document_title: Legal drinking age

question_text: what is the legal age for drinking alcohol in usa

text: Legal drinking age

text: Africa[edit]

text: The most common minimum age to purchase alcohol in Africa is 18. Although it varies from the lowest age limit in Ethiopia being only 15 years, Zimbabwe with a minimum purchase age of 16 years, The Gambia with an age limit of 17 years, and Uganda where the minimum legal purchase age is 18 but minors aged 16 or 17 may consume a glass of beer, wine or cider with a meal at a restaurant. Cameroon and Egypt are the only countries in Africa with a minimum purchase age of 21 years. However Algeria, Angola (except Luando Province), Central African Republic, Comoros, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Guinea-Bissau, Morocco, Togo, Tunisia and the Western Sahara have no laws on the book restricting the sale of alcohol to minors. In Libya, Somalia and Sudan the sale, production and consumption of alcohol is completely prohibited.[improper synthesis?]

text:
Country

State/region/province

De jure

Notes

Drinking age

Purchase age

 Algeria

None (illegal to all persons)[3]

Illegal to sell, produce or consume alcohol at any age.[3]

 Angola

None (legal at any age)[3]

There is no national legislation prohibiting the sale of alcohol to minors.

Luanda Province

18[4]

Legislation in Luanda Province:
It is illegal to sell alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18. It is also illegal for minors to buy and consume alcohol.[4]

 Botswana

None[5] (illegal for any person to supply)[3]

18[5]

It is illegal for any person with a liquor license to sell or supply alcoholic beverages to minors under the age of 18 years. Because the law only applies to licensees, it is not illegal for minors to buy, consume, or possess alcoholic beverages.[5] It is also illegal for any person to expose or supply alcohol to a minor under the age of 18 years.[3]

 Burundi

None[6]

18, or none (if accompanied by parent or legal guardian)[6]

It is illegal for any person with a liquor license to sell or supply alcoholic beverages to unaccompanied minors under the age of 18 years.

 Cameroon

21, or 18 (if accompanied by a person 21 years of age or older)[7]

It is illegal for any person with a liquor license to sell or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under 18 years of age. The law permits adults from the ages 18 to 21 to consume, purchase and buy alcoholic beverages if accompanied by a person 21 years of age or older. Anyone over the age of 21 years may buy or consume alcohol unaccompanied.

 Cape Verde

None[8]

18[8]

It is illegal for any person to sell or supply alcoholic beverages to minors under the age of 18 years.

 Central African Republic

15 (off-premises), or 21 (on-premises)[9]

It is illegal for any person to sell or supply alcoholic beverages to minors under the age of 15 years when sold or supplied off-premises (e.g., liquor stores, wine stores, and supermarkets). It is illegal for any person to sell or supply alcoholic beverages to minors under the age of 21 years when sold or supplied on-premises (e.g., restaurants, bars, and cafes).[9]

 Comoros

18[10]

It is illegal for any person to sell or supply alcoholic beverages to minors under the age of 18 years.[10]

 Egypt

21[3]

 Equatorial Guinea

21[11]

 Eritrea

None[12]

18[12]

It is illegal for any person to sell or serve alcoholic beverages to minors under the age of 18 years.

 Ethiopia

None[13]

15[13]

It is illegal for any person to sell, offer, serve or allow to serve alcoholic beverages "in substantial quantities" to any infant or young person. The criminal code defines a young person as any person under the age of 15 years. But the Criminal Code states: "Whoever endangers the health of another, intentionally and unscrupulously, by administering or serving, or by causing or permitting to be administered or served, to minors (defined as anyone under the age of 18 years) (...) alcoholic beverages or spirituous liquors of such kind or in such quantity as to make their injurious effect certain or probable, is punishable with simple imprisonment not exceeding one year, and fine."

 Gabon

18 (on-premises only)[14]

It is illegal for any person to sell or supply alcoholic beverages to minors under the age of 18 years when sold or supplied on-premises (e.g., restaurants, bars, and cafes).[14]

 Gambia

None[15][3]

17[15][3]

It is illegal to sell, serve or supply alcoholic beverages to child or young person. A "young person" is defined as anyone under the age of 17 by the Children and Young Persons Act, 1949 Section 2.

 Ghana

18[16]

 Guinea-Bissau

None[3]

 Kenya

None[17]

18[17]

It is illegal to sell, serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years.

 Lesotho

18[18]

It is illegal to sell, serve or supply any alcoholic beverage to a minor under the age of 18 years. It is also illegal for minors to consume, buy or attempt to buy alcohol.

 Liberia

None

18[3]

It is illegal to sell, serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years.

 Libya

Illegal[19]

Previously Article 498 of the Libyan Penal Code prohibted the sale of alcoholic beverages to juveniles under the age of 16 years.[3]

 Malawi

None

18[20]

It is illegal to sell, serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years.

 Mauritius

None

18[21]

It is illegal to sell, serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years.

 Morocco

None[3]

 Mozambique

18[22]

 Namibia

None

18[23]

It is illegal to sell, serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years.

 Niger

18[3]

 Nigeria

18[3]

 Republic of the Congo

None

18[24]

 Rwanda

18[3]

 Senegal

18[25]

 Seychelles

18[3]

 Somalia

Illegal[26]

 South Africa

18

The parent, adult guardian of a minor or a person responsible for administering a religious sacrament, may on occasion supply to that minor a moderate quantity of liquor to be consumed by the minor in the presence and under the supervision of that parent, guardian or other person.[27]

 South Sudan

18[3]

 Sudan

Illegal[28]

 Swaziland

18[3]

 Tanzania

None

18[29]

 Togo

None[3]

 Tunisia

None[3]

 Uganda

None[30]

1816 (wine, beer, porter, cider, perry or native liquor with meal)[30]

It is illegal for any licensee to sell, serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years. The law provides an exception for anyone who is 16 or 17 years of age, and consumes a fermented alcoholic drink with a meal, in a part of a licensed premises that serves meals and is not a bar.

 Western Sahara

None[3]

 Zambia

18[31]

It is illegal for any person with a liquor license, to sell, serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under 18 years of age. Before the Liquor Licensing Act was enacted in 2011, the minimum age to sell, serve and supply alcoholic beverages was 14 years.[32]

 Zimbabwe

None[33]

16 [33]

It is illegal for any person to sell, lend, give, supply, deliver or offer alcoholic beverages to any child under the age of 16 years, except upon production of a written order signed by the parent or guardian of the child known to such person. The police has the duty to seize any alcoholice beverage in the possession of a child under the age of 16 years without a written consent of the parents or legal guardian.

text: Americas[edit]

text: The minimum age to purchase and consume varies, but the most common age is 18 years. However, in North America the age limits varies between 18 and 21 years of age. Throughout the United States the minimum legal age to purchase any alcoholic beverage from a shop, supermarket, liquor store, bar, club or any other licensed premises is 21 years of age.  In Canada each province can decide which minimum age limit is to be set to buy or consume alcohol. Most provinces have a minimum age of 19 years, while Alberta, Manitoba and Quebec have set a minimum age of 18 years. In South America all countries have set a minimum purchase age of 18 years, except for Guyana where minors aged 16 or 17 may consume a glass of beer, wine or cider in a restaurant provided they buy a meal, and Paraguay the only country with a minimum legal purchase and drinking age of 20 years.

text:
Country

State/region/province

De jure

hideNotes

Drinking age

Purchase age

 Anguilla

None[34]

18 [34]

It is illegal to sell or serve alcoholic drinks to anyone under the age of 18 years. Violating the regulation is punished with a $9.600 fine.

 Antigua and Barbuda

None

16[35]

The sale and distribution of alcohol to a person under 16 years of age is illegal.

 Argentina

18[36]

 Bahamas

18[37]

It is illegal for any adult to sell, serve or supply any alcoholic beverage to a child (defined as anyone under the age of 18 years). The law provides an exception to treat an illness in urgent cases or upon order by a medical doctor.

 Barbados

None

16[38]

It is illegal to sell or serve any alcoholic beverage to anyone under the age of 16 years. The President of the Barbados Road Safety Association is trying to raise the drinking age to 18 years because the law is often violated.[38]

 Belize

18[39]

Drinking age is rarely enforced. IDs are almost never requested.

 Bermuda

18[40]

It is illegal to sell or serve any alcoholic beverage to a child under the age of 18 years.

 Bolivia

None[34]

18 [34]

It is illegal to sell or serve alcoholic beverages to minors under the age of 18 years. Every sold alcoholic beverage has to have a warning message on the bottle or container reading: “VENTA PROHIBIDA A MENORES DE 18 AÑOS DE EDAD” (Sale prohibited to (anyone) under 18 years of age) and “EL CONSUMO EXCESIVO DE ALCOHOL ES DAÑINO PARA LA SALUD” (Excessive alcohol consumption is harmful to (ones) health).

