, but accompanying adults could buy drinks for them.

 Bosnia and Herzegovina

None[130]

18[130]

Selling alcohol to a minor under the age of 18 years is an offence. The law does not prohibit minors from buying, attempting to buy or consuming alcohol.[130]

 Bulgaria

None[131]

18[131]

By law, it is illegal to serve or sell alcohol to any child under the age of 18. There is no restrictions for minors consuming alcohol.[131]

 Croatia

None[132]

18[132]

It is prohibited to sell or serve alcohol to anyone under 18 years of age. There is no minimum age to buy or consume alcohol by law.[132]

 Cyprus

None[133]

17[133]

It is illegal to sell or serve alcohol to anyone under the age of 17 years. There is no minimum age to buy, attempt to buy or consume alcohol in public.[133]

 Czech Republic

None

18[134]

It is illegal to provide alcohol to minors[135] (punishable by fine or up to 1[136] or 2[137] year(s) imprisonment). Consumption itself is not prohibited by law.[138]

 Denmark

None

16 (<16.5% ABV)  18 (≥16.5% ABV)

While there is no age requirement for drinking alcohol in Denmark, there are laws that prevent minors from buying alcohol:
In order to buy alcohol above 1.2% and below 16.5% ABV in stores, one must be 16 years of age.
In order to buy alcohol above 16.5% ABV in stores, one must be 18 years of age.[139]
By tradition, youths are privately allowed to drink alcohol after their confirmation.[140] If a shop or bar fails to ask for an ID card and is identified having sold alcohol to an underage, it is subject to fine. A national ID card, obtained in the local town hall, can serve as age verification.[141] This card is rarely used though since a passport or drivers license is more commonly used.[142]
Both the legal drinking and purchasing age in the Faroe Islands is 18.[citation needed]

 Estonia

18[143]

It is illegal to sell, serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years. Alcohol found in possession of any child can be confiscated by the police.

 Finland

18 (possession and purchase of 1.2–22% ABV)20 (for possession and purchase of 23–80% ABV)18 (for all in bars, clubs and restaurants)[144]

All major grocery chains have implemented a policy to ask for ID if the customer looks under 30.[145] Stores may refuse to sell alcohol if the customer is accompanied by a minor, or if proxy purchasing is suspected.  Purchasing alcohol on behalf of a minor is a criminal offence.[144][146]
Police may search minors in public places and confiscate or destroy any alcoholic beverages in their possession. Incidents are reported to the legal guardian and social authorities, who may intervene with child welfare procedures. In addition, those aged 15 or above are subject to a fine.[147]
In private, offering alcohol to a minor is considered a criminal offence if it results in drunkenness and the act can be deemed reprehensible as a whole, considering the minor's age, degree of maturity and other circumstances.[144]

 France

None

18

France has no explicitly stated consumption age,[148] but selling alcohol to a minor (under 18) is illegal[149] and can be fined 7500 euros.[148] This age was raised from 16 to 18 in 2009.[150][151]

 Georgia

None[152]

18[152]

By Georgian law, the sale of alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years is prohibited.[152]

 Germany

14(beer, wine and cider if accompanied)16 (beer, wine and cider)18 (spirits and aliments containing spirits above negligible amounts)[153]

It is illegal to sell, serve or supply fermented alcoholic beverages (beer, wine, cider and sparkling wine) to anyone under 16 years of age. However this age limit drops down to 14 if a minor is accompanied by his parent or legal guardian. It is generally illegal to serve, sell or supply any beverage containing spirits and aliments containing spirits above negligible amounts, to anyone under the age of 18 years. Violation of the "Protection of Young Persons Act" can be fined up to €50.000.See also: Alcohol laws in Germany

 Gibraltar

None[154]

1816 (beer, wine and cider)[154]

It is illegal to sell alcoholic drinks to anyone under the age of 18, other than the following two exceptions. The minimum age to be served in licensed premises is 16 if:[154]
The alcoholic beverage is beer, wine or cider below 15% ABV, or
The alcoholic beverage is served in a bottle, or a pre-packaged container below 5.5% ABV.

 Greece

None[155]

18[155]

In 2008, the consumption of alcoholic beverages was prohibited for minors in public. However, the law does not apply to private events or private premises.[155]

 Hungary

18[42]

 Iceland

None

20[156]

Possession or consumption of alcohol by minors is not an offence, but supplying them with alcohol is.

 Ireland

None (on private residence with permission from parents or guardians)[157]

18[157]

It is illegal for minors to buy alcohol or for a third party to attempt to buy it for minors. It is illegal to purchase alcohol for anybody under the age of consent without permission from their guardians.[158]

 Italy

None [159]

18[160][159]

In 2012 the then Health Minister Renato Balduzzi proposed to raise the age to 18.[159] Selling alcohol to those under the age of 18 in shops carries a fine between €250 and €1000. Serving alcoholic beverages to those under the age of 16 is a criminal offense and is punished with prison up to one year, if the individual is 16 or 17 it will be treated as an offense that is fined between €250 and €1000 (Legge n. 189/2013).

 Kosovo

None[citation needed]

 Latvia

None[161]

18[161]

It is illegal to sell or serve alcoholic beverages to any minor under the age of 18 years. There is no minimum age to consume or possess alcohol.[161]

 Liechtenstein

16 beer, wine and cider18 spirits and spirit-based beverages[162]

Wine, beer and ciders as well as some other party drinks sometimes without spirits may be purchased by the age of 16. Spirits as well as alcopops may be sold only to people at least 18.[162]

 Lithuania

20[124]

It is illegal to sell, serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 20 years. Persons under the age of 20 are prohibited from consuming alcoholic beverages or from possessing them. The minimum age was raised from 18 to 20 since 2018.[124]

 Luxembourg

None [163]

16[163]

It is illegal to sell or serve alcoholic beverages >1.2% ABV to any person under the age of 16 years. Violation is fined €251 to €1.000.[163]

 Macedonia

18[164]

Must show an ID card upon request. In certain smaller places, such as family-owned convenience stores and street kiosks, there is little to no enforcement on how old or young somebody purchases alcohol. There is little to no enforcement for drinking privately, but drinking in bars may require an ID.

 Malta

17[165]

Must provide identification upon request.

 Moldova

None[166]

18[166]

It is illegal to sell, or serve alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years. It is not illegal for minors to buy, attempt to buy or consume alcohol. The minimum purchase age was raised from 16 to 18 in 2012.[167][166]

 Montenegro

18[citation needed]

 Netherlands

18

The legal age for purchasing and consumption of alcoholic beverages was raised from 16 to 18 since 2014. Alcohol is commonly available upon parental permission. Selling alcoholic beverages to people under 18 is illegal, buying alcoholic beverages for someone else under the age of 18 is also illegal.[citation needed]

 Norway

None[168]

18 (<22%)  20 (≥22% ABV)[42]

Selling alcohol to or buying alcohol for minors is illegal. Minors are defined as under 18 for beer and wine, under 20 for drinks that contain 22% ABV or more. Minors who buy alcohol are not held criminally responsible; instead, the crime lies with those who sold it or obtained it for them.
Alcohol with more than 60% ABV is generally not sold in Norway, although exceptions may be made by the government for specific products.[169]
Alcohol possessed by minors may be confiscated as evidence. Drinking in public is prohibited, though this is rarely enforced in recreational areas.[170]

 Poland

None[171]

18[171]

Article 15 of The Act on Upbringing in Sobriety and Counteracting Alcoholism[172] clearly states that buyers or persons being served must be at least 18 and prove it with ID if they look like they may not be at least that age. There is no mention of consumption age in this or any other act in Poland. Drinking in public places, with the exception of designated drinking zones, is illegal regardless of age.

