question_text: which came first in star wars the book or the movie

text: Development[edit]

text: The book was written by Foster and based upon Lucas's original screenplay for the first Star Wars film. On how he got the job, Foster said, "My agent got a call from Lucas's lawyer of the time, Tom Pollock (now one of the most powerful men in Hollywood). Someone had read a book of mine, Icerigger, knew that I had already done novelizations, and thought I might be the writer to do the novelization of Lucas’ new film. I already knew his work through THX 1138 and American Graffiti. I accepted the offer to meet with George, and did so at Industrial Light and Magic, then in a small warehouse in Van Nuys, California (part of greater Los Angeles, and conveniently near my family home). We hit it off well, I got the assignment (for two books), and that’s how it happened."[1]

text: Foster not only adapted the film's events, but also fleshed out the backstory of time, place, physics, planets, races, languages, history and technology. When asked if it was difficult for him to see Lucas get all the credit for the novelization, Foster said, "Not at all. It was George's story idea. I was merely expanding upon it. Not having my name on the cover didn't bother me in the least. It would be akin to a contractor demanding to have his name on a Frank Lloyd Wright house." Lucas, for his part, has always been open about the fact that Foster ghost-wrote the novel, noting this fact in his introduction to later editions of the book.

text: Publishing history[edit]

text: The book was first published in the US as Star Wars: From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker in December 1976 by Ballantine Books, six months before the theatrical release of the film. The cover art was by Star Wars conceptual artist Ralph McQuarrie, who was commissioned by Ballantine Books executive Judy Lynn Del Rey while he was working on visualisation work for Lucas's forthcoming film.[2] The cover depicted Luke Skywalker, Chewbacca, C-3PO, and R2-D2 standing in front of an enlarged head of Darth Vader. In the United Kingdom, the novelization was published by Sphere Books, and featured cover art by John Berkey.[3][4] Sphere reportedly paid $225,000 for the British publishing rights.[5]

text: By February 1977, still three months before the film was released, the novelization sold out its initial print run of 125,000 copies.[6] In the first three months, Ballantine had sold 3.5 million copies.[5] Some later editions contain sixteen pages of full-color photos from the motion picture.

text: Later editions of the novelization were published under altered titles to reflect the episodic retitling of the film, such as A New Hope: From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker[7] and Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope.[8][9]

text: Differences from the film[edit]

text: The words that open each Star Wars film, "A long time ago in a galaxy far, far away ..." are absent from this novelization, substituted by the similar, "Another galaxy, another time ..."[10]

text: The novelization bears a major difference in the form of a prologue explaining the backstory behind the film's events. It is presented as an entry of the Journal of the Whills. This prologue contains the first-ever reference to the Emperor's true name, Palpatine. The section dealing with Palpatine says, "Aided and abetted by restless, power-hungry individuals within the government, and the massive organs of commerce, the ambitious Senator Palpatine caused himself to be elected President of the Republic. He promised to reunite the disaffected among the people and to restore the remembered glory of the Republic. Once secure in office he declared himself Emperor, shutting himself away from the populace. Soon he was controlled by the very assistants and boot-lickers he had appointed to high office, and the cries of the people for justice did not reach his ears." This implies that the Emperor is merely a victim of manipulation by Imperial bureaucrats rather than the true string-puller, which is at odds with Palpatine's depiction in later films in the series. This is because George Lucas had not fully developed the character at this point in time, allowing Alan Dean Foster to expand upon the Emperor as he saw fit. Lucas' conception of the character continued to evolve, until he eventually determined that Palpatine was Darth Vader's master and the true personification of evil in The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi.[11]

text: Several other portions of the novel deviate from the film, including scenes that were filmed but not inserted into the final cut of the movie. Most notable of these are scenes with Luke Skywalker and his friends at Tosche Station on Tatooine. Also included is the scene with Jabba that was re-inserted into the Special Edition of the film; however, in this novelization he is written as a fat biped with an ugly, "shaggy skull" and "jowels" that shake with his head, and he has scars that are a sign of his ferocious reputation in combat. This differs both from the script's version of Jabba (which is described as a creature with "eyes on stalks"), and the version that finally appeared in Return of the Jedi, a giant slug with no ability to partake in combat.

text: At one point, Han Solo mentions a Corellian friend named Toccnepil (Lippincot backwards). This is a reference to Charles Lippincott, the mastermind of the Star Wars marketing campaign.[11]

text: There are various small details throughout, such as Luke's squadron in the Death Star assault being Blue Squadron, thus Luke's call sign is "Blue Five" instead of "Red Five". The official term for "Droids" in the novelization is "mechanicals", and it's implied that the word "Droids" is a slang term. "Droid" is also spelled with an apostrophe in the front, because the term was used as a contraction of the word "android". The word "Rebels" is never capitalized, instead listed as "rebels". The Imperial Stormtroopers board the Tantive IV through the ceiling rather than blasting apart a door. Luke's landspeeder has an enclosed cockpit, unlike the film version's open cockpit. In the novel, Obi-Wan Kenobi lives in a cave instead of a hut, and he smokes a pipe. The scene in the cantina where Obi-Wan defends Luke involves three aliens, as opposed to two in the film, and Obi-Wan cuts one of them in half before severing the arm of another, unlike in the film where he merely hacks one's arm off. Chewbacca is described as having bright, yellow eyes. Admiral Motti, the man Darth Vader chokes in the conference room in the movie, is not included in the novel, instead replaced by a character named Romodi, who has severe facial scarring. The call-sign of the Stormtroopers guarding the Millennium Falcon is THX-1138 (referencing Lucas' directorial debut), as opposed to TK-421 in the film. Grand Moff Tarkin is present during Princess Leia's torture. The destruction of Alderaan is not described in the book, nor does Obi-Wan sense the planet's destruction.[11]

text: The death of Obi-Wan Kenobi is also different in the book, in that Darth Vader succeeds in defeating him during their lightsaber duel, while in the film Obi-Wan allows Vader to strike him down, in order to provide Luke and the others a diversion to escape the Death Star. The novel also refers to Darth Vader as a Sith Lord. Although he was referenced as such in various merchandising tie-ins at the time of the original film, he is not referred to as a Sith Lord in the movie. In fact, the term Sith Lord is not mentioned in the films until 1999's Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace.[11] However, in recently uncovered deleted scenes, General Tagge describes Darth Vader as a Sith Lord during the Death Star meeting.[12]

text: The order of events in the final dogfight over the Death Star is also somewhat different. In the novel, Blue Leader (whose film equivalent is Red Leader) makes two bombing runs down the trench toward the exhaust port. In the film, he only manages to make one before being shot down. In the film, Wedge's X-wing fighter is damaged by Darth Vader and his wing men, forcing him to leave the battle, and then Biggs is killed outright by the pursuing Vader and his fighters. In the novelization, Biggs is killed, and then Wedge must retreat, due to a malfunction caused in the battle with the enemy fighters.

text: At the end of the novel, in addition to Han and Luke receiving medals, Leia also gives Chewbacca a medal, though she must strain to do so.[11]

text: Sequels[edit]

text: After the massive success of the film, Alan Dean Foster released a novel called Splinter of the Mind's Eye, which was originally commissioned by George Lucas for the purpose of being filmed as a low-budget sequel, as a fallback plan in the event that Star Wars did not do well. It was published in 1978, a year after the movie's release. This made it the first full-length original novel to be published in the Star Wars expanded universe. The next official novelization of a Star Wars movie was The Empire Strikes Back by Donald F. Glut.


document_title: List of world's fairs

question_text: where was the first world fair held in us

root

text: List of world's fairs

text:
1791 -  Prague, Bohemia, Habsburg Monarchy - first industrial exhibition on the occasion of the coronation of Leopold II as king of Bohemia, took place in Clementinum, considerable sophistication of manufacturing methods.[1]
1798 -  Paris, France - L'Exposition publique des produits de l'industrie française, Paris, 1798.[2] This was the first public industrial exposition in France although earlier in 1798 the Marquis d'Avèze had held a private exposition of handicrafts and manufactured goods at the Maison d'Orsay in the Rue de Varenne and it was this that suggested the idea of a public exposition to François de Neufchâteau, Minister of the Interior for the French Republic.[3]

tag: ul

text:
1801 -  Paris, France - Second Exposition (1801). After the success of the exposition of 1798 a series of expositions for French manufacturing followed (1801, 1802, 1806, 1819, 1823, 1827, 1834, 1844 and 1849) until the first properly international (or universal) exposition in France in 1855.[4]
1802 -  Paris, France - Third Exposition (1802)[4]
1806 -  Paris, France - Fourth Exposition (1806)[4]

text: 1819 -  Paris, France - Fifth Exposition (1819)[4]

text:
1823 -  Paris, France - Sixth Exposition (1823)[4]
1827 -  Paris, France - Seventh Exposition (1827)[4]
1829 -  New York City, United States - American Institute Fair
1829 -  Turin, Piedmont-Sardinia - Prima Triennale Pubblica Esposizione dell’anno 1829. In Turin, a second 'triennale' followed in 1832 before other national agricultural, industrial, commercial, and applied arts expositions there in 1838, 1844, 1850 and 1858.

text:
1832 -  Turin, Piedmont-Sardinia - Seconda Triennale Pubblica Esposizione dell’anno 1832.[5]
1833 -  Calcutta, India - Calcutta International Exhibition[citation needed]
1834 -  Paris, France - French Industrial Exposition of 1834[4]
1838 -  Turin, Piedmont-Sardinia - Pubblica esposizione dell'anno 1838.[6]
1839 -  Paris, France - Ninth Exposition (1839)

text:
1844 -  Paris, France - French Industrial (Tenth) Exposition of 1844[4]
1844 -  Turin, Piedmont-Sardinia - Quarta Esposizione d'Industria et di Belle Arti.[7]
1846 -  Genoa, Piedmont-Sardinia - Esposizione dei Prodotti e delle Manufatture nazionali
1849 -  Birmingham, United Kingdom - Exhibition of Industrial Arts and Manufacturers[8]
1849 -  United Kingdom - First Exhibition of British Manufacturers (1849)
1849 -  Paris, France - Eleventh Exposition (1849)[4]

text:
1850 -  Turin, Piedmont-Sardinia - Quinta Esposizione di Industria e di Belle Arti.[9]
1851 -  London, United Kingdom - The Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations -- The Crystal Palace (typically listed as the "first world's fair")[10]
1852 -  Cork, United Kingdom - Irish Industrial Exhibition[11]
1853 -  Naples, Two Sicilies - Solenne Pubblica Esposizione di Arti e Manifatture[12]
1853-1854 -  New York, United States - Exhibition of the Industry of All Nations[10]
1853 -  Dublin, United Kingdom - Great Industrial Exhibition (1853)[10]
1854 -  Genoa, Piedmont-Sardinia - Esposizione Industriale
1854 -  Munich, Bavaria - Allgemeine deutsche Industrie-Ausstellung[13]
1854 -  Melbourne, Victoria - Melbourne Exhibition (in conjunction with Exposition Universelle (1855))[13]
1855 -  Paris, France - Exposition Universelle (1855)[10][13]
1857 -  Manchester, United Kingdom - Art Treasures Exhibition at the Royal Botanical Gardens, Stretford[11]
1858 -  Turin, Piedmont-Sardinia - Sesta Esposizione Nazionale di Prodotti d'Industria.[11][14]

