document_title: Kentucky Derby

question_text: what was the longest shot to win the kentucky derby

text: Kentucky Derby

text: History[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In 1872, Col. Meriwether Lewis Clark, Jr., grandson of William Clark of the Lewis and Clark expedition, traveled to England, visiting Epsom in Surrey where The Derby had been running annually since 1780.[5] From there, Clark went on to Paris, France, where in 1863, a group of racing enthusiasts had formed the French Jockey Club and had organized the Grand Prix de Paris at Longchamp, which at the time was the greatest race in France.

text: Returning home to Kentucky, Clark organized the Louisville Jockey Club for the purpose of raising money to build quality racing facilities just outside the city. The track would soon become known as Churchill Downs, named for John and Henry Churchill, who provided the land for the racetrack.[6] Officially, the racetrack was incorporated as Churchill Downs in 1937.[7]

text: The Kentucky Derby was first run at 1 1/2 miles (12 furlongs; 2.4 km) the same distance as the Epsom Derby. The distance was changed in 1896 to its current 1 1/4 miles (10 furlongs; 2 km). On May 17, 1875, in front of an estimated crowd of 10,000 people, a field of 15 three-year-old horses contested the first Derby. Under jockey Oliver Lewis, a colt named Aristides, who was trained by future Hall of Famer Ansel Williamson, won the inaugural Derby. Later that year, Lewis rode Aristides to a second-place finish in the Belmont Stakes.

text: Although the first race meeting proved a success, the track ran into financial difficulties and in 1894 the New Louisville Jockey Club was incorporated with new capitalization and improved facilities. Despite this, the business floundered until 1902 when Col. Matt Winn of Louisville put together a syndicate of businessmen to acquire the facility. Under Winn, Churchill Downs prospered and the Kentucky Derby then became the preeminent stakes race for three-year-old thoroughbred horses in North America.

text: Thoroughbred owners began sending their successful Derby horses to compete later in the Preakness Stakes at the Pimlico Race Course, in Baltimore, Maryland, followed by the Belmont Stakes in Elmont, New York. The three races offered large purses and in 1919 Sir Barton became the first horse to win all three races. However, the term Triple Crown didn't come into use for another eleven years. In 1930, when Gallant Fox became the second horse to win all three races, sportswriter Charles Hatton brought the phrase into American usage. Fueled by the media, public interest in the possibility of a "superhorse" that could win the Triple Crown began in the weeks leading up to the Derby. Two years after the term was coined, the race, which had been run in mid-May since inception, was changed to the first Saturday in May to allow for a specific schedule for the Triple Crown races. Since 1931, the order of Triple Crown races has been the Kentucky Derby first, followed by the Preakness Stakes and then the Belmont Stakes. Prior to 1931, eleven times the Preakness was run before the Derby. On May 12, 1917 and again on May 13, 1922, the Preakness and the Derby were run on the same day. On eleven occasions the Belmont Stakes was run before the Preakness Stakes.

text: On May 16, 1925, the first live radio broadcast of the Kentucky Derby was originated by WHAS and was also carried by WGN in Chicago.[8] On May 7, 1949, the first television coverage of the Kentucky Derby took place, produced by WAVE-TV, the NBC affiliate in Louisville. This coverage was aired live in the Louisville market and sent to NBC as a kinescope newsreel recording for national broadcast. On May 3, 1952, the first national television coverage of the Kentucky Derby took place, aired from then-CBS affiliate WHAS-TV.[9] In 1954, the purse exceeded $100,000 for the first time. In 1968, Dancer's Image became the first (and to this day the only) horse to win the race and then be disqualified after traces of phenylbutazone, an analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug, were found in the horse's urinalysis; Forward Pass won after a protracted legal battle by the owners of Dancer's Image (which they lost). Forward Pass thus became the eighth winner for Calumet Farm. Unexpectedly, the regulations at Kentucky thoroughbred race tracks were changed some years later, allowing horses to run on phenylbutazone. In 1970, Diane Crump became the first female jockey to ride in the Derby, finishing 15th aboard Fathom.[10]

text: The fastest time ever run in the Derby was set in 1973 at 1:59.4 minutes when Secretariat broke the record set by Northern Dancer in 1964. Not only has Secretariat's record time yet to be topped, in the race itself, he did something unique in Triple Crown races: each successive quarter, his times were faster. Though times for non-winners were not recorded, in 1973 Sham finished second, two and a half lengths behind Secretariat in the same race. Using the thoroughbred racing convention of one length equaling one-fifth of a second to calculate Sham's time, he also finished in under two minutes. Another sub-two-minute finish, only the third, was set in 2001 by Monarchos at 1:59.97.[11]

text: In 2005, the purse distribution for the Derby was changed, so that horses finishing fifth would henceforth receive a share of the purse; previously only the first four finishers did so.[12]

text: Attendance[edit]

text: Since the Kentucky Derby is the biggest race in the world, millions of people from around the world bet at various live tracks and online sportsbooks.[13] In 2017, a crowd of 158,070 watched Always Dreaming win the Derby, making it the seventh biggest attendance in the history of the racetrack. The track reported a wagering total of $209.2 million from all the sources on all the races on the Kentucky Derby Day program. It was a 9 percent increase compared to the total of $192.6 million in 2016 and an increase of 8 percent over the previous record set in 2015 of $194.3 million.[14] TwinSpires, a platform for betting online and a partner of the Kentucky Derby and the Breeders' Cup, recorded $32.8 million in handle on the Churchill Down races for the Kentucky Derby Day program. This was a 22 percent increase over the preceding year. On the Kentucky Derby race alone, the handle of TwinSpires was $20.1 million, which is a 22 percent rise compared to the prior year.[15]

text: The race often draws celebrities. HM Queen Elizabeth II, on a visit to the United States, joined the racegoers at Churchill Downs in 2007.[16]

text: Sponsorship[edit]

text: The 2004 Derby marked the first time that jockeys—as a result of a court order—were allowed to wear corporate advertising logos on their clothing.[17][18]

text: Norman Adams has been the designer of the Kentucky Derby Logo since 2002. On February 1, 2006, the Louisville-based fast-food company Yum! Brands, Inc. announced a corporate sponsorship deal to call the race "The Kentucky Derby presented by Yum! Brands."[19] In 2018, Woodford Reserve replaced Yum Brands as the presenting sponsor.[20]

text: Traditions[edit]

text: In addition to the race itself, a number of traditions play a large role in the Derby atmosphere. The mint julep—an iced drink consisting of bourbon, mint, and a sugar syrup—is the traditional beverage of the race. The historic drink can be served in an ice-frosted silver julep cup, but most Churchill Downs patrons sip theirs from souvenir glasses (first offered in 1939 and available in revised form each year since) printed with all previous Derby winners.[21] Also, burgoo, a thick stew of beef, chicken, pork, and vegetables, is a popular Kentucky dish served at the Derby.[citation needed]

text: The infield—a spectator area inside the track—offers general admission prices but little chance of seeing much of the race, particularly prior to the jumbotron installation in 2014.[22][23] Instead, revelers show up in the infield to party with abandon. By contrast, "Millionaire's Row" refers to the expensive box seats that attract the rich, the famous and the well-connected. Women appear in fine outfits lavishly accessorized with large, elaborate hats. Following the Call to the Post, as the horses are paraded before the grandstands, the University of Louisville Cardinal Marching Band plays Stephen Foster's "My Old Kentucky Home," a tradition which began in 1921.[24] The event attracts spectators from a large area, flying in hundreds of private aircraft to Louisville International Airport.[25]

text: The Derby is frequently referred to as "The Run for the Roses," because a lush blanket of 554 red roses is awarded to the Kentucky Derby winner each year. The tradition originated in 1883 when New York socialite E. Berry Wall presented roses to ladies at a post-Derby party that was attended by Churchill Downs founder and president, Col. M. Lewis Clark. This gesture is believed to have led Clark to the idea of making the rose the race's official flower. However, it was not until 1896 that any recorded account referred to roses being draped on the Derby winner. The Governor of Kentucky awards the garland and the Kentucky Derby Trophy. Pop vocalist Dan Fogelberg composed the song "Run for the Roses" which was released in time for the 1980 running of the race.[26]

text: Riders Up![edit]

text: “Riders Up!” is the traditional command from the Paddock Judge for jockeys to mount their horses in advance of the upcoming race. Since 2012, it was recited by a dignitary or celebrity attendee.

text: Festival[edit]

text: In the weeks preceding the race, numerous activities are held for the Kentucky Derby Festival. Thunder Over Louisville—an airshow and fireworks display—generally begins the festivities in earnest two weeks prior to the Derby.

text: Records[edit]

text: Speed record:

text:
Mile and a Quarter: 1:592⁄5 – Secretariat (1973)
Mile and a Half: 2:341⁄2 - Spokane (1889)

text: Margin of Victory:

text: 8 lengths – Old Rosebud (1914), Johnstown (1939), Whirlaway (1941), Assault (1946)

text: Most wins by a jockey:

text:
5 – Eddie Arcaro (1938, 1941, 1945, 1948, 1952)
5 – Bill Hartack (1957, 1960, 1962, 1964, 1969)

text: Most wins by a trainer:

text: 6 – Ben A. Jones (1938, 1941, 1944, 1948, 1949, 1952)

text: Most wins by an owner:

text: 8 – Calumet Farm (1941, 1944, 1948, 1949, 1952, 1957, 1958, 1968)

text: Longest shot to win the Derby:

text: 91 to 1 – Donerail (1913)

text: Miscellaneous:

text:
In 2018, Justify became the first horse since Apollo in 1882, to win the Derby without having raced as a two year old.[27]
In 2010, Calvin Borel set a new record, being the first jockey to win 3 out of 4 consecutive Kentucky Derbys.[28]

text: Winners[edit]

text:
Kentucky Derby winners[29]

Year

Winner

Jockey

Trainer

Owner

Distance (miles)

Track Condition

Time[a]

2018

Justify

Mike Smith

Bob Baffert

China Horse Club, Head of Plains Partners, Starlight Racing and WinStar Farm

1 ¼

Sloppy

2:04.20

2017

Always Dreaming

John Velazquez

Todd Pletcher

MeB Racing, Brooklyn Boyz, Teresa Viola, St. Elias, Siena Farm and West Point

1 ¼

Wet Fast (sealed)

2:03.59

2016

Nyquist

Mario Gutierrez

Doug O'Neill

J. Paul Reddam

1 ¼

Fast

2:01.31

2015

American Pharoah

Victor Espinoza

Bob Baffert

Zayat Stables, LLC

1 ¼

Fast

2:03.02

2014

California Chrome

Victor Espinoza

Art Sherman

Steve Coburn & Perry Martin

1 ¼

Fast

2:03.66

2013

Orb

Joel Rosario

Claude McGaughey III

Stuart S. Janney III & Phipps Stable

1 ¼

Sloppy

2:02.89

2012

I'll Have Another

Mario Gutierrez

Doug O'Neill

J. Paul Reddam

1 ¼

Fast

2:01.83

2011

Animal Kingdom

John Velazquez

H. Graham Motion

Team Valor International

1 ¼

Fast

2:02.04

2010

Super Saver

Calvin Borel

Todd Pletcher

WinStar Farm

1 ¼

Sloppy

2:04.45

2009

Mine That Bird

Calvin Borel

Bennie L. Woolley, Jr.

