document_title: A Wrinkle in Time

question_text: where does it live in a wrinkle in time

question_tokens: where does it live in a wrinkle in time

text: A Wrinkle in Time

text: Publication history[edit]

text: The book was written between 1959 and 1960.[4] L'Engle wrote repeatedly about the writing of the story and the long struggle to get it published. In A Circle of Quiet (1972),[5] she explains that the book was conceived "during a time of transition." After years of living in rural Goshen, Connecticut, and running a general store, L'Engle's family, the Franklins, moved back to New York City, first taking a ten-week camping trip across the country and back again. L'Engle writes that "we drove through a world of deserts and buttes and leafless mountains, wholly new and alien to me. And suddenly into my mind came the names, Mrs Whatsit. Mrs Who. Mrs Which."[6] This was in the spring of 1959. L'Engle was reading about quantum physics at the time, which also made its way into the story.[7] When she completed the book in early 1960, however, it was rejected by at least 26 publishers, because it was, in L'Engle's words, "too different," and "because it deals overtly with the problem of evil, and it was really difficult for children, and was it a children's or an adults' book, anyhow?"[2][6]

text: In "A Special Message from Madeleine L'Engle" on the Random House website, L'Engle explains another possible reason for the rejections: "A Wrinkle in Time had a female protagonist in a science fiction book," which at the time was uncommon. After trying "forty-odd" publishers (L'Engle later said "twenty-six rejections"), L'Engle's agent returned the manuscript to her. Then at Christmas, L'Engle threw a tea party for her mother. One of the guests happened to know John C. Farrar of Farrar, Straus and Giroux, and insisted that L'Engle should meet with him. Although the publisher did not, at the time, publish a line of children's books, Farrar met L'Engle, liked the novel, and ultimately published it.[8]

text: In 1963 the book won the Newbery Medal which is awarded annually by the Association for Library Service to Children, a division of the American Library Association, to the author of the most distinguished contribution to American literature for children. The book has been continuously in print since its first publication. The hardback edition is still published by Farrar, Straus & Giroux. The original blue dust jacket by Ellen Raskin was replaced with new art by Leo and Diane Dillon, with the publication of A Swiftly Tilting Planet in 1978. The book has also been published in a 25th anniversary collectors' edition (limited to 500 signed and numbered copies), at least two book club editions (one hardback, one Scholastic Book Services paperback), as a trade paperback under the Dell Yearling imprint, and as a mass market paperback under the Dell Laurel-Leaf imprint. The cover art on the paperback editions has changed several times since first publication.

text: The book was reissued by Square Fish in trade and mass market paperback formats in May 2007, along with the rest of the Time Quintet. This new edition includes a previously unpublished interview with L'Engle as well as the text of her Newbery Medal acceptance speech.[9]

text: Plot summary[edit]

text: Thirteen-year-old Meg Murry's classmates and teachers see her as a troublesome and stubborn student. Her family knows that she is emotionally immature but also sees her capable of doing great things. The family includes her scientist mother Katherine, her missing scientist father Alexander, the twins Sandy and Dennys, and her five-year-old brother Charles Wallace Murry, a child genius who can sometimes read Meg's mind.

text: The book begins with the line "It was a dark and stormy night," an allusion to the opening words in Edward Bulwer-Lytton's 1830 novel Paul Clifford. Unable to sleep during a thunderstorm, Meg descends from her attic room to find Charles Wallace sitting at the table drinking milk and eating bread and jam. They are then joined by their mother, and are visited by their new eccentric neighbor, Mrs Whatsit. In the course of conversation, Mrs Whatsit casually mentions there is such a thing as a tesseract, which causes Katherine to almost faint.

text: The next morning, Meg discovers that the term refers to a scientific concept her father was working on before his mysterious disappearance. The following afternoon, Meg and Charles Wallace encounter Meg's schoolmate, Calvin O'Keefe, a high-school junior who, although he is a "big man on campus", considers himself a misfit as well. They then go to visit an old haunted house near town which Charles Wallace already knows is the home of Mrs Whatsit. There they encounter two companions of Mrs Whatsit's, the equally strange Mrs Who and the unseen voice of Mrs Which. She promises that she and her friends will help Meg find and rescue her father. In the evening, Charles Wallace declares it is time for them to go on their mission to save their father. This is accompanied by the appearance of the third member of the "Mrs Ws", Mrs Which, who appears to materialize out of nothing.

text: Mrs Whatsit, Mrs Who, and Mrs Which turn out to be supernatural beings who transport Meg, Charles Wallace, and Calvin O'Keefe through the universe by means of tesseract, a fifth-dimensional phenomenon explained as being similar to folding the fabric of space and time. Their first stop is the planet Uriel, a Utopian world filled with Centaur-like beings who live in a state of light and love. Mrs Whatsit herself shows that she, Mrs Who, and Mrs Which are all these centaur-like creatures in disguise as humans. There the "Mrs Ws" reveal to the children that the universe is under attack from an evil being who appears as a large dark cloud called The Black Thing, which is essentially the personification of evil. The children are then taken to visit the "Happy Medium", a woman with a crystal ball through which they see that Earth is partially covered by the darkness, although great religious figures, philosophers, scientists, and artists have been fighting against it. Mrs Whatsit is revealed to be a former star who exploded in an act of self-sacrifice to fight the darkness.

text: The children then travel to the dark planet of Camazotz, which has "given in" to the Black Thing. Meg's father is trapped there. They find that all the inhabitants behave in a mechanistic way and seem to be under the control of a single mind. At the planet's central headquarters (described as CENTRAL Central Intelligence), they discover a telepathic red-eyed man who can cast a hypnotic spell and claims to know their father’s whereabouts. Charles Wallace deliberately looks into the man’s red eyes, allowing himself to be hypnotized in order to find their father. Under its influence, he takes Meg and Calvin to the place where Alexander is being held prisoner because he would not succumb to the group mind.

text: The planet turns out to be controlled by an evil disembodied brain with powerful abilities, which the inhabitants of Camazotz call "IT."  Charles Wallace takes them to the place where IT is held. In such proximity to IT, the children are threatened by a possible telepathic takeover of their minds. With special powers from Mrs Who's glasses, Alexander is able to "tesser" Calvin, Meg and himself away from Camazotz, but Charles Wallace is left behind, still under the influence of IT. Dr. Murry, inexperienced at tessering, does not know how to protect Meg from the Black Thing which surrounds the planet as they tesser through it, nearly killing her. When they arrive on the neighboring planet of Ixchel, Meg is nearly frozen, and paralyzed. Calvin and the Murrys are discovered by the planet's inhabitants - large, eyeless "beasts" with featureless faces, tentacles and four arms, who prove both wise and gentle. Meg's paralysis is cured under the care of one inhabitant, whom Meg nicknames "Aunt Beast." Meg overcomes her anger at her father for leaving Charles Wallace on Camazotz, realizing that parents can't fix everything, and sometimes children can solve problems themselves.

text: Then the trio of Mrs Whatsit, Mrs Who, and Mrs Which arrive. They charge Meg with rescuing Charles Wallace from IT, because only Meg has a strong enough bond with him. Their father had last seen Charles Wallace when he was a baby and Calvin had only just met him. They each give her a gift. Mrs Whatsit gives Meg her love. Mrs Who quotes to Meg a passage from the Bible about God choosing the foolish of the world to confound the wise, and the weak to defeat the strong (1 Corinthians 1:27-29). Mrs Which tells Meg that she has one thing that IT does not have but doesn't specify what it is. Upon arriving at the building where IT is housed, Charles Wallace is still there under IT's influence. Meg realizes that the one thing she has that IT does not is love. She focuses all her love at Charles Wallace and is able to free him from IT's control. Mrs Who, Mrs Which and Mrs Whatsit tesser the Murrys and Calvin back to Earth. In the vegetable garden they are all reunited with Katherine and the twins. Mrs Whatsit says that although she and the others like the spectacle of the family reuniting, they have to go somewhere. Before Mrs Whatsit finishes her sentence, she and the others disappear.

text: Major themes[edit]

text: Madeleine L'Engle's fantasy works are in part highly expressive of her Christian viewpoint in a manner somewhat similar to that of Christian fantasy writer C. S. Lewis. She was herself the official writer-in-residence at New York City's Episcopal Cathedral of St. John the Divine, which is known for its prominent position in the liberal wing of the Episcopal Church.[10] L'Engle's liberal Christianity has been the target of criticism from more conservative Christians, especially with respect to certain elements of A Wrinkle in Time.[11]

text: The theme of picturing the fight of good against evil as a battle of light and darkness is a recurring one. Its manner is reminiscent of the prologue to the Gospel of John, which is quoted within the book. When the "Mrs Ws" reveal their secret roles in the cosmic fight against "the darkness" they ask the children to name some figures on Earth (a partially dark planet) who fight the darkness. They name Jesus, and later in the discussion Buddha is named as well, along with various creative artists and philanthropists. The three women are described as ancient star-beings who act as guardian angels.[12]

text: Further, the themes of "conformity" and the "status quo" are present. It is a generic theme that is within every society there is a powerful dominant group that challenges the minority group. Very few of the powerless members of this group are resilient. In this case, IT is the powerful dominant group that manipulates the planet of Camazotz into conformity (i.e., they all have the same rhythm). Even Charles Wallace falls prey (due to flattery) and is hence persuaded to conform. It is thanks to Meg that she and her family are able to break from conformity.[13] According to the author's granddaughter Charlotte Jones Voiklis, the story wasn't a simple allegory of communism; in a three-page passage that was cut before publication, the process of domination is said to be an outcome of dictatorship under totalitarian regimes, and by an excessive desire of security under democratic countries.[14][15]

text: Scholar Jean Fulton writes, "L'Engle's fiction for young readers is considered important partly because she was among the first to focus directly on the deep, delicate issues that young people must face, such as death, social conformity, and truth. L'Engle's work always is uplifting because she is able to look at the surface values of life from a perspective of wholeness, both joy and pain, transcending each to uncover the absolute nature of human experience that they share."[7]