text:
1861 -  Metz, France - Exposition Universelle (1861)[citation needed]
1862 -  London, United Kingdom - 1862 International Exhibition[10][13]
1865 -  Dunedin, New Zealand - New Zealand Exhibition[15]
1865 -  Dublin, United Kingdom - International Exhibition of Arts and Manufactures[10][16]
1865 -  Porto, Portugal - Exposição Internacional do Porto[citation needed]
1867 -  Paris, France - Exposition Universelle (1867)[10][13]

text:
1870 -  Sydney, New South Wales - Intercolonial Exhibition (1870)[17]
1871 -  London, United Kingdom - First Annual International Exhibition (1871)[10]
1871 -  Córdoba, Argentina - Exposición Nacional
1872 -  London, United Kingdom - Second Annual International Exhibition (1872)[10]
1872 -  Lima, Peru - Lima International Exhibition[18]
1872 -  Lyon, France - Exposition Universelle et Internationale (1872)
1872 -  Kyoto, Japan - Exhibition of Arts and Manufactures (1872)[17]
1873 -  London, United Kingdom - Third Annual International Exhibition (1873)[10]
1873 -  Vienna, Austria-Hungary - Weltausstellung 1873 Wien[10][13]
1873 -  Sydney, New South Wales - Metropolitan Intercolonial Exhibition (1873)
1874 -  London, United Kingdom - Fourth Annual International Exhibition (1874)[10]
1874 -  Dublin, United Kingdom[19] - International Exhibition of Arts and Manufactures (1874)
1874 -  Rome, Italy - Esposizione internazionale (1874) (never held)[20]
1875 -  Melbourne, Victoria - Victorian Intercolonial Exhibition[17]
1875 -  Nizhni Novgorod, Russia - Nizhni Novgorod Fair (1875)[17]
1875 -  Sydney, New South Wales - Intercolonial Exhibition (1875)
1875 -  Santiago, Chile - Chilean International Exhibition[17]
1876 -  Philadelphia, United States - Centennial Exposition[10][13]
1876 -  Brisbane, Queensland - Intercolonial Exhibition (1876)
1877 -  Cape Town, Cape Colony - South African International Exhibition[21]
1877 -  Tokyo, Japan - First National Industrial Exhibition (1877) (Ueno Park)
1878 -  Paris, France - Exposition Universelle (1878)[10][13]
1878 -  Ballarat, Victoria - Australian Juvenile Industrial Exhibition (1878)[17]
1879 -  Sydney, New South Wales - Sydney International Exhibition[10][13]
1879 -  Melbourne, Victoria - Intercolonial Juvenile Industrial Exhibition (1879)[22]

text:
1880-1881 -  Melbourne, Victoria - Melbourne International Exhibition (1880)[10]
1881 -  Milwaukee, Wisconsin - Milwaukee Industrial Exposition
1881 -  Paris, France - International Exposition of Electricity, Paris[17]
1881 -  Atlanta, United States - International Cotton Exposition[10]
1881 -  Budapest, Austria-Hungary - Országos Nőipari Kiállitás
1882 -  Bordeaux, France - Exposition internationale des vins[17]
1882 -  Buenos Aires, Argentina - South American Continental Exhibition (Exposición Continental Sud-Americana)[23]
1883 -  Boston, United States - The American Exhibition of the Products, Arts and Manufactures of Foreign Nations[24]
1883 -  Amsterdam, Netherlands - International Colonial and Export Exhibition[10]
1883 -  Calcutta, India - Calcutta International Exhibition[10]
1883 -  South Kensington, United Kingdom - International Fisheries Exhibition
1883 -  Parramatta, New South Wales - Intercolonial Juvenile Industrial Exhibition
1883 -  Louisville, United States - Southern Exposition[10]
1883 -  New York City, United States - World's Fair (1883) (never held)[20]
1884 -  New Orleans, United States - World Cotton Centennial (New Orleans Universal Exposition and World's Fair), (World's Industrial and Cotton Centennial Exhibition), (New Orleans Centennial)[10]
1884 -  Melbourne, Victoria[17] - Victorian International Exhibition 1884 of Wine, Fruit, Grain & other products of the soil of Australasia with machinery, plant and tools employed
1884 -  Edinburgh, United Kingdom - First International Forestry Exhibition[17]
1884 -  Turin, Italy - Esposizione Generale Italiana[17]
1885 -  Melbourne, Victoria - Victorians' Jubilee Exhibition (1885) (Jubilee of Victoria Exhibition)
1885 -  Antwerp, Belgium - Exposition Universelle d'Anvers (1885)[10]
1885 -  Wellington, New Zealand - New Zealand Industrial Exhibition[25]
1885 -  London, United Kingdom - International Inventions Exhibition[26]
1886 -  London, United Kingdom - Colonial and Indian Exhibition (1886)[10]
1886 -  Edinburgh, United Kingdom - International Exhibition of Industry, Science and Art[10]
1886 -  Liverpool, United Kingdom - International Exhibition of Navigation, Commerce and Industry (1886)[25][27]
1887-1888 -  Adelaide, South Australia - Adelaide Jubilee International Exhibition (1887)[10]
1887 -  Atlanta, Piedmont Exposition
1887 -  Geelong, Victoria - Geelong Jubilee Juvenile and Industrial Exhibition (1887)
1887 -  London, United Kingdom - American Exhibition[25]
1887 -  Rome, Italy - Esposizione mondiale (1887)
1888-1889 -  Melbourne, Victoria - Victorian Juvenile Industrial Exhibition (1888)[10]
1888 -  Glasgow, United Kingdom - International Exhibition (1888)[10]
1888 -  Brussels, Belgium - Grand Concours International des Sciences et de l'Industrie (1888)[25]
1888 -  Barcelona, Spain - Exposición Universal de Barcelona (1888)[10]
1888 -  Lisbon, Portugal - Exposição Industrial Portugueza (1888)
1888 -  Copenhagen, Denmark - The Nordic Exhibition of 1888 (Nordiske Industri-Landbrugs og Kunstudstilling)[25]
1889 -  Paris, France - Exposition Universelle (1889) - Eiffel Tower
1889 -  Dunedin, New Zealand - New Zealand and South Seas Exhibition (1889)[10]
1889 -  Buffalo, United States - International Industrial Fair (1889)

text:
1890 -  Bremen, Germany - Nord-West-Deutsche Gewerbe und Industrie-Ausstellung[25]
1891 -  Moscow, Russia - Exposition française
1891 -  Frankfurt, Germany - International Electro-Technical Exhibition – 1891
1891 -  Kingston, Jamaica - International Exhibition (1891)[10]
1891 -  Prague, Austria-Hungary - General Land Centennial Exhibition (1891) at the Prague Exhibition Grounds [1]
1891-1892 -  Launceston, Tasmania - Tasmanian International Exhibition (1891)[25]
1892 -  Genoa, Italy - Esposizione Italo-Americana (1892)
1892 -  Washington, DC, United States - Exposition of the Three Americas (1892) (never held)[20]
1892-1893 -  Madrid, Spain - Historical American Exposition[10]
1893 -  Chicago, United States - World's Columbian Exposition[10] - Palace of Fine Arts and the World's Congress Auxiliary Building
1892 -  Kimberley, Cape Colony - South Africa and International Exhibition[21]
1893 -  New York City, United States - World's Fair Prize Winners' Exposition (1893)
1894 -  San Francisco, United States - California Midwinter International Exposition of 1894[10]
1894 -  Antwerp, Belgium - Exposition Internationale d'Anvers (1894)[10]
1894 -  Lyons, France - Exposition internationale et coloniale[25]
1894 -  Oporto, Portugal - Exposição Insular e Colonial Portugueza (1894)
1895 -  Hobart, Tasmania - Tasmanian International Exhibition (1895)[10]
1895 -  Ballarat, Victoria - Australian Industrial Exhibition (1895)
1895 -  Atlanta, United States - Cotton States and International Exposition (1895) (Atlanta Exposition)[28]
1896 -  Berlin, Germany - Gewerbe-Ausstellung (1896)[25]
1896 -  Mexico City, Mexico - International Exposition (1896) (never held)[20]
1897 -  Brussels, Belgium - Exposition Internationale de Bruxelles (1897)[28]
1897 -  Guatemala City, Guatemala - Exposición Centroamericana[28]
1897 -  Brisbane, Queensland - Queensland International Exhibition[29]
1897 -  Chicago, United States - Irish Fair (1897)
1897 -  Nashville, United States - Tennessee Centennial and International Exposition[28]
1897 -  Stockholm, Sweden - General Art and Industrial Exposition of Stockholm[28]
1898 -  Jerusalem, Ottoman Empire - Universal Scientific and Philanthropic Exposition (1898)
1898 -  Dunedin, New Zealand - Otago Jubilee Industrial Exhibition (1898)
1898 -  Omaha, United States - Trans-Mississippi Exposition[28]
1898 -  Bergen, Norway - International Fisheries Exposition (1898)
1898 -  Munich, Germany - Kraft- und Arbeitsmaschinen-Ausstellung (1898)
1898 -  San Francisco, United States - California's Golden Jubilee (1898)[30]
1898 -  Turin, Italy - Esposizione Generale Italiana[29]
1898 -  Vienna, Austria-Hungary - Jubiläums-Ausstellung[29]
1899 -  Coolgardie, Western Australia - Western Australian International Mining and Industrial Exhibition[29]
1899 -  Omaha, Nebraska, United States - Greater America Exposition (1899)
1899 -  Philadelphia, United States - National Export Exposition[29]
1899 -  London, United Kingdom - Greater Britain Exhibition (1899)[31]

text:
1900 -  Paris, France - Exposition Universelle (1900)[28] - Le Grand Palais
1900 -  Adelaide, South Australia - Century Exhibition of Arts and Industries (1900)[citation needed]
1901 -  Buffalo, United States - Pan-American Exposition[28]
1901 -  Glasgow, United Kingdom - Glasgow International Exhibition (1901)[28]
1901 -  Vienna, Austria-Hungary - Bosnische Weihnachts-Ausstellung (1901)
1901 -  Charleston, United States - South Carolina Inter-State and West Indian Exposition[28]
1902 -  Turin, Italy - Esposizione Internazionale d'Arte Decorativa Moderna[28]
1902 -  Hanoi, French Indochina - Hanoi exhibition (Indo China Exposition Française et Internationale)[28]
1902 -  Cork, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland - Cork International Exhibition[32]
1902 -  New York City, United States - United States, Colonial and International Exposition (1902) (never held)[20]
1902 -  Toledo, Ohio, United States - Ohio Centennial and Northwest Territory Exposition (1902) - (never held)[20]
1903 -  Osaka, Japan - National Industrial Exposition (1903)[29]
1904 -  St. Louis, United States - Louisiana Purchase Exposition[28] (also called Louisiana Purchase International Exposition and Olympic Games ): 1904 Summer Olympics
1905 -  Portland, United States - Lewis & Clark Centennial Exposition[28]
1905 -  Liège, Belgium - Exposition universelle et internationale de Liège(1905)[28]
1905 -  London, United Kingdom - Naval, Shipping and Fisheries Exhibition[29]
1905 -  New York City, United States - Irish Industrial Exposition (1905)[33]
1906 -  Milan, Italy - Esposizione Internazionale del Sempione[28]
1906 -  London, United Kingdom - Imperial Austrian Exhibition[29]
1906 -  Marseille, France - Exposition coloniale (1906)[34]
1906-1907 -  Christchurch, New Zealand - International Exhibition (1906)[28]
1907 -  Dublin, United Kingdom - Irish International Exhibition[28]
1907 -  Hampton Roads, United States - Jamestown Exposition
1907 -  Chicago, United States - World's Pure Food Exposition (1907)[citation needed]
1907 -  Mannheim, Germany - Internationale Kunst-Ausstellung (1907)[citation needed]
1908 -  Zaragoza, Spain - Hispano-French Exposition of 1908[29]
1908 -  London, United Kingdom - Franco-British Exhibition (1908)[28]
1908 -  New York City, United States - International Mining Exposition (1908)
1908 -  Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - Exhibition of the centenary of the opening of the Ports of Brazil
1908 -  Marseille, France - Exposition International de l'Electricite[35][36]
1909 -  London, United Kingdom - Imperial International Exhibition[37]
1909 -  Nancy, France - Exposition Internationale de l'Est de la France[citation needed]
1909 -  Seattle, United States - Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition[28]
1909 -  New York City, United States - Hudson-Fulton Celebration[citation needed]
1909 -  San Francisco, United States - Portolá Festival (1909)[citation needed]
1909 -  Quito, Ecuador - Exposición Nacional[29]

