document_title: List of One-Punch Man chapters

question_text: when does the next one punch man manga come out

text: List of One-Punch Man chapters

text: Volume list[edit]

text: Individual chapters of the series are called punches, for example, chapter 37 is "Punch 37". Bonus manga that are 1-2 page(s) long are not listed in index, all hidden bonuses are listed after chapter.

text:
No.
Title
Japanese release
English release

01
One Punch
Ichigeki (一撃)
December 12, 2012[9]
ISBN 978-4-08-870701-3
September 1, 2015[10]
ISBN 978-1-4215-8564-2

One Punch (一撃, Ichigeki)
Crab and Job Hunting (蟹と就活, Kani to Shūkatsu)
Walking Disaster (災害存在, Saigai Sonzai)
Subterraneans of Darkness (闇の地底人, Yami no Chisokojin)
Itch Explosion (かゆさ爆発, Kayusa Bakuhatsu)
Saitama (サイタマ, Saitama)
A Mysterious Attack (謎の襲撃, Nazo no Shūgeki)
This Guy? (それコイツ, Sore Koitsu)

Bonus manga: 200 Yen (２００円, 200 En)

A villain named Vaccine Man destroys a city and is about to kill a girl, but Saitama, a bald superhero, rescues her and destroys Vaccine Man. Saitama has grown bored of life, as he can defeat any nemesis with a single punch. He recalls three years ago, he was returning from a job interview when he rescues a kid from a crab villain called Crablante and decides he is going to be a superhero afterwards. Saitama defeats a pair of brothers, one of whom has become really big. Saitama has a dream about facing some subterranean monster invaders that finally give him a challenge, but he wakes and finds the monsters are really weak. A villain named Mosquito Girl devastates a city with her swarms of mosquitos but a cyborg superhero named Genos stands up against her. Mosquito Girl powers up and rips Genos apart but Saitama swats Mosquito Girl easily. Genos asks Saitama to disciple him. A group of ground-based villains from the House of Evolution attacks. The bonus manga chapter has a story about 12-year-old Saitama in middle school and how he had to deal with some bullies and a piggy bank monster that took his 200 yen.

02
The Secret To His Strength
Tsuyosa no Hiketsu (強さの秘訣)
December 12, 2012[11]
ISBN 978-4-08-870702-0
September 1, 2015[12]
ISBN 978-1-4215-8565-9

House of Evolution (進化の家, Shinka no Ie)
Modern Art (近代アート, Kindai Āto)
The Secret to Strength (強さの秘訣, Tsuyosa no Hiketsu)
The Paradisers (新都団, Shinto-dan)
Speed (スピード, Supīdo)
I Don't Know You (お前など知らん, Omae Nado Shiran)
Fun and Work (趣味と仕事, Shumi to Shigoto)

Bonus manga: Brushing Up (じぶんみがき, Jibun Migaki)

Armored Gorilla tells Saitama and Genos about the creation of the House of Evolution by Doctor Genus, and reveals the whereabouts of their headquarters. Saitama and Genos face Genus's ultimate House of Evolution member Carnage Kabuto. Carnage beats Genos down soundly. Carnage asks for Saitama's secret to his power, but Saitama replies with his daily training regimen of sit-ups, push-ups, squats, running, eating right, and not using heaters/air conditioning. Carnage does not believe Saitama and tries to kill him, but is easily killed. Later, Hammerhead and his gang of Paradisers destroy parts of town looking for rich man Zeniru's manor hoping to create a society where one isn't criminalized for not working. Saitama at first does not care, but he takes offense when the news lumps him in with the Paradisers because he is bald. Zeniru's bodyguard Speed-o'-Sound Sonic kills off the entire Paradiser gang except for Hammerhead, who survives and tries to recruit Saitama, only to get his battle suit destroyed. Sonic thinks Saitama is a Paradiser and attacks him but is defeated when Saitama inadvertently hits his groin. Saitama realizes he has no visibility as a hero, so he is advised by Genos to join the Hero Registry as a professional hero in the Hero Association. In the bonus chapter, Saitama puts his 300 days of training to work with some superheroic deeds.

03
The Rumor
Uwasa (噂)
April 4, 2013[13]
ISBN 978-4-08-870724-2
November 3, 2015[14]
ISBN 978-1-4215-6461-6

I Passed (合格しました, Gōkaku Shimashita)
Sparring (手合せ, Teawase)
Pounding the Pavement (宮業活動, Miyagyō Katsudō)
No Time for This (それどころじゃない, Sore Dokoro Janai)
The Rumor (噂, Uwasa)

Bonus manga: Summer (夏, Natsu)
Bonus manga: A New Wind Blows (吹き込む新風, Fukikomu Shinpū)

Saitama and Genos pass the entrance exam for the Heroes Association, but while Genos is placed in S-Class for getting a perfect score, Saitama is placed in C-Class because of his dismal results in his written test and essay. Snakebite Snek briefs them on their responsibilities. Genos and Saitama spar. As Genos moves into Saitama's apartment, Saitama discovers that C-Class members must do at least one heroic deed a week or they are dropped. He runs around the city looking for a villain but has no luck. He attracts the attention of Tank-Top Tiger, who thinks Saitama is a villain, until Sonic beats Tiger and then attacks Saitama, after which Saitama just knocks Sonic down as his "good deed". The Association's A-Class headquarters review reports from the cities, and finds that City Z is attracting a lot of villains. A seaweed monster called Kombu Infinity attacks City Z, defeating A-Class members Spring Mustachio and Golden Ball, but Saitama defeats him easily. In the bonus chapter, a monster called Cicada Nymph attacks three heroes who retreat to a shelter which has a younger Saitama (with hair) who needs to use the restroom. In the other bonus chapter, a member of the B-Class heroes' subgroup Blizzard Bunch takes on a formidable opponent.

