document_title: List of minimum wages by country

question_text: minimum wage in sri lanka in us dollars

question_tokens: minimum wage in sri lanka in us dollars

text: List of minimum wages by country

text: Methodology[edit]

text: The minimum wages listed refer to a gross amount, that is before deduction of taxes and social security contributions, which vary from one country to another. Also excluded from calculations are regulated paid days off, including public holidays, sick pay, annual leave and social insurance contributions paid by the employer.

text: For the sake of comparison, an annual wage column is provided in international dollars, a hypothetical unit of currency calculated based on the purchasing power parity of household final consumption expenditure. For calculating the annual wage, the lowest general minimum wage was used.

text: Countries[edit]

text:
Country

Minimum wage

Annual

Workweek  (hours)[2]

Hourly

Percent of  GDP per capita[3]

Effective per

Nominal (US$)[4]

PPP (Int$)[5]

Nominal (US$)[6]

PPP (Int$)[7]

 Afghanistan

5,500 Afghani ($95) per month for non-permanent private sector. The minimum wage for permanent government workers was 6,000 Afghanis ($103) per month. There was no minimum wage for permanent workers in the private sector.[8]

7003104700000000000♠1,047

7003327200000000000♠3,272

40

6999500000000000000♠0.5

7000157000000000000♠1.57

7002168300000000000♠168.3%

2017

 Albania

24,000 Albanian lekë ($226) per month, in private sector and 37,000 lekë ($330) per month in public sector. The law establishes a 40-hour workweek, but the actual workweek is typically set by individual or collective-bargaining agreement.[8][9][10][11]

7003241800000000000♠2,418

7003521800000000000♠5,218

40

7000116000000099999♠1.16

7000250990000099999♠2.51

7001452000000000000♠45.2%

5 May 2017

 Algeria

18,000 Algerian dinars ($155) per month, nationally.[8][12][13]

7003194600000000000♠1,946

7003562200000000000♠5,622

40

6999940000000000000♠0.94

7000270000000000000♠2.7

7001374000000000000♠37.4%

1 January 2012

 Andorra

€1017.47 ($1177) per month, €5.87 ($6) per hour.[14]

7004137960000000000♠13,796

7004106740000000000♠10,674

40

7000663000000000000♠6.63

7000513000000000000♠5.13

7001280000000000000♠28%

1 January 2018

 Angola

15,003 kwanza per month; paid thirteen times a year.[15][16]

7003117600000000000♠1,176

7003147400000000000♠1,474

44

6999510000000000000♠0.51

6999640000000000000♠0.64

7001228000000000000♠22.8%

1 June 2014

 Antigua and Barbuda

EC$8.20 per hour.[8][17][18]

7003631700000000000♠6,317

7003778800000000000♠7,788

40

7000304000000000000♠3.04

7000374000000000000♠3.74

7001344000000000000♠34.4%

1 November 2014

 Argentina

10,000 Argentine pesos ($350) per month for up to 200 hours; paid thirteen times a year.[19]

7003785000000000000♠7,850

7004139510000000000♠13,951

48

7000315000000000000♠3.15

7000559000000000000♠5.59

7001700000000000000♠70%

1 July 2018

 Armenia

55,000 Armenian dram ($107) per month.[8][20][21]

7003136700000000000♠1,367

7003334900000000000♠3,349

40

6999660000000000000♠0.66

7000161000000000000♠1.61

7001379000000000000♠37.9%

1 July 2015

 Australia

Most workers are covered by an award, which may vary by employee age, geographical location and industry. For employees 21+ not covered by an award or agreement, the minimum wages is A$18.93 ($13) per hour, or A$719.20 ($524) per week; set federally by the Fair Work Commission. The figures indicated exclude mandatory employer superannuation contributions of at least 9.5% of the employee's total annual salary and any extra loadings received (e.g. many employees are entitled to an extra 17.5% of their daily income on days where they take annual leave, penalty rates for work undertaken on weekends and public holidays of up to 200% of their base rate, and the entitlement that non-permanent employees be paid at least 15% higher than the base rate of pay).Workers under 21, apprentices and trainees not covered by an award each have a minimum wage level set nationally below the official minimum.[22][23] Minimum wage for workers under 16 is 36.8% of the 21+ minimum wage at A$6.97 ($5) per hour.[24]

7004287680000000000♠28,768

7004233740000000000♠23,374

38

7001145600000000000♠14.56

7001118300000000000♠11.83

7001508000000000000♠50.8%

1 July 2018

 Austria

None; National collective bargaining agreements set minimum wages by job classification for each industry and provide for a minimum wage of €1,200 ($1,289) per month[dubious  – discuss]. Wages where no such collective agreements exist, such as for domestic workers, janitorial staff and au pairs, are regulated by relevant legislation and are generally lower than those covered by collective bargaining. The national minimum wage legislation has lapsed, although is still in force by convention.[25][8]

40

2017

 Azerbaijan

130 Azerbaijani manat ($76) per month.[26][27]

7002907000000000000♠907

7003445700000000000♠4,457

40

6999440000000000000♠0.44

7000214000000000000♠2.14

7001258000000000000♠25.8%

1 January 2018

 The Bahamas

B$5.25 ($5.25) per hour, B$42 ($42) per day, and B$210 ($210) per week.[8][28][29]

7004109200000000000♠10,920

7003957900000000000♠9,579

40

7000525000000000000♠5.25

7000461000000000000♠4.61

7001425000000000000♠42.5%

15 August 2015

 Bahrain

None; 300 BHD ($800) for the public sector workers (only applies to Bahraini nationals).[8]

48

2017

 Bangladesh

1,500 taka ($19) per month for all economic sectors not covered by industry-specific wages; in the garment industry the minimum wage is 5,300 taka ($68) per month. The minimum wage is set nationally every five years by the National Minimum Wage Board in a tripartite forum industry by industry.[8][16][30][31][32]

7002224000000000000♠224

7002564000000000000♠564

48

6998900000000000000♠0.09

6999230000000000000♠0.23

7001158000000000000♠15.8%

1 December 2013

 Barbados

BDS$6.25 ($3.13) per hour for household domestics and shop assistants; the Ministry of Labor recommends all other sectors use this as the de facto minimum wage.[8][33]

7003650000000000000♠6,500

7003528500000000000♠5,285

40

7000313000000000000♠3.13

7000254000000000000♠2.54

7001293000000000000♠29.3%

1 March 2012

 Belarus

305.00 Belarusian rubles ($149) per month.[16]

7003189600000000000♠1,896

7003746900000000000♠7,469

40

6999910000000000000♠0.91

7000359000000000000♠3.59

7001413009999900000♠41.3%

1 January 2018

 Belgium

€1,562.59 ($1,826) per month, €9.49 ($11.09) per hour for workers 21 years of age and over; €1,604.06 ($1,874) per month for workers 21 and a half years of age, with six months of service; €1,622.48 ($1,896) per month for workers 22 years of age, with 12 months of service; coupled with extensive social benefits.[16][34]

7004211410000000000♠21,141

7004213090000000000♠21,309

38

7001107009999900000♠10.7

7001107800000000000♠10.78

7001459000000000000♠45.9%

1 June 2017

 Belize

BZ$3.30 ($1.65) per hour.[8][35][36]

7003386100000000000♠3,861

7003677400000000000♠6,774

45

7000165000000000000♠1.65

7000289000000000000♠2.89

7001801009999900000♠80.1%

26 May 2012

 Benin

40,000 CFA francs ($70) per month; the government set minimum wage scales for a number of occupations.[16][37]

7002825000000000000♠825

7003214900000000000♠2,149

40

6999400000000000000♠0.4

7000103000000000000♠1.03

7001991000000000000♠99.1%

1 April 2014

 Bhutan

3,750 Bhutanese ngultrum per month.[8][38][39]

7002691000000000000♠691

7003202000000000000♠2,020

40

6999330000000000000♠0.33

6999970000000000000♠0.97

7001227000000000000♠22.7%

1 February 2014

 Bolivia

2000 Bolivian bolivianos ($289) per month.[40][41] plus an obligatory Christmas bonus equal to one month's pay, prorated for the amount of time the worker has worked in their present position. Plus a second Christmas Bonus if the government decries the economy grew enough, plus an extra month paid in May if the company made a profit for the previous year.[42][43]

7003376300000000000♠3,763

7003755800000000000♠7,558

48

7000151000000000000♠1.51

7000302990000000000♠3.03

7002104500000000000♠104.5%

1 May 2017

 Bosnia and Herzegovina

406 convertible marks ($240) net per month.[44]

7003220700000000000♠2,207

7003474100000000000♠4,741

40

7000106000000000000♠1.06

7000227990000099999♠2.28

7001389000000000000♠38.9%

2015

 Botswana

5.46 Botswana pula ($0.58) an hour for most full-time labor in the private sector; 3.03 ($.29) Botswana pula per hour for domestic workers or approximately 24.24 pula ($2.28) a day; 620 Botswana pula ($60) per month for workers in the agriculture sector.[8][16]

7002719000000000000♠719

7003140600000000000♠1,406

48

6999289990000000000♠0.29

6999560000000000000♠0.56

7000830000000000000♠8.3%

1 June 2016

 Brazil

954 Brazilian reais per month ($236), paid 13 times a year.[45] The Brazilian minimum wage is adjusted annually by the federal government. Each Brazilian state has its own minimum wage, which cannot be lower than the federal minimum wage. Rio Grande do Sul has the highest minimum wage nationwide, R$ 1,103.66 ($273).[46][47]

7003388800000000000♠3,888

7003566300000000000♠5,663

44

7000170000000000000♠1.7

7000248000000000000♠2.48

7001374000000000000♠37.4%

1 January 2018

 Brunei

None[8]

48

2017

 Bulgaria

510 Bulgarian lev ($311) per month, 3.07 lev ($1.8) per hour.[48][49][50][51]

7003367000000000000♠3,670

7003851400000000000♠8,514

40

7000176000000000000♠1.76

7000409000000000000♠4.09

7001442000000000000♠44.2%

1 January 2018

 Burkina Faso

34,664 CFA francs ($56) per month.[8][52]

7002715000000000000♠715

7003190500000000000♠1,905

40

6999340000000000000♠0.34

6999920000000000000♠0.92

7002107600000000000♠107.6%

1 April 2012

 Burundi

None; in the past the government set the minimum wage, but during the year the minimum wage was set by market forces.[8][37]