 Portugal

None[173]

18[173]

 Romania

None

18[174]

According to law 61/1991 updated in 2008, paragraphs 21-25, it is illegal to serve or sell alcohol to minors.

 Russia

None

18[175]

There is no law or regulation in Russia that prohibits minors from consuming alcohol, but selling alcohol to minors is prohibited by federal and additional regional laws.

 San Marino

16[91]

 Serbia

None

16[176]

 Slovakia

18[177]

 Slovenia

None

18[178]

There is no law regulating the possession and consumption, but it is illegal to sell or offer alcohol of any kind to minors.

 Spain

18

Asturias was the last autonomous community in Spain where the drinking age was increased to 18 (previously 16) on 1 May 2015.[179]

 Sweden

None

None (less than 2.25% ABV)
18 (bars and restaurants)
18 (2.25%–3.5% ABV in food shops)
20 (Systembolaget shops),[180]

See also: Alcohol in SwedenIt is legal for anyone at any age to drink, but it is illegal to supply anyone under the age of 20, any beverage containing more than 3.5%ABV, and supply anyone under the age of 18 beer containing more than 2.25%ABV, except in a venue licensed to sell alcohol, who are allowed to sell alcohol to anyone over 18. It is also legal to serve an underage person alcohol in a private place, provided it's a limited amount and done in moderation.[181]  The reason for lower limit in bars than in Systembolaget shops is that bartenders have a legal responsibility for how drunk a guest gets.

  Switzerland

  Switzerland (federal law)

None(See notes)

16 (fermented alcoholic drinks with less than 15% ABV and natural wines with less than 18% ABV)[182] 18 (spirits) [183]

Whoever offers or supplies alcoholic beverages to a child under the age of 16 years in an amount which is harmful to one's health is punished with imprisonment up to 3 years or a fine.[184] Whoever sells or supplies spirits to a person under the age of 18 years is punished with a fine up to 10.000 CHF.[185]

 Ticino

18

The canton Ticino prohibits selling and consumption of any type of alcohol by minors under the age of 18. Some shops and supermarkets may not sell alcohol to minors under the age of 18.[186]

 Turkey

18[42]

See also: Alcohol laws of Turkey

 Ukraine

18[42]

 United Kingdom

 England   Wales

18[187]16 (beer, wine or cider with meal)[187]5 (private)[188]None (under medical supervision, or in an emergency)[188]

Legislation in  England and  Wales:
It is illegal to sell, serve, offer or consume alcoholic beverages on licensed premises under the age of 18, other than the following two exceptions:[187]
Minors aged 16 or 17 may consume wine, beer or cider on licensed premises when ordered with a meal, and accompanied by an adult.[187]
It is legal to sell liqueur confectionery to someone of any age.
It is illegal to permit minors under the age of 5 to consume alcoholic beverages unless under medical supervision or in an emergency.[188]
Persons over 17 are entitled to their own duty free allowance, which includes alcohol.[189]

 Scotland

1816 (beer, wine or cider on licensed premises with meal)[190]None (private)

Legislation in  Scotland:
It is illegal to sell, serve, offer or consume alcoholic beverages in public under the age of 18, other than the following two exceptions:[191]
Minors aged 16 or 17 may consume wine, beer or cider on licensed premises when ordered with a meal.[191]
It is legal to sell liqueur confectionery to someone of any age.
Persons over 17 are entitled to their own duty free allowance, which includes alcohol.[189]

 Northern Ireland

18

Legislation in Northern Ireland:
It is illegal to sell, serve, offer or consume alcoholic beverages in public under the age of 18.

 United Kingdom

Challenge 21 and Challenge 25 (applies to all of the  United Kingdom)

Under the BBPA's Challenge 21 and Challenge 25 schemes, customers attempting to buy alcoholic beverages are asked to prove their age if in the retailer's opinion they look under 21[192] (or optionally 25) even though the law states they must be a minimum of 18. Many supermarket and off-licence chains display Challenge 21 (or Challenge 25) notices stating that they will not serve persons who look under 21 (or 25) without ID.

text: Oceania[edit]

text:
Country

State/region/province

De jure

Notes

Drinking age

Purchase age

 American Samoa

21[193]

 Australia

18[42][194]

Main article: Alcohol laws of AustraliaVaries by state. Some states restrict possession and consumption to over 18, all states restrict purchasing to over 18. In some states, minors may consume alcohol in a private residence with parental permission.[195]

 Fiji

18[196]

The drinking age was 21 from 2006 to 2009 but was lowered to 18 in 2009.[196]

 Guam

21[197]

 Micronesia, Federated States of

18[198]

 New Zealand

None
18[199]

Minimum age applies for beverages with 1.15% ABV or over; no restrictions on beverages less than 1.15% ABV.[200]Persons under 18 may drink outside private residences or private functions if accompanied by their parent or legal guardian. Alcohol may be supplied to minors only by, or with express consent from, their parent or legal guardian.[201]

 Northern Mariana Islands

21[202]

 Palau

21[203]

It is illegal to sell or serve any alcoholic beverage to a person under 21 years of age. Minors may access a bar or licensed premises only if accompanied by a parent or legal guardian. Minors buying, consuming or attempting to buy alcohol are committing an offence. The law provides an exception for the consumption of alcohol by minors as part of a religiously recognized ceremony.[203]

 Papua New Guinea

18[citation needed]

It is illegal for a minor to purchase, consume or attempt to purchase alcoholic beverages. Any licence holder has to ensure that the customer who he sells or serves alcohol to, is at least 18 years of age. Violation of this law is fined.[citation needed]

 Samoa

21[204]

Selling or serving alcohol to a person under the age of twenty-one years is punished with three hundred dollars or imprisonment for nine months or both, a fine and imprisonment.[205]

 Solomon Islands

None[205]

21[205]

Selling or serving alcohol to a person under the age of twenty-one years old is punished with a three hundred dollar fine or imprisonment for nine months or both, a fine and imprisonment.[205]

 Tokelau

18[206]

 Tonga

18[207]

Selling, serving or supplying alcohol to a minor is illegal. It is also illegal for minors to buy, attempt to buy or consume alcohol in any public place and any violation of this law is fined up to $1,000.[207]

 Vanuatu

18[208]

It is unlawful to sell, serve or supply alcohol to any person under the age of 18 years. Violation of the law is fined up to VT 25,000 or by a term of imprisonment not exceeding 3 months, or by both, fine and imprisonment. Any minor under the age of 18 years, being found in possession or consumption of alcohol is fined up to VT 10,000.[208]


document_title: Pollen

question_text: where are pollen grains produced in a flower

root

text: Pollen

text: The structure and formation of pollen[edit]

text: Pollen itself is not the male gamete.[2] Each pollen grain contains vegetative (non-reproductive) cells (only a single cell in most flowering plants but several in other seed plants) and a generative (reproductive) cell. In flowering plants the vegetative tube cell produces the pollen tube, and the generative cell divides to form the two sperm cells.

tag: p

text: Formation[edit]

text: Pollen is produced in the microsporangia in the male cone of a conifer or other gymnosperm or in the anthers of an angiosperm flower. Pollen grains come in a wide variety of shapes, sizes, and surface markings characteristic of the species (see electron micrograph, right). Pollen grains of pines, firs, and spruces are winged. The smallest pollen grain, that of the forget-me-not (Myosotis spp.),[which?] is around 6 µm (0.006 mm) in diameter.[citation needed] Wind-borne pollen grains can be as large as about 90–100 µm.[3]

text: In angiosperms, during flower development the anther is composed of a mass of cells that appear undifferentiated, except for a partially differentiated dermis. As the flower develops, four groups of sporogenous cells form within the anther. The fertile sporogenous cells are surrounded by layers of sterile cells that grow into the wall of the pollen sac. Some of the cells grow into nutritive cells that supply nutrition for the microspores that form by meiotic division from the sporogenous cells.

