document_title: New Netherland

question_text: what explorer was responsible for the dutch control of new netherland

text: New Netherland

text: Origin[edit]

text: During the 17th century, Europe was undergoing expansive social, cultural, and economic growth, known as the Dutch Golden Age in the Netherlands. Nations vied for domination of lucrative trade routes around the globe, particularly those to Asia.[4] Simultaneously, philosophical and theological conflicts were manifested in military battles across the continent. The Republic of the Seven United Netherlands had become a home to many intellectuals, international businessmen, and religious refugees. In the Americas, the English had a settlement at Jamestown, the French had small settlements at Port Royal and Quebec, and the Spanish were developing colonies to exploit trade in South America and the Caribbean.[5]

text: In 1609, English sea captain and explorer Henry Hudson was hired by the Flemish émigrés running the Dutch East India Company (VOC) located in Amsterdam[6] to find a northeast passage to Asia, sailing around Scandinavia and Russia. He was turned back by the ice of the Arctic in his second attempt, so he sailed west to seek a northwest passage rather than return home. He ended up exploring the waters off the east coast of North America aboard the vlieboot Halve Maen. His first landfall was at Newfoundland and the second at Cape Cod.

text: Hudson believed that the passage to the Pacific Ocean was between the St. Lawrence River and Chesapeake Bay, so he sailed south to the Bay then turned northward, traveling close along the shore. He first discovered Delaware Bay and began to sail upriver looking for the passage. This effort was foiled by sandy shoals, and the Halve Maen continued north. After passing Sandy Hook, Hudson and his crew entered the narrows into the Upper New York Bay. (Unbeknownst to Hudson, the narrows had already been discovered in 1524 by explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano; today, the bridge spanning them is named after Verrazzano.)[7] Hudson believed that he had found the continental water route, so he sailed up the major river that later bore his name. He found the water too shallow to proceed several days later, at the site of present-day Troy, New York.[8]

text: Upon returning to the Netherlands, Hudson reported that he had found a fertile land and an amicable people willing to engage his crew in small-scale bartering of furs, trinkets, clothes, and small manufactured goods. His report was first published in 1611 by Emanuel Van Meteren, an Antwerp émigré and the Dutch Consul at London.[6] This stimulated interest[9] in exploiting this new trade resource, and it was the catalyst for Dutch merchant-traders to fund more expeditions. Flemish Lutheran émigré merchants such as Arnout Vogels sent the first follow-up voyages to exploit this discovery as early as July 1610.[6]

text: In 1611–12, the Admiralty of Amsterdam sent two covert expeditions to find a passage to China with the yachts Craen and Vos, captained by Jan Cornelisz Mey and Symon Willemsz Cat respectively. In four voyages made between 1611 and 1614, the area between present-day Maryland and Massachusetts was explored, surveyed, and charted by Adriaen Block, Hendrick Christiaensen, and Cornelius Jacobsen Mey. The results of these explorations, surveys, and charts made from 1609 through 1614 were consolidated in Block’s map, which used the name New Netherland for the first time. On maps, it was also called Nova Belgica. During this period, there was some trading with the native population.

text: Fur trader Juan Rodriguez (known as Jan Rodrigues among the Dutch) was born in Santo Domingo of Portuguese and African descent. He arrived in Manhattan during the winter of 1613–14, trapping for pelts and trading with the local population as a representative of the Dutch. He was the first recorded non-native inhabitant of what became New York City.[10][11][12]

text: Development[edit]

text: Chartered trading companies[edit]

text: The immediate and intense competition among Dutch trading companies in the newly charted areas (especially in New York Bay and along the Hudson River) led to disputes in Amsterdam and calls for regulation. The States General was the governing body of the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands, and it proclaimed on March 17, 1614 that it would grant an exclusive patent for trade between the 40th and 45th parallels. This monopoly would be valid for four voyages, all of which had to be undertaken within three years after it was awarded. Block's map and the report that accompanied it were used by the New Netherland Company (a newly formed alliance of trading companies) to win its patent, which expired on January 1, 1618.[13]

text: The New Netherland Company also ordered a survey of the Delaware Valley. This was undertaken by Cornelis Hendricksz of Monnickendam who explored the Zuyd Rivier (literally "South River," today known as the Delaware River) in 1616 from its bay to its northernmost navigable reaches. His observations were preserved in a map drawn in 1616. Hendricksz's voyages were made aboard the IJseren Vercken (Iron Hog), a vessel built in America. Despite the survey, the company was unable to secure an exclusive patent from the States General for the area between the 38th and 40th parallels.[14]

text: The States General issued patents in 1614 for the development of New Netherland as a private, commercial venture. Soon thereafter, traders built Fort Nassau on Castle Island in the area of present-day Albany up Hudson's river. The fort was to defend river traffic against interlopers and to conduct fur trading operations with the natives. The location of the fort proved to be impractical, however, due to repeated flooding of the island in the summers; it was abandoned in 1618,[15] which coincided with the patent's expiration.

text: The Dutch West India Company (WIC) (Geoctroyeerde Westindische Compagnie) was granted a charter by the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands on June 3, 1621.[16] It was given the exclusive right to operate in West Africa (between the Tropic of Cancer and the Cape of Good Hope) and the Americas.[16] In New Netherland, profit was originally to be made from the North American fur trade.

text: Among the founders of the WIC was Willem Usselincx. Between 1600 and 1606, he had promoted the concept that a main goal of the company should be establishing colonies in the New World. In 1620, Usselincx made a last appeal to the States General, which rejected his principal vision as a primary goal. The legislators preferred the formula of trading posts with small populations and a military presence to protect them, which was working in the East Indies, over encouraging mass immigration and establishing large colonies. The company did not focus on colonization in North America until 1654, when it was forced to surrender Dutch Brazil and forfeit the richest sugar-producing area in the world.

text: Pre-colonial population[edit]

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text: The first trading partners of the New Netherlanders were the Algonquian who lived in the area.[17] The Dutch depended on the indigenous population to capture, skin, and deliver pelts to them, especially beaver. It is likely that Hudson's peaceful contact with the local Mahicans encouraged them to establish Fort Nassau in 1614, the first of many garrisoned trading stations to be built. In 1628, the Mohawks (members of the Iroquois Confederacy) conquered the Mahicans, who retreated to Connecticut. The Mohawks gained a near-monopoly in the fur trade with the Dutch, as they controlled the upstate Adirondacks and Mohawk Valley through the center of New York.[18]

text: The Algonquian Lenape population around New York Bay and along the Lower Hudson were seasonally migrational people. The Dutch called the numerous tribes collectively the River Indians,[18][19] known by their exonyms as the Wecquaesgeek, Hackensack, Raritan, Canarsee, and Tappan. These groups had the most frequent contact with the New Netherlanders. The Munsee inhabited the Highlands, Hudson Valley, and northern New Jersey,[18] while Minquas (called the Susquehannocks by the English) lived west of the Zuyd Rivier along and beyond the Susquehanna River, which the Dutch regarded as their boundary with Virginia.

text: Company policy required land to be purchased from the indigenous peoples. The WIC would offer a land patent, the recipient of which would be responsible for negotiating a deal with representatives of the local population, usually the sachem or high chief. The Dutch (referred to by the natives as Swannekins, or salt water people) and the Wilden (as the Dutch called the natives) had vastly different conceptions of ownership and use of land—so much so that they did not understand each other at all.[18] The Dutch thought that their proffer of gifts in the form of sewant or manufactured goods was a trade agreement and defense alliance, which gave them exclusive rights to farming, hunting, and fishing. Often, the Indians did not vacate the property, or reappeared seasonally, according to their migration patterns. They were willing to share the land with the Europeans, but the Indians did not intend to leave or give up access. This misunderstanding and other differences led to violent conflict later. At the same time, such differences marked the beginnings of a multicultural society.[20]

text: Early settlement[edit]

text: Like the French in the north, the Dutch focused their interest on the fur trade. To that end, they cultivated contingent relations with the Five Nations of the Iroquois to procure greater access to key central regions from which the skins came.

text: The Dutch encouraged a kind of feudal aristocracy over time, to attract settlers to the region of the Hudson River, in what became known as the system of the Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions. Further south, a Swedish trading company that had ties with the Dutch tried to establish its first settlement along the Delaware River three years later. Without resources to consolidate its position, New Sweden was gradually absorbed by New Holland and later in Pennsylvania and Delaware.

text: The earliest Dutch settlement was built around 1613, and consisted of a number of small huts built by the crew of the "Tijger" (Tiger), a Dutch ship under the command of Captain Adriaen Block, which had caught fire while sailing on the Hudson.[21] Soon after, the first of two Fort Nassaus was built, and small factorijen or trading posts went up, where commerce could be conducted with Algonquian and Iroquois population, possibly at Schenectady, Esopus, Quinnipiac, Communipaw, and elsewhere.

text: In 1617, Dutch colonists built a fort at the confluence of the Hudson and Mohawk Rivers where Albany now stands. In 1624, New Netherland became a province of the Dutch Republic, which had lowered the northern border of its North American dominion to 42 degrees latitude in acknowledgment of the claim by the English north of Cape Cod.[nb 1] The Dutch named the three main rivers of the province the Zuyd Rivier (South River), the Noort Rivier (North River), and the Versche Rivier (Fresh River). Discovery, charting, and permanent settlement were needed to maintain a territorial claim. To this end in May 1624, the VOC landed 30 families at Fort Orange and Noten Eylant (today's Governors Island) at the mouth of the North River. They disembarked from the ship New Netherland, under the command of Cornelis Jacobsz May, the first Director of the New Netherland. He was replaced the following year by Willem Verhulst.