04
Giant Meteor
Kyodai Inseki (巨大隕石)
August 2, 2013[15]
ISBN 978-4-08-870871-3
January 5, 2016[16]
ISBN 978-1-4215-6920-8

Giant Meteor (巨大隕石, Kyodai Inseki)
Voices (声, Koe)
Threat from the Sea (海からの脅威, Umi Kara no Kyōi)
Deep Sea King (深海王, Shinkaiō)

Bonus manga: Purison (ぷりズン, Purizon)

Genos and S-Class hero Bang are summoned to stop a giant meteor. They are joined by Metal Knight, who wanted to try out some new weapons. As none of them are able to stop it, Saitama comes in and shatters it into a bunch of fragments which damage the city but prevents a worldwide catastrophe. Tank-top Tiger and Tank-Top Black Hole incite the townsfolk to blame Saitama for the destruction of the city, but Saitama responds that he destroyed the meteor, and that's that. A group of sea monsters called the Clan of the Seafolk attack City J. Stinger is able to fend off the Clan until its leader, the Sea King, arrives and defeats him. The Sea King also defeats Lightning Max but then must face Puri-Puri Prisoner. The bonus chapter follows Sonic's imprisonment where he fends against some other prisoner thugs and then Puri-Puri Prisoner.

05
Shining in Tatters
Zutaboro ni Kagayaku (ズタボロに輝く)
December 4, 2013[17]
ISBN 978-4-08-880083-7
March 1, 2016[18]
ISBN 978-1-4215-6954-3

Deep Sea King 2 (深海王・２, Shinkaiō 2)
Unstable Hope (不安定な希望, Fuanteina Kibō)
Shining in Tatters (ズタボロに輝く, Zutaboro ni Kagayaku)
It's Raining, So... (雨降ってるから, Ame Futteru Kara)
Class B (B級, Bī-Kyū)

Bonus manga: What Can't Be Bought (賈えないモノ, Kaenai Mono)

Puri-Puri Prisoner tries to fight Deep Sea King but is defeated. Sonic also gives a try but realizes he needs a weapon and retreats. Deep Sea King attacks an evacuation shelter of civilians and finds less than a handful of minor superheroes including Snakebite Snek, who stall the monster until help arrives. Genos fights Deep Sea King, but is defeated when he protects a girl from Deep Sea King's corrosive spit. Mumen Rider also tries to fight Deep Sea King, but is defeated. Saitama arrives to save Mumen from being killed, and defeats Deep Sea King in one punch. However, he quickly defers the credit to all the other heroes who he said weakened the monster. He is placed in rank 1 and applies to advance to B-Class. In the bonus chapter, D-Pad and Funeral Suspenders have to fight a bank robber named Bull-Bull Man but when he escapes with a hostage, Saitama is there to stop him.

06
The Big Prediction
Daiyogen (大予言)
May 2, 2014[19]
ISBN 978-4-08-880128-5
May 3, 2016[20]
ISBN 978-1-4215-8527-7

Class S (S級, Esu-Kyū) + Bonus
The Big Prediction (大予言, Daiyogen) + Bonus
From Outer Space (宇宙(そら)からの..., Sora kara no...) + Bonus
Men Who Don't Listen (話を聞かない男たち, Hanashi o Kikanai Otokotachi)
Are You Stupid? (馬鹿かお前, Bakaka Omae) + Bonus

Bonus manga: Salmon (鮭, Shake)

The S-class superheroes and Saitama are gathered at City A where it is revealed that Madame Shibabawa has died but has predicted that their world would face a great danger. A gigantic alien spacecraft arrives, destroying most of City A except for the headquarters. As heroes Atomic Samurai, Bang, Puri-Puri Prisoner, and Metal Bat try to fight Melzargard, a shape-shifting alien with five heads, the others try to figure out how to get to the spaceship, while Saitama has already punched his way in, defeating Groribas. Melzargard continues to regenerate and pose a problem to the heroes until they find his weakness is that he hides a marble essence in each of his heads. Saitama faces Lord Boros, the leader of the Dark Matter Thieves. In the bonus chapter, Saitama encounters a suicidal worker.

07
The Fight
Tatakai (戦い)
December 4, 2014[21]
ISBN 978-4-08-880262-6
July 5, 2016[22]
ISBN 978-1-42-158528-4

The Fight (戦い, Tatakai)
Boros's True Strength (ボロスの本領, Borosu no Honryō)
Crash (堕落, Daraku)

Bonus Manga 1: Big Construction (大工事, Daikouji)
Bonus Manga 2: A Top Pupil's Reminiscence (一番弟子の回想, Ichibandeshi no Kaisou)
Bonus Manga 3: Pork Cutlet Bowl (カツ丼, Katsudon)

Tornado stops the shells and redirects them back to damage the alien ship. Melzargard is down to two heads. Although Melzargard hits Bang, Atomic Samurai chops up Melzargard, and Bang crushes Melzargard's last marble essence. Boros brags about how he can heal up, landing a blow that sends Saitama to the moon. Saitama counters with some consecutive normal punches, but when Boros uses his other ultimate move, Saitama defeats him with a single "serious strike" punch. The ship crashes into the mostly destroyed A-City. Amai Mask criticizes the S-Class heroes for trashing the city. Metal Knight arrives to salvage ship parts to make weapons. Tornado blames Saitama for running around uncontrolled, but Bang tells them to stop. The headquarters which survived the attack, is reconstructed into a fortress. In the bonus chapters, a large robot approaches the headquarters, and some heroes are deployed to stop it, but it turns out to be Metal Knight's reconstruction robots. Charanko recalls how he became the number-one disciple for Bang. The police bring in Saitama for questioning, but after offering him a pork cutlet bowl, Saitama defeats a monster that attacked the police station.

