document_title: List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States

question_text: who is the most recently appointed supreme court justice

text: Current justices of the Supreme Court[edit]

text: There are currently nine justices serving on the Supreme Court; listed in order of seniority, they are:

text:
John Roberts,
Chief Justice
since September 29, 2005
Age 7001620000000000000♠62[11]

text:
Anthony Kennedy,
Associate Justice
since February 18, 1988
Age 7001810000000000000♠81[12]

Clarence Thomas,
Associate Justice
since October 23, 1991
Age 7001690000000000000♠69[13]

Ruth Bader Ginsburg,
Associate Justice
since August 10, 1993
Age 7001840000000000000♠84[14]

Stephen Breyer,
Associate Justice
since August 3, 1994
Age 7001790000000000000♠79[15]

text:
Samuel Alito,
Associate Justice
since January 31, 2006
Age 7001670000000000000♠67[16]

Sonia Sotomayor,
Associate Justice
since August 8, 2009
Age 7001630000000000000♠63[17]

Elena Kagan,
Associate Justice
since August 7, 2010
Age 7001570000000000000♠57[18]

Neil Gorsuch,
Associate Justice
since April 10, 2017
Age 7001500000000000000♠50[19]

text: All justices of the Supreme Court[edit]

text: Since the Supreme Court was established in 1789, 113 persons have served on the Court. William O. Douglas holds the record for longest tenure on the Court – 36 years, 211 days; Thomas Johnson's 164 day tenure is the shortest. Five individuals were confirmed for associate justice, and later confirmed for chief justice separately: Charles Evans Hughes[a], William Rehnquist[b], John Rutledge[a], Harlan F. Stone[b], and Edward Douglass White[b]. While listed twice, each of them has been assigned only one index number. The justices of the Supreme Court are:[20][21]

text:
Justice
State[c]
Position
Replacing
Date confirmed
(Vote)
Tenure
Tenure length
Appointed by

1

John Jay
(1745–1829)
NY
001 !Chief
Justice
New seat
000000001789-09-26-0000September 26, 1789
(Acclamation)
000000001789-09-26-0000September 26, 1789
–
June 29, 1795
(Resigned)
7003210200000000000♠5 years, 276 days
George Washington

2

John Rutledge
(1739–1800)
SC
018 !Associate
Justice
New seat
000000001789-09-26-0000September 26, 1789
(Acclamation)
000000001789-09-26-0000September 26, 1789
–
March 4, 1791
(Resigned)
7002524000000000000♠1 year, 159 days

3

William Cushing
(1732–1810)
MA
019 !Associate
Justice
New seat
000000001789-09-26-0000September 26, 1789
(Acclamation)
000000001789-09-27-0000September 27, 1789
–
September 13, 1810
(Died)
7003765500000000000♠20 years, 351 days

4

James Wilson
(1742–1798)
PA
020 !Associate
Justice
New seat
000000001789-09-26-0000September 26, 1789
(Acclamation)
000000001789-09-29-0000September 29, 1789
–
August 21, 1798
(Died)
7003324800000000000♠8 years, 326 days

5

John Blair
(1732–1800)
VA
021 !Associate
Justice
New seat
000000001789-09-26-0000September 26, 1789
(Acclamation)
000000001789-09-30-0000September 30, 1789
–
October 25, 1795
(Resigned)
7003221600000000000♠6 years, 25 days

6

James Iredell
(1751–1799)
NC
022 !Associate
Justice
New seat
000000001790-02-10-0000February 10, 1790
(Acclamation)
000000001790-05-12-0000May 12, 1790
–
October 20, 1799
(Died)
7003344800000000000♠9 years, 161 days

7

Thomas Johnson
(1732–1819)
MD
023 !Associate
Justice
J. Rutledge
000000001791-11-07-0000November 7, 1791
(Acclamation)
000000001792-08-05-0000August 5, 1792[d][e]
–
January 16, 1793
(Resigned)
7002164000000000000♠164 days

8

William Paterson
(1745–1806)
NJ
024 !Associate
Justice
T. Johnson
000000001793-03-04-0000March 4, 1793
(Acclamation)
000000001793-03-04-0000March 4, 1793
–
September 8, 1806
(Died)
7003493500000000000♠13 years, 188 days

2

John Rutledge
(1739–1800)
SC
002 !Chief
Justice
Jay
000000001795-12-15-0000December 15, 1795
(10–14)[f]
000000001795-06-30-0000June 30, 1795[d]
–
December 28, 1795
(Resigned)
7002181000000000000♠181 days

9

Samuel Chase[g]
(1741–1811)
MD
025 !Associate
Justice
Blair
000000001796-01-27-0000January 27, 1796
(Acclamation)
000000001796-01-27-0000January 27, 1796
–
June 19, 1811
(Died)
7003562100000000000♠15 years, 143 days

10

Oliver Ellsworth
(1745–1807)
CT
003 !Chief
Justice
J. Rutledge
000000001796-03-04-0000March 4, 1796
(21–1)
000000001796-03-08-0000March 8, 1796
–
December 15, 1800
(Resigned)
7003174200000000000♠4 years, 282 days

11

Bushrod Washington
(1762–1829)
VA
026 !Associate
Justice
Wilson
000000001798-12-20-0000December 20, 1798
(Acclamation)
000000001798-12-20-0000December 20, 1798
–
November 26, 1829
(Died)
7004112980000000000♠30 years, 341 days
John Adams

12

Alfred Moore
(1755–1810)
NC
027 !Associate
Justice
Iredell
000000001799-12-09-0000December 9, 1799
(Acclamation)
000000001799-12-10-0000December 10, 1799
–
January 26, 1804
(Resigned)
7003150700000000000♠4 years, 47 days

13

John Marshall
(1755–1835)
VA
004 !Chief
Justice
Ellsworth
000000001801-01-27-0000January 27, 1801
(Acclamation)
000000001801-02-04-0000February 4, 1801
–
July 6, 1835
(died)
7004125700000000000♠34 years, 152 days

14

William Johnson
(1771–1834)
SC
028 !Associate
Justice
Moore
000000001804-03-24-0000March 24, 1804
(Acclamation)
000000001804-05-07-0000May 7, 1804
–
August 4, 1834
(Died)
7004110460000000000♠30 years, 89 days
Thomas Jefferson

15

Henry Brockholst Livingston
(1757–1823)
NY
029 !Associate
Justice
Paterson
000000001806-12-17-0000December 17, 1806
(Acclamation)
000000001807-01-20-0000January 20, 1807
–
March 18, 1823
(Died)
7003590100000000000♠16 years, 57 days

16

Thomas Todd
(1765–1826)
KY
030 !Associate
Justice
New seat
000000001807-03-02-0000March 2, 1807
(Acclamation)
000000001807-03-03-0000March 3, 1807
–
February 7, 1826
(Died)
7003691600000000000♠18 years, 341 days

17

Gabriel Duvall
(1752–1844)
MD
031 !Associate
Justice
S. Chase
000000001811-11-18-0000November 18, 1811
(Acclamation)
000000001811-11-23-0000November 23, 1811
–
January 12, 1835
(Resigned)
7003845100000000000♠23 years, 50 days
James Madison

18

Joseph Story
(1779–1845)
MA
032 !Associate
Justice
Cushing
000000001811-11-18-0000November 18, 1811
(Acclamation)
000000001812-02-03-0000February 3, 1812
–
September 10, 1845
(Died)
7004122730000000000♠33 years, 219 days

19

Smith Thompson
(1768–1843)
NY
033 !Associate
Justice
Livingston
000000001823-12-09-0000December 9, 1823
(Acclamation)
000000001823-09-01-0000September 1, 1823[d]
–
December 18, 1843
(Died)
7003741300000000000♠20 years, 108 days
James Monroe

20

Robert Trimble
(1776–1828)
KY
034 !Associate
Justice
Todd
000000001826-05-09-0000May 9, 1826
(25–5)
000000001826-05-09-0000May 9, 1826
–
August 25, 1828
(Died)
7002839000000000000♠2 years, 108 days
John Quincy Adams

21

John McLean
(1785–1861)
OH
035 !Associate
Justice
Trimble
000000001829-03-07-0000March 7, 1829
(Acclamation)
000000001829-03-07-0000March 7, 1829
–
April 4, 1861
(Died)
7004117160000000000♠32 years, 28 days
Andrew Jackson

22

Henry Baldwin
(1780–1844)
PA
036 !Associate
Justice
Washington
000000001830-01-06-0000January 6, 1830
(41–2)
000000001830-01-06-0000January 6, 1830
–
April 21, 1844
(Died)
7003521900000000000♠14 years, 106 days

23

James Moore Wayne
(1790–1867)
GA
037 !Associate
Justice
W. Johnson
000000001835-01-09-0000January 9, 1835
(Acclamation)
000000001835-01-14-0000January 14, 1835
–
July 5, 1867
(Died)
7004118600000000000♠32 years, 172 days

24

Roger B. Taney
(1777–1864)
MD
005 !Chief
Justice
J. Marshall
000000001836-03-15-0000March 15, 1836
(29–15)
000000001836-03-28-0000March 28, 1836
–
October 12, 1864
(Died)
7004104250000000000♠28 years, 198 days

25

Philip Pendleton Barbour
(1783–1841)
VA
038 !Associate
Justice
Duvall
000000001836-03-15-0000March 15, 1836
(30–11)
000000001836-03-15-0000March 15, 1836
–
February 25, 1841
(Died)
7003180800000000000♠4 years, 347 days

26

John Catron
(1786–1865)
TN
039 !Associate
Justice
New seat
000000001837-03-08-0000March 8, 1837
(28–15)
000000001837-03-08-0000March 8, 1837
–
May 30, 1865
(Died)
7004103100000000000♠28 years, 83 days

27

John McKinley
(1780–1852)
AL
040 !Associate
Justice
New seat
000000001837-09-25-0000September 25, 1837
(Acclamation)
000000001837-04-22-0000April 22, 1837
–
July 19, 1852
(Died)
7003556700000000000♠15 years, 88 days
Martin Van Buren

28

Peter Vivian Daniel
(1784–1860)
VA
041 !Associate
Justice
Barbour
000000001841-03-02-0000March 2, 1841
(25–5)
000000001841-03-03-0000March 3, 1841
–
May 31, 1860
(Died)
7003702900000000000♠19 years, 89 days

29

Samuel Nelson
(1792–1873)
NY
042 !Associate
Justice
Thompson
000000001845-02-14-0000February 14, 1845
(Acclamation)
000000001845-02-14-0000February 14, 1845
–
November 28, 1872
(Retired)
7004101490000000000♠27 years, 288 days
John Tyler

