document_title: New Netherland

question_text: who seized new netherland from the dutch in 1664

text: New Netherland

text: Origin[edit]

text: During the 17th century, Europe was undergoing expansive social, cultural, and economic growth, known as the Dutch Golden Age in the Netherlands. Nations vied for domination of lucrative trade routes around the globe, particularly those to Asia.[4] Simultaneously, philosophical and theological conflicts were manifested in military battles across the continent. The Republic of the Seven United Netherlands had become a home to many intellectuals, international businessmen, and religious refugees. In the Americas, the English had a settlement at Jamestown, the French had small settlements at Port Royal and Quebec, and the Spanish were developing colonies to exploit trade in South America and the Caribbean.[5]

text: In 1609, English sea captain and explorer Henry Hudson was hired by the Flemish émigrés running the Dutch East India Company (VOC) located in Amsterdam[6] to find a northeast passage to Asia, sailing around Scandinavia and Russia. He was turned back by the ice of the Arctic in his second attempt, so he sailed west to seek a northwest passage rather than return home. He ended up exploring the waters off the east coast of North America aboard the vlieboot Halve Maen. His first landfall was at Newfoundland and the second at Cape Cod.

text: Hudson believed that the passage to the Pacific Ocean was between the St. Lawrence River and Chesapeake Bay, so he sailed south to the Bay then turned northward, traveling close along the shore. He first discovered Delaware Bay and began to sail upriver looking for the passage. This effort was foiled by sandy shoals, and the Halve Maen continued north. After passing Sandy Hook, Hudson and his crew entered the narrows into the Upper New York Bay. (Unbeknownst to Hudson, the narrows had already been discovered in 1524 by explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano; today, the bridge spanning them is named after Verrazzano.)[7] Hudson believed that he had found the continental water route, so he sailed up the major river that later bore his name. He found the water too shallow to proceed several days later, at the site of present-day Troy, New York.[8]

text: Upon returning to the Netherlands, Hudson reported that he had found a fertile land and an amicable people willing to engage his crew in small-scale bartering of furs, trinkets, clothes, and small manufactured goods. His report was first published in 1611 by Emanuel Van Meteren, an Antwerp émigré and the Dutch Consul at London.[6] This stimulated interest[9] in exploiting this new trade resource, and it was the catalyst for Dutch merchant-traders to fund more expeditions. Flemish Lutheran émigré merchants such as Arnout Vogels sent the first follow-up voyages to exploit this discovery as early as July 1610.[6]

text: In 1611–12, the Admiralty of Amsterdam sent two covert expeditions to find a passage to China with the yachts Craen and Vos, captained by Jan Cornelisz Mey and Symon Willemsz Cat respectively. In four voyages made between 1611 and 1614, the area between present-day Maryland and Massachusetts was explored, surveyed, and charted by Adriaen Block, Hendrick Christiaensen, and Cornelius Jacobsen Mey. The results of these explorations, surveys, and charts made from 1609 through 1614 were consolidated in Block’s map, which used the name New Netherland for the first time. On maps, it was also called Nova Belgica. During this period, there was some trading with the native population.

text: Fur trader Juan Rodriguez (known as Jan Rodrigues among the Dutch) was born in Santo Domingo of Portuguese and African descent. He arrived in Manhattan during the winter of 1613–14, trapping for pelts and trading with the local population as a representative of the Dutch. He was the first recorded non-native inhabitant of what became New York City.[10][11][12]

text: Development[edit]

text: Chartered trading companies[edit]

text: The immediate and intense competition among Dutch trading companies in the newly charted areas (especially in New York Bay and along the Hudson River) led to disputes in Amsterdam and calls for regulation. The States General was the governing body of the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands, and it proclaimed on March 17, 1614 that it would grant an exclusive patent for trade between the 40th and 45th parallels. This monopoly would be valid for four voyages, all of which had to be undertaken within three years after it was awarded. Block's map and the report that accompanied it were used by the New Netherland Company (a newly formed alliance of trading companies) to win its patent, which expired on January 1, 1618.[13]

text: The New Netherland Company also ordered a survey of the Delaware Valley. This was undertaken by Cornelis Hendricksz of Monnickendam who explored the Zuyd Rivier (literally "South River," today known as the Delaware River) in 1616 from its bay to its northernmost navigable reaches. His observations were preserved in a map drawn in 1616. Hendricksz's voyages were made aboard the IJseren Vercken (Iron Hog), a vessel built in America. Despite the survey, the company was unable to secure an exclusive patent from the States General for the area between the 38th and 40th parallels.[14]

text: The States General issued patents in 1614 for the development of New Netherland as a private, commercial venture. Soon thereafter, traders built Fort Nassau on Castle Island in the area of present-day Albany up Hudson's river. The fort was to defend river traffic against interlopers and to conduct fur trading operations with the natives. The location of the fort proved to be impractical, however, due to repeated flooding of the island in the summers; it was abandoned in 1618,[15] which coincided with the patent's expiration.

text: The Dutch West India Company (WIC) (Geoctroyeerde Westindische Compagnie) was granted a charter by the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands on June 3, 1621.[16] It was given the exclusive right to operate in West Africa (between the Tropic of Cancer and the Cape of Good Hope) and the Americas.[16] In New Netherland, profit was originally to be made from the North American fur trade.

text: Among the founders of the WIC was Willem Usselincx. Between 1600 and 1606, he had promoted the concept that a main goal of the company should be establishing colonies in the New World. In 1620, Usselincx made a last appeal to the States General, which rejected his principal vision as a primary goal. The legislators preferred the formula of trading posts with small populations and a military presence to protect them, which was working in the East Indies, over encouraging mass immigration and establishing large colonies. The company did not focus on colonization in North America until 1654, when it was forced to surrender Dutch Brazil and forfeit the richest sugar-producing area in the world.

text: Pre-colonial population[edit]

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text: The first trading partners of the New Netherlanders were the Algonquian who lived in the area.[17] The Dutch depended on the indigenous population to capture, skin, and deliver pelts to them, especially beaver. It is likely that Hudson's peaceful contact with the local Mahicans encouraged them to establish Fort Nassau in 1614, the first of many garrisoned trading stations to be built. In 1628, the Mohawks (members of the Iroquois Confederacy) conquered the Mahicans, who retreated to Connecticut. The Mohawks gained a near-monopoly in the fur trade with the Dutch, as they controlled the upstate Adirondacks and Mohawk Valley through the center of New York.[18]

text: The Algonquian Lenape population around New York Bay and along the Lower Hudson were seasonally migrational people. The Dutch called the numerous tribes collectively the River Indians,[18][19] known by their exonyms as the Wecquaesgeek, Hackensack, Raritan, Canarsee, and Tappan. These groups had the most frequent contact with the New Netherlanders. The Munsee inhabited the Highlands, Hudson Valley, and northern New Jersey,[18] while Minquas (called the Susquehannocks by the English) lived west of the Zuyd Rivier along and beyond the Susquehanna River, which the Dutch regarded as their boundary with Virginia.

text: Company policy required land to be purchased from the indigenous peoples. The WIC would offer a land patent, the recipient of which would be responsible for negotiating a deal with representatives of the local population, usually the sachem or high chief. The Dutch (referred to by the natives as Swannekins, or salt water people) and the Wilden (as the Dutch called the natives) had vastly different conceptions of ownership and use of land—so much so that they did not understand each other at all.[18] The Dutch thought that their proffer of gifts in the form of sewant or manufactured goods was a trade agreement and defense alliance, which gave them exclusive rights to farming, hunting, and fishing. Often, the Indians did not vacate the property, or reappeared seasonally, according to their migration patterns. They were willing to share the land with the Europeans, but the Indians did not intend to leave or give up access. This misunderstanding and other differences led to violent conflict later. At the same time, such differences marked the beginnings of a multicultural society.[20]

text: Early settlement[edit]

text: Like the French in the north, the Dutch focused their interest on the fur trade. To that end, they cultivated contingent relations with the Five Nations of the Iroquois to procure greater access to key central regions from which the skins came.

text: The Dutch encouraged a kind of feudal aristocracy over time, to attract settlers to the region of the Hudson River, in what became known as the system of the Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions. Further south, a Swedish trading company that had ties with the Dutch tried to establish its first settlement along the Delaware River three years later. Without resources to consolidate its position, New Sweden was gradually absorbed by New Holland and later in Pennsylvania and Delaware.

text: The earliest Dutch settlement was built around 1613, and consisted of a number of small huts built by the crew of the "Tijger" (Tiger), a Dutch ship under the command of Captain Adriaen Block, which had caught fire while sailing on the Hudson.[21] Soon after, the first of two Fort Nassaus was built, and small factorijen or trading posts went up, where commerce could be conducted with Algonquian and Iroquois population, possibly at Schenectady, Esopus, Quinnipiac, Communipaw, and elsewhere.

text: In 1617, Dutch colonists built a fort at the confluence of the Hudson and Mohawk Rivers where Albany now stands. In 1624, New Netherland became a province of the Dutch Republic, which had lowered the northern border of its North American dominion to 42 degrees latitude in acknowledgment of the claim by the English north of Cape Cod.[nb 1] The Dutch named the three main rivers of the province the Zuyd Rivier (South River), the Noort Rivier (North River), and the Versche Rivier (Fresh River). Discovery, charting, and permanent settlement were needed to maintain a territorial claim. To this end in May 1624, the VOC landed 30 families at Fort Orange and Noten Eylant (today's Governors Island) at the mouth of the North River. They disembarked from the ship New Netherland, under the command of Cornelis Jacobsz May, the first Director of the New Netherland. He was replaced the following year by Willem Verhulst.

text: In June 1625, 45 additional colonists disembarked on Noten Eylant from three ships named Horse, Cow, and Sheep, which also delivered 103 horses, steers, cows, pigs, and sheep. Most settlers were dispersed to the various garrisons built across the territory: upstream to Fort Orange, to Kievets Hoek on the Fresh River, and Fort Wilhelmus on the South River.[22][23][24] Many of the settlers were not Dutch but Walloons, French Huguenots, or Africans (most as enslaved labor, some later gaining "half-free" status).[25][26]

text: North River and The Manhattans[edit]

text: Peter Minuit became Director of the New Netherland in 1626 and made a decision that greatly affected the new colony. Originally, the capital of the province was to be located on the South River,[27] but it was soon realized that the location was susceptible to mosquito infestation in the summer and the freezing of its waterways in the winter. He chose instead the island of Manhattan at the mouth of the river explored by Hudson, at that time called the North River.

text: Minuit traded some goods with the local population,[28] in one of the most legendary real estate deals ever made, and reported that he had purchased it from the natives, as was company policy. He ordered the construction of Fort Amsterdam at its southern tip, around which grew the heart of the province called The Manhattoes in the vernacular of the day, rather than New Netherland.[29][30]

text: The port city of New Amsterdam outside the walls of the fort became a major hub for trade between North America, the Caribbean, and Europe, and the place where raw materials were loaded, such as pelts, lumber, and tobacco. Sanctioned privateering contributed to its growth. It was given its municipal charter in 1653,[31] by which time the Commonality of New Amsterdam included the isle of Manhattan, Staaten Eylandt, Pavonia, and the Lange Eylandt towns.[32]

text: In the hope of encouraging immigration, the Dutch West India Company established the Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions in 1629, which gave it the power to offer vast land grants and the title of patroon to some of its invested members.[33] The vast tracts were called patroonships, and the title came with powerful manorial rights and privileges, such as the creation of civil and criminal courts and the appointing of local officials. In return, a patroon was required by the Company to establish a settlement of at least 50 families within four years[34] who would live as tenant farmers. Of the original five patents given, the largest and only truly successful endeavour was Rensselaerswyck,[35] at the highest navigable point on the North River,[36] which became the main thoroughfare of the province. Beverwijck grew from a trading post to a bustling, independent town in the midst of Rensselaerwyck, as did Wiltwyck, south of the patroonship in Esopus country.

text: Kieft's War and the Remonstrance of New Netherland[edit]

text: Willem Kieft was Director New Netherland from 1638 until 1647. The colony had grown somewhat before his arrival but it did not flourish, and Kieft was under pressure to cut costs. At this time, a large number of Indian tribes who had signed mutual defense treaties with the Dutch were gathering near the colony due to widespread warfare and dislocation among the tribes to the north. At first, he suggested collecting tribute from the Indians,[37] as was common among the various dominant tribes, but his demands were simply ignored by the Tappan and Wecquaesgeek. Subsequently, a colonist was murdered in an act of revenge for some killings that had taken place years earlier and the Indians refused to turn over the perpetrator. Kieft suggested that they be taught a lesson by ransacking their villages. In an attempt to gain public support, he created the citizens commission the Council of Twelve Men.

