document_title: List of Freaks and Geeks characters

question_text: who plays nick dad in freaks and geeks

question_tokens: who plays nick dad in freaks and geeks

text: List of Freaks and Geeks characters

text: Weirs[edit]

text: Lindsay Weir[edit]

text: Lindsay Weir—played by Linda Cardellini—is the elder of the two Weir siblings and the protagonist of the series. As a child, Lindsay was close friends with Millie Kentner. Early in her scholastic career at McKinley High School, she would be recognized as a bright and thoughtful student, as well as a brilliant member of the Mathletes. However, when her grandmother dies, she begins to question religion (she became an atheist after her grandmother, who was the most decent and good person she knew, said she saw "nothing" right before her death), social structure and the general direction of her life. She begins hanging out with a gang of less academically minded friends (known commonly as "burnouts" or "freaks") which worries both her family and her old friends (Millie in particular). She starts out being very deferential to the freaks and ignoring their rudeness towards her—mostly from Ken Miller and Kim Kelly—but she loses any fear of them as the series progresses, and after she calls them out for being selfish and having no futures, her ties to the group were solidified on a level of mutual respect. Despite her new social situation, she remains an intelligent and considerate person. She is continually questioning the world around her in order to find a place to fit in. She wears her dad's old army jacket most of the series.

text: Sam Weir[edit]

text: Samuel Harold Weir—played by John Francis Daley—is Lindsay's younger brother. Like his sister, Sam has an excellent sense of morals and manners, though he's somewhat shy outside of his circle of friends and is often picked on for being somewhat shorter and less physically developed than his peers. He shares many interests with his close friends Bill and Neal, including television shows like Saturday Night Live, comedic actors such as Bill Murray and Steve Martin, and science fiction. Being so into such subjects while at the same time being somewhat socially impaired has left Sam and his friends labeled as "geeks". Though he enjoys being with his friends, he struggles continually to be seen as more than a geek (especially while trying to impress his school crush, Cindy Sanders), and does seem to be better-regarded by popular students like Cindy and Todd Schillinger than his friends are. Unfortunately, the constant bullying by kids such as Alan White often leads Sam to feel more embarrassed than cool. Entertainment Weekly selected Sam Weir as the son for "The Perfect TV Family".[1]

text: Harold Weir[edit]

text: Harold Weir—played by Joe Flaherty—is the head of the Weir household. Harold is usually stern and strict in his role as the dominant male in the family, but is also a loving father who is always trying to look out for the best interests of his children. Though Harold is frequently yelling at the dinner table about bad role models and dealing out sometimes unreasonable punishments, he has a good sense of humor and enjoys seeing his family happy. He works hard to support his family by running his A1 Sporting Goods store, though he is worried about the possible impact that megastores will have on his business. Harold's biggest concern with his children lately is that Lindsay is falling in with a bad crowd, and he has a strong distaste for her "burnout friends" although he later takes a shine to Nick after he gets kicked out of his house, by letting him stay at the Weirs' house and encourages him to practice drumming. Harold tells Lindsay that he is more helpful to Nick than to her because he expects more from her, and says that Nick's father is a "hard man" who reminds him of his dad; it's also strongly implied that Harold's father physically abused him. It is shown often that he is very proud of Lindsay for her intelligence and maturity and Sam for his kindness and morals. In the episode "Girlfriends and Boyfriends", Harold reveals to Lindsay that he lost his virginity to a prostitute while he was a soldier in Korea. Harold regrets that his first time was not special and comments that it was the "worst five dollars I've ever spent".

text: Jean Weir[edit]

text: Jean Weir—played by Becky Ann Baker—is the caring homemaker of the Weir family. Jean is frequently making wholesome meals for the Weirs and trying to give her children helpful advice about school while they have discussions at the dinner table, although at times she appears blissfully aloof to the realities that her children are experiencing. Though she wouldn't mind more appreciation now and again, Jean is always kind and generous to everyone and loves nothing more than her family.

text: Freaks[edit]

text: Daniel Desario[edit]

text: Daniel Desario—played by James Franco—is a cool and charismatic burnout. Daniel is usually known at McKinley High School for doing one of two things: being with his girlfriend Kim Kelly and/or skipping class. He is somewhat selfish and very manipulative but often pulls through to help his friends, and is the leader of the freaks. Daniel hides the fact that he is eighteen years old and has been held back two grades in school. Also, Daniel plays guitar. His rebellious and anarchistic view of society often lead him into trouble. Though he is socially confident and acts apathetic towards his schoolwork, Daniel is secretly insecure about the fact that he does not do well in school, and doesn't think he is smart enough to succeed. Daniel has an older brother who is a drug addict, and lives with his two parents; he is taking care of his (never seen) father, who is an invalid, and his mother is an understandably stressed-out wreck who has no confidence in his scholastic abilities, once saying she wouldn't much mind if he dropped out of school altogether and began working a "crummy" minimum-wage job to bring cash home to the family.