text: In a process called microsporogenesis, four haploid microspores are produced from each diploid sporogenous cell (microsporocyte, pollen mother cell or meiocyte), after meiotic division. After the formation of the four microspores, which are contained by callose walls, the development of the pollen grain walls begins. The callose wall is broken down by an enzyme called callase and the freed pollen grains grow in size and develop their characteristic shape and form a resistant outer wall called the exine and an inner wall called the intine. The exine is what is preserved in the fossil record. Two basic types of microsporogenesis are recognised, simultaneous and successive. In simultaneous microsporogenesis meiotic steps I and II are completed prior to cytokinesis, whereas in successive microsporogenesis cytokinesis follows. While there may be a continuum with intermediate forms, the type of microsporogenesis has systematic significance. The predominant form amongst the monocots is successive, but there are important exceptions.[4]

text: During microgametogenesis, the unicellular microspores undergo mitosis and develop into mature microgametophytes containing the gametes.[5] In some flowering plants,[which?] germination of the pollen grain may begin even before it leaves the microsporangium, with the generative cell forming the two sperm cells.

text: Structure[edit]

text: Except in the case of some submerged aquatic plants, the mature pollen grain has a double wall. The vegetative and generative cells are surrounded by a thin delicate wall of unaltered cellulose called the endospore or intine, and a tough resistant outer cuticularized wall composed largely of sporopollenin called the exospore or exine. The exine often bears spines or warts, or is variously sculptured, and the character of the markings is often of value for identifying genus, species, or even cultivar or individual. The spines may be less than a micron in length (spinulus, plural spinuli) referred to as spinulose (scabrate), or longer than a micron (echina, echinae) referred to as echinate. Various terms also describe the sculpturing such as reticulate, a net like appearance consisting of elements (murus, muri) separated from each other by a lumen (plural lumina).

text: The pollen wall protects the sperm while the pollen grain is moving from the anther to the stigma; it protects the vital genetic material from drying out and solar radiation. The pollen grain surface is covered with waxes and proteins, which are held in place by structures called sculpture elements on the surface of the grain. The outer pollen wall, which prevents the pollen grain from shrinking and crushing the genetic material during desiccation, is composed of two layers. These two layers are the tectum and the foot layer, which is just above the intine. The tectum and foot layer are separated by a region called the columella, which is composed of strengthening rods. The outer wall is constructed with a resistant biopolymer called sporopollenin.

text: Pollen apertures are regions of the pollen wall that may involve exine thinning or a significant reduction in exine thickness.[6] They allow shrinking and swelling of the grain caused by changes in moisture content. Elongated apertures or furrows in the pollen grain are called colpi (singular: colpus) or sulci (singular: sulcus). Apertures that are more circular are called pores. Colpi, sulci and pores are major features in the identification of classes of pollen.[7] Pollen may be referred to as inaperturate (apertures absent) or aperturate (apertures present). The aperture may have a lid (operculum), hence is described as operculate.[8] However the term inaperturate covers a wide range of morphological types, such as functionally inaperturate (cryptoaperturate) and omniaperturate.[4] Inaperaturate pollen grains often have thin walls, which facilitates pollen tube germination at any position.[6] Terms such as uniaperturate and triaperturate refer to the number of apertures present (one and three respectively).

text: The orientation of furrows (relative to the original tetrad of microspores) classifies the pollen as sulcate or colpate. Sulcate pollen has a furrow across the middle of what was the outer face when the pollen grain was in its tetrad.[9] If the pollen has only a single sulcus, it is described as monosulcate, has two sulci, as bisulcate, or more, as polysulcate.[10][11] Colpate pollen has furrows other than across the middle of the outer faces.[9] Eudicots have pollen with three colpi (tricolpate) or with shapes that are evolutionarily derived from tricolpate pollen.[12] The evolutionary trend in plants has been from monosulcate to polycolpate or polyporate pollen.[9]

text: Pollination[edit]

text: The transfer of pollen grains to the female reproductive structure (pistil in angiosperms) is called pollination. This transfer can be mediated by the wind, in which case the plant is described as anemophilous (literally wind-loving). Anemophilous plants typically produce great quantities of very lightweight pollen grains, sometimes with air-sacs. Non-flowering seed plants (e.g. pine trees) are characteristically anemophilous. Anemophilous flowering plants generally have inconspicuous flowers. Entomophilous (literally insect-loving) plants produce pollen that is relatively heavy, sticky and protein-rich, for dispersal by insect pollinators attracted to their flowers. Many insects and some mites are specialized to feed on pollen, and are called palynivores.

text: In non-flowering seed plants, pollen germinates in the pollen chamber, located beneath the micropyle, underneath the integuments of the ovule. A pollen tube is produced, which grows into the nucellus to provide nutrients for the developing sperm cells. Sperm cells of Pinophyta and Gnetophyta are without flagella, and are carried by the pollen tube, while those of Cycadophyta and Ginkgophyta have many flagella.

text: When placed on the stigma of a flowering plant, under favorable circumstances, a pollen grain puts forth a pollen tube, which grows down the tissue of the style to the ovary, and makes its way along the placenta, guided by projections or hairs, to the micropyle of an ovule. The nucleus of the tube cell has meanwhile passed into the tube, as does also the generative nucleus, which divides (if it hasn't already) to form two sperm cells. The sperm cells are carried to their destination in the tip of the pollen tube. Double-strand breaks in DNA that arise during pollen tube growth appear to be efficiently repaired in the generative cell that carries the male genomic information to be passed on to the next plant generation.[13]  However, the vegetative cell that is responsible for tube elongation appears to lack this DNA repair capability.[13]

text: Pollen in the fossil record[edit]

text:
Pollen's sporopollenin outer sheath affords it some resistance to the rigours of the fossilisation process that destroy weaker objects; it is also produced in huge quantities. There is an extensive fossil record of pollen grains, often disassociated from their parent plant. The discipline of palynology is devoted to the study of pollen, which can be used both for biostratigraphy and to gain information about the abundance and variety of plants alive — which can itself yield important information about paleoclimates. Also, pollen analysis has been widely used for reconstructing past changes in vegetation and their associated drivers [14].
Pollen is first found in the fossil record in the late Devonian period[verification needed] and increases in abundance until the present day.

text: Allergy to pollen[edit]

text:
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The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (September 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
This section needs expansion with: information about allergies not in the nose, e.g., skin reactions. You can help by adding to it. (March 2013)

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tag: table

text: Nasal allergy to pollen is called pollinosis, and allergy specifically to grass pollen is called hay fever. Generally, pollens that cause allergies are those of anemophilous plants (pollen is dispersed by air currents.) Such plants produce large quantities of lightweight pollen (because wind dispersal is random and the likelihood of one pollen grain landing on another flower is small), which can be carried for great distances and are easily inhaled, bringing it into contact with the sensitive nasal passages.

text:
Pollen allergies are common in polar and temperate climate zones, where production of pollen is seasonal. In the tropics pollen production varies less by the season, and allergic reactions less.
In northern Europe, common pollens for allergies are those of birch and alder, and in late summer wormwood and different forms of hay. Grass pollen is also associated with asthma exacerbations in some people, a phenomenon termed thunderstorm asthma.[15]

text: In the US, people often mistakenly blame the conspicuous goldenrod flower for allergies. Since this plant is entomophilous (its pollen is dispersed by animals), its heavy, sticky pollen does not become independently airborne. Most late summer and fall pollen allergies are probably caused by ragweed, a widespread anemophilous plant.[16]

text: Arizona was once regarded as a haven for people with pollen allergies, although several ragweed species grow in the desert. However, as suburbs grew and people began establishing irrigated lawns and gardens, more irritating species of ragweed gained a foothold and Arizona lost its claim of freedom from hay fever.