30

Levi Woodbury
(1789–1851)
NH
043 !Associate
Justice
Story
000000001846-01-31-0000January 31, 1846
(Acclamation)
000000001845-09-20-0000September 20, 1845[d]
–
September 4, 1851
(Died)
7003217500000000000♠5 years, 349 days
James K. Polk

31

Robert Cooper Grier
(1794–1870)
PA
044 !Associate
Justice
Baldwin
000000001846-08-04-0000August 4, 1846
(Acclamation)
000000001846-08-04-0000August 4, 1846
–
January 31, 1870
(Retired)
7003858100000000000♠23 years, 180 days

32

Benjamin Robbins Curtis
(1809–1874)
MA
045 !Associate
Justice
Woodbury
000000001851-12-20-0000December 20, 1851
(Acclamation)
000000001851-09-22-0000September 22, 1851[d]
–
September 30, 1857
(Resigned)
7003220000000000000♠6 years, 8 days
Millard Fillmore

33

John Archibald Campbell
(1811–1889)
AL
046 !Associate
Justice
McKinley
000000001853-03-22-0000March 22, 1853
(Acclamation)
000000001853-03-23-0000March 23, 1853
–
April 30, 1861
(Resigned)
7003296000000000000♠8 years, 38 days
Franklin Pierce

34

Nathan Clifford
(1803–1881)
ME
047 !Associate
Justice
Curtis
000000001858-01-12-0000January 12, 1858
(26–23)
000000001858-01-12-0000January 12, 1858
–
July 25, 1881
(Died)
7003859500000000000♠23 years, 194 days
James Buchanan

35

Noah Haynes Swayne
(1804–1884)
OH
048 !Associate
Justice
McLean
000000001862-01-24-0000January 24, 1862
(38–1)
000000001862-01-24-0000January 24, 1862
–
January 24, 1881
(Retired)
7003694000000000000♠19 years, 0 days
Abraham Lincoln

36

Samuel Freeman Miller
(1816–1890)
IA
049 !Associate
Justice
Daniel
000000001862-07-16-0000July 16, 1862
(Acclamation)
000000001862-07-16-0000July 16, 1862
–
October 13, 1890
(Died)
7004103160000000000♠28 years, 89 days

37

David Davis
(1815–1886)
IL
050 !Associate
Justice
Campbell
000000001862-12-08-0000December 8, 1862
(Acclamation)
000000001862-10-17-0000October 17, 1862[d]
–
March 3, 1877
(Resigned)
7003525100000000000♠14 years, 137 days

38

Stephen Johnson Field
(1816–1899)
CA
051 !Associate
Justice
New seat
000000001863-03-10-0000March 10, 1863
(Acclamation)
000000001863-03-10-0000March 10, 1863
–
December 1, 1897
(Retired)
7004126850000000000♠34 years, 266 days

39

Salmon P. Chase
(1808–1873)
OH
006 !Chief
Justice
Taney
000000001864-12-06-0000December 6, 1864
(Acclamation)
000000001864-12-15-0000December 15, 1864
–
May 7, 1873
(Died)
7003307400000000000♠8 years, 152 days

40

William Strong
(1808–1895)
PA
052 !Associate
Justice
Grier
000000001870-02-18-0000February 18, 1870
(No vote recorded)
000000001870-02-18-0000February 18, 1870
–
December 14, 1880
(Retired)
7003395200000000000♠10 years, 300 days
Ulysses S. Grant

41

Joseph Philo Bradley
(1813–1892)
NJ
053 !Associate
Justice
New seat
000000001870-03-21-0000March 21, 1870
(46–9)
000000001870-03-21-0000March 21, 1870
–
January 22, 1892
(Died)
7003797700000000000♠21 years, 307 days

42

Ward Hunt
(1810–1886)
NY
054 !Associate
Justice
Nelson
000000001872-12-11-0000December 11, 1872
(Acclamation)
000000001872-12-11-0000December 11, 1872
–
January 27, 1882
(Retired)
7003333400000000000♠9 years, 47 days

43

Morrison Waite
(1816–1888)
OH
007 !Chief
Justice
S. P. Chase
000000001874-01-21-0000January 21, 1874
(63–0)
000000001874-03-04-0000March 4, 1874
–
March 23, 1888
(Died)
7003513300000000000♠14 years, 19 days

44

John Marshall Harlan
(1833–1911)
KY
055 !Associate
Justice
Davis
000000001877-11-29-0000November 29, 1877
(Acclamation)
000000001877-11-29-0000November 29, 1877
–
October 14, 1911
(Died)
7004123710000000000♠33 years, 319 days
Rutherford B. Hayes

45

William Burnham Woods
(1824–1887)
GA
056 !Associate
Justice
Strong
000000001880-12-21-0000December 21, 1880
(39–8)
000000001880-12-21-0000December 21, 1880
–
May 14, 1887
(Died)
7003233500000000000♠6 years, 144 days

46

Stanley Matthews
(1824–1889)
OH
057 !Associate
Justice
Swayne
000000001881-05-12-0000May 12, 1881
(24–23)
000000001881-05-12-0000May 12, 1881
–
March 22, 1889
(Died)
7003287100000000000♠7 years, 314 days
James Garfield

47

Horace Gray
(1828–1902)
MA
058 !Associate
Justice
Clifford
000000001881-12-20-0000December 20, 1881
(51–5)
000000001881-12-20-0000December 20, 1881
–
September 15, 1902
(Died)
7003757300000000000♠20 years, 269 days
Chester A. Arthur

48

Samuel Blatchford
(1820–1893)
NY
059 !Associate
Justice
Hunt
000000001882-03-22-0000March 22, 1882
(Acclamation)
000000001882-03-22-0000March 22, 1882
–
July 7, 1893
(Died)
7003412500000000000♠11 years, 107 days

49

Lucius Quintus
Cincinnatus Lamar II
(1825–1893)
MS
060 !Associate
Justice
Woods
000000001888-01-16-0000January 16, 1888
(32–28)
000000001888-01-16-0000January 16, 1888
–
January 23, 1893
(Died)
7003183400000000000♠5 years, 7 days
Grover Cleveland

50

Melville Fuller
(1833–1910)
IL
008 !Chief
Justice
Waite
000000001888-07-20-0000July 20, 1888
(41–20)
000000001888-10-08-0000October 8, 1888
–
July 4, 1910
(Died)
7003793800000000000♠21 years, 269 days

51

David Josiah Brewer
(1837–1910)
KS
061 !Associate
Justice
Matthews
000000001889-12-18-0000December 18, 1889
(53–11)
000000001889-12-18-0000December 18, 1889
–
March 28, 1910
(Died)
7003740400000000000♠20 years, 100 days
Benjamin Harrison

52

Henry Billings Brown
(1836–1913)
MI
062 !Associate
Justice
Miller
000000001890-12-29-0000December 29, 1890
(Acclamation)
000000001890-12-29-0000December 29, 1890
–
May 28, 1906
(Retired)
7003562800000000000♠15 years, 150 days

53

George Shiras, Jr.
(1832–1924)
PA
063 !Associate
Justice
Bradley
000000001892-07-26-0000July 26, 1892
(Acclamation)
000000001892-07-26-0000July 26, 1892
–
February 23, 1903
(Retired)
7003386300000000000♠10 years, 212 days

54

Howell Edmunds Jackson
(1832–1895)
TN
064 !Associate
Justice
L. Lamar
000000001893-02-18-0000February 18, 1893
(Acclamation)
000000001893-02-18-0000February 18, 1893
–
August 8, 1895
(Died)
7002901000000000000♠2 years, 171 days

55

Edward Douglass White
(1845–1921)
LA
065 !Associate
Justice
Blatchford
000000001894-02-19-0000February 19, 1894
(Acclamation)
000000001894-02-19-0000February 19, 1894
–
December 18, 1910
(Continued as chief justice)
7003614500000000000♠16 years, 302 days
Grover Cleveland

56

Rufus Wheeler Peckham
(1838–1909)
NY
066 !Associate
Justice
H. Jackson
000000001895-12-09-0000December 9, 1895
(Acclamation)
000000001895-12-09-0000December 9, 1895
–
October 24, 1909
(Died)
7003506700000000000♠13 years, 319 days

57

Joseph McKenna
(1843–1926)
CA
067 !Associate
Justice[h]
Field
000000001898-01-21-0000January 21, 1898
(Acclamation)
000000001898-01-21-0000January 21, 1898
–
January 5, 1925
(Retired)
7003984500000000000♠26 years, 350 days
William McKinley

58

Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.
(1841–1935)
MA
068 !Associate
Justice[i]
Gray
000000001902-12-04-0000December 4, 1902
(Acclamation)
000000001902-12-04-0000December 4, 1902
–
January 12, 1932
(Retired)
7004106310000000000♠29 years, 39 days
Theodore Roosevelt

59

William R. Day
(1849–1923)
OH
069 !Associate
Justice
Shiras
000000001903-02-23-0000February 23, 1903
(Acclamation)
000000001903-02-23-0000February 23, 1903
–
November 13, 1922
(Retired)
7003720300000000000♠19 years, 263 days

60

William Henry Moody
(1853–1917)
MA
070 !Associate
Justice
Brown
000000001906-12-12-0000December 12, 1906
(Acclamation)
000000001906-12-12-0000December 12, 1906
–
November 20, 1910
(Retired)
7003143900000000000♠3 years, 343 days

61

Horace Harmon Lurton
(1844–1914)
TN
071 !Associate
Justice
Peckham
000000001909-12-20-0000December 20, 1909
(Acclamation)
000000001909-12-20-0000December 20, 1909
–
July 12, 1914
(Died)
7003166500000000000♠4 years, 204 days
William Howard Taft

62

Charles Evans Hughes
(1862–1948)
NY
072 !Associate
Justice
Brewer
000000001910-05-02-0000May 2, 1910
(Acclamation)
000000001910-10-10-0000October 10, 1910
–
June 10, 1916
(Resigned)
7003207000000000000♠5 years, 244 days

55

Edward Douglass White
(1845–1921)
LA
009 !Chief
Justice
Fuller
000000001910-12-12-0000December 12, 1910
(Acclamation)
000000001910-12-19-0000December 19, 1910
–
May 19, 1921
(Died)
7003380400000000000♠10 years, 151 days

63

Willis Van Devanter
(1859–1941)
WY
073 !Associate
Justice
E. D. White
000000001910-12-15-0000December 15, 1910
(Acclamation)
000000001910-12-16-0000December 16, 1910
–
June 2, 1937
(Retired)
7003966500000000000♠26 years, 168 days

64

Joseph Rucker Lamar
(1857–1916)
GA
074 !Associate
Justice
Moody
000000001910-12-15-0000December 15, 1910
(Acclamation)
000000001910-12-17-0000December 17, 1910
–
January 2, 1916
(Died)
7003184200000000000♠5 years, 16 days