text: Nick Andopolis[edit]

text: Nick Andopolis—played by Jason Segel—is a member of the gang of freaks. He is friendly, mild-mannered, and kind, offsetting the somewhat caustic sense of humor that some of his friends share. Nick frequently uses marijuana; he was once a basketball player (a part of his backstory that comes from real life, as Segel was a star on his high school team) but was kicked off his team for drug possession. These days, Nick's overwhelming passion is music - more specifically, his 29-piece drum kit. Much to the objection of Nick's strict military father, Nick practices drumming frequently, usually neglecting schoolwork in the process and eventually leading his dad to simply sell off the entire drum set. Nick also has a tendency to smother his girlfriends with too much affection, which Lindsay Weir discovers firsthand after they begin dating.

text: Ken Miller[edit]

text: Ken Miller—played by Seth Rogen—is wise-cracking and sarcastic. Whenever Ken opens his mouth, it is usually to let out a biting quip at the expense of someone around him. He has been friends with Daniel Desario since elementary school and later develops a relationship with Amy Andrews. He is very stubborn and doesn't back down from fights (in one episode, when asked if "he wants to go," he replies "I always wanna go!" as well as moshing enthusiastically in "Noshing and Moshing"). He is also very smart, considering the kind of people he hangs out with. At the party in episode 2, he quickly catches on when the beer is switched with non-alcoholic beer, but instead of telling everybody, he decided to make some money in the game of quarters ($87.00, in total). He is shown to have a softer side in the later episodes of the series, particularly in his relationship with "tuba girl" Amy, who matches him wit for wit, prompting Ken to fall for her. In episode 17, it is revealed that Ken's parents are very wealthy and that he was raised by a nanny. He also says his post-high school plans involve inheriting his grandfather's business when he dies, selling it off for a huge profit, and retiring to a lazy life in the tropics.

text: Kim Kelly[edit]

text: Kim Kelly—played by Busy Philipps—is Daniel's on-and-off girlfriend throughout the series. Kim is a tough, short-tempered girl and is known by the other students only for having sex and doing drugs. Because of her hostile nature, she is often at odds with Daniel, usually accusing him of infidelity, causing their relationship to be in constant disarray. However, despite their relationship troubles, over the course of the show it becomes apparent that both hold a deep affection for one another. She was originally mean to Lindsay and was reluctant to allow her to hang out in their group, but as the series progresses, they eventually forge a friendship. By the end of the series, Kim and Lindsay were best friends and spent most of their free time together. Kim lives with her disapproving mother, her illiterate stepfather, and her brother, a peculiar young man named Chip who sleeps on the living room couch. She doesn't get along with her parents, who criticize her for not getting good grades and for the company she keeps.

text: Geeks[edit]

text: Neal Schweiber[edit]

text: Neal Schweiber—played by Samm Levine—is a self-proclaimed comic genius and ladies' man. Unlike his friends Sam and Bill, Neal is usually very outgoing and often wants to be the center of attention. He is in love with his best friend Sam's sister, Lindsay Weir. He has an abundant amount of confidence and charisma, though it garners him no more respect or reputation than Sam or Bill. Neal is somewhat in denial that he is just as geeky as the rest of his friends. His father is a dentist and his mother a homemaker. His family is fairly well-to-do. Early in the series, Sam and Bill thought that Neal's father was "cool" because he enjoyed the same television programs that they did and shared a similar sense of humor, but their opinions of him–as well as Neal's–changed when they discovered that he was having an affair. He is Jewish, and humorously notes that he was once elected Treasurer of his class when "I didn't even run!"

text: Bill Haverchuck[edit]

text: Bill Haverchuck—played by Martin Starr—rounds out the geek trio, and is the geekiest of the geek gang. Bill is tall for his age, skinny and wears large glasses. Bill is unpretentious and child-like, with an understated but hilarious sense of humor. In addition to being a loyal friend, Bill is an avid fan of the television soap opera Dallas. He lives with his single mother Gloria Haverchuck. He is extremely allergic to peanuts and almost dies after Alan White plants some of them in his sandwich as a prank in the episode "Chokin' and Tokin'". The reason for his serious medical problems is explained in the episode with his mother explaining how she used drugs and alcohol while pregnant with Bill.