text: Anemophilous spring blooming plants such as oak, birch, hickory, pecan, and early summer grasses may also induce pollen allergies. Most cultivated plants with showy flowers are entomophilous and do not cause pollen allergies.

text: The number of people in the United States affected by hay fever is between 20 and 40 million,[17] and such allergy has proven to be the most frequent allergic response in the nation. There are certain evidential suggestions pointing out hay fever and similar allergies to be of hereditary origin. Individuals who suffer from eczema or are asthmatic tend to be more susceptible to developing long-term hay fever.[18]

text: In Denmark, decades of rising temperatures cause pollen to appear earlier and in greater numbers, as well as introduction of new species such as ragweed.[19]

text: The most efficient way to handle a pollen allergy is by preventing contact with the material. Individuals carrying the ailment may at first believe that they have a simple summer cold, but hay fever becomes more evident when the apparent cold does not disappear. The confirmation of hay fever can be obtained after examination by a general physician.[20]

text: Treatment[edit]

text: Antihistamines are effective at treating mild cases of pollinosis, this type of non-prescribed drugs includes loratadine, cetirizine and chlorpheniramine. They do not prevent the discharge of histamine, but it has been proven that they do prevent a part of the chain reaction activated by this biogenic amine, which considerably lowers hay fever symptoms.

text: Decongestants can be administered in different ways such as tablets and nasal sprays.

text: Allergy immunotherapy (AIT) treatment involves administering doses of allergens to accustom the body to pollen, thereby inducing specific long-term tolerance.[21] Allergy immunotherapy can be administered orally (as sublingual tablets or sublingual drops), or by injections under the skin (subcutaneous). Discovered by Leonard Noon and John Freeman in 1911, allergy immunotherapy represents the only causative treatment for respiratory allergies.

text: Nutrition[edit]

text: Most major classes of predatory and parasitic arthropods contain species that eat pollen, despite the common perception that bees are the primary pollen-consuming arthropod group. Many other Hymenoptera other than bees consume pollen as adults, though only a small number feed on pollen as larvae (including some ant larvae). Spiders are normally considered carnivores but pollen is an important source of food for several species, particularly for spiderlings, which catch pollen on their webs. It is not clear how spiderlings manage to eat pollen however, since their mouths are not large enough to consume pollen grains.[citation needed] Some predatory mites also feed on pollen, with some species being able to subsist solely on pollen, such as Euseius tularensis, which feeds on the pollen of dozens of plant species. Members of some beetle families such as Mordellidae and Melyridae feed almost exclusively on pollen as adults, while various lineages within larger families such as Curculionidae, Chrysomelidae, Cerambycidae, and Scarabaeidae are pollen specialists even though most members of their families are not (e.g., only 36 of 40000 species of ground beetles, which are typically predatory, have been shown to eat pollen—but this is thought to be a severe underestimate as the feeding habits are only known for 1000 species). Similarly, Ladybird beetles mainly eat insects, but many species also eat pollen, as either part or all of their diet. Hemiptera are mostly herbivores or omnivores but pollen feeding is known (and has only been well studied in the Anthocoridae). Many adult flies, especially Syrphidae, feed on pollen, and three UK syrphid species feed strictly on pollen (syrphids, like all flies, cannot eat pollen directly due to the structure of their mouthparts, but can consume pollen contents that are dissolved in a fluid).[22] Some species of fungus, including Fomes fomentarius, are able to break down grains of pollen as a secondary nutrition source that is particularly high in nitrogen.[23] Pollen may be valuable diet supplement for detritivores, providing them with nutrients needed for growth, development and maturation.[24] It was suggested that obtaining nutrients from pollen, deposited on the forest floor during periods of pollen rains, allows fungi to decompose nutritionally scarce litter.[24]

text: Some species of Heliconius butterflies consume pollen as adults, which appears to be a valuable nutrient source, and these species are more distasteful to predators than the non-pollen consuming species.[25][26]

text: Although bats, butterflies and hummingbirds are not pollen eaters per se, their consumption of nectar in flowers is an important aspect of the pollination process.

text: In humans[edit]

text: Bee pollen for human consumption is marketed as a food ingredient and as a dietary supplement. The largest constituent is carbohydrates, with protein content ranging from 7 to 35 percent depending on the plant species collected by bees.[27]

text: Honey produced by bees from natural sources contains pollen derived p-coumaric acid,[28] an antioxidant and natural bactericide that is also present in a wide variety of plants and plant-derived food products.[29]

text: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not found any harmful effects of bee pollen consumption, except from the usual allergies. However, FDA does not allow bee pollen marketers in the United States to make health claims about their produce, as no scientific basis for these has ever been proven. Furthermore, there are possible dangers not only from allergic reactions but also from contaminants such as pesticides and from fungi and bacteria growth related to poor storage procedures. A manufacturers's claim that pollen collecting helps the bee colonies is also controversial.[30]

text: Pine pollen (송화가루; Songhwa Garu) is traditionally consumed in Korea as an ingredient in sweets and beverages.

text: Parasites[edit]

text: The growing industries in pollen harvesting for human and bee consumption rely on harvesting pollen baskets from honey bees as they return to their hives using a pollen trap.[31] When this pollen has been tested for parasites, it has been found that a multitude of pollinator viruses and eukaryotic parasites are present in the pollen.[32][33] It is currently unclear if the parasites are introduced by the bee that collected the pollen or if it is from contamination to the flower.[33][34] Though this is not likely to pose a risk to humans, it is a major issue for the bumblebee rearing industry that relies on thousands of tonnes of honey bee collected pollen per year.[35] Several sterilization methods have been employed, though no method has been 100% effective at sterilizing, without reducing the nutritional value, of the pollen [36]

text: Forensic palynology[edit]

text: In forensic biology, pollen can tell a lot about where a person or object has been, because regions of the world, or even more particular locations such a certain set of bushes, will have a distinctive collection of pollen species.[37] Pollen evidence can also reveal the season in which a particular object picked up the pollen.[38] Pollen has been used to trace activity at mass graves in Bosnia,[39] catch a burglar who brushed against a Hypericum bush during a crime,[40] and has even been proposed as an additive for bullets to enable tracking them.[41]


document_title: Billy Preston

question_text: who became the fifth beatle on let it be playing keyboards on the lp

text: Billy Preston

text: Early life and career[edit]

text: Preston was born on September 2, 1946 in Houston. When he was three, the family moved to Los Angeles, where Preston began playing piano while sitting on his mother Robbie's lap.[citation needed] Noted as a child prodigy, Preston was entirely self-taught and never had a music lesson. By the age of ten, he was playing organ onstage backing several gospel singers such as Mahalia Jackson, James Cleveland and Andraé Crouch.[citation needed] At the age of 11, Preston appeared on Nat King Cole's national TV show singing the Fats Domino hit "Blueberry Hill" with Cole.[3] Also at 11, he appeared in St. Louis Blues, the 1958 W. C. Handy biopic starring Nat King Cole; Preston played Handy at a younger age.