65

Mahlon Pitney
(1858–1924)
NJ
075 !Associate
Justice
J. Harlan
000000001912-03-13-0000March 13, 1912
(50–26)
000000001912-03-13-0000March 13, 1912
–
December 31, 1922
(Resigned)
7003394500000000000♠10 years, 293 days

66

James Clark McReynolds
(1862–1946)
TN
076 !Associate
Justice
Lurton
000000001914-08-29-0000August 29, 1914
(44–6)
000000001914-08-29-0000August 29, 1914
–
January 31, 1941
(Retired)
7003965200000000000♠26 years, 155 days
Woodrow Wilson

67

Louis Brandeis
(1856–1941)
KY
077 !Associate
Justice
J. Lamar
000000001916-06-01-0000June 1, 1916
(47–22)
000000001916-06-01-0000June 1, 1916
–
February 13, 1939
(Retired)
7003829200000000000♠22 years, 257 days

68

John Hessin Clarke
(1857–1945)
OH
078 !Associate
Justice
Hughes
000000001916-07-24-0000July 24, 1916
(Acclamation)
000000001916-07-24-0000July 24, 1916
–
September 5, 1922
(Retired)
7003223400000000000♠6 years, 43 days

69

William Howard Taft
(1857–1930)
CT
010 !Chief
Justice
E. D. White
000000001921-06-30-0000June 30, 1921
(Acclamation)
000000001921-07-11-0000July 11, 1921
–
February 3, 1930
(Retired)
7003312900000000000♠8 years, 207 days
Warren G. Harding

70

George Sutherland
(1862–1942)
UT
080 !Associate
Justice
Clarke
000000001922-09-05-0000September 5, 1922
(Acclamation)
000000001922-09-05-0000September 5, 1922
–
January 17, 1938
(Retired)
7003561300000000000♠15 years, 134 days

71

Pierce Butler
(1866–1939)
MN
081 !Associate
Justice
Day
000000001922-12-21-0000December 21, 1922
(61–8)
000000001922-12-21-0000December 21, 1922
–
November 16, 1939
(Died)
7003617400000000000♠16 years, 330 days

72

Edward Terry Sanford
(1865–1930)
TN
082 !Associate
Justice
Pitney
000000001923-01-29-0000January 29, 1923
(Acclamation)
000000001923-01-29-0000January 29, 1923
–
March 8, 1930
(Died)
7003259500000000000♠7 years, 38 days

73

Harlan F. Stone
(1872–1946)
NY
083 !Associate
Justice[j]
McKenna
000000001925-02-05-0000February 5, 1925
(71–6)
000000001925-02-05-0000February 5, 1925
–
July 3, 1941
(Continued as chief justice)
7003599200000000000♠16 years, 148 days
Calvin Coolidge

62

Charles Evans Hughes
(1862–1948)
NY
011 !Chief
Justice
Taft
000000001930-02-13-0000February 13, 1930
(52–26)
000000001930-02-24-0000February 24, 1930
–
June 30, 1941
(Retired)
7003414400000000000♠11 years, 126 days
Herbert Hoover

74

Owen Josephus Roberts
(1875–1955)
PA
084 !Associate
Justice
Sanford
000000001930-05-20-0000May 20, 1930
(Acclamation)
000000001930-05-20-0000May 20, 1930
–
July 31, 1945
(Resigned)
7003555100000000000♠15 years, 72 days

75

Benjamin N. Cardozo
(1870–1938)
NY
085 !Associate
Justice
Holmes
000000001932-02-24-0000February 24, 1932
(Acclamation)
000000001932-03-02-0000March 2, 1932
–
July 9, 1938
(Died)
7003232000000000000♠6 years, 129 days

76

Hugo Black
(1886–1971)
AL
086 !Associate
Justice[k]
Van Devanter
000000001937-08-17-0000August 17, 1937
(63–16)
000000001937-08-18-0000August 18, 1937
–
September 17, 1971
(Retired)
7004124480000000000♠34 years, 30 days
Franklin D. Roosevelt

77

Stanley Forman Reed
(1884–1980)
KY
087 !Associate
Justice
Sutherland
000000001938-01-25-0000January 25, 1938
(Acclamation)
000000001938-01-27-0000January 27, 1938
–
February 25, 1957
(Retired)
7003696900000000000♠19 years, 29 days

78

Felix Frankfurter
(1882–1965)
MA
088 !Associate
Justice
Cardozo
000000001939-01-17-0000January 17, 1939
(Acclamation)
000000001939-01-20-0000January 20, 1939
–
August 28, 1962
(Retired)
7003862100000000000♠23 years, 220 days

79

William O. Douglas
(1898–1980)
CT
089 !Associate
Justice
Brandeis
000000001939-04-04-0000April 4, 1939
(62–4)
000000001939-04-15-0000April 15, 1939
–
November 12, 1975
(Retired)
7004133600000000000♠36 years, 211 days

80

Frank Murphy
(1890–1949)
MI
090 !Associate
Justice
Butler
000000001940-01-16-0000January 16, 1940
(Acclamation)
000000001940-01-18-0000January 18, 1940
–
July 19, 1949
(Died)
7003347000000000000♠9 years, 182 days

73

Harlan F. Stone
(1872–1946)
NY
012 !Chief
Justice
Hughes
000000001941-06-27-0000June 27, 1941
(Acclamation)
000000001941-07-03-0000July 3, 1941
–
April 22, 1946
(Died)
7003175400000000000♠4 years, 293 days

81

James F. Byrnes
(1882–1972)
SC
091 !Associate
Justice
McReynolds
000000001941-06-12-0000June 12, 1941
(Acclamation)
000000001941-07-08-0000July 8, 1941
–
October 3, 1942
(Resigned)
7002452000000000000♠1 year, 87 days

82

Robert H. Jackson
(1892–1954)
NY
092 !Associate
Justice
Stone
000000001941-07-07-0000July 7, 1941
(Acclamation)
000000001941-07-11-0000July 11, 1941
–
October 9, 1954
(Died)
7003483800000000000♠13 years, 90 days

83

Wiley Blount Rutledge
(1894–1949)
IA
093 !Associate
Justice
Byrnes
000000001943-02-08-0000February 8, 1943
(Acclamation)
000000001943-02-11-0000February 11, 1943
–
September 10, 1949
(Died)
7003240300000000000♠6 years, 211 days

84

Harold Hitz Burton
(1888–1964)
OH
094 !Associate
Justice
O. Roberts
000000001945-09-19-0000September 19, 1945
(Acclamation)
000000001945-09-22-0000September 22, 1945
–
October 13, 1958
(Retired)
7003476900000000000♠13 years, 21 days
Harry S. Truman

85

Fred M. Vinson
(1890–1953)
KY
013 !Chief
Justice
Stone
000000001946-06-20-0000June 20, 1946
(Acclamation)
000000001946-06-24-0000June 24, 1946
–
September 8, 1953
(Died)
7003263300000000000♠7 years, 76 days

86

Tom C. Clark
(1899–1977)
TX
094 !Associate
Justice
Murphy
000000001949-08-18-0000August 18, 1949
(73–8)
000000001949-08-19-0000August 19, 1949
–
June 12, 1967
(Retired)
7003650600000000000♠17 years, 297 days

87

Sherman Minton
(1890–1965)
IN
095 !Associate
Justice
W. Rutledge
000000001949-10-04-0000October 4, 1949
(48–16)
000000001949-10-12-0000October 12, 1949
–
October 15, 1956
(Retired)
7003256000000000000♠7 years, 3 days

88

Earl Warren
(1891–1974)
CA
014 !Chief
Justice
Vinson
000000001954-03-01-0000March 1, 1954
(Acclamation)
000000001953-10-05-0000October 5, 1953[d]
–
June 23, 1969
(Retired)
7003574000000000000♠15 years, 261 days
Dwight D. Eisenhower

89

John Marshall Harlan II
(1899–1971)
NY
096 !Associate
Justice
R. Jackson
000000001955-03-16-0000March 16, 1955
(71–11)
000000001955-03-17-0000March 17, 1955
–
September 23, 1971
(Retired)
7003603400000000000♠16 years, 190 days

90

William J. Brennan
(1906–1997)
NJ
097 !Associate
Justice
Minton
000000001957-03-19-0000March 19, 1957
(Acclamation)
000000001956-10-15-0000October 15, 1956[d]
–
July 20, 1990
(Retired)
7004123310000000000♠33 years, 278 days

91

Charles Evans Whittaker
(1901–1973)
MO
098 !Associate
Justice
Reed
000000001957-03-19-0000March 19, 1957
(Acclamation)
000000001957-03-22-0000March 22, 1957
–
March 31, 1962
(Resigned)
7003183500000000000♠5 years, 9 days

92

Potter Stewart
(1915–1985)
OH
099 !Associate
Justice
Burton
000000001959-05-05-0000May 5, 1959
(70–17)
000000001958-10-14-0000October 14, 1958[d]
–
July 3, 1981
(Retired)
7003829800000000000♠22 years, 262 days

93

Byron White
(1917–2002)
CO
100 !Associate
Justice
Whittaker
000000001962-04-11-0000April 11, 1962
(Acclamation)
000000001962-04-16-0000April 16, 1962
–
June 28, 1993
(Retired)
7004113960000000000♠31 years, 73 days
John F. Kennedy

94

Arthur Goldberg
(1908–1990)
IL
101 !Associate
Justice
Frankfurter
000000001962-09-25-0000September 25, 1962
(Acclamation)
000000001962-09-28-0000September 28, 1962
–
July 26, 1965
(Resigned)
7003103200000000000♠2 years, 301 days

95

Abe Fortas
(1910–1982)
TN
102 !Associate
Justice
Goldberg
000000001965-08-11-0000August 11, 1965
(Acclamation)
000000001965-10-04-0000October 4, 1965
–
May 14, 1969
(Resigned)
7003131800000000000♠3 years, 222 days
Lyndon B. Johnson

96

Thurgood Marshall
(1908–1993)
NY
103 !Associate
Justice
Clark
000000001967-08-30-0000August 30, 1967
(69–11)
000000001967-10-02-0000October 2, 1967
–
October 1, 1991
(Retired)
7003876500000000000♠23 years, 364 days

97

Warren E. Burger
(1907–1995)
VA
015 !Chief
Justice
Warren
000000001969-06-09-0000June 9, 1969
(74–3)
000000001969-06-23-0000June 23, 1969
–
September 26, 1986
(Retired)
7003630400000000000♠17 years, 95 days
Richard Nixon

98

Harry Blackmun
(1908–1999)
MN
104 !Associate
Justice
Fortas
000000001970-05-12-0000May 12, 1970
(94–0)
000000001970-06-09-0000June 9, 1970
–
August 3, 1994
(Retired)
7003882100000000000♠24 years, 55 days

