document_title: Humpback whale

question_text: how long is the gestation period for humpback whales

question_tokens: how long is the gestation period for humpback whales

text: Humpback whale

text: Taxonomy[edit]

text:
B. bonaerensis (southern minke whale)

B. acutorostra (northern minke whale)

B. physalus (fin whale)

B. edeni (pygmy Bryde's whale)

B. borealis (sei whale)

B. brydei (Bryde's whale)

B. musculus (blue whale)

Megaptera novaeangliae (humpback whale)

Eschrichtius robustus (gray whale)

A phylogenetic tree of animals related to the humpback whale

text: Humpback whales are rorquals, members of the Balaenopteridae family that includes the blue, fin, Bryde's, sei and minke whales. The rorquals are believed to have diverged from the other families of the suborder Mysticeti as long ago as the middle Miocene era.[4] However, it is not known when the members of these families diverged from each other.

text: Though clearly related to the giant whales of the genus Balaenoptera, the humpback is the sole member of its genus. Recent DNA sequencing has indicated the humpback is actually more closely related to certain rorquals, particularly the fin whale (B. physalus) and possibly the gray (Eschrichtius robustus), than it is to others such as the minke.[5][6][7][8]

text: The humpback was first identified as baleine de la Nouvelle Angleterre by Mathurin Jacques Brisson in his Regnum Animale of 1756. In 1781, Georg Heinrich Borowski described the species, converting Brisson's name to its Latin equivalent, Balaena novaeangliae. In 1804, Lacépède shifted the humpback from the family Balaenidae, renaming it B. jubartes. In 1846, John Edward Gray created the genus Megaptera, classifying the humpback as Megaptera longipinna, but in 1932, Remington Kellogg reverted the species names to use Borowski's novaeangliae.[9] The common name is derived from the curving of their backs when diving. The generic name Megaptera from the Greek mega-/μεγα- "giant" and ptera/πτερα "wing",[10] refers to their large front flippers. The specific name means "New Englander" and was probably given by Brisson due to regular sightings of humpbacks off the coast of New England.[9]

text: Genetic research in mid-2014 by the British Antarctic Survey confirmed that the separate populations in the North Atlantic, North Pacific and Southern Oceans are more distinct than previously thought. Some biologists believe that these should be regarded as separate subspecies[11] and that they are evolving independently.[12]

text: Anatomy[edit]

text: Humpbacks can easily be identified by their stocky body, obvious hump, black dorsal coloring and elongated pectoral fins. The head and lower jaw are covered with knobs called tubercles, which are hair follicles and are characteristic of the species. The fluked tail, which typically rises above the surface when diving, has wavy trailing edges.[13]

text: Humpbacks have 270 to 400 darkly colored baleen plates on each side of their mouths.[14] The plates measure from 18 in (46 cm) in the front to about 3 ft (0.91 m) in the back, behind the hinge.

text: Ventral grooves run from the lower jaw to the umbilicus, about halfway along the underside of the body. These grooves are less numerous (usually 14–22) than in other rorquals, but are fairly wide.[14]

text: The female has a hemispherical lobe about 15 cm (5.9 in) in diameter in her genital region. This visually distinguishes males and females.[14] The male's penis usually remains hidden in the genital slit.[15]

text: Size[edit]

text: Fully grown males average 13–14 m (43–46 ft). Females are slightly larger at 15–16 m (49–52 ft); one large recorded specimen was 19 m (62 ft) long and had pectoral fins measuring 6 m (20 ft) each.[16] The largest humpback on record, according to whaling records, was a female killed in the Caribbean; she was 27 m (89 ft) long with a weight of 90 metric tons (99 short tons), although the reliability of this information is unconfirmed due to illogicality of the record.[17] The largest measured by the scientists of the Discovery Committee were a female 14.9 m (49 ft) and a male 14.75 m (48.5 ft), although this was out of a sample size of only 63 whales.[18] Body mass typically is in the range of 25–30 metric tons (28–33 short tons), with large specimens weighing over 40 metric tons (44 short tons).[19]

text: Newborn calves are roughly the length of their mother's head. At birth, calves measure 6 m (20 ft) at 2 short tons (1.8 t). They nurse for about six months, then mix nursing and independent feeding for possibly six months more. Humpback milk is 50% fat and pink in color.

text: Females reach sexual maturity at age five, achieving full adult size a little later. Males reach sexual maturity around seven years of age.

text: Fins[edit]

text: The long black and white tail fin can be up to a third of body length.[20][21] Several hypotheses attempt to explain the humpback's pectoral fins, which are proportionally the longest fins of any cetacean. The higher maneuverability afforded by long fins and the usefulness of the increased surface area for temperature control when migrating between warm and cold climates possibly supported this adaptation.

text: Identifying individuals[edit]

text: The varying patterns on the tail flukes distinguish individual animals. A study using data from 1973 to 1998 on whales in the North Atlantic gave researchers detailed information on gestation times, growth rates and calving periods, as well as allowing more accurate population predictions by simulating the mark-release-recapture technique.[22] A photographic catalogue of all known North Atlantic whales was developed over this period and is maintained by College of the Atlantic.[23] Similar photographic identification projects operate around the world.

text:
Humpback whale skeleton on display at The Museum of Osteology, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma

Play media

Mother and calf in Boston Harbor

A humpback whale tail displaying wavy rear edges

A tail from a different individual—the tail of each humpback whale is visibly unique.

Individual identification in Vava'u, Tonga

Humpback whale skeleton of "Snow" on display at Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve

text: Behavior[edit]

text: The lifespan of rorquals ranges from 45 to 100 years.[24]

text: Interactions[edit]

text: The humpback social structure is loose-knit. Typically, individuals live alone or in small, transient groups that disband after a few hours. Groups may stay together longer in summer to forage and feed cooperatively. Longer-term relationships between pairs or small groups, lasting months or even years, have rarely been observed. Some females possibly retain bonds created via cooperative feeding for a lifetime. Humpback whales often leap out of the water, a behaviour known as "breaching", and slap the water with their fins or tails

text: Courtship and reproduction[edit]

text: Courtship rituals take place during the winter months, following migration toward the equator from summer feeding grounds closer to the poles. Competition is usually fierce. Unrelated males, dubbed escorts, frequently trail females, as well as cow-calf pairs. Males gather into "competitive groups" around a female and fight for the right to mate with her.[25] Group size ebbs and flows as unsuccessful males retreat and others arrive. Behaviors include breaching, spyhopping, lob-tailing, tail-slapping, pectoral fin-slapping, peduncle throws, charging and parrying.

text: Whale song is thought to have an important role in mate selection; however, they may also be used between males to establish dominance.[26] Polyandry has been observed in humpback whales, with the females having multiple male partners throughout their lifespan.[27]

text: Females typically breed every two or three years. The gestation period is 11.5 months.  The peak months for birth are January, February (northern hemisphere), July and August (southern hemisphere). Females wait for one to two years before breeding again. Recent research on mitochondrial DNA reveals that groups living in proximity to each other may represent distinct breeding pools.[28] Humpback whale births have been rarely observed. One birth witnessed off Madagascar occurred within four minutes.[29]

text: Interspecies interactions[edit]

text: Humpbacks are a friendly species that interact with other cetacean species such as bottlenose dolphins. Right whales interact with humpbacks.[30] These behaviors have been recorded in all oceans.[31][32] Records of humpback and southern right whales demonstrating what were interpreted to be mating behaviors have been documented off the Mozambique [33] and Brazilian coasts.[34] Humpback whales appear in mixed groups with other species, such as the blue, fin, minke, gray and sperm whales.[35] Interaction with gray, fin,[36] and right whales have been observed.  Teams of researchers observed a male humpback whale singing an unknown type of song and approaching a fin whale at Rarotonga in 2014.[37] One individual was observed playing with a bottlenose dolphin in Hawaiian waters.[38] Recently, incidents of humpback whales protecting other species of animals such as seals and other whales from killer whales has been documented and filmed. Studies of such incidents indicate that the phenomenon is species-wide and global, with incidents being recorded at various locations across the world.[39] In September 2017 in Rarotonga, the Cook Islands, two adult humpback whales were observed protecting snorkeler and whale biologist Nan Hauser from a 4.5 m (15 ft) tiger shark, with one whale pushing the woman away from the shark while the other used its tail to block the predator's advances. This may be the first recorded incidence of humpback whales acting protective over a human.[40]

text: Song[edit]

text: Singing Humpbacks  Recording of Humpback Whales singing and Clicking. Problems playing this file? See media help.