text: Other students[edit]

text:
Natasha Melnick as Cindy Sanders, Sam's crush and a popular cheerleader. Sam and Cindy are strictly friends throughout the majority of the series. Sam tries many different things to get Cindy's attention, but all it does is bring them closer as friends. Cindy begins dating Todd Schellinger, the star basketball player. Sam is often Cindy's go-to person to vent about her relationship with Todd. After their break up, Cindy tells Bill that she likes Sam more than a friend. After a few dates, Sam finds Cindy to be boring, shallow, egotistical, and rude, as well as annoyingly political about her Republican beliefs (Sam isn't an avowed Democrat but dislikes the coldness and snobbery that's front and center in Cindy's conservative views). He decides they should stop dating in the show's penultimate episode, and Cindy is angry at this news.
Sarah Hagan as Millie Kentner, Lindsay's geeky and highly religious former best friend and next door neighbor. During the first half of the series, Millie is struggling to keep Lindsay on the right track. She often looks out for her, like attending Lindsay's keg party to make sure everyone is safe. She also assists Lindsay in babysitting because Lindsay was too high on marijuana to function. Millie feels sorry for Lindsay because of her loss of faith. One night, Kim and Lindsay depart the Weir house and believe they ran over a squirrel. The next day at school, they learn from Millie that her lifelong pet dog, Goliath, had been run over by a hit-and-run right in front of Millie's house, which leads Kim and Lindsay to believe that they have run over Millie's dog. Kim befriends Millie out of pity and also she relates to Millie's situation. After changing her attitude, clothes, rebelling against her parents, even yelling at her mother telling her to go away and leave her alone, Kim and Lindsay begin to grow worried for Millie. It wasn't until Millie was about to drink her first beer when Kim admits she killed her dog. Millie and Lindsay leave together and go back to Lindsay's house to listen to records, confirming they will remain friends. Millie is not seen in the series after that.
Jerry Messing as Gordon Crisp, a friend of the geeks. Despite being overweight and having chronic body odor from trimethylaminuria, Gordon tends to be optimistic and take things in stride. Gordon was assigned to be Sam's lab partner in the beginning of the series. We learn that Gordon also likes sci-fi and shows intelligence. Sam admits to Gordon he didn't want to be his partner, but would rather be with Cindy Sanders. Gordon doesn't seem surprised and begins to give Sam very helpful advice to get with Cindy, and Sam decides Gordon is a good guy and begins inviting him to join the geeks on their activities. Gordon always has a positive thing to say even in the most negative or embarrassing situations, e.g. encouraging Bill that no one picks him first in softball because they're afraid of him, complimenting Sam's Parisian nightsuit, suggesting places for Sam and Cindy's first date, and convincing Daniel he would enjoy playing Dungeons & Dragons because "you can pretend to be someone you'd never get to be in real life". Gordon is aware of his big size and agrees with Harris when he says that "the world loves jolly, fat guys."
Stephen Lea Sheppard as Harris Trinsky, a calm and sensible student who gives good advice to the other students. Harris is the Guru of the Geeks and often the Freaks. He is full of wisdom and accepts everyone for who they are, and often thinks the best of them, even the Freaks. First, he suggests to Sam and his friends on how to fight off Alan the bully, as well giving them advice for how to act around girls. Later, he talks with freak Daniel when Daniel asks him "Am I a loser?". Harris says that Daniel isn't a loser because he has sex, but if he wasn't having sex, it would definitely be debatable. Daniel surprises Harris by thanking him, and also compliments Harris's happy-with-himself approach to life. Harris is 15 years old. Harris is often seen carrying a Dungeons & Dragons book, and is also the Dungeon Master, much to Bill's dismay. Harris has a girlfriend named Judith throughout the show, who he often talks about even though she is only seen once. Harris is sarcastic in a dry way, and is well aware of it.
Chauncey Leopardi as Alan White, the bully that picks on Sam, Neal, and Bill; the reason why is revealed in "Chokin' and Tokin'" after he nearly kills Bill in a practical joke gone wrong: he secretly enjoys science fiction and comic books, but was rejected by the geeks in his efforts to befriend them when they were younger. After mending fences with Bill, Alan is shown passing to Bill in basketball, despite Bill's lack of athleticism, and also calls Bill "the King" because he walked out of Coach Fredricks's class.
Joanna García as Vicki Appleby, the bossy head cheerleader. Throughout most of the series, Vicki is short-tempered and impatient with everyone around her. Vicki lets her nice side out in rare moments on the show, such as talking to Eli about Three's Company and showing compassion over Bill's coma. When Bill and Vicki were stuck in a closet playing "Seven Minutes in Heaven", she was her typical (rude) self until Bill angrily told her she was a jerk and honestly said he didn't want to kiss her or have anything to do with her. Vicki then apologized and surprised both herself and Bill by having a nice conversation with him about The Jerk and then happily kissing him (after swearing him to secrecy, of course).