text:
1910 -  Bogotá, Colombia - Exposición del Centenario de la independencia (1910)
1910 -  Nanking, China - Nanyang Industrial Exposition[28]
1910 -  Brussels, Belgium - Brussels International 1910[28]
1910 -  Buenos Aires, Argentina - Exposición Internacional del Centenario
1910 -  London, United Kingdom - Japan–British Exhibition[29]
1910 -  San Francisco, United States - Admission Day Festival (1910) September 8, 9, 10[38][39][40][41][42][43]
1910 -  Vienna, Austria-Hungary - Internationale Jagd-Ausstellung (1910)[29]
1911 -  Dresden, Germany - International Hygiene Exhibition[29]
1911 -  London, United Kingdom - Coronation Exhibition (1911)[29]
1911 -  London, United Kingdom - Festival of Empire
1911 -  Rome, Italy - Esposizione internazionale d'arte (1911)[29]
1911 -  Turin, Italy - Turin International[29]
1911 -  Glasgow, United Kingdom - Scottish Exhibition of National History, Art and Industry[29]
1911 -  New York City, United States - International Mercantile Exposition (1911)
1912 -  Manila, Philippines - Philippine Exposition (1912)
1912 -  London, United Kingdom - Latin-British Exhibition[44]
1912,1917 -  Tokyo, Japan - Grand Exhibition of Japan (planned for 1912, postponed to 1917 and then never held)[45]
1913 -  Auckland, New Zealand - Auckland Exhibition[44]
1913 -  Ghent, Belgium - Exposition universelle et internationale (1913)[28]
1913 -  Amsterdam, Netherlands - Tentoonstelling De Vrouw 1813-1913
1913 -  Knoxville, United States - National Conservation Exposition
1914 -  London - Anglo-American Exhibition[44]
1914 -  Malmö, Sweden - Baltic Exhibition
1914 -  Boulogne-sur-Mer, France - International Exposition of Sea Fishery Industries (1914)[citation needed]
1914 -  Lyon, France - Exposition internationale urbaine de Lyon
1914 -  Cologne, Germany - Werkbund Exhibition (1914)
1914 -  Bristol, United Kingdom - International Exhibition (1914)[46]
1914 -  Nottingham, United Kingdom - Universal Exhibition (1914) (work begun on site 1913 but never held)[47][48]
1914 -  Semarang, Dutch East Indies - Colonial Exhibition of Semarang (Colonial Exposition)
1914 -  Kristiania, Norway - 1914 Jubilee Exhibition (Norges Jubilæumsutstilling)
1914 -  Baltimore, United States - National Star-Spangled Banner Centennial Celebration[49]
1914 -  Genoa, Italy - International exhibition of marine and maritime hygiene (Esposizione internazionale di marina e igiene marinara)
1915 -  San Francisco, United States - Panama–Pacific International Exposition[28] Palace of Fine Arts
1915 -  Panama City, Panama - Exposición Nacional de Panama (1915)[44]
1915 -  Richmond, United States - Negro Historical and Industrial Exposition (1915)
1915 -  Chicago, United States - Lincoln Jubilee and Exposition (1915)
1915-1916 -  San Diego, United States - Panama–California Exposition[28]
1917 -  San Francisco, United States - Allied War Exposition (1917)
1918 -  New York City, United States - Bronx International Exposition of Science, Arts and Industries[44]
1918 -  Chicago, United States - Allied War Exposition (1918)
1918 -  Los Angeles, United States - California Liberty Fair (1918)

text:
1920 -  Shanghai, Republic of China - American-Chinese Exposition[20]
1921 -  London, United Kingdom - International Exhibition of Rubber and Other Tropical Products (1921)
1922 -  Marseille, France - Exposition nationale coloniale (1922)[44]
1922 -  Tokyo, Japan - Peace Exhibition (1922)[citation needed]
1922-1923 -  Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - Exposição do Centenario do Brasil (1922)[28]
1923 -  Los Angeles, United States - American Historical Review and Motion Picture Exposition (1923)
1923 -  Calcutta, India - Calcutta Exhibition (1923) preparatory to British Empire Exhibition
1923 -  Gothenburg, Sweden - Gothenburg Exhibition (1923) (Jubileumsutställningens i Göteborg) (Liseberg)[44]
1924 -  Wembley, London, United Kingdom - British Empire Exhibition
1924 -  New York City, United States - French Exposition (1924)[citation needed]
1925 -  Lyon, France - Foire (1925)[citation needed]
1925 -  San Francisco, United States - California's Diamond Jubilee (1925)
1925 -  Paris, France - Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes[28]
1925-1926 -  Dunedin, New Zealand - New Zealand and South Seas International Exhibition[28]
1926 -  Philadelphia, United States - Sesquicentennial Exposition[28]
1926 -  Berlin, Germany - Internationale Polizeiausstellung (1926)
1927 -  Lyon, France - Foire internationale (1925)
1927 -  Stuttgart, Germany - Werkbund Exhibition
1928 -  Cologne, Germany - International Press Exhibition
1928 -  Long Beach, United States - Pacific Southwest Exposition (1928)[28]
1929 -  Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom - North East Coast Exhibition
1929 -  Hangzhou, Republic of China - Westlake Exposition
1929-1930 -  Barcelona, Spain,[28] and Seville, Spain[28] - 1929 Barcelona International Exposition and Ibero-American Exposition of 1929 (Expo '29, Exposición Ibero-Americana or Spain International Exposition)

text:
1930 -  Antwerp, Belgium[28] - Exposition internationale coloniale, maritime et d'art flamand
1930 -  Liège, Belgium[50] - Exposition internationale de la grande industrie, sciences et applications, art wallon ancien

text:
1930 -  Stockholm, Sweden - Stockholm International Exhibition (1930) (Utställningen av konstindustri, konsthandverk och hemslöjd)[51]
1930 -  Trondheim, Norway - Trøndelag Exhibition[citation needed]
1931 -  Paris, France[50] - Paris Colonial Exposition[51]
1931 -  Yorktown, United States - Yorktown Sesquicentennial[citation needed]
1932 -  Tel Aviv, British Mandate of Palestine - Levant Fair[52]
1933-1934 -  Chicago, United States[50] - Century of Progress International Exposition[51]
1934 -  Porto, Portugal - Portuguese colonial exhibition[44][51]
1934 -  Tel Aviv, British Mandate of Palestine - Levant Fair[51]
1935 -  Moscow, USSR - All-Union Agricultural Exhibition (VSKhV)[citation needed]
1935 -  Brussels, Belgium[50][51] - Exposition universelle et internationale (1935)
1935 -  Porto Alegre, Brazil -Farroupilha Revolution centennial fair[51]
1935-1936 -  San Diego, United States[50] - California Pacific International Exposition[51]
1936 -  Stockholm[53] ILIS 1936
1936 -  Tel Aviv, British Mandate of Palestine - Levant Fair[citation needed]
1936 -  Cleveland, United States - Great Lakes Exposition[44]
1936 -  Dallas, United States - Texas Centennial Exposition[44]
1936-1937 -  Johannesburg, Union of South Africa[50] - Empire Exhibition, South Africa[54][51]
1937 -  Cleveland, United States - Great Lakes Exposition[citation needed]
1937 -  Dallas, United States - Greater Texas & Pan-American Exposition[44][51]
1937 -  Düsseldorf, Germany - Reichsausstellung Schaffendes Volk[44]
1937 -  Miami, United States[51] - Pan American Fair (1937)
1937 -  Paris, France[50][51] - Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne (1937)
1937 -  Nagoya, Japan - Nagoya Pan-Pacific Peace Exposition[51]
1938 -  Glasgow, United Kingdom[50] - Empire Exhibition, Scotland 1938
1938 -  Helsinki, Finland[53] Second International Aeronautic Exhibition
1939 -  Wellington, New Zealand[51] - New Zealand Centennial Exhibition
1939 -  Liège, Belgium - Exposition internationale de l'eau (1939)[44][53]
1939 -  Zürich, Switzerland - Schweizerische Landesausstellung
1939-1940 -  New York City, United States[50] - 1939 New York World's Fair (exhibits included The World of Tomorrow, Futurama, Trylon and Perisphere)
1939-1940 -  San Francisco, United States[50] - Golden Gate International Exposition

text:
1940 -  Lisbon, Portugal[50] - Portuguese World Exhibition
1940 -  Los Angeles, United States - Pacific Mercado (1940) (never held)[20][55]
1940 -  Naples, Italy - Mostra Triennale delle Terre Italiane d’Oltremare (Triennial Exhibition of Overseas Italian Territories)
1940 -  Tokyo, Japan - Grand International Exposition of Japan (1940) (never held)[20][55]
1942 -  Los Angeles, United States - Cabrillo Fair (1942) (never held)[20]
1942 -  Rome, Italy - Esposizione universale (1942) (E42) (never held)[20][55]
1947 -  Paris, France[53] - International Exhibition on Urbanism and Housing
1948 -  Brussels, Belgium - Foire coloniale (1948)
1949 -  Stockholm, Sweden - Universal Sport Exhibition[53]
1949 -  Lyon, France[53] - International Exhibition on Urbanism and Housing
1949-1950 -  Port-au-Prince, Haiti[50] - Exposition internationale du bicentenaire de Port-au-Prince

text:
1951 -  Lille, France[53] - The International Textile Exhibition[56]
1951 -  London, United Kingdom[50] - Festival of Britain - Skylon
1953 -  St Louis, United States - intended to commemorate the Louisiana Purchase's sesquicentennial, but never held[55]
1953 -  Jerusalem, Israel - International Exhibition and Fair Jerusalem Israel Conquest of the desert[53]
1953 -  Rome, Italy - Agricultural Exposition of Rome EA 53 Rome[53][57]
1954 -  Naples, Italy- Oltremare Exhibition – Campi Flegrei[53][57]
1955 -  Turin, Italy- International Expo of Sport Turin 1955[53][57]
1955 -  Helsingborg, Sweden[53] Helsingborg Exhibition 1955[58]
1955 -  Ciudad Trujillo (Santo Domingo), Dominican Republic - Feria de la Paz y Confraternidad del Mundo Libre[44]
1956 -  Beit Dagan, Israel- Exhibition of citriculture[53]
1957 -  Berlin, Germany[53]
1958 -  Brussels, Belgium[50] - Expo '58 (Exposition Universelle et venti Internationale de Bruxelles) - Atomium
1959 -  Moscow, USSR - VDNKh