text: Both male and female humpback whales vocalize, but only males produce the long, loud, complex "song" for which the species is famous. Each song consists of several sounds in a low register, varying in amplitude and frequency and typically lasting from 10 to 20 minutes.[41] Individuals may sing continuously for more than 24 hours. Cetaceans have no vocal cords, instead, they produce sound via a larynx like structure found in the throat, the mechanism of which has not as of yet been clearly identified. Whales do not have to exhale to produce sound.[42]

text: Whales within a large area sing a single song. All North Atlantic humpbacks sing the same song, while those of the North Pacific sing a different song. Each population's song changes slowly over a period of years without repeating.[41]

text: Scientists are unsure of the purpose of whale songs. Only males sing, suggesting one purpose is to attract females. However, many of the whales observed to approach a singer are other males, often resulting in conflict. Singing may, therefore, be a challenge to other males.[43] Some scientists have hypothesized the song may serve an echolocative function.[44] During the feeding season, humpbacks make unrelated vocalizations for herding fish into their bubble nets.[45]

text: Humpback whales make other sounds to communicate, such as grunts, groans, snorts and barks.[46]

text: Breathing[edit]

text: Whales are air-breathing mammals who must surface to get the air they need. The stubby dorsal fin is visible soon after the blow (exhalation) when the whale surfaces, but disappears by the time the flukes emerge. Humpbacks have a 3 m (9.8 ft), heart-shaped to bushy blow through the blowholes.

text: They do not generally sleep at the surface, but they must continue to breathe. Possibly only half of their brain sleeps at one time, with one half managing the surface-blow-dive process without awakening the other half.[47]

text: Migration[edit]

text: Migratory patterns and social interactions were explored in the 1960s[48] and by further studies in 1971.[49] Calambokidis et al. provided the "first quantitative assessment of the migratory structure of humpback whales in the entire North Pacific basin."[50]

text: Range and habitat[edit]

text: Humpbacks inhabit all major oceans, in a wide band running from the Antarctic ice edge to 77° N latitude. The four global populations are North Pacific, Atlantic, Southern Ocean and Indian Ocean populations. These populations are distinct. Although the species has cosmopolitan distribution and is usually not considered to cross the equator line, seasonal observations at Cape Verde suggest possible interactions among populations from both hemispheres.[51] Aside from the Arabian Sea group, year-round presences have been confirmed among British and Norwegian waters.[52] Parts of wintering grounds around the globe have been poorly studied or being undetected, such as around Pitcairn Islands,[53] Northern Mariana Islands (e.g. Marpi[54] and CK Reefs vicinity to Saipan[55] ), Daitō Islands,[56] Volcano Islands,[57] Pasaleng Bay, Trindade and Martin Vaz, Mauritius, Aldabra,[58] and so on.

text: Whales were once uncommon in the Mediterranean and the Baltic Sea, but have increased their presence in both waters as global populations have recovered. Recent increases within the Mediterranean basin, including re-sightings, indicate that more whales may migrate into the inland sea in the future, not only for wintering but also for feeding.[59][60] Humpbacks are also showing signs of re-expanding into former ranges, such as Scotland,[52] Skagerrak and Kattegat,[61] as well as Scandinavian fjords such as Kvænangen, where they had not been observed for decades.[62][63]

text: In the North Atlantic, feeding areas range from Scandinavia to New England. Breeding occurs in the Caribbean and Cape Verde.[64] In the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans, whales may breed off Brazil, as well the coasts of central, southern and southeastern Africa (including Madagascar).[65] Whale visits into Gulf of Mexico have been infrequent, but occurred in the gulf historically.[66] In the South Atlantic, about 10% of world population of the species possibly migrate to the Gulf of Guinea. Comparison of songs between those at Cape Lopez and Abrolhos Archipelago indicate that trans-Atlantic mixings between western and southeastern populations occur.[67]

text: A large population spreads across the Hawaiian Islands every winter, ranging from the island of Hawaii in the south to Kure Atoll in the north.[68] These animals feed in areas ranging from the coast of California to the Bering Sea.[69] Humpbacks were first observed in Hawaiian waters in the mid-19th century and might have gained a dominance over North Pacific right whales, as the right whales were hunted to near-extinction.[70]

text: A 2007 study identified seven individuals then wintering off the Pacific coast of Costa Rica as having traveled from the Antarctic—around 8,300 km (5,200 mi). Identified by their unique tail patterns, these animals made the longest documented mammalian migration.[71] In Australia, two main migratory populations were identified, off the west and east coasts. These two populations are distinct, with only a few females in each generation crossing between the two groups.[72]

text: In Panama and Costa Rica, humpback whales come from both the Southern Hemisphere (July–October with over 2,000 whales) and the Northern Hemisphere (December–March numbering about 300.)[73] South Pacific populations migrating off mainland New Zealand, Kermadec Islands,  and Tasmania are increasing, but less rapidly than in Australian waters because of illegal whaling by the Soviet Union in the 1970s.

text: Some recolonizing habitats are confirmed, especially in the North and South Atlantic (e.g. English and Irish coasts, English Channel[74]) to coasts in the north such as the North Sea and Wadden Sea, where the first confirmed sighting since 1755 was made in 2003,[75][76] South Pacific (e.g. New Zealand coasts and Niue), pelagic islands of Chile such as Isla Salas y Gómez and Easter Island, where possibilities of undocumented wintering grounds have been considered,[77] southern fiords of Chile and Peru (e.g. Gulf of Penas, Strait of Magellan, Beagle Channel[78]) and in Asia. Areas in the Philippines such as the Babuyan Islands, Cagayan (the first modern mortality of the species in the nation was in 2007),[79] Calayan[80] and Pasaleng Bay, the Ryukyu Islands, the Volcano Islands in Japan and the Northern Mariana Islands recently[81] again became stable/growing wintering grounds while the Marshall Islands,[82] Vietnamese, Taiwanese and Chinese coasts show slow or no obvious recovery.[83]

text: Whales again migrate off Japanese archipelagos and into the Sea of Japan. Connections between these stocks and whales seen in the Sea of Okhotsk, on Kamchatka coasts and around the Commander Islands have been studied.[84] Historical wintering distributions could have been much wider and more southerly distributed, as whales were seen in areas along the Batanes, Sulu and Celebes Seas including off Palawan, Luzon, Malaysia and Mindanao, with higher densities around today's Cape Eluanbi and Kenting National Park.[85] Unconfirmed sightings have been reported near Borneo in modern times.[86] The first confirmation in modern Taiwan was of a pair off Hualien in 1994, followed by a successful escape from entanglement off Taitung in 1999,[87] and continuous sightings around Orchid Island in 2000.[88] Few/none regularly migrate into Kenting National Park.[89][90] In addition, despite sightings reported almost annually off Green and Orchid Islands, relatively short stays in these waters indicate recoveries as winter foraging has not occurred.[91] Sightings, including of a cow-calf pair, have occurred along the east coast of Taiwan.[92][93][94][95] Around Hong Kong, two documented sightings were recorded in 2009 and in 2016.[96][97] One of the first documented sightings within the Yellow Sea was of a group of 3 or 4 individuals, including a cow/calf pair in Changhai County in October, 2015.[98][99]

text: Since November 2015, whales gather around Hachijō-jima, far north from the known breeding areas in the Bonin Islands. All breeding activities except for giving births had been confirmed as of January, 2016. That makes Hachijo-jima the northernmost breeding ground in the world,[100] north of breeding grounds such as Amami Ōshima, Midway Island,[101] and Bermuda.[102]

text: Arabian Sea population[edit]

text: A non-migratory population in the Arabian Sea remains there year-round.[41] More typical annual migrations cover up to 25,000 km (16,000 mi), making it one of the most-traveled mammalian species. Genetic studies and visual surveys indicate that the Arabian group is the most isolated of all humpback groups and is the most endangered, numbering possibly fewer than 100 animals.[103] Within Arabian Sea, Masirah Island and Gulf of Masirah, Halaniyat Islands and Kuria Muria Bay are hot spots for the species.[104]