text: In June 1625, 45 additional colonists disembarked on Noten Eylant from three ships named Horse, Cow, and Sheep, which also delivered 103 horses, steers, cows, pigs, and sheep. Most settlers were dispersed to the various garrisons built across the territory: upstream to Fort Orange, to Kievets Hoek on the Fresh River, and Fort Wilhelmus on the South River.[22][23][24] Many of the settlers were not Dutch but Walloons, French Huguenots, or Africans (most as enslaved labor, some later gaining "half-free" status).[25][26]

text: North River and The Manhattans[edit]

text: Peter Minuit became Director of the New Netherland in 1626 and made a decision that greatly affected the new colony. Originally, the capital of the province was to be located on the South River,[27] but it was soon realized that the location was susceptible to mosquito infestation in the summer and the freezing of its waterways in the winter. He chose instead the island of Manhattan at the mouth of the river explored by Hudson, at that time called the North River.

text: Minuit traded some goods with the local population,[28] in one of the most legendary real estate deals ever made, and reported that he had purchased it from the natives, as was company policy. He ordered the construction of Fort Amsterdam at its southern tip, around which grew the heart of the province called The Manhattoes in the vernacular of the day, rather than New Netherland.[29][30]

text: The port city of New Amsterdam outside the walls of the fort became a major hub for trade between North America, the Caribbean, and Europe, and the place where raw materials were loaded, such as pelts, lumber, and tobacco. Sanctioned privateering contributed to its growth. It was given its municipal charter in 1653,[31] by which time the Commonality of New Amsterdam included the isle of Manhattan, Staaten Eylandt, Pavonia, and the Lange Eylandt towns.[32]

text: In the hope of encouraging immigration, the Dutch West India Company established the Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions in 1629, which gave it the power to offer vast land grants and the title of patroon to some of its invested members.[33] The vast tracts were called patroonships, and the title came with powerful manorial rights and privileges, such as the creation of civil and criminal courts and the appointing of local officials. In return, a patroon was required by the Company to establish a settlement of at least 50 families within four years[34] who would live as tenant farmers. Of the original five patents given, the largest and only truly successful endeavour was Rensselaerswyck,[35] at the highest navigable point on the North River,[36] which became the main thoroughfare of the province. Beverwijck grew from a trading post to a bustling, independent town in the midst of Rensselaerwyck, as did Wiltwyck, south of the patroonship in Esopus country.

text: Kieft's War[edit]

text: Willem Kieft was Director New Netherland from 1638 until 1647. The colony had grown somewhat before his arrival but it did not flourish, and Kieft was under pressure to cut costs. At this time, a large number of Indian tribes which had signed mutual defense treaties with the Dutch were gathering near the colony due to widespread warfare and dislocation among the tribes to the north. At first, he suggested collecting tribute from the Indians,[37] as was common among the various dominant tribes, but his demands were simply ignored by the Tappan and Wecquaesgeek. Subsequently, a colonist was murdered in an act of revenge for some killings that had taken place years earlier and the Indians refused to turn over the perpetrator. Kieft suggested that they be taught a lesson by ransacking their villages. In an attempt to gain public support, he created the citizens commission the Council of Twelve Men.

text: The Council did not rubber-stamp his ideas, as he had expected them to, but took the opportunity to mention grievances that they had with the company's mismanagement and its unresponsiveness to their suggestions. Kieft thanked and disbanded them and, against their advice, ordered that groups of Tappan and Wecquaesgeekbe be attacked at Pavonia and Corlear's Hook, even though they had sought refuge from their more powerful Mahican enemies per their treaty understandings with the Dutch. The massacre left 130 dead. Within days, the surrounding tribes united and rampaged the countryside, in a unique move, forcing settlers who escaped to find safety at Fort Amsterdam. For two years, a series of raids and reprisals raged across the province, until 1645 when Kieft's War ended with a treaty, in a large part brokered by the Hackensack sagamore Oratam.[18]

text: The colonists were disenchanted with Keift, his ignorance of indigenous peoples, and the unresponsiveness of the WIC to their rights and requests, and they submitted the Remonstrance of New Netherland to the States General.[38] This document was written by Leiden-educated New Netherland lawyer Adriaen van der Donck, condemning the VOC for mismanagement and demanding full rights as citizens of the province of the Netherlands.[20]

text: Director-General Stuyvesant[edit]

text: Peter Stuyvesant arrived in New Amsterdam in 1647, the only governor of the colony to be called Director-General. Some years earlier land ownership policy was liberalized and trading was somewhat deregulated, and many New Netherlanders considered themselves entrepreneurs in a free market.[20]

text: During the period of his governorship, the province experienced exponential growth.[35] Demands were made upon Stuyvesant from all sides: the West India Company, the States General, and the New Netherlanders. Dutch territory was being nibbled at by the English to the north and the Swedes to the south, while in the heart of the province the Esopus were trying to contain further Dutch expansion. Discontent in New Amsterdam led locals to dispatch Adriaen van der Donck back to the United Provinces to seek redress. After nearly three years of legal and political wrangling, the Dutch Government came down against the VOC, granting the colony a measure of self-government and recalling Stuyvesant in April 1652. However, the orders were rescinded with the outbreak of the First Anglo-Dutch War a month later.[20] Military battles were occurring in the Caribbean and along the South Atlantic coast. In 1654, the Netherlands lost New Holland in Brazil to the Portuguese, encouraging some of its residents to emigrate north and making the North American colonies more appealing to some investors. The Esopus Wars are so named for the branch of Lenape that lived around Wiltwijck, today's Kingston, which was the Dutch settlement on the west bank of Hudson River between Beverwyk and New Amsterdam. These conflicts were generally over settlement of land by New Netherlanders for which contracts had not been clarified, and were seen by the natives as an unwanted incursion into their territory. Previously, the Esopus, a clan of the Munsee Lenape, had much less contact with the River Indians and the Mohawks.[39]

text: Society[edit]

text: New Netherlanders were not necessarily Dutch, and New Netherland was never a homogeneous society.[2] An early governor, Peter Minuit, was a Walloon born in modern Germany who spoke English and worked for a Dutch company.[40] The term New Netherland Dutch generally includes all the Europeans who came to live there,[1] but may also refer to Africans, Indo-Caribbeans, South Americans and even the Native Americans who were integral to the society. Though Dutch was the official language, and likely the lingua franca of the province, it was but one of many spoken there.[2] There were various Algonquian languages; Walloons and Huguenots tended to speak French, and Scandinavians brought their own tongues, as did the Germans. It is likely that the about 100 Africans (including both free men and slaves) on Manhattan spoke their mother tongues, but were taught Dutch from 1638 by Adam Roelantsz van Dokkum.[41] English was already on the rise to become the vehicular language in world trade,[citation needed] and settlement by individuals or groups of English-speakers started soon after the inception of the province. The arrival of refugees from New Holland in Brazil may have brought speakers of Portuguese, Spanish, and Ladino (with Hebrew as a liturgical language). Commercial activity in the harbor could have been transacted simultaneously in any of a number of tongues.[42]

text: The Dutch West India Company introduced slavery in 1625 with the importation of eleven black slaves who worked as farmers, fur traders, and builders. Although enslaved, the Africans had a few basic rights and families were usually kept intact. Admitted to the Dutch Reformed Church and married by its ministers, their children could be baptized. Slaves could testify in court, sign legal documents, and bring civil actions against whites. Some were permitted to work after hours earning wages equal to those paid to white workers. When the colony fell, the company freed the first slaves and some others, establishing early on a nucleus of free negros.[43]

text: The Union of Utrecht, the founding document of the Dutch Republic, signed in 1579, stated "that everyone shall remain free in religion and that no one may be persecuted or investigated because of religion". The Dutch West India Company, however, established the Reformed Church as the official religious institution of New Netherland.[44] Its successor church, the Reformed Church in America still exists today. The colonists had to attract, "through attitude and by example", the natives and nonbelievers to God's word "without, on the other hand, to persecute someone by reason of his religion, and to leave everyone the freedom of his conscience." In addition, the laws and ordinances of the states of Holland were incorporated by reference in those first instructions to the Governors Island settlers in 1624. There were two test cases during Stuyvesant's governorship in which the rule prevailed: the official granting of full residency for both Ashkenazi and Sephardi Jews in New Amsterdam in 1655, and the Flushing Remonstrance, involving Quakers, in 1657.[45][46] During the 1640s, two religious leaders, both women, took refuge in New Netherland: Anne Hutchinson and the Anabaptist Lady Deborah Moody.

text: Expansion and incursion[edit]

text: South River and New Sweden[edit]

text: Apart from the second Fort Nassau, and the small community that supported it, settlement along the Zuyd Rivier was limited. An attempt by patroons of Zwaanendael, Samuel Blommaert and Samuel Godijn was destroyed by the local population soon after its founding in 1631 during the absence of their agent, David Pietersen de Vries.

text: Peter Minuit, who had construed a deed for Manhattan (and was soon after dismissed as director), knew that the Dutch would be unable to defend the southern flank of their North American territory and had not signed treaties with or purchased land from the Minquas. After gaining the support from the Queen of Sweden, he chose the southern banks of the Delaware Bay to establish a colony there, which he did in 1638, calling it Fort Christina, New Sweden. As expected, the government at New Amsterdam took no other action than to protest. Other settlements sprang up as colony grew, mostly populated by Swedes, Finns, Germans, and Dutch. In 1651, Fort Nassau was dismantled and relocated in an attempt to disrupt trade and reassert control, receiving the name Fort Casimir. Fort Beversreede was built in the same year, but was short-lived. In 1655, Stuyvesant led a military expedition and regained control of the region, calling its main town "New Amstel" (Nieuw-Amstel).[47] During this expedition, some villages and plantations at the Manhattans (Pavonia and Staten Island) were attacked in an incident that is known as the Peach Tree War.[20] These raids are sometimes considered revenge for the murder of an Indian girl attempting to pluck a peach, though it was likely that they were a retaliation for the attacks at New Sweden.[20][48] A new experimental settlement was begun in 1673, just before the British takeover in 1674. Franciscus van den Enden had drawn up charter for a utopian society that included equal education of all classes, joint ownership of property, and a democratically elected government.[20] Pieter Corneliszoon Plockhoy attempted such a settlement near the site of Zwaanendael, but it soon expired under English rule.[49]

text: Fresh River and New England[edit]

text: Few Dutch settlers to New Netherland made their home at Fort Goede Hoop on the Fresh River. As early as 1637, English settlers from the Massachusetts Bay Colony began to settle along its banks and on Lange Eylandt, some with permission from the colonial government and others with complete disregard for it. Developing simultaneously with that of New Netherland, the English colonies grew more rapidly, since settlement by religious groups (rather than trade) was the impetus for their creation and growth. The wal, or rampart, was originally built at contemporary Wall Street due to fear of an invasion by the English.