text: Reception[edit]

text: At the time of the book's publication, Kirkus Reviews said, "Readers who relish symbolic reference may find this trip through time and space an exhilarating experience; the rest will be forced to ponder the double entendres."[16]

text: A Wrinkle in Time is on the American Library Association list of the 100 Most Frequently Challenged Books of 1990–2000 at number 23.[17] Reasons given include the book's references to witches and crystal balls,[18] the claim that it "challenges religious beliefs",[19] and the listing of Jesus "with the names of great artists, philosophers, scientists, and religious leaders".[20]

text: A 2004 study found that it was a common read-aloud book for sixth-graders in schools in San Diego County, California.[21] Based on a 2007 online poll, the National Education Association named the book one of its "Teachers' Top 100 Books for Children".[22] It was one of the "Top 100 Chapter Books" of all time in a 2012 poll by School Library Journal.[23]

text: In 2016, the novel saw a spike in sales after Chelsea Clinton mentioned it as influential in her childhood in a speech at the 2016 Democratic National Convention.[24]

text: Characters[edit]

text: Main characters[edit]

text: Margaret "Meg" Murry[edit]

text: Meg is the outcast of the family and also the oldest child of scientists Alex and Kate Murry. Mathematically brilliant but less than adept at other subjects in school, Meg is "awkward", unpopular, and defensive around authority figures as well as her peers. Although she has the brains to accomplish difficult tasks, she rarely puts her strengths to use. She adores her mother and three brothers especially her youngest brother, Charles Wallace, and weeps much for her missing father. Like many adolescent girls, Meg is unhappy with her physical appearance, particularly her mouse-brown, unruly hair, braces and glasses, and considers herself a "monster" in comparison with her mother. But then she meets Calvin.  She is about thirteen years old, and is a couple of grades below Calvin, who is fourteen years old but in eleventh grade. Introduced on the first page of the book, she is the story's main protagonist.

text: Charles Wallace Murry[edit]

text: Charles Wallace is the youngest Murry child, being five years old. He is very smart and is the most extraordinary and the most vulnerable of the novel's human characters, and the youngest to journey to Camazotz. Charles Wallace did not talk at all until he was nearly four years old, at which time he began to speak in complete sentences. Now five years old, Charles Wallace speaks only to his family, but can empathically or telepathically "read" certain people's thoughts and feelings, and above that has an extraordinary vocabulary. A biological "sport," he is intellectually curious, loving, and unfazed by extraordinary people and events. He was the first to meet the Mesdames W and brought Meg to see them. Initially able to block IT out of his mind, he opens his mind to the Man with Red Eyes and thus falls under IT's control.

text: Calvin O'Keefe[edit]

text: Calvin is the third oldest of Paddy and Branwen O'Keefe's eleven children, a tall, thin, red-haired 14-year-old high school junior who is not the best in math but has to study to play on the school basketball team, and is one of the popular boys in high school. His mother is a very cranky, tired woman with too many children. Neglected by his own family, Calvin enters the lives of the Murry family, starting in Chapter Two. He also loves Meg Murry. He shows some signs of being able to communicate telepathically, the same power Charles Wallace seems to have, a technique referred to in later books as kything. He also feels as if he has been hiding his true self all his life, and likes the Murry family much more than his own, which is characterized by abuse and dysfunctional dynamics.

text: Primary immortal characters[edit]

text: Mrs Whatsit, Mrs Who, and Mrs Which are immortal beings who can travel across large stretches of time and space by dematerializing and rematerializing. They are capable of shapeshifting, but spend most of their time on Earth as elderly women. All three are billions of years old and were once stars that had sacrificed themselves as a nova or supernova to destroy parts of the Black Thing.

text: Mrs Whatsit[edit]

text: Mrs Whatsit is first described as a very old woman wrapped in layers of clothes with a jacket and first appears in chapter one. Charles Wallace finds her in a 'haunted house' in the woods, where she has been living with her two friends, Mrs Who and Mrs Which. Mrs Whatsit is the youngest of the Mmes. W (despite being 2,379,152,497 years, 8 months, and 3 days  old), and the best of the three at interacting with the children.

text: In Chapter Four, Charles Wallace, Calvin, and Meg witnesses Mrs. Whatsit transform into a centaur-like winged being on the planet Uriel. After explaining their sacrificial backstory to the children, Mrs Whatsit admits to Meg that she had once been one of them, and to Mrs Which that it hadn't been very long (from their perspective) since it happened.

text: Mrs Who[edit]

text:
Mrs Who is described as a plump woman with spectacles. She communicates in Latin, Spanish, Italian, German, French, Portuguese and Greek, notably quoting William Shakespeare, Pascal, Dante Alighieri, Seneca, A. Perez, Horace, Miguel de Cervantes, Delille,
Euripides, the Bible and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. Mrs Whatsit explains that Mrs Who finds it "difficult to verbalize" in her own words.

text: Mrs Which[edit]

text: Mrs Which's physical appearance is not set; she appears as a shimmering light most of the time. However, she does once take on the appearance of a traditional witch with a black hat and broom. She does not stay long in this form, though, as corporeal appearance is quite difficult for her to maintain. She first appears at the end of Chapter 3. She is the clear leader of the three women and the wisest, and upon appearing, immediately demonstrates her vast knowledge of understanding in tesseract travel. Her distinguishing quirk is her long, drawn-out method of speech, symbolized by doubled and tripled consonants in her words (as in; "Nnoww, cchilldrenn, yyou musstt nott bee frrightennedd att whatt iss ggoingg tto hhappenn,"). She is the one who usually provides the group, most especially Meg, with the clues the children need to solve the problems encountered during their travels.

text: The Man with Red Eyes[edit]

text: The Man with Red Eyes is a being whom Meg, Charles Wallace, and Calvin encounter on their quest to rescue Meg and Charles Wallace's father on the planet Camazotz. He is the Prime Coordinator on Camazotz. He and IT control Camazotz together and are the main antagonists. He entices Charles Wallace to look into his glowing red eyes in order to find his father. When Charles Wallace does so, he too becomes possessed by the mind of IT, after which the Man with Red Eyes drops out of the story.

text: IT[edit]

text: IT is the bodiless, telepathic brain that dominates the planet of Camazotz and is the main antagonist of the story. IT controls all the people in Camazotz and makes people often do the same things together in a mechanistic synchronism as if they were robots. IT speaks through The Man With Red Eyes and later through Charles Wallace, and is functionally part of the interstellar evil cloud called the Black Thing. IT is described as a giant sized human brain. Housed in a dome near the "CENTRAL Central Intelligence" building, IT is said to pulse and quiver on its dais. IT's aim is to enforce absolute conformity on Camazotz, with the claimed benefit of eliminating war, unhappiness and inefficiency. However, IT is aware of cruelty, referring to "ITself" as "the Happiest Sadist". While IT usually speaks through one of its pawns, IT can speak directly to people through telepathy, but IT only does this once throughout the entire novel. IT's name is always used whenever IT is spoken of (rather than the pronoun "it"), so pervasively that even the word "itself" is rewritten as "ITself."

text: The Black Thing[edit]

text: A formless, shadowy being. According to the Mrs. Whatsit, the Black Thing is the source of all evil in the universe. It is unclear from where the Black Thing came or what its motivations are. It is unclear what its relationship to IT is, although it is suggested that IT is a powerful servant of the Black Thing. Many people have fought the Black Thing and added to the peace of the world, including Mr. Murry.

text: Sub-characters[edit]

text: Alex Murry[edit]

text: Meg's father is a physicist who is researching the mysteries of the space/time continuum, specifically five-dimensional means of travel between planets. He is also the father of Meg, Sandy, Dennys and Charles Wallace. He has been missing for some time at the start of the novel, and not even his government colleagues know where he is. He is usually referred to as Mr. Murry. His first name is revealed in the fifth and last Time novel An Acceptable Time. In the television adaptation of A Wrinkle in Time, he is renamed Jack. He first appears in a flashback in Chapter One.

text: Dr. Katherine "Kate" Murry[edit]

text: Meg's mother is a microbiologist, Dr. Alexander Murry’s wife, and the mother of the four Murry children. She is considered beautiful by the Murry children and others, having "flaming red hair", creamy skin, and violet eyes with long dark lashes. Her physical attractiveness, academic and scientific accomplishments give Meg a bit of an inferiority complex. She is introduced in Chapter One, and usually referred to as Mrs. Murry. As in her husband's case, her first name is given in the subsequently published An Acceptable Time. The television version of her character is renamed Dana.

text: Sandy Murry[edit]

text: Sandy and his twin brother Dennys are the middle children in the Murry family, older than Charles Wallace but younger than Meg. They are 10 years old at the time of this book. Sandy is named after his father, Dr. Alex Murry. Although they are certainly intelligent, Sandy and his twin are considered the "normal" children in the family: B students, good at sports, and well able to fit in with their peers. Of the twins, Sandy is generally the leader, and the more pragmatic of the two. He and Dennys first appear in Chapter One.

text: Dennys Murry[edit]

text: Dennys is the twin of Sandy Murry. Dennys and his twin are usually inseparable, with Dennys generally following Sandy's lead. However, Dennys is slightly less skeptical than his brother about the strange theories and even stranger adventures of Meg and Charles Wallace. (Note: The name Dennys is a shortened version of "Dionysus", which is the name of a Greek god, but is pronounced the same way as the more common spelling "Dennis.")

text: Mrs. Buncombe[edit]

text: The wife of the constable in Meg's hometown, who has twelve bed-sheets stolen from her at the beginning of the novel.[25]

text: Mr. Jenkins[edit]

text: Mr. Jenkins [25] is Meg's cold and unfeeling high-school principal who calls her "belligerent and uncooperative" and implies that her family is in denial about Mr. Murry's true whereabouts.

