document_title: List of best-selling music artists

question_text: who has sold the most records in hip hop

text: List of best-selling music artists

text: Definitions

text: All artists included on this list, which have begun charting on official albums or singles charts have their available claimed figures supported by at least 20% in certified units. That is why Cliff Richard, Diana Ross, Scorpions, Bing Crosby, Gloria Estefan, Deep Purple, Iron Maiden, Tom Jones, The Jackson 5, Dionne Warwick, the Spice Girls, Dolly Parton, Ozzy Osbourne, Andrea Bocelli and others have not been included on this list. The more recent the artist, the higher the required percentage of certified units, so artists such as Rihanna, Chris Brown, Taylor Swift, Flo Rida, Katy Perry, Justin Bieber, Adele, Lady Gaga, Bruno Mars, Nicki Minaj and Ed Sheeran are expected to have their claimed figures supported by over 75% in certified units. The certified units are sourced from available online databases of local music industry associations. All certified units are converted from Gold/Platinum/Diamond certification awards based on criteria provided by certifying bodies. The certified units percentage varies according to the first year that an artist appeared in the charts.[a]

text: The requirements of certified units are designed to avoid inflated sales figures, which are frequently practiced by record companies for promotional purposes.[1][2] The claimed figures are referenced from online articles created by highly reliable sources. For clarity, the sources used, say the term "records" (singles, albums, videos) and not "albums". However, if all available sources for an artist or band say "albums", such sources are only used if the certified album units of the said artist meet the required percentage amount. This list uses claimed figures that are closest to artists' available certified units: inflated claimed figures that meet the required certified units amount but are unrealistically high, are not used.

text: The claimed figures are upgraded only when there is a significant progress in artists' certified units. In other words, the available certified units for each artist should get relatively closer to already listed claimed figure in order for higher figures to replace the listed ones.

text: The certified units of the newer artists may sometimes be higher than their listed claimed figures. This is because Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) and almost all other certifying bodies count streaming towards Gold and Platinum thresholds required for Digital Single Award certification.[3][4][5] For this reason, some singles and even albums get over certified by hundreds of thousands of units. The over certified figures, however, are often in millions of units for RIAA certifications, one such example is Rihanna's single "We Found Love", which is certified at nine times Platinum by the RIAA, yet during the time of the certification, it had sold 5.4 million downloads.[6][7]

text: The certified units for some artists/bands who have multi-disc albums can be higher than their listed claimed figures due to Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) counting each unit within set as one unit toward certification.

text: Issued certifications for songs which have been recorded by multiple artists including featured artists are added to each artist's total amount of certified units, as all the artists would have played a significant part in a song. For example "This Is What You Came For" and "Where Them Girls At" include Rihanna and Flo Rida, Nicki Minaj as featured artists respectively, so the certifications issued for these songs are added to the total amount of certified units for all involved artists. However, the certifications issued for songs that have been recorded by four or more artists are not included as the artists involved would have played minor roles, examples of such songs are Kanye West's "Monster" and/or "All Day".[b]

text: Artists by reputed sales

text: 250 million or more records

text:
The Beatles

Elvis Presley

Michael Jackson

Madonna

Elton John

Led Zeppelin

Pink Floyd

text:
To ensure the highest level of fact checking and editorial control, this list sources sales figures to news organizations and highly regarded music industry related organizations such as MTV, VH1, Billboard and Rolling Stone.
The figures of total certified units within the tables below are based on certified units of albums, singles (including digital downloads) and videos.
Markets' order within the tables is based on Retail Value: each market generates respectively, the largest market at the top and smallest at the bottom.[8][9]

text:
Artist

Country / Market

Period active

Release year of first charted record

Genre

Total certified units(from available markets)[c]

Claimed sales

The Beatles

United Kingdom

1960–1970[10]

1962[10]

Rock / Pop[10]

7002271300000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 271.3 million
US: 212.250 million[11]
JPN: 4.950 million[c][12]
UK: 18.245 million[c][13]
GER: 8 million[c][14]
FRA: 3.890 million[c][15][16]
CAN: 14.455 million[c][17]
AUS: 3.060 million[c][18][19]
ITA: 355,000[c][20]
BRA: 550,000[c][21]
SWE 485,000[c][22]
SPA: 1.250 million[c][23][24]
SWI: 350,000[c][25]
BEL: 265,000[c][26][27]
ARG: 1.606 million[c][28][29]
DEN: 270,000[c][30][31]
AUT: 500,000[c][32]
POL: 175,000[c][33]
NZ: 660,000[c][34][35]

600 million[36][37]500 million[38]

Elvis Presley

United States

1954–1977[39]

1954[39]

Rock and roll / Pop / Country[39]

7002223100000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 223.1 million
US: 199.150 million[11]
JPN: 300,000[c][12]
UK: 13.145 million[c][13]
GER: 1.2 million[c][14]
FRA: 2.590 million[c][15][16]
CAN: 2.925 million[c][17]
AUS: 1.797 million[c][18][40]
ITA: 105,000[c][20]
BRA: 125,000[c][21]
SWE 380,000[c][22]
SPA: 300,000[c][23][41][42]
MEX: 105,000[c][43]
SWI: 185,000[c][25]
BEL: 115,000[c][26][27]
ARG: 110,000[c][28]
DEN: 120,000[c][44][45][46]
AUT: 205,000[c][32]
FIN: 213,945[c][47]
NZ: 117,500[c][34][35]

600 million[48][49]500 million[50]

Michael Jackson

United States

1964–2009[51]

1971[51]

Pop / Rock / Dance / Soul / R&B[51]

7002185300000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 185.3 million
US: 104.5 million[11]
JPN: 4.650 million[c][12][52]
UK: 28.245 million[13]
GER: 11.275 million[14]
FRA: 11.375 million[15][16][53]
CAN: 4.670 million[17]
AUS: 6.670 million[c][18][19][54][55][56]
ITA: 1.170 million[c][20]
BRA: 280,000[c][21]
SWE: 1.230 million[c][22][57]
SPA: 1.995 million[c][23][24][41][42][58]
MEX: 3.670 million[c][43]
SWI: 910,000[c][25]
BEL: 365,000[c][26][27]
ARG: 124,000[c][28][29]
DEN: 1.224 million[c][59][60][61]
AUT: 1.197 million[c][32]
POL: 530,000[c][33]
FIN: 384,127[47]
NZ: 902,500[34][35]

350 million[62][63]300 million[64][65]

Madonna

United States

1979–present[66]

1982[66]

Pop / Dance / Electronica[66]

7002170700000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 170.7 million
US: 85.675 million[11]
JPN: 6.450 million [c][12][52]
UK: 28.845 million[13]
GER: 12.4 million[14]
FRA: 12.81 million[15][16][53]
CAN: 6.030 million[17]
AUS: 4.717 million[c][18][67][68]
ITA: 465,000[c][20]
BRA: 3.440 million[c][21]
SWE: 1.070 million[c][22][57]
SPA: 2.815 million[23][24][41][42][58]
MEX: 510,000[c][43]
SWI: 1.080 million[c][25]
BEL: 690,000[c][26][27]
ARG: 1.098[28][29]
DEN: 407,000[c][59][60][69][70][71][72]
AUT: 602,500[c][32]
POL: 530,000[c][33]
FIN: 652,686[47]
NZ: 417,500[34][35]

300 million[73][74]275 million[75]

Elton John

United Kingdom

1964–present[76]

1969[76]

Pop / Rock[76]

7002169300000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 169.3 million
US: 117.850 million[11]
JPN: 1.1 million [c][12]
UK: 22.595 million[c][13]
GER: 7.9 million[c][14]
FRA: 4.825 million[c][15][16][53]
CAN: 5.975 million[c][17]
AUS: 2.947 million[c][18][77]
BRA: 835,000[c][21]
SWE: 740,000[c][22]
SPA: 1.2 million[c][23][24][42][58]
MEX: 100,000[c][43]
SWI: 1.313 million[c][25]
BEL: 390,000[c][26][27]
ARG: 128,000[28][29]
DEN: 150,000[c][45][60][78]
AUT: 765,000[c][32]
POL: 150,000[c][33]
FIN: 163,481[47]
NZ: 255,000[c][34][35]

300 million[79][80]250 million[81][82]

Led Zeppelin

United Kingdom

1968–1980[83]

1969[83]

Hard rock / Blues rock / Folk rock[83]

7002140000000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 140 million
US: 114.1 million[11]
JPN: 400,000 [c][12]
UK: 9.530 million[c][13]
GER: 3.775 million[c][14]
FRA: 2.310 million[c][15][16][84]
CAN: 4.710 million[17]
AUS: 2.8 million[c][18][85][86]
ITA: 420,000[c][20]
BRA: 820,000[c][21]
SPA: 450,000[c][24][42][58]
SWI: 211,000[c][25]
ARG: 360,000[c][28]
POL: 120,000[c][33]

300 million[87][88]200 million[89][90]

Pink Floyd

United Kingdom

1965–1996, 2014[91][92]

1967[91]

Progressive rock / Psychedelic rock[91]

7002119100000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 119.1 million
US: 78 million[11]
JPN: 100,000[c][93]
UK: 11.520 million[c][13]
GER: 7.5 million[c][14]
FRA: 6.360 million[c][15][16][53]
CAN: 6.790 million[c][17]
AUS: 2.932 million[c][18][19]
ITA: 1.685 million[c][20]
BRA: 540,000[c][21]
SWE: 220,000[c][22][57]
SPA: 625,000[c][23][24][41][58]
SWI: 390,000[c][25]
BEL: 115,000[c][26][27]
ARG: 582,000[c][28][29]
AUT: 460,000[c][32]
POL: 590,000[c][33]
NZ: 787,500[c][34][35]

250 million[94][95]200 million[96]

text: The column for certified sales includes markets, the databases of which contain certifications representing figures of 100,000 and more.

text: 200 million to 249 million records

text:
Rihanna

Eminem

Mariah Carey

Queen

Celine Dion

Whitney Houston

AC/DC

text:
Artist

Country / Market

Period active

Release-year of first charted record

Genre

Total certified units(from available markets)[c]

Claimed sales

Rihanna

BarbadosUnited States

2005–present[97]

2005[97]

R&B / Pop / Dance / Hip-hop[97]

7002252300000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 252.3 million
US: 188.55 million[11]
JPN: 1.4 million[12][52]
UK: 31.1 million[13]
GER: 6.625 million[14]
FRA: 1.465 million[16]
CAN: 3.120 million[17]
AUS: 9.325 million[18]
ITA: 1.550 million[c][20]
BRA: 705,000[21]
SWE: 2.480 million[22][57]
SPA: 1.470 million[23]
MEX: 410,000[43][98]
SWI: 840,000[25]
BEL: 660,000[27]
DEN: 1.127[59][60][61][69][78][99][100][101]
AUT: 135,000[32]
POL: 500,000[33]
IRE: 240,000[102]
NZ: 682,500[34][35]

230 million[103][104]

Eminem

United States

1996–present[105]

1999[105]

Hip-hop[105]

7002214500000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 214.5 million
US: 163.2 million[11]
JPN: 2.9 million [12][52]
UK: 23.225 million[13]
GER: 6.2 million[14]
FRA: 3.288 million[16][84]
CAN: 3.930 million[17]
AUS: 5.807 million[18]
ITA: 665,000[c][20]
BRA: 220,000[21]
SWE: 910,000[22][57]
SPA: 290,000[23][58]
MEX: 365,000[43]
SWI: 805,000[25]
BEL: 505,000[26][27]
DEN: 611,000[c][59][106]>[61]
AUT: 362,500[32]
PL: 250,000[33]
FIN: 124,547[47]
IRE: 285,000[c][102]
NZ: 600,000[34][35]

220 million[107]200 million[108]

Mariah Carey

United States

1988–present[109]

1990[109]

R&B / Pop / Soul / Hip-hop[109]

7002137300000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 137.3 million
US: 92.6 million[11]
JPN: 14.5 million [c][12][52][110]
UK: 10.220 million[13]
GER: 3.750 million[14]
FRA: 4.690 million[15][16][53]
CAN: 4.1 million[17]
AUS: 3.515 million[c][18][111]
ITA: 200,000[c][20]
BRA: 835,000[21]
SWE: 425,000[22]
SPA: 1 million[23][24][42][58]
SWI: 515,000[25]
BEL: 175,000[c][26][27]
DEN: 280,000[61][112]
AUT: 200,000[32]
POL: 100,000[c][33]
NZ: 240,000[c][34]

200 million[113][114]175 million[115][116]

Queen

United Kingdom

1971–present[117]

1973[117]

Rock[117]

7002125700000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 125.7 million
US: 65 million[11]
JPN: 2.850 million[c][12][52][118]
UK: 29.075 million[c][13]
GER: 11.875 million[c][14]
FRA: 4.495 million[c][15][16][53]
CAN: 1.870 million[c][17]
AUS: 2.167 million[c][18][19]
ITA: 505,000[c][20]
BRA: 970,000[c][21]
SWE: 190,000[c][22]
SPA: 1.720 million[c][23][24][41][42]
SWI: 1.256 million[c][25]
BEL: 100,000[c][26][27]
DEN: 205,000[61]
ARG: 1.080 million[c][28][29]
AUT: 900,000[c][32]
POL: 810,000[c][33]
FIN: 366,152[47]
NZ: 275,000[c][34][35]