08
That Man
Ano Hito (あの人)
April 3, 2015[23]
ISBN 978-4-08-880382-1
September 6, 2016[24]
ISBN 978-1-42-158656-4

King (キング, Kingu)
That Man (あの人, Ano Hito)
Outlaws (アウトロー, Autorō)

Bonus Manga 1: Lost Cat (迷い猫, Mayoi Neko)
Bonus Manga 2: Lobster (海老, Ebi)

S-Class superhero King walks into a city, causing a monster to give up attacking a woman, but he is actually there to buy a romance simulation video game. A robot named G4 challenges King, who excuses himself to go to the restroom. It is revealed he is not really a superhero but a video game otaku who had survived numerous monster attacks because others have always intervened and gave him credit. King escapes to his apartment, but Saitama surprises him there, and he reveals his secret to him, as well as learning that Saitama had saved him the first time when he got his face clawed. A bird attacks King's apartment, but Saitama punches it away. Meanwhile, Genos fights and defeats G4, and takes its parts to Dr. Kuseno to upgrade his abilities. Sitch gathers a bunch of criminals in order to recruit from potential superheroes to fight the upcoming monsters. While Sonic refuses and leaves, Garo uses the group to establish himself as the strongest villain. In the bonus chapters, Saitama helps a little girl find her lost cat while Genos and other superheroes go after the Grizz-Meow. In another bonus chapter, Bang invites Saitama and Genos for hot pot but a gang tries to challenge the dojo and loses. The losing gang encounter Garo afterwards.

09
Don't Dis Heroes!
Namen Na! (なめんな！)
August 9, 2015[25]
ISBN 978-4-08-880530-6
November 1, 2016[26]
ISBN 978-1-42-158657-1

The Man Who Wanted to Be a Villain (怪人になりたい男, Kaijin ni Naritai Otoko)
The Blizzard Bunch (フブキ組, Fubuki-Gumi)
Don't Dis Heroes! (なめんな！, Namen Na!)
Accelerate (加速, Kasoku)
Hero Name (ヒーローネーム, Hīrō Nēmu)
Hero Hunting (ヒーロー狩り, Hiro Kari)
Technique (技, Waza)

Bonus Manga: The Blizzard Bunch in Hard Times (フブキ組の奮闘, Fubuki-Gumi no Funtō)

Garo is reminded of his past when he was watching television and the heroes would always win, so he sided with the villains. Back in the present time, he defeats Sitch's bodyguards and a number of villains before leaving. While Sonic finds Saitama's apartment but has to deal with Genos, Blizzard, with her two subordinates Eyelashes and Wild Monkey, try to recruit Saitama, but he refuses. Blizzard tries to fight Saitama, but Saitama stops her, telling her that such newbie-crushing activity is pointless. Their fight is interrupted by Sonic and Genos, who impress both with their speed, but Genos is defeated. Sonic challenges Saitama and uses his speed to make afterimages of himself, but Saitama counters with even more, knocking Sonic down with his side stepping. Saitama explains to Blizzard that he believes individual effort works better than team work, and that there will be times when the teammates may not be able to help. Meanwhile, Sitch is disappointed that the executives in the Hero Association would rather focus on giving hero names to Genos and Saitama and place minimal effort in going after Garo. Bang, on the other hand, takes the task of going after Garo seriously, and seeks his brother Bomb. Garo defeats Mumen Rider, Tank-Top Master, the entire Tank Top gang, and Charanko. In the bonus chapter, the Blizzard Bunch take on extra work in order to save money to buy a car.

10
Pumped Up
Kiai (気合い)
December 4, 2015[27]
ISBN 978-4-08-880577-1
January 3, 2017[28]
ISBN 978-1-42-159015-8

Bananas (バナナ, Banana)
I've Got Free Time, So... (どうせ服だから, Dōse Fukudakara)
Getting Cocky (調子に乗る！, Chōshininoru!)
Headgear (被り物, Kaburimono)
No Putting Back (戻すな！, Modosu Na!)
Waiting Room (控え室, Hikaeshitsu)
Centipede (百足, Mukade)
Pumped Up (気合い, Kiai)

Bonus Manga 1: Tornado's Day Off (タツマキの休日, Tatsumaki no Kyūjitsu)
Bonus Manga 2: Sense (センス, Sensu)
Bonus Manga 3: Numbers (数字, Sūji)

Mumen Rider tells Saitama about Garo and his hero hunt. Tank-Top Master also briefs Saitama on Garo's tactics, saying they are based on martial arts and are different from those of monsters. Bang's disciple Charanko gives Saitama his contestant entry for a martial arts tournament. Garo continues his rampage over the different heroes, defeating Golden Ball and Spring Mustachio, but he is casually knocked out by Saitama as the latter was shopping for a wig to disguise himself as Charanko for the tournament. Saitama meets Charanko's old acquaintance Sour Face and learns the format of the tournament. Metal Bat is called to bodyguard a prominent Hero Association patron and his son when a centipede monster attacks them. He defeats the centipede, but then the Centisenpai attacks, and then Centichoro.
Bonus chapters: Tornado gets upset that she has been dealing with so many monsters. The association gives her a day off, but she gets bored. Saitama enters a hero costume contest, but lets a boy use his costume, and finds the contest judge to be very harsh on all the contestants. The Blizzard Bunch challenge Saitama and his friends to a match involving fighting video games. Chlld Emperor develops a mask that assesses the power levels of heroes and monsters, but it is still a work in progress.