Double Eagle Ranch et al.

1 ¼

Sloppy

2:02.66

2008

Big Brown

Kent Desormeaux

Richard E. Dutrow, Jr.

IEAH Stables / P. Pompa

1 ¼

Fast

2:01.82

2007

Street Sense

Calvin Borel

Carl Nafzger

James B. Tafel

1 ¼

Fast

2:02.17

2006

Barbaro

Edgar Prado

Michael R. Matz

Lael Stables

1 ¼

Fast

2:01.36

2005

Giacomo

Mike E. Smith

John Shirreffs

Jerry & Ann Moss

1 ¼

Fast

2:02.75

2004

Smarty Jones

Stewart Elliott

John Servis

Someday Farm

1 ¼

Sloppy

2:04.06

2003

Funny Cide

José A. Santos

Barclay Tagg

Sackatoga Stable

1 ¼

Fast

2:01.19

2002

War Emblem

Victor Espinoza

Bob Baffert

Thoroughbred Corp.

1 ¼

Fast

2:01.13

2001

Monarchos

Jorge F. Chavez

John T. Ward, Jr.

John C. Oxley

1 ¼

Fast

1:59.97

2000

Fusaichi Pegasus

Kent Desormeaux

Neil Drysdale

Fusao Sekiguchi

1 ¼

Fast

2:01.00

1999

Charismatic

Chris Antley

D. Wayne Lukas

Bob & Beverly Lewis

1 ¼

Fast

2:03.20

1998

Real Quiet

Kent Desormeaux

Bob Baffert

Michael E. Pegram

1 ¼

Fast

2:02.20

1997

Silver Charm

Gary Stevens

Bob Baffert

Bob & Beverly Lewis

1 ¼

Fast

2:02.40

1996

Grindstone

Jerry Bailey

D. Wayne Lukas

Overbrook Farm

1 ¼

Fast

2:01.00

1995

Thunder Gulch

Gary Stevens

D. Wayne Lukas

Michael Tabor

1 ¼

Fast

2:01.20

1994

Go for Gin

Chris McCarron

Nick Zito

William J. Condren & Joseph M. Cornacchia

1 ¼

Sloppy

2:03.60

1993

Sea Hero

Jerry Bailey

MacKenzie Miller

Rokeby Stables

1 ¼

Fast

2:02.40

1992

Lil E. Tee

Pat Day

Lynn S. Whiting

W. Cal Partee

1 ¼

Fast

2:03.00

1991

Strike the Gold

Chris Antley

Nick Zito

BCC Stable

1 ¼

Fast

2:03.00

1990

Unbridled

Craig Perret

Carl Nafzger

Frances A. Genter

1 ¼

Good

2:02.00

1989

Sunday Silence

Pat Valenzuela

Charlie Whittingham

H-G-W Partners

1 ¼

Muddy

2:05.00

1988

Winning Colors

Gary Stevens

D. Wayne Lukas

Eugene V. Klein

1 ¼

Fast

2:02.20

1987

Alysheba

Chris McCarron

Jack Van Berg

D. & P. Scharbauer

1 ¼

Fast

2:03.40

1986

Ferdinand

Bill Shoemaker

Charlie Whittingham

Elizabeth A. Keck

1 ¼

Fast

2:02.80

1985

Spend A Buck

Angel Cordero, Jr.

Cam Gambolati

Dennis Diaz

1 ¼

Fast

2:00.20

1984

Swale

Laffit Pincay, Jr.

Woody Stephens

Claiborne Farm

1 ¼

Fast

2:02.40

1983

Sunny's Halo

Eddie Delahoussaye

David C. Cross Jr.

David J. Foster Stable

1 ¼

Fast

2:02.20

1982

Gato Del Sol

Eddie Delahoussaye

Edwin J. Gregson

Hancock & Peters

1 ¼

Fast

2:02.40

1981

Pleasant Colony

Jorge Velasquez

John P. Campo

Buckland Farm

1 ¼

Fast

2:02.00

1980

Genuine Risk

Jacinto Vasquez

LeRoy Jolley

Diana M. Firestone

1 ¼

Fast

2:02.00

1979

Spectacular Bid

Ronnie Franklin

Bud Delp

Hawksworth Farm

1 ¼

Fast

2:02.40

1978

Affirmed

Steve Cauthen

Laz Barrera

Harbor View Farm

1 ¼

Fast

2:01.20

1977

Seattle Slew

Jean Cruguet

William H. Turner, Jr.

Karen L. Taylor

1 ¼

Fast

2:02.20

1976

Bold Forbes

Angel Cordero, Jr.

Laz Barrera

E. Rodriguez Tizol

1 ¼

Fast

2:01.60

1975

Foolish Pleasure

Jacinto Vasquez

LeRoy Jolley

John L. Greer

1 ¼

Fast

2:02.00

1974

Cannonade

Angel Cordero, Jr.

Woody Stephens

John M. Olin

1 ¼

Fast

2:04.00

1973

Secretariat

Ron Turcotte

Lucien Laurin

Meadow Stable

1 ¼

Fast

1:59.40

1972

Riva Ridge

Ron Turcotte

Lucien Laurin

Meadow Stud

1 ¼

Fast

2:01.80

1971

Canonero II

Gustavo Avila

Juan Arias

Edgar Caibett

1 ¼

Fast

2:03.20

1970

Dust Commander

Mike Manganello

Don Combs

Robert E. Lehmann

1 ¼

Good

2:03.40

1969

Majestic Prince

Bill Hartack

Johnny Longden

Frank M. McMahon

1 ¼

Fast

2:01.80

1968

Forward Pass[b]

Ismael Valenzuela

Henry Forrest

Calumet Farm

1 ¼

Fast

2:02.20

1967

Proud Clarion

Bobby Ussery

Loyd Gentry, Jr.

Darby Dan Farm

1 ¼

Fast

2:00.60

1966

Kauai King

Don Brumfield

Henry Forrest

Ford Stable

1 ¼

Fast

2:02.00

1965

Lucky Debonair

Bill Shoemaker

Frank Catrone

Ada L. Rice

1 ¼

Fast

2:01.20

1964

Northern Dancer

Bill Hartack

Horatio Luro

Windfields Farm

1 ¼

Fast

2:00.00

1963

Chateaugay

Braulio Baeza

James P. Conway

Darby Dan Farm

1 ¼

Fast

2:01.80

1962

Decidedly

Bill Hartack

Horatio Luro

El Peco Ranch

1 ¼

Fast

2:00.40

1961

Carry Back

Johnny Sellers

Jack A. Price

Katherine Price

1 ¼

Good

2:04.00

1960

Venetian Way

Bill Hartack

Victor J. Sovinski

Sunny Blue Farm

1 ¼

Good

2:02.40

1959

Tomy Lee

Bill Shoemaker

Frank E. Childs

Fred & Juliette Turner

1 ¼

Fast

2:02.20

1958

Tim Tam

Ismael Valenzuela

Jimmy Jones

Calumet Farm

1 ¼

Muddy

2:05.00

1957

Iron Liege

Bill Hartack

Jimmy Jones

Calumet Farm

1 ¼

Fast

2:02.20

1956

Needles

David Erb

Hugh L. Fontaine

D & H Stable

1 ¼

Fast

2:03.40

1955

Swaps

Bill Shoemaker

Mesh Tenney

Rex C. Ellsworth

1 ¼

Fast

2:01.80

1954

Determine

Raymond York

William Molter

Andrew J. Crevolin

1 ¼

Fast

2:03.00

1953

Dark Star

Henry E. Moreno

Eddie Hayward

Cain Hoy Stable

1 ¼

Fast

2:02.00

1952

Hill Gail

Eddie Arcaro

Ben A. Jones

Calumet Farm

1 ¼

Fast

2:01.60

1951

Count Turf

Conn McCreary

Sol Rutchick

Jack J. Amiel

1 ¼

Fast

2:02.60

1950

Middleground

William Boland

Max Hirsch

King Ranch

1 ¼

Fast

2:01.60

1949

Ponder

Steve Brooks

Ben A. Jones

Calumet Farm

1 ¼

Fast

2:04.20

1948

Citation

Eddie Arcaro

Ben A. Jones

Calumet Farm

1 ¼

Sloppy

2:05.40

1947

Jet Pilot

Eric Guerin

Tom Smith

Maine Chance Farm

1 ¼

Slow

2:06.80

1946

Assault

Warren Mehrtens

Max Hirsch

King Ranch

1 ¼

Slow

2:06.60

1945

Hoop Jr.

Eddie Arcaro

Ivan H. Parke

Fred W. Hooper

1 ¼

Muddy

2:07.00

1944

Pensive

Conn McCreary

Ben A. Jones

Calumet Farm

1 ¼

Good

2:04.20

1943

Count Fleet

Johnny Longden

Don Cameron

Fannie Hertz

1 ¼

Fast

2:04.00

1942

Shut Out

Wayne D. Wright

John M. Gaver, Sr.

Greentree Stable

1 ¼

Fast

2:04.40

1941

Whirlaway

Eddie Arcaro

Ben A. Jones

Calumet Farm

1 ¼

Fast

2:01.40

1940

Gallahadion

Carroll Bierman

Roy Waldron

Milky Way Farm

1 ¼

Fast

2:05.00

1939

Johnstown

James Stout

Jim Fitzsimmons

Belair Stud

1 ¼

Fast

2:03.40

1938

Lawrin

Eddie Arcaro

Ben A. Jones

Herbert M. Woolf

1 ¼

Fast

2:04.80

1937

War Admiral

Charley Kurtsinger

George Conway

Glen Riddle Farm

1 ¼

Fast

2:03.20

1936

Bold Venture

Ira Hanford

Max Hirsch

Morton L. Schwartz

1 ¼

Fast

2:03.60

1935

Omaha

Willie Saunders

Jim Fitzsimmons

Belair Stud

1 ¼

Good

2:05.00

1934

Cavalcade

Mack Garner

Bob Smith

Brookmeade Stable

1 ¼

Fast

2:04.00

1933

Brokers Tip

Don Meade

Herbert J. Thompson

Edward R. Bradley

1 ¼

Good

2:06.80

1932

Burgoo King

Eugene James

Herbert J. Thompson

Edward R. Bradley

1 ¼

Fast

2:05.20

1931

Twenty Grand

Charley Kurtsinger

James G. Rowe, Jr.