200 million[119]170 million[120]

Celine Dion

Canada

1981–present[121]

1981[121]

Pop[121]

7002125100000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 125.1 million
US: 56.550 million[11]
JPN: 7.150 million[c][12][122][123]
UK: 13.555 million[13]
GER: 8 million[14]
FRA: 15.768 million[15][16][53][84]
CAN: 12.245 million[17]
AUS: 3.302 million[c][18][19]
BRA: 505,000[c][21]
SWE: 1.105 million[c][22]
SPA: 1 million[42][58]
SWI: 1.685 million[c][25]
BEL: 1.885 million[c][26][27]
ARG: 340,000[28]
DEN: 370,000[c][45][124][125][126]
AUT: 440,000[c][32]
POL: 680,000[c][33]
FIN: 356,183[47]
NZ: 192,500[34][35]

200 million[127][128]175 million[129][130]

Whitney Houston

United States

1977–2012[131]

1984[131]

R&B / Soul / Pop[131]

7002114900000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 114.9 million
US: 76.775 million[11]
JPN: 4.3 million[c][12][132]
UK: 15.205 million[13]
GER: 5.6 million[c][14]
FRA: 2.275 million[15][16][53]
CAN: 3.430 million[17]
AUS: 1.755 million[c][18][19][133]
ITA: 140,000[c][20]
BRA: 1.025[c][21]
SWE: 1.035 million[c][22]
SPA: 1.260 million[23][24][41][42]
SWI: 845,000[c][25]
BEL: 215,000[c][26][27]
DEN: 140,000[60][61]
AUT: 535,000[c][32]
POL: 180,000[c][33]
FIN: 247,222[47]

200 million[134][135]170 million[136][137]

AC/DC

Australia

1973–present[138]

1975[138]

Hard rock / Blues rock / Rock and roll[138]

7002113800000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 113.8 million
US: 79.7 million[11]
UK: 4.6 million[13]
GER: 10.3 million[c][14]
FRA: 4.180 million[15][16]
CAN: 2.490 million[c][17]
AUS: 7.540 million[c][18]
ITA: 775,000[c][20]
SWE: 350,000[c][22][57]
SPA: 1.355 million[c][23][24][41][42][58]
SWI: 894,000[c][25]
BEL: 100,000[c][27]
ARG: 594,000[c][28][29]
DEN: 130,000[60][61][139]
AUT: 380,000[c][32]
FIN: 321,169[47]
NZ: 140,000[c][34][35]

200 million[140][141]150 million[142][143]

The Rolling Stones

United Kingdom

1962–present[144]

1963[144]

Rock / Blues rock [144]

7001978000000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 97.8 million
US: 74.750 million[11]
JPN: 950,000[c][12]
UK: 8.970 million[c][13]
GER: 3.3 million[c][14]
FRA: 3.377 million[c][15][16][53]
AUS: 417,500[c][18]
CAN: 3.025 million[c][17]
ITA: 205,000[c][20]
BRA: 100,000[c][21]
SWE: 310,000[c][22]
SPA: 690,000[c][23][24][41][42][58]
SWI: 238,000[c][25]
BEL: 120,000[c][26][27]
ARG: 718,000[c][28][29]
AUT: 300,000[c][32]
POL: 140,000[c][33]
NZ: 190,000[c][34][35]

200 million[145][146]

ABBA

Sweden

1972–1982[147]

1972[147]

Pop / Disco[147]

7001609000000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 60.9 million
US: 12.7 million[11]
JPN: 1.5 million[c][52][148][149]
UK: 19.170 million[c][13]
GER: 10.450 million[c][14]
FRA: 2.750 million[c][15][16][53]
CAN: 2.785 million[c][17]
AUS: 6.127 million[c][18][150]
BRA: 275,000[c][21][57]
SWE: 800,000[c][22]
SPA: 1.005 million[c][23][41]
MEX: 260,000[c][43]
SWI: 600,000[c][25]
BEL: 380,000[c][26][27]
ARG: 238,000[c][28][29]
DEN: 600,000[c][151][152][153]
AUT: 175,000[c][32]
POL: 150,000[c][33]
FIN: 656,319[47]
NZ: 297,500[c][35][154][155]

200 million[156][157]100 million[158]

text: 120 million to 199 million records

text:
Taylor Swift

Garth Brooks

Justin Bieber

Eagles

Bruno Mars

Kanye West

U2

text:
Artist

Country / Market

Period active

Release-year of first charted record

Genre

Total certified units(from available markets)[c]

Claimed sales

Taylor Swift

United States

2006–present[159]

2006[159]

Country / Country pop / Pop / Pop-rock[159]

7002184500000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 184.5 million
US: 159 million[11]
JPN: 2.950 million[12][52]
UK: 8.9 million[13]
GER: 1.050[14]
FRA: 300,000[16]
CAN: 4.700 million[17]
AUS: 5.530 million[18]
ITA: 285,000[c][20]
BRA: 440,000[21]
SWE: 280,000[57]
MEX: 510,000[43][98][160]
DEN: 140,000>[61]
AUT: 100,000[32]
NZ: 375,000[34][35]

175 million[161]

Garth Brooks

United States

1989–present[162]

1989[162]

Country[162]

7002156100000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 156.1 million
US: 149.4 million[11]
UK: 520,000[13]
CAN: 5.730 million[17]
AUS: 350,000[c][18][163]
IRE: 120,000[c][102]

160 million[164]

Eagles

United States

1971–1980, 1994–present[165]

1972[165]

Rock[165]

7002129600000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 129.6 million
US: 108.9 million[11]
JPN: 600,000[c][12]
UK:  8.035 million[c][13]
GER: 925,000[c][14]
FRA: 2.040 million[c][15][16][53]
CAN: 4.2 million[c][17]
AUS: 3.395 million[c][18][166]
SWE: 140,000[c][22]
SPA: 500,000[c][23][24]
SWI: 290,000[c][25]
DEN: 185,000[c][60]>[61]
FIN: 124,749[47]
NZ: 352,500[c][34][35]

150 million[167]

U2

Ireland

1976–present[168]

1980[168]

Rock[168]

7002107100000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 107.1 million
US: 53.1 million[11]
JPN: 1.450 million[c][12]
UK: 18.720 million[13]
GER: 5.125 million[14]
FRA: 5.125 million[15][16]
CAN: 7.155 million[17]
AUS: 4.412 million[c][18][19][169]
ITA: 855,000[c][20]
BRA: 2.675 million[c][21]
SWE: 515,000[c][22]
SPA: 2.295 million[23][24][41][42][58]
MEX: 835,000[c][43]
SWI: 696,000[c][25]
BEL: 750,000[c][26][27]
ARG: 806,000[28][29]
DEN: 473,000[c][59][60][61][78][170]
AUT: 522,500[c][32]
POL: 370,000[c][33]
FIN: 235,460[47]
IRE: 316,000[c][102]
NZ: 765,000[34][35]

150 million[171]

Billy Joel

United States

1964–present[172]

1971[172]

Pop / Rock[172]

7002102600000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 102.6 million
US: 87.950 million[11]
JPN: 2 million[c][12][173]
UK: 5.655 million[c][13]
GER: 1.250 million[c][14]
FRA: 925,000[c][15][16][53]
CAN: 3.275 million[c][17]
AUS: 1.267[c][18][19]
AUT: 125,000[c][32]
NZ: 162,500[c][34]

150 million[174]

Phil Collins

United Kingdom

1980–2011, 2015–present[175]

1981[175]

Rock / Progressive rock / Adult contemporary[175]

7001884000000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 88.4 million
US: 39.850 million[11]
JPN: 800,000[c][12]
UK: 15.850 million[13]
GER: 13.8 million[14]
FRA: 6.410 million[15][16][53]
CAN: 3.375 million[17]
AUS: 1.522[c][18][19]
BRA: 1.370 million[c][21]
SWE: 245,000[c][22]
SPA: 2.150 million[23][24][42][58]
SWI: 973,000[c][25]
BEL: 305,000[c][26][27]
ARG: 1.044 million[28][29]
AUT: 440,000[c][32]
FIN: 182,581[47]
NZ: 122,500[34][35]

150 million[176]

Aerosmith

United States

1970–present[177]

1973[177]

Hard rock[177]

7001847000000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 84.7 million
US: 70.250 million[11]
JPN: 2.7 million[c][12][52]
UK: 3.230 million[13]
GER: 2 million[c][14]
FRA: 225,000[15][16][53]
CAN: 3.950 million[c][17]
AUS: 225,000[c][18][178]
ITA: 100,000[c][20]
BRA: 600,000[c][21]
SWE: 260,000[c][22]
SPA: 200,000[c][23][42]
MEX: 230,000[c][43]
SWI: 145,000[c][25]
ARG: 338,000[c][28][29]
AUT: 125,000[c][32]
POL: 100,000[c][33]
FIN: 101,722[47]

150 million[179]

Frank Sinatra

United States

1935–1995[180]

1939[180]

Pop / Swing[180]

7001375000000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 37.5 million
US: 28.2 million[c][11]
UK: 5.645 million[c][13]
GER: 1 million[c][14]
FRA: 600,000[c][15]
CAN: 650,000[c][17]
AUS: 315,000[c][18][181]
BRA: 350,000[c][21]
SWE: 130,000[c][22]
SPA: 500,000[c][24][42][58]
ARG: 188,000[c][28][29]

150 million[182]

Barbra Streisand

United States

1960–present[183]

1963[183]

Pop / Adult contemporary[183]

7001975000000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 97.5 million
US: 82.450 million[11]
UK: 5.765 million[c][13]
GER: 750,000[c][14]
FRA: 3.150 million[c][15][16][53]
CAN: 2.650 million[c][17]
AUS: 2.152 million[c][18]
SWE: 120,000[22][57]
SPA: 150,000[c][58]
FIN: 186,501[c][47]
NZ: 137,500[c][34]

145 million[184]

Justin Bieber

CanadaUnited States

2008–present[185]

2009[185]

Pop / Teen pop, Dance pop[185]

7002146600000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 146.6 million
US: 100.5 million[11]
JPN: 750,000 [12][52]
UK:  17.885 million[13]
GER: 3.6 million[14]
FRA: 1.098[16]
CAN: 5.7 million[17]
AUS: 4.725 million[18]
ITA: 1.845 million[20]
BRA: 810,000[21]
SWE: 2.020 million[22][57]
SPA: 880,000[23]
MEX: 2.970 million[43][98]
BEL: 450,000[27]
DEN: 2.250 million[61]
POL: 370,000[33]
AUT: 140,000[32]
NZ: 615,000[34]

140 million[186]

Bruno Mars

United States

2004–present[187]

2010[187]

Pop rock / R&B[187]

7002125500000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 125.5 million
US: 89.5 million[11]
JPN: 1.2 million[12][52]
UK: 14.5 million[13]
GER: 3.4 million[14]
FRA: 1.950 million[16]
CAN: 5.240 million[17]
AUS: 5.110 million[18]
ITA: 710,000[c][20]
SWE: 440,000[22][57]
SPA: 490,000[23]
MEX: 810,000[43][160]
SWI: 405,000[25]
BEL: 360,000[27]
DEN: 375,000[c][61][188]
AUT: 180,000[32]
NZ: 577,500[34]
PHL: 330,000[189]

130 million[190]

Kanye West

United States

1996–present[191]

2004[191]

Hip-hop / Electronic / Pop rock[191]

7002109000000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 109 million
US: 93.750 million[11]
JPN: 100,000[192]
UK: 10.880 million[13]
GER: 300,000[14]
CAN: 1.180 million[17]
AUS: 2.135 million[18]
ITA: 160,000[c][20]
SWE: 160,000[57]
DEN: 424,000[60][61][69][193]

121 million[194]

Bruce Springsteen

United States

1972–present[195]

1973[195]

Rock[195]

7002101500000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 101.5 million
US: 76.150 million[11]
JPN: 400,000[c][12]
UK: 7.145 million[13]
GER: 4.325 million[c][14]
FRA: 1.887 million[15][16][53]
CAN: 3.2 million[c][17]
AUS: 3.362 million[c][18]
ITA: 575,000[c][20]
BRA: 100,000[c][21]
SWE: 810,000[c][22][57]
SPA: 1.730 million[c][23][24][41][42][58]
SWI: 400,000[c][25]
DEN: 155,000[c][59][61][69][196]
AUT: 290,000[c][32]
FIN: 449,800[47]
IRE: 189,500[c][102]
NZ: 375,000[34][35]

120 million[197]

Bee Gees

United Kingdom Australia[198][199]

1963–20032009–2012[200]

1963[200]

Pop / Disco[200]