 Brazil

None[41]

18 [41]

It is illegal to sell, serve or supply any alcoholic beverage to a person under 18 years of age. The presidential law enacted on March 17, 2015 made any violation of the law a criminal offence. Any adult person selling, serving, giving or supplying alcoholic beverages to a minor is punished with imprisonment of 2 to 4 years, a fine of R$3.000 to R$10.000 and a ban to operate any business selling or serving alcohol.

 British Virgin Islands

16[39]

It is illegal to sell or to supply alcohol to anyone under the age of 16.

 Canada

 Alberta Manitoba Quebec

18[42][43][44]

In Alberta no person may give or sell or permit any person to give or sell liquor to a minor in licensed premises.[42] In Manitoba a person must not give, sell or otherwise supply liquor to a minor. the law provides exceptions for a doctor, dentist, pharmacist or other health care professional for medical purposes; for sacramental purposes and by the parent, guardian, spouse or common-law partner, if it is given or supplied in a residence.[43] In Quebec the law probits the sale of alcoholic beverages to a minor under the age of 18 years.[44]

 Ontario Saskatchewan British Columbia Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia New Brunswick Prince Edward Island Northwest Territories Yukon Nunavut

19

Ontario's Liquor Licence Act permits the supply and consumption of liquor to those under the age of 19. However, supplying a person under the age of 19 is restricted to the person's parent, or legal guardian, and may only occur in a residence or in a private place of the parent or legal guardian. A person under the age of 19 who was supplied liquor in this manner is permitted to consume the liquor only at the place where it was supplied at.[45]

 Cayman Islands

18[46]

It is prohibited to sell, serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years. It is also illegal for any minor to buy, attempt to buy or consume alcoholic beverages. Violation of the lawis punished with a fine of five thousand dollars, and the court may, if the offence was committed by the licensee, order that the licensee shall forfeit his licence and that no licence may be issued to that person for a period not exceeding ten years from the date of his conviction.

 Chile

18[47]

The minimum age is 18 to enter an enclosure that sells alcoholic beverages. Selling alcohol to a minor may incur a fine. One must provide identification upon request. Residents of Chile over the age of 18 must carry their Chilean identification card issued by the Civil Registry and Identification Service at all times.[48]

 Colombia

None

18[49]

The law prohibits the sale of alcohol to a minor (anyone under the age of 18 years). It is not illegal for minors to buy, attempt to buy or consume alcohol.[49]

 Costa Rica

None

18[50]

The law prohibits the sale of alcohol to a minor (anyone under the age of 18 years). Selling alcohol to a minor will be punished with a fine equivalent to ten basic salaries. Whoever permits minors to maintain in any establishment which main purpose is to sell alcoholic beverages, will be sanctioned with a fine equivalent to five salaries. It is not illegal for minors to buy, attempt to buy or consume alcohol.[50]

 Cuba

None

16[51]

The penal code prohibits any adult to induce any young person under the age of 16 years, to habitually consume alcoholic beverages. However this means that de facto anyone selling, serving or supplying alcohol should check if the buyer has attained the age of 16 years. In most cases this law is not strictly enforced.[51][52]

 Dominican Republic

None

18[53]

 Ecuador

None

18[54]

It is illegal to sell alcohol beverages to a minor under the age of 18 years of age. The law obligates establishments to place a visible notice at the point of sale and to check identification to enforce the law. However it is not illegal for minors to buy, attempt to buy or consume alcohol.[54]

 El Salvador

None

18[55]

It is strictly prohibited to sell or serve alcoholic beverages to a minor under the age of 18 years. Violation of the law is punished with ¢ 25,000.00 and if convicted once more the license will be suspended for a period of six months. It is legal for minors to buy, attempt to buy and consume alcohol.[55]

 Falkland Islands

18[56]

It is illegal for any adult to sell, give or provide alcohol to a minor under the age of 18 years in any public place or licensed premises. Parents may permit their children to consume alcohol on private premises. Minors consuming alcohol in public are committing a criminal offence. The law provides exceptions for the consumption of alcohol by minors for prescription of or at the direction of a government medical officer or in the course of the administration of Holy Communion according to the rites of any Christian denomination.[56]

 Grenada

18[57]

It is illegal to sell, serve or supply any alcoholic drink to a minor under 18 years of age. Minors under 18 years are prohibited by law, to consume alcoholic beverages in public.[57]

 Guatemala

18[58]

It is illegal to sell, serve or supply any alcoholic drink to a minor under 18 years of age. Minors under 18 years are prohibited by law, to consume alcoholic beverages in public.[58]

 Guyana

18/16 for beer, wine and cider with meal[59]

It is illegal to sell or serve alcohol to a person under 18 years of age. The law provides an exception for minors aged 16 and 17, if they consume a glass of beer, wine oder cider with a meal in a restaurant. Otherwise attempting to buy alcohol or buying alcohol as a minor is an offence.[59]

 Haiti

None

18[60]

It is illegal to sell or serve alcohol to minors from May 17, 2017. Vendors are required to check identification.

 Honduras

18[47]

 Jamaica

None

18[61]

It is illegal to sell or serve any alcoholic beverage to a child (which is defined as anyone under the age of 18 years).[61]

 Mexico

18[47]

The minimum age to buy and consume alcoholic beverages is regulated by each state of Mexico. But all states have set a minimum age of 18 years, and in no state it is illegal for minors to buy and consume alcohol.

 Nicaragua

None

14 (restaurant)18 (bars, clubs, markets, supermarkets, sports and recreation centers)[62]

The law from 1980 prohibits the sale of alcoholic beverages to minors under the age of 18 years. Every point of sale or establishment serving alcohol, is required to post a notice stating that the sale of alcohol to minors under 18 years of age is illegal. However the law permits children as young as 14 to purchase and consume alcohol in a restaurant  without further restrictions.[62]

 Panama

None

18[63]

 Paraguay

20[64]

According to Art. 1° of the law to "ban on the sale of alcoholic beverages to minors", it is illegal to serve or sell alcohol or to allow the consumption by minors under 20 years of age. Furthermore, under Art 2° all public establishments selling alcohol must display a clearly legible notice in the sales area with the following text: "ESTA PROHIBIDA LA VENTA DE BEBIDAS ALCOHÓLICAS A MENORES DE VEINTE AÑOS DE EDAD" (It is illegal (prohibited) to sell alcoholic beverages to minors under 20 years of age)

 Peru

None

18[65]

 Puerto Rico

18

 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

16[66]

 Trinidad and Tobago

None

18[67]

It is illegal to sell, serve or supply alcoholiv beverages to child under the age of 18 years. It is also illegal for an adult to send a child to buy alcohol on behalf. It is not illegal for children to buy or consume alcohol.[67]

 Turks and Caicos Islands

None

18[68]

It is illegal to serve or sell liquor to a young person under the age of eighteen years. Minors under the age of sixteen years may not present in a licensed premises mainly serving and selling alcoholic beverages.[68]

 United States(50 states and integral territories)

Varies by jurisdiction[47]

21[47]

The National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 withholds revenue from states that allow the purchase of alcohol by anyone under the age of 21. Prior to the effective date of that Act, the drinking age varied from state to state. Some states do not allow those under the legal drinking age to be present in liquor stores or in bars (usually, the difference between a bar and a restaurant is that food is served only in the latter). Contrary to popular belief, since the act went into law, only a few states prohibit minors and young adults from consuming alcohol in private settings. As of January 1, 2010, 15 states and the District of Columbia ban underage consumption outright, 17 states do not ban underage consumption, and the remaining 18 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage consumption laws.
Federal law explicitly provides for religious exceptions. As of 2005, 31 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage possession laws. However, non-alcoholic beer in many (but not all) states, such as Idaho, Texas, and Maryland, is considered legal for those under the age of 21.[69]
By a judge's ruling, South Carolina appears to allow the possession and consumption of alcohol by adults 18 to 20 years of age, but a circuit court judge has said otherwise.[70]
The states of Washington and Wisconsin allows the consumption of alcohol in the presence of parents.
Some U.S. states have legislation that make providing to and possession of alcohol by persons under twenty-one a gross misdemeanor with a potential penalty of a $5,000 fine or up to a year in jail.[71]

See also: Minor in Possession and List of alcohol laws of the United States

 United States Virgin Islands

18[72]

 Uruguay

None

18[73]

Only selling alcohol to minors under the age of 18 is prohibited, consumption and purchase by minors is not illegal.