text:
1960 - cancelled (planned site:  Caracas, Venezuela)
1961 -  Turin, Italy - Exposition International du Travail[53][59] Expo 61
1962 -  Seattle, United States[50] - Century 21 Exposition - Space Needle
1964-1965 -  New York City, United States[50] - 1964/1965 New York World's Fair (note- not sanctioned by the Bureau International des Expositions) - Unisphere
1967 -  Montreal, Quebec, Canada[50] - Expo 67, (Universal and International Exhibition of 1967)
1968 -  San Antonio, United States[50][53] - HemisFair '68 - Tower of the Americas

text:
1970 -  Osaka, Japan[50] - Expo '70 (Japan World Exposition)
1974 -  Spokane, United States[50][53] - Expo '74 (International Exposition on the Environment) - Riverfront Park
1975 -  Okinawa, Japan[50][53] - Expo '75 (International Ocean Exposition)

text:
1981 -  Plovdiv - Expo 81
1982 -  Knoxville, United States[53] - 1982 World's Fair (International Energy Exposition) - Sunsphere
1984 -  New Orleans, United States[50][53] - 1984 Louisiana World Exposition [a.k.a., 1984 World's Fair] (Theme: "Fresh Water As A Source of Life")
1985 -  Plovdiv - Expo 85
1985 -  Tsukuba, Japan[50][53] - Expo '85
1986 -  Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada[50][53] - Expo '86 (1986 World Exposition)
1988 -  Brisbane, Australia[50][53] - Expo '88 (World Expo '88) - Skyneedle

text:
1991 -  Plovdiv, Bulgaria - Second World Exhibition of inventions of the young[53][60]
1992 -  Seville, Spain[50] - Seville Expo '92
1992 -  Genoa, Italy[50] - Genoa Expo '92
1992 - cancelled (planned site:  Chicago, U.S.)[61]
1993 -  Daejeon (Taejon), South Korea[50] - Expo '93
1995 -  Vienna, Austria which was proposed to be a joint exhibition with Budapest. This was never held[61]
1996 - cancelled (planned site:  Budapest, Hungary)[61]
1998 -  Lisbon, Portugal[50] - Expo '98
1999 -  Kunming, People's Republic of China - World Horticultural Exposition[44]

text:
2000 -  Hanover, Germany[62] - Expo 2000
2000 -  Greenwich, London, United Kingdom - Millennium Dome[44]
2002 - cancelled (planned site:  Metro Manila, Philippines)[63][64]
2002 - cancelled (planned site:  Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia)[64]
2002 -  Biel, Murten, Neuchâtel and Yverdon-les-Bains in Switzerland - Expo.02
2004 - cancelled (planned site:  Seine-Saint-Denis, France)[65]
2004 -  Barcelona, Spain - Universal Forum of World Cultures[44]
2005 -  Aichi, Japan - Expo 2005[66]
2008 -  Zaragoza, Spain - Expo 2008[67]

text:
2010 -  Shanghai,[62] China - Expo 2010
2012 -  Yeosu,[68] South Korea - Expo 2012
2015 -  Milan, Italy - Expo 2015
2017 -  Astana, Kazakhstan - Expo 2017
2019 -  Beijing, China - Expo 2019

text:
2020[69] -  Dubai, United Arab Emirates — Expo 2020[70]
2023 -  Buenos Aires, Argentina — Expo 2023[71]
2024 -  Łódź, Poland — Expo 2024[72]

text: Future bids and candidate cities[edit]

text: 2025:  Baku /  Osaka /  Yekaterinburg


document_title: The Young Offenders (TV series)

question_text: who plays billy murphy in the young offenders

text: The Young Offenders (TV series)

text: Plot[edit]

text: The series follows the adventurous life of Cork teenagers Conor MacSweeney (Alex Murphy) and Jock O'Keeffe (Chris Walley). Their criminal activities often brings themselves into trouble with the police, and their positions at their school is repeatedly put in jeopardy. Their continuous feud with their principal, Barry Walsh (P.J. Gallagher), is well-depicted throughout the series' narrative, and their feelings for Principal Walsh's daughters Siobhan and Linda is also shown through the show.

tag: p

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Alex Murphy as Conor MacSweeney
Chris Walley as Jock O'Keeffe
Hilary Rose as Mairead MacSweeney
Dominic MacHale as Sergeant Healy
P. J. Gallagher as Principal Barry Walsh
Jennifer Barry as Siobhan Walsh
Demi Isaac Oviawe as Linda Walsh
Shane Casey as Billy Murphy
Chris Kent as Conor's Dad
Orla Fitzgerald as Orla Walsh
Cora Fenton as Jock's Mum
Michael Sands as Jock's Dad

text: Production[edit]

text: The film, The Young Offenders, was released in 2016, which was generally well-reviewed, and won an Irish Film & Television Award. With the popularity of the film, on 9 May 2017, it was confirmed that a six-episode television programme, based on the film with the same name, had been ordered by RTÉ, to be broadcast in 2018.[2] Creator, Peter Foott commented, "It's incredibly exciting to be able to work with the BBC and with RTÉ to bring these characters back to the screen, they have been so supportive of the project and will be a wonderful home for it. The public response to the film, and specifically the characters themselves, was just so overwhelming that we really felt there were a lot more stories to tell".[2]

text: The first series began broadcasting on 1 February 2018, broadcast by RTÉ Two in Ireland and airing through the online television service BBC Three.[3] With a popular and high reception, the series was recommissioned for a second series, the projected release date was not disclosed.[4]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Overnight
viewership

1
"Episode 1"[5]
Peter Foott
Peter Foott
1 February 2018
277,000[6]

Conor MacSweeney and Jock O'Keeffe are two young students with a passion for criminal activity, including robbery, under-age smoking, threat and other acts. The duo go to the roof of a building and steal lead to sell on. The landlord reports them to the police, and they are chased on bikes. Wearing masks to hide their identity, they ditch their bikes and their school uniform. The police retrieve Conor's jumper, and it is revealed that it belongs to him, due to his name being labelled in it. As they are about to be arrested for robbery, two other school students, wearing the masks that Conor and Jock had worn during the robbery, vandalise the school roof, which clears their names. It is then revealed that Conor and Jock had persuaded the two boys to do so.

2
"Episode 2"[7]
Peter Foott
Peter Foott
8 February 2018
N/A

Conor and Jock are back to their criminal ways, but Conor's true feelings are exposed when he falls for Principal Walsh's daughter Linda. Linda invites the duo over for their barbecue dinner, much to the dismay of Principal Walsh. When Conor tells Linda about his feelings, her father immediately jumps in, and tells Linda to help her mother in the kitchen – who did not need any help at all, Linda tells Connor to wait. A wrestling match pursuits between Conor and Principal Walsh, and the Principal insults him, leading to Conor to retaliate and give his principal a black eye. This leads to an argument between Linda and Conor. Meanwhile, Jock tries to cope with the grief of rejection for the first time, when Linda's sister Siobhan does so.

3
"Episode 3"[8]
Peter Foott
Peter Foott
15 February 2018
N/A

Conor convinces Linda and Siobhan to play truant off school so that he and Jock can convince them to give them a second chance. Conor and Jock steal four bikes for the quartet to ride to a river bridge on, and Conor and Jock strip to their underwear to jump from the bridge into the water, which the two girls are unsatisfied with, and refuse to wear the inappropriate swimsuits that their supposed lovers attempt to give them. Conor packs a picnic, which the girls refuse to eat. Jock confronts Siobhan for her ungratefulness towards his love attempts, and Conor reveals to her that it is the anniversary of Jock's mother's death. Siobhan tells Jock to take them to the graveyard, which he does. Upon their arrival, they see Jock's alcohol-addicted grieving father over his late wife's grave. When he leaves, the four sing a song by her grave, which makes the girls give their lovers another chance. Conor and Jock get the tattoos that they wanted; Conor's mother pre-despises her son's ideas, but her opinions are changed afterwards, when Conor shows her his new tattoo which says "I love me mam", which breaks mother and son into tears. Principal Walsh approves of his daughters' relationships, whilst Jock decides to show gratitude towards his grieving father, having seriously disliked him previously due to his alcoholism.

4
"Episode 4"
Peter Foott
Peter Foott
22 February 2018
N/A

The ancient refrigerator of the MacSweeney household officially dies, and Conor and his mother prepare for a lovely family road trip to collect a new fridge from a farmer for a cheap price. Much to Mairead's dismay, Jock arrives, and asks to go with them. After previously saying no, she is persuaded to do so by Conor and Jock's short upset about this. Jock causes dismay in the car journey, and writes a song, which results in the trio singing it and Mairead crashing the car, causing the front left tyre to pop. Conor has an idea to put a block of wood below the car to remove the rock and the tyre, after none of them can find the jack. Jock then finds it in the front where he was looking shortly afterwards, which causes more frustration to Mairead's head. When they arrive, Mairead purchases the new fridge, and the farmer wants to kill a duck who is causing dismay to his farm animals. Conor and Jock volunteer to do so, and record a video, much to the farmer's joy. However, on the way home, it is revealed that they saved the duck from murder, having faked it's death with the help of Conor and Jock. Jock volunteers to take the duck to his home for hospitality. Mairead drops Jock off home, and tells him to stay away from Conor, and Jock tells Mairead that she is not perfect and that he does not criticise her. Jock leaves the duck in back car seat. As he enters his house, Mairead realises that Jock's drunken father is abusing his son, and storms into the house to save Jock from further abuse. She tells Jock to pack his bags, and takes Jock to live with her and Conor, much to the best friends' delights. The trio, plus the duck, truly bond, and they soon become a happy "family".

5
"Episode 5"
Peter Foott
Peter Foott
1 March 2018
N/A

Money becomes tight in the MacSweeney household when Jock moves in, and the new family trio need to work out a way to keep food last and bring in extra cash. Conor and Jock decide to take their work experience at the fish market where Mairead works, and Jock informs Conor that if they steal a rare blue fin tuna fish for a dodgy businessman, they will receive thousands of pounds, which they would intend to give to Mairead to pay the bills and get the money for her. Conor agrees, and the troublesome duo steal the fish from their place of work at night. After a long attempt to get the tuna into the trolley, they set off to deliver the fish to the businessman. After trying to protect their fish from their rival gang, which results in the tuna falling from the trolley, Jock comes up with a new idea to deliver the fish. He takes a life boat ring and ties the end of the rope to the tuna and puts it in the water to make it easier. When meeting up with Siobhan and Linda, Conor discovers that Jock had toileted in the hand-drier at school which resulted in Conor's hands being covered in faeces. A small argument between the best friends results in Conor dropping the ring into the water, for a swimming-in-training Jock going to retrieve it. Jock agrees to show Siobhan the fish, but when they surface it, it is revealed that the other half of the tuna has been eaten and that it is the wrong fish. The quartet ditch, and Conor and Jock go home to find Sergeant Healy sitting in the kitchen. He shows them a video, which sees Conor and Jock's numerous attempts to get the fish into the trolley. When Mairead arrives home, she shows the official commence of her new relationship with the guard by kissing him, much to the displeasure of Conor and Jock, and she surprisingly insults her son and his best friend, as they could not even steal the correct fish. Meanwhile, Siobhan discovers that she is pregnant with Jock's child.