99

Lewis Franklin Powell Jr.
(1907–1998)
VA
105 !Associate
Justice
Black
000000001971-12-06-0000December 6, 1971
(89–1)
000000001972-01-07-0000January 7, 1972
–
June 26, 1987
(Retired)
7003564900000000000♠15 years, 170 days

100

William Rehnquist
(1924–2005)
AZ
106 !Associate
Justice
J. Harlan II
000000001971-12-10-0000December 10, 1971
(68–26)
000000001972-01-07-0000January 7, 1972
–
September 26, 1986
(Continued as chief justice)
7003537600000000000♠14 years, 262 days

101

John Paul Stevens
(born 1920)
IL
107 !Associate
Justice[l]
Douglas
000000001975-12-17-0000December 17, 1975
(98–0)
000000001975-12-19-0000December 19, 1975
–
June 29, 2010
(Retired)
7004126110000000000♠34 years, 192 days
Gerald Ford

102

Sandra Day O'Connor
(born 1930)
AZ
108 !Associate
Justice
Stewart
000000001981-09-21-0000September 21, 1981
(99–0)
000000001981-09-25-0000September 25, 1981
–
January 31, 2006
(Retired)
7003889400000000000♠24 years, 128 days
Ronald Reagan

100

William Rehnquist
(1924–2005)
VA
016 !Chief
Justice
Burger
000000001986-09-17-0000September 17, 1986
(65–33)
000000001986-09-26-0000September 26, 1986
–
September 3, 2005
(Died)
7003691700000000000♠18 years, 342 days

103

Antonin Scalia
(1936–2016)
VA
109 !Associate
Justice
Rehnquist
000000001986-09-17-0000September 17, 1986
(98–0)
000000001986-09-26-0000September 26, 1986
–
February 13, 2016
(Died)
7004107320000000000♠29 years, 140 days

104

Anthony Kennedy
(born 1936)
CA
110 !Associate
Justice
Powell
000000001988-02-03-0000February 3, 1988
(97–0)
000000001988-02-18-0000February 18, 1988
–
Incumbent
7004109310000000000♠29 years, 338 days[m]

105

David Souter
(born 1939)
NH
110 !Associate
Justice
Brennan
000000001990-10-02-0000October 2, 1990
(90–9)
000000001990-10-09-0000October 9, 1990
–
June 29, 2009
(Retired)
7003683800000000000♠18 years, 263 days
George H. W. Bush

106

Clarence Thomas
(born 1948)
GA
111 !Associate
Justice
T. Marshall
000000001991-10-15-0000October 15, 1991
(52–48)
000000001991-10-23-0000October 23, 1991
–
Incumbent
7003958800000000000♠26 years, 91 days[m]

107

Ruth Bader Ginsburg
(born 1933)
NY
112 !Associate
Justice
B. White
000000001993-08-03-0000August 3, 1993
(96–3)
000000001993-08-10-0000August 10, 1993
–
Incumbent
7003893100000000000♠24 years, 165 days[m]
Bill Clinton

108

Stephen Breyer
(born 1938)
MA
113 !Associate
Justice
Blackmun
000000001994-07-29-0000July 29, 1994
(87–9)
000000001994-08-03-0000August 3, 1994
–
Incumbent
7003857300000000000♠23 years, 172 days[m]

109

John Roberts
(born 1955)
MD
017 !Chief
Justice
Rehnquist
000000002005-09-29-0000September 29, 2005
(78–22)
000000002005-09-29-0000September 29, 2005
–
Incumbent
7003449800000000000♠12 years, 115 days[m]
George W. Bush

110

Samuel Alito
(born 1950)
NJ
115 !Associate
Justice
O'Connor
000000002006-01-31-0000January 31, 2006
(58–42)
000000002006-01-31-0000January 31, 2006
–
Incumbent
7003437400000000000♠11 years, 356 days[m]

111

Sonia Sotomayor
(born 1954)
NY
116 !Associate
Justice
Souter
000000002009-08-06-0000August 6, 2009
(68–31)
000000002009-08-08-0000August 8, 2009
–
Incumbent
7003308900000000000♠8 years, 167 days[m]
Barack Obama

112

Elena Kagan
(born 1960)
MA
117 !Associate
Justice
Stevens
000000002010-08-05-0000August 5, 2010
(63–37)
000000002010-08-07-0000August 7, 2010
–
Incumbent
7003272500000000000♠7 years, 168 days[m]

113

Neil Gorsuch
(born 1967)
CO
118 !Associate
Justice
Scalia
000000002017-04-07-0000April 7, 2017
(54–45)
000000002017-04-10-0000April 10, 2017
–
Incumbent
7002287000000000000♠287 days[m]
Donald Trump

Justice
State[c]
Position
Replacing
Date confirmed
(Vote)
Tenure
Tenure length
Appointed by

text: Notes[edit]

text:
^ Jump up to: a b Served on the Supreme Court twice, first as associate justice, and then, after a period of years off the Court, as chief justice.
^ Jump up to: a b c Elevated from associate justice to chief justice while serving on the Supreme Court. Such appointments are subject to a separate confirmation process.
^ Jump up to: a b State of residence at the time of appointment. For example, in 1971, Rehnquist was appointed from Arizona, but in 1986, when elevated to chief justice, he was appointed from Virginia.[22]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Recess appointment
Jump up ^ Received recess appointment on August 5, 1791, but was not sworn in until August 6, 1792.
Jump up ^ This was the first Supreme Court nomination to be rejected by the Senate. Rutledge remains the only "recess appointed" justice not to be subsequently confirmed by the Senate.
Jump up ^ Was impeached, but not convicted, and remained in office.
Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 36 Stat. 1152, May 19 – July 11, 1921.
Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 36 Stat. 1152, February 3–24, 1930.
Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 36 Stat. 1152, June 30 – July 3, 1941.
Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 36 Stat. 1152, April 22 – June 24, 1946, and again, under 62 Stat. 869, September 8 – October 5, 1953.
Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 62 Stat. 869, September 3–29, 2005.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i As of January 22, 2018.

tag: ol

text: Timelines[edit]

text: All justices[edit]

text: This graphical timeline depicts the progression of the justices on the Supreme Court. Comparisons between justices, plus information regarding their seat number, predecessors, successors and fellow justices, as well as their tenure on the court can be gleaned from it. The progression of presidents, along with the number of justices each nominated, is shown at the top of the timeline to give a more detailed historical context. Regarding the associate justice seat numbers, due to the several changes in the size of the Court since 1789, two of the ten seats chronicled below—"Seat 7" and "Seat 5"—have been abolished, both as a result of the Judicial Circuits Act of 1866.

text: Current justices[edit]

text: This graphical timeline depicts the length of each current Supreme Court justice's tenure on the Court.


document_title: Oceanic trench

question_text: what is the second deepest ocean in the world

root

text: Oceanic trench

text: Geographic distribution[edit]

text: There are about 50,000 km (31,000 mi) of convergent plate margins, mostly around the Pacific Ocean—the reason for the reference “Pacific-type” margin—but they are also in the eastern Indian Ocean, with relatively short convergent margin segments in the Atlantic Ocean and in the Mediterranean Sea. Globally, there are over 50 major ocean trenches covering an area of 1.9 million km2 or about 0.5% of the oceans.[2] Trenches that are partially infilled are known as "troughs" and sometimes they are completely buried and lack bathymetric expression, but the fundamental plate tectonics structures that these represent mean that the great name should also be applied here. This applies to the Cascadia, Makran, southern Lesser Antilles, and Calabrian trenches. Trenches along with volcanic arcs and zones of earthquakes that dip under the volcanic arc as deeply as 700 km (430 mi) are diagnostic of convergent plate boundaries and their deeper manifestations, subduction zones. Trenches are related to but distinguished from continental collision zones (such as that between India and Asia forming the Himalaya), where continental crust enters a subduction zone. When buoyant continental crust enters a trench, subduction eventually stops and the area becomes a zone of continental collision. Features analogous to trenches are associated with collisions zones, including sediment-filled foredeeps, such as those the Ganges River and Tigris-Euphrates rivers flow along.

tag: p

text: History of the term "trench"[edit]

text: Trenches were not clearly defined until the late 1940s and 1950s. The bathymetry of the ocean was of little interest until the late 19th and early 20th centuries[citation needed], when the Transatlantic telegraph cables on the seafloor between the continents were first laid. The elongated bathymetric expression of trenches was not recognized until well into the 20th century. The term “trench” does not appear in Murray and Hjort’s (1912) classic oceanography book. Instead they applied the term “deep“ for the deepest parts of the ocean, such as Challenger Deep. Experiences from World War I battlefields emblazoned the concept of a trench as an elongate depression defining an important boundary, perhaps leading to the term “trench” being used to describe natural features in the early 1920s.[citation needed] The term was first used in a geologic context by Scofield two years after the war ended to describe a structurally controlled depression in the Rocky Mountains. Johnstone, in his 1923 textbook An Introduction to Oceanography, first used the term in its modern sense for any marked, elongate depression of the sea bottom.

text: During the 1920s and 1930s, Felix Andries Vening Meinesz developed a unique gravimeter that could measure gravity aboard a submarine and used it to measure gravity over trenches. His measurements revealed that trenches are sites of downwelling in the solid Earth. The concept of downwelling at trenches was characterized by Griggs in 1939 as the tectogene hypothesis, for which he developed an analogue model using a pair of rotating drums. World War II in the Pacific led to great improvements of bathymetry, particularly in the western Pacific, and the linear nature of these deeps became clear. The rapid growth of deep sea research efforts, especially the widespread use of echosounders in the 1950s and 1960s confirmed the morphological utility of the term. Important trenches were identified, sampled, and their greatest depths sonically plumbed. The early phase of trench exploration culminated in the 1960 descent of the Bathyscaphe Trieste, which set an unbeatable world record by diving to the bottom of the Challenger Deep. Following Robert S. Dietz’ and Harry Hess’ articulation of the seafloor spreading hypothesis in the early 1960s and the plate tectonic revolution in the late 1960s the term “trench“ has been redefined with plate tectonic as well as bathymetric connotations.