 Venezuela

None

18[74]

Only selling alcohol to minors under the age of 18 is prohibited, consumption and purchase by minors is not illegal.[74]

text: Asia[edit]

text:
Country

State/region/province

De jure

Notes

Drinking age

Purchase age

 Afghanistan

Illegal[75]

 Bahrain

No legally-determined drinking age.[76]

 Bangladesh

(Illegal for Muslims.)[77]

Alcohol will be sold to foreigners in certain locations, albeit clandestinely.[citation needed]

 Bhutan

18[78]

 Brunei

17 with restrictions, unless Muslim[47]

Non-Muslims over 17 years of age are allowed to import alcohol not to exceed maximum total volume 2 liters of liquor and 12 cans of beer at 330 ml for personal use, once in 48 hours. This alcohol must be “stored and consumed at the place of residence of the importer” and is “not to be given, transferred or sold to another person.”.[47]

 Cambodia

None[79]

 China

None

18/None

Introduced in January 2006,[80]but not enforce to practice.

 Hong Kong

18[81]

The regulation is only applicable to restaurants, bars and clubs, where a liquor license is required. Private drinking is also not regulated.[citation needed]

 India

18–25 (varies by jurisdiction)[47]

Main article: Alcohol laws of IndiaConsumption of alcohol is illegal in the states of Bihar, Gujarat and Nagaland.[82]

 Indonesia

21[83]

 Iran

Illegal [47]

There is a ban on alcohol, but religious minorities may purchase small amounts from shops owned by the same religious minority.[84]

 Iraq

Illegal[85]

 Israel

None

18[47]

Israel law prohibits selling or serving alcohol to minors, but it does not prohibit minors to drink, although the police may confiscate alcoholic drinks consumed by minors in public.[citation needed]

 Japan

20[47]

 Jordan

18[86]

 Kazakhstan

21[87]

 Kuwait

Illegal[88]

 Kyrgyzstan

18[47]

 Lebanon

18[47]

Often unenforced and according to a global school health study, 40% of minors over 13 drink alcohol and up to 25% buy it from stores.[89]

 Macau

None[90]

 Malaysia

21

Increased from 18 to 21 in December 2017.[91]

 Maldives

Illegal except for tourists, 18[citation needed]

Sale of alcohol is limited to tourist resorts. It is illegal to sell alcohol to local Maldivians[92]

 Mongolia

18[93]

 Myanmar

None

18[94]

   Nepal

18

The legal age for consumption of alcohol in Nepal is 18. However, there are exceptions to underage consumption for purposes of religious ceremonies.[citation needed]

 North Korea

18[95]

 Oman

21

Residents need personal liquor licenses to consume alcohol in their private residences.[96][97]

 Pakistan

Illegal (18 for non-Muslims) [47]

Non-Muslim citizens may possess alcohol to be used in accordance with religious ceremonies[47]

 Palestinian Authority

16[citation needed]

Legal in most cities.[citation needed]

 Philippines

18[98]

 Qatar

Illegal[citation needed]

Muslims are allowed to purchase alcohol, but generally not allowed to consume. Non Muslims are allowed to purchase, and consume alcohol. The only legal distributor of alcohol in the country is the Qatar Distribution Company located in Doha.[citation needed]

 Saudi Arabia

Illegal

Drinking or possessing alcohol is illegal in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Persons who drink or possess alcohol are subject to arrest and trial. Punishments range from heavy fines, lengthy prison terms and whippings.[citation needed]

 Singapore

None (private places, sometimes with permission from parents/guardian)18 (public places e.g. bars and restaurants)

18[47]

For convenience stores, those who pretend to be 18 years and above in a "Challenge 18" scheme will be downgraded to "Challenge 21" scheme, and after which the licences will be revoked once they pretend to be 18 years and above if it is on "Challenge 21".[citation needed]. It is illegal to purchase alcohol in Singapore or consume in a nightclub/allow entry to the nightclub under 18. Home and private drinking of alcohol is allowed, although the safest age could be 6. Parents can try a sip of alcohol at any age.[citation needed]

 South Korea

None

19[99]

The age limit for alcohol is after January 1 of the year one's age turns to 19.[99]

 Sri Lanka

21[47]

 Syria

18[citation needed]

 Taiwan

18[100]

It is illegal for anyone under the age of 18 to consume alcohol.[101]
Parents, guardians, and others taking care of people under 18 shall prohibit underage drinking,[102] or risk administrative fines of 10000 to 50000 new Taiwan dollars when the situations are serious.[103]
One shall not supply alcohol to anyone under the age of 18.[104] A violator shall be administratively fined 3000 to 15000 New Taiwan Dollars.[105]

 Tajikistan

18[47]

 Thailand

20[106]

The Alcoholic Beverage Control Act of 2008 increased the drinking age in Thailand from 18 to 20, private drinking is not regulated in private locations.[106][107]

 Turkmenistan

18[47]

 United Arab Emirates

18–21 (varies by jurisdiction)[108]

Expatriate non-Muslim residents may request a liquor permit to purchase alcoholic beverages, but it is illegal for such holders to provide drinks to others.[109]
The legal age for drinking alcohol is 18 in Abu Dhabi (although a Ministry of Tourism by-law allows hotels to serve alcohol only to those over 21), and 21 in Dubai and the Northern Emirates (except Sharjah, where drinking alcohol is illegal).[108]
It is a punishable offence to drink, or to be under the influence of alcohol, in public.[108]

 Uzbekistan

None

20[47]

 Vietnam

18[47]

 Yemen

Illegal[citation needed]

Exception is in Aden Region where it's legal for 21 and up[citation needed]

text: Europe[edit]

text: Most countries within Europe have set 18 as the minimum age to purchase alcohol. Although Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Denmark, Germany, Gibraltar, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Serbia and Switzerland (except Ticino) maintain a minimum purchase age below 18 years permitting minors either full or limited access to alcohol. In 2005,[110] 2007[111] and  recently in 2015[112] the European Union has failed to enact a law forcing member states to raise their purchase age to 18 years. But in the past years several European countries have raised their drinking/purchase age or enacted laws restricting the access to alcohol for minors:

text:
In 2002 the autonomous communities Madrid,[113] Valencia[114] and Catalonia[115] raised their minimum purchase age to 18 years. Previous to 2002 Valencia and Madrid had a minimum purchase age of 16 years, and in Catalonia minors aged 16 or 17 could purchase alcohol up to 23% ABV on and off premises.
In 2004 Denmark[116] raised its off premises purchase age from 15 to 16 years.
In November 2005 Switzerland passed its "Food and Commodities Regulation"[117] (German: Lebensmittel- und Gebrauchsgegenständeverordnung), introducing a ban on alcohol sales to anyone under the age of 16, even though "Alcohol Law"[118] (German: Alkoholgesetz) passed in 1980 already required a minimum age of 18 years for the retail sale of distilled spirits. Therefore, it is illegal to sell fermented alcohol (e.g. beer, wine, sparkling wine or cider) to anyone under the age of 16, and any distilled alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years. Further the canton of Ticino introduced a cantonal law in 1989 banning all alcohol sales to anyone under the age of 18 years.[119]
In 2006 the autonomous community Castile and León[120] raised its minimum purchase age from 16 to 18 years.
In late 2006, Gibraltar[121] lawmakers passed the "Children and Young Persons (Alcohol, Tobacco and Gaming) Act 2006", which raised the minimum purchase age from 16 to 18 years. But the new law made an exception: minors aged 16 or 17 can purchase and consume on premises beer, wine or cider under 15% ABV or pre-packed containers of an alcoholic strength not exceeding 5.5% ABV (e.g. alcopops).
In 2009 France[122] raised its minimum purchase age to 18 years, and fines were increased for selling or serving alcohol to a minor (up to 7,500 €). Previous to 2009 the minimum age to purchase any alcohol from off licensed premises was 16 years. In order to purchase alcohol on premises the minimum age was 16 years for low alcoholic beverages such as wine, beer, cider, perry, mead, crème de cassis and juices from fermented fruits or vegetables that contain 1.2 to 3° alcohol, natural sweet wines from controlled cultivation – to purchase or be served stronger alcoholic drinks one had to be 18 years of age.
In October 2009, the government of Malta[123] passed a new law raising its drinking and purchase age from 16 to 17 years.
In 2010 the autonomous community of Galicia raised its minimum purchase age from 16 to 18 years.[124]
In 2011 Denmark[125] passed a new law, raising the minimum age for off-premises sale of alcohol >16.5% ABV to 18 years of age. The age to purchase alcohol <16.5% ABV remaines at 16.
Italy raised its minimum purchase age from 16 to 18 in 2012. Previously Italy did not have a purchase age for off-premises sales, and the minimum age of 16 years for on premises sales was barely enforced.[126]
In 2013 the government of Portugal restricted alcohol sales to young people: distilled spirits can not be sold to anyone under the age of 18, and other alcohol (e.g. beer, wine or cider) can't be sold to anyone under the age of 16. Previously the minimum age for all kinds of alcoholic beverages was 16 years.[127]
As of 1 January 2014, the minimum legal purchase and consumption age was raised from 16 to 18 in the Netherlands. Previously young people over the age of 16 could purchase and consume alcohol <15% ABV, and adults aged 18 and over could purchase alcohol over 15% ABV.[128]
As of March 2015, the autonomous community of Asturias raised its drinking age from 16 to 18 years. Asturias was Spain's last community with a drinking age of 16 years. The new law brings the drinking age into line with the rest of Spain.[129]
As of 1 January 2018, Lithuania raised its minimum drinking age from 18 to 20 years.[130]

text:
Country

State/region/province

De jure

Notes

Drinking age

Purchase age

 Albania

18[47]