text: Initially, there was limited contact between New Englanders and New Netherlanders, but the two provinces engaged in direct diplomatic relations with a swelling English population and territorial disputes. The New England Confederation was formed in 1643 as a political and military alliance of the English colonies of Massachusetts, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven.[50] Connecticut and New Haven were actually on land claimed by the United Provinces, but the Dutch were unable to populate or militarily defend their territorial claim and therefore could do nothing but protest the growing flood of English settlers. With the 1650 Treaty of Hartford, Stuyvesant provisionally ceded the Connecticut River region to New England, drawing New Netherland's eastern border 50 Dutch miles (approximately 250 km) west of the Connecticut's mouth on the mainland and just west of Oyster Bay on Long Island. The Dutch West India Company refused to recognize the treaty, but it failed to reach any other agreement with the English, so the Hartford Treaty set the de facto border. Connecticut mostly assimilated into New England, although the western part of the state maintained stronger ties with the Tri-State Region.

text: Capitulation, restitution, and concession[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In March 1664, Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland resolved to annex New Netherland and "bring all his Kingdoms under one form of government, both in church and state, and to install the Anglican government as in old England." The directors of the Dutch West India Company concluded that the religious freedom, which they offered in New Netherland, would dissuade English colonists from working toward their removal. They wrote to Director-General Peter Stuyvesant:

text: . . . we are in hopes that as the English at the north (in New Netherland) have removed mostly from old England for the causes aforesaid, they will not give us henceforth so much trouble, but prefer to live free under us at peace with their consciences than to risk getting rid of our authority and then falling again under a government from which they had formerly fled.

text: Early image of "Nieuw Amsterdam", made in 1664, the year it was surrendered to English forces under Richard Nicolls

text: On August 27, 1664, four English frigates led by Richard Nicolls sailed into New Amsterdam’s harbor and demanded New Netherland’s surrender.[51][52] They met no resistance because numerous citizens’ requests had gone unheeded for protection by a suitable Dutch garrison against "the deplorable and tragic massacres" by the natives. That lack of adequate fortification, ammunition, and manpower made New Amsterdam defenseless, as well as the indifference from the West India Company to previous pleas for reinforcement of men and ships against "the continual troubles, threats, encroachments and invasions of the English neighbors." Stuyvesant negotiated successfully for good terms from his "too powerful enemies".[53] In the Articles of Transfer, he and his council secured the principle of religious tolerance in Article VIII, which assured that New Netherlanders "shall keep and enjoy the liberty of their consciences in religion" under English rule. The Articles were largely observed in New Amsterdam and the Hudson River Valley, but they were immediately violated by the English along the Delaware River, where pillaging, looting, and arson were undertaken under the orders of English officer Sir Robert Carr, Kt.[54][55] who had been dispatched to secure the valley. Many Dutch settlers were sold into slavery in Virginia on Carr's orders, and an entire Mennonite settlement was wiped out, led by Pieter Corneliszoon Plockhoy near modern Lewes, Delaware. The 1667 Treaty of Breda ended the Second Anglo-Dutch War; the Dutch did not press their claims on New Netherland, and the status quo was maintained, with the Dutch occupying Suriname and the nutmeg island of Run.

text: Within six years, the nations were again at war. The Dutch recaptured New Netherland in August 1673 with a fleet of 21 ships led by Vice Admiral Cornelius Evertsen and Commodore Jacob Binckes, then the largest ever seen in North America. They chose Anthony Colve as governor and renamed the city "New Orange," reflecting the installation of William of Orange as Lord-Lieutenant (stadtholder) of Holland in 1672, who became King William III of England in 1689. Nevertheless, the Dutch Republic was bankrupt after the conclusion of the Third Anglo-Dutch War in 1672–1674, the historic "disaster years" in which the republic was simultaneously attacked by the French under Louis XIV, the English, and the Bishops of Munster and Cologne. The States of Zeeland had tried to convince the States of Holland to take on the responsibility for the New Netherland province, but to no avail. In November 1674, the Treaty of Westminster concluded the war and ceded New Netherland to the English.[56]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: New Netherland grew into the largest metropolis in the United States, and it left an enduring legacy on American cultural and political life[57], "a secular broadmindedness and mercantile pragmatism"[12] greatly influenced by the social and political climate in the Dutch Republic at the time, as well as by the character of those who immigrated to it.[58] It was during the early British colonial period that the New Netherlanders actually developed the land and society that had an enduring impact on the Capital District, the Hudson Valley, North Jersey, western Long Island, New York City, and ultimately the United States.[12]

text: Political culture[edit]

text: The concept of tolerance was the mainstay of the province's Dutch mother country. The Dutch Republic was a haven for many religious and intellectual refugees fleeing oppression, as well as home to the world's major ports in the newly developing global economy. Concepts of religious freedom and free-trade (including a stock market) were Netherlands imports. In 1682, visiting Virginian William Byrd commented about New Amsterdam that "they have as many sects of religion there as at Amsterdam".

text: The Dutch Republic was one of the first nation-states of Europe where citizenship and civil liberties were extended to large segments of the population. The framers of the U.S. Constitution were influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces, though that influence was more as an example of things to avoid than of things to imitate.[59] In addition, the Act of Abjuration, essentially the declaration of independence of the United Provinces from the Spanish throne, is strikingly similar to the later American Declaration of Independence,[60] though there is no concrete evidence that one influenced the other. John Adams went so far as to say that “the origins of the two Republics are so much alike that the history of one seems but a transcript from that of the other.”[61] The Articles of Capitulation (outlining the terms of transfer to the English) in 1664[53] provided for the right to worship as one wished, and were incorporated into subsequent city, state, and national constitutions in the United States, and are the legal and cultural code that lies at the root of the New York Tri-State traditions.[62]

text: Many prominent U.S. citizens are Dutch American directly descended from the Dutch families of New Netherland.[63] The Roosevelt family produced two Presidents and are descended from Claes van Roosevelt, who emigrated around 1650.[64] The Van Buren family of President Martin Van Buren also originated in New Netherland.[4] The Bush family descendants from Flora Sheldon are descendants from the Schuyler family.

text: Lore[edit]

text: The blue, white and orange colors of the flag of New York City, of Albany and of Nassau County are those of the Prinsenvlag ("Prince's Flag"), introduced in the 17th century as the Statenvlag ("States Flag"), the naval flag of the States-General of the Dutch Republic.

text: They are also seen in materials from New York's two World's Fairs and the uniforms of the New York Knicks basketball club, the New York Mets baseball club, and the New York Islanders hockey club.

text: The seven arrows in the lion's left claw in the Republic's coat of arms, representing the seven provinces, was a precedent for the thirteen arrows in the eagle's left claw in the Great Seal of the United States.[65]

text: Any review of the legacy of New Netherland is complicated by the enormous impact of Washington Irving’s satirical A History of New York and its famous fictional author Diedrich Knickerbocker. Irving’s romantic vision of an enlightened, languid Dutch yeomanry dominated the popular imagination about the colony since its publication in 1809.[66] To this day, many mistakenly believe that Irving’s two most famous short stories, "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow", are based on actual folk tales of Dutch peasants in the Hudson Valley.[citation needed]

text: The tradition of Santa Claus is thought to have developed from a gift-giving celebration of the feast of Saint Nicholas on December 6 each year by the settlers of New Netherland.[20][67] The Dutch Sinterklaas was Americanized into "Santa Claus", a name first used in the American press in 1773,[68] when, in the early days of the revolt, Nicholas was used as a symbol of New York's non-British past.[67] However, many of the "traditions" of Santa Claus may have simply been invented by Irving in his 1809 Knickerbocker's History of New York from The Beginning of the World To the End of The Dutch Dynasty.[67]

text: Pinkster, the Dutch celebration of Spring is still celebrated in the Hudson Valley.

text: Language[edit]

text: Dutch continued to be spoken in the region for some time. President Martin Van Buren grew up in Kinderhook, New York speaking only Dutch, later becoming the only president not to have spoken English as a first language.[69] Pidgin Delaware developed early in the province as a vehicular language to expedite trade. A dialect known as Jersey Dutch was spoken in and around rural Bergen and Passaic counties in New Jersey until the early 20th century.[70] Mohawk Dutch, spoken around Albany, is also now extinct.[71]

text: Many Dutch words borrowed into English are evident in today's American vernacular and emanate directly from the legacy of New Netherland.[72] For example, the quintessential American word Yankee may be a corruption of a Dutch name, Jan Kees. [nb 2][73] Knickerbocker, originally a surname, has been used to describe a number of things, including breeches, glasses, and a basketball team. Cookie is from the Dutch word koekje or (informally) koekie. Boss, from baas, evolved in New Netherland to the usage known today.[nb 3]

text: Placenames[edit]

text: Early settlers and their descendents gave many placenames still in use throughout the region that was New Netherland.[4] Using Dutch, and the Latin alphabet, they also "Batavianized"[20] names of Native American geographical locations such as Manhattan, Hackensack, Sing-Sing, and Canarsie. Peekskill, Catskill, and Cresskill all refer to the streams, or kils, around which they grew. Schuylkill River is somewhat redundant, since kil is already built into it. Among those that use hoek, meaning corner,[74] are: Red Hook, Sandy Hook, Constable Hook, and Kinderhook. Nearly pure Dutch forms name the bodies of water Spuyten Duyvil, Kill van Kull, and Hell Gate. Countless towns, streets, and parks bear names derived from Dutch places or from the surnames of the early Dutch settlers. Hudson and the House of Orange-Nassau lend their names to numerous places in the Northeast.