40

2017

 Cambodia

US$170 per month, for the garment and shoe industry.[53][8][16]

48

1 January 2018

 Cameroon

36,270 CFA francs ($75) per month.[8][54]

7002748000000000000♠748

7003181900000000000♠1,819

40

6999360000000000000♠0.36

6999870000000000000♠0.87

7001504000000000000♠50.4%

30 July 2014

 Canada

The minimum wage in Canada is set by each province and territory; ranges from C$10.96 to C$14 ($8-$10 USD) per hour.[8][55][56]

7004175360000000000♠17,536

7004167620000000000♠16,762

40

7000843000000000000♠8.43

7000806000000000000♠8.06

7001374000000000000♠37.4%

1 May 2018

 Cape Verde

13,000 Cape Verdean escudos ($141) per month.[57][58]

7003159500000000000♠1,595

7003341400000000000♠3,414

44

6999700000000000000♠0.7

7000149000000000000♠1.49

7001521000000000000♠52.1%

1 January 2018

 Central African Republic

35,000 CFA francs per month, 218.75 CFA francs per hour.[59][60]

7002782000000000000♠782

7003139200000000000♠1,392

40

6999380000000000000♠0.38

6999670000000000000♠0.67

7002199300000000000♠199.3%

2011

 Chad

59,995 CFA francs ($110) per month, 355 CFA francs ($0.6) per hour.[8][61][62]

7003123700000000000♠1,237

7003348400000000000♠3,484

39

6999610000000000000♠0.61

7000172000000000000♠1.72

7002175000000000000♠175%

18 October 2011

 Chile

276,000 Chilean pesos ($416) per month for workers aged 18–65; or 206,041 pesos ($276) per month for workers younger than 18 and older than 65; and 178,037 pesos ($268) per month for 'non remunerative' purposes.[63]

7003510500000000000♠5,105

7003727800000000000♠7,278

45

7000218000000000000♠2.18

7000311000000000000♠3.11

7001314000000000000♠31.4%

1 January 2018

 China

The minimum wage in China is set locally; ranges from RMB1,000 ($146) per month, or RMB9.50 ($1.39) per hour in Guangxi; to RMB2,190 ($321) per month, or RMB19.00 ($2.78) per hour in Shanghai.[16][64][65][66][66][67][68]

7003177500000000000♠1,775

7003311700000000000♠3,117

40

6999850000000000000♠0.85

7000150000000000000♠1.5

7001201000000000000♠20.1%

12 November 2016

 Colombia

781,242 Colombian pesos ($277) per month[69]

7003317700000000000♠3,177

7003683500000000000♠6,835

48

7000127000000000000♠1.27

7000274000000000000♠2.74

7001483000000000000♠48.3%

24 January 2018

 Comoros

55,000 Comorian francs ($129) per month.[8]

7003151200000000000♠1,512

7003303700000000000♠3,037

40

6999730000000000000♠0.73

7000146000000000000♠1.46

7002199500000000000♠199.5%

2017

 Democratic Republic of the Congo

1,680 Congolese francs ($1.83) per day.[8][70]

7002298000000000000♠298

7002741000000000000♠741

45[71]

6999130000000000000♠0.13

6999320000000000000♠0.32

7001924000000000000♠92.4%

1 January 2009

 Republic of the Congo

90,000 CFA francs ($170) per month in the formal sector.[8]

7003185500000000000♠1,855

7003695800000000000♠6,958

40

6999890000000000000♠0.89

7000335000000000000♠3.35

7002121700000000000♠121.7%

2017

 Costa Rica

Varies for specified industries from ₡10,060.75 ($17) per 8-hour work day for all workers to ₡13,141.39 ($23) per day for specialized workers. All other occupations not explicitly covered fall under the generic scale, which varies from ₡300,255.79 ($528) per month for unskilled workers to ₡644,689.30 ($1134) per month for licentiates.[72][73]

7003460900000000000♠4,609

7003700800000000000♠7,008

48

7000185000000000000♠1.85

7000281000000000000♠2.81

7001422000000000000♠42.2%

1 January 2018

 Côte d'Ivoire

Varies by occupation, with the lowest set to 36,607 CFA franc ($72) per month for the industrial sector; a slightly higher minimum wage rate is applied for construction workers.[8][74][75]

7002755000000000000♠755

7003186800000000000♠1,868

40

6999360000000000000♠0.36

6999900000000000000♠0.9

7001506000000000000♠50.6%

1994

 Croatia

3439.80 Croatian kuna ($544) per month.[16]

7003623500000000000♠6,235

7004103190000000000♠10,319

40

7000300000000000000♠3

7000496000000000000♠4.96

7001441000000000000♠44.1%

1 January 2018

 Cuba

225 Cuban pesos ($9) per month.[8][76] (Note that the exchange rate data and the International dollars conversion data for this row is for 2012, as more current data was not available at the time of data entry) Each citizen is however also given free food to supplement the salary.

7002147000000000000♠147

181

40

6998500000000000000♠0.05

6998800000000000000♠0.08

6999400000000000000♠0.4%

1 May 2005

 Cyprus

None; €870 ($1006) per month for shop assistants, nurses' assistants, clerks, hairdressers, and nursery assistants; it rises to €924 ($1069) after six months' employment. For asylum seekers working as unskilled workers in the agricultural sector, the minimum monthly wage was 425 euros ($570) with accommodation and food provided. For skilled workers in the agricultural sector, the minimum salary was 767 euros ($1040) without accommodation and food.[8]

48

2017

 Czech Republic

12,200.00 Czech koruna ($568) per month, or 73.20 koruna ($3.4) per hour.[77]

7003651200000000000♠6,512

7004106620000000000♠10,662

40

7000313000000000000♠3.13

7000513000000000000♠5.13

7001307000000000000♠30.7%

1 January 2018

 Denmark

None; instead, negotiated between unions and employer associations; the average minimum wage for all private and public sector collective bargaining agreements was approximately DKK 110 (nominally $16) per hour, exclusive of pension benefits.[8][78]

37.5

2017

 Djibouti

None; canceled by the 2006 Labor Code for occupational categories, establishing that wages be set after common agreement between employers and employees. For public sector workers, minimum wage was 35,000 DFJ ($198) per month.[8][79]

48

2017

 Dominica

EC$4.00 ($1.50) per hour.[8][80][81]

7003308100000000000♠3,081

7003422300000000000♠4,223

40

7000148000000000000♠1.48

7000202999999999999♠2.03

7001386000000000000♠38.6%

1 June 2008

 Dominican Republic

8,310Dominican pesos ($166) per month in the FTZs and between 9,412 pesos ($188) and 15,448 pesos ($309) outside the FTZs, depending upon the size of the company; 5,884 pesos ($117) per month for the public sector; 320 pesos ($6) a day for farm workers who are covered by minimum wage regulations based on a 10-hour day, with the exception of sugarcane workers who received 146 pesos based on an eight-hour workday.[8][82][83]

7002878000000000000♠878

7003187200000000000♠1,872

44

6999380000000000000♠0.38

6999820009999900000♠0.82

7001123000000000000♠12.3%

2017

 Ecuador

US$451 per month (for a 12 month average, including 13th and 14th salaries). The minimum wage has been set by the government at $386 per month for the year 2018, but a worker also receives a 13th and a 14th salary.[84]

7003541200000000000♠5,412

7003887200000000000♠8,872

40

7000260000000000000♠2.6

7000426999999999999♠4.27

7001789000000000000♠78.9%

1 January 2018

 Egypt

None; for the public sector the minimum wage is LE1,200 ($68) per month.[8]

48

2017

 El Salvador

The minimum wage was set by the government at $304.17 monthly in 2018.[8][16][85]

7003365000000000000♠3,650

7003701900000000000♠7,019

44

7000160000000000000♠1.6

7000307000000000000♠3.07

7001815000000000000♠81.5%

1 January 2018

 Equatorial Guinea

129,035 CFA franc ($224).[8]

7003266000000000000♠2,660

7003447900000000000♠4,479

48

7000107000000000000♠1.07

7000179000000000000♠1.79

7001172000000000000♠17.2%

2017

 Eritrea

None; 360 Eritrean nakfa ($23.3) per month in the public sector.[8]

44.5

2017

 Estonia

€500 ($581) per month, or €2.97 ($3) per hour.[16][48][86]

7003651900000000000♠6,519

7003947900000000000♠9,479

40

7000313000000000000♠3.13

7000455990000099999♠4.56

7001319000000000000♠31.9%

1 January 2018

 Ethiopia

None; some government institutions and public enterprises set their own minimum wages: public sector employees, the largest group of wage earners, earned a monthly minimum wage of 420 Ethiopian birr ($21); employees in the banking and insurance sector had a minimum monthly wage of 336 birr ($18).[8]

48

2017

 Federated States of Micronesia

None; US$2.65 per hour for employment with the national government; all states have a minimum hourly wage for government workers: $2.00 in Pohnpei, $1.25 in Chuuk, $1.42 in Kosrae, and $1.60 in Yap; $1.75 for private sector workers in Pohnpei.[8]

40

2015

 Fiji

FJ$2.68 per hour.[87][88]

7003323200000000000♠3,232

7003522600000000000♠5,226

48

7000129000000000000♠1.29

7000209009999900000♠2.09

7001574000000000000♠57.4%

30 September 2017

 Finland

None; however, the law requires all employers, including non-unionized ones, to pay minimum wages agreed to in collective bargaining agreements; almost all workers are covered under such arrangements.[8]

40

2017

 France

€1,498.47 ($1734) per month, €9.88 ($11) per hour.[48][89]

7004202720000000000♠20,272

7004206690000000000♠20,669

35

7001111400000000000♠11.14

7001113600000000000♠11.36

7001500000000000000♠50%

1 January 2018

 Gabon

150,000 CFA francs ($255) per month; government workers received an additional monthly allowance of 20,000 CFA francs ($34) per child; government workers also received transportation, housing, and family benefits; the law does not mandate housing or family benefits for private sector workers.[8][90]

7003309200000000000♠3,092

7003486500000000000♠4,865

40

7000149000000000000♠1.49

7000234000000000000♠2.34

7001269000000000000♠26.9%

1 February 2010

 The Gambia

50 dalasi ($1.25) per day.[8]