7001684000000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 68.4 million
US: 42.5 million[11]
JPN: 300,000[c][12][201][202]
UK: 9.125 million[c][13]
GER: 6.675 million[c][14]
FRA: 3.4 million[c][15][16][53]
CAN: 3.215 million[c][17]
AUS: 1.187 million[c][18]
BRA: 350,000[c][21]
SPA: 450,000[c][24][41][58]
SWI: 415,000[c][25]
ARG: 188,000[c][28][29]
AUT: 125,000[c][32]
POL: 100,000[c][33]
NZ: 380,000[c][34][35]

120 million[203]

text: 100 million to 119 million records

text:
Katy Perry

Adele

Lady Gaga

Jay-Z

Metallica

Lil Wayne

B'z

text:
Artist

Country / Market

Period active

Release-year of first charted record

Genre

Total certified units(from available markets)[c]

Claimed sales

Lady Gaga

United States

2005–present[204]

2008[204]

Pop / Dance / Electronic[204]

7002100900000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 100.9 million
US: 69.5 million[11]
JPN: 5.4 million[12][52]
UK: 11.585 million[13]
GER: 2.9 million[14]
FRA: 1.647 million[16]
CAN: 2.4 million[17]
AUS: 2.890 million[18]
ITA: 840,000[c][20]
BRA: 470,000[21]
SWE: 680,000[22][57]
SPA: 410,000[23]
MEX: 420,000[43][98][160]
SWI: 445,000[25]
BEL: 270,000[27]
DEN: 340,000[60][61][101]
AUT: 182,500[32]
POL: 130,000[33]
IRE: 165,000[102]
NZ: 277,500[34][35]

114 million[205]

Metallica

United States

1981–present[206]

1983[206]

Heavy metal / Thrash metal[206]

7001948000000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 94.8 million
US: 73.3 million[11]
JPN: 900,000[c][12]
UK: 3.535 million[13]
GER: 3.525 million[14]
FRA: 940,000[15][16]
CAN: 3.885 million[17]
AUS: 2.637 million[c][18][19][207]
ITA: 180,000[c][20]
BRA: 380,000[c][21]
SWE: 675,000[c][22]
SPA: 420,000[23][42][58]
MEX: 430,000[c][43][98]
SWI: 560,000[c][25]
BEL: 335,000[c][26][27]
DEN: 180,000[61][60]
ARG: 874,000[28][29]
AUT: 340,000[c][32]
POL: 735,000[c][33]
FIN: 530,676[47]
NZ: 315,000[34][35]

110 million[208]

Katy Perry

United States

2001–present[209]

2008[209]

Pop[209]

7002136600000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 136.6 million
US: 104 million[11]
JPN: 400,000[12][52]
UK: 13.010 million[13]
GER: 2.900 million[14]
FRA: 867,000[16]
CAN: 6.160 million[17]
AUS: 5.125 million[18]
ITA: 780,000[c][20]
BRA: 625,000[21]
SWE: 600,000[22][57]
SPA: 180,000[23]
MEX: 900,000[43][98]
SWI: 160,000[25]
BEL: 135,000[27]
DEN: 235,000[59][61]
AUT: 247,500[32]
NZ: 360,000[34][35]

100 million[210]

Adele

United Kingdom

2006–present[211]

2008[211]

Pop, soul[211]

7002105200000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 105.2 million
US: 61 million[11]
JPN: 100,000[12]
UK: 20.850 million[13]
GER: 4.7 million[14]
CAN: 6.120 million[17]
AUS: 3.955 million[18]
ITA: 1.570 million[c][20]
BRA: 1.310 million[21]
SWE: 240,000[22][57]
SPA: 800,000[23]
MEX: 1.490 million[43]
SWI: 510,000[25]
BEL: 795,000[27]
DEN: 812,500[59][61]
POL: 300,000[c][33]
FIN: 151,639[47]
NZ: 577,500[34]

100 million[212]

Jay-Z

United States

1996–present[213]

1996[213]

Hip-hop[213]

7002100100000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 100.1 million
US: 84.7 million[11]
JPN: 1.050 million[52]
UK:  9.320 million[13]
GER: 1.550 million[14]
FRA: 400,000[16]
CAN: 1.6 million[17]
AUS: 1.260[18]
ITA: 180,000[c][20]
SWE: 130,000[22][57]

100 million[214]

Lil Wayne

United States

1996–present[215]

1999[215]

Hip-hop[215]

7001910000000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 91 million
US: 87.7 million[11]
UK:  2.460 million[13]
CAN: 280,000[17]
AUS: 630,000[18]

100 million[216]

B'z

Japan

1988–present[217]

1988[217]

Rock / Pop rock / Hard rock[217]

7001857000000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 85.7 million
JPN: 85.75 million[c][12][52][110]

100 million[218]

Bon Jovi

United States

1983–present[219]

1983[219]

Hard rock / Glam metal[219]

7001841009999900000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 84.1 million
US: 49.9 million[11]
JPN: 4.400 million[c][12][52]
UK: 9.490 million[13]
GER: 5.650 million[14]
FRA: 825,000[15][16][53]
CAN: 4.735 million[17]
AUS: 3.030 million[c][18][220][221]
ITA: 135,000[c][20]
BRA: 435,000[c][21]
SWE: 365,000[c][22][57]
SPA: 1.620 million[23][24][41][42][58]
MEX: 250,000[c][43]
SWI: 1.275 million[c][25]
AUT: 725,000[c][32]
BEL: 165,000[c][26][27]
ARG: 358,000[28][29]
POL: 110,000[c][33]
FIN: 422,500[47]
NZ: 210,000[34][35]

100 million[222]

Linkin Park

United States

1996–present[223]

2000[223]

Alternative rock / Nu metal / Rap rock[223]

7001828000000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 82.8 million
US: 61.6 million[11]
JPN: 1.550 million[12][52]
UK: 6.605 million[13]
GER: 5.850 million[14]
FRA: 1.025[16]
CAN: 1.330 million[17]
AUS: 1.485 million[18]
ITA: 615,000[c][20]
BRA: 595,000[21]
SWE: 165,000[22][57]
SPA: 175,000[23]
MEX: 225,000[43]
SWI: 435,000[25]
BEL: 140,000[27]
DEN: 175,000[59][61]
AUT: 252,500[32]
POL: 220,000[33]
FIN: 120,469[47]
NZ: 252,500[34][35]

100 million[224]

Beyoncé

United States

1997–present[225]

2002[225][226]

R&B / Pop[225]

7001814000000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 81.4 million
US: 56.150 million[11]
JPN: 1.7 million [12][52]
UK: 14.345 million[13]
GER: 1.550 million[14]
FRA: 560,000[16][84]
CAN: 1.395 million[17]
AUS: 2.975 million[18]
ITA: 260,000[c][20]
BRA: 390,000[21]
SWE: 120,000[22][57]
SPA: 1.030 million[c][23][227]
MEX: 110,000[43]
SWI: 165,000[25]
BEL: 115,000[27]
DEN: 312,500[60][61][69][101][228][229]
POL: 100,000[33]
NZ: 210,000[34][35]

100 million[230]

Britney Spears

United States

1998–present[231]

1998[231]

Pop / Dance / Dance-pop[231]

7001811009999900000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 81.1 million
US: 46.2 million[11]
JPN: 2.1 million[12][132]
UK: 10.350 million[13]
GER: 5.350 million[14]
FRA: 3.732 million[15][16][53]
CAN: 3.680 million[17]
AUS: 3.165 million[18]
ITA: 200,000[c][20]
BRA: 380,000[21]
SWE: 1.010 million[22][57]
SPA: 990,000[23][42][58]
MEX: 1.175 million[c][43]
SWI: 485,000[25]
AUT: 365,000[32]
BEL: 935,000[26][27]
ARG: 248,000[28][29]
DEN: 187,500[c][59][60][232][233]
POL: 210,000[33]
FIN: 143,627[47]
NZ: 240,000[34][35]

100 million[234]

Coldplay

United Kingdom

1996–present[235]

1999[235]

Alternative rock, Pop rock, Pop[235]

7001815000000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 81.5 million
US: 30.6 million[11]
JPN: 750,000[12][52]
UK: 25.185 million[13]
GER: 4.350 million[14]
FRA: 3.013[16]
CAN: 3.525 million[17]
AUS: 3.725 million[18]
ITA: 2.735 million[c][20]
BRA: 340,000[21]
SWE: 750,000[22][57]
SPA: 1.030 million[23]
MEX: 1.890 million[43][98]
SWI: 510,000[25]
BEL: 765,000[27]
ARG: 528,000[28][29]
DEN: 804,000[59][61]
AUT: 197,500[32]
POL: 240,000[c][33]
IRE: 210,000[c][102]
NZ: 345,000[34]

100 million[236]

Rod Stewart

United Kingdom

1964–present[237]

1969[237]

Rock / Pop[237]

7001781009999900000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 78.1 million
US: 43.650 million[11]
JPN: 450,000[c][12]
UK: 18.630 million[c][13]
GER: 3.8 million[c][14]
FRA: 1.8 million[c][15][16][53]
CAN: 4.055 million[c][17]
AUS: 2.610 million[c][18][19]
BRA: 980,000[c][21]
SWE: 440,000[c][22]
SPA: 290,000[c][23][24][41]
SWI: 100,000[c][25]
ARG: 524,000[c][28][29]
AUT: 100,000[c][32]
POL: 220,000[c][33]
IRE: 195,000[c][102]
NZ: 280,000[c][34][35]

100 million[238]

Fleetwood Mac

United Kingdom United States

1967–present[239]

1968[239]

Rock / Pop[239]

7001767000000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 76.7 million
US: 51.250 million[11]
UK: 14.185 million[c][13]
GER: 3.5 million[c][14]
FRA: 800,000[c][15][16]
AUS: 2.767 million[c][18][19]
CAN: 2.950 million[c][17]
SPA: 300,000[c][42][58]
SWI: 100,000[c][25]
BEL: 100,000[c][27]
NZ: 572,500[c][35][240][241]

100 million[242]

Guns N' Roses

United States

1985–present[243]

1987[243]

Hard rock / Heavy metal[243]

7001745000000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 74.5 million
US: 48.5 million[11]
JPN: 1.7 million[c][12]
UK: 6.350 million[13]
GER: 4.1 million[14]
FRA: 1 million[16]
CAN: 3.520 million[17]
AUS: 2.410[c][18][19][166]
ITA: 685,000[c][20]
BRA: 1.9 million[c][21]
SWE: 485,000[22]
SPA: 450,000[23][24][41]
MEX: 760,000[c][43]
SWI: 365,000[c][25]
BEL: 165,000[c][26][27]
ARG: 1.248 million[c][28][29]
AUT: 365,000[32]
POL: 160,000[c][33]
IRE: 105,000[c][102]
NZ: 270,000[34][35]

100 million[244]

George Strait

United States

1981–present[245]

1984[245]

Country[245]

7001728000000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 72.8 million
US: 72.150 million[11]
CAN: 705,000[17]

100 million[246]

Backstreet Boys

United States

1993–present[247]

1995[247]

Pop[247]

7001720000000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 72 million
US: 41.5 million[11]
JPN: 5.4 million[12][52][248]
UK: 4.875 million[13]
GER: 7 million[14]
FRA: 325,000[15][16]
CAN: 3.430 million[17]
AUS: 1.4 million[c][18]
BRA: 1.625 million[21]
SWE: 655,000[22]
SPA: 1.850 million[42][58]
MEX: 1.475 million[c][43]
SWI: 415,000[25]
BEL: 425,000[c][26][27]
ARG: 740,000[28]
AUT: 325,000[32]
POL: 300,000[33]
FIN: 171,390[47]
NZ: 132,500[34]

100 million[249]

Neil Diamond

United States

1966–present[250]

1966[250]

Pop / Rock[250]

7001686009999900000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 68.6 million
US: 55.9 million[11]
UK:  7.330 million[c][13]
GER: 1 million[c][14]
FRA: 400,000[c][15]
CAN: 1.725 million[c][17]
AUS: 2.085 million[c][18][251]
SPA: 100,000[c][41]
NZ: 127,500[c][34][35]

100 million[252]

Santana

United States

1966–present[253]

1969[253]

Rock[253]

7001645999999900000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 64.6 million
US: 50.295 million[11]
JPN: 400,000[c][12]
UK: 2.980 million[c][13]
GER: 2.4 million[c][14]
FRA: 3.510 million[c][15][16][53]
CAN: 1.660 million[c][17]
AUS: 855,000[c][18]
BRA: 375,000[c][21]
SWE: 125,000[c][22]
SPA: 450,000[c][42][58]
MEX: 405,000[c][43]
SWI: 375,000[c][25]
BEL: 190,000[c][26][27]
ARG: 158,000[c][28][29]
AUT: 145,000[c][32]
POL: 205,000[c][33]
NZ: 135,000[c][34][35]

100 million[254]

Prince

United States

1976–2016[255]

1978[255]

Funk / R&B / Pop / Soul / Rock[255]

