document_title: When Calls the Heart

question_text: who plays charles on when calls the heart

text: When Calls the Heart

text: Plot[edit]

text: When Calls the Heart tells the story of Elizabeth Thatcher (Erin Krakow), a young teacher accustomed to her high-society life. She receives her first classroom assignment in Coal Valley, a small coal-mining town in Western Canada which is located just south of Robb, Alberta. There, life is simple—but often fraught with challenges. Elizabeth charms most everyone in Coal Valley, except Royal North West Mounted Police Constable Jack Thornton (Daniel Lissing). He believes Thatcher’s wealthy father has doomed the lawman's career by insisting he be assigned in town to protect the shipping magnate’s daughter. The town of Coal Valley was renamed Hope Valley in Episode 2, Season 2 after the coal mine was closed.

text: Living in this 1910 coal town, Elizabeth must learn the ways of the Canadian frontier movement if she wishes to thrive in the rural west on her own. Lori Loughlin portrays Abigail Stanton, whose husband, the foreman of the mine, and her only son—along with 45 other miners—have recently been killed in an explosion, which turns out to have been a tragic accident waiting to happen—a result of the mining-company site manager's irresponsible management and lack of due care in his management of the mine. The newly widowed women find their faith tested when they must go to work in the mine to keep a roof over their heads, food on the table, and compile a wage for the town's teacher.[9]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired112January 11, 2014 (2014-01-11)March 29, 2014 (2014-03-29)27April 25, 2015 (2015-04-25)June 13, 2015 (2015-06-13)New Year's WishDecember 26, 2015 (2015-12-26)38February 21, 2016 (2016-02-21)April 10, 2016 (2016-04-10)ChristmasDecember 25, 2016 (2016-12-25)410February 19, 2017 (2017-02-19)April 23, 2017 (2017-04-23)The Christmas Wishing TreeDecember 25, 2017 (2017-12-25)510February 18, 2018 (2018-02-18)April 22, 2018 (2018-04-22)

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Erin Krakow as Elizabeth Thatcher Thornton
Daniel Lissing as Jack Thornton (Seasons 1-5)
Lori Loughlin as Abigail Stanton
Jack Wagner as Bill Avery
Martin Cummins as Henry Gowen
Pascale Hutton as Rosemary LeVeaux Coulter
Kavan Smith as Leland Coulter

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Paul Greene as Carson Shepherd
Gracyn Shinyei as Emily Montgomery
Loretta Walsh as Florence Blakeley
Erica Carroll as Dottie Ramsey
Mark Humphrey as Frank Hogan
Johannah Newmarch as Molly Sullivan
Mitchell Kummen as Gabe Montgomery
Logan Williams as Miles Montgomery
Ben Rosenbaum as Mike Hickam
Carter Ryan Evancic as Cody Hastings
Chelah Horsdal as Cat Montgomery
Steve Bacic as Charles Spurlock
Kristina Wagner as Nora Avery
Aren Buchholz as Jesse Flynn
Charlotte Hegele as Julie Thatcher
Andrea Brooks as Faith Carter
Eva Bourne as Clara Stanton
Ava Grace Cooper as Opal
Max Lloyd-Jones as Tom Thornton
Brooke Shields as Charlotte Thornton
Devon Weigel as Viola Thatcher
Marcus Rosner as Charles Kensington
Mamie Laverock as Rosaleen Sullivan
Adrian Hough as Reverend Anderson
Lynda Boyd as Grace Thatcher
Will Verchere-Gopaulsingh as Caleb Dunbar
Ali Skovbye as Becky Hastings
Garwin Sanford as William Thatcher
Laura Bertram as Mary Dunbar
Derek Hamilton as Dewitt Graves
Niall Matter as Shane Cantrell (season 4)
Spencer Drever as Cyrus Rivera (season 4)
Josie Bissett as AJ Foster

text: Characters[edit]

