document_title: Football records in Italy

question_text: who has scored the most goals in serie a

question_tokens: who has scored the most goals in serie a

text: Football records in Italy

text: Team records[edit]

text: Most championships won[edit]

text: Overall[edit]

text: 33,[1] Juventus

tag: ul

text: Consecutives[edit]

text:
6, Juventus (2011–12 season to 2016–17 season)
5, Juventus (1930–31 season to 1934–35 season)
5, Torino (1942–43 season and the 1945–46 season to 1948–49 season[2])
5, Internazionale (2005–06 season to 2009–10 season)[3]

text: Most seasons in Serie A[edit]

text: 85, Internazionale

text: Most seasons in Serie B[edit]

text: 59, Brescia

text: Most points in a season[edit]

text: 4, Bologna

text: 14, Torino

text: 22, Torino 1945–46

text: 51, Juventus 1976–77

text: 58, Internazionale 1988–89

text: 82, Milan 2003–04

text: 63, Torino 1946–47

text: 102, Juventus 2013–14

text: 65, Torino

text: Most consecutive wins[edit]

text:
17, Internazionale, 2006–07
15, Juventus, 2015–16
13, Juventus, 2013–14 to 2014–15
12, Juventus, 2013–14
11, Roma, 2005–06 and 2012–13 to 2013–14
10, Juventus, 1931–32 and 2015–16
10, Milan, 1950–51 and 1989–90
10, Bologna, 1963–64

text: Most consecutive home wins[edit]

text: 33, Juventus, 2015–16 to 2016–17

text: Longest win streaks from the start of a Serie A season[edit]

text: 10, Roma, 2013–14

text: Longest win streaks without conceding from the start of a Serie A season[edit]

text: 5, Juventus, 2014–15

text: Most wins in season[edit]

text:
33, Juventus, 2013–14 (38 matches)
30, Internazionale, 2006–07 (38 matches)
29, Juventus, 2015–16 (38 matches)
29, Torino, 1947–48 (40 matches)
28, Milan, 2005–06 (38 matches)
27, Internazionale, 1950–51 (38 matches)

text: Most home wins in season[edit]

text: 19, Juventus, 2013–14 (19 matches)

text: Most matches won[edit]

text: 1498, Juventus[4]

text: Most goals scored[edit]

text: 4806, Juventus[4]

text: Longest unbeaten streaks[edit]

text:
58, Milan, 1990–91 to 1992–93 (26 May 1991, 0–0 v Parma; 21 March 1993, 0–1 v Parma)
49, Juventus, 2010–11 to 2012–13 (22 May 2011, 2–2 v Napoli; 3 November 2012, 1–3 v Internazionale)

text: Longest unbeaten streaks in a single Serie A season[edit]

text: 30, Perugia, 1978–79

text: 34, Milan, 1991–92

text: 38, Juventus, 2011–12

text: Individual records[edit]

text: Most championships won[edit]

text: Players in bold are still active

text: 8 Championships[edit]

text:
Virginio Rosetta (2 with Pro Vercelli + 6 with Juventus)
Giovanni Ferrari (5 with Juventus + 2 with Internazionale + 1 with Bologna)
Giuseppe Furino (all with Juventus)
Gianluigi Buffon (all with Juventus)

text: 7 Championships[edit]

text:
Roberto Bettega (all with Juventus)
Alessandro Costacurta (all with Milan)
Ciro Ferrara (2 with Napoli + 5 with Juventus)
Paolo Maldini (all with Milan)
Gaetano Scirea (all with Juventus)
Leonardo Bonucci (1 with Internazionale + 6 with Juventus)

text: 6 Championships[edit]

text:
Guido Ara (all with Pro Vercelli)
Antonello Cuccureddu (all with Juventus)
Edoardo Pasteur (all with Genoa)
James Richardson Spensley (all with Genoa)
Claudio Gentile (all with Juventus)
Franco Baresi (all with Milan)
Antonio Cabrini (all with Juventus)
Franco Causio (all with Juventus)
Dino Zoff (all with Juventus)
Roberto Donadoni (all with Milan)
Dejan Stanković (5 with Internazionale + 1 with Lazio)
Walter Samuel (5 with Internazionale + 1 with Roma)
Alessandro Del Piero (all with Juventus)
Guglielmo Gabetto (1 with Juventus + 5 with Torino)
Andrea Pirlo (2 with Milan + 4 with Juventus)
Claudio Marchisio (all with Juventus)
Andrea Barzagli (all with Juventus)
Giorgio Chiellini (all with Juventus)
Stephan Lichtsteiner (all with Juventus)

text: 5 Championships[edit]

text:
Henri Dapples (all with Genoa)
Enrico Pasteur (all with Genoa)
Filippo Galli (all with Milan)
Renato Cesarini (all with Juventus)
Raimundo Orsi (all with Juventus)
Umberto Caligaris (all with Juventus)
Mario Varglien (all with Juventus)
Giovanni Varglien (all with Juventus)
Gianpiero Combi (all with Juventus)
Giuseppe Grezar (all with Torino)
Valentino Mazzola (all with Torino)
Franco Ossola (all with Torino)
Ezio Loik (all with Torino)
Pietro Ferraris (2 with Inter + 3 with Torino)
Lorenzo Buffon (4 with Milan + 1 with Internazionale)
Sandro Salvadore (2 with Milan + 3 with Juventus)
Giampiero Boniperti (all with Juventus)
Tarcisio Burgnich (1 with Juventus + 4 with Internazionale)
Francesco Morini (all with Juventus)
Luciano Spinosi (all with Juventus)
Marco Tardelli (all with Juventus)
Pietro Fanna (3 with Juventus + 1 with Hellas Verona + 1 with Inter)
Sebastiano Rossi (all with Milan)
Demetrio Albertini (all with Milan)
Mauro Tassotti (all with Milan)
Antonio Conte (all with Juventus)
Alessio Tacchinardi (all with Juventus)
Júlio César (all with Inter)
Javier Zanetti (all with Inter)
Iván Córdoba (all with Inter)
Marco Materazzi (all with Inter)
Esteban Cambiasso (all with Inter)
Paolo Orlandoni (all with Inter)
Francesco Toldo (all with Inter)
Martín Cáceres (all with Juventus)
Simone Padoin (all with Juventus)
Kwadwo Asamoah (all with Juventus)

text: Appearances[edit]

text: Top thirty most appearances, all-time (only Serie A regular-seasons)

text: Updated 28 October 2017

text: Players in bold are still active

text:
Rank
Nat
Name
Years
Apps
Goals

1

Paolo Maldini
1984–2009
647
29

2

Gianluigi Buffon
1995–
627
-

3

Francesco Totti
1992–2017
619
250

4

Javier Zanetti
1995–2014
615
12

5

Gianluca Pagliuca
1987–2007
592
-

6

Dino Zoff
1961–1983
570
-

7

Pietro Vierchowod
1980–2000
562
38

8

Roberto Mancini
1981–2000
541
156

9

Silvio Piola
1929–1954
537
274

10

Enrico Albertosi
1958–1980
532
-

11

Gianni Rivera
1958–1979
527
128

12

Giuseppe Bergomi
1980–1999
519
23

13

Alberto Gilardino
1999–2017
514
188

14

Ciro Ferrara
1984–2005
500
27

15

Giovanni Galli
1977–1995
496
-

16

Tarcisio Burgnich
1958–1976
494
6

17

Andrea Pirlo
1994–2015
493
58

18

Giuseppe Favalli
1989–2010
486
7

19

Alessandro Del Piero
1993–2012
478
188

Giancarlo De Sisti
1960–1979
478
50

Angelo Peruzzi
1987–2007
478
-

22

Giacinto Facchetti
1960–1978
475
59

23

Franco Baresi
1977–1997
470
12

24

Pietro Ferraris
1929–1950
469
123

25

Sergio Cervato
1948–1964
466
45

26

Franco Causio
1967–1986
460
66

27

José Altafini
1958–1976
459
216

28

Alessandro Costacurta
1987–2007
458
3

29

Roberto Baggio
1985–2004
452
205

30

Sébastien Frey
1998–2013
446
-

tag: table

text: Top ten most appearances, still active (only Serie A regular-seasons)

text: Updated 16 October 2017

text:
Rank
All-time
Rank
Nat
Name
Debut
Year
Current
Club
Apps
Goals

1
2

Gianluigi Buffon
1995
Juventus
625
-

2
34

Dario Dainelli
2000
Chievo
432
11

3
35

Sergio Pellissier
2002
Chievo
426
107

4
37

Daniele De Rossi
2001
Roma
425
41

5
47

Paolo Cannavaro
1999
Sassuolo
411
12

6
101

Alessandro Gamberini
1999
Chievo
377
8

7
107

Massimo Gobbi
2004
Chievo
375
12

Samir Handanović
2005
Internazionale
375
-

9
110

Fabio Quagliarella
1999
Sampdoria
374
112

10
123

Marek Hamšík
2004
Napoli
366
94

text: Oldest players[edit]