11
Giant Insect
Daikaichū (大怪蟲)
June 3, 2016[29]
ISBN 978-4-08-880646-4
March 7, 2017[30]
ISBN 978-1-42-159226-8

Head-On (真正面, Masshōmen)
Interruption (横槍, Yokoyari)
Giant Insect (大怪蟲, Daikaichū)
Only You (お前だけ, Omaedake)
Entering the Stadium (入場, Nyūjō)
Dark Horse (ダークホース, Dāku Hōsu)

Bonus Manga: Rangers (戦隊, Sentai) + Bonus

Metal Bat is fighting Centichoro when the former is flung away and then attacked by Garo. Minor heroes Pineapple and Mohican try to escort Narinki and his son away as S-Class hero Metal Knight tries to fight off Centichoro. Garo and Metal Bat's fight comes to a draw when Metal Bat's little sister arrives. Rhino defeats Pineapple and Mohican to abduct Narinki's son. More high-level monsters surface, causing havoc in all the cities. One of them offers Garo membership to their new Monsters Association. At the martial arts tournament, the contestants are introduced and the first round of matches are underway. Bang and Bomb look for Garo. In the bonus chapter, Saitama is placed among a group of heroes resembling the super sentai (power rangers), but he proves not to be a good team player.

12
The Strong Ones
Tsuyoi Yatsura (強い奴ら)
December 2, 2016[31]
ISBN 978-4-08-880785-0
September 5, 2017[32]
ISBN 978-1-42-159620-4

A Reason for Seeking (求める理由, Motomeru Riyū)
Games and Combat (武合と戦闘, Takegō to Sentō)
Limit (限界, Genkai)
Sisters (姉妹, Shimai)
The Strong Ones (強い奴ら, Tsuyoi Yatsura)
Extraordinary (規範外, Kihangai)

Extra: King's Weekday Off (キングの休日のようで平日, Kingu no Kyūjitsu no Yōde Heijitsu)

Suiryu, a fan favorite and runner-up in the previous tournament, defeats Lightning Max. Snek beats his opponent. Genos goes outside to fight the Demon-level monsters nearby and receives support from the association as to their locations. Sour Face beats Jakumen, while Saitama beats Bakuzan. Monster Princess Super S enslaves the Blizzard Bunch men to make them attack Blizzard. Blizzard defends against being mind controlled herself, and is saved by her sister Tornado. Snek loses to Suiryu in the next round. Monsters continue to invade the cities including the hospital and the prison, with many of the S-Class heroes fighting them off as much as they can. A subordinate reports to Monster King Orochi about how Gouketsu has defeated Genos and is heading to the arena. In the bonus chapter, King is targeted by a numer of hitmen at a restaurant, but his actions lead them to think twice about attacking him.

13
Monster Cells
Kaijin Saibō (怪人細胞)
April 4, 2017[33]
ISBN 978-4-08-881103-1
March 6, 2018
ISBN 978-1-42-159806-2

Great Battle Power (大戦力, Daisenryoku)
Monster Cells (怪人細胞, Kaijin Saibō)
Being Strong Is Fun (強いよ楽しい, Tsuyoi yo Tanoshī)
This Is Real Martial Arts! (武術とは…!!, Bujutsu to wa...!!)

Extra: Star (スター, Sutā)

A group of A-Class superheroes gather to fight a large octopus monster, but Flashy Flash arrives and pokes out all of the octopus's suckers where there are eyes. The octopus is angered, but then Tornado arrives and crushes it with her psychic powers into a single octopus ball. Atomic Samurai meets with a council of swordmasters on what to do about Garo. One of its members, Haragiri, tells everyone to ingest monster cells in order to become strong like the monsters. Seeing that Haragiri has already become such a monster, Atomic Samurai immediately destroys Karagiri by slashing him into pieces. Saitama advances to the finals and faces Suiryu, who tells him he would like the match to be fun. After some near-miss shots, he starts fighting for real until he knocks Saitama's wig off. Saitama is disqualified for wearing a disguise. Suiryu still wants to fight, but Saitama doesn't budge and hip checks him out of the arena. The monsters arrive, rounding up all the injured participants. A fierce-looking lead monster Gouketsu announces he plans to convert the fighters in to monsters. The bonus chapter focuses on Amai Mask being attacked by monsters during one of his concerts.