text: They did not rubber-stamp his ideas, as he had expected them to, but took the opportunity to mention grievances that they had with the company's mismanagement and its unresponsiveness to their suggestions. Kieft thanked and disbanded them and, against their advice, ordered that groups of Tappan and Wecquaesgeekbe be attacked at Pavonia and Corlear's Hook, even though they had sought refuge from their more powerful Mahican enemies per their treaty understandings with the Dutch. The massacre left 130 dead. Within days, the surrounding tribes united and rampaged the countryside, in a unique move, forcing settlers who escaped to find safety at Fort Amsterdam. For two years, a series of raids and reprisals raged across the province, until 1645 when Kieft's War ended with a treaty, in a large part brokered by the Hackensack sagamore Oratam.[18]

text: The colonists were disenchanted with the previous governor, his ignorance of indigenous peoples, and the unresponsiveness of the WIC to their rights and requests, and they submitted the Remonstrance of New Netherland to the States General.[38] This document was written by Leiden-educated New Netherland lawyer Adriaen van der Donck, condemning the VOC for mismanagement and demanding full rights as citizens of the province of the Netherlands.[20]

text: Director-General of New Netherland[edit]

text: Petrus Stuyvesant arrived in New Amsterdam in 1647, the only governor of the colony to be called Director-General. Some years earlier land ownership policy was liberalized and trading was somewhat deregulated, and many New Netherlanders considered themselves entrepreneurs in a free market.[20]

text: During the period of his governorship, the province experienced exponential growth.[35] Demands were made upon Stuyvesant from all sides: the West India Company, the States General, and the New Netherlanders. Dutch territory was being nibbled at by the English to the north and the Swedes to the south, while in the heart of the province the Esopus were trying to contain further Dutch expansion. Discontent in New Amsterdam led locals to dispatch Adriaen van der Donck back to the United Provinces to seek redress. After nearly three years of legal and political wrangling, the Dutch Government came down against the VOC, granting the colony a measure of self-government and recalling Stuyvesant in April 1652. However, the orders were rescinded with the outbreak of the First Anglo-Dutch War a month later.[20] Military battles were occurring in the Caribbean and along the South Atlantic coast. In 1654, the Netherlands lost New Holland in Brazil to the Portuguese, encouraging some of its residents to emigrate north and making the North American colonies more appealing to some investors. The Esopus Wars are so named for the branch of Lenape that lived around Wiltwijck, which was the Dutch settlement on the west bank of Hudson River between Beverwyk and New Amsterdam. These conflicts were generally over settlement of land by New Netherlanders for which contracts had not been clarified, and were seen by the natives as an unwanted incursion into their territory. Previously, the Esopus, a clan of the Munsee Lenape, had much less contact with the River Indians and the Mohawks.[39]

text: Society[edit]

text: New Netherlanders were not necessarily Dutch, and New Netherland was never a homogeneous society.[2] An early governor, Peter Minuit, was a Walloon born in modern Germany who spoke English and worked for a Dutch company.[40] The term New Netherland Dutch generally includes all the Europeans who came to live there,[1] but may also refer to Africans, Indo-Caribbeans, South Americans and even the Native Americans who were integral to the society. Though Dutch was the official language, and likely the lingua franca of the province, it was but one of many spoken there.[2] There were various Algonquian languages; Walloons and Huguenots tended to speak French, and Scandinavians brought their own tongues, as did the Germans. It is likely that the about 100 Africans (including both free men and slaves) on Manhattan spoke their mother tongues, but were taught Dutch from 1638 by Adam Roelantsz van Dokkum.[41] English was already on the rise to become the vehicular language in world trade,[citation needed] and settlement by individuals or groups of English-speakers started soon after the inception of the province. The arrival of refugees from New Holland in Brazil may have brought speakers of Portuguese, Spanish, and Ladino (with Hebrew as a liturgical language). Commercial activity in the harbor could have been transacted simultaneously in any of a number of tongues.[42]

text: The Dutch West India Company introduced slavery in 1625 with the importation of eleven black slaves who worked as farmers, fur traders, and builders. Although enslaved, the Africans had a few basic rights and families were usually kept intact. Admitted to the Dutch Reformed Church and married by its ministers, their children could be baptized. Slaves could testify in court, sign legal documents, and bring civil actions against whites. Some were permitted to work after hours earning wages equal to those paid to white workers. When the colony fell, the company freed the first slaves and some others, establishing early on a nucleus of free negros.[43]

text: The Union of Utrecht, the founding document of the Dutch Republic, signed in 1579, stated "that everyone shall remain free in religion and that no one may be persecuted or investigated because of religion". The Dutch West India Company, however, established the Reformed Church as the official religious institution of New Netherland.[44] Its successor church, the Reformed Church in America still exists today. The colonists had to attract, "through attitude and by example", the natives and nonbelievers to God's word "without, on the other hand, to persecute someone by reason of his religion, and to leave everyone the freedom of his conscience." In addition, the laws and ordinances of the states of Holland were incorporated by reference in those first instructions to the Governors Island settlers in 1624. There were two test cases during Stuyvesant's governorship in which the rule prevailed: the official granting of full residency for both Ashkenazi and Sephardi Jews in New Amsterdam in 1655, and the Flushing Remonstrance, involving Quakers, in 1657.[45][46] During the 1640s, two religious leaders, both women, took refuge in New Netherland: Anne Hutchinson and the Anabaptist Lady Deborah Moody.

text: Expansion and incursion[edit]

text: South River and New Sweden[edit]

text: Apart from the second Fort Nassau, and the small community that supported it, settlement along the Zuyd Rivier was limited. An attempt by patroons of Zwaanendael, Samuel Blommaert and Samuel Godijn was destroyed by the local population soon after its founding in 1631 during the absence of their agent, David Pietersen de Vries.

text: Peter Minuit, who had construed a deed for Manhattan (and was soon after dismissed as director), knew that the Dutch would be unable to defend the southern flank of their North American territory and had not signed treaties with or purchased land from the Minquas. After gaining the support from the Queen of Sweden, he chose the southern banks of the Delaware Bay to establish a colony there, which he did in 1638, calling it Fort Christina, New Sweden. As expected, the government at New Amsterdam took no other action than to protest. Other settlements sprang up as colony grew, mostly populated by Swedes, Finns, Germans, and Dutch. In 1651, Fort Nassau was dismantled and relocated in an attempt to disrupt trade and reassert control, receiving the name Fort Casimir. Fort Beversreede was built in the same year, but was short-lived. In 1655, Stuyvesant led a military expedition and regained control of the region, calling its main town "New Amstel" (Nieuw-Amstel).[47] During this expedition, some villages and plantations at the Manhattans (Pavonia and Staten Island) were attacked in an incident that is known as the Peach Tree War.[20] These raids are sometimes considered revenge for the murder of an Indian girl attempting to pluck a peach, though it was likely that they were a retaliation for the attacks at New Sweden.[20][48] A new experimental settlement was begun in 1673, just before the British takeover in 1674. Franciscus van den Enden had drawn up charter for a utopian society that included equal education of all classes, joint ownership of property, and a democratically elected government.[20] Pieter Corneliszoon Plockhoy attempted such a settlement near the site of Zwaanendael, but it soon expired under English rule.[49]

text: Fresh River and New England[edit]

text: Few Dutch settlers to New Netherland made their home at Fort Goede Hoop on the Fresh River. As early as 1637, English settlers from the Massachusetts Bay Colony began to settle along its banks and on Lange Eylandt, some with permission from the colonial government and others with complete disregard for it. Developing simultaneously with that of New Netherland, the English colonies grew more rapidly, since settlement by religious groups (rather than trade) was the impetus for their creation and growth. The wal, or rampart, was originally built at contemporary Wall Street due to fear of an invasion by the English.

text: Initially, there was limited contact between New Englanders and New Netherlanders, but the two provinces engaged in direct diplomatic relations with a swelling English population and territorial disputes. The New England Confederation was formed in 1643 as a political and military alliance of the English colonies of Massachusetts, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven.[50] Connecticut and New Haven were actually on land claimed by the United Provinces, but the Dutch were unable to populate or militarily defend their territorial claim and therefore could do nothing but protest the growing flood of English settlers. With the 1650 Treaty of Hartford, Stuyvesant provisionally ceded the Connecticut River region to New England, drawing New Netherland's eastern border 50 Dutch miles (approximately 250 km) west of the Connecticut's mouth on the mainland and just west of Oyster Bay on Long Island. The Dutch West India Company refused to recognize the treaty, but it failed to reach any other agreement with the English, so the Hartford Treaty set the de facto border. Connecticut mostly assimilated into New England, although the western part of the state maintained stronger ties with the Tri-State Region.

text: Capitulation, restitution, and concession[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In March 1664, Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland resolved to annex New Netherland and "bring all his Kingdoms under one form of government, both in church and state, and to install the Anglican government as in old England." The directors of the Dutch West India Company concluded that the religious freedom, which they offered in New Netherland, would dissuade English colonists from working toward their removal. They wrote to Director-General Peter Stuyvesant:

text: . . . we are in hopes that as the English at the north (in New Netherland) have removed mostly from old England for the causes aforesaid, they will not give us henceforth so much trouble, but prefer to live free under us at peace with their consciences than to risk getting rid of our authority and then falling again under a government from which they had formerly fled.

text: Early image of "Nieuw Amsterdam", made in 1664, the year it was surrendered to English forces under Richard Nicolls

text: On August 27, 1664, four English frigates led by Richard Nicolls sailed into New Amsterdam’s harbor and demanded New Netherland’s surrender.[51][52] They met no resistance because numerous citizens’ requests had gone unheeded for protection by a suitable Dutch garrison against "the deplorable and tragic massacres" by the natives. That lack of adequate fortification, ammunition, and manpower made New Amsterdam defenseless, as well as the indifference from the West India Company to previous pleas for reinforcement of men and ships against "the continual troubles, threats, encroachments and invasions of the English neighbors." Stuyvesant negotiated successfully for good terms from his "too powerful enemies".[53] In the Articles of Transfer, he and his council secured the principle of religious tolerance in Article VIII, which assured that New Netherlanders "shall keep and enjoy the liberty of their consciences in religion" under English rule. The Articles were largely observed in New Amsterdam and the Hudson River Valley, but they were immediately violated by the English along the Delaware River, where pillaging, looting, and arson were undertaken under the orders of English officer Sir Robert Carr, Kt.[54][55] who had been dispatched to secure the valley. Many Dutch settlers were sold into slavery in Virginia on Carr's orders, and an entire Mennonite settlement was wiped out, led by Pieter Corneliszoon Plockhoy near modern Lewes, Delaware. The 1667 Treaty of Breda ended the Second Anglo-Dutch War; the Dutch did not press their claims on New Netherland, and the status quo was maintained, with the Dutch occupying Suriname and the nutmeg island of Run.

text: Within six years, the nations were again at war. The Dutch recaptured New Netherland in August 1673 with a fleet of 21 ships led by Vice Admiral Cornelius Evertsen and Commodore Jacob Binckes, then the largest ever seen in North America. They chose Anthony Colve as governor and renamed the city "New Orange," reflecting the installation of William of Orange as Lord-Lieutenant (stadtholder) of Holland in 1672, who became King William III of England in 1689. Nevertheless, the Dutch Republic was bankrupt after the conclusion of the Third Anglo-Dutch War in 1672–1674, the historic "disaster years" in which the republic was simultaneously attacked by the French under Louis XIV, the English, and the Bishops of Munster and Cologne. The States of Zeeland had tried to convince the States of Holland to take on the responsibility for the New Netherland province, but to no avail. In November 1674, the Treaty of Westminster concluded the war and ceded New Netherland to the English.[56]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: New Netherland grew into the largest metropolis in the United States, and it left an enduring legacy on American cultural and political life[57], "a secular broadmindedness and mercantile pragmatism"[12] greatly influenced by the social and political climate in the Dutch Republic at the time, as well as by the character of those who immigrated to it.[58] It was during the early British colonial period that the New Netherlanders actually developed the land and society that had an enduring impact on the Capital District, the Hudson Valley, North Jersey, western Long Island, New York City, and ultimately the United States.[12]

text: Political culture[edit]

text: The concept of tolerance was the mainstay of the province's Dutch mother country. The Dutch Republic was a haven for many religious and intellectual refugees fleeing oppression, as well as home to the world's major ports in the newly developing global economy. Concepts of religious freedom and free-trade (including a stock market) were Netherlands imports. In 1682, visiting Virginian William Byrd commented about New Amsterdam that "they have as many sects of religion there as at Amsterdam".