7002317000000000000♠317

7002958000000000000♠958

48

6999130000000000000♠0.13

6999380000000000000♠0.38

7001571000000000000♠57.1%

2017

 Georgia

20 Georgian lari ($8) per month for private sector workers which has remained unchanged since the early 1990s; 115 lari ($48) per month for public employees.[8]

7001960000000000000♠96

7002282000000000000♠282

40

6998500000000000000♠0.05

6999140000000000000♠0.14

7000280000000099999♠2.8%

2017

 Germany

€8.84 ($10) per hour. A higher minimum wage is often set by collective bargaining agreements and enforceable by law.[16]

7004209890000000000♠20,989

7004224300000000000♠22,430

40.5[91]

7000997000000000000♠9.97

7001106500000000000♠10.65

7001459000000000000♠45.9%

1 January 2017

 Ghana

9.68 Ghanaian cedis ($1.7) per day.[16][8][92]

7002579000000000000♠579

7003176000000000000♠1,760

40

6999280000000000000♠0.28

6999850000000000000♠0.85

7001410000000000000♠41%

1 January 2018

 Greece

€683.76 ($762)per month in 12 payments, €586 ($653) per month in 14 payments, or €4.23 ($4.8) per hour.[48][93]

7003925000000000000♠9,250

7004120660000000000♠12,066

40

7000445000000000000♠4.45

7000580000000000000♠5.8

7001451000000000000♠45.1%

1 January 2013

 Grenada

Minimum wage schedules set pay by occupation; for example, the minimum wage for domestic workers, for example, was EC$4.50 per hour, while that for a security guard was EC$8.00 per hour.[8]

40

2017

 Guatemala

81.87 Guatemalan quetzales ($10.9) per day for agricultural and nonagricultural work and 74.89 quetzales ($10.0) per day for work in export-sector regime factories. Minimum wage earners also are due a mandatory monthly bonus of 250 quetzales ($33), and salaried workers receive two mandatory yearly bonuses (the bono 14 and the Christmas bonus), each equivalent to one month's salary.[8][16]

7003412700000000000♠4,127

7003697400000000000♠6,974

48

7000165000000000000♠1.65

7000279000000000000♠2.79

7001878000000000000♠87.8%

1 January 2016

 Guernsey

£7.20 per hour ($8.79) for those aged 18+  £6.50 per hour ($8.49) for those aged 17–18.[94]

1 January 2017

 Guinea

The labor code allows the government to set a minimum hourly wage; however, the government has not exercised this provision except for setting the minimum wage for domestic workers at 440,000 GNF ($62) per month.[8]

48

2017

 Guinea-Bissau

19,030 CFA francs ($30) per month plus a bag of rice[8]

7002392000000000000♠392

7002935000000000000♠935

45

6999170000000000000♠0.17

6999400000000000000♠0.4

7001581000000000000♠58.1%

2017

 Guyana

G$35,000 ($168 USD) per month, or G$1,616 ($7 USD) per day, or G$202 ($1 USD) per hour.[95]

7003203500000000000♠2,035

7003320400000000000♠3,204

40

6999980000000000000♠0.98

7000154000000000000♠1.54

7001409000000000000♠40.9%

1 July 2013

 Haiti

290 Haitian gourdes per day for servants for an eight-hour workday; 400 Haitian gourdes per day for segment A industries; 350 Haitian gourdes per day for segment B industries; 290 Haitian gourdes per day for segment C industries; 350 Haitian gourdes per day for companies with piece work that re-export; and 350 Haitian gourdes per day for companies with piece work that exports.[96][8][97][98][99]

7003142900000000000♠1,429

7003319400000000000♠3,194

48

6999569999999900000♠0.57

7000128000000000000♠1.28

7002179100000000000♠179.1%

1 August 2017

 Honduras

Minimum wages ranged from a low of 6,096.71 Honduran lempiras per month, 25.41 lempiras per hour to 10,698.30 lempiras per month, 44.58 lempiras per hour.[8][16][100]

7003247500000000000♠2,475

7003494800000000000♠4,948

44

7000108000000000000♠1.08

7000216000000000000♠2.16

7002104500000000000♠104.5%

1 January 2018

 Hong Kong

HK$34.50 (US$4.5) per hour is the minimum wage in Hong Kong.[101]

7003924500000000000♠9,245

7004111260000000000♠11,126

40

7000444000000000000♠4.44

7000535000000099999♠5.35

7001190000000000000♠19%

1 May 2017

 Hungary

138,000 HUF ($530) per month for unskilled labor, 180,500 HUF ($695) per month for skilled labor.[16][102][103][104][105]

7003603400000000000♠6,034

7004110850000000000♠11,085

40

7000290000000000000♠2.9

7000533000000000000♠5.33

7001415000000000000♠41.5%

1 January 2018

 Iceland

None; minimum wages are negotiated in various collectively bargained agreements and applied automatically to all employees in those occupations, regardless of union membership; while the agreements can be either industry- or sector-wide, and in some cases firm-specific, the minimum wage levels are occupation-specific.[8][48]

40

2017

 India

Varied from 160 rupees ($2.40) per day in Bihar to 750 rupees ($11.31) per day in Kerala. State governments set a separate minimum wage for agricultural workers.[8] The minimum wages are set according to Minimum Wages Act, 1948.[106]

7002767000000000000♠767

7003249800000000000♠2,498

48

6999310000000000000♠0.31

7000100000000000000♠1

7001380000000000000♠38%

2015

 Indonesia

Established by provincial and district authorities, which vary by province, district, and sector; the lowest minimum wage is in the province of Yogyakarta at rupiah 1,454,154 ($98) per month and the highest is in Jakarta at rupiah 3,648,035 ($248) per month.[16]
[107]

7003130400000000000♠1,304

7003350000000000000♠3,500

40

6999630000000000000♠0.63

7000168000000000000♠1.68

7001301000000000000♠30.1%

1 January 2018

 Iran

1,111,269 Iranian tomans (equal to 11,112,690 rials, and to $266) per month effective on the 2017 Persian New year;[108][109][110] set annually for each industrial sector and region. The standard workweek is 44 hours, and any work over 48 entitles the worker to overtime.[8]

7003401300000000000♠4,013

7004110830000000000♠11,083

44[111]

7000175000000000000♠1.75

7000484000000000000♠4.84

7001556000000000000♠55.6%

21 March 2018

 Iraq

250,000 Iraqi dinars ($214) per month.[8]

7003253400000000000♠2,534

7003522200000000000♠5,222

40

7000122000000000000♠1.22

7000250990000099999♠2.51

7001301000000000000♠30.1%

2014

 Ireland

€9.55 ($11) per hour, with sub-minimal rates for those under 18 (70% of minimum), and for those over 18 in first year of employment (80%), in second year of employment (90%), and in certain types of training (75% to 90%).[112]

7004218350000000000♠21,835

7004193670000000000♠19,367

39[113]

7001107700000000000♠10.77

7000955000000000000♠9.55

7001271000000000000♠27.1%

1 January 2018

 Isle of Man

£7.50 per hour ($9.15) for those aged 21+  £6.85 per hour ($8.36) for those aged 18–20.[114]

1 April 2017

 Israel

₪5,300 Israeli new shekel ($1,472) per month; or ₪29.12 Israeli new shekel ($8.09) per hour.[115]

7004176670000000000♠17,667

7004143890000000000♠14,389

42

7000809000000000000♠8.09

7000659000000000000♠6.59

7001386000000000000♠38.6%

1 April 2018

 Italy

None; instead set through collective bargaining agreements on a sector-by-sector basis.[dubious  – discuss][8]

40

2017

 Jamaica

J$6,200 ($49 USD) per week.[8][116][117]

7003252000000000000♠2,520

7003404300000000000♠4,043

40

7000121000000000000♠1.21

7000194000000000000♠1.94

7001458000000000000♠45.8%

1 March 2016

 Japan

Ranges from 737 – 958 Japanese yen ($6.6–8.6) per hour; set on a prefectural and industry basis.[118][119]

7004136660000000000♠13,666

7004143070000000000♠14,307

40

7000657000000000000♠6.57

7000688000000000000♠6.88

7001338009999900000♠33.8%

14 October 2017

 Jordan

220 Jordanian dinars ($310) per month.[120]

7003371800000000000♠3,718

7003800000000000000♠8,000

48

7000149000000000000♠1.49

7000321000000000000♠3.21

7001884000000000000♠88.4%

12 February 2017

 Kazakhstan

28,284 Kazakhstani tenge ($78) per month.[8][16][121]

7003104100000000000♠1,041

7003298700000000000♠2,987

40

6999500000000000000♠0.5

7000144000000000000♠1.44

7001118000000000000♠11.8%

1 January 2018

 Kenya

Set by the government by location, age and skill level; the lowest agricultural minimum wage for unskilled employees was 6,415.55 Kenyan shillings per month, 269.40 per day, excluding housing allowance.[8][16][122][123]

7002745000000000000♠745

7003165600000000000♠1,656

52

6999280000000000000♠0.28

6999610000000000000♠0.61

7001525000000000000♠52.5%

1 May 2017

 Kiribati

AUD$1.30 per hour for local businesses and companies, while the minimum wage for overseas-funded projects is AUD$3.00 an hour[8][124]

7003208000000000000♠2,080

7003238900000000000♠2,389

40

7000100000000000000♠1

7000115000000099999♠1.15

7002113300000000000♠113.3%

1 November 2016

 North Korea

Averaging 5,000 – 10,000 North Korean won ($5.5 – $11.1) per day.[125]

2014

 South Korea

7,530 won ($6) per hour,[126] although the effective comparable minimum wage is higher at 9,200 won ($8) per hour[127] due to a mandatory weekly paid holiday for people that work more than 15 hours per week, a law that is absent in other developed countries.[128] The law applies equally to foreign, temporary or young  workers covering all industries and regions nationwide and is scheduled to increase to 8,350 won ($7) per hour, or 10,020 won ($9) per hour if weekly paid holidays are included.[129] As of 1 January 2019.[130]

7004138550000000000♠13,855

7004156040000000000♠15,604

40

7000666000000000000♠6.66

7000750000000000000♠7.5

7001427000000000000♠42.7%

1 January 2018

 Kosovo

€170 ($224) per month for workers between 35 and 65 years of age; €130 ($150) for workers under 35 years of age.[8][131]