6
"Episode 6"
Peter Foott
Peter Foott
8 March 2018
N/A

Siobhan prepares to tell Jock about her pregnancy. She tells her mother, as she believes that her mother will be supportive, but the complete opposite happens as her mother is angry with shock. Jock and Conor decide to take Siobhan and Linda to the cinema, in an attempt to get Conor and Linda to "shift". Jock puts on his "fake Billy" mask and steals alcohol from a local shop. The security guards sees this and chases him, but Jock hides and loses the guard. The guard asks Billy if he has seen "fake Billy", which he has not, though sees Jock, wearing his grey tracksuit and hooded to protect seeing his face, and decides to follow him. Jock and Conor wait on the second tier of a double-decker bus for Siobhan and Linda, and Jock drops his mask prior to going up the stairs to the second tier, and Billy gets on bus to search for "fake Billy". Billy realises that Jock is wearing a grey tracksuit, but Jock convinces Billy that it was not him. Siobhan and Linda get on the bus and Billy keeps them hostage after Sergeant Healy sees him in possession of a knife. He orders the bus driver to keep on driving until they lose Healy, but Healy keeps on following them, with the car being driven by Mairead. Healy calls Conor, and Billy answers, and Jock convinces Billy to order Healy to get refreshments, which would tempt Billy to give himself up. Billy feeds the entire bus passengers individual food, whilst Jock serves them with alcohol. Siobhan informs Jock that she is pregnant and shocks him, and he does not speak for a while. The passengers sing a song to pass the time, led by Billy. The bus is blocked off front and back by police and they threaten to kill Billy if he does not give himself up. Conor, feeling sorry for Billy, comes up with a plan. All bus passengers wear the "fake Billy" mask, and they all say "I am Billy" as they come off the bus, Billy escapes by wandering into the woods as the guards question Healy if he was sure he saw Billy get on the bus. Jock informs Mairead that he is becoming a dad, much to her anger, and Siobhan informs her father of her pregnancy. Linda and Conor finally kiss, though inaccurately, before Linda kisses Conor properly before she leaves.

tag: table

text: Reception[edit]

text: Following the broadcasting of the pilot episode, Aoife Kelly of the Irish Independent released a positive review of the programme, commenting, "It takes the best of the movie and builds on it".[9] Bruce Dessau stated that the programme was a brilliant show to watch, and that he believed that it was a "male version" of Channel 4 series Derry Girls, with other journalists believing that a potential crossover could be produced in the future.[10]


document_title: Phineas and Ferb (soundtrack)

question_text: who wrote the theme song for phineas and ferb

text: Phineas and Ferb (soundtrack)

text: Background[edit]

text: The artists on the soundtrack all are in Phineas and Ferb except for Bowling for Soup who performs the theme tune for the series. The song "Gitchee Gitchee Goo" performed by Vincent Martella & Ashley Tisdale featured in the episode "Flop Starz", was also included in the 2009 album Disney Channel Playlist.[2]

text: Release[edit]

text: The original report cited that the initial February 10, 2009 release date had been pushed back to August 4.[3] On June 26, 2009 the release date was pushed back to September 22, 2009.[4] Later this has been confirmed on the official website.[5] The soundtrack album was released in the United Kingdom on October 10, 2009 via EMI Music.[6]

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Performer(s)
Length

1.
"Today is Gonna Be a Great Day"
Dan Povenmire, Jeff "Swampy" Marsh, Michael Culross, Michael Walker, Carl Williams
Bowling for Soup
3:01

2.
"Gitchee Gitchee Goo"
Dan Povenmire, Jeff "Swampy" Marsh, Jon Colton Barry
Vincent Martella, Ashley Tisdale, Laura Dickinson, Danny Jacob
1:58

3.
"Backyard Beach"
Dan Povenmire, Danny Jacob
Danny Jacob
0:47

4.
"Busted"
Dan Povenmire, Jeff "Swampy" Marsh, Martin Olson, Jon Colton Barry, Antoine Guilbaud, Danny Jacob
Ashley Tisdale, Olivia Olson
1:38

5.
"Perry the Platypus Theme"
Dan Povenmire, Jeff "Swampy" Marsh
Randy Crenshaw, Laura Dickinson, Danny Jacob
0:47

6.
"S.I.M.P. (Squirrels in My Pants)"
Dan Povenmire, Jeff "Swampy" Marsh, Martin Olson, Michael Culross
Robbie Wyckoff, Danny Jacob, Ashley Tisdale
1:34

7.
"I'm Lindana and I Wanna Have Fun"
Dan Povenmire, Jeff "Swampy" Marsh, Jon Colton Barry, Chris Headrick
Olivia Olson
0:51

8.
"My Nemesis"
Dan Povenmire, Jeff "Swampy" Marsh, Bobby Gaylor, Kent Osborne
Danny Jacob
1:02

9.
"My Goody Two-Shoes Brother"
Dan Povenmire, Jeff "Swampy" Marsh, Martin Olson, Bobby Gaylor, Danny Jacob
Dan Povenmire
1:15

10.
"Disco Miniature Golfing Queen"
Dan Povenmire, Jeff "Swampy" Marsh, Martin Olson, Danny Jacob
Laura Dickinson and Danny Jacob
1:15

11.
"My Undead Mummy and Me"
Dan Povenmire, Jeff "Swampy" Marsh, Martin Olson, Bobby Gaylor, Danny Jacob
Danny Jacob
1:06

12.
"I Love You Mom"
Dan Povenmire, Jeff "Swampy" Marsh, Martin Olson
Ashley Tisdale
1:03

13.
"Ready for the Bettys"
Dan Povenmire, Jeff "Swampy" Marsh, Martin Olson, Danny Jacob, Aliki Theofilopoulos
Olivia Olson
1:01

14.
"When We Didn't Get Along"
Dan Povenmire, Jeff "Swampy" Marsh, Martin Olson, Bobby Gaylor, Jon Colton Barry, Danny Jacob
Danny Jacob
1:40

15.
"He's a Bully"
Dan Povenmire, Jeff "Swampy" Marsh, Martin Olson, Bobby Gaylor, Danny Jacob
Robbie Wyckoff
1:12

16.
"Truck Drivin' Girl"
Dan Povenmire, Jeff "Swampy" Marsh, Martin Olson, Bobby Gaylor, Michael Diederich, Danny Jacob
Danny Jacob
1:15

17.
"Do Nothing Day"
Jon Colton Barry
Mitchel Musso, Ashley Tisdale
1:39

18.
"E.V.I.L. B.O.Y.S."
Dan Povenmire, Jeff "Swampy" Marsh, Martin Olson, Bobby Gaylor
Dan Povenmire
1:51

19.
"Fabulous"
Chris Headrick, Dan Povenmire, Jeff "Swampy" Marsh, Bobby Gaylor, Martin Olson
Carlos Alazraqui, Vincent Martella
1:29

20.
"Little Brothers"
Jon Colton Barry
Laura Dickinson (with Danny Jacob)
1:15

21.
"Let's Take a Rocket Ship to Space"
Dan Povenmire, Jeff "Swampy" Marsh, Martin Olson, Bobby Gaylor, Danny Jacob
Danny Jacob
1:05

22.
"Queen of Mars"
Dan Povenmire, Jeff "Swampy" Marsh, Jon Colton Barry
Ashley Tisdale
1:22

23.
"Chains on Me"
Dan Povenmire, Jeff "Swampy" Marsh, Martin Olson
Dan Povenmire
1:33

24.
"Phinedroids and Ferbots"
Aliki Theofilopoulos, Dan Povenmire, Jeff "Swampy" Marsh, Bobby Gaylor, Martin Olson
Danny Jacob
1:08

25.
"Ain't Got Rhythm"
Robert Hughes, Danny Jacob, Jeff "Swampy" Marsh, Martin Olson, Dan Povenmire
Steve Zahn, Vincent Martella
2:16

26.
"You Snuck Your Way Right into My Heart"
Chris Headrick, Dan Povenmire, Jon Colton Barry, Martin Olson
Jaret Reddick
2:35

Total length:
37:37

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart
Peak
position

Polish Albums Chart[7]
6

Spanish Albums Chart[8]
4

U.S Billboard 200[8]
59

text:
Year End Chart
Peak
position

Spanish Albums Chart[9]
35

text:
Certifications
Certification

Spanish Albums Chart[9]
Gold

text: Release dates[edit]

text:
Country
Date
Label
Format
Catalog

United States
September 22, 2009
Disney Channel Records
Walt Disney Records
Hollywood Records
CD

Canada & Australia

United Kingdom
October 10, 2009
EMI
688 5232

Singapore & Malaysia
September 30, 2009
Warner Music Singapore
Universal Music Singapore
CD/VCD

Argentina
July 17, 2010
Walt Disney Records Argentina
CD

text: Other releases[edit]

text: Several other soundtracks for the series have been released.

text:
Phineas and Ferb's Christmas Vacation: A soundtrack for the Christmas special, only released digitally in December 2009.
Disney Karaoke Series: Phineas and Ferb: A karaoke CD re-release of the series' soundtrack, released on March 30, 2010.
Phineas and Ferb: Summer Belongs To You!: A soundtrack for the one-hour special, released on August 3, 2010. It was released on a CD on May 21, 2012.
Phineas and Ferb Holiday Favorites: Contains 7 songs from Phineas and Ferb's Christmas Vacation, 8 Christmas Carols sung by Phineas and Ferb Characters, and a song that was cut from the special for time ("What Does He Want?"), released on September 21, 2010.
Phineas and Ferb: Across the 1st and 2nd Dimensions: Contains songs from Phineas and Ferb the Movie: Across the 2nd Dimension, and various episodes from Season 2 of the show, such as Rollercoaster: The Musical!, released on August 2, 2011.
Phineas and Ferb-Ulous: The Ultimate Album: A CD/DVD combo pack that was released in the UK, August 16, 2011.[10] Also contains the songs from Summer Belongs to You!.
Phineas and Ferb the Movie: Across the 2nd Dimension Song Sampler: A digital soundtrack on the digital copy disc of Phineas and Ferb the Movie: Across the 2nd Dimension, included with the DVD release of the movie. It contains all songs from the movie, with the exception of "Kick It Up a Notch."
Phineas and Ferb: Rockin' and Rollin': A digital album featuring songs mostly from seasons 3 and 4 with some songs from the first two seasons that were not released before.
Phineas and Ferb: Star Wars: Contains 5 songs from the special of the same name.
Phineas and Ferb: The Last Day of Summer: Features all songs from the last episode and some songs from the special Night of the Living Pharmacists. This album also features the intro theme song from the O.W.C.A Files Special.


document_title: Hairspray (2007 film)

question_text: who does tracy end up with in hairspray

question_tokens: who does tracy end up with in hairspray

text: Hairspray (2007 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Tracy Turnblad is a heavyset high school student living in Baltimore, Maryland in 1962. Along with her classmate Penny Pingleton, Tracy frequently watches The Corny Collins Show, a local teen dance television show.

text: The teenagers featured on the show attend Tracy and Penny's school, among them Amber von Tussle and her boyfriend Link Larkin, the lead male dancer. Amber’s mother, Velma, manages WYZT and makes sure Amber is prominently featured. Collins and the dancers on the show are white, and Velma only allows African-American kids on the show once a month on "Negro Day", hosted by R&B disc jockey Motormouth Maybelle.

