document_title: United States Bill of Rights

question_text: where was the bill of rights written and signed

question_tokens: where was the bill of rights written and signed

text: United States Bill of Rights

text: Background

text: The Philadelphia Convention

text: Prior to the ratification and implementation of the United States Constitution, the thirteen sovereign states followed the Articles of Confederation, created by the Second Continental Congress and ratified in 1781. However, the national government that operated under the Articles of Confederation was too weak to adequately regulate the various conflicts that arose between the states.[5] The Philadelphia Convention set out to correct weaknesses of the Articles that had been apparent even before the American Revolutionary War had been successfully concluded.[5]

text: The convention took place from May 14 to September 17, 1787, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Although the Convention was purportedly intended only to revise the Articles, the intention of many of its proponents, chief among them James Madison of Virginia and Alexander Hamilton of New York, was to create a new government rather than fix the existing one. The convention convened in the Pennsylvania State House, and George Washington of Virginia was unanimously elected as president of the convention.[6] The 55 delegates who drafted the Constitution are among the men known as the Founding Fathers of the new nation. Thomas Jefferson, who was Minister to France during the convention, characterized the delegates as an assembly of "demi-gods."[5] Rhode Island refused to send delegates to the convention.[7]

text: On September 12, George Mason of Virginia suggested the addition of a Bill of Rights to the Constitution modeled on previous state declarations, and Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts made it a formal motion.[8] However, the motion was defeated by a unanimous vote of the state delegations after only a brief discussion. Madison, then an opponent of a Bill of Rights, later explained the vote by calling the state bills of rights "parchment barriers" that offered only an illusion of protection against tyranny.[9] Another delegate, James Wilson of Pennsylvania, later argued that the act of enumerating the rights of the people would have been dangerous, because it would imply that rights not explicitly mentioned did not exist;[9] Hamilton echoed this point in Federalist No. 84.[10] Because Mason and Gerry had emerged as opponents of the proposed new Constitution, their motion—introduced five days before the end of the convention—may also have been seen by other delegates as a delaying tactic.[11] The quick rejection of this motion, however, later endangered the entire ratification process. Author David O. Stewart characterizes the omission of a Bill of Rights in the original Constitution as "a political blunder of the first magnitude"[11] while historian Jack N. Rakove calls it "the one serious miscalculation the framers made as they looked ahead to the struggle over ratification".[12]

text: Thirty-nine delegates signed the finalized Constitution. Thirteen delegates left before it was completed, and three who remained at the convention until the end refused to sign it: Mason, Gerry, and Edmund Randolph of Virginia.[13] Afterward, the Constitution was presented to the Articles of Confederation Congress with the request that it afterwards be submitted to a convention of delegates, chosen in each State by the people, for their assent and ratification.[14]

text: The Anti-Federalists

text: Following the Philadelphia Convention, some leading revolutionary figures such as Patrick Henry, Samuel Adams, and Richard Henry Lee publicly opposed the new frame of government, a position known as "Anti-Federalism".[15] Elbridge Gerry wrote the most popular Anti-Federalist tract, "Hon. Mr. Gerry's Objections", which went through 46 printings; the essay particularly focused on the lack of a bill of rights in the proposed constitution.[16] Many were concerned that a strong national government was a threat to individual rights and that the president would become a king. Jefferson wrote to Madison advocating a Bill of Rights: "Half a loaf is better than no bread. If we cannot secure all our rights, let us secure what we can."[17] The pseudonymous Anti-Federalist "Brutus"[a] wrote,

text: We find they have, in the ninth section of the first article declared, that the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless in cases of rebellion—that no bill of attainder, or ex post facto law, shall be passed—that no title of nobility shall be granted by the United States, etc. If every thing which is not given is reserved, what propriety is there in these exceptions? Does this Constitution any where grant the power of suspending the habeas corpus, to make ex post facto laws, pass bills of attainder, or grant titles of nobility? It certainly does not in express terms. The only answer that can be given is, that these are implied in the general powers granted. With equal truth it may be said, that all the powers which the bills of rights guard against the abuse of, are contained or implied in the general ones granted by this Constitution.[19]

text: He continued with this observation:

text: Ought not a government, vested with such extensive and indefinite authority, to have been restricted by a declaration of rights? It certainly ought. So clear a point is this, that I cannot help suspecting that persons who attempt to persuade people that such reservations were less necessary under this Constitution than under those of the States, are wilfully endeavoring to deceive, and to lead you into an absolute state of vassalage.[20]

text: The Federalists

text: Supporters of the Constitution, known as Federalists, opposed a bill of rights for much of the ratification period, in part due to the procedural uncertainties it would create.[21] Madison argued against such an inclusion, suggesting that state governments were sufficient guarantors of personal liberty, in No. 46 of The Federalist Papers, a series of essays promoting the Federalist position.[22] Hamilton opposed a bill of rights in The Federalist No. 84, stating that "the constitution is itself in every rational sense, and to every useful purpose, a bill of rights." He stated that ratification did not mean the American people were surrendering their rights, making protections unnecessary: "Here, in strictness, the people surrender nothing, and as they retain everything, they have no need of particular reservations." Patrick Henry criticized the Federalist point of view, writing that the legislature must be firmly informed "of the extent of the rights retained by the people ... being in a state of uncertainty, they will assume rather than give up powers by implication."[23] Other anti-Federalists pointed out that earlier political documents, in particular the Magna Carta, had protected specific rights. In response, Hamilton argued that the Constitution was inherently different:

text: Bills of rights are in their origin, stipulations between kings and their subjects, abridgments of prerogative in favor of privilege, reservations of rights not surrendered to the prince. Such was the Magna Charta, obtained by the Barons, swords in hand, from King John.[24]

text: Massachusetts compromise

text: In December 1787 and January 1788, five states—Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Georgia, and Connecticut—ratified the Constitution with relative ease, though the bitter minority report of the Pennsylvania opposition was widely circulated.[25] In contrast to its predecessors, the Massachusetts convention was angry and contentious, at one point erupting into a fistfight between Federalist delegate Francis Dana and Anti-Federalist Elbridge Gerry when the latter was not allowed to speak.[26] The impasse was resolved only when revolutionary heroes and leading Anti-Federalists Samuel Adams and John Hancock agreed to ratification on the condition that the convention also propose amendments.[27] The convention's proposed amendments included a requirement for grand jury indictment in capital cases, which would form part of the Fifth Amendment, and an amendment reserving powers to the states not expressly given to the federal government, which would later form the basis for the Tenth Amendment.[28]

text: Following Massachusetts' lead, the Federalist minorities in both Virginia and New York were able to obtain ratification in convention by linking ratification to recommended amendments.[29] A committee of the Virginia convention headed by law professor George Wythe forwarded forty recommended amendments to Congress, twenty of which enumerated individual rights and another twenty of which enumerated states' rights.[30] The latter amendments included limitations on federal powers to levy taxes and regulate trade.[31]

text: A minority of the Constitution's critics, such as Maryland's Luther Martin, continued to oppose ratification.[32] However, Martin's allies, such as New York's John Lansing, Jr., dropped moves to obstruct the Convention's process. They began to take exception to the Constitution "as it was," seeking amendments. Several conventions saw supporters for "amendments before" shift to a position of "amendments after" for the sake of staying in the Union. The New York Anti-Federalist "circular letter" was sent to each state legislature proposing a second constitutional convention for "amendments before", but it failed in the state legislatures. Ultimately, only North Carolina and Rhode Island waited for amendments from Congress before ratifying.[29]

text: Article Seven of the proposed Constitution set the terms by which the new frame of government would be established. The new Constitution would become operational when ratified by at least nine states. Only then would it replace the existing government under the Articles of Confederation and would apply only to those states that ratified it.

text: Following contentious battles in several states, the proposed Constitution reached that nine-state ratification plateau in June 1788. On September 13, 1788, the Articles of Confederation Congress certified that the new Constitution had been ratified by more than enough states for the new system to be implemented and directed the new government to meet in New York City on the first Wednesday in March the following year.[33] On March 4, 1789, the new frame of government came into force with eleven of the thirteen states participating.

text: Proposal and ratification

text: Anticipating amendments

text:
The 1st United States Congress, which met in New York City's Federal Hall, was a triumph for the Federalists. The Senate of eleven states contained 20 Federalists with only two Anti-Federalists, both from Virginia. The House included 48 Federalists to 11 Anti-Federalists, the latter of whom were from only four states: Massachusetts, New York, Virginia and South Carolina.[34]
Among the Virginia delegation to the House was James Madison, Patrick Henry's chief opponent in the Virginia ratification battle. In retaliation for Madison's victory in that battle at Virginia's ratification convention, Henry and other Anti-Federalists, who controlled the Virginia House of Delegates, had gerrymandered a hostile district for Madison's planned congressional run and recruited Madison's future presidential successor, James Monroe, to oppose him.[35] Madison defeated Monroe after offering a campaign pledge that he would introduce constitutional amendments forming a bill of rights at the First Congress.[36]

text: Originally opposed to the inclusion of a bill of rights in the Constitution, Madison had gradually come to understand the importance of doing so during the often contentious ratification debates. By taking the initiative to propose amendments himself through the Congress, he hoped to preempt a second constitutional convention that might, it was feared, undo the difficult compromises of 1787, and open the entire Constitution to reconsideration, thus risking the dissolution of the new federal government. Writing to Jefferson, he stated, "The friends of the Constitution, some from an approbation of particular amendments, others from a spirit of conciliation, are generally agreed that the System should be revised. But they wish the revisal to be carried no farther than to supply additional guards for liberty."[37] He also felt that amendments guaranteeing personal liberties would "give to the Government its due popularity and stability".[38] Finally, he hoped that the amendments "would acquire by degrees the character of fundamental maxims of free government, and as they become incorporated with the national sentiment, counteract the impulses of interest and passion".[39] Historians continue to debate the degree to which Madison considered the amendments of the Bill of Rights necessary, and to what degree he considered them politically expedient; in the outline of his address, he wrote, "Bill of Rights—useful—not essential—".[40]

text: On the occasion of his April 30, 1789 inauguration as the nation's first president, George Washington addressed the subject of amending the Constitution. He urged the legislators,