Riley Smith as Todd Schellinger, Cindy's jock boyfriend. Todd is introduced as a mildly mysterious character. At first, you only see him through Sam or Cindy's eyes from a distance. It wasn't until Sam became a mascot that we see Todd and Cindy kiss. Later in the episode, Todd is shown to be a really nice person, talking to Sam as if they were friends. After Todd and Cindy break up and Sam and Cindy began dating, Todd confirms that he is a good guy when he bluntly tells Cindy he likes Sam and thinks he's a cool guy, and adds he's not going to fight Sam after she tries to manipulate him into a battle for her affections.
Kayla Ewell as Maureen Sampson, a transfer student to William McKinley High School since her family moved from Florida to Michigan. ("Carded and Discarded") Maureen befriends Sam, Neal, and Bill, and the three of them show Maureen around the school. Sam, Neal, and Bill all like Maureen as she is nice, personable, and she enjoys spending time with them. Midway through "Carded and Discarded", Sam, Neal, and Bill try to stop Maureen from talking to Vicki out of concern that Maureen will join her and the other cheerleaders. By the end of the episode, Maureen has joined the popular kids. She invites Sam, Neal and Bill to hang out with her and her new friends, but they decline. Maureen is shown again in the episode "Chokin' and Tokin'" when Bill goes into a coma, showing compassion and worrying over Bill's health. There was a very minor subplot in that episode showing Sam starting to like Maureen, but it never resurfaced again. Maureen also appears in a cameo in the episode, "Smooching and Mooching" where she is firmly in the popular camp but never comes across as anything other than nice.
Shaun Weiss as Sean. Sean is one of the Freaks. He plays bass in Creation (Daniel, Nick, and Ken's band). Sean works at a fast food restaurant where he generally gives his friends free food as long as they buy a drink. Sean seems to be somewhat of a diplomat among the students, hanging out with different cliques.
Jarrett Lennon as Colin, Harris's best friend. ("Pilot Episode") Colin is first shown at Harris's sidekick, but later shown on his own as a hardcore drama student. He auditioned for school mascot with Sam, saying Sam only won because of politics.
Lizzy Caplan as Sara. Sara is shown throughout the series as a disco-loving girl who seems to have a thing for Nick. In the series finale, the two begin dating and she drags him into the disco dancing world. The Freaks are blown away by this because of Nick's verbal hatred of disco throughout the series. Sara tells Nick she thinks he still has feelings for Lindsay. Nick assures her he doesn't. Nick and Sara are still together when the series ends, although she doesn't realize (or admit) that Nick is not happy with her, and that all of his self-improvement steps during their relationship were actually a fruitless attempt to get back together with Lindsay.
Mark Allan Staubach as Mark, a goofy guy who is hanging out with the Freaks. He is supplying pot to Nick in "Chokin' and Tokin'".
Jessica Campbell as Amy Andrews ("Tuba Girl"). Amy is a "friend of a friend" type to Lindsay. She is in the marching band but is anything but a geek. Amy has a sharp tongue and a sarcastic sense of humor that instantly attracts fellow Freak Ken. The two begin dating and grow very close to one another. Amy eventually tells Ken that she is an intersex woman. Ken is shocked and feels very uncomfortable at first, but later tells Amy he is sorry and he doesn't care. They are still together when the show ends.
Ben Foster as Eli, a mentally disabled student who believes Three's Company is the greatest show ever. Lindsay sees some students picking on Eli right after asking two girls to the Homecoming Dance. Lindsay stands up for Eli and asks him to the dance. After the two have an argument, Eli runs away down a set of bleachers, slips and falls, breaking his arm. The argument started when Eli took offense at being called "retarded" even though Lindsay didn't mean it in a hateful way, and the former insisting that he's "special". He tells Lindsay he hates her and he doesn't want to go to the dance with her. Lindsay apologizes to Eli at the dance and they dance together.
Jason Schwartzman as Howie Gelfand. ("Carded and Discarded") He supplies the freaks fake IDs to get into a show at a bar.
Shawn Soong as Stroker, a friend of the Freaks. He has very long wavy hair and appears in nearly every episode, but is rarely seen talking.
Shia LaBeouf as Herbert, the school mascot who wore the McKinley Vikings helmet until he broke his arm and Sam replaced him, later falling into a deep sleep because his misguided mother refused to let him sleep at home out of fear he'd lapse into a post-concussion coma. ("We've Got Spirit")
Rashida Jones as Karen Scarfoli, Kim's "friend" who bullied Sam by graffiting his locker and writing "Pygmy Geek" in huge letters because she was on the warpath because her boyfriend Ricky (unseen) broke up with her. ("Kim Kelly is My Friend"), but after Kim is won over by Lindsay, Karen gets her own nasty locker ink in retaliation for having fooling around with Kim's boyfriend, Daniel.
Alex Breckenridge as Shelley Weaver, the head Mathlete whom Lindsay is determined to humiliate for spreading false rumors about Kim, and who later freezes and embarrasses herself at a competition where Lindsay's brilliance wins the day. ("Looks and Books")
Samaire Armstrong as Laurie, a Deadhead.
Renee Cohen as Judith, Harris Trinsky's girlfriend. She only has one on-air appearance, where she says, "Oh, Harris! You're so bad." before kissing him. Judith has particular tastes, liking scented oils and plenty of time with Harris. They are a very affectionate couple.