text: In 1962, Preston joined Little Richard's band as an organist, and it was while performing in Hamburg that he met the Beatles. In 1963, he played the organ on Sam Cooke's Night Beat album and released his own debut album, 16 Yr Old Soul, for Cooke's SAR label.[4] In 1965, he released the album The Most Exciting Organ Ever and performed on the rock and roll show Shindig! In 1967, he joined Ray Charles' band. Following this exposure, several musicians began asking Preston to contribute to their sessions.[citation needed]

text: Relationship with the Beatles[edit]

text: Preston first met the Beatles as a 16-year-old in 1962, while part of Little Richard's touring band, when their manager Brian Epstein organized a Liverpool show, at which the Beatles opened. The Washington Post explained their subsequent meeting:

text: They'd hook up again in 1969, when the Beatles were about to break up while recording the last album they released, Let It Be (they would later record Abbey Road, which was released prior to Let It Be). George Harrison, a friend of Preston, had quit, walked out of the studio and gone to a Ray Charles concert in London, where Preston was playing organ. Harrison brought Preston back to the studio, where his keen musicianship and gregarious personality temporarily calmed the tension.[5]

text: Preston is one of several people referred to as the "Fifth Beatle". At one point during the Get Back sessions, John Lennon proposed the idea of having him join the band (to which Paul McCartney countered that it was difficult enough reaching agreements with four).[6] Preston played with the Beatles for several of the Get Back sessions, some of the material from which would later be culled to make the film Let it Be and its companion album, to which he contributed organ and electric piano. Preston also accompanied the band on electric piano for its rooftop concert, the group's final public appearance.[5] In April 1969, their single "Get Back" was credited to "The Beatles with Billy Preston", the only time such a joint credit had been given on an official Beatles-sanctioned release (as distinct from an unsanctioned reissue of some Hamburg-era recordings on which they were the backing group for Tony Sheridan). The credit was bestowed by the Beatles to reflect the extent of Preston's presence on the track; his electric piano is prominent throughout and he plays an extended solo. Preston also worked, in a more limited role, on the Abbey Road album, contributing organ to the tracks "I Want You (She's So Heavy)" and "Something".

text: In 1978, he appeared as Sgt. Pepper in Robert Stigwood's film Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, which was based on the Beatles' album of the same name, and sang "Get Back" as the penultimate song.

text: Post-Beatles solo career[edit]

text: Signed to the Beatles' Apple label, in 1969, Preston released the album That's the Way God Planned It, produced by Harrison, the title song from which was a hit single in Britain. His relationship with Harrison continued after the Beatles' break-up in 1970; Preston was the first artist to record Harrison's subsequent international hit "My Sweet Lord", on his 1970 album Encouraging Words, which Harrison co-produced with him. He appeared on several of Harrison's 1970s solo albums, starting with All Things Must Pass; made a notable contribution to the Concert for Bangladesh, the Harrison-organized 1971 charity benefit; performed with the ex-Beatle on his 1974 tour of North America; and played at the 2002 Concert for George tribute, held at London's Royal Albert Hall. Preston also worked on solo releases by Lennon and Ringo Starr.

text: In 1971, Preston left Apple and signed with Herb Alpert's A&M Records. The previous year, he contributed to another hit single when Stephen Stills asked to use Preston's phrase "if you can't be with the one you love, love the one you're with", a song on Stills' self-titled debut solo album.[citation needed]

text: Following the release of I Wrote a Simple Song on A&M, Preston's solo career peaked at this time, beginning with 1972's "Outa-Space", an instrumental track that further popularized the sound of the clavinet in funk music. The song reached number 2 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and topped Billboard's R&B chart, before going on to win the Grammy Award for Best Pop Instrumental Performance. "Outa-Space" sold over 1 million copies in America, and was awarded a gold disc by the RIAA in June 1972.[7]

text: Over the next two years, Preston followed up with the US chart-topping singles "Will It Go Round in Circles" (which displaced Harrison's "Give Me Love (Give Me Peace on Earth)" at the top on 7 July 1973) and "Nothing From Nothing", and the number 4 hit "Space Race". Each of the three singles sold in excess of 1 million copies.[7] American Bandstand host and executive producer Dick Clark enjoyed "Space Race" so much that he used the instrumental for the mid-show break for virtually the remainder of its run.[citation needed]

text: From 1970, Preston played keyboards (including piano, organ, clavinet and various synthesizers) for the Rolling Stones, sometimes alongside pianists Nicky Hopkins and Ian Stewart, on their albums Sticky Fingers, Exile on Main St., Goats Head Soup, It's Only Rock 'n Roll and Black and Blue. As the band's primary touring keyboardist from 1973 to 1977, he also performed as a support act with his own band (including Mick Taylor on guitar) on their 1973 European Tour. A Munich performance was documented in the live album Live European Tour 1973. In 1974, along with Beach Boy Dennis Wilson, he composed one of Joe Cocker's biggest hits, "You Are So Beautiful". On October 11, 1975, he was the first musical guest on Saturday Night Live's series premiere episode (along with Janis Ian). Preston's 1973 song "Do You Love Me" was the basis for the Rolling Stones' track "Melody", released on Black and Blue in 1976.[citation needed] Although two of his songs ("Nothing from Nothing" and "Outa-Space") were included in the band's 1976 live sets, the Stones and Preston parted company in 1977, mainly due to a disagreement over money.[citation needed] He continued to play on solo records by Stones members and made appearances on the band's 1981 Tattoo You and 1997 Bridges to Babylon albums.

text: Preston's solo career began to decline after 1976. After five years with A&M, he signed with Motown. In 1980, he duetted with Syreeta Wright on the ballad "With You I'm Born Again", which reached number 4 on the charts in the US. Failing thereafter to match its success, Preston left Motown in 1984 and focused on session work. He served as musical director for Nightlife, a late-night talk show hosted by David Brenner that lasted one season from 1986 to 1987.[8]

text: Legal troubles[edit]

text: In 1991, Preston was arrested and convicted for insurance fraud after setting fire to his own house in Los Angeles,[9] and he was treated for alcohol and cocaine addictions. In the same year, he was also arrested for sexually assaulting a 16-year-old Mexican boy, after picking him up at a gathering point for day laborers.[10] After submitting to a drug test, he tested positive for cocaine. That year, he entered no-contest pleas to the cocaine and sexual assault charges. He was sentenced to nine months at a drug rehabilitation center and three months of house arrest.[citation needed]

text: Preston overcame his problems in the early 1990s, toured with Eric Clapton, recorded with Gary Walker, one of the vocalists in his Los Angeles-based band, and worked with a wide range of other artists. He also toured with Ringo Starr, appearing on his 1990 live album. He was invited to become a member of the Band in 1991, after the death of piano player Stan Szelest. He performed on tour with the group, but the sentencing from his cocaine and sexual assault charges ended the collaboration.[citation needed]

text: Later work[edit]

text: In 1997, Billy Preston recorded the album You and I, in Italy, with Italian band Novecento. The album was produced by Vaughn De Spenza and Novecento members Lino and Pino Nicolosi.[11]

text: In 1998, Preston played organ during the choir numbers on the UPN comedy show Good News. The same year he sang and played synthesizer in the film Blues Brothers 2000, as part of the Louisiana Gator Boys supergroup.

text: While touring and fighting his own health problems, Preston received the news that on November 29, 2001, George Harrison had died (having long suffered from throat cancer). Preston, among many of Harrison's longtime friends, performed in the 2002 Concert for George at the Royal Albert Hall in London. Preston's performance of "My Sweet Lord" received critical acclaim.[citation needed] Additionally, he sang "Isn't It a Pity", provided backing vocals on most of the other songs, and played the Hammond organ for the show. Ringo Starr called him one of the greatest Hammond players of all time (in the theatrical version of the concert).[citation needed]

text: In 2002, Preston appeared on the Johnny Cash album American IV: The Man Comes Around, playing piano on "Personal Jesus" and "Tear-Stained Letter".