text:
Marco Ballotta 7004161090000000000♠44 years, 38 days (Last game: 11 May 2008, Lazio)
 Francesco Antonioli 7004155750000000000♠42 years, 235 days (Last game: 6 May 2012, Cesena)
 Alberto Fontana 7004152720000000000♠41 years, 297 days (Last game: 15 November 2008, Palermo)
 Roberto Colombo 7004152100000000000♠41 years, 234 days (Last game: 15 April 2017, Cagliari)
 Dino Zoff 7004150510000000000♠41 years, 76 days (Last game: 15 May 1983, Juventus)
 Alessandro Costacurta 7004150000000000000♠41 years, 25 days (Last game: 19 May 2007, Milan)
 Pietro Vierchowod 7004149860000000000♠41 years, 10 days (Last game: 16 April 2000, Piacenza)
 Paolo Maldini 7004149490000000000♠40 years, 339 days (Last game: 31 May 2009, Milan)
 Javier Zanetti 7004148910000000000♠40 years, 281 days (Last game: 18 May 2014, Internazionale)
 Francesco Totti 7004148530000000000♠40 years, 243 days (Last game: 28 May 2017, Roma)
 Silvio Piola 7004147690000000000♠40 years, 159 days (Last game: 7 March 1954, Novara)
 Enrico Albertosi 7004147100000000000♠40 years, 100 days (Last game: 10 February 1980, Milan)
 Gianluca Pagliuca 7004147020000000000♠40 years, 92 days (Last game: 18 February 2007, Ascoli)
 Luca Bucci 7004146470000000000♠40 years, 37 days (Last game: 19 April 2009, Napoli)
 Albano Bizzarri 7004145990000000000♠39 years, 354 days (Last game: 29 October 2017, Udinese)
 Gianluca Berti 7004145780000000000♠39 years, 333 days (Last game: 18 April 2007, Sampdoria)
 Gianluigi Buffon 7004145180000000000♠39 years, 273 days (Last game: 28 October 2017, Juventus)
 Antonio Chimenti 7004145130000000000♠39 years, 268 days (Last game: 25 March 2010, Juventus)
 Maurizio Pugliesi 7004143840000000000♠39 years, 140 days (Last game: 15 May 2016, Empoli)
 Roberto Sensini 7004143470000000000♠39 years, 102 days (Last game: 22 January 2006, Udinese)
 David Balleri 7004142820000000000♠39 years, 37 days (Last game: 4 May 2008, Livorno)

text: Youngest Italian players[edit]

text: 1.  Amedeo Amadei; (Roma), 7003575900000000000♠15 years, 280 days (2 May 1937[5][6][7])

text: 2.  Pietro Pellegri; (Genoa), 7003575900000000000♠15 years, 280 days (22 December 2016[5][6][7])

text: 3.  Gianni Rivera; (Alessandria), 7003576700000000000♠15 years, 288 days (2 June 1959[8][9])

text: 4.  Aristide Rossi; (Cremonese), 7003577300000000000♠15 years, 294 days (29 June 1930[10])

text: 5.  Giuseppe Campione; (Bologna), 7003577700000000000♠15 years, 298 days (25 June 1989[11])

text: 6.  Andrea Pirlo; (Brescia) 7003584600000000000♠16 years, 2 days (21 May 1995[12])

text: 7.  Stephan El Shaarawy; (Genoa) 7003589900000000000♠16 years, 55 days (21 December 2008[13])

text: 8.  Lorenzo Tassi; (Brescia) 7003594300000000000♠16 years, 99 days (22 May 2011[14][15])

text: 9.  Stefano Okaka; (Roma) 7003597500000000000♠16 years, 131 days (18 December 2005[16])

text: 10.  Paolo Pupita; (Cesena) 7003597800000000000♠16 years, 134 days (28 January 1990[17])

text: 11.  Nicola Ventola; (Bari) 7003601000000000000♠16 years, 166 days (6 November 1994[18])

text: 12.  Francesco Totti; (Roma) 7003602600000000000♠16 years, 182 days (28 March 1993[19])

text: 13.  Giuseppe Sacchi; (Milan) 7003607500000000000♠16 years, 231 days (25 October 1942[20][21])

text: 14.  Gianluigi Donnarumma; (Milan) 7003608600000000000♠16 years, 242 days (25 October 2015[22][23])

text: 15.  Moise Kean; (Juventus) 7003610900000000000♠16 years, 265 days (19 November 2016[24][25])

text: Youngest foreign player[edit]

text: [citation needed]

text:
Valeri Bojinov; (Lecce), 7003582000000000000♠15 years, 341 days (22 January 2002[11])
 Lampros Choutos; (Roma), 7003598300000000000♠16 years, 139 days (21 April 1996)
 Nana Welbeck; (Brescia), 7003602300000000000♠16 years, 179 days (22 May 2011)
 Claiton; (Bologna), 7003612700000000000♠16 years, 283 days (17 June 2001)
 Mohammed Aliyu Datti; (Milan), 7003616000000000000♠16 years, 316 days (24 January 1999[26])
 Frank Ongfiang; (Venezia), 7003618900000000000♠16 years, 345 days (17 June 2001)
 Khouma Babacar; (Fiorentina), 7003619100000000000♠16 years, 347 days (27 February 2010)
 Goran Slavkovski; (Internazionale), 7003623800000000000♠17 years, 29 days (7 May 2006)
 Stephen Appiah; (Udinese), 7003625800000000000♠17 years, 49 days (11 February 1998)
 Richmond Boakye; (Genoa), 7003627400000000000♠17 years, 65 days (3 April 2010)

text: Since FIFA prevented player inter-association movement for under-18 players (U16 within EU), the only possibility to break the record will be a foreign player who has immigrated to Italy using reasons other than football.

text: Oldest player to debut in Serie A[edit]

text: Maurizio Pugliesi 7004143840000000000♠39 years, 140 days (5 May 2016, Empoli)[27]

text: Most consecutive appearances in Serie A[edit]

text: Dino Zoff, 332[28]

text: Goalscoring[edit]

text: Top 30 goalscorers, all-time (only Serie A regular-seasons)

text: Updated 16 October 2017

text: Players in bold are still active

text:
Rank
Nat
Name
Years
Goals
Apps
Goal per app

1

Silvio Piola
1929–1954
274
537
0.51

2

Francesco Totti
1992–2017
250
619
0.4

3

Gunnar Nordahl
1948–1958
225
291
0.77

4

Giuseppe Meazza
1929–1947
216
367
0.59

José Altafini
1958–1976
216
459
0.47

6

Antonio Di Natale
2002–2016
209
445
0.47

7

Roberto Baggio
1985–2004
205
452
0.45

8

Kurt Hamrin
1956–1971
190
400
0.48

9

Giuseppe Signori
1991–2004
188
344
0.55

Alessandro Del Piero
1993–2012
188
478
0.39

Alberto Gilardino
1999–
188
514
0.37

12

Gabriel Batistuta
1991–2003
184
318
0.58

13

Giampiero Boniperti
1946–1961
178
443
0.4

14

Amedeo Amadei
1936–1956
174
423
0.41

15

Giuseppe Savoldi
1965–1982
168
405
0.41

16

Guglielmo Gabetto
1934–1949
167
322
0.52

17

Roberto Boninsegna
1965–1979
163
366
0.45

18

Luca Toni
2000–2016
157
344
0.46

19

Luigi Riva
1964–1976
156
289
0.54

Filippo Inzaghi
1995–2012
156
370
0.42

Roberto Mancini
1981–2000
156
541
0.29

22

Luís Vinício
1955–1968
155
348
0.45

Carlo Reguzzoni
1929–1948
155
401
0.39

24

István Nyers
1948–1956
153
236
0.65

Hernán Crespo
1996–2012
153
340
0.45

26

Adriano Bassetto
1946–1958
149
329
0.45

27

Omar Sívori
1957–1969
147
278
0.53

28

Christian Vieri
1991–2009
142
264
0.54

Benito Lorenzi
1947–1959
142
330
0.43

Marco Di Vaio
1994–2012
142
342
0.42

Paolo Pulici
1967–1985
142
401
0.35

text: Top ten goal scorers, still active (only Serie A regular-seasons)

text: Updated 16 October 2017

text:
Rank
All-time
Rank
Nat
Name
Debut
Year
Current
Club
Goals
Apps
Goal per App