Greentree Stable

1 ¼

Fast

2:01.80

1930

Gallant Fox

Earl Sande

Jim Fitzsimmons

Belair Stud

1 ¼

Good

2:07.60

1929

Clyde Van Dusen

Linus McAtee

Clyde Van Dusen

Herbert P. Gardner

1 ¼

Muddy

2:10.80

1928

Reigh Count

Chick Lang

Bert S. Michell

Fannie Hertz

1 ¼

Heavy

2:10.40

1927

Whiskery

Linus McAtee

Fred Hopkins

Harry P. Whitney

1 ¼

Slow

2:06.00

1926

Bubbling Over

Albert Johnson

Herbert J. Thompson

Edward R. Bradley

1 ¼

Fast

2:03.80

1925

Flying Ebony

Earl Sande

William B. Duke

Gifford A. Cochran

1 ¼

Sloppy

2:07.60

1924

Black Gold

J. D. Mooney

Hanley Webb

Rosa M. Hoots

1 ¼

Fast

2:05.20

1923

Zev

Earl Sande

David J. Leary

Rancocas Stable

1 ¼

Fast

2:05.40

1922

Morvich

Albert Johnson

Fred Burlew

Benjamin Block

1 ¼

Fast

2:04.60

1921

Behave Yourself

Charles Thompson

Herbert J. Thompson

Edward R. Bradley

1 ¼

Fast

2:04.20

1920

Paul Jones

Ted Rice

William M. Garth

Ral Parr

1 ¼

Slow

2:09.00

1919

Sir Barton

Johnny Loftus

H. Guy Bedwell

J. K. L. Ross

1 ¼

Heavy

2:09.80

1918

Exterminator

Willie Knapp

Henry McDaniel

Willis Sharpe Kilmer

1 ¼

Muddy

2:10.80

1917

Omar Khayyam

Charles Borel

Charles T. Patterson

Billings & Johnson

1 ¼

Fast

2:04.60

1916

George Smith

Johnny Loftus

Hollie Hughes

John Sanford

1 ¼

Fast

2:04.00

1915

Regret

Joe Notter

James G. Rowe, Sr.

Harry P. Whitney

1 ¼

Fast

2:05.40

1914

Old Rosebud

John McCabe

Frank D. Weir

Hamilton C. Applegate

1 ¼

Fast

2:03.40

1913

Donerail

Roscoe Goose

Thomas P. Hayes

Thomas P. Hayes

1 ¼

Fast

2:04.80

1912

Worth

Carroll H. Shilling

Frank M. Taylor

Henry C. Hallenbeck

1 ¼

Muddy

2:09.40

1911

Meridian

George Archibald

Albert Ewing

Richard F. Carman

1 ¼

Fast

2:05.00

1910

Donau

Frederick Herbert

George Ham

William Gerst

1 ¼

Fast

2:06.40

1909

Wintergreen

Vincent Powers

Charles Mack

Jerome B. Respess

1 ¼

Slow

2:08.20

1908

Stone Street

Arthur Pickens

J. W. Hall

C. E. & J. W. Hamilton

1 ¼

Heavy

2:15.20

1907

Pink Star

Andy Minder

William H. Fizer

J. Hal Woodford

1 ¼

Heavy

2:12.60

1906

Sir Huon

Roscoe Troxler

Pete Coyne

Bashford Manor Stable

1 ¼

Fast

2:08.80

1905

Agile

Jack Martin

Robert Tucker

Samuel S. Brown

1 ¼

Heavy

2:10.75

1904

Elwood

Shorty Prior

Charles E. Durnell

Mrs. C. E. Durnell

1 ¼

Fast

2:08.50

1903

Judge Himes

Hal Booker

John P. Mayberry

Charles R. Ellison

1 ¼

Fast

2:09.00

1902

Alan-a-Dale

Jimmy Winkfield

Thomas C. McDowell

Thomas C. McDowell

1 ¼

Fast

2:08.75

1901

His Eminence

Jimmy Winkfield

Frank B. Van Meter

Frank B. Van Meter

1 ¼

Fast

2:07.75

1900

Lieut. Gibson

Jimmy Boland

Charles Hughes

Charles H. Smith

1 ¼

Fast

2:06.25

1899

Manuel

Fred Taral

Robert J. Walden

A. H. & D. H. Morris

1 ¼

Fast

2:12.00

1898

Plaudit

Willie Simms

John E. Madden

John E. Madden

1 ¼

Good

2:09.00

1897

Typhoon II

Buttons Garner

J. C. Cahn

J. C. Cahn

1 ¼

Heavy

2:12.50

1896

Ben Brush

Willie Simms

Hardy Campbell, Jr.

Mike F. Dwyer

1 ¼

Dusty

2:07.75

1895

Halma

Soup Perkins

Byron McClelland

Byron McClelland

1 ½

Fast

2:37.50

1894

Chant

Frank Goodale

H. Eugene Leigh

Leigh & Rose

1 ½

Fast

2:41.00

1893

Lookout

Eddie Kunze

William McDaniel

Cushing & Orth

1 ½

Fast

2:39.25

1892

Azra

Alonzo Clayton

John H. Morris

Bashford Manor Stable

1 ½

Heavy

2:41.50

1891

Kingman

Isaac Murphy

Dud Allen

Jacobin Stable

1 ½

Fast

2:52.25

1890

Riley

Isaac Murphy

Edward Corrigan

Edward Corrigan

1 ½

Muddy

2:45.00

1889

Spokane

Thomas Kiley

John Rodegap

Noah Armstrong

1 ½

Fast

2:34.50

1888

Macbeth II

George Covington

John Campbell

Chicago Stable

1 ½

Fast

2:38.00

1887

Montrose

Isaac Lewis

John McGinty

Labold Brothers

1 ½

Fast

2:39.25

1886

Ben Ali

Paul Duffy

Jim Murphy

J. B. A. Haggin

1 ½

Fast

2:36.50

1885

Joe Cotton

Erskine Henderson

Abe Perry

James T. Williams

1 ½

Good

2:37.25

1884

Buchanan

Isaac Murphy

William Bird

William Cottrill

1 ½

Good

2:40.25

1883

Leonatus

Billy Donohue

Raleigh Colston

Chinn & Morgan

1 ½

Heavy

2:43.00

1882

Apollo[c]

Babe Hurd

Green B. Morris

Morris & Patton

1 ½

Fast

2:40.00

1881

Hindoo

Jim McLaughlin

James G. Rowe, Sr.

Dwyer Bros. Stable

1 ½

Fast

2:40.00

1880

Fonso

George Lewis

Tice Hutsell

J. Snell Shawhan

1 ½

Dusty

2:37.50

1879

Lord Murphy

Charlie Shauer

George Rice

Darden & Co

1 ½

Fast

2:37.00

1878

Day Star

Jimmy Carter

Lee Paul

T. J. Nichols

1 ½

Dusty

2:37.25

1877

Baden-Baden

Billy Walker

Edward D. Brown

Daniel Swigert

1 ½

Fast

2:38.00

1876

Vagrant

Bobby Swim

James Williams

William Astor, Jr.

1 ½

Fast

2:38.25

1875

Aristides

Oliver Lewis

Ansel Williamson

Hal P. McGrath

1 ½

Fast

2:37.75

text:
designates a Triple Crown Winner.
 designates a filly.

text:
Jump up ^ The race was timed to 1⁄4 second from 1875 to 1905, to 1⁄5 second from 1906 to 2000, and to 0.01 second since 2001.

Jump up ^ Dancer's Image, ridden by Bobby Ussery, trained by Lou Cavalaris, Jr., and owned by Peter D. Fuller, finished first, but was disqualified after a post-race urine sample revealed traces of a banned drug in the horse. The drug in question – phenylbutazone – is now legal for use on racehorses in many states, including Kentucky.

Jump up ^ Apollo (1882) was the only horse to have won the Derby without having raced at age two, until Justify in 2018.[30]

tag: ol


document_title: h-index

question_text: who has the highest h index in medicine

question_tokens: who has the highest h index in medicine

root

text: h-index

text: Definition and purpose[edit]

text: The definition of the index is that a scholar with an index of h has published h papers each of which has been cited in other papers at least h times.[4] Thus, the h-index reflects both the number of publications and the number of citations per publication. The index is designed to improve upon simpler measures such as the total number of citations or publications. The index works properly only for comparing scientists working in the same field; citation conventions differ widely among different fields.

tag: p

text: Calculation[edit]

text:
Formally, if f is the function that corresponds to the number of
citations for each publication, we compute the h index as follows.
First we order the values of f from the largest to the lowest value.
Then, we look for the last position in which f is greater than or equal to the
position (we call h this position).
For example, if we have a researcher with 5 publications A, B, C, D, and E
with 10, 8, 5, 4, and 3 citations, respectively, the h index is equal
to 4 because the 4th publication has 4 citations and the 5th has only 3.
In contrast, if the same publications have 25, 8, 5, 3, and 3, then the
index is 3 because the fourth paper has only 3 citations.

text:
If we have the function f ordered in decreasing order from the largest
value to the lowest one, we can compute the h index as follows:

text:
The Hirsch index is equivalent to the
Eddington number, an earlier metric used for evaluating cyclists.
The h-index serves as an alternative to more traditional journal impact factor metrics in the evaluation of the impact of the work of a particular researcher. Because only the most highly cited articles contribute to the h-index, its determination is a simpler process. Hirsch has demonstrated that h has high predictive value for whether a scientist has won honors like National Academy membership or the Nobel Prize. The h-index grows as citations accumulate and thus it depends on the "academic age" of a researcher.

text: Input data[edit]

text: The h-index can be manually determined using citation databases or using automatic tools. Subscription-based databases such as Scopus and the Web of Science provide automated calculators. Harzing's Publish or Perish program calculates the h-index based on Google Scholar entries. From July 2011 Google have provided an automatically-calculated h-index and i10-index within their own Google Scholar profile.[5] In addition, specific databases, such as the INSPIRE-HEP database can automatically calculate the h-index for researchers working in high energy physics.