text: In 2004, Preston toured with the Funk Brothers and Steve Winwood in Europe, and then with his friend Eric Clapton in Europe and North America. After he finished touring with Clapton, he went to France, where he was featured in one episode of the Legends Rock TV Show.[12] His performance included a duet with Sam Moore on "You Are So Beautiful"; this was Preston's last filmed concert.

text: In 2004, Preston performed as a jazz organist on Ray Charles' Genius Loves Company, an album of duets, on the song "Here We Go Again" with Charles and Norah Jones.

text: In March 2005, he appeared on the American Idol fourth season finale. Playing piano, he performed "With You I'm Born Again" with Vonzell Solomon (who finished the contest in third place). The same year, he recorded "Go Where No One's Gone Before", the main title song for the anime series L/R: Licensed by Royalty.

text: Preston played clavinet on the song "Warlocks" for the Red Hot Chili Peppers album Stadium Arcadium (2006). Although very ill by this point, he jumped out of his bed after hearing a tape of the song given to him by the band, recorded his part, and went back to bed.[13]

text: Preston's final recorded contributions were the gospel-tinged organ on the Neil Diamond album 12 Songs (2005), and his keyboard work on The Road to Escondido (2006) by Eric Clapton and JJ Cale.

text: In late 2005, Preston made his last public performance, in Los Angeles, to support the re-release of the 1972 movie The Concert for Bangladesh. He played a three-song set of "Give Me Love", "My Sweet Lord", and "Isn't It a Pity", with Dhani Harrison and Ringo Starr joining on guitar and drums respectively for the last song.

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Billy Preston was brought up in the African-American gospel tradition; he was a committed Christian throughout his life and he openly expressed his faith in works such as his 1970s hit "That's the Way God Planned It". However, his personal beliefs were sometimes at odds with the attitudes and musical expressions of the secular world of rock & roll in which he often worked - while he was apparently willing to put his religious views aside when working on tracks like John Lennon's openly atheistic song "God", he was reported to have been particularly uncomfortable with having to perform "Sympathy for the Devil" while touring with the Rolling Stones in the early 1970s. Preston was also deeply attached to his mother, for whom he wrote the song that became his best-known composition, "You Are So Beautiful".[14]

text: Although the details did not become fully known to the general public until after his death, Preston struggled throughout his life to cope with his homosexuality, and the lasting effects of the traumatic sexual abuse he suffered as a boy. Although his sexual orientation became known to friends and associates in the music world (such as Keith Richards), Preston did not publicly come out as gay until just before he died. This was reportedly partly due to the fact that he felt that it conflicted with his deeply held religious beliefs and his lifelong association with the church, so he remained "in the closet" until shortly before his death. Keith Richards' autobiography, Life,[15][16][17] mentions Billy Preston's struggles with his sexuality.

text: In an interview for a 2010 BBC Radio 4 documentary on his life and career, Preston's manager Joyce Moore revealed that after she began handling his affairs, Preston opened up to her about the lifelong trauma he had suffered as the result of being sexually abused as a boy. Preston told Moore that at about the age of nine, after he and his mother moved to Los Angeles from Houston to perform in a touring production of Amos 'n' Andy, he was repeatedly abused by the touring company's pianist. When Preston told his mother about the abuse, she did not believe him, and failed to protect him. The abuse subsequently went on for the entire summer, and Preston stated that he was also later abused by a local pastor.[citation needed]

text: Another traumatic incident, which reportedly affected Preston deeply, occurred in the early 1970s, while he was engaged to actress/model Kathy Silva. At this time Preston had become close friends with musician Sly Stone, and made many contributions to Stone's recordings of the period (including the landmark album There's a Riot Goin' On). According to Moore, Preston was devastated when he came home one day to find Stone in bed with Silva (who later famously married Stone on stage at Madison Square Garden). According to Moore, Silva's affair with Stone was the trigger that led Preston to stop having relationships with women - it was after this incident that he began abusing cocaine and having sex with men, and Moore has stated that she saw his drug abuse as his a way of coping with the internal conflicts he felt about his sexual urges.[14][18]

text: Preston lived in London for a time,[19] possibly around 1969–1971, but he moved back to the USA in the early 1970s.[citation needed]

text: Miles Davis's album Get Up with It (1974) features a track called "Billy Preston" in his honor.

text: Death[edit]

text: Wikinews has related news: Billy Preston dies at 59

text: Preston had suffered kidney disease in his later years, brought on by his hypertension. He received a kidney transplant in 2002, but his health continued to deteriorate. He had voluntarily entered a drug rehabilitation clinic in Malibu, California, at the suggestion of guitarist Is'real Benton, and suffered pericarditis there, leading to respiratory failure that left him in a coma from November 21, 2005.[1] Preston died on June 6, 2006, in Scottsdale, Arizona.

text: Discography[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Studio albums[edit]

text:
Year
Album Title
Record Label
Notes

1963
16 Yr. Old Soul
Derby
Recorded for Sam Cooke's SAR label (Derby was its sister imprint), Preston still at high school in Los Angeles. Re-released in the UK in 1969 by Soul City Records as Greazee Soul

1965
The Most Exciting Organ Ever
VJ Records
Fully instrumental

Early Hits of '65
Exodus Records
Recorded in the same sessions as The Most Exciting Organ Ever

1966
Wildest Organ in Town!
Capitol Records
Arranged by Sly Stone

1967
Club Meeting
Capitol Records
A continuation of Wildest Organ in Town!

1969
That's the Way God Planned It
Apple Records
Debut album on Apple, and featuring the European hit "That's the Way God Planned It"; guests include George Harrison, Keith Richards and Eric Clapton

1970
Encouraging Words
Apple Records
Guests include George Harrison, Eric Clapton, Ringo Starr and Delaney Bramlett

1971
I Wrote a Simple Song
A&M Records
Debut album for A&M, includes the hit "Outa-Space" and features contributions from Quincy Jones and George Harrison

1972
Music Is My Life
A&M Records
Includes the hit "Will It Go Round in Circles"

1973
Everybody Likes Some Kind of Music
A&M Records
Includes the hit "Space Race"

1974
The Kids & Me
A&M Records
Includes the hit "Nothing from Nothing" and the future hit for Joe Cocker, "You Are So Beautiful"

1975
It's My Pleasure
A&M Records
Incorporates synthesizers more heavily than previous Preston album, features harmonica by Stevie Wonder on two tracks and a guest appearance from George Harrison

1976
Billy Preston
A&M Records
Guests include Jeff Beck and the Tower of Power horns

1977
A Whole New Thing
A&M Records
Final album for A&M

1979
Late at Night
Motown Records
Includes the hit duet with Syreeta Wright, "With You I'm Born Again"

1981
Billy Preston & Syreeta
Motown Records
Album features duets

The Way I Am
Motown Records
Guests include members of Toto

1982
Pressin' On
Motown Records
Final album for Motown Records

1984
On the Air
Megatone Records
Album features a Beatles tribute

1986
You Can't Keep a Good Man Down
D&K Records

1995
Billy's Back
NuGroove Records

2001
You and I
Just 2001
Featuring the Italian band Novecento

text: Studio EP[edit]

text:
Year
Album Title
Record Label
Notes

2004
Billy's Tribute to The Beatles EP
iFanz Records
Featuring Sgt. Pepper, I'm Looking Through You & Give Me Love

text: Live album[edit]

text: 1974: Live European Tour 1973 (A&M Records)

tag: ul

text: Gospel albums[edit]

text:
1965: Hymns Speak from the Organ (Exodus Records, EX-53)
1973: Gospel in My Soul (reissue of Hymns Speak from the Organ)
1978: Behold! (Myrrh Records, MYR-1070)
1980: Universal Love
1994: Ministry of Music (D&K Records, D&K 86003)
1996: Words and Music
2001: Music from My Heart

text: Charted albums[edit]

text:
Year
Album
US Top 200
US R&B

1965
The Most Exciting Organ Ever
143
5

1966
Wildest Organ in Town!
118
9

1969
That's the Way God Planned It1
127
—

1970
Encouraging Words
—
50

1971
I Wrote a Simple Song
32
9

1972
Music Is My Life
32
7

1973
Everybody Likes Some Kind of Music
52
3

1974
The Kids & Me
17
8

1975
It's My Pleasure
43
18

1977
A Whole New Thing
—
49

1979
Late at Night
49
73

1981
Billy Preston & Syreeta
127
48

text: Footnotes: 1 Charted in 1972

text: Singles[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Chart positions