14
Depths of Despair
Zetsubō no Hate (絶望の果て)
August 4, 2017[34]
ISBN 978-4-08-881231-1
July 3, 2018
ISBN 978-1-97-470043-1

Monster Transformation (怪人化, Kaijinka)
Strong One's Resistance (強い奴の抵抗, Tsuyoi Yatsu no Teikō)
Depths of Despair (絶望の果て, Zetsubō no Hate)
Foul Play (反則, Hansoku)

Gouketsu shares his story of how he was a former champion and was defeated by a monster and captured. He was then offered monster powers and became what he is today. He offers the fighters that same opportunity, and a fair number of the contestants take him up on that offer, ingesting the cells and becoming monsters and fighting Suiryu. Snek and Max try to help Suiryu but they are no match against the newly-powered monsters. Suiryu is beaten down and realizes he needs a hero after all, and cries for help. Saitama answers the call and defeats the monsters.

tag: table

text: Chapters not yet in tankōbon format[edit]

text: These chapters have yet to be published in a tankōbon volume.

text:
Stagnation and Growth (停滞と成長, Teitai to Seichō)
Usual Boredom (いつも通りの退屈, Itsumodōri no Taikutsu)
The Ones Who Dare in the Shadows (暗躍する者たち, Anyaku suru Monotachi)
Infinite Combo (八メ技, Hame-Waza)
Encirclement (包囲, Hōi)
Obstinacy (意地, Iji)
All Out (出し尽くす, Dashitukusu)
The Hard Road Uphill (過酷な階段, Kakokuna Kaidan)


document_title: Education in England

question_text: what school year is an 8 year old in uk

question_tokens: what school year is an 8 year old in uk

root

text: Education in England

text: History of English education[edit]

text: Until 1870 all schools were charitable or private institutions, but in that year the Elementary Education Act 1870 permitted local governments to complement the existing elementary schools in order to fill any gaps. The Education Act 1902 allowed local authorities to create secondary schools. The Education Act 1918 abolished fees for elementary schools.

tag: p

text: Legally compulsory education[edit]

text: Full-time education is compulsory for all children aged 5 to 18, either at school or otherwise, with a child beginning primary education during the school year they turn 5.[18] Children between the ages of 3 and 5 are entitled to 600 hours per year of optional, state-funded, pre-school education. This can be provided in "playgroups", nurseries, community childcare centres or nursery classes in schools.

text: The age at which a student may choose to stop education is commonly known as the "leaving age" for compulsory education. This age was raised to 18 by the Education and Skills Act 2008; the change took effect in 2013 for 16-year-olds and 2015 for 17-year-olds. From this time, the school leaving age (which remains 16) and the education leaving age (which is now 18) have been separated.[19] State-provided schooling and sixth-form education are paid for by taxes.

text: All children in England must currently therefore receive an effective education (at school or otherwise) from the first "prescribed day", which falls on or after their fifth birthday until their 18th birthday, and must remain in school until the last Friday in June of the school year in which they turn 16.[13][20][21] The education leaving age was raised in 2013 to the year in which they turn 17 and in 2015 to their 18th birthday for those born on or after 1 September 1997.[19] The prescribed days are 31 August, 31 December and 31 March.[22][23] The school year begins on 1 September (or 1 August if a term starts in August).[24]

text: The Compulsory stages of education are broken into a Foundation Stage (actually covering the last part of optional and first part of compulsory education), 4 Key Stages, and post-16 education (sometimes unofficially termed Key Stage Five, which takes a variety of forms including 6th Form (covering the last 2 years of Secondary Education in schools).

text: Schools and stages[edit]

text: Below is a table summarizing the most common names of the various schools and stages. Grammar schools are normally state-funded but selective schools, admitting children from 11 years old onward, but there are exceptions such as Manchester Grammar School.

text:
Key stage
Year
Final exam
Age
State funded schools
Fee paying private schools

Early Years
Nursery
None, though individual schools may set end of year tests.
3-4
Primary
Lower
Infant
Pre-preparatory

Reception
4-5

KS1
Year 1
5-6

Year 2
6-7

KS2
Year 3
7-8
Junior
Preparatory

Year 4
8-9

Year 5
9-10
Middle

Year 6
SATS
A grammar school entrance exam, often the 11-plus
10-11

comprehensive schools
selective schools

KS3
Year 7
None, though individual schools may set end of year tests.
11-12
Secondary
Lower school
High school
Grammar school

Year 8
12-13

Year 9
13-14
Upper

KS4
Year 10
14-15
Upper school
Senior

Year 11
GCSE
15-16

KS5
Year 12
None, though individual schools may set end of year tests.
16-17
College
Sixth form

Year 13
A-Levels
17-18

text: State-funded schools[edit]

text: Some 93% of children between the ages of 3 and 18 are in education in state-funded schools without charge (other than for activities such as swimming, theatre visits and field trips for which a voluntary payment can be requested, and limited charges at state-funded boarding schools[25]).

text: Since 1998, there have been six main types of maintained (state-funded) school in England:[26][27][28]

text:
Academy schools, established by the 1997-2010 Labour Government to replace poorly-performing community schools in areas of high social and economic deprivation. Their start-up costs are typically funded by private means, such as entrepreneurs or NGOs, with running costs met by Central Government and, like Foundation schools, are administratively free from direct local authority control. The 2010 Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition government expanded the role of Academies in the Academy Programme, in which a wide number of schools in non-deprived areas were also encouraged to become Academies, thereby essentially replacing the role of Foundation schools established by the previous Labour government. They are monitored directly by the Department for Education.[29]
Community schools (formerly county schools), in which the local authority employs the schools' staff, owns the schools' lands and buildings, and has primary responsibility for admissions.
Free schools, introduced by the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition following the 2010 general election, are newly established schools in England set up by parents, teachers, charities or businesses, where there is a perceived local need for more schools. They are funded by taxpayers, are academically non-selective and free to attend, and like Foundation schools and Academies, are not controlled by a local authority. They are ultimately accountable to the Secretary of State for Education. Free schools are an extension of the existing Academy Programme. The first 24 free schools opened in Autumn 2011.
Foundation schools, in which the governing body employs the staff and has primary responsibility for admissions. School land and buildings are owned by the governing body or by a charitable foundation. The Foundation appoints a minority of governors. Many of these schools were formerly grant maintained schools. In 2005 the Labour government proposed allowing all schools to become Foundation schools if they wished.
Voluntary Aided schools, linked to a variety of organisations. They can be faith schools (often the Church of England or the Roman Catholic Church), or non-denominational schools, such as those linked to London Livery Companies. The charitable foundation contributes towards the capital costs of the school (typically 10%), and appoints a majority of the school governors. The governing body employs the staff and has primary responsibility for admissions.[30]
Voluntary Controlled schools, which are almost always church schools, with the lands and buildings often owned by a charitable foundation. However, the local authority employs the schools' staff and has primary responsibility for admissions.