text: One day, one of the dancers on the show takes a leave of absence and auditions for a replacement are held. Tracy attends, but Velma turns her down for her overweight physique and for supporting integration. Tracy is sent to detention for skipping school and discovers the "Negro Day" kids practicing in the detention room. Tracy befriends Seaweed, the students' best dancer and Motormouth Maybelle's son, who teaches Tracy several dance moves. As Tracy leaves detention, she inadvertently bumps into Link and dreams of a life with him. At a record hop, Tracy’s moves attract the attention of Collins and he chooses her to join the show.

text: Tracy becomes one of Corny's most popular dancers, threatening Amber's chances of winning the show's yearly "Miss Teenage Hairspray" pageant and her relationship with Link, as he grows fonder of Tracy. Mr. Pinky suggests that Tracy be the spokesgirl for his Hefty Hideaway boutique. Tracy persuades her agoraphobic mother, Edna, to accompany her to the boutique as her agent.

text: Tracy introduces Seaweed to Penny, and the two are smitten. Later, when Tracy and Link are in detention, Seaweed invites the girls and Link to follow him and his sister Little Inez (Taylor Parks) to a party at Maybelle's store. Edna finds Tracy there and tries taking her home, but Maybelle convinces her to stay and tells her to take pride in herself. At the party, Maybelle informs everyone that Velma has canceled "Negro Day" and Tracy suggests that they march for integration. Edna returns to her husband Wilbur's shop, but Velma gets there first and tries to seduce him. After accusing Wilbur of infidelity, Edna forbids Tracy to be on the show. She changes her mind after she and Wilbur reconcile.

text: The next morning, Tracy sneaks out of the house to join the protest, which is halted by a police roadblock. The protesters engage in a brawl, while Tracy runs to the Pingletons' home and hides in a fallout shelter. However, Penny's mother, Prudence, reports Tracy to the police before tying her daughter to her bed. Having been bailed out by Wilbur, Seaweed and his friends help Tracy and Penny escape. Link visits Tracy’s house to look for her and realizes he loves her. Seaweed and Penny also acknowledge their love during the escape.

text: With the pageant underway, Velma places police officers around WYZT to prevent Tracy from entering. She also changes the pageant tallies so Amber is guaranteed to win. Penny arrives at the pageant with Edna, while Wilbur, Seaweed, and the Negro Day kids help Tracy infiltrate the studio. Link breaks away from Amber to dance with Tracy; later, he pulls Seaweed's sister, Little Inez, to the stage to dance in the pageant.

text: Amber's attempt to re-claim her championship crown fails. Little Inez wins the pageant after a late surge of support, successfully integrating The Corny Collins Show. Velma tells Amber about her rigging scheme in front of a camera planted by Edna, resulting in her firing. The Corny Collins Show set turns into a celebration as Tracy and Link kiss.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Nikki Blonsky as Tracy Edna Turnblad, an optimistic, overweight teenage girl who loves dancing; Tracy's racial acceptance leads her to become an active supporter for the integration of The Corny Collins Show. Hairspray was Blonsky's debut as a professional actress.[10]
John Travolta as Edna Turnblad, Tracy's mother and laundry business owner, who is agoraphobic and ashamed of her obesity. Travolta's casting as Edna continued the tradition of having a man in drag portray the character, going back to the original 1988 film, which featured drag queen Divine as Edna and at Hairspray's Broadway version, which featured Harvey Fierstein as Edna.[11] Executives at New Line Cinema originally expected the part to be filled by an actor accustomed to playing comic roles, tossing around names such as Robin Williams, Steve Martin, and Tom Hanks.[11] However, Travolta was aggressively sought after by producers Craig Zadan and Neil Meron for this role because he had starred as Danny Zuko in Grease, the second most successful movie musical to date, beaten only by Mamma Mia!.[12]
Michelle Pfeiffer as Velma Von Tussle, the manager of station WYZT and a racist and sizeist. Velma is interested in keeping her daughter Amber in the spotlight and The Corny Collins Show segregated. Hairspray was the first film featuring Pfeiffer to be released in five years. Stardust, also featuring Pfeiffer, was shot before Hairspray, but released three weeks afterwards.[13] The peculiarity of Pfeiffer and Travolta appearing onscreen together (Travolta starred in Grease, Pfeiffer in Grease 2) was not lost on the production staff;[13] Travolta requested that Pfeiffer play the part of the villainess.[11]
Christopher Walken as Wilbur Turnblad, Tracy's father, the easygoing proprietor of the "Hardy-Har Hut" joke shop below the Turnblad family's apartment. John Travolta had asked that Walken be considered for the part,[11] and he eventually beat out Billy Crystal[14] and Jim Broadbent[15] for the role of Wilbur.
Amanda Bynes as Penny Lou Pingleton, Tracy's best friend, a sheltered girl who falls in love with Seaweed, despite the efforts of her racist, devoutly religious and stern mother, Prudy Pingleton. A young actress famous for appearances on Nickelodeon TV shows and in feature films, Bynes was one of the few movie stars cast among the teen roles.[16]
Queen Latifah as Maybelle "Motormouth" Stubbs, a Baltimore rhythm and blues radio DJ who hosts "Negro Day" on The Corny Collins Show. Maybelle also runs a record shop on North Avenue. Queen Latifah appeared in the successful Zadan/Meron film musical Chicago, and worked under Adam Shankman's direction in Bringing Down the House.[17] She beat out soul legend Aretha Franklin for the role of Maybelle.[14]
James Marsden as Corny Collins, the host of The Corny Collins Show; his politically progressive attitudes lead him to fight his show's imposed segregation. Corny Collins is based upon Baltimore TV personality, Buddy Deane, who hosted an eponymous local teen dance show in the late 1950s and early 1960s.[18] James Marsden beat out both Joey McIntyre and X-Men co-star Hugh Jackman for the part.[19]
Brittany Snow as Amber Von Tussle, Velma's bratty daughter and the lead female dancer on The Corny Collins Show. Amber becomes Tracy's enemy when Tracy threatens both Amber's chances of winning the "Miss Teenage Hairspray" crown and Amber's relationship with her boyfriend, Link. Snow previously worked with Shankman in The Pacifier.[19] Hayden Panettiere was also considered for the part of Amber, but was decided against in part because of her then-upcoming work with the NBC television series Heroes.[19]
Zac Efron as Link Larkin, Amber's boyfriend and the lead male dancer on The Corny Collins Show. Link is a singer who becomes more attracted to Tracy. The character is based in part upon Elvis Presley.[19] Efron, a popular teen actor who played Troy Bolton in the Disney Channel TV film High School Musical, was initially thought by Shankman to be "too Disney".[19] Shankman's sister, executive producer Jennifer Gibgot, convinced her brother to cast Efron, believing that the teen star would draw a substantial teen crowd.[19]
Elijah Kelley as Seaweed J. Stubbs, Maybelle's son, a skilled dancer who teaches Tracy some dance moves and falls in love with her friend, Penny. Kelley, a relative newcomer to film, overcame other auditioners and several popular R&B stars for the part of Seaweed.[16]
Allison Janney as Prudence "Prudy" Pingleton, Penny's mother, a Christian fundamentalist whose strict parenting keeps Penny from experiencing social life. Her husband is serving a prison sentence for an unspecified crime. Prudy is horrified when her daughter is on TV, and decides to keep her from leaving the house anymore.

text:
Paul Dooley as Harriman F. Spritzer, the owner of the "Ultra Clutch" company and the main sponsor of The Corny Collins Show. Although he prefers to keep The Corny Collins Show segregated, he will follow public opinion if it increases sales.
Jayne Eastwood as Miss Wimsey, Tracy’s geography teacher; gives Tracy the detention note that first leads her to Seaweed.
Jerry Stiller as Mr. Pinky, the owner of a dress shop called Mr. Pinky's Hefty Hideaway, who hires Tracy as his spokesgirl. In the original film, Stiller played Wilbur Turnblad.
Taylor Parks as Little Inez Stubbs, Maybelle's teenage daughter, Seaweed's younger sister, and a skilled dancer. Inez is based in part upon Ruby Bridges, the first black child to attend a formerly all-white school in the state of Louisiana.[18]
George King as Mr. Flak, Amber, Link, and Tracy's history teacher. He gives Tracy detention when Amber frames Tracy of drawing a picture of him with breasts. He gives Link detention as well for coming to Tracy's defense.

text:
Curtis Holbrook as Brad
Hayley Podschun as Tammy
Phillip Spaeth as Fender
Cassie Silva as Brenda
Nick Baga as Sketch
Sarah Jayne Jensen as Shelley
Jesse Weafer as I.Q.
Kelly Fletcher as Lou Ann
J.P. Ferreri as Joey
Spencer Liff as Mikey
Laura Edwards as Vicky
Tabitha Lupien as Becky
Corey Gorewicz as Bix
Joshua Feldman as Jesse
Becca Sweitzer as Darla
Everett Smith as Paulie
Tiffany Engen as Noreen
Brooke Engen as Doreen

text:
Nadine Ellis
Arike Rice
Tanee McCall

text: In addition to the principal actors, the film contained several cameo appearances by individuals involved in the history of Hairspray:

text:
Ricki Lake (Tracy Turnblad in the original film) as William Morris Talent Agent #1,[20] (Audio) performs "Mama, I'm a Big Girl Now".
Adam Shankman (choreographer/director of the film) as William Morris Talent Agent #2 (Audio) sings "Tied Up in the Knots of Sin" with Shaiman which is heard when Prudy turns the record player on while she ties up Penny.[20]
Marc Shaiman (co-lyricist/writer of the film) as William Morris Talent Agent #3 (Audio) sings "Tied Up in the Knots of Sin" with Shankman which is heard when Prudy turns the record player on while she ties up Penny.[20]
Scott Wittman (co-lyricist and music writer of the film) as William Morris Talent Agent #4.[20]
John Waters (writer and director of the original film) as the "flasher who lives next door" during "Good Morning Baltimore"
Jamal Sims (Associate choreographer) as one of the Detention Kids
Anne Fletcher (Associate choreographer) as the school nurse
Zach Woodlee (Associate choreographer) as Smoking teacher

text:
Marissa Jaret Winokur (Original Broadway cast's Tracy) performs "Mama, I'm a Big Girl Now"
Harvey Fierstein (Original Broadway cast's Edna) as brief singing cameo in the end credits "Mama, I'm a Big Girl Now"
Corey Reynolds (Original Broadway cast's Seaweed) as singer of "Trouble on the Line". The song is heard shortly after "Big, Blonde and Beautiful" until Maybelle announces the cancellation of Negro Day.
Arthur Adams (One of the Broadway cast's Seaweed) performs "Boink-Boink" which is heard during "Big, Blonde and Beautiful".
Chester Gregory (One of the Broadway cast's Seaweed) performs "Breakout", which is heard during Tracy's introduction to Seaweed in detention.
Aimee Allen performs "Cooties"

text: Musical numbers[edit]

text:
"Good Morning Baltimore"

The chorus of the film's opening number, "Good Morning Baltimore", as performed by Nikki Blonsky.