text: Supporting alien characters[edit]

text: The Happy Medium lives in a cavern on a planet in Orion's Belt. Human in appearance, she is described as wearing a satin gown and a silk turban, and uses a crystal ball to look at distant places and people. Her title comes from the character's jolly temperament, and her preference for looking at happy things. She helps Meg, Calvin, and Charles Wallace see The Black Thing through the crystal ball and understand what they are fighting against. She is introduced in chapter five. (The name "Happy Medium" is a pun alluding to the common expression for reaching an acceptable compromise: "to find a happy medium.")

text: Aunt Beast is a character who takes care of Meg and befriends her on the planet Ixchel after Meg is "frozen" by the Black Thing. Introduced in chapter ten, the character is a four-armed eyeless gray creature with telepathic abilities and numerous long, waving tentacles instead of fingers. Aunt Beast has a motherly, nurturing attitude toward Meg. The name Aunt Beast is one that Meg and the alien come up with together, based on the character's perusal of Meg's mind. The character's actual name, if any, is not given.

text: Locations[edit]

text: Early scenes in the novel take place in and around an unnamed village, later established in An Acceptable Time as being in Connecticut. The nearly 200-year-old Murry farmhouse has parallels in the Austin family series of books and in L'Engle's own Connecticut home, Crosswicks.[6]

text: When Meg, Calvin and Charles Wallace travel to other planets, the ones whose names are given include the following:

text:
Camazotz – A planet of extreme, enforced conformity, ruled by a disembodied brain called IT. Camazotz is similar to Earth, with familiar trees such as birches, pines, and maples, an ordinary hill on which the children arrive, and a town with smokestacks, which "might have been one of any number of familiar towns". The horror of the place arises from its ordinary appearance, endlessly duplicated. Thus, the houses are "all exactly alike, small square boxes painted gray"; this characterization has been compared with "the burgeoning American suburbia"[26] such as the post-war housing developments of Levittown, Pennsylvania. The people who live in the houses are similarly described, with "mother figures" who "all gave the appearance of being the same". Camazotz has also been compared with "an early sixties American image of life in a Communist state", a characterization partially dismissed as too glib.[27] The name Camazotz refers to a Mayan bat god, one of L'Engle's many mythological allusions in her nomenclature.[28]  It is also stated that Camazotz is a planet that has "given in" to the Black Thing, implying that it was not always the dystopian place that it is at present.
Ixchel – A planet of muted colors, inhabited by tall, sightless creatures with tentacles. It orbits the same sun as Camazotz. The name Ixchel refers to a Mayan jaguar goddess of medicine.[28]
Uriel – A planet with extremely tall mountains, an allusion to the Archangel Uriel. It is inhabited by creatures that resemble winged centaurs. It is "the third planet of the Star Malak (meaning 'angel' in Hebrew) in the spiral nebula Messier 101", which would place it at roughly 25 million light-years from Earth. The site of Mrs Whatsit's temporary transformation into one of these winged creatures, it is the place where "the guardian angels" (i.e. the Mrs Ws, who are explicitly referred to as such by Calvin later in the book) "show the questers a vision of the universe that is obscured on earth."[12]

text: They also stop briefly on an unnamed two-dimensional planet and on an unnamed planet in Orion's belt, the latter of which is the home of the Happy Medium.

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: Audio books[edit]

text: In 1994, Listening Library released an unabridged, 4-cassette audio edition read by the author.[29]

text: On January 10, 2012, Audible released a 50th anniversary edition recorded by Hope Davis.[30]

text: Film adaptations[edit]

text:
In 2003, a television adaptation of the novel was made by a collaboration of Canadian production companies, to be distributed in the United States by Disney. The movie was directed by John Kent Harrison, with a teleplay by Susan Shilliday. It stars Katie Stuart as Meg Murry, Alfre Woodard as Mrs. Whatsit, Alison Elliott as Mrs. Who, and Kate Nelligan as Mrs. Which. In an interview with MSNBC/Newsweek, when L'Engle was asked if the film "met her expectations", she said, "I have glimpsed it... I expected it to be bad, and it is."[31]
A theatrical feature film adaptation of the novel by Walt Disney Pictures, was released in 2018. The film was directed by Ava DuVernay and written by Jennifer Lee and Jeff Stockwell. It stars Oprah Winfrey, Reese Witherspoon, Mindy Kaling, Chris Pine, Gugu Mbatha-Raw, Storm Reid, Michael Peña, and Zach Galifianakis.[32][33] While some critics "celebrated its message of female empowerment and diversity", this version became a box office bomb. However, it did make Ava DuVernay the first African-American woman to direct a film that earned at least $100 million domestically.[citation needed]

text: Play[edit]

text: An adaptation by James Sie premiered at the Lifeline Theatre in Chicago in 1990, and returned to the stage in 1998 and 2017.[34]

text: John Glore adapted the novel as a play that premiered in 2010. It was written for six actors playing 12 parts. One actor plays Mrs Whatsit, the Man with Red Eyes, and Camazotz Man. Dr. Kate Murry, Mrs Who, Camazotz Woman, and Aunt Beast also share one performer. The stage adaptation premiered in Costa Mesa, California, with productions in Bethesda, Maryland; Cincinnati; Philadelphia; Orlando; Portland, Oregon; and other cities.[35][36]

text: An adaptation by Tracy Young premiered at the Oregon Shakespeare Festival in April 2014, as well as at colleges and theaters around the U.S.[37]

text: Opera[edit]

text: In 1992, OperaDelaware (known for frequently adapting children's books) staged an opera based on A Wrinkle in Time written by Libby Larsen with a libretto by Walter Green. The review in Philly.com stated "The composer does not place arias and set pieces, but conversational ensembles with spoken dialogue that made the young daughter's climactic but concise song about familial love all the more imposing."[38][39]

text: Graphic novel[edit]

text: In 2010, Hope Larson announced that she was writing and illustrating the official graphic novel version of the book. This version was published by Farrar, Straus & Giroux in October 2012.[40][41]

text: References in popular culture[edit]

text: The television show Lost featured appearances of the book: it is one of the novels Sawyer reads on the Island, and it is seen on his dresser.[42]

text: Further reading[edit]

text: Other books in the series[edit]

text: L'Engle wrote four other books featuring this generation of the Murry family, collectively known as the Time Quintet.

text:
A Wind in the Door (1973) ISBN 0-374-38443-6
A Swiftly Tilting Planet (1978) ISBN 0-374-37362-0
Many Waters (1986) ISBN 0-374-34796-4
An Acceptable Time (1989) ISBN 0-374-30027-5

text: Jean C. Fulton remarks that the books are not "intended to be read consecutively, these books, though integrated, are independent." Although Many Waters was published approximately eight years after A Swiftly Tilting Planet, it takes place several years earlier, when Sandy and Dennys are in high school and Meg is in college.

text: Four further novels have been published that feature Meg and Calvin's children, especially Polly O'Keefe. The most recent of these, An Acceptable Time, features Meg's parents, and is marketed with the four Murry books as part of the Time Quintet; Sandy Murry appears prominently in A House Like a Lotus, which features Polly O'Keefe. Nearly every novel by Madeleine L'Engle connects to the Murry-O'Keefe series either directly or indirectly with appearances by recurring characters. See also: List of L'Engle's works and Major characters in the works of Madeleine L'Engle for further detail.

text: Concerning A Wrinkle in Time[edit]

text:
Scholastic BookFiles: A Reading Guide to A Wrinkle in Time ISBN 0-439-46364-5
Chase, Carole F. Suncatcher: A Study of Madeleine L'Engle and Her Writing, p. 170. Innisfree Press, 1998, ISBN 1-880913-31-3


document_title: Red Bull

question_text: when was red bull released in the us

question_tokens: when was red bull released in the us

root

text: Red Bull

text: History[edit]

text: In 1976 Chaleo Yoovidhya introduced a drink called Krating Daeng in Thailand, which means "red gaur" in English. It was popular among Thai truck drivers and labourers. While working for German manufacturer Blendax (later acquired by Procter & Gamble) in 1982, Dietrich Mateschitz travelled to Thailand and met Chaleo, owner of T.C. Pharmaceutical. During his visit, Mateschitz discovered that Krating Daeng helped cure his jet lag.[18] In 1984, Mateschitz co-founded Red Bull GmbH with Yoovidhya and turned it into an international brand. Each partner invested US$500,000 of savings to found the company. Yoovidhya and Mateschitz each held a 49 percent share of the new company. They gave the remaining two percent to Yoovidhya's son, Chalerm, but it was agreed that Mateschitz would run the company.[19] The product was launched in Austria in 1987.

tag: p

text: In Thailand energy drinks are most popular with blue-collar workers. Red Bull re-positioned the drink as a trendy, upscale drink, first introducing it at Austrian ski resorts. Pricing was a key differentiator, with Red Bull positioned as a premium drink and Krating Daeng as a lower cost item. In many countries both drinks are available, dominating both ends of the price spectrum.[20]

text: In 1992 the product expanded to international markets: Hungary and Slovenia.[21] It entered the United States via California in 1997[21] and the Middle East in 2000.[22] In 2008, Forbes magazine listed both Chaleo and Mateschitz as the 250th richest people in the world with an estimated net worth of US$4 billion.[23][24]

text: Red Bull GmbH is headquartered in Fuschl am See, an Austrian village of about 1,500 inhabitants near Salzburg. The company is 51 percent controlled by the Yoovidhya family who, for technical reasons, own the trademark in Europe and the US.[20]

text: In 1995 Krating Daeng authorized its drink. labelled as Red Bull, to be sold in China. Since 2014, the Austrian Red Bull (carbonated) has also been exported to China. This has created confusion since both drinks use the same brand name, in both English and Chinese.