text: Morphologic expression[edit]

text: Trenches are centerpieces of the distinctive physiography of a convergent plate margin. Transects across trenches yield asymmetric profiles, with relatively gentle (~5°) outer (seaward) slopes and a steeper (~10–16°) inner (landward) slopes. This asymmetry is due to the fact that the outer slope is defined by the top of the downgoing plate, which must bend as it starts its descent. The great thickness of the lithosphere requires that this bending be gentle. As the subducting plate approaches the trench, it first bends upwards to form the outer trench swell, then descends to form the outer trench slope. The outer trench slope is typically disrupted by a set of sub-parallel normal faults that 'staircase' the seafloor down to the trench. The plate boundary is defined by the trench axis itself. Beneath the inner trench wall, the two plates slide past each other along the subduction decollement, the seafloor intersection of which defines the trench location. The overriding plate typically contains a volcanic arc and forearc region. The volcanic arc is caused by physical and chemical interactions between the subducted plate at depth and asthenospheric mantle associated with the overriding plate. The forearc lies between the trench and the volcanic arc. Globally, forearcs have the lowest heatflow from the interior Earth because there is no asthenosphere (convecting mantle) between the forearc lithosphere and the cold subducting plate.[citation needed]

text: The inner trench wall marks the edge of the overriding plate and the outermost forearc. The forearc consists of igneous and metamorphic crust, and this crust may act as buttress to a growing accretionary wedge (formed from sediments scraped off the top of the downgoing plate). If the flux of sediments is high, material transfers from the subducting plate to the overriding plate. In this case an accretionary prism grows and the location of the trench migrates progressively away from the volcanic arc over the life of the convergent margin. Convergent margins with growing accretionary prisms are called accretionary margins and make up nearly half of all convergent margins. If the incoming sediment flux is low, material is scraped from the overriding plate by the subducting plate in a process called subduction erosion. This material is then carried down into the subduction zone. In this case, the location of the trench migrates towards the magmatic arc over the life of the convergent margin. Convergent margins experiencing subduction erosion are called non-accretionary or erosive margins and comprise more than half of convergent plate boundaries. This is an oversimplification, because the same section of margin may experience both sediment accretion and subduction erosion throughout its active time span.

text: The asymmetric profile across a trench reflects fundamental differences in materials and tectonic evolution. The outer trench wall and outer swell comprise seafloor that takes several million years to move from where subduction-related deformation begins to sinking beneath the overriding plate. In contrast, the inner trench wall is deformed by plate interactions for the entire life of the convergent margin. The forearc is continuously subjected to subduction-related deformation and earthquakes. This protracted deformation and shaking ensures that the inner trench slope is controlled by the angle of repose of whatever material comprises it. Because the inner slope of non-accretionary trenches are composed of igneous and metamorphic rocks instead of deformed sediments, these trenches have steeper inner walls than accretionary trenches.

text: Filled trenches[edit]

text: The composition of the inner trench slope and a first-order control on trench morphology is determined by sediment supply. Active accretionary prisms are common in trenches near continents where rivers or glaciers supply great volumes of sediment to the trench. These filled trenches may lack the bathymetric expression of a trench. The Cascadia margin of the northwest USA is a filled trench, the result of sedimentation by the rivers of the western United States and Canada.

text: The Lesser Antilles convergent margin demonstrates the importance of proximity to sediment sources for trench morphology. In the south, near the mouth of the Orinoco River, there is no morphological trench and the forearc (including the accretionary prism) is almost 500 km (310 mi) wide. The large accretionary prism reaches above sea level to form the islands of Barbados and Trinidad. Northward, the forearc narrows, the accretionary prism disappears, and, north of ~17°N, the morphology of a trench dominates. Further north, far from major sediment sources, the Puerto Rico Trench is over 8,600 m (28,200 ft) deep and there is no active accretionary prism.

text: A similar relationship between proximity to rivers, forearc width, and trench morphology can be observed from east to west along the Alaskan-Aleutian convergent margin. The convergent plate boundary offshore Alaska changes along its strike from a filled trench with broad forearc in the east (near the coastal rivers of Alaska) to a deep trench with narrow forearc in the west (offshore the Aleutian islands). Another example is the Makran convergent margin offshore Pakistan and Iran, which is a trench filled by sediments from the Tigris-Euphrates and Indus rivers. Thick accumulations of turbidites along a trench can be supplied by down-axis transport of sediments that enter the trench 1,000–2,000 km (620–1,240 mi) away, as is found for the Peru–Chile Trench south of Valparaíso and for the Aleutian Trench.

text: Convergence rate can also be important for controlling trench depth—especially for trenches near continents—because slow convergence makes the convergent margin capacity insufficient to dispose of sediment. An evolution in trench morphology can be expected, as oceans close and continents converge. While the ocean is wide, the trench may be far from continental sources of sediment and so may be deep. As continents approach each other, the trench can fill with continental sediments and become shallower. A simple way to approximate when the transition from subduction to collision has occurred is when the plate boundary previously marked by a trench is filled enough to rise above sea level.

text: Accretionary prisms and sediment transport[edit]

text: Accretionary prisms grow in two ways: by frontal accretion, whereby sediments are scraped off the downgoing plate, bulldozer-fashion, near the trench, and by underplating of subducted sediments (and sometimes oceanic crust) along the shallow parts of the subduction decollement. Frontal accretion over the life of a convergent margin results in younger sediments defining the outermost part of the accretionary prism and the oldest sediments defining the innermost portion. Older (inner) parts of the accretionary prism are more lithified and have steeper structures than the younger (outer) parts.[clarification needed] Underplating is difficult to detect in modern subduction zones but may be recorded in ancient accretionary prisms such as the Franciscan Group of California in the form of tectonic mélanges and duplex structures.

text: Different modes of accretion are reflected in the morphology of the inner slope of the trench, which generally shows three morphological provinces. The lower slope comprises imbricate thrust slices that form ridges. The mid slope may comprise a bench or terraces. The upper slope is smoother but may be cut by submarine canyons. Because accretionary convergent margins have high relief, are continuously deforming, and accommodate a large flux of sediments, they are vigorous systems of sediment dispersal and accumulation. Sediment transport is controlled by submarine landslides, debris flows, turbidity currents, and contourites. Submarine canyons transport sediment from beaches and rivers down the upper slope. These canyons form by channelized turbidites and generally lose definition with depth because continuous faulting disrupts the submarine channels.[citation needed] Sediments move down the inner trench wall via channels and a series of fault-controlled basins. The trench itself serves as an axis of sediment transport. If enough sediment moves to the trench, it may be completely filled so that turbidity currents are able to carry sediments well beyond the trench and may even surmount the outer swell, as in the eastern Gulf of Alaska. Sediments from the rivers of North America spill over the filled Cascadia trench and cross the Juan de Fuca plate to reach the spreading ridge several hundred kilometres to the west.

text: The slope of the inner trench slope of an accretionary convergent margin reflects continuous adjustments to the thickness and width of the accretionary prism. The prism maintains a ‘critical taper’, established in conformance with Mohr–Coulomb theory, with slope determined by the material properties of the sediments. A package of sediments scraped off the downgoing lithospheric plate deforms until it and the accretionary prism that it has been added to attain the maximum slope supported by the sediments. Once this critical taper is attained, the wedge slides stably along its basal décollement. Strain rate and hydrologic properties also influence the strength of the accretionary prism and the angle of critical taper. Fluid pore pressures modify rock strength. Low permeability and rapid convergence may result in pore pressures that exceed lithostatic pressure and thus a relatively weak accretionary prism with a shallowly tapered geometry, whereas high permeability and slow convergence result in lower pore pressure, stronger prisms, and steeper geometry.

text: The Hellenic Trench of the Hellenic arc system is unusual because this convergent margin subducts evaporites. The slope of the surface of the southern flank of the Mediterranean Ridge (its accretionary prism) is low, about 1°, indicating very low shear stress on the decollement at the base of the wedge. Evaporites control the shallow taper of the accretionary complex both because their mechanical properties differ from those of siliciclastic sediments, and because of their effect on fluid flow and fluid pressure, which in turn control effective stress. In the 1970s, the linear deeps of the Hellenic trench south of Crete were thought to be similar to trenches at other subduction zones. However, with the realization that the Mediterranean Ridge is an accretionary complex, it became apparent that the Hellenic trench is actually a starved forearc basin, and that the plate boundary lies south of the Mediterranean Ridge.[3]

text: Empty trenches and subduction erosion[edit]

text: Trenches distant from an influx of continental sediments lack an accretionary prism, and the inner slope of such trenches is commonly composed of igneous or metamorphic rocks. Non-accretionary convergent margins are characteristic of (but not limited to) primitive arc systems. Primitive arc systems are those built on oceanic lithosphere, such as the Izu-Bonin-Mariana, Tonga-Kermadec, and Scotia (South Sandwich) arc systems. The inner trench slope of these convergent margins exposes the crust of the forearc, including basalt, gabbro, and serpentinized mantle peridotite. These exposures allow easy access to study the lower oceanic crust and upper mantle in place and provide a unique opportunity to study the magmatic products associated with the initiation of subduction zones. Most ophiolites probably originate in a forearc environment during the initiation of subduction, and this setting favors ophiolite emplacement during collision with blocks of thickened crust. Not all non-accretionary convergent margins are associated with primitive arcs. Trenches adjacent to continents where there is little influx of sediments carried by rivers, such as the central part of the Peru–Chile Trench, may also lack an accretionary prism.

text: Igneous basement of a nonaccretionary forearc may be continuously exposed by subduction erosion. This transfers material from the forearc to the subducting plate and can be accomplished by frontal erosion or basal erosion. Frontal erosion is most active in the wake of seamounts being subducted beneath the forearc. Subduction of large edifices (seamount tunneling) oversteepens the forearc, causing mass failures that carry debris towards and ultimately into the trench. This debris may be deposited in graben of the downgoing plate and subducted with it. In contrast, structures resulting from subduction erosion of the base of the forearc are difficult to recognize from seismic reflection profiles, so the possibility of basal erosion is difficult to confirm. Subduction erosion may also diminish a once-robust accretionary prism if the flux of sediments to the trench diminishes.

text: Nonaccretionary forearcs may also be the site of serpentine mud volcanoes. These form where fluids released from the downgoing plate percolate upwards and interact with cold mantle lithosphere of the forearc. Mantle peridotite is hydrated into serpentinite, which is much less dense than peridotite and so rises diapirically when it can. Some nonaccretionary forearcs are subjected to strong extensional stresses, for example the Marianas, and this allows buoyant serpentinite to rise to the seafloor where they form serpentinite mud volcanoes. Chemosynthetic communities are also found on non-accretionary margins such as the Marianas, where they thrive on vents associated with serpentinite mud volcanoes.

text: Trench rollback[edit]

text: Trenches seem positionally stable over time, but scientists believe that some trenches—particularly those associated with subduction zones where two oceanic plates converge—move backward into the subducting plate.[4][5] This is called trench rollback or hinge retreat (also hinge rollback) and is one explanation for the existence of back-arc basins.