text: whilst you carefully avoid every alteration which might endanger the benefits of an united and effective government, or which ought to await the future lessons of experience; a reverence for the characteristic rights of freemen, and a regard for public harmony, will sufficiently influence your deliberations on the question, how far the former can be impregnably fortified or the latter be safely and advantageously promoted.[41][42]

text: Madison's proposed amendments

text: James Madison introduced a series of Constitutional amendments in the House of Representatives for consideration. Among his proposals was one that would have added introductory language stressing natural rights to the preamble.[43] Another would apply parts of the Bill of Rights to the states as well as the federal government. Several sought to protect individual personal rights by limiting various Constitutional powers of Congress. Like Washington, Madison urged Congress to keep the revision to the Constitution "a moderate one", limited to protecting individual rights.[43]

text: Madison was deeply read in the history of government and used a range of sources in composing the amendments. The English Magna Carta of 1215 inspired the right to petition and to trial by jury, for example, while the English Bill of Rights of 1689 provided an early precedent for the right to keep and bear arms (although this applied only to Protestants) and prohibited cruel and unusual punishment.[31]

text: The greatest influence on Madison's text, however, was existing state constitutions.[44][45] Many of his amendments, including his proposed new preamble, were based on the Virginia Declaration of Rights drafted by Anti-Federalist George Mason in 1776.[46] To reduce future opposition to ratification, Madison also looked for recommendations shared by many states.[45] He did provide one, however, that no state had requested: "No state shall violate the equal rights of conscience, or the freedom of the press, or the trial by jury in criminal cases."[47] He did not include an amendment that every state had asked for, one that would have made tax assessments voluntary instead of contributions.[48] Madison's proposed the following constitutional amendments:

text: First. That there be prefixed to the Constitution a declaration, that all power is originally vested in, and consequently derived from, the people.That Government is instituted and ought to be exercised for the benefit of the people; which consists in the enjoyment of life and liberty, with the right of acquiring and using property, and generally of pursuing and obtaining happiness and safety.That the people have an indubitable, unalienable, and indefeasible right to reform or change their Government, whenever it be found adverse or inadequate to the purposes of its institution.

text: Secondly. That in article 1st, section 2, clause 3, these words be struck out, to wit: "The number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each State shall have at least one Representative, and until such enumeration shall be made;" and in place thereof be inserted these words, to wit: "After the first actual enumeration, there shall be one Representative for every thirty thousand, until the number amounts to—, after which the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress, that the number shall never be less than—, nor more than—, but each State shall, after the first enumeration, have at least two Representatives; and prior thereto."

text: Thirdly. That in article 1st, section 6, clause 1, there be added to the end of the first sentence, these words, to wit: "But no law varying the compensation last ascertained shall operate before the next ensuing election of Representatives."

text:
Fourthly. That in article 1st, section 9, between clauses 3 and 4, be inserted these clauses, to wit: The civil rights of none shall be abridged on account of religious belief or worship, nor shall any national religion be established, nor shall the full and equal rights of conscience be in any manner, or on any pretext, infringed.
The people shall not be deprived or abridged of their right to speak, to write, or to publish their sentiments; and the freedom of the press, as one of the great bulwarks of liberty, shall be inviolable.The people shall not be restrained from peaceably assembling and consulting for their common good; nor from applying to the legislature by petitions, or remonstrances for redress of their grievances.The right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed; a well armed and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country: but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service in person.No soldier shall in time of peace be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner; nor at any time, but in a manner warranted by law.No person shall be subject, except in cases of impeachment, to more than one punishment, or one trial for the same offence; nor shall be compelled to be a witness against himself; nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor be obliged to relinquish his property, where it may be necessary for public use, without a just compensation.Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.The rights of the people to be secured in their persons, their houses, their papers, and their other property, from all unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated by warrants issued without probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, or not particularly describing the places to be searched, or the persons or things to be seized.In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, to be informed of the cause and nature of the accusation, to be confronted with his accusers, and the witnesses against him; to have a compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor; and to have the assistance of counsel for his defence.The exceptions here or elsewhere in the Constitution, made in favor of particular rights, shall not be so construed as to diminish the just importance of other rights retained by the people, or as to enlarge the powers delegated by the Constitution; but either as actual limitations of such powers, or as inserted merely for greater caution.

text: Fifthly. That in article 1st, section 10, between clauses 1 and 2, be inserted this clause, to wit: No State shall violate the equal rights of conscience, or the freedom of the press, or the trial by jury in criminal cases.

text: Sixthly. That, in article 3d, section 2, be annexed to the end of clause 2d, these words, to wit: But no appeal to such court shall be allowed where the value in controversy shall not amount to — dollars: nor shall any fact triable by jury, according to the course of common law, be otherwise re-examinable than may consist with the principles of common law.

text: Seventhly. That in article 3d, section 2, the third clause be struck out, and in its place be inserted the clauses following, to wit: The trial of all crimes (except in cases of impeachments, and cases arising in the land or naval forces, or the militia when on actual service, in time of war or public danger) shall be by an impartial jury of freeholders of the vicinage, with the requisite of unanimity for conviction, of the right with the requisite of unanimity for conviction, of the right of challenge, and other accustomed requisites; and in all crimes punishable with loss of life or member, presentment or indictment by a grand jury shall be an essential preliminary, provided that in cases of crimes committed within any county which may be in possession of an enemy, or in which a general insurrection may prevail, the trial may by law be authorized in some other county of the same State, as near as may be to the seat of the offence.In cases of crimes committed not within any county, the trial may by law be in such county as the laws shall have prescribed. In suits at common law, between man and man, the trial by jury, as one of the best securities to the rights of the people, ought to remain inviolate.

text: Eighthly. That immediately after article 6th, be inserted, as article 7th, the clauses following, to wit: The powers delegated by this Constitution are appropriated to the departments to which they are respectively distributed: so that the Legislative Department shall never exercise the powers vested in the Executive or Judicial, nor the Executive exercise the powers vested in the Legislative or Judicial, nor the Judicial exercise the powers vested in the Legislative or Executive Departments.The powers not delegated by this Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the States respectively.

text: Ninthly. That article 7th, be numbered as article 8th.[49]

text: Crafting amendments

text: Federalist representatives were quick to attack Madison's proposal, fearing that any move to amend the new Constitution so soon after its implementation would create an appearance of instability in the government.[50] The House, unlike the Senate, was open to the public, and members such as Fisher Ames warned that a prolonged "dissection of the constitution" before the galleries could shake public confidence.[51] A procedural battle followed, and after initially forwarding the amendments to a select committee for revision, the House agreed to take Madison's proposal up as a full body beginning on July 21, 1789.[52][53]

text: The eleven-member committee made some significant changes to Madison's nine proposed amendments, including eliminating most of his preamble and adding the phrase "freedom of speech, and of the press".[54] The House debated the amendments for eleven days. Roger Sherman of Connecticut persuaded the House to place the amendments at the Constitution's end so that the document would "remain inviolate", rather than adding them throughout, as Madison had proposed.[55][56] The amendments, revised and condensed from twenty to seventeen, were approved and forwarded to the Senate on August 24, 1789.[57]

text: The Senate edited these amendments still further, making 26 changes of its own. Madison's proposal to apply parts of the Bill of Rights to the states as well as the federal government was eliminated, and the seventeen amendments were condensed to twelve, which were approved on September 9, 1789.[58] The Senate also eliminated the last of Madison's proposed changes to the preamble.[59]

text: On September 21, 1789, a House–Senate Conference Committee convened to resolve the numerous differences between the two Bill of Rights proposals. On September 24, 1789, the committee issued this report, which finalized 12 Constitutional Amendments for House and Senate to consider. This final version was approved by joint resolution of Congress on September 25, 1789, to be forwarded to the states on September 28.[60][61]

text: By the time the debates and legislative maneuvering that went into crafting the Bill of Rights amendments was done, many personal opinions had shifted. A number of Federalists came out in support, thus silencing the Anti-Federalists' most effective critique. Many Anti-Federalists, in contrast, were now opposed, realizing that Congressional approval of these amendments would greatly lessen the chances of a second constitutional convention.[62] Anti-Federalists such as Richard Henry Lee also argued that the Bill left the most objectionable portions of the Constitution, such as the federal judiciary and direct taxation, intact.[63]

text: Madison remained active in the progress of the amendments throughout the legislative process. Historian Gordon S. Wood writes that "there is no question that it was Madison's personal prestige and his dogged persistence that saw the amendments through the Congress. There might have been a federal Constitution without Madison but certainly no Bill of Rights."[64][65]

text:
hideApproval of the Bill of Rights in Congress and the States[66]

Seventeen ArticlesApproved by the HouseAugust 24, 1789

Twelve ArticlesApproved by the SenateSeptember 9, 1789

Twelve ArticlesApproved by CongressSeptember 25, 1789

RatificationStatus

First Article:After the first enumeration, required by the first Article of the Constitution, there shall be one Representative for every thirty thousand, until the number shall amount to one hundred, after which the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress, that there shall be not less than one hundred Representatives, nor less than one Representative for every forty thousand persons, until the number of Representatives shall amount to two hundred, after which the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress, that there shall not be less than two hundred Representatives, nor less than one Representative for every fifty thousand persons.

First Article:After the first enumeration, required by the first article of the Constitution, there shall be one Representative for every thirty thousand, until the number shall amount to one hundred; to which number one Representative shall be added for every subsequent increase of forty thousand, until the Representatives shall amount to two hundred, to which number one Representative shall be added for every subsequent increase of sixty thousand persons.

First Article:After the first enumeration required by the first article of the Constitution, there shall be one Representative for every thirty thousand, until the number shall amount to one hundred, after which the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress, that there shall be not less than one hundred Representatives, nor less than one Representative for every forty thousand persons, until the number of Representatives shall amount to two hundred; after which the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress, that there shall not be less than two hundred Representatives, nor more than one Representative for every fifty thousand persons.

Pending:Congressional Apportionment Amendment

Second Article:No law varying the compensation to the members of Congress, shall take effect, until an election of Representatives shall have intervened.

Second Article:No law, varying the compensation for the services of the Senators and Representatives, shall take effect, until an election of Representatives shall have intervened.