text: This section may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience. Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia's inclusion policy. (April 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Elizabeth Thatcher Thornton is an independent, strong-minded, passionate and dedicated young teacher from the city. The middle daughter of William and Grace Thatcher, Elizabeth has two sisters, older sister Viola and younger sister Julie.  Elizabeth finds herself in Coal Valley, a small community on the Canadian frontier in need of a teacher, and quickly discovers it is not an easy place to live, lacking the creature comforts and luxuries of her privileged life with her family. She soon meets the newly appointed and charismatic Mountie Jack Thornton and develops an immediate dislike for him. However, over time they become good friends, and develop an obvious attraction to one another. In the final episode of season 1, "Prelude to a Kiss" (also titled as "Final Adieu"), after overcoming many obstacles throughout the season, Jack tells Elizabeth "You're the one, you're the only one" and they share a kiss. Throughout season 2, Elizabeth's feelings for Jack are high at times as well as low. Finally, in the season 2 finale, she admits that his job as a Mountie scares her. After being comforted both admitting that they love each other, Jack and Elizabeth kiss.
Jack Thornton is a laid back country boy. Jack is the son of Mountie Thomas Thornton and his wife Charlotte Thornton. Jack has a younger brother, Tom (named after his father). As a Mountie and a man of stout character and integrity, he often finds himself protecting and saving people. In season 1's "A Telling Silence," Jack finds a basset hound whom he names Rip (after Rip Van Winkle) and takes home with him. A source of comfort and companion in the small town, Jack often goes to Rip when times in his life are difficult. In season 2's "With All My Heart," Rip, who's afraid of thunder, hides in the mine shafts during a storm. Jack and Elizabeth search for him; in their search, their relationship grows stronger. Upon his first meeting of Elizabeth, Jack developed an instant dislike and it appeared she irritated him. However, he grew to like and then fall madly and completely in love with her over time. In "Rules of Engagement" (S.1), it is revealed that Jack was briefly engaged to Rosemary LeVeaux when she comes looking for him. However, they have both changed and realize that they cannot have a relationship as they once did ever again. In "Prelude to a Kiss" (S.1), Jack found out that Elizabeth may be leaving Coal Valley. Taking her on a walk and giving her a framed picture of them that he had sketched, he asks her not to leave Coal Valley and tells her, "You're the one, you're the only one." She replied that she was "not going anywhere", Coal Valley was where she belonged before they share a kiss. In season 2, Elizabeth and Jack share a hot-and-cold relationship until the finale, "With All My Heart." They both admit that they love each other and share another kiss. Jack's brother, Tom, is introduced season 2's "Trials of the Heart," and their rocky relationship continues until "Coming Together, Coming Apart." Jack gently reminds his younger brother how their father was so proud of him, but he wouldn't be proud of the way he was currently living. Both in tears, Jack tells his younger brother that he believes in him and that he can turn his life around. More recently, Jack has become good friends with the sawmill operator, Lee Coulter. In season 3, Jack begins the new year knowing that Elizabeth only has eyes for him and that her relationship with Charles is over for good. In "Hearts In Question," Jack's mother Charlotte shows up unexpectedly. She meets Elizabeth and is suspicious of her, but through staying her sees Elizabeth for who she really is: a trustworthy, dedicated teacher. In the season finale, "Prayers From The Heart," Jack is injured in a flood. But he miraculously recovers in time to serve as Lee's best man at his wedding.
Abigail Stanton is a Coal Valley woman who tragically lost her husband and son in the mining accident. Abigail is a very kind woman, and she stands strongly for the things she believes in. She is one of the first women to welcome Elizabeth and the two women quickly become friends.  When Elizabeth accidentally burns down the little teacherage, Abigail gladly welcomes her into her home to live. After being complimented on her cooking, Abigail decides to open a cafe in Coal Valley. Together, Abigail and Elizabeth move into the rooms above the cafe. At the end of season 1, Abigail enjoys the company of Bill Avery, a Mountie, serving as a Forensic Investigator and friend of Jack Thornton's. In season 2, Abigail takes in her daughter-in-law, Clara, the wife of her late son Peter whom Abigail sees as the daughter she never had. With Bill's past being revealed, Abigail ends their friendship and spends more time with the new pastor, Frank Hogan.  Also, she is a strong independent woman that is set on doing the things that are right and tries to help Elizabeth.
Bill Avery is a mysterious, quiet man. He first appears in season 1's "Rules of Engagement," in order to help Jack expose Mr. Gowen's wrongdoings. Bill is immediately attracted to widow Abigail Stanton. Things are going well until Abigail discovers a picture of Bill's family and his wedding ring. He later tells her that his son died, as well as his wife. However, his wife, Nora, comes to confront him in season 2's "Heart's Desire."
Henry Gowen is a cold, cynical man who formerly owned the coal mine. After the mine was shut down, Henry became the mayor of Hope Valley and still creates a cold, cynical presence whenever people are around him. Henry is highly disliked and feared in the town. He frequently uses bribery to get what he wants, which is never for the good of the town.
Rosemary "Rosie" LeVeaux Coulter is a flamboyant, enthusiastic actress from New York. She was briefly engaged to Jack Thornton, but they both realized that it wouldn't work out. Rosie immediately disliked Elizabeth and viewed her as "the competition," but eventually came to really care about Elizabeth, even if she has a hard time showing it. At the beginning of season 2, Rosemary began working at the cafe with Abigail and the two quickly became friends. Spending time with Abigail helped tone down some of Rosemary's enthusiasm and made her a more likable person. Rosemary even came to like Elizabeth, even if only on an acquaintance level. Truthfully, she cares about everyone in Hope Valley, especially Lee, with whom she shares an mutual attraction. When Rosie is not spending time with Lee, talking to Abigail, or dreaming about the glamorous life of an actress, she can often be found somewhere writing her weekly advice column for Hope Valley's newspaper! In season 3, Rosemary's friendship with Elizabeth deepened. Instead of viewing her as an adversary, she finds a friend in Elizabeth. Throughout season 3, Rosemary's relationship with Lee becomes more romantic. In "Heart Of A Hero," seeing that Lee needs to spend more time at the sawmill to help the new settlers find jobs, Rosemary tells Lee that the theatre doesn't have to be built. He insists, but she says how important his job is. He smiles and tells her he will one day build her theatre, telling her that she is "the best part of his life." The couple shares in their first kiss. In "A Gentle Heart," Lee is injured. Thinking he is asleep, Rosemary pours out her heart to him, telling how much she loves him. In "Heartbreak," Rosemary is offered a job in Hollywood filming. This has always been Rosemary's dream, to be an actress. Lee unselfishly tells her to do whatever she feels best, but it is obvious that the thought of her leaving Hope Valley hurts him. Rosemary considers her options and realizes that her place is in Hope Valley, with Lee. Lee then tells her that he has another "role" that he thinks would be perfect for her and proposes marriage. She happily accepts. In "Hearts In Question," Rosemary enthusiastically plans for their wedding. The couple weds in the season 3 finale "Prayers From The Heart," with Elizabeth and Abigail as her maids of honor.
Leland "Lee" Coulter is a kind, laidback, patient man who opens a sawmill in Hope Valley. When timber becomes Coal Valley's major source of natural resources, the town is renamed Hope Valley.  He shares a mutual attraction to Rosemary and proves to be one of the few people who can outwit her.  When she declines his romantic intentions, Lee recruits his friend, Molly Sullivan, to make Rosemary jealous; the ploy succeeds and Rosemary accepts his suit, appreciating Lee's good qualities.  Despite her dramatic and occasionally prickly personality, Lee's compassion and patience never fails with her.  With Rosemary's help, Lee beat Mr. Gowen at his own game in "Heart and Home."  When not at work, Lee enjoys being with friends, including Jack Thornton, who shares Lee's simple and laidback outlook, allowing the men to discuss their lives and exchange romantic advice. In season 3, Lee's mill is unfortunately sabotaged by a man inside. Through Bill and Jack's investigation, they find the culprit. In season 3's "Heart Of A Hero," Rosemary unselfishly gives up the theatre that Lee promised to build her. Lee promises that one day, he will build her the theatre at a time when he isn't so involved with the sawmill and finding people jobs. In "A Gentle Heart," Lee is injured. Thinking Lee is asleep, Rosemary pours out her heart to Lee, telling him how afraid she was when she heard he had been injured. He however hears each and every word. She told him how much she loves him and to never leave her. In the episode "Heartbreak," Lee thinks Rosemary may leave Hope Valley when she is offered a movie job in Hollywood. When she gives up the movie, seeing her future in Hope Valley with him, he asks her to marry him. The couple weds in the season 3 finale, "Prayers From The Heart." Jack serves the role of Lee's best man.
Julie Thatcher is Elizabeth's hopeless romantic younger sister. She often gets herself into sticky situations by falling head over heels for men who aren't quite what they seem. In season 2 she gets involved with Jack's brother Tom, which causes trouble with her family and for Jack and Elizabeth's relationship.
Cat Montgomery is a kind, encouraging woman in Coal Valley. She is a widow and mother of three: Gabe, Miles, and Emily. Cat was one of the first mothers to show kindness to Elizabeth when she first came. She desperately wants her children to remember the good memories of their father as seen by her self-sacrificing acts in "Secrets and Lies."  Possessing a great sense of teamwork and encouragement, Cat supports the women of Coal Valley while working in the mines in "Cease and Desist." She is good friends with Elizabeth and Abigail. In "These Games," she also helps Jack catch a thief.
Florence Blakeley is a feisty gossip in Hope Valley. She often has a pessimistic perspective and always seems to find the negative, even in a very positive situation. In "Heart and Home," Abigail told Florence what she really thought about her, which causes Florence to rein in her negativity somewhat, though she remains fairly outspoken.  While not always likable, Florence adds spice to life in Hope Valley.
Molly Sullivan is a friend of Lee Coulter and Elizabeth Thatcher. Molly's husband was killed in the mine disaster. She has a daughter Rosaleen. In season 1's "A Telling Silence," Rosaleen has trouble in school because she misses her father so much. When she runs away, Elizabeth finds her in the mine, feeling guilty that she didn't bring her father his lunch the day of the disaster because she wanted to play with a friend instead. She fears her mother will blame her, but Elizabeth convinces her that Molly will "say that she loves her more than life itself." Molly is reunited with her daughter, to the joy of the town's people. In season 2's "With All My Heart," Lee feels it's time to "play hard to get" with Rosemary, so he enlists help from Molly. She pretends to be interested in him romantically. This ploy works and Rosemary admits that she does in fact like him. Molly is a kind woman and was among the first to welcome Elizabeth to town.
Clara Stanton is the wife of Abigail's late son Peter, and is a sweet, quiet, and sensitive young woman.  Abigail never knew she had a daughter-in-law until season 2's "Trials of the Heart;" with Peter having married Clara only three days before he was killed. In "Heart's Desire," Abigail invites Clara to come live with her in Hope Valley, an offer that Clara accepts.
Charles Kensington III is an old friend of Elizabeth with whom she reconnects while in Hamilton. He is interested in her, though her feelings for Jack get in the way of their relationship.

text: Production[edit]

text: The series, originally planned to be filmed in Colorado, is filmed south of Vancouver, British Columbia, on a farm surrounded by vineyards. The fictional frontier town of Coal Valley was erected in late 2013. Some of the set trimmings and a stage coach came from the Hell on Wheels set.[10] The Thatcher home is the University Women's Club of Vancouver.[11]

text: The series was renewed for a second season,[12] which aired from April 25 to June 13, 2015. Hallmark Channel announced in July 2015 that the series had been renewed for a third season, which aired from February 21 to April 10, 2016,[13] with a sneak peek airing during the 2015 Christmas season.[14]

text: In mid-2016, it was announced that Season 4 would premiere on the Hallmark Channel Christmas Day with a two-hour special. On April 11, 2016, Lissing and Krakow announced via the series' Facebook page that Hallmark Channel had renewed the series for a fourth season, which aired from February 19 to April 23, 2017.[15][16]

text: Filming for season five began in Vancouver on August 22, 2017, and ended on December 21, 2017.[17][18]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: The first season of the series was subsequently picked up by CBC Television for rebroadcast as a summer series in 2015.[19] The network has since aired all five seasons.[20][21] The series became available internationally on Netflix in August 2017.


document_title: Greenhouse Academy

question_text: when does the second season of greenhouse academy

root

text: Greenhouse Academy

text: Plot[edit]

text: Eight months after losing their astronaut mother in a rocket explosion, a brother and a sister enroll at a private boarding school for gifted future leaders. Separately, they join two competing houses within the school and become rivals. Soon, mysterious events draw kids from both competing houses into a secret investigation. The kids uncover a deadly plot to destroy the planet. Only by joining forces and working together, will they be able to save the world.

tag: p

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Ariel Mortman[1] as Hayley Woods
Finn Roberts[1] as Alex Woods
Chris O'Neal[1] as Daniel Hayward
Dallas Hart[1] as Leo Cruz
Cinthya Carmona[1] as Sophie Cardona
Grace Van Dien[1] as Brooke Osmond
Benjamin Papac[1] as Max Miller
Jessica Amlee[1] as Jackie Sanders[4]
BJ Mitchell[1] as Parker Grant
Aviv Buchler as Emma Geller
Ishai Golan[1] as Carter Woods
Selina Giles as Ryan Woods
Yiftach Mizrahi as Jason Osmond
Nitsan Levartovsky as Suzanne McGill
Parker Stevenson[1] as Louis Osmond
Nadine Ellis[1] as Judy Hayward
Yuval Yanai as Eric Simmons
Reina Hardesty[1] as Aspen Fairchild

tag: ul

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Efrat Dor as Michelle Wallace
Natalie Berkowitz as Meredith
Dean Gerber as Owen
Jake Miller as Seth
Stephanie Troyak as Tammy
Amit Yagur[5] as Becca
Zvika Fohrman as Coach Davies
Jonathan Miller as Kyle
Maayan Bloom as Marcus
Errol Trotman Harewood as David Diggs
Iftach Ophir as Perry FBI Agent
Aaron Kaplan as Brandon Thomas

text: Production[edit]

text: Greenhouse Academy is a Netflix original series based on the Israeli tween-drama The Greenhouse (Ha-Hamama), which ran on Nickelodeon Israel.[6] Both versions were created by Giora Chamizer and produced by Nutz Productions, a subsidiary of Ananey Communications.[7] Two seasons consisting of a total of 24 episodes were produced. The series was filmed in summer 2016 in Tel Aviv and at other locations in Israel.[8] The first season was released on Netflix on September 8, 2017.[3] Season 2 is scheduled to be released in March 2018.[9]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date

