document_title: Presidential library

question_text: who pays for the building of the presidential libraries

text: Presidential library

text: Overview[edit]

text: For every president since Herbert Hoover, presidential libraries have been established in each president's home state in which documents, artifacts, gifts of state and museum exhibits are maintained that relate to the former president's life and career both political and professional. Each library also provides an active series of public programs. When a president leaves office, the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) establishes a presidential materials project to house and index the documents until a new presidential library is built and transferred to the federal government.

text: The first presidential library is the Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum, dedicated on June 30, 1941. The George W. Bush Presidential Center became the thirteenth on May 1, 2013.

text: Presidential libraries outside NARA[edit]

text: The presidential library system is made up of thirteen presidential libraries operated by the NARA.[n 1] Libraries and museums have been established for earlier presidents, but they are not part of the NARA presidential library system, and are operated by private foundations, historical societies, or state governments, including the James K. Polk, William McKinley, Rutherford Hayes, Calvin Coolidge, Abraham Lincoln and Woodrow Wilson libraries. For example, the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is owned and operated by the state of Illinois.

text: The Richard Nixon Library and Birthplace was not originally part of the presidential library system. While the Nixon Presidential Materials Staff, which administers the Nixon presidential materials under the terms of the Presidential Recordings and Materials Preservation Act, is part of NARA, a private foundation operated the Richard Nixon Library & Birthplace. In January 2004, Congress passed legislation that provided for the establishment of a federally operated Richard Nixon Presidential Library in Yorba Linda. In March 2005, the Archivist of the United States and John Taylor, the director of the Richard Nixon Library & Birthplace Foundation, exchanged letters on the requirements to allow the Nixon Library to become the twelfth federally funded Presidential library operated by the NARA by 2007. On October 16, 2006, Dr. Timothy Naftali began his tenure as the first federal director of the Richard Nixon Library and Birthplace, and in the winter of 2006 NARA began to transfer the 30,000 presidential gifts from the Nixon Presidential Materials Staff in College Park, Maryland to the facility.[3][4] On July 11, 2007, the Nixon Foundation deeded the Library and Birthplace to the government of the United States. On the same day, the newly renamed federal Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum officially opened.[5]

text: In May 2012, on the fiftieth anniversary of the founding of the Ulysses S. Grant Foundation, it selected Mississippi State University as the permanent location for Ulysses S. Grant's presidential library.[6]  Historian John Simon edited Grant's letters into a 32-volume scholarly edition published by Southern Illinois University Press.[7]

text: On April 30, 2013, both chambers of the North Dakota Legislative Assembly passed a bill appropriating $12 million to Dickinson State University to award a grant to the Theodore Roosevelt Center for construction of a building to be named the Theodore Roosevelt Presidential Library. To access these funds, the Theodore Roosevelt Center must first raise $3 million from non-state sources.[8] Dickinson State University is also home to the Theodore Roosevelt Digital Library which has formed partnerships with the Library of Congress and Harvard University, among other institutions. They currently have over 25,000 items online.

text: In May 2017, it was announced that the Barack Obama Presidential Center, the planned location of the Presidential library of Barack Obama, would not be part of the NARA system, making Obama the first president since Calvin Coolidge not to have a federally funded facility.[9]  Instead, in a "new model" the nonprofit Obama Foundation will partner with the NARA on digitization and making documents available.[1] The Chicago Park District began related construction in August and suspended it in September 2018. It was announced that the city of Chicago would own the Center.[10][11]

text: History[edit]

text: Historically, all presidential papers were considered the personal property of the president. Some took them at the end of their terms, others destroyed them, and many papers were scattered.[12] Though many pre-Hoover collections now reside in the Manuscript Division of the Library of Congress,[13] others are split among other libraries, historical societies, and private collections. However, many materials have been lost or deliberately destroyed.

text: Lucretia Rudolph Garfield, the wife of James A. Garfield (president from March 4, 1881, until his death on September 19, 1881) added a Memorial Library wing to their family home in Mentor, Ohio, four years after his assassination. The James A. Garfield National Historic Site is operated by the National Park Service and the Western Reserve Historical Society.

text: National Archives[edit]

text: In 1939, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt donated his personal and presidential papers to the federal government. At the same time, Roosevelt pledged part of his estate at Hyde Park, New York to the United States, and friends of the President formed a non-profit corporation to raise funds for the construction of the library and museum building. Roosevelt's decision stemmed from his belief that Presidential papers were an important part of the national heritage and should be accessible to the public. He asked the National Archives to take custody of his papers and other historical materials and to administer his library.[12] On June 30, 2013, new interactive and multimedia exhibits developed by the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) opened to the public as part of the first renovation of this library since its opening.[14]

text: In 1950, Harry S. Truman decided that he, too, would build a library to house his Presidential papers and helped to galvanize congressional action.

text: Presidential Libraries Act of 1955[edit]

text: In 1955, Congress passed the Presidential Libraries Act of 1955, establishing a system of privately erected and federally maintained libraries. The Act encouraged other Presidents to donate their historical materials to the government and ensured the preservation of Presidential papers and their availability to the American people. Under this and subsequent acts, nine more libraries have been established. In each case, funds from private and non-federal public sources provided the funds to build the library. Once completed, the private organization turned over the libraries to the National Archives and Records Administration to operate and maintain.

text: Until 1978, Presidents, scholars, and legal professionals held the view dating back to George Washington that the records created by the President or his staff while in office remained the personal property of the President and were his to take with him when he left office. The first Presidential libraries were built on this concept. NARA successfully persuaded Presidents to donate their historical materials to the federal government for housing in a Presidential library managed by NARA.

text: Presidential Records Act of 1978[edit]

text: The Presidential Records Act of 1978 established that the Presidential records that document the constitutional, statutory, and ceremonial duties of the President are the property of the United States Government. After the President leaves office, the Archivist of the United States assumes custody of the records. The Act allowed for the continuation of Presidential libraries as the repository for Presidential records.

text: Presidential Libraries Act of 1986[edit]

text: The Presidential Libraries Act of 1986 made additional changes to Presidential libraries, requiring private endowments linked to the size of the facility. NARA uses these endowments to offset a portion of the maintenance costs for the library.

text: Holdings[edit]

text: The thirteen presidential libraries maintain over 400 million pages of textual materials; nearly ten million photographs; over 15 million feet (5,000 km) of motion picture film; nearly 100,000 hours of disc, audiotape, and videotape recordings; and approximately half a million museum objects. These varied holdings make each library a valuable source of information and a center for research on the Presidency.

text: The most important textual materials in each library are those created by the President and his staff in the course of performing the official duties. Libraries also house numerous objects including family heirlooms, items collected by the President and his family, campaign memorabilia, awards, and the many gifts given to the President by American citizens and foreign dignitaries. These gifts range in type from homemade items to valuable works of art. Curators in Presidential libraries and in other museums throughout the country draw upon these collections for historical exhibits.

text: Other significant holdings include the personal papers and historical materials donated by individuals associated with the President. These individuals may include Cabinet officials, envoys to foreign governments, political party associates, and the President's family and personal friends. Several libraries have undertaken oral history programs that have produced tape-recorded memoirs. A third body of materials comprises the papers accumulated by the President prior to, and following, his Presidency. Such collections include documents relating to Theodore Roosevelt's tenure as Governor of New York and Dwight D. Eisenhower's long military career.

text: With the exception of John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson, and upon their own deaths, Jimmy Carter and George W. Bush, every American president since Hoover is or has chosen to be buried at his presidential library. Kennedy is buried at Arlington National Cemetery; Johnson is buried at his ranch in the hill country of Texas, west of Austin; Carter plans to be buried near his home in Plains, Georgia.[15] George W. Bush plans on being buried at the Texas State Cemetery in Austin, Texas.[16]

text: Unlike all other Presidents whose libraries are part of the NARA system, Ford's library and museum are geographically separate buildings, located in different parts of Michigan; Ford is buried at his museum in Grand Rapids, while the library is in Ann Arbor.

text: List of presidential libraries[edit]

text: This is a list of the presidential libraries.

text:
No.

President

Library name

Location

Operated By

Image

Logo/Website

1

George Washington

Fred W. Smith National Library for the Study of George Washington at Mount Vernon[17]

Mount Vernon, Virginia

Mount Vernon Ladies' Association

website

2 and 6

John AdamsJohn Quincy Adams

Stone Library at Adams National Historical Park

Quincy, Massachusetts

National Park Service

website

3

Thomas Jefferson

Robert H. Smith International Center for Jefferson Studies at Kenwood

Charlottesville, Virginia

Thomas Jefferson Foundation

website

5

James Monroe

James Monroe Museum and Memorial Library

Fredericksburg, Virginia

University of Mary Washington

website

16

Abraham Lincoln

Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum

Springfield, Illinois

State of Illinois

website

17

Andrew Johnson

President Andrew Johnson Museum and Library

Tusculum, Tennessee

Tusculum College

website

18

Ulysses S. Grant

Ulysses S. Grant Presidential Library

Starkville, Mississippi

Mississippi State University LibraryandUlysses S. Grant Association

website

19

Rutherford B. Hayes

Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center

Fremont, Ohio

Ohio Historical SocietyandHayes Presidential Center, Inc.