Second Article:No law, varying the compensation for the services of the Senators and Representatives, shall take effect, until an election of Representatives shall have intervened.

Ratified:May 5, 1992[3]Twenty-seventh Amendment

Third Article:Congress shall make no law establishing religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof, nor shall the rights of Conscience be infringed.

Third Article:Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.

Third Article:Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.

Ratified:December 15, 1791First Amendment

Fourth Article:The Freedom of Speech, and of the Press, and the right of the People peaceably to assemble, and consult for their common good, and to apply to the Government for a redress of grievances, shall not be infringed.

(see Third Article above)

Fifth Article:A well regulated militia, composed of the body of the People, being the best security of a free State, the right of the People to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed, but no one religiously scrupulous of bearing arms, shall be compelled to render military service in person.

Fourth Article:A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.

Fourth Article:A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.

Ratified:December 15, 1791Second Amendment

Sixth Article:No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.

Fifth Article:No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.

Fifth Article:No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.

Ratified:December 15, 1791Third Amendment

Seventh Article:The right of the People to be secure in their persons, houses, papers and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.

Sixth Article:The right of the People to be secure in their persons, houses, papers and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.

Sixth Article:The right of the People to be secure in their persons, houses, papers and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.

Ratified:December 15, 1791Fourth Amendment

Eighth Article:No person shall be subject, except in case of impeachment, to more than one trial, or one punishment for the same offense, nor shall be compelled in any criminal case, to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation.

Seventh Article:No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case, to be a witnesses against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation.

Seventh Article:No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.

Ratified:December 15, 1791Fifth Amendment

Ninth Article:In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation, to be confronted with the witnesses against him, to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defence.

Eighth Article:In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation, to be confronted with the witnesses against him, to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favour, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defence.

Eighth Article:In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence.

Ratified:December 15, 1791Sixth Amendment

Tenth Article:The trial of all crimes (except in cases of impeachment, and in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia when in actual service in time of War or public danger) shall be by an Impartial Jury of the Vicinage, with the requisite of unanimity for conviction, the right of challenge, and other accostomed [sic] requisites; and no person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherways [sic] infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment by a Grand Jury; but if a crime be committed in a place in the possession of an enemy, or in which an insurrection may prevail, the indictment and trial may by law be authorised in some other place within the same State.

(see Seventh Article above)

Eleventh Article:No appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States, shall be allowed, where the value in controversy shall not amount to one thousand dollars, nor shall any fact, triable by a Jury according to the course of the common law, be otherwise re-examinable, than according to the rules of common law.

Ninth Article:In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by Jury shall be preserved, and no fact, tried by a Jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.

Ninth Article:In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by Jury shall be preserved, and no fact, tried by a Jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.

Ratified:December 15, 1791Seventh Amendment

Twelfth Article:In suits at common law, the right of trial by Jury shall be preserved.

(see Ninth Article above)

Thirteenth Article:Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.

Tenth Article:Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.

Tenth Article:Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.

Ratified:December 15, 1791Eighth Amendment

Fourteenth Article:No State shall infringe the right of trial by Jury in criminal cases, nor the rights of conscience, nor the freedom of speech, or of the press.

Fifteenth Article:The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.

Eleventh Article:The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.

Eleventh Article:The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.

Ratified:December 15, 1791Ninth Amendment

Sixteenth Article:The powers delegated by the Constitution to the government of the United States, shall be exercised as therein appropriated, so that the Legislative shall never exercise the powers vested in the Executive or Judicial; nor the Executive the powers vested in the Legislative or Judicial; nor the Judicial the powers vested in the Legislative or Executive.

Seventeenth Article:The powers not delegated by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it, to the States, are reserved to the States respectively.

Twelfth Article:The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.

Twelfth Article:The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.

Ratified:December 15, 1791Tenth Amendment

tag: table

text: Ratification process

text: The twelve articles of amendment approved by congress were officially submitted to the Legislatures of the several States for consideration on September 28, 1789. The following states ratified some or all of the amendments:[67][68][69]

text:
New Jersey: Articles One and Three through Twelve on November 20, 1789, and Article Two on May 7, 1992
Maryland: Articles One through Twelve on December 19, 1789
North Carolina: Articles One through Twelve on December 22, 1789
South Carolina: Articles One through Twelve on January 19, 1790
New Hampshire: Articles One and Three through Twelve on January 25, 1790, and Article Two on March 7, 1985
Delaware: Articles Two through Twelve on January 28, 1790
New York: Articles One and Three through Twelve on February 24, 1790
Pennsylvania: Articles Three through Twelve on March 10, 1790, and Article One on September 21, 1791
Rhode Island: Articles One and Three through Twelve on June 7, 1790, and Article Two on June 10, 1993
Vermont: Articles One through Twelve on November 3, 1791
Virginia: Article One on November 3, 1791, and Articles Two through Twelve on December 15, 1791[70](After failing to ratify the 12 amendments during the 1789 legislative session.)

tag: ol

text: Having been approved by the requisite three-fourths of the several states, there being 14 States in the Union at the time (as Vermont had been admitted into the Union on March 4, 1791),[63] the ratification of Articles Three through Twelve was completed and they became Amendments 1 through 10 of the Constitution. President Washington informed Congress of this on January 18, 1792.[71]

text: As they had not yet been approved by 11 of the 14 states, the ratification of Article One (ratified by 10) and Article Two (ratified by 6) remained incomplete. The ratification plateau they needed to reach soon rose to 12 of 15 states when Kentucky joined the Union (June 1, 1792). On June 27, 1792, the Kentucky General Assembly ratified all 12 amendments, however this action did not come to light until 1996.[72]

text: Article One came within one state of the number needed to become adopted into the Constitution on two occasions between 1789 and 1803. Despite coming close to ratification early on, it has never received the approval of enough states to become part of the Constitution.[64] As Congress did not attach a ratification time limit to the article, it is still technically pending before the states. Since no state has approved it since 1792, ratification by an additional 27 states would now be necessary for the article to be adopted.

text: Article Two, initially ratified by seven states through 1792 (including Kentucky), was not ratified by another state for eighty years. The Ohio General Assembly ratified it on May 6, 1873 in protest of an unpopular Congressional pay raise.[73] A century later, on March 6, 1978, the Wyoming Legislature also ratified the article.[74] Gregory Watson, a University of Texas at Austin undergraduate student, started a new push for the article's ratification with a letter-writing campaign to state legislatures.[73] As a result, by May 1992, enough states had approved Article Two (38 of the 50 states in the Union) for it to become the Twenty-seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution. The amendment's adoption was certified by Archivist of the United States Don W. Wilson and subsequently affirmed by a vote of Congress on May 20, 1992.[75]

text: Three states did not complete action on the twelve articles of amendment when they were initially put before the states. Georgia found a Bill of Rights unnecessary and so refused to ratify. Both chambers of the Massachusetts General Court ratified a number of the amendments (the Senate adopted 10 of 12 and the House 9 of 12), but failed to reconcile their two lists or to send official notice to the Secretary of State of the ones they did agree upon.[76][63] Both houses of the Connecticut General Assembly voted to ratify Articles Three through Twelve but failed to reconcile their bills after disagreeing over whether to ratify Articles One and Two.[77] All three later ratified the Constitutional amendments originally known as Articles Three through Twelve as part of the 1939 commemoration of the Bill of Rights' sesquicentennial: Massachusetts on March 2, Georgia on March 18, and Connecticut on April 19.[63] Connecticut and Georgia would also later ratify Article Two, on May 13, 1987 and February 2, 1988 respectively.

text: Application and text

text: The Bill of Rights had little judicial impact for the first 150 years of its existence; in the words of Gordon S. Wood, "After ratification, most Americans promptly forgot about the first ten amendments to the Constitution."[78][79] The Court made no important decisions protecting free speech rights, for example, until 1931.[80] Historian Richard Labunski attributes the Bill's long legal dormancy to three factors: first, it took time for a "culture of tolerance" to develop that would support the Bill's provisions with judicial and popular will; second, the Supreme Court spent much of the 19th century focused on issues relating to intergovernmental balances of power; and third, the Bill initially only applied to the federal government, a restriction affirmed by Barron v. Baltimore (1833).[81][82][83] In the twentieth century, however, most of the Bill's provisions were applied to the states via the Fourteenth Amendment—a process known as incorporation—beginning with the freedom of speech clause, in Gitlow v. New York (1925).[84] In Talton v. Mayes (1896), the Court ruled that Constitutional protections, including the provisions of the Bill of Rights, do not apply to the actions of American Indian tribal governments.[85] Through the incorporation process the United States Supreme Court succeeded in extending to the States almost all of the protections in the Bill of Rights, as well as other, unenumerated rights.[86] The Bill of Rights thus imposes legal limits on the powers of governments and acts as an anti-majoritarian/minoritarian safeguard by providing deeply entrenched legal protection for various civil liberties and fundamental rights.[87][88][89] The Supreme Court for example concluded in the West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1943) case that the founders intended the Bill of Rights to put some rights out of reach from majorities, ensuring that some liberties would endure beyond political majorities.[87][88][89][90] As the Court noted, the idea of the Bill of Rights “was to withdraw certain subjects from the vicissitudes of political controversy, to place them beyond the reach of majorities and officials and to establish them as legal principles to be applied by the courts.”[90][91] This is why “fundamental rights may not be submitted to a vote; they depend on the outcome of no elections.”[90][91]

text: First Amendment

text: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.[92]

text: The First Amendment prohibits the making of any law respecting an establishment of religion, impeding the free exercise of religion, abridging the freedom of speech, infringing on the freedom of the press, interfering with the right to peaceably assemble or prohibiting the petitioning for a governmental redress of grievances. Initially, the First Amendment applied only to laws enacted by Congress, and many of its provisions were interpreted more narrowly than they are today.[93]

text: In Everson v. Board of Education (1947), the Court drew on Thomas Jefferson's correspondence to call for "a wall of separation between church and State", though the precise boundary of this separation remains in dispute.[93] Speech rights were expanded significantly in a series of 20th- and 21st-century court decisions that protected various forms of political speech, anonymous speech, campaign financing, pornography, and school speech; these rulings also defined a series of exceptions to First Amendment protections. The Supreme Court overturned English common law precedent to increase the burden of proof for libel suits, most notably in New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964).[94] Commercial speech is less protected by the First Amendment than political speech, and is therefore subject to greater regulation.[93]

text: The Free Press Clause protects publication of information and opinions, and applies to a wide variety of media. In Near v. Minnesota (1931)[95] and New York Times v. United States (1971),[96] the Supreme Court ruled that the First Amendment protected against prior restraint—pre-publication censorship—in almost all cases. The Petition Clause protects the right to petition all branches and agencies of government for action. In addition to the right of assembly guaranteed by this clause, the Court has also ruled that the amendment implicitly protects freedom of association.[93]

text: Second Amendment

text: A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.[92]

text: The Second Amendment protects the individual right to keep and bear arms. The concept of such a right existed within English common law long before the enactment of the Bill of Rights.[97] First codified in the English Bill of Rights of 1689 (but there only applying to Protestants), this right was enshrined in fundamental laws of several American states during the Revolutionary era, including the 1776 Virginia Declaration of Rights and the Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776. Long a controversial issue in American political, legal, and social discourse, the Second Amendment has been at the heart of several Supreme Court decisions.