text: Whales were historically common in continental and marginal waters such as Hallaniyat Islands,[105] along Indian coasts, Persian Gulf[106] and Gulf of Aden and recent migrations into the gulf including by cow-calf pairs[107].[108] It is unknown whether whales seen in the Red Sea originate in this population,[109] however sightings increased since in 2006 even in the northern part of the sea such as in Gulf of Aqaba. Individuals may reach the Maldives, Sri Lanka, or further east.[103] Humpbacks have been considered rather vagrant into Persian Gulf, however new studies indicate more regular presences can be expected.[104]

text: Origins of whales occurring at Maldives are not clear either from Arabian or south Pacific populations, and overlaps are possible.[110][103]

text: Arabian Sea Humpback whales in Dhofar, Oman

text: Feeding and predation[edit]

text: Humpbacks feed primarily in summer and live off fat reserves during winter.[111] They feed only rarely and opportunistically in their wintering waters. The humpback is an energetic hunter, taking krill and small schooling fish such as juvenile Atlantic and Pacific salmon, herring, capelin and American sand lance, as well as Atlantic mackerel, pollock and haddock in the North Atlantic.[112][113][114] They have been documented opportunistically feeding near fish hatcheries in Southeast Alaska, feasting on salmon fry released from the hatcheries.[115] Krill and copepods are prey species in Australian and Antarctic waters.[116] Humpbacks hunt by direct attack or by stunning prey by hitting the water with pectoral fins or flukes.

text: Bubble net[edit]

text: The humpback has the most diverse hunting repertoire of all baleen whales.[117] Its most inventive technique is known as bubble net feeding; a group of whales swims in a shrinking circle blowing bubbles below a school of prey. The shrinking ring of bubbles encircles the school and confines it in an ever-smaller cylinder. This ring can begin near 30 m (98 ft) in diameter and involve the cooperation of a dozen animals. Using a crittercam attached to a whale's back, researchers found that some whales blow the bubbles, some dive deeper to drive fish toward the surface and others herd prey into the net by vocalizing.[118] The whales then suddenly swim upward through the "net", mouths agape, swallowing thousands of fish in one gulp. the water is then squeezed out through baleen plates in the mouth to filter out the prey.

text: So-called lobtail feeding was observed in the North Atlantic. This technique involves the whale slapping the surface of the ocean with its tail between one and four times before creating the bubble net.[119] Using network-based diffusion analysis, the study authors argued that these whales learned the behavior from other whales in the group over a period of 27 years in response to a change in the primary form of prey.[120]

text: Killer whale predation[edit]

text: Visible scars indicate that killer whales (orcas) can prey upon juvenile humpbacks, though until recently hunting had never been witnessed and attacks were assumed to be superficial in nature.[121] However, a 2014 study off Western Australia[122] observed that when available in large numbers, young humpbacks can be attacked and sometimes killed by orcas. Moreover, mothers and (possibly related) adults escort neonates to deter such predation. The suggestion is that when humpbacks suffered near-extinction during the whaling era, orcas turned to other prey, but are now resuming their former practice.  There is evidence that humpback whales will defend against or attack killer whales who are attacking either humpback calves or juveniles as well as members of other species.[123]

text: Relation to humans[edit]

text: Whaling[edit]

text: Humpback whales were hunted as early as the 18th century. By the 19th century, many nations (the United States in particular), were hunting the animal heavily in the Atlantic Ocean and to a lesser extent in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. The late-19th-century introduction of the explosive harpoon allowed whalers to accelerate their take. This, along with hunting in the Antarctic Ocean beginning in 1904, sharply reduced whale populations. During the 20th century, over 200,000 humpbacks were taken, reducing the global population by over 90%. North Atlantic populations dropped to as low as 700 individuals.[124]

text: Ban[edit]

text: In 1946, the International Whaling Commission (IWC) was founded to oversee the industry.  They imposed hunting regulations and created hunting seasons. To prevent extinction, IWC banned commercial humpback whaling in 1966. By then, the global population had been reduced to around 5,000.[125] The ban has remained in force since 1966.

text: Prior to commercial whaling, populations could have reached 125,000. North Pacific kills alone are estimated at 28,000.[13] The Soviet Union deliberately under-recorded its catches; the Soviets reported catching 2,820 between 1947 and 1972, but the true number was over 48,000.[126]

text: As of 2004, hunting was restricted to a few animals each year off the Caribbean island of Bequia in the nation of St. Vincent and the Grenadines.[117] The take is not believed to threaten the local population. Japan had planned to kill 50 humpbacks in the 2007/08 season under its JARPA II research program. The announcement sparked global protests.[127] After a visit to Tokyo by the IWC chair asking the Japanese for their co-operation in sorting out the differences between pro- and antiwhaling nations on the commission, the Japanese whaling fleet agreed to take no humpback whales during the two years it would take to reach a formal agreement.[128]

text: In 2010, the IWC authorized Greenland's native population to hunt a few humpback whales for the following three years.[129]

text: In Japan, humpback, minkes, sperm and many other smaller Odontoceti, including critically endangered species such as North Pacific right, western gray and northern fin, have been targets of illegal captures. The hunts use harpoons for dolphin hunts or intentionally drive whales into nets, reporting them as cases of entanglement. Humpback meat can be found in markets. In one case, humpbacks of unknown quantities were illegally hunted in the Exclusive Economic Zones of anti-whaling nations such as off Mexico and South Africa.[130]

text: Whale-watching[edit]

text: Whale watching is the leisure activity of observing humpbacks in the wild. Participants watch from shore or on touring boats. Humpbacks are generally curious about nearby objects. Some individuals, referred to as "friendlies", approach whale-watching boats closely, often staying under or near the boat for many minutes.

text: Because humpbacks are typically easily approachable, curious, identifiable as individuals and display many behaviors, they have become the mainstay of whale tourism around the world. Hawaii has used the concept of "ecotourism" to benefit from the species without killing them. This business brings in revenue of $20 million per year for the state's economy.[131]

text:
North Atlantic

North Pacific

Southern Hemisphere

Summer

New York, New England, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, the northern St. Lawrence River, the Snaefellsnes peninsula in the west of Iceland.

Bahía Solano and Nuquí in Colombia, California, Alaska, Oregon, Washington, British Columbia, Isla Iguana in Panama, Ecuador.

Antarctica.

Winter

Samaná Province of the Dominican Republic, the Bay of Biscay France, Mona Passage off the coast of Puerto Rico

Hawaii, Baja California Sur, the Bahía de Banderas off Puerto Vallarta, Ogasawara, Okinawa

Sydney, Byron Bay north of Sydney, Hervey Bay north of Brisbane, North and East of Cape Town, New Zealand especially Kaikoura, the Tongan islands, Victor Harbor and outlying beaches, Saint Helena in the South Atlantic.

text: Famous individuals[edit]

text: The Tay whale[edit]

text: In December 1883, a male humpback swam up the Firth of Tay in Scotland, past what was then the whaling port of Dundee. Harpooned during a failed hunt, it was found dead off of Stonehaven a week later. It’s carcass was exhibited to the public by a local entrepreneur, John Woods, both locally and then as a touring exhibition that travelled to Edinburgh and London. The whale was dissected by Professor John Struthers, who wrote seven papers on its anatomy and an 1889 monograph on the humpback.[132][133][134][135]

text: Migaloo[edit]

text: An albino humpback whale that travels up and down the east coast of Australia became famous in local media because of its rare, all-white appearance. Migaloo is the only known all-white specimen[136] and is a true albino.[137] First sighted in 1991, the whale was named for an indigenous Australian word for "white fella". To prevent sightseers approaching dangerously close, the Queensland government decreed a 500-m (1600-ft) exclusion zone around him.

text: Humphrey[edit]

text: In 1985, Humphrey swam into San Francisco Bay and then up the Sacramento River towards Rio Vista.[138] Five years later, Humphrey returned and became stuck on a mudflat in San Francisco Bay immediately north of Sierra Point below the view of onlookers from the upper floors of the Dakin Building.

text: He was twice rescued by the Marine Mammal Center and other concerned groups in California.[139] He was pulled off the mudflat with a large cargo net and the help of the US Coast Guard. Both times, he was successfully guided back to the Pacific Ocean using a "sound net" in which people in a flotilla of boats made unpleasant noises behind the whale by banging on steel pipes, a Japanese fishing technique known as oikami. At the same time, the attractive sounds of humpback whales preparing to feed were broadcast from a boat headed towards the open ocean.[140]

text: He was last sighted in the vicinity of the Farallon Islands in 1991.