text: Slab rollback occurs during the subduction of two tectonic plates, and results in seaward motion of the trench. Forces perpendicular to the slab at depth (the portion of the subducting plate within the mantle) are responsible for steepening of the slab in the mantle and ultimately the movement of the hinge and trench at the surface.[6] The driving force for rollback is the negative buoyancy of the slab with respect to the underlying mantle [7] modified by the geometry of the slab itself.[8] Back-arc basins are often associated with slab rollback due to extension in the overriding plate as a response to the subsequent subhorizontal mantle flow from the displacement of the slab at depth.[9]

text: Processes involved[edit]

text: Several forces are involved in the process of slab rollback. Two forces acting against each other at the interface of the two subducting plates exert forces against one another. The subducting plate exerts a bending force (FPB) that supplies pressure during subduction, while the overriding plate exerts a force against the subducting plate (FTS). The slab pull force (FSP) is caused by the negative buoyancy of the plate driving the plate to greater depths. The resisisting force from the surrounding mantle opposes the slab pull forces. Interactions with the 660-km discontinuity cause a deflection due to the buoyancy at the phase transition (F660).[8] The unique interplay of these forces is what generates slab rollback. When the deep slab section obstructs the down-going motion of the shallow slab section, slab rollback occurs. The subducting slab undergoes backward sinking due to the negative buoyancy forces causing a retrogradation of the trench hinge along the surface. Upwelling of the mantle around the slab can create favorable conditions for the formation of a back-arc basin.[9]

text: Seismic tomography provides evidence for slab rollback. Results demonstrate high temperature anomalies within the mantle suggesting subducted material is present in the mantle.[10] Ophiolites are viewed as evidence for such mechanisms as high pressure and temperature rocks are rapidly brought to the surface through the processes of slab rollback, which provides space for the exhumation of ophiolites.

text: Slab rollback is not always a continuous process suggesting an episodic nature.[7] The episodic nature of the rollback is explained by a change in the density of the subducting plate, such as the arrival of buoyant lithosphere (a continent, arc, ridge, or plateau), a change in the subduction dynamics, or a change in the plate kinematics. The age of the subducting plates does not have any effect on slab rollback.[8] Nearby continental collisions have an effect on slab rollback. Continental collisions induce mantle flow and extrusion of mantle material, which causes stretching and arc-trench rollback.[9] In the area of the Southeast Pacific, there have been several rollback events resulting in the formation of numerous back-arc basins.[7]

text: Mantle interactions[edit]

text: Interactions with the mantle discontinuities play a significant role in slab rollback. Stagnation at the 660-km discontinuity causes retrograde slab motion due to the suction forces acting at the surface.[8] Slab rollback induces mantle return flow, which causes extension from the shear stresses at the base of the overriding plate. As slab rollback velocities increase, circular mantle flow velocities also increase, accelerating extension rates.[6] Extension rates are altered when the slab interacts with the discontinuities within the mantle at 410 km and 660 km depth. Slabs can either penetrate directly into the lower mantle, or can be retarded due to the phase transition at 660 km depth creating a difference in buoyancy. An increase in retrograde trench migration (slab rollback) (2–4 cm/yr) is a result of flattened slabs at the 660-km discontinuity where the slab does not penetrate into the lower mantle.[11] This is the case for the Japan, Java and Izu-Bonin trenches. These flattened slabs are only temporarily arrested in the transition zone. The subsequent displacement into the lower mantle is caused by slab pull forces, or the destabilization of the slab from warming and broadening due to thermal diffusion. Slabs that penetrate directly into the lower mantle result in slower slab rollback rates (~1–3 cm/yr) such as the Mariana arc, Tonga arcs.[11]

text: Water and biosphere[edit]

text: The volume of water escaping from within and beneath the forearc results in some of Earth’s most dynamic and complex interactions between aqueous fluids and rocks. Most of this water is trapped in pores and fractures in the upper lithosphere and sediments of the subducting plate. The average forearc is underrun by a solid volume of oceanic sediment that is 400 m (1,300 ft) thick. This sediment enters the trench with 50–60% porosity. These sediments are progressively squeezed as they are subducted, reducing void space and forcing fluids out along the decollement and up into the overlying forearc, which may or may not have an accretionary prism. Sediments accreted to the forearc are another source of fluids. Water is also bound in hydrous minerals, especially clays and opal. Increasing pressure and temperature experienced by subducted materials converts the hydrous minerals to denser phases that contain progressively less structurally bound water. Water released by dehydration accompanying phase transitions is another source of fluids introduced to the base of the overriding plate. These fluids may travel through the accretionary prism diffusely, via interconnected pore spaces in sediments, or may follow discrete channels along faults. Sites of venting may take the form of mud volcanoes or seeps and are often associated with chemosynthetic communities. Fluids escaping from the shallowest parts of a subduction zone may also escape along the plate boundary but have rarely been observed draining along the trench axis. All of these fluids are dominated by water but also contain dissolved ions and organic molecules, especially methane. Methane is often sequestered in an ice-like form (methane clathrate, also called gas hydrate) in the forearc. These are a potential energy source and can rapidly break down. Destabilization of gas hydrates has contributed to global warming in the past and will likely do so in the future.

text: Chemosynthetic communities thrive where cold fluids seep out of the forearc. Cold seep communities have been discovered in inner trench slopes down to depths of 7000 m in the western Pacific, especially around Japan, in the Eastern Pacific along North, Central and South America coasts from the Aleutian to the Peru–Chile trenches, on the Barbados prism, in the Mediterranean, and in the Indian Ocean along the Makran and Sunda convergent margins. These communities receive much less attention than the chemosynthetic communities associated with hydrothermal vents. Chemosynthetic communities are located in a variety of geological settings: above over-pressured sediments in accretionary prisms where fluids are expelled through mud volcanoes or ridges (Barbados, Nankai and Cascadia); along active erosive margins with faults; and along escarpments caused by debris slides (Japan trench, Peruvian margin). Surface seeps may be linked to massive hydrate deposits and destabilization (e.g. Cascadia margin). High concentrations of methane and sulfide in the fluids escaping from the seafloor are the principal energy sources for chemosynthesis.

text: Factors affecting trench depth[edit]

text: There are several factors that control the depth of trenches. The most important control is the supply of sediment, which fills the trench so that there is no bathymetric expression. It is therefore not surprising that the deepest trenches (deeper than 8,000 m (26,000 ft)) are all nonaccretionary. In contrast, all trenches with growing accretionary prisms are shallower than 8,000 m (26,000 ft). A second order control on trench depth is the age of the lithosphere at the time of subduction. Because oceanic lithosphere cools and thickens as it ages, it subsides. The older the seafloor, the deeper it lies, and this determines the minimum depth from which the seafloor begins to descend. This obvious correlation can be removed by looking at the relative depth, the difference between regional seafloor depth and maximum trench depth. Relative depth may be controlled by the age of the lithosphere at the trench, the convergence rate, and the dip of the subducted slab at intermediate depths. Finally, narrow slabs can sink and roll back more rapidly than broad plates, because it is easier for underlying asthenosphere to flow around the edges of the sinking plate. Such slabs may have steep dips at relatively shallow depths and so may be associated with unusually deep trenches, such as the Challenger Deep.

text: Deepest oceanic trenches[edit]

text:
Trench
Ocean
Maximum Depth

Mariana Trench
Pacific Ocean
11,034 m (36,201 ft)

Tonga Trench
Pacific Ocean
10,882 m (35,702 ft)

Philippine Trench
Pacific Ocean
10,545 m (34,596 ft)

Kuril–Kamchatka Trench
Pacific Ocean
10,542 m (34,587 ft)

Kermadec Trench
Pacific Ocean
10,047 m (32,963 ft)

Izu-Bonin Trench (Izu-Ogasawara Trench)
Pacific Ocean
9,810 m (32,190 ft)

Japan Trench
Pacific Ocean
10,375 m (34,039 ft)

Puerto Rico Trench
Atlantic Ocean
8,800 m (28,900 ft)

South Sandwich Trench
Atlantic Ocean
8,428 m (27,651 ft)

Peru–Chile Trench or Atacama Trench
Pacific Ocean
8,065 m (26,460 ft)

tag: table

text: Notable oceanic trenches[edit]

text:
Trench
Location

Aleutian Trench
South of the Aleutian Islands, west of Alaska

Bougainville Trench
South of New Guinea

Cayman Trench
Western Caribbean Sea

Cedros Trench (inactive)
Pacific coast of Baja California

Hikurangi Trench
East of New Zealand

Izu-Ogasawara Trench
Near Izu and Bonin islands

Japan Trench
Northeast Japan

Kermadec Trench *
Northeast of New Zealand

Kuril–Kamchatka Trench *
Near Kuril islands

Manila Trench
West of Luzon, Philippines

Mariana Trench *
Western Pacific ocean; east of Mariana Islands

Middle America Trench
Eastern Pacific Ocean; off coast of Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica

New Hebrides Trench
West of Vanuatu (New Hebrides Islands).

Peru–Chile Trench
Eastern Pacific ocean; off coast of Peru & Chile

Philippine Trench *
East of the Philippines

Puerto Rico Trench
Boundary of Caribbean Sea and Atlantic ocean

Puysegur trench
Southwest of New Zealand

Ryukyu Trench
Eastern edge of Japan's Ryukyu Islands

South Sandwich Trench
East of the South Sandwich Islands

Sunda Trench
Curves from south of Java to west of Sumatra and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands

Tonga Trench *
Near Tonga

Yap Trench
Western Pacific ocean; between Palau Islands and Mariana Trench

text: (*) The 5 deepest trenches in the world

text: Ancient oceanic trenches[edit]

text:
Trench
Location

Intermontane Trench
Western North America; between the Intermontane Islands and North America

Insular Trench
Western North America; between the Insular Islands and the Intermontane Islands

Farallon Trench
Western North America

Tethyan Trench
South of Turkey, Iran, Tibet and Southeast Asia


document_title: List of most expensive films

question_text: which is the most expensive movie in hollywood

text: List of most expensive films

text: Most expensive productions (unadjusted for inflation)

text: Only productions with a net budget in excess of a nominal value of $200 million in U.S. dollars are listed here. Due to the effects of inflation, all but one of the films on the chart have been produced in the 21st century.

text: Films

text:
Most expensive films

Rank
Title
Year
Cost (est.)
(millions)
Refs and notes

1
Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides
2011
*$378.5
[1][nb 1]

2
Avengers: Age of Ultron
2015
*$365
[2][nb 2]

3
Avengers: Infinity War
2018
$316
[3][nb 3]

4
Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End
2007
$300
[4][5][nb 4]

Justice League
2017
$300
[6][7][8]

6
John Carter
2012
*$263.7
[9][nb 5]

7
Tangled
2010
$260
[10][11][12][13]

8
Spider-Man 3
2007
*$258
[14]

9
Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince
2009
$250
[15][16]