1
56

Fabio Quagliarella
1999
Sampdoria
112
374
0.3

2
64

Giampaolo Pazzini
2004
Hellas Verona
109
357
0.31

3
69

Sergio Pellissier
2002
Chievo
107
426
0.25

4
81

Gonzalo Higuaín
2013
Juventus
101
153
0.65

5
85

Marco Borriello
2002
SPAL
96
333
0.29

6
87

Marek Hamšík
2004
Napoli
94
366
0.26

7
93

Mauro Icardi
2012
Internazionale
90
164
0.55

8
101

Alessandro Matri
2002
Sassuolo
88
303
0.29

9
n/a

Rodrigo Palacio
2009
Bologna
76
233
0.33

Goran Pandev
2001
Genoa
76
357
0.21

text: Most goals from a penalty kick[edit]

text: Top five penalty kick scorers, all-time (only Serie A regular-seasons)[29][30]

text: Updated 29 January 2017

text: Players in bold are still active

text:
Rank
Nat
Name
Goals

1

Francesco Totti
71

2

Roberto Baggio
68

3

Alessandro Del Piero
50

4

Giuseppe Savoldi
45

5

Giuseppe Signori
44

text: Most goals from a free kick[edit]

text: Top ten free kick scorers, all-time (only Serie A regular-seasons)[31][32][33][34]

text: Updated 29 January 2017

text: Players in bold are still active

text:
Rank
Nat
Name
Goals

1

Siniša Mihajlović
28

Andrea Pirlo

3

Alessandro Del Piero
22

4

Roberto Baggio
21

Francesco Totti

6

Gianfranco Zola
20

7

Diego Maradona
14

8

Enrico Chiesa
13

Michel Platini

Álvaro Recoba

text: Most different teams scored against in Serie A[edit]

text: Updated 21 May 2017

text: Players in bold are still active

text: Francesco Totti, Alberto Gilardino, and Roberto Baggio, 38[35]

text: Oldest goalscorer in Serie A[edit]

text: Alessandro Costacurta, 7004150000000000000♠41 years, 25 days (19 May 2007, in Udinese–Milan, 3–2)[36]

text: Youngest goalscorer in Serie A[edit]

text: Amedeo Amadei, 15 years, 287 days (9 May 1937, in Lucchese–Roma, 5–1)[37]

text: Youngest player to score 100 goals in Serie A[edit]

text: José Altafini[38][39]

text: Most goals in a single Serie A match[edit]

text: Silvio Piola and Omar Sívori, 6[40]

text: Most braces in Serie A[edit]

text: Silvio Piola and Gunnar Nordahl, 49[41]

text: Most hat-tricks in Serie A[edit]

text: Filippo Inzaghi, 10[42]

text:
Rank
Nat
Name
Goals

1

Filippo Inzaghi
10

2

Giuseppe Signori
9

3

Roberto Baggio
8

Hernán Crespo

Marco van Basten

6

Abel Balbo
7

Gabriel Batistuta

Edinson Cavani

Antonio Di Natale

Vincenzo Montella

text: Goalkeeping[edit]

text: The following table shows the goalkeepers that have longest consecutive run without conceding a goal in Serie A. Length column is in minutes.

text: Players in bold are still active.

text:
Rank
Nat
Name
Club
Season
Length

1

Gianluigi Buffon
Juventus
2015–16
973

2

Sebastiano Rossi[nb 1]
Milan
1993–94
929

3

Dino Zoff
Juventus
1972–73
903

4

Mario Da Pozzo
Genoa
1963–64
792

5

Ivan Pelizzoli
Roma
2003–04
774

6

Davide Pinato
Atalanta
1997–98
758

7

Gianluigi Buffon
Juventus
2013–14
745

Luca Marchegiani
Lazio
1997–98
745

9

Morgan De Sanctis
Roma
2013–14
744

10

Adriano Reginato
Cagliari
1966–67
712

text: Jump up ^ Gianpiero Combi's Italian league record unbeaten streak of 934 consecutive minutes without conceding a goal was set during the 1925–26 Prima Divisione season, prior to the establishment of the Serie A in the 1929–30 season.[43][44][45]

text: Most clean sheets[edit]

text: Updated 21 May 2017

text: Players in bold are still active

text: Gianluigi Buffon, 282[46]

text: Most consecutive clean sheets[edit]

text: Updated 29 January 2017

text: Players in bold are still active

text: Gianluigi Buffon, 10[47]

text: Most clean sheets in a single season[edit]

text: Players in bold are still active

text: Gianluigi Buffon, 21 (2011–12 and 2015–16)[48][49]

text: Most penalties saved[edit]

text: Gianluca Pagliuca, 24[50]

text: Most consecutive penalties saved[edit]

text: Players in bold are still active

text: Samir Handanović, 6[51][52]

text: Bookings[edit]

text: Most red cards[edit]

text: Updated 29 January 2017[53][54][55][56][57]

text: Players in bold are still active

text:
Rank
Nat
Name
Red cards

1

Paolo Montero
16

2

Luigi Di Biagio
12

Giulio Falcone

Cristian Ledesma

Giampiero Pinzi

6

Massimo Ambrosini
11

Giuseppe Bergomi

Giuseppe Biava

Daniele Conti

Fernando Couto

Giorgio Ferrini

Sulley Muntari

Francesco Totti

text: Top scorers (capocannonieri) by season[edit]

text: All-time highest bolded.

text:
[hide]Year
Tally
Player

1923–24
22 goals
 Heinrich Schönfeld (Torino)

1924–25
19 goals
 Mario Magnozzi (Livorno)

1925–26
35 goals
 Ferenc Hirzer (Juventus)

1926–27
22 goals
 Anton Powolny (Internazionale)

1927–28
35 goals
 Julio Libonatti (Torino)

1928–29
36 goals
 Gino Rossetti (Torino)

1929–30
31 goals
 Giuseppe Meazza (Internazionale)

1930–31
29 goals
 Rodolfo Volk (Roma)

1931–32
25 goals
 Pedro Petrone (Fiorentina)
 Angelo Schiavio (Bologna)

1932–33
29 goals
 Felice Borel (Juventus)

1933–34
31 goals
 Felice Borel (Juventus)

1934–35
28 goals
 Enrico Guaita (Roma)

1935–36
25 goals
 Giuseppe Meazza (Internazionale)

1936–37
21 goals
 Silvio Piola (Lazio)

1937–38
20 goals
 Giuseppe Meazza (Internazionale)

1938–39
19 goals
 Aldo Boffi (Milan)
 Ettore Puricelli (Bologna)

1939–40
24 goals
 Aldo Boffi (Milan)

1940–41
22 goals
 Ettore Puricelli (Bologna)

1941–42
22 goals
 Aldo Boffi (Milan)

1942–43
21 goals
 Silvio Piola (Lazio)

1945–46
13 goals
 Eusebio Castigliano (Torino)

1946–47
29 goals
 Valentino Mazzola (Torino)

1947–48
27 goals
 Giampiero Boniperti (Juventus)

1948–49
26 goals
 Stefano Nyers (Internazionale)

1949–50
35 goals
 Gunnar Nordahl (Milan)

1950–51
34 goals
 Gunnar Nordahl (Milan)

1951–52
30 goals
 John Hansen (Juventus)

1952–53
26 goals
 Gunnar Nordahl (Milan)

1953–54
23 goals
 Gunnar Nordahl (Milan)

1954–55
26 goals
 Gunnar Nordahl (Milan)

1955–56
29 goals
 Gino Pivatelli (Bologna)

1956–57
22 goals
 Dino Da Costa (Roma)

1957–58
28 goals
 Wales John Charles (Juventus)

1958–59
33 goals
 Antonio Angelillo (Internazionale)

1959–60
28 goals
 Omar Sívori (Juventus)

1960–61
27 goals
 Sergio Brighenti (Sampdoria)

1961–62
22 goals
 José Altafini (Milan)
 Aurelio Milani (Fiorentina)

1962–63
19 goals
 Harald Nielsen (Bologna)
 Pedro Manfredini (Roma)

1963–64
21 goals
 Harald Nielsen (Bologna)

1964–65
17 goals
 Alberto Orlando (Fiorentina)
 Sandro Mazzola (Internazionale)

1965–66
25 goals
 Luís Vinício (Vicenza)

1966–67
18 goals
 Luigi Riva (Cagliari)

1967–68
15 goals
 Pierino Prati (Milan)

1968–69
21 goals
 Luigi Riva (Cagliari)

1969–70
21 goals
 Luigi Riva (Cagliari)

1970–71
24 goals
 Roberto Boninsegna (Internazionale)

Year
Tally
Player

1971–72
22 goals
 Roberto Boninsegna (Internazionale)

1972–73
17 goals
 Paolo Pulici (Torino)
 Gianni Rivera (Milan)
 Giuseppe Savoldi (Bologna)

1973–74
24 goals
 Giorgio Chinaglia (Lazio)

1974–75
18 goals
 Paolo Pulici (Torino)

1975–76
21 goals
 Paolo Pulici (Torino)

1976–77
21 goals
 Francesco Graziani (Torino)

1977–78
24 goals
 Paolo Rossi (Vicenza)

1978–79
19 goals
 Bruno Giordano (Lazio)

1979–80
16 goals
 Roberto Bettega (Juventus)

1980–81
18 goals
 Roberto Pruzzo (Roma)

1981–82
15 goals
 Roberto Pruzzo (Roma)

1982–83
16 goals
 Michel Platini (Juventus)

1983–84
20 goals
 Michel Platini (Juventus)

1984–85
18 goals
 Michel Platini (Juventus)

1985–86
19 goals
 Roberto Pruzzo (Roma)

1986–87
17 goals
 Pietro Paolo Virdis (Milan)

1987–88
15 goals
 Diego Maradona (Napoli)

1988–89
22 goals
 Aldo Serena (Internazionale)

1989–90
19 goals
 Marco van Basten (Milan)

1990–91
19 goals
 Gianluca Vialli (Sampdoria)

1991–92
25 goals
 Marco van Basten (Milan)

1992–93
26 goals
 Giuseppe Signori (Lazio)

1993–94
23 goals
 Giuseppe Signori (Lazio)

1994–95
26 goals
 Gabriel Batistuta (Fiorentina)

1995–96
24 goals
 Giuseppe Signori (Lazio)
 Igor Protti (Bari)

1996–97
24 goals
 Filippo Inzaghi (Atalanta)

1997–98
27 goals
 Oliver Bierhoff (Udinese)

1998–99
22 goals
 Márcio Amoroso (Udinese)