1
"Pilot"
Roee Florentin
Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo
September 8, 2017 (2017-09-08)

Guest starring: Tamir Ginsburg as Tyler Shaw, Dan Mor as Sergeant Archer

2
"The Opening Challenge"
Roee Florentin
Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo
September 8, 2017 (2017-09-08)

3
"Breaking and Entering"
Roee Florentin
Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo
September 8, 2017 (2017-09-08)

4
"Private Screening"
Roee Florentin
Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo
September 8, 2017 (2017-09-08)

5
"Black Smoke"
Roee Florentin
Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo
September 8, 2017 (2017-09-08)

Guest starring: Dor Zweigenbaum as Dr. Schwartz

6
"Captain Material"
Roee Florentin
Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo
September 8, 2017 (2017-09-08)

7
"Swimming Lessons"
Roee Florentin
Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo
September 8, 2017 (2017-09-08)

8
"The Outsider"
Roee Florentin
Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo
September 8, 2017 (2017-09-08)

Guest starring: Omri Doron as JPL Security Guard

9
"Steph"
Roee Florentin
Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo
September 8, 2017 (2017-09-08)

Guest starring: Herzl Tobey as Park Ranger

10
"Guilt-Free Cupcakes"
Roee Florentin
Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo
September 8, 2017 (2017-09-08)

Guest starring: Herzl Tobey as Park Ranger

11
"Great Scott"
Roee Florentin
Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo
September 8, 2017 (2017-09-08)

12
"L.D.R."
Roee Florentin
Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo
September 8, 2017 (2017-09-08)

tag: table


document_title: North Carolina Tar Heels men's basketball

question_text: where do the north carolina tar heels play

text: Team history[edit]

text: Early years[edit]

text: North Carolina played its first basketball game on January 27, 1910, beating Virginia Christian 42-21.[14] In 1921, the school joined the Southern Conference.[19] The 1924 Tar Heels squad went 26–0, and was retroactively awarded a 'national championship' by the Helms Athletic Foundation in 1943 and later by the Premo-Porretta Power Poll.[2][20] Overall, the Tar Heels played 32 seasons in the Southern Conference from 1921 to 1953. During that period they won 304 games and lost 111 for a winning percentage of 73.3%. The Tar Heels won the Southern Conference regular season 9 times and the Southern Conference Tournament Championship 8 times.

text: Frank McGuire (1953–1961)[edit]

text: In 1953, North Carolina split from the Southern Conference and became a founding member of the Atlantic Coast Conference.[21] The Tar Heels won their first NCAA Championship in 1957 under fifth year head coach Frank McGuire, who led an undefeated 32-0 squad dominated by Lennie Rosenbluth and several other transplants from the New York City area to a 54-53 triple overtime victory over Wilt Chamberlain's Kansas Jayhawks. C.D. Chesley, a Washington, D.C. television producer, piped the 1957 championship game in Kansas City to a hastily created network of five stations across North Carolina—the ancestor to the current syndicated ACC football and basketball package from Raycom Sports—which helped prove pivotal in basketball becoming a craze in the state.[22] The title game was the only triple overtime final game in championship history,[23] which followed a triple overtime North Carolina defeat of Michigan State 74-70 the previous night.

text: In 1960, the Tar Heels were placed on NCAA probation for "improper recruiting entertainment" of basketball prospects. As a result, they were barred from the 1961 NCAA tournament[24] and also withdrew from the 1961 ACC Tournament. Following the season, Chancellor William Aycock forced McGuire to resign. As a replacement, Aycock selected one of McGuire's assistants, Kansas alumnus Dean Smith.

text: Dean Smith (1961–1997)[edit]

text: Smith's early teams were not nearly as successful as McGuire's had been. His first team went only 8–9, and his first five teams never won more than 16 games. This grated on a fan base used to winning; in 1965 some of them even hanged him in effigy. However, Smith would go on to take the Tar Heels to a reign of championships and national dominance.[25] When he retired in 1997, Smith's 879 wins were the most ever for any NCAA Division I men's basketball coach, and his 77.61% winning percentage ninth best.[26] During his tenure, North Carolina won the ACC regular season championship 17 times, the ACC tournament 13 times, and the NIT in 1971, went to the NCAA tournament 27 times, appeared in 11 Final Fours, and won NCAA national tournament titles in 1982 and 1993.[27] The 1982 National Championship team was led by James Worthy, Sam Perkins, and a young Michael Jordan. The 1993 National Championship team starred Donald Williams, George Lynch and Eric Montross. While at North Carolina, Smith helped promote desegregation by recruiting the University’s first African American scholarship basketball player Charlie Scott.[28]

text: Bill Guthridge (1997–2000)[edit]

text: Smith unexpectedly retired before the start of practice for the 1997–98 season. He was succeeded by Bill Guthridge, who had been an assistant coach at the school for 30 years, the last 25 as Smith's top assistant. During Guthridge's three seasons as head coach he posted an 80–28 record, making him tied for the then-NCAA record for most wins by a coach after three seasons.[29] The Tar Heels reached the NCAA Final Four twice, in the 1998 tournament and again in the 2000 tournament. North Carolina reached the Final Four in 2000 as an 8-seed, their lowest seeding in a Final Four appearance.[30]

text: Matt Doherty (2000–03)[edit]

text: Guthridge retired in 2000 and North Carolina turned to Matt Doherty, the head coach at Notre Dame and a player on the 1982 championship team, to lead the Tar Heels.[31] Doherty had little success while at North Carolina. In his first season, the Heels were ranked #1 in the polls in the middle of the Atlantic Coast Conference schedule and finished with a 26–7 record. But Doherty's second season was the worst in recent history as the Tar Heels finished the season with a record of 8–20, missing postseason play entirely for the first time since the 1965–66 season (including a record 27 straight NCAA Tournament appearances) and finishing with a losing record for the first time since 1962 (Dean Smith's first year as coach). They also finished 4–12 in the ACC—only the program's second losing ACC record ever. The 12 losses were six more than the Tar Heels had ever suffered in a single season of ACC play, and placed them in a tie for 7th place—the program's first finish below fourth place ever. The season also saw the end of UNC's run of 31 straight 20-win seasons and 35 straight seasons of finishing third or higher in the ACC. After bringing in one of the top 5 incoming classes for the 2002–2003 season, the Tar Heels started the season by knocking off a top 5 Kansas team and going on to win the Preseason NIT and returning to the AP top 25. North Carolina went on to finish the season 17–15, missing the NCAA tournament. Matt Doherty led the Tar Heels to the third round of the NIT, where they ended their season with a loss to Georgetown.

text: Roy Williams (2003–present)[edit]

text: Despite the turnaround from the year before and the NIT appearance, at the end of the season Matt Doherty was replaced as head coach by Roy Williams. Williams had served as an assistant to Smith for 11 years before leaving to spend the first 15 years of his Hall of Fame head coaching career leading Kansas to 9 conference regular season championships and four Final Fours before Smith convinced him to return home. It was hoped that Williams would restore a measure of stability to the program. Williams was UNC's third coach in six years. The two previous to Guthridge (McGuire and Smith) had covered a 45-year period.

text: In Williams' first season, the Tar Heels finished 19–11 and were ranked in a final media poll for the first time in three years. They returned to the NCAA tournament and were ousted in the second round by Texas. The following year, the Tar Heels won their fourth NCAA title and Williams' first as a head coach.[32] After winning the championship, Williams lost his top seven scorers, but the 2005–06 season saw the arrival of freshman Tyler Hansbrough and Williams was named Coach of the Year. The Tar Heels swept the ACC regular season and tournament titles in 2007 and 2008. The 2008 ACC Tournament was the first time North Carolina has ever won the ACC Tournament without defeating at least one in-state rival during the tournament.[33] North Carolina lost in the national semifinals of the 2008 NCAA tournament to Williams' former program Kansas.

text: In the 2008–09 season, the Tar Heels won their fifth NCAA title by defeating Michigan State in the championship of the 2009 NCAA Men's Basketball Tournament. The Tar Heels won all six of that year's tournament games by at least 12 points, for an average victory margin of 20.2 points, and only trailed for a total of 10 minutes out of 240 through the entire tournament.[34] Wayne Ellington was named the tournament's Most Outstanding Player, the fourth Tar Heel so honored.

text: The 2009–2010 Tar Heels struggled throughout the regular season finishing with a 16–15 record,[35] and dropped to #3 in Division I in all-time wins. They later lost in the first round of the ACC Tournament, playing in the first "play-in" Thursday game for the first time since the ACC grew to 12 teams. The Tar Heels did not receive an NCAA tournament bid, and instead accepted a bid to the NIT.[36] During the season, the Tar Heels reached the 2,000-win milestone with a home win over Miami on March 2, 2010, becoming the second fastest college team to do so (North Carolina was in its 100th season of basketball at the time of this accomplishment). The Tar Heels were able to make it to the final game of the NIT, losing to Dayton in the final game finishing with a 20-17 record.