text: School staff[edit]

text:
Dave "Gruber" Allen as Jeffrey "Jeff" Theodore Rosso, the hippie guidance counselor who often serves as a confidant to the main characters. His attempts to appear "cool and hip" often make him seem stupid, and he is shown to occasionally use his position in authoritarian or otherwise inappropriate ways. Nevertheless, he genuinely cares for the students, often identifying their problems and offering cogent advice in an upbeat manner. It was revealed in a conversation with Lindsay that he contracted herpes from a woman he met at a bar and also stated that he had sex in a van at Woodstock. He also discusses his anti-war protesting history when he was a student at UC Berkeley, and ends up giving career guidance advice to an unhappy Secret Service agent (played by Ben Stiller). In the episode "Carded and Discarded," it is revealed that Rosso is lead vocalist for a local bar band, "Feedback."
Tom Wilson as Coach Benjamin "Ben" Fredricks, the PE and Health teacher. Though gruff and a bit of a meathead to the geek characters, he can be friendly and seems to be happy in the rare instances when the geeks succeed in class. He is later shown to be dating Bill's mother and goes to great lengths to win his acceptance.
Steve Bannos as Frank Kowchevski, a petty, unpleasant, hot-headed math teacher who has it out for the freak characters, particularly Daniel. He is also the coach of the McKinley Mathletes group. In a deleted scene for the episode "The Little Things," it is revealed that Kowchevski is gay. He is also a Vietnam veteran and his hatred for Daniel comes from seeing him as "one of the guys who will get you killed" when he was in Vietnam.
Trace Beaulieu as Hector LaCovara, the science teacher.
Leslie Mann as Miss Foote, the social studies teacher. When Bill is rushed to the hospital for a severe allergy attack, she can be seen comforting him on his way to the ambulance, as well as visiting him in the hospital.
Steve Higgins as Mr. Fleck, the A/V teacher who is well liked by the geeks. He advises the boys on the high school hierarchy and how the lives will turn out for the jocks who bully them.

text: Other family members[edit]

text:
Claudia Christian as Gloria Haverchuck, Bill's mother.She raises Bill alone and works as a waitress. She previously worked as a dancer. Gloria blames herself for Bill's many medical problems, hinting that she was taking drugs and alcohol while pregnant with him. She cares for Bill very much and works hard to give him a good life. ("Chokin' & Tokin'" and "Dead Dogs and Gym Teachers")
Sam McMurray as Dr. Vic Schweiber, Neal's father. He is initially liked by Neal, Sam, and Bill as he shares their sense of humor and television program favorites. However, they later discover he is cheating on his wife, Neal's mother Lydia, whom he met in college. This news upsets Neal ("The Garage Door").
Amy Aquino as Mrs. Lydia Schweiber, Neal's mom. She is aware of her husband's infidelities and comforts her son by telling him that she has only a few years left with him as her child at home, and plenty of time to deal with her husband in future years. ("The Garage Door")
David Krumholtz as Barry Schweiber, Neal's charismatic older brother. He is well liked by the group and Neal looks up to him. He attends College in Wisconsin and hasn't chosen a major yet. Although he claims to have been a bigger Geek than Neal in high school, he reinvented himself as "the handsome, dashing Jew" once he got on campus. Lindsay is attracted to him and kisses him enthusiastically at his family's party. ("Noshing and Moshing")
Kevin Tighe as Col. Andopolis, Nick's dad. He is very strict and dislikes his son's so-called musical ambitions. ("Smooching and Mooching")
Ann Dowd as Cookie Kelly, Kim's catty mom. ("Kim Kelly is My Friend" and "The Diary")
Mike White as Chip Kelly, Kim's alcoholic older brother who was attacked by the police when he was minding his own business and now sleeps on the couch all day with, according to his mother "water on the brain." ("The Diary")


document_title: Turtle shell

question_text: the dorsal part of a turtle's shell is called the

question_tokens: the dorsal part of a turtle 's shell is called the

root

text: Turtle shell

text: Shell nomenclature[edit]

text: The turtle shell is made up of numerous bony elements, generally named after similar bones in other vertebrates, and a series of keratinous scutes which are also uniquely named. Some of those bones that make the top of the shell, carapace, evolved from the scapula rami of the clavicles along with the dorsal and superficial migration of the clecthra.[2] The ventral surface is called the plastron.[3][4] These are joined by an area called the bridge. The actual suture between the bridge and the plastron is called the anterior bridge strut.[5] In Pleurodires the posterior pelvis is also part of the carapace, fully fused with it. This is not the case in Cryptodires which have a floating pelvis.[3][4] The anterior bridge strut and posterior bridge strut are part of the plastron, on the carapace are the sutures into which they insert, known as the Bridge carapace suture.[5]