Problems playing this file? See media help.

text:
"Good Morning Baltimore" – Tracy (Nikki Blonsky)
"The Nicest Kids in Town" – Corny and Council Members (James Marsden)
"It Takes Two" – Link (Zac Efron)
"(The Legend of) Miss Baltimore Crabs" – Velma and Council Members (Michelle Pfeiffer)
"I Can Hear the Bells" – Tracy (Nikki Blonsky)
"Ladies' Choice" – Link (Zac Efron)
"The Nicest Kids in Town (Reprise)" – Corny, Council Members, Penny, Edna, Wilbur (James Marsden)
"The New Girl in Town" – Amber, Tammy, Shelley, and The Dynamites (Brittany Snow)
"Welcome to the 60's" – Tracy, Edna, The Dynamites, and Hefty Hideaway Employees (Nikki Blonsky & John Travolta)
"Run and Tell That" – Seaweed, Little Inez, and Detention Kids (Elijah Kelley ft. Taylor Parks)
"Big, Blonde and Beautiful" – Motormouth (Queen Latifah)
"Big, Blonde and Beautiful (Reprise)" – Velma and Edna (Michelle Pfeiffer & John Travolta)
"(You're) Timeless to Me" – Wilbur and Edna (Christopher Walken & John Travolta)
"I Know Where I've Been" – Motormouth (Queen Latifah)
"Without Love" – Link, Tracy, Seaweed, Penny, and Detention Kids (Zac Efron, Nikki Blonsky, Elijah Kelley, Amanda Bynes)
"(It's) Hairspray" – Corny and Council Members (James Marsden)
"You Can't Stop the Beat" – Company (Nikki Blonsky, Zac Efron, Amanda Bynes, Elijah Kelley, John Travolta and Queen Latifah)
"Come So Far (Got So Far to Go)" (end credits) – (Queen Latifah, Zac Efron, Nikki Blonsky, and Elijah Kelley)
"Mama, I'm a Big Girl Now" (end credits) – Ricki Lake, Marissa Jaret Winokur, and Nikki Blonsky with Harvey Fierstein
"Cooties" (end credits) – Aimee Allen

tag: ol

text: Music producer/composer/co-lyricist Marc Shaiman and co-lyricist Scott Wittman were required to alter their Broadway Hairspray song score in various ways in order to work on film, from changing portions of the lyrics in some songs (e.g., "(The Legend of) Miss Baltimore Crabs", "Big, Blonde, and Beautiful", and "You Can't Stop the Beat") to more or less completely removing other songs from the film altogether.

text: "Mama, I'm a Big Girl Now", a popular number from the stage musical, features Tracy, Penny, and Amber arguing with their respective mothers. Neither Shankman nor Dixon could come up with a solution for filming "Mama" that did not require a three-way split screen — something they wanted to avoid[21] — and both felt the number did not adequately advance the plot.[21][22] As a result, "Mama" was reluctantly dropped from the film during pre-production, although it is used by Shaiman as an instrumental number when the Corny Collins kids dance the "Stricken Chicken". A special version of "Mama" was recorded for the film's end credits in May 2007, during the final score recording process, which featured vocals from each of the three women most famous for portraying Tracy Turnblad: Ricki Lake from the 1988 film, Marissa Jaret Winokur from the original Broadway cast, and Nikki Blonsky from the 2007 film.[23] Harvey Fierstein, who portrayed Edna as part of the original Broadway cast, has a brief cameo moment in the end credits version of "Mama" as well.[23]

text: "It Takes Two", a solo for Link, was moved from its place in the stage musical (on Tracy's first day on The Corny Collins Show) to an earlier Corny Collins scene, although only the coda of the song is used in the final release print, and the song's background music can be heard immediately after the reprise of "The Nicest Kids in Town". "Cooties", a solo for Amber in the stage musical, is present in this film as an instrumental during the Miss Teenage Hairspray dance-off. As with "Mama, I'm a Big Girl Now", a version of "Cooties", performed in a contemporary pop rendition by Aimee Allen, is present during the end credits.

text: The performance of a vintage dance called The Madison, present in both the 1988 film and the stage musical, was replaced for this version by a newly composed song, "Ladies' Choice". Portions of the Madison dance steps were integrated into the choreography for the musical number "You Can't Stop the Beat", and the song to which the dance is performed on Broadway can be heard during Motormouth Maybelle's platter party in the film, re-titled "Boink-Boink". "The Big Dollhouse", "Velma's Revenge" (a reprise of "Miss Baltimore Crabs"), and the reprise of "Good Morning Baltimore" were the only numbers from the musical not used in the film in any way.

text: Shaiman and Wittman composed two new songs for the 2007 film: "Ladies' Choice", a solo for Link, and "Come So Far (Got So Far to Go)", a song performed during the end credits by Queen Latifah, Blonsky, Efron, and Kelley. Another "new" song in the 2007 film, "The New Girl in Town", had originally been composed for the Broadway musical, but was deemed unnecessary and discarded from the musical. Director Shankman decided to use the song to both underscore a rise-to-fame montage for Tracy and to showcase Maybelle's "Negro Day", which is never actually seen in either of the earlier incarnations of Hairspray.[24]

text: One additional Shaiman/Wittman song, a ballad entitled "I Can Wait", was composed for the film as a solo for Tracy, meant to replace the stage musical's reprise of "Good Morning Baltimore". "I Can Wait" was shot for the film (Tracy performs the number while locked in Prudy's basement), but was eventually deleted from the final release print. The audio recording of "I Can Wait" was made available as a special bonus track for customers who pre-ordered the Hairspray soundtrack on iTunes, and the scene itself was included as a special feature on the film's DVD release.[25]

text: Post-production took place in Los Angeles. Composer/co-lyricist Shaiman continued work on the film's music, employing the Hollywood Symphony Orchestra to record instrumentation for both the songs and the incidental score.[23]

text: Production[edit]

text: Early development[edit]

text: Following the success of the Broadway musical of the same name, which won eight Tony Awards in 2003, New Line Cinema, who owned the rights to the 1988 John Waters film upon which the stage musical is based, became interested in adapting the stage show as a musical film. Development work began in late 2004, while a similarly film-to-Broadway-to-film project, Mel Brooks' The Producers, was in production.[26]

text: Craig Zadan and Neil Meron, the executive producers of the Academy Award-winning film adaptation of the Broadway musical Chicago, were hired as the producers for Hairspray,[27] and began discussing possibly casting John Travolta and Billy Crystal (or Jim Broadbent) as Edna and Wilbur Turnblad, respectively.[26] Thomas Meehan and Mark O'Donnell, authors of the book for the stage musical, wrote the first draft of the film's screenplay, but were replaced by Leslie Dixon, screenwriter for family comedies such as Mrs. Doubtfire and Freaky Friday.[26] After a year's deliberation on who should direct the film, Zadan and Meron finally decided to hire Adam Shankman to both direct and choreograph Hairspray.[28] Upon learning he had been hired, Shankman arranged a meeting with John Waters, who advised him "don't do what I did, don't do what the play did. You've gotta do your own thing."[12] Despite this, Shankman still noted "all roads of Hairspray lead back to John Waters."[12]

text: Tony Gardner (designer) and his company Alterian, Inc. were hired to design and create the look of Edna Turnblad on John Travolta. Costume designer Rita Ryack wanted to put Edna into several revealing outfits, so Travolta ended up being encapsulated in prosthetics. He wore silicone prosthetics on his head and neck, and foam latex arms and legs that connected to a spandex and foam body suit.[citation needed]

text: Adaptation changes[edit]

text: Dixon was primarily hired to tone down much of the campiness inherent in the stage musical.[21] The 2007 film's script is based primarily on the stage musical rather than the 1988 film, so several changes already made to the plot for the stage version remain in this version. These include dropping several characters from the 1988 version (such as Arvin Hodgepile (the role Mr. Spritzer fills), Velma's husband Franklin, Corny's assistant Tammy, the beatniks, et al.), removing the Tilted Acres amusement park from the story, and placing Velma in charge of the station where The Corny Collins Show is filmed.

text: One notable difference between the stage musical, the original film, and the 2007 film version of Hairspray is that Tracy does not go to jail in the 2007 version (thus eliminating the musical's song "The Big Dollhouse"). In both previous incarnations of Hairspray, Tracy is arrested and taken to jail along with the other protesters. Edna is presented in this version as an insecure introvert, in contrast to the relatively bolder incarnations present in the 1988 film and the stage musical.[21] Among many other elements changed or added to this version are the removal of Motormouth Maybelle's habit of speaking in rhyming jive talk, and doubling the number of teens in Corny Collins' Council (from ten on Broadway to twenty in the 2007 film).[29]

text: Dixon restructured portions of Hairspray's book to allow several of the songs to blend more naturally into the plot, in particular "(You're) Timeless to Me" and "I Know Where I've Been". "(You're) Timeless to Me" becomes the anchor of a newly invented subplot involving Velma's attempt to break up Edna and Wilbur’s marriage and keep Tracy off The Corny Collins Show as a result. The song now serves as Wilbur's apology to Edna, in addition to its original purpose in the stage musical as a tongue-in-cheek declaration of Wilbur and Edna's love for each other.[21] Meanwhile, "I Know Where I've Been", instead of being sung by Maybelle to the kids after being let out of jail, now underscores Maybelle's march on WYZT (which takes place in the stage musical at the end of "Big, Blonde, and Beautiful").[21]

text: The song "Big, Blonde, and Beautiful" was inspired by a line that Tracy delivered in the original film ("Now all of Baltimore will know: I'm big, blonde and beautiful!"), but in the stage version and in this film, Motormouth Maybelle performs the song. A reprise of the song was added to the 2007 film, which is sung by Edna and Velma.[citation needed]

text: Pre-production and casting[edit]

text: Hairspray was produced on a budget of $75 million.[3] An open casting call was announced to cast unknowns in Atlanta, New York City, and Chicago. After auditioning over eleven hundred candidates,[30] Nikki Blonsky, an eighteen-year-old high school senior from Great Neck, New York who had no previous professional acting experience, was chosen for the lead role of Tracy.[31] Relative unknowns Elijah Kelley and Taylor Parks were chosen through similar audition contests to portray siblings Seaweed and Little Inez Stubbs, respectively. John Travolta was finally cast as Edna, with Christopher Walken ultimately assuming the role of Wilbur.[11] Several other stars, including Queen Latifah, James Marsden, Michelle Pfeiffer, and Allison Janney were chosen for the other supporting adult roles of Motormouth Maybelle, Corny Collins, Velma Von Tussle, and Prudy Pingleton, respectively. Teen stars Amanda Bynes, and Zac Efron were cast as Tracy's friends Penny and Link, and Brittany Snow was cast as her rival, Amber Von Tussle. Jerry Stiller, who played Wilbur Turnblad in the original film, appears as plus-sized women's clothes retailer Mr. Pinky in this version.[32]

text: Since Hairspray's plot focuses heavily on dance, choreography became a heavy focus for Shankman, who hired four assistant choreographers, Jamal Sims, Anne Fletcher, and Zach Woodlee, and put both his acting cast and over a hundred and fifty dancers through two months of rehearsals.[29][33] The cast recorded the vocal tracks for their songs as coached by Elaine Overholt in the weeks just before principal photography began in September.[33]

text: Principal photography[edit]

text: Principal photography took place in Toronto, and Hamilton, Ontario, Canada from September 5-December 8, 2006.[34][35] Hairspray is explicitly set in Baltimore, Maryland and the original 1988 film had been shot on location there, but the 2007 film was shot primarily in Toronto because the city was better equipped with the sound stages necessary to film a musical.[36][37] The opening shots of the descent from the clouds and the newspaper being dropped onto the stoop are the only times that the actual city of Baltimore is shown in the film.[37]

text: The majority of the film was shot at Toronto's Showline Studios.[38] Most of the street scenes were shot at the intersection of Dundas Street West and Roncesvalles Avenue. A PCC streetcar with Toronto Transit Commission livery is seen in the opening sequence. Some of the signs for the 1960s-era stores remain up along the street. Toronto's Lord Lansdowne Public School was used for all of the high school exteriors and some of the interiors, while the old Queen Victoria School in Hamilton was also used for interiors. Scenes at Queen Victoria were shot from November 22 to December 2, and the school was scheduled to be demolished after film production was completed.