text: The 2010–2011 Tar Heels, with the addition of Harrison Barnes, Kendall Marshall, and Reggie Bullock, eighth in the preseason polls, struggled out the gates, starting with a 2-2 record, the worst start since the 2001–02 season. After losses to Illinois and Texas, the Tar Heels fell out of the rankings. The losses of senior Will Graves, to dismissal, and Larry Drew II, to transfer and also the unexpected off-season transfers of David and Travis Wear did not help matters. However, the Tar Heels improved greatly during the conference season, finishing first in the ACC regular season with a 14-2 record. Williams was named Conference Coach of the Year for his efforts of getting his team to work through the adversity to finish strong in the regular season.[37] Also during the season, the term Tar Heel Blue Steel was coined, referencing the Tar Heel men's basketball walk-ons. The term was started by one of the players, Stewart Cooper, in hopes that it would be a replacement for "walk-ons" and other less catchy names and soon enough Roy Williams caught on, as well as the rest of the Tar Heel Nation. North Carolina lost to Duke in the ACC Tournament Finals and made a significant run in the NCAA Tournament until they were eliminated in the Elite Eight by Kentucky, finishing with a 29-8 record.[38]

text: The 2011–2012 Tar Heels finished the regular season with a final record of 32-6, including a 14–2 record in ACC regular season play which allowed the team to win the conference regular season championship outright. The team fell to Florida State in the championship game of the 2012 ACC Men's Basketball Tournament. The team was a #1 seed in the Midwest Regional of the 2012 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament; the team reached the Elite Eight and was defeated by Kansas 80-67. This defeat was the second time UNC lost to Kansas in the NCAA Tournament with Roy Williams as UNC head coach. He previously coached Kansas from 1988 to 2003. The loss to Kansas was also UNC's second straight loss in the Elite Eight, after losing to Kentucky the year before. Kansas later fell to Kentucky 67-59 in the National Championship Game. Before the Kansas game, the Tar Heels won their previous three games in the NCAA Tournament by an average of 13.7 points. In the second-round game versus Creighton, starting UNC point guard Kendall Marshall broke his right wrist with 10:56 remaining[39] in the second half with UNC leading 66-50. Marshall continued to play by dribbling primarily with his left hand, including getting fouled on a drive to the basket with 7:09 left in the second half. He left the game against Creighton with two minutes left with UNC leading 85-69. Williams announced Kendall Marshall's injury at the Creighton post-game press conference.[40] Kendall Marshall did not play in UNC's two following games in the NCAA Tournament, a 73-65 overtime win over Ohio in the Sweet 16 and the aforementioned 67-80 loss to Kansas in the Elite Eight.

text: With the departures of several stars from the 2012 team, The Tar Heels would begin a slow climb back to the top following the Elite Eight loss. The 2012-13 season ended with a disappointing loss to Kansas in the tournament for the second year in a row. In 2013-14, the Tar Heels became the only team in men's college basketball history to beat every team ranked in the top 4 in the preseason.[41][citation needed] The Tar Heels would finish 24-10 that year, ending the year in heartbreak by losing to Iowa State in the final seconds of the Round of 32. The 2014-15 team would improve, finishing the year 4th in the ACC Standings that year and advanced to the Sweet 16, where they would lose to the Wisconsin Badgers. It was also the year that North Carolina would recruit Joel Berry II and Justin Jackson, who were both key contributors to the 2017 National Championship squad.

text: In 2015-2016, led by seniors Marcus Paige and Brice Johnson, the Tar Heels earned their 30th ACC regular season title, 18th ACC tournament title, and 19th Final Four.[42][better source needed] They also appeared in their 10th NCAA title game, in which they lost on a buzzer beater to Villanova, despite Marcus Paige's dramatic three-pointer to tie the game with 4.7 seconds left.[43][better source needed] The Tar Heels finished with a 33-7 overall record and a 14-4 ACC record.

text: The following year, the Tar Heels were ranked #6 in the AP preseason poll, having lost Paige and Johnson but retaining 2016 ACC Tournament MVP Joel Berry II as well as forwards Kennedy Meeks and Isaiah Hicks. After early season losses to Indiana and Kentucky, the Tar Heels won their 31st ACC regular season title. Despite never being ranked #1 in the AP Poll and losing to Duke in the semifinals of the ACC tournament, the Heels earned a #1 seed in the NCAA tournament, where they advanced to their record 20th Final Four and 11th NCAA tournament title game. They beat Gonzaga 71-65 to give Williams his 3rd national championship, surpassing mentor Dean Smith for most NCAA tournament championships at Carolina, and behind only John Wooden, Mike Krzyzewski, and Adolph Rupp for most NCAA tournament championships overall. Just as in the previous year, the Tar Heels finished with a 33-7 overall record and a 14-4 ACC record.

text: The Carolina Way[edit]

text: Dean Smith was widely known for his idea of "The Carolina Way," in which he challenged his players to, “Play hard, play smart, play together.”[44] “The Carolina Way” was an idea of excellence in the classroom, as well as on the court. In Coach Smith’s book, The Carolina Way, former player Scott Williams said, regarding Dean Smith, “Winning was very important at Carolina, and there was much pressure to win, but Coach cared more about our getting a sound education and turning into good citizens than he did about winning.“[45]

text: Academic scandal[edit]

text: On June 6, 2014, the ESPN program Outside the Lines aired an interview with Rashad McCants, a starter on the NCAA championship-winning 2004–05 team, in which he claimed to have taken phony classes and had tutors write his classwork to stay academically eligible.[46] Coach Roy Williams, separately interviewed by ESPN, as well as McCants's teammates, disputed McCants's claims.[47] Four months later, Kenneth L. Wainstein, a former federal prosecutor hired by the university to investigate academic fraud reported by the media, issued a 131-page report showing at least 3,100 students took independent study classes, some receiving artificially high grades, over an 18-year period with some athletes being funneled to these classes by academic advisers. Wainstein reported that students who had participated in varsity athletics one or more semesters made up 1,871 of the total enrollment in courses investigated, with the men's basketball team accounting for 12.1 percent (226) the athletes.[48] There is no evidence the coaches knew the classes were irregular, and Williams denied knowledge (Dean Smith and Bill Guthridge, Williams' predecessors, were not interviewed because of poor health).[49]

text: The NCAA formally notified UNC of a formal investigation on May 22, 2015.[50] The notice made five allegations against the university, including providing impermissible academic benefits to athletes and what the NCAA terms "lack of institutional control". The university would meet with the NCAA in three months and receive a ruling within six to nine months.[48] Neither Williams nor any member of his staff was specifically accused of violating NCAA rules.[51] On October 13, 2017, the NCAA found that North Carolina did not violate any NCAA academic rules with regards to the school's African studies and Afro-American Studies independent study courses.[52]

text: Streaks[edit]

text: The Tar Heels own several notable streaks in the history of college basketball. They appeared in either the NCAA Tournament or National Invitation Tournament (NIT) every year from 1967 to 2001. This includes 27 straight appearances in the NCAA tourney from 1975 (the first year that competition allowed more than one team from a conference to get a guaranteed bid) to 2001—the longest such streak in tournament history until it was broken by Kansas in March 2017. The Tar Heels also notched 37 straight winning seasons from 1964 to 2001, the third-longest such streak in NCAA history, behind UCLA's streak of 54 consecutive winning seasons from 1948 to 2001, and Syracuse's currently active streak of 46 seasons from 1971 to date. They also finished .500 or better for 39 years in a row from 1962 (Dean Smith's second year) to 2001, the third-longest such streak in NCAA history, behind Kentucky's streak of 61 consecutive seasons from 1926 to 1988 (the Wildcats were barred from playing in 1952–53 due to NCAA violations) and UCLA's 54-season streak.

text: From the ACC's inception in 1953 to 2001, the Tar Heels did not finish worse than a tie for fourth place in ACC play. By comparison, all of the ACC's other charter members finished last at least once in that time. From 1965 to 2001, they did not finish worse than a tie for third, and for the first 21 of those years they did not finish worse than a tie for second.

text: All of these streaks ended in the 2001–02 season, when the Tar Heels finished 8–20 on the season under coach Matt Doherty. They also finished tied for 7th in conference play, behind Florida State and Clemson—only their second losing conference record ever (the first being in the ACC's inaugural season).

text: Additionally, the Tar Heels are 59-0 all-time in home games played against the Clemson Tigers (the NCAA record for the longest home winning streak against a single opponent).[53] Until the 2010 ACC Tournament, North Carolina was the only program to have never played a Thursday game in the ACC Tournament since it expanded to a four-day format.