1999–00
24 goals
 Andriy Shevchenko (Milan)

2000–01
26 goals
 Hernán Crespo (Lazio)

2001–02
24 goals
 David Trezeguet (Juventus)
 Dario Hübner (Piacenza)

2002–03
24 goals
 Christian Vieri (Internazionale)

2003–04
24 goals
 Andriy Shevchenko (Milan)

2004–05
24 goals
 Cristiano Lucarelli (Livorno)

2005–06
31 goals
 Luca Toni (Fiorentina)

2006–07
26 goals
 Francesco Totti (Roma)

2007–08
21 goals
 Alessandro Del Piero (Juventus)

2008–09
25 goals
 Zlatan Ibrahimović (Internazionale)

2009–10
29 goals
 Antonio Di Natale (Udinese)

2010–11
28 goals
 Antonio Di Natale (Udinese)

2011–12
28 goals
 Zlatan Ibrahimović (Milan)

2012–13
29 goals
 Edinson Cavani (Napoli)

2013–14
22 goals
 Ciro Immobile (Torino)

2014–15
22 goals
 Mauro Icardi (Internazionale)
 Luca Toni (Hellas Verona)

2015–16
36 goals
 Gonzalo Higuaín (Napoli)

2016–17
29 goals
 Edin Džeko (Roma)

text:
Figure before 1997 from RSSSF.com
Figure after 1997 from lega-calcio.it

text: Most successful clubs overall (1898–present)[edit]

text: The following table includes only Italian, European and worldwide competitions organised respectively by FIGC, UEFA and FIFA since 1898.[58] The figures in bold represent the most times this competition has been won by an Italian team. Teams which have one at least one official title are included, ranked by number of overall titles at national and/or international level and listed in chronological order in case of a tie. In particular, note that the UEFA Cup unlike the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup was an official competition organized by UEFA. Original idea of the ICFC was a trade fairs promoting competition and was not organised by UEFA. It is not considered as an official tournament by UEFA due to the major idea of promoted trade fairs and the system of admission of the first editions. At the beginning it was only open to a certain few clubs from some European countries that were promoting trade and not an open football tournament. However, it is the official predecessor of UEFA Cup - Europa League (by UEFA) and recognized by FIFA (and FIGC) as a major trophy.

text: Key[edit]

text:
Domestic competitions organized by FIGC

IFC
Serie A, former Italian Football Championship

CI
Coppa Italia

SI
Supercoppa Italiana

European competitions organized by UEFA

UCL
UEFA Champions League, former European Champion Clubs' Cup

UCWC
UEFA Cup Winners' Cup (Defunct)

UEL
UEFA Europa League, former UEFA Cup

USC
UEFA Super Cup

UIC
UEFA Intertoto Cup (Defunct)

IC
UEFA/CONMEBOL Intercontinental Cup (Defunct) (Predecessor to FCWC)

ICFC
Inter-Cities Fairs Cup (Defunct) (Not organized by UEFA, but recognized as the predecessor to the UEL and acknowledged by FIFA as a major trophy)[59]

Intercontinental competition organized by FIFA

FCWC
FIFA Club World Cup

text: By club[edit]

text:
Team
FIGC
UEFA
FIFA
Total

IFC
CI
SI
Total
UCL[60]
UCWC[61]
UEL[62]
ICFC#
USC[63]
UIC[64]
Total
IC*[65][66]
FCWC[65][67]

Juventus
35
12
7
52
2
1
3
-
2
1
9
2
-
63

Milan
18
5
7
30
7
2
-
-
5
-
14
3
1
48

Internazionale
18[3]
7
5
30
3
-
3
-
-
-
6
2
1
39

Roma
3
9
2
14
-
-
-
1
-
-
1
-
-
15

Lazio
2
6
4
12
-
1
-
-
1
-
2
-
-
14

Torino
7[68]
5
-
12
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
12

Genoa
9[69]
1
-
10
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
10

Bologna
7
2
-
9
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
-
-
10

Fiorentina
2
6
1
9
-
1[70]
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
10

Napoli
2
5
2
9
-
-
1
-
-
-
1
-
-
10

Parma
-
3
1
4
-
1
2
-
1
-
4
-
-
8

Pro Vercelli
7[71]
-
-
7
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
7

Sampdoria
1
4
1
6
-
1
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
7

Casale
1
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1

Novese
1
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1

Cagliari
1
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1

Hellas Verona
1
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1

Vado
-
1
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1

Venezia
-
1
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1

Atalanta
-
1
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1

Vicenza
-
1
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1

Perugia
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
-
-
1

Udinese
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
-
-
1

text:
Additionally, the Alta Italia Championship—also knowns as Campionato di guerra (War Championship)—, won by the Vigili del Fuoco della Spezia in 1944 (the only edition ever held), was recognised by FIGC in 2000 as the equivalent to the Serie A championship of that year.[72][73]
# Although not organised by UEFA, the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup is included here under UEFA as it is the official predecessor to the UEL and acknowledged by FIFA as a major trophy.
* Although organized by UEFA (and CONMEBOL), the Intercontinental Cup is included here under FIFA for being the predecessor to the FCWC.