text: Similarly, in Southeast Asia, Red Bull and Krating Daeng are often confused as both use the Red Bull name in their packaging, although they are two separate products aimed at different markets. The main difference is that Red Bull comes in a tall blue and silver can while the Thailand Red Bull, or Krating Daeng, is in a smaller gold can. The two drinks also differ in terms of taste —- Red Bull has less sugar and is carbonated. The flavouring used for Red Bull is still produced in Bangkok and exported worldwide.[20]

text: Ingredients[edit]

text: Depending on the country Red Bull contains caffeine, taurine, B vitamins (B3, B5, B6, B12) and simple sugars (sucrose and glucose) in a buffer solution of carbonated water, baking soda and magnesium carbonate.[25][26] To produce Red Bull Sugarfree, sugars sucrose and glucose have been replaced by the sweeteners acesulfame K and aspartame/sucralose.[27]

text: Health effects[edit]

text: Claims about the drink's effects and performance have been challenged on various occasions, with the UK's Advertising Standards Authority imposing advertising restrictions in 2001 in response to complaints recorded as early as 1997.[28]

text: Energy drinks have the effects that caffeine and sugar provide, but experts still argue about the possible effects of the other ingredients.[17] Most of the effects of energy drinks on cognitive performance, such as increased attention and reaction speed, are primarily due to the presence of caffeine.[29] There is evidence that energy drinks can increase mental[30][31][32] and athletic[33][34] performance. Performance during prolonged driving is increased after consumption of Red Bull.[32] Other tests for physical performance showed results such as increased endurance and power. Red Bull energy drink increased upper body muscle endurance during repeated Wingate tests in young healthy adults.[35] Excessive or repeated consumption of energy drinks can lead to cardiac and psychiatric conditions.[14][15]

text: The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) concluded that exposure to taurine and glucuronolactone at the levels presently used in energy drinks is not a safety concern.[36] In a separate analysis, they also concluded that there is insufficient evidence to support a number of commercial health claims about taurine.[37] A review published in 2008 found no documented reports of negative or positive health effects associated with the amount of taurine used in energy drinks, including Red Bull. The review also states that though the caffeine and sugar levels in the energy drink are comparable to those present in coffee and fruit juice respectively, these levels have been shown to cause adverse health effects.[38]

text: In its scientific opinion on the safety of caffeine of 2015 the EFSA concludes, that "Consumption of other constituents of energy drinks at concentrations commonly present in such beverages would not affect the safety of single doses of caffeine up to 200 mg." Also the consumption of alcohol, leading to a blood alcohol content of about 0.08%, would, according to the EFSA, not affect the safety of single doses of caffeine up to 200 mg. Up to these levels of intake, caffeine is unlikely to mask the subjective perception of alcohol intoxication. Habitual use of caffeine up to 400 mg per day does not.[16]

text: According to SAMHSA "the number of emergency department (ED) visits" among people over age 12 related to energy drinks doubled between 2007 and 2011 in the US (from 10,068 to 20,783).[39]

text: Caffeine content[edit]

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: The caffeine content of a single can of Red Bull is 80 mg/250 ml (32 mg/100 ml).[40][41] This is about the same as one cup of coffee, or slightly less depending on the brewing method.[42] The actual caffeine level in Red Bull can vary depending on country, as some countries have legal restrictions on how much caffeine is allowed in drinks. As is the case with other caffeinated beverages, Red Bull drinkers may experience adverse effects as a result of overuse. Excessive consumption may induce mild to moderate euphoria primarily caused by stimulant properties of caffeine and may also induce agitation, anxiety, irritability and insomnia.[43][medical citation needed][29]

text: The general population of healthy adults is not at risk for potential adverse effects from caffeine if they limit their consumption to 400 mg per day, which is the equivalent of 5 standard cans, with one can being 250ml in volume.[44] Consumption of a single energy drink will not lead to excessive caffeine intake.[16][45] Adverse effects associated with caffeine consumption in amounts greater than 400 mg include nervousness, irritability, sleeplessness, increased urination, abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmia), and dyspepsia. Consumption also has been known to cause pupil dilation when taken with certain antidepressants or SSRIs.[45][medical citation needed] Caffeine dosage is not required to be on the product label for food in the United States, unlike drugs, but some advocates are urging the FDA to change this practice. (Red Bull voluntarily lists the caffeine content in each can along with the ingredient list.)[46]

text: Market approval and legal status[edit]

text: Authorities in France, Denmark, and Norway initially kept Red Bull from being sold domestically.[47] However, as of  2014[update], it is on sale in all 28 member states of the European Union and in more than 167 countries around the world.

text: The French food safety agency was concerned about taurine. A Red Bull drink that did not contain taurine was introduced. The French refusal of market approval was challenged by the European Commission, and partially upheld by the European Court of Justice in 2004.[47] The French food safety agency relented in 2008, because it was unable to prove a definite health risk, taurine-related or not.[48]

text: In 2012 the Kuwaiti Ministry of Commerce banned Red Bull for people under 16 after it had allegedly caused heart attacks for a 16-year-old and a 21-year-old national squash team player.[49][50][51][52][53][54][55]

text: Litigation[edit]

text: In 2013, Red Bull told the Redwell Brewery, a Norfolk micro brewery, to change its name or face legal action, because it sounded too similar to Red Bull. The eight-man brewery in Norwich was told its name could "confuse" customers and "tarnish" its trademark.[56] The two companies reached a settlement permitting Redwell to continue using its name.[57]

text: In 2014 Red Bull faced a US$13 million settlement addressing two consumer class action lawsuits in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York.[58] The listed plaintiffs were Benjamin Careathers, David Wolf, and Miguel Almarez[59] who sued the company for Red Bull's marketing and labeling, claiming that the company violated "express warranty and unjust enrichment" since their products were first launched by claiming performance-enhancing benefits from the drink's ingredients which were not substantiated by scientific studies.[60] The court hearing took place the morning of 1 May 2015 in an attempt to determine approval for the settlement. Customers that submitted claims then have the opportunity to receive a US$10 cash reimbursement or product option of US$15 in Red Bull products[61] within 150 days of the approved appeals.[62]  Contrary to false reports from some news outlets, the lawsuit was not about the drink failing to give the consumer literal wings.[63]

text: Advertising[edit]

text: Since 1997, Red Bull has been making commercials bearing its slogan "Red Bull gives you wings," but also occasionally bearing "No Red Bull, no wings." [64]

text: Red Bull's international marketing campaign targets young men mostly with extreme sports. These range from mountain biking,[65] BMX,[66] motocross,[67] windsurfing,[68] snowboarding,[69] skateboarding,[70] kayaking,[71] rowing,[72] wakeboarding,[73] cliff-diving,[74] parkour,[75] surfing,[76] skating,[77] freestyle motocross,[78] rallycross,[79] Formula 1 racing,[80] NASCAR racing,[81] to breakdancing.[82] Red Bull uses music and videogames, and has enlisted celebrities, such as Eminem (sponsoring the Red Bull "EmSee Battle Rap championships").[83] It hosts events like art shows and the "Red Bull Flugtag" (German for "flight day" or "flying day").[84]

text: Red Bull owns football teams, with clubs in Austria,[85] (Germany),[86] the United States[86] and Brazil[87] featuring the Red Bull trademark in their names. By associating the drink's image with these activities, the company seeks to promote a "cool" public image and raise brand power. The energy drink has created a market for over 150 related types of products.[88]

text: In the PlayStation 3's social gaming platform, PlayStation Home, Red Bull developed its own in-game island, specifically advertising its energy drink and the Red Bull Air Race event (for which the space is named) released in January 2009.[89] In late November 2009, Red Bull produced two new spaces, the Red Bull Illume space, and the Red Bull Beach space featuring the Red Bull Flugtag, both released on the same day.[90] In January 2012, Red Bull released its first personal space called the "Red Bull House of Skate" featuring an indoor skate park.[91]

text: On the Apple App store Red Bull also has a few apps which include: RedBull.com, Red Bull TV, The Red Bulletin, RBMA Radio, Red Bull iFunk, Wings For Life- Selfie Run. As well as some games on the app store which are: Bike Unchained, Red Bull Kart Fighter 3, Red Bull Air Race The Game, Red Bull Racers.[92]

text: In 2010, the company enlisted Adrian Newey to design a prototype racing car, the Red Bull X2010, for the videogame Gran Turismo 5.[93]

text: Red Bull House of Art[edit]

text: The Red Bull House of Art is an art fellowship program that was launched by Red Bull.[94][95] The program is held in multiple cities, most notably the Red Bull House of Art programs in Detroit, Michigan and São Paulo, Brazil, and the program typically consists of a three-month period during which time six to eight participants will create new artwork with the intent to display it in a final exhibition.[96][97] During the fellowship the artists receive unlimited access to the galleries and a stipend for art supplies.[98]

text: The program has received criticism as being an "elaborate advertising scheme",[99] as some of the artwork has been used in Red Bull advertising campaigns.[100]

text: Sports sponsorships and acquisitions[edit]

text:
Red Bull Racing—a Formula One team based in Milton Keynes, England, World Constructor's Championship winner of 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013, and produced the car for the 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013 F1 World Champion Sebastian Vettel.
Scuderia Toro Rosso (Italian translation of Team Red Bull): Another Formula One team based in Faenza, Italy.
RB Leipzig: a football club currently playing in the German 1. Bundesliga
New York Red Bulls (officially Red Bull New York):[101] a football franchise competing in Major League Soccer of the United States.
Red Bull Sailing Team: an Extreme Sailing Series racing team.
Team Red Bull: a Toyota racing team competing in the U.S.-based stock car racing competition NASCAR Red Bull Racing Team competed in NASCAR beginning in 2007. The team ceased operations after the Sprint Cup Series' 2011 season.
FC Red Bull Salzburg: an Austrian football club based in Salzburg and competing in the Austrian Bundesliga
EC Red Bull Salzburg: a member of the Austrian Hockey League based in Salzburg, Austria
EHC Red Bull München: a member of the Deutsche Eishockey Liga based in Munich, Germany
Red Bull Brasil: a football club currently playing in the Brazilian Campeonato Paulista based in Campinas, Brazil