text:
In United States v. Cruikshank (1875), the Court ruled that "[t]he right to bear arms is not granted by the Constitution; neither is it in any manner dependent upon that instrument for its existence. The Second Amendment means no more than that it shall not be infringed by Congress, and has no other effect than to restrict the powers of the National Government."[98]
In United States v. Miller (1939), the Court ruled that the amendment "[protects arms that had a] reasonable relationship to the preservation or efficiency of a well regulated militia".[99]
In District of Columbia v. Heller (2008), the Court ruled that the Second Amendment "codified a pre-existing right" and that it "protects an individual right to possess a firearm unconnected with service in a militia, and to use that arm for traditionally lawful purposes, such as self-defense within the home" but also stated that "the right is not unlimited. It is not a right to keep and carry any weapon whatsoever in any manner whatsoever and for whatever purpose".[100]
In McDonald v. Chicago (2010),[101] the Court ruled that the Second Amendment limits state and local governments to the same extent that it limits the federal government.[102]

tag: ul

text: Third Amendment

text: No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.[92]

text: The Third Amendment restricts the quartering of soldiers in private homes, in response to Quartering Acts passed by the British parliament during the Revolutionary War. The amendment is one of the least controversial of the Constitution, and, as of  2018[update], has never been the primary basis of a Supreme Court decision.[103][104][105]

text: Fourth Amendment

text: The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.[92]

text: The Fourth Amendment guards against unreasonable searches and seizures, along with requiring any warrant to be judicially sanctioned and supported by probable cause. It was adopted as a response to the abuse of the writ of assistance, which is a type of general search warrant, in the American Revolution. Search and seizure (including arrest) must be limited in scope according to specific information supplied to the issuing court, usually by a law enforcement officer who has sworn by it. The amendment is the basis for the exclusionary rule, which mandates that evidence obtained illegally cannot be introduced into a criminal trial.[106] The amendment's interpretation has varied over time; its protections expanded under left-leaning courts such as that headed by Earl Warren and contracted under right-leaning courts such as that of William Rehnquist.[107]

text: Fifth Amendment

text: No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.[92]

text: The Fifth Amendment protects against double jeopardy and self-incrimination and guarantees the rights to due process, grand jury screening of criminal indictments, and compensation for the seizure of private property under eminent domain. The amendment was the basis for the court's decision in Miranda v. Arizona (1966), which established that defendants must be informed of their rights to an attorney and against self-incrimination prior to interrogation by police.[108]

text: Sixth Amendment

text: In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence.[92]

text: The Sixth Amendment establishes a number of rights of the defendant in a criminal trial:

text:
to a speedy and public trial
to trial by an impartial jury
to be informed of criminal charges
to confront witnesses
to compel witnesses to appear in court
to assistance of counsel[109]

text: In Gideon v. Wainwright (1963), the Court ruled that the amendment guaranteed the right to legal representation in all felony prosecutions in both state and federal courts.[109]

text: Seventh Amendment

text: In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.[92]

text: The Seventh Amendment guarantees jury trials in federal civil cases that deal with claims of more than twenty dollars. It also prohibits judges from overruling findings of fact by juries in federal civil trials. In Colgrove v. Battin (1973), the Court ruled that the amendment's requirements could be fulfilled by a jury with a minimum of six members. The Seventh is one of the few parts of the Bill of Rights not to be incorporated (applied to the states).[110]

text: Eighth Amendment

text: Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.[92]

text: The Eighth Amendment forbids the imposition of excessive bails or fines, though it leaves the term "excessive" open to interpretation.[111] The most frequently litigated clause of the amendment is the last, which forbids cruel and unusual punishment.[112][113] This clause was only occasionally applied by the Supreme Court prior to the 1970s, generally in cases dealing with means of execution. In Furman v. Georgia (1972), some members of the Court found capital punishment itself in violation of the amendment, arguing that the clause could reflect "evolving standards of decency" as public opinion changed; others found certain practices in capital trials to be unacceptably arbitrary, resulting in a majority decision that effectively halted executions in the United States for several years.[114] Executions resumed following Gregg v. Georgia (1976), which found capital punishment to be constitutional if the jury was directed by concrete sentencing guidelines.[114] The Court has also found that some poor prison conditions constitute cruel and unusual punishment, as in Estelle v. Gamble (1976) and Brown v. Plata (2011).[112]

text: Ninth Amendment

text: The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.[92]

text: The Ninth Amendment declares that there are additional fundamental rights that exist outside the Constitution. The rights enumerated in the Constitution are not an explicit and exhaustive list of individual rights. It was rarely mentioned in Supreme Court decisions before the second half of the 20th century, when it was cited by several of the justices in Griswold v. Connecticut (1965). The Court in that case voided a statute prohibiting use of contraceptives as an infringement of the right of marital privacy.[115] This right was, in turn, the foundation upon which the Supreme Court built decisions in several landmark cases, including, Roe v. Wade (1973), which overturned a Texas law making it a crime to assist a woman to get an abortion, and Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992), which invalidated a Pennsylvania law that required spousal awareness prior to obtaining an abortion.

text: Tenth Amendment

text: The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.[92]

text: The Tenth Amendment reinforces the principles of separation of powers and federalism by providing that powers not granted to the federal government by the Constitution, nor prohibited to the states, are reserved to the states or the people. The amendment provides no new powers or rights to the states, but rather preserves their authority in all matters not specifically granted to the federal government.[116]

text: Congress has sometimes gotten around the Tenth Amendment by invoking the Commerce Clause in Article One[117] or by threatening to withhold funding for a federal program from noncooperative States, as in South Dakota v. Dole (1987).

text: Display and honoring of the Bill of Rights

text: George Washington had fourteen handwritten copies of the Bill of Rights made, one for Congress and one for each of the original thirteen states.[118] The copies for Georgia, Maryland, New York, and Pennsylvania went missing.[119] The New York copy is thought to have been destroyed in a fire.[120] Two unidentified copies of the missing four (thought to be the Georgia and Maryland copies) survive; one is in the National Archives, and the other is in the New York Public Library.[121][122] North Carolina's copy was stolen from the State Capitol by a Union soldier following the Civil War. In an FBI sting operation, it was recovered in 2003.[123][124] The copy retained by the First Congress has been on display (along with the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence) in the Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom room at the National Archives Building in Washington, D.C. since December 13, 1952.[125]

text: After fifty years on display, signs of deterioration in the casing were noted, while the documents themselves appeared to be well preserved.[126] Accordingly, the casing was updated and the Rotunda rededicated on September 17, 2003. In his dedicatory remarks, President George W. Bush stated, "The true [American] revolution was not to defy one earthly power, but to declare principles that stand above every earthly power—the equality of each person before God, and the responsibility of government to secure the rights of all."[127]

text: In 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt declared December 15 to be Bill of Rights Day, commemorating the 150th anniversary of the ratification of the Bill of Rights.[128] In 1991, the Virginia copy of the Bill of Rights toured the country in honor of its bicentennial, visiting the capitals of all fifty states.[129]


document_title: List of oldest living people

question_text: who's the oldest person living right now

question_tokens: who 's the oldest person living right now

root

text: List of oldest living people

text: This is a list of the 100 oldest people who have been verified to be alive within the last 12 months and whose death has not been reported by a reliable source. It is estimated that there are between 150 and 600 living people who have reached the age of 110.[1][2] The true number is uncertain as not all supercentenarians are known to researchers at a given time and some claims cannot be validated or are fraudulent.[1]

tag: p

text: Upon the death of Violet Brown of Jamaica on 15 September 2017, Nabi Tajima of Japan became the world's oldest living person.[3]

text: 100 oldest living people[edit]