text: Media[edit]

text: Analyses of whale songs in the 1960s led to worldwide media interest and convinced the public that whales were highly intelligent, aiding the antiwhaling advocates.

text:
Common humpback whale vocalizations on a windy day

Recorded by the National Park Service, using a hydrophone that is anchored near the mouth of Glacier Bay, Alaska for the purpose of monitoring ambient noise.
A humpback whale song

Also recorded by the National Park Service, as above.
Another humpback whale song

Made by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Problems playing these files? See media help.

text: Status[edit]

text: Threats[edit]

text: While whaling no longer threatens the species, individuals are vulnerable to collisions with ships, entanglement in fishing gear and noise pollution.[3] Like other cetaceans, humpbacks can be injured by excessive noise. In the 19th century, two humpback whales were found dead near sites of repeated oceanic sub-bottom blasting, with traumatic injuries and fractures in the ears.[141]

text: Saxitoxin, a paralytic shellfish poisoning from contaminated mackerel, has been implicated in humpback whale deaths.[142]

text: Conservation[edit]

text: The worldwide population is at least 80,000, with 18,000–20,000 in the North Pacific,[143] about 12,000 in the North Atlantic[144] and over 50,000 in the Southern Hemisphere,[145] down from a prewhaling population of 125,000.[13]

text: Least concern[edit]

text: In August 2008, the IUCN changed humpback's status from Vulnerable to Least Concern, although two subpopulations remain endangered.[146] The United States is considering listing separate humpback populations, so smaller groups, such as North Pacific humpbacks, which are estimated to number 18,000–20,000 animals, might be delisted. This is made difficult by humpbacks’ migrations, which can extend 5,157 miles (8,299 km) from Antarctica to Costa Rica.[28] In Costa Rica, the Ballena Marine National Park is designed for humpback protection.

text: Areas where population data is limited and the species may be at higher risk include the Arabian Sea, the western North Pacific Ocean, the west coast of Africa and parts of Oceania.[3]

text: The species was listed as vulnerable in 1996 and endangered as recently as 1988. Most monitored stocks have rebounded since the end of commercial whaling.[3][147] In the North Atlantic stocks are believed to be approaching prehunting levels. However, the species is considered endangered in some countries, including the United States.[148][149]

text: United States[edit]

text: A 2008 US Department of Commerce analysis (SPLASH) noted that the many challenges to determining the recovery status included the lack of accurate population estimates, the unexpected complexity of population structures and their migration. The report was based on data collected from 2004 to 2006. At the time, the North Pacific population was some 18,302.[150] The estimate is consistent with a moderate rate of recovery for a depleted population, although it was considered to be a "dramatic increase in abundance" from other post-1960s estimates. By comparison, Calambokidis et al. estimated 9,819,[151] covering 1991–1993. This represents a 4% annual increase in population from 1993 to 2006.[150] The sanctuary provided by US national parks, such as Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve and Cape Hatteras National Seashore, became major factors in population recovery.[152]

text: Canada[edit]

text: Off the west coast of Canada, the Gwaii Haanas National Marine Conservation Area Reserve covers 3,400 square kilometres (1,300 sq mi). It is "a primary feeding habitat" of the North Pacific population. Their critical habitat overlaps with tanker shipping routes between Canada and its eastern trade partners.[153] In 2005 the North Pacific population was listed as threatened under Canada’s Species at Risk Act (SARA). On April 19, 2014 the Department of the Environment recommended an amendment to SARA to downgrade their status off the Pacific coast from "threatened" to "species of special concern".[154] According to Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC), the North Pacific humpback population increased at about 4% annually from 1992 to 2008. Although socioeconomic costs and benefits were considered in their decision to upgrade their status, according to the University of British Columbia’s Marine Mammal Research Consortium's research director, the decision was based on biology, not politics.[153]

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: The United Kingdom, among other countries,  designated the humpback as a priority species under the national Biodiversity Action Plan.


document_title: Adelaide Football Club

question_text: when did adelaide crows last play in grand final

root

text: Adelaide Football Club

text: History[edit]

text: 1990s: Foundation and back-to-back triumph[edit]

text: After the VFL was renamed the AFL for the 1990 season, the SANFL clubs unanimously resolved, in May 1990, that a team would not be entered into the AFL until season 1993.[7] The AFL refused to accept this, and revised negotiations with individual clubs Port Adelaide and Norwood. Two months later, the Port Adelaide Football Club reached terms of agreement with the AFL to enter a team into its competition in season 1991. The other nine SANFL clubs reacted strongly and entered into litigation in an endeavour to halt Port's bid. As the terms offered were more favourable than previously offered, talks were resumed. On 19 September 1990, the AFL approved the bid for a new South Australian club to enter to the league, rather than a single existing SANFL club.[7]

tag: p

text: The Adelaide Crows played their first season in the AFL in 1991. Inaugural coach Graham Cornes[10] and captain Chris McDermott led Adelaide to a respectable ninth place out of 15 in the league, with 10 wins and 12 losses and a percentage of 89.44.[11] Adelaide's first AFL game was against Hawthorn on Friday 22 March at their then home ground, Football Park. The Crows defeated the eventual premiers by a hefty 86-point margin, winning 24.11 (155) to 9.15 (69).[12] The club reached its first finals series in 1993 AFL season, eventually losing to Essendon in the preliminary final.

text: Premiership glory in 1997 and 1998[edit]

text: The year 1997 marked the entry of a second South Australian club, Port Adelaide. The Crows easily qualified for the finals series and hosted fifth-placed West Coast in the First Elimination Final. In the first final ever to be played at Football Park, the Crows won 14.15 (99) to 9.12 (66). The next week, Adelaide hosted Geelong, who had come second but lost the previous week to North Melbourne, in the Second Semi Final, winning narrowly: 11.10 (76) to 9.14 (68). This set up an away Preliminary Final against the Western Bulldogs at the MCG. Despite losing Coleman Medallist Tony Modra, who had kicked 84 goals for the season, to an ACL injury in the first quarter and trailing by 31 points at half time, the Crows kicked four unanswered goals in the last quarter to record a two-point victory, 12.21 (93) to 13.13 (91), with Darren Jarman kicking a goal to put Adelaide in front with less than two minutes remaining. This allowed the Crows to qualify for their first AFL Grand Final, to be played against St Kilda at the MCG a week later.

text: St Kilda, chasing their second Premiership in VFL/AFL history, were warm favourites to win the Grand Final, having come first in the minor round and won both of their finals by margins of 46 and 31 points, against an Adelaide side without Tony Modra, Mark Ricciuto and goalsneak Peter Vardy due to injury.[1] However, the Crows again overcame a half-time deficit, kicking 14 second-half goals to win by 31 points, 19.11 (125) to 13.16 (94). Darren Jarman kicked six goals, five of which came in the last quarter, whilst utility Shane Ellen kicked a career-best five and Troy Bond kicked four. Andrew McLeod, who gathered 31 possessions across half-back and in the midfield, won the Norm Smith Medal for the best player on-field in the Grand Final. The win is arguably one of the finest moments in South Australian sporting history.

text: Adelaide often struggled in close matches during the 1998 AFL season; seven of their nine losses were by 13 points or less, compared to only three wins by corresponding margins (they finished the regular season 13-9). The Crows showed mixed form in their opening two finals matches, though they were good enough to, for the second year in a row, play the Western Bulldogs in a Preliminary Final at the MCG. In contrast to the thriller that took place the previous year, however, the Crows defeated the Bulldogs soundly, 24.17 (161) to 13.15 (93). Matthew Robran kicked six goals and Andrew McLeod, opposed to renowned tagger Tony Liberatore, booted seven.

text: Like the previous year, Adelaide went into the Grand Final as underdogs, playing against North Melbourne, who had won the Premiership in 1996 and had won eleven consecutive matches leading up to the Grand Final. North Melbourne led by 24 points at half-time, 6.15 (51) to 4.3 (27), with only their inaccurate goalkicking keeping Adelaide in the contest. However, as they had in the previous year, Adelaide dominated the second half to win by 35 points, 15.15 (105) to 8.22 (70). Darren Jarman kicked five goals, while Andrew McLeod won his second successive Norm Smith Medal, an unprecedented feat. Club legend Mark Ricciuto won the Crows' Club Champion award in 1998. Following a disappointing year in 1999, premiership coach Malcolm Blight resigned from the role and the Crows entered the new millennium with two premierships under their belt.