website

20

James A. Garfield

James A. Garfield National Historic Site

Mentor, Ohio

National Park ServiceandWestern Reserve Historical Society

website

23

Benjamin Harrison

Benjamin Harrison Presidential Site

Indianapolis, Indiana

Arthur Jordan Foundation

website

25

William McKinley

William McKinley Presidential Library and Museum

Canton, Ohio

Stark County Historical Society

website

28

Woodrow Wilson

Woodrow Wilson Presidential Library

Staunton, Virginia

Woodrow Wilson Presidential Library Foundation

website

30

Calvin Coolidge

Calvin Coolidge Presidential Library and Museum

Northampton, Massachusetts

Commonwealth of Massachusetts

website

31

Herbert Hoover

Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum

West Branch, Iowa

National Archives and Records Administration (NARA)

website

32

Franklin D. Roosevelt

Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum

Hyde Park, New York

NARA

website

33

Harry S. Truman

Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum

Independence, Missouri

NARA

website

34

Dwight D. Eisenhower

Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, Museum and Boyhood Home

Abilene, Kansas

NARA

website

35

John F. Kennedy

John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum

Boston, Massachusetts

NARA

website

36

Lyndon B. Johnson

Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum

Austin, Texas

NARAandThe University of Texas at Austin

website

37

Richard Nixon

Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum

Yorba Linda, California
NARA

website

38

Gerald Ford

Gerald R. Ford Presidential Museum

Grand Rapids, Michigan

NARA

         website

Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library

Ann Arbor, Michigan

39

Jimmy Carter

Jimmy Carter Library and Museum

Atlanta, Georgia

NARA

website

40

Ronald Reagan

Ronald Reagan Presidential Library

Simi Valley, California

NARA

website

41

George H. W. Bush

George Bush Presidential Library & Museum

College Station, Texas

NARAandTexas A&M University

website

42

Bill Clinton

William J. Clinton Presidential Center and Park

Little Rock, Arkansas

NARA

website

43

George W. Bush

George W. Bush Presidential Center

Dallas, Texas

NARAandSouthern Methodist University

website

44

Barack Obama

Barack Obama Presidential Center

Chicago, Illinois[18]

Obama Foundation[19] and The University of Chicago[20]

website

text: Locations of other presidents' papers[edit]

text: Grover Cleveland and Woodrow Wilson left their papers to Princeton University where they may be found at the Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library. After the Theodore Roosevelt Association failed to get enough funds to start what would be the second presidential library after Rutherford Hayes', they donated his papers to Harvard University in 1943. These reside at its Houghton Library. James Buchanan left his papers to the Historical Society of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, where they may still be found. In the 1960s, the University of Tennessee at Knoxville endeavored to collect all of Andrew Jackson's papers on microfilm and the results are now available online. A similar project is underway on behalf of James Madison by the Universities of Virginia and Chicago.  For many presidents, especially before the development of the NARA system, substantial collections may be found in multiple private and public collections. Until the Obama Administration's library is ready for service, its papers are being held in a facility in Hoffman Estates, Illinois, and are not available to the public as they are classified.


document_title: Rubén Amaro Jr.

question_text: who plays ruben amaro jr on the goldbergs

root

text: Rubén Amaro Jr.

text: Early life[edit]

text: Born and raised in the Rhawnhurst neighborhood of Northeast Philadelphia, Amaro played Little League Baseball for Crispin Gardens. Amaro is Jewish; his mother Judy Amaro-Perez (née Herman)[1] is of Russian-Jewish heritage and his father was a Marrano Sephardic Mexican-Cuban.[2][3] He later was a batboy for the Phillies from 1980 to 1983 when his father, Rubén Amaro Sr., was their first base coach.[4]

tag: p

text: Amaro graduated from William Penn Charter School in 1983, where he played baseball and soccer. He graduated from Stanford University in 1987.[4] He was a member of the Stanford team that won the NCAA 1987 College World Series. He led the team in runs (77), triples (6), and stolen bases (38) that year.

text: Baseball career[edit]

text: Minor leagues[edit]

text: Drafted by the California Angels in the 11th round of the 1987 amateur draft, he signed June 16, 1987.[5]

text: In 1989 he began the season by batting .360 for Quad Cities of the Midwest League, and then ended it by hitting .382 for the Midland of the Texas League. In 1990 he batted .317 between AA and AAA. He followed that by batting .326 in 1991 in AAA. In 3,117 at bats in the minor leagues, he batted .301 with a .399 on-base percentage and 235 stolen bases.[6]

text: Major leagues[edit]

text: He debuted in the major leagues on June 8, 1991. On December 8, 1991, he was traded by the Angels with Kyle Abbott to the Philadelphia Phillies for Von Hayes.

text: In 1992 he finished third in the NL with 9 hit-by-pitches. On November 2, 1993, he was traded by the Phillies to the Cleveland Indians for Heathcliff Slocumb.

text: Amaro made the Cleveland Indians World Series roster in 1995 over Dave Winfield. On November 9, 1995, he was released by the Indians.

text: On January 24, 1996, he was signed as a free agent by the Toronto Blue Jays. On May 5, 1996, he was released by the Blue Jays, and the following day he signed as a free agent with the Phillies. He batted .313 for the Phillies that year with a .380 on-base percentage.

text: In eight seasons in the major leagues, Amaro appeared in 485 games, batting .235 with 16 home runs and 100 RBIs. He played for both the 1993 NL champion Phillies and the 1995 AL champion Indians.[4]

text: Front office[edit]

text: Amaro joined the Phillies front office immediately after his playing career ended in 1998, hired by then Phillies general manager Ed Wade. He served as assistant GM for the Phillies for 10 seasons before being named general manager. His first seven were under Wade, followed by three seasons under Gillick.[7]

text: On November 1, 2008, the day after the Philadelphia Phillies second Broad Street Parade, it was confirmed that Amaro would be the new general manager as well as senior vice president of the Philadelphia Phillies.[8] Amaro signed a three-year contract.[4] The Phillies won the National League East the first three years of his tenure, appearing in the 2009 World Series and finishing with the best record in baseball during the 2010 and 2011 regular seasons. They have failed to reach the postseason since.

text: Shortly after Amaro fired manager Charlie Manuel in 2013, Manuel admitted he knew the Phillies roster lacked enough "pieces to win" in 2012 and 2013. [9] In July 2014, a "Stay Or Go" poll was conducted by Philly.com with over 10,000 fans involved, and 93.6% of voters wanted Amaro to be removed from his position, with only 6.4% wanting Amaro to remain GM.[10]

text: His performance with the Phillies was unlike his predecessor;[11] in May 2014, Sporting News ranked Amaro the worst general manager in Major League Baseball, noting his propensity to sign aging veterans who fail to perform at a level commensurate with their contract.[12] He was removed from his position with the Phillies on September 10, 2015.[13]

text: Coaching career[edit]

text: Amaro was hired as first base coach by the Boston Red Sox for the 2016 season, returning to the field for the first time since retiring as a player.[14][15] After the 2017 season, Amaro was named the first base coach of the New York Mets under manager Mickey Callaway.[16]

text: Honors and awards[edit]

text: In 2008, Amaro was one of three people inducted into the All-American Amateur Baseball Association Hall of Fame.[17]

text: In 2009, Amaro was inducted into the Philadelphia Jewish Sports Hall of Fame.[3][18]

text: That same year, baseball fans nationwide voted him the MLB "This Year in Baseball Awards" 2009 Executive of the Year.[19]

text: Also in 2009, the Philadelphia Sports Writers Association (PSWA) named him its Executive of the Year.

text: Philanthropy[edit]

text: Amaro is co-founder of the Richie Ashburn Harry Kalas Foundation, which provides baseball camps for underprivileged children in the Delaware Valley. He also serves on the local YMCA board in Philadelphia.[4]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: A teenage Amaro (portrayed by Niko Guardado) is a recurring minor character in the ABC series The Goldbergs, which is set in the 1980s. Amaro attended the same school as TV and film producer Adam F. Goldberg, on whose adolescence the show is based. Amaro portrayed his own father in Season 5, Episode 11.


document_title: 1998 Auckland power crisis

question_text: when did auckland suffer a 5 week blackout

text: 1998 Auckland power crisis

text: This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (February 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: The 1998 Auckland power crisis was a five-week-long power outage affecting the central city of Auckland, New Zealand in February and March (southern summer) of 1998.

text: At the time, almost all of downtown Auckland was supplied with electricity by Mercury Energy Limited via four 110 kV power cables from the national grid at Transpower's Penrose substation, with two cables each connecting to two central city substations at Liverpool Street and Quay Street. The two cables connecting to Quay Street were 40-year-old gas-insulated cables that were past their replacement date. One of the Quay Street cables failed on 20 January, possibly due to the unusually hot and dry conditions, although this did not warrant a crisis as the three remaining cables could still supply the central city. The second Quay street cable failed on 9 February, leaving only the Liverpool Street cables supplying the city. Due to the increased load from the failure of the first cables, these remaining two cables failed on 19 and 20 February, leaving the entire central city supplied by a single 22 kV cable from Kingsland, resulting in about 20 city blocks (except parts of a few streets) losing all power.

text: Queen Street was almost deserted for the first few days, as few businesses could operate. Some brought goods out onto the street to sell, but heavy rain in the first week made that impractical. Generators were brought in from around the country to power essential services and some businesses. These made Queen Street a very noisy place and thus deterred customers. Some businesses estimated that the outage cost them at least NZ$60,000 per week.

text: In the five weeks it took to restore the power supply, about 60,000 of the 74,000 people who worked in the area worked from home or from relocated offices in the suburbs. Some businesses relocated staff to other New Zealand cities, or even to Australia.  The majority of the 6,000 apartment dwellers in the area had to find alternative accommodation. Temporary power was supplied to the Port of Auckland by the Union Rotorua, a gas turbine powered cargo ship.[1]

text: The old gas cables were found to be repairable and were put back into service, but were restricted to 30 MVA capacity. The newer oil cables were irreparable, so to restore full supply to the city, a temporary 110 kV overhead line was constructed along the rail corridor between Penrose and Liverpool Street.