text:
No.
Name
Sex
Birth date
Age as of 30 March 2018
Place of residence

1
Nabi Tajima[4]
F
4 August 1900
7004429720000000000♠117 years, 238 days
Japan

2
Ida Troupe[5]
F
25 December 1900
7004428290000000000♠117 years, 95 days
Jamaica

3
Maria Emilia Quesada[6]
F
5 January 1901
7004428180000000000♠117 years, 84 days
Cuba

4
Chiyo Miyako[4]
F
2 May 1901
7004427010000000000♠116 years, 332 days
Japan

5
Dorrisile Dervis[7]
F
25 December 1901
7004424640000000000♠116 years, 95 days
United States[a]

6
Giuseppina Projetto[4]
F
30 May 1902
7004423080000000000♠115 years, 304 days
Italy

7
Tava Colo[8]
F
22 December 1902
7004421020000000000♠115 years, 98 days
France

8
Kane Tanaka[4]
F
2 January 1903
7004420910000000000♠115 years, 87 days
Japan

9
Maria Giuseppa Robucci[4]
F
20 March 1903
7004420140000000000♠115 years, 10 days
Italy

10
Iso Nakamura[4]
F
23 April 1903
7004419800000000000♠114 years, 341 days
Japan

11
Shimoe Akiyama[9]
F
19 May 1903
7004419540000000000♠114 years, 315 days
Japan

12
Delphine Gibson[4]
F
17 August 1903
7004418640000000000♠114 years, 225 days
United States

13
Magdalena Oliver Gabarro[10]
F
31 October 1903
7004417890000000000♠114 years, 150 days
Spain

14
Lucile Randon[4]
F
11 February 1904
7004416860000000000♠114 years, 47 days
France

15
Tomoe Iwata[4]
F
25 March 1904
7004416430000000000♠114 years, 5 days
Japan

16
Shin Matsushita[4]
F
30 March 1904
7004416380000000000♠114 years, 0 days
Japan

17
Yoshiyo Bessho[4]
F
1 April 1904
7004416360000000000♠113 years, 363 days
Japan

18
Tane Yonekura[4]
F
2 May 1904
7004416050000000000♠113 years, 332 days
Japan

19
Bessie Camm[4]
F
20 June 1904
7004415560000000000♠113 years, 283 days
United Kingdom

20
Hisa Arai[4]
F
10 September 1904
7004414740000000000♠113 years, 201 days
Japan

21
Lessie Brown[4]
F
22 September 1904
7004414620000000000♠113 years, 189 days
United States

22
Olive Boar[4]
F
29 September 1904
7004414550000000000♠113 years, 182 days
United Kingdom

23
Jeanne Bot[4]
F
14 January 1905
7004413480000000000♠113 years, 75 days
France

24
Shigeyo Nakachi[4]
F
1 February 1905
7004413300000000000♠113 years, 57 days
Japan

25
Mine Suzuki[4]
F
26 March 1905
7004412770000000000♠113 years, 4 days
Japan

26
Kame Ganeko[4]
F
10 April 1905
7004412620000000000♠112 years, 354 days
Japan

27
Ellen Gibb[4]
F
26 April 1905
7004412460000000000♠112 years, 338 days
Canada

28
Clara Anderson[4]
F
2 July 1905
7004411790000000000♠112 years, 271 days
United States

29
Anonymous of Kyoto[4]
F
16 July 1905
7004411650000000000♠112 years, 257 days
Japan

30
Geertje Kuijntjes[4]
F
19 July 1905
7004411620000000000♠112 years, 254 days
Netherlands

31
Masazou Nonaka[4]
M
25 July 1905
7004411560000000000♠112 years, 248 days
Japan

32
Osugi Sogo[4]
F
13 August 1905
7004411370000000000♠112 years, 229 days
Japan

33
Hester Ford[4]
F
15 August 1905
7004411350000000000♠112 years, 227 days
United States

34
Iris Westman[4]
F
28 August 1905
7004411220000000000♠112 years, 214 days
United States

35
Tsukimi Kishi[4]
F
31 August 1905
7004411190000000000♠112 years, 211 days
Japan

36
Maria Veiga Amado[11]
F
9 October 1905
7004410800000000000♠112 years, 172 days
Cape Verde

37
Mariannina Genovese[4]
F
15 October 1905
7004410740000000000♠112 years, 166 days
Italy

Gustav Gerneth[12]
M
15 October 1905
7004410740000000000♠112 years, 166 days
Germany[b]

39
Lucille Treccase[4]
F
18 October 1905
7004410710000000000♠112 years, 163 days
United States

40
Kura Bingo[4]
F
20 October 1905
7004410690000000000♠112 years, 161 days
Japan

41
Diega Cammalleri[4]
F
23 October 1905
7004410660000000000♠112 years, 158 days
Italy

42
Kimi Asanuma[4]
F
3 November 1905
7004410550000000000♠112 years, 147 days
Japan

Mina Kitagawa[4]
F
3 November 1905
7004410550000000000♠112 years, 147 days
Japan

44
Misao Uemura[4]
F
7 November 1905
7004410510000000000♠112 years, 143 days
Japan

45
Edelgard Huber von Gersdorff[13]
F
7 December 1905
7004410210000000000♠112 years, 113 days
Germany

46
Maggie Kidd[14]
F
8 December 1905
7004410200000000000♠112 years, 112 days
United States

47
Isabel Castaño Restrepo[15]
F
11 January 1906
7004409860000000000♠112 years, 78 days
United States[c]

48
Guerina Amedei[4]
F
31 January 1906
7004409660000000000♠112 years, 58 days
Italy

49
Anonymous of Kyoto (2)[16]
F
7 February 1906
7004409590000000000♠112 years, 51 days
Japan

50
Margaret Vivian[17]
F
25 February 1906
7004409410000000000♠112 years, 33 days
Australia[d]

51
Therese Fenners[18]
F
8 March 1906
7004409300000000000♠112 years, 22 days
Germany

52
Anna Benericetti[19]
F
22 March 1906
7004409160000000000♠112 years, 8 days
Italy

53
Richard Arvin Overton[20]
M
11 May 1906
7004408660000000000♠111 years, 323 days
United States

54
Doris Farrar[21]
F
6 June 1906
7004408400000000000♠111 years, 297 days
United States

55
Tekla Juniewicz[22]
F
10 June 1906
7004408360000000000♠111 years, 293 days
Poland[e]

56
Laura Wright[23]
F
15 June 1906
7004408310000000000♠111 years, 288 days
United States

57
Mazie Ford[24]
F
28 June 1906
7004408180000000000♠111 years, 275 days
United States

58
Reatha Robinson[25]
F
17 July 1906
7004407990000000000♠111 years, 256 days
United States

Marie-Louise Taterode[26]
F
17 July 1906
7004407990000000000♠111 years, 256 days
France

60
Minnie Whicker[27]
F
24 July 1906
7004407920000000000♠111 years, 249 days
United States

61
Mathilde Mange[28]
F
10 August 1906
7004407750000000000♠111 years, 232 days
Germany

62
Elisabeth Tränkner[29]
F
11 August 1906
7004407740000000000♠111 years, 231 days
Germany

63
Kiku Aoyama[30]
F
4 September 1906
7004407500000000000♠111 years, 207 days
Japan

64
Josefa Santos González[31]
F
7 September 1906
7004407470000000000♠111 years, 204 days
Spain

65
Grace Jones[32]
F
16 September 1906
7004407380000000000♠111 years, 195 days
United Kingdom

66
Helen White[33]
F
21 September 1906
7004407330000000000♠111 years, 190 days
United States

67
Louise Schaaf[34]
F
16 October 1906
7004407080000000000♠111 years, 165 days
United States[f]

68
Natsu Kotsuka[35]
F
18 October 1906
7004407060000000000♠111 years, 163 days
Japan

69
Valentine Ligny[36]
F
22 October 1906
7004407020000000000♠111 years, 159 days
France

Carmela Velardi[37]
F
22 October 1906
7004407020000000000♠111 years, 159 days
Italy

71
Seki Inagaki[30]
F
4 November 1906
7004406890000000000♠111 years, 146 days
Japan

72
Lydia Smuda[38]
F
6 November 1906
7004406870000000000♠111 years, 144 days
Germany

73
Beulah Meloche[39]
F
23 November 1906
7004406700000000000♠111 years, 127 days
United States

74
Anna Mehlberg[40]
F
2 December 1906
7004406610000000000♠111 years, 118 days
Germany

75
Ichi Hatta[41]
F
6 December 1906
7004406570000000000♠111 years, 114 days
Japan

76
Adma Tura[42]
F
25 December 1906
7004406380000000000♠111 years, 95 days
France[g]

77
Tsunahei Ogawa[41]
M
9 January 1907
7004406230000000000♠111 years, 80 days
Japan

78
Kaoru Ueda[43]
F
10 January 1907
7004406220000000000♠111 years, 79 days
Japan

79
Tari Chiba[44]
F
19 January 1907
7004406130000000000♠111 years, 70 days
Japan

80
Miriam Moore[45]
F
28 January 1907
7004406040000000000♠111 years, 61 days
United States

81
Ellen Goodwill[46]
F
2 February 1907
7004405990000000000♠111 years, 56 days
United States

82
Sumie Yabune[47]
F
5 February 1907
7004405960000000000♠111 years, 53 days
Japan

83
Rosalie Esposito[48]
F
11 February 1907
7004405900000000000♠111 years, 47 days
United States

84
Thelma McLeod[49]
F
13 February 1907
7004405880000000000♠111 years, 45 days
Australia

85
Christine Hoscheid[50]
F
16 February 1907
7004405850000000000♠111 years, 42 days
Germany

86
Lillian Cox[51]
F
22 February 1907
7004405790000000000♠111 years, 36 days
United States

87
Sanae Uchiyama[41]
F
27 February 1907
7004405740000000000♠111 years, 31 days
Japan

88
Maria Branyas Morera[52]
F
4 March 1907
7004405690000000000♠111 years, 26 days
Spain[h]

89
Hide Morokuma[41]
F
10 March 1907
7004405630000000000♠111 years, 20 days
Japan

90
Rosena Hankerson[53]
F
16 March 1907
7004405570000000000♠111 years, 14 days
United States

91
Anna Medwenitsch[54]
F
17 March 1907
7004405560000000000♠111 years, 13 days
Austria

92
Icie Clark[55]
F
19 March 1907
7004405540000000000♠111 years, 11 days
United States

93
Tame Yamaguchi[56]
F
20 March 1907
7004405530000000000♠111 years, 10 days
Japan

94
Harue Nobira[57]
F
28 March 1907
7004405450000000000♠111 years, 2 days
Japan

95
Helen Turner[58]
F
1 April 1907
7004405410000000000♠110 years, 363 days
United States

96
Merle Phillips[59]
F
2 April 1907
7004405400000000000♠110 years, 362 days
United States

97
Nora Ettori[60]
F
5 April 1907
7004405370000000000♠110 years, 359 days
Italy[i]

98
Adelaida Gonzalez Hernandez[61]
F
13 April 1907
7004405290000000000♠110 years, 351 days
Spain

99
Sixta Tulia Aguinaga de Posada[62]
F
22 April 1907
7004405200000000000♠110 years, 342 days
United States[j]

100
Madeline Anderson[63]
F
4 May 1907
7004405080000000000♠110 years, 330 days
New Zealand

Bernie Nenner[64]
M
4 May 1907
7004405080000000000♠110 years, 330 days
United States