 Andorra

18[97]

 Armenia

None[131]

18[131]

There are no laws mandating alcohol vendors to ID potential underage drinkers. ID checks are very rarely, if ever, carried out[131]

 Austria

 Burgenland  Lower Austria Vienna

16

[132]

 Carinthia Upper Austria Salzburg Styria Tyrol Vorarlberg

16 (beer, wine and cider)18 (distilled beverages)

Carinthia also requires adolescents to maintain a blood alcohol level below 0.05%.[132]

 Azerbaijan

None[133]

18[133]

It is illegal to sell or serve alcohol to a minor under 18 years of age.[133]

 Belarus

None[134]

18[134]

The law prohibits the sale of alcohol to anyone under the age of 18 years. However, the law is rarely enforced.[134]

 Belgium

None[135]

16 (beer, wine and cider) 18 (spirits)[135]

Since 10 January 2010, it is illegal to "sell, serve, or offer" any form of distilled alcohol to those under the age of 18 or any alcoholic drink to those under 16. So fermented drinks like beer or wine are permitted above 16.[135] Previously, it was illegal to sell alcoholic drinks to under-16s, but accompanying adults could buy drinks for them.

 Bosnia and Herzegovina

None[136]

18[136]

Selling alcohol to a minor under the age of 18 years is an offence. The law does not prohibit minors from buying, attempting to buy or consuming alcohol.[136]

 Bulgaria

None[137]

18[137]

By law, it is illegal to serve or sell alcohol to any child under the age of 18. There is no restrictions for minors consuming alcohol.[137]

 Croatia

None[138]

18[138]

It is prohibited to sell or serve alcohol to anyone under 18 years of age. There is no minimum age to buy or consume alcohol by law.[138]

 Cyprus

None[139]

17[139]

It is illegal to sell or serve alcohol to anyone under the age of 17 years. There is no minimum age to buy, attempt to buy or consume alcohol in public.[139]

 Czech Republic

None

18[140]

It is illegal to provide alcohol to minors[141] (punishable by fine or up to 1[142] or 2[143] year(s) imprisonment). Consumption itself is not prohibited by law.[144]

 Denmark

None

16 (<16.5% ABV)  18 (≥16.5% ABV)

While there is no age requirement for drinking alcohol in Denmark, there are laws that prevent minors from buying alcohol:
In order to buy alcohol above 1.2% and below 16.5% ABV in stores, one must be 16 years of age.
In order to buy alcohol above 16.5% ABV in stores, one must be 18 years of age.[145]
By tradition, youths are privately allowed to drink alcohol after their confirmation.[146] If a shop or bar fails to ask for an ID card and is identified having sold alcohol to an underage, it is subject to fine. A national ID card, obtained in the local town hall, can serve as age verification.[147] This card is rarely used though since a passport or drivers license is more commonly used.[148]
Both the legal drinking and purchasing age in the Faroe Islands is 18.[citation needed]

 Estonia

18[149]

It is illegal to sell, serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years. Alcohol found in possession of any child can be confiscated by the police.

 Finland

18 (possession and purchase of 1.2–22% ABV)20 (for possession and purchase of 23–80% ABV)18 (for all in bars, clubs and restaurants)[150]

All major grocery chains have implemented a policy to ask for ID if the customer looks under 30.[151] Stores may refuse to sell alcohol if the customer is accompanied by a minor, or if proxy purchasing is suspected.  Purchasing alcohol on behalf of a minor is a criminal offence.[150][152]
Police may search minors in public places and confiscate or destroy any alcoholic beverages in their possession. Incidents are reported to the legal guardian and social authorities, who may intervene with child welfare procedures. In addition, those aged 15 or above are subject to a fine.[153]
In private, offering alcohol to a minor is considered a criminal offence if it results in drunkenness and the act can be deemed reprehensible as a whole, considering the minor's age, degree of maturity and other circumstances.[150]

 France

None

18

France has no explicitly stated consumption age,[154] but selling alcohol to a minor (under 18) is illegal[155] and can be fined 7500 euros.[154] This age was raised from 16 to 18 in 2009.[156][157]

 Georgia

None[158]

18[158]

By Georgian law, the sale of alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years is prohibited.[158]

 Germany

14(beer, wine and cider if accompanied)16 (beer, wine and cider)18 (spirits and aliments containing spirits above negligible amounts)[159]

It is illegal to sell, serve or supply fermented alcoholic beverages (beer, wine, cider and sparkling wine) to anyone under 16 years of age. However this age limit drops down to 14 if a minor is accompanied by his parent or legal guardian. It is generally illegal to serve, sell or supply any beverage containing spirits and aliments containing spirits above negligible amounts, to anyone under the age of 18 years. Violation of the "Protection of Young Persons Act" can be fined up to €50.000.See also: Alcohol laws in Germany

 Gibraltar

None[160]

1816 (beer, wine and cider)[160]

It is illegal to sell alcoholic drinks to anyone under the age of 18, other than the following two exceptions. The minimum age to be served in licensed premises is 16 if:[160]
The alcoholic beverage is beer, wine or cider below 15% ABV, or
The alcoholic beverage is served in a bottle, or a pre-packaged container below 5.5% ABV.

 Greece

None[161]

18[161]

In 2008, the consumption of alcoholic beverages was prohibited for minors in public. However, the law does not apply to private events or private premises.[161]

 Hungary

18[47]

 Iceland

None

20[162][163]

Possession or consumption of alcohol by minors is not an offence, but supplying them with alcohol is.

 Ireland

None (on private residence with permission from parents or guardians)[164]

18[164]

It is illegal for minors to buy alcohol or for a third party to attempt to buy it for minors. It is illegal to purchase alcohol for anybody under the age of consent without permission from their guardians.[165]

 Italy

None [166]

18[167][166]

In 2012 the then Health Minister Renato Balduzzi proposed to raise the age to 18.[166] Selling alcohol to those under the age of 18 in shops carries a fine between €250 and €1000. Serving alcoholic beverages to those under the age of 16 is a criminal offense and is punished with prison up to one year, if the individual is 16 or 17 it will be treated as an offense that is fined between €250 and €1000 (Legge n. 189/2013).

 Kosovo

None[citation needed]

 Latvia

None[168]

18[168]

It is illegal to sell or serve alcoholic beverages to any minor under the age of 18 years. There is no minimum age to consume or possess alcohol.[168]

 Liechtenstein

16 beer, wine and cider18 spirits and spirit-based beverages[169]

Wine, beer and ciders as well as some other party drinks sometimes without spirits may be purchased by the age of 16. Spirits as well as alcopops may be sold only to people at least 18.[169]

 Lithuania

20[130]

It is illegal to sell, serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 20 years. Persons under the age of 20 are prohibited from consuming alcoholic beverages or from possessing them. The minimum age was raised from 18 to 20 in 2018.[130]

 Luxembourg

None [170]

16[170]

It is illegal to sell or serve alcoholic beverages >1.2% ABV to any person under the age of 16 years. Violation is fined €251 to €1.000.[170]

 Macedonia

18[171]

Must show an ID card upon request. In certain smaller places, such as family-owned convenience stores and street kiosks, there is little to no enforcement on how old or young somebody purchases alcohol. There is little to no enforcement for drinking privately, but drinking in bars may require an ID.

 Malta

17[172]

Must provide identification upon request.