text: Each database is likely to produce a different h for the same scholar, because of different coverage.[6] A detailed study showed that the Web of Science has strong coverage of journal publications, but poor coverage of high impact conferences. Scopus has better coverage of conferences, but poor coverage of publications prior to 1996; Google Scholar has the best coverage of conferences and most journals (though not all), but like Scopus has limited coverage of pre-1990 publications.[7][8] The exclusion of conference proceedings papers is a particular problem for scholars in computer science, where conference proceedings are considered an important part of the literature.[9] Google Scholar has been criticized for producing "phantom citations," including gray literature in its citation counts, and failing to follow the rules of Boolean logic when combining search terms.[10] For example, the Meho and Yang study found that Google Scholar identified 53% more citations than Web of Science and Scopus combined, but noted that because most of the additional citations reported by Google Scholar were from low-impact journals or conference proceedings, they did not significantly alter the relative ranking of the individuals. It has been suggested that in order to deal with the sometimes wide variation in h for a single academic measured across the possible citation databases, one should assume false negatives in the databases are more problematic than false positives and take the maximum h measured for an academic.[11]

text: Comparing results across fields and career levels[edit]

text: Little systematic investigation has been done on how the h-index behaves over different institutions, nations, times and academic fields/disciplines[citation needed]. Hirsch suggested that, for physicists, a value for h of about 12 might be typical for advancement to tenure (associate professor) at major [US] research universities. A value of about 18 could mean a full professorship, 15–20 could mean a fellowship in the American Physical Society, and 45 or higher could mean membership in the United States National Academy of Sciences.[12]

text: For the most highly cited scientists in the period 1983–2002, Hirsch identified the top 10 in the life sciences (in order of decreasing h): Solomon H. Snyder, h = 191; David Baltimore, h = 160; Robert C. Gallo, h = 154; Pierre Chambon, h = 153; Bert Vogelstein, h = 151; Salvador Moncada, h = 143; Charles A. Dinarello, h = 138; Tadamitsu Kishimoto, h = 134; Ronald M. Evans, h = 127; and Axel Ullrich, h = 120. Among 36 new inductees in the National Academy of Sciences in biological and biomedical sciences in 2005, the median h-index was 57.[3] However, he points out that values of h will vary between different fields.[13]

text: Among the 22 scientific disciplines listed in the Thomson Reuters Essential Science Indicators Citation Thresholds [thus excluding non-science academics], physics has the second most citations after space science.[14] During the period January 1, 2000 – February 28, 2010, a physicist had to receive 2073 citations to be among the most cited 1% of physicists in the world.[14] The threshold for space science is the highest (2236 citations), and physics is followed by clinical medicine (1390) and molecular biology & genetics (1229). Most disciplines, such as environment/ecology (390), have fewer scientists, fewer papers, and fewer citations.[14] Therefore, these disciplines have lower citation thresholds in the Essential Science Indicators, with the lowest citation thresholds observed in social sciences (154), computer science (149), and multidisciplinary sciences (147).[14]

text: Numbers are very different in social science disciplines: The Impact of the Social Sciences team at London School of Economics found that social scientists in the United Kingdom had lower average h-indices. The h-indices for ("full") professors, based on Google Scholar data ranged from 2.8 (in law), through 3.4 (in political science), 3.7 (in sociology), 6.5 (in geography) and 7.6 (in economics). On average across the disciplines, a professor in the social sciences had an h-index about twice that of a lecturer or a senior lecturer, though the difference was the smallest in geography.[15]

text: Advantages[edit]

text: Hirsch intended the h-index to address the main disadvantages of other bibliometric indicators, such as total number of papers or total number of citations. Total number of papers does not account for the quality of scientific publications, while total number of citations can be disproportionately affected by participation in a single publication of major influence (for instance, methodological papers proposing successful new techniques, methods or approximations, which can generate a large number of citations), or having many publications with few citations each. The h-index is intended to measure simultaneously the quality and quantity of scientific output.

text: Criticism[edit]

text: There are a number of situations in which h may provide misleading information about a scientist's output:[16]  Most of these however are not exclusive to the h-index.

text:
The h-index does not account for the typical number of citations in different fields. It has been stated that citation behavior in general is affected by field-dependent factors,[17] which may invalidate comparisons not only across disciplines but even within different fields of research of one discipline.[18]
The h-index discards the information contained in author placement in the authors' list, which in some scientific fields is significant.[19][20]
The h-index has been found in one study to have slightly less predictive accuracy and precision than the simpler measure of mean citations per paper.[21] However, this finding was contradicted by another study by Hirsch.[22]
The h-index is a natural number that reduces its discriminatory power. Ruane and Tol therefore propose a rational h-index that interpolates between h and h + 1.[23]
The h-index can be manipulated through self-citations,[24][25][26] and if based on Google Scholar output, then even computer-generated documents can be used for that purpose, e.g. using SCIgen.[27]
The h-index does not provide a significantly more accurate measure of impact than the total number of citations for a given scholar. In particular, by modeling the distribution of citations among papers as a random integer partition and the h-index as the Durfee square of the partition,  Yong[28] arrived at the formula

h
≈
0.54

N

{\displaystyle h\approx 0.54{\sqrt {N}}}

, where N is the total number of citations, which, for mathematics members of the National Academy of Sciences, turns out to provide an accurate (with errors typically within 10–20 percent) approximation of h-index in most cases.

tag: ul

text: Alternatives and modifications[edit]

text: Various proposals to modify the h-index in order to emphasize different features have been made.[29][30][31][32][33][34] As the variants have proliferated, comparative studies have become possible showing that most proposals are highly correlated with the original h-index,[35] although alternative indexes may be important to decide between comparable CVs, as often the case in evaluation processes.

text:
An individual h-index normalized by the number of authors has been proposed:

h

I

=

h

2

/

N

a

(
T
)

{\displaystyle h_{I}=h^{2}/N_{a}^{(T)}}

, with

N

a

(
T
)

{\displaystyle N_{a}^{(T)}}

 being the number of authors considered in the

h

{\displaystyle h}

 papers.[29]  It was found that the distribution of the h-index, although it depends on the field, can be normalized by a simple rescaling factor. For example, assuming as standard the hs for biology, the distribution of h for mathematics collapse with it if this h is multiplied by three, that is, a mathematician with h = 3 is equivalent to a biologist with h = 9. This method has not been readily adopted, perhaps because of its complexity. It might be simpler to divide citation counts by the number of authors before ordering the papers and obtaining the h-index, as originally suggested by Hirsch.
The m-index is defined as h/n, where n is the number of years since the first published paper of the scientist;[3] also called m-quotient.[36][37]
There are a number of models proposed to incorporate the relative contribution of each author to a paper, for instance by accounting for the rank in the sequence of authors.[38]
A generalization of the h-index and some other indices that gives additional information about the shape of the author's citation function (heavy-tailed, flat/peaked, etc.) has been proposed.[39]
A successive Hirsch-type-index for institutions has also been devised.[40][41] A scientific institution has a successive Hirsch-type-index of i when at least i researchers from that institution have an h-index of at least i.
Three additional metrics have been proposed: h2 lower, h2 center, and h2 upper, to give a more accurate representation of the distribution shape. The three h2 metrics measure the relative area within a scientist's citation distribution in the low impact area, h2 lower, the area captured by the h-index, h2 center, and the area from publications with the highest visibility, h2 upper. Scientists with high h2 upper percentages are perfectionists, whereas scientists with high h2 lower percentages are mass producers. As these metrics are percentages, they are intended to give a qualitative description to supplement the quantitative h-index.[42]
The g-index can be seen as the h-index for an averaged citations count.[43]
It has been argued that "For an individual researcher, a measure such as Erdős number captures the structural properties of network whereas the h-index captures the citation impact of the publications. One can be easily convinced that ranking in coauthorship networks should take into account both measures to generate a realistic and acceptable ranking." Several author ranking systems such as eigenfactor (based on eigenvector centrality) have been proposed already, for instance the Phys Author Rank Algorithm.[44]
The c-index accounts not only for the citations but for the quality of the citations in terms of the collaboration distance between citing and cited authors. A scientist has c-index n if n of [his/her] N citations are from authors which are at collaboration distance at least n, and the other (N − n) citations are from authors which are at collaboration distance at most n.[45]
An s-index, accounting for the non-entropic distribution of citations, has been proposed and it has been shown to be in a very good correlation with h.[46]
The e-index, the square root of surplus citations for the h-set beyond h2, complements the h-index for ignored citations, and therefore is especially useful for highly cited scientists and for comparing those with the same h-index (iso-h-index group).[47][48]
Because the h-index was never meant to measure future publication success, recently, a group of researchers has investigated the features that are most predictive of future h-index. It is possible to try the predictions using an online tool.[49] However, later work has shown that since h-index is a cumulative measure, it contains intrinsic auto-correlation that led to significant overestimation of its predictability. Thus, the true predictability of future h-index is much lower compared to what has been claimed before.[50]
The h-index has been applied to Internet Media, such as YouTube channels. The h-index is defined as the number of videos with ≥ h × 105 views.  When compared with a video creator's total view count, the h-index and g-index better capture both productivity and impact in a single metric.[51]
The i10-index indicates the number of academic publications an author has written that have at least ten citations from others. It was introduced in July 2011 by Google as part of their work on Google Scholar.[52]
The h-index has been shown to have a strong discipline bias. However, a simple normalization

h

/

⟨
h

⟩

d

{\displaystyle h/\langle h\rangle _{d}}

 by the average h of scholars in a discipline d is an effective way to mitigate this bias, obtaining a universal impact metric that allows comparison of scholars across different disciplines.[53] Of course this method does not deal with academic age bias.
The h-index can be timed to analyze its evolution during one's career, employing different time windows.[54]
The o-index corresponds to the geometric mean of the h-index and the most cited paper of a researcher.[55]


document_title: Roo Stewart

question_text: who played roo stewarts mum in home and away

text: Roo Stewart

text: Casting[edit]

text: In 1987, Clarke auditioned for the roles of Carly Morris, Lynn Davenport and Bobby Simpson; but was unsuccessful each time. After the series had finished filming their pilot episode, producers changed their minds and invited Clarke to audition for the role of Roo, which she won. Clarke told a reporter from TV Life that she was "really pleased" because she thought Roo was a "great character".[1]

text: Character development[edit]

text: Characterisation[edit]

text:
“
Roo is the much-hated character who attempts to sabotage her father's marriage to Ailsa and who nearly fools Frank into marrying her by claiming that she is carrying his baby. There are two sides to her personality; to the adults she is charming and personable. To people her own age she is boy-crazy and scheming.
”