text: By the numbers[edit]

text:
All Time Wins- 2,206[54]
All Time Winning Percentage- .738[54]
NCAA Championships- 6[54]
NCAA Tournament Runner Up- 5[54]
All Americans- 49 players chosen 78 times[54]
ACC Regular Season Titles- 30[4][54]
ACC Tournament Titles- 18[54]
NCAA Championship Games- 11[55]
NCAA Final Fours- 20 (This is the most Final Four appearances of all time)[55]
NCAA Tournament Appearances- 48[55]
NCAA Tournament Wins- 123[55]
#1 Seeds in the NCAA Tournament- 15[55]
Number of Weeks Ranked All Time in the Top-25 of the AP Poll- 808[56]
Number of Times Defeating the #1 Ranked Team in the Country- 13[56]

text: Victories over AP Number 1 team[edit]

text: North Carolina has thirteen victories over the AP number one ranked team.[57][58][59][60]

text:
Jan. 14, 1959 - UNC 72, No. 1 NC State 68
Jan. 12, 1980 - No. 15 UNC 82, No. 1 Duke 67
Nov. 21, 1987 - UNC 96, No. 1Syracuse 93
Jan 18, 1989 - No. 13 UNC 91, No. 1 Duke 71
Mar. 17, 1990 - NR UNC 79, No. 1 Oklahoma, 77
Feb. 5, 1992 - No. 9 UNC 75, No. 1 Duke 73
Feb. 3, 1994 - No. 2 UNC 89, No. 1 Duke 78
Feb. 5, 1998 - No. 2 UNC 97, No. 1 Duke 73
Mar. 8, 1998 - UNC 83, No. 1 Duke 68
Jan. 17, 2004 - UNC 86, No. 1 Connecticut 83
Apr. 4, 2005 - No. 2 UNC 75, No. 1 Illinois 70
Mar. 4, 2006 - No. 13 UNC 83, No. 1 Duke 76
Dec. 4, 2013 - NR UNC 79, No. 1 Michigan State 65

text: Honored and retired jerseys[edit]

text: Retired numbers[edit]

text: To have his number retired, a player must win one of the following six widely recognized player of the year awards:[61]

text:
Associated Press Player of the Year
Oscar Robertson Trophy, formerly known as the United States Basketball Writers Association National Player of the Year
National Association of Basketball Coaches Player of the Year
Sporting News Player of the Year
John R. Wooden Award
Naismith College Player of the Year

text: Eight players (including Jack Cobb, whose jersey did not have a number) have had their numbers retired. Tyler Hansbrough's number 50 is the eighth to be retired, after he won all six major player of the year awards during the 2007–08 season.[62]

text:
North Carolina Tar Heels retired numbers[63]

No.
Player
Position
Tenure

10
Lennie Rosenbluth
SF
1954–57

12
Phil Ford
PG
1974–78

20
George Glamack
F
1938–41

23
Michael Jordan
SG
1981–84

33
Antawn Jamison
F
1995–98

50
Tyler Hansbrough
PF, C
2005–09

52
James Worthy
SF
1979–82

-
Jack Cobb
F
1923–26

text: 49 former North Carolina men's basketball players are honored in the Smith Center with banners representing their numbers hung from the rafters. Of the 49 honored jerseys, eight are retired.

text: Honored jerseys[edit]

text: In addition to the 8 retired jerseys, an additional 41 jerseys are honored. An additional 2 players, Joel Berry II and Justin Jackson, have qualified to have their jerseys honored during the 2017-2018 basketball season.[64][65]

text: To have his jersey honored, a player must have met one of the following criteria:[66]

text:
MVP of a National Championship-winning team
Member of a gold medal-winning Olympic team
First- or second-team All-America
ACC Player of the Year
NCAA Tournament MOP

text: Notable players and coaches[edit]

text: Tar Heels inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame[edit]

text: To date ten Tar Heels have been inducted into the Basketball Hall of Fame.

text:
Year
Player(s)
Inducted As a

1970
Ben Carnevale
Coach

1977
Frank McGuire
Coach

1983
Dean Smith
Coach

1986
Billy Cunningham
Player

2000
Bob McAdoo
Player

2002
Larry Brown
Coach

2003
James Worthy
Player

2007
Roy Williams
Coach

2009
Michael Jordan
Player

2018
Charlie Scott
Player

text: Tar Heels in the Olympics[edit]

text:
Year
Tar Heel
As a
Country

1964
Larry Brown
Player
 United States

1968
Charles Scott
Player
 United States

1972
Bobby Jones
Player
 United States

1976
Walter Davis
Player
 United States

1976
Phil Ford
Player
 United States

1976
Bill Guthridge
Asst. Coach
 United States

1976
Mitch Kupchak
Player
 United States

1976
Tommy LaGarde
Player
 United States

1976
Dean Smith
Head Coach
 United States

1980
Al Wood
Player
 United States

1984
Michael Jordan
Player
 United States

1984
Sam Perkins
Player
 United States

1988
J.R. Reid
Player
 United States

1992
Michael Jordan
Player
 United States

1992
Henrik Rödl
Player
 Germany

2000
Vince Carter
Player
 United States

2000
Larry Brown
Asst. Coach
 United States

2004
Larry Brown
Head Coach
 United States

2004
Roy Williams
Asst. Coach
 United States

2016
Harrison Barnes
Player
 United States

text: McDonald's All-Americans[edit]

text: The following 72 McDonald's All-Americans have played for North Carolina:[67]

text:
Year
Player
Hometown

1977
Pete Budko
Lutherville, MD

1977
Al Wood
Gray, GA

1979
James Worthy
Gastonia, NC

1979
Jim Braddock
Chattanooga, TN

1980
Matt Doherty
East Meadow, NJ

1980
Sam Perkins
Latham, NY

1981
Buzz Peterson
Asheville, NC

1981
Michael Jordan
Wilmington, NC

1982
Brad Daugherty
Black Mountain, NC

1982
Curtis Hunter
Durham, NC

1983
Kenny Smith
Queens, NY

1983
Dave Popson
Ashley, PA

1983
Joe Wolf
Kohler, WI

1985
Jeff Lebo
Carlisle, PA

1985
Kevin Madden
Staunton, VA

1986
Steve Bucknall
London, GB

1986
Pete Chilcutt
Eutaw, AL

1986
Scott Williams
Hacienda Heights, CA

1986
J.R. Reid
Virginia Beach, VA

1987
King Rice
Binghamton, NY

1989
Matt Wenstrom
Katy, TX

1989
George Lynch
Roanoke, VA

1990
Eric Montross
Indianapolis, IN

1990
Brian Reese
The Bronx, NY

1990
Derrick Phelps
Pleasantville, NY

1991
Donald Williams
Garner, NC

1992
Serge Zwikker
Maassluis, NL

1993
Jerry Stackhouse
Kinston, NC

1993
Rasheed Wallace
Philadelphia, PA

1993
Jeff McInnis
Charlotte, NC

1995
Antawn Jamison
Charlotte, NC

1995
Vince Carter
Daytona Beach, FL

1996
Ed Cota
Brooklyn, NY

1996
Vasco Evtimov
Sofia, BG

1997
Brendan Haywood
Greensboro, NC

1998
Ronald Curry
Hampton, VA

1998
Jason Capel
Chesapeake, VA

1998
Kris Lang
Gastonia, NC

1999
Joseph Forte
Greenbelt, MD

2000
Neil Fingleton
Durham, UK

2001
Jawad Williams
Cleveland, OH

2002
Rashad McCants
Asheville, NC

2002
Sean May
Bloomington, IN

2002
Raymond Felton
Latta, SC

2004
Marvin Williams
Bremerton, WA

2005
Tyler Hansbrough
Poplar Bluff, MO

2005
Danny Green
North Babylon, NY

2005
Bobby Frasor
Blue Island, IL

2006
Brandan Wright
Brentwood, TN

2006
Ty Lawson
Clinton, MD

2006
Wayne Ellington
Wynnewood, PA

2008
Larry Drew II
Woodland Hills, CA

2008
Ed Davis
Richmond, VA

2008
Tyler Zeller
Washington, IN

2009
David Wear
Santa Ana, CA

2009
Travis Wear
Santa Ana, CA

2009
Dexter Strickland
Elizabeth, NJ

2009
John Henson
Tampa, FL

2010
Kendall Marshall
Dumfries, VA

2010
Reggie Bullock
Kinston, NC

2010
Harrison Barnes
Ames, IA

2011
James Michael McAdoo
Norfolk, VA

2011
P. J. Hairston
Greensboro, NC

2012
Marcus Paige
Marion, IA

2013
Kennedy Meeks
Charlotte, NC

2013
Isaiah Hicks
Oxford, NC

2014
Justin Jackson
Tomball, TX

2014
Joel Berry II
Apopka, FL

2014
Theo Pinson
Greensboro, N.C.

2016
Tony Bradley
Bartow, FL

2018
Coby White
Wilson, NC

2018
Nassir Little
Orlando, FL

text: Mr. Basketball[edit]

text: The following players won their state's Mr. Basketball award in high school.