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Dervis was born in Haiti
Jump up ^ Gerneth was born in Stettin, then part of the German Empire; it is now named Szczecin and located in Poland.
Jump up ^ Castaño Restrepo was born in Colombia.
Jump up ^ Vivian was born in the United Kingdom.
Jump up ^ Juniewicz was born in Lviv, Austria-Hungary. It is now located in Ukraine.
Jump up ^ Schaaf was born in the German Empire, which is today Germany.
Jump up ^ Tura was born in Kaytouli, then part of the Ottoman Empire. It is now located in Lebanon.
Jump up ^ Morera was born in San Francisco, California, United States
Jump up ^ Ettori was born in São Paulo, Brazil
Jump up ^ Posada was born in Colombia.


document_title: The Wiz (film)

question_text: who was the tin man in the wiz

question_tokens: who was the tin man in the wiz

text: The Wiz (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: A crowded Thanksgiving dinner brings a host of family together in a small Harlem apartment, where a shy, twenty-four-year-old schoolteacher named Dorothy (Diana Ross) lives with her Aunt Em (Theresa Merritt) and Uncle Henry (Stanley Greene). Extremely introverted, Dorothy is teased by Aunt Em for never having been south of 125th Street, as she has delayed moving out to start her own, independent life as an adult.

text: While Dorothy cleans up after the meal, Dorothy's dog Toto runs out the open kitchen door into a violent snowstorm. She succeeds in retrieving him, but finds herself trapped in the storm. A magical whirlwind made of snow – the work of Glinda, the Good Witch of the South (Lena Horne) – materializes and transports them to the realm of Oz. Released by the snowstorm, Dorothy smashes through an electric "Oz" sky sign as she descends from the atmosphere, and which falls upon and kills Evermean, the Wicked Witch of the East who rules Munchkinland. As a result, Dorothy frees the Munchkins who populate the playground into which she lands; they had been transformed by Evermean into graffiti for "tagging" the park walls.

text: Dorothy soon meets the Munchkins' main benefactress, Miss One, the Good Witch of the North (Thelma Carpenter), a magical "numbers runner" who gives Evermean's pretty charmed silver slippers to her by teleporting them on Dorothy's feet. However, Dorothy declares she doesn't want the shoes and desperately just wants to get home to Aunt Em. Miss One urges her to follow the yellow brick road to the capital Emerald City and seek the help of the mysterious "Wizard" who she believes holds the power to send Dorothy back to Harlem. After telling her to never take the silver shoes off, the good witch and the Munchkins then disappear and Dorothy is left to search for the road on her own.

text: The next morning, Dorothy happens upon a Scarecrow (Michael Jackson) made of garbage and rags, and saves him from being viciously teased and picked on by a group of humanoid crows and whom she befriends. The two of them discover the yellow brick road and happily begin to follow it together. The Scarecrow hopes the Wizard might be able to give him the one thing he feels that he lacks – a brain. Along the way to the Emerald City, Dorothy, Toto, and the Scarecrow meet the Tin Man (Nipsey Russell), in an abandoned early 20th-century amusement park and the Cowardly Lion (Ted Ross), a vain dandy banished from the jungle who hid inside one of the stone lions in front of the New York Public Library. The Tin Man and Lion join them on their quest to find the Wizard, hoping to gain a heart and courage, respectively. Before the five adventurers reach the Emerald City, they must face obstacles such as a deadly subway where they meet a crazy subway peddler (a homeless man) who unleashes evil puppets in his control. They narrowly escape the subway and then encounter the "Poppy" Girls (a reference to the poppy field from the original story), flamboyant prostitutes who attempt to put Dorothy, Toto, and the Lion into an eternal sleep with magic poppy perfume.

text: Finally reaching the Emerald City (an analogue of the real-life World Trade Center plaza), the quintet gains passage into the city because of Dorothy's ownership of the silver slippers; they marvel at the spectacle of the city and its sophisticated, fashion forward dancers. They are granted an audience with the Wiz (Richard Pryor), who lives at the very top of the Towers. He appears to them as a giant fire-breathing metallic head. He will only grant their wishes if they kill the sister of the Wicked Witch of the East, Evillene (Mabel King), the Wicked Witch of the West, who runs a sweatshop in the underground sewers of Oz. Before they can reach her domain, Evillene learns of their quest to kill her and sends out the Flying Monkeys (a motorcycle gang) to kidnap them.

text: After a long chase, the Flying Monkeys succeed in capturing their targets and bring them back to Evillene. Vengeful for Dorothy having killed her sister, she dismembers the Scarecrow, flattens the Tin Man, and tortures the Lion in hopes of making Dorothy give her the silver shoes. When she threatens to throw Toto into a fiery cauldron, Dorothy nearly gives in until the Scarecrow hints to her to activate a fire sprinkler switch, which she does. The sprinklers put out the fire but also melt Evillene. She is flushed down into her throne, the lid of which slams shut like a toilet. With Evillene finally gone, her spells lose their power: the Winkies are freed from their permanent costumes (revealing attractive humans underneath) and their sweatshop tools disappear. They rejoice in dance and praise Dorothy as their emancipator. The Flying Monkeys give her and her friends a triumphant ride back to the Emerald City.

text: Upon arriving, the quartet takes a back door into the Wizard's quarters and discovers that he is a "phony". The "great and powerful Oz" is actually Herman Smith, a failed politician from Atlantic City, New Jersey, who was transported to Oz when a balloon he was flying to promote his campaign to become the city dogcatcher was lost in a storm. The Scarecrow, Tin Man, and Lion are distraught that they will never receive their respective brain, heart, and courage, but Dorothy makes them realize that they already have had these things all along. Just as it seems as if she will never be able to get home, Glinda, the Good Witch of the South, appears and implores her to find her way home by searching within and using the magic of the silver slippers by clicking the heels together three times. After thanking Glinda and saying goodbye to her friends, she takes clicks her heels together three times. She is then back near home with Toto in her arms and walks into the apartment.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Diana Ross as Dorothy
Michael Jackson as Scarecrow
Nipsey Russell as Tin Man
Ted Ross as Cowardly Lion
Richard Pryor as Herman Smith/The Wiz
Lena Horne as Glinda the Good Witch of the South
Mabel King as Evillene/The Wicked Witch of the West
Thelma Carpenter as Freida Winzer/Miss One
Theresa Merritt as Shelby Gale/Aunt Em
Stanley Greene as Uncle Henry
Clinton Jackson as Green Footman #1
Johnny Brown as Aunt Em's Party

text: Music[edit]

text: All songs written by Charlie Smalls, unless otherwise noted.

text:
"Overture Part I" (instrumental)
"Overture Part II" (instrumental)
"The Feeling That We Had" - Aunt Em and Chorus
"Can I Go On?" (Quincy Jones, Nickolas Ashford and Valerie Simpson) - Dorothy
"Tornado"/"Glinda's Theme" (instrumental)
"He's the Wizard" - Miss One and Chorus
"Soon As I Get Home"/"Home" - Dorothy
"You Can't Win, You Can't Break Even" - Scarecrow and The Four Crows
"Ease on Down the Road #1" - Dorothy and Scarecrow
"What Would I Do If I Could Feel?" - Tin Man
"Slide Some Oil to Me" - Tin Man
"Ease on Down the Road #2" - Dorothy, Scarecrow, and Tin Man
"I'm a Mean Ole Lion" - Cowardly Lion
"Ease on Down the Road #3" - Dorothy, Scarecrow, Tin Man, and Cowardly Lion
"Poppy Girls Theme" (Anthony Jackson) (instrumental)
"Be a Lion" - Dorothy, Scarecrow, Tin Man, and Cowardly Lion
"End of the Yellow Brick Road" (instrumental)
"Emerald City Sequence" (music: Jones, lyrics: Smalls) - Chorus
"Is This What Feeling Gets? (Dorothy's Theme)" (music: Jones, lyrics: Ashford & Simpson) - Dorothy (vocal version not used in film)
"Don't Nobody Bring Me No Bad News" - Evillene and the Winkies
"Everybody Rejoice/A Brand New Day" (Luther Vandross) - Dorothy, Scarecrow, Tin Man, Cowardly Lion, and Chorus
"Believe in Yourself (Dorothy)" - Dorothy
"The Good Witch Glinda" (instrumental)
"Believe in Yourself (Reprise)" - Glinda the Good Witch
"Home (Finale)" - Dorothy

text: Production[edit]

text: Pre-production and development[edit]

text: The Wiz was the eighth feature film produced by Motown Productions, the film/TV division of Berry Gordy's Motown Records label. Gordy originally wanted the teenaged future R&B singer Stephanie Mills, who had played the role on Broadway, to be cast as Dorothy. When Motown star Diana Ross asked Gordy if she could be cast as Dorothy, he declined, saying that Ross—then 33 years old—was too old for the role.[10] Ross went around Gordy and convinced executive producer Rob Cohen at Universal Pictures to arrange a deal where he would produce the film if Ross was cast as Dorothy. Gordy and Cohen agreed to the deal. Pauline Kael, a film critic, described Ross's efforts to get the film into production as "perhaps the strongest example of sheer will in film history."[10]

text: After film director John Badham learned that Ross was going to play the part of Dorothy, he decided not to direct the film, and Cohen replaced him with Sidney Lumet.[10] Of his decision not to direct The Wiz, John Badham recalled telling Cohen that he thought Ross was "a wonderful singer. She's a terrific actress and a great dancer, but she's not this character. She's not the little six-year-old girl Dorothy in The Wizard of Oz."[11] Though 20th Century Fox had financially backed the stage musical, they ended up exercising their first refusal rights to the film production, which gave Universal an opening to finance the film.[12] Initially, Universal was so excited about the film's prospects that they did not set a budget for production.[12]

text: Joel Schumacher's script for The Wiz was influenced by Werner Erhard's teachings and his Erhard Seminars Training ("est") movement, as both Schumacher and Diana Ross were "very enamored of Werner Erhard".[13] "Before I knew it," said Rob Cohen, "the movie was becoming an est-ian fable full of est buzzwords about knowing who you are and sharing and all that. I hated the script a lot. But it was hard to argue with [Ross] because she was recognizing in this script all of this stuff that she had worked out in est seminars."[13] Schumacher spoke positively of the results of the est training, stating that he was "eternally grateful for learning that I was responsible for my life."[13] However, he also complained that "everybody stayed exactly the way they were and went around spouting all this bull****."[13] Of est and Erhard references in the film itself, The Grove Book of Hollywood notes that the speech delivered by Glinda the Good Witch at the end of the film was "a litany of est-like platitudes", and the book also makes est comparisons to the song "Believe in Yourself".[13] Although Joel Schumacher had seen the Broadway play before writing the script, none of the Broadway play's writing was incorporated into the film's.[14]