— Kesta Desmond on Roo (1990).[2]

tag: table

text: Roo's personality gained an unwelcome reception amongst viewers. Clarke said that "everyone" hated Roo and revealed that people would "boo" at her while attending promotional appearances.[3] On one occasion Clarke had to leave a shopping centre because females were shouting "slut" at her.[4] Clarke said that Roo is "a cow" but defended her because Roo ultimately ends up suffering.[5]

text: Teenage pregnancy[edit]

text: In the serial's first season, Alan Bateman wanted Home and Away to tackle serious social issues and a few months later Roo became the first character to have a teenage pregnancy.[6] The production team felt that Roo's pregnancy was "risque" because Home and Away was aired in an early evening time-slot. Clarke said she did not know what it was like to be pregnant and had to carry out research. While filming the storyline, Clarke was required to wear a bag filled with lentils beneath her clothing. This was to give the impression that Roo was pregnant, and as her pregnancy progressed more lentils were added to the bag to maintain continuity.[7] Clarke remained unaware of how to portray a convincing birth scene. The wife of the episode's director had previously given birth during a complicated labour. She helped Clarke with her research, which also included watching child birth videos. Clarke said that while she had learned most aspects of labour, not experiencing the actual pain of birth resulted in her feeling unprepared for the scenes. The birth scenes were filmed over the period of one day, consisting of more than fifteen shoots. Clarke said the dramatic breathing left her "dizzy" and even caused her to hyperventilate.[7]

text: Departure and return[edit]

text: Clarke played the role of Roo from 1988, until the character was written out a year later after Clarke quit the show.[8][9] Clarke has been asked to return to the show and reprise her role as Roo many times, but she has never agreed.[10]

text: In August 2010, it was announced that Roo would be returning to Home and Away.[8] Producers decided to recast the role after Clarke became busy with other television shows and her career as a children's singer.[10] Former All Saints actress, Georgie Parker was given the role and she began filming her first scenes in the same month.[8][11] Of her casting, Parker said "I'm thrilled to be back at Channel Seven and to be part of Home and Away. Working with Ray is a joy. We are having a fantastic time together. The whole cast and crew have been wonderful".[8] Of the decision to bring the character back, series producer Cameron Welsh said "We had such a positive reaction to Emily Symons's return as Marilyn; we trust the fans will love having an original character such as Roo back in the Bay. Securing Georgie Parker to bring her back to our screens is a real coup for the show".[8]

text: Parker called her "a colourful character who has a strong history with the origin of the show".[10] Parker has said the grown up Roo is very different from the teenager. She said "She was a colourful character when she left. She lost her mother when she was very young, and I think that when girls lose their mothers, they can go off the rails - and that's exactly what Roo did".[10] Parker added that she gets to play the adult who may have learned from past mistakes.[10] During an interview, Meagher said the adult Roo is "still full of energy, bluff and bravado. She's had a few financial problems and is possibly running away from a bloke."[12] He added that Alf has trouble getting her to tell him the truth, but he is "pleased to see her back in the Bay."[12]

text: Meningitis[edit]

text: In July 2014, the character was diagnosed with meningitis.[13] After returning from an extended trip to Las Vegas to look after her injured aunt Colleen Smart (Lyn Collingwood), Roo was very secretive about her times away. Within a day, Roo started showing symptoms of an illness.[13] Parker explained "This illness hits her fast and hard. She's lethargic, but thinks it's just jetlag. She also has a splitting headache that affects her eyes, and she's low on energy. It's all very out of character."[13] Roo's decision to keep quiet about her trip meant that nobody had any idea what was wrong with her. Roo fell unconscious at home and the situation became very serious.[13] Roo was eventually diagnosed with meningitis. Her condition later took a turn for the worse and she suffered a seizure.[14] In order to treat her, the doctors needed to know about her trip and her foster-daughter Maddy Osborne (Kassandra Clementi) found her passport, which revealed that she had been to Peru. With the information, the doctors were able to treat Roo and save her life.[14]

text: Storylines[edit]

text: Roo begins to resent her father's relationship with Ailsa Hogan (Judy Nunn) out of loyalty to her late mother, Martha (Alison Mulvaney). Roo begins dating Frank Morgan (Alex Papps) and they start a band with Lance Smart (Peter Vroom) and Martin Dibble (Craig Thompson). Roo's continued obsession with Ailsa drives a rift between her and Frank, despite nearly sleeping with him as an act of rebellion over Ailsa staying over. Roo contacts her aunt, Morag Bellingham (Cornelia Frances), who is a judge and asks her to do a background check on Ailsa. At Alf and Ailsa's engagement party, Roo reveals Ailsa went to prison for killing her abusive father. However, Ailsa's friends and Frank, side with her. Roo begins a feud with Bobby Simpson (Nicolle Dickson), Ailsa's friend. Tired of her behaviour, Alf sends Roo to boarding school in Sydney.

text: Roo begins dating Brett Macklin (Gerry Sont) and she gets pregnant. Brett's reaction to this to book an abortion for her. Roo returns to Summer Bay and tries convincing Frank that he is the baby's father. She pretends to accept Alf and Ailsa's relationship so she will be allowed to stay. Roo sleeps with Frank and arranges for Alf to catch them together. She tells her aunt, Celia Stewart (Fiona Spence), that she is pregnant with Frank's baby. Frank agrees to marry her and Roo tries to accept Alf and Ailsa's marriage. Brett turns up and tells Roo the mumps has left him infertile and that he now wants the baby. She refuses to let him back into her life, so Brett goes to Morag, who tries to talk Roo into changing her mind. In the middle of her wedding, she reveals that Frank is not the father of her baby. Frank drives off in anger and swerves off the road to avoid Bobby and the car falls into a ditch, almost killing him.

text: The incident leaves Roo an outcast within the town. Morag tries to persuade her to move to the city with her, but Celia talks her out of it. Brett applies for custody, but Roo suggests they sort it out between themselves. She begins helping Brett's family as they set up a business in the Bay. She is pleased when Alf and Ailsa's differences over the development causes them to split up. With Ailsa returning to town to be Christopher Fletcher's (Ashleigh Bell-Weir) godmother, Roo fakes stomach pains to stop Alf attending the christening. However, by hyperventilating she sends herself into premature labour and gives birth to a baby girl, who she names, Martha (Burcin Kapkin). She is pleased when Frank seems to take an interest, until she learns that he is dating Bobby. Brett tries to force Roo into giving him custody of Martha. He kidnaps the baby and Roo considered suicide, before she is informed that Brett had returned Martha. Roo refuses to press charges and the couple realise that they cannot raise Martha, so they give her up for adoption. Roo then begins to accept Ailsa, when she and Alf reconcile.

text: Roo decides to take a break from the Bay and when she returns, she reveals that she has a new boyfriend, David Lee (Anthony Wong). Alf and Celia are slightly shocked as David is Chinese and they are uncomfortable with Roo being in a mixed race relationship. Alf eventually gives the pair his blessing, but David later leaves town. Frank and Bobby marry and Roo is stunned to learn Bobby is Morag's daughter and thus her cousin. Roo takes a job at the Macklin Corporation. Her manager, Nicholas Walsh (Robert Taylor), sends nasty letters to Ailsa and frames Roo, with help from Morag. With Alf and Ailsa believing the letters are from her, Roo moves in with Celia and then with Morag. When Alf discovers the truth, he apologises and Roo moves back in. She then starts dating Simon Yates (Christopher Saunders).

text: Ailsa becomes pregnant, which pleases Roo. Alf and Tom Fletcher (Roger Oakley) go missing on a fishing trip and Ailsa goes into premature labour. Roo stays as her half-brother Duncan (Allana Ellis) is born, shortly before Alf is found. Roo finds herself working closely with Frank and when he is offered a promotion in the city, he celebrates by kissing Roo. She feels guilty about the kiss and when Frank goes to the city without Bobby, everyone assumes he and Roo had an affair. Roo is upset when Sally Fletcher (Katie Ritchie) blames her for the break-up. Bobby tells her that she and Frank would have broken up anyway and gives them her blessing. Roo then goes to the city to meet Frank and tells him she wants to give their relationship another go. Frank and Roo marry, but they split by the time Frank returns to town. Roo later moves to New York, where she is joined for a time by both Martha and Duncan. In 2005, Roo has a near fatal car-accident and Alf and Morag fly to New York to be with her while she recovers.

text: Five years later, Roo returns to Summer Bay. Alf is shocked to see her and Roo tells him that she has come for a visit as a job fell through and she had some frequent-flyer miles to use up. Roo starts receiving texts and calls from her boyfriend, Tim, and her bank manager. Colleen Smart is also shocked to see Roo and starts mentioning all the bad things she did in the past, until Alf tells her to stop. Robert Robertson (Socratis Otto) questions Roo about Martha and Hugo Austin (Bernard Curry) for the Federal Police and she states that she has not been in contact with them. Roo later tries to persuade Hugo's mother, Gina (Sonia Todd), to give them the money Hugo left behind, but Gina is reluctant. Gina runs a credit check on Roo and discovers that she is broke. Roo denies wanting the money for herself. Roo advises Alf to get a lawyer when rumours begin to circulate that he killed Penn Graham (Christian Clark). Gina gets Roo to take a job with John Palmer (Shane Withington), who pays her with Hugo's money. Roo attends Bianca Scott's (Lisa Gormley) bridal shower and wedding, before leaving for the States.

text: On her return, Roo finds Alf has gone travelling and her aunt Morag has been placed in charge of the caravan park. Roo goes to the relaunch of Angelo Rosetta's (Luke Jacobz) restaurant where she gets drunk and wakes up in bed with Miles Copeland (Josh Quong Tart). Angelo offers Roo a room at his place and tries to make a pass at her. John hires Roo to organise sponsorship for the upcoming surf carnival. Roo becomes close friends with Nicole Franklin (Tessa James) and Marilyn Chambers (Emily Symons). She also gets on well with Marilyn's partner, Sid Walker (Robert Mammone). Roo supports Nicole during her pregnancy and she asks her to be present at the birth. Roo also supports Romeo Smith's (Luke Mitchell) attempts to start a charter business. Laura Carmody (Roxanne Wilson) arrives in the Bay and reveals she and Roo are old friends. Roo invites Laura to stay with her and they work together on a hospital fundraiser. Roo invites Romeo to accompany her on a business trip to Hawaii and he brings Indigo Walker (Samara Weaving) with them. When they announce that they are getting married, Roo calls Sid and he flies over. Sid kisses Roo, but she rejects him because he is with Marilyn. However, she runs after his taxi, but fails to stop him leaving.