US
US R&B
UK

1965
"Billy's Bag" / "Goldfinger"
—
—
—

1968
"Hey Brother"
—
—
—

1969
"That's the Way God Planned It"
62
—
11

1970
"All That I've Got (I'm Gonna Give It to You)"
108
—
—

1971
"My Sweet Lord"
90
23
—

1972
"The Bus"
—
43
—

"I Wrote a Simple Song"
77
—
—

"Outa-Space"
2
1
44

"That's the Way God Planned It" (Re-release)
65
—
—

"Slaughter"
50
17
—

1973
"Will It Go Round in Circles"
1
10
—

"How Long Has the Train Been Gone"
—
—
—

"Space Race"
4
1
—

1974
"You're So Unique"
48
11
—

"Nothing from Nothing"
1
8
—

"Struttin'"
22
11
—

1975
"Fancy Lady"
71
23
—

"Do It While You Can"
—
58
—

1977
"I've Got the Spirit"
—
48
—

"Do What You Want"
—
flip
—

"Girl"
—
44
—

"Wide Stride"
—
33
—

1978
"I'm Really Gonna Miss You"
—
59
—

"Get Back"
86
—
—

1979
"Go for It" (with Syreeta Wright)
108
—
—

"With You I'm Born Again" (with Syreeta Wright)
4
86
2

1980
"It Will Come in Time" (with Syreeta Wright)
—
—
47

"One More Time for Love" (with Syreeta Wright)
52
72
—

1981
"Searchin'" (with Syreeta Wright)
106
—
—

1982
"I'm Never Gonna Say Goodbye"
88
64
—

1986
"So Good, So Fine" (with Ann-Louise Hanson)
—
—
—

2003
"Go Where No One's Gone Before"[20]
—
—
—

"—" denotes releases that did not chart.

text: As a guest/session performer[edit]

text:
1963: Night Beat (Sam Cooke)
1969: "Get Back" and "Don't Let Me Down" (The Beatles)
1969: Abbey Road (The Beatles)
1970: Let It Be (The Beatles)
1970: All Things Must Pass (George Harrison)
1970: John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band (John Lennon) – piano on "God"
1971: Sticky Fingers (The Rolling Stones)
1971: The Concert for Bangladesh (George Harrison and Friends)
1971: There's a Riot Goin' On (Sly and the Family Stone)
1971: Live at Fillmore West (King Curtis and Aretha Franklin)
1971: Barbra Joan Streisand – keyboards and drums
1972: Exile on Main St. (The Rolling Stones)
1972: Wind of Change (Peter Frampton) – piano, keyboards, harpsichord, accordion
1973: Ringo (Ringo Starr) – Organ on "I'm the Greatest" and "Oh My My"
1973: Goats Head Soup (The Rolling Stones)
1974: Dark Horse (George Harrison) – electric piano
1974: Goodnight Vienna (Ringo Starr) – clavinet on the title track, electric piano on "Only You (And You Alone)"
1974: It's Only Rock 'n Roll (The Rolling Stones)
1975: "You Are So Beautiful" (Joe Cocker)
1975: Extra Texture (Read All About It) (George Harrison) – electric piano on "His Name Is Legs (Ladies And Gentlemen)"
1976: Thirty Three & 1/3 (George Harrison)
1976: No Reason to Cry (Eric Clapton)
1976: Black and Blue (Rolling Stones)
1976: Love You Live (Rolling Stones)
1978: Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band – also acted the part "Sgt. Pepper" in the film
1981: Tattoo You (Rolling Stones)
1982: Gone Troppo (George Harrison)
1985: "Till My Baby Comes Home" (Luther Vandross) – Plays organ
1986: "Great Gosh A'Mighty (Been a Long Time Comin')" – co-written with Little Richard – from the film Down and Out in Beverly Hills (sung by Little Richard)
1990: Ringo Starr and His All-Starr Band – keyboards and vocals
1990: Giovani Jovanotti (Jovanotti) – keyboards and Fender Rhodes
1990: "Show Me Your Soul" - Red Hot Chili Peppers
1991: ...E La Vita Continua (Nino D'Angelo)
1993: Wandering Spirit (Mick Jagger) – "Sweet Thing", "Out of Focus", "Use Me", "Wandering Spirit" and "I've Been Lonely for So Long".
1996: Voyage of Dreams – Jephté Guillaume and the Tet Kale Orkestra – organ, strings on "Al Di Yo", "Go Tell Them", "Kanpe", "Get Up"
1996: Donnie McClurkin (Donnie McClurkin) – organ
1996: Love Brought Me Back (Helen Baylor) – organ
1996: El Equilibiro de los Jaguares (Jaguares) – organ /Hammond B3 on "Detrás de los Cerros"
1996: Peace Beyond Passion (Me'shell Ndegeocello) – keyboards on "Deuteronomy: Niggerman"
1997: Bridges to Babylon (The Rolling Stones) – organ on "Saint of Me"
1998: Undiscovered Soul (Richie Sambora)
2000: The Harsh Light of Day (Fastball) – keyboards on "You're An Ocean"
2001: Songs from the West Coast (Elton John) – Hammond organ on "I Want Love", "The Wasteland", "Love Her Like Me"
2001: Everybody Got Their Something (Nikka Costa) – Clavinet
2001: Reptile (Eric Clapton)
2001: One More Car, One More Rider (Eric Clapton, live) – DVD includes live performance of Will It Go Round in Circles
2002: Travelogue (Joni Mitchell) – Hammond B3 on the track "You Dream Flat Tires"
2002: American IV: The Man Comes Around (Johnny Cash) – piano on "Tear Stained Letter" and "Personal Jesus"
2003: The Colored Section (Donnie) – Hammond B3 on the last track: "The Colored Section"[21]
2003: Concert for George – including "Isn't It a Pity" and "My Sweet Lord"
2003: Get Born (Jet)
2004: Me and Mr. Johnson (Eric Clapton) – also appears in the DVD companion Sessions for Robert J
2004: Crossroads Guitar Festival (Eric Clapton)
2004: Genius Loves Company (Ray Charles)
2005: 12 Songs (Neil Diamond)
2005: Back Home (Eric Clapton)
2005: Choose Love (Ringo Starr)
2005: The Concert for Bangladesh (George Harrison and Friends) (re-mastered version and video)
2005: Tough on Crime (Rebecca Pidgeon) – keyboards
2006: Stadium Arcadium (Red Hot Chili Peppers) – "Warlocks"
2006: The Road to Escondido (Eric Clapton]], J. J. Cale)
2006: Overnight Sensational (Sam Moore) - Hammond B3 on "I Can't Stand the Rain" and sings and plays on "You Are So Beautiful"
2007: Reach (Is'real Benton) – organ on "Have a Good Time"
2007: Imagine (Howard Hewett) – organ


document_title: The Kissing Booth

question_text: who played noah in the kissing booth movie

text: The Kissing Booth

text: Plot[edit]

text: Born on the same day and time in the same hospital, Elle Evans (Joey King) and Lee Flynn (Joel Courtney) have been best friends all their lives. To protect their special relationship, the pair created a set of friendship rules they are sworn to follow including #9: relatives totally off limits, especially Lee's bad boy older brother Noah (Jacob Elordi).