text: Footnotes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ "Honours list". LegaSerieA.it. Lega Serie A. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
Jump up ^ The 1943–44 and 1944–45 Serie A seasons were not held due to World War II.
^ Jump up to: a b Internazionale were awarded the 2005–06 Serie A championship as they were the highest placed side in the season's final league table after points were stripped from Juventus and Milan — both sides being involved in the Italian football scandal that year.
^ Jump up to: a b "Italy - Serie A All-Time Table". www.rsssf.com.
^ Jump up to: a b Ben Gladwell (23 December 2016). "Genoa's Pietro Pellegri makes debut aged 15, equals Serie A record". ESPN FC. Retrieved 23 December 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Francesco Oddi (22 December 2016). "Genoa, Pellegri esordio record in Serie A: eguagliato il record di Amadei" (in Italian). La Gazzetta dello Sport. Retrieved 23 December 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Genoa, esordio record per il 2001 Pellegri: debutto in A a 15 anni". Goal.com (in Italian). 22 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Gianni Rivera: Golden Boy" (in Italian). Maglia Rossonera.it. Retrieved 6 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "Milan and Italy's golden boy: Gianni Rivera". fifa.com. FIFA. Retrieved 20 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Fioni, Daniela. "Dagli anni Venti al 1929". www.uscremonese.it.
^ Jump up to: a b "Un Angelov custode il segreto di Bojinov - la Repubblica.it".
Jump up ^ "Memories of 16-year-old star Pirlo". football-italia.net. 26 June 2012. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Olivera lancia il Genoa Il Chievo sprofonda" (in Italian). La Gazzetta dello Sport. 22 December 2008. Retrieved 2009-01-19.
Jump up ^ "Italy - L. Tassi - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway". www.soccerway.com.
Jump up ^ Fiorenzo Radogna (21 November 2016). "I più giovani a esordire in Serie A Pellegri come Amadei quando la carriera inizia a 15 anni" (in Italian). Il Corriere della Sera. Retrieved 23 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Fiorenzo Radogna (21 November 2016). "I più giovani a esordire in Serie A Pellegri come Amadei quando la carriera inizia a 15 anni" (in Italian). Il Corriere della Sera. Retrieved 23 December 2016.
Jump up ^ http://www.tuttocesenaweb.it/rassegna-stampa/corriere-romagna-cesena-maglia-nera-di-serie-a-e-b-5208
Jump up ^ "Nicola Ventola, Erick Thohir e quegli idoli un po' così... - Fantagazzetta.com". 24 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Totti, 22 anni fa l'esordio in Serie A con la Roma" (in Italian). Corriere dello Sport. 28 March 2015. Retrieved 29 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Giuseppe SACCHI" (in Italian). magliarossonera.it. Retrieved 4 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Sacchi, Giuseppe" (in Italian). Enciclopedia del Calcio. Retrieved 6 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Teenage keeper Gianluigi Donnarumma plays in AC Milan win". BBC Sport. 25 October 2015. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
Jump up ^ Daniele Triolo (25 October 2015). "MILAN, oggi esordisce Donnarumma: qualche numero" (in Italian). pianetamilan.it. Retrieved 5 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Juventus 3–0 Pescara". BBC Sport. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Murray, Caitlin (19 November 2016). "16-year-old Moise Kean makes Juventus debut as first Serie A player born in 2000s". Fox Sports. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Mohammed Aliyu Datti". www.magliarossonera.it.
Jump up ^ "Debutto in Serie A a quasi 40 anni per un ex Lega Pro". Tuttolegapro (in Italian). Retrieved 17 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Fabrizio Maffei. "Zoff, Dino". Treccani: Enciclopedia dello Sport. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Totti riscrive la storia: Baggio superato sui calci di rigore, Higuain per media-goal" [Totti rewrites history: Baggio overtaken on penalties, Higuain in terms of goalscoring average] (in Italian). Goal.com. 22 April 2016. Retrieved 25 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Roberto Vinciguerra. "I migliori rigoristi della storia della serie A" [The best penalty takers in Serie A history] (in Italian). Il Guerin Sportivo. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Pirlo raggiunge Mihajlovic a quota 28" [Pirlo reaches Mihajlovic at 28 goals]. tuttojuve.com (in Italian). 26 April 2015. Retrieved 28 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "'Sentenza' Pirlo su punizione, solo Mihajlovic ha fatto meglio in Serie A" [Pirlo's 'sentence' from a free-kick, only Mihajlovic has done better in Serie A] (in Italian). Goal.com. 18 March 2014. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Pirlo, punizioni da record: Sinisa è sempre più vicino" [Pirlo, record-breaking free-kicks: Sinisa's record is not far away]. sport.sky.it (in Italian). Sky Sport. 11 November 2013. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Susy Campanale (3 May 2016). "Serie A Week 36: Did You Know?". Football Italia. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Gilardino come Totti e Baggio: gol da record al Carpi" (in Italian). Mediaset. 30 January 2016. Retrieved 6 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "Milan sconfitto dall'Udinese Costacurta lascia con un gol" (in Italian). La Repubblica. 19 May 2007. Retrieved 25 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Europe's youngest top-flight goalscorers". UEFA.com. 26 November 2014. Retrieved 21 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Redazione La Nazione. "Solo Altafini come Gilardino: bomber a 26 anni". Goal.com. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Giansandro Mosti. "Gila, numeri da urlo. Più decisivo di Altafini: alla sua età Bati era indietro". La Nazione. Retrieved 5 March 2016. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Lorenzo Proverbio. "PIOLA Silvio: il sesto senso del gol" (in Italian). Storie di Calcio. Retrieved 21 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Federico Mambelli (20 October 2001). "Chi detiene il record di doppiette in serie a?" (in Italian). La Gazzetta dello Sport. Retrieved 21 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Niccolò Mariotto (23 November 2016). "TOP 10 - I dieci giocatori autori di più triplette nella storia della Serie A" (in Italian). www.90min.com. Retrieved 21 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "20 dicembre 1902: nasce Combi, il "nonno" di Zoff e Buffon" (in Italian). La Repubblica. 20 December 2014. Retrieved 11 March 2017.
Jump up ^ From the third match (Juventus 6–0 Milan on 25 October 1925) to thirteenth match (Parma 0–3 Juventus on 28 February 1926) of the 1925–26 FIGC Football Championship according to (in Italian) All Juventus FC matches: Italian Federal Championship (pages 14 and 15) - www.juworld.net.
Jump up ^ "Gianluigi Buffon sets goalkeeping record as Juventus sweep aside Torino". The Guardian. 20 March 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Gianluigi Buffon to wear special captain's armband to mark 500th Serie A appearance for Juventus". sport.net. Retrieved 30 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Buffon eyes all-time record". Football Italia. 11 March 2016. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Charlie Eccleshare (24 March 2017). "Gianluigi Buffon's 1000th game just a number for evergreen goalkeeper full of surprises". The Telegraph. Retrieved 4 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Tutti i numeri dello scudetto della Juventus" (in Italian). Sport Mediaset. 25 April 2016. Retrieved 4 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "E' successo un quarantotto!" (in Italian). La Repubblica. 25 April 2017. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Inter, Handanovic para il sesto rigore di fila" [Inter, Handanovic saves the sixth penalty in a row] (in Italian). La Gazzetta dello Sport. 27 November 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Inter: super Handanovic para sei rigori di fila" [Inter: super Handanovic saves six penalties in a row] (in Italian). Il Corriere della Sera. Retrieved 22 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Totti, 11 espulsioni. Nessuno ‘rosso' come lui tra i giocatori in attività della Serie A" (in Italian). RomaNews.eu. Retrieved 11 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "Montero Iglesias Paolo" (in Italian). Lega Serie A. Archived from the original on 27 February 2015. Retrieved 11 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Claudio Agave (16 February 2016). "I calciatori più espulsi nella storia della Serie A: Montero irraggiungibile" (in Italian). contra-ataque.it. Retrieved 2 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Record Individuali Assoluti" (in Italian). La Gazzetta dello Sport. Retrieved 2 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Sebastiano Vernazza (28 September 2001). "Montero 14 espulsioni: nessuno mai cattivo come lui" (in Italian). La Gazzetta dello Sport. Retrieved 2 May 2017.
Jump up ^ For all other competitions not organized respectively by the above-mentioned bodies, please refer to the "Honours" section in each club's own article.
Jump up ^ FIFA.com. "FC Barcelona". Retrieved 15 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Prior to 1992, the tournament was officially called the European Champion Clubs' Cup but was usually referred to as simply the European Cup.
Jump up ^ The tournament was founded in 1960–61 independently to the UEFA administration. The governing body of the European football organised the Cup Winners' Cup for the first time in 1961–62 season. The competition was discontinued in 1999 when it was absorbed by the UEFA Cup, cf. "50 years ago: UEFA Cup Winners' Cup makes its debut" (PDF). uefadirect. Union des Associations Européennes de Football. 100: 15. August 2010.
Jump up ^ Created by the Union of European Football Associations as UEFA Cup in the 1971–72 season. "UEFA Cup gets new name in revamp". BBC Sport. 26 September 2008. Retrieved 26 September 2008.
"UEFA Cup: All-time finals". Union des Associations Européennes de Football. Archived from the original on 12 April 2009. Retrieved 13 July 2009.
Jump up ^ Competition established by UEFA in 1973. Despite the Scottish Rangers' 100º anniversary match is regarded the predecessor of the UEFA Super Cup, it is not counted as an official trophy for official record purposes due the 1972 Rangers riots, cf. "UEFA Super Cup: History". Union des Associations Européennes de Football. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
Jump up ^ The tournament was founded in 1961–62 independently to the UEFA administration. The governing body of the European football organised the Intertoto Cup for the first time in 1995. The competition was discontinued in 2008 when it was absorbed by the UEFA Cup, cf. "UEFA Intertoto Cup winners 1995-2008". The European Lotteries. Archived from the original on 2 April 2012. Retrieved 14 September 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b The Intercontinental Cup, organized by UEFA and CONMEBOL from 1960 to 2004 is considered by FIFA a worldwide competition and the unique predecessor of the FIFA Club World Cup, cf. "FIFA Club World Championship to replace Toyota Cup from 2005". Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 17 May 2004. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 24 December 2010.
Jump up ^ "FIFA Club World Cup UAE 2010 Statistical Kit" (PDF). Fédération Internationale de Football Association. pp. 4; 20–22. Retrieved 25 December 2010.
"Goodbye Toyota Cup, hello FIFA Club World Championship". Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 10 December 2004. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 24 December 2010.
"Ten tips on the planet's top club tournament". Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 28 July 2005. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 28 October 2009.
"We are the champions". Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 1 December 2005. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 28 October 2009.
Jump up ^ Competition established by FIFA in 2000.
Jump up ^ Including the Divisione Nazionale 1945–46 championship—also knowns as Campionato Alta Italia 1945–46—, competition in which participated teams from Serie A and Serie B and recognised by FIGC as the equivalent to the national championship, cf. Vittorio Pozzo (19 September 1946). "Calcio d'inizio del massimo campionato" (in Italian). La Stampa. p. 3. Retrieved 16 September 2011.
On 5 May 1949, after the Superga air disaster, the Italian Football Federation proclaimed Torino 1948–49 Serie A winner due its first place in the general classification before the event. The last four matchdays of that championship were contested by reserve teams, cf. "Il Torino 1948/1949". archiviotoro.it (in Italian). Retrieved 19 September 2011.
Jump up ^ The 1914–15 football championship was suspended on 23 May 1915, after having played the sixth round of the final stage, due to the participation of the Italian Army in the World War I. On 23 September 1919, the Italian Football Association proclaimed Genoa—first in the general classification—as the 1914–15 Prima Categoria winner, cf. "Storia del Genoa: La grande guerra". enciclopediadelcalcio.it (in Italian). Retrieved 19 September 2011.
Aldo Padovano (by). "1919-1925: Il Genoa d'oro (seconda parte)". genoacfc.it (in Italian). Retrieved 19 September 2011.
Jump up ^ The first competition was organised by the Mitropa Cup committee and held in the 1960–61 season—but not recognised by the governing body of European football until two years later, cf. "50 years ago: UEFA Cup Winners' Cup makes its debut" (PDF). uefadirect. Union des Associations Européennes de Football. 100: 15. August 2010.
Jump up ^ Including the 1921–22 Prima Divisione, tournament organised by the Confederazione Calcistica Italiana (CCI) in 1921–22 season and recognised by FIGC as the equivalent to the Italian Championship of that season, cf. Vittorio Pozzo (5 June 1942). "I cinquant'anni della Pro Vercelli" (in Italian). La Stampa. p. 4. Retrieved 16 September 2011.
Jump up ^ Gian Paolo Ormezzano (17 April 2000). "Voglia di scudetto" (in Italian). La Stampa. p. 40. Retrieved 3 September 2011.
Jump up ^ "Communicato Stampa FIGC" (pdf) (in Italian). Federazione Italiana Giuoco Calcio. 25 June 2009. Retrieved 23 December 2011.


document_title: Area code 202

question_text: what is the area code of washington dc

question_tokens: what is the area code of washington dc

root

text: Area code 202

text: Area code 202 is the North American telephone area code for Washington, D.C.. The area code was one of the original area codes established in October 1947 by AT&T in the North American Numbering Plan (NANP).