text: When she returns home, Roo is shocked to learn Marilyn and Sid have broken up. She and Sid kiss again and agree to be a couple. Roo and Laura organise a ball at Sid's farm and Roo tries to make peace with Marilyn. Bianca is raped at the ball and Roo criticises Laura for selling tickets to the River Boys. Alf disapproves of Roo's relationship with Sid, as he is worried about how he will treat her. Roo and Marilyn eventually become friends again and Roo breaks up with Sid when she realises his family will always be a priority over her. Roo takes over the running of the Diner due to staff shortages and she starts dating Harvey Ryan (Marcus Graham), despite being warned not to by Romeo, Indi and Sid. Roo and Harvey break up when she learns he sabotaged Alf's boat. Roo is disgusted when Harvey tries to blackmail John and she persuades Alf to stand against him during the council elections. Roo later takes a job alongside Harvey and becomes jealous of him and his girlfriend, Fleur Simpson (Alys Daroy). Roo and Harvey later get back together and she is surprised when his ex-wife, Mel (Allison Cratchley), and daughter, Lottie (Morgan Weaving), arrive in Summer Bay.

text: Sid tells Roo that Harvey had a young son who drowned and she becomes upset that Harvey did not tell her. Harvey admits to Roo that he and the Mayor rigged the election, so he would win. Harvey is arrested and Roo stands by him. She later tells Harvey that she loves him. Roo bonds with Lottie and agrees that she can move in with her and Harvey, when Mel goes to the city. Lottie and Mel eventually leave the Bay and Harvey asks Roo to marry him. Roo's ex-boyfriend, Tim (Jonny Pasvolsky), comes to the Bay and tries to win Roo back. Harvey and Roo marry and they take in teen runaways Maddy Osborne and Spencer Harrington (Andrew Morley). Harvey sails around the world with his best friend, Winston Markman (John Batchelor). Winston returns a few months later to tell Roo that he lost Harvey. Roo holds a memorial service for Harvey and says goodbye. Roo is delighted when Harvey eventually returns. However, he cannot cope being back in the Bay, causing problems with his marriage. Roo decides the best thing for them to do is get divorced. Harvey agrees and leaves the Bay.

text: When Colleen has an accident, Roo flies to Las Vegas to care for her. On her return, she becomes ill and collapses. She is diagnosed with meningitis and has to have fluid removed from her brain, but she shows no improvement. Nate Cooper (Kyle Pryor) discovers growths on her brain and her family learn that Roo went to Peru, where she had suffered a reaction to her inoculations. Roo is given antiviral drugs and recovers. Roo plans Marilyn and John's wedding. At the reception, she is informed that Maddy has stolen her credit card to buy clothes. Maddy is later fired from the gym for stealing and Roo pays off her debt, preferring that Maddy owes her instead. When Maddy learns that she has ovarian cancer, Roo supports her through her treatment. Alf collapses during a school field trip to a war memorial and he is diagnosed with post traumatic stress disorder. He experiences mood swings and Roo encourages him to speak to a therapist. James Edmunds (Myles Pollard) returns to the Bay and offers Roo a job as a lecturer at the university. She and James get on well and begin dating. Roo and Maddy then move in with James. He later proposes to her and she accepts. James and Roo try to get married quickly, but their wedding is stopped by Alf who thinks James lied about where he used to work. James and Roo then decide to put the wedding on hold. Roo later discovers James is already married with children, and has been lying to her all along. She calls off their engagement, but continues her relationship with him. After James confesses to Roo that he also lied to her about his parents being alive, she finally breaks up with him.

text: When Roo visits her brother Duncan in Hawaii, she meets James Mayvers (Tim Ross) and they begin a relationship. Roo initially tries to keep the relationship a secret due to the age gap between them, but Morag soon catches them together. Roo faints and is convinced by Morag that she is going through the menopause. However, she soon learns she is pregnant. James tells Roo that he does not want children and asks her to have an abortion, but she refuses and decides to the raise the child as a single parent. James's father David Mayvers (Noel Hodda) offers Roo $250,000 with the condition that she or her child does not contact James. Roo turns the offer down. While driving back from the pharmacy, she collapses in pain. Nate and Tori Morgan (Penny McNamee) find her and diagnose a ruptured ectopic pregnancy. She undergoes surgery, but loses the baby. Roo leaves town to try and find Martha, but she is unsuccessful and returns home.

text: Reception[edit]

text: A writer for Ausculture named Roo fifth on their Top Ten Aussie Soap Villains list.[15] They called Roo "evil" for trying to break up Alf's relationship with Ailsa, lying to and trying to marry Frank, leaving him at the altar and later having an affair with him.[15] They added "If she hadn't already left town, I wouldn't have been surprised to hear that she was driving the speedboat that struck down Summer Bay's beloved butch Bobby and killed her. On the plus side, she does have the rather hilarious name of 'Roo'."[15] Andrew Mercado described Roo as Alf Stewart's (Ray Meagher) "Minxy teenage daughter" in his book, Super Aussie soaps: behind the scenes of Australia's best loved TV shows.[16] A TV Week columnist describe Roo as "Summer Bay's original spoilt brat" who was never very far from drama.[10]

text: A Holy Soap writer stated that Roo's most memorable moment was "Bowling over her dad Alf by unexpectedly arriving back in Summer Bay after more than two decades away."[17] The Herald Sun said Roo is "Manipulative, mysterious and returned from living what she claims was the high life in New York", they predicted that her motives for returning to the Bay would puzzle viewers.[18] When she slept with Miles, The Sun's television magazine Buzz said: "Will she ever give up her wild-child way?"[19] Jaci Stephen writing for the Daily Mail highlighted the fact that Roo and Sid were fighting an attraction for one another. She said she could guess they would give into their desires in a number of "days rather than weeks."[20] Laura Morgan writing for All About Soap hoped Roo would not steal Sid from Marilyn and said: "Keep your hands off that Sid, Roo!"[21] When Roo finds happiness with Harvey, Stephen predicted that it would take one week before Roo became unhappy again.[22]


document_title: The Suite Life on Deck

question_text: who sings the theme song for the suite life on deck

text: The Suite Life on Deck

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Zack Martin, portrayed by Dylan Sprouse, is typically the fun-loving, rebellious, and immature twin. He works in the juice bar on the ship as a result of using up both Cody's and his money for the semester. Cody is forced to obtain the job as a towel boy.[7] Zack does not perform particularly well academically, but he managed to graduate in the series' finale episode. He performs very well physically and enjoys physical sports, especially basketball and football. Zack acts selfish at times but he also sincerely cares for his brother and friends, even if he does not always show it. He flirts with most of the girls on the ship by using various pick-up lines, although he rarely ever stays with them for more than one episode. At the beginning of the third season, he starts to develop strong feelings for a new student on the ship named Maya. At first, she refuses to go out with him since he was a "player," but eventually he wins her over by throwing a surprise party for her. He then surprises his friends by being a good boyfriend. Although initially there is confusion as to whether he loved her or whether he was just taking her on as a challenge, he proves to have strong feelings for her in later episodes. She breaks up with him in the episode "Graduation on Deck" because of a Peace Corps assignment she accepts, but they remain close friends.
Cody Martin, portrayed by Cole Sprouse, is typically the intelligent, kind-hearted, and sensitive twin. Cody performs well academically, is a straight A student, and has shown to have a great interest in academics; however, he does not perform well in sports. Cody has been noted to be ten minutes younger than Zack and often plays into Zack's crazy schemes. Cody is usually picked on by Zack, but Zack becomes very defensive when other people do it. Likewise, Cody cares very deeply for Zack, despite his picking on him constantly. At the end of season one, Cody begins dating Bailey Pickett, but they eventually end their romantic relationship in the second-season finale due to a misunderstanding in Paris. However, near the end of the third season, they get back together again after confessing that they never stopped loving each other. In "Das Boots", it is revealed that he has multiple allergies, said by Sasha, a Russian girl who competed in a chess championship against him. Also, in "A London Carol", a future version of Cody and Bailey are married.
London Tipton, portrayed by Brenda Song, is the socialite of the four main teenage characters. She is a parody of Paris Hilton.[8] She is the daughter of Wilfred Tipton, a multi-billionaire and the owner of the Tipton Hotel chains, including the one in Boston and the SS Tipton. London is typically selfish, dim-witted, obnoxious, spoiled, gullible and meticulous about her appearance but she is happy and heartwarming, and she does care for her friends (even if she can't remember the difference between Zack and Cody) and she is often air-headed. She also has a pomeranian pet dog named Ivana. When she is happy, she usually claps her hands and repeatedly jumps up and down while saying her catchphrase, "Yay me!" Mr. Moseby fools London into thinking that she is on the SS Tipton for a vacation, to trick her into boarding the ship. London gets enrolled at the Seven Seas High School program because her father wants her to live in the real world. London does not live in a first class suite on the SS Tipton, but a small cabin. London reluctantly agrees to accept Bailey Pickett (Debby Ryan) as her new roommate, although she does so after unsuccessfully trying to bribe Bailey into leaving as she did with her previous roommate, Padma. The two later become good friends. In The Suite Life of Zack & Cody, when London resided at the Tipton Hotel, it seemed that she was living in her own bubble. On the SS Tipton, London has become more aware of the real world and has faced several difficulties, such as being in jail.
Bailey Pickett, portrayed by Debby Ryan, is a teenage girl from the fictional town of Kettlecorn, Kansas. She is very intelligent just like Cody, seemingly the perfect girl-next-door and has been described as a "small town, down-to-earth girl." She shares a room with the wealthy London Tipton, in which the two later form a close friendship and end up becoming best friends. Bailey is a student at Seven Seas High and attends classes with her new friends Zack, Cody, London, and Woody. She boarded the ship to leave Kettlecorn, where she lived on a farm, because she hated the fact that the town is so small. She pretends to be a boy in the pilot in order to get a room on the SS Tipton because the girls' cabins were filled. Eventually, she moves in with London when people find out she is a girl. London tries to bribe her not to move in, but Bailey refuses. Both Zack and Cody have a crush on her at the beginning of the series, but when they find out more about Bailey's life and her ex-boyfriend, Zack lets Cody have her, claiming that she was "carrying too much baggage;" However, a couple seasons later he says that he doesn't blame Cody for not being able to get over Bailey and said "this girl is smokin'!" showing he still thinks she's attractive even if he doesn't like her "that way". Cody tries several times throughout the first season to attract Bailey, but is unsuccessful until the crossover episode "Wizards on Deck with Hannah Montana" in which they start dating. They eventually end their romantic relationship in the second-season finale due to a misunderstanding in Paris. However, near the end of the third season, they get back together again after confessing that they still loved each other. In "A London Carol", a future version of Cody and Bailey are married.
Marion Moseby, portrayed by Phill Lewis, the uptight and serious former manager of the Tipton Hotel in The Suite Life of Zack and Cody, is now the chaperon and manager of the SS Tipton. He speaks with a wide vocabulary and an urbane vernacular, no tolerance for fun of any kind, and is therefore often annoyed by Zack and Cody's schemes. He has raised London Tipton like his own daughter. His repeated catch phrase, "Good luck with that," has become his trademark. He loves bad jokes, and has a passion for ballet which becomes a running joke throughout the series. Though he acts as though he does not care about Zack and Cody, he actually has a great deal of affection for them and tells them he will miss them in the end of the Graduation on deck episode. He's constantly running from stem to stern keeping the Martin twins and London out of trouble. Moseby is a father figure in London's life, because of London's father's absence in the series. He looks after her constantly and cares for her very deeply. Moseby reportedly tricked London in order for her to be enrolled in the Seven Seas High School program. He told London she was going on a vacation on the SS Tipton to get her on the ship. Mr. Moseby is continuously trying to "court" Ms. Tutwieler and, in the final episode of the series, proposes to her, deciding he wants them to be together rather than apart. In an act of true bravery in the final episode, Moseby tells off Mr. Tipton for having the ship dismantled during graduation; he follows up by telling the shocked crowd that he was already losing his job anyway.