 Moldova

None[173]

18[173]

It is illegal to sell, or serve alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years. It is not illegal for minors to buy, attempt to buy or consume alcohol. The minimum purchase age was raised from 16 to 18 in 2012.[174][173]

 Montenegro

18[citation needed]

 Netherlands

18

The legal age for purchasing and consumption of alcoholic beverages was raised from 16 to 18 since 2014. Alcohol is commonly available upon parental permission. Selling alcoholic beverages to people under 18 is illegal, buying alcoholic beverages for someone else under the age of 18 is also illegal.[citation needed]

 Norway

None[175]

18 (<22%)  20 (≥22% ABV)[47]

Selling alcohol to or buying alcohol for minors is illegal. Minors are defined as under 18 for beer and wine, under 20 for drinks that contain 22% ABV or more. Minors who buy alcohol are not held criminally responsible; instead, the crime lies with those who sold it or obtained it for them.
Alcohol with more than 60% ABV is generally not sold in Norway, although exceptions may be made by the government for specific products.[176]
Alcohol possessed by minors may be confiscated as evidence. Drinking in public is prohibited, though this is rarely enforced in recreational areas.[177]

 Poland

None[178]

18[178]

Article 15 of The Act on Upbringing in Sobriety and Counteracting Alcoholism[179] clearly states that buyers or persons being served must be at least 18 and prove it with ID if they look like they may not be at least that age. There is no mention of consumption age in this or any other act in Poland. Drinking in public places, with the exception of designated drinking zones, is illegal regardless of age.

 Portugal

None[180]

18[180]

 Romania

None

18[181]

According to law 61/1991 updated in 2008, paragraphs 21-25, it is illegal to serve or sell alcohol to minors.

 Russia

None

18[182]

There is no law or regulation in Russia that prohibits minors from consuming alcohol, but selling alcohol to minors is prohibited by federal and additional regional laws.

 San Marino

16[97]

 Serbia

None

16[183]

 Slovakia

18[184]

 Slovenia

None

18[185]

There is no law regulating the possession and consumption, but it is illegal to sell or offer alcohol of any kind to minors.

 Spain

18

Asturias was the last autonomous community in Spain where the drinking age was increased to 18 (previously 16) on 1 May 2015.[186]

 Sweden

None

None (less than 2.25% ABV)
18 (bars and restaurants)
18 (2.25%–3.5% ABV in food shops)
20 (Systembolaget shops),[187]

See also: Alcohol in SwedenIt is legal for anyone at any age to drink, but it is illegal to supply anyone under the age of 20, any beverage containing more than 3.5%ABV, and supply anyone under the age of 18 beer containing more than 2.25%ABV, except in a venue licensed to sell alcohol, who are allowed to sell alcohol to anyone over 18. It is also legal to serve an underage person alcohol in a private place, provided it's a limited amount and done in moderation.[188]  The reason for lower limit in bars than in Systembolaget shops is that bartenders have a legal responsibility for how drunk a guest gets.

  Switzerland

  Switzerland (federal law)

None(See notes)

16 (fermented alcoholic drinks with less than 15% ABV and natural wines with less than 18% ABV)[189] 18 (spirits) [190]

Whoever offers or supplies alcoholic beverages to a child under the age of 16 years in an amount which is harmful to one's health is punished with imprisonment up to 3 years or a fine.[191] Whoever sells or supplies spirits to a person under the age of 18 years is punished with a fine up to 10.000 CHF.[192]

 Ticino

18

The canton Ticino prohibits selling and consumption of any type of alcohol by minors under the age of 18. Some shops and supermarkets may not sell alcohol to minors under the age of 18.[193]

 Turkey

18[47]

See also: Alcohol laws of Turkey

 Ukraine

18[47]

 United Kingdom

 England   Wales

18[194]16 (beer, wine or cider with meal)[194]5 (private)[195]None (under medical supervision, or in an emergency)[195]

Legislation in  England and  Wales:
It is illegal to sell, serve, offer or consume alcoholic beverages on licensed premises under the age of 18, other than the following two exceptions:[194]
Minors aged 16 or 17 may consume wine, beer or cider on licensed premises when ordered with a meal, and accompanied by an adult.[194]
It is legal to sell liqueur confectionery to someone of any age.
It is illegal to permit minors under the age of 5 to consume alcoholic beverages unless under medical supervision or in an emergency.[195]
Persons over 17 are entitled to their own duty free allowance, which includes alcohol.[196]

 Scotland

18 [197]None (private)

Legislation in  Scotland:
It is illegal to sell, serve, offer or consume alcoholic beverages in public under the age of 18. [198] {{cite web| [199]
It is illegal to sell liqueur confectionery to anyone under 18, however, consumption is permitted.
Persons 18 and over are entitled to their own duty free allowance, which includes alcohol. [196]

 Northern Ireland

18

Legislation in Northern Ireland:
It is illegal to sell, serve, offer or consume alcoholic beverages in public under the age of 18.

 United Kingdom

Challenge 21 and Challenge 25 (applies to all of the  United Kingdom)

Under the BBPA's Challenge 21 and Challenge 25 schemes, customers attempting to buy alcoholic beverages are asked to prove their age if in the retailer's opinion they look under 21[200] (or optionally 25) even though the law states they must be a minimum of 18. Many supermarket and off-licence chains display Challenge 21 (or Challenge 25) notices stating that they will not serve persons who look under 21 (or 25) without ID.

text: Oceania[edit]

text:
Country

State/region/province

De jure

Notes

Drinking age

Purchase age

 American Samoa

21[201]

 Australia

18[47][202]

Main article: Alcohol laws of AustraliaVaries by state. Some states restrict possession and consumption to over 18, all states restrict purchasing to over 18. In some states, minors may consume alcohol in a private residence with parental permission.[203]

 Fiji

18[204]

The drinking age was 21 from 2006 to 2009 but was lowered to 18 in 2009.[204]

 Guam

21[205]

 Micronesia, Federated States of

18[206]

 New Zealand

None
18[207]

Minimum age applies for beverages with 1.15% ABV or over; no restrictions on beverages less than 1.15% ABV.[208]Persons under 18 may drink outside private residences or private functions if accompanied by their parent or legal guardian. Alcohol may be supplied to minors only by, or with express consent from, their parent or legal guardian.[209]

 Northern Mariana Islands

21[210]

 Palau

21[211]

It is illegal to sell or serve any alcoholic beverage to a person under 21 years of age. Minors may access a bar or licensed premises only if accompanied by a parent or legal guardian. Minors buying, consuming or attempting to buy alcohol are committing an offence. The law provides an exception for the consumption of alcohol by minors as part of a religiously recognized ceremony.[211]

 Papua New Guinea

18[citation needed]

It is illegal for a minor to purchase, consume or attempt to purchase alcoholic beverages. Any licence holder has to ensure that the customer who he sells or serves alcohol to, is at least 18 years of age. Violation of this law is fined.[citation needed]

 Samoa

21[212]

Selling or serving alcohol to a person under the age of twenty-one years is punished with three hundred dollars or imprisonment for nine months or both, a fine and imprisonment.[213]

 Solomon Islands

None[213]

21[213]

Selling or serving alcohol to a person under the age of twenty-one years old is punished with a three hundred dollar fine or imprisonment for nine months or both, a fine and imprisonment.[213]

 Tokelau

18[214]

 Tonga

18[215]

Selling, serving or supplying alcohol to a minor is illegal. It is also illegal for minors to buy, attempt to buy or consume alcohol in any public place and any violation of this law is fined up to $1,000.[215]

 Vanuatu

18[216]

It is unlawful to sell, serve or supply alcohol to any person under the age of 18 years. Violation of the law is fined up to VT 25,000 or by a term of imprisonment not exceeding 3 months, or by both, fine and imprisonment. Any minor under the age of 18 years, being found in possession or consumption of alcohol is fined up to VT 10,000.[216]


document_title: The Bad News Bears

question_text: where did they film the bad news bears

question_tokens: where did they film the bad news bears

root

text: The Bad News Bears

text: Plot[edit]

text: Immediately prior to the events of the film, Bob Whitewood (Ben Piazza) a city councilman and attorney, files a lawsuit against a competitive Southern California Little League for excluding the least athletically skilled children (including his son Toby) from playing. To settle the lawsuit, the league agrees to form an additional team—the Bears—which is composed of the worst players. To manage the team, Whitewood enlists the services of Morris Buttermaker (Walter Matthau), a former minor-league baseball player and an alcoholic who cleans swimming pools for a living.

tag: p

text: On his first day as coach, Buttermaker visits the team. It includes a near-sighted pitcher named Rudy Stein (David Pollock), an overweight catcher named Mike Engleberg (Gary Lee Cavagnaro), a foul-mouthed shortstop named Tanner (Chris Barnes) with a Napoleon complex, an outfielder, Ahmad Abdul Rahim (Erin Blunt) who dreams of emulating his idol Hank Aaron, two non-English-speaking Mexican immigrants, a withdrawn (and bullied) boy named Timmy Lupus, and a motley collection of other "talent". Shunned by the more competitive teams (and competitive parents), the Bears are outsiders, sponsored by Chico's Bail Bonds. In their opening game against the top-notch Yankees, who are coached by the aggressive and competitive Roy Turner (Vic Morrow), they do not even record an out, giving up 26 runs before Buttermaker forfeits the game while the Yankees start ridiculing the Bears.