7003230000000000000♠2,300

7003622000000000000♠6,220

40

7000111000000000000♠1.11

7000299000000000000♠2.99

7001618000000000000♠61.8%

17 August 2011

 Kuwait

60 Kuwaiti dinars ($216) per month.[8][132]

7003240000000000000♠2,400

7003360000000000000♠3,600

48

6999960000000000000♠0.96

7000144000000000000♠1.44

7000480000000000000♠4.8%

14 April 2010

 Kyrgyzstan

1140 Kyrgyzstani som ($14) per month, nominally; used for administrative purpose.[8][133][134][135]

7002199000000000000♠199

7002661000000000000♠661

40

6999100000000000000♠0.1

6999320000000000000♠0.32

7001186000000000000♠18.6%

1 January 2017

 Laos

800,000 Lao kip ($100) per month; additionally, employers were required to pay a 30,000-kip ($3.74) meal allowance per day. The minimum wage for civil servants and state enterprise employees was last increased to 1,400,000 kip ($170) per month.[8][136][137]

7003201200000000000♠2,012

7003518000000000000♠5,180

48

6999810000000000000♠0.81

7000208000000000000♠2.08

7001791009999900000♠79.1%

2014

 Latvia

€430 ($513) per month.[138]

7003581700000000000♠5,817

7003905300000000000♠9,053

40

7000280000000099999♠2.8

7000435000000099999♠4.35

7001354000000000000♠35.4%

1 January 2018

 Lebanon

675,000 pounds ($446) per month, or 30,000 pounds ($19) per day.[8][139]

7003537300000000000♠5,373

7003894700000000000♠8,947

48

7000215000000000000♠2.15

7000358000000000000♠3.58

7001625000000000000♠62.5%

1 February 2012

 Lesotho

1,178 maloti ($102) per month to 1,285 maloti ($112) per month; varied by sector.[8]

7003106000000000000♠1,060

7003302700000000000♠3,027

45

6999450000000000000♠0.45

7000129000000000000♠1.29

7002102600000000000♠102.6%

2014

 Liberia

15 Liberian dollars ($0.31) per hour not exceeding 8 hours per day, excluding benefits, for unskilled laborers; 5,600 LD ($114) per month for civil servants.[8]

7002332000000000000♠332

7002474000000000000♠474

48

6999130000000000000♠0.13

6999190000000000000♠0.19

7001583000000000000♠58.3%

2014

 Libya

450 Libyan dinars ($325) per month; the government heavily subsidizes rent and utilities.[8][140][141][142]

7003388500000000000♠3,885

7003777000000000000♠7,770

40

7000187000000000000♠1.87

7000374000000000000♠3.74

7002133900000000000♠133.9%

1 March 2011

 Liechtenstein

None[8]

48

2014

 Lithuania

€400 ($462) per month, €2.45 ($2.8) per hour.[143]

7003574500000000000♠5,745

7003999200000000000♠9,992

40

7000275990000099999♠2.76

7000480000000000000♠4.8

7001335000000000000♠33.5%

1 January 2018

 Luxembourg

€1,998.59 ($2312) per month, €11.5525 ($13) per hour for unskilled workers over 18; increased by 20% for a skilled employee; decreased by 20% to 25% in the case of an adolescent worker.[16][48][144][145]

7004270900000000000♠27,090

7004237910000000000♠23,791

40

7001130200000000000♠13.02

7001114400000000000♠11.44

7001232000000000000♠23.2%

1 January 2018

 Republic of Macedonia

10,500 Macedonian denars ($182) per month.[93][146][147]

7003230500000000000♠2,305

7003548800000000000♠5,488

40

7000111000000000000♠1.11

7000264000000000000♠2.64

7001367000000000000♠36.7%

1 March 2016

 Madagascar

133,013.40 Malagasy ariary per month, 767.40 ariary per hour for non-agricultural workers; 134,920.00 ariary per month, 674.60 ariary per hour for agricultural workers.[8][16]

7002462000000000000♠462

7003160100000000000♠1,601

41[148]

6999220000000000000♠0.22

6999750000000000000♠0.75

7002106300000000000♠106.3%

1 January 2015

 Malawi

MK 687.70 per day.[8][16][149]

7002294000000000000♠294

7003103500000000000♠1,035

48

6999120000000000000♠0.12

6999410009999900000♠0.41

7001886000000000000♠88.6%

1 January 2016

 Malaysia

RM1000 ($244) per month, or RM4.81 ($1.1) per hour on the peninsula; and RM920 ($224) per month, or RM4.42 ($1.0) per hour for the states of Sabah, Sarawak, and Labuan.[150][151] To be fully enforced on July 1, 2016.

7003223500000000000♠2,235

7003578900000000000♠5,789

48[8]

6999900000000000000♠0.9

7000232000000099999♠2.32

7001209009999900000♠20.9%

1 July 2016

 Maldives

None; 3,100 Maldivian rufiyaa ($242) per month in the government sector.[8]

48

2014

 Mali

28,465 CFA francs ($57), supplemented by a required package of benefits, including social security and health care.[8]

7002587000000000000♠587

7003156000000000000♠1,560

48[152]

6999240000000000000♠0.24

6999620000000000000♠0.62

7001734000000000000♠73.4%

2014

 Malta

€778.34 ($905) per month, or €169.76 ($197) per week; combined with an annual mandatory bonus of €270.20 ($314) and a €242.32 ($281) annual cost of living increase, automatically adjusted for inflation.[153][154]

7004105300000000000♠10,530

7004141520000000000♠14,152

40

7000505990000099999♠5.06

7000680000000000000♠6.8

7001373009999900000♠37.3%

1 January 2017

 Marshall Islands

US$2.00 per hour for government and private sector employees.[8][155]

7003416000000000000♠4,160

7003390200000000000♠3,902

40[156]

7000200000000000000♠2

7000188000000000000♠1.88

7001970000000000000♠97%

6 March 1986

 Mauritania

3,000 Mauritanian Ouguiya (30,000 Old Ouguiya, $83.8 in 2017 terms) per month for adults.[157][158]

7003100600000000000♠1,006

7002295000000000000♠295

40

6999480000000000000♠0.48

6999140000000000000♠0.14

7000770000000000000♠7.7%

2011

 Mauritius

607 Mauritian rupees ($20) per week for an unskilled worker in the Export Processing Zone(EPZ); 794 rupees ($26) per week for an unskilled factory worker outside the EPZ; set by the government by sector, and increased each year based on the inflation rate.[8]

7002915000000000000♠915

7003162200000000000♠1,622

45

6999390000000000000♠0.39

6999690009999900000♠0.69

7000770000000000000♠7.7%

2014

 Mexico

80.04 Mexican pesos ($3.94) per day.[16][159]

7003120400000000000♠1,204

7003225400000000000♠2,254

48

6999480000000000000♠0.48

6999900000000000000♠0.9

7001130000000000000♠13%

1 January 2016

 Moldova

1900 Moldovan lei ($96) per month in the private sector; 1000 lei ($50) per month in the public sector.[8][160][161][162]

7002649000000000000♠649

7003174900000000000♠1,749

40

6999310000000000000♠0.31

6999840000000000000♠0.84

7001328009999900000♠32.8%

1 May 2015

 Monaco

€1,753.21 ($2039) per month, or €10.37 ($12) per hour; same as the French minimum wage, plus a 5% adjustment.[163]

7004234870000000000♠23,487

39

7001117200000000000♠11.72

17%[164]

1 January 2018

 Mongolia

240,000 Mongolian tögrög ($98) per month.[8][165]

7003118000000000000♠1,180

7003346700000000000♠3,467

40

6999569999999900000♠0.57

7000167000000000000♠1.67

7001283000000000000♠28.3%

1 January 2017

 Montenegro

€193 ($215) per month.[8][166]

7003260200000000000♠2,602

7003538600000000000♠5,386

40

7000125000000000000♠1.25

7000259000000000000♠2.59

7001305000000000000♠30.5%

1 May 2013

 Morocco

3 000 MADs ($310) per month[167] in public sector, 2 570.86 MAD ($265) per month in private sector,[168] 69,73 MAD ($7) per day for agricultural workers.[169]

7003370900000000000♠3,709

7003855600000000000♠8,556

44[170]

7000162000000000000♠1.62

7000374000000000000♠3.74

7002108900000000000♠108.9%

1 July 2015

 Mozambique

Set for nine different economic sectors; ranges from 3,002 Mozambican meticias ($51) per month in the public sector, to 7,465 meticias ($129) per month in the financial sector.[8][16]

7002567000000000000♠567

7003181800000000000♠1,818

40

6999270000000000000♠0.27

6999870000000000000♠0.87

7002149400000000000♠149.4%

1 May 2014

 Myanmar

3,600 Myanmar kyat per day, 450 Myanmar kyat per hour.[8][171][172]

7002757000000000000♠757

7003301100000000000♠3,011

44

6999330000000000000♠0.33

7000132000000000000♠1.32

7001526000000000000♠52.6%

1 September 2015

 Namibia

None; the mining, construction, security and agricultural sectors set basic levels of pay through collective bargaining.[8]

45

2014

 Nauru

None; there is a graduated salary system for public service officers and employees, none for private-sector workers.[8]

40[173]

2014

   Nepal

8,000 Nepalese rupees ($74) per month.[8][174]

7002919000000000000♠919

7003262000000000000♠2,620

48

6999370000000000000♠0.37

7000105000000000000♠1.05

7002105700000000000♠105.7%

10 June 2013

 Netherlands

€1,578.00 ($1826) per month, €364.15 ($421) per week, €72.83 ($84) per day, and €9.11 ($10) per hour for persons 22 and older (in a 40-hours work week, a work week with less hours has a higher minimum wage per hour); between 30–85% of this amount for persons aged 15–22.[175][176]

7004213480000000000♠21,348

7004212760000000000♠21,276

40[177]

7001102600000000000♠10.26

7001102300000000000♠10.23

7001421000000000000♠42.1%

1 January 2018

 New Zealand

NZ$16.50 ($11) per hour for workers 18 years old or older, and NZ$13.20 ($8) per hour for those aged 16 or 17 or in training; there is no statutory minimum wage for employees who are under 16 years old.[178]

7004255210000000000♠25,521

7004219410000000000♠21,941

40

7001122700000000000♠12.27

7001105500000000000♠10.55

7001569000000000000♠56.9%

1 April 2018

 Nicaragua

Set for nine different economic sectors; ranges from 3,187.43 Nicaraguan córdobas per month in the agricultural sector to 7,133.44 córdobas per month in the financial sector.[16]