tag: ul

text: In addition, 3 of the 15 City Technology Colleges established in the 1980s still remain, the rest having converted to academies. These are state-funded all-ability secondary schools which charge no fees but which are independent of local authority control. There are also a small number of state-funded boarding schools.

text: English state-funded primary schools are almost all local schools with a small catchment area. More than half are owned by the Local Authority, though many are (nominally) voluntary controlled and some are voluntary aided. Some schools just include infants (aged 4 to 7) and some just juniors (aged 7 to 11). Some are linked, with automatic progression from the infant school to the junior school, and some are not. A few areas still have first schools for ages around 4 to 8 and middle schools for ages 8 or 9 to 12 or 13.

text: English secondary schools are mostly comprehensive, although the intake of comprehensive schools can vary widely, especially in urban areas with several local schools. Nearly 90% of state-funded secondary schools are specialist schools, receiving extra funding to develop one or more subjects in which the school specialises, which can select up to 10% of their intake for aptitude in the specialism (though relatively few of them have taken up this option). In a few areas children can enter a grammar school if they pass the eleven plus exam; there are also a number of isolated fully selective grammar schools and a few dozen partially selective schools.[31] A significant minority of state-funded schools are faith schools, which are attached to religious groups, most often the Church of England or the Roman Catholic Church.

text: All state-funded schools are regularly inspected by the Office for Standards in Education, often known simply as Ofsted. Ofsted publish reports on the quality of education at a particular school on a regular basis. Schools judged by Ofsted to be providing an inadequate standard of education may be subject to special measures, which could include replacing the governing body and senior staff.

text: Independent schools[edit]

text: Approximately 7% of school children in England attend privately run, fee-paying independent schools. Some independent schools for 13–18-year-olds are known for historical reasons as 'public schools' and for 8–13-year-olds as 'prep schools'. Some schools offer scholarships for those with particular skills or aptitudes, or bursaries to allow students from less financially well-off families to attend. Independent schools do not have to follow the National Curriculum, and their teachers are not required or regulated by law to have official teaching qualifications."[32]

text: Education by means other than schooling[edit]

text: The 1944 Education Act (Section 36) stated that parents are responsible for the education of their children, "by regular attendance at school or otherwise", which allows children to be educated at home. The legislation places no requirement for parents who choose not to send their children to school to follow the National Curriculum, or to give formal lessons, or to follow school hours and terms, and parents do not need to be qualified teachers.[33] A small but increasing numbers of parents do choose to educate their children outside the conventional school systems.[34][35][36] Officially referred to as "Elective Home Education", teaching ranges from structured homeschooling (using a school-style curriculum) to less-structured unschooling.[37][38] Education Otherwise has supported parents who wished to educate their children outside school since the 1970s. The state provides no financial support to parents who choose to educate their children outside of school.

text: Post-16 education[edit]

text: Students at both state schools and independent schools typically take GCSE examinations, which mark the end of compulsory education in school. Above school-leaving age, the independent and state sectors are similarly structured. In the 16–18 age group, sixth form education is not compulsory, but mandatory education or training until the age of 18 is being phased in under the Education and Skills Act 2008.

text: This took effect for 16-year-olds in 2013 and for 17-year-olds in September 2015. While students may still leave school on the last Friday in June, they must remain in education of some form until their 18th birthday.[13]

text: Sixth form colleges / further education colleges[edit]

text: Students over 16 typically study in the sixth form of a school, in a separate sixth form college, or in a Further Education (FE) College. Courses at FE colleges, referred to as further education courses, can also be studied by adults over 18. Students typically study Level 3 qualifications such as A-levels, BTEC National awards and level 3 NVQs. Some 16–18 students will be encouraged to study Key Skills in Communication, Application of Number, and Information Technology at this time.

text: Apprenticeships and traineeships[edit]

text: The National Apprenticeship Service helps people 16 or more years of age enter apprenticeships in order to learn a skilled trade. Traineeships are also overseen by the National Apprenticeship Service, and are education and a training programmes that are combined with work experience to give trainees the skills needed to get an apprenticeship.[39]

text: Apprenticeships come in four levels: Intermediate (level 2), Advanced (level 3), Higher (level 4 – 7) and Degree (level 6 – 7). Intermediate apprenticeships are equivalent to 5 GCSEs at A* – C, Advanced to 2 A-levels, Higher to a foundation degree or above, and Degree apprenticeships to a bachelor's or master's degree.[40]