text: The next day, a dejected Bears team--except Tanner, who had fought the entire seventh grade and had the bruises to show it--tries to quit the season and turn in their uniforms, but Buttermaker decides to become a true coach for the kids. He tells them that he is the one who had quit, that quitting is a tough thing to overcome, and that they need to get back on the field. When the boys say their vote to quit is final, Buttermaker rises up in anger, tells them that his vote is the only one that counts on the team, and profanely threatens them into getting back on the field. In fear and respect, the boys run out on the field; and Buttermaker starts teaching them how to play baseball. They then lose the next game 18-0, but they finished the game and even got a man on base. Buttermaker rewards their efforts with hot dogs and soft drinks, showing that they are coming together as a team.

text: Realizing the team is still nearly hopeless, Buttermaker recruits a couple of unlikely prospects: first up is sharp-tongued Amanda Whurlitzer (Tatum O'Neal), a skilled pitcher (trained by Buttermaker when she was younger) who is the 11-year-old daughter of one of Buttermaker's ex-girlfriends. She now peddles maps to movie-stars' homes. Amanda tries to convince Buttermaker that she has given up baseball, but then she reveals that she had been practicing "on the sly". Amanda makes a number of outlandish demands (such as imported jeans, modeling school, ballet lessons, etc.) as conditions for joining the team. Buttermaker asks, "Who do you think you are, Catfish Hunter?" Amanda responds, "Who's he?"

text: With Amanda on the team, the Bears become competitive, but after another loss in which Lupus drops a fly ball and allows the winning score, Tanner grows enraged at Lupus. Buttermaker instills in his team the concept of "team wins" and "team losses." The next day at the snack bar, Tanner shuns Lupus for his apparently gross eating habits. After Lupus moves away, Tanner witnesses Joey Turner, son of the Yankees' coach Roy, start harassing Timmy Lupus at the snack bar, first taking away Lupus' hat, then filling it with mustard and ketchup and throwing it back on Lupus' head. Tanner then confronts Joey and shoves his burrito in Turner's face, and a fight ensues in which Tanner is stuffed in a garbage can. Lupus expresses his appreciation for Tanner taking up for him. Tanner responds by advising Lupus to wipe his nose more often so people "will not give him crud all the time." The sight of a crestfallen Lupus leads Tanner to take a more friendly approach to the bullied boy.

text: Rounding out the team, Buttermaker recruits the "best athlete in the area", who also happens to be a cigarette-smoking, loan-sharking, Harley-Davidson-riding troublemaker, Kelly Leak (Jackie Earle Haley). No one else on the team is pleased at first with the new additions, but with Amanda and Leak on board, the Bears gain confidence and begin winning.

text: However, some issues begin to appear. Wanting to get to the championship game, Buttermaker tells Kelly to hog the fly balls to make the outs. When the other outfielders get resentful, Kelly stops, incurring Buttermaker's ire. Kelly then takes two easy strikes, again incurring Buttermaker's wrath, but then he contemptuously goes back to bat and hits a home run in spite of his coach to win the game and send the Bears to the championship. After the game, Amanda begins suggesting that she, Buttermaker, and her mom spend time together; but Buttermaker shrugs off the idea. When Amanda persists, he grows angry and rejects Amanda who walks away from the dugout as if nothing is wrong but then begins weeping. Buttermaker also weeps after Amanda leaves.

text: Prior to the league's championship game against the Yankees, the team experiences a meltdown as a fight erupts over Kelly's ball hogging. Buttermaker reveals he ordered Kelly to handle the fly balls. The rest of the boys look betrayed. As the game progresses, Buttermaker and Turner engage in shouting matches, directing their players to become increasingly more ruthless and competitive. Amanda is spiked in the chest. Buttermaker forces her to pitch with a sore arm. He also orders Rudy to lean into the strike zone to get hit by a pitch to draw a base.

text: A defining moment comes after a heated exchange between Turner's son (and Yankees pitcher) Joey (Brandon Cruz). Turner orders his son to walk Engelberg, the Bears' catcher. When Joey accidentally throws a pitch near Engelberg's head, a horrified Turner goes to the mound and slaps his son, knocking him to the mound. On the next pitch, Engelberg hits a routine ground ball back to Joey, who exacts revenge against his father by holding the ball until Engelberg circles the bases for an inside-the-park home run. Joey then drops the ball at his father's feet and leaves the game with his mother.

text: When Rudy fails to intentionally get hit by a pitch, and instead grounds out, Buttermaker grows enraged, yells at Rudy and then rest of the team for their shoddy play. The Bears appear demoralized. Buttermaker realizes he has become as competitive as Turner. He relents, and replaces Amanda and the other starters with all of the bench warmers, thus giving every kid a chance to play--including Lupus. Mr. Whitewood tries to argue with Buttermaker, telling him that victory is within his grasp, but Buttermaker threatens him and sends him back to the stands. The substitute Bears make errors and the team falls far behind on the scoreboard. However, when a long fly is hit in Lupus' direction, the oft-maligned and bullied kid makes the catch, ending the inning, and running in with his team celebrating with him.

text: In the bottom of the last inning, and needing four runs to tie, the Bears get two quick outs--one of which happened when Rudy tried to stretch a single into a double. Rudy apologizes, but Buttermaker compliments his aggressive play. Down to the last out, the spectators start leaving the stands. But, the Bears rally. Ogilvie walks. Ahmad bunts his way on base and Miguel, one of the Hispanic players, walks, to load the bases. It brings Kelly to bat as the tying run.

text: Turner decides to intentionally walk Kelly even though it will cost the Yankees a run. Buttermaker gives a sign to Kelly to swing away. Kelly lunges at a far-outside pitch and belts the ball to the wall. The three runners score ahead of Kelly, who races toward home plate with the game-tying run, only to be called out by the umpire on a very close play, causing the Bears to lose by one run.

text: Buttermaker celebrates his pride for the team by treating them to the beer in his cooler. Although they did not win the championship, they have the satisfaction of having come a long way. Amanda suggests Buttermaker teach her how to hit better the next year, and Buttermaker warmly responds, "You bet."

text: The Yankees condescendingly congratulate the Bears and apologize for how they treated them. Tanner, the shortstop, replies by telling them where they can shove their trophy and their apology. Lupus, apparently overcoming his shyness, throws the Bears' second-place trophy at the Yankees and yells "Wait till next year!", after which the Bears spray beers all over each other as if they had won the game.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Adults[edit]

text:
Walter Matthau as Morris Buttermaker, coach of the Bears: A drunken, loud, ex-professional baseball pitcher and part-time pool cleaner, who drives a blue Cadillac convertible
Vic Morrow as Roy Turner, coach of the Yankees who is competitive and aggressive
Joyce Van Patten as Cleveland Ohio, league manager who favors Turner and the Yankees
Ben Piazza as Bob Whitewood, city councilman and lawyer who sued the league to allow the Bears (in particular, his son) to play and who convinces (and pays) Buttermaker to coach the team

tag: ul

text: Kids[edit]

text:
Tatum O'Neal as Amanda Whurlizer, 11-year-old pitcher who feels insecure about her tomboy image. She is proven to be a good pitcher. Her mother is Buttermaker's ex-girlfriend. Wears number 11.
Chris Barnes as Tanner Boyle, short-tempered shortstop with a Napoleon complex; after suffering a horrible loss on their first game, he picks a fight with the entire seventh grade from his school (and loses). He tends to curse more than the others, and often insults and bullies Timmy. Wears number 12.
Erin Blunt as Ahmad Abdul-Rahim, A Black American Muslim who plays in the outfield and adores Hank Aaron; strips off his uniform in shame after committing errors, but is convinced to return to the team by Buttermaker. Wears number 44 in honor of Hank Aaron, his hero.
Gary Lee Cavagnaro as Mike Engelberg, an overweight boy who plays catcher; a great hitter, he frequently teases Tanner about his size, his jabs at Yankee pitcher Joey Turner ignite a rivalry. Wears number 5.
Brandon Cruz as Joey Turner, the star pitcher for the Yankees (wears number 2 for that team). Coach Roy Turner's son. He has a rivalry with Engleberg and regularly bullies Tanner and Timmy. Allows Engleberg an inside-the-park home run, then quits the team after Roy slaps him in anger for almost beaning the Bears' catcher.
Jaime Escobedo as Jose Aguilar, Miguel's older brother who plays second base; doesn't speak English. Wears number 6.
Scott Firestone as Regi Tower, fairly quiet, red-headed third baseman whose dad vocally attends practices and games. Also plays first base. Wears number 1.
George Gonzales as Miguel Aguilar, Jose's younger brother; mostly plays right field. He doesn't speak English either; so short that the strike zone is non-existent. Wears number 7.
Jackie Earle Haley as Kelly Leak, local troublemaker who smokes and who rides a Harley-Davidson motorcycle. Also the best athlete in the neighborhood. He alternates between left and center field and has a crush on Amanda. Wears number 3.
Alfred W. Lutter as Alfred Ogilvie, a bookworm who memorizes baseball statistics. He's mostly a benchwarmer who assists the coach with defensive strategy. A backup outfielder/first baseman, but reluctant to play as he feels he's one of the worst players on the team. Wears number 9.
Brett Marx as Jimmy Feldman, Fairly quiet third baseman with curly blond hair. Wears number 8.
David Pollock as Rudi Stein, nervous relief pitcher with glasses who is a terrible hitter; asked by Coach Buttermaker to purposely get hit by pitches in order to get on base. Also a backup outfielder. Wears number 10.
Quinn Smith as Timmy Lupus, a "booger-eating spaz;" plays right field and is considered to be the worst player on the team, but surprises everyone in the final game by making a key play to keep the Bears in the game. He is the most quiet and shy player, but showed the odd ability to properly prepare a martini for Coach Buttermaker while the team was assisting the coach with pool cleaning. Wears number 4.
David Stambaugh as Toby Whitewood, an unassuming boy who plays first base. He knows about the other players' personalities and at times speaks for the team. Son of councilman Bob Whitewood, who secretly paid Buttermaker to coach the team. Wears number 2.