text: The Dutch Republic was one of the first nation-states of Europe where citizenship and civil liberties were extended to large segments of the population. The framers of the U.S. Constitution were influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces, though that influence was more as an example of things to avoid than of things to imitate.[59] In addition, the Act of Abjuration, essentially the declaration of independence of the United Provinces from the Spanish throne, is strikingly similar to the later American Declaration of Independence,[60] though there is no concrete evidence that one influenced the other. John Adams went so far as to say that “the origins of the two Republics are so much alike that the history of one seems but a transcript from that of the other.”[61] The Articles of Capitulation (outlining the terms of transfer to the English) in 1664[53] provided for the right to worship as one wished, and were incorporated into subsequent city, state, and national constitutions in the United States, and are the legal and cultural code that lies at the root of the New York Tri-State traditions.[62]

text: Many prominent U.S. citizens are Dutch American directly descended from the Dutch families of New Netherland.[63] The Roosevelt family produced two Presidents and are descended from Claes van Roosevelt, who emigrated around 1650.[64] The Van Buren family of President Martin Van Buren also originated in New Netherland.[4] The Bush family descendants from Flora Sheldon are descendants from the Schuyler family.

text: Lore[edit]

text: The colors of the flag of New York City, of Albany and of Nassau County are those of the old but still used Dutch flag. The blue, white and orange are also seen in materials from New York's two World's Fairs and the uniforms of the New York Knicks basketball club, the New York Islanders hockey club, and the New York Mets baseball club. Hofstra University, founded in 1935, takes its flag from the original.

text: The seven arrows in the lion's left claw in the Republic's coat of arms, representing the seven provinces, was a precedent for the thirteen arrows in the eagle's left claw in the Great Seal of the United States.[65]

text: Any review of the legacy of New Netherland is complicated by the enormous impact of Washington Irving’s satirical A History of New York and its famous fictional author Diedrich Knickerbocker. Irving’s romantic vision of an enlightened, languid Dutch yeomanry dominated the popular imagination about the colony since its publication in 1809.[66] To this day, many mistakenly believe that Irving’s two most famous short stories, "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow", are based on actual folk tales of Dutch peasants in the Hudson Valley.[citation needed]

text: The tradition of Santa Claus is thought to have developed from a gift-giving celebration of the feast of Saint Nicholas on December 6 each year by the settlers of New Netherland.[20][67] The Dutch Sinterklaas was Americanized into "Santa Claus", a name first used in the American press in 1773,[68] when, in the early days of the revolt, Nicholas was used as a symbol of New York's non-British past.[67] However, many of the "traditions" of Santa Claus may have simply been invented by Irving in his 1809 Knickerbocker's History of New York from The Beginning of the World To the End of The Dutch Dynasty.[67]

text: Pinkster, the Dutch celebration of Spring is still celebrated in the Hudson Valley.

text: Language[edit]

text: Dutch continued to be spoken in the region for some time. President Martin Van Buren grew up in Kinderhook, New York speaking only Dutch, later becoming the only president not to have spoken English as a first language.[69] Pidgin Delaware developed early in the province as a vehicular language to expedite trade. A dialect known as Jersey Dutch was spoken in and around rural Bergen and Passaic counties in New Jersey until the early 20th century.[70] Mohawk Dutch, spoken around Albany, is also now extinct.[71]

text: Many Dutch words borrowed into English are evident in today's American vernacular and emanate directly from the legacy of New Netherland.[72] For example, the quintessential American word Yankee may be a corruption of a Dutch name, Jan Kees. [nb 2][73] Knickerbocker, originally a surname, has been used to describe a number of things, including breeches, glasses, and a basketball team. Cookie is from the Dutch word koekje or (informally) koekie. Boss, from baas, evolved in New Netherland to the usage known today.[nb 3]

text: Placenames[edit]

text: Early settlers and their descendents gave many placenames still in use throughout the region that was New Netherland.[4] Using Dutch, and the Latin alphabet, they also "Batavianized"[20] names of Native American geographical locations such as Manhattan, Hackensack, Sing-Sing, and Canarsie. Peekskill, Catskill, and Cresskill all refer to the streams, or kils, around which they grew. Schuylkill River is somewhat redundant, since kil is already built into it. Among those that use hoek, meaning corner,[74] are: Red Hook, Sandy Hook, Constable Hook, and Kinderhook. Nearly pure Dutch forms name the bodies of water Spuyten Duyvil, Kill van Kull, and Hell Gate. Countless towns, streets, and parks bear names derived from Dutch places or from the surnames of the early Dutch settlers. Hudson and the House of Orange-Nassau lend their names to numerous places in the Northeast.


document_title: Los Angeles Open

question_text: where is the genesis open being played at

root

text: Los Angeles Open

text: Tournament sites[edit]

text: Listed by most recent

tag: p

text:
Times
hosted
Venue
Location
Years

56
Riviera Country Club
Pacific
Palisades
1929–30, 1941, 1945–53,
1973–82, 1984–97, 1999–2018

1
Valencia Country Club
Valencia
1998

17
Rancho Park Golf Course
Los Angeles
1956–67, 1969–72, 1983

1
Brookside Golf Course
Pasadena
1968

1
Inglewood Country Club
Inglewood
1955

1
Fox Hills Country Club
Culver City
1954

4
Wilshire Country Club
Los Angeles
1928, 1931, 1933, 1944

2
Hillcrest Country Club
Los Angeles
1932, 1942

5
Los Angeles Country Club
Los Angeles
1926, 1934–36, 1940

3
Griffith Park
Los Angeles
1937–39

1
El Caballero Country Club
Tarzana
1927

tag: table

text: Not held in 1943

tag: ul

text: History[edit]

text: Prior to World War II, the event led a nomadic existence in southern California, moving from course to course. The inaugural event 92 years ago in 1926 was played at Los Angeles Country Club in Los Angeles;[4] in 1927 the event moved to El Caballero Country Club in Tarzana for the only time.[5] In 1928, the event moved again to Wilshire Country Club, also in Los Angeles, and 1929 and 1930 saw the event's first foray to the Riviera Country Club in Pacific Palisades before returning again to Los Angeles for the next decade. From 1931–33, the event alternated between Wilshire CC and Hillcrest Country Club, before returning to Los Angeles CC from 1934–36. From 1937–39, the event was played at Griffith Park before returning to Los Angeles CC in 1940. Babe Zaharias played in the 1938 event, being the first woman to play in a professional golf tournament for men.

text: In 1941, the event returned to Riviera CC and in 1942 was played again at Hillcrest CC before World War II intervened.

text: The event started up again in 1944 at Wilshire CC before spending the next nine years (1945–53) at Riviera CC, which also hosted the U.S. Open in June 1948, won by Ben Hogan in a record score. In 1954, the event was played at Fox Hills Country Club (now in Culver City) and in 1955 moved to Inglewood Country Club. From 1956–72, the event returned to Los Angeles at Rancho Park Golf Course, with the exception of 1968, which was at Brookside Golf Course in Pasadena, adjacent to the Rose Bowl.[6]

text: The L.A. Open was traditionally the first event of the season, played in early January; it moved to the latter half of February in 1974. The year before, it began its current relationship with Riviera CC. The tournament has only twice been played at other courses since: Rancho Park Golf Course in 1983, while Riviera prepared to host the PGA Championship, and Valencia Country Club in 1998, while Riviera prepared to host the U.S. Senior Open. The event remained at Riviera in 1995, despite Riviera hosting the PGA Championship that year,[7] and will also remain in 2017, when the course hosts the U.S. Amateur.

text: In 1992, the Nissan Los Angeles Open at Riviera CC was the site of Tiger Woods' first PGA Tour event as an amateur player, as a 16-year-old high school sophomore.[8] Neither Woods nor Jack Nicklaus have won the event; Woods lost in a playoff in 1998 (at Valencia)[9] and was again a runner-up the next year at Riviera,[10] while Nicklaus' best finish was two strokes back in solo second in 1978.[11] He had earned his first paycheck as a pro in the event in 1962 at Rancho Park, less than thirty four dollars.[12]

text: The 2001 event was only the second time that a six-player playoff was needed in PGA Tour history to determine the tournament winner. Robert Allenby won the playoff ahead of Toshi Izawa, Brandel Chamblee, Bob Tway, Jeff Sluman, and Dennis Paulson.[13][14]

text: In 2005, the tournament was shortened by 36 holes due to rain. Adam Scott defeated Chad Campbell on the first hole of a sudden-death playoff on a Monday. Due to the event's length, this win is counted as unofficial for Scott.[15]

text: In 2007, Rich Beem made a hole-in-one at the 14th hole on Saturday to win a new red Altima coupe, which he immediately ascended, embraced, and sat atop of in triumph.[16] The sequence was later made into a Nissan commercial. (video) Beem credited Peter Jacobsen for inspiring his reaction; Jacobsen aced the same hole thirteen years earlier in 1994 then hopped into the nearby 300ZX convertible and pretended to drive it.[17][18][19][20]

text: In September 2007, it was originally announced that Bearing Point, a consulting firm based in McLean, Virginia, would become the new title sponsor of the tournament, but Northern Trust became the title sponsor beginning in February 2008. The five-year agreement, which extended through the 2012 event, was announced October 15, 2007, by PGA Tour Commissioner Tim Finchem and William A. Osborn, Chairman and CEO of Northern Trust Corporation.[21] The tournament became known as the Northern Trust Open, and the new partnership marks the beginning of a process of transformation for this high-profile tournament. As part of the initial move to enhance the tournament, the Northern Trust Open increased its purse to $6.2 million in 2008, an increase of $1 million over 2007. Additionally, the tournament pro-am went from four amateurs to three per group. After the initial 5-year agreement, it was extended 4 years to cover Northern Trust's partnership through the 2016 event.

text: Phil Mickelson won the 2008 tournament and successfully defended the title in 2009 with a one-stroke victory over Steve Stricker. In 2010, Stricker came back to win the Northern Trust Open and secure his ranking of the number two player in the world. In 2016, Bubba Watson won the tournament for a second time in three years, seeing off Adam Scott and Jason Kokrak to win by one shot with a 15-under-par total.[22]

text: Charlie Sifford Memorial Exemption[edit]

text: In 2009, the tournament created an exemption for a player who represents the advancement of diversity in golf. The exemption is called the Charlie Sifford Memorial Exemption, in honor of pioneering black golfer and 1969 tournament winner Charlie Sifford.[23][24][25][26] While most of the recipients have been of African-American descent, the 2015 exemption went to PGA Tour rookie Carlos Sainz, Jr., of Filipino and Bolivian descent;[27] and the 2016 recipient, J. J. Spaun, is also of Filipino descent.[28]

text:
Year
Player
Result

2009
Vincent Johnson[25]
Cut

2010
Joshua Wooding
Cut

2011
Joseph Bramlett
Cut

2012
Andy Walker
Cut

2013
Jeremiah Wooding
T42

2014
Harold Varner III
T70

2015
Carlos Sainz, Jr.[27]
Cut

2016
J. J. Spaun[28]
Cut

2017
Kevin Hall[26]
Cut

2018
Cameron Champ
Cut

text: 2016 course layout[edit]

text:
Hole
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Out
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
In
Total

Yards
503
471
434
236
434
199
408
433
458
3,576
315
583
479
459
192
487
166
590
475
3,746
7,322

Par
5
4
4
3
4
3
4
4
4
35
4
5
4
4
3
4
3
5
4
36
71

text: Winners[edit]

text:
Year
Player
Country
Score
To par
Margin
of victory
Runner(s)-up
Winner's
share ($)
Purse
($)
Ref