7003127300000000000♠1,273

7003339700000000000♠3,397

48

6999510000000000000♠0.51

7000136000000000000♠1.36

7001613000000000000♠61.3%

1 September 2015

 Niger

30,047 CFA francs ($60) per month.[8][16]

7002619000000000000♠619

7003163300000000000♠1,633

40

6999300000000000000♠0.3

6999780000000000000♠0.78

7002165500000000000♠165.5%

17 August 2012

 Nigeria

18,000 naira per month (was $115 but following the recent devaluation of the naira has fallen to $58, or $38 using the parallel market rate).[8][179]

7002708000000000000♠708

7003174700000000000♠1,747

40

6999340000000000000♠0.34

6999840000000000000♠0.84

7001298000000000000♠29.8%

1 January 2011

 Northern Cyprus

2365 Turkish lira ($506) per month (gross minimum wage).[180]

6600

40

1 March 2018

 Norway

None; wages normally fall within a national scale negotiated by labor, employers, and local governments.[8]

37.5

2014

 Oman

225 Omani rials ($592) per month plus allowances of 100 rials ($263) per month for citizens; does not apply to foreign workers.[8][181]

7004102630000000000♠10,263

7004195000000000000♠19,500

45

7000439000000099999♠4.39

7000833000000000000♠8.33

7001425000000000000♠42.5%

1 July 2013

 Pakistan

15000 Pakistani rupees ($158) per month.[8][16][37]

7003170700000000000♠1,707

7003561100000000000♠5,611

48

6999680000000000000♠0.68

7000225000000000000♠2.25

7002107200000000000♠107.2%

1 June 2016

 Palau

US$3.00 per hour; does not include foreign workers.[8][182]

7003624000000000000♠6,240

7003663800000000000♠6,638

40[183]

7000300000000000000♠3

7000319000000000000♠3.19

7001407000000000000♠40.7%

1 October 2014

 Palestine

₪1,450 ($384) per month;[184][185][186]

7003483300000000000♠4,833

45

7000207009999999999♠2.07

2014

 Panama

1.53 to 4.45 balboas ($1.53 – $4.45 USD) per hour, depending on region and sector. Food and the use of housing facilities were considered part of the salary for some workers, such as domestic and agricultural workers. Salaries for domestic workers ranged from 250 to 275 balboas ($250-$275 USD) per month. The agricultural and construction sectors received the lowest and highest minimum wages, respectively.[8][187][188]

7003381900000000000♠3,819

7003647300000000000♠6,473

48

7000153000000000000♠1.53

7000259000000000000♠2.59

7001281000000000000♠28.1%

1 January 2018

 Papua New Guinea

3.20 Papua New Guinean kina ($1) per hour.[8][189]

7003229500000000000♠2,295

7003279500000000000♠2,795

44[190]

7000100000000000000♠1

7000122000000000000♠1.22

7001668000000000000♠66.8%

1 August 2014

 Paraguay

1,964,507 Paraguayan guaraníes ($348) per month; The law discriminates against domestic workers, who are legally entitled to only 40 percent of the minimum wage. The law mandates that housing and food be counted towards domestic worker's salary.[8][16][191][192]

7003389600000000000♠3,896

7003842600000000000♠8,426

48

7000156000000000000♠1.56

7000338000000000000♠3.38

7001881000000000000♠88.1%

1 March 2014

 Peru

850 Peruvian nuevos soles ($294) per month.[8][16]

7003312900000000000♠3,129

7003586200000000000♠5,862

48

7000125000000000000♠1.25

7000235000000000000♠2.35

7001450000000000000♠45%

1 June 2012

 Philippines

Ranges from 243 PhP ($4.8) daily non-plantation agricultural wage in Ilocos Region, to 512 PhP ($10) daily non-agricultural wage in Metro Manila.[193]

7003125400000000000♠1,254

7003312800000000000♠3,128

48[194]

6999500000000000000♠0.5

7000125000000000000♠1.25

7001401000000000000♠40.1%

5 October 2017

 Poland

2,100 PLN ($620) monthly. 13.7 PLN ($4) per hour.[195][16]

7003666700000000000♠6,667

7004134040000000000♠13,404

40

7000321000000000000♠3.21

7000644000000000000♠6.44

7001490000000000000♠49%

1 January 2018

 Portugal

€677 per month ($791) in 12 payments; €580 per month ($699) in 14 payments for full-time workers, rural workers, and domestic employees ages 18 and older.[196]

7003784700000000000♠7,847

7004102350000000000♠10,235

40

7000377000000000000♠3.77

7000492000000000000♠4.92

7001334000000000000♠33.4%

1 January 2018

 Qatar

None; the labor law provides the emir with authority to set a minimum wage, but he did not do so.[8]

48

2013

 Romania

1900 lei ($502.11) per month; else 11.4 lei ($3.01) per hour for a full-time schedule of 168 hours per month. See Minimum wage in Romania.[197]

7003563000000000000♠5,630

7004120630000000000♠12,063

40

7000271000000000000♠2.71

7000580000000000000♠5.8

7001524000000000000♠52.4%

1 January 2018

 Russia

11163 ruble ($178) per month.{)[16][198]

7003127600000000000♠1,276

7003299200000000000♠2,992

40

6999610000000000000♠0.61

7000144000000000000♠1.44

7001121000000000000♠12.1%

1 May 2018

 Rwanda

None; ranges from 500 to 1,000 Rwandan francs ($0.83 to $1.66) per day in the tea industry and 1500 to 5000 francs ($2.50 to $8.30) per day in the construction industry.[8]

45

2013

 Saint Kitts and Nevis

EC$9.00 per hour.[8][199][200]

7003693300000000000♠6,933

7003908700000000000♠9,087

40[201]

7000333000000000000♠3.33

7000437000000000000♠4.37

7001344000000000000♠34.4%

1 November 2014

 Saint Lucia

Minimum wage for some sectors; EC$300 ($111) per month for office clerks; EC$200 ($74) for shop assistants; EC$160 ($59) for messengers.[8]

40

2013

 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

Set sector by sector; for example, EC$56 ($20.74) per day for agriculture workers (shelter not provided); EC$40 ($14.81) per day for industrial workers; and EC$25 per day for household domestic workers.[8][202][203]

7003240700000000000♠2,407

7003335100000000000♠3,351

40

7000116000000099999♠1.16

7000161000000000000♠1.61

7001292000000000000♠29.2%

1 July 2008

 Samoa

WST$2.00 ($0.89) per hour for the private sector; WST$2.65 ($1.18) for the public sector.[8]

7003164400000000000♠1,644

7003223700000000000♠2,237

40

6999790000000000000♠0.79

7000108000000000000♠1.08

7001351000000000000♠35.1%

2012

 San Marino

€1501.49 ($1735) per month; or €9.24 ($10) per hour for the lowest paying industry[204][8][205]

7004202450000000000♠20,245

7004234000000000000♠23,400

37.5[206]

7001103800000000000♠10.38

7001120000000000000♠12

7001384000000000000♠38.4%

1 January 2017

 São Tomé and Príncipe

None; 750,000 São Tomé and Príncipe dobras ($40) per month for civil servants[79]

2013

 Saudi Arabia

3,000 Saudi riyals ($800) per month for public sector; does not apply to foreign workers. There are no minimum wage in private sector.[8][207]

7003960000000000000♠9,600

7004185570000000000♠18,557

48

7000385000000000000♠3.85

7000743000000000000♠7.43

7001341000000000000♠34.1%

2 February 2013

 Senegal

209.10 CFA francs ($0.42) per hour for general workers and 182.95 CFA francs ($0.37) per hour for agricultural workers.[8][16][208]

7002654000000000000♠654

7003161700000000000♠1,617

40

6999310000000000000♠0.31

6999780000000000000♠0.78

7001630000000000000♠63%

1 January 1996

 Serbia

22,620 Serbian dinars ($223) net monthly. Also, 130 Serbian dinars ($1.1) per hour net, and 175 Serbian dinars ($1.5) per hour gross.[8][209][210]

7003337800000000000♠3,378

7003739500000000000♠7,395

40

7000162000000000000♠1.62

7000356000000000000♠3.56

7001509000000000000♠50.9%

1 January 2017

 Seychelles

SR26.70 ($1.9) per hour for all workers other than casual workers; SR30.78 ($2.1) per hour for casual workers.[8][211][212]

7003406900000000000♠4,069

7003643500000000000♠6,435

40[213]

7000196000000000000♠1.96

7000309000000000000♠3.09

7001227000000000000♠22.7%

1 January 2014

 Sierra Leone

500,000 Sierra Leonean leones ($57) per month.[8][214][215][216]

7003118100000000000♠1,181

7003260200000000000♠2,602

40

6999569999999900000♠0.57

7000125000000000000♠1.25

7002176200000000000♠176.2%

1 January 2015

 Singapore

None.[8] However, two exceptions were made recently: 1) Cleaner jobs to have a minimum wage of 1,000 Singapore dollars ($729) per month effective January 2014.[217] 2) Security guards to have a minimum wage of 1,100 SGD ($802) per month effective September 2016.[218]

44

2013

 Slovakia

€480 ($577) per month, or €2.75 ($3.3) per hour.[16][219]

7003644900000000000♠6,449

7004104000000000000♠10,400

40

7000310000000000000♠3.1

7000500000000000000♠5

7001341000000000000♠34.1%

1 January 2018

 Slovenia

€842.79 ($1,050) per month.[16][48][220]

7004108900000000000♠10,890

7004144170000000000♠14,417

40

7000524000000000000♠5.24

7000693000000000000♠6.93

7001441000000000000♠44.1%

27 January 2018

 Solomon Islands

SI$4.00 ($0.55) per hour for all workers except those in the fishing and agricultural sectors, who received SI$3.20 per hour.[8]

7002949000000000000♠949

7002955000000000000♠955

45

6999410009999900000♠0.41

6999410009999900000♠0.41

7001427000000000000♠42.7%

1 May 2008

 Somalia

None.[8]

48

2013

 South Africa

Not mandatory, but recommended minimum wage in private sector is 2,474 rand ($155)[221] per month except domestic and farm works' wages 1,500 rand ($95),.[8][222]

45

2013

 South Sudan

None.[223]

2011

 Spain

€858.55 ($1051) per month in 12 payments, €735.90 ($901) per month in 14 payments.[48][224]