document_title: List of NFL players by games played

question_text: what nfl player has been in the nfl the longest

root

text: List of NFL players by games played

text: All-time most appearances (minimum 200 games played)[edit]

text: Regular season only: [1] (includes AAFC and AFL games)

tag: p

text:
Positions played

C
Center
G
Guard
NT
Nose Tackle
QB
Quarterback

CB
Cornerback
K
Placekicker
OL
0Off. Lineman0
RB
Running Back

DE
Defensive End
KR
0Kick Returner0
OT
Off. Tackle
S
Safety

DT
0Defensive Tackle0
LB
Linebacker
P
Punter
TE
Tight End

FB
Fullback
LS
Long Snapper
PR
0Punt Returner0
WR
Wide Receiver

tag: table

text: If more than one position is listed for a player, the BOLD listing is his primary position. This list is sorted by 1) games played, 2) first year played, 3) last year played and 4) surname.

text:
Bold denotes an active player

Most games for that position^

Elected into the Pro Football Hall of Fame*

text:
Regular Season Games Played

Rank
Name
Position
Period
Games
Updated Through

1
Andersen, MortenMorten Andersen*
K ^
1982–2007
382

2
Anderson, GaryGary Anderson
K
1982–2004
353

3
Feagles, JeffJeff Feagles
P ^
1988–2009
352

4
Blanda, GeorgeGeorge Blanda*
K, QB
1949–1975
340

5
Vinatieri, AdamAdam Vinatieri
K
1996–present
337
2017

6
Hanson, JasonJason Hanson
K
1992–2012
327

7
Rice, JerryJerry Rice*
WR ^
1985–2004
303

8
Carney, JohnJohn Carney
K
1988–2010
302

Favre, BrettBrett Favre*
QB ^
1991–2010

10
Kasay, JohnJohn Kasay
K
1991–2011
301

11
Stover, MattMatt Stover
K
1991–2009
297

12
Matthews, BruceBruce Matthews*
OL ^
1983–2001
296

13
Green, DarrellDarrell Green*
CB ^
1983–2002
295

Dawson, PhilPhil Dawson
K
1999–present
2017

15
Lechler, ShaneShane Lechler
P
2000–present
286
2017

16
Landeta, SeanSean Landeta
P
1985–2005
284

17
Marshall, JimJim Marshall
DE ^
1960–1979
282

18
Junkin, TreyTrey Junkin
LS ^ TE, LB
1983–2002
281

19
Smith, BruceBruce Smith*
DE
1985–2003
279

20
Matthews, ClayClay Matthews
LB ^
1978–1996
278

21
Johnson, NormNorm Johnson
K
1982–1999
273

22
Gonzalez, TonyTony Gonzalez
TE ^
1997–2013
270

23
Groza, LouLou Groza*
K, OT
1946–1967
268

Seau, JuniorJunior Seau*
LB
1990–2009

Janikowski, SebastianSebastian Janikowski
K
2000–present
2017 season

26
Manning, PeytonPeyton Manning
QB
1998–2015
266

27
Stenerud, JanJan Stenerud*
K
1967–1985
263

Brown, LomasLomas Brown
OT ^
1985–2002

Elam, JasonJason Elam
K
1993–2009

30
Brown, RayRay Brown
G ^
1986–2005
262

31
Lowery, NickNick Lowery
K
1978–1996
260

32
Slater, JackieJackie Slater*
OT
1976–1995
259

Johnson, LeeLee Johnson
P
1985–2002

34
Binn, DavidDavid Binn
LS
1994–2010
256

Fletcher, LondonLondon Fletcher
LB
1998–2013

36
Morrall, EarlEarl Morrall
QB
1956–1976
255

Fryar, IrvingIrving Fryar
WR
1984–2000

Brown, TimTim Brown*
WR
1988–2004

39
Woodson, CharlesCharles Woodson
S ^
1998–2015
254

40
Brady, TomTom Brady
QB
2000–present
253
2017

41
Kenn, MikeMike Kenn
OT
1978–1994
251

42
Leahy, PatPat Leahy
K
1974–1991
250

Murray, EddieEddie Murray
K
1980–2000

Robinson, EugeneEugene Robinson
S
1985–2000

Peppers, JuliusJulius Peppers
DE, LB
2002–present
2017

46
Brees, DrewDrew Brees
QB
2001–present
249
2017

47
Del Greco, AlAl Del Greco
K
1984–2000
248

48
Tarkenton, FranFran Tarkenton*
QB
1961–1978
246

Van Note, JeffJeff Van Note
C ^
1969–1986

Bush, BlairBlair Bush
C ^
1978–1994

51
Webster, MikeMike Webster*
C
1974–1990
245

Mannelly, PatrickPatrick Mannelly
LS
1998–2013

53
Donaldson, RayRay Donaldson
C
1980–1996
244

Proehl, RickyRicky Proehl
WR
1990–2006

Gardocki, ChrisChris Gardocki
P
1991–2006

Turk, MattMatt Turk
P
1995–2011

57
Romanowski, BillBill Romanowski
LB
1988–2003
243

58
Marino, DanDan Marino*
QB
1983–1999
242

59
White, EdEd White
G
1969–1985
241

Hentrich, CraigCraig Hentrich
P
1994–2009

Mawae, KevinKevin Mawae
C
1994–2009

Barber, RondeRonde Barber
CB
1997–2012

63
McDole, RonRon McDole
DE
1961–1978
240

Tingelhoff, MickMick Tingelhoff*
C
1962–1978

Longwell, RyanRyan Longwell
K
1997–2012

66
Joiner, CharlieCharlie Joiner*
WR
1969–1986
239

Fontenot, JerryJerry Fontenot
C
1989–2004

Mohr, ChrisChris Mohr
P
1989–2004

Neal, LorenzoLorenzo Neal
FB ^
1993–2008

Witten, JasonJason Witten
TE
2003–present
2017

71
Roby, ReggieReggie Roby
P
1983–1998
238

Woodson, RodRod Woodson*
CB, KR, PR, S
1987–2003

Barker, BryanBryan Barker
P
1990–2005

Maynard, BradBrad Maynard
P
1997–2011

75
Akers, DavidDavid Akers
K
1998–2013
237

76
Simmons, ClydeClyde Simmons
DE
1986–2000
236

Washington, TedTed Washington
NT ^
1991–2007

Albright, EthanEthan Albright
LS, C
1995–2010

79
Bahr, MattMatt Bahr
K
1979–1995
235

Metzelaars, PetePete Metzelaars
TE
1982–1997

Mare, OlindoOlindo Mare
K
1997–2012

Leach, MikeMike Leach
LS
2000–2015

83
Bakken, JimJim Bakken
K
1962–1978
234

Brock, StanStan Brock
OT
1980–1995

Elway, JohnJohn Elway*
QB
1983–1998

Reed, AndreAndre Reed*
WR
1985–2000

Carter, CrisCris Carter*
WR
1987–2002

Gammon, KendallKendall Gammon
LS
1992–2006

Richardson, TonyTony Richardson
FB
1995–2010

Milloy, LawyerLawyer Milloy
S
1996–2010

91
Lofton, JamesJames Lofton*
WR
1978–1993
233

Stark, RohnRohn Stark
P
1982–1997

Testaverde, VinnyVinny Testaverde
QB
1987–2007

Taylor, JasonJason Taylor*
DE, LB
1997–2011

95
Doleman, ChrisChris Doleman*
DE
1985–1999
232

White, ReggieReggie White*
DE
1985–2000

97
Winters, FrankFrank Winters
C
1987–2002
231

98
Farrior, JamesJames Farrior
LB
1997–2011
230

Mason, DerrickDerrick Mason
WR
1997–2011

100
Christie, SteveSteve Christie
K
1990–2004
229

Traylor, KeithKeith Traylor
NT
1991–2007

102
Turner, JimJim Turner
K
1964–1979
228

Ellard, HenryHenry Ellard
WR
1983–1998

Sweeney, JimJim Sweeney
C
1984–1999

Greene, KevinKevin Greene*
LB
1985–1999

Lewis, RayRay Lewis*
LB
1996–2012

107
Jackson, RickeyRickey Jackson*
LB
1981–1995
227

Jeffcoat, JimJim Jeffcoat
DE
1983–1997

McKenzie, RaleighRaleigh McKenzie
OL
1985–2000

Wiegmann, CaseyCasey Wiegmann
C
1997–2011

111
Krause, PaulPaul Krause*
S
1964–1979
226

Smith, EmmittEmmitt Smith*
RB ^
1990–2004

113
Eller, CarlCarl Eller*
DE
1964–1979
225

Lewis, AlbertAlbert Lewis
CB
1983–1998

Nickerson, HardyHardy Nickerson
LB
1987–2002

Brooking, KeithKeith Brooking
LB
1998–2012

117
Hadl, JohnJohn Hadl
QB
1962–1977
224

Jones, Ed "Too Tall"Ed "Too Tall" Jones
DE
1974–1989

Hairston, CarlCarl Hairston
DE, DT
1976–1990

Monk, ArtArt Monk*
WR
1980–1995

Royals, MarkMark Royals
P
1987–2003

Stryzinski, DanDan Stryzinski
P
1990–2003

Shields, WillWill Shields*
G
1993–2006

Lynch, JohnJohn Lynch
S
1993–2007

Brooks, DerrickDerrick Brooks*
LB
1995–2008

Carter, KevinKevin Carter
DE
1995–2008

Dawkins, BrianBrian Dawkins*
S
1996–2011

128
Montoya, MaxMax Montoya
G
1979–1994
223

Mitchell, BrianBrian Mitchell
KR^, PR
1990–2003

Bruce, IsaacIsaac Bruce
WR
1994–2009

131
Allen, MarcusMarcus Allen*
RB
1982–1997
222

McDaniel, RandallRandall McDaniel*
G
1988–2001

Bryant, MattMatt Bryant
K
2002–present
2017

134
Smith, JustinJustin Smith
DE
2001–2014
221

Newman, TerenceTerence Newman
CB
2003–present
2017

136
Tupa, TomTom Tupa
P, QB
1988–2004
220

Moore, DaveDave Moore
TE, LS
1992–2006

Whitfield, BobBob Whitfield
OT
1992–2006