Genesis Open

2018
Bubba Watson (3)
 United States
272
−12
2 strokes
 Kevin Na
 Tony Finau
1,296,000
7,200,000

2017
Dustin Johnson
 United States
267
−17
5 strokes
 Scott Brown
 Thomas Pieters
1,260,000
7,000,000

Northern Trust Open

2016
Bubba Watson (2)
 United States
269
−15
1 stroke
 Jason Kokrak
 Adam Scott
1,224,000
6,800,000

2015
James Hahn
 United States
278
−6
Playoff
 Paul Casey
 Dustin Johnson
1,206,000
6,700,000

2014
Bubba Watson
 United States
269
−15
2 strokes
 Dustin Johnson
1,206,000
6,700,000

2013
John Merrick
 United States
273
−11
Playoff
 Charlie Beljan
1,188,000
6,600,000

2012
Bill Haas
 United States
277
−7
Playoff
 Keegan Bradley
 Phil Mickelson
1,188,000
6,600,000

2011
Aaron Baddeley
 Australia
272
−12
2 strokes
 Vijay Singh
1,170,000
6,500,000

2010
Steve Stricker
 United States
268
−16
2 strokes
 Luke Donald
1,152,000
6,400,000

2009
Phil Mickelson (2)
 United States
269
−15
1 stroke
 Steve Stricker
1,134,000
6,300,000

2008
Phil Mickelson
 United States
272
−12
2 strokes
 Jeff Quinney
1,116,000
6,200,000

Nissan Open

2007
Charles Howell III
 United States
268
−16
Playoff
 Phil Mickelson
936,000
5,200,000
[16]

2006
Rory Sabbatini
 South Africa
271
−13
1 stroke
 Adam Scott
918,000
5,100,000

2005
Adam Scott
 Australia
133^
−9
Playoff
 Chad Campbell
864,000
4,800,000
[15]

2004
Mike Weir (2)
 Canada
267
−17
1 stroke
 Shigeki Maruyama
864,000
4,800,000

2003
Mike Weir
 Canada
275
−9
Playoff
 Charles Howell III
810,000
4,500,000

2002
Len Mattiace
 United States
269
−15
1 stroke
 Brad Faxon
 Scott McCarron
 Rory Sabbatini
666,000
3,700,000

2001
Robert Allenby
 Australia
276
−8
Playoff
 Brandel Chamblee
 Toshimitsu Izawa
 Dennis Paulson
 Jeff Sluman
 Bob Tway
612,000
3,400,000
[13]

2000
Kirk Triplett
 United States
272
−12
1 stroke
 Jesper Parnevik
558,000
3,100,000

1999
Ernie Els
 South Africa
270
−14
2 strokes
 Davis Love III
 Ted Tryba
 Tiger Woods
504,000
2,800,000
[10]

1998
Billy Mayfair
 United States
272
−12
Playoff
 Tiger Woods
378,000
2,100,000
[9]

1997
Nick Faldo
 England
272
−12
3 strokes
 Craig Stadler
252,000
1,400,000

1996
Craig Stadler
 United States
278
−6
1 stroke
 Mark Brooks
 Fred Couples
 Scott Simpson
 Mark Wiebe
216,000
1,200,000

1995
Corey Pavin (2)
 United States
268
−16
3 strokes
 Jay Don Blake
 Kenny Perry
216,000
1,200,000

Nissan Los Angeles Open

1994
Corey Pavin
 United States
271
−13
2 strokes
 Fred Couples
180,000
1,000,000

1993
Tom Kite
 United States
206*
−7
3 strokes
 Dave Barr
 Fred Couples
 Donnie Hammond
 Payne Stewart
180,000
1,000,000

1992
Fred Couples (2)
 United States
269
−15
Playoff
 Davis Love III
180,000
1,000,000

1991
Ted Schulz
 United States
272
−12
1 stroke
 Jeff Sluman
180,000
1,000,000

1990
Fred Couples
 United States
266
−18
3 strokes
 Gil Morgan
180,000
1,000,000

1989
Mark Calcavecchia
 United States
272
−12
1 stroke
 Sandy Lyle
180,000
1,000,000

Los Angeles Open presented by Nissan

1988
Chip Beck
 United States
267
−17
4 strokes
 Mac O'Grady
 Bill Sander
135,000
750,000

1987
Chen Tze-chung
 Taiwan
275
−9
Playoff
 Ben Crenshaw
108,000
600,000

Los Angeles Open

1986
Doug Tewell
 United States
270
−14
7 strokes
 Clarence Rose
81,000
450,000

1985
Lanny Wadkins (2)
 United States
264
−20
7 strokes
 Hal Sutton
72,000
400,000

1984
David Edwards
 United States
279
−5
3 strokes
 Jack Renner
72,000
400,000

Glen Campbell-Los Angeles Open

1983
Gil Morgan (2)
 United States
270
−14
2 strokes
 Gibby Gilbert
 Mark McCumber
 Lanny Wadkins
54,000
300,000

1982
Tom Watson (2)
 United States
271
−13
Playoff
 Johnny Miller
54,000
300,000

1981
Johnny Miller
 United States
270
−14
2 strokes
 Tom Weiskopf
54,000
300,000

1980
Tom Watson
 United States
276
−8
1 stroke
 Bob Gilder
 Don January
45,000
250,000

1979
Lanny Wadkins
 United States
276
−8
1 stroke
 Lon Hinkle
45,000
250,000

1978
Gil Morgan
 United States
278
−6
2 strokes
 Jack Nicklaus
40,000
225,000
[11]

1977
Tom Purtzer
 United States
273
−11
1 stroke
 Lanny Wadkins
40,000
225,000

1976
Hale Irwin
 United States
272
−12
2 strokes
 Tom Watson
37,000
185,000

1975
Pat Fitzsimons
 United States
275
−9
4 strokes
 Tom Kite
30,000
150,000

1974
Dave Stockton
 United States
276
−8
2 strokes
 John Mahaffey
 Sam Snead
30,000
150,000

1973
Rod Funseth
 United States
276
−8
3 strokes
 Don Bies
 David Graham
 Dave Hill
 Tom Weiskopf
27,000
135,000

1972
George Archer
 United States
270
−14
Playoff
 Tommy Aaron
 Dave Hill
25,000
125,000

1971
Bob Lunn
 United States
274
−10
Playoff
 Billy Casper
22,000
110,000

Los Angeles Open

1970
Billy Casper (2)
 United States
276
−8
Playoff
 Hale Irwin
20,000
100,000

1969
Charlie Sifford
 United States
276
−8
Playoff
 Harold Henning
20,000
100,000
[23][24]

1968
Billy Casper
 United States
274
−10
3 strokes
 Arnold Palmer
20,000
100,000
[6]

1967
Arnold Palmer (3)
 United States
269
−15
5 strokes
 Gay Brewer
20,000
100,000

1966
Arnold Palmer (2)
 United States
273
−11
3 strokes
 Miller Barber
 Paul Harney
11,000
75,000
[29]

1965
Paul Harney (2)
 United States
276
−8
3 strokes
 Dan Sikes
12,000
75,000

1964
Paul Harney
 United States
280
−4
1 stroke
 Bobby Nichols
7,500
50,000

1963
Arnold Palmer
 United States
274
−10
3 strokes
 Al Balding
 Gary Player
9,000
50,000

1962
Phil Rodgers
 United States
268
−16
9 strokes
 Bob Goalby
 Fred Hawkins
7,500
50,000
[12]

1961
Bob Goalby
 United States
275
−9
3 strokes
 Eric Brown
 Art Wall, Jr.
7,500
50,000
[30][31]

1960
Dow Finsterwald
 United States
280
−4
3 strokes
 Bill Collins
 Jay Hebert
 Dave Ragan
5,500
44,500

1959
Ken Venturi
 United States
278
−6
2 strokes
 Art Wall, Jr.
5,300
35,000

1958
Frank Stranahan
 United States
275
−9
3 strokes
 E. J. Harrison
7,000
35,000

1957
Doug Ford
 United States
280
−4
1 stroke
 Jay Hebert
7,000
37,500
[32]

1956
Lloyd Mangrum (4)
 United States
272
−12
3 strokes
 Jerry Barber
6,000
32,500
[33]

1955
Gene Littler
 United States
276
−8
2 strokes
 Ted Kroll
5,000
25,000
[34]

1954
Fred Wampler
 United States
281
−3
1 stroke
 Jerry Barber
 Chick Harbert
4,000
20,000
[35]

1953
Lloyd Mangrum (3)
 United States
280
−4
5 strokes
 Jack Burke, Jr.
2,750
20,000
[36]

1952
Tommy Bolt
 United States
289
+5
Playoff
 Jack Burke, Jr.
4,000
17,500
[37]

1951
Lloyd Mangrum (2)
 United States
280
−4
1 stroke
 Henry Ransom
2,600
15,000
[38]

1950
Sam Snead (2)
 United States
280
−4
Playoff
 Ben Hogan
2,600
15,000
[39]

1949
Lloyd Mangrum
 United States
284
E
3 strokes
 E. J. Harrison
2,600
15,000
[40]

1948
Ben Hogan (3)
 United States
275
−9
4 strokes
 Lloyd Mangrum
2,000
10,000
[41]

1947
Ben Hogan (2)
 United States
280
−4
3 strokes
 Toney Penna
2,000
10,000
[42]

1946
Byron Nelson
 United States
284
E
5 strokes
 Ben Hogan
2,667
13,333
[43]

1945
Sam Snead
 United States
283
−1
1 stroke
 Jug McSpaden
 Byron Nelson
2,666
13,333
[44]

1944
Jug McSpaden
 United States
278
−6
3 strokes
 Johnny Bulla
4,300
12,500
[45]

1943
No tournament due to World War II

1942
Ben Hogan
 United States
282
−6
Playoff
 Jimmy Thomson
3,500
10,000
[46][47]

1941
Johnny Bulla
 United States
281
−3
2 strokes
 Craig Wood
3,500
10,000
[48]

1940
Lawson Little
 United States
282
+2
1 stroke
 Clayton Heafner
1,500
5,000
[49]

1939
Jimmy Demaret
 United States
274
−10
7 strokes
 Jug McSpaden
1,650
5,000
[50]

1938
Jimmy Thomson
 Scotland
273
−11
4 strokes
 Johnny Revolta
2,100
5,000
[51]

1937
Harry Cooper (2)
 United States
274
−10
5 strokes
 Ralph Guldahl
 Horton Smith
2,500
8,000
[52]

1936
Jimmy Hines
 United States
280
E
4 strokes
 Henry Picard
 Jimmy Thomson
1,500
5,000
[53]

1935
Vic Ghezzi
 United States
285
+5
Playoff
 Johnny Revolta
1,075
5,000
[54][55]

1934
Macdonald Smith (4)
 Scotland
280
E
8 strokes
 Wille Hunter
 Bill Mehlhorn
1,450
5,000
[56][57]

1933
Craig Wood
 United States
282
−2
4 strokes
 Leo Diegel
 Willie Hunter
1,525
5,000
[58][59]

1932
Macdonald Smith (3)
 Scotland
281
−3
4 strokes
 Leo Diegel
 Olin Dutra
 Joe Kirkwood, Sr.
 Dick Metz
2,000
7,500
[60][61]

1931
Ed Dudley
 United States
285
+1
2 strokes
 Al Espinosa
 Eddie Loos
3,500
10,000
[62][63]

1930
Denny Shute
 United States
296
+12
4 strokes
 Bobby Cruickshank
 Horton Smith
3,500
10,000
[64][65]

1929
Macdonald Smith (2)
 Scotland
285
+1
6 strokes
 Tommy Armour
3,500
10,000
[66][67]

1928
Macdonald Smith
 Scotland
284
E
3 strokes
 Harry Cooper
3,500
10,000
[68][69]

1927
Bobby Cruickshank
 Scotland
282
−6
6 strokes
 Ed Dudley
 Charles Guest
3,500
10,000
[70][71]

1926
Harry Cooper
 United States
279
−9
3 strokes
 George Von Elm
3,500
10,000
[72][73]

text:
*Rain-shortened to 54 holes
^Rain-shortened to 36 holes; unofficial win
Note: Green highlight indicates scoring records.
Main sources[74][75][76]

text: Multiple winners[edit]

text: Sixteen men have won this tournament more than once through 2018.

text:
4 wins

Macdonald Smith: 1928, 1929, 1932, 1934
Lloyd Mangrum: 1949, 1951, 1953, 1956

3 wins

Ben Hogan: 1942, 1947, 1948 - (Hogan also won the 1948 U.S. Open, played at Riviera)
Arnold Palmer: 1963, 1966, 1967
Bubba Watson: 2014, 2016, 2018

2 wins

Harry Cooper: 1926, 1937
Sam Snead: 1945, 1950
Paul Harney: 1964, 1965
Billy Casper: 1968, 1970
Tom Watson: 1980, 1982
Gil Morgan: 1978, 1983
Lanny Wadkins: 1979, 1985
Fred Couples: 1990, 1992
Corey Pavin: 1994, 1995
Mike Weir: 2003, 2004
Phil Mickelson: 2008, 2009


document_title: List of multiple Olympic gold medalists

question_text: who has the most gold medals in the olympics 2018

text: List of multiple Olympic gold medalists

text: List of most Olympic gold medals over career[edit]

text: This is a partial list of multiple Olympic gold medalists, listing people who have won four or more Olympic gold medals. Medals won in the 1906 Intercalated Games are not included. (If they were, Ray Ewry would be second on the list with 10 gold). It includes top-three placings in 1896 and 1900, before medals were awarded for top-three placings. For simplicity, when an athlete has won medals for more than one nation, only the last nation he or she represented is mentioned here. The Olympics listed for each athlete only include games in which they won medals. See the particular article on the athlete for more details on when and for what nation an athlete competed. More medals are available in some events than others, and the number of events in which medals are available overall has changed over time.