The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies
2014
$250
[17]

Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice
2016
$250
[18][19][nb 6]

Captain America: Civil War
2016
$250
[20][21][22]

The Fate of the Furious
2017
$250
[23][24][25]

Solo: A Star Wars Story
2018
$250
[26]

15
Spectre
2015
$245
[27][28][nb 7]

Star Wars: The Force Awakens
2015
$245
[29][nb 8]

17
Avatar
2009
*$237
[30][nb 9]

18
The Dark Knight Rises
2012
$230
[31][nb 10]

Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales
2017
$230
[32][33][34]

20
The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian
2008
*$225
[35]

The Lone Ranger
2013
*$225
[36][nb 11]

Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest
2006
$225
[4][37][nb 4]

Man of Steel
2013
$225
[38][39][nb 12]

The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug
2013
$225
[40][41][nb 13]

24
The Avengers
2012
$220
[42][43][44][45]

26
Transformers: The Last Knight
2017
*$217
[46]

27
Men in Black 3
2012
*$215
[47][nb 14]

Oz the Great and Powerful
2013
*$215
[48][nb 15]

29
X-Men: The Last Stand
2006
$210
[49][50]

Transformers: Age of Extinction
2014
$210
[51][52][53]

31
Battleship
2012
*$209
[54]

32
King Kong
2005
$207
[55][56][57]

33
Superman Returns
2006
*$204
[58][59][nb 16]

34
Titanic
1997
*$200
[60][61][62]

Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen
2009
*$200
[63]

2012
2009
*$200
[64]

Spider-Man 2
2004
$200
[65][66]

Quantum of Solace
2008
$200
[67][68]

Terminator Salvation
2009
$200
[69][70]

Toy Story 3
2010
$200
[71][72]

Green Lantern
2011
$200
[73][74][75]

Cars 2
2011
$200
[76][77][78]

The Amazing Spider-Man
2012
$200
[79][80][nb 17]

The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey
2012
$200
[81][nb 18]

Iron Man 3
2013
$200
[82][83][84]

Monsters University
2013
$200
[85]

The Amazing Spider-Man 2
2014
$200
[86][87][nb 19]

X-Men: Days of Future Past
2014
$200
[88][89][nb 20]

Rogue One: A Star Wars Story
2016
$200
[90][91][92]

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2
2017
$200
[93][94]

Star Wars: The Last Jedi
2017
$200
[95]

Black Panther
2018
$200
[96][97][98]

text: * Officially acknowledged figure.

text: Back-to-back film productions

text:
Most expensive back-to-back film productions

Rank
Titles
Years
Cost (est.)
(millions)
Refs and notes

1
The Hobbit trilogy
2012–14
*$623
[99][nb 21]

2
Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest
Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End
2006–07
$450
[100][nb 4]

3
The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1 and Part 2
2014–15
$300
[101]

4
The Lord of the Rings trilogy
2001–03
*$260
[102][103][nb 22]

5
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 and Part 2
2010–11
$250
[104][105]

6
The Matrix Reloaded
The Matrix Revolutions
2003
$237
[nb 23]

7
The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 1 and Part 2
2011–12
*$230
[nb 24]

text: * Officially acknowledged figure.

text: Most expensive films (adjusted for inflation)

text: The productions listed here have their nominal budgets adjusted for inflation using the United States Consumer Price Index[109] taking the year of release. Charts adjusted for inflation are usually ordered differently, because they are dependent on the inflation measure used and the original budget estimate.

text: The Soviet War and Peace, released in four parts across 1966 and 1967, is sometimes cited as the most expensive production ever: Soviet claims stating it cost $100 million (equivalent to $754 million in 2017 dollars) were circulated in the American press during its showing there. However, its financial records reveal it cost slightly more than $9 million (about $50–60 million in today's money).[nb 25] Another notable omission is Metropolis, the 1927 German film directed by Fritz Lang, often erroneously reported as having cost $200 million at the value of modern money. Metropolis cost $1.2–1.3 million at the time of its production, which would be about $24 million at 2009 prices according to the German Consumer Price Index.[nb 26]

text:
Most expensive films adjusted for inflation

Rank
Title
Year
Cost (est.) (millions)
Refs and notes

Adjusted
Nominal

1
Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides
2011
$412
*$378.5
[1][nb 1]

2
Avengers: Age of Ultron
2015
$377
*$365
[2][nb 2]

3
Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End
2007
$354
$300
[4][5][nb 4]

4
Avengers: Infinity War
2018
$316
$316
[3][nb 3]

5
Titanic
1997
$305
*$200
[60][61][62]

6
Spider-Man 3
2007
$304
*$258
[14]

7
Justice League
2017
$300
$300
[6][7][8]

8
Tangled
2010
$292
$260
[10][11][12][13]

9
Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince
2009
$285
$250
[15][16]

10
John Carter
2012
$281
*$263.7
[9][nb 5]

11
Waterworld
1995
$276
*$172
[136][137][nb 27]

12
Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest
2006
$273
$225
[4][37][nb 4]

13
Avatar
2009
$270
*$237
[30][nb 9]

14
Spider-Man 2
2004
$259
$200
[65][66]

King Kong
2005
$259
$207
[55][56][57]

16
The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies
2014
$258
$250
[17]

17
The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian
2008
$256
*$225
[35]

18
Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice
2016
$255
$250
[18][19][nb 6]

Captain America: Civil War
2016
$255
$250
[20][21][22]

X-Men: The Last Stand
2006
$255
$210
[49][50]

21
Spectre
2015
$253
$245
[27][28][nb 7]

Star Wars: The Force Awakens
2015
$253
$245
[29][nb 8]

23
Wild Wild West
1999
$250
$170
[151][152]

The Fate of the Furious
2017
$250
$250
[23][24][25]

Solo: A Star Wars Story
2018
$250
$250
[26]

26
Cleopatra
1963
$249
*$31.1
[153][nb 28]

27
Superman Returns
2006
$248
*$204
[58][59][nb 16]

28
The Dark Knight Rises
2012
$245
$230
[31][nb 10]

29
The Lone Ranger
2013
$236
*$225
[36][nb 11]

Man of Steel
2013
$236
$225
[38][39][nb 12]

The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug
2013
$236
$225
[40][41][nb 13]

32
The Avengers
2012
$235
$220
[42][43][44][45]

33
Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales
2017
$230
$230
[32][33][34]

34
Men in Black 3
2012
$229
*$215
[47][nb 14]

35
Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen
2009
$228
*$200
[63]

2012
2009
$228
*$200
[64]

Terminator Salvation
2009
$228
$200
[69][70]

38
Quantum of Solace
2008
$227
$200
[67][68]

Troy
2004
$227
*$175
[159]

40
Oz the Great and Powerful
2013
$226
*$215
[48][nb 15]

The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe
2005
$226
$180
[161][162][163]

42
Toy Story 3
2010
$224
$200
[71][72]

43
Battleship
2012
$223
*$209
[54]

Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines
2003
$223
$167
[164][nb 29]

45
Green Lantern
2011
$218
$200
[73][74][75]

Cars 2
2011
$218
$200
[76][77][78]

47
Transformers: Age of Extinction
2014
$217
$210
[51][52][53]

Transformers: The Last Knight
2017
$217
*$217
[46]

49
The Amazing Spider-Man
2012
$213
$200
[79][80][nb 17]

The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey
2012
$213
$200
[81][nb 18]

51
The Golden Compass
2007
$212
*$180
[173][174]

Transformers: Dark of the Moon
2011
$212
$195
[175][176][177][178]

53
Armageddon
1998
$210
$140
[179][180]

Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull
2008
$210
$185
[181][182][183]

The Dark Knight
2008
$210
$185
[37][184][185]

Iron Man 3
2013
$210
$200
[82][83][84]

Monsters University
2013
$210
$200
[85]

7003100100000000000♠n/a
Van Helsing
2004
$207
$160
[186][187][188]

The Polar Express
2004
$207
$160
[189][190]

The Amazing Spider-Man 2
2014
$207
$200
[86][87][nb 19]

X-Men: Days of Future Past
2014
$207
$200
[88][89][nb 20]

Evan Almighty
2007
$207
$175
[193][194][195]

7003100200000000000♠n/a
WALL-E
2008
$205
$180
[196][197]

7003100300000000000♠n/a
Rogue One
2016
$204
$200
[90][91][92]

7003100400000000000♠n/a
Superman
1978
$204–208
$55
[198][199]

text: * Officially acknowledged figure.

text: Record-holders

text: Throughout the silent era, the cost of film-making grew steadily as films became longer and more ambitious and the techniques and equipment became more sophisticated.[200] It is not known for certain which was the first film to cost $1 million or more to produce, and several myths have grown over time which belie the known facts: D. W. Griffith's Intolerance (1916) was reputed to have cost $2 million, but accounts show it cost exactly $385,906.77;[201] A Daughter of the Gods (1916) was advertised as costing a million dollars but Variety estimated its true cost at $850,000.[153] The first film that is confirmed to have had a $1 million budget is Foolish Wives (1922), with the studio taking advantage of its exorbitant price and advertising it as "The First Real Million Dollar Picture".[61]

text: The most expensive film of the silent era was Ben-Hur (1925),[153] costing about $4 million—an astronomical sum in those days at twenty-five times the $160,000 average cost of an MGM feature.[200] It is unclear which sound era production superseded it as the most expensive film, although this is commonly attributed to Hell's Angels (1930), directed by Howard Hughes; the accounts for Hell's Angels show it cost $2.8 million, but Hughes publicised it as costing $4 million, selling it to the media as the most expensive film ever made up to that point.[202] The first film to seriously challenge the record was Gone with the Wind (1939), reported to have cost about $3.9–4.25 million,[153] although sources from the time state that Ben-Hur and—erroneously—Hell's Angels cost more.[203] Ben-Hur was definitively displaced at the top of the chart by Duel in the Sun in 1946, meaning Ben Hur may have held the record for 21 years.

text: The 1950s saw costs rapidly escalate as cinema competed with television for audiences,[204] culminating with some hugely expensive epics in the 1960s that failed to recoup their costs.[153] A prominent exponent of this trend was Cleopatra (1963), which lost money on its initial release despite being the highest-grossing film of the year.[205] Since the 1990s, film budgets have once again seen a dramatic increase as the use of computer-generated imagery (CGI) has become commonplace in big-budget features.[206]

text:
Timeline of the most expensive million dollar productions

Year
Production
Cost (est.)
(millions)
Refs and notes

1922
Foolish Wives
$1.104
[61]

1922
When Knighthood Was in Flower
$1.5
[200]

1923
The Ten Commandments
*$1.476
[207]

1925
Ben-Hur
$3.967
[208][209]

1939
Gone with the Wind
$3.9–4.25
[153]

1946
Duel in the Sun
$5.255
[153]

1947
Forever Amber
$6.375
[153]

1951
Quo Vadis
$7.623
[153]

1956
The Ten Commandments
*$13.272
[207]

1959
Ben-Hur
$15.175
[153]

1962
Mutiny on the Bounty
$19
[210][211]

1963
Cleopatra
*$31.115
[153][nb 28]

1978
Superman
$55
[198][199]

1988
Rambo III
$58–63
[153][212]

Who Framed Roger Rabbit
$58.166
[213][nb 30]