text: During production, Lumet felt that the finished film would be "an absolutely unique experience that nobody has ever witnessed before."[12] When asked about any possible influence from MGM's popular 1939 film adaptation of The Wizard of Oz, Lumet stated that "there was nothing to be gained from [the 1939 film] other than to make certain we didn't use anything from it. They made a brilliant movie, and even though our concept is different – they're Kansas, we're New York; they're white, we're black, and the score and the books are totally different – we wanted to make sure that we never overlapped in any area."[12]

text: Michael Jackson, a former Motown star who by the start of development on The Wiz in 1977, had left Motown for Epic Records with his brothers The Jacksons, was cast as the Scarecrow. Jackson was dedicated to the role, and watched videotapes of gazelles, cheetahs, and panthers in order to learn graceful movements for his part.[15] However Jackson's father Joseph Jackson didn't want him to land the role, as he was managing him at the time, but Jackson refused to listen to his father and decided to be on the movie. Ted Ross and Mabel King were brought in to reprise their respective roles from the stage musical, while Nipsey Russell was cast as the Tin Man. Lena Horne, mother-in-law to Sidney Lumet during the time of production, was cast as Glinda the Good Witch, and comedian Richard Pryor portrayed The Wiz.[10][16]

text: Principal photography[edit]

text: The Wiz was filmed at Astoria Studios in Queens, New York. The decaying New York State Pavilion from the 1964 New York World's Fair was used as the set for Munchkinland, Astroland at Coney Island was used for the Tinman scene with The Cyclone as a backdrop, while the World Trade Center served as the Emerald City.[17] The scenes filmed at the Emerald City were elaborate, utilizing 650 dancers, 385 crew members and 1,200 costumes.[17][18] Costume designer Tony Walton enlisted the help of high fashion designers in New York City for the Emerald City sequence, and obtained exotic costumes and fabric from designers such as Oscar de la Renta and Norma Kamali.[16] Albert Whitlock created the film's visual special effects,[12] while Stan Winston served as the head makeup artist.[16]

text: Quincy Jones was the musical supervisor and music producer for the film.[15] He later wrote that he initially did not want to work on the film, but did it as a favor to Sidney Lumet.[15] The film production marked Jones' first time working with Michael Jackson, and Jones would later produce three hit albums for Jackson: Off the Wall, Thriller, and Bad.[19] Jones recalled working with Jackson as one of his favorite experiences from The Wiz, and spoke of Jackson's dedication to his role, comparing his acting style to Sammy Davis, Jr.[15] Jones had a brief cameo during the "Gold" segment of the Emerald City sequence, playing what looks like a fifty-foot grand piano.

text: Release[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The Wiz proved to be a commercial failure, as the $24 million production only earned $13.6 million at the box office.[2][3][10] Though prerelease television broadcast rights had been sold to CBS for over $10 million, in the end, the film produced a net loss of $10.4 million for Motown and Universal.[3][10] At the time, it was the most expensive film musical ever made.[20] The film's failure steered Hollywood studios away from producing the all-black film projects that had become popular during the blaxploitation era of the early to mid-1970s for several years.[4][5][6]

text: The film was released on VHS home video in 1989 by MCA/Universal Home Video (with a reissue in 1992) and was first broadcast on television on CBS on May 5, 1984 (edited to 100 minutes), to capitalize on Michael Jackson's massive popularity at the time.[21] It continues to be broadcast periodically on networks such as BET, TVOne, VH1 Soul, and was the inaugural broadcast on the Bounce TV digital broadcast network.[22] The Wiz is often broadcast on Thanksgiving Day (attributed to the opening scene of Dorothy's family gathered for a Thanksgiving dinner).[10][23]

text: The film was released on DVD in 1999;[24] a remastered version entitled The Wiz: 30th Anniversary Edition was released in 2008.[24][25][26] Extras on both DVD releases include a 1978 featurette about the film's production and the original theatrical trailer.[24] A Blu-ray version was released in 2010.[27]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Critics panned The Wiz upon its October 1978 release.[2][28] Many reviewers directed their criticism at Diana Ross, who they believed was too old to play Dorothy.[6][29][30][31] Most agreed that what had worked so successfully on stage simply did not translate well to the screen. Hischak's Through the Screen Door: What Happened to the Broadway Musical When It Went to Hollywood criticized "Joel Schumacher's cockamamy screenplay", and called "Believe in Yourself" the score's weakest song.[29] He described Diana Ross's portrayal of Dorothy as: "cold, neurotic and oddly unattractive"; and noted that the film was "a critical and box office bust".[29] In his work History of the American Cinema, Harpole characterized the film as "one of the decade's biggest failures", and, "the year's biggest musical flop".[3] The Grove Book of Hollywood noted that "the picture finished off Diana Ross's screen career", as the film was Ross's final theatrical feature.[13][18][32] In his book Blockbuster, Tom Shone referred to The Wiz as "expensive crud".[33] In the book Mr. and Mrs. Hollywood, the author criticized the script, noting, "The Wiz was too scary for children, and too silly for adults."[2] Ray Bolger, who played the Scarecrow in the 1939 The Wizard of Oz film, did not think highly of The Wiz, stating "The Wiz is overblown and will never have the universal appeal that the classic MGM musical has obtained."[34]

text: Michael Jackson's performance as the Scarecrow was one of the only positively reviewed elements of the film, with critics noting that Jackson possessed "genuine acting talent" and "provided the only genuinely memorable moments."[17][35] Of the results of the film, Jackson stated: "I don't think it could have been any better, I really don't."[36] In 1980, Jackson stated that his time working on The Wiz was "my greatest experience so far . . . I'll never forget that."[35] The film received a positive critique for its elaborate set design, and the book American Jewish Filmmakers noted that it "features some of the most imaginative adaptations of New York locales since the glory days of the Astaire-Rogers films."[37] In a 2004 review of the film, Christopher Null wrote positively of Ted Ross and Richard Pryor's performances.[38] However, Null's overall review of the film was critical, and he wrote that other than the song "Ease on Down the Road", "the rest is an acid trip of bad dancing, garish sets, and a Joel Schumacher-scripted mess that runs 135 agonizing minutes."[38] A 2005 piece by Hank Stuever in The Washington Post described the film as "a rather appreciable delight, even when it's a mess", and felt that the singing – especially Diana Ross's – was "a marvel".[39]

text: The New York Times analyzed the film within a discussion of the genre of blaxploitation: "As the audience for blaxploitation dwindled, it seemed as if Car Wash and The Wiz might be the last gasp of what had been a steadily expanding black presence in mainstream filmmaking."[40] The St. Petersburg Times noted, "Of course, it only took one flop like The Wiz (1978) to give Hollywood an excuse to retreat to safer (i.e., whiter) creative ground until John Singleton and Spike Lee came along. Yet, without blaxploitation there might not have been another generation of black filmmakers, no Denzel Washington or Angela Bassett, or they might have taken longer to emerge."[41] The Boston Globe commented, "the term 'black film' should be struck from the critical vocabulary. To appreciate just how outmoded, deceptive and limiting it is, consider the following, all of which have been described as black films, . . ." and characterized The Wiz in a list which also featured 1970s films Shaft, Blacula, and Super Fly.[42]

text: Despite its lack of critical or commercial success in its original release, The Wiz became a cult classic,[7] especially because it features Michael Jackson's only starring theatrical film role.[8] With Lena Horne's death in 2010, Diana Ross is the only living cast member of the film.

text: Awards and honors[edit]

text: The Wiz was nominated for four Academy Awards: Best Art Direction (Tony Walton, Philip Rosenberg, Edward Stewart, Robert Drumheller), Best Costume Design, Best Original Music Score and Best Cinematography, but did not win any of them.[43][44]

text: On 1979's NAACP Image Awards, Michael Jackson received the Outstanding Actor in a Motion Picture Award for The Wiz. [45]


document_title: List of Philadelphia Eagles seasons

question_text: when is the last time the eagles made the playoffs

text: List of Philadelphia Eagles seasons

text: This article is a list of seasons completed by the Philadelphia Eagles, a professional American football franchise based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The Eagles are a member of the National Football Conference (NFC) East division in the National Football League (NFL). This article documents the season-by-season records of the Eagles’ franchise from 1933 to present, including postseason records, as well as league awards for individual players or head coaches. The Philadelphia Eagles won their 500th game on Sunday, October 26, 2008 over the Atlanta Falcons by a score of 27–14. They were the seventh NFL team to accomplish this feat and the first since the San Francisco 49ers defeated the St. Louis Rams in week 16 of the 2005 NFL season. This is also the first team in the NFC East to accomplish this feat since the Washington Redskins defeated the Jacksonville Jaguars in week 8 of the 2000 NFL season. As of 2017, the Eagles have never lost a game to the New York Jets (10–0) or Houston Texans (4–0).

text: The Eagles have won three NFL Championships: in 1948, 1949, and 1960.

text: Season records[edit]

text: Note: The finish, wins, losses, and ties columns list regular season results and exclude any postseason play. Regular and postseason records are combined only at the bottom of the list.

text:
NFL Champions (1920–1969)
Super Bowl Champions (1970–present)
Conference Champions
Division Champions
Wild Card Berth
One-Game Playoff Berth

text:
Season
Team
League
Conference
Division
Regular season
Playoffs
Awards/Head coaches

Finish
Wins
Losses
Ties

Philadelphia Eagles

1933
1933
NFL

East
4th
3
5
1
—
Lud Wray

1934
1934
NFL

East
T-3rd
4
7
0
—
Lud Wray

1935
1935
NFL

East
5th
2
9
0
—
Lud Wray (9-21-1)

1936
1936
NFL

East
5th
1
11
0
—
Bert Bell

1937
1937
NFL

East
5th
2
8
1
—
Bert Bell

1938
1938
NFL

East
4th
5
6
0
—
Bert Bell

1939
1939
NFL

East
T-4th
1
9
1
—
Bert Bell

1940
1940
NFL

East
5th
1
10
0
—
Bert Bell (10-44-2)