Gates, AntonioAntonio Gates
TE
2003–present
2017

140
Randle, JohnJohn Randle*
DT ^
1990–2003
219

Zgonina, JeffJeff Zgonina
DT ^
1993–2009

Gandy, WayneWayne Gandy
OT
1994–2008

Owens, TerrellTerrell Owens*
WR
1996–2010

Spikes, TakeoTakeo Spikes
LB
1998–2012

Raiola, DominicDominic Raiola
C
2001–2014

Smith, Sr., SteveSteve Smith, Sr.
WR
2001–2016

147
Jurgensen, SonnySonny Jurgensen*
QB
1957–1974
218

Page, AlanAlan Page*
DT
1967–1981

Ritcher, JimJim Ritcher
OL
1980–1995

Nash, JoeJoe Nash
NT, DT
1982–1996

Turk, DanDan Turk
LS
1985–1999

Moss, RandyRandy Moss*
WR
1998–2012

Freeney, DwightDwight Freeney
DE
2002–present
2017

Fitzgerald, LarryLarry Fitzgerald
WR
2004–present
2017

155
Wilson, JerrelJerrel Wilson
P
1963–1978
217

Upshaw, GeneGene Upshaw*
G
1967–1981

Morriss, GuyGuy Morriss
OL
1973–1987

Bates, BillBill Bates
S
1983–1997

Allen, EricEric Allen
CB
1988–2001

Ward, HinesHines Ward
WR
1998–2011

Lee, AndyAndy Lee
P
2004–present
2017

162
Butz, DaveDave Butz
DT
1973–1988
216

Brown, DaveDave Brown
CB
1975–1989

Talley, DarrylDarryl Talley
LB
1983–1996

Stone, DwightDwight Stone
KR, WR
1987–2000

Strahan, MichaelMichael Strahan*
DE
1993–2007

Manning, EliEli Manning
QB
2004–present
2017

168
Hendricks, TedTed Hendricks*
LB
1969–1983
215

Coleman, MonteMonte Coleman
LB
1979–1994

Kidd, JohnJohn Kidd
P
1984–1998

Bailey, ChampChamp Bailey
CB
1999–2013

172
Crockett, RayRay Crockett
CB
1989–2002
214

Holliday, VonnieVonnie Holliday
DE
1998–2012

Jones , DonnieDonnie Jones
P
2004–present
2017

175
Johnson, JimmyJimmy Johnson*
CB
1961–1976
213

Fischer, PatPat Fischer
CB
1961–1977

Moseley, MarkMark Moseley
K
1970–1986

McMichael, SteveSteve McMichael
DT
1980–1994

Krieg, DaveDave Krieg
QB
1980–1998

Gogan, KevinKevin Gogan
G
1987–2000

Thomas, HenryHenry Thomas
DT
1987–2000

Steussie, ToddTodd Steussie
OL
1994–2007

Suggs, TerrellTerrell Suggs
LB
2003–present
2017

184
Gossett, JeffJeff Gossett
P
1981–1996
212

Holman, RodneyRodney Holman
TE
1982–1995

Hansen, BrianBrian Hansen
P
1984–1999

Armstrong, BruceBruce Armstrong
OT
1987–2000

Phifer, RomanRoman Phifer
LB
1991–2005

McGinest, WillieWillie McGinest
LB
1994–2008

Lindell, RianRian Lindell
K
2000–2013

Dansby, KarlosKarlos Dansby
LB
2004–present
2017

192
Unitas, JohnnyJohnny Unitas*
QB
1956–1973
211

Dawson, LenLen Dawson*
QB
1957–1975

Hill, DrewDrew Hill
WR
1979–1993

Byner, EarnestEarnest Byner
RB
1984–1997

West, EdEd West
TE
1984–1997

Dellenbach, JeffJeff Dellenbach
C
1985–1999

Armstrong, TraceTrace Armstrong
DE
1989–2003

Williams, AeneasAeneas Williams*
CB, S
1991–2004

Saturday, JeffJeff Saturday
C
1999–2012

Feely, JayJay Feely
K
2001–2014

Wayne, ReggieReggie Wayne
WR
2001–2014

Muhlbach, DonDon Muhlbach
LS
2003–present
2017

204
Otto, JimJim Otto*
C
1960–1974
210

Cox, FredFred Cox
K
1963–1977

Smith, JackieJackie Smith*
TE
1963–1978

Bethea, ElvinElvin Bethea*
DE
1968–1983

Bahr, ChrisChris Bahr
K
1976–1989

Birk, MattMatt Birk
C
1998–2012

210
White, RandyRandy White*
DT
1975–1988
209

Tuggle, JessieJessie Tuggle
LB
1987–2000

Buckley, TerrellTerrell Buckley
CB
1992–2005

McCardell, KeenanKeenan McCardell
WR
1992–2007

Hasselbeck, MattMatt Hasselbeck
QB
1999–2015

Meester, BradBrad Meester
C
2000–2013

216
Rohde, LenLen Rohde
OT
1960–1974
208

Olsen, MerlinMerlin Olsen*
DT
1962–1976

Jackson, HaroldHarold Jackson
WR
1968–1983

Clayborn, RaymondRaymond Clayborn
CB
1977–1991

Moon, WarrenWarren Moon*
QB
1984–2000

Patton, MarvcusMarvcus Patton
LB
1990–2002

Pritchett, KelvinKelvin Pritchett
DT
1991–2004

Gray, ChrisChris Gray
G
1993–2007

Young, BryantBryant Young
DT, DE
1994–2007

Jennings, BrianBrian Jennings
LS
2000–2012

Denney, JohnJohn Denney
LS
2005–present
2017

227
Morton, CraigCraig Morton
QB
1965–1982
207

Rasmussen, RandyRandy Rasmussen
G
1967–1981

Shell, ArtArt Shell*
OT
1968–1982

Yary, RonRon Yary*
OT
1968–1982

Riley, KenKen Riley
CB
1969–1983

Guy, RayRay Guy*
P
1973–1986

Daniel, EugeneEugene Daniel
CB
1984–1997

Cross, HowardHoward Cross
TE
1989–2001

Coleman, MarcoMarco Coleman
DE
1992–2005

Vincent, TroyTroy Vincent
CB, S
1992–2006

Runyan, JonJon Runyan
OT
1996–2009

Robinson, BryanBryan Robinson
DE
1997–2010

Pickett, RyanRyan Pickett
DT
2001–2014

240
Cowan, CharlieCharlie Cowan
OT
1961–1975
206

Adams, JuliusJulius Adams
DE
1971–1987

Wersching, RayRay Wersching
K
1973–1987

Williams, ReggieReggie Williams
LB
1976–1989

DeBerg, SteveSteve DeBerg
QB
1978–1998

Bennett, CorneliusCornelius Bennett
LB
1987–2000

Hasty, JamesJames Hasty
CB
1988–2001

Wisniewski, SteveSteve Wisniewski
G
1989–2001

Mathis, TeranceTerance Mathis
WR
1990–2002

Adams, SamSam Adams
DT
1994–2007

Vrabel, MikeMike Vrabel
LB
1997–2010

Faneca, AlanAlan Faneca
G
1998–2010

Garza, RobertoRoberto Garza
G, C
2001–2014

Adams, MikeMike Adams
S
2004–present
2017

Colquitt, DustinDustin Colquitt
P
2005–present
2017

255
Atkins, DougDoug Atkins*
DE
1953–1969
205

Dalby, DaveDave Dalby
C
1972–1985

Jennings, DaveDave Jennings
P
1974–1987

Glasgow, NesbyNesby Glasgow
S
1979–1992

Camarillo, RichRich Camarillo
P
1981–1996

Horan, MikeMike Horan
P
1984–1999

Hellestrae, DaleDale Hellestrae
LS
1985–2001

Glenn, AaronAaron Glenn
CB
1994–2008

Sharper, DarrenDarren Sharper
S
1997–2010

Driver, DonaldDonald Driver
WR
1999–2012

Ladouceur, L.P.L.P. Ladouceur
LS
2005–present
2017

266
Tittle, Y. A.Y. A. Tittle*
QB
1948–1964
204

Alderman, GradyGrady Alderman
OT
1960–1974

Brown, WillieWillie Brown*
CB
1963–1978

Wilkerson, DougDoug Wilkerson
G
1970–1984

Washington, LionelLionel Washington
CB
1983–1997

Clifton, KyleKyle Clifton
LB
1984–1996

Ross, KevinKevin Ross
CB
1984–1997

Sharpe, ShannonShannon Sharpe*
TE
1990–2003

274
Dieken, DougDoug Dieken
OT
1971–1984
203

Rafferty, TomTom Rafferty
OL
1976–1989

Clarke, KenKen Clarke
NT, DT
1978–1991

Dent, RichardRichard Dent*
DE
1983–1997

Jackson, JohnJohn Jackson
OT
1988–2001

Allen, LarryLarry Allen*
G
1994–2007

Law, TyTy Law
CB
1995–2009

Kyle, JasonJason Kyle
LS
1995–2010

Williams, KevinKevin Williams
DT
2003–2015

283
Hickerson, GeneGene Hickerson*
G
1958–1973
202

Scibelli, JoeJoe Scibelli
G
1961–1975

McGee, TonyTony McGee
DE
1971–1984

Youngblood, JackJack Youngblood*
DE
1971–1984

Schreiber, AdamAdam Schreiber
LS, G
1984–1999

Burnett, RobRob Burnett
DE
1990–2003

Pleasant, AnthonyAnthony Pleasant
DE, DT
1990–2003

Robinson, JeffJeff Robinson
DE, TE, LS
1993–2009

Muhammad, MuhsinMuhsin Muhammad
WR
1996–2009

Moorman, BrianBrian Moorman
P
2001–2013

Boldin, AnquanAnquan Boldin
WR
2003–2016

294
Brodie, JohnJohn Brodie
QB
1957–1973
201

Hart, JimJim Hart
QB
1966–1984

Shell, DonnieDonnie Shell
S
1974–1987

Martin, GeorgeGeorge Martin
DE
1975–1988

Studwell, ScottScott Studwell
LB
1977–1990

Irwin, TimTim Irwin
OT
1981–1994

Jones, SeanSean Jones
DE
1984–1996

Strong, MackMack Strong
FB
1994–2007

Daniels, PhillipPhillip Daniels
DE
1996–2010

Brown , JoshJosh Brown
K
2003–2016

Dorenbos, JonJon Dorenbos
LS
2003–2016

305
Walker, WayneWayne Walker
LB, K
1958–1972
200

Washington, RussRuss Washington
OT, DT
1968–1982

Blount, MelMel Blount*
CB
1970–1983

Largent, SteveSteve Largent*
WR
1976–1989