text: A study in 2014 found that unemployment rates among former apprentices one year after completing their apprenticeships were one-third those of university graduates one year after finishing their degrees.[41] A 2015 study by the Sutton Trust found that, while average net[42] lifetime earnings for those who had completed level 5 apprenticeships were higher than those for graduates from non-Russell Group universities, most apprenticeships offered were at levels 2 and 3, providing little improvement over earnings from secondary school qualifications. The report also found that apprenticeships had a lower perceived value compared to degrees in Britain than in many other countries.[43]

text: Post-16 area reviews[edit]

text: In 2015, the Department announced a major restructuring of the further education sector, through 37 area reviews of post-16 provision.[44] The proposals were criticised by NUS Vice President for Further Education Shakira Martin for not sufficiently taking into account the impact on learners;[45][46] the Sixth Form Colleges' Association similarly criticised the reviews for not directly including providers of post-16 education other than colleges, such as school and academy sixth forms and independent training providers.[47]

text: Higher education[edit]

text: Higher education in England is provided by Higher Education (HE) colleges, university colleges, universities and private colleges. Students normally enter higher education as undergraduates from age 18 onwards, and can study for a wide variety of vocational and academic qualifications, including certificates of higher education and higher national certificates at level 4, diplomas of higher education, higher national diplomas and foundation degrees at level 5, bachelor's degrees (normally with honours) at level 6, and integrated master's degrees and degrees in medicine, dentistry, and veterinary science at level 7.[48]

text: Historically, undergraduate education outside a small number of private colleges and universities has been largely state-financed since the 1960s, with a small contribution from top-up fees introduced in the 1990s,[49] however fees of up to £9,000 per annum have been charged from October 2012. There is a perceived hierarchy among universities, with the Russell Group seen as being composed of the country's more prestigious universities.[50] League tables of universities are produced by private companies and generally cover the whole UK.

text: The state does not control university syllabuses, but it does influence admission procedures through the Office for Fair Access (OFFA), which approves and monitors access agreements to safeguard and promote fair access to higher education. The independent Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education inspects universities to assure standards, advises on the granting of degree awarding powers and University title, and maintains the Quality Code for Higher Education, which includes the Framework for Higher Education Qualification.[51] Unlike most degrees, the state has control over teacher training courses, and standards are monitored by Ofsted inspectors.[52]

text: The typical first degree offered at English universities is the bachelor's degree with honours, which usually lasts for three years, although more vocational foundation degrees, typically lasting two years (or full-time equivalent) are also available in some institutions. Many institutions now offer an integrated master's degree, particularly in STEM subjects, as a first degree, which typically lasts for four years, the first three years running parallel to the bachelor's course. During a first degree students are known as undergraduates. The difference in fees between integrated and traditional postgraduate master's degrees (and that fees are capped at the first degree level for the former) makes taking an integrated master's degree as a first degree a more attractive option. Integrated master's degrees are often the standard route to chartered status for STEM professionals in England.[53]

text: Postgraduate education[edit]

text: Students who have completed a first degree can apply for postgraduate and graduate courses. These include:

text:
Graduate certificates, graduate diplomas, professional graduate certificate in education – level 6 courses aimed at those who have already completed a bachelor's degree, often as conversion courses
Postgraduate certificates, postgraduate diplomas, postgraduate certificate in education – level 7 courses shorter than a full master's degree
Master's degrees (typically taken in one year, though research-based master's degrees may last for two) – taught or research degrees at level 7
Doctorates (typically taken in three years) – research degrees at level 8, the top level of the qualifications frameworks, often requiring a master's degree for entry. These may be purely research based (PhD/DPhil) or research and practice (professional doctorates). "New Route" PhDs, introduced in 2001, take at least 4 years and incorporate teaching at master's level.[54]

text: Postgraduate education is not automatically financed by the state.

text: Fees[edit]

text: Until the academic year 2011-2012 most undergraduates paid fees that were set at a maximum of £3,375 per annum. These fees are repayable after graduation, contingent on attaining a certain level of income, with the state paying all fees for students from the poorest backgrounds. UK students are generally entitled to student loans for maintenance. Undergraduates admitted from the academic year 2012-2013 have paid tuition fees set at a maximum of up to £9,000 per annum, with most universities charging over £6,000 per annum, and other higher education providers charging less.

text: Postgraduate fees vary but are generally more than undergraduate fees, depending on the degree and university. There are numerous bursaries (awarded to low income applicants) to offset undergraduate fees and, for postgraduates, full scholarships are available for most subjects, and are usually awarded competitively.

text: Different arrangements apply to English students studying in Scotland, and to Scottish and Welsh students studying in England. Students from outside the UK and the EU attending English universities are charged differing amounts, often in the region of £5,000 - £20,000 per annum[55] for undergraduate and postgraduate degrees. The actual amount differs by institution and subject, with the lab based subjects charging a greater amount.

text: Adult education[edit]

text: Adult education, continuing education or lifelong learning is offered to students of all ages. This can include the vocational qualifications mentioned above, and also:

text:
One or two year access courses, to allow adults without suitable qualifications access to university.
The Open University runs undergraduate and postgraduate distance learning programmes.
The Workers' Educational Association offers large number of semi-recreational courses, with or without qualifications, made available by Local Education Authorities under the guise of Adult Education. Courses are available in a wide variety of areas, such as holiday languages, crafts and yacht navigation.