tag: p

text: After the State of New Jersey with area code 201, the District of Columbia was the second Numbering Plan Area (NPA). NPAs that covered an entire administrative region received a code in which the second digit was '0'.[1]

text: As of 2012, no plans exist to overlay the 202 area code, as NANPA estimates the current supply of numbers is sufficient at least to the year 2019.[2] Washington is thus one of the largest cities where seven-digit dialing is still possible. However, calls are connected if the area code is dialed. There is no provision for long-distance calls within the area code.[3]

text: From 1947 to 1990, area code 202 was an unpublished alternate area code for the nearby suburbs in Maryland and Virginia, which were officially in area codes 301 and 703, respectively. This was possible because the entire Washington metropolitan area is a single LATA. Every number on the Maryland and Virginia sides of the Washington metropolitan area was given a non-published alternate number in 202. This arrangement allowed local calls throughout the metropolitan area to be dialed using only seven digits. For example, a telephone number in Kensington, Maryland, that was officially 301-949-xxxx could be dialed as 202-949-xxxx. One side effect was that a prefix could only be duplicated in jurisdictions a safe distance from the metropolitan area, such as the Eastern Shore of Maryland or southwestern Virginia.

text: However, on October 1, 1990, due to pending number exhaustion, the ability to dial the suburbs using area code 202 ended. This did not free up enough numbers to meet demand on either side of the metropolitan area, forcing the split of area code 410 from 301 in 1991 and the split of area code 540 from 703 in 1995. The metro area's single-LATA status meant that several prefixes on both sides of the Potomac River were unavailable for use amid the region's continued growth, forcing 703 to be overlaid with 571 and 301's overlaying with 240.

text: Years after the introduction of mobile number portability, a large number of cell phone customers on the Virginia and Maryland sides of the metro have 202 numbers.


document_title: Mannix

question_text: what kind of car did mannix drive in season 1

text: Mannix

text: Premise[edit]

text: During the first season of the series, Joe Mannix works for a large Los Angeles detective agency called Intertect, which was the planned original title of the show.[1] His superior is Lew Wickersham, played by Joseph Campanella, with the agency featuring the use of computers to help solve crimes.

text: As opposed to the other employees, Mannix belongs to the classic American detective archetype, thus he usually ignores the computers' solutions, disobeys his boss's orders, and sets out to do things his own way. He wears plaid sport coats and has his own office that he keeps sloppy between his assignments. Lew has cameras in all the rooms of Intertect monitoring the performance of his employees and providing instant feedback through intercoms in the room. Unlike the other Intertect operatives, Mannix attempts to block the camera with a coat rack and insults Lew, comparing him to Big Brother.

text: To improve the ratings of the show, Desilu head Lucille Ball and producer Bruce Geller made some changes,[2] making the show similar to other private-eye shows. Ball thought the computers were too high-tech and beyond the comprehension of the average viewer of the time and had them removed.

text: From the second season on, Mannix works on his own with the assistance of his loyal secretary Peggy Fair, a police officer's widow played by Gail Fisher – one of the first black actresses to have a regular series role. He also has a working relationship with the Los Angeles Police Department, as he will often exchange information with his contacts. The first of these to have a featured role was Lieutenant George Kramer, portrayed by Larry Linville, who had been the partner of Peggy's late husband.[3] Over the course of the series, Mannix's most frequently used contact is Lieutenant Art Malcolm, played by Ward Wood. Another semi-regular guest, although not as frequent, was Robert Reed, whose appearances as Lieutenant Adam Tobias coincided with his tenure on The Brady Bunch, which also was produced by Paramount Television. Jack Ging played another Mannix contact, Lieutenant Dan Ives, who made several appearances later in the series.

text: In the 1969 season, he also employs the services of a competitive private investigator, Albie Loos (performed by Joe Mantell), as a sort of investigative gofer. In the 1972 season, Albie returns, played by a different actor (Milton Selzer).

text: While Mannix was not generally known as a show that explored socially relevant topics, several episodes had topical themes. Season two had episodes featuring compulsive gambling,[4] deaf and blind characters who were instrumental in solving cases in spite of their physical limitations,[5][6] and episodes that focused on racism against Blacks and Hispanics.[7][8][9] Season six had an episode focusing on the effects the Vietnam War had on returning veterans, including the effects of PTSD.[10]

text: Character[edit]

text: Joseph R. "Joe" Mannix is a regular guy, without pretense, who has a store of proverbs on which to rely in conversation. What demons he has mostly come from having fought in the U.S. Army during the Korean War, where he was initially listed as MIA[11] while he was a prisoner of war in a brutal POW camp until he escaped.[12] Over the length of the series, a sizable percentage of his old Army comrades turn out to have homicidal impulses against him,[12][13][14][15][16][17] as does his fellow running back from his college football days.[18]

text: During the series, Mannix is also revealed to have worked as a mercenary in Latin America.[19] Like the actor who plays him, Mannix is of Armenian descent, despite the surname being traditionally an Irish one. He speaks fluent Armenian from time to time during the series,[11][20][21][22] as well as conversational Spanish.[9]

text: Mannix is notable for the high level of physical punishment he withstands. During the course of the series, he is shot and wounded over a dozen separate times, and knocked unconscious around 55 times.[23] He frequently takes brutal beatings to the abdomen; some of these went on quite a long time, particularly by the television standards of the era. Whenever he gets into one of his convertibles, he can expect to be shot at or run off the road by another car or find his vehicle sabotaged. Nevertheless, he keeps his cool and perseveres until his antagonists are brought down.

text: While making the television pilot "The Name Is Mannix", Connors dislocated his shoulder running away from a From Russia with Love–type pursuit from a helicopter,[1] and broke his left wrist punching a stuntman who happened to be wearing a steel plate on his back.  This character aspect was lampooned multiple times by radio comedians Bob and Ray, as "Blimmix", portrayed as dim-witted, and ending with Blimmix being soundly beaten by his adversary.  These parodies retained the theme song composed by Lalo Schifrin at the beginning and conclusion.[citation needed]

text: Connors later expressed his concerns over what he saw as the show's dismissive attitude toward violence and its consequences, citing the example of Mannix being thrown down a flight of stairs and appearing without a scratch almost immediately after.[citation needed]

text: Starting in season two, Mannix lives and works in West Los Angeles in a mixed-use development called Paseo Verde; his home at 17 Paseo Verde has an attached office out of which he runs his agency. Mannix grew up in a town called Summer Grove, where he was a star football and basketball player. Summer Grove had a thriving Armenian immigrant community. As of 1969, Mannix's mother had died 10 years earlier, and Mannix had not been back to the town since the funeral. Mannix's estranged father, Stefan, was still living in Summer Grove, and Mannix and his father would start a reconciliation.[11] When Mannix returns to Summer Grove for a case three years later, his father and he are on good terms.[21]

text: Following military service in the Korean War, Mannix attended Western Pacific University on the GI Bill, graduated in 1955, and obtained his private investigator's license in 1956. He is a black belt in karate. Throughout the series, he appears proficient in a variety of athletic pursuits, including sailing, horseback riding, and skiing. He is an accomplished pool player, golfs regularly, and is also a skilled airplane pilot. In the first season, he carries a Walther PP semiautomatic pistol. From the second season on, Mannix carries a Colt Detective Special snubnosed revolver in .38 Special caliber.[citation needed]

text: Appearances on other shows[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In 1971, Connors guest-starred on an episode of Here's Lucy entitled "Lucy and Mannix Are Held Hostage".

text: In 1997, Connors reprised the role of Mannix on an episode of Diagnosis: Murder entitled "Hard-Boiled Murder", which serves as a sequel to the Mannix episode "Little Girl Lost".

text: "Mannix" was used as a reference several times by Mystery Science Theater 3000 when there was a foot chase or a fight.

text: Production[edit]

text: Gary Morton, the second husband of Lucille Ball and head of Desilu Studios, noticed a 1937 Bentley convertible being driven by Mike Connors. A car enthusiast, Morton began talking about cars to Connors when he remembered a Desilu detective show coming up in which he thought Connors would do well.[24]

text: Mannix was initially a production of Desilu Productions, which had been purchased by Gulf + Western earlier in 1967. During the first season, Gulf + Western integrated Desilu's operations into its Paramount Pictures subsidiary and the company became Paramount Television. The series featured a dynamic split-screen opening credits sequence set to theme music from noted composer Lalo Schifrin. Unusual for a private detective series, the Mannix theme is in triple time, the same signature used for waltzes.

text: The show's title card, opening credits, and closing credits roll are set in variations of the City typeface, a squared-off, split-serif face that was long used by IBM Corporation as part of their corporate design and still appears in their logo. This refers to the computers used by Intertect in the first season. The dot over the "i" in Mannix had the appearance of a computer tape reel. This was removed after the first season.

text: Over the life of the series, several famous entertainers were featured in one-time roles, including Neil Diamond and Buffalo Springfield as themselves and Lou Rawls as a club singer, Rich Little as an impressionist, and Milton Berle as a stand-up comedian. Essay humorist Art Buchwald also had a cameo role unrelated to journalism, and in another episode, Rona Barrett played herself.