text: Energy Minister Max Bradford commissioned an independent report into the Auckland Power Supply Failure.  The report of the Ministerial Inquiry was released on 21 July 1998. [2]

text: Following the crisis Mercury Energy Limited disposed of its electricity and gas retail business and, renamed Vector Limited, replaced the cables and reinforced the supply into Auckland. In 2001, a 9 km tunnel from Penrose to Hobson Street via Liverpool Street was completed, containing two new 110 kV cables to replace the damaged Liverpool Street cables and the temporary overhead line. A third 110 kV cable was installed from Mount Roskill to Quay Street via Liverpool Street, largely superseding the old gas cables which were eventually decommissioned.


document_title: Ivy and Bean

question_text: when is ivy and bean book 11 coming out

question_tokens: when is ivy and bean book 11 coming out

text: Ivy and Bean

text: Description[edit]

text: In the stories, Ivy (a quiet, intellectual child) and Bean (a rambunctious child) become fast friends despite their differences and their initial reluctance to like each other – "two friends who never meant to like each other", as the tagline for the series goes. They are both 7-year-old girls who live on a cul-de-sac in a suburban environment on Pancake Court, in an unnamed town. In each book they get into considerable mischief, and have wild adventures with the other characters in the neighborhood.

text: The books feature illustrations, but are not picture books; the reading level is suitable for middle grade school readers. As of 2017, there are ten volumes in the series.

text: Ivy's family[edit]

text:
Ivy: A quiet 7 year old, Ivy is training to be a witch. She is definitely going to be a witch when she grows up. She has red hair and is always wearing a pink, purple, or blue headband. Ivy can be described as a girly girl since she is always wearing skirts and dresses. Her favorite color is pink.
Katrine: Katrine is Ivy's mother is barely shown ever. She's quiet, like Ivy, and she is probably around 36 years old.

tag: ul

text: Bean's family[edit]

text:
Bean/Bernice Blue: A girl who is mostly different from Ivy. She is very rebellious, rambunctious, and devious. Bean has blackish brown hair and hates wearing any kind of dresses or skirts being a tomboy. She loves the color green.
Nancy: Nancy is a teenager and Bean and Nancy are NOT friends. Nancy is much to Bean's annoyance ad does not care about global warming. But in a few books, at the end Nancy and Bean are more friendly to each other.
Bean's Mother: Bean's mother never had a name. She once gave Nancy 20 dollars for babysitting Bean but then it only turned out to be 16 because Nancy wasn't keeping an eye on Ivy and Bean well and she did not even know that Ivy was there. Bean's mother gets both kids in to trouble a few times throughout the series.
Bean's Dad Bean's dad is smart. He once gave Bean and Ivy the idea for a newspaper when they wanted to buy Beldaloon cheese in special "all-for-you" serving size.

text: Ivy And Bean's Classmates[edit]

text:
ZuZu: One of Ivy and Bean's friends from school who loves pink and is obsessed with penguins.
Emma: Emma is one of Ivy and Bean's friends from school and she loves doing cartwheels.
Dino: Dino is a boy who attends to Ivy and Bean's class. He usually wears a white T-shirt with a shark on it.
Sophie S.: Sophie S. is talented and she goes to Ivy and Bean's school.
Eric: Eric is a tall kid from Ivy and Bean's class. In Book #2 he teased Dusit by saying: “Do sit, Dusit!”
Sophie W.: Sophie W. is even taller than Eric being the tallest kid in Ivy and Bean's whole grade! Sophie W. is in Ivy and Bean's class.
Dusit: Dusit is a smart, intelligent kid who attends to Ivy and bean's school.

text: Other Kids[edit]

text: This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (February 2018)

text: Books[edit]

text: The books in the series are:

text:
Ivy and Bean (April 2006)
Ivy and Bean and the Ghost That Had to Go (October 2006)
Ivy and Bean Break the Fossil Record (August 2007)
Ivy and Bean Take Care of the Babysitter (April 2008)
Ivy and Bean: Bound to Be Bad (October 2008)
Ivy and Bean: Doomed to Dance (September 2009)
Ivy and Bean: What's the Big Idea? (September 2010)
Ivy and Bean: No News Is Good News (October 2011)
Ivy and Bean: Make the Rules (August 2012)
Ivy and Bean: Take the Case (August 2013)

text: Book 11 in the series, "Ivy and Bean One Big Happy Family," is listed on Amazon.com for publication on August 28, 2018.


document_title: TNT equivalent

question_text: how much energy was released by the hiroshima bomb

text: TNT equivalent

text: Kiloton and megaton[edit]

text: The "kiloton (of TNT)" is a unit of energy equal to 4.184 terajoules.

text: The "megaton (of TNT)" is a unit of energy equal to 4.184 petajoules.

text: The kiloton and megaton of TNT have traditionally been used to describe the energy output, and hence the destructive power, of a nuclear weapon. The TNT equivalent appears in various nuclear weapon control treaties, and has been used to characterize the energy released in such other highly destructive events as an asteroid impact.[2]

text: Historical derivation of the value[edit]

text: A gram of TNT releases 2673–6702 J (joules) upon explosion.[3] The energy liberated by one gram of TNT was arbitrarily defined as a matter of convention to be 4184 J,[4] which is exactly one kilocalorie.

text: An explosive's energy is normally expressed as the thermodynamic work produced by its detonation, which for TNT has been accurately measured as 4686 J/g from a large sample of air blast experiments, and theoretically calculated to be 4853 J/g.[5]

text: The measured, pure heat output of a gram of TNT is only 2724 J,[6][clarification needed] but this is not the important value for explosive blast effect calculations.

text: Alternative TNT equivalency can be calculated as a function of when in the detonation the value is measured and which property is being compared.[7][8][9][10]

text: A kiloton of TNT can be visualized as a cube of TNT 8.46 metres (27.8 ft) on a side.

text:
Grams TNT
Symbol
Tons TNT
Symbol
Energy [Joules]
Energy [Wh]
Corresponding mass loss

gram of TNT
g
microton of TNT
μt
4.184×103 J or 4.184 kilojoules
1.163 Wh
46.55 pg

kilogram of TNT
kg
milliton of TNT
mt
4.184×106 J or 4.184 megajoules
1.163 kWh
46.55 ng

megagram of TNT
Mg
ton of TNT
t
4.184×109 J or 4.184 gigajoules
1.163 MWh
46.55 μg

gigagram of TNT
Gg
kiloton of TNT
kt
4.184×1012 J or 4.184 terajoules
1.163 GWh
46.55 mg

teragram of TNT
Tg
megaton of TNT
Mt
4.184×1015 J or 4.184 petajoules
1.163 TWh
46.55 g

petagram of TNT
Pg
gigaton of TNT
Gt
4.184×1018 J or 4.184 exajoules
1.163 PWh
46.55 kg

text: Conversion to other units[edit]

text: 1 ton TNT equivalent is approximately:

text:
1.0×109 calories
4.184×109 joules
3.96831×106 British thermal units
3.08802×109 foot pounds
1.162×103 kilowatt hours

text: Examples[edit]

text:
Megatons of TNT
Energy [Wh]
Description

6991100000000000000♠1×10−9
1.162 kWh
Under controlled conditions one kilogram of TNT can destroy (or even obliterate) a small vehicle.

6992100000000000000♠1×10−8
11.62 kWh
The approximate radiant heat energy released during 3-phase, 600 V, 100 kA arcing fault in a 0.5 m × 0.5 m × 0.5 m (20 in × 20 in × 20 in) compartment within a 1-second period.[11][further explanation needed]

6992120000000000000♠1.2×10−8
13.94 kWh
Amount of TNT used (12 kg) in Coptic church explosion in Cairo, Egypt on December 11, 2016 that left 25 dead[12]

6994100000000000000♠1×10−6 – 6995440000000000000♠44×10−6
1.16–51.14 MWh
Conventional bombs yield from less than one ton to FOAB's forty four tons. The yield of a Tomahawk cruise missile is equivalent to 500 kg of TNT, or approximately 0.5 tons.[13]

6994189999999999999♠1.9×10−6
2.90 MWh
The television show MythBusters used 2.5 tons of ANFO to make "homemade" diamonds.

6996500000000000000♠5×10−4
581 MWh
A real 0.5-kilotonne-of-TNT (2.1 TJ) charge at Operation Sailor Hat. If the charge were a full sphere, it would be 1 kilotonne of TNT (4.2 TJ).

500 tons of TNT (5 by 10 m (17 by 34 ft)) awaiting detonation at Operation Sailor Hat.

6997100000000000000♠1×10−3 – 6997200000000000000♠2×10−3
1.16–2.32 GWh
Estimated yield of the Oppau explosion that killed more than 500 at a German fertilizer factory in 1921.

6997230000000000000♠2.3×10−3
2.67 GWh
Amount of solar energy falling on 4,000 m2 (1 acre) of land in a year is 9.5 TJ (2,650 MWh) (an average over the Earth's disk).

6997300000000000000♠3×10−3
3.49 GWh
The Halifax Explosion in 1917 was the accidental detonation of 3,000 tons of TNT.

6997400000000000000♠4×10−3
9.3 GWh
Minor Scale, a 1985 United States conventional explosion, using 4,744 tons of ANFO explosive to provide a scaled equivalent airblast of an eight kiloton (33.44 TJ) nuclear device,[14] is believed to be the largest planned detonation of conventional explosives in history.

6998150000000000000♠1.5×10−2 – 6998200000000000000♠2×10−2
17.4–23.2 GWh
The Little Boy atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, exploded with an energy of about 15 kilotons of TNT (63 TJ), and the Fat Man atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki on August 9, 1945, exploded with an energy of about 20 kilotons of TNT (84 TJ). The modern nuclear weapons in the United States arsenal range in yield from 0.3 kt (1.3 TJ) to 1.2 Mt (5.0 PJ) equivalent, for the B83 strategic bomb.