text: Production[edit]

text: Tatum O'Neal was paid $350,000 plus a percentage of the profits.[3] These were later estimated to be $1.9 million.[4]

text: The Bad News Bears was filmed in and around Los Angeles, primarily in the San Fernando Valley. The field where they played is in Mason Park on Mason Avenue in Chatsworth. In the film, the Bears were sponsored by an actual company, Chico's Bail Bonds. One scene was filmed in the council chamber at Los Angeles City Hall.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 96% based on reviews from 26 critics and an average rating of 7.7/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "The Bad News Bears is rude, profane, and cynical, but shot through with honest, unforced humor, and held together by a deft, understated performance from Walter Matthau."[5]

text: In his 1976 review, critic Roger Ebert called the film "an unblinking, scathing look at competition in American society".[6]

text: Awards[edit]

text: Walter Matthau was nominated for a BAFTA award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Comedy. The screenplay by Bill Lancaster, son of actor Burt Lancaster, was winner of a Writers Guild of America award.

text: Saturday Night Live did a parody of the film with Matthau as the guest host called The Bad News Bees with John Belushi, Dan Aykroyd and the rest in their recurring bee costumes. This subtly dealt with masturbation which was referred to as "buzzing-off".

text: American Film Institute

text:
AFI's 100 Years...100 Laughs—nominated
AFI's 10 Top 10—nominated sports film
AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers—nominated


document_title: Parishes of Jamaica

question_text: which parish is the smallest parish in jamaica

text: Parishes of Jamaica

text: List[edit]

text:
Parish

Capital

Areakm²

PopulationCensus 2011[1]

Cornwall County

1
Hanover

Lucea

450.4

69,533

2
Saint Elizabeth

Black River

1,212.4

150,205

3
Saint James

Montego Bay

594.9

183,811

4
Trelawny

Falmouth

874.6

75,164

5
Westmoreland

Savanna-la-Mar

807.0

144,103

Middlesex County

6
Clarendon

May Pen

1,196.3

245,103

7
Manchester

Mandeville

830.1

189,797

8
Saint Ann

Saint Ann's Bay

1,212.6

172,362

9
Saint Catherine

Spanish Town

1,192.4

516,218

10
Saint Mary

Port Maria

610.5

113,615

Surrey County

11
Kingston Parish(1) (2)

Kingston

21.8

89,057

12
Portland

Port Antonio

814.0

81,744

13
Saint Andrew(1)

Half Way Tree

430.7

573,369

14
Saint Thomas

Morant Bay

742.8

93,902

Total

10,991.0

2,697,983

tag: table

text:
(1) The parishes of Kingston and Saint Andrew together form the Kingston and St. Andrew Corporation.
(2) The parish of Kingston does not encompass all of the city of Kingston. Most of the city is in the parish of St. Andrew.

text: Former Parishes[edit]

text: Parishes have been a feature of local administration in Jamaica since the island was captured by the English in 1655.[2] The number has varied over time and some no longer exist having either been absorbed into or divided between neighbouring parishes.[2] At the peak, 1841–1865, there were 22 (the current 14 plus those listed below).[2]

text: The current set of parishes was established in 1866 with the elimination of the 8 listed below (roughly by county):[2]

text: Surrey:

text:
Port Royal (now divided between Kingston and Saint Andrew)
Saint George (now divided between Saint Mary and Portland)
Saint David (now part of Saint Thomas)

text: Middlesex:

text:
Metcalfe (now part of Saint Mary)
Saint Dorothy (now part of Saint Catherine)
Saint John (now part of Saint Catherine)
Saint Thomas in the Vale (now part of Saint Catherine) – note that the current Saint Thomas used to be named "Saint Thomas in the East" to differentiate between the two parishes at the time.
Vere (now part of Clarendon)


document_title: Supreme Court of the United Kingdom

question_text: which of the following best describes the court of criminal appeals

text: Supreme Court of the United Kingdom

text: History[edit]

text: The creation of a Supreme Court for the United Kingdom was first mooted in a consultation paper published by the Department of Constitutional Affairs in July 2003.[2] Although the paper noted that there had been no criticism of the then-current Law Lords or any indication of an actual bias, it argued that the separation of the judicial functions of the Judicial Committee of the House of Lords from the legislative functions of the House of Lords should be made explicit. The paper noted the following concerns:

text:
Whether there was any longer sufficient transparency of independence from the executive and the legislature to give assurance of the independence of the judiciary.[2]
The requirement for the appearance of impartiality and independence limited the ability of the Law Lords to contribute to the work of the House itself, thus reducing the value to both them and the House of their membership.[2]
It was not always understood by the public that judicial decisions of "the House of Lords" were in fact taken by the Judicial Committee and that non-judicial members were never involved in the judgments. Conversely, it was felt that the extent to which the Law Lords themselves had decided to refrain from getting involved in political issues in relation to legislation on which they might later have had to adjudicate was not always appreciated.[2] The new President of the Court, Lord Phillips, has claimed that the old system had confused people and that with the Supreme Court there would for the first time be a clear separation of powers among the judiciary, the legislature and the executive.[3]
Space within the House of Lords was at a constant premium and a separate supreme court would ease the pressure on the Palace of Westminster.[2]

tag: ol

text: The main argument against a new Supreme Court was that the previous system had worked well and kept costs down.[4] Reformers expressed concern that this second main example of a mixture of the legislative, judicial and executive might conflict with professed values under the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Officials who make or execute laws have an interest in court cases that put those laws to the test. When the state invests judicial authority in those officials or even their day-to-day colleagues, it puts the independence and impartiality of the courts at risk. Consequently, it was hypothesised closely connected decisions of the Law Lords to debates had by friends or on which the Lord Chancellor had expressed a view might be challenged on Human Rights grounds on the basis that they had not constituted a fair trial.[5]

text: Lord Neuberger of Abbotsbury, later President of the Supreme Court, expressed fear that the new court could make itself more powerful than the House of Lords committee it succeeded, saying that there is a real risk of "judges arrogating to themselves greater power than they have at the moment". Lord Phillips said such an outcome was "a possibility", but was "unlikely".[6]

text: The reforms were controversial and were brought forward with little consultation but were subsequently extensively debated in Parliament.[7] During 2004, a select committee of the House of Lords scrutinised the arguments for and against setting up a new court.[8] The Government estimated the set-up cost of the Supreme Court at £56.9 million.[9]

text: The Supreme Court was established by Part 3 of the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 and started work on 1 October 2009.[1][10] It assumed the judicial functions of the House of Lords, which had been exercised by the Lords of Appeal in Ordinary (commonly called "Law Lords"), the 12 professional judges appointed as members of the House of Lords to carry out its judicial business. Its jurisdiction over devolution matters had previously been exercised by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council.

text: The first case heard by the Supreme Court was HM Treasury v Ahmed, which concerned "the separation of powers", according to Lord Phillips, its inaugural President. At issue was the extent to which Parliament has, by the United Nations Act 1946, delegated to the executive the power to legislate. Resolution of this issue depended upon the approach properly to be adopted by the court in interpreting legislation which may affect fundamental rights at common law or under the European Convention on Human Rights.