text: Mannix's automobiles[edit]

text: The automobile was a focus of Mannix's professional life, and he had several of them as his personal vehicle in the eight-year run of the series. Those were:

text:
Season 1 – 1966 Mercury Comet Caliente convertible (pilot episode: "The Name Is Mannix"), 1967 Mercury Comet Cyclone convertible (one episode only: "Skid Marks on a Dry Run"), 1967 Ford Galaxie 500 four-door hardtop then a 1967 Ford Fairlane 500 four-door sedan after the Galaxie got shot up – both were Intertect company cars (one episode only: "The Cost of a Vacation"). In all other season-one episodes, Mannix drove a 1967 Oldsmobile Toronado roadster customized by George Barris, builder of TV's Batmobile from the 1960s Batman ABC series, since the producers wanted a convertible and Oldsmobile never produced an open-topped Toronado. Due to a change in episode run order ("The Cost of a Vacation" was the second episode of Mannix shot after the pilot, although it was the sixth episode CBS broadcast), the one-shot appearances of the Galaxie and Fairlane were after the Toronado had been established as Mannix's car.
Season 2 – 1968 Dodge Dart GTS 340 convertible "kustomized" by George Barris with functional hood scoops, Lucas Flamethrower driving lights, blacked-out grille, racing-style gas filler cap, molded-in rear spoiler, blacked out tail light panel, and custom tail light lenses. The car was originally red, but Executive Producer Bruce Geller wanted it changed to a British Racing Green, which Barris did. (This car still retains its original red paint under the carpet.) A Motorola car-phone (a remarkably expensive and rare item in 1968) was installed. Rader mag wheels like those on the Batmobile were originally installed by Barris, but changed later in the 1968 season to Cragar S/S chrome wheels. George Barris also installed his own "Barris Kustoms" emblem on the lower part of each front fender. No duplicate 1968 Mannix Darts were built; it is a "1 of 1" car. This car was used in both the 1968 and 1969 seasons of Mannix.

text:
Though a 1969 Dart was built by Barris to replicate this car in the show's 1969 season, the 1968 Dart was regularly seen during the 1969 season. (In the 1969 episode "A Penny for the Peep Show", both the 1968 and 1969 Darts are used in the same shot, to elude a police tail on Mannix, but no explanation in the episode was given for why or how two identically customized green Dart convertibles show up together.)
In further tracing the car's history, the 1968 Dart was reportedly sold to a secretary at Paramount Studios and then was lost for decades until being discovered near a ranger station in the California mountains. It has since been restored to its original Mannix/Barris condition and was featured in Hemmings Muscle Machines, December 2009 issue.

text: The 1968 Mannix Dart and its intriguing history was also featured on the TV show Drive on Discovery HD Theater in 2010. The TV show reunited the car with Mike Connors for the first time in over 40 years. The car is currently owned by C. Van Tune, former editor-in-chief of Motor Trend magazine, who conducted the TV interview with Mike Connors and who also wrote an article on the Mannix Dart for the summer 2011 issue of Motor Trend Classic magazine. In that article, the Dart is reunited with Mike Connors, George Barris, and Mannix stuntman Dick Ziker.

text: Another article on the famous Dart was published in the October 2011 issue of Mopar Action magazine. An article in the New York Times (July 22, 2012) included information on the 1968 Mannix Dart and a recent photo of Mike Connors with the car. The Mannix Dart was also mentioned on Sirius/XM Radio's "60s on 6" channel by disc jockey Mike Kelly.

text:
Season 3 – 1969 Dodge Dart GTS 340 convertible "kustomized" by George Barris to replicate the 1968 Dart: This car was totalled in a wreck soon after being sold, following its use on the series.
Season 4 – 1970 Plymouth Cuda 340 dark green convertible
Season 5 – 1971 Plymouth Cuda convertible, actually, three 1971s (all dark green with green interiors and black soft tops), were supplied by Chrysler Corporation, and all had differently sized (318, 340, 383) engines. One was wrecked, but later repaired. One episode the hood is raised, dynamite discovered, and the air cleaner reads 383.
Season 6 – 1973 Plymouth Cuda convertible (actually two of the 1971 cars updated with 1973 grilles, headlamps, front fenders, front/rear bumpers, and tail lights)
Season 7 – 1974 Dodge Challenger 360 Coupe: Two were built especially for the show, and had every available option installed, including the rare factory sunroof. Mild Barris customizing included Cragar S/S 15-inch chrome wheels, G60x15 Goodyear radial tires, and an upper body pinstripe.
Season 8 – Chevrolet Camaro LT, and a red 1975 Chevrolet Impala 2 door with a white convertible.

text: Peggy Fair's cars were less prominent, but in seasons two through eight, they included a Simca 1000, Simca 1204 hatchback, Dodge Colt hardtop, and finally a Chevrolet Vega hatchback.

text: Episodes[edit]

text: SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedNielsen ratings[25]First airedLast airedRankRatingTied with124September 16, 1967 (1967-09-16)March 16, 1968 (1968-03-16)58N/AN/A225September 28, 1968 (1968-09-28)April 12, 1969 (1969-04-12)42N/AN/A325September 27, 1969 (1969-09-27)March 21, 1970 (1970-03-21)3019.9N/A424September 19, 1970 (1970-09-19)March 13, 1971 (1971-03-13)1721.3N/A524September 15, 1971 (1971-09-15)March 8, 1972 (1972-03-08)724.8N/A624September 17, 1972 (1972-09-17)March 11, 1973 (1973-03-11)42N/AN/A724September 16, 1973 (1973-09-16)March 31, 1974 (1974-03-31)31N/AN/A824September 22, 1974 (1974-09-22)April 13, 1975 (1975-04-13)2021.6Cannon

text: Guest stars[edit]

text: Mannix featured hundreds of guest stars:

text:
Julie Adams
Charles Aidman
Claude Akins
Barry Atwater
Vincent Beck
Henry Beckman
Pamela Bellwood
Lee Bergere
Oscar Beregi Jr
Alan Bergmann
Whit Bissell
Lloyd Bochner
Antoinette Bower
Victor Buono
Fred Carson
Anthony Caruso
Christopher Cary
Ted Cassidy
Robert Colbert
Robert Conrad
Yvonne Craig
John Dehner
John Doucette
Don Dubbins
Howard Duff
Robert Ellenstein
Roy Engel
Erik Estrada
Linda Evans
Paul Fix
Don Gordon
Kevin Hagen
Douglas Henderson
Howard Hessman
Diana Hyland
Mako Iwamatsu
Allen Jaffe
Russell Johnson
Victor Jory
Sally Kellerman
Sandy Kenyon
Walter Koenig
Marta Kristen
Ronald Long
Perry Lopez
Barbara Luna
Ken Lynch
Scott Marlowe
John Marley
Arlene Martel
Burgess Meredith
Lee Meriwether
Del Monroe
Priscilla Morrill
Diana Muldaur
Alan Oppenheimer
Leslie Parrish
Felton Perry
Nehemiah Persoff
Barney Phillips
Ford Rainey
Stafford Repp
Pernell Roberts
Percy Rodriguez
Marion Ross
Alfred Ryder
William Shatner
Tom Skerritt
Warren Stevens
Nita Talbot
Berlinda Tolbert
Malachi Throne
Harry Townes
Garry Walberg
David Wayne
Adam West
Willaim Windom
H.M. Wynant

text: Awards and honors[edit]

text: For his work on Mannix, Mike Connors was nominated for four Golden Globe Awards, winning once, and for four Emmy Awards. Gail Fisher was nominated for four Emmy Awards, winning once, and for three Golden Globe Awards, winning twice.

text: The series was twice nominated for the Emmy Award for Best Dramatic Series, and four times for the Golden Globe Award, winning once. In 1972, writer Mann Rubin won an Edgar Award from the Mystery Writers of America for the episode "A Step in Time".

text: Music[edit]

text: Lalo Schifrin composed the music for the series. The theme "Mannix", with the B-side "End Game", was released as a single in 1969.

text: Royalties lawsuit[edit]

text: In May 2011, Connors filed suit in Los Angeles Superior Court against Paramount and CBS Television Studios, claiming that he was never paid royalties from the Mannix series.[26] With the release of the series on DVD, the case was later settled out of court in November of that year.[27]

text: Research on Mannix[edit]

text: Mannix has been the subject of a recent book-length study by JoAnn Paul, entitled “and now, back to mannix”.[28] Paul’s study could be described as having two distinct purposes.

text: First of all, Paul attempts to highlight the value of Mannix purely as a television show, underlining (1) distinctive characteristics of the show in contrast to similar shows, (2) various ways in which Mannix was pioneering for its time, and (3) especially the way the show is primarily character- rather than plot-driven. Paul claims that it is especially the fact that Mannix explored the character of Joe Mannix, rather than being solely about an interesting plot, that makes the show both unique and attractive to viewers.

text: Second, Paul also sees in Mannix – both the show in general and the character in particular – the telling of a "myth" in the sense that mythologist Joseph Campbell and psychologist Carl Jung speak of “myth”. For Paul, Mannix represents the archetypal “hero’s myth” and Joe Mannix the figure of the hero. Paul sees Joe Mannix as a man driven by certain significant and in essence ethical ideals, who tries to live by those ideals in the face of often extraordinary adversity. In this respect, Paul claims, Joe Mannix plays the role of the hero in myth, something which especially draws viewers and fans to the show.

text: DVD releases[edit]

text: CBS Home Entertainment (distributed by Paramount) has released all eight seasons of Mannix on DVD in Region 1.