7001642000000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 64.2 million
US: 48.950 million[11]
JPN: 300,000[c][12]
UK: 7.045 million[13]
GER: 2.4 million[14]
FRA: 2.110 million[15][16]
CAN: 1 million[17]
AUS: 1.120[c][18][19]
SWE: 100,000[22]
SPA: 700,000[c][24][41][42][58]
SWI: 250,000[c][25]
AUT: 125,000[c][32]
NZ: 177,500[c][34]

100 million[256]

Kenny Rogers

United States

1958–present[257]

1975[257]

Country / Pop[257]

7001601000000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 61.4 million
US: 54.050 million[11]
JPN: 100,000[c][258]
UK: 2.520 million[13]
CAN: 4.6 million[17]
AUS: 100,000[c][259][260]
SPA: 100,000[c][41]

100 million[261]

Paul McCartney

United Kingdom

1960–present[262]

1970[262]

Rock[262]

7001606000000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 60.6 million
US: 41.450 million[11]
JPN: 500,000[c][12]
UK: 12.425 million[c][13]
GER: 1.525 million[c][14]
FRA: 1.305 million[c][15][16][53]
CAN: 1.955 million[c][17]
AUS: 465,000[c][18][19]
SWE: 210,000[c][57][263]
SPA: 640,000[c][24][41]
DEN: 210,000[c][60][264]

100 million[265]

Simon & Garfunkel

United States

1956–present[266]

1964[266]

Folk rock[266]

7001589000000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 58.9 million
US: 42.6 million[11]
JPN: 700,000[c][12]
UK: 6.620 million[c][13]
GER: 2.325 million[c][14]
FRA: 3.9 million[c][15]
CAN: 1.425 million[c][17]
AUS: 390,000[c][18][19]
ITA: 100,000[c][20]
SWE: 150,000[c][22]
SWI: 450,000[c][25]
AUT: 100,000[c][32]
FIN: 163,350[c][47]

100 million[267]

Janet Jackson

United States

1982–present[268]

1982[268]

R&B / Pop[268]

7001521000000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 52.1 million
US: 39.750 million[11]
JPN: 1.6 million [c][12]
UK: 4.760 million[13]
GER: 1.4 million[14]
FRA: 1.475 million[15][16][53]
CAN: 1.460 million[17]
AUS: 1.155[c][18][19]
SWE: 105,000[c][22]
SPA: 150,000[42][58]
SWI: 170,000[c][25]
BEL: 125,000[c][26]

100 million[269]

Julio Iglesias

Spain

1968–present[270]

1968[270]

Latin[270]

7001510000000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 51 million
US: 11 million[11]
JPN: 800,000[c][271]
UK: 1.620 million[c][13][271]
GER: 250,000[c][14]
FRA: 6.1 million[15][16][53][271]
CAN: 1.5 million[17]
AUS: 505,000[c][18][271]
ITA: 400,000[c][20][271]
NLD:950,000[c][271]
BRA: 12.475 million[c][21][271]
SWE: 290,000[c][22][271]
SPA: 8.7 million[c][23][24][41][42][58][271]
MEX: 2.975 million[c][43][271]
BEL: 125,000[c][271]
ARG: 3.220 million[c][28][271]
FIN: 131,636[c][47]

100 million[272]

Chicago

United States

1967–present[273]

1969[273]

Rock / Pop[273]

7001483000000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 48.3 million
US: 44.150 million[11]
JPN: 400,000[c][12][274]
UK: 1.490 million[c][13]
GER: 250,000[c][14]
FRA: 100,000[c][15]
CAN: 1.865 million[17]
SPA: 100,000[c][24]

100 million[275]

Bob Dylan

United States

1959–present[276]

1963[276]

Folk / Rock[276]

7001453000000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 45.3 million
US: 35.6 million[11]
UK: 6.025 million[c][13]
GER: 625,000[c][14]
FRA: 800,000[c][15][16]
CAN: 1.5 million[c][17]
AUS: 480,000[c][18]
SWI: 175,000[c][25]
NZ: 105,000[c][34]

100 million[277]

Dire Straits

United Kingdom

1977–1995[278]

1978[278]

Rock [278]

7001454000000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 45.4 million
US: 15.5 million[11]
UK: 11.8 million[13]
GER: 3.750 million[14]
FRA: 5.3 million[15][16]
CAN: 2.575 million[17]
AUS: 2.190 million[c][18][19]
ITA: 385,000[c][20]
BRA: 175,000[c][21]
SWE: 360,000[c][22]
SPA: 1.380 million[c][23][24][41][42]
SWI: 1 million[c][25]
BEL: 100,000[c][26][27]
AUT: 300,000[c][32]
FIN: 471,530[47]
NZ: 155,000[c][35]

100 million[279]

Def Leppard

United Kingdom

1977–present[280]

1979[280]

Hard rock / Heavy metal[280]

7001418009999900000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 41.8 million
US: 35.650 million[11]
JPN: 300,000[c][12]
UK: 1.960 million[13]
FRA: 200,000[15]
CAN: 2.995 million[17]
AUS: 385,000[19][281]
SWE: 150,000[c][22]
MEX: 200,000[c][43]
SWI: 125,000[c][25]

100 million[282]

Cher

United States

1964–present[283]

1965[283]

Pop / Rock / Dance / Folk[283]

7001410000000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 41 million
US: 21.9 million[11]
JPN: 100,000[c][12]
UK: 6.510 million[c][13]
GER: 4.175 million[c][14]
FRA: 1.525 million[c][16][53]
CAN: 1.340 million[c][17]
AUS: 1.530 million[c][18][284]
ITA: 300,000[c][285]
NLD: 375,000[c][286][287][288]
BRA: 125,000[c][21]
SWE: 850,000[c][22][57]
SPA: 600,000[c][42][58][285]
MEX: 200,000[c][43]
SWI: 295,000[c][25]
BEL: 275,000[c][26]
ARG: 106,000[c][28][271]
DEN: 300,000[c][285][289]
AUT: 250,000[c][32]
POL: 100,000[c][33]
NZ: 150,000[34][290]

100 million[291]

Genesis

United Kingdom

1967–19992006–present[292]

1969[292]

Progressive rock / Pop rock[292]

7001399000000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 39.9 million
US: 21.650 million[11]
JPN: 100,000[c][12]
UK: 7.325 million[c][13]
GER: 5.875 million[c][14]
FRA: 3.460 million[c][15][16]
CAN: 805,000[c][17]
SWE: 100,000[c][22]
SPA: 250,000[c][23][24][41]
SWI: 400,000[c][25]

100 million[293]

Olivia Newton-John

Australia

1966–present[294]

1966[294]

Pop[294]

7001357000000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 35.7 million
US: 27 million[11]
JPN: 100,000[c][12]
UK: 3.950 million[c][13]
GER: 250,000[c][14]
FRA: 1 million[53]
CAN: 3.025 million[c][17]
AUS: 450,000[c][18][19][295]

100 million[296]

James Taylor

United States

1968–present[297]

1970[297]

Rock / Pop[297]

7001355000000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 35.5 million
US: 34.650 million[11]
UK: 655,000[c][13]
CAN: 100,000[c][17]
AUS: 100,000[c][18]

100 million[298]

Stevie Wonder

United States

1961–present[299]

1962[299]

Funk / R&B / Soul[299]

7001346000000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 34.6 million
US: 21.650 million[11]
JPN: 1.050 million[c][12]
UK: 8.285 million[c][13]
GER: 500,000[c][14]
FRA: 1.4 million[c][15][53]
CAN: 1.550 million[17]
SPA: 250,000[c][41]

100 million[300]

David Bowie

United Kingdom

1962–2016[301]

1967[301]

Art rock / Glam rock / Pop[301]

7001333009999900000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 33.3 million
US: 13.7 million[11]
JPN: 200,000[c][12]
UK: 12.895 million[c][13]
GER: 525,000[c][14]
FRA: 2.380 million[c][15][16][53]
CAN: 2.315 million[c][17]
AUS: 635,000[c][18][77]
ITA: 345,000[c][20]
SPA: 170,000[c][23][24][41]
NZ: 142,500[c][34]

100 million[302]

Tina Turner

United States

1955–present[303]

1975[303]

Rock / Pop[303]

7001328009999900000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 32.8 million
US: 12.7 million[11]
UK: 8.145 million[13]
GER: 6.050 million[14]
FRA: 1.135 million[15][16][53]
CAN: 1.560 million[17]
AUS: 480,000[c][18][19]
SWE: 330,000[c][22]
SPA: 700,000[c][23][24][41][42]
SWI: 565,000[c][25]
BEL: 190,000[c][26][27]
AUT: 630,000[c][32]
POL: 120,000[c][33]
FIN: 241,954[47]

100 million[304]

Linda Ronstadt

United States

1967–present[305]

1968[305]

Rock / Folk / Country[305]

7001325000000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 32.5 million
US: 31.5 million[11]
UK: 435,000[c][13]
FRA: 100,000[c][15]
CAN: 500,000[c][17]

100 million[306]

Donna Summer

United States

1968–2012[307]

1974[307]

Pop / Disco / R&B[307]

7001308000000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 30.8 million
US: 24.5 million[11]
UK: 3.735 million[c][13]
FRA: 900,000[c][15][16]
CAN: 1.550 million[c][17]
BRA: 100,000[c][21]
SPA: 100,000[c][42]

100 million[308]

The Beach Boys

United States

1961–present[309]

1962[309]

Rock / Pop / Surf Rock[309]

7001305000000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 30.5 million
US: 25.6 million[11]
UK: 3.410 million[c][13]
GER: 250,000[c][14]
FRA: 400,000[c][15][16][53]
CAN: 100,000[c][17]
AUS: 492,500[c][18][19]
SPA: 250,000[c][41][42]

100 million[310]

The Who

United Kingdom

1964–present[311]

1965[311]

Rock / Hard rock[311]

7001271000000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 27.1 million
US: 22.150 million[11]
UK: 4.105 million[c][13]
FRA: 300,000[c][15]
CAN: 425,000[c][17]
ITA: 125,000[c][20]

100 million[312]

Barry White

United States

1972–2003[313]

1973[313]

R&B / Soul[313]

7001217000000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 21.7 million
US: 16.5 million[11]
UK: 3.665 million[c][13]
FRA: 1.1 million[c][15][16]
CAN: 150,000[c][17]
SPA: 200,000[c][58]
BEL: 150,000[c][27]

100 million[314]

text: 80 million to 99 million records

text:
Chris Brown

Nicki Minaj

Shania Twain

Flo Rida

Pink

Justin Timberlake

Van Halen

text:
Artist

Country / Market

Period active

Release-year of first charted record

Genre

Total certified units(from available markets)[c]

Claimed sales

Shania Twain

Canada

1993–present[315]

1993[315]

Country pop[315]

7001759000000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 75.9 million
US: 54.5 million[11]
JPN: 300,000[12]
UK: 6.795 million[13]
GER: 1.750 million[14]
FRA: 975,000[16][53]
CAN: 6.880 million[17]
AUS: 2.360 million[c][18]
BRA: 475,000[21]
SWE: 330,000[22]
SPA: 100,000[58]
MEX: 100,000[c][43]
SWI: 310,000[25]
BEL: 250,000[c][26][27]
ARG: 120,000[28]
DEN: 210,000[c][59][61]
AUT: 115,000[32]
NZ: 402,500[34][35]

90 million[316]

Pink

United States

1995–present[317]

2000[317]

Pop, Pop rock, R&B[317]

7001685000000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 68.5 million
US: 32.225 million[11]
JPN: 400,000[12]
UK: 13.375 million[13]
GER: 5.725 million[14]
FRA: 1.198 million[16][53]
CAN: 4.130 million[17]
AUS: 8.225 million[18]
ITA: 425,000[c][20]
SWE: 530,000[22]
MEX: 360,000[43]
SWI: 545,000[25]
BEL: 235,000[27]
DEN: 281,500[59][61]
AUT: 417,500[32]
NZ: 450,000[34][35]

90 million[318]

The Carpenters

United States

1969–1983[319]

1969[319]

Pop[319]

7001460000000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 46 million
US: 34.6 million[11]
JPN: 2.9 million[c][12][123][320]
UK: 7.950 million[c][13]
GER: 250,000[c][14]
CAN: 275,000[c][17]
BRA: 100,000[c][21]

90 million[321]

Lionel Richie

United States

1968–present[322]

1981[322]

Pop / R&B[322]

7001404000000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 40.4 million
US: 28.650 million[11]
UK: 6.355 million[c][13]
GER: 1.050 million[c][14]
FRA: 1.4 million[c][15][16]
CAN: 2.380 million[c][17]
AUS: 260,000[c][18][323]
BRA: 100,000[c][21]
SPA: 150,000[24][41]
SWI: 145,000[c][25]

90 million[324]

Earth, Wind & Fire

United States

1969–present[325]

1971[325]

Funk / R&B / Soul[325]

7001358009999900000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 35.8 million
US: 31.8 million[11]
JPN: 500,000[c][12][326][327]
UK: 2.725 million[13]
FRA: 500,000[15][16]
CAN: 360,000[17]

90 million[328]

Johnny Cash

United States

1954–2003[329]

1956[329]

Country/ Rock and roll/ Gospel[329]