text:
Year
Player
State
Notes

1973
Tom LaGarde
Michigan

1976
Dave Colescott
Indiana

1983
Joe Wolf
Wisconsin

1986
Scott Williams
California

1987
Henrik Rodl
North Carolina

1987
King Rice
New York

1990
Clifford Rozier
Florida
Transferred to Louisville

1991
Larry Davis
South Carolina

1991
Donald Williams
North Carolina

1995
Vince Carter
Florida

1995
Antawn Jamison
North Carolina

1998
Kris Lang
North Carolina

2000
Adam Boone
Minnesota
Transferred to Minnesota

2002
Raymond Felton
South Carolina

2002
Sean May
Indiana

2004
2005
2006
Brandan Wright
Tennessee
Div. II A

2005
Tyler Hansbrough
Missouri

2006
Will Graves
North Carolina

2008
2009
Leslie McDonald
Tennessee
Div. II AA

2008
Tyler Zeller
Indiana

2010
Reggie Bullock
North Carolina

2010
Harrison Barnes
Iowa

2012
Marcus Paige
Iowa

2012
Brice Johnson
South Carolina

2012
2013
2014
Joel Berry II
Florida

2013
Isaiah Hicks
North Carolina

2014
Theo Pinson
North Carolina

2016
Tony Bradley
Florida

2016
Seventh Woods
South Carolina

2017
Jalek Felton
South Carolina

2018
Coby White
North Carolina

text: Current players in the NBA[edit]

text:
Harrison Barnes, Dallas Mavericks
Tony Bradley, Utah Jazz
Reggie Bullock, Detroit Pistons
Vince Carter, Sacramento Kings
Ed Davis, Portland Trail Blazers
Wayne Ellington, Miami Heat
Raymond Felton, Oklahoma City Thunder
Danny Green, San Antonio Spurs
John Henson, Milwaukee Bucks
Isaiah Hicks, New York Knicks
Justin Jackson, Sacramento Kings
Brice Johnson, Los Angeles Clippers
James Michael McAdoo, Philadelphia 76ers
Marcus Paige, Charlotte Hornets
Marvin Williams, Charlotte Hornets
Brandan Wright, Memphis Grizzlies
Tyler Zeller, Milwaukee Bucks

text: NBA coaches and executives[edit]

text:
Larry Brown, former head coach of the Charlotte Bobcats, New York Knicks, Detroit Pistons, Philadelphia 76ers, Indiana Pacers, Los Angeles Clippers, San Antonio Spurs, New Jersey Nets, Denver Nuggets, Carolina Cougars
Michael Jordan, owner and chairman of the Charlotte Hornets
George Karl, former head coach of the Sacramento Kings, Denver Nuggets, Milwaukee Bucks, Seattle SuperSonics, Golden State Warriors, Cleveland Cavaliers
John Kuester, former head coach of the Detroit Pistons
Mitch Kupchak, former general manager of the Los Angeles Lakers
Donnie Walsh, former president of basketball operations for the Indiana Pacers and New York Knicks
Doug Moe, former head coach of the Philadelphia 76ers, Denver Nuggets, San Antonio Spurs
Billy Cunningham, former head coach of the Philadelphia 76ers
Rasheed Wallace, former assistant coach of the Detroit Pistons
James Worthy, assistant coach of the Los Angeles Lakers
Jerry Stackhouse, head coach of the Raptors 905

text: Other fields[edit]

text:
James Delany, commissioner of the Big Ten Conference (1967–1970)
Julius Peppers, Defensive End for the Carolina Panthers (2017–present)
Ronald Curry, former Wide Receiver for the Oakland Raiders (2002-2008)
Richard Vinroot, former mayor of Charlotte, North Carolina (1961–1963)
Brad Daugherty, ESPN and NASCAR television analyst and part-owner of JTG Daugherty Racing NASCAR race team (2008–Present)
Brendan Haywood, college basketball announcer for CBS Sports
Antawn Jamison, analyst for Time Warner Cable SportsNet.

text: Rivalries[edit]

text: Traditional rivalries[edit]

text:
Team
UNC Record
First Meeting
Notes

Duke
135–110
1920
Carolina–Duke rivalry

NC State
155–77
1913
Carolina–State Game

Wake Forest
159–66
1911
Carolina–Wake rivalry

text: Other major programs[edit]

text:
Team
UNC Record
First Meeting
Notes

UCLA
8–3[68]
1968

Kentucky
24–15
1924
Kentucky–North Carolina basketball rivalry

Kansas
6–5[69]
1957
First meeting was the 1957 national championship game.

Indiana
6–9[70]
1961

text: Carolina Basketball Museum[edit]

text: The Carolina Basketball Museum[71][72] is located in the Ernie Williamson Athletics Center and contains 8,000 square feet.[73] It was built to replace the old memorabilia room in the Dean Smith Center.[73] Designed by Gallagher & Associates, the cost of construction was $3.4 million.[73] The museum opened in January 2008.[74][75]

text: UNC junior varsity basketball team[edit]

text: The UNC junior varsity basketball team was originally used at North Carolina as freshmen teams because freshmen were not allowed to play on the varsity team until the NCAA granted freshmen eligibility in the Fall of 1972.

text: After most schools decided to disband their J.V. squads, North Carolina's athletic department opted to keep the team so that non-scholarship students were given the chance to play basketball for UNC. North Carolina also uses their J.V. team as a way for varsity assistant coaches to gain experience as head coaches. Roy Williams was a J.V. coach for eight years before he was hired at Kansas.

text: Students at UNC are only allowed to play on the team for two years, and then they are given a chance to try out for the varsity. The J.V. team also serves as a way for coaches to evaluate players for two years on the J.V. so they will better know what to expect when they try out for varsity later in their careers.

text: UNC's J.V. team plays a combination of teams from Division II and III schools, some community colleges, and a few prep schools from around the North Carolina area.

text: Seasons[edit]

text: Records[edit]

text:
NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament Consecutive Appearances
Most All time Final Four Appearances

text: Home venues[edit]

text:
Bynum Gymnasium (1910–1924)
Tin Can (1924–1938)
Woollen Gymnasium (1938–1964)
Carmichael Auditorium (1965–1986)
Dean Smith Center (1986–present)


document_title: Coastline of the United Kingdom

question_text: what is the length of the british coastline

text: Coastline of the United Kingdom

text: Characteristics[edit]

text: Length[edit]

text: The mapping authority for the United Kingdom, the Ordnance Survey, records the coastline of the main island, Great Britain, as 11,072.76 miles rounding to 11,073 miles (17,820 km).[1] The British Cartographic Society points out that "The true answer is: it depends!". If the larger islands are added, the coastline as measured by the standard method at Mean High Water Mark rises to about 19,491 miles (31,368 km).[2] According to the CIA Factbook, the length of the UK coastline is around 12,429 km or 7,723 miles, although no details are provided about how this figure was calculated.[3] On the basis of EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive boundaries,[4] the UK coastline can be divided into the eastern, Greater North Sea section, which using 1km2 box counts and including islands is 4,994 km, and a western Celtic Seas coastline, which using the same measurement approach and including Northern Ireland is 14,201 km.

text: Furthermore, the measurement of any coastline is subject to variation depending upon the scale of map used. It is a meaningless statistic without knowing the scale of the map being used and the accuracy of the measurement. A larger map scale and smaller unit of measure will result in more detail being revealed and measured and thus a greater length.[2] And because the resultant length increases exponentially faster than the increase of scale of measurement, there is no such thing as "an approximate answer" to this question. This is referred to as the coastline paradox. A coastline is fractal-like — which means that it has self-similar properties, similar at every scale — therefore the closer the observer looks, the more detail is revealed, leading to a greater overall length.[5]

text: Shape[edit]

text: The United Kingdom's coastline is more broken than coastlines of many other countries. It has a fractal or Hausdorff dimension or 'wiggliness' of 1.25, which is comparatively high; the Australian coastline for example has a fractal dimension of 1.13, and that of South Africa is 1.02.[6]

text: As a result of this shape and the number of islands, the coastline of the UK is longer than that of similar sized countries. For example, the coastline of Italy is around 9,226 km in length, France 7,330 km and Spain 7,268 km. Greece, which has a large number of islands similar to the UK, has a coastline of around 15,147 km. This means the UK has a relatively high coast/area ratio.[7]

text: Nowhere in the UK is more than 113 kilometres (70 mi) from the coast. It is estimated that around 3 million people (out of 60 million) live on the coast of the UK. The place furthest from the coast is Coton in the Elms in Derbyshire, which is equidistant from Fosdyke Wash in Lincolnshire; White Sands between Neston in Cheshire and Flint, Flintshire in Wales; and Westbury-on-Severn Gloucestershire.[8][9]

text: Features[edit]

text: Islands[edit]

text: There are over 1,000 islands within the UK; about 130 are permanently inhabited according to the 2001 Census. Of the remaining islands, some are used for farming and are occupied occasionally, some are nature reserves with restricted access and some are little more than sea-swept rocks. The main occupied islands and island groups in the UK are as follows:

text:
Great Britain
Ireland (Northern Ireland is part of the UK)
Anglesey
Arran
Barra
Bute
Great Bernera
Hoy
Islay
Jura
Lewis and Harris
Mull
Orkney
Shetland
Skye
The Uists
Unst
Isle of Wight
Yell

text: The Channel Islands (including Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney and Sark) and the Isle of Man are not part of the UK; they are self-governing Crown dependencies therefore their coastlines are not coastlines of the United Kingdom.