Smerlas, FredFred Smerlas
NT
1979–1992

Lingner, AdamAdam Lingner
LS
1983–1995

Kragen, GregGreg Kragen
NT
1985–1997

Phillips, JoeJoe Phillips
NT, DT, DE
1986–1999

Lewis, MoMo Lewis
LB
1991–2003

Wilkins, JeffJeff Wilkins
K
1994–2007

Izzo, LarryLarry Izzo
LB
1996–2009

Williams, PatPat Williams
DT
1997–2010

Snow, JustinJustin Snow
LS
2000–2012

Roethlisberger, BenBen Roethlisberger
QB
2004–present
2017


document_title: List of Wimbledon singles finalists during the open era

question_text: who has won the most wimbledon singles titles with 9

text: Gentlemen[edit]

text: During the 51 times that this tournament has been held in the open era, 40 men have reached the Wimbledon gentlemen's singles final.[2] The final has included men from 18 different nationalities.[2] The most represented nations are the United States and Australia with Sweden, Switzerland, Czechoslovakia, Germany, and Serbia represented to a lesser extent.[2]

text: * = Champion

tag: ul

text:
Player

Nationality

Finals

Win-Loss

Year(s)

Roger Federer

  Switzerland

11

8–3

2003*, 2004*, 2005*, 2006*, 2007*, 2008, 2009*, 2012*, 2014, 2015, 2017*

Pete Sampras

 United States

7

7–0

1993*, 1994*, 1995*, 1997*, 1998*, 1999*, 2000*

Boris Becker

 Germany

7

3–4

1985*, 1986*, 1988, 1989*, 1990, 1991, 1995

Björn Borg

 Sweden

6

5–1

1976*, 1977*, 1978*, 1979*, 1980*, 1981

Jimmy Connors

 United States

6

2–4

1974*, 1975, 1977, 1978, 1982*, 1984

Novak Djokovic

 Serbia

5

4–1

2011*, 2013, 2014*, 2015*, 2018*

John McEnroe

 United States

5

3–2

1980, 1981*, 1982, 1983*, 1984*

Rafael Nadal

 Spain

5

2–3

2006, 2007, 2008*, 2010*, 2011

Goran Ivanišević

 Croatia

4

1–3

1992, 1994, 1998, 2001*

John Newcombe

 Australia

3

2–1

1969, 1970*, 1971*

Stefan Edberg

 Sweden

3

2–1

1988*, 1989, 1990*

Andy Murray

 United Kingdom

3

2–1

2012, 2013*, 2016*

Andy Roddick

 United States

3

0–3

2004, 2005, 2009

Rod Laver

 Australia

2

2–0

1968*, 1969*

Stan Smith

 United States

2

1–1

1971, 1972*

Andre Agassi

 United States

2

1–1

1992*, 1999

Ken Rosewall

 Australia

2

0–2

1970, 1974

Ilie Năstase

 Romania

2

0–2

1972, 1976

Ivan Lendl

 Czechoslovakia

2

0–2

1986, 1987

Patrick Rafter

 Australia

2

0–2

2000, 2001

Jan Kodeš

 Czechoslovakia

1

1–0

1973*

Arthur Ashe

 United States

1

1–0

1975*

Pat Cash

 Australia

1

1–0

1987*

Michael Stich

 Germany

1

1–0

1991*

Richard Krajicek

 Netherlands

1

1–0

1996*

Lleyton Hewitt

 Australia

1

1–0

2002*

Tony Roche

 Australia

1

0–1

1968

Alex Metreveli

 Soviet Union

1

0–1

1973

Roscoe Tanner

 United States

1

0–1

1979

Chris Lewis

 New Zealand

1

0–1

1983

Kevin Curren

 United States

1

0–1

1985

Jim Courier

 United States

1

0–1

1993

MaliVai Washington

 United States

1

0–1

1996

Cédric Pioline

 France

1

0–1

1997

David Nalbandian

 Argentina

1

0–1

2002

Mark Philippoussis

 Australia

1

0–1

2003

Tomáš Berdych

 Czech Republic

1

0–1

2010

Milos Raonic

 Canada

1

0–1

2016

Marin Čilić

 Croatia

1

0–1

2017

Kevin Anderson

 South Africa

1

0–0

2018

text: Most recent final[edit]

text:
Year

Nationality

Winner

Nationality

Runner-up

2018

 Serbia

Novak Djokovic

 South Africa

Kevin Anderson

text: Multiple-time opponents in the open era[edit]

text:
Opponents

Record

Finals meetings

Most Wins

Most Losses

 Björn Borg
 Jimmy Connors

2–0

1977, 1978

 Björn Borg
 John McEnroe

2–1

1980 (Borg), 1981 (McEnroe)

 Jimmy Connors vs  John McEnroe

1–1

1982 (Connors), 1984 (McEnroe)

 Stefan Edberg
 Boris Becker

2–1

1988 (Edberg), 1989 (Becker), 1990 (Edberg)

 Pete Sampras
 Goran Ivanišević

2–0

1994, 1998

 Roger Federer
 Andy Roddick

3–0

2004, 2005, 2009

 Roger Federer
 Rafael Nadal

2–1

2006 (Federer), 2007 (Federer), 2008 (Nadal)

 Novak Djokovic
 Roger Federer

2–0

2014, 2015

text: Most consecutive finals in the open era[edit]

text:
Country

Player

Number

Years

Results

Won

Lost

  Switzerland
Roger Federer
7
2003–09
6
1

 Sweden
Björn Borg
6
1976–81
5
1

 United States
John McEnroe
5
1980–84
3
2

 Germany
Boris Becker
4
1988–91
1
3

 United States
Pete Sampras
4
1997–2000
4
0

 Australia
John Newcombe
3
1969–71
2
1

 Sweden
Stefan Edberg
3
1988–90
2
1

 United States
Pete Sampras
3
1993–95
3
0

 Spain
Rafael Nadal
3
2006–08
1
2

 Serbia
Novak Djokovic
3
2013–15
2
1

 Australia
Rod Laver
2
1968–69
2
0

 United States
Stan Smith
2
1971–72
1
1

 United States
Jimmy Connors
2
1974–75
1
1

 United States
Jimmy Connors
2
1977–78
0
2

 Germany
Boris Becker
2
1985–86
2
0

 Czechoslovakia
Ivan Lendl
2
1986–87
0
2

 Australia
Patrick Rafter
2
2000–01
0
2

 United States
Andy Roddick
2
2004–05
0
2

 Spain
Rafael Nadal
2
2010–11
1
1

 United Kingdom
Andy Murray
2
2012–13
1
1

  Switzerland
Roger Federer
2
2014–15
0
2

text: Bolded Years^ indicates Active or Current Streak

text: Ladies[edit]

text: During the 51 times that this tournament has been held in the open era, 35 women have reached the Wimbledon ladies' singles final.[3] The final has included women from 15 different nationalities.[3] The United States is the most represented by a large margin, with Australia, Czechoslovakia/Czech Republic, Spain, and France represented to a lesser extent.[3]

text: * = Champion

text:
Player

Nationality

Finals

Win-Loss

Year(s)

Martina Navratilova

 United States[B]

12

9–3

1978*, 1979*, 1982*, 1983*, 1984*, 1985*, 1986*, 1987*, 1988, 1989, 1990*, 1994

Serena Williams

 United States

10

7–3

2002*, 2003*, 2004, 2008, 2009*, 2010*, 2012*, 2015*, 2016*, 2018

Chris Evert

 United States

10

3–7

1973, 1974*, 1976*, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981*, 1982, 1984, 1985

Steffi Graf

 Germany

9

7–2

1987, 1988*, 1989*, 1991*, 1992*, 1993*, 1995*, 1996*, 1999

Venus Williams

 United States

9

5–4

2000*, 2001*, 2002, 2003, 2005*, 2007*, 2008*, 2009, 2017

Billie Jean King

 United States

6

4–2

1968*, 1969, 1970, 1972*, 1973*, 1975*

Evonne Goolagong Cawley

 Australia

5

2–3

1971*, 1972, 1975, 1976, 1980*

Jana Novotná

 Czech Republic

3

1–2

1993, 1997, 1998*

Lindsay Davenport

 United States

3

1–2

1999*, 2000, 2005

Petra Kvitová

 Czech Republic

2

2–0

2011*, 2014*

Margaret Court

 Australia

2

1–1

1970*, 1971

Maria Sharapova

 Russia

2

1–1

2004*, 2011

Marion Bartoli

 France

2

1–1

2007, 2013*

Garbiñe Muguruza

 Spain

2

1–1

2015, 2017*

Angelique Kerber

 Germany

2

1–1

2016, 2018*

Hana Mandlíková

 Czechoslovakia

2

0–2

1981, 1986

Arantxa Sánchez Vicario

 Spain

2

0–2

1995, 1996

Justine Henin

 Belgium

2

0–2

2001, 2006

Ann Haydon-Jones

 United Kingdom

1

1–0

1969*

Virginia Wade

 United Kingdom

1

1–0

1977*

Conchita Martínez

 Spain

1

1–0

1994*

Martina Hingis

  Switzerland

1

1–0

1997*

Amélie Mauresmo

 France

1

1–0

2006*

Judy Tegart Dalton

 Australia

1

0–1

1968

Olga Morozova

 Soviet Union

1

0–1

1974

Betty Stöve

 Netherlands

1

0–1

1977

Andrea Jaeger

 United States

1

0–1

1983

Zina Garrison

 United States

1

0–1

1990

Gabriela Sabatini

 Argentina

1

0–1

1991

Monica Seles

 Serbia and Montenegro[C]