7001310000000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 31 million
US: 25.7 million[11]
UK: 3.910 million[c][13]
GER: 400,000[c][14]
CAN: 490,000[c][17]
AUS: 522,500[c][18]

90 million[330]

Justin Timberlake

United States

1992–present[331]

2002[331]

Pop, R&B, Neo soul[331]

7001644000000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 64.4 million
US: 43.2 million[11]
JPN: 100,000[12]
UK: 11.120 million[13]
GER: 2.550 million[14]
FRA: 578,000[16][53]
CAN: 2.480 million[17]
AUS: 2.310 million[18]
ITA: 270,000[c][20]
SWE: 210,000[22]
SPA: 120,000[58]
MEX: 330,000[43]
SWI: 230,000[25]
BEL: 270,000[27]
DEN: 385,000[59][61]
POL: 140,000[33]
NZ: 170,000[34]

88 million[332]

Chris Brown

United States

2005–present[333]

2005[333]

Pop / R&B, Hip hop [333]

7001986000000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 98.6 million
US: 84.050 million[11]
JPN: 300,000[52]
UK: 8.980 million[13]
GER: 450,000[14]
CAN: 770,000[17]
AUS: 2.520 million[18]
ITA: 140,000[20]
BRA: 570,000[21]
SWE: 310,000[57]
MEX: 150,000[43]
DEN: 152,500[61]
NZ: 215,000[34]

86 million[334]

Nicki Minaj

United States

2008–present[335]

2010[335]

Hip hop, Pop[335]

7001826009999900000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 82.6 million
US: 66.5 million[11]
JPN: 450,000[52]
UK:  8.3 million[13]
GER: 1 million[14]
FRA: 566,000[16]
CAN: 720,000[17]
AUS: 3.045 million[18]
ITA: 485,000[20]
BRA: 250,000[21]
SWE: 420,000[22][57]
SPA: 220,000[23]
MEX: 150,000[43][98]
SWI: 120,000[25]
DEN: 175,000[61]
NZ: 232,500[34]

85 million[336]

R.E.M.

United States

1980–2011[337]

1983[337]

Alternative rock[337]

7001426000000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 42.6 million
US: 21.150 million[11]
UK: 8.765 million[13]
GER: 4.275 million[14]
FRA: 1.450 million[15][16]
CAN: 2.650 million[17]
AUS: 1.030[c][18][19]
ITA: 225,000[c][20]
BRA: 100,000[c][21]
SWE: 500,000[c][22]
SPA: 1.1 million[23][24][42][58]
SWI: 450,000[c][25]
BEL: 108,000[c][26][27]
ARG: 158,000[c][28][29]
DEN: 155,000[c][59][60]
AUT: 350,000[c][32]
IRE: 127,500[c][102]
NZ: 105,000[34]

85 million[338]

Flo Rida

United States

2007–present[339]

2007[339]

Hip-hop, Hip house, EDM[339]

7001704000000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 70.4 million
US: 49 million[11]
JPN: 650,000[c][12][52]
UK: 7.960 million[13]
GER: 3.4 million[14]
FRA: 225,000[16]
CAN: 3.090 million[17]
AUS: 3.535 million[c][18]
ITA: 330,000[c][20]
SWE: 780,000[22]
SPA: 140,000[58]
MEX: 330,000[c][43]
SWI: 420,000[25]
DEN: 205,000[c][61]
AUT: 180,000[32]
NZ: 247,500[34][35]

80 million[340]

Ayumi Hamasaki

Japan

1998–present[341]

1998[341]

J-pop / Pop / dance / electronic[341]

7001643000000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 64.3 million
JPN: 64.3 million[12][52][110]

80 million[342][343]

Van Halen

United States

1978–present[344]

1978[344]

Hard rock / Heavy metal[344]

7001643000000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 64.3 million
US: 57.8 million[11]
JPN: 1.3 million[c][12][132]
UK: 740,000[13]
GER: 1.5 million[14]
FRA: 400,000[15]
CAN: 2.450 million[17]
BRA: 200,000[c][21]

80 million[345]

Red Hot Chili Peppers

United States

1983–present[346]

1987[346]

Funk rock / Alternative rock[346]

7001585000000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 58.5 million
US: 32.250 million[11]
JPN: 2.6 million[c][12][52]
UK:  10.595 million[13]
GER: 2.650 million[14]
FRA: 1.420 million[16]
CAN: 2.020 million[17]
AUS: 2.625 million[c][18][19][347]
ITA: 530,000[c][20]
BRA: 515,000[c][21]
SWE: 390,000[c][22]
SPA: 640,000[23][42][58]
MEX: 150,000[c][43]
SWI: 405,000[c][25]
BEL: 170,000[c][27]
ARG: 406,000[28][29]
DEN: 227,000[c][59][60][69][348]
AUT: 247,500[c][32]
POL: 245,000[c][33]
FIN: 171,951[47]
NZ: 285,000[34][35]

80 million[349]

Foreigner

United StatesUnited Kingdom

1976–present[350]

1977[350]

Rock / Hard Rock[350]

7001496000000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 49.6 million
US: 45.1 million[11]
UK: 1.300 million[13]
GER: 1.5 million[14]
FRA: 400,000[15][16]
CAN: 700,000[17]
AUS: 105,000[c][18]
SWI: 125,000[c][25]

80 million[351]

The Doors

United States

1965–1973[352]

1967[352]

Psychedelic rock[352]

7001469000000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 46.9 million
US: 36.6 million[11]
UK: 2.040 million[c][13]
GER: 1.750 million[c][14]
FRA: 1.9 million[c][15][16]
CAN: 2.780 million[c][17]
AUS: 1.022 million[c][18]
ITA: 130,000[c][20]
BRA: 100,000[21]
SPA: 300,000[c][41][58]
SWI: 125,000[c][25]
ARG: 150,000[c][28]
AUT: 100,000[c][32]

80 million[353]

George Michael

United Kingdom

1981–2016[354]

1984[354]

Pop[354]

7001468000000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 46.8 million
US: 20.8 million[11]
JPN: 300,000[c][12]
UK: 12.850 million[13]
GER: 2.4 million[14]
FRA: 3.217 million[15][16][53]
CAN: 1.870 million[17]
AUS: 2.205 million[c][18][19]
BRA: 350,000[c][21]
SWE: 310,000[c][22]
SPA: 850,000[23][24][41][42][58]
SWI: 335,000[c][25]
BEL: 215,000[c][26][27]
ARG: 118,000[28][29]
DEN: 380,000[59][61][69][355]
AUT: 140,000[c][32]
POL: 340,000[c][33]
NZ: 140,000[34][35]

80 million[356]

Reba McEntire

United States

1975–present[357]

1987[357]

Country / Country Pop[357]

7001427000000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 42.7 million
US: 41.9 million[11]
CAN: 850,000[17]

80 million[358]

Meat Loaf

United States

1968–present[359]

1977[359]

Rock / Hard rock[359]

7001418009999900000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 41.8 million
US: 23.6 million[11]
UK: 9.665 million[13]
GER: 2.350 million[14]
CAN: 3.380 million[17]
AUS: 2.522 million[c][18][19]
SWE: 100,000[c][22]
SWI: 115,000[c][25]
AUT: 100,000[c][32]

80 million[360]

Tom Petty

United States

1976–2017[361]

1977[361]

Rock[361]

7001346000000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 34.6 million
US: 31.250 million[11]
UK: 1 million[13]
GER: 500,000[14]
CAN: 1.7 million[17]
SWE: 200,000[c][22]

80 million[362]

Johnny Hallyday

France

1957–2017[363]

1960[363]

Rock / Pop[363]

7001250000000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 25 million
FRA: 24.272 million[c][15][16][53][84][364]
SWI: 268,000[c][25]
BEL: 460,000[c][26][27]

80 million[365]

text: 75 million to 79 million records

text:
Ed Sheeran

Maroon 5

Journey

The Black Eyed Peas

Usher

Kenny G

Tupac Shakur

text:
Artist

Country / Market

Period active

Release-year of first charted record

Genre

Total certified units(from available markets)[c]

Claimed sales

Ed Sheeran

United Kingdom

2004–present[366]

2011[366]

Pop / Folk pop [366]

7002109400000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 109.4 million
US: 54 million[11]
JPN: 350,000[12][52]
UK: 23.560 million[13]
GER: 7.2 million[14]
FRA: 1.691 million[16]
CAN: 6.240 million[17]
AUS: 6.860 million[18]
ITA: 2.390 million[20]
SWE: 1.360 million[57]
SPA: 730,000[23]
MEX: 180,000[43]
SWI: 475,000[25]
BEL: 555,000[27]
DEN: 2.070 million[61]
AUT: 340,000[32]
POL: 360,000[33]
NZ: 1.140 million[34]

76 million[367]

The Black Eyed Peas

United States

1995–present[368]

1998[368]

Hip-hop / R&B / Dance[368]

7001556000000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 55.6 million
US: 29.4 million[11]
JPN: 1.250 million[12][52]
UK: 10.8 million[13]
GER: 2.250 million[14]
FRA: 2.650 million[16]
CAN: 2.7 million[17]
AUS: 3.270 million[18]
ITA: 365,000[c][20]
BRA: 255,000[21]
SWE: 300,000[22][57]
SPA: 460,000[c][23]
MEX: 390,000[c][43]
SWI: 460,000[25]
BEL: 460,000[27]
DEN: 161,000[c][61][69][101][369][369][370]
IRE: 135,000[c][102]
NZ: 340,000[34][35]

76 million[371]

Maroon 5

United States

1994–present[372]

2002[372]

Pop rock / Funk rock / Dance-pop[372]

7001631000000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 63.1 million
US: 36.7 million[11]
JPN: 2 million[12][52]
UK: 9.360 million[13]
GER: 1.150[14]
FRA: 792,000[16]
CAN: 3.9255 million[17]
AUS: 2.975 million[18]
ITA: 760,000[c][20]
BRA: 380,000[21]
SWE: 770,000[22][57]
SPA: 230,000[c][23]
MEX: 3.365[43]
DEN: 462,500[c][61][60][59]
NZ: 300,000[34]

75 million[373]

Journey

United States

1973–present[374]

1975[374]

Rock / Soft rock[374]

7001620000000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 62 million
US: 59.7 million[11]
JPN: 300,000[c][12][375]
UK: 1.360 million[13]
CAN: 725,000[17]

75 million[376]

Usher

United States

1991–present[377]

1994[377]

R&B / Pop[377]

7001550000000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 55 million
US: 40.435 million[11]
JPN: 750,000 [12][52]
UK: 8.525 million[13]
GER: 1.150[14]
FRA: 210,000[16]
CAN: 1.330 million[17]
AUS: 2.112 million[18]
SWE: 105,000[22][57]
SWI: 170,000[25]
DEN: 137,500[c][61][60]
NZ: 150,000[34]

75 million[378]

Kenny G

United States

1982–present[379]

1984[379]

Smooth jazz[379]

7001521000000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 52.1 million
US: 48.1 million[11]
JPN: 700,000[c][12]
UK: 360,000[13]
CAN: 950,000[17]
AUS: 245,000[c][18][181]
BRA: 1.350 million[c][21]
SPA: 450,000[24][42]

75 million[380]

Tupac Shakur

United States

1991–1996[381]

1991[381]

Hip hop[381]

7001513000000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 51.3 million
US: 46.2 million[11]
UK: 3.435 million[13]
GER: 500,000[14]
CAN: 820,000[17]
AUS: 430,000[18][382]

75 million[383]

Robbie Williams

United Kingdom

1990–present[384]

1996[384]

Pop rock[384]

7001511000000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 51.1 million
US: 500,000[11]
UK: 27.550 million[13]
GER: 9.775 million[14]
FRA: 2.695 million[16][53]
CAN: 250,000[17]
AUS: 2.905 million[18]
ITA: 385,000[c][20]
SWE: 445,000[22][57]
SPA: 440,000[c][23][58]
MEX: 1.595 million[c][43]
SWI: 983,000[25]
BEL: 600,000[26][27]
ARG: 462,000[28][29]
DEN: 676,500[c][59][60][61][69][78]
AUT: 917,500[32]
POL: 140,000[33]
FIN: 235,743[47]
IRE: 135,000[c][102]
NZ: 445,000[34]

75 million[385]

Enya

Ireland

1982–present[386]

1987[386]

New-age / Celtic[386]

7001500000000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 50 million
US: 26.5 million[11]
JPN: 4.6 million[c][12]
UK: 5.250 million[13]
GER: 4.2 million[14]
FRA: 775,000[15][16]
CAN: 1.540 million[17]
AUS: 1.505[c][18][19]
BRA: 1.650 million[c][21]
SWE: 390,000[22]
SPA: 1.760 million[23][42]
MEX: 125,000[c][43]
SWI: 370,000[c][25]
BEL: 460,000[c][27]
ARG: 390,000[28]
DEN: 100,000[c][30][387][388][389]
AUT: 185,000[c][32]
POL: 120,000[c][33]
NZ: 135,000[34]

75 million[390]

Alabama

United States

1972–present[391]

1980[391]