7004116150000000000♠11,615

7004139220000000000♠13,922

40

7000558000000000000♠5.58

7000669000000000000♠6.69

7001383009999900000♠38.3%

1 January 2018

 Sri Lanka

10,000 rupees (US$70.75) per month.[16]

7002787000000000000♠787

7003241400000000000♠2,414

45

6999340000000000000♠0.34

7000103000000000000♠1.03

7001196000000000000♠19.6%

1 January 2016

 Sudan

425 Sudanese pounds ($70) per month.[125]

7002763000000000000♠763

7003108700000000000♠1,087

40

6999370000000000000♠0.37

6999520000000000000♠0.52

7001230000000000000♠23%

2008

 Suriname

None; SRD 600 ($180) per month is the lowest wage for civil servants.[8]

45

2013

 Swaziland

531.6 Swazi emalangeni ($76.50) per month for a domestic worker; 420 emalangeni ($60.50) a month for an unskilled worker; 600 emalangeni ($86.50) a month for a skilled worker.[79]

7002694000000000000♠694

7003112800000000000♠1,128

48

6999330000000000000♠0.33

6999540000000000000♠0.54

7001190000000000000♠19%

2011

 Sweden

None; in Sweden the law provides for the right of workers to form and join independent unions to bargain wages collectively, and it prohibits antiunion discrimination.[8]

40

2017

  Switzerland

20 Swiss francs ($20.18) per hour in Canton Jura and Neuchâtel, the rest of the country has no minimum wage.[225] There are a minority of the voluntary General Labour Contracts (GLC, collective labour agreements), reached on a sector-by-sector basis,[226] contain minimum compensation clauses, which provide for compensation ranging from CHF 2,200 to 4,200 ($2,363 to $4,511) per month for unskilled workers and CHF 2,800 to 5,300 ($3,010 to $5,693) per month for skilled employees.[8] On 18 May 2014, Swiss voters rejected a federalinitiative (by 76.3%) that would have enforced GLCs for every sector and set the hourly minimum wage at CHF 22 ($24.65) or (PPP-adjusted: $12.55).[227][228]

41.7[229][230]

2014

 Syria

9,765 to 14,760 Syrian pounds ($176–$266) per month, plus benefits, including compensation for meals, uniforms, and transportation.[79]

7003211200000000000♠2,112

7003285000000000000♠2,850

40

7000102000000000000♠1.02

7000137000000000000♠1.37

7001540000000000000♠54%

2013

 Taiwan

The minimum wage in Taiwan is NT$22,000 ($741.84 USD) per month; NT$140 ($4.7 USD) per hour.[231][232]

7003836600000000000♠8,366

7004182720000000000♠18,272

40

7000401999999999999♠4.02

7000878000000099999♠8.78

7001380000000000000♠38%

1 January 2018

 Tajikistan

250 Tajikistani somoni ($31) per month, plus certain government subsidies for workers and their families.[79][233]

7002351000000000000♠351

7003128800000000000♠1,288

40

6999170000000000000♠0.17

6999620000000000000♠0.62

7001432000000000000♠43.2%

1 September 2013

 Tanzania

Varies by sector from 40,000 Tanzanian shillings ($17) per month, to 400,000 shillings ($174) per month.[8][16]

7002215000000000000♠215

7002593000000000000♠593

45[234]

6998900000000000000♠0.09

6999250000000000000♠0.25

7001213000000000000♠21.3%

1 July 2013

 Thailand

Ranges from 300 Thai baht ($8) per day and up, depending on the cost of living in various provinces; set by provincial tripartite wage committees that sometimes include only employer representatives.[235][236][237]

7003275800000000000♠2,758

7003730100000000000♠7,301

48

7000110000000000000♠1.1

7000293000000000000♠2.93

7001432000000000000♠43.2%

1 January 2013

 Timor-Leste

US$115 per month.[8][238]

7003138000000000000♠1,380

7003212300000000000♠2,123

44

6999600000000000000♠0.6

6999930000000000000♠0.93

7001992000000000000♠99.2%

22 June 2012

 Togo

35,000 ($70) CFA francs per month.[8][16]

7002722000000000000♠722

7003179600000000000♠1,796

40

6999350000000000000♠0.35

6999860000000000000♠0.86

7002120500000000000♠120.5%

1 January 2012

 Tonga

None[8]

40

2013

 Trinidad and Tobago

TT$15.00 ($2.36) per hour.[239]

7003460200000000000♠4,602

7003550300000000000♠5,503

40

7000221000000000000♠2.21

7000265000000000000♠2.65

7001167000000000000♠16.7%

1 January 2015

 Tunisia

For the industrial sector: 340 Tunisian dinars ($140) per month for a 48-hour workweek and 290 dinars ($120) per month for a 40‑hour workweek; 9 dinars ($3.70) to 14 dinars ($5.7) per day for agricultural workers; supplemented with transportation and family allowances.[79]

7003103100000000000♠1,031

7003300700000000000♠3,007

48

6999410009999900000♠0.41

7000120000000000000♠1.2

7001259000000000000♠25.9%

2011

 Turkey

2029.50 Turkish lira per month (gross minimum wage). Net minimum wage after taxes is 1603.12 Turkish lira per month. Employer pays 2384.66 Turkish Lira per month including taxes and health insurance.[240]

7003667200000000000♠6,672

7004152210000000000♠15,221

45

7000285000000000000♠2.85

7000650000000000000♠6.5

7001603000000000000♠60.3%

1 January 2018

 Turkmenistan

535 Turkmenistani manat ($156) per month.[8][241]

7003183400000000000♠1,834

7003484200000000000♠4,842

40

6999880000000000000♠0.88

7000233000000000000♠2.33

7001287000000000000♠28.7%

1 January 2015

 Tuvalu

None; the minimum annual salary in the public sector was approximately A$3,000 to A$4,000 ($3,120 to $4,160).[8]

2013

 Uganda

6,000 Ugandan shillings ($1.7) per month.[8][16][37]

7001200000000000000♠20

7001600000000000000♠60

40

6998100000000000000♠0.01

6998300000000000000♠0.03

7000330000000000000♠3.3%

1 January 1984

 Ukraine

₴3723 (UAH) ($142.67) per month, 22.41 hryvnias ($0.86) per hour.[16][242]

7003168000000000000♠1,680

7003755900000000000♠7,559

40

6999810000000000000♠0.81

7000363000000000000♠3.63

7001914000000000000♠91.4%

1 January 2018

 United Arab Emirates

None.[8]

48

2013

 United Kingdom

£7.83 per hour ($11.03) for those aged 25+  £7.38 per hour ($10.39) for those aged 21–24, £5.90 per hour ($8.31) for those aged 18–20, £4.20 per hour ($5.92) for under 18, £3.70 per hour ($5.21) for apprentices aged 16 to 18 and those aged 19 or over who are in their first year.[243]

7004218130000000000♠21,813

7004212680000000000♠21,268

40

7001104900000000000♠10.49

7001102300000000000♠10.23

7001499000000000000♠49.9%

1 April 2018

 United States

The federal nationwide minimum wage in the United States is US$7.25 per hour.[244] States may also set a minimum, in which case the higher of the two is controlling; some territories are exempt and have lower rates.[245] The lowest minimum wage in the country is in Wyoming and Georgia state at $5.15 per hour.[246][247] Since January 1, 2017, Seattle, Washington, has the highest minimum wage in the United States at $15 an hour.[248]

7004150800000000000♠15,080

7004150800000000000♠15,080

40

7000725000000000000♠7.25

7000725000000000000♠7.25

7001262000000000000♠26.2%

24 July 2009

 Uruguay

10,000 Uruguayan pesos ($349) per month. 500 pesos ($17) per day. 50 pesos ($1.7) per hour.[8][249][250]

7003435100000000000♠4,351

7003532700000000000♠5,327

48

7000174000000000000♠1.74

7000213000000000000♠2.13

7001246000000000000♠24.6%

1 January 2015

 Uzbekistan

107,635 Uzbekistani som ($35) per month.[8][251]

7002503000000000000♠503

7003134800000000000♠1,348

40

6999240000000000000♠0.24

6999650000000000000♠0.65

7001207000000000000♠20.7%

1 September 2014

 Vanuatu

30,000 Vanuatu vatu ($323) per month, 170 vatu per hour.[8][252]

7003333100000000000♠3,331

7003304100000000000♠3,041

40

7000160000000000000♠1.6

7000146000000000000♠1.46

7001987000000000000♠98.7%

20 August 2012

 Venezuela

392,646.46 Venezuelan bolívares (BsF) per month, with a pension of 915,000 BsF.[253] 392,647 and 915,000 BsF BsF are $1.77 and $4.06 at the open market exchange rate, which the government considers illegal, or $10.70 and $24.95 at the individually inaccessible for the citizens government exchange rate of 36,677.00 (exchange rate known as SIMADI or DICOM).[254]

7001200000000000000♠20

7000300000000000000♠3

40

6998100000000000000♠0.01

5000000000000000000♠0

5000000000000000000♠0%

1 November 2017

 Vietnam

Varies by region; Region I: VND 3,980,000 per month; Region II: VND 3,530,000 per month; Region III: VND 3,090,000 per month and Region IV: VND 2,760,000 per month.[8][16]

7003152600000000000♠1,526

7003367600000000000♠3,676

40

6999730000000000000♠0.73

7000177000000000000♠1.77

7001584000000000000♠58.4%

1 January 2018

 Yemen

None; the minimum civil service wage was 21,000 rials ($100) per month.

48

2013

 Zambia

Varies by sector; 522,400 Zambian kwacha per month for domestic workers, K1,132,400 per month for shopkeepers, and between K1,132,400 and K2,101,039 for general workers' in categories one to five – which includes receptionists and clerks, among others (wages are inclusive transportation, lunch, and housing allowances).[255][256] Note that the references seem to refer to the old kwacha, which was replaced by the new kwacha in 2012 at the rate 1 new kwacha = 1000 old kwacha.