text: On May 9, 2017 CBS DVD released Mannix- The Complete series on DVD in Region 1.[29]

text: In Region 4, Shock has released the first three seasons on DVD in Australia.

text:
DVD Name

Ep #

Release dates

Region 1

Region 4

The First Season

24

June 3, 2008

August 10, 2010

The Second Season

25

January 6, 2009

October 12, 2010

The Third Season

25

October 27, 2009

February 9, 2011

The Fourth Season

24

January 4, 2011

N/A

The Fifth Season

24

July 5, 2011

N/A

The Sixth Season

24

January 24, 2012

N/A

The Seventh Season

24

July 3, 2012

N/A

The Eighth and Final Season

24

December 4, 2012

N/A

The Complete Series

194

May 9, 2017

N/A

text: Syndication[edit]

text: CBS Television Distribution holds the distribution rights for Mannix, but does not offer the complete series (only 130 episodes) for local stations. Portions of season seven and the entire first and final seasons are not offered.[30]

text: The show has also aired in its entirety on Heroes & Icons and currently airs on MeTV.


document_title: Oil paint

question_text: who is credited with the reinvention and popularization of oil paints

text: Oil paint

text: History[edit]

text: The technical history of the introduction and development of oil paint, and the date of introduction of various additives (driers, thinners) is still—despite intense research since the mid 18th century—not well understood. The literature abounds with incorrect theories and information: in general, anything published before 1952 is suspect.[1] Until 1991 nothing was known about the organic aspect of cave paintings from the Paleolithic era. Many assumptions were made about the chemistry of the binders.

text: First recorded use[edit]

text: The oldest known oil paintings date from 650 AD, found in 2008 in caves in Afghanistan's Bamiyan Valley, "using walnut and poppy seed oils."[2]

text: Classical and medieval period[edit]

text: Though the ancient Mediterranean civilizations of Greece, Rome, and Egypt used vegetable oils, there is little evidence to indicate their use as media in painting. Indeed, linseed oil was not used as a medium because of its tendency to dry very slowly, darken, and crack, unlike mastic and wax (the latter of which was used in encaustic painting).

text: Greek writers such as Aetius Amidenus recorded recipes involving the use of oils for drying, such as walnut, poppy, hempseed, pine nut, castor, and linseed. When thickened, the oils became resinous and could be used as varnish to seal and protect paintings from water. Additionally, when yellow pigment was added to oil, it could be spread over tin foil as a less expensive alternative to gold leaf.

text: Early Christian monks maintained these records and used the techniques in their own artworks. Theophilus Presbyter, a 12th-century German monk, recommended linseed oil but advocated against the use of olive oil due to its long drying time. Oil paint was mainly used as it is today in house decoration, as a tough waterproof cover for exposed woodwork, especially outdoors.

text: In the 13th century, oil was used to detail tempera paintings. In the 14th century, Cennino Cennini described a painting technique utilizing tempera painting covered by light layers of oil. The slow-drying properties of organic oils were commonly known to early painters. However, the difficulty in acquiring and working the materials meant that they were rarely used (and indeed the slow drying was seen as a disadvantage[3]).

text: Renaissance onwards[edit]

text: As public preference for naturalism increased, the quick-drying tempera paints became insufficient to achieve the very detailed and precise effects that oil could achieve. The Early Netherlandish painting of the 15th century saw the rise of the panel painting purely in oils, or oil painting, or works combining tempera and oil painting, and by the 16th century easel painting in pure oils had become the norm, using much the same techniques and materials found today. The claim by Vasari that Jan van Eyck "invented" oil painting is not correct but has cast a long shadow, but van Eyck's use of oil paint achieved novel results in terms of precise detail and mixing colours wet-on-wet with a skill hardly equalled since. Van Eyck’s mixture may have consisted of piled glass, calcined bones, and mineral pigments boiled in linseed oil until they reached a viscous state—or he may have simply used sun-thickened oils (slightly oxidized by Sun exposure). He left no written documentation.

text: The Flemish-trained or influenced Antonello da Messina, who Vasari wrongly credited with the introduction of oil paint to Italy,[4] does seem to have improved the formula by adding litharge, or lead (II) oxide. The new mixture had a honey-like consistency and better drying properties (drying evenly without cracking). This mixture was known as oglio cotto—"cooked oil." Leonardo da Vinci later improved these techniques by cooking the mixture at a very low temperature and adding 5 to 10% beeswax, which prevented darkening of the paint. Giorgione, Titian, and Tintoretto each may have altered this recipe for their own purposes.

text: The use of any cooked oils or Litharge (sugar of Lead) darkens an oil painting rapidly. None of the old Masters whose work survives used these in their paintings. Both ingredients became popular in the 19th century. Since that time, experiments to improve paint and coatings have been conducted with other oils. Modern oil paints are created from bladderpod, ironweed, calendula and sandmat, plants used to increase the resistance or to reduce the drying time.

text: Paint tube[edit]

text: The paint tube was invented in 1841 by portrait painter John Goffe Rand,[5] superseding pig bladders and glass syringes[6] as the primary tool of paint transport. Artists, or their assistants, previously ground each pigment by hand, carefully mixing the binding oil in the proper proportions. Paints could now be produced in bulk and sold in tin tubes with a cap. The cap could be screwed back on and the paints preserved for future use, providing flexibility and efficiency to painting outdoors. The manufactured paints had a balanced consistency that the artist could thin with oil, turpentine, or other mediums.

text: Paint in tubes also changed the way some artists approached painting. The artist Pierre-Auguste Renoir said, “Without tubes of paint, there would have been no Impressionism.” For the Impressionists, tubed paints offered an easily accessible variety of colors for their plein air palettes, motivating them to make spontaneous color choices. With greater quantities of preserved paint, they were able to apply paint more thickly.

text: Carrier[edit]

text: Characteristics[edit]

text: Traditional oil paints require an oil that always hardens, forming a stable, impermeable film. Such oils are called siccative, or drying, oils, and are characterized by high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids. One common measure of the siccative property of oils is iodine number, the number of grams of iodine one hundred grams of oil can absorb. Oils with an iodine number greater than 130 are considered drying, those with an iodine number of 115-130 are semi-drying, and those with an iodine number of less than 115 are non-drying. Linseed oil, the most prevalent vehicle for artists' oil paints, is a drying oil.

text: When exposed to air, oils do not undergo the same evaporative process that water does. Instead, they polymerize into a dry semisolid. This rate of process can be very slow, depending on the oil.

text: The advantage of the slow-drying quality of oil paint is that an artist can develop a painting gradually. Earlier media such as egg tempera dried quickly, which prevented the artist from making changes or corrections. With oil-based paints, revising was comparatively easy. The disadvantage is that a painting might take months or years to finish, which might disappoint an anxious patron. Oil paints blend well with each other, making subtle variations of color possible as well as creating many details of light and shadow. Oil paints can be diluted with turpentine or other thinning agents, which artists take advantage to paint in layers.

text: Sources[edit]

text: The earliest and still most commonly used vehicle is linseed oil, pressed from the seed of the flax plant. Modern processes use heat or steam to produce refined varieties of oil with fewer impurities, but many artists prefer cold-pressed oils.[7] Other vegetable oils such as Hemp, poppy seed, walnut, sunflower, safflower, and soybean oils may be used as alternatives to linseed oil for a variety of reasons. For example, safflower and poppy oils are paler than linseed oil and allow for more vibrant whites straight from the tube.

text: Extraction methods and processing[edit]

text: Once the oil is extracted, additives are sometimes used to modify its chemical properties. In this way, the paint can be made to dry more quickly (if that is desired), or to have varying levels of gloss, like Liquin. Modern oils paints can, therefore, have complex chemical structures; for example, affecting resistance to UV. By hand, the process involves first mixing the paint pigment with the linseed oil to a crumbly mass on a glass or marble slab. Then, a small amount at a time is ground between the slab and a glass Muller (a round, flat-bottomed glass instrument with a hand grip). Pigment and oil are ground together 'with patience' until a smooth, ultra-fine paste is achieved. This paste is then placed into jars or metal paint tubes and labelled.

text: Pigment[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2013)

text: The color of oil paint derives from small particles of colored pigments mixed with the carrier. Some of the earliest known pigments are charcoal (black), iron oxide (rust red), and gypsum (white).

text: Common pigment types include mineral salts such as white oxides: zinc, titanium, and the red to yellow cadmium pigments. Another class consists of earth types, e.g. sienna or umber. Still another group of pigments comes from living organisms, such as madder root.

text: Synthetic pigments are also now available. Natural pigments have the advantage of being well understood through centuries of use, but synthetics have greatly increased the spectrum of available colors, and many are tested well for their lightfastness.

text: Toxicity[edit]

text: Many of the historical pigments were dangerous, and many pigments still in popular use today are highly toxic. Some of the most poisonous pigments, such as Paris green (copper(II) acetoarsenite) and orpiment (arsenic sulfide), have fallen from use.

text: Many pigments still in use are toxic to some degree. Commonly used reds and yellows are produced using cadmium, and vermilion red uses natural or synthetic mercuric sulfide or cinnabar. Flake white and Cremnitz white are made with basic lead carbonate. Some intense blue colors, including cobalt blue and cerulean blue, are made with cobalt compounds. Some varieties of cobalt violet are made with cobalt arsenate.