text: 2000s: Finals and near misses[edit]

text: The Crows next made the finals in 2001 AFL season, this after losing their opening three matches for the season. Adelaide played fifth-placed Carlton at the MCG in the First Elimination Final and were roundly defeated, 17.16 (118) to 6.14 (50). High-profile forward Darren Jarman announced his retirement after the match. Adelaide's impressive 2002 AFL season (in which they achieved a 15-7 win-loss record) came undone at the penultimate stage, losing the Collingwood in the Preliminary Final at the MCG. Ben Hart won his second Malcolm Blight Medal in 2002, with Tyson Edwards finishing runner-up. Brett Burton led the Crows' goalkickers with 51. Hart and Mark Ricciuto were both named as All-Australians. Adelaide then extracted some revenge by defeating Collingwood in the pre-season competition in 2003, a first win of its kind for the club. The Crows' impressive 2003 season was eventually halted by the Brisbane Lions at the Gabba in the semi-finals. That season Adelaide captain Mark Ricciuto became the first Crow to win the Brownlow Medal for the best and fairest player in the AFL in a three-way tie with Adam Goodes and Nathan Buckley.[13] The Crows returned to finals in 2005 and recorded a famous win in what to this day remains the only Showdown match against rivals Port Adelaide in the semi-finals. They then lost once more at the penultimate stage (preliminary final), to West Coast at Subiaco Oval by 16 points. This was a feat the club unfortunately repeated in 2006 when they again lost to West Coast in the preliminary final, this time at home and by an even smaller margin.

text: Remarkably, Adelaide went on to qualify for finals for each of the remaining seasons in the 2000s, falling short at the elimination or semi-final on each occasion. Collingwood proved to be the most obvious of villains, knocking the Crows out of the finals race successively in 2008 and 2009. Andrew McLeod and Bernie Vince won club best and fairest awards in that time.

text: Adelaide's finals runs in the 2000s

text:
Year
Lost in
Opponent
Margin of defeat

2001
Elimination Final
Carlton
68 points

2002
Preliminary Final
Collingwood
28 points

2003
Semi Final
Brisbane Lions
42 points

2005
Preliminary Final
West Coast
16 points

2006
Preliminary Final
West Coast
10 points

2007
Elimination Final
Hawthorn
3 points

2008
Elimination Final
Collingwood
31 points

2009
Semi Final
Collingwood
5 points

tag: table

text: 2010s: Rebuilding and tragedy[edit]

text: Adelaide had a disastrous start to the 2010 season, losing their first six matches of the home and away season. They did recover to some extent in the back half of the year, finishing 11th with nine wins and thirteen losses, the first time under coach Neil Craig that the team did not make the finals. The season marked a turning point, with the likes of McLeod, Simon Goodwin and fellow stars Brett Burton, Tyson Edwards and Trent Hentschel all announcing their retirements during the season.[14] Long-term defender and club stalwart Nathan Bock announced he was leaving the club to join new side Gold Coast.[15] These changes led to a disastrous 2011 campaign, which proved to be the worst season in the club's history. After a 103-point loss to fading champions St Kilda, the club's longest-serving coach Neil Craig stepped down, handing the reins to assistant coach and former premiership captain Mark Bickley as caretaker for the remainder of the season.[16] Under Bickley the club won three of their next four games, but lost their final two to Richmond and West Coast, finishing in 14th place with 7 wins and 15 losses, both club worsts. Scott Thompson won the Malcolm Blight Medal (best and fairest award) for the season. New coach Brenton Sanderson began his era at the club with a pre-season premiership in 2012 and followed up that success with an above-expectations regular season; the Crows finishing 17-5 and never once losing consecutive matches. Adelaide eventually qualified to face minor premiers Hawthorn at the MCG in the First Preliminary Final. Hawthorn led for most of the match and despite Adelaide taking the lead with five minutes remaining, the Hawks responded to win the match by five points, yet another heartbreaking finals series loss for the Crows. Adelaide would then fall under the weight of expectations to some degree in the 2013 and 2014 seasons, narrowly missing the top 8 on both occasions. This led to Sanderson being sacked at the end of the 2014 season. The club moved home matches to the newly redeveloped Adelaide Oval at the start of the 2014 season, though to this day the Crows retain their training and administrative headquarters at their old home stadium, Football Park.

text: 2012: Scandal and Investigation[edit]

text: At the end of 2012, it was revealed that Adelaide had been found guilty of breaching the salary cap and tampering with the draft. As a sign of cooperation with the AFL, Adelaide forfeited themselves from the first two rounds of the 2012 draft.[17] At a hearing at AFL House in Melbourne, both the Adelaide Crows and current CEO at the time, Steven Trigg, were both fined $300,000 and $50,000 respectively.[18] The Adelaide Football Club were also suspended from participating in the first two rounds of the 2013 draft.[19] It's widely accepted to be the leagues biggest salary cap and list management scandal since Carlton in 2002.[18]

text: 2014: Transfer of SANFL licence[edit]

text: In March 2014, on the eve of the new season, the South Australian Football Commission announced it had struck a deal with the Adelaide Football Club which required the SANFL to transfer its ownership of the Crows' licence to the club, in exchange for payments totalling $11.326 million between 2013 and 2028. The arrangement marked the first time the Adelaide Football Club had independent control of its own administration and came in conjunction with measures designed to solidify the SANFL's control of game development and the sport in South Australia.[20][21]

text: 2015: Death of Phil Walsh[edit]

text: The 2015 season started successfully for the Adelaide Football Club with a 77-point win over reigning preliminary finalists North Melbourne. Newly appointed coach Phil Walsh oversaw a rapidly improving team that became known for their skilled ball use and ability to grind out wins. During the season, Adelaide was cleared of any wrongdoing by the AFL in the Eddie Betts affair, which became newsworthy following an allegation that Betts's transfer to the Crows from Carlton had been illegally signed and approved as much as 18 months prior to his move.[22]

text: On 3 July, two days prior to Adelaide's then-scheduled round 14 match against Geelong, coach Phil Walsh was the victim of murder by his son and died from multiple stab wounds at the age of 55.[8] The tragedy was followed by an outpouring of sympathy and tributes from the club's fans and the wider AFL community.[23] The match against the Cats was cancelled, with both teams receiving two premiership points each.[24] Adelaide's SANFL team's match against South Adelaide, scheduled for the next day, was postponed until later in the season.[25] On 6 July, assistant coach Scott Camporeale was appointed interim coach for the remainder of the season, while West Coast premiership coach John Worsfold was hired as coaching director to support Camporeale.[26] Inspiringly, the team rebounded to win six of their next seven games and qualify for the 2015 finals series, where they defeated the Western Bulldogs by seven points in a thrilling elimination final at the MCG. Their season ended when they lost to eventual premiers Hawthorn the next week.

text: 2016–present: Don Pyke era[edit]

text: Star midfielder for many years Patrick Dangerfield left the club at the end of the 2015 season (a season in which he won the club's best and fairest) and Don Pyke, a former premiership player and assistant coach with West Coast who had also been an assistant coach at Adelaide from 2005 to 2006, was appointed Adelaide's senior coach for at least three years.[9] Adelaide was widely tipped to slide out of the finals in 2016[27][28][29] but the Crows proved to be one of the successes of the season, comfortably qualifying for a home elimination final and defeating North Melbourne by 62 points, before being eliminated the next week by eventual beaten grand finalists, Sydney in the semi-finals. The club had a dominant 2017 season, winning their opening six games and never falling below second place for the entire season. Adelaide claimed their second McClelland Trophy as minor premiers.[30] The Adelaide Crows entered the 2017 finals series as favourites for the premiership; they defeated Greater Western Sydney and Geelong by 36 and 61 points respectively to qualify for the Grand Final, their first since 1998, where they faced Richmond. Despite starting as favourites, the Crows lost the match by 48 points.

text: Club symbols[edit]

text: Club guernsey[edit]

text: Adelaide currently has three guernsey designs which are used in different matches throughout the season.