tag: p

text: The bones of the shell are named for standard vertebrate elements. As such the carapace is made up of 8 pleurals on each side, these are a combination of the ribs and fused dermal bone. Outside of this at the anterior of the shell is the single nuchal bone, a series of 11 paired periphals then extend along each side. At the posterior of the shell is the pygal bone and in front of this nested behind the eighth pleurals is the suprapygal.[3]

text: Between each of the pleurals are a series of neural bones,[6] which although always present are not always visible,[7] in many species of Pleurodire they are submerged below the pleurals.[8] Beneath the neural bone is the Neural arch which forms the upper half of the encasement for the spinal chord. Below this the rest of the vertebral column.[4] Some species of turtles have some extra bones called mesoplastra, which are located between the carapace and plastron in the bridge area. They are present in most Pelomedusid turtles.[9]

text: The skeletal elements of the plastron are also largely in pairs. Anteriorly there are two epiplastra, with the hyoplastra behind them. These enclose the singuar entoplastron. These make up the front half of the plastron and the hyoplastron contains the anterior bridge strut. The posterior half is made up of two hypoplastra (containing the posterior bridge strut) and the rear is a pair of xiphiplastra.[4][5]

text: Overlying the boney elements are a series of scutes, which are made of keratin and are a lot like horn or nail tissue. In the center of the carapace are 5 vertebral scutes and out from these are 4 pairs of costal scutes. Around the edge of the shell are 12 pairs of marginal scutes. All these scutes are aligned so that for the most part the sutures between the bones are in the middle of the scutes above. At the anterior of the shell there may be a cervical scute (sometimes incorrectly called a nuchal scute) however the presence or absence of this scute is highly variable, even within species.[4][9]

text: On the plastron there are two gular scutes at the front, followed by a pair of pectorals, then abdominals, femorals and lastly anals. A particular variation is the Pleurodiran turtles have an intergular scute between the gulars at the front, giving them a total of 13 plastral scutes. Compared to the 12 in all Cryptodiran turtles.[4][9]

text: Carapace[edit]

text: The carapace is the dorsal (back), convex part of the shell structure of a turtle, consisting of the animal's ossified ribs fused with the dermal bone. The spine and expanded ribs are fused through ossification to dermal plates beneath the skin to form a hard shell. Exterior to the skin the shell is covered by scutes, which are horny plates made of keratin that protect the shell from scrapes and bruises. A keel, a ridge that runs from front to the back of the animal is present in some species, these may be single, paired or even three rows of them. In most turtles the shell is relatively uniform in structure, species variation in general shape and color being the main differences. However the soft shell turtles, pig-nose turtles and the leatherback sea turtle have lost the scutes and reduced the ossification of the shell. This leaves the shell covered only by skin.[11] These are all highly aquatic forms.

text: The evolution of the turtle's shell is unique because of how the carapace represents transformed vertebrae and ribs. While other tetrapods have their scapula, or shoulder blades, found outside of the ribcage, the scapula for turtles is found inside the ribcage.[12][13] The shells of other tetrapods, such as armadillos, are not linked directly to the vertebral column or rib cage allowing the ribs to move freely with the surrounding intercostal muscle.[14] However, analysis of the transitional fossil, Eunotosaurus africanus shows that early ancestors of turtles lost that intercostal muscle usually found between the ribs.[15]

text: Recent breakthroughs in stem-turtle fossil records contribute to the study of the evolution of the turtle's shell. The first piece of fossil record discovered, essential for building the evolution and development model, was Germany and Thailand’s 214-million-year-old Late Triassic reptile Proganochelys, which marked as the first point of full shell development and carapace ossification in Testudines.[16]

text: The following phenomenal discovery of China’s 220-million-year-old stem turtle, predating the Proganonchelys by 6 million years, the Odontochelys semitestacea fossil in China shed light on the intermediate stages of turtle carapace evolution by exhibiting a partially formed dorsal carapace.[17] One major discovery was that O. semitestacea provided documentation that the plastron evolved before the carapace structure.[18] Close examination of the partially formed carapace revealed similarity to the fully formed carapace in crown turtles such as the lack of intercostal muscles and limited rib mobility. Furthermore, it is made up of modified forms of laterally expanded and broadened ribs without ossification, similar in structure to the modern turtle embryo.[16]

text: The addition of South Africa’s 260-million-year-old Permian stem reptile E. africanus, the hypothesized earliest stem turtle predating the O. semitestacea by 40 million years, revealed the early stages of carapace evolution. Histological data characterized E. africanus and Proganochelys ribs as homologous structures, both broadened and T-shaped in cross-section.[19]