1941
1941
NFL

East
4th
2
8
1
—
Greasy Neale

1942
1942
NFL

East
5th
2
9
0
—
Greasy Neale†

Steagles

1943
1943
NFL

East
3rd
5
4
1
—
Greasy Neale†

Philadelphia Eagles

1944
1944
NFL

East
2nd
7
1
2
—
Greasy Neale†

1945
1945
NFL

East
2nd
7
3
0
—
Greasy Neale†

1946
1946
NFL

East
2nd
6
5
0
—
Greasy Neale†

1947
1947
NFL

East
1st
8
4
0
Won Eastern Divisional Playoff (at Steelers) 21–0
Lost NFL Championship (at Cardinals) 21–28
Greasy Neale†

1948
1948
NFL

East
1st
9
2
1
Won NFL Championship (1) (Cardinals) 7–0
Greasy Neale†

1949
1949
NFL

East
1st
11
1
0
Won NFL Championship (2) (at Rams) 14–0
Greasy Neale†

1950
1950
NFL
American

T3rd
6
6
0
—
Greasy Neale† (66-44-5)

1951
1951
NFL
American

5th
4
8
0
—
Bo McMillin (2-0)
Wayne Millner (2-8)

1952
1952
NFL
American

T-2nd
7
5
0
—
Jim Trimble

1953
1953
NFL
Eastern

2nd
7
4
1
—
Jim Trimble

1954
1954
NFL
Eastern

2nd
7
4
1
—
Jim Trimble

1955
1955
NFL
Eastern

T-4th
4
7
1
—
Jim Trimble (25-20-3)

1956
1956
NFL
Eastern

6th
3
8
1
—
Hugh Devore

1957
1957
NFL
Eastern

5th
4
8
0
—
Hugh Devore (7-16-1)

1958
1958
NFL
Eastern

T-5th
2
9
1
—
Buck Shaw

1959
1959
NFL
Eastern

T-2nd
7
5
0
—
Buck Shaw

1960
1960
NFL
Eastern

1st
10
2
0
Won NFL Championship (3) (Packers) 17–13
Norm Van Brocklin (MVP)
Buck Shaw (COY) (20-16-1)

1961
1961
NFL
Eastern

2nd
10
4
0
—

1962
1962
NFL
Eastern

7th
3
10
1
—

1963
1963
NFL
Eastern

7th
2
10
2
—

1964
1964
NFL
Eastern

T-3rd
6
8
0
—

1965
1965
NFL
Eastern

T-5th
5
9
0
—

1966
1966
NFL
Eastern

T-2nd
9
5
0
—

1967
1967
NFL
Eastern
Capitol
2nd
6
7
1
—

1968
1968
NFL
Eastern
Capitol
4th
2
12
0
—

1969
1969
NFL
Eastern
Capitol
4th
4
9
1
—

1970
1970
NFL
NFC
East
5th
3
10
1
—

1971
1971
NFL
NFC
East
3rd
6
7
1
—

1972
1972
NFL
NFC
East
5th
2
11
1
—

1973
1973
NFL
NFC
East
3rd
5
8
1
—

1974
1974
NFL
NFC
East
4th
7
7
0
—

1975
1975
NFL
NFC
East
5th
4
10
0
—

1976
1976
NFL
NFC
East
4th
4
10
0
—

1977
1977
NFL
NFC
East
4th
5
9
0
—

1978
1978
NFL
NFC
East
2nd
9
7
0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs (at Falcons) 13–14

1979
1979
NFL
NFC
East
2nd
11
5
0
Won Wild Card Playoffs (Bears) 27–17
Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Buccaneers) 17–24

1980
1980
NFL
NFC
East
1st
12
4
0
Won Divisional Playoffs (Vikings) 31–16
Won NFC Championship (Cowboys) 20–7
Lost Super Bowl XV (vs. Raiders) 10–27
Harold Carmichael (WP MOY)

1981
1981
NFL
NFC
East
2nd
10
6
0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs (Giants) 21–27

1982
1982
NFL
NFC

13th+
3
6
0
—

1983
1983
NFL
NFC
East
4th
5
11
0
—

1984
1984
NFL
NFC
East
5th
6
9
1
—

1985
1985
NFL
NFC
East
4th
7
9
0
—

1986
1986
NFL
NFC
East
4th
5
10
1
—

1987
1987
NFL
NFC
East
4th
7
8
0
—
Reggie White (DPOY)

1988
1988
NFL
NFC
East
1st
10
6
0
Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Bears) 12–20

1989
1989
NFL
NFC
East
2nd
11
5
0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs (Rams) 7–21

1990
1990
NFL
NFC
East
2nd
10
6
0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs (Redskins) 6–20

1991
1991
NFL
NFC
East
3rd
10
6
0
—

1992
1992
NFL
NFC
East
2nd
11
5
0
Won Wild Card Playoffs (at Saints) 36–20
Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Cowboys) 10–34

1993
1993
NFL
NFC
East
3rd
8
8
0
—

1994
1994
NFL
NFC
East
4th
7
9
0
—

1995
1995
NFL
NFC
East
2nd
10
6
0
Won Wild Card Playoffs (Lions) 58–37
Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Cowboys) 11–30
Ray Rhodes (COY)

1996
1996
NFL
NFC
East
2nd
10
6
0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs (at 49ers) 0–14

1997
1997
NFL
NFC
East
3rd
6
9
1
—

1998
1998
NFL
NFC
East
5th
3
13
0
—

1999
1999
NFL
NFC
East
5th
5
11
0
—

2000
2000
NFL
NFC
East
2nd
11
5
0
Won Wild Card Playoffs (Buccaneers) 21–3
Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Giants) 10–20

2001
2001
NFL
NFC
East
1st
11
5
0
Won Wild Card Playoffs (Buccaneers) 31–9
Won Divisional Playoffs (at Bears) 33–19
Lost NFC Championship (at Rams) 24–29

2002
2002
NFL
NFC
East
1st
12
4
0
Won Divisional Playoffs (Falcons) 20–6
Lost NFC Championship (Buccaneers) 10–27
Andy Reid (COY)
Troy Vincent (WP MOY)

2003
2003
NFL
NFC
East
1st
12
4
0
Won Divisional Playoffs (Packers) 20–17 (OT)
Lost NFC Championship (Panthers) 3–14

2004
2004
NFL
NFC
East
1st
13
3
0
Won Divisional Playoffs (Vikings) 27–14
Won NFC Championship (Falcons) 27–10
Lost Super Bowl XXXIX (vs. Patriots) 21–24

2005
2005
NFL
NFC
East
4th
6
10
0
—

2006
2006
NFL
NFC
East
1st
10
6
0
Won Wild Card Playoffs (Giants) 23–20
Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Saints) 24–27

2007
2007
NFL
NFC
East
4th
8
8
0
—

2008
2008
NFL
NFC
East
2nd
9
6
1
Won Wild Card Playoffs (at Vikings) 26–14
Won Divisional Playoffs (at Giants) 23–11
Lost NFC Championship (at Cardinals) 25–32

2009
2009
NFL
NFC
East
2nd
11
5
0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs (at Cowboys) 14–34

2010
2010
NFL
NFC
East
1st
10
6
0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs (Packers) 16–21
Michael Vick (CBPOY);

2011
2011
NFL
NFC
East
2nd
8
8
0
—

2012
2012
NFL
NFC
East
4th
4
12
0
—

2013
2013
NFL
NFC
East
1st
10
6
0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs (Saints) 24–26

2014
2014
NFL
NFC
East
2nd
10
6
0
—

2015
2015
NFL
NFC
East
2nd
7
9
0
—

2016
2016
NFL
NFC
East
4th
7
9
0
—

2017
2017
NFL
NFC
East
1st
12
2
0
—

Totals thru November 1st, 2017 [1]
562
592
26
(1933–2016, regular season)

19
21
–
(1933–2016, playoffs)

581
613
26
(all games, 1933–2016, including NFL playoffs)

text: * = Current standing

text: + = Due to a strike-shortened season in 1982, all teams were ranked by conference instead of division.


document_title: Pilot (Everybody Loves Raymond)

question_text: what are the twins called in everybody loves raymond

text: Pilot (Everybody Loves Raymond)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Debra is at home feeding the kids when Ray returns from a road trip. They start to discuss Debra's birthday plans before being interrupted by Marie. Debra then leaves Ray in charge of the kids as she goes to the movies with Linda.

text: Ray leaves with Leo to get pizza and places Marie in charge. When Debra returns home, she finds the house spotless but learns that Ray's parents were there. She starts to get angry at Ray because he didn't listen to her. This results in Debra asking Ray not to invite his parents to her birthday. Ray is reluctant, but eventually tells them that there is no party and makes up a story that Debra and he are going to Bear Mountain. On Debra's birthday, Ray's parents go to Ray's house to leave gifts for Debra, but find Debra and Ray there. Ray then explains why they can't come over every day. They accept it and ask Ray why is he so sensitive and Marie replies "because he's a writer", then they leave.

text: Ratings[edit]

text: Entertainment Weekly rated the episode as an 'A' calling it "No small feat, considering the fate of this season's other most promising pilots".[1] TV.com rated the episode 8.5 out of 10 with 92 ratings.[2]

text: Trivia[edit]

text:
The pilot was actually filmed on another sitcom's sets. Ray and Marie's homes in the pilot differ from those used in the rest of the series. Also, parts of the set were from an earlier CBS sitcom, All in the Family.
This episode has the first mention of "The Fruit of the Month Club."
Robert begins to use his short-term catch phrase, "Everybody loves Raymond," just as in the sitcom's name.
Leo, Ray's good friend, is never seen or mentioned again in the entire series.
The twin boys are named Gregory and Matthew (Ray Romano's actual sons' names) and in the pilot are played by the Ferreira triplets.
(Yes, triplets; they share the roles, but obviously only two are seen at any one time.)
In all other episodes of the series the twin boys are named Michael and Geoffrey and are played by the Sweeten twins (Sullivan and Sawyer Sweeten).
Ally Barone is played by Madylin Sweeten. Her real life twin brothers Sullivan and Sawyer Sweeten played the show's twin boys in all episodes after the pilot.