tag: ul

text:
Red Bull Holden Racing Team – a Supercars team run by Triple Eight Race Engineering, manufacturer of cars 1 and 97, driven by 7 time champion Jamie Whincup and 2016 champion Shane van Gisbergen – Red Bull had sponsored the team as Red Bull Racing Australia, from 2013 until 2017, when the team was given sole factory backing from Holden, rebranding as the Red Bull Holden Racing Team.[102]
Red Bull Racing Brasil, a Stock Car Brasil team, since 2007.
Red Bull KTM Factory Racing, a team competing in MotoGP.
Red Bull Ghana: was a Ghanaian professional football club located in Sogakope that played in the Poly Tank Division One League.
Škoda Motorsport rally team
Red Bulls, a League of Legends team currently playing in the European League of Legends Challenger Series
Esports team OG Dota 2.[103]

text: Sponsorships[edit]

text:
Abt Sportsline
Arrows F1 team from 2001 to 2002
Audi Sport for the A4 DTM
Batalla de los Gallos
Cacá Bueno's speed record Vectra
Carlin Motorsport Dallara-Renault
Citroën World Rally Team (2008–2012)
Cloud9 League of Legends eSports team
EKS RX
Ford Fiesta WRC
Hansen Motorsport rallycross team
Hyundai Genesis Coupe Pikes Peak edition
Hyundai Veloster rallycross car
Iveco Dakar rally trucks
JMB Racing Maserati MC12 GT
KTM road, MXGP and Dakar rally bikes
Red Bull Ajo Motorsport
Red Bull Youth America's Cup
Repsol Honda Team
OG Dota 2 eSports team
Oracle Team USA
Olsbergs MSE Ford rallycross team
Peugeot 208 T16
Peugeot 2008 DKR (2015)
Sauber F1 team (1995–2004)
SEAT Sport WTCC team
Škoda Fabia S2000
Red Bull Honda World Superbike Team
Volkswagen Passat DARPA Grand Challenge edition
Andrew Dickson, pro BMX rider
Volkswagen Polo R WRC
Volkswagen Race Touareg Dakar edition
Volkswagen V10 TDI Touaregs Pikes Peak edition

text: Endorsements[edit]

text: In 2009, Red Bull added mainstream sport athletes to its roster of endorsements, which also includes persons involved in non-sporting activities.

text:
Reggie Bush, US NFL athlete announced at the 2009 Super Bowl.[104]
Ryan Dungey American Supercross, Motocross rider for Red Bull KTM Factory Racing.

Marvin Musquin French Supercross, Motocross rider for Red Bull KTM Factory Racing.

text:
Dani Pedrosa, Marc Márquez, John Reynolds, Andrea Dovizioso, Casey Stoner, and Nicky Hayden
Red Bull Junior Team, a program which sponsors young drivers competing in single seater racing. Since 2001 many young drivers developed careers in professional motorsport, with 13 participants having competed in Formula One, including quadruple F1 world champion Sebastian Vettel, Daniel Ricciardo, and Max Verstappen
Skijumpers Gregor Schlierenzauer, Thomas Morgenstern, Adam Małysz, and Andreas Goldberger, snowboarders Mark McMorris, Torah Bright and Nathan Johnstone, and skiers Kaya Turski, Lindsey Vonn, Axel Lund Svindal and Alexis Pinturault.
Dion Phaneuf NHL defenseman, currently with the Los Angeles Kings.
Young professional golfer Rickie Fowler.
Racing driver Andrew Jordan.
Drift racing driver "Mad" Mike Whiddett.
Professional chess player Hikaru Nakamura.[105][106]
Super Smash Bros. Melee player William "Leffen" Hjelte[107]
Street Fighter players Daigo Umehara,[108] Masato "Bonchan" Takahashi,[109] Darryl "Snake Eyez" Lewis[110] and Olivier "Luffy" Hay.[111]
League of Legends player Enrique Cedeño Martinez (xPeke)[112][113]
Trail runners Ryan Sandes and Ryno Griesel at the Great Himalaya Trail

text: Events[edit]

text:
Red Bull sports events
Red Bull 400
Red Bull Battle Grounds: An eSports competition in popular video games Dota 2 and StarCraft 2
Red Bull Stratos
Red Bull Straight Rhythm
Red Bull Double Pipe
Red Bull Global Rallycross Championship
Red Bull Cliff Diving World Series
Red Bull Drifting World Championship
Red Bull Rampage
Red Bull Road Rage
Red Bull King of the Rock Tournament
Red Bull Romaniacs Hard Enduro Rallye
Red Bull Crashed Ice
Red Bull X-Fighters
Red Bull X-Alps
Red Bull Air Race World Championship
Red Bull Flugtag
Red Bull Frozen Rush
Red Bull Foxhunt
Red Bull Cape Fear
Red Bull Paperwings
Red Bull Training Grounds[114]
Red Bull Art of Motion
Red Bull BC One
Red Bull Cold Rush[115]
Red Bull Dolomitenmann – A 4-man relay competition including trail running, paragliding, kayaking, mountainbiking[116]
Red Bull Elements – A 4-man relay competition including rowing, trail running, paragliding, mountainbiking[117]
Red Bull MotoGP Rookies Cup
Indianapolis motorcycle Grand Prix
Motorcycle Grand Prix of the Americas
Argentine motorcycle Grand Prix (2014–2015)
Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix
Red Bull Storm Chase – A worldwide windsurfing competition in storm conditions with wind speeds of at least force ten[118]
Red Bull Supernatural – A "backcountry boarding competition designed to challenge, then crown the best all-around snowboarder on the planet."[119]
Red Bull Soapbox Race[120]
Red Bull Unleashed – A surfing event at Surf Snowdonia, north Wales[121]
Red Bull World Bridge Series[122]
Red Bull Drift Shifters – Drifting event held on a pinball inspired street course in Auckland, New Zealand
Red Bull Music Academy
Red Bull Can You Make It
Red Bull Timelaps

text: Locations[edit]

text:
Red Bull Ring, a motorsport circuit in Spielberg, Styria, Austria.
Red Bull Arena (Leipzig), home stadium of German football club RB Leipzig.
Red Bull Arena (New Jersey), home stadium of the American soccer club New York Red Bulls.
Red Bull Arena (Salzburg), home stadium of Austrian football club FC Red Bull Salzburg.
Hangar-7 (Salzburg), a multifunctional building with a collection of historical airplanes.
Red Bull bridge, a recurring distinctly branded footbridge at race events such as the World Enduro Championship and Rally Deutschland.


document_title: Paper Clips Project

question_text: what did paper clips represent during the holocaust

text: Paper Clips Project

text: Development[edit]

text: In 1998, Linda M. Hooper, principal of Whitwell Middle School in Whitwell, Tennessee, asked Assistant Principal David Smith to find a voluntary after-school project to teach the children about tolerance. David Smith and Sandra Roberts started a Holocaust education program and held the first class in the fall of 1998.  Soon the students were overwhelmed with the massive scale of the Holocaust and asked Mrs. Hooper if they could collect something to represent the lives that were exterminated during the Holocaust.  Mrs. Hooper responded that they could if they could find something that related to the Holocaust or to World War II.  Through Internet research, the students discovered that Johan Vaaler, a Norwegian, designed a loop of metal, and the Norwegians wore paperclips on their lapels during World War II as a silent protest against Nazi occupation. The students decided to collect 6,000,000 paper clips to represent the estimated 6,000,000 Jews killed between 1939 and 1945 under the authority of the Nazi government of Adolf Hitler.

text: At first the project went slowly, as it did not gain much publicity. Students created a website and sent out letters to friends, family and celebrities. The project began to snowball after it received attention from Peter and Dagmar Schroeder, journalists who were born in Germany during World War II and who covered the White House for German newspapers. They published some articles as well as a book, Das Büroklammer-Projekt (The Paper Clip Project) published in September 2000, that promoted the project in Germany. The big break in the US came with an article in the Washington Post on April 7, 2001, written by Dita Smith.

text: City of Whitwell[edit]

text: Almost all observers note the unexpected location of the project. The small rural town of Whitwell has about 1,600 residents and, according to the U.S. census, 97.35 percent of them are white. There was not a single Jew among the population of 425 students when the project began. Out of the 425 students that attend the school, there are only five African Americans and one Hispanic person.

text: About 40 miles away is the Rhea County Courthouse, where, in 1925, a teacher was convicted for teaching evolution during the Scopes "Monkey" Trial. The trial upheld a statute which outlawed teaching any theory that denies the Divine Creation. A hundred miles from Whitwell, in Pulaski, Tennessee, the infamous Ku Klux Klan was reportedly born.

text: The city is quite poor, as its main business, coal mining, started to decline after an accident 30 years ago; the last mine was shut down completely in 1997. About half of the students at the middle school qualify for the free lunch program, which is a benefit for lower-income American school children.

text: Paper clips[edit]

text: Paper clips were chosen in part because Norwegians wore them on their lapels as a symbol of resistance against Nazi occupation during World War II. (Norwegian Johan Vaaler is often credited with the invention of a progenitor of the modern paper clip.)

text: The paper clips were sent by various people by mail; the letters came from about 20 different countries. Some celebrities, like George W. Bush, Bill Clinton, Bill Cosby, Steven Spielberg, Tom Bosley and Tom Hanks were among those mailing in the clips. As of the summer of 2004, the school had collected about 24 million paper clips. As of 2005, more were still coming in. Most letters contain a story or a dedication of the attached paper clips to a certain person. Some of these stories are shared in the film.

text: Monument[edit]

text:
The Children's Holocaust Memorial consists of an authentic German transport car (which arrived in the Baltimore seaport on September 9, 2001) surrounded by a small garden. The railcar is filled with 11 million paper clips (6 million for murdered Jews and 5 million for Roma, Catholics, homosexuals, Jehovah's Witnesses, and other groups). The monument was uncovered on the anniversary of the Kristallnacht, November 9, 2001.[2]
[3]

text: Linda Pickett sculpted eighteen butterflies of twisted copper which are embedded in concrete around the railcar. Butterflies came from a poem written by a child who lived in Terezin concentration camp in 1942 (I Never Saw Another Butterfly) and the number 18 in Hebrew symbolizes life (in Gematria, 18 is the numerical value of the word חי, pronounced Chai, meaning life). Inside the railcar, besides the paper clips, there are the Schroeders’ book and a suitcase filled with letters of apology to Anne Frank by a class of German schoolchildren.