1

0–1

1992

Nathalie Tauziat

 France

1

0–1

1998

Vera Zvonareva

 Russia

1

0–1

2010

Agnieszka Radwańska

 Poland

1

0–1

2012

Sabine Lisicki

 Germany

1

0–1

2013

Eugenie Bouchard

 Canada

1

0–1

2014

text: Most recent final[edit]

text:
Year

Nationality

Winner

Nationality

Runner-up

2018

 Germany

Angelique Kerber

 United States

Serena Williams

text:
Opponents

Record

Finals meetings

Most Wins

Most Losses

 Billie Jean King
 Evonne Goolagong Cawley

2–0

1972, 1975

 Evonne Goolagong Cawley vs.  Chris Evert

1–1

1976 (Evert), 1980 (Cawley)

 Martina Navratilova
 Chris Evert

5–0

1978, 1979, 1982, 1984, 1985

 Steffi Graf
 Martina Navratilova

2–1

1987 (Navratilova), 1988 (Graf), 1989 (Graf)

 Steffi Graf
 Arantxa Sánchez Vicario

2–0

1995, 1996

 Venus Williams
 Lindsay Davenport

2–0

2000, 2005

 Serena Williams
 Venus Williams

3–1

2002 (Serena), 2003 (Serena), 2008 (Venus), 2009 (Serena)

 Serena Williams vs.  Angelique Kerber

1–1

2016 (Williams), 2018 (Kerber)

text:
Country

Player

Number

Years

Results

Won

Lost

 United States
Martina Navratilova
9
1982–90
7
2

 United States
Chris Evert
5
1978–82
1
4

 United States
Venus Williams
4
2000–03
2
2

 United States
Billie Jean King
3
1968–70
1
2

 Germany
Steffi Graf
3
1987–89
2
1

 Germany
Steffi Graf
3
1991–93
3
0

 United States
Serena Williams
3
2002–04
2
1

 United States
Venus Williams
3
2007–09
2
1

 United States
Serena Williams
3
2008–10
2
1

 Australia
Margaret Court
2
1970–71
1
1

 Australia
Evonne Goolagong Cawley
2
1971–72
1
1

 United States
Billie Jean King
2
1972–73
2
0

 United States
Chris Evert
2
1973–74
1
1

 Australia
Evonne Goolagong Cawley
2
1975–76
0
2

 United States
Martina Navratilova
2
1978–79
2
0

 United States
Chris Evert
2
1984–85
0
2

 Germany
Steffi Graf
2
1995–96
2
0

 Spain
Arantxa Sánchez Vicario
2
1995–96
0
2

 Czech Republic
Jana Novotná
2
1997–98
1
1

 United States
Lindsay Davenport
2
1999–2000
1
1

 United States
Serena Williams
2
2015–16
2
0


document_title: It (miniseries)

question_text: who played young richie in the original it

text: It (miniseries)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In Derry, Maine, in 1960, Georgie Denbrough plays in the streets with a paper sailboat made by his stuttering big brother Bill. It goes down a storm drain, where Georgie encounters Pennywise the Dancing Clown. Pennywise entices Georgie to reach in to retrieve his boat, only to bite his arm off, and leaves him to bleed to death. Months later, Bill and asthmatic Eddie Kaspbrak befriend the overweight new kid Ben Hanscom. They are later joined by Beverly Marsh, who lives with her abusive father, the comical Richie Tozier, and Jewish boy scout Stan Uris. Besides being bullied by a gang led by Henry Bowers, the children all encounter Pennywise.

text: The group are joined by Mike Hanlon, an African American new kid in town being pursued by Bowers’ gang. They chase them off with a rock fight, Bowers vowing to kill the children, who are dubbed the Losers Club. While looking through Mike’s history scrapbook, the Losers realise that Pennywise, which they refer to as “It”, is a monster who awakens every thirty years to devour children. Bill realizes It killed Georgie, leading the Losers into Derry’s sewers to kill the clown.

text: Stan is ambushed by Bowers and his friends Victor Criss and Belch Huggins, but the latter are both killed by It. Henry is left traumatized, his hair turned white. Stanley regroups with the Losers, but is grabbed by It. The Losers use It’s ability to access their imaginations and use it against him. Eddie imagines his inhaler is full of battery acid, melting half of It’s face. Beverly fires silver bullets at It, the Losers believing it can kill the clown. It escapes down a drain to hibernate. The Losers make a vow to return to Derry as adults, should It return. Bowers, driven insane, falsely confesses to the child murders and is institutionalized.

text: In 1990, Mike works as a librarian in Derry. It resurfaces and murders several children, prompting Mike to contact his estranged friends to fulfil their vow. Bill has become a bestselling horror novelist married to British actress Audra Phillips, Ben is an architect, Beverly is a fashion designer abused by her husband Tom Rogan, Richie is a late night television comedian, Eddie runs a limousine service but still lives with his overbearing mother, and Stan is a married real estate broker. All of the Losers, save Stan, promise to return. Stan’s wife later discovers he has committed suicide in the bath.

text: The other Losers return to Derry, tormented by Pennywise, and reunite, later learning of Stan’s suicide. Henry escapes from the asylum with help from It, to murder the Losers. Audra travels to Derry but is captured by It, hypnotised by the monster’s “Deadlights”. Henry ambushes Mike, but is stabbed by his own knife when Eddie and Ben fight him. Mike is hospitalised, giving Bill the two pieces of silver he retrieved from the sewers. The five remaining Losers return to the sewers to confront It. Bill discovers Audra has been taken prisoner, but is supported by his friends.

text: They reach It's inner sanctum, find the catatonic Audra, and It's true form of a gigantic, otherworldly spider. Bill, Ben, and Richie are entranced by the Deadlights, while Beverly scrambles to retrieve the silver bullets after misfiring them. Eddie attempts to repeat the wound he inflicted on It as a child, but is mortally wounded. Beverly frees her friends, but Eddie dies. The others chase the injured It, ripping out its heart and killing It. They remove Eddie’s body and the catatonic Audra from the sewers.

text: The Losers go their separate ways once again, their memories of It fading over time. Mike recovers in hospital, Beverly and Ben get married and expect their first child, and Richie is cast in a film. Bill is the last to leave Derry, coaxing Audra out of her catatonia by riding down a street on his childhood bike “Silver”. Audra recovers; she and Bill kissing in the middle of town.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Tim Curry as It / Pennywise the Dancing Clown
Richard Thomas as Bill Denbrough

Jonathan Brandis as Young Bill Denbrough

John Ritter as Ben Hanscom

Brandon Crane as Young Ben Hanscom

Annette O'Toole as Beverly Marsh

Emily Perkins as Young Beverly Marsh

Harry Anderson as Richie Tozier

Seth Green as Young Richie Tozier

Dennis Christopher as Eddie Kaspbrak

Adam Faraizl as Young Eddie Kaspbrak

Tim Reid as Mike Hanlon

Marlon Taylor as Young Mike Hanlon

Richard Masur as Stanley Uris

Ben Heller as Young Stanley Uris

Michael Cole as Henry Bowers

Jarred Blancard as Young Henry Bowers

Gabe Khouth as Victor Criss
Chris Eastman as Belch Huggins

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: ABC had acquired the rights to a television mini-series of It, for what would be the first made-for-television film based on a Stephen King work since Salem's Lot (1979), directed by Tobe Hooper.[2] Lawrence D. Cohen, who had previously written the film adaptation of Carrie in 1976, was hired to write It.[2] According to both Stephen King and Cohen, King had little to no involvement in the writing of the miniseries.[2] George A. Romero had originally been signed on to direct the project, which at the time ABC had planned for an eight-to-ten-hour series that would run over four two-hour blocks.[2] Romero left the project due to scheduling conflicts, after which ABC condensed it to a three-part series. Shortly after, Tommy Lee Wallace was brought in to direct. After Wallace signed on to the project, ABC had ultimately decided to condense the TV movie to two parts.[2]

text: According to writer Cohen: "Speaking candidly, ABC was always nervous about It, primarily the fact that it was in the horror genre, but also the eight-to-ten hour commitment. They loved the piece, but lost their nerve in terms of how many hours they were willing to commit. Eventually, they agreed to a two-night, four-hour commitment."[2] Given the length of the King novel, which runs 1,138 pages,[3] a great deal of material was left out of Cohen's adaptation, including subplots concerning the personal lives of the adult characters, one of which had the main male characters each losing their virginity to Beverly.[2][4] "I can’t even begin to enumerate my favorite scenes from the book that we had to cut, because there are so many of them," Cohen reflected. "I look at it as a glass half full situation. There are scenes in both nights that were created by Steve [King] on the page, and I'm delighted that they survived, like the fortune cookie scene and adult Beverly going to her childhood house. The way I see it, the best moments from the book made the cut and the rest are casualties of war."[2]

text: However, Wallace and Cohen retained the centrality of Pennywise in the source novel; as noted by film scholar Tony Magistrale in Hollywood's Stephen King, the made for television movie retains the "association between the adult world of Derry and It [which] is further established in the masterful choice of a carnival clown as a unifying symbol for the various creatures representing the monster."[5]

text: Casting[edit]