7002658000000000000♠658

7003167200000000000♠1,672

48

6999260000000000000♠0.26

6999670000000000000♠0.67

7001425000000000000♠42.5%

4 July 2012

 Zimbabwe

None, except for agricultural and domestic workers; government regulations for each of the 22 industrial sectors specify minimum wages. The minimum wage for all mine workers is currently pegged at $227 per month.[125]

2012


document_title: Nuclear membrane

question_text: when does the nuclear membrane form around chromosomes

root

text: Nuclear membrane

text: Outer membrane[edit]

text: The outer nuclear membrane also shares a common border with the endoplasmic reticulum.[6] While it is physically linked, the outer nuclear membrane contains proteins found in far higher concentrations than the endoplasmic reticulum.[7] All 4 Nesprin proteins present in mammals are expressed in the outer nuclear membrane.[8] Nesprin proteins connect cytoskeletal filaments to the nucleoskeleton.[9] Nesprin-mediated connections to the cytoskeleton contribute to nuclear positioning and to the cell’s mechanosensory function.[10] KASH-domain proteins of Nesprin-1 and -2 are part of a LINC complex (Linker of Nucleoskeleton and Cytoskeleton) and can bind directly to cystoskeletal components, such as actin filaments, or can bind to proteins in the luminal domain of the nuclear membrane.[11] Nesprin-3 and-4 may play a role in unloading enormous cargo; Nesprin-3 proteins bind plectin and link the nuclear envelope to cytoplasmic intermediate filaments.[12] Nesprin-4 proteins bind the plus end directed motor kinesin-1.[13] The outer nuclear membrane is also involved in development, as it fuses with the inner nuclear membrane to form nuclear pores.[14]

tag: p

text: Inner membrane[edit]

text: The inner nuclear membrane encloses the nucleoplasm, and is covered by the nuclear lamina, a mesh of intermediate filaments which stabilizes the nuclear membrane as well as being involved in chromatin function and entire expression.[7] It is connected to the outer membrane by nuclear pores which penetrate the membranes. While the two membranes and the endoplasmic reticulum are linked, proteins embedded in the membranes tend to stay put rather than dispersing across the continuum.[15] It is lined with a fiber network called as nuclear lamina which is 10-40 nm thick and provide strength.

text: Nuclear pores[edit]

text: The nuclear membrane is punctured by thousands of nuclear pore complexes—large hollow proteins about 100 nm across, with an inner channel about 40 nm wide.[7] They link the inner and outer nuclear membranes.

text: Cell division[edit]

text: During the G2 phase of interphase, the nuclear membrane increases its surface area and doubles its number of nuclear pore complexes.[7] In eukaryotes, such as yeast, which undergo closed mitosis, the nuclear membrane stays intact during cell division. The spindle fibers either form within the membrane, or penetrate it without tearing it apart.[7] In other eukaryotes (animals as well as plants), the nuclear membrane must break down during the prometaphase state of mitosis to allow the mitotic spindle fibers to access the chromosomes inside. The breakdown and reformation processes are not well understood.

text: Breakdown[edit]

text: In mammals, the nuclear membrane can break down within minutes, following a set of steps during the early stages of mitosis. First, M-Cdk's phosphorylate nucleoporin polypeptides and they are selectively removed from the nuclear pore complexes. After that, the rest of the nuclear pore complexes break apart simultaneously. Biochemical evidence suggests that the nuclear pore complexes disassemble into stable pieces rather than disintegrating into small polypeptide fragments.[7] M-Cdk's also phosphorylate elements of the nuclear lamina (the framework that supports the envelope) leading to the dis-assembly of the lamina and hence the envelope membranes into small vesicles.[16] Electron and fluorescence microscopy has given strong evidence that the nuclear membrane is absorbed by the endoplasmic reticulum—nuclear proteins not normally found in the endoplasmic reticulum show up during mitosis.[7]

text: Reformation[edit]

text: Exactly how the nuclear membrane reforms during telophase of mitosis is debated. Two theories exist[7]—

text:
Vesicle fusion—where vesicles of nuclear membrane fuse together to rebuild the nuclear membrane
Reshaping of the endoplasmic reticulum—where the parts of the endoplasmic reticulum containing the absorbed nuclear membrane envelop the nuclear space, reforming a closed membrane.

tag: ul

text: Origin of the nuclear membrane[edit]

text: A study of the comparative genomics, evolution and origins of the nuclear membrane led to the proposal that the nucleus emerged in the primitive eukaryotic ancestor (the “prekaryote”), and was triggered by the archaeo-bacterial symbiosis.[17] Several ideas have been proposed for the evolutionary origin of the nuclear membrane.[18] These ideas include the invagination of the plasma membrane in a prokaryote ancestor, or the formation of a genuine new membrane system following the establishment of proto-mitochondria in the archael host. The adaptive function of the nuclear membrane may have been to serve as a barrier to protect the genome from reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by the cells' pre-mitochondria.[19][20]

text: Membrane rupture during interphase[edit]

text: In addition to the breakdown of the nuclear nuclear membrane during the prometaphase stage of mitosis, the nuclear membrane also ruptures in migrating mammalian cells during the interphase stage of the cell cycle.[21] This transient rupture is likely caused by nuclear deformation. The rupture is rapidly repaired by a process dependent on “endosomal sorting complexes required for transport” (ESCRT).[21] During nuclear membrane rupture events, DNA double-strand breaks occur. Thus the survival of cells migrating through confined environments appears to depend on efficient nuclear envelope and DNA repair machineries.

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ Less used names include nucleolemma[2] and karyotheca.[3]

tag: ol


document_title: List of largest employers

question_text: company having highest number of employees in india

text: List of largest employers

text: Companies and militaries[edit]

text: Non-corporate employers are included in this lists:

text:
Employees

Employer
2015[1]
2010[2][3]
Headquarters

United States Department of Defense

3.2 million

United States

People's Liberation Army

2.3 million

China

Walmart

2.1 million

United States

McDonald's[note 1]
1.9 million
1.7 million
United States

National Health Service
1.7 million
1.4 million
United Kingdom

China National Petroleum Corporation
1.6 million
1.7 million
China

State Grid Corporation of China
1.5 million
1.6 million
China

Indian Railways

1.4 million

India

Indian Armed Forces

1.3 million

India

Hon Hai Precision Industry (Foxconn)
1.3 million
0.8 million
Taiwan[4]

tag: table

text: Largest private and semiprivate employers[edit]

text: The rankings below are the ten private-sector companies providing the most jobs worldwide, according to the 2017 list compiled by Fortune magazine.[5]

text:
Public and semipublic companies with the most employees in the world

Rank
Employer
Country
Employees

1
Walmart
 United States
2,300,000

5
China National Petroleum
 China
1,512,048

6
China Post Group
 China
941,211

6
State Grid
 China
926,067

5
Hon Hai Precision Industry
 Taiwan
726,772

6
Sinopec Group
 China
713,288

7
Volkswagen
 Germany
626,715

8
United States Postal Service
 United States
574,349

9
Compass Group
 United Kingdom
527,180

10
Agricultural Bank of China
 China
501,368

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ including franchise employees


document_title: Howard Stark

question_text: howard stark is the father of what superhero

text: Howard Stark

text: Publication history[edit]

text: The character was created by me Archie Goodwin and designed by artist Don Heck. He made his first appearance in Iron Man #28 (August 1, 1970).[2]

text: Described as a brilliant scientist and ruthless businessman, Howard worked alongside his father on various projects, and later founded Stark Industries. Howard was an inventive mechanical engineering prodigy, constantly creating new technology and looking for ways to improve it. He designed and built weaponry and devices that have revolutionized the industrial world, such as various technologies used by S.H.I.E.L.D. and its allies. Howard later had a wife and they had their child Tony. Howard's relationship with Tony was a difficult one, however, with Howard rarely expressing affection for the boy. Howard's one major weakness was his severe case of alcoholism, a problem Tony himself would inherit. In the comics, Howard and his wife died in a car crash, as the result of faulty brakes arranged by either business competitors Republic Oil & Gas or by the V-Battalion. Howard's death inspired his son to take both business and engineering seriously as Iron Man.[3]

text: Fictional character biography[edit]

text: The son of Howard Stark, Sr., Howard was born in Richford, New York. An avid and brilliant inventor from a young age, he was a brilliant scientist throughout his life. He and his father worked on various projects, and later founded Stark Industries. Throughout his young adulthood, Stark worked on various government projects dating back to the World War I and World War II era, like the World War I Captain America project with John Crowe Ransom, which came to completion during World War II; the World War II Manhattan Project; and the Arsenal robots, hidden in a subbasement in his mansion. During the 1950s, Stark was an agent of the secret science organization known as The Shield, partnered with Nathaniel Richards.[4]

text: Stark married Maria Collins Carbonell and together they had a son named Anthony "Tony" Stark. He constantly pushed Tony to be the best, telling him that someone must have "iron in their backbone" to be successful. Behind his heroic facade, however, he was an alcoholic who had a strained relationship with his son. Howard was capable of devotion and respect towards machines, but he appeared to have little to no interest towards his son. Due to his power as a businessman, Howard was offered membership to the exclusive Hellfire Club, but Stark seemed uninterested in anything other than the lavish parties the club threw. It is believed Howard was also a member of the V-Battalion. He was targeted by the Red Skull (Johann Schmidt), and is rumored to have met the Watcher, Uatu. Stark also prevented Obadiah Stane from taking control of Stark Industries at least once.[volume & issue needed]

text: On the Ides of March, Howard and Maria were killed in a car accident. It has been hinted that the incident was not random and possibly arranged by the V-Battalion, but this has never been confirmed; earlier indications were that the accident was caused by Republic Oil, but this is also unconfirmed.[5] Tony ran his father's company, started a charity in his mother's name, and later became Iron Man.[6]

text: When Iron Man was briefly trapped in Hell by Doctor Doom,[7] Iron Man faced what appeared to be Howard as one of Mephisto's torments. The spirit "wore" a demonic version of Iron Man's armor and taunted Iron Man about emotional weaknesses. Iron Man rejected the spirit's reality when it claimed that Iron Man had been a disappointment to his mother as well as whatever problems there were with his father, Iron Man knew of being loved by Maria unconditionally.[8]

text: During the Original Sin storyline, a flashback revealed that Howard first met Nick Fury following the death of Woody McCord during the fight against the Tribellians. Howard decided to show Fury the work McCord had been doing as defender of Earth, neutralizing any potential threat for the planet, and offered him Woody's job. Fury accepted and over the next years would secretly fight different superhuman threats from aliens to Subterranean monsters and extra-dimensional beings, and those had been the corpses the different parties had found.[9]

text: Other versions[edit]

text: House of M[edit]