1
1.16 TWh
The energy contained in one megaton of TNT (4.2 PJ) is enough to power the average American household for 103,000 years.[15] The 30 Mt (130 PJ) estimated upper limit blast power of the Tunguska event could power the aforementioned home for just over 3,104,226 years. To put that in perspective, the energy of that blast could power the entire United States for 3.27 days.[16]

3
3.5 TWh
The total energy of all explosives used in World War Two (including the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombs) is estimated to have been three megatons of TNT.

8.6
10 TWh
The energy released by an typical tropical cyclone in one minute, primarily from water condensation. Winds constitute a quarter of a percent of that energy.[17]

21.5
25 TWh
The complete conversion of 1 kg of matter into pure energy would yield the theoretical maximum (E = mc2) of 89.8 petajoules, which is equivalent to 21.5 megatons of TNT. No such method of total conversion as combining 500 grams of matter with 500 grams of antimatter has yet been achieved. In the event of proton–antiproton annihilation, approximately 50% of the released energy will escape in the form of neutrinos, which are almost undetectable.[18] Electron–positron annihilation events emit their energy entirely as gamma rays.

24
28 TWh
Approximate total yield of the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens.

25, 50, 100
29 TWh, 58 TWh, 116 TWh
During the Cold War, the United States developed hydrogen bombs with maximum theoretical yields of 25 megatons of TNT (100 PJ). The Soviet Union developed a prototype weapon, nicknamed the Tsar Bomba, which was tested at 50 Mt (210 PJ), but had a maximum theoretical yield of 100 Mt (420 PJ).[19] The effective destructive potential of such a weapon varies greatly, depending on such conditions as the altitude at which it is detonated, the characteristics of the target, the terrain, and the physical landscape upon which it is detonated.

26.3
30.6 TWh
Megathrust earthquakes 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake released record ME surface rupture energy, or potential for damage at 26.3 megatons of TNT (110 PJ).

200
232 TWh
The total energy released by the eruption of Mt. Krakatoa in Indonesia in 1883.

540
628 TWh
The total energy produced worldwide by all nuclear testing and combat combined, from the 1940s till now[when?] is about 540 megatons.

1,460
1.69 PWh
The total global nuclear arsenal is about 15,000 nuclear warheads[20][21][22] with a destructive capacity of around 1460 megatons[23][24][25][26] or 1.460 gigatons (1,460 million tons) of TNT.

62,500
73 PWh
The total solar energy received by Earth per minute is 440 exajoules.

875,000
1,000 PWh
Approximate yield of the last eruption of the Yellowstone supervolcano.

6,000,000 = 7006600000000000000♠6×106
6,973 PWh
The estimated energy at impact when the largest fragment of Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 struck Jupiter is equivalent to six million megatons (six trillion tons) of TNT.

7006932000000000000♠9.32×106
10,831 PWh
The energy released in the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami was over 200,000 times the surface energy and was calculated by the USGS at 3.9×1022 joules,[27] slightly less than the 2004 Indian Ocean quake. This is equivalent to 9,320 gigatons of TNT, or approximately 600 million times the energy of the Hiroshima bomb.

7006956000000000000♠9.56×106
11,110 PWh
Megathrust earthquakes record huge MW values, or total energy released. The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake released 9,560 gigatons TNT equivalent.

7008100000000000000♠1×108
116,222 PWh
The approximate energy released when the Chicxulub impact caused the mass extinction sixty six million years ago was estimated to be equal to 100 teratons (i.e. 100 exagrams or approximately 220.462 quadrillion pounds) of TNT. That is roughly eight billion times stronger than each of the bombs that hit Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the most energetic event on the history of Earth for hundreds of millions of years, far more powerful than any volcanic eruption, earthquake or firestorm. Such an explosion annihilated everything within a thousand miles of the impact in a split second. Such energy is equivalent to that needed to power the whole Earth for several centuries.

7015597200000000000♠5.972×1015
6.94 × 1027 Wh
The explosive energy of a quantity of TNT the mass of Earth.

7015789000000000000♠7.89×1015
9.17 × 1027 Wh
Total solar output in all directions per day.

7021198000000000000♠1.98×1021
2.3 × 1033 Wh
The explosive energy of a quantity of TNT the mass of the Sun.

7028239999999999999♠2.4×1028 – 7028479999999999999♠4.8×1028
2.8–5.6 × 1040 Wh
A type 1a supernova explosion gives off 1–2×1044 joules of energy, which is about 2.4 to 4.8 hundred billion yottatons (24 to 48 octillion (2.4–4.8×1028) megatons) of TNT, equivalent to the explosive force of a quantity of TNT over a trillion (1012) times the mass of the planet Earth.

7030240000000000000♠2.4×1030 – 7030480000000000000♠4.8×1030
2.8–5.6 × 1042 Wh
The largest type of supernova observed, gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) release more than 1046 joules of energy.[28]

7032130000000000000♠1.3×1032
1.5 × 1044 Wh
A merger of two black holes, first observation of gravitational waves, released 5.3×1047 joules

text: Relative effectiveness factor[edit]

text: The relative effectiveness factor (RE factor), relates an explosive's demolition power to that of TNT, in units of the TNT equivalent/kg (TNTe/kg). The RE factor is the relative mass of TNT to which an explosive is equivalent: The greater the RE, the more powerful the explosive.

text: This enables engineers to determine the proper masses of different explosives when applying blasting formulas developed specifically for TNT. For example, if a timber-cutting formula calls for a charge of 1 kg of TNT, then based on octanitrocubane's RE factor of 2.38, it would take only 1.0/2.38 (or 0.42) kg of it to do the same job. Using PETN, engineers would need 1.0/1.66 (or 0.60) kg to obtain the same effects as 1 kg of TNT. With ANFO or ammonium nitrate, they would require 1.0/0.74 (or 1.35) kg or 1.0/0.42 (or 2.38) kg, respectively.

text: RE factor examples[edit]

text:
Some RE factor examples

Explosive, Grade
Density
(g/ml)
Detonation
Vel. (m/s)
R.E.

Ammonium nitrate (AN + <0.5% H2O)
1.72
2700[29]
0.42

Mercury(II) fulminate
4.42[30]
4250
0.51[31]

Black powder (75% KNO3 + 19% C + 6% S)
1.65
600
0.55

Tanerit Simply® (93% granulated AN + 6% red P + 1% C)
0.90
2750
0.55

Hexamine dinitrate (HDN)
1.30
5070
0.60

Dinitrobenzene (DNB)
1.50
6025
0.60

HMTD (hexamine peroxide)
0.88
4520
0.74

ANFO (94% AN + 6% fuel oil)
0.92
5270
0.74

TATP (acetone peroxide)
1.18
5300
0.80

Tovex® Extra (AN water gel) commercial product
1.33
5690
0.80

Hydromite® 600 (AN water emulsion) commercial product
1.24
5550
0.80

ANNMAL (66% AN + 25% NM + 5% Al + 3% C + 1% TETA)
1.16
5360
0.87

Amatol (50% TNT + 50% AN)
1.50
6290
0.91

Nitroguanidine
1.32
6750
0.95

Trinitrotoluene (TNT)
1.60
6900
1.00

Hexanitrostilbene (HNS)
1.70
7080
1.05

Nitrourea
1.45
6860
1.05

Tritonal (80% TNT + 20% aluminium)*
1.70
6650
1.05

Amatol (80% TNT + 20% AN)
1.55
6570
1.10

Nitrocellulose (13.5% N, NC; AKA guncotton)
1.40
6400
1.10

Nitromethane (NM)
1.13
6360
1.10

PBXW-126 (22% NTO, 20% RDX, 20% AP, 26% Al, 12% PU’s system)*
1.80
6450
1.10

Diethylene glycol dinitrate (DEGDN)
1.38
6610
1.17

PBXIH-135 EB (42% HMX, 33% Al, 25% PCP-TMETN’s system)*
1.81
7060
1.17

PBXN-109 (64% RDX, 20% Al, 16% HTPB’s system)*
1.68
7450
1.17

Triaminotrinitrobenzene (TATB)
1.80
7550
1.17

Picric acid (TNP)
1.71
7350
1.20

Trinitrobenzene (TNB)
1.60
7300
1.20

Tetrytol (70% tetryl + 30% TNT)
1.60
7370
1.20

Dynamite, Nobel's (75% NG + 23% diatomite)
1.48
7200
1.25

Tetryl
1.71
7770
1.25

Torpex (aka HBX, 41% RDX + 40% TNT + 18% Al + 1% wax)*
1.80
7440
1.30

Composition B (63% RDX + 36% TNT + 1% wax)
1.72
7840
1.33

Composition C-3 (78% RDX)
1.60
7630
1.33

Composition C-4 (91% RDX)
1.59
8040
1.34

Pentolite (56% PETN + 44% TNT)
1.66
7520
1.33

Semtex 1A (76% PETN + 6% RDX)
1.55
7670
1.35

RISAL P (50% IPN + 28% RDX + 15% Al + 4% Mg + 1% Zr + 2% NC)*
1.39
5980
1.40

Hydrazine mononitrate
1.59
8500
1.42

Mixture: 24% nitrobenzene + 76% TNM
1.48
8060
1.50

Mixture: 30% nitrobenzene + 70% nitrogen tetroxide
1.39
8290
1.50

A-IX-2 (73% RDX + 23% Al + 4% wax)
N/A
N/A
1.54

Nitroglycerin (NG)
1.59
8100
1.54

Octol (80% HMX + 19% TNT + 1% DNT)
1.83
8690
1.54

Nitrotriazolon (NTO)
1.87
8120
1.60

DADNE (1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethene, FOX-7)
1.77
8330
1.60