text: Peninsulas[edit]

text: Peninsulas around the UK coast include:

text:
Ards Peninsula
Dengie Peninsula
Furness
Fife
The Black Isle
Easter Ross
Gower Peninsula
Kintyre
Llŷn Peninsula
Penwith
Pembrokeshire
Rhins of Galloway
The Wirral

text: Bays[edit]

text: Bays, sea lochs (loughs) and large estuaries include:

text:
Loch Fyne
Loch Long
Loch Linnhe
Loch Torridon, Carron, Etive, Creran, Eriboll, Seaforth and about a hundred others
Belfast Lough
Bristol Channel
Blackwater Estuary
Cardigan Bay
Dee Estuary
Firth of Clyde
Firth of Forth
Firth of Tay
Humber Estuary
Lough Foyle
Luce Bay
Lyme Bay
Mersey Estuary
Moray Firth
Morecambe Bay
Solway Firth
Strangford Lough
Swansea Bay
Thames Estuary
The Solent
River Tamar
The Wash


document_title: Extrachromosomal DNA

question_text: extra-chromosomal dna within a bacterial cell is known as

text: Extrachromosomal DNA

text: Prokaryotes[edit]

text: Although prokaryotic organisms do not possess a membrane bound nucleus like the eukaryotes, they do contain a nucleoid region in which the main chromosome is found. Extrachromosomal DNA exists in prokaryotes outside of the nucleoid region as circular or linear plasmids. Bacterial plasmids are typically short sequences, consisting of 1 kilobase (kb) to a few hundred kb segments, and contain an origin of replication which allows the plasmid to replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome.[4] The total number of a particular plasmid within a cell is referred to as the copy number and can range from as few as two copies per cell to as many as several hundred copies per cell.[5] Circular bacterial plasmids are classified according to the special functions that the genes encoded on the plasmid provide. Fertility plasmids, or f plasmids, allow for conjugation to occur whereas resistance plasmids, or r plasmids, contain genes that convey resistance to a variety of different antibiotics such as ampicillin and tetracycline. There also exists virulence plasmids that contain the genetic elements necessary for bacteria to become pathogenic as well as degradative plasmids that harbor the genes that allow bacteria to degrade a variety of substances such as aromatic compounds and xenobiotics.[6] Bacterial plasmids can also function in pigment production, nitrogen fixation and the resistance to heavy metals in those bacteria that possess them.[7]

text: Naturally occurring circular plasmids can be modified to contain multiple resistance genes and several unique restriction sites, making them valuable tools as cloning vectors in biotechnology applications.[4] Circular bacterial plasmids are also the basis for the production of DNA vaccines. Plasmid DNA vaccines are genetically engineered to contain a gene which encodes for an antigen or a protein produced by a pathogenic virus, bacterium or other parasite.[8] Once delivered into the host, the products of the plasmid genes will then stimulate both the innate immune response and the adaptive immune response of the host. The plasmids are often coated with some type of adjuvant prior to delivery to enhance the immune response from the host.[9]

text: Linear bacterial plasmids have been identified in several species of spirochete bacteria, including members of the genus Borrelia (to which the pathogen responsible for Lyme disease belongs), several species of the gram positive soil bacteria of the genus Streptomyces, and in the gram negative species Thiobacillus versutus, a bacterium that oxidizes sulfur. The linear plasmids of prokarykotes are found either containing a hairpin loop or a covalently bonded protein attached to the telomeric ends of the DNA molecule. The adenine-thymine rich hairpin loops of the Borrelia bacteria range in size from 5 kilobase pairs (kb) to over 200 kb[10] and contain the genes responsible for producing a group of major surface proteins, or antigens, on the bacteria that allow it to evade the immune response of its infected host.[11] The linear plasmids which contain a protein that has been covalently attached to the 5’ end of the DNA strands are known as invertrons and can range in size from 9 kb to over 600 kb consisting of inverted terminal repeats.[10] The linear plasmids with a covalently attached protein may assist with bacterial conjugation and integration of the plasmids into the genome. These types of linear plasmids represent the largest class of extrachromosomal DNA as they are not only present in certain bacterial cells, but all linear extrachromosomal DNA molecules found in eukaryotic cells also take on this invertron structure with a protein attached to the 5’ end.[10][11]

text: Eukaryotes[edit]

text: Mitochondrial DNA[edit]

text: The mitochondria present in eukaryotic cells contain multiple copies of mitochondrial DNA referred to as mtDNA which is housed within the mitochondrial matrix.[12] In multicellular animals, including humans, the circular mtDNA chromosome contains 13 genes that encode proteins that are part of the electron transport chain and 24 genes that produce RNA necessary for the production of mitochondrial proteins; these genes are broken down into 2 rRNA genes and 22 tRNA genes.[13] The size of an animal mtDNA plasmid is roughly 16.6 kb and although it contains genes for tRNA and mRNA synthesis, proteins produced as a result of nuclear genes are still required in order for the mtDNA to replicate or for mitochondrial proteins to be translated.[14] There is only one region of the mitochondrial chromosome that does not contain a coding sequence and that is the 1 kb region known as the D-loop to which nuclear regulatory proteins bind.[13] The number of mtDNA molecules per mitochondria varies from species to species as well as between cells with different energy demands. For example, muscle and liver cells contain more copies of mtDNA per mitochondrion than blood and skin cells do.[14] Due to the proximity of the electron transport chain within the mitochondrial inner membrane and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and due to the fact that the mtDNA molecule is not bound by or protected by histones, the mtDNA is more susceptible to DNA damage than nuclear DNA.[15] In cases where mtDNA damage does occur, the DNA can either be repaired via base excision repair pathways, or the damaged mtDNA molecule is destroyed (without causing damage to the mitochondrion since there are multiple copies of mtDNA per mitochondrion).[16]

text: The standard genetic code by which nuclear genes are translated is universal, meaning that each 3-base sequence of DNA codes for the same amino acid regardless of what species from which the DNA comes. However, this universal nature of the code is not the case with mitochondrial DNA found in fungi, animals, protists and plants.[12] While most of the 3-base sequences in the mtDNA of these organisms do code for the same amino acids as those of the nuclear genetic code, there are some mtDNA sequences that code for amino acids different from those of their nuclear DNA counterparts.

text:
Coding differences found in the mtDNA sequences of various organisms

Genetic code
Translation table
DNA codon involved
RNA codon involved
Translation with this code
Comparison with the universal code

Vertebrate mitochondrial
2
AGA
AGA
Ter (*)
Arg (R)

AGG
AGG
Ter (*)
Arg (R)

ATA
AUA
Met (M)
Ile (I)

TGA
UGA
Trp (W)
Ter (*)

Yeast mitochondrial
3
ATA
AUA
Met (M)
Ile (I)

CTT
CUU
Thr (T)
Leu (L)

CTC
CUC
Thr (T)
Leu (L)

CTA
CUA
Thr (T)
Leu (L)

CTG
CUG
Thr (T)
Leu (L)

TGA
UGA
Trp (W)
Ter (*)

CGA
CGA
absent
Arg (R)

CGC
CGC
absent
Arg (R)

Mold, protozoan, and coelenterate mitochondrial
4 and 7
TGA
UGA
Trp (W)
Ter (*)

Invertebrate mitochondrial
5
AGA
AGA
Ser (S)
Arg (R)

AGG
AGG
Ser (S)
Arg (R)

ATA
AUA
Met (M)
Ile (I)

TGA
UGA
Trp (W)
Ter (*)

Echinoderm and flatworm mitochondrial
9
AAA
AAA
Asn (N)
Lys (K)

AGA
AGA
Ser (S)
Arg (R)

AGG
AGG
Ser (S)
Arg (R)

TGA
UGA
Trp (W)
Ter (*)

Ascidian mitochondrial
13
AGA
AGA
Gly (G)
Arg (R)

AGG
AGG
Gly (G)
Arg (R)

ATA
AUA
Met (M)
Ile (I)

TGA
UGA
Trp (W)
Ter (*)

Alternative flatworm mitochondrial
14
AAA
AAA
Asn (N)
Lys (K)

AGA
AGA
Ser (S)
Arg (R)

AGG
AGG
Ser (S)
Arg (R)

TAA
UAA
Tyr (Y)
Ter (*)

TGA
UGA
Trp (W)
Ter (*)

Chlorophycean mitochondrial
16
TAG
UAG
Leu (L)
Ter (*)

Trematode mitochondrial
21
TGA
UGA
Trp (W)
Ter (*)

ATA
AUA
Met (M)
Ile (I)

AGA
AGA
Ser (S)
Arg (R)

AGG
AGG
Ser (S)
Arg (R)

AAA
AAA
Asn (N)
Lys (K)

Scenedesmus obliquus mitochondrial
22
TCA
UCA
Ter (*)
Ser (S)

TAG
UAG
Leu (L)
Ter (*)

Thraustochytrium mitochondrial
23
TTA
UUA
Ter (*)
Leu (L)

Pterobranchia mitochondrial
24
AGA
AGA
Ser (S)
Arg (R)

AGG
AGG
Lys (K)
Arg (R)