text: In the alternate reality seen in the 2005 "House of M" storyline, Howard Stark was alive while Maria Stark's status is unknown. Howard turned over control of the company to Tony Stark when his son turned sixteen. Although officially listed as retired, he worked with Tony to build an armor capable of taking on the Sentinels and powerful mutants during the conflict.[10]

text: Howard and Tony began to work on Sentinels with Forge and Henry McCoy after being awarded them an exclusive contract. They planned to incorporate a "Vision Project", although there were problems with the control scheme. The two also competed on the wildly popular 'Sapien Deathmatch' television show.[10]

text: When Tony investigated a resistance group as Iron Man, Sentinels attacked. One, remotely controlled by Howard, scolded Tony for getting involved. Howard was secretly plotting against Magneto with Hank Pym.[11]

text: "Genome bomb" locations were discovered by Tony as Iron Man and the House was notified. Howard had programmed the Visions and Sentinels to serve him. He said this had all been part of a plan to make the mutants respect Tony for saving them. Tony would then use that as a chance to directly strike against Magneto. Tony refused to go along. Magneto suddenly appeared and personally dealt with Howard, killing him.[12]

text: Ultimate Marvel[edit]

text: The Ultimate Marvel version of Howard Stark is shown dealing with his second wife Maria Cerrera suffering a genetic accident while the brilliant scientist was pregnant. After Maria died during childbirth, Howard uses a newly invented biological armor to save the life of their son Antonio "Tony" Stark. A few years later, his business rival Zebediah Stane kidnaps and tortures Tony to attempt to learn how to manufacture the bio-armor for his own personal gain. Not long afterwards, Howard arrives with a SWAT team and arrests Zebediah. After the incident, a transparent version of the armor is developed, and Tony begins attending a prep school. This leads to Tony developing a prototype power-armor and befriending fellow student James Rhodes.[13] After finding out that bullies were ordered from an unknown individual to kill Tony, Howard decides to enroll his son Tony, Rhodes, and Nifara into the Baxter Building, where Obadiah Stane (Zebediah Stane's son) was also enrolled. Shortly after their arrival, Tony and Howard witness Obadiah murdering a pair of students and make it look like an accident. Howard sees Tony make his first Iron Man armor with the intent to punish Obadiah.[13] Sometime later, Howard was arrested based on planted evidence (by Obadiah) for Zebediah's murder. While the elder Stark was wrongly imprisoned for Zebediah's murder, his teenage son is forced to run Stark Enterprises. When Obadiah drugs a prison guard with a "hypnotizing bio-drug", the guard tries to kill Howard but fails. Howard is shot in the process and ends up in ICU.[14] While his son Tony is trying to fix all of his current problems, Howard recovered enough to go to prison, but the guards sent to escort him were not sent by the Police Department. Howard fights them off and escapes. Tony meets with him and thinks Loni (Howard's first wife and Obadiah's mother) is the mastermind behind the scenes trying to kill them all. Tony, Rhodes, Nifara, Howard, and Obadiah set off to Utah to find Loni. They arrive and their chopper explodes injuring Rhodes. Obadiah falls off a cliff, but Tony catches him as terrorists arrive on the scene. Tony flees, but follows them as they take Obadiah to Loni Stark and their hideout. Tony breaks into the compound and Loni floods it with poison gas trying to kill him, abandoning Obadiah. Tony saves Obadiah, but Howard and Nifara are taken captive by Loni. After Loni kills Nifara, she confesses to Howard that all she ever wanted was power, hence why she married Howard, divorced him, remarried with Zebediah, had Obadiah, and later had Zebediah killed.[15] Tony shows up, and Loni shoots Howard in the chest, threatening to shoot him again if he doesn't take the suit off. Tony takes off his Iron Man armor, and Loni shoots him in the head, not knowing that his entire body is a brain and will heal itself. Tony fights Loni, beats her, and tends to his father. Obadiah, mad that his mom abandoned him for dead with the poison gas, enters the room and kills her. Tony, Obadiah and Howard are all picked up by the feds and go home.[16] This version depicted in the Ultimate Iron Man series have been retconned as an in-universe fictional TV show about Iron Man's life.[17]

text: The real history for the Ultimate version of Howard Stark is told in Ultimate Comics: Iron Man. In addition to being Gregory Stark's father, he is the founder of Stark Enterprises, but sought help from Chinese conglomerate Mandarin International. While his son Tony Stark is trying to start a company of his own along with girlfriend Josie Gardner, Howard continually tries to persuade Tony to take his place as the CEO which his son eventually does after Josie's death.[18]

text: Marvel Noir[edit]

text: In the Marvel Noir miniseries Iron Man Noir, set in the 1930s, Howard Stark is believed to have been killed by Nazi agents. It is eventually revealed that he was subjected to chemical brainwashing by the Nazis and became that reality's version of Baron Zemo. Under this guise, he builds war machines for the Nazis based on original designs he shared with Tony at a very young age. He dies when Iron Man destroys Baron von Strucker's airship.[19]

text: In other media[edit]

text: Television[edit]

text:
Howard Walter Stark appeared in the 1990s Iron Man animated series, voiced by Neil Ross (in "The Origin of Iron Man" [Pt. 1]) and by Peter Renaday (in "Not Far From The Tree"). In “The Origin of Iron Man”, Howard died in a hospital after a plane explosion, though it is implied he was actually assassinated by Justin Hammer. In “Not Far From the Tree”, someone who appears to be Howard is rescued from A.I.M.. Howard reveals to Tony Stark that he had been traded by Nick Fury for a S.H.I.E.L.D. agent with A.I.M. However, Fury reveals that Howard had been captured by A.I.M. for a mind-reading experiment and was later killed. The man that had been rescued was a clone, created with Howard’s memories as part of a plan for A.I.M. to take over Stark Industries, and the clone escapes capture and vows to return.
Howard Stark appears in Iron Man: Armored Adventures, voiced by Fred Henderson. In the series, Howard is supposedly killed in the airplane crash but was eventually revealed to have been abducted by the Mandarin because his company had uncovered what they supposed to be a Chinese temple on American soil, which turned out to be a tomb for one of the Mandarin's Makluan Rings; Stark was supposed to help the Mandarin in recovering the other nine rings from across the world. Near the end of the series, Stark is found and freed by his son whom he knows to be Iron Man, and proves instrumental in thwarting the Makluan invasion of Earth and reforming the Mandarin.[20]
Howard Stark is mentioned in The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes. In the episode "Living Legend", Captain America mentioned to Iron Man knowing Howard back in World War II.
Howard Stark appears briefly in a magazine cover along with Tony Stark and Obadiah Stane in the introduction sequence of Marvel Anime: Iron Man.
Howard Stark is featured in the Avengers Assemble animated series, voiced by Stephen Collins (in "Thanos Rising"),[21] and by Charlie Schlatter (in "New Year's Resolution").[22] This version is Arsenal's creator and Peggy Carter's acquaintance. In the episode "Thanos Rising", he is seen in Arsenal's hologram transmission for Tony Stark which Steve Rogers also sees. Howard states that Arsenal can absorb anything into an alternate dimension with a chance to self-destruct. Of course some of Stark's hologram messages have corrupted over the time. In the episode "New Year's Resolution", Howard and Peggy had just finished apprehending Doctor Faustus in 1949 on New Year's Eve when they are attacked by robots posing as Hydra agents which bring them to the present. Kang the Conqueror wants to eliminate Stark so that neither Iron Man nor Arno Stark would exist. During the confrontation, Howard uses one of his son's armors to fight Kang. Captain America and Iron Man defeat Kang and help send Howard and Peggy (as well as Faustus) back to 1949.
Dominic Cooper portrays Howard Stark in Agent Carter.[23][24] In season one, he enlists Peggy Carter to help him find out who has been framing him for selling weapons on the black market while he goes incognito. Howard even enlists his butler Edwin Jarvis to help in Peggy's mission; Peggy and Edwin discover that the culprits are the mysterious Leviathan organization.[25] Unbeknownst to Peggy, Jarvis has been secretly keeping Stark posted on the happenings in the mission.[26] In season two, Stark helps Carter when it comes to the Zero Matter threat.[27] It's also revealed that he was an old acquaintance of Joseph Manfredi.[28]

text: Film[edit]

text:
Howard Stark appears in the 2007 animated direct-to-video film The Invincible Iron Man, voiced by John McCook.
In Iron Man: Rise of Technovore, Iron Man named a satellite after his father called the Howard Satellite.

text:
Howard Stark is shown in the live-action Marvel Cinematic Universe movie series produced by Marvel Studios, portrayed by Dominic Cooper and John Slattery.

Gerard Sanders portrayed the character in a brief memorial slideshow presentation in the beginning of the 2008 film Iron Man where he is an acquaintance of Obadiah Stane.
Slattery first portrayed the character in the 2010 film Iron Man 2 where it is revealed that he is one of S.H.I.E.L.D.'s co-founders. Having placed a message for Tony Stark in a film reel, Howard gives Tony closure in their strained relationship while providing his son a diorama of the 1974 Stark Expo to perfect the Arc Reactor which he and Anton Vanko started.
Cooper first portrayed a younger iteration in the 2011 film Captain America: The First Avenger that aided in the Super Soldier Project and then the Strategic Scientific Reserve. His contributions include providing Steve Rogers with both a costume and shield. After the Hydra battleship that Rogers raided crashed in the ocean, Stark made attempts to find Rogers before his expeditions led to the Tesseract.
Cooper reprises his role in Marvel One-Shot film Agent Carter, where Peggy Carter helps Stark during S.H.I.E.L.D.'s formation.[29]
A still photograph of Cooper appears in the 2014 film Captain America: The Winter Soldier.[30]
Slattery reprised his role in the 2015 film Ant-Man. In a flashback in the late-1980s, he witnesses Hank Pym's resignation from S.H.I.E.L.D. after the discovery of them trying to replicate the Pym Particles without consent. While objecting to Pym's actions, Stark felt that Mitchell Carson did deserve Hank's punch following Mitchell's inappropriate comment about Janet van Dyne.[31]
Slattery again reprised the role in the 2016 film Captain America: Civil War. On December 16, 1991, the car crash said to be the cause of the deaths of Howard and Maria Stark was caused by the Winter Soldier while under Hydra's control, causing the Starks' car to crash and then killing the Starks after they survived the initial impact.

text: Video games[edit]

text:
Howard Stark is featured in Captain America: Super Soldier, voiced by Liam O'Brien.
Howard Stark appears in Lego Marvel Super Heroes.