text: Lyson hypothesizes that this morphology in E. africanus suggests that turtles may have fossorial origin. The wide torso gave rise to the turtle shell but during the Permian period, the broadened ribs may have provided great stability in burrowing. The skeletal structure of E. africanus in comparison to the extant fossorial gopher tortoise share similar features adapted to withstand the impact and force needed in digging. For example, E. africanus exhibits shoulders and forelimb adapted to burrowing, showing increased muscle indicated in structures such as their tubercle on the posterior coracoid and their large and wide terminal phalanges. Furthermore, fossoriality may have helped E. africanus survive the global mass extinction which wiped out over ninety percent of species at the end of the Permian period.[20][21]

text: The most recent finding of a Middle Triassic stem-turtle offers both a morphological and temporal intermediate to the E. africanus and O. semitestacea, contributing to the construction of carapace evolution timeline. The 240 million-year-old Pappochelys fossil found in Germany shows similarly broadened and T-shaped ribs that vary in shape with respect to position along the spine.[22]

text: The carapacial ridge has been found to play an essential role in the development of the turtle shell. Embryological analyses show that the carapacial ridge initiates the formation of the turtle shell. It causes axial arrest which causes the ribs to be dorsalized, the shoulder girdle to be rearranged and encapsulated in the rib cage, and the carapace to develop. O. semitestacea presents evidence of axial arrest that is observed in embryos but lacks fan-shaped ribs and a carapace. This suggests that the primitive carapacial ridge functioned differently and must have gained the function of mediating the ribs and carapace development later.[17][23]

text: Plastron[edit]

text: The plastron is the nearly flat part of the shell structure of a turtle, what one would call the belly or ventral surface of the shell. It also includes within its structure the anterior and posterior bridge struts and the bridge of the shell.[4][5] The plastron is made up of nine bones and the two epiplastra at the anterior border of the plastron are homologous to the clavicles of other tetrapods.[24] The rest of the plastral bones are homologous to the abdominal ribs of other tetrapods.

text: The evolution of the plastron has remained more mysterious, though Georges Cuvier, a French naturalist and zoologist in the 19th century, wrote that the plastron developed primarily from the sternum of the turtle.[25] This fits well with the knowledge obtained through embryological studies, showing that changes in the pathways of rib development often result in malformation or loss of the plastron. This phenomenon occurs in turtle development, but instead of experiencing complete loss of the sternum the turtle body plan repurposes the bone into the form of the plastron.[23]

text: The discovery of an ancestral turtle fossil, Pappochelys rosinae, provides additional clues as to how the plastron formed. Pappochelys serves as an intermediate form between two early stem-turtles, E. africanus and Odontochelys, the latter of which possesses a fully formed plastron. In place of a modern plastron, Pappochelys has paired gastralia, like those found in E. africanus. Pappochelys is different from its ancestor because the gastralia show signs of having once been fused, as indicated by the fossil specimens which show forked ends. This evidence shows a gradual change from paired gastralia, to paired and fused gastralia, and finally to the modern plastron across these three specimens.[22]

text: In certain families there is a hinge between the pectoral and abdominal scutes allowing the turtle to almost completely enclose itself. In certain species the sex of a testudine can be told by whether the plastron is concave, male or convex, female. This is because of the mating position; the male's concave plastron allows it to more easily mount the female during copulation.

text: The plastral scutes join along a central seam down the middle of the plastron. The relative lengths of the seam segments can be used to help identify a species of turtle. There are six laterally symmetric pairs of scutes on the plastron: gular, humeral, pectoral, abdominal, femoral, and anal (going from the head to the tail down the seam); the abdominal and gular scute seams are approximately the same length, and the femoral and pectoral seams are approximately the same length.

text: The gular scute or gular projection on a turtle is the most anterior part of the plastron, the underside of the shell. Some tortoises have paired gular scutes, while others have a single undivided gular scute. The gular scutes may be referred to as a gular projection if they stick out like a trowel.

text: Gular (disambiguation), gular anatomical formations in other species

tag: ul

text: Plastral formula[edit]

text: The plastral formula is used to compare the sizes of the individual plastral scutes (measured along the midseam). The following plastral scutes are often distinguished (with their abbreviation):

text:
intergular = intergul
gular = gul
humeral = hum
pectoral = pect
abdominal = abd
femoral = fem
anal = an

text: Comparison of the plastral formulas provides distinction between the two species. For example, for the eastern box turtle, the plastral formula is: an > abd > gul > pect > hum >< fem[26]

text: Turtle plastrons were used by the ancient Chinese in a type of divination called plastromancy. See also oracle bones.