text:
No.
Athlete
Nation
Sport
Years
Games
Gender
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

1
Phelps, MichaelMichael Phelps
 United States
Swimming
2004–2016
Summer
M
23
3
2
28

2
Latynina, LarisaLarisa Latynina
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1956–1964
Summer
F
9
5
4
18

3
Nurmi, PaavoPaavo Nurmi
 Finland
Athletics
1920–1928
Summer
M
9
3
0
12

4
Spitz, MarkMark Spitz
 United States
Swimming
1968–1972
Summer
M
9
1
1
11

5
Lewis, CarlCarl Lewis
 United States
Athletics
1984–1996
Summer
M
9
1
0
10

6
Bjørgen, MaritMarit Bjørgen
 Norway
Cross-country skiing
2002–2018
Winter
F
8
4
3
15

7
Bjørndalen, Ole EinarOle Einar Bjørndalen
 Norway
Biathlon
1998–2014
Winter
M
8
4
1
13

8
Dæhlie, BjørnBjørn Dæhlie
 Norway
Cross-country skiing
1992–1998
Winter
M
8
4
0
12

Fischer, BirgitBirgit Fischer
 East Germany
 Germany
Canoeing
1980–2004
Summer
F
8
4
0
12

10
Kato, SawaoSawao Kato
 Japan
Gymnastics
1968–1976
Summer
M
8
3
1
12

Thompson, JennyJenny Thompson
 United States
Swimming
1992–2004
Summer
F
8
3
1
12

12
Biondi, MattMatt Biondi
 United States
Swimming
1984–1992
Summer
M
8
2
1
11

13
Bolt, UsainUsain Bolt
 Jamaica
Athletics
2008–2016
Summer
M
8
0
0
8

Ewry, RayRay Ewry
 United States
Athletics
1900–1908
Summer
M
8
0
0
8

15
Andrianov, NikolaiNikolai Andrianov
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1972–1980
Summer
M
7
5
3
15

16
Shakhlin, BorisBoris Shakhlin
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1956–1964
Summer
M
7
4
2
13

17
Čáslavská, VěraVěra Čáslavská
 Czechoslovakia
Gymnastics
1960–1968
Summer
F
7
4
0
11

18
Chukarin, ViktorViktor Chukarin
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1952–1956
Summer
M
7
3
1
11

19
Gerevich, AladárAladár Gerevich
 Hungary
Fencing
1932–1960
Summer
M
7
1
2
10

20
Mangiarotti, EdoardoEdoardo Mangiarotti
 Italy
Fencing
1936–1960
Summer
M
6
5
2
13

21
Werth, IsabellIsabell Werth
 Germany
Equestrian
1992–2016
Summer
F
6
4
0
10

22
Lochte, RyanRyan Lochte
 United States
Swimming
2004–2016
Summer
M
6
3
3
12

23
Felix, AllysonAllyson Felix
 United States
Athletics
2004–2016
Summer
F
6
3
0
9

Van Innis, HubertHubert Van Innis
 Belgium
Archery
1900–1920
Summer
M
6
3
0
9

Yegorova, LyubovLyubov Yegorova
 Unified Team
 Russia
Cross-country skiing
1992–1994
Winter
F
6
3
0
9

26
Nakayama, AkinoriAkinori Nakayama
 Japan
Gymnastics
1968–1972
Summer
M
6
2
2
10

27
Vezzali, ValentinaValentina Vezzali
 Italy
Fencing
1996–2012
Summer
F
6
1
2
9

28
Fredriksson, GertGert Fredriksson
 Sweden
Canoeing
1948–1960
Summer
M
6
1
1
8

29
Hoy, ChrisChris Hoy
 Great Britain
Cycling
2000–2012
Summer
M
6
1
0
7

Kenny, JasonJason Kenny
 Great Britain
Cycling
2008–2016
Summer
M
6
1
0
7

31
Scherbo, VitalyVitaly Scherbo
 Unified Team
 Belarus
Gymnastics
1992–1996
Summer
M
6
0
4
10

32
Ahn Hyun-Soo
Viktor Ahn
 South Korea
 Russia
Short track speed skating
2006–2014
Winter
M
6
0
2
8

Klimke, ReinerReiner Klimke
 United Team of Germany
 West Germany
Equestrian
1964–1988
Summer
M
6
0
2
8

34
Kovács, PálPál Kovács
 Hungary
Fencing
1936–1960
Summer
M
6
0
1
7

35
Kárpáti, RudolfRudolf Kárpáti
 Hungary
Fencing
1948–1960
Summer
M
6
0
0
6

Nadi, NedoNedo Nadi
 Italy
Fencing
1912–1920
Summer
M
6
0
0
6

Otto, KristinKristin Otto
 East Germany
Swimming
1988
Summer
F
6
0
0
6

Skoblikova, LidiaLidia Skoblikova
 Soviet Union
Speed skating
1960–1964
Winter
F
6
0
0
6

Van Dyken, AmyAmy Van Dyken
 United States
Swimming
1996–2000
Summer
F
6
0
0
6

40
Wüst, IreenIreen Wüst
 Netherlands
Speed skating
2006–2018
Winter
F
5
5
1
11

41
Ono, TakashiTakashi Ono
 Japan
Gymnastics
1952–1964
Summer
M
5
4
4
13

42
Osburn, CarlCarl Osburn
 United States
Shooting
1912–1924
Summer
M
5
4
2
11

43
Hall, Jr., GaryGary Hall, Jr.
 United States
Swimming
1996–2004
Summer
M
5
3
2
10

Keleti, ÁgnesÁgnes Keleti
 Hungary
Gymnastics
1952–1956
Summer
F
5
3
2
10

45
Comăneci, NadiaNadia Comăneci
 Romania
Gymnastics
1976–1980
Summer
F
5
3
1
9

Thorpe, IanIan Thorpe
 Australia
Swimming
2000–2004
Summer
M
5
3
1
9

47
Ritola, VilleVille Ritola
 Finland
Athletics
1924–1928
Summer
M
5
3
0
8

48
Astakhova, PolinaPolina Astakhova
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1956–1964
Summer
F
5
2
3
10

49
Pechstein, ClaudiaClaudia Pechstein
 Germany
Speed skating
1992–2006
Winter
F
5
2
2
9

50
Lipă, ElisabetaElisabeta Lipă
 Romania
Rowing
1984–2004
Summer
F
5
2
1
8

51
Endo, YukioYukio Endo
 Japan
Gymnastics
1960–1968
Summer
M
5
2
0
7

Fourcade, MartinMartin Fourcade
 France
Biathlon
2014–2018
Winter
M
5
2
0
7

Peirsol, AaronAaron Peirsol
 United States
Swimming
2000–2008
Summer
M
5
2
0
7

54
Tsukahara, MitsuoMitsuo Tsukahara
 Japan
Gymnastics
1968–1976
Summer
M
5
1
3
9

55
Adrian, NathanNathan Adrian
 United States
Swimming
2008–2016
Summer
M
5
1
2
8

Wiggins, BradleyBradley Wiggins
 Great Britain
Cycling
2000–2016
Summer
M
5
1
2
8

57
Egerszegi, KrisztinaKrisztina Egerszegi
 Hungary
Swimming
1988–1996
Summer
F
5
1
1
7

Jager, TomTom Jager
 United States
Swimming
1984–1992
Summer
M
5
1
1
7

Lazutina, LarisaLarisa Lazutina
 Unified Team
 Russia
Cross-country skiing
1992–1998
Winter
F
5
1
1
7

Lee, Willis A.Willis A. Lee
 United States
Shooting
1920
Summer
M
5
1
1
7

Thunberg, ClasClas Thunberg
 Finland
Speed skating
1924–1928
Winter
M
5
1
1
7

Vollmer, DanaDana Vollmer
 United States
Swimming
2004–2016
Summer
F
5
1
1
7

Winkler, Hans GünterHans Günter Winkler
 United Team of Germany
 West Germany
Equestrian
1956–1976
Summer
M
5
1
1
7

Wu Minxia
 China
Diving
2004–2016
Summer
F
5
1
1
7

65
Alsgaard, ThomasThomas Alsgaard
 Norway
Cross-country skiing
1994–2002
Winter
M
5
1
0
6

Heida, AntonAnton Heida
 United States
Gymnastics
1904
Summer
M
5
1
0
6

Kim, NellieNellie Kim
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1976–1980
Summer
F
5
1
0
6

Kozák, DanutaDanuta Kozák
 Hungary
Canoeing
2008–2016
Summer
F
5
1
0
6

Ledecky, KatieKatie Ledecky
 United States
Swimming
2012–2016
Summer
F
5
1
0
6

Lilloe-Olsen, OleOle Lilloe-Olsen
 Norway
Shooting
1920–1924
Summer
M
5
1
0
6

Schollander, DonDon Schollander
 United States
Swimming
1964–1968
Summer
M
5
1
0
6

72
Blair, BonnieBonnie Blair
 United States
Speed skating
1988–1994
Winter
F
5
0
1
6

Damian, GeorgetaGeorgeta Damian
 Romania
Rowing
2000–2008
Summer
F
5
0
1
6

Franklin, MissyMissy Franklin
 United States
Swimming
2012–2016
Summer
F
5
0
1
6

Lane, AlfredAlfred Lane
 United States
Shooting
1912–1920
Summer
M
5
0
1
6

Redgrave, SteveSteve Redgrave
 Great Britain
Rowing
1984–2000
Summer
M
5
0
1
6

Weissmuller, JohnnyJohnny Weissmuller
 United States
Swimming, Water polo
1924–1928
Summer
M
5
0
1
6

Zou Kai
 China
Gymnastics
2008–2012
Summer
M
5
0
1
6

79
Chen Ruolin
 China
Diving
2008–2016
Summer
F
5
0
0
5

Davydova, AnastasiaAnastasia Davydova
 Russia
Synchronized swimming
2004–2012
Summer
F
5
0
0
5

Fisher, MorrisMorris Fisher
 United States
Shooting
1920–1924
Summer
M
5
0
0
5

Heiden, EricEric Heiden
 United States
Speed skating
1980
Winter
M
5
0
0
5

Ishchenko, NataliaNatalia Ishchenko
 Russia
Synchronized swimming
2008–2016
Summer
F
5
0
0
5

Romashina, SvetlanaSvetlana Romashina
 Russia
Synchronized swimming
2008–2016
Summer
F
5
0
0
5

85
Smetanina, RaisaRaisa Smetanina
 Soviet Union
 Unified Team
Cross-country skiing
1976–1992
Winter
F
4
5
1
10

86
Popov, AlexanderAlexander Popov
 Unified Team
 Russia
Swimming
1992–2000
Summer
M
4
5
0
9

87
Torres, DaraDara Torres
 United States
Swimming
1984–2008
Summer
F
4
4
4
12

88
Ender, KorneliaKornelia Ender
 East Germany
Swimming
1972–1976
Summer
F
4
4
0
8

Fraser, DawnDawn Fraser
 Australia
Swimming
1956–1964
Summer
F
4
4
0
8

90
Jernberg, SixtenSixten Jernberg
 Sweden
Cross-country skiing
1956–1964
Winter
M
4
3
2
9

Tourischeva, LudmillaLudmilla Tourischeva
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1968–1976
Summer
F
4
3
2
9

92
Groß, RiccoRicco Groß
 Germany
Biathlon
1992–2006
Winter
M
4
3
1
8

Miez, GeorgesGeorges Miez
 Switzerland
Gymnastics
1924–1936
Summer
M
4
3
1
8

Olsen, OttoOtto Olsen
 Norway
Shooting
1920–1924
Summer
M
4
3
1
8

Svendsen, Emil HegleEmil Hegle Svendsen
 Norway
Biathlon
2010–2018
Winter
M
4
3
1
8

96
Patzaichin, IvanIvan Patzaichin
 Romania
Canoeing
1968–1984
Summer
M
4
3
0
7

97
Nemov, AlexeiAlexei Nemov
 Russia
Gymnastics
1996–2000
Summer
M
4
2
6
12

98
Kramer, SvenSven Kramer
 Netherlands
Speed skating
2006–2018
Winter
M
4
2
3
9

99
Aamodt, Kjetil AndréKjetil André Aamodt
 Norway
Alpine skiing
1992–2006
Winter
M
4
2
2
8

de Bruijn, IngeInge de Bruijn
 Netherlands
Swimming
2000–2004
Summer
F
4
2
2
8

Fischer, SvenSven Fischer
 Germany
Biathlon
1994–2006
Winter
M
4
2
2
8

Kulakova, GalinaGalina Kulakova
 Soviet Union
Cross-country skiing
1972–1980
Winter
F
4
2
2
8