text: Because of the doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty, the Supreme Court is much more limited in its powers of judicial review than the constitutional or supreme courts of some other countries. It cannot overturn any primary legislation made by Parliament.[11] However, it can overturn secondary legislation if, for example, that legislation is found to be ultra vires to the powers in primary legislation allowing it to be made. Further, under section 4 of the Human Rights Act 1998, the Supreme Court, like some other courts in the United Kingdom, may make a declaration of incompatibility, indicating that it believes that the legislation subject to the declaration is incompatible with one of the rights in the European Convention on Human Rights.[12] Such a declaration can apply to primary or secondary legislation. The legislation is not overturned by the declaration, and neither Parliament nor the government is required to agree with any such declaration. However, if they do accept a declaration, ministers can exercise powers under section 10 of the act to amend the legislation by statutory instrument to remove the incompatibility or ask Parliament to amend the legislation.[13]

text: The current President of the Supreme Court is Baroness Hale of Richmond, and its Deputy President is Lord Mance.[14]

text: Jurisdiction and powers[edit]

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text:
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text: The main role of the Supreme Court is to hear appeals from the courts in England and Wales and also from the courts in Northern Ireland, and also appeals from the Court of Session in Scotland regarding civil (but not criminal-law) cases or matters.[15]

text: For Scottish civil cases decided prior to September 2015, permission to appeal from the Court of Session was not required and any such case can proceed to the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom if two Advocates certify that an appeal is suitable. The entry into force of the Courts Reform (Scotland) Act 2014 has essentially brought the procedure for current and future Scottish civil cases into line with England, Wales and Northern Ireland,[16] where permission to appeal is required, either from the Court of Appeal or from a Justice of the Supreme Court itself.

text: The Supreme Court's focus is on cases that raise points of law of general public importance. As with the former Appellate Committee of the House of Lords, appeals from many fields of law are likely to be selected for hearing, including commercial disputes, family matters, judicial review claims against public authorities and issues under the Human Rights Act 1998. The Supreme Court also hears some criminal appeals, but not from Scotland, as there is no general right of appeal from the High Court of Justiciary, Scotland's highest criminal court, other than with respect to devolution issues.

text: The Supreme Court also determines "devolution issues" (as defined by the Scotland Act 1998, the Northern Ireland Act 1998 and the Government of Wales Act 2006). These are legal proceedings about the powers of the three devolved administrations—the Northern Ireland Executive and Northern Ireland Assembly, the Scottish Government and the Scottish Parliament, and the Welsh Government and the National Assembly for Wales. Devolution issues were previously heard by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council and most are about compliance with rights under the European Convention on Human Rights, brought into national law by the Devolution Acts and the Human Rights Act 1998.

text: Ordinarily, all twelve justices do not all hear every case. Typically a case is heard by a panel of five justices, though sometimes the panel may consist of three, seven or nine members. The justices are also members of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council and spend some of their time in that capacity.

text: Other supreme courts in the United Kingdom[edit]

text: The High Court of Justiciary, the Court of Session, and the Office of the Accountant of Court comprise the College of Justice, and are known as the Supreme Courts of Scotland.[17]

text: Before 1 October 2009 there were two other courts known as supreme court, namely the Supreme Court of England and Wales (known as the Supreme Court of Judicature until 1981), which was created in the 1870s under the Judicature Acts, and the Supreme Court of Judicature in Northern Ireland, each of which consisted of a Court of Appeal, a High Court of Justice and a Crown Court. When the provisions of the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 came into force these became known as the Senior Courts of England and Wales and the Court of Judicature of Northern Ireland respectively.

text: The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council also retains jurisdiction over certain matters. The judicial functions of the House of Lords have all been abolished.

text: Justices[edit]

text: The court is composed of the President and Deputy President and ten Justices of the Supreme Court. They are not subject to term limits but may be removed from office on the address of Parliament.[18] Like all British judges, Supreme Court justices are obliged to retire at age 70 if first appointed to a judicial office after 31 March 1995 or at age 75 otherwise.[19][20] The President and Deputy President of the court are separately appointed to those roles.

text: Ten Lords of Appeal in Ordinary (Law Lords) holding office on 1 October 2009 became the first justices of the 12-member Supreme Court.[21] The 11th place on the Supreme Court was filled by Lord Clarke of Stone-cum-Ebony (formerly the Master of the Rolls), who was the first Justice to be appointed directly to the Supreme Court.[22] One of the former Law Lords, Lord Neuberger of Abbotsbury, was appointed to replace Lord Clarke as Master of the Rolls,[23] and so did not move to the new court. Sir John Dyson became the 12th and final justice of the Supreme Court on 13 April 2010.[24] In 2010, Queen Elizabeth II granted Justices who are not peers the title Lord or Lady, by warrant under the royal sign-manual.[25][26]

text: The Senior Law Lord on 1 October 2009, Lord Phillips of Worth Matravers, became the Supreme Court's first President,[27] and the Second Senior Law Lord, Lord Hope of Craighead, became the first Deputy President.

text: On 30 September 2010 Lord Saville of Newdigate became the first Justice to retire,[28] followed by Lord Collins of Mapesbury on 7 May 2011, although the latter remained as an acting Justice until the end of July 2011.

text: In June 2011 Lord Rodger of Earlsferry became the first Justice to die in office after a short illness.[29]

text: Acting judges[edit]

text: In addition to the ten permanent Justices, the President may request other senior judges drawn from two groups to sit as "acting judges" of the Supreme Court.[30]

text:
The first group is those judges who hold 'office as a senior territorial judge': judges of the Court of Appeal of England and Wales, judges of the Court of Appeal of Northern Ireland and judges of the First or Second Division of the Inner House of the Court of Session in Scotland.
The second group is known as the 'supplementary panel'. The President may approve in writing retired senior judges' membership of this panel if they are under 75 years of age (a system similar to senior status in the United States Federal Courts of Appeal).

text: Appointment process[edit]

text: The Constitutional Reform Act 2005 makes provision for a new appointment process for Justices of the Supreme Court. A selection commission is to be formed when vacancies arise. This is to be composed of the President and Deputy President of the Supreme Court and a member of the Judicial Appointments Commission of England and Wales, the Judicial Appointments Board for Scotland and the Northern Ireland Judicial Appointments Commission. In October 2007, the Ministry of Justice announced that this appointment process would be adopted on a voluntary basis for appointments of Lords of Appeal in Ordinary.[31]

text: The commission selects one person for the vacancy and notifies the Lord Chancellor of its choice. The Lord Chancellor then either

text:
approves the commission's selection
rejects the commission's selection, or
asks the commission to reconsider its selection.

text: If the Lord Chancellor approves the person selected by the commission, the Prime Minister must then recommend that person to the Monarch for appointment.[32]

text: New judges appointed to the Supreme Court after its creation will not necessarily receive peerages; however, they are given the courtesy title of Lord or Lady upon appointment.[25][33] The President and Deputy President are appointed to those roles rather than being the most senior by tenure in office.

text: Building[edit]

text: The court is housed in Middlesex Guildhall – which it shares with the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council – in the City of Westminster.

text: The Constitutional Reform Act 2005 gave time for a suitable building to be found and fitted out before the Law Lords moved out of the Houses of Parliament, where they had previously used a series of rooms in the Palace of Westminster.[34]

text: After a lengthy survey of suitable sites, including Somerset House, the Government announced that the new court would be at the Middlesex Guildhall, in Parliament Square, Westminster. That decision was examined by the Constitutional Affairs Committee,[35] and the grant of planning permission by Westminster City Council for refurbishment works was challenged in a judicial review by the conservation group SAVE Britain's Heritage.[36] It was also reported that English Heritage had been put under great pressure to approve the alterations.[37] Feilden + Mawson, supported by Foster & Partners, were the appointed architects.[38]

text: The building had been used as the Middlesex Quarter Sessions House, adding later its County Council chamber, and lastly as a Crown Court.

text: Badge[edit]

text: The official badge of the Supreme Court was granted by the College of Arms in October 2008.[39] It comprises both the Greek letter omega (representing finality) and the symbol of Libra (symbolising the scales of justice), in addition to the four floral emblems of the United Kingdom: a Tudor rose, representing England, conjoined with the leaves of a leek, representing Wales; a flax blossom for Northern Ireland; and a thistle, representing Scotland.[40]

text: Two adapted versions of its official badge are used by the Supreme Court. One features the words "The Supreme Court" and the letter omega in black (in the official badge granted by the College of Arms, the interior of the Latin and Greek letters are gold and white, respectively), and displays a simplified version of the crown (also in black) and larger, stylised versions of the floral emblems; this modified version of the badge is featured on the new Supreme Court website,[41] as well as in the forms that will be used by the Supreme Court.[42] A further variant omits the crown entirely and is featured prominently throughout the building.[43]

text: Another emblem is formed from a more abstract set of depictions of the four floral emblems and is used in the carpets of the Middlesex Guildhall designed by Sir Peter Blake, creator of such works as the cover of The Beatles' 1967 album, Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band.[44][45]