Gelignite (92% NG + 7% nitrocellulose)
1.60
7970
1.60

Plastics Gel® (in toothpaste tube: 45% PETN + 45% NG + 5% DEGDN + 4% NC)
1.51
7940
1.60

Composition A-5 (98% RDX + 2% stearic acid)
1.65
8470
1.60

Erythritol tetranitrate (ETN)
1.72
8100
1.60

Hexogen (RDX)
1.78
8700
1.60

PBXW-11 (96% HMX, 1% HyTemp, 3% DOA)
1.81
8720
1.60

Penthrite (PETN)
1.71
8400
1.66

Ethylene glycol dinitrate (EGDN)
1.49
8300
1.66

TNAZ (trinitroazetidine)
1.85
8640
1.70

Octogen (HMX grade B)
1.86
9100
1.70

HNIW (CL-20)
1.97
9380
1.80

Hexanitrobenzene (HNB)
1.97
9400
1.85

— (AFX-757)
N/A
N/A
1.85

MEDINA (Methylene dinitroamine)
1.65
8700
1.93

DDF (4,4’-Dinitro-3,3’-diazenofuroxan)
1.98
10,000
1.95

Heptanitrocubane (HNC)
1.92
9200
N/A

— (AFX-777)
N/A
N/A
1.97

— (PAX-28)
N/A
N/A
2.16

Octanitrocubane (ONC)
1.95
10,600
2.38

text: *: TBX (thermobaric explosives) or EBX (enhanced blast explosives), in a small, confined space, may have over twice the power of destruction. The total power of aluminized mixtures strictly depends on the condition of explosions.

text: Nuclear examples[edit]

text:
Nuclear weapons and the most powerful non-nuclear weapon examples

Weapon
Total yield
(kilotons of TNT)
Weight
(kg)
R.E. ~

Davy Crockett (nuclear device)
0.022
23
1,000

Fat Man (dropped on Nagasaki) A-bomb
20
4600
4,500

Classic (one-stage) fission A-bomb
22
420
50,000

Russian suitcase nuke (in service of GRU)
2.5
31
80,000

Typical (two-stage) nuclear bomb
500–1000
650–1120
900,000

W56 thermonuclear warhead
1,200
272–308
4,960,000

W88 modern thermonuclear warhead (MIRV)
470
355
1,300,000

B53 nuclear bomb (two-stage)
9,000
4050
2,200,000

B41 nuclear bomb (three-stage)
25,000
4850
5,100,000

Tsar nuclear bomb (three-stage)
50,000–56,000
26,500
2,100,000

GBU-57 bomb (Massive Ordnance Penetrator, MOP)
0.0035
13,600
0.26

Grand Slam (Earthquake bomb, M110)
0.0065
9,900
0.66

Bomb used in Oklahoma City (ANFO base on racing fuel)
0.0018
2,300
0.78

BLU-82 (Daisy Cutter)
0.0075
6,800
1.10

MOAB (non-nuclear bomb, GBU-47)
0.011
9,800
1.13

FOAB (advanced thermobaric bomb, ATBIP)
0.044
9,100
4.83


document_title: Ray E. Heady

question_text: who wrote in the shelter of his arms

question_tokens: who wrote in the shelter of his arms

text: Ray E. Heady

text: This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Ray E. Heady (February 17, 1916 – May 7, 2002) was an American clergyman. Heady devoted his adult life to the ministry of pastoring several churches in the North Texas area except for two years while pastoring in Bowling Green, Kentucky. He was the founding pastor of White Settlement Assembly of God and ministered at Broadview Assembly of God in Fort Worth, Texas for 28 years until he retired. Heady wrote the lyrics for over 100 gospel songs through the years. His songs have been recorded by such artists as The Blackwood Brothers, The Oak Ridge Boys, Red Foley and Gov. Jimmie Davis. These songs included "In the Shelter of His Arms,""At an Altar of Prayer,""A Very Special Grace" and many others.

text: 1916 births2002 deathsAmerican Assemblies of God pastorsAmerican songwriters20th-century American musicians

text: Articles lacking sources from March 2007All articles lacking sources


document_title: Leah Remini

question_text: who was leah remini in saved by the bell

text: Leah Remini

text: Early life[edit]

text: Remini was born June 15, 1970,[2] in Brooklyn, New York City, to Vicki Marshall, a schoolteacher, and George Remini, who owned an asbestos removal company.[3] Her mother is of Austrian Jewish descent, while her father has Sicilian ancestry.[4][5][6] Remini has an older sister named Nicole and four half-sisters: Christine, Stephanie (died of cancer in 2013),[7] Elizabeth, and Shannon.[8]

text: She was baptized Christian in a Roman Catholic Church and raised in the Catholic tradition during her early childhood;[9] when she was nine years old, her mother joined the Church of Scientology, and Remini was thereafter raised as a Scientologist.[10] At thirteen years old, Remini moved to Los Angeles, California, with her mother, where she spent the remainder of her teenage years.[4]

text: Career[edit]

text: Acting[edit]

text: One of Remini's early television roles was on Who's the Boss? as Charlie Briscoe, which led to a spin-off series entitled Living Dolls, in which Remini starred with Halle Berry. The show premiered in late 1989 and ran for 12 episodes before being canceled.[11][12]

text: In 1991, Remini had a supporting role on the short-lived ABC comedy The Man in the Family. She then had recurring roles on Saved by the Bell, where she played Stacey Carosi, and on Evening Shade as Daisy, the girlfriend of Taylor Newton (Jay R. Ferguson). Remini then appeared in two more short-lived series, First Time Out (1995) and Fired Up (1997–98). In 1993, she appeared on Cheers as Serafina, the daughter of Carla and Nick Tortelli (Rhea Perlman and Dan Hedaya). In 1994, Remini auditioned for the role of Monica Geller on Friends, but the role went to Courteney Cox. Remini later appeared in the 1995 Friends episode "The One with the Birth" in which she played a pregnant woman. In 1998, Remini landed the role of Carrie Heffernan on the CBS sitcom The King of Queens. The series was successful, and ran for nine seasons.

text: During her time on the show, she had a supporting role in the comedy film Old School (2003). Remini also starred in her own reality show, which aired on VH1. The King of Queens ran for nine seasons, from September 21, 1998, to May 14, 2007. Since The King of Queens ended, Remini has starred in nine-episode webisodes of In the Motherhood, along with Chelsea Handler and Jenny McCarthy. She has made two guest appearances on Chelsea Lately. On December 15, 2009, Remini appeared as Carrie Heffernan on Lopez Tonight, with George Lopez as Doug Heffernan in an episode reuniting the cast of the George Lopez sitcom.[13] Remini and Holly Robinson Peete appeared on The Young and the Restless on July 28, 2011.[14]

text: In October 2011, Remini signed a talent development deal at ABC and ABC Studios that required the network and the studio to develop a comedy project for Remini to star in and produce.[15][16] In March 2012, it was announced that Remini would star in an ABC comedy Family Tools, a remake of the UK comedy series White Van Man.[17] The series premiered on May 1, 2013, and was not renewed owing to low ratings, ending its run on July 10, 2013.[18]

text: Remini competed on season 17 of Dancing with the Stars, in which she was partnered with professional dancer Tony Dovolani.[19] The couple made it to the 10th week of competition and reached 5th place. Remini later returned in season 19 as a guest co-host on week 6. She returned as guest co-host on season 21 during weeks 6 and 7.

text: In 2013, Remini joined the cast of the TV Land comedy The Exes, filling a recurring role starting in season three.[20]

text: Remini and her husband Angelo starred in a reality television series titled Leah Remini: It's All Relative. The show focuses on Remini's family life. It premiered on TLC on July 10, 2014.[21] According to Remini, the purpose of the show is to highlight the fact that she's a normal person just like everyone else and that celebrity doesn't change that.[22]

text: Remini developed an eight-episode series for A&E focusing on ex-Scientologists speaking candidly about their experiences entitled Leah Remini: Scientology and the Aftermath. The show premiered November 29, 2016.[23] In a statement released by the network Leah said:

text: For too long, this multi-billion-dollar organization bullied victims and journalists to prevent the truth from being told. It is my hope that we shed light on information that makes the world aware of what is really going on and encourages others to speak up so the abuses can be ended forever.[24]

text: In early 2017, Remini returned to acting and was announced as one of the leads in NBC's sitcom What About Barb?, a gender-swapped version of the 1991 Frank Oz comedy What About Bob?. She portrayed Suzanne, a renowned psychotherapist and best-selling author.[25] Ultimately, NBC passed on the project and it wasn't picked up to series.[26] In March 2017, it was announced Remini would reunite with Kevin James on the season finale of Kevin Can Wait.[27][28] In June 2017, it was announced Remini was upped to a series regular beginning with season two.[29][30]

text: The Talk[edit]

text: Remini was a co-host on The Talk, a CBS talk show which premiered October 18, 2010. Julie Chen, Sara Gilbert, Holly Robinson Peete, and Sharon Osbourne were her co-hosts. The show is similar to The View and seeks to address motherhood and contemporary issues.[31] Remini drew criticism within the first week of the show's debut, accused of being too loud, brash, and obtrusive. It was stated on one episode that she had received a significant amount of negative Twitter feedback on this subject. Remini addressed the issue, stating she refused to change who she is and asserting that thousands of fans like her for who she is. Her co-hosts supported her response.[32]

text: A refusal to disclose why Remini and Peete were fired brought on a great deal of criticism of the show and protests from the stars' fans.[33][34] While there was much speculation that their former Talk co-host, Julie Chen, had involvement in the decision, as she is married to CBS President/CEO Leslie Moonves, it was Sharon Osbourne who stated, regarding their dismissals, in December 2011 on The Howard Stern Show: "Some people don't really know who they are. And you have to know who you are when you're in something like this. You can't pretend to be something you're not. You have to know your brand. You can't be all things to everyone."[35][36] Osbourne replied to criticism about the refusal to inform Remini and Peete why they were let go, rhetorically stating, "Why should we call them to discuss?"[35][36]