Lezak, JasonJason Lezak
 United States
Swimming
2000–2012
Summer
M
4
2
2
8

Matthes, RolandRoland Matthes
 East Germany
Swimming
1968–1976
Summer
M
4
2
2
8

Schmitt, AllisonAllison Schmitt
 United States
Swimming
2008–2016
Summer
F
4
2
2
8

106
Ballangrud, IvarIvar Ballangrud
 Norway
Speed skating
1928–1936
Winter
M
4
2
1
7

Liberg, EinarEinar Liberg
 Norway
Shooting
1908–1924
Summer
M
4
2
1
7

108
Delfino, GiuseppeGiuseppe Delfino
 Italy
Fencing
1952–1964
Summer
M
4
2
0
6

d'Oriola, ChristianChristian d'Oriola
 France
Fencing
1948–1956
Summer
M
4
2
0
6

Gaudin, LucienLucien Gaudin
 France
Fencing
1920–1928
Summer
M
4
2
0
6

Grevers, MattMatt Grevers
 United States
Swimming
2008–2012
Summer
M
4
2
0
6

Guo Jingjing
 China
Diving
2000–2008
Summer
F
4
2
0
6

Jong-oh, JinJin Jong-oh
 South Korea
Shooting
2004–2016
Summer
M
4
2
0
6

Korbut, OlgaOlga Korbut
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1972–1976
Summer
F
4
2
0
6

Kostelić, JanicaJanica Kostelić
 Croatia
Alpine skiing
2002–2006
Winter
F
4
2
0
6

Kuske, KevinKevin Kuske
 Germany
Bobsleigh
2002–2018
Winter
M
4
2
0
6

117
Trillini, GiovannaGiovanna Trillini
 Italy
Fencing
1992–2008
Summer
F
4
1
3
8

118
Daniels, CharlesCharles Daniels
 United States
Swimming
1904–1908
Summer
M
4
1
2
7

Kitajima, KosukeKosuke Kitajima
 Japan
Swimming
2004–2012
Summer
M
4
1
2
7

Spooner, LloydLloyd Spooner
 United States
Shooting
1920
Summer
M
4
1
2
7

Trickett, LibbyLibby Trickett
 Australia
Swimming
2004–2012
Summer
F
4
1
2
7

122
Domracheva, DaryaDarya Domracheva
 Belarus
Biathlon
2010–2018
Winter
F
4
1
1
6

Ignat, DoinaDoina Ignat
 Romania
Rowing
1992–2008
Summer
F
4
1
1
6

Kim Soo-Nyung
 South Korea
Archery
1988–2000
Summer
F
4
1
1
6

Novikova-Belova, ElenaElena Novikova-Belova
 Soviet Union
Fencing
1968–1976
Summer
F
4
1
1
6

Rose, MurrayMurray Rose
 Australia
Swimming
1956–1960
Summer
M
4
1
1
6

Sidyak, ViktorViktor Sidyak
 Soviet Union
Fencing
1968–1980
Summer
M
4
1
1
6

Svan, GundeGunde Svan
 Sweden
Cross-country skiing
1984–1988
Winter
M
4
1
1
6

van Moorsel, LeontienLeontien van Moorsel
 Netherlands
Cycling
2000–2004
Summer
F
4
1
1
6

Wagner-Augustin, KatrinKatrin Wagner-Augustin
 Germany
Canoeing
2000–2012
Summer
F
4
1
1
6

Wang Meng
 China
Short track speed skating
2006–2010
Winter
F
4
1
1
6

132
Ainslie, BenBen Ainslie
 Great Britain
Sailing
1996–2012
Summer
M
4
1
0
5

Artemov, VladimirVladimir Artemov
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1988
Summer
M
4
1
0
5

Ashford, EvelynEvelyn Ashford
 United States
Athletics
1984–1992
Summer
F
4
1
0
5

Evans, JanetJanet Evans
 United States
Swimming
1988–1992
Summer
F
4
1
0
5

Ferguson, IanIan Ferguson
 New Zealand
Canoeing
1984–1988
Summer
M
4
1
0
5

Fonst, RamónRamón Fonst
 Cuba
Fencing
1900–1904
Summer
M
4
1
0
5

Fu Mingxia
 China
Diving
1992–2000
Summer
F
4
1
0
5

Grishin, YevgenyYevgeny Grishin
 Soviet Union
Speed skating
1956–1964
Winter
M
4
1
0
5

Hefford, JaynaJayna Hefford
 Canada
Ice hockey
1998–2014
Winter
F
4
1
0
5

Klochkova, YanaYana Klochkova
 Ukraine
Swimming
2000–2004
Summer
F
4
1
0
5

Kolehmainen, HannesHannes Kolehmainen
 Finland
Athletics
1912–1920
Summer
M
4
1
0
5

Koss, Johann OlavJohann Olav Koss
 Norway
Speed skating
1992–1994
Winter
M
4
1
0
5

Lange, AndréAndré Lange
 Germany
Bobsleigh
2002–2010
Winter
M
4
1
0
5

Louganis, GregGreg Louganis
 United States
Diving
1976–1988
Summer
M
4
1
0
5

Muratov, ValentinValentin Muratov
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1952–1956
Summer
M
4
1
0
5

Naber, JohnJohn Naber
 United States
Swimming
1976
Summer
M
4
1
0
5

Nykänen, MattiMatti Nykänen
 Finland
Ski jumping
1984–1988
Winter
M
4
1
0
5

Pahud de Mortanges, CharlesCharles Pahud de Mortanges
 Netherlands
Equestrian
1924–1936
Summer
M
4
1
0
5

Sheppard, MelMel Sheppard
 United States
Athletics
1908–1912
Summer
M
4
1
0
5

Szabo, EcaterinaEcaterina Szabo
 Romania
Gymnastics
1984
Summer
F
4
1
0
5

Tikhonov, AlexanderAlexander Tikhonov
 Soviet Union
Biathlon
1968–1980
Winter
M
4
1
0
5

Wang Nan
 China
Table tennis
2000–2008
Summer
F
4
1
0
5

Wickenheiser, HayleyHayley Wickenheiser
 Canada
Ice hockey
1998–2014
Winter
F
4
1
0
5

Williams, VenusVenus Williams
 United States
Tennis
2000–2016
Summer
F
4
1
0
5

Zátopek, EmilEmil Zátopek
 Czechoslovakia
Athletics
1948–1952
Summer
M
4
1
0
5

Zimyatov, NikolayNikolay Zimyatov
 Soviet Union
Cross-country skiing
1980–1984
Winter
M
4
1
0
5

158
Kulcsár, GyőzőGyőző Kulcsár
 Hungary
Fencing
1964–1976
Summer
M
4
0
2
6

159
Beerbaum, LudgerLudger Beerbaum
 West Germany
 Germany
Equestrian
1988–2016
Summer
M
4
0
1
5

Biles, SimoneSimone Biles
 United States
Gymnastics
2016
Summer
F
4
0
1
5

Boron, KathrinKathrin Boron
 Germany
Rowing
1992–2008
Summer
F
4
0
1
5

Chun Lee-Kyung
 South Korea
Short track speed skating
1994–1998
Winter
F
4
0
1
5

Edwards, TeresaTeresa Edwards
 United States
Basketball
1984–2000
Summer
F
4
0
1
5

Geisenberger, NatalieNatalie Geisenberger
 Germany
Luge
2010–2018
Winter
F
4
0
1
5

Hurley, MarcusMarcus Hurley
 United States
Cycling
1904
Summer
M
4
0
1
5

Li Xiaopeng
 China
Gymnastics
2000–2008
Summer
M
4
0
1
5

Olsen, JonJon Olsen
 United States
Swimming
1992–1996
Summer
M
4
0
1
5

Pozdnyakov, StanislavStanislav Pozdnyakov
 Unified Team
 Russia
Fencing
1992–2004
Summer
M
4
0
1
5

Richards-Ross, SanyaSanya Richards-Ross
 United States
Athletics
2004–2012
Summer
F
4
0
1
5

Susanu, VioricaViorica Susanu
 Romania
Rowing
2000–2008
Summer
F
4
0
1
5

Zampori, GiorgioGiorgio Zampori
 Italy
Gymnastics
1912–1924
Summer
M
4
0
1
5

172
Ammann, SimonSimon Ammann
 Switzerland
Ski jumping
2002–2010
Winter
M
4
0
0
4

Arlt, TobiasTobias Arlt
 Germany
Luge
2014–2018
Winter
M
4
0
0
4

Bird, SueSue Bird
 United States
Basketball
2004–2016
Summer
F
4
0
0
4

Blankers-Koen, FannyFanny Blankers-Koen
 Netherlands
Athletics
1948
Summer
F
4
0
0
4

Catchings, TamikaTamika Catchings
 United States
Basketball
2004–2016
Summer
F
4
0
0
4

Cologna, DarioDario Cologna
 Switzerland
Cross-country skiing
2010–2018
Winter
M
4
0
0
4

Cuthbert, BettyBetty Cuthbert
 Australia
Athletics
1956–1964
Summer
F
4
0
0
4

Darnyi, TamásTamás Darnyi
 Hungary
Swimming
1988–1992
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Deng Yaping
 China
Table tennis
1992–1996
Summer
F
4
0
0
4

Dillard, HarrisonHarrison Dillard
 United States
Athletics
1948–1952
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Elvstrøm, Paul BertPaul Bert Elvstrøm
 Denmark
Sailing
1948–1960
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Ermakova, AnastasiaAnastasia Ermakova
 Russia
Synchronized swimming
2004–2008
Summer
F
4
0
0
4

Farah, MohamedMohamed Farah
 Great Britain
Athletics
2012–2016
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Fuchs, JenőJenő Fuchs
 Hungary
Fencing
1908–1912
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Icho, KaoriKaori Icho
 Japan
Wrestling
2004–2016
Summer
F
4
0
0
4

Johnson, MichaelMichael Johnson
 United States
Athletics
1992–2000
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Korzeniowski, RobertRobert Korzeniowski
 Poland
Athletics
1996–2004
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Kraenzlein, AlvinAlvin Kraenzlein
 United States
Athletics
1900
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Krayzelburg, LennyLenny Krayzelburg
 United States
Swimming
2000–2004
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Krovopuskov, ViktorViktor Krovopuskov
 Soviet Union
Fencing
1976–1980
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Leslie, LisaLisa Leslie
 United States
Basketball
1996–2008
Summer
F
4
0
0
4

McCormick, PatPat McCormick
 United States
Diving
1952–1956
Summer
F
4
0
0
4

Oerter, AlAl Oerter
 United States
Athletics
1956–1968
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Ouellette, CarolineCaroline Ouellette
 Canada
Ice hockey
2002–2014
Winter
F
4
0
0
4

Owens, JesseJesse Owens
 United States
Athletics
1936
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Pavesi, CarloCarlo Pavesi
 Italy
Fencing
1952–1960
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Pinsent, MatthewMatthew Pinsent
 Great Britain
Rowing
1992–2004
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Radmilovic, PauloPaulo Radmilovic
 Great Britain
Water polo, Swimming
1908–1920
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Saint Cyr, HenriHenri Saint Cyr
 Sweden
Equestrian
1952–1956
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Salnikov, VladimirVladimir Salnikov
 Soviet Union
Swimming
1980–1988
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Schuhmann, CarlCarl Schuhmann
 Germany
Gymnastics, Wrestling
1896
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Taurasi, DianaDiana Taurasi
 United States
Basketball
2004–2016
Summer
F
4
0
0
4

Trott, LauraLaura Trott
 Great Britain
Cycling
2012–2016
Summer
F
4
0
0
4

Uphoff, NicoleNicole Uphoff
 West Germany
 Germany
Equestrian
1988–1992
Summer
F
4
0
0
4

Virén, LasseLasse Virén
 Finland
Athletics
1972–1976
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Wassberg, ThomasThomas Wassberg
 Sweden
Cross-country skiing
1980–1988
Winter
M
4
0
0
4