text: Marcus Little, portrayed by Doc Shaw, (episode 30-55) is a former singing sensation, Lil' Little, who comes aboard the SS Tipton. After hitting puberty, causing his voice to change, he lost his fame and career. He attends Seven Seas High and shares a room with Zack. Marcus lived in Atlanta, Georgia, as mentioned on his sash in "The Beauty and the Fleeced." He first appears in the second-season episode "Roomies". He has a crush on London, and is shown to be quite gullible, often believing Woody's tall tales. Marcus has as many famous contacts as London does; however, he is sensitive about the loss of his fame because he believes his celebrity friends won't like him, though he was later proven wrong in the episode "Crossing Jordin." Marcus eventually leaves the ship in the episode "Bon Voyage" after choosing to star in a musical based on his hit song "Retainer Baby." Cody is proud of him for this because he'll be entertaining people while promoting proper dental care.

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Actor
Character
Seasons

Matthew Timmons
Woody Fink
1–3

Erin Cardillo
Emma Tutweiller
1–3

Windell D. Middlebrooks
Kirby Morris
1–3

Rachael Kathryn Bell
Addison
1–3

Zoey Deutch
Maya Bennett
3

text: Special guest appearances[edit]

text:
Kim Rhodes: Carey Martin (1: "The Suite Life Sets Sail", 1: "Mom and Dad on Deck", 3: "Trouble in Tokyo", 3: "Graduation on Deck")
Ashley Tisdale: Maddie Fitzpatrick (1: "Maddie on Deck")
Miley Cyrus: Miley Stewart/Hannah Montana (1: "Double-Crossed")
Emily Osment: Lilly Truscott/Lola Luftnagle (1: "Double-Crossed")
Selena Gomez: Alex Russo (1: "Double-Crossed")
David Henrie: Justin Russo (1: "Double-Crossed")
Jake T. Austin: Max Russo (1: "Double-Crossed")
Jordin Sparks: Herself (2: "Crossing Jordin")
Kathie Lee Gifford: Cindy (2: "Model Behavior")
George Takei: Rome Tipton (2: "Starship Tipton")
Sean Kingston: Himself (3: "Party On!")
Dwight Howard: Dwight Moseby Howard (3: "Twister, Part 1")
Deron Williams: Himself (3: "Twister, Part 1")
Kevin Love: Himself (3: "Twister, Part 1")
Hutch Dano: Moose (1: "Mulch Ado About Nothing", 3: "Twister, Part 2")
John Michael Higgins: Wilfred Tipton (3: "Twister, Part 3")
Jennifer Tisdale: Connie Fitzpatrick (1: "Flowers and Chocolate", 1:"Cruisin For A Bruisin")
Cody Kennedy as Mischa (3: "Das Boots")

text: Notable guest appearances[edit]

text:
Brian Stepanek: Arwin Hawkhauser/Milos Hawkakapolis (1: "It's All Greek To Me", 3: "Computer Date", 3: "Graduation on Deck")
Brittany Curran: Chelsea Brimmer (1: "Flowers and Chocolate")
Sophie Oda: Barbara Brownstein (1: "Flowers and Chocolate")
Charlie Stewart: Bob (1: "Flowers and Chocolate")
Jennifer Tisdale: Connie the Activities Coordinator (1: "Flowers and Chocolate", 1: "Cruisin' for a Bruisin")
Jacopo Sarno: Luca (1: "When in Rome...")
Robert Torti: Kurt Martin (1: "Mom and Dad on Deck", 3: "Graduation on Deck")
Justin Kredible: Armando the Magician (2: "Ala-ka-scram!")
Elizabeth Sung: Khun Yai (2: "Family Thais")
Ed Begley, Jr.: Mayor Ragnar (2: "The Swede Life")
Adrian R'Mante: Esteban Ramírez (2: "Mother of the Groom")
Charo: Señora Ramírez (2: "Mother of the Groom")
Kurt Warner: Himself (2: "Any Given Fantasy")
Charles Shaughnessy: Constable (2: "Rollin' With the Holmies")
Camilla and Rebecca Rosso: Jessica and Janice (2: "Model Behavior")
Matthew Willig: The Genie (2: "Rock the Kasbah")
Andy Richter: Brother Theodore (3: "The Silent Treatment")
Lisa K. Wyatt: Frankie (3: "Bon Voyage", "Graduation on Deck;")
Fabio Lanzoni: Captain Hawk (3: "Senior Ditch Day")
Brian Posehn: Dr. Cork (3: "Frozen")
Dwight Howard: Himself (3: "Twister, Part 1")
Deron Williams: Himself (3: "Twister, Part 1'")
Kevin Love: Himself (3: "Twister, Part 1'")
Michael Ralph: Sergeant Pepper (3: "Twister: Part 3")

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: On February 4, 2008, it was announced that the Disney Channel was developing a new contemporary sequel to the Disney channel sitcom The Suite Life of Zack & Cody. The announcement was made by Gary Marsh, the President of the Disney Channel. He stated, "Our audience has shown us that after 88 episodes, 'The Suite Life of Zack & Cody' remains one of their favorite sitcoms ever, we decided to find a new way for Zack, Cody, London, and Mr. Moseby to live 'The Suite Life' in a whole new setting – this time aboard a luxury cruise liner."[9] The series original creator, Danny Kallis was announced to be involved with the project. The elements from the original series remain the same though the setting is completely different.[9]

text: In December 2008, it was reported that the Disney Channel had renewed the series for a thirteen episode second season.[10] On May 11, 2009, Disney issued a press release stating that the second season had been extended to include a larger number of episodes than the original thirteen. Gary Marsh, the president of Disney Channels Worldwide said: "With this second-season extension, the cast of ‘The Suite Life’ makes Disney Channel history by becoming the longest running continuous characters on our air – 138 half-hour episodes. We are thrilled for them, and for the brilliant, inspired production team that made this extraordinary run possible."[11]

text: As of 2011, The Suite Life series holds the record (162 episodes) for having the longest running continuous characters on air and the most canon episodes for any Disney Channel series.

text: Settings[edit]

text: According to show creators and producers, the choice of setting was made to appeal to an international audience with different ports-of-call, such as India, Greece, Italy, Morocco, the United Kingdom and Thailand. An on-board theater serves as an "organic" set-up for musical numbers.[12] Most of the action in the series occurs on board the SS Tipton. However, the ship travels to a variety of places around the world which are often unfamiliar places to both Zack and Cody Martin.

text: SS Tipton[edit]

text: The SS Tipton is a cruise ship belonging to London Tipton's father. The ship had its first canon appearance in The Suite Life of Zack and Cody episode "Let Us Entertain You". Unlike most cruise ships it also includes a school, Seven Seas High School, which is a common setting on the ship, as are the Sky Deck, the lobby, the corridors outside the students' cabins and the cabins themselves. In the third season, the Aqua Lounge, a newly refurbished space on the ship, was shown, and it replaced the Sky Deck as the main hangout (although the Sky Deck is still commonly shown). There are also various areas on the SS Tipton that are mentioned, but never seen, including several decks and the ship's putt-putt golf course, where the captain spends most of his time. In the crossover episode of Wizards of Waverly Place, "Cast-Away (To Another Show)," Mr. Moseby reveals that the ship itself weighs 87,000 tons.[13] After the events in "Graduation on Deck" the SS Tipton was sold and later dismantled. Mr Moseby mentioned in the season 1 episode "Cruisin' for a Bruisin'", that the ship was not the first ship with the SS Tipton name (indicating that the Tipton cruiseline had been in service long before the events of the first series). Mr Tipton commissioned a scale model "replica-in-a-bottle" of the first SS Tipton as a gift for Captain Lansferd.

text: Other settings[edit]

text:
Antarctica in the season three episode "Frozen"
Belgium in the season three episode "Party On!"
Galapagos Islands in the season one episode "Sea Monster Mash"
Greece in the season one episode "It's All Greek to Me"
India in the season one episode "The Mommy and the Swami"
The International Dateline in "International Dateline"
Kettlecorn, Kansas – A fictional location in the season three episodes "Twister: Part 1", "Twister: Part 2", and "Twister: Part 3"
Lichtenstamp – A parody of Liechtenstein in the season one episode "Maddie on Deck"
London in the season two episode "Rollin' With the Holmies"
Monte Carlo in the season three episode "The Silent Treatment"
Morocco in the season two episode "Rock the Kasbah"
New York City – in the series finale "Graduation on Deck"
Paris – in the season two episode "Breakup in Paris"
Parrot Island – A fictional location in the season one episode "Parrot Island"
Rome in the season one episode "When In Rome..."
South America in the season two episode "Can You Dig It?" and season three episode "Senior Ditch Day"
Sweden in the season two episode "The Swede Life"
Thailand in the season two episode "Family Thais"
Tokyo in the season three episode "Trouble in Tokyo"
Unnamed island in the season two episode "Lost at Sea"

text: Theme song and opening sequence[edit]

text: The show's theme song, "Livin' the Suite Life," was written by John Adair and Steve Hampton (who also wrote the themes for fellow Disney Channel series The Suite Life of Zack & Cody, Phil of the Future, and Wizards of Waverly Place, as well as the theme for the ABC Kids series Power Rangers: RPM), with music composed by Gary Scott (who also composed the music cues to signal scene changes and promo breaks, some of which are styled similarly to the theme), and is performed by British singer Steve Rushton (who is only credited for performing the theme in the second season).

text: The series was one of only 4 of Disney Channel shows still running in 2011 whose theme song is not performed by a star of the series (Phineas and Ferb, Fish Hooks and Shake It Up are the others).