text: A sculpture designed by an artist from Ooltewah, Tennessee stands next to the car, memorializing the 1.5 million children murdered by the Nazis, and incorporating another 11 million paper clips.

text: Film[edit]

text: The 1990 documentary film Paper Clips was directed by Elliot Berlin and Joe Fab. It was made to describe the project and highlight what was done.

text: Ride to Remember[edit]

text: In 2006 the Jewish Motorcyclists Alliance and Yidden on Wheels, a Toronto-based Jewish motorcycle club, organized a ride from points across North America to Whitwell, TN to commemorate the Paperclip Project and in honor of the Holocaust's victims. The ride was also a fundraiser for that school, with over $35,000 raised to help the school buy interactive blackboards.

text: Mitchell Belman, a Toronto-based filmmaker, captured the essence of this ride in his documentary Paper Clips: A Ride to Remember.[citation needed]


document_title: List of countries by GDP (nominal)

question_text: who has the top economy in the world

question_tokens: who has the top economy in the world

text: List of countries by GDP (nominal)

text: Lists

text:
Per the International Monetary Fund (2016)[16]
Per the World Bank (2016)[20]
Per the United Nations (2015)[21][22]

Rank
Country
GDP
(US$MM)

 World[19]
75,278,049

1
 United States
18,624,450

—
 European Union[n 1][19]
16,408,364

2
 China[n 2]
11,232,108

3
 Japan
4,936,543

4
 Germany
3,479,232

5
 United Kingdom
2,629,188

6
 France
2,466,472

7
 India
2,263,792

8
 Italy
1,850,735

9
 Brazil
1,798,622

10
 Canada
1,529,760

11
 South Korea
1,411,042

12
 Russia[n 3]
1,283,162

13
 Australia
1,261,645

14
 Spain
1,232,597

15
 Mexico
1,046,925

16
 Indonesia
932,448

17
 Turkey
863,390

18
 Netherlands
777,548

19
  Switzerland
669,038

20
 Saudi Arabia
646,438

21
 Argentina
545,124

22
 Taiwan
528,550

23
 Sweden
511,397

24
 Poland
467,591

25
 Belgium
466,960

26
 Thailand
406,949

27
 Nigeria
405,952

28
 Austria
386,752

29
 Iran
376,755

30
 United Arab Emirates
371,353

31
 Norway
370,449

32
 Egypt
332,349

33
 Hong Kong
320,668

34
 Israel
318,386

35
 Denmark
306,730

36
 Philippines
304,696

37
 Singapore
296,967

38
 Malaysia
296,359

39
 South Africa
294,132

40
 Ireland
293,605

41
 Colombia
282,357

42
 Pakistan
278,913

43
 Chile
247,025

44
 Finland
236,883

45
 Venezuela
236,443

46
 Bangladesh
227,901

47
 Portugal
204,761

48
 Vietnam
201,326

49
 Peru
195,140

50
 Greece
194,248

51
 Czech Republic
192,991

52
 Romania
187,039

53
 New Zealand
181,991

54
 Iraq
167,026

55
 Algeria
160,784

56
 Qatar
156,734

57
 Kazakhstan
133,757

58
 Hungary
125,675

59
 Kuwait
109,859

60
 Morocco
103,615

61
 Puerto Rico
101,304

62
 Ecuador
98,010

63
 Angola
95,821

64
 Sudan
94,421

65
 Ukraine
93,263

66
 Slovakia
89,525

67
 Sri Lanka
82,615

68
 Syria[n 4]
77,460

69
 Ethiopia
72,523

70
 Dominican Republic
72,194

71
 Kenya
68,919

72
 Guatemala
68,175

73
 Uzbekistan
66,502

74
 Myanmar
66,324

75
 Oman
63,171

76
 Luxembourg
59,468

77
 Costa Rica
58,109

78
 Panama
55,122

79
 Uruguay
54,567

80
 Bulgaria
52,418

81
 Lebanon
51,991

82
 Croatia
50,441

83
 Belarus
48,847

84
 Tanzania
47,184

85
 Macau
44,110

86
 Slovenia
44,009

87
 Ghana
43,264

88
 Lithuania
42,749

89
 Tunisia
41,869

90
 Democratic Republic of the Congo
41,615

91
 Jordan
38,743

92
 Serbia
37,745

93
 Azerbaijan
37,556

94
 Turkmenistan
36,180

95
 Côte d'Ivoire
35,489

96
 Bolivia
34,831

97
 Libya
33,157

98
 Bahrain
31,907

99
 Cameroon
29,334

100
 Latvia
27,684

101
 Paraguay
27,441

102
 Yemen
27,318

103
 El Salvador
26,709

104
 Uganda
26,195

105
 Estonia
23,130

106
 Honduras
21,364

107
 Zambia
21,310

108
   Nepal
21,154

109
 Trinidad and Tobago
20,966

110
 Iceland
20,047

111
 Papua New Guinea
20,003

112
 Cyprus
19,810

113
 Cambodia
19,398

114
 Afghanistan
18,886

115
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
16,605

116
 Botswana
15,018

117
 Senegal
14,785

118
 Gabon
14,273

119
 Georgia
14,222

120
 Zimbabwe
14,174

121
 Mali
13,960

122
 Jamaica
13,950

123
 Laos
13,790

124
 Nicaragua
13,049

125
 Albania
12,126

126
 Mauritius
11,950

127
 Burkina Faso
11,182

128
 Equatorial Guinea
11,636

129
 Mozambique
11,283

130
 Brunei
11,182

131
 Mongolia
11,031

132
 Malta
10,953

133
 Macedonia
10,912

134
 Namibia
10,646

135
 Armenia
10,499

136
 Chad
10,103

137
 Madagascar
9,740

138
 Bahamas
8,939

139
 Benin
8,577

140
 Rwanda
8,406

141
 Haiti
8,257

142
 Republic of Congo
7,955

143
 Niger
7,479

144
 Kosovo
7,047

145
 Tajikistan
6,922

146
 Moldova
6,750

147
 Kyrgyzstan
6,551

148
 Guinea
6,512

149
 Malawi
5,492

150
 Eritrea
5,352

151
 Mauritania
4,714

152
 Fiji
4,640

153
 Barbados
4,588

154
 Togo
4,434

155
 Montenegro
4,126

156
 Sierra Leone
3,981

157
 Swaziland
3,770

158
 Suriname
3,570

159
 Guyana
3,437

160
 Maldives
3,379

161
 Burundi
3,133

162
 South Sudan
2,914

163
 Timor-Leste
2,498

164
 Lesotho
2,267

165
 Bhutan
2,115

166
 Liberia
2,111

167
 Djibouti
1,894

168
 Central African Republic
1,780

169
 Belize
1,743

170
 Cabo Verde
1,636

171
 San Marino
1,592

172
 Seychelles
1,405

173
 Antigua and Barbuda
1,398

174
 St. Lucia
1,385

175
 Solomon Islands
1,184

176
 Guinea-Bissau
1,155

177
 Grenada
1,027

178
 The Gambia
965

179
 St. Kitts and Nevis
903

180
 Samoa
786

181
 St. Vincent and the Grenadines
775

182
 Vanuatu
773

183
 Comoros
620

184
 Dominica
520

185
 Tonga
403

186
 São Tomé and Príncipe
350

187
 Federated States of Micronesia
322

188
 Palau
293

189
 Marshall Islands
183

190
 Kiribati
167

191
 Tuvalu
34

Rank
Country
GDP
(US$MM)