text: On the first day of school Elle's pants rip forcing her to go to school wearing a skirt that is too small. Tuppen, another student, touches her which almost gets Lee into a fight but Noah intervenes. Elle, having violated the dress code, has to serve detention with Noah and Tuppen.  Tuppen later apologizes to Elle. She later agrees to go out with him however she is stood up. He goes to see her later that night to let her know that he was threatened by Noah not to go out with her.

text: Elle and Lee have to create a booth for the school carnival and decide on a kissing booth. The two have difficulty finding people to participate but get a group of popular girls called the OMG's (Olivia, Mia, and Gwyneth) to participate by lying to them saying that Noah likes one of them and will go if they go.

text: That night, the kissing booth is a success. However, girls including the OMG's become angry when they discover that Noah is not actually working the kissing booth. For payback, the girls send Elle up to the booth to kiss a nerdy kid while blindfolded. The boy switches with Noah having him next in line to kiss Elle. When Elle won't stop talking Noah kisses her, not knowing who it is she takes off her blindfold and Noah goes in for a second kiss. After cleaning up Elle sees Noah flirting with another girl so she runs home while Noah looks at her. While on her way home it starts to rain and Noah offers her a ride on his motorcycle. However, the rain gets too heavy and they have to stop. They shelter in a nearby glass ‘bandstand’ in a park. Elle kisses Noah again and he pulls away. After staring at each other Noah goes in for another kiss. Elle ends up pulling away, telling him she can't be another one of his conquests. He looks hurt but tells Elle why he likes her. They kiss again but are interrupted by a security guard who recognizes Noah and tells him to stop bringing girls there. Elle gets upset that Noah brought her to the place where he brings his other girlfriends and leaves.

text: The next day while at a party Elle is harassed by another student and Noah almost starts a fight with him. This causes her to storm off but Noah requests her to get in his car. Instead of going home he takes her to the Hollywood Sign and they talk about their relationship. They both admit to liking each other and decide to come up with rules for their relationship, one being that Lee never finds out. The two kiss and end up having sex.

text: Elle and Noah start to see each other secretly and are careful that Lee or anyone else don't find out. While in Noah's room his mom almost walks in on them and Elle has to hide. While hiding she overhears her say that he had been accepted to an Ivy League school. Soon after he reveals to her that he is going to Harvard and she starts to realize that he won't be around next year. One day while hanging out with Noah, Lee walks in on him tending to a cut on her face. He become suspicious and asks Elle if it was Noah who hurt her. This infuriates Noah and they are about to get involved in a fight, but Elle stops them and takes Lee away. Lee asks her is there is something going on between the two of them, to which she denies. She ends up feeling guilty about lying to Lee and goes back to Noah and tells him that they need to come clean that night and when Noah agrees he says that way he can take her to prom. They kiss but Lee ends up seeing it. Hurt, Lee attempts to leave his house but Elle tries to get him to talk before Noah intervenes and eventually get into a fight. After backing off, Lee leaves and Elle tells Noah to leave her alone.

text: Lee starts giving Elle the silent treatment and Noah goes missing. While at the arcade one day Lee invites Elle over to play a game and they make up and make plans for their upcoming birthday party. Before prom, Noah finally returns but to talk to Elle's dad who says he does not approve but it is her decision.

text: Elle goes to prom with Lee and his girlfriend Rachel and has a good time until a replica of their kissing booth is revealed. Noah comes out from behind the curtains to tell Elle that he loves her but she responds by saying that she cannot keep on hurting the people she loves because of him and that no one wants them to be together. Noah agrees to this but then asks her what does she want. To this Elle does not seem to have an answer and she runs away sobbing. Rachel chases after her but she gets away before they can say anything.

text: The next day at their costume themed birthday party, Elle begins missing Noah and decides to leave. Lee stops her and Elle tells him that she loves him but she also loves Noah and if he can't accept that then maybe they shouldn't be friends. Lee, finally accepts that Noah makes her happy and agrees to help Elle find him. Elle and Lee get in the car and leave for the airport. She starts sharing her true feelings for Noah to Lee and then it is revealed that all this time in the car it was Noah in Lee's costume. Elle is surprised to see Noah and admits to him that she loves him. They embrace and kiss.

text: During the next few weeks, Elle and Noah spend every day together before he has to leave for college. When it is time to go Elle goes with him to the airport and he leaves. After watching him leave, she drives off on Noah's motorcycle saying that she does not know if they will be together forever but she knows that a part of her heart will always belong to Noah Flynn. The story ends with Elle stating that everything happened just because of the Kissing Booth.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Joey King as Shelley "Elle" Evans
Joel Courtney as Lee Flynn
Jacob Elordi as Noah Flynn
Molly Ringwald as Mrs. Flynn

text: Production[edit]

text: In June 2014, Vince Marcello was hired to write the film adaptation of teenage author Beth Reekles' young adult novel The Kissing Booth, which was originally published on Wattpad.[1] In November 2016, it was announced that Netflix had purchased rights to the film, with Marcello now set to helm his screenplay.[2] In January 2017, Joey King and Molly Ringwald signed on to star in the film.[3]

text: The filming took place in Los Angeles, California, and in Cape Town, South Africa between January and April 2017.[3]

text: Release[edit]

text: The film was released on 11 May 2018 on Netflix.[4] According to Netflix, one in three viewers of the film have re-watched it, "which is 30 percent higher than the average movie re-watch rate on the [streaming service]."[5] Deeming the film a huge success for the service, CCO Ted Sarandos called the film "one of the most-watched movies in the country, and maybe in the world."[6]

text: Reception[edit]

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 13%, based on 8 reviews, and an average rating of 3.7/10.[7]

text: The Kissing Booth was panned by critics.[8] IndieWire's Kate Erbland gave the film a "D" grade, adding that "Unfortunately, the high school-set rom-com is a sexist and regressive look at relationships that highlights the worst impulses of the genre."[9] Ani Bundel of NBCNews criticized the film's "problematic stereotyping of masculinity and relationships" and lack of original ideas. "It feels like it was written by someone who simply digested everything she was told 'romance' was supposed to be by the patriarchy, and vomited back at us. Nearly every cliché in the film feels cribbed from another movie, like a song made completely of samples from better-known hits."[8]

text: Despite being deemed "sexist"[9][10] and "objectively bad"[11][12] by several critics, The Kissing Booth was widely consumed among audiences.  Netflix's Ted Sarandos, CCO affirmed the film's success as a "hugely popular original movie" for the streaming service.[11]

text: The Kissing Booth on Wattpad[edit]

text: The Kissing Booth was written in 2011 by author Beth Reekles. It originated as a story on Wattpad where it won a Watty Award for "Most Popular Teen Fiction" in Wattpad's annual writing contest.[13] By 2012 it had amassed over 19 million reads and, in 2013, was published by Penguin Random House.[14] In an interview with Forbes, Reekles explains what drew her to Wattpad: "I loved the feeling of community on the site, and when I began to share, I liked the anonymity of it because I was so self-conscious about my writing and hadn't shared it with anyone before."[15]