text: In March 2012, a heavily publicized Twitter dispute ignited between Remini and Osbourne when Remini fired back at Osbourne for her comments on The Howard Stern Show. In response to questions from her Twitter followers, Remini tweeted:

text: Ask Sharon. She had us fired...Sharon thought me and Holly were too 'Ghetto'. (her words) we were not funny, awkward and didn't know ourselves.[37][38] Haters Gon' Hate. True. But, Haters have the balls to say they 'Hate'...not call themselves your friend. She had us fired all the while calling me and Holly her friend. Heartbreaking. Yes. She had us fired she told Howard Stern. Explains why she never called us back.[37]

text: In response, Osbourne tweeted, "I had absolutely nothing to do with her departure from the show and have no idea why she continues to take to Twitter to spread this false gossip.[37][39] Leah knows that I have never been in the position to hire or fire anyone on the show. That being said, my only wish is that Leah would just stop all this negative, unprofessional and childish behavior.[38] It's been seven months. It's time to move on. Leah is a very talented actress and I only wish her happiness and success.[37][38][40] I know that better things are to come if she can just get beyond this negativity." Remini tweeted a challenge to Osbourne to establish in a court of law what statements she (Remini) had made that were untrue.[37]

text: While co-hosting The Talk, Remini turned down various parts on situation comedies, stating that any new role would make her feel as if she were cheating on Doug Heffernan, her character's husband on The King of Queens. She added that she needs to spend more time with her child and family.[41]

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Remini met Angelo Pagán, a Puerto Rican actor,[42] at a Cuban restaurant in 1996.[43] He has three sons from previous relationships. They were married on July 19, 2003.[44] Their daughter, Sofia, was born on June 16, 2004, one day after Remini's 34th birthday.[45]

text: Scientology[edit]

text: Remini was a member of the Church of Scientology from the age of nine.[5][10][46] In December 2005, she helped the Citizens Commission on Human Rights to promote the gala opening of the Psychiatry: An Industry of Death museum on Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood.[47] Responding to criticism of Scientology during an interview on CNN:

text: If somebody is going to get turned off about something because of what they read or heard, then that person's not smart enough to even enter a church. If you're really against something, then know what you're against.

text: In July 2013, Remini left the Church of Scientology,[48] owing to policies that forbid members from questioning the management of church leader David Miscavige, which she believed was corrupt; the reported abuse of members of its Sea Org religious order; its policy of "disconnection"; and its practice of branding those who have left the church of their own accord as "Suppressive Persons".[49] According to former high-ranking Sea Org member Mike Rinder, Remini's problems with the Church began when she asked about the whereabouts of Miscavige's wife Shelly at the 2006 wedding of Tom Cruise and Katie Holmes, and was told profanely that she lacked the rank to do so. Remini then filed a "knowledge report" that was critical of Miscavige, Cruise, and other senior Scientology members and behavior on the part of members that was inconsistent with Church rules. She was subsequently "subjected to years of 'interrogations' and 'thought modification'" that led to her being blacklisted within the Church, while fellow parishioners with whom she had been friends for decades wrote internal reports about her, resulting in a Church investigation into her family.[49][50][51][52]

text: During a September 9, 2013, appearance on The Ellen DeGeneres Show, Remini discussed her departure from the Church and the loss of friends who are still in the Church and, according to Remini, are not permitted to have contact with her.[48] Following her departure from the Church, she publicly expressed her appreciation for those who supported her departure.[53][54] Remini's sister, Nicole, who had earlier left the Church herself,[55] revealed that the rest of their family left the Church along with her to avoid being split up by the Church's disconnection policy.[56][57] Writer and director Paul Haggis, who had previously been the most famous person to publicly disavow Scientology, wrote an open letter, published by The Hollywood Reporter, thanking Remini for standing by him after he left the Church and praised her "enormous amount of integrity and compassion".[58]

text: In August 2013, it was disclosed that Remini had filed a missing person report with the Los Angeles Police Department concerning Shelly Miscavige, the wife of Scientology leader David Miscavige, who had not been seen in public since 2007.[59] After the report was filed, the Los Angeles Police Department looked into the matter, met with and spoke with her before closing the investigation and stating Remini's report was "unfounded". The Church said in a statement that the whole affair was simply harassment and a publicity stunt for Remini.[60][61][62]

text: In October 2013, it was reported that Remini had been subpoenaed to testify in a Comal County, Texas lawsuit against the Church of Scientology and its leader David Miscavige, regarding acts of alleged harassment and surveillance against the wife of a former member, Monique Rathbun (who was married to ex-Scientology executive Mark Rathbun). Rathbun's attorney, Ray Jeffery, says he wants Remini, a former Scientologist, to give a deposition in the hopes she could testify that Miscavige has vast influence over the operations of the church and had to have known about the alleged harassment.[46]

text: Remini released her memoir Troublemaker: Surviving Hollywood and Scientology on November 3, 2015.[63] In a 2015 interview with People magazine, Remini stated that she was embracing Catholicism and found comfort in the religion's practices, contrasting her experiences with Scientology.[64]

text: Filmography[edit]

text: Film[edit]

text:
Year
Film
Role
Notes

1997
Critics and Other Freaks
Actress at audition

1998
Follow Your Heart
Angie

2003
Old School
Lara Campbell

2017
Mad Families
Cheyenne

2017
The Clapper
Producer Louise

2017
Handsome: A Netflix Mystery Movie
Esta

2018
Second Act

Filming

text: Television[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

1988
Head of the Class

Episode: "Let's Rap"

1989
Who's the Boss?
Charlie Briscoe
2 episodes

1989
Living Dolls
Charlie Briscoe
12 episodes

1990
Normal Life
Carol
Episode: "And Baby Makes..."

1991
Paradise
Rose
Episode: "Out of the Ashes"

1991
The Hogan Family
Joanne
Episode: "A Sneaking Suspicion"

1991
The Man in the Family
Tina Bavasso
7 episodes

1991
Saved by the Bell
Stacey Carosi
6 episodes

1991–93
Cheers
Serafina Tortelli
2 episodes

1992
Blossom
Ellen
Episode: "You Must Remember This"

1992
Getting Up and Going Home
Stephanie O'Neil
TV film

1993
Evening Shade
Daisy
3 episodes

1993
Harlan & Merleen
Frankie
TV film

1994
The Commish
Gail Ross
Episode: "Sergeant Kelly"

1994
Renegade
Tina
Episode: "The King and I"

1994–96
Phantom 2040
Sagan Cruz (voice)
22 episodes

1995
Diagnosis: Murder
Agnes Benedetto
Episode: "How to Murder Your Lawyer"

1995
Friends
Lydia
Episode: "The One with the Birth"

1995
First Time Out
Dominique Costellano
12 episodes

1995
Star Witness

TV film

1996
Biker Mice from Mars
Carbine (voice)
2 episodes

1996
Home Improvement
Maria Gomez
Episode: "The Bud Bowl"

1996
NYPD Blue
Angela Bohi
Episode: "Closing Time"

1997–98
Fired Up
Terry Reynolds
28 episodes

1998–2007
The King of Queens
Carrie Heffernan
Main role (207 episodes)

2001
Hooves of Fire (American redub)
Vixen (voice)
TV film

2002
Legend of the Lost Tribe (American redub)
Koala (voice)
TV film

2003
VH1 Inside Out: Leah Remini's Wedding Special
Herself
Documentary

2004
VH1 Inside Out: Leah Remini's Baby Special
Herself
Documentary

2005
Fat Actress
Herself
Episode: "The Koi Effect"

2007–08
In the Motherhood
Kim
8 episodes

2009
Lopez Tonight
Carrie Heffernan
Episode: "December 15, 2009"; cameo appearance

2009
Married Not Dead
Jessica
TV film

2009
It Takes a Village
Karen
TV film

2010–11
The Talk
Herself / Co-host
135 episodes

2011
Toddlers and Tiaras: Where Are They Now?
Juana
Short

2012
The High Fructose Adventures of Annoying Orange
Polly Prune / Butch Ravioli
2 episodes

2013
Family Tools
Terry Baumgardner
Lead role (10 episodes)

2013
Phineas and Ferb
Doreen
2 episodes

2013
2014
2015
Dancing with the Stars
Herself
Contestant on season 17
Eliminated 8th; 5th place
Guest co-host for season 19 and season 21

2014
RuPaul's Drag Race
Herself / Guest Judge
Episode: "Glamazon by Colorevolution"

2014
Hollywood Game Night
Herself
Episode: "A Hollywood Scandal"

2014–15
The Exes
Nikki Gardner
15 episodes

2014–15
Leah Remini: It's All Relative
Herself
TLC reality show (26 episodes)

2015
Repeat After Me
Herself
Episode: "#1.5"

2016
Match Game
Herself / Panelist
2 episodes

2016–present
Leah Remini: Scientology and the Aftermath
Herself
Documentary

2017
Milo Murphy's Law
Ms. Baxter (voice)
Episode: "The Substitute/Time Out"

2017–present
Kevin Can Wait
Vanessa Cellucci
Series Regular (season 2–)

text: Video games[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Voice role
Notes

1993
Gabriel Knight: Sins of the Fathers
Grace Nakimura

text: Bibliography[edit]

text: Remini, Leah (2015). Troublemaker: Surviving Hollywood and Scientology. Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-1101886960.