Country / Pop rock[391]

7001480000000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 48 million
US: 46.8 million[11]
CAN: 1.2 million[17]

75 million[392]

Nirvana

United States

1987–1994[393]

1989[393]

Grunge / Alternative rock[393]

7001467000000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 46.7 million
US: 26.5 million[11]
JPN: 1.3 million[c][12]
UK: 5.970 million[13]
GER: 1.5 million[14]
FRA: 2.5 million[15][16]
CAN: 2.970 million[17]
AUS: 1.362[c][18][207][394][251][395]
ITA: 600,000[c][20]
BRA: 725,000[c][21]
SWE: 380,000[22]
SPA: 450,000[23][24][42]
MEX: 475,000[c][43]
SWI: 190,000[25]
BEL: 350,000[c][26][27]
ARG: 522,000[28][29]
DEN: 160,000[c][61]
AUT: 230,000[c][32]
POL: 335,000[c][33]
NZ: 215,000[34][35]

75 million[396]

Bryan Adams

Canada

1979–present[397]

1979[397]

Rock[397]

7001448000000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 44.8 million
US: 21 million[11]
JPN: 600,000[c][12]
UK: 8.675 million[13]
GER: 4.1 million[14]
FRA: 650,000[15][16][53]
CAN: 5.120 million[17]
AUS: 2.010 million[c][18][398]
BRA: 100,000[c][21]
SWE: 440,000[c][22]
SPA: 450,000 [c][24][42][58]
SWI: 805,000[c][25]
BEL: 250,000[c][26][27]
DEN: 105,000[c][60][61]
AUT: 375,000[c][32]
FIN: 183,444[47]

75 million[399]

The Police

United Kingdom

1977–19862007–2008[400]

1978[400]

Pop / Rock[400]

7001392000000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 39.2 million
US: 23.150 million[11]
JPN: 100,000[c][12]
UK: 8.560 million[13]
GER: 1.775 million[14]
FRA: 3.340 million[15][16][53]
CAN: 875,000[17]
AUS: 407,500[c][18]
ITA: 100,000[c][20]
BRA: 140,000[c][21]
SPA: 300,000[c][24][41]
MEX: 100,000[c][43]
BEL: 115,000[c][401][402][403]
ARG: 228,000[c][28][29]

75 million[404]

Bob Marley

Jamaica

1962–1981[405]

1975[405]

Reggae[405]

7001389000000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 38.9 million
US: 21.850 million[11]
JPN: 200,000[c][12]
UK: 7.4 million[13]
GER: 1.750 million[14]
FRA: 4.735 million[16]
CAN: 600,000[17]
AUS: 350,000[406][407]
ITA: 250,000[c][20]
SWE: 120,000[c][22]
SPA: 450,000[c][24][41][42][58]
SWI: 303,000[c][25]
ARG: 376,000[c][28][29]
AUT: 125,000[c][32]
NZ: 427,500[c][34][35]

75 million[408]

Barry Manilow

United States

1973–present[409]

1973[409]

Pop / Soft rock[409]

7001365000000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 36.5 million
US: 33.3 million[11]
UK: 2.825 million[13]
CAN: 400,000[c][17]

75 million[410]

Kiss

United States

1972–present[411]

1974[411]

Hard rock / Heavy metal[411]

7001278000000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 27.8 million
US: 26 million[11]
CAN: 1.495 million[c][17]
UK: 100,000[13]
AUS: 130,000[c][18]
ARG: 112,000[c][28]

75 million[412]

Aretha Franklin

United States

1956–present[413]

1961[413]

Soul / Jazz / Blues / R&B[413]

7001247000000000000♠
[show]Total available certified units: 24.7 million
US: 23.5 million[11]
UK: 840,000[c][13]
FRA: 275,000[c][15][16]
CAN: 150,000[c][17]

75 million[414]


document_title: List of waterfalls in Karnataka

question_text: the barkan waterfall is over which river in karnataka

root

text: List of waterfalls in Karnataka

text: List of Karnataka Water falls

tag: p

text:
Name
District
Height
Details

Gaganachukki and Bharachukki Falls
Chamarajanagar
-
River Cauvery, 100 km (62 mi) from Bangalore

Apsarakonda Falls
Uttara Kannada
-
River Sharavathi, 8 km (5.0 mi) from Honnavar

Lalguli Falls
Uttara Kannada
250 ft (76 m)
River Kali, 13 km (8.1 mi) from Yellapur

Nisargadhama Falls
Madikeri

River Cauvery 2 km (1.2 mi) from Kushalnagar

Burude Falls or Dodmane Falls
Uttara Kannada

20 km (12 mi)+ from Siddapura and 55 km (34 mi)+ from Sirsi on Siddapur-Kumta road

Shivagange Falls
Uttara Kannada
243 ft (74 m)
River Sonda, 45 km (28 mi) from Sirsi

Belkal theertha
Shimoga & Udupi
600 ft (180 m)
During rainy season, 110 km (68 mi) from Shimoga

Dabbe Falls
Shimoga

near Hosagadde, 20 km (12 mi) from Kargal

Waate haLLa Falls
Uttara Kannada
100 ft (30 m)+
30 km (19 mi) from Sirsi

Vibhooti Falls
Uttara Kannada

50 km (31 mi) from Sirsi on Yana-Ankola Road

Alekan Falls
Dakshina Kannada

18 km (11 mi) from Charmadi

Dondole Falls
Dakshina Kannada
50 ft (15 m)+
23 km (14 mi) from Charmadi

Shanti Falls
Chikmagalur
12 ft (3.7 m)
near Kemmanagundi

Abbey Falls
Kodagu

8 km (5.0 mi) from Madikeri

Arisina Gundi Falls
Udupi

near Kollur

Barkana Falls
Shimoga
850 ft (260 m)
River Sita, near Agumbe

Bennehole Falls
Uttara Kannada
230 ft (70 m)
On the way to Kumta from Sirsi

Chunchanakatte Falls
Mysore
66 ft (20 m)
River Cauvery, 15 km (9.3 mi) from Krishnarajanagara

Godchinamalaki Falls
Belgaum
141 ft (43 m)
River Markandeya, 16 km (9.9 mi) from Gokak

Gokak Falls
Belgaum
170 ft (52 m)
River Ghataprabha, 6 km (3.7 mi) from Gokak

Hebbe Falls
Chikmagalur
551 ft (168 m)
10 km (6.2 mi) from Kemmanagundi

Irupu Falls
Kodagu
170 ft (52 m)
River Lakshmana Tirtha 48 km (30 mi) from Virajpet

Jomlu Theertha Falls
Udupi
30 ft (9.1 m)
Seethanadi, 35 km (22 mi) from Udupi

Chelavara Falls
Kodagu

10 km (6.2 mi) from Palace Estate

Mallalli Falls
Kodagu

River Kumaradhara, 25 km (16 mi) from Somwarpet

Jog Falls or Gersoppa Falls
Shimoga & Uttara Kannada
829 ft (253 m)
River Sharavathi, 30 km (19 mi) from Sagara

Bangara kusuma Falls
Uttara Kannada

5–6 km (3.1–3.7 mi) from Gerusoppa, Honnavar Bengaluru(NH 206) highway

Hidlumane Falls
Shimoga
100 ft (30 m)
Kodachadri water stream, 105 km (65 mi) from Shimoga

Kalhatti Falls
Chikmagalur
403 ft (123 m)
near Kemmanagundi

Unchalli Falls or Keppa Falls
Uttara Kannada
380 ft (120 m)
35 km (22 mi) from Siddapura 45 km (28 mi) from Sirsi

Koosalli Water Falls

Udupi
380 ft (120 m)
70 km (43 mi) from Udupi

Kudumari Falls or Belligundi Falls
Udupi
300 ft (91 m)

Magod Falls
Uttara Kannada
650 ft (200 m)
River Bedti, 17 km (11 mi) from Yellapur

Manikyadhara Falls
Chikmagalur

1 km (0.62 mi) from Baba Budangiri

Muthyala Maduvu Waterfall
Bangalore

40 km (25 mi) from Bangalore, very small waterfall

Shivanasamudra Falls
Chamarajanagar
320 ft (98 m)
River Cauvery, 139 km (86 mi) from Bangalore

Sathodi Falls
Uttara Kannada
49 ft (15 m)
River Kali, 32 km (20 mi) from Yellapur

Varapoha Falls
Belgaum
197 ft (60 m)
River Mandovi, 60 km (37 mi) from Belgaum

Sirimane Falls
Chikmagalur

22 km (14 mi) from Sringeri

Sogal Falls
Belgaum

near Bailhongal

Chunchi Falls
Bangalore

River Arkavathi, 90 km (56 mi) from Bangalore

Suthanabbe Falls or Hanumanagundi Falls
Chikmagalur
100 ft (30 m)+
near Kudremukh

Kunchikal Falls
Shimoga
1,493 ft (455 m)
River Varahi, near Mastikatte in Shimoga district. This is the highest tiered waterfalls in India and second highest in Asia.[1][2]

tag: table


document_title: Don't Breathe

question_text: where was the movie don't breathe filmed

question_tokens: where was the movie do n 't breathe filmed

text: Don't Breathe

text: Plot[edit]

text: Rocky, Alex, and Money are three Detroit delinquents who make a living by breaking into homes secured by Alex's father's security company and selling the items they take. However, the person buying the stolen goods for Money doesn't give them a fair price, not enough to fund Rocky's dream of moving to California with her little sister, Diddy, to escape their abusive mother and her alcoholic boyfriend. Money receives a tip that a medically retired US Army Special Forces veteran living in an abandoned Detroit neighborhood has $300,000 in cash in his house, given as a settlement after a wealthy young woman, Cindy Roberts, killed his daughter in a car accident. The three stake out the house and discover that the man is in fact blind, as he was blinded from a blast during the Gulf War.

text: That night, the three approach the house and drug the Blind Man's dog. Finding all entrances locked, Rocky enters the house through a small window and lets the other two in. The group searches the house for the money but are unable to find it. Money puts a sleeping gas in the Blind Man's bedroom, then, assuming the money is behind a locked door downstairs, shoots the lock. The noise wakes up the Blind Man, who demands to know who else is with Money. Money insists he is alone, and the Blind Man kills him with his own gun. Terrified, Rocky hides in a closet, where she witnesses the Blind Man open a safe to check on his money. After he leaves, she opens the safe and takes the money, which appears to be at least $1 million. The Blind Man however finds Rocky's shoes and realizes that Money was not the only intruder.

text: Rocky and Alex evade the Blind Man and hurry to the basement. There, they are shocked to find a restrained, gagged woman in a homemade padded cell. Desperate, she shows them a newspaper article about the car accident; they realize that she is Cindy, the rich young woman, held captive by the Blind Man. They free her and run for the storm cellar door, only to be taken off guard by the Blind Man, who mistakenly shoots and kills Cindy. He breaks down crying when he discovers she is dead, sobbing "my baby." Rocky and Alex flee into the cellar while the Blind Man shuts off the lights, plunging them into darkness. After a blind struggle, Alex knocks out the Blind Man, and they flee upstairs.

text: After blocking the basement door, they encounter the Blind Man's Dog, who has woken. They're unable to unlock the front door in time before the dog attacks them, and are forced to flee into the bedroom, where they're trapped by the barred windows. Rocky escapes the room through a ventilation duct, while the dog attacks Alex, who falls out of a window onto a skylight, going unconscious. When Alex awakens, the Blind Man shoots out the skylight and corners Alex in his utility room, appearing to kill him with a pair of pruning shears. Meanwhile, the dog pursues Rocky through the vents, and she is captured by the Blind Man. She wakes up restrained in the basement like Cindy was, and the Blind Man reveals that Cindy was carrying his child in order to replace the one she killed. He then prepares to artificially inseminate Rocky with a turkey baster, explaining that she will now be the one to give him a child. It is revealed that the Blind Man accidentally stabbed Money's corpse with the shears instead of Alex, who manages to save Rocky and handcuff the Blind Man.

text: Rocky and Alex are unable to call the police, as their blood is all over the house, so they try to leave through the front door. The Blind Man breaks free and shoots Alex dead. Rocky flees, but is pursued by the dog. She manages to trap the dog in her car trunk, but is recaptured by the Blind Man. Inside his house, Rocky disorients the Blind Man by setting off his house's loud alarm system, then hits him repeatedly in the head with a crowbar and pushes him into the basement. The gun fires into his side as he falls. Believing him dead, Rocky escapes before the police arrive.

text: With the money, Rocky prepares to leave Detroit with Diddy on a train to Los Angeles. Before boarding, she sees a news report stating that the Blind Man killed two intruders (Alex and Money) in his house and is in stable condition at the hospital, but did not report Rocky or the stolen money.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Jane Levy as Rocky
Stephen Lang as Norman Nordstrom/ "The Blind Man"[4]
Dylan Minnette as Alex[5]
Daniel Zovatto as Money[6]
Franciska Törőcsik as Cindy Roberts
Emma Bercovici as Diddy
Christian Zagia as Raul[7]
Katia Bokor as Ginger
Sergej Onopko as Trevor