1990
Back to the Future Part II & Part III (1989–1990)
†$80
[215]

Total Recall
$50–60
[216][nb 31]

Die Hard 2
$62
[219][nb 31]

1991
Terminator 2: Judgment Day
$94
[220][221][222]

1994
True Lies
$100
[223][224][nb 32]

1995
Waterworld
*$172
[136][137][nb 27]

1997
Titanic
*$200
[60][61][62]

2003
The Matrix Reloaded
The Matrix Revolutions
†$237
[nb 23]

The Lord of the Rings trilogy (2001–2003)
*†$260
[102][103][nb 22]

2005
King Kong
$207
[55][56][57]

2006
X-Men: The Last Stand
$210
[49][50]

Superman Returns
*$204
[58][59][nb 16]

Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest
$225
[4][37]

2007
Spider-Man 3
*$258
[14]

Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest (2006)
Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End (2007)
†$450
[100][nb 4]

Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End
$300
[4][5]

2011
Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides
*$378.5
[1][nb 1]

2014
The Hobbit trilogy (2012–2014)
*†$623
[99][nb 21]

text: The figure given is the cost of a multi-film production, where the films are produced simultaneously.

tag: ul


document_title: Balance sheet

question_text: where does a patent go on balance sheet

question_tokens: where does a patent go on balance sheet

text: Balance sheet

text: Types[edit]

text: A balance sheet summarizes an organization or individual's assets, equity and liabilities at a specific point in time. Two forms of balance sheet exist. They are the report form and the account form. Individuals and small businesses tend to have simple balance sheets.[4] Larger businesses tend to have more complex balance sheets, and these are presented in the organization's annual report.[5] Large businesses also may prepare balance sheets for segments of their businesses.[6] A balance sheet is often presented alongside one for a different point in time (typically the previous year) for comparison.[7][8]

text: Personal[edit]

text: A personal balance sheet lists current assets such as cash in checking accounts and savings accounts, long-term assets such as common stock and real estate, current liabilities such as loan debt and mortgage debt due, or overdue, long-term liabilities such as mortgage and other loan debt. Securities and real estate values are listed at market value rather than at historical cost or cost basis. Personal net worth is the difference between an individual's total assets and total liabilities.[9]

text: US small business[edit]

text:
Sample Small Business Balance Sheet[10]

Assets (current)
Liabilities and Owners' Equity

Cash
$6,600
Liabilities

Accounts Receivable
$6,200
Notes Payable
$5,000

Assets (non-current)
Accounts Payable $25,000

Tools and equipment
$25,000
Total liabilities
$30,000

Owners' equity

Capital Stock
$7,000

Retained Earnings
$800

Total owners' equity
$7,800

Total
$37,800
Total

$37,800

text: A small business balance sheet lists current assets such as cash, accounts receivable, and inventory, fixed assets such as land, buildings, and equipment, intangible assets such as patents, and liabilities such as accounts payable, accrued expenses, and long-term debt. Contingent liabilities such as warranties are noted in the footnotes to the balance sheet. The small business's equity is the difference between total assets and total liabilities.[11]

text: Public business entities structure[edit]

text: Guidelines for balance sheets of public business entities are given by the International Accounting Standards Board and numerous country-specific organizations/companies. The standard used by companies in the USA adhere to U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). The Federal Accounting Standards Advisory Board (FASAB) is a United States federal advisory committee whose mission is to develop generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) for federal financial reporting entities.

text: Balance sheet account names and usage depend on the organization's country and the type of organization. Government organizations do not generally follow standards established for individuals or businesses.[12][13][14]

text: If applicable to the business, summary values for the following items should be included in the balance sheet:[15] Assets are all the things the business owns. This will include property, tools, vehicles, furniture, machinery, and so on.

text: Assets[edit]

text: Non-current assets (Fixed assets)

text:
Property, plant and equipment
Investment property, such as real estate held for investment purposes
Intangible assets such as (patents, copyrights and goodwill)
Financial assets (excluding investments accounted for using the equity method, accounts receivables, and cash and cash equivalents), such as notes receivables
Investments accounted for using the equity method
Biological assets, which are living plants or animals. Bearer biological assets are plants or animals which bear agricultural produce for harvest, such as apple trees grown to produce apples and sheep raised to produce wool.[16]
Loan To (More than one financial period)

text: Current assets

text:
Prepaid expenses for future services that will be used within a year
Accounts receivable
Cash and cash equivalents
Cash at bank, Petty Cash, Cash On Hand
Revenue Earned In Arrears (Accrued Revenue) for services done but not yet received for the year
Loan To (Less than one financial period)

text: Liabilities[edit]

text:
Accounts payable
Provisions for warranties or court decisions (contingent liabilities that are both probable and measurable)
Financial liabilities (excluding provisions and accounts payables), such as promissory notes and corporate bonds
Liabilities and assets for current tax
Deferred tax liabilities and deferred tax assets
Unearned revenue for services paid for by customers but not yet provided
Interests on loan stock

text: Equity / capital[edit]

text: The net assets shown by the balance sheet equals the third part of the balance sheet, which is known as the shareholders' equity. It comprises:

text:
Issued capital and reserves attributable to equity holders of the parent company (controlling interest)
Non-controlling interest in equity

text: Formally, shareholders' equity is part of the company's liabilities: they are funds "owing" to shareholders (after payment of all other liabilities); usually, however, "liabilities" is used in the more restrictive sense of liabilities excluding shareholders' equity. The balance of assets and liabilities (including shareholders' equity) is not a coincidence. Records of the values of each account in the balance sheet are maintained using a system of accounting known as double-entry bookkeeping. In this sense, shareholders' equity by construction must equal assets minus liabilities, and thus the shareholders' equity is considered to be a residual.

text: Regarding the items in equity section, the following disclosures are required:

text:
Numbers of shares authorized, issued and fully paid, and issued but not fully paid
Par value of shares
Reconciliation of shares outstanding at the beginning and the end of the period
Description of rights, preferences, and restrictions of shares
Treasury shares, including shares held by subsidiaries and associates
Shares reserved for issuance under options and contracts
A description of the nature and purpose of each reserve within owners' equity

text: Substantiation[edit]

text: Balance sheet substantiation is the accounting process conducted by businesses on a regular basis to confirm that the balances held in the primary accounting system of record (e.g. SAP, Oracle, other ERP system's General Ledger) are reconciled (in balance with) with the balance and transaction records held in the same or supporting sub-systems.

text: Balance sheet substantiation includes multiple processes including reconciliation (at a transactional or at a balance level) of the account, a process of review of the reconciliation and any pertinent supporting documentation and a formal certification (sign-off) of the account in a predetermined form driven by corporate policy.

text: Balance sheet substantiation is an important process that is typically carried out on a monthly, quarterly and year-end basis. The results help to drive the regulatory balance sheet reporting obligations of the organization.

text: Historically, balance sheet substantiation has been a wholly manual process, driven by spreadsheets, email and manual monitoring and reporting. In recent years software solutions have been developed to bring a level of process automation, standardization and enhanced control to the balance sheet substantiation or account certification process. These solutions are suitable for organizations with a high volume of accounts and/or personnel involved in the Balance Sheet Substantiation process and can be used to drive efficiencies, improve transparency and help to reduce risk.

text: Balance sheet substantiation is a key control process in the SOX 404 top-down risk assessment.

text: Sample[edit]

text: The following balance sheet is a very brief example prepared in accordance with IFRS. It does not show all possible kinds of assets, liabilities and equity, but it shows the most usual ones. Because it shows goodwill, it could be a consolidated balance sheet. Monetary values are not shown, summary (subtotal) rows are missing as well.

text: Under IFRS items are always shown based on liquidity from the least liquid assets at the top, usually land and buildings to the most liquid, i.e. cash. Then liabilities and equity continue from the most immediate liability to be paid (usual account payable) to the least i.e. long term debt such a mortgages and owner's equity at the very bottom.[17]


document_title: Hey Man Nice Shot

question_text: who was the song hey man nice shot about

text: Hey Man Nice Shot

text: Lyrics[edit]

text: The song was written about the January 22, 1987, public suicide of Pennsylvania state treasurer R. Budd Dwyer. Dwyer had been convicted on bribery charges in December 1986, and was expected to receive a long sentence from U.S. District Court Judge Malcolm Muir. Professing his innocence and decrying the legal system, Dwyer shot himself with a .357 Magnum during a press conference.[2]

text: Although singer and songwriter Richard Patrick frequently clarified this in interviews, as well as the fact that he had first written the song in 1991 before the band even had a record deal, the song's popularity was augmented by a widespread perception that it was about the 1994 suicide of Kurt Cobain.[2][3]

text: Music video[edit]

text: There are at least three versions of the music video for "Hey Man Nice Shot". The first version uses the album mix of the song; a second uses the promo-only remix later heard in The Cable Guy; and a third version uses the "Sober Mix". All three of these versions feature footage filmed in December 1994, with color effects being added in during the post-production of the video.

text: Track listing[edit]

text: Hey Man Nice Shot (U.S. promotional 12-inch vinyl)

text:
Hey Man Nice Shot (1/4 Pound) (5:00)
Hey Man Nice Shot (1/4 Pound Instrumental) (4:59)
Hey Man Nice Shot (Nickel Bag) (3:42)
Hey Man Nice Shot (Big Mac) (8:41)
Hey Man Nice Shot (Big Mac Instrumental) (8:43)

text: Hey Man Nice Shot (German Maxi-Single)

text:
Hey Man Nice Shot (Bud Gets The Lead Out) (5:14)
Hey Man Nice Shot (Sawed Off Edit) (5:20)
Hey Man Nice Shot (Nickel Bag) (3:43)
White Like That (Dictaphone Version) (2:12)

text: Hey Man Nice Shot (US Maxi-Single)

text:
Sober mix (5:14)
Nickel Bag mix (3:43)
1/4 Pound mix (5:00)
Big Mac mix (8:41)
White Like That (Dictaphone Version) (2:12)

text: Chart positions[edit]

text:
Chart (1995)
Peak
position

U.S. Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks
19

U.S. Billboard Modern Rock Tracks
10

U.S. Billboard Hot 100
76

Canadian RPM Alternative 30
14