Wendl, TobiasTobias Wendl
 Germany
Luge
2014–2018
Winter
M
4
0
0
4

Williams, SerenaSerena Williams
 United States
Tennis
2000–2012
Summer
F
4
0
0
4

Wöckel, BärbelBärbel Wöckel
 East Germany
Athletics
1976–1980
Summer
F
4
0
0
4

Yining, ZhangZhang Yining
 China
Table tennis
2004–2008
Summer
F
4
0
0
4

text: Timeline[edit]

text: This is a progressive list of Olympians that have held the record for most titles won. It includes titles won in 1896 and 1900, before gold medals were awarded for first place. All record-holders have competed at Summer Games rather than Winter Games.

text:
Gold medals
Date
Athlete
Nation
Sport
Record gold-medal event
Earlier gold-medal events
Gender

1[1]
1896-04-06
James Connolly
 United States
Athletics
Triple jump
—
M

Robert Garrett
 United States
Athletics
Discus
M

1896-04-07
Ellery Clark
 United States
Athletics
Long jump
M

Thomas Burke
 United States
Athletics
400 metres
M

2[1]
Robert Garrett
 United States
Athletics
Shot put
see above
M

1896-04-09
Edwin Flack
 Australia
Athletics
800 metres
1896 - 1
M

Fritz Hofmann, Konrad Böcker, Alfred Flatow, Gustav Flatow, Georg Hilmar, Fritz Manteuffel, Karl Neukirch, Richard Röstel, Gustav Schuft, Carl Schuhmann, Hermann Weingärtner
 Germany
Gymnastics
Team horizontal bar
1896 - 1
M

3[1]
Carl Schuhmann
 Germany
Gymnastics
Vault
see previous
M

Hermann Weingärtner
 Germany
Gymnastics
Horizontal bar
see above
M

1896-04-10
Alfred Flatow
 Germany
Gymnastics
Parallel bars
see above
M

4
1896-04-11[1]
Carl Schuhmann
 Germany
Wrestling
Greco-Roman
see above
M

1900-07-16
Alvin Kraenzlein
 United States
Athletics
200 metre hurdles
1900 - 1, 2, 3
M

1904-08-05
Marcus Hurley
 United States
Cycling
1 mile
1904 - 1, 2, 3
M

1904-08-29
Ray Ewry
 United States
Athletics
Standing long jump
1900 - 1, 2, 3
M

5
1904-08-31
Standing high jump

6
1904-09-03
Standing triple jump

7
1908-07-20
Athletics
Standing long jump

8
1908-07-23
Standing high jump

1924-07-13
Paavo Nurmi
 Finland
Athletics
Team cross-country
1920 - 1, 2, 3
1924 - 4, 5, 6, 7
M

9
1928-07-29
Athletics
10000 metres

1964-10-23
Larisa Latynina
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
Floor exercise
1956 - 1, 2, 3, 4
1960 - 5, 6, 7
1964 - 8
F

1972-09-04
Mark Spitz
 United States
Swimming
4 × 100 metre medley relay
1968 - 1, 2
1972 - 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
M

1996-07-29
Carl Lewis
 United States
Athletics
Long jump
1984 - 1, 2, 3, 4
1988 - 5, 6
1992 - 7, 8
M

2008-08-12
Michael Phelps
 United States
Swimming
200 metre freestyle
2004 - 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
2008 - 7, 8
M

10
2008-08-13
200 metre butterfly

11
4 × 200 metre freestyle relay

12
2008-08-15
200 metre individual medley

13
2008-08-16
100 metre butterfly

14
2008-08-17
4 × 100 metre medley relay

15
2012-07-31
Swimming
4 × 200 metre freestyle relay

16
2012-08-02
200 metre individual medley

17
2012-08-03
100 metre butterfly

18
2012-08-04
4 × 100 metre medley relay

19
2016-08-07
Swimming
4 × 100 metre freestyle relay

20
2016-08-09
200 metre butterfly

21
4 × 200 metre freestyle relay

22
2016-08-11
200 metre individual medley

23
2016-08-13
4 × 100 metre medley relay

text: List of most career gold medals in individual events[edit]

text: This list currently includes all Olympians with three or more gold medals won as individuals (not as part of a team of two or more).

text:
No.
Athlete
Nation
Sport
Years
Games
Gender
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

1
Phelps, MichaelMichael Phelps
 United States
Swimming
2004–2016
Summer
M
13
2
1
16

2
Ewry, RayRay Ewry
 United States
Athletics
1900–1908
Summer
M
8
0
0
8

3
Čáslavská, VěraVěra Čáslavská
 Czechoslovakia
Gymnastics
1964–1968
Summer
F
7
1
0
8

Lewis, CarlCarl Lewis
 United States
Athletics
1984–1996
Summer
M
7
1
0
8

5
Latynina, LarisaLarisa Latynina
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1956–1964
Summer
F
6
5
3
14

6
Andrianov, NikolaiNikolai Andrianov
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1972–1980
Summer
M
6
3
3
12

7
Dæhlie, BjørnBjørn Dæhlie
 Norway
Cross-country skiing
1992–1998
Winter
M
6
3
0
9

Nurmi, PaavoPaavo Nurmi
 Finland
Athletics
1920–1928
Summer
M
6
3
0
9

9
Shakhlin, BorisBoris Shakhlin
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1956–1964
Summer
M
6
2
2
10

10
Bolt, UsainUsain Bolt
 Jamaica
Athletics
2008–2016
Summer
M
6
0
0
6

Skoblikova, LidiaLidia Skoblikova
 Soviet Union
Speed skating
1960–1964
Winter
F
6
0
0
6

12
Bjørgen, MaritMarit Bjørgen
 Norway
Cross-country skiing
2002–2018
Winter
F
5
3
2
10

13
Bjørndalen, Ole EinarOle Einar Bjørndalen
 Norway
Biathlon
1998–2014
Winter
M
5
3
1
9

Chukarin, ViktorViktor Chukarin
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1952–1956
Summer
M
5
3
1
9

Kato, SawaoSawao Kato
 Japan
Gymnastics
1968–1976
Summer
M
5
3
1
9

16
Comăneci, NadiaNadia Comăneci
 Romania
Gymnastics
1976–1980
Summer
F
5
1
1
7

Egerszegi, KrisztinaKrisztina Egerszegi
 Hungary
Swimming
1988–1996
Summer
F
5
1
1
7

Fredriksson, GertGert Fredriksson
 Sweden
Canoeing
1948–1960
Summer
M
5
1
1
7

Thunberg, ClasClas Thunberg
 Finland
Speed skating
1924–1928
Winter
M
5
1
1
7

20
Scherbo, VitalyVitaly Scherbo
 Unified Team
 Belarus
Gymnastics
1992–1996
Summer
M
5
0
4
9

21
Blair, BonnieBonnie Blair
 United States
Speed skating
1988–1994
Winter
F
5
0
1
6

22
Heiden, EricEric Heiden
 United States
Speed skating
1980
Winter
M
5
0
0
5

23
Wüst, IreenIreen Wüst
 Netherlands
Speed skating
2006–2018
Winter
F
4
4
1
9

24
Yegorova, LyubovLyubov Yegorova
 Unified Team
 Russia
Cross-country skiing
1992–1994
Winter
F
4
3
0
7

25
Aamodt, Kjetil AndréKjetil André Aamodt
 Norway
Alpine skiing
1992–2006
Winter
M
4
2
2
8

Nakayama, AkinoriAkinori Nakayama
 Japan
Gymnastics
1968–1972
Summer
M
4
2
2
8

Pechstein, ClaudiaClaudia Pechstein
 Germany
Speed skating
1992–2006
Winter
F
4
2
2
8

28
Ballangrud, IvarIvar Ballangrud
 Norway
Speed skating
1928–1936
Winter
M
4
2
1
7

29
Fourcade, MartinMartin Fourcade
 France
Biathlon
2010–2018
Winter
M
4
2
0
6

Jin Jong-oh
 South Korea
Shooting
2004–2016
Summer
M
4
2
0
6

Kostelić, JanicaJanica Kostelić
 Croatia
Alpine skiing
2002–2006
Winter
F
4
2
0
6

Van Innis, HubertHubert Van Innis
 Belgium
Archery
1900–1920
Summer
M
4
2
0
6

33
de Bruijn, IngeInge de Bruijn
 Netherlands
Swimming
2000–2004
Summer
F
4
1
1
6

Keleti, ÁgnesÁgnes Keleti
 Hungary
Gymnastics
1952–1956
Summer
F
4
1
1
6

Spitz, MarkMark Spitz
 United States
Swimming
1968–1972
Summer
M
4
1
1
6

van Moorsel, LeontienLeontien van Moorsel
 Netherlands
Cycling
2000–2004
Summer
F
4
1
1
6

37
Ainslie, BenBen Ainslie
 Great Britain
Sailing
1996–2012
Summer
M
4
1
0
5

Evans, JanetJanet Evans
 United States
Swimming
1988–1992
Summer
F
4
1
0
5

Grishin, YevgenyYevgeny Grishin
 Soviet Union
Speed skating
1956–1964
Winter
M
4
1
0
5

Heida, AntonAnton Heida
 United States
Gymnastics
1904
Summer
M
4
1
0
5

Klochkova, YanaYana Klochkova
 Ukraine
Swimming
2000–2004
Summer
F
4
1
0
5

Koss, Johann OlavJohann Olav Koss
 Norway
Speed skating
1992–1994
Winter
M
4
1
0
5

Louganis, GregGreg Louganis
 United States
Diving
1976–1988
Summer
M
4
1
0
5

Popov, AlexanderAlexander Popov
 Unified Team
 Russia
Swimming
1992–2000
Summer
M
4
1
0
5

Zátopek, EmilEmil Zátopek
 Czechoslovakia
Athletics
1948–1952
Summer
M
4
1
0
5

46
Ahn Hyun-Soo
Viktor Ahn
 South Korea
 Russia
Short track speed skating
2006–2014
Winter
M
4
0
2
6

47
Hurley, MarcusMarcus Hurley
 United States
Cycling
1904
Summer
M
4
0
1
5

Matthes, RolandRoland Matthes
 East Germany
Swimming
1968–1976
Summer
M
4
0
1
5

49
Ammann, SimonSimon Ammann
 Switzerland
Ski jumping
2002–2010
Winter
M
4
0
0
4

Cologna, DarioDario Cologna
 Switzerland
Cross-country skiing
2010–2018
Winter
M
4
0
0
4

Darnyi, TamásTamás Darnyi
 Hungary
Swimming
1988–1992
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Elvstrøm, Paul BertPaul Bert Elvstrøm
 Denmark
Sailing
1948–1960
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Farah, MohamedMohamed Farah
 Great Britain
Athletics
2012–2016
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Fu Mingxia
 China
Diving
1992–2000
Summer
F
4
0
0
4

Hoy, ChrisChris Hoy
 Great Britain
Cycling
2004–2012
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Icho, KaoriKaori Icho
 Japan
Wrestling
2004–2016
Summer
F
4
0
0
4

Kitajima, KosukeKosuke Kitajima
 Japan
Swimming
2004–2008
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Kolehmainen, HannesHannes Kolehmainen
 Finland
Athletics
1912–1920
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Korzeniowski, RobertRobert Korzeniowski
 Poland
Athletics
1996–2004
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Kraenzlein, AlvinAlvin Kraenzlein
 United States
Athletics
1900
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Ledecky, KatieKatie Ledecky
 United States
Swimming
2012–2016
Summer
F
4
0
0
4

McCormick, PatPat McCormick
 United States
Diving
1952–1956
Summer
F
4
0
0
4

Oerter, AlAl Oerter
 United States
Athletics
1956–1968
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Otto, KristinKristin Otto
 East Germany
Swimming
1988
Summer
F
4
0
0
4

Virén, LasseLasse Virén
 Finland
Athletics
1972–1976
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

66
Enke, KarinKarin Enke
 East Germany
Speed skating
1980–1988
Winter
F
3
4
1
8

Niemann-Stirnemann, GundaGunda Niemann-Stirnemann
 Germany
Speed skating
1992–1998
Winter
F
3
4
1
8

68
Ono, TakashiTakashi Ono
 Japan
Gymnastics
1952–1960
Summer
M
3
3
4
10

69
Jernberg, SixtenSixten Jernberg
 Sweden
Cross-country skiing
1956–1964
Winter
M
3
3
1
7

70
Kuzmina, AnastasiyaAnastasiya Kuzmina
 Slovakia
Biathlon
2010–2018
Winter
F
3
3
0
6

Ritola, VilleVille Ritola
 Finland
Athletics
1924–1928
Summer
M
3
3
0
6

72
Nemov, AlexeiAlexei Nemov
 Russia
Gymnastics
1996–2000
Summer
M
3
2
5
10

73
Eyser, GeorgeGeorge Eyser
 United States
Gymnastics
1904
Summer
M
3
2
1
6

Holmann, KnutKnut Holmann
 Norway
Canoeing
1992–2000
Summer
M
3
2
1
6

Rose, RalphRalph Rose
 United States
Athletics
1904–1912
Summer
M
3
2
1
6

Sáblíková, MartinaMartina Sáblíková
 Czech Republic
Speed skating
2010–2018
Winter
F
3
2
1
6