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Fede Álvarez noted that making the film was, in some ways, a reaction to his debut film Evil Dead, specifically the criticisms that the film had too much blood, focused too much on shocking the audience, and was a remake. In response, Alvarez decided to make Don't Breathe, an original story that contained less blood and focused more on suspense over shocking audiences.[8] He wanted to avoid making a film dealing with the supernatural, as he felt that was too trendy.[8] Choosing to make the antagonist blind was a result of deliberately taking abilities away from him; Alvarez explained, "Sometimes you naturally give them powers and make them more menacing than a normal person, so we thought what if we do the other way around and take his eyes out and make him a blind person."[8] Alvarez has called the movie "exercise in reversal" noting that the film deliberately subverts tropes such as the fact that the house in question is a "nice house on a scary street" as opposed to the opposite, or that the movie is a home invasion story told from the point of view of the invaders.[9]

text: On May 1, 2015, Daniel Zovatto joined the cast.[6] On May 22, 2015, Dylan Minnette was cast in the film, and on June 18, 2015, Jane Levy and Stephen Lang joined the cast. Principal photography began on June 29, 2015.[10] Though the film is set in Detroit, it was primarily shot in Hungary; only a few views of Detroit were filmed there.[2] Alvarez estimated that the film cost roughly half as much as Evil Dead, and welcomed the change, as it allowed for less studio interference.[8]

text: Release[edit]

text: The film premiered at South by Southwest on March 12, 2016,[2] and was theatrically released on August 26, 2016, by Screen Gems.[11]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Don't Breathe grossed $89.2 million in North America and $67.9 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $157.1 million, against a production budget of $9.9 million.[3] Due to its low production budget, the film became a sleeper hit and was considered a large financial success, with a net profit of $59.1 million, when factoring together all expenses and revenues.[12][13][14] For Sony Pictures, it became their second late-summer surprise hit of 2016, following Sausage Party.[15]

text: Don't Breathe was released in the United States and Canada on August 26, 2016, and was originally projected to gross $11–14 million from 3,051 theaters in its opening weekend, with some estimates going as high as $20 million,[16][17] and many publications noting it could be the first film to dethrone Suicide Squad from the top of the box office.[18] It made $1.9 million from Thursday night preview screenings, at 2,500 theaters,[19][20] and $10 million on its opening day.[21] It fell just 1.5% on Saturday, earning $9.8 million, which is uncommon as R-rated horror films tend to do well on their first day and drop sharply in revenue from their second day onward.[22] Compared to other 2016 horror films, Lights Out had a drop of 22%, while The Conjuring 2 fell by 15%.[22] In total, it grossed $26.4 million in its opening weekend, far above initial projections by 120% and easily displacing Suicide Squad to take the top spot at the box office. It is the biggest original horror debut of the year (besting 10 Cloverfield Lane), the biggest Screen Gems August opening ever (beating Takers) and the biggest debut for an R-rated original horror film since The Conjuring in 2013.[22][23] Following its first-place finish, the film continued to dominate the box office for the second weekend, earning $15.8 million and an estimated $19.7 million for the four day Labor Day holiday, one of the best numbers ever for the long holiday weekend.[24] As a result, it became only the second horror film to top the weekend box office two weekends in a row since 2014.[25] The second weekend drop was only -40%, a remarkable feat considering the fact that horror films typically tumbles at least 60% or more in their second weekend. The gradual drop was due to the holiday. It took only 11 days to surpass Alvarez's previous film, the Evil Dead reboot.[26][27]

text: Although the film fell to third place in its third weekend as a result of being overtaken by Sully and When the Bough Breaks, it continued to witness strong holds by falling 49% after adding another 333 theaters.[15][28]

text: Outside North America, the film's biggest debuts were in the U.K. ($1.3 million), Germany ($1.3 million), Brazil ($1.2 million) Mexico ($1.2 million) and Australia ($1 million).[29][30][31][32] It scored the third biggest opening of the year for a Hollywood film in Korea with $4.5 million.[33] It's on pace to become the highest-grossing horror film in Uruguay.[31]

text: Reception[edit]

text: On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 87% based on 197 reviews, with an average rating of 7.1/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Don't Breathe smartly twists its sturdy premise to offer a satisfyingly tense, chilling addition to the home invasion genre that's all the more effective for its simplicity."[34] Metacritic, which assigns a rating to reviews, gives the film a score of 71 out of 100, based on 39 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[35] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.[36]

text: Dennis Harvey of Variety called Don't Breathe "a muscular exercise in brutal, relentless peril that should please genre fans."[2] Jim Vejvoda of IGN awarded 8.8/10 and wrote, "Director Fede Alvarez delivers a lean, very mean thrill ride with Don't Breathe, tapping into several primal human fears and further establishing himself as one of the genre filmmakers to keep an eye on in the years ahead."[37] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film 3 out 4 stars, writing: "This is some weird, twisted shit. Don't groan when I say Don't Breathe is a home-invasion thriller. Director Fede Alvarez is as good as it gets when it comes to playing with things that go bump in the night."[38] Kyle Smith of the New York Post also gave the film 3 out of 4 stars, saying, "Apart from its thin characters and occasional trite moments, as well as a silly attempt to set up a sequel, Don't Breathe is just about perfect."[39] Amy Nicholson of MTV wrote in a positive review, "Alvarez knows the size of his ambitions. He's written one great ghoul, surrounded him with targets, and simply let him let rip."[40] The Verge called it "an impressive script-flip from the 1967 classic Wait Until Dark".[41] Alvarez says he wrote the script before watching Wait Until Dark.[42]

text: Awards[edit]

text:
Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipient(s)
Result
Ref(s)

Critics Choice Awards
December 11, 2016
Best Sci-Fi/Horror Movie
Don't Breathe
Nominated
[43]

Empire Awards
March 19, 2017
Best Horror
Don't Breathe
Nominated
[44]

Fangoria Chainsaw Awards
October 2, 2017
Best Film
Don't Breathe
Nominated
[45]

Best Supporting Actor
Stephen Lang
Won

Saturn Awards
June 28, 2017
Best Horror Film
Don't Breathe
Won
[46]

St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association
December 18, 2016
Best Horror/Science-Fiction Film
Don't Breathe
Nominated
[47]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: Writer/director Fede Alvarez announced that a sequel was in the works.[48] Producer Sam Raimi commented on the sequel and was quoted saying, "It's only the greatest idea for a sequel I've ever heard. I'm not kidding."[49]


document_title: Digestion

question_text: where does the digestion of fat take place in our body

text: Digestion

text: Digestive system

text: Digestive systems take many forms. There is a fundamental distinction between internal and external digestion. External digestion developed earlier in evolutionary history, and most fungi still rely on it.[2] In this process, enzymes are secreted into the environment surrounding the organism, where they break down an organic material, and some of the products diffuse back to the organism. Animals have a tube (gastrointestinal tract) in which internal digestion occurs, which is more efficient because more of the broken down products can be captured, and the internal chemical environment can be more efficiently controlled.[3]

text: Some organisms, including nearly all spiders, simply secrete biotoxins and digestive chemicals (e.g., enzymes) into the extracellular environment prior to ingestion of the consequent "soup". In others, once potential nutrients or food is inside the organism, digestion can be conducted to a vesicle or a sac-like structure, through a tube, or through several specialized organs aimed at making the absorption of nutrients more efficient.

text: Secretion systems

text: Bacteria use several systems to obtain nutrients from other organisms in the environments.

text: Channel transport system

text: In a channel transupport system, several proteins form a contiguous channel traversing the inner and outer membranes of the bacteria. It is a simple system, which consists of only three protein subunits: the ABC protein, membrane fusion protein (MFP), and outer membrane protein (OMP)[specify]. This secretion system transports various molecules, from ions, drugs, to proteins of various sizes (20 – 900 kDa). The molecules secreted vary in size from the small Escherichia coli peptide colicin V, (10 kDa) to the Pseudomonas fluorescens cell adhesion protein LapA of 900 kDa.[4]

text: Molecular syringe

text: A type III secretion system means that a molecular syringe is used through which a bacterium (e.g. certain types of Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia) can inject nutrients into protist cells. One such mechanism was first discovered in Y. pestis and showed that toxins could be injected directly from the bacterial cytoplasm into the cytoplasm of its host's cells rather than simply be secreted into the extracellular medium.[5]

text: Conjugation machinery

text: The conjugation machinery of some bacteria (and archaeal flagella) is capable of transporting both DNA and proteins. It was discovered in Agrobacterium tumefaciens, which uses this system to introduce the Ti plasmid and proteins into the host, which develops the crown gall (tumor).[6] The VirB complex of Agrobacterium tumefaciens is the prototypic system.[7]

text: The nitrogen fixing Rhizobia are an interesting case, wherein conjugative elements naturally engage in inter-kingdom conjugation. Such elements as the Agrobacterium Ti or Ri plasmids contain elements that can transfer to plant cells. Transferred genes enter the plant cell nucleus and effectively transform the plant cells into factories for the production of opines, which the bacteria use as carbon and energy sources. Infected plant cells form crown gall or root tumors. The Ti and Ri plasmids are thus endosymbionts of the bacteria, which are in turn endosymbionts (or parasites) of the infected plant.

text: The Ti and Ri plasmids are themselves conjugative. Ti and Ri transfer between bacteria uses an independent system (the tra, or transfer, operon) from that for inter-kingdom transfer (the vir, or virulence, operon). Such transfer creates virulent strains from previously avirulent Agrobacteria.

text: Release of outer membrane vesicles

text: In addition to the use of the multiprotein complexes listed above, Gram-negative bacteria possess another method for release of material: the formation of outer membrane vesicles.[8][9] Portions of the outer membrane pinch off, forming spherical structures made of a lipid bilayer enclosing periplasmic materials. Vesicles from a number of bacterial species have been found to contain virulence factors, some have immunomodulatory effects, and some can directly adhere to and intoxicate host cells. While release of vesicles has been demonstrated as a general response to stress conditions, the process of loading cargo proteins seems to be selective.[10]

text: Gastrovascular cavity

text: The gastrovascular cavity functions as a stomach in both digestion and the distribution of nutrients to all parts of the body. Extracellular digestion takes place within this central cavity, which is lined with the gastrodermis, the internal layer of epithelium. This cavity has only one opening to the outside that functions as both a mouth and an anus: waste and undigested matter is excreted through the mouth/anus, which can be described as an incomplete gut.

text: In a plant such as the Venus Flytrap that can make its own food through photosynthesis, it does not eat and digest its prey for the traditional objectives of harvesting energy and carbon, but mines prey primarily for essential nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus in particular) that are in short supply in its boggy, acidic habitat.[11]

text: Phagosome

text: A phagosome is a vacuole formed around a particle absorbed by phagocytosis. The vacuole is formed by the fusion of the cell membrane around the particle. A phagosome is a cellular compartment in which pathogenic microorganisms can be killed and digested. Phagosomes fuse with lysosomes in their maturation process, forming phagolysosomes. In humans, Entamoeba histolytica can phagocytose red blood cells.[12]

text: Specialised organs and behaviours

text: To aid in the digestion of their food animals evolved organs such as beaks, tongues, teeth, a crop, gizzard, and others.

text: Beaks

text: Birds have bony beaks that are specialised according to the bird's ecological niche. For example, macaws primarily eat seeds, nuts, and fruit, using their impressive beaks to open even the toughest seed. First they scratch a thin line with the sharp point of the beak, then they shear the seed open with the sides of the beak.

text: The mouth of the squid is equipped with a sharp horny beak mainly made of cross-linked proteins. It is used to kill and tear prey into manageable pieces. The beak is very robust, but does not contain any minerals, unlike the teeth and jaws of many other organisms, including marine species.[13] The beak is the only indigestible part of the squid.

text: Tongue

text: The tongue is skeletal muscle on the floor of the mouth that manipulates food for chewing (mastication) and swallowing (deglutition). It is sensitive and kept moist by saliva. The underside of the tongue is covered with a smooth mucous membrane. The tongue also has a touch sense for locating and positioning food particles that require further chewing. The tongue is utilized to roll food particles into a bolus before being transported down the esophagus through peristalsis.

text: The sublingual region underneath the front of the tongue is a location where the oral mucosa is very thin, and underlain by a plexus of veins. This is an ideal location for introducing certain medications to the body. The sublingual route takes advantage of the highly vascular quality of the oral cavity, and allows for the speedy application of medication into the cardiovascular system, bypassing the gastrointestinal tract.

text: Teeth

text: Teeth (singular tooth) are small whitish structures found in the jaws (or mouths) of many vertebrates that are used to tear, scrape, milk and chew food. Teeth are not made of bone, but rather of tissues of varying density and hardness, such as enamel, dentine and cementum. Human teeth have a blood and nerve supply which enables proprioception. This is the ability of sensation when chewing, for example if we were to bite into something too hard for our teeth, such as a chipped plate mixed in food, our teeth send a message to our brain and we realise that it cannot be chewed, so we stop trying.