 World
7007755435430000000♠75,543,543

1
 United States
7007185691000000000♠18,569,100

—
 European Union[n 1][23]
7007163979800000000♠16,397,980

2
 China[n 5]
7007111991450000000♠11,199,145

3
 Japan
7006493938400000000♠4,939,384

4
 Germany
7006346675700000000♠3,466,757

5
 United Kingdom
7006261888600000000♠2,618,886

6
 France
7006246545400000000♠2,465,454

7
 India
7006226352200000000♠2,263,522

8
 Italy
7006184997000000000♠1,849,970

9
 Brazil
7006179618700000000♠1,796,187

10
 Canada
7006152976000000000♠1,529,760

11
 South Korea
7006141124600000000♠1,411,246

12
 Russia[n 3]
7006128316200000000♠1,283,162

13
 Spain
7006123208800000000♠1,232,088

14
 Australia
7006120461600000000♠1,204,616

15
 Mexico
7006104599800000000♠1,045,998

16
 Indonesia
7005932259000000000♠932,259

17
 Turkey
7005857749000000000♠857,749

18
 Netherlands
7005770845000000000♠770,845

19
  Switzerland
7005659827000000000♠659,827

20
 Saudi Arabia
7005646438000000000♠646,438

21
 Argentina
7005545866000000000♠545,866

22
 Sweden
7005511000000000000♠511,000

23
 Poland
7005469509000000000♠469,509

24
 Belgium
7005466366000000000♠466,366

25
 Iran
7005425326000000000♠425,326

26
 Thailand
7005406840000000000♠406,840

27
 Nigeria
7005405083000000000♠405,083

28
 Austria
7005386428000000000♠386,428

29
 Venezuela
7005371337000000000♠371,337

30
 Norway
7005370557000000000♠370,557

31
 United Arab Emirates
7005348743000000000♠348,743

32
 Egypt
7005336297000000000♠336,297

33
 Hong Kong
7005320912000000000♠320,912

34
 Israel
7005318744000000000♠318,744

35
 Denmark
7005306143000000000♠306,143

36
 Philippines
7005304905000000000♠304,905

37
 Singapore
7005296966000000000♠296,966

38
 Malaysia
7005296359000000000♠296,359

39
 South Africa
7005294841000000000♠294,841

40
 Ireland
7005294054000000000♠294,054

41
 Pakistan
7005283660000000000♠283,660

42
 Colombia
7005282463000000000♠282,463

43
 Chile
7005247028000000000♠247,028

44
 Finland
7005236785000000000♠236,785

45
 Bangladesh
7005221415000000000♠221,415

46
 Portugal
7005204565000000000♠204,565

47
 Vietnam
7005202616000000000♠202,616

48
 Greece
7005194559000000000♠194,559

49
 Czech Republic
7005192925000000000♠192,925

50
 Peru
7005192094000000000♠192,094

51
 Romania
7005186691000000000♠186,691

52
 New Zealand
7005185017000000000♠185,017

53
 Iraq
7005171489000000000♠171,489

54
 Algeria
7005156080000000000♠156,080

55
 Qatar
7005152469000000000♠152,469

56
 Kazakhstan
7005133657000000000♠133,657

57
 Hungary
7005124343000000000♠124,343

58
 Kuwait
7005112812000000000♠112,812

59
 Puerto Rico
7005103135000000000♠103,135

60
 Morocco[n 6]
7005101445000000000♠101,445

61
 Ecuador
7004978020000000000♠97,802

62
 Sudan
7004955840000000000♠95,584

63
 Ukraine
7004932700000000000♠93,270

64
 Angola
7004896330000000000♠89,633

65
 Slovakia
7004895520000000000♠89,552

66
 Sri Lanka
7004813220000000000♠81,322

67
 Ethiopia
7004723740000000000♠72,374

68
 Dominican Republic
7004715840000000000♠71,584

69
 Kenya
7004705290000000000♠70,529

70
 Guatemala
7004687630000000000♠68,763

71
 Myanmar
7004674300000000000♠67,430

72
 Uzbekistan
7004672200000000000♠67,220

73
 Oman
7004662930000000000♠66,293

74
 Luxembourg
7004599480000000000♠59,948

75
 Costa Rica
7004574360000000000♠57,436

76
 Panama
7004551880000000000♠55,188

77
 Uruguay
7004524200000000000♠52,420

78
 Bulgaria
7004523950000000000♠52,395

79
 Croatia
7004504250000000000♠50,425

80
 Lebanon
7004475370000000000♠47,537

81
 Belarus
7004474330000000000♠47,433

82
 Tanzania[n 7]
7004474310000000000♠47,431

83
 Macau
7004448030000000000♠44,803

84
 Slovenia
7004439910000000000♠43,991

85
 Lithuania
7004427390000000000♠42,739

86
 Ghana
7004426900000000000♠42,690

87
 Tunisia
7004420630000000000♠42,063

88
 Jordan
7004386550000000000♠38,655

89
 Azerbaijan
7004378480000000000♠37,848

90
 Serbia
7004377450000000000♠37,745

91
 Turkmenistan
7004361800000000000♠36,180

92
Cote d'Ivoire Côte d'Ivoire
7004361650000000000♠36,165

93
 Democratic Republic of the Congo
7004349990000000000♠34,999

94
 Bolivia
7004338060000000000♠33,806

95
 Bahrain
7004318590000000000♠31,859

96
 Libya
7004291530000000000♠29,153

97
 Latvia
7004276770000000000♠27,677

98
 Paraguay
7004274410000000000♠27,441

99
 Yemen
7004273180000000000♠27,318

100
 El Salvador
7004267970000000000♠26,797

101
 Uganda
7004255280000000000♠25,528

102
 Cameroon
7004242040000000000♠24,204

103
 Estonia
7004231370000000000♠23,137

104
 Honduras
7004215170000000000♠21,517

105
   Nepal
7004211440000000000♠21,144

106
 Trinidad and Tobago
7004209890000000000♠20,989

107
 Iceland
7004200470000000000♠20,047

108
 Cambodia
7004200170000000000♠20,017

109
 Cyprus[n 8]
7004198020000000000♠19,802

110
 Zambia
7004195510000000000♠19,551

111
 Afghanistan
7004194690000000000♠19,469

112
 Papua New Guinea
7004169290000000000♠16,929

113
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
7004165600000000000♠16,560

114
 Zimbabwe
7004162890000000000♠16,289

115
 Laos
7004159030000000000♠15,903

116
 Botswana
7004152750000000000♠15,275

117
 Senegal
7004147650000000000♠14,765

118
 Georgia[n 9]
7004143330000000000♠14,333

119
 Gabon
7004142140000000000♠14,214

120
 Mali
7004140450000000000♠14,045

121
 Jamaica
7004140270000000000♠14,027

122
 South Sudan
7004132820000000000♠13,282

123
 Nicaragua
7004132310000000000♠13,231

124
 Mauritius
7004121640000000000♠12,164

125
 Burkina Faso
7004121150000000000♠12,115

126
 Albania
7004119270000000000♠11,927

127
 Brunei
7004114000000000000♠11,400

128
 Mongolia
7004111600000000000♠11,160

129
 Mozambique
7004110150000000000♠11,015

130
 Malta
7004109490000000000♠10,949

131
 Macedonia
7004109000000000000♠10,900

132
 Armenia
7004105470000000000♠10,547

133
 Namibia
7004102670000000000♠10,267

134
 Equatorial Guinea
7004101790000000000♠10,179

135
 Madagascar
7003999100000000000♠9,991

136
 Chad
7003960100000000000♠9,601

137
 The Bahamas
7003904700000000000♠9,047

138
 Benin
7003858300000000000♠8,583

139
 Rwanda
7003837600000000000♠8,376

140
 Haiti
7003802300000000000♠8,023

141
 Republic of the Congo
7003783400000000000♠7,834

142
 Niger
7003750900000000000♠7,509

143
 Kosovo
7003704700000000000♠7,047

144
 Tajikistan
7003695200000000000♠6,952

145
 Moldova[n 10]
7003675000000000000♠6,750

146
 Kyrgyzstan
7003655100000000000♠6,551

147
 Guinea
7003629900000000000♠6,299

148
 Somalia
7003621700000000000♠6,217

149
 Bermuda
7003557400000000000♠5,574

150
 Liechtenstein
7003548800000000000♠5,488

151
 Malawi
7003544200000000000♠5,442

152
 Mauritania
7003463500000000000♠4,635

153
 Fiji
7003463200000000000♠4,632

154
 Barbados
7003458800000000000♠4,588

155
 Togo
7003440000000000000♠4,400

156
 Montenegro
7003417300000000000♠4,173

157
 Swaziland
7003372700000000000♠3,727

158
 Sierra Leone
7003366900000000000♠3,669

159
 Suriname
7003362100000000000♠3,621

160
 Maldives
7003359100000000000♠3,591

161
 Guyana
7003344600000000000♠3,446

162
 Andorra
7003324900000000000♠3,249

163
 Burundi
7003300700000000000♠3,007

164
 Faroe Islands
7003261300000000000♠2,613

165
 Greenland
7003244100000000000♠2,441

166
 Bhutan
7003223700000000000♠2,237

167
 Lesotho
7003220000000000000♠2,200

168
 Liberia
7003210100000000000♠2,101

169
 Belize
7003176500000000000♠1,765

170
 Central African Republic
7003175600000000000♠1,756

171
 Cape Verde
7003161700000000000♠1,617

172
 Djibouti
7003158900000000000♠1,589

173
 Antigua and Barbuda
7003144900000000000♠1,449

174
 Seychelles
7003142700000000000♠1,427

175
 Timor-Leste
7003141700000000000♠1,417

176
 Saint Lucia
7003137900000000000♠1,379

177
 Solomon Islands
7003120200000000000♠1,202

178
 Guinea-Bissau
7003112600000000000♠1,126

179
 Grenada
7003101600000000000♠1,016

180
 The Gambia
7002965000000000000♠965

181
 Saint Kitts and Nevis
7002917000000000000♠917

182
 Samoa
7002786000000000000♠786

183
 Vanuatu
7002774000000000000♠774

184
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
7002771000000000000♠771

185
 Comoros
7002617000000000000♠617

186
 Dominica
7002525000000000000♠525

187
 Tonga
7002395000000000000♠395

188
Sao Tome and Principe São Tomé and Príncipe
7002351000000000000♠351

189
 Federated States of Micronesia
7002322000000000000♠322

190
 Palau
7002293000000000000♠293

191
 Marshall Islands
7002183000000000000♠183

192
 Kiribati
7002166000000000000♠166

193
 Nauru
7002102000000000000♠102

194
 Tuvalu
7001340000000000000♠34

Rank
Country
GDP
(US$MM)