document_title: Purple Rain (film)

question_text: who played prince's father in purple rain

question_tokens: who played prince 's father in purple rain

text: Purple Rain (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: "The Kid" is the talented but troubled frontman of his Minneapolis-based band The Revolution. To escape his difficult home life – his father is verbally and physically abusive, and his mother is emotionally abusive – he spends his days rehearsing and his nights performing at the First Avenue nightclub. First Avenue's three house band slots are held by The Revolution, the flashy Morris Day and his group The Time, and Dez Dickerson and his group The Modernaires. Morris, aware that The Revolution's guitarist Wendy and keyboardist Lisa are frustrated by the Kid's unwillingness to play their compositions, lobbies Billy Sparks, the nightclub's owner, to replace The Revolution with a girl group which Morris is already forming. He targets the Kid's girlfriend Apollonia – an aspiring singer and new arrival in Minneapolis – to lead his group, and tries to persuade her that the Kid won't help her because he's too focused on himself. She eventually joins Morris's group, which Morris names Apollonia 6. When she reveals her partnership to the Kid, he becomes furious and slaps her, as his father had struck him earlier.

text: At the club, the Kid responds to the internal band strife, the pressure to draw more crowds, and his strained private life with the uncomfortably personal "Darling Nikki". His performance publicly humiliates Apollonia, who runs off in tears, and angers both Morris and Billy, worsening his situation. Billy confronts the Kid, castigating him for bringing his personal life onto the stage and warning him that he's wasting his musical talent like his father did. The debut of Apollonia 6 is a success, and Billy warns the Kid that his First Avenue slot is at risk. The Kid seizes Apollonia from a drunken Morris and the two argue and fight; Apollonia then abandons him. Returning home, he finds the house in tatters, with his mother nowhere to be found. When he turns on the basement light, his father – who had been lurking in the basement with a loaded handgun – shoots himself in the head. In a frenzy after a night of torment, the Kid tears apart the basement to release his anger, only to find a large box of his father's musical compositions. The next morning, the Kid picks up a cassette tape of one of Wendy and Lisa's compositions, a rhythm track named "Slow Groove", and begins to compose.

text: That night at First Avenue, all is quiet in The Revolution's dressing room until The Time stops by to taunt the Kid about his family life. Once on stage, the Kid announces that he will be playing "a song the girls in the band wrote", dedicated to his father – revealed to be "Purple Rain". As the emotional song ends, the Kid rushes from the stage and out the back door of the club, intending to ride away on his motorcycle. However, before he can mount his motorcycle, he realizes that the crowd is thrilled by his new song. The Kid returns to the club, to be greeted by the approval of his fellow musicians and the embrace of a teary-eyed Apollonia. The Kid returns to the stage for two encores with The Revolution, to the wild approval of the crowd (even Morris); overlaid scenes show the Kid visiting his father and mother in the hospital and sorting his father's compositions in the basement, accompanied by Apollonia. A montage of all the songs plays as the credits roll.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Prince as The Kid
Apollonia Kotero as Apollonia
Morris Day as Morris
Olga Karlatos as Mother
Clarence Williams III as Father, a.k.a. "Francis L."
Jerome Benton as Jerome
Billy Sparks as Billy
Jill Jones as Jill
Dez Dickerson as Dez
Wendy Melvoin as Wendy
Lisa Coleman as Lisa
The Revolution as themselves
The Time as themselves
Apollonia 6 as themselves

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Purple Rain was written by Albert Magnoli and William Blinn, and produced by Prince's managers Robert Cavallo, Joseph Ruffalo and Steven Fargnoli. Prince developed the concept during his 1999 Tour. The original script by Blinn was darker. Later Magnoli was brought aboard and rewrote it. The film was directed and edited by Magnoli in his feature film directorial debut.

text: Prince intended to cast Vanity, leader of the girl group Vanity 6, but she left the group before filming began. Her role was initially offered to Jennifer Beals (who turned it down because she wanted to concentrate on college) before going to Apollonia Kotero, a virtual unknown at the time. Prince had seen her appearance on the February 1983 episode of Tales of the Gold Monkey, in which she played a saucy island girl who was sleeping with a German man of the cloth.[5] Excluding Prince and his onscreen parents, almost every character in the movie is named after the actor who plays him or her.

text: After the character change from Vanity to Apollonia, the script was drastically revised, and many dark scenes were cut. Some of these scenes include Prince and Apollonia having sex in a barn (a concept which was the story behind the 1985 song "Raspberry Beret"); Prince going to Apollonia 6's rehearsal and engaging in a physical fight with the members of The Time; and a scene which featured Prince's mother talking to him about her shaky relationship with his father. In addition, many scenes such as the "Lake Minnetonka" scene, Apollonia first meeting Morris, and the railyard scene were cut down because of time constraints. Many clips from these scenes were featured, however, in the trailer for the movie as well as the "When Doves Cry" montage.

text: Although Warner Bros. considered the film "outrageous" at the time, it was accepted for distribution after an internal debate. Music industry PR man Howard Bloom advocated for it.[6]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography took place almost entirely in Minneapolis: the film features many local landmarks, including the Crystal Court of the IDS Center (also shown in segments of the opening credits to The Mary Tyler Moore Show) and the legendary First Avenue nightclub. First Avenue was paid $100,000 for use of the club in filming; it was closed for 25 days.[7]

text: The Huntington Hotel, where Apollonia stayed, is located on Main Street in downtown Los Angeles. In the film, it is supposed to be across the street from First Avenue. The motorcycle Prince rides in the film is a customized Hondamatic Honda CM400A.[8]

text: Music[edit]

text: The film is tied into the album of the same name, which spawned two chart-topping singles, "When Doves Cry" and the opening number "Let's Go Crazy", as well as "Purple Rain", which reached number two. The film won an Academy Award for Best Original Song Score. The soundtrack sold over 15 million copies in America alone, and 25 million worldwide.[9] The film also coincided with spin-off albums by The Time (Ice Cream Castle) and Apollonia 6 (their self-titled album).

text:
"Let's Go Crazy" – Prince and the Revolution
"Jungle Love" – The Time
"Take Me with U" – Prince and the Revolution featuring Apollonia
"Modernaire" – Dez Dickerson and the Modernaires
"The Beautiful Ones" – Prince and the Revolution
"God (Love Theme from Purple Rain)" – Prince
"When Doves Cry" – Prince
"Computer Blue" – Prince and the Revolution
"Darling Nikki" – Prince and the Revolution
"Sex Shooter" – Apollonia 6
"The Bird" – The Time
"Purple Rain" – Prince and the Revolution
"I Would Die 4 U" – Prince and the Revolution
"Baby I'm a Star" – Prince and the Revolution

text: Release[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The film was a commercial success. Purple Rain currently holds a 67% rating on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 45 reviews, with the consensus: "Purple Rain makes for undeniably uneven cinema, but it's held together by its star's singular charisma – not to mention a slew of classic songs."[10] It also holds a 52/100 rating on Metacritic.[11]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film was a box office success, grossing $68,392,977 in the United States.[2]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Purple Rain was first released on DVD on February 3, 2004.[12] The film was first released on Blu-ray on July 24, 2007[13] and was released on Blu-ray again with a new master on October 4, 2016 as part of the Prince Movie Collection.[14]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: The film won an Academy Award for Best Original Song Score, currently the last to receive the award. It was nominated for two Razzie Awards: Worst New Star for Apollonia Kotero and Worst Original Song for "Sex Shooter".[15]

text: The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

text:
2004: AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs:

"Let's Go Crazy" – Nominated[16]

2006: AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals – Nominated[17]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: Purple Rain is the only feature film that Prince starred in but did not direct. A semi-sequel, Graffiti Bridge, was released in 1990.

text: After Prince's death on April 21, 2016, MTV aired the film following a music video marathon.[18][19] VH1 also showed the movie the same night, as well as throughout the next couple of days.[20] Due to the film's parental and inappropriate content, both MTV and VH1 edited Purple Rain in order for the film to be shown on public television. Theater chains AMC and Carmike also announced that they would be screening the film at a limited number of theaters the following week. These special tribute screenings lasted from April 27 – May 1, 2016.[21]


document_title: Jeff Lynne's ELO: Live in Hyde Park

question_text: who played violin with elo in hyde park

question_tokens: who played violin with elo in hyde park

text: Jeff Lynne's ELO: Live in Hyde Park

text: U.S. and Canadian versions[edit]

text: The U.S. and Canadian versions, released by the company Eagle Rock Entertainment, omit the final song "Roll Over Beethoven" which was included on the UK release.

text: Full concert song list[edit]

text:
"All Over the World"
"Evil Woman"
"Ma-Ma-Ma Belle"
"Showdown"
"Livin' Thing"
"Strange Magic"
"10538 Overture"
"Can't Get It Out of My Head"
"Sweet Talkin' Woman"
"Turn to Stone"
"Steppin' Out"
"Handle with Care"
"Don't Bring Me Down"
"Rock 'n' Roll Is King"
"Telephone Line"
"Mr. Blue Sky"
"Roll Over Beethoven" (not included on U.S. or Canadian version)

tag: ol

text: Personnel[edit]

text:
Jeff Lynne – lead vocals, guitars
Richard Tandy – keyboards, synthesisers, backing vocals

text:
Chereene Allen – violin
Marcus Byrne – keyboards
Donavan Hepburn – drums
Iain Hornal – backing vocals, guitar
Melanie Lewis-McDonald – backing vocals
Danny Marsden – trumpet
Milton McDonald – guitar, vocals
Lee Pomeroy – bass
Bernie Smith – keyboards
Mike Stevens – guitar, vocals
Mick Wilson – percussion, vocals


document_title: List of governors-general of India

question_text: who served viceroy in india during british rule

text: List of governors-general of India

text: The Regulating Act of 1773 created the office with the title of Governor-General of the Presidency of Fort William, or Governor-General of Bengal to be appointed by the Court of Directors of the East India Company (EIC). The Court of Directors assigned a Council of Four (based in India) to assist The Governor General, and decision of council was binding on Governor General during 1773-1784.