text: The majority of the adult actors in the film, including John Ritter, Dennis Christopher, Tim Reid and Harry Anderson, were hand-chosen by Wallace and Cohen for their roles.[2] Annette O'Toole was cast in the film at the suggestion of Ritter, with whom she had recently shot The Dreamer of Oz: The L. Frank Baum Story (1990): "I think [John] may have talked to somebody, because I got an offer [to play Beverly]," O'Toole recalled. "It happened really fast; I don’t think I even went in for a reading. I was living in Oregon at the time, and the next thing I knew, I was in Vancouver hanging out with the coolest, most fun guys of all time."[2]

text: Emily Perkins and Marlon Taylor, who played the young Beverly Marsh and Mike Hanlon, were cast out of Vancouver, while Seth Green and Jonathan Brandis were cast out of Los Angeles for the parts of young Richie and Bill.[2]

text: According to Cohen, he had written the script for the series without a specific actor in mind for the role of Pennywise.[2] According to director Tommy Lee Wallace, before he was attached to the project, Malcolm McDowell and Roddy McDowall were in consideration to play Pennywise, but Wallace wanted Tim Curry for the role; Wallace had previously worked with the latter in Fright Night Part 2 (1988).[2]

text: Filming[edit]

text: It was shot over a period of three months in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada on a budget of $12 million.[6] Given that the shooting entailed an adult cast with child counterparts, Wallace sought to have the adult actors meet with the children playing the younger versions of their characters: "We made a point of bringing the adult and children actors together for a couple of days, even though it was costly, since the adults and the kids have no scenes together."[2] Filming locations in Vancouver included Stanley Park, Beaver Lake and Saint Thomas Aquinas High School Convent in North Vancouver.[7] Wallace told The Hollywood Reporter that his job as a director "was to give Tim the stage and not get in his way too much. He was like Robin Williams in the way he brought a spontaneous improvisation to the part." Curry gave Pennywise a Bronx accent in order to sound like "an old-time Catskills comic". "I just let it happen," Curry said. "Clowns are your worst fear realized. I think I scared a lot of children."[8]

text: Special effects[edit]

text: Original storyboards for Pennywise featured exaggerated cheekbones, a sharp chin, and bulbous forehead. According to director Wallace, "Tim [Curry] objected strongly to all the rubber. He had recently been in several movies which covered him in prosthetics and I’m sure he felt all the glue and latex would just get in his way. He was right, of course. With those eyes, and that mouth, and his crazy, sardonic sense of humor, less turned out to be more in the makeup department."[2]

text: Special effects coordinator Bart Mixon began working on a head cast for the Pennywise character after Curry was cast in the role; he also designed three clay molds for testing. According to Mixon, he based the shape of Pennywise's head on Lon Chaney in The Phantom of the Opera (1925), "stylized into a clown."[2] Three different versions of the clown's face were created, one of which resembled a hobo clown, another that was "a little meaner," and the final one seen in the series.[2] To achieve the white complexion, Curry wore prosthetic make-up cream to make him appear "almost like a living cartoon."[2]

text: The majority of the special effects in the film were done practically without digital alteration, aside from the shower scene in which Pennywise comes out of the drain; this scene was done with replacement animation, an animation technique similar to stop motion animation.[2]

text: The spider figure in the conclusion of the movie was hand-constructed by Mixon and his art department team. Wallace recalled of the spider:

text: We labored long and hard designing a spider that was very beefy and muscular, almost reptilian in appearance. It looked great in the drawings, and I even recall a little clay model Bart did, which sealed the deal and won my enthusiastic approval. Bart and team went back to Hollywood to work the whole thing up full-size, and shooting started. When the SVFX team returned to Vancouver and unpacked the full-size spider, what I expected to see was the big version of that original model, the beefy, reptilian thing that was scary on sight. What they assembled on set was very, very different. Not chunky at all, very lean and mean."[2]

text: In a panel at Fan Expo Canada in 2017, Tim Curry remarked of the spider, "It was... not very scary. Or convincing."[9]

text: Broadcast history[edit]

text: It originally aired on ABC in 1990 on the nights of November 18[10] and November 20.[11] Part 1 was the fifth highest rated program of the week with an 18.5/29 rating/share, and being watched in 17.5 million households.[10] Part 2 was the second highest rated program of the week with a 20.6/33 rating/share, and watched in 19.2 million households.[11] According to writer Cohen, It was considered a major success for ABC, garnering nearly 30 million viewers over its two-night premiere.[2]

text: Reception[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2017)

text: As of February 2018[update], on Rotten Tomatoes, the film held an approval rating of 57% based on 14 reviews, with a weighted average rating of 5.5/10.[12]

text: Matt Roush of USA Today gave the series a positive review, writing: "If Twin Peaks is a midnight movie for prime-time live, It is the mini-series equivalent of those Saturday matinee shockers that merrily warped a generation before Freddie and Jason began stalking their more graphic turf... Accept It on its own popcorn-munching terms, and keep the lights on high."[13]

text: Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly praised the performances in the film, but had a negative response to its special effects and pacing, noting: "It features a high level of ensemble acting rare for any horror film... in addition to It's slow pace, I found the ending a big letdown—unimaginative special effects animate the monster in its final incarnation. But the cast is terrific, Curry's cackle is chilling, and King's usual buried theme—about the pain adults inflict on children without even realizing it (It?)—is always worth pondering."[13]

text: The Hollywood Reporter called It "one big kicky ride thanks to the charismatic acting of Curry as savage, sneering malevolence."[8]

text: Sandra Harris of Movie Pilot said, "There’s some gorgeous scenery too and a nice interweaving of flashbacks with the regular scenes. For Stephen King fans, this film is a must for your collection. For fans of horror in general, I’d say you could do a lot worse. Take the phone off the hook and burrow under the duvet for three hours with the popcorn and the remote control."[14]

text: Ian Jane of DVD Talk highlighted the mini-series' combination of childhood nostalgia with horror elements and praised Curry's performance as Pennywise.[15]

text: Bloody Disgusting's John Campopiano commended director Tommy Lee Wallace for "relying less on jump scares and more on creating an unsettling atmosphere to contrast against the kids and their stories."[16]

text: In 2017, Rolling Stone writer Sean T. Collins called the miniseries "legendary" and commented that it had become a cult classic. He said although the miniseries "largely bungles Pennywise's powers", Curry's portrayal of Pennywise is "the stuff sleepless nights are made of. He gloats, he giggles, he taunts, he devours the scenery like the monster himself devours middle-schoolers – and he generally sears his way right into the brain of the viewer."[17]

text: Dan Stephens from the UK website Top 10 Films awarded the film four out of five stars. In his review Stephens praised the film's story, character development, and suspense during the first half. But criticized the second half as disappointing and criticizing the lack of "friendship and togetherness" of the main characters that was present during the first half, and clichéd ending.[18]

text: Stephen King commented on the miniseries in a 2015 interview, saying, "You have to remember, my expectations were in the basement. Here was a book that sprawled over 1,000 pages, and they were going to cram it into four hours, with commercials. But the series really surprised me by how good it was. It’s a really ambitious adaptation of a really long book."[2]

text: Home media[edit]

text: It was released on VHS and Laserdisc in 1991.[19] The original VHS release was on two cassette tapes, one for each part. The VHS and Laserdisc releases feature It as originally aired. In 1998, It was re-released on VHS, this time, on one cassette tape (in EP format). The film was later released on DVD in 2002 and on Blu-ray on October 4, 2016.[15] Both the DVD and the Blu-ray feature an edited version of the film, which presents It as one "movie". The suicide scene at the end of Part 1 is shortened, the hotel scene from Part 2 is missing, and the graveyard scene toward the beginning of Part 2 is also slightly shortened to remove the on-screen credits that originally appeared.[citation needed]

text: Musical score[edit]

text: A 2-CD release of the TV movie' complete score by Richard Bellis was released on November 15, 2011.[20] The music of the film ranges from orchestral music to trumpet-heavy music that accompanies the setting of Derry to unsteady electronic instrument arrangements for the film's scarier moments.[20] Bellis won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Achievement in Music Composition for a mini-series or a Special (Dramatic Underscore) for his work on the film.[21]

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
[show]Disc 1

No.
Title
Length

1.
"Main Title"
1:52

2.
"Enter the Clown"
3:04

3.
"Georgie Dies"
4:17

4.
"Ben Gets the News"
0:51

5.
"Punks"
2:18

6.
"I Hate It Here"
1:53

7.
"Bedroom Jazz Source"
2:24

8.
"The Slap"
1:45

9.
"Die if You Try"
4:02

10.
"Richie's Talk Show Play-Off"
0:34

11.
"The Beast – First Encounter"
2:05

12.
"Mike Remembers"
0:58

13.
"Mike Joins the Group"
5:07

14.
"Pennywise"
0:39

15.
"Circus Source"
1:10

16.
"Target Practice"
2:51

17.
"The Sewer Hole"
3:13

18.
"Stan Gets Nabbed"
4:27

19.
"The Fog"
3:25

20.
"The Pact"
1:43

21.
"Stan's Suicide"
0:50

22.
"End Credits I"
1:00

Total length:
50:28

text:
[show]Disc 2

No.
Title
Length

1.
"Main Title Part II"
1:51

2.
"The Graves"
1:48

3.
"Library Balloons"
2:53

4.
"Ben's Flashback"
0:35

5.
"Skeleton on the Pond"
0:40

6.
"Guillory's Muzak"
1:27

7.
"Hydrox"
2:49

8.
"Audra"
1:45

9.
"Fortune Cookie"
1:54

10.
"Silver Flyer"
2:22

11.
"Leftover Stan"
1:52

12.
"Henry and Belch"
2:20

13.
"Every Thirty Years"
1:56

14.
"Audra Arrives"
2:02

15.
"This Time It's for Real"
4:26

16.
"The Smell of Death"
1:59

17.
"Something's Coming"
4:00

18.
"The Spider's Web"
5:11

19.
"Hi Ho Silver"
4:33

20.
"End Credits Part II"
1:00

Total length:
47:23