text: Present[edit]

text: The home guernsey features navy blue, red and gold hoops.[31] It is worn at all matches designated as home games for the club as well as in selected away games (currently only Geelong, Port Adelaide and Sydney). The jumper is worn with navy shorts at all home and away games, except for away Showdowns, where it is paired with white shorts. It has had minor variations through its history since debuting with the club in 1991, including adding a white outline to the numbers in 1996, and the removal of yellow cuffs and addition of navy blue panels down the sides (due to manufacturers template design) in 2006. In 2009 the yellow cuffs and full hoops returned. In 2010 the hoops were cut off again at the sides. For 2016, the club removed the side panels, returning to the full hoops of the original design. The original base design/idea has never changed in the clubs 27-year history.[32]

text: The clash guernsey is a predominantly white based design,[33] worn in away games where the standard home guernsey may cause a clash of colours with the home team. It features three hoops around the sternum in the clubs colours of red, yellow and navy blue, and is always worn with white shorts. The current clash guernsey was introduced in 2016, and is more similar to the home strip than those of previous years.

text: The alternative guernsey is the same design as the clash guernsey, but with a gold base instead of white.[34] It is worn in away games in which it provides a greater contrast with the home team than either the home or white clash guernseys. These team are North Melbourne, Carlton, Fremantle and Western Bulldogs football clubs. It is always worn with white shorts.

text: Past[edit]

text: In previous seasons, the Crows have had variations of alternate guernseys.

text: The club briefly used an alternate design in the pre-season competition. It was still in the club colours, but featured the club logo prominently on the front and continuing over onto the back.[35]

text: The away guernsey was originally intended for use in all matches designated as away games, except finals. The design had changed several times over the years since it was first used in 1999.[36] From 2006 the red was removed from the top of the guernsey, moving it closer to the home guernsey. Its usage had waned since the introduction of the "clash" guernsey, to the point where it was only used twice in 2007, against the Western Bulldogs in round 2 and Collingwood in round 22. In a few away matches that year, the club also continued to use the traditional "home" guernsey, something which had rarely been done since the away strip was introduced. In response to this, a new away guernsey was introduced in 2008 featuring more red and yellow with a flying crow on the front – similar in design to the mid-90s pre-season jumper.

text: The clash guernsey was first introduced for season 2006 and was radically different from the "home" and "away" designs at the time.[36] It was worn at all away games where the AFL deemed there to be a clash with the home team's guernsey design. Those clubs officially on the "clash list" included Carlton, Essendon, Fremantle, Melbourne and Richmond. Despite this, the AFL forced the club to wear it against other teams, such as Hawthorn and St Kilda in 2007, West Coast in 2008 and the Brisbane Lions in 2008 and 2009. The first clash guernsey was red, and was worn from 2006-2009. The club first adopted a white clash guernsey in 2010, which is worn in the majority of away games, meaning the traditional home jumper was rarely worn away from home. It featured the club logo on the front with stylised curves in club colours on the front and back with navy stripes down the sides. The design has been changed a number of times over the years, but has remained predominately white. The club now wears the clash guernsey in away games against all clubs aside from the Sydney, Geelong and Port Adelaide football clubs.

text: Membership base and sponsorship[edit]

text: In 2006, the club made history becoming the first club in VFL/AFL history to have more than 50,000 members. They broke that record in 2007, signing up 50,146 members after only round one of the season. The club failed to continue this record run and subsequently signed 48,720 members in 2008. The club has enjoyed a long-standing partnership with the Toyota Camry brand since its inception, leading the club to be known in promotional materials as the "Camry Crows".

text: Two-time Grand Slam tennis champion Lleyton Hewitt has been the club's number one ticket holder since December 2002.[37] Federal politician Kate Ellis is the number 1 female ticket holder and Greg Champion, a musician and radio broadcaster, is the Melbourne number 1 ticket holder.[38] Australian golfer Adam Scott is also an honorary member of the club.[39] Inaugural Australian idol winner and musician Guy Sebastian is also a supporter of the crows.

text:
Year
Members
Change
Home &
Away
Finish
Finish
after
finals
Average
home
crowd^
Change
Major
sponsor
Kit
sponsor

1991
25,087
-
9th
-
40,479
-
Toyota
Sekem

1992
38,673

9th
-
38,275
 2,204

1993
40,100

5th
3rd
46,128
 7,853

1994
40,611

11th
-
42,864
 3,264

1995
41,654

11th
-
38,552
 4,312

1996
42,283

12th
-
39,428
 876
Puma

1997
41,395

4th
Premiers
40,116
 688
Adidas

1998
41,985

5th
Premiers
41,203
 1,087

1999
42,120

13th
-
39,386
 1,817

2000
42,896

11th
-
38,447
 939

2001
42,014

8th
8th
39,627
 1,180
Fila

2002
46,620

3rd
3rd
43,068
 3,441

2003
47,097

6th
5th
44,524
 1,456
Russell Athletic

2004
45,642

12th
-
39,879
 4,645

2005
43,256

1st
3rd
42,336
 2,457

2006
50,138

2nd
3rd
42,329
 7
Adidas

2007
50,976

8th
8th
42,042
 287

2008
48,720

5th
7th
40,678
 1,364

2009
46,472

5th
5th
38,801
 1,877

2010
45,545

11th
-
35,773
 3,028
Reebok

2011
46,520

14th
-
35,020
 753

2012
45,105

2nd
3rd
36,829
 1,809

2013
46,405

11th
-
33,703
 3,126
Puma

2014
54,249

10th
-
48,046
 14,343

2015
52,920

7th
6th
46,487
 1,569
BLK

2016
54,307

5th
6th
47,056
 569

2017
56,865

1st
Runners Up
 47,675
  619
ISC

text: Club honour board[edit]

text: Club achievements[edit]

text:
Club achievements

Competition
Level
Wins
Year won

AFL
Premiers
2
1997, 1998

Runners up
1
2017

McClelland Trophy
2
2005, 2017

text: Records[edit]

text:
Highest score for: 30.8 (188) – vs Essendon at Football Park on 2 June 2006 (Round 10)
Lowest score for: 3.6 (24) – vs St Kilda at Etihad Stadium on 22 July 2011 (Round 18)
Highest score against: 32.18 (210) – Geelong at Kardinia Park on 9 May 1992 (Round 8)
Lowest score against: 1.7 (13) – Fremantle at Football Park on 11 July 2009 (Round 15)
Highest aggregate score: 44.33 (297) – vs Geelong at Kardinia Park on 9 May 1992 (Round 8)
Lowest aggregate score: 11.19 (85) – vs Melbourne at the MCG on 26 April 2009 (Round 5)
Lowest winning score: 6.12 (48) – vs Collingwood at Football Park on 25 August 1997 (Round 21)
Highest losing score: 19.11 (125) – vs Kangaroos at Football Park on 6 May 2000 (Round 9)
Highest quarter score: 14.2 (86) – vs Fitzroy at Football Park on 28 July 1996 (Round 17, second quarter)
Greatest winning margin: 139 points – vs Richmond at Football Park on 16 July 1993 (Round 16)
Greatest losing margin: 141 points – vs Brisbane Lions at the Gabba on 24 July 2004 (Round 17)
Longest winning streak: 10 matches – from 18 June 2005 (Round 13, vs Richmond at Telstra Dome) to 27 August 2005 (Round 22, vs West Coast at Subiaco Oval)
Longest losing streak: 9 matches – from 8 August 1999 (Round 19, vs Brisbane Lions at Football Park) to 8 April 2000 (Round 5, vs Brisbane Lions at the Gabba)
Longest winning streak against an opponent: 10 matches – vs Gold Coast from 14 May 2011 (Round 8, at Football Park) to 22 April 2017 (Round 5, at Metricon Stadium; streak ongoing)
Longest losing streak against an opponent: 7 matches – vs Port Adelaide from 6 August 2000 (Round 22, at Football Park) to 31 August 2003 (Round 22, at Football Park), vs Hawthorn from 15 April 2012 (Round 3, at the MCG) to 22 April 2016 (Round 5, at the MCG)
Largest home attendance: 53,817 – vs Geelong at the Adelaide Oval on 22 September 2017 (Preliminary Final)
Largest non-finals attendance: 54,790 – vs Collingwood at the MCG on 12 July 2013 (Round 16)
Largest attendance: 100,021 – vs Richmond at the MCG on 30 September 2017 (Grand Final)
Most goals in a match by an individual: 13 – Tony Modra vs Richmond at Football Park on 16 July 1993 (Round 16), Tony Modra vs Carlton at Football Park on 27 March 1994 (Round 1)
Most disposals in a match by an individual: 51 – Scott Thompson vs Gold Coast at Metricon Stadium on 20 August 2011 (Round 22)

tag: ul

text: Premierships[edit]

text:
1997 AFL Grand Final

Saturday, 27 September (2:30 pm)
St Kilda
def. by
Adelaide
MCG (crowd: 99,645 [40])