text: The Saint Helena Act 1833 (or Government of India Act 1833) re-designated the office with the title of Governor-General of India.

text: After the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the company rule was brought to an end, and the British India along with princely states came under the direct rule of the Crown. The Government of India Act 1858 created the office of Secretary of State for India in 1858 to oversee the affairs of India, which was advised by a new Council of India with 15 members (based in London). The existing Council of Four was formally renamed as the Council of Governor General of India or Executive Council of India. The Council of India was later abolished by Government of India Act 1935.

text: Following the adoption of the Government of India Act of 1858, the Governor-General as representing the Crown became known as the Viceroy. The designation 'Viceroy', although it was most frequently used in ordinary parlance, had no statutory authority, and was never employed by Parliament. Although the Proclamation of 1858 announcing the assumption of the government of India by the Crown referred to Lord Canning as "first Viceroy and Governor-General", none of the Warrants appointing his successors referred to them as 'Viceroys', and the title, which was frequently used in Warrants dealing with precedence and in public notifications, was basically one of ceremony used in connection with the state and social functions of the Sovereign's representative. The Governor-General continued to be the sole representative of the Crown, and the Government of India continued to be vested in the Governor-General-in-Council.[1]

text: From the year 1858 onwards, the appointments of Governor-General of India were made by British Crown at the advice of Secretary of State for India. The office of Governor-General continued to exist as a ceremonial post in each of the new dominions until they adopted republican constitutions in 1950 and 1956 respectively..

text: List of Viceroys and Governor-Generals[edit]

text:
Portrait
Name
(Birth–Death)
Term of office
Notable events
Appointer

Governors of the Presidency of Fort William (Bengal), 1773–1833

Warren Hastings
(1732-1818)
20 October
1773
[nb 1]
1 February
1785

Regulating Act of 1773
Supreme Council Of Bengal
Asiatic Society of Bengal
Stopped Mughal pension to Shah Alam II
Stopped Diarchy in Bengal
New Sanskrit School by Jonathan Deccan
Moved Treasury from Murshidabad to Calcutta
Bengal Gazette- First Indian newspaper published
First Anglo-Maratha War (1775–82)
Second Anglo-Mysore war (1780–84)
First Rohilla War of 1773–1774
Second Rohilla War 1779
Experimentation on land settlements. (1772-five years settlement, changed to 1 year in 1776)
English Translation of Bhagwat Gita[2]

East India
Company

(1773–1858)

John Macpherson
(acting)
(1745–1821)
1 February
1785
12 September
1786

Charles Cornwallis
The Marquess Cornwallis [nb 2]
(1738–1805)
12 September
1786
28 October
1793

Established lower courts and appellate courts
Permanent Settlement in Bihar and Bengal in 1793
3rd Mysore war
Introduction of Cornwallis Code
Introduction of Civil Services in India

John Shore
(1751–1834)
28 October
1793
18 March
1798

Policy of Non-intervention
Charter Act of 1793
Battle of Kharda between Nizam and Marathas (1795)

Alured Clarke
(acting)
(1744–1832)
18 March
1798
18 May
1798

Richard Wellesley, Earl of Mornington [nb 3]
(1760–1842)
18 May
1798
30 July
1805

Introduction of Subsidiary Alliance
Fourth Anglo Mysore War 1799
Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803–05)
Fort William College at Calcutta
Formation of Madras Presidency in 1801

The Marquess Cornwallis
(1738–1805)
30 July
1805
5 October
1805

Sir George Barlow, Bt
(acting)
(1762–1847)
10 October
1805
31 July
1807

Sepoy mutiny at Vellore

The Lord Minto
(1751–1814)
31 July
1807
4 October
1813

Charter Act of 1813
Treaty of Amritsar, 1809 with Ranjit Singh

Francis Rawdon-Hastings, The Earl of Moira [nb 4]
(1754–1826)
4 October
1813
9 January
1823

Ended the policy of Non-intervention
Third Anglo-Maratha War (1816-1818)
1816,Treaty of Sagauli with Nepal
Creation of Bombay Presidency in 1818
Establishment of Ryotwari System in Madras and
Mahalwari System in Central India,Punjab And Western UP.

John Adam
(acting)
(1779–1825)
9 January
1823
1 August
1823

Licensing Regulations

The Lord Amherst[nb 5]
(1773–1857)
1 August
1823
13 March
1828

First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–26)
Treaty of Yandabo, 1826

William Butterworth Bayley
(acting)
(1782–1860)
13 March
1828
4 July
1828

Governors-General of India, 1833–1858

Lord William Bentinck
(1774–1839)
4 July
1828
20 March
1835

First Governor General of India
Bengal Sati Regulation, 1829
Charter Act, 1833
Saint Helena Act 1833
English Education Act 1835
Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata

East India
Company

(1773–1858)

Charles Metcalfe, Bt
(acting)
(1785–1846)
20 March
1835
4 March
1836

Repealed 1823 Licensing Regulations

The Lord Auckland[nb 6]
(1784–1849)
4 March
1836
28 February
1842

The Lord Ellenborough
(1790–1871)
28 February
1842
June
1844

William Wilberforce Bird
(acting)
(1784–1857)
June
1844
23 July
1844

Henry Hardinge[nb 7]
(1785–1856)
23 July
1844
12 January
1848

The First Anglo-Sikh War (1845–46)
The Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848–49)
Treaty of Lahore

The Earl of Dalhousie[nb 8]
(1812–1860)
12 January
1848
28 February
1856

Doctrine of Lapse
Charles Wood Despatch
Second Anglo-Burmese War (1852)
First Railway line connecting Bombay and Thane
First telegraph Line was laid between Diamond Harbour to Calcutta.
Post Office Act, 1854
Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act, 1856
Established Public Works Department
Engineering College was established at Roorkee

Governors-General and Viceroys of India, 1858–1947

The Viscount Canning[nb 9]
(1812–1862)
28 February
1856
21 March
1862

University of Bombay, Calcutta and Madras were set up in 1858
The revolt of 1857
The Government of India Act, 1858
Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act, 1856

Victoria

(1837–1901)

The Earl of Elgin
(1811–1863)
21 March
1862
20 November
1863

Robert Napier
(acting)
(1810–1890)
21 November
1863
2 December
1863

William Denison
(acting)
(1804–1871)
2 December
1863
12 January
1864

Sir John Lawrence, Bt
(1811–1879)
12 January
1864
12 January
1869

Bhutan War
Establishment of Shimla as India's summer capital in 1863

The Earl of Mayo
(1822–1872)
12 January
1869
8 February
1872

Assassinated by a Pathan Sher Ali Afridi

Started the Census.

Sir John Strachey
(acting)
(1823–1907)
9 February
1872
23 February
1872

The Lord Napier
(acting)
(1819–1898)
24 February
1872
3 May
1872

The Lord Northbrook
(1826–1904)
3 May
1872
12 April
1876

The Lord Lytton
(1831–1891)
12 April
1876
8 June
1880

Vernacular Press Act
Second Anglo-Afghan War
The Indians Act (1878)[3]

The Marquess of Ripon
(1827–1909)
8 June
1880
13 December
1884

First Factory Act (1881)
Repeal of the Vernacular Press Act (1882)
Ilbert Bill

The Earl of Dufferin
(1826–1902)
13 December
1884
10 December
1888

Formation of Indian National Congress
Third Anglo-Burmese War

The Marquess of Lansdowne
(1845–1927)
10 December
1888
11 October
1894

The Earl of Elgin
(1849–1917)
11 October
1894
6 January
1899

The Lord Curzon of Kedleston[nb 10]
(1859–1925)
6 January
1899
18 November
1905

Partition of Bengal (1905)
Second Delhi Darbar (1903)

The Earl of Minto
(1845–1914)
18 November
1905
23 November
1910

Edward VII

(1901–1910)

The Lord Hardinge of Penshurst
(1858–1944)
23 November
1910
4 April
1916

George V

(1910–1936)

The Lord Chelmsford
(1868–1933)
4 April
1916
2 April
1921

The Earl of Reading
(1860–1935)
2 April
1921
3 April
1926

The Lord Irwin
(1881–1959)
3 April
1926
18 April
1931

The Earl of Willingdon
(1866–1941)
18 April
1931
18 April
1936

The Marquess of Linlithgow
(1887–1952)
18 April
1936
1 October
1943

Edward VIII

(1936)

The Viscount Wavell
(1883–1950)
1 October
1943
21 February
1947

George VI

(1936–1952)

The Viscount Mountbatten of Burma
(1900–1979)
21 February
1947
15 August
1947

Governors-General of the Dominion of India, 1947–1950

The Viscount Mountbatten of Burma[nb 11]
(1900–1979)
15 August
1947
21 June
1948

George VI

(1936–1952)

C. Rajagopalachari
(1878–1972)
21 June
1948
26 January
1950

text:
Jump up ^ Originally joined on 28 April 1772
Jump up ^ Earl Cornwallis from 1762; created Marquess Cornwallis in 1792.
Jump up ^ Created Marquess Wellesley in 1799.
Jump up ^ Created Marquess of Hastings in 1816
Jump up ^ Created Earl Amherst in 1826.
Jump up ^ Created Earl of Auckland in 1839.
Jump up ^ Created Viscount Hardinge in 1846.
Jump up ^ Created Marquess of Dalhousie in 1849.
Jump up ^ Created Earl Canning in 1859.
Jump up ^ The Lord Ampthill was acting Governor-General in 1904
Jump up ^ Created Earl Mountbatten of Burma on 28 October 1947.