 World[24]
7007741964040000000♠74,196,404

1
 United States
7007180366480000000♠18,036,648

—
 European Union[n 1][25]
7007168326310000000♠16,832,631

2
 China[n 5]
7007111584570000000♠11,158,457

3
 Japan
7006438307600000000♠4,383,076

4
 Germany
7006336360000000000♠3,363,600

5
 United Kingdom
7006285800300000000♠2,858,003

6
 France
7006241894600000000♠2,418,946

7
 India
7006211623900000000♠2,116,239

8
 Italy
7006182158000000000♠1,821,580

9
 Brazil
7006177259100000000♠1,772,591

10
 Canada
7006155280800000000♠1,552,808

11
 South Korea
7006137787300000000♠1,377,873

12
 Russia[n 3]
7006132601600000000♠1,326,016

13
 Australia
7006123085900000000♠1,230,859

14
 Spain
7006119295500000000♠1,192,955

15
 Mexico
7006114072400000000♠1,140,724

16
 Indonesia
7005861934000000000♠861,934

17
 Netherlands
7005750318000000000♠750,318

18
 Turkey
7005717887000000000♠717,887

19
  Switzerland
7005670789000000000♠670,789

20
 Saudi Arabia
7005653219000000000♠653,219

21
 Sweden
7005571090000000000♠571,090

22
 Nigeria
7005568499000000000♠568,499

23
 Poland
7005544959000000000♠544,959

24
 Argentina
7005543490000000000♠543,490

25
 Belgium
7005531547000000000♠531,547

26
 Venezuela
7005509968000000000♠509,968

27
 Norway
7005500519000000000♠500,519

28
 Austria
7005436888000000000♠436,888

29
 Iran
7005425326000000000♠425,326

30
 Thailand
7005404824000000000♠404,824

31
 United Arab Emirates
7005399451000000000♠399,451

32
 Colombia
7005377740000000000♠377,740

33
 South Africa
7005349819000000000♠349,819

34
 Denmark
7005346119000000000♠346,119

35
 Malaysia
7005326933000000000♠326,933

36
 Singapore
7005307872000000000♠307,872

37
 Israel
7005305673000000000♠305,673

38
 Philippines
7005290896000000000♠290,896

39
 Egypt
7005282242000000000♠282,242

40
 Hong Kong
7005274027000000000♠274,027

41
 Finland
7005272217000000000♠272,217

42
 Chile
7005258062000000000♠258,062

43
 Pakistan
7005251255000000000♠251,255

44
 Ireland
7005250814000000000♠250,814

45
 Greece
7005235574000000000♠235,574

46
 Portugal
7005230117000000000♠230,117

47
 Iraq
7005225422000000000♠225,422

48
 Kazakhstan
7005216036000000000♠216,036

49
 Algeria
7005213518000000000♠213,518

50
 Qatar
7005211817000000000♠211,817

51
 Czech Republic
7005205270000000000♠205,270

52
 Peru
7005201809000000000♠201,809

53
 Romania
7005199045000000000♠199,045

54
 New Zealand
7005198652000000000♠198,652

55
 Vietnam
7005186205000000000♠186,205

56
 Bangladesh
7005173062000000000♠173,062

57
 Kuwait
7005163637000000000♠163,637

58
 Angola
7005146676000000000♠146,676

59
 Hungary
7005138347000000000♠138,347

60
 Ukraine
7005131806000000000♠131,806

61
 Morocco
7005110009000000000♠110,009

62
 Puerto Rico
7005103676000000000♠103,676

63
 Ecuador
7005100917000000000♠100,917

64
 Slovakia
7005100249000000000♠100,249

65
 Cuba
7004872060000000000♠87,206

66
 Sudan
7004818940000000000♠81,894

67
 Oman
7004817970000000000♠81,797

68
 Belarus
7004761390000000000♠76,139

69
 Azerbaijan
7004751930000000000♠75,193

70
 Sri Lanka
7004749410000000000♠74,941

71
 Myanmar
7004664780000000000♠66,478

72
 Luxembourg
7004648740000000000♠64,874

73
 Dominican Republic
7004639690000000000♠63,969

74
 Uzbekistan
7004630300000000000♠63,030

75
 Kenya
7004609360000000000♠60,936

76
 Guatemala
7004588270000000000♠58,827

77
 Uruguay
7004574710000000000♠57,471

78
 Croatia
7004571370000000000♠57,137

79
 Bulgaria
7004567180000000000♠56,718

80
 Macau
7004555020000000000♠55,502

81
 Ethiopia
7004536380000000000♠53,638

82
 Lebanon
7004496310000000000♠49,631

83
 Costa Rica
7004495530000000000♠49,553

84
 Slovenia
7004494910000000000♠49,491

85
 Panama
7004491660000000000♠49,166

86
 Lithuania
7004483920000000000♠48,392

87
 Tanzania
7004480300000000000♠48,030

88
 Turkmenistan
7004479320000000000♠47,932

89
 Tunisia
7004474230000000000♠47,423

90
 Serbia
7004438660000000000♠43,866

91
 Libya
7004413190000000000♠41,319

92
 Ghana
7004371770000000000♠37,177

93
 Yemen
7004371310000000000♠37,131

94
 Democratic Republic of the Congo
7004359090000000000♠35,909

95
 Jordan
7004358270000000000♠35,827

96
Cote d'Ivoire Côte d'Ivoire
7004342540000000000♠34,254

97
 Bahrain
7004338500000000000♠33,850

98
 Bolivia
7004329960000000000♠32,996

99
 Cameroon
7004320510000000000♠32,051

100
 Latvia
7004312860000000000♠31,286

101
 Paraguay
7004309850000000000♠30,985

102
 Trinidad and Tobago
7004280690000000000♠28,069

103
 Uganda
7004274650000000000♠27,465

104
 Zambia
7004269630000000000♠26,963

105
 Estonia
7004264850000000000♠26,485

106
 El Salvador
7004251640000000000♠25,164

107
 Cyprus
7004230770000000000♠23,077

108
 Afghanistan
7004211220000000000♠21,122

109
 Honduras
7004194970000000000♠19,497

110
   Nepal
7004194890000000000♠19,489

111
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
7004184910000000000♠18,491

112
 Gabon
7004174120000000000♠17,412

113
 North Korea
7004173960000000000♠17,396

114
 Brunei
7004171040000000000♠17,104

115
 Mozambique
7004170810000000000♠17,081

116
 Iceland
7004170360000000000♠17,036

117
 Cambodia
7004167780000000000♠16,778

118
 Equatorial Guinea
7004167310000000000♠16,731

119
 Papua New Guinea
7004165760000000000♠16,576

120
 Georgia
7004165300000000000♠16,530

121
 Botswana
7004158130000000000♠15,813

122
 Senegal
7004156580000000000♠15,658

123
 Zimbabwe
7004147190000000000♠14,719

124
 Congo, Republic of the
7004140770000000000♠14,077

125
 Jamaica
7004139270000000000♠13,927

126
 Namibia
7004134290000000000♠13,429

127
 Albania
7004134130000000000♠13,413

128
 Chad
7004127910000000000♠12,791

129
 Arab Palestinian areas
7004127660000000000♠12,766

130
 Burkina Faso
7004127560000000000♠12,756

131
 Mauritius
7004126160000000000♠12,616

132
 Mongolia
7004120670000000000♠12,067

133
 Mali
7004119790000000000♠11,979

134
 Nicaragua
7004118060000000000♠11,806

135
 Laos
7004117490000000000♠11,749

136
 Macedonia
7004113190000000000♠11,319

137
 South Sudan
7004110070000000000♠11,007

138
 Armenia
7004108890000000000♠10,889

139
 Madagascar
7004106740000000000♠10,674

140
 Malta
7004105360000000000♠10,536

141
 New Caledonia
7004102340000000000♠10,234

142
 Benin
7003957500000000000♠9,575

143
 Tajikistan
7003924200000000000♠9,242

144
 Haiti
7003859900000000000♠8,599

145
 The Bahamas
7003851000000000000♠8,510

146
 Niger
7003816900000000000♠8,169

147
 Moldova
7003794400000000000♠7,944

148
 Rwanda
7003790300000000000♠7,903

149
 Kyrgyzstan
7003740400000000000♠7,404

150
 Kosovo
7003738700000000000♠7,387

151
 Monaco
7003706000000000000♠7,060

152
 Guinea
7003657900000000000♠6,579

153
 Liechtenstein
7003585500000000000♠5,855

154
 Malawi
7003572000000000000♠5,720

155
 French Polynesia
7003562300000000000♠5,623

156
 Bermuda
7003560100000000000♠5,601

157
 Suriname
7003521000000000000♠5,210

158
 Mauritania
7003509200000000000♠5,092

159
 Timor-Leste
7003497000000000000♠4,970

160
 Sierra Leone
7003489300000000000♠4,893

161
 Montenegro
7003458800000000000♠4,588

162
 Togo
7003457600000000000♠4,576

163
 Fiji
7003453200000000000♠4,532

164
 Swaziland
7003448200000000000♠4,482

165
 Barbados
7003435300000000000♠4,353

166
 Eritrea
7003385800000000000♠3,858

167
 Cayman Islands
7003348000000000000♠3,480

168
 Andorra
7003327800000000000♠3,278

169
 Curaçao
7003315900000000000♠3,159

170
 Guyana
7003308600000000000♠3,086

171
 Maldives
7003303200000000000♠3,032

172
 Burundi
7003286900000000000♠2,869

173
 Aruba
7003266400000000000♠2,664

174
 Greenland
7003244100000000000♠2,441

175
 Liberia
7003212200000000000♠2,122

176
 Lesotho
7003208100000000000♠2,081

177
 Bhutan
7003196500000000000♠1,965

178
 Cape Verde
7003185500000000000♠1,855

179
 San Marino
7003184500000000000♠1,845

180
 Central African Republic
7003183800000000000♠1,838

181
 Belize
7003169900000000000♠1,699

182
 Djibouti
7003158900000000000♠1,589

183
 Seychelles
7003151100000000000♠1,511

184
 Saint Lucia
7003140600000000000♠1,406

185
 Somalia
7003137500000000000♠1,375

186
 Zanzibar
7003128900000000000♠1,289

187
 Antigua and Barbuda
7003124800000000000♠1,248

188
 Guinea-Bissau
7003120900000000000♠1,209

189
 Solomon Islands
7003110300000000000♠1,103

190
 Sint Maarten
7003105900000000000♠1,059

191
 British Virgin Islands
7002902000000000000♠902

192
 Grenada
7002884000000000000♠884

193
 Saint Kitts and Nevis
7002852000000000000♠852

194
 The Gambia
7002851000000000000♠851

195
 Samoa
7002824000000000000♠824

196
 Vanuatu
7002812000000000000♠812

197
 Turks and Caicos Islands
7002797000000000000♠797

198
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
7002729000000000000♠729

199
 Comoros
7002648000000000000♠648

200
 Dominica
7002533000000000000♠533

201
 Tonga
7002435000000000000♠435

202
Sao Tome and Principe São Tomé and Príncipe
7002337000000000000♠337

203
 Federated States of Micronesia
7002308000000000000♠308

204
 Cook Islands
7002311000000000000♠311

205
 Anguilla
7002311000000000000♠311

206
 Palau
7002234000000000000♠234

207
 Marshall Islands
7002209000000000000♠209

208
 Nauru
7002182000000000000♠182

209
 Kiribati
7002180000000000000♠180

210
 Montserrat
7001630000000000000♠63

211
 Tuvalu
7001380000000000000♠38