text: The shapes, sizes and numbers of types of animals' teeth are related to their diets. For example, herbivores have a number of molars which are used to grind plant matter, which is difficult to digest. Carnivores have canine teeth which are used to kill and tear meat.

text: Crop

text: A crop, or croup, is a thin-walled expanded portion of the alimentary tract used for the storage of food prior to digestion. In some birds it is an expanded, muscular pouch near the gullet or throat. In adult doves and pigeons, the crop can produce crop milk to feed newly hatched birds.[14]

text: Certain insects may have a crop or enlarged esophagus.

text: Abomasum

text: Herbivores have evolved cecums (or an abomasum in the case of ruminants). Ruminants have a fore-stomach with four chambers. These are the rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum. In the first two chambers, the rumen and the reticulum, the food is mixed with saliva and separates into layers of solid and liquid material. Solids clump together to form the cud (or bolus). The cud is then regurgitated, chewed slowly to completely mix it with saliva and to break down the particle size.

text: Fibre, especially cellulose and hemi-cellulose, is primarily broken down into the volatile fatty acids, acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid in these chambers (the reticulo-rumen) by microbes: (bacteria, protozoa, and fungi). In the omasum, water and many of the inorganic mineral elements are absorbed into the blood stream.

text: The abomasum is the fourth and final stomach compartment in ruminants. It is a close equivalent of a monogastric stomach (e.g., those in humans or pigs), and digesta is processed here in much the same way. It serves primarily as a site for acid hydrolysis of microbial and dietary protein, preparing these protein sources for further digestion and absorption in the small intestine. Digesta is finally moved into the small intestine, where the digestion and absorption of nutrients occurs. Microbes produced in the reticulo-rumen are also digested in the small intestine.

text: Specialised behaviours

text: Regurgitation has been mentioned above under abomasum and crop, referring to crop milk, a secretion from the lining of the crop of pigeons and doves with which the parents feed their young by regurgitation.[15]

text: Many sharks have the ability to turn their stomachs inside out and evert it out of their mouths in order to get rid of unwanted contents (perhaps developed as a way to reduce exposure to toxins).

text: Other animals, such as rabbits and rodents, practise coprophagia behaviours – eating specialised faeces in order to re-digest food, especially in the case of roughage. Capybara, rabbits, hamsters and other related species do not have a complex digestive system as do, for example, ruminants. Instead they extract more nutrition from grass by giving their food a second pass through the gut. Soft faecal pellets of partially digested food are excreted and generally consumed immediately. They also produce normal droppings, which are not eaten.

text: Young elephants, pandas, koalas, and hippos eat the faeces of their mother, probably to obtain the bacteria required to properly digest vegetation. When they are born, their intestines do not contain these bacteria (they are completely sterile). Without them, they would be unable to get any nutritional value from many plant components.

text: In earthworms

text: An earthworm's digestive system consists of a mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard, and intestine. The mouth is surrounded by strong lips, which act like a hand to grab pieces of dead grass, leaves, and weeds, with bits of soil to help chew. The lips break the food down into smaller pieces. In the pharynx, the food is lubricated by mucus secretions for easier passage. The esophagus adds calcium carbonate to neutralize the acids formed by food matter decay. Temporary storage occurs in the crop where food and calcium carbonate are mixed. The powerful muscles of the gizzard churn and mix the mass of food and dirt. When the churning is complete, the glands in the walls of the gizzard add enzymes to the thick paste, which helps chemically breakdown the organic matter. By peristalsis, the mixture is sent to the intestine where friendly bacteria continue chemical breakdown. This releases carbohydrates, protein, fat, and various vitamins and minerals for absorption into the body.

text: Overview of vertebrate digestion

text: In most vertebrates, digestion is a multistage process in the digestive system, starting from ingestion of raw materials, most often other organisms. Ingestion usually involves some type of mechanical and chemical processing. Digestion is separated into four steps:

text:
Ingestion: placing food into the mouth (entry of food in the digestive system),
Mechanical and chemical breakdown: mastication and the mixing of the resulting bolus with water, acids, bile and enzymes in the stomach and intestine to break down complex molecules into simple structures,
Absorption: of nutrients from the digestive system to the circulatory and lymphatic capillaries through osmosis, active transport, and diffusion, and
Egestion (Excretion): Removal of undigested materials from the digestive tract through defecation.

tag: ol

text: Underlying the process is muscle movement throughout the system through swallowing and peristalsis. Each step in digestion requires energy, and thus imposes an "overhead charge" on the energy made available from absorbed substances. Differences in that overhead cost are important influences on lifestyle, behavior, and even physical structures. Examples may be seen in humans, who differ considerably from other hominids (lack of hair, smaller jaws and musculature, different dentition, length of intestines, cooking, etc.).

text: The major part of digestion takes place in the small intestine. The large intestine primarily serves as a site for fermentation of indigestible matter by gut bacteria and for resorption of water from digests before excretion.

text: In mammals, preparation for digestion begins with the cephalic phase in which saliva is produced in the mouth and digestive enzymes are produced in the stomach. Mechanical and chemical digestion begin in the mouth where food is chewed, and mixed with saliva to begin enzymatic processing of starches. The stomach continues to break food down mechanically and chemically through churning and mixing with both acids and enzymes. Absorption occurs in the stomach and gastrointestinal tract, and the process finishes with defecation.[1]

text: Human digestion process

text: The human gastrointestinal tract is around 9 meters long. Food digestion physiology varies between individuals and upon other factors such as the characteristics of the food and size of the meal, and the process of digestion normally takes between 24 and 72 hours.[16]

text: Digestion begins in the mouth with the secretion of saliva and its digestive enzymes. Food is formed into a bolus by the mechanical mastication and swallowed into the esophagus from where it enters the stomach through the action of peristalsis. Gastric juice contains hydrochloric acid and pepsin which would damage the walls of the stomach and mucus is secreted for protection. In the stomach further release of enzymes break down the food further and this is combined with the churning action of the stomach. The partially digested food enters the duodenum as a thick semi-liquid chyme. In the small intestine, the larger part of digestion takes place and this is helped by the secretions of bile, pancreatic juice and intestinal juice. The intestinal walls are lined with villi, and their epithelial cells is covered with numerous microvilli to improve the absorption of nutrients by increasing the surface area of the intestine.

text: In the large intestine the passage of food is slower to enable fermentation by the gut flora to take place. Here water is absorbed and waste material stored as feces to be removed by defecation via the anal canal and anus.

text: Neural and biochemical control mechanisms

text: Different phases of digestion take place including: the cephalic phase, gastric phase, and intestinal phase.

text: The cephalic phase occurs at the sight, thought and smell of food, which stimulate the cerebral cortex. Taste and smell stimuli are sent to the hypothalamus and medulla oblongata. After this it is routed through the vagus nerve and release of acetylcholine. Gastric secretion at this phase rises to 40% of maximum rate. Acidity in the stomach is not buffered by food at this point and thus acts to inhibit parietal (secretes acid) and G cell (secretes gastrin) activity via D cell secretion of somatostatin.

text: The gastric phase takes 3 to 4 hours. It is stimulated by distension of the stomach, presence of food in stomach and decrease in pH. Distention activates long and myenteric reflexes. This activates the release of acetylcholine, which stimulates the release of more gastric juices. As protein enters the stomach, it binds to hydrogen ions, which raises the pH of the stomach. Inhibition of gastrin and gastric acid secretion is lifted. This triggers G cells to release gastrin, which in turn stimulates parietal cells to secrete gastric acid. Gastric acid is about 0.5% hydrochloric acid (HCl), which lowers the pH to the desired pH of 1-3. Acid release is also triggered by acetylcholine and histamine.

text: The intestinal phase has two parts, the excitatory and the inhibitory. Partially digested food fills the duodenum. This triggers intestinal gastrin to be released. Enterogastric reflex inhibits vagal nuclei, activating sympathetic fibers causing the pyloric sphincter to tighten to prevent more food from entering, and inhibits local reflexes.

text: Breakdown into nutrients

text: This section needs expansion with: digestion of other substances. You can help by adding to it. (August 2011)

text: Protein digestion

text: Protein digestion occurs in the stomach and duodenum in which 3 main enzymes, pepsin secreted by the stomach and trypsin and chymotrypsin secreted by the pancreas, break down food proteins into polypeptides that are then broken down by various exopeptidases and dipeptidases into amino acids. The digestive enzymes however are mostly secreted as their inactive precursors, the zymogens. For example, trypsin is secreted by pancreas in the form of trypsinogen, which is activated in the duodenum by enterokinase to form trypsin. Trypsin then cleaves proteins to smaller polypeptides.

text: Fat digestion

text: Digestion of some fats can begin in the mouth where lingual lipase breaks down some short chain lipids into diglycerides. However fats are mainly digested in the small intestine.[17] The presence of fat in the small intestine produces hormones that stimulate the release of pancreatic lipase from the pancreas and bile from the liver which helps in the emulsification of fats for absorption of fatty acids.[17] Complete digestion of one molecule of fat (a triglyceride) results a mixture of fatty acids, mono- and di-glycerides, as well as some undigested triglycerides, but no free glycerol molecules.[17]

text: Carbohydrate digestion

text: In humans, dietary starches are composed of glucose units arranged in long chains called amylose, a polysaccharide. During digestion, bonds between glucose molecules are broken by salivary and pancreatic amylase, resulting in progressively smaller chains of glucose. This results in simple sugars glucose and maltose (2 glucose molecules) that can be absorbed by the small intestine.

text: Lactase is an enzyme that breaks down the disaccharide lactose to its component parts, glucose and galactose. Glucose and galactose can be absorbed by the small intestine. Approximately 65 percent of the adult population produce only small amounts of lactase and are unable to eat unfermented milk-based foods. This is commonly known as lactose intolerance. Lactose intolerance varies widely by ethnic heritage; more than 90 percent of peoples of east Asian descent are lactose intolerant, in contrast to about 5 percent of people of northern European descent.[18]

text: Sucrase is an enzyme that breaks down the disaccharide sucrose, commonly known as table sugar, cane sugar, or beet sugar. Sucrose digestion yields the sugars fructose and glucose which are readily absorbed by the small intestine.

text: DNA and RNA digestion

text: DNA and RNA are broken down into mononucleotides by the nucleases deoxyribonuclease and ribonuclease (DNase and RNase) from the pancreas.

text: Non-destructive digestion

text: Some nutrients are complex molecules (for example vitamin B12) which would be destroyed if they were broken down into their functional groups. To digest vitamin B12 non-destructively, haptocorrin in saliva strongly binds and protects the B12 molecules from stomach acid as they enter the stomach and are cleaved from their protein complexes.[19]

text: After the B12-haptocorrin complexes pass from the stomach via the pylorus to the duodenum, pancreatic proteases cleave haptocorrin from the B12 molecules which rebind to intrinsic factor (IF). These B12-IF complexes travel to the ileum portion of the small intestine where cubilin receptors enable assimilation and circulation of B12-IF complexes in the blood.[20]

text: Digestive hormones

text: There are at least five hormones that aid and regulate the digestive system in mammals. There are variations across the vertebrates, as for instance in birds. Arrangements are complex and additional details are regularly discovered. For instance, more connections to metabolic control (largely the glucose-insulin system) have been uncovered in recent years.

text:
Gastrin – is in the stomach and stimulates the gastric glands to secrete pepsinogen (an inactive form of the enzyme pepsin) and hydrochloric acid. Secretion of gastrin is stimulated by food arriving in stomach. The secretion is inhibited by low pH.
Secretin – is in the duodenum and signals the secretion of sodium bicarbonate in the pancreas and it stimulates the bile secretion in the liver. This hormone responds to the acidity of the chyme.
Cholecystokinin (CCK) – is in the duodenum and stimulates the release of digestive enzymes in the pancreas and stimulates the emptying of bile in the gall bladder. This hormone is secreted in response to fat in chyme.
Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) – is in the duodenum and decreases the stomach churning in turn slowing the emptying in the stomach. Another function is to induce insulin secretion.
Motilin – is in the duodenum and increases the migrating myoelectric complex component of gastrointestinal motility and stimulates the production of pepsin.

text: Significance of pH

text: Digestion is a complex process controlled by several factors. pH plays a crucial role in a normally functioning digestive tract. In the mouth, pharynx and esophagus, pH is typically about 6.8, very weakly acidic. Saliva controls pH in this region of the digestive tract. Salivary amylase is contained in saliva and starts the breakdown of carbohydrates into monosaccharides. Most digestive enzymes are sensitive to pH and will denature in a high or low pH environment.

text: The stomach's high acidity inhibits the breakdown of carbohydrates within it. This acidity confers two benefits: it denatures proteins for further digestion in the small intestines, and provides non-specific immunity, damaging or eliminating various pathogens.[citation needed]

text: In the small intestines, the duodenum provides critical pH balancing to activate digestive enzymes. The liver secretes bile into the duodenum to neutralize the acidic conditions from the stomach, and the pancreatic duct empties into the duodenum, adding bicarbonate to neutralize the acidic chyme, thus creating a neutral environment. The mucosal tissue of the small intestines is alkaline with a pH of about 8.5.[citation needed]