text: Thinner than most of the other men who have portrayed Edna, Travolta appeared onscreen in a large fat suit, and required four hours of makeup in order to appear before the cameras.[11] His character's nimble dancing style belies her girth; Shankman based Edna's dancing style on the hippo ballerinas in the Dance of the Hours sequence in Walt Disney's 1940 animated feature, Fantasia.[12] Although early versions of the suit created "a dumpy, Alfred Hitchcock version of Edna,"[39] Travolta fought for the ability to give his character curves and a thick Baltimore accent.[11] Designed by Tony Gardner, the fat suit was created using lightweight synthetic materials, consisting of layered pads and silicone, which was used from the chest upwards.[39] The suit provided the additional benefit of covering Travolta's beard, eliminating the problem of his facial hair growing through his makeup midday.[39]

text: Shankman's inspirations[edit]

text: Shankman included "a lot of winks" to films that influenced his work on Hairspray:[12]

text:
The film's opening shot — a bird's eye view of Baltimore that eventually descends from the clouds to ground level — is a combination of the opening shots of West Side Story and The Sound of Music.[12][40]
Before we see a full shot of Tracy, we see individual shots of her upraised right and left arms. This is reminiscent of our first views of Sadie Thompson (Joan Crawford) in the 1932 film Rain.
Several scenes involving Tracy, such as her ride atop the garbage truck during the "Good Morning Baltimore" number and her new hairstyle during "Welcome to the '60s", are directly inspired by the Barbra Streisand musical film version of Funny Girl.[12][40][41][42]
During "Without Love", Link sings to a photograph of Tracy, which comes to life and sings harmony with him. This is directly inspired from the MGM musical The Broadway Melody of 1938, in which a young Judy Garland swoons over a photo of actor Clark Gable as she sings "You Made Me Love You".[12]
The dress that Penny wears during "You Can't Stop the Beat" is made from her bedroom curtains, which can be seen during "Without Love". This is homage to The Sound of Music, where Maria uses old curtains to make play clothes for the von Trapp children.[43]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Hairspray debuted in 3,121 theaters in North America on July 20, 2007, the widest debut of any modern movie musical.[44] The film earned $27.5 million in its opening weekend at #3, behind I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry and Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix.[4] This made Hairspray the record-holder for the biggest opening weekend for a movie based on a Broadway musical.[5] This record was later broken by the release of Mamma Mia!, which grossed $27.8 million on its opening weekend.[45] Hairspray has since gone on to become the fourth highest grossing musical in U.S. cinema history, surpassing The Rocky Horror Picture Show ($145 million) and Dreamgirls ($103 million), released seven months prior.[6] Ending its domestic run on October 25, 2007, Hairspray has a total domestic gross of $118.9 million and $202.5 million worldwide.[4] Its biggest overseas markets include the United Kingdom ($25.8 million), Australia ($14.4 million), Japan ($8 million), Italy ($4.6 million), France ($3.9 million) and Spain ($3.8 million).[46] This made Hairspray the third musical film in history to cross $200 million internationally, behind 1978's hit Grease ($395 million) and 2002's Chicago ($307 million).[6] It is the seventh highest-grossing PG-rated film of 2007, and has grossed more than other higher-budgeted summer releases like Ocean's Thirteen ($117 million) and Evan Almighty ($100 million).[47]

text: Two weeks after its original release, new "sing-along" prints of Hairspray were shipped to theaters.[48] These prints featured the lyrics to each song printed onscreen as subtitles, encouraging audiences to interact with the film. On January 4, 2008, Hairspray was re-released in New York City and Los Angeles for one week because John Travolta was present for Q&A and autographs.[49]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Hairspray has garnered acclaim from film critics such as Roger Ebert, The New York Times, and The Boston Globe, as well as a smaller number of reviews comparing it unfavorably to the Waters original. The film is one of the top picks on Metacritic, with an average of 81.[50] It scored a 91% "Certified Fresh" approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, also indicating excellent reviews,[51] making it one of 2007's best-reviewed films.[52] Peter Rainer of The Christian Science Monitor named it the 4th best film of 2007.[53] Lou Lumenick of the New York Post named it the ninth best film of 2007.[53]

text: Ebert gave the film 3.5 stars out of 4, saying that there was "a lot of craft and slyness lurking beneath the circa-1960s goofiness," also stating that "The point, however, is not the plot but the energy. Without somebody like Nikki Blonsky at the heart of the movie, it might fall flat, but everybody works at her level of happiness..."[54] Ebert also noted that this film is "a little more innocent than Waters would have made it..."[54] Krishna Shenoi, of the Shenoi Chronicle, called the movie "Shankman's masterpiece," saying that it moved away from his previous works into a different direction, making a light comedy that deals with serious issues maturely. Shenoi also said that the film was everything he wanted Grease to be. Lou Lumenick of The New York Post hailed Hairspray as "The best and most entertaining movie adaptation of a stage musical so far this century — and yes, I’m including the Oscar-winning Chicago," calling it "one of the best-cast movies in recent memory..."[55] New York Daily News critic Jack Matthews called the film "A great big sloppy kiss of entertainment for audiences weary of explosions, CGI effects and sequels, sequels, sequels."[56] The Baltimore Sun review offered Michael Sragow's opinion that "in its entirety, Hairspray has the funny tilt that only a director-choreographer like Shankman can give to a movie," pointing out that Shankman skillfully "puts a new-millennial zing behind exact re-creations of delirious period dances like the Mashed Potato."[57] Dana Stevens from Slate called Hairspray "intermittently tasty, if a little too frantically eager to please."[58] Stevens noted that "Despite its wholesomeness, this version stays remarkably true to the spirit of the original, with one size-60 exception: John Travolta as Edna Turnblad," saying "How you feel about Hairspray will depend entirely on your reaction to this performance..."[58]

text: The New Yorker's David Denby felt the new version of Hairspray was "perfectly pleasant," but compared unfavorably to the Broadway musical, since "[director Adam Shankman and screenwriter Leslie Dixon] have removed the traces of camp humor and Broadway blue that gave the stage show its happily knowing flavor."[59] Denby criticized the dance numbers, calling them "unimaginatively shot," and he considered "the idea of substituting John Travolta for Harvey Fierstein as Tracy’s hefty mother... a blandly earnest betrayal."[59] Stephanie Zacharek of Salon.com found Hairspray "reasonably entertaining. But do we really need to be entertained reasonably? Waters' original was a crazy sprawl that made perfect sense; this Hairspray toils needlessly to make sense of that craziness, and something gets lost in the translation."[60] Zacharek was also displeased with the way Latifah's performance of "I Know Where I've Been" was incorporated into the movie, saying "The filmmakers may believe they're adding an extra layer of seriousness to the material... [but] the inclusion of this big production number only suggests that the filmmakers fear the audience won't get the movie's message unless it's spelled out for them."[60]

text: Washington Blade boycott controversy[edit]

text: Despite its critical and commercial success, Hairspray nonetheless garnered some criticism upon its release by individuals in the gay community. Much of this criticism surrounded Travolta's portrayal of Edna Turnblad, a role played in the original film by celebrated drag performer Divine, and in the stage adaptation by Harvey Fierstein. Kevin Naff, a managing editor for Washington, D.C./Baltimore area gay newspaper the Washington Blade called for a boycott of the new Hairspray film, alleging that Scientology, in which Travolta believes, was patently homophobic, and allegedly supported workshops designed to "cure" homosexuals.[61] Adam Shankman protested Naff's proposed boycott, stating that Travolta was not homophobic, as he (Shankman), Waters, Shaiman, Wittman, and several other members of the creative staff were homosexual, and Travolta got along well with the entire crew.[62] "John's personal beliefs did not walk onto my set," said Shankman. "I never heard the word 'Scientology.'"[62]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Hairspray was released in standard DVD and HD Blu-ray Disc formats in Region 1 on November 20, 2007. The Blu-ray disc is encoded with 7.1 channel DTS-HD Master Audio.[8] The standard DVD was released in two versions: a one-disc release and a two-disc "Shake and Shimmy" edition.

text: Bonus features on the two-disc release include two audio commentaries, a feature-length production documentary, featurettes on the earlier versions of Hairspray, dance instruction featurettes, deleted scenes including Tracy's deleted song "I Can Wait", a slightly extended ending, and an alternate version of the "Big, Blonde and Beautiful" reprise, and behind-the-scenes looks at the production of each of the film's dance numbers. The Blu-ray release, a two-disc release, includes all of the features from the two-disc DVD, and includes a picture-in-picture behind-the-scenes feature, which runs concurrently with the film. An HD DVD version of the film was originally slated for release in 2008, but was canceled due to New Line Cinema's announcement that it would go Blu-ray exclusive with immediate effect, thus dropping HD DVD support.[63][64]

text: Awards[edit]

text: Following is a list of awards that Hairspray or its cast have won or for which they have been nominated.[65]

text:
Wins

2008 MTV Movie Awards

Breakthrough Performance (Male) - Zac Efron

2007 Hollywood Film Festival & Hollywood Awards[66]

Hollywood Producers of the Year — Craig Zadan and Neil Meron[67]
Hollywood Supporting Actor of the Year — John Travolta[68]
Hollywood Ensemble Acting of the Year Award — Musical/Comedy[69]

13th Annual Critics' Choice Awards[70][71][72][73]

Best Acting Ensemble
Best Young Actress – Nikki Blonsky

Nominations

65th Golden Globe Awards[73]

Best Motion Picture, Musical or Comedy
Best Actress, Musical or Comedy — Nikki Blonsky
Best Supporting Actor — John Travolta

13th Annual Critics' Choice Awards[74]

Best Comedy Movie
Best Family Film
Best Song "Come So Far (Got So Far to Go)"

14th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards

Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture

text: Cancelled sequel[edit]

text: Due to Hairspray's financial success, New Line Cinema had asked John Waters to write a sequel to the film.[75] Waters reunited with director/choreographer Adam Shankman for the project, and songwriters Marc Shaiman and Scott Wittman were set to compose the film's musical numbers.[75][76]

text: The story would have looked at Tracy's entering the late 1960s era of music and the British Invasion,[77] and used the Hippie movement and Vietnam War as backdrops.[78] While no official casting was announced, New Line said that they hoped to "snag much of the original Hairspray cast."[75] John Travolta, however, publicly announced that he would not return because he is "not a big sequel guy".[79]

text: The sequel was set for a mid-July 2010 release by Warner Bros., which owns New Line Cinema.[75] However in June 2010, Shankman told British press that Hairspray 2: White Lipstick was no longer in development.[80] Shankman has also said that there will be no sequel.[81]