3.6 (24)
7.11 (53)
9.13 (67)
 13.16 (94)
Q1
Q2
Q3
 Final
3.8 (26)
5.10 (40)
11.11 (77)
 19.11 (125)
Umpires: Kennedy (7), Sheehan (9), Nash (14)
Norm Smith Medal: Andrew McLeod (Adelaide)
Television broadcast: Seven Network
National anthem: Marina Prior

Heatley 3, Hall 3, Loewe 2, Jones, Burke, Winmar, Peckett, Harvey
Goals
Jarman 6, Ellen 5, Bond 4, Smart, Goodwin, Rintoul, Caven

Harvey, Jones, Burke, Hall, Cook, Keogh
Best
McLeod, Jarman, Johnson, Ellen, Goodwin, Caven

St Kilda won the coin toss and kicked to the Punt Road end in the first quarter.

text:
1998 AFL Grand Final

Saturday, 26 September (2:30pm)
Adelaide
def.
North Melbourne
MCG (crowd: 94,431)

3.2 (20)
4.3 (27)
9.11 (65)
 15.15 (105)
Q1
Q2
Q3
 Final
4.4 (28)
6.15 (51)
8.15 (63)
 8.22 (70)
Umpires: Coates (6), Kennedy (7), Goldspink (32)
Norm Smith Medal: Andrew McLeod
Television broadcast: Seven Network
National anthem: Rob Guest

Jarman 5, Smart 3, Vardy 2, James, Pittman, Johnson, Thiessen, Ricciuto
Goals
Blakey, Pike, Abraham, Carey, Roberts, Bell, Allison, Simpson

McLeod, Hart, Jarman, Johnson, Rehn, Caven, Bickley
Best
Pickett, Stevens, Martyn, Abraham

North Melbourne won the coin toss and kicked to the Punt Road end in the first quarter.

text: Premiership teams[edit]

text:
1997 Premiership Team

B:
Ben Hart
Rod Jameson
Peter Caven

HB:
Andrew McLeod
David Pittman
Simon Goodwin

C:
Kym Koster
Kane Johnson
Matthew Connell

HF:
Troy Bond
Matthew Robran
Nigel Smart

F:
Chad Rintoul
Shane Ellen
Clay Sampson

Foll:
Shaun Rehn
Mark Bickley (Capt.)
Darren Jarman

Int:
Tyson Edwards
Aaron Keating
Brett James

Coach:
Malcolm Blight

text:
1998 Premiership Team

B:
Tyson Edwards
Ben Hart
David Pittman

HB:
Simon Goodwin
Peter Caven
Nigel Smart

C:
Kym Koster
Darren Jarman
Andrew Eccles

HF:
Peter Vardy
Matthew Robran
Andrew McLeod

F:
Mark Bickley (Capt.)
Mark Stevens
Shane Ellen

Foll:
Shaun Rehn
Mark Ricciuto
Kane Johnson

Int:
Matthew Connell
Brett James
Ben Marsh

James Thiessen

Coach:
Malcolm Blight

text: "Team of the Decade"[edit]

text: While some sides named their "Team of the Century" to coincide with the AFL centenary celebrations in 1996, Adelaide only joined the league in 1991, and so later on named their "Team of the Decade", covering the period from 1991 to 2000. As well as earning selection in the team, Mark Ricciuto was named 'Player of the Decade' and Mark Bickley 'Team Man of the Decade.'[41]

text:
Adelaide Team of the Decade

B:
Ben Hart
Rod Jameson
Mark Bickley

HB:
Nigel Smart
Peter Caven
Andrew McLeod

C:
Greg Anderson
Andrew Jarman
Simon Tregenza

HF:
Kane Johnson
Matthew Robran
Mark Ricciuto

F:
Darren Jarman
Tony Modra
Matthew Liptak

Foll:
Shaun Rehn
Chris McDermott
Tony McGuinness

Int:
Mark Mickan
Simon Goodwin
Rodney Maynard

David Pittman

Coach:
Malcolm Blight

text: Coaches[edit]

text:
Graham Cornes, 1991–1994
Robert Shaw, 1995–1996
Malcolm Blight, 1997–1999
Gary Ayres, 2000–2004*
Neil Craig, 2004–2011**
Mark Bickley, 2011 (interim)
Brenton Sanderson, 2012–2014
Phil Walsh, 2015***
Scott Camporeale, 2015 (interim)
Don Pyke, 2016–present

text: *Gary Ayres was told that his contract would not be extended when it expired after the 2004 season, and he decided to quit immediately. Assistant coach Neil Craig took over from round 14 as a caretaker coach and was later appointed senior coach for 2005 and beyond.

text: **Neil Craig resigned the day after a 103-point loss to St Kilda, allowing assistant coach Mark Bickley to coach the remaining six games in the season.[16] Post-season, the club underwent a search for a new coach and hired Brenton Sanderson for the role from 2012.

text: ***Phil Walsh died midway through his first year as coach, the victim of stab wounds in a domestic incident.[8] Assistant coach Scott Camporeale was appointed interim coach for the remainder of the season.[26] After the season, Don Pyke was appointed senior coach from 2016.[9]

text: Captains[edit]

text:
Chris McDermott, 1991–1994
Tony McGuinness, 1995–1996
Mark Bickley, 1997–2000
Mark Ricciuto, 2001–2007
Simon Goodwin, 2008–2010
Nathan van Berlo, 2011–2014*
Taylor Walker, 2015–present

text: *Nathan van Berlo missed the entire 2014 season after injuring his right Achilles tendon in pre-season training. Rory Sloane and Patrick Dangerfield acted as co-captains during his absence.[42]

text: Current playing list and coaching staff[edit]

text:
Adelaide Football Club

view
talk
edit

Senior list
Rookie list
Coaching staff

 1 Hugh Greenwood
 2 Brad Crouch
 3 Riley Knight
 4 Josh Jenkins
 5 Matt Crouch
 6 Bryce Gibbs
 7 Jordan Gallucci
 8 Jake Kelly
 9 Rory Sloane (vc)
10 Myles Poholke
11 Paul Seedsman
12 Daniel Talia
13 Taylor Walker (c)
14 David Mackay
15 Kyle Hartigan
16 Luke Brown
17 Curtly Hampton
18 Eddie Betts
20 Sam Gibson

21 Rory Atkins
22 Andy Otten
24 Sam Jacobs
25 Kyle Cheney
26 Richard Douglas
27 Tom Lynch
29 Rory Laird
30 Wayne Milera
32 Darcy Fogarty
33 Brodie Smith
34 Elliot Himmelberg
35 Matthew Signorello
36 Andrew McPherson
38 Harry Dear
39 Tom Doedee
40 Ben Davis
41 Mitch McGovern
42 Alex Keath
43 Reilly O'Brien

19 Jackson Edwards
28 Cameron Ellis-Yolmen
31 Patrick Wilson
37 Paul Hunter
44 Lachlan Murphy
45 Ben Jarman

Head coach

Don Pyke

Assistant coaches

Scott Camporeale (midfield)
Matthew Clarke (ruck)
Ben Hart (defensive)
Josh Francou
Heath Younie (development manager)
Ryan O'Keefe (SANFL coach and midfield development)
Tate Kaesler (team defence specialist coach)
Paul Thomas (defensive development)
Brent Reilly (midfield and stoppage development)

Legend:

(c) Captain
(vc) Vice captain
(B) Category B rookie

Updated: 1 December 2017
Source(s): Senior list, Rookie list, Coaches

text: Past players[edit]

text: See List of Adelaide Football Club players

text: Pre-season competition[edit]

text:
2003 Wizard Cup Grand Final
SG
G
B
Total

Adelaide
2
13
8
104

Collingwood
1
9
10
73

Venue: Telstra Dome, Melbourne
Crowd: 43,571

text:
2012 NAB Cup Grand Final
SG
G
B
Total

Adelaide
2
10
17
95

West Coast
2
5
13
61

Venue: Football Park, Adelaide
Crowd: 27,376

text: AFL Women's team[edit]

text: In April 2016, the football club launched a bid to enter a team in the inaugural AFL Women's season in 2017.[43] The bid was constructed in partnership with AFLNT, with the club to share resources and facilities between its Adelaide base and AFLNT's Darwin location[43] The bid became a success in June of that year when the league announced they had been awarded one of eight inaugural licences.[44]

text: Chelsea Randall and Kellie Gibson were the club's first two signings, announced as marquee players on 27 July 2016.[45] The inaugural team list was completed in October's signing and drafting period.

text: Former Woodville-West Torrens development coach Bec Goddard was announced as the team's inaugural head coach in August 2016.[46]

text: Harris Scarfe was the team's major sponsor in season 2017.[47]

text: The team played 3 home games in Adelaide and 1 Darwin in 2017.[43]

text: Premiership[edit]

text: Adelaide secured their place in the grand final against undefeated Brisbane with a come-from-behind victory against Collingwood, noted for Sarah Perkins' four-goal performance.[48][49] The only match between Adelaide and Brisbane before the grand final was Adelaide's 3-point loss to Brisbane in round five, which knocked Adelaide off the top of the ladder.[50]

text: Effectively the visiting team at Metricon Stadium, Adelaide took an early lead which they never relinquished. They withstood a fourth quarter burst by Brisbane to win by six points, 4.11 (35) to 4.5 (29), and took the trophy as 2017 AFL Women's Premiers. Co-captain Erin Phillips stood out, kicking two goals alongside 26 touches in a best-on-ground performance.[51]

text: Current squad[edit]

text:
Adelaide Football Club (AFL Women's)

view
talk
edit

Senior list
Rookie list
Coaching staff

 1 Abbey Holmes
 3 Angela Foley (vc)
 4 Georgia Bevan
 5 Jenna McCormick
 6 Talia Radan
 7 Rachael Killian
 8 Sally Riley (vc)
 9 Deni Varnhagen
10 Ebony Marinoff
11 Rhiannon Metcalfe
13 Erin Phillips (c)
14 Stevie-Lee Thompson
17 Jessica Sedunary
22 Courtney Cramey

23 Justine Mules
26 Chelsea Randall (c)
28 Sarah Perkins
31 Dayna Cox
33 Anne Hatchard
39 Sarah Allan
Jessica Allan
Sophie Armitstead
Jasmyn Hewett
Eloise Jones
Rheanna Lugg
Marijana Rajcic
Ruth Wallace

Calista Boyd
Becchara Palmer
Brianna Walling

Head coach

Bec Goddard

Assistant coach

Andrew Hodges

Legend:

(c) Captain
(vc) Vice captain

Updated: 20 October 2017
Source(s): Players, Coaches

text: Club Champion winners[edit]

text:
Season
Recipient
Ref.

2017
Erin Phillips
[52]

text: SANFL team[edit]

text: The Adelaide Crows entered a team in the local South Australian National Football League in 2014 under a 15-year commitment.[53] The team is made up of AFL senior listed players and SANFL top up players.

text:
Season
Ladder
Win-Loss
Finals
Coach
Captain
Best and Fairest
Leading Goalkicker

2014
8th
7-11
DNQ
Heath Younie
Ian Callinan
Ian Callinan
Ian Callinan (27)[54]

2015
7th
8-9 (1 draw)
DNQ
Heath Younie
Ian Callinan
Ian Callinan
James Podsiadly (46)[55]

2016
4th
11-7
Preliminary Finalist
Heath Younie
Luke Carey
Jonathon Beech
Harry Dear (37)

2017
8th
7-11
DNQ
Ryan O'Keefe
Alex Keath & Hugh Greenwood
Scott Thompson
Troy Menzel (24)

text: Other ventures[edit]

text: In May 2017, Adelaide announced that they had acquired Australian E-Sports team Legacy eSports, whose divisions include League of Legends and Rocket League.[56]


document_title: Emergency Response Guidebook

question_text: how many guides are in the orange section of the erg

text: Emergency Response Guidebook

text: Guidebook Contents[edit]

text:
The ERG is primarily applicable for hazardous materials transported by highway and railway, but also is applicable for materials transported by air or waterway, as well as by pipeline. It was first issued by the US Department of Transportation in 1973, but later became a joint publication of the Department of Transportation (US DOT), Transport Canada (TC), and the Secretariat of Communications and Transportation (SCT) of Mexico, with collaboration with the Chemistry Information Center for Emergencies (CIQUIME) of Argentina. The ERG is issued every 4 years, with editions now being published in Spanish (Guía de Respuesta en Caso de Emergencia). In 1996 it was published as the North American Emergency Response Guidebook, but by the next publication in 2000 "North American" was removed due to its use by several South American countries).
The ERG "is primarily a guide to aid first responders in quickly identifying the specific or generic hazards of the material(s) involved in the incident, and protecting themselves and the general public during the initial response phase of
the incident"[2] and should only be used for the "initial response phase" ("that period
following arrival at the scene of an incident during which the presence and/or identification
of dangerous goods is confirmed, protective actions and area securement are initiated, and
assistance of qualified personnel is requested.") of an incident . It is divided into six color-coded sections (white [uncolored], yellow, blue, orange, green, and a second white [uncolored]). The ERG includes 62 "Guides" (found in the Orange Section) that identify the primary hazards associated with the applicable general category of hazardous material and general guidance on how to respond to incidents involving that general category of hazardous material. The primary purpose of ERG is to direct the emergency responders to the most appropriate of these guides, based on the incident. The ERG also provides guidance regarding recommended evacuation distances, if applicable, in the Green Section.

text: White Section (front)[edit]

text: The first section, with white page (uncolored) borders, provides the following:

text:
Information regarding shipping documents
Instructions on how to use the guidebook
General guidance for responding to any hazardous material incident
Basic information on the hazard classification system and the associated placards/labels
Recommendations the proper guides based transporting vehicle types and/or placards (when the material in question cannot be further identified otherwise)
General safety precautions
Specific guidance for incidents involving pipelines

text: Yellow Section[edit]

text: The second section, with yellow page borders, references the material in order of its assigned 4-digit ID number/UN/NA number (which is often placarded with the other hazardous materials placards) and identifies the appropriate guide number to reference in the Orange Section). Items highlighted in green in this section will have evacuation distances included in the Green Section.

text: Blue Section[edit]

text: The third section, with blue page borders, references the material in alphabetical order of its name and identifies the appropriate guide number to reference in the Orange Section). Items highlighted in green in this section will also have evacuation distances included in the Green Section.

text: Orange Section[edit]

text: The fourth section, with orange page borders, includes the actual response guides. Each of the 62 guides provides safety recommendations and directions on how to proceed during the initial response phase (first thirty minutes) of the incident. It includes "health" and "fire or explosion" potential hazard information (with the more dangerous hazard listed first). For example, "the material gives off irritating vapors, easily ignited by heat, reactive with water"; "highly toxic, may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through skin"; etc.

text: Next this section includes information for responders on appropriate protective clothing and possible evacuation information for either spill or fire is given. It also includes information on fighting fires (example, do not apply water to sodium), warnings for spills or leaks, and special directions for first aid (example, not to give mouth-to-mouth resuscitation if the materials are toxic).

text: In the event of an unknown material, Guide #111 should be followed until more information becomes available.

text: Green Section[edit]

text:
The fifth section, with green page borders, suggests initial evacuation or shelter in place distances (protective action distances) for spills of materials that are Toxic-by-Inhalation (TIH). These distances vary based on the size of the spill (small or large) and whether the incident occurs during the day or at night. Only materials that were highlighted in green in the Yellow and Blue Sections are included in the Green Section.
This section also includes information regarding toxic gases that are produced when certain materials are spilled in water (as identified previously in this section). Finally, this section includes some very specific evacuation details for six common materials.

text: White Section (back)[edit]

text: The sixth section, with white page (uncolored) borders, provides the following:

text:
Additional instructions on how to use the guidebook
Information regarding protective clothing and equipment
Instructions on fire and spill control
BLEVE (boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion) safety precautions
Beginning with the 2004 edition, information specifically for hazardous materials being used for terrorism
Glossary of terms used in the ERG
Contact information for the various countries