TGA
UGA
Trp (W)
Ter (*)

text:
Amino acids biochemical properties
nonpolar
polar
basic
acidic

Termination: stop codon

text: The coding differences are thought to be a result of chemical modifications in the transfer RNAs that interact with the messenger RNAs produced as a result of transcribing the mtDNA sequences.[17]

text: Chloroplast DNA[edit]

text: Eukaryotic chloroplasts, as well as the other plant plastids, also contain extrachromosomal DNA molecules. Most chloroplasts house all of their genetic material in a single ringed chromosome, however in some species there is evidence of multiple smaller ringed plasmids.[18][19][20] A recent theory that questions the current standard model of ring shaped chloroplast DNA (cpDNA), suggests that cpDNA may more commonly take a linear shape.[21] A single molecule of cpDNA can contain anywhere from 100-200 genes[22] and varies in size from species to species. The size of cpDNA in higher plants is around 120–160 kb.[12] The genes found on the cpDNA code for mRNAs that are responsible for producing necessary components of the photosynthetic pathway as well as coding for tRNAs, rRNAs, RNA polymerase subunits, and ribosomal protein subunits.[23] Like mtDNA, cpDNA is not fully autonomous and relies upon nuclear gene products for replication and production of chloroplast proteins. Chloroplasts contain multiple copies of cpDNA and the number can vary not only from species to species or cell type to cell type, but also within a single cell depending upon the age and stage of development of the cell. For example, cpDNA content in the chloroplasts of young cells, during the early stages of development where the chloroplasts are in the form of indistinct proplastids, are much higher than those present when that cell matures and expands, containing fully mature plastids.[24]

text: Extrachromosomal circular DNA[edit]

text: Extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA) is present in all eukaryotic cells, is usually derived from genomic DNA, and consists of repetitive sequences of DNA found in both coding and non-coding regions of chromosomes. EccDNA can vary in size from less than 2000 base pairs to more than 20,000 base pairs.[25] In plants, eccDNA contains repeated sequences similar to those that are found in the centromeric regions of the chromosomes and in repetitive satellite DNA.[26] In animals, eccDNA molecules have been shown to contain repetitive sequences that are seen in satellite DNA, 5S ribosomal DNA and telomere DNA.[25] Certain organisms, such as yeast, rely on chromosomal DNA replication to produce eccDNA[26] whereas eccDNA formation can occur in other organisms, such as mammals, independently of the replication process.[27] The function of eccDNA has not been widely studied, but it has been proposed that the production of eccDNA elements from genomic DNA sequences adds to the plasticity of the eukaryotic genome and can influence genome stability, cell aging and the evolution of chromosomes.[28]

text: Viruses[edit]

text: Viral DNA is an example of extrachromosomal DNA. Understanding viral genomes is very important for understanding the evolution and mutation of the virus.[29] Some viruses, such as HIV and oncogenetic viruses, incorporate their own DNA into the genome of the host cell.[30] Viral genomes can be made up of single stranded DNA (ssDNA), double stranded DNA (dsDNA) and can be found in both linear and circular form.[31]

text: One example of infection of a virus constituting as extrachromosomal DNA is the human papillomavirus (HPV). The HPV DNA genome undergoes three distinct stages of replication: establishment, maintenance and amplification. HPV infects epithelial cells in the anogenital tract and oral cavity. Normally, HPV is detected and cleared by the immune system. The recognition of viral DNA is an important part of immune responses. For this virus to persist, the circular genome must be replicated and inherited during cell division.[32]

text: Recognition of viral extrachromosomal DNA by host cell[edit]

text: Cells can recognize foreign cytoplasmic DNA. Understanding the recognition pathways has implications towards prevention and treatment of diseases.[33] Cells have sensors that can specifically recognize viral DNA such as the Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathway.[34]

text: The Toll Pathway was recognized, first in insects, as a pathway that allows certain cell types to act as sensors capable of detecting a variety of bacterial or viral genomes and PAMPS (pathogen-associated molecular patterns). PAMPs are known to be potent activators of innate immune signaling. There are approximately 10 human Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs). Different TLRs in human detect different PAMPS: lipopolysacchardies by TLR4, viral dsRNA by TLR3, viral ssRNA by TLR7/TLR8, viral or bacterial unmethylated DNA by TLR9. TLR9 has evolved to detect CpG DNA commonly found in bacteria and viruses and to initiate the production of IFN (type I interferons ) and other cytokines.[34]

text: Inheritance[edit]

text: Inheritance of extrachromosomal DNA differs from the inheritance of nuclear DNA found in chromosomes. In humans, virtually all of the cytoplasm is inherited from the egg of the mother.[35] For this reason, organelle DNA, including mtDNA, is inherited from the mother. Mutations in mtDNA or other cytoplasmic DNA will also be inherited from the mother. This uniparental inheritance is an example of non-Mendelian inheritance. Plants also show uniparental mtDNA inheritance. Most plants inherit mtDNA maternally with one noted exception being the redwood Sequoia sempervirens that inherits mtDNA paternally.[36]

text: There are two theories why the paternal mtDNA is not transmitted to the offspring. One is simply the fact that paternal mtDNA is at such a lower concentration than the maternal mtDNA and thus it is not detectable in the offspring. A second, more complex theory, involves the digestion of the paternal mtDNA to prevent its inheritance. It is theorized that the uniparental inheritance of mtDNA, which has a high mutation rate, might be a mechanism to maintain the homoplasmy of cytoplasmic DNA.[36]

text: Medicine and disease[edit]

text: Sometimes called EEs, extrachromosomal elements, have been associated with genomic instability in eukaryotes. Small polydispersed DNAs (spcDNAs) are commonly found in conjunction with genome instability. SpcDNAs are derived from repetitive sequences such as satellite DNA, retrovirus-like DNA elements, and transposable elements in the genome. They are thought to be the products of gene rearrangements. Double minute chromosomes (DMs) are also extrachromosomal elements that are associated with genome instability.[1] DMs are commonly seen in cancer cells.[37] DMs are thought to be produced through breakages in chromosomes or overreplication of DNA in an organism. Studies show that in cases of cancer and other genomic instability, higher levels of EEs can be observed.[1]

text: Mitochondrial DNA can play a role in the onset of disease in a variety of ways. Point mutations in or alternative gene arrangements of mtDNA have been linked to several diseases that affect the heart, central nervous system, endocrine system, gastrointestinal tract, eye, and kidney.[13] Loss of the amount of mtDNA present in the mitochondria can lead to a whole subset of diseases known as mitochondrial depletion syndromes (MDDs) which affect the liver, central and peripheral nervous systems, smooth muscle and hearing in humans.[14] There have been mixed, and sometimes conflicting, results in studies that attempt to link mtDNA copy number to the risk of developing certain cancers. Studies have been conducted that show an association between both increased and decreased mtDNA levels and the increased risk of developing breast cancer. A positive association between increased mtDNA levels and an increased risk for developing kidney tumors has been observed but there does not appear to be a link between mtDNA levels and the development of stomach cancer.[38]

text: Extrachromosomal DNA is found in Apicomplexa, which is a group of protozoa. The malaria parasite (genus Plasmodium), the AIDS-related pathogen (Taxoplasma and Cryptosporidium) are both members of the Apicomplexa group. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was found in the malaria parasite.[39] There are two forms of extrachromosomal DNA found in the malaria parasites. One of these is 6-kb linear DNA and the second is 35-kb circular DNA. These DNA molecules have been researched as potential nucleotide target sites for antibiotics.[40]

text: Relevant research[edit]

text: The following research articles provide more specific details regarding extrachromosomal DNA in a variety of different organisms.

text:
Bogenhagen, Daniel F. (2012). "Mitochondrial DNA nucleoid structure". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1819 (9–10): 914–920. doi:10.1016/j.bbagrm.2011.11.005.
Cara, A; MS Reitz Jr (1997). "New insight on the role of extrachromosomal retroviral DNA". Leukemia. 11 (9): 1395–1399. PMID 9305590. doi:10.1038/sj.leu.2400776.
Cohen, Sarit; Keren Yacobi; Daniel Segal (2003). "Extrachromosomal circular DNA of tandemly repeated genomic sequences in Drosophila". Genome Research. 13 (6A): 1133–1145. PMC 403641 . PMID 12799349. doi:10.1101/gr.907603.
Cohen, Sarit; Marcel Mechali (2002). "Formation of extrachromosomal circles from telomeric DNA in Xenopus laevis". EMBO Reports. 3 (12): 1168–1174. PMC 1308322 . PMID 12446568. doi:10.1093/embo-reports/kvf240.
Colosimo, A.; V. Guida; G. Palka; B. Dallapiccola (2002). "Extrachromosomal genes: a powerful tool in gene targeting approaches". Gene Therapy. 9 (11): 679–682. PMID 12032686. doi:10.1038/sj.gt.3301749.
Cummings, Donald (1979). Extrachromosomal DNA. New York: Academic Press Inc.
Goebel, Werner (1970). "Studies on Extrachromosomal DNA Elements". European Journal of Biochemistry. 15 (2): 311–320. PMID 4926129. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1970.tb01009.x.
Jabaji-Hare, S.H.; G. Burger; L. Forget; B.F. Lang (1994). "Extrachromosomal plasmids in the plant pathogenic fungus Rhizocontia solani". Current Genetics. 25 (5): 423–431. doi:10.1007/BF00351781.
Preer Jr., John R. (1971). "Extrachromosomal inheritance: Hereditary symbionts, mitochondria, chloroplasts". Annual Review of Genetics. 5: 361–406. PMID 16097660. doi:10.1146/annurev.ge.05.120171.002045.
Shibata, Yoshiyuki; P. Kumar; R. Layer; S. Wilcox; J. Gagan; J. Griffith; A. Dutta (April 6, 2012). "Extrachromosomal microDNAs and chromosomal microdeletions in normal tissues". Science. 336 (6077): 82–86. PMC 3703515 . PMID 22403181. doi:10.1126/science.1213307.
Sloan, Daniel B. (2013). "One ring to rule them all? Genome sequencing provides new insights into the 'master circle' model of plant mitochondrial DNA structure". New Phytologist. 200 (4): 978–985. doi:10.1111/nph.12395.
Watve, Mukata M.; Neelesh Dahanukar; Milind G. Watve (February 2010). Getz, Wayne M, ed. "Sociobiological control of plasmid copy number in bacteria". PLOS ONE. 5 (2): 1–8. PMC 2827543 . PMID 20195362. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0009328.