text: Qualifications Frameworks[edit]

text: The two qualifications frameworks in England are the Regulated Qualifications Framework (RQF), for qualifications regulated by Ofqual, and the Framework for Higher Education Qualifications (FHEQ) for qualifications granted by bodies with degree awarding powers, overseen by the Quality Assurance Agency. These share a common numbering scheme for their levels, which was also used for the earlier Qualifications and Credit Framework. The RQF is linked to the European Qualifications Framework (EQF) and the FHEQ to the Qualifications Framework of the European Higher Education Area (QF-EHEA).[15][16][17][56]

text:
RQF/FHEQ level
Common qualifications
EQF/QF-EHEA equivalent

Level 1
Foundation diploma
GCSE (grades D - G)
NVQ level 1
EQF level 2

Level 2
Higher diploma
GCSE (grades A* - C)
NVQ level 2
EQF level 3

Level 3
Advanced diploma
A-level
International Baccalaureate
BTEC National
NVQ level 3
EQF level 4

Level 4
Certificate of Higher Education
HNC (awarded by a degree-awarding institution)
QF-EHEA Intermediate qualifications within the Short Cycle

BTEC Professional award, certificate and diploma level 4
Higher National Certificate (HNC)
NVQ level 4
EQF level 5

Level 5
BTEC Professional award, certificate and diploma level 5
Higher National Diploma (HND)
NVQ level 4

Diploma of Higher Education
Foundation degree
HND (awarded by a degree-awarding institution)
QF-EHEA Short Cycle (within or linked to first cycle)

Level 6
BTEC Advanced Professional award, certificate and diploma level 6
NVQ level 4
EQF level 6

Graduate certificate
Graduate diploma
Professional Graduate Certificate of Education
QF-EHEA Intermediate qualifications within the First Cycle

Ordinary bachelor's degree
Bachelor's degree with honours
QF-EHEA First Cycle (end of cycle)

Level 7
BTEC Advanced Professional award, certificate and diploma level 7
NVQ level 5
EQF level 7

Postgraduate certificate
Postgraduate diploma
Postgraduate Certificate of Education
QF-EHEA Intermediate qualifications within the Second Cycle

Integrated master's degree
Master's degree
QF-EHEA Second Cycle (end of cycle)

Level 8
NVQ level 5
EQF level 8

Doctorates
QF-EHEA Third Cycle (end of cycle)

text: Criticism[edit]

text: According to the Schools Minister, “strong evidence has been emerging of grade inflation across subjects” in recent years.[57] The Confederation of British Industry, the EEF and the British Chambers of Commerce are also complaining of falling academic standards. Employers often experience difficulty in finding young people who have such basic employability skills as literacy, numeracy, problem solving, teamworking and time management. As a result, employers either have to pay for employees' remedial education, or they must hire foreign candidates.[58][59][60]

text: Katharine Birbalsingh has written of the problems she perceives in many community schools. She cites the impossibility of effective classroom management, bad teachers who cannot be dismissed, and government policies encouraging "soft" subjects. Birbalsingh has visited schools in Jamaica and India where pupils are desperate to gain the kind of education to which pupils in her own school (and their parents) were indifferent. She was a deputy head teacher in south London until she spoke at a Conservative Party conference in 2010 and was quickly sacked.[61] Frank Chalk, who taught at an inner-city school for ten years before resigning in frustration, makes similar claims.[62]

text:
Pupils claiming free school meals (2010)[63]

School type
Primary
Secondary

All
19.3%
15.2%

Church of England
13.1%
12.0%

Roman Catholic
16.3%
14.0%

Non-religious
21.5%
15.6%

text:
Schools with fewer free school meal children than local postcode average (2010)[63]

School type
Primary
Secondary

Church of England
63.5%
39.6%

Roman Catholic
76.3%
64.7%

Non-religious
47.3%
28.8%

text: An analysis of 2010 school data by The Guardian found that state faith schools were not taking a fair share of the poorest pupils in their local areas, as indicated by free school meal entitlement. Not only was this so at an overall national level, but also in the postcode areas nearby the schools. This suggested selection by religion was leading to selection of children from more well-off families.[64]

text: A survey of 2000 teachers by The Guardian in 2011 identified a widespread reason for not enjoying the job: lack of trust and respect by senior staff, parents and governments.[65] Writing about her own reasons for leaving teaching, a contributing editor to the newspaper's Guardian Teacher Network described the realisation of needing to leave the profession as having slowly crept up on her. Being a mature entrant, she questioned things in her aspiration to improve education and was reluctant to "be moulded into a standard shape".[66]

text: Continual government changes in assessment and accountability also heap additional pressure on teachers, with many having to change their teaching materials continuously, purely to keep up with new initiatives, which seem to be driven more by politics than academic research.[67]

text: Throughout the time they are in full-time education children in the north of England do less well than children in the south east. There are also variations in attainment between towns in the north. Calls have been made to remedy this.[68]

text: Many teachers claim they are working 55 or 60 hours a week and many are leaving the profession due to work pressure and fear for their mental health.[69][70] The Institute for Fiscal Studies claims plans for school spending would cause a "real-terms cut of 2.8% in per-pupil funding between 2016 and 2022".[71] Just under a quarter of teachers who qualified since 2011 have left the profession.[72] Amyas Morse of the National Audit Office said, "Schools are facing real challenges in retaining and developing their teachers, with growing pupil numbers and tighter budgets. Schools are finding it increasingly difficult to retain experienced teachers.[73] Schools are asking parents for money because funding is falling short of what they need.[74]

text: There is a gap in performance between pupils from better off families and poorer pupils. To counter this a cross party committee of MP's suggested giving subsidized housing to teachers willing to work in deprived schools. Also it was suggested would-be head teachers should spend time in senior positions in struggling schools before they qualify to be heads.[75]