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
21
September 26, 2008 (2008-09-26)
July 17, 2009 (2009-07-17)

2
28
August 7, 2009 (2009-08-07)
June 18, 2010 (2010-06-18)

3
22
July 2, 2010 (2010-07-02)
May 6, 2011 (2011-05-06)

Film
March 25, 2011 (2011-03-25)

text: Note: The show's first ever air date was in the United Kingdom on September 19, 2008.

text: Wizards of Waverly Place and Hannah Montana[edit]

text: The episode "Double-Crossed" is the second part of a three-way crossover that begins on Wizards of Waverly Place and concludes on Hannah Montana. Cody promises to get tickets for himself and Bailey to a concert in Hawaii featuring Hannah Montana, who has boarded the SS Tipton. In the meantime, the Russo siblings enjoy a cruise of their own until Alex pulls a prank that causes Justin to turn blue.

text: Film[edit]

text: On September 20, 2010, Disney Channel announced that production had begun for a Disney Channel Original Movie based on The Suite Life of Zack & Cody and The Suite Life on Deck.[14]

text: The Suite Life Movie premiered on the Disney Channel in the United States and Canada on March 25, 2011.[15]

text: Abandoned continuation[edit]

text: In 2013, during an interview with Gawker, Dylan Sprouse revealed he and his brother had pitched an idea to the Disney Channel about continuing the Suite Life series. The show would see Zack and Cody return to the Tipton Hotel in Boston to live with their mother, and would become mentors to a boy who lived with his father at the hotel. Disney rejected the idea initially, but contacted the twins a year later with an edited concept that retained the boy and his father storyline, but Zack and Cody would move to a Miami hotel instead, Selena Gomez would also star and the twins would not get producer credits like they had requested. The Sprouses rejected the concept, leaving the project abandoned.[16]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: The Suite Life on Deck premiered in Australia and New Zealand October 6, 2008.[17] It is broadcast on Disney Channel and on NZ MediaWorks TV3 and FOUR.

text: The Canadian Family Channel debuted the series October 13, 2008.[citation needed] VRAK.TV broadcast the series as La vie de croisière de Zack et Cody (The Cruise Life of Zack and Cody) beginning August 27, 2009.[citation needed] The series also aired on Disney XD (Canada) beginning June 1, 2011.[citation needed]

text: In Ireland, the series debuted on Disney XD September 4, 2010.[citation needed]

text: Disney Channel broadcast the series in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland February 6, 2009, with an advance airing September 19, 2008. The series also aired on Disney XD beginning July 16, 2012.[citation needed]

text: The Suite Life on Deck premiered in the United States September 26, 2008 on Disney Channel. Disney XD began broadcasting the series February 13, 2009.

text: Merchandise[edit]

text: DVD releases[edit]

text:
DVD Title
Region 1
Discs
Extras

Anchors Away!
August 25, 2009[18]
1
"The Suite Life Sets Sail," "Parrot Island," "Kidney of the Sea," "International Dateline," "Maddie on Deck," and "Mulch Ado About Nothing." In addition, Debby Ryan's interview with the Sprouse twins is featured on this DVD.[18]

Wizards on Deck with Hannah Montana
September 22, 2009[19]
1
Crossover episodes from Wizards of Waverly Place, The Suite Life on Deck, and Hannah Montana.

text: Other media[edit]

text: An activity book based on the series was released on July 13, 2009. The book is called "The Suite Life on Deck Sink or Swim Sticker Activity Book".[20] A photo album based on the series was also released, and it includes several posters, colored images from the series, captions and activities for the reader.[21] In August 2009, two new books titled "Suite Life on Deck: A Day in the Life" and "Suite Life on Deck Party Planner" were released by Walt Disney.[22]

text: Reception[edit]

text: U.S. Nielsen ratings[edit]

text: The show's pilot premiered on the Disney Channel in the U.S. on September 26, 2008, and gathered 5.7 million viewers on the night of its premiere.[2] The series premiere in Canada was also the most watched series premiere on Family channel.[3] In December 2008, Business Wire reported the show was 2008's #1 top scripted television series for children between the ages 6 to 11 and pre-teenagers between the ages 9 to 14, beating the veteran series Hannah Montana and Wizards of Waverly Place in the ratings.[4] The show was in the #1 spot for the top rated children's television series for many months.[23] The show has been one of the top 4 live-action television series for many months.[24] Since then, "The Suite Life on Deck" held a commanding lead in the time slot (Friday 8:00 p.m.), ranking as TV's #1 program among the key children demographics, virtually doubling Nickelodeon among children between the age of 9–14, and defeating it by a 6% among children between the age of 6–11. In addition, the series is #1 in total viewers on all cable, outperforming #2 rank (Fox News and Nickelodeon) by 800,000 more viewers.[11]

text: As of August 2009, the highest rated episode of The Suite Life on Deck was "Double-Crossed," the second part of Wizards On Deck with Hannah Montana, a trilogy of crossover episodes featuring guest stars from Wizards of Waverly Place and Hannah Montana which premiered on July 17, 2009 on Disney Channel. The special was viewed by more than 10.6 million viewers, program of the night across both cable and broadcast television, and ranks as one of the highest-rated episodes for a Disney Channel original series. This was the first episode that Cody and Bailey go out on a date.[25]

text: In early October 2009, the series one-hour special episode "Lost at Sea" became the most watched episode of the series, with 7.6 million total viewers, including 3.2 million in the Kids 6–11 demographic, and 2.8 million in the Tweens 9–13 demographic.[26] The episode delivered Disney Channel’s best numbers in the hour with regular programming in the net's history.[26] In 2009, the series was the most watched scripted series in the children and tween demographic (6–14), outpacing Hannah Montana and several other teenage shows.[5] The series second season's ratings grew 25% higher than the show's season one ratings, the second season has averaged approximately 5.1 million viewers.[6]

text: Season premiere ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Episode
Air date (U.S.)
Ratings
Viewers (in millions)

1
The Suite Life Sets Sail
September 26, 2008
4.8
5.7[2]

2
The Spy Who Shoved Me
August 7, 2009
4.7
5.1[27]

3
The Silent Treatment
July 2, 2010
2.7
3.4[28]

text: Record breaking episodes[edit]

text:
No.
Episode
Air date (U.S.)
Ratings
Viewers (in millions)

1.21
Double-Crossed
July 17, 2009
8.8
10.6[29]

2.08
Lost at Sea
October 2, 2009
3.9
7.6[30]

3.19
Twister: Part 3
January 16, 2011
4.0
7.2[31]

text: iTunes[edit]

text: Before the series officially made its debut on air, the first episode entitled "The Suite Life Sets Sail" was made available as a free download on iTunes. All series have since been made available.[citation needed]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Recipient
Result

2010
Green Globe Film Awards
Outstanding Actors Asians in Hollywood
Brenda Song
Nominated[32][33]

2010 Kids' Choice Awards
Favorite TV Show
The Suite Life on Deck
Nominated[34][35]

Favorite TV Actor
Cole Sprouse
Nominated[34][35]

Dylan Sprouse
Won[35]

Hollywood Teen TV Awards
Teen Pick Show: Comedy
The Suite Life on Deck
Nominated[36]

Teen Pick Actress: Comedy
Debby Ryan
Nominated[36]

Teen Pick Actor: Comedy
Dylan Sprouse
Nominated[36]

2011
2011 Kids' Choice Awards
Favorite TV Show
The Suite Life on Deck
Nominated[37][38]

Favorite TV Actor
Cole Sprouse
Nominated[37][38]

Dylan Sprouse
Won[38]

Favorite TV Sidekick
Brenda Song
Nominated[37][38]

Casting Society of America
Best Casting – Children's Series
Dana Gergely
Brandi Brice
Won[39]


document_title: Gravitation of the Moon

question_text: what is the gravitational acceleration on the moon

text: Gravitation of the Moon

text: The acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the Moon is about 1.625 m/s2, about 16.6% that on Earth's surface or 0.16 ɡ.[1] Over the entire surface, the variation in gravitational acceleration is about 0.0253 m/s2 (1.6% of the acceleration due to gravity). Because weight is directly dependent upon gravitational acceleration, things on the Moon will weigh only 16.6% of what they weigh on the Earth.

text: The gravitational field of the Moon has been measured by tracking the radio signals emitted by orbiting spacecraft. The principle used depends on the Doppler effect, whereby the line-of-sight spacecraft acceleration can be measured by small shifts in frequency of the radio signal, and the measurement of the distance from the spacecraft to a station on Earth. Since the gravitational field of the Moon affects the orbit of a spacecraft, one can use these tracking data to detect gravity anomalies. However, because of the Moon's synchronous rotation it is not possible to track spacecraft from Earth much beyond the limbs of the Moon, so until the recent GRAIL mission the far-side gravity field was not accurately known.

text: A major feature of the Moon's gravitational field is the presence of mascons, which are large positive gravity anomalies associated with some of the giant impact basins. These anomalies significantly influence the orbit of spacecraft around the Moon, and an accurate gravitational model is necessary in the planning of both manned and unmanned missions. They were initially discovered by the analysis of Lunar Orbiter tracking data:[2] navigation tests prior to the Apollo program showed positioning errors much larger than mission specifications.

text: Mascons are in part due to the presence of dense mare basaltic lava flows that fill some of the impact basins.[3] However, lava flows by themselves cannot fully explain the gravitational variations, and uplift of the crust-mantle interface is required as well. Based on Lunar Prospector gravitational models, it has been suggested that some mascons exist that do not show evidence for mare basaltic volcanism.[4] The huge expanse of mare basaltic volcanism associated with Oceanus Procellarum does not cause a positive gravity anomaly. The center of gravity of the Moon does not coincide exactly with its geometric center, but is displaced toward the Earth by about 2 kilometers.[5]