77
Dibiasi, KlausKlaus Dibiasi
 Italy
Diving
1964–1976
Summer
M
3
2
0
5

Hackl, GeorgGeorg Hackl
 West Germany
 Germany
Luge
1988–2002
Winter
M
3
2
0
5

Kramer, SvenSven Kramer
 Netherlands
Speed skating
2006–2018
Winter
M
3
2
0
5

Miez, GeorgesGeorges Miez
 Switzerland
Gymnastics
1928–1936
Summer
M
3
2
0
5

Peirsol, AaronAaron Peirsol
 United States
Swimming
2000–2008
Summer
M
3
2
0
5

Schumann, RalfRalf Schumann
 East Germany
 Germany
Shooting
1988–2008
Summer
M
3
2
0
5

Yang, SunSun Yang
 China
Swimming
2012–2016
Summer
M
3
2
0
5

Tomba, AlbertoAlberto Tomba
 Italy
Alpine skiing
1988–1994
Winter
M
3
2
0
5

85
Grøttumsbråten, JohanJohan Grøttumsbråten
 Norway
Nordic combined, Cross-country skiing
1924–1932
Winter
M
3
1
2
6

Joyner-Kersee, JackieJackie Joyner-Kersee
 United States
Athletics
1984–1996
Summer
F
3
1
2
6

Rhode, KimKim Rhode
 United States
Shooting
1996–2016
Summer
F
3
1
2
6

88
Daniels, CharlesCharles Daniels
 United States
Swimming
1904–1908
Summer
M
3
1
1
5

Domracheva, DaryaDarya Domracheva
 Belarus
Biathlon
2010–2018
Winter
F
3
1
1
5

Gould, ShaneShane Gould
 Australia
Swimming
1972
Summer
F
3
1
1
5

Li Ning
 China
Gymnastics
1984
Summer
M
3
1
1
5

Schneider, VreniVreni Schneider
 Switzerland
Alpine skiing
1988–1994
Winter
F
3
1
1
5

Silivaş, DanielaDaniela Silivaş
 Romania
Gymnastics
1988
Summer
F
3
1
1
5

Štukelj, LeonLeon Štukelj
 Yugoslavia
Gymnastics
1924–1936
Summer
M
3
1
1
5

Thorpe, IanIan Thorpe
 Australia
Swimming
2000–2004
Summer
M
3
1
1
5

van den Hoogenband, PieterPieter van den Hoogenband
 Netherlands
Swimming
2000–2004
Summer
M
3
1
1
5

Vezzali, ValentinaValentina Vezzali
 Italy
Fencing
1996–2012
Summer
F
3
1
1
5

Wang Meng
 China
Short track speed skating
2006–2010
Winter
F
3
1
1
5

99
Artemov, VladimirVladimir Artemov
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1988
Summer
M
3
1
0
4

Bekele, KenenisaKenenisa Bekele
 Ethiopia
Athletics
2004–2008
Summer
M
3
1
0
4

Campriani, NiccolòNiccolò Campriani
 Italy
Shooting
2012–2016
Summer
M
3
1
0
4

Compagnoni, DeborahDeborah Compagnoni
 Italy
Alpine skiing
1992–1998
Winter
F
3
1
0
4

Ender, KorneliaKornelia Ender
 East Germany
Swimming
1972–1976
Summer
F
3
1
0
4

Flanagan, JohnJohn Flanagan
 United States
Athletics
1900–1908
Summer
M
3
1
0
4

Fonst, RamónRamón Fonst
 Cuba
Fencing
1900–1904
Summer
M
3
1
0
4

Fraser, DawnDawn Fraser
 Australia
Swimming
1956–1964
Summer
F
3
1
0
4

Grafström, GillisGillis Grafström
 Sweden
Figure skating
1920–1932
Both
M
3
1
0
4

Groß, MichaelMichael Groß
 West Germany
Swimming
1984–1988
Summer
M
3
1
0
4

Gustafson, TomasTomas Gustafson
 Sweden
Speed skating
1984–1988
Winter
M
3
1
0
4

Hillman, HarryHarry Hillman
 United States
Athletics
1904–1908
Summer
M
3
1
0
4

Höfl-Riesch, MariaMaria Höfl-Riesch
 Germany
Alpine skiing
2010–2014
Winter
F
3
1
0
4

Hosszú, KatinkaKatinka Hosszú
 Hungary
Swimming
2016
Summer
F
3
1
0
4

Karelin, AlexanderAlexander Karelin
 Soviet Union
 Unified Team
 Russia
Wrestling
1988–2000
Summer
M
3
1
0
4

Kenny, JasonJason Kenny
 Great Britain
Cycling
2008–2016
Summer
M
3
1
0
4

Kim, NellieNellie Kim
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1976–1980
Summer
F
3
1
0
4

Krämer, IngridIngrid Krämer
 United Team of Germany
Diving
1960–1964
Summer
F
3
1
0
4

Nykänen, MattiMatti Nykänen
 Finland
Ski jumping
1984–1988
Winter
M
3
1
0
4

Press, TamaraTamara Press
 Soviet Union
Athletics
1960–1964
Summer
F
3
1
0
4

Prinstein, MyerMyer Prinstein
 United States
Athletics
1900–1904
Summer
M
3
1
0
4

Rose, MurrayMurray Rose
 Australia
Swimming
1956–1960
Summer
M
3
1
0
4

Saneyev, ViktorViktor Saneyev
 Soviet Union
Athletics
1968–1980
Summer
M
3
1
0
4

Schenk, ArdArd Schenk
 Netherlands
Speed skating
1968–1972
Winter
M
3
1
0
4

Szabo, EcaterinaEcaterina Szabo
 Romania
Gymnastics
1984
Summer
F
3
1
0
4

van Grunsven, AnkyAnky van Grunsven
 Netherlands
Equestrian
1996–2008
Summer
F
3
1
0
4

Yoshida, SaoriSaori Yoshida
 Japan
Wrestling
2004–2016
Summer
F
3
1
0
4

Zelezny, JanJan Železný
 Czechoslovakia
 Czech Republic
Athletics
1988–2000
Summer
M
3
1
0
4

127
Dibaba, TiruneshTirunesh Dibaba
 Ethiopia
Athletics
2004–2016
Summer
F
3
0
3
6

128
Kirvesniemi, Marja-LiisaMarja-Liisa Kirvesniemi
 Finland
Cross-country skiing
1984–1994
Winter
F
3
0
2
5

Seizinger, KatjaKatja Seizinger
 Germany
Alpine skiing
1992–1998
Winter
F
3
0
2
5

130
Biles, SimoneSimone Biles
 United States
Gymnastics
2016
Summer
F
3
0
1
4

Dimas, PyrrosPyrros Dimas
 Greece
Weightlifting
1992–2004
Summer
M
3
0
1
4

Frigerio, UgoUgo Frigerio
 Italy
Athletics
1920–1932
Summer
M
3
0
1
4

Sheridan, MartinMartin Sheridan
 United States
Athletics
1904–1908
Summer
M
3
0
1
4

Smith, MichelleMichelle Smith
 Ireland
Swimming
1996
Summer
F
3
0
1
4

Zou Kai
 China
Gymnastics
2008–2012
Summer
M
3
0
1
4

136
Alsgaard, ThomasThomas Alsgaard
 Norway
Cross-country skiing
1994–2002
Winter
M
3
0
0
3

Andersen, HjalmarHjalmar Andersen
 Norway
Speed skating
1952
Winter
M
3
0
0
3

Armstrong, KristinKristin Armstrong
 United States
Cycling
2008–2016
Summer
F
3
0
0
3

Ballanger, FéliciaFélicia Ballanger
 France
Cycling
1996–2000
Summer
F
3
0
0
3

Bennett, BrookeBrooke Bennett
 United States
Swimming
1996–2000
Summer
F
3
0
0
3

Blankers-Koen, FannyFanny Blankers-Koen
 Netherlands
Athletics
1948
Summer
F
3
0
0
3

Burton, MikeMike Burton
 United States
Swimming
1968–1972
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

Cuthbert, BettyBetty Cuthbert
 Australia
Athletics
1956–1964
Summer
F
3
0
0
3

Estanguet, TonyTony Estanguet
 France
Canoeing
2000–2012
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

Hahn, ArchieArchie Hahn
 United States
Athletics
1904
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

Haug, ThorleifThorleif Haug
 Norway
Cross-country skiing
1924
Winter
M
3
0
0
3

Henie, SonjaSonja Henie
 Norway
Figure skating
1928–1936
Winter
F
3
0
0
3

Houser, BudBud Houser
 United States
Athletics
1924–1928
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

Ivanov, VyacheslavVyacheslav Ivanov
 Soviet Union
Rowing
1956–1964
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

Johansson, IvarIvar Johansson
 Sweden
Wrestling
1932–1936
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

Johnson, MichaelMichael Johnson
 United States
Athletics
1992–2000
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

Kakhiashvili, KakhiKakhi Kakhiashvili
Kakiasvilis, AkakiosAkakios Kakiasvilis
 Unified Team
 Greece
Weightlifting
1992–2000
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

Karppinen, PerttiPertti Karppinen
 Finland
Rowing
1976–1984
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

Kazankina, TatyanaTatyana Kazankina
 Soviet Union
Athletics
1976–1980
Summer
F
3
0
0
3

Killy, Jean-ClaudeJean-Claude Killy
 France
Alpine skiing
1968
Winter
M
3
0
0
3

Lemming, EricEric Lemming
 Sweden
Athletics
1908–1912
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

Lightbody, JamesJames Lightbody
 United States
Athletics
1904
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

López, MijaínMijaín López
 Cuba
Wrestling
2008–2016
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

Masson, PaulPaul Masson
 France
Cycling
1896
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

Medved, AlexanderAlexander Medved
 Soviet Union
Wrestling
1964–1972
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

Meyer, DebbieDebbie Meyer
 United States
Swimming
1968
Summer
F
3
0
0
3

Mutlu, HalilHalil Mutlu
 Turkey
Weightlifting
1996–2004
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

Nadi, NedoNedo Nadi
 Italy
Fencing
1912–1920
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

Nomura, TadahiroTadahiro Nomura
 Japan
Judo
1996–2004
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

Owens, JesseJesse Owens
 United States
Athletics
1936
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

Papp, LászlóLászló Papp
 Hungary
Boxing
1948–1956
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

Pérec, Marie-JoséMarie-José Pérec
 France
Athletics
1992–1996
Summer
F
3
0
0
3

Sailer, ToniToni Sailer
 Austria
Alpine skiing
1956
Winter
M
3
0
0
3

Saitiev, BuvaisarBuvaisar Saitiev
 Russia
Wrestling
1996–2008
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

Salnikov, VladimirVladimir Salnikov
 Soviet Union
Swimming
1980–1988
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

Savón, FélixFélix Savón
 Cuba
Boxing
1992–2000
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

Snell, PeterPeter Snell
 New Zealand
Athletics
1960–1964
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

Stevenson, TeófiloTeófilo Stevenson
 Cuba
Boxing
1972–1980
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

Stoch, KamilKamil Stoch
 Poland
Ski jumping
2014–2018
Winter
M
3
0
0
3

Süleymanoğlu, NaimNaim Süleymanoğlu
 Turkey
Weightlifting
1988–1996
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

Timmer, MarianneMarianne Timmer
 Netherlands
Speed skating
1998–2006
Winter
F
3
0
0
3

van Gennip, YvonneYvonne van Gennip
 Netherlands
Speed skating
1988
Winter
F
3
0
0
3

Wehling, UlrichUlrich Wehling
 East Germany
Nordic combined
1972–1980
Winter
M
3
0
0
3

Weissmuller, JohnnyJohnny Weissmuller
 United States
Swimming
1924–1928
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

Westergren, CarlCarl Westergren
 Sweden
Wrestling
1920–1932
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

White, ShaunShaun White
 United States
Snowboarding
2006–2018
Winter
M
3
0
0
3

Wiggins, BradleyBradley Wiggins
 Great Britain
Cycling
2004–2012
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

Zimyatov, NikolayNikolay Zimyatov
 Soviet Union
Cross-country skiing
1980–1984
Winter
M
3
0
0
3