text: Scutes[edit]

text: The turtle's shell is covered in scutes that are made of keratin. The individual scutes as shown above have specific names and are generally consistent across the various species of turtles. Terrestrial tortoises do not shed their scutes. New scutes grow by the addition of keratin layers to the base of each scute. Aquatic chelonii shed individual scutes. The scute effectively forms the skin over the underlying bony structures; there is a very thin layer of subcutaneous tissue between the scute and the skeleton. The scutes can be brightly colored in some species, but the basal color is a grey to dark brown color dorsally; the plastral scutes are often white to yellow in base color.[citation needed] A turtle's shell consists of three rows of scutes, numbering 4, 9, and 25 from the inside out. These are the squares of the first three prime numbers, viz. 22, 32, and 52. Moustakas-Verho and Cherepanov's embryological study reveals that the patterning of the plastral scutes appear independent from the patterning of carapacial scutes, suggesting that the carapace and plastron evolved separately.[27]

text: Diseases[edit]

text: Septicemic cutaneous ulcerative disease (SCUD)[edit]

text: Originally described by Kaplan (1957)[28] is often known by its acronym SCUD. This disease is known to be caused by a variety of bacteria entering through some sort of abrasion, combined with poor animal husbandry. The disease is identified by its progression and what starts as ulcerative lesions of the plastron leads to a septacemic infection causing the degradation of the liver and other organs.[29] Without treatment, this will lead to death.

text: Shell rot[edit]

text: Ulcers of the shell may be superficial or deep, and may be termed "shell rot". Ulcers are generally a result of poor husbandry. Turtles with ulcerative shell lesions should be examined and treated by a veterinarian, as the ulcers may become infected and penetrate through the shell. The shell will need to be cleaned daily, and dead tissue removed. Topical and/or injectable antibiotics are required in the case of bacterial infections. Deep ulcers may need to be repaired through surgery and the application of acrylic or fiberglass material. In a disease called "septicemic cutaneous ulcerative disease," or SCUD, ulcers may be seen on both the shell and legs. This condition is often associated with the bacteria, Citrobacter freundii.

text: Pyramiding[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: Pyramiding is a shell deformity commonly found in captive turtles, in which the shell grows unevenly resulting in a "pyramid" shape underlying each scute. This deformity can vary in severity from barely noticeable to life-threatening. Indian star tortoises and some other species display this morphology naturally.

text: Several causes can lead to pyramiding, including excessive animal or vegetable protein; inadequate calcium, sunlight, and/or vitamin D3; and excessive moisture / poor nutrition foods. Once pyramiding has occurred, it cannot be reversed, though if the underlying problem is corrected, the animal may still lead a long, healthy life.

text: Broken shells[edit]

text: Turtles' shells may become broken due to natural causes, accidents, or intention.[30] When the split is not too wide the shell may be brought together by screwing bolts into the shell then connecting the bolts with a wire; otherwise, a special device may be required.[31]


document_title: Equity (finance)

question_text: equity of us companies can be purchased by

text: Equity (finance)

text: Owner's equity[edit]

text: When starting a business, the owners fund the business to finance various operations. Under the model of a private limited company, the business and its owners are separate entities, so the business is considered to owe these funds to its owners as a liability in the form of share capital. Throughout the business's existence, the equity of the business will be the difference between its assets and debt liabilities; this is the accounting equation.

text: When a business liquidates during bankruptcy, the proceeds from the assets are used to reimburse creditors. The creditors are ranked by priority, with secured creditors being paid first, other creditors being paid next, and owners being paid last. Owner's equity (also known as risk capital or liable capital) is this remaining or residual claim against assets, which is paid only after all other creditors are paid. In such cases where even creditors could not get enough money to pay their bills, the owner's equity is reduced to zero because nothing is left to reimburse it.

text: Accounting[edit]

text: In financial accounting, owner's equity consists of the net assets of an entity. Net assets is the difference between the total assets and total liabilities.[1] Equity appears on the balance sheet (also known as the statement of financial position), one of the four primary financial statements.

text: The assets of an entity can be both tangible and intangible items. Intangible assets include items such as brand names, copyrights or goodwill. Tangible assets include land, equipment, and cash. The types of accounts and their description that comprise the owner's equity depend on the nature of the entity and may include:

text:
Share capital (common stock)
Preferred stock
Capital surplus
Retained earnings
Treasury stock
Stock options
Reserve[2]

text: Book value[edit]

text: The book value of equity will change in the case of the following events:

text:
Changes in assets relative to liabilities. For example, a profitable firm receives more cash for its products than the cost at which it produced these goods, and so in the act of making a profit, increases its retained earnings, therefore its shareholders' equity.
Issue of new equity in which the firm obtains new capital increases the total shareholders' equity.
Share repurchases, in which a firm returns money to investors, reducing on the asset side its financial assets, and on the liability side the shareholders' equity. For practical purposes (except for its tax consequences), share repurchasing is similar to a dividend payment. Rather than giving money to all shareholders immediately in the form of a dividend payment, a share repurchase reduces the number of shares outstanding.
Dividends paid out to preferred stock owners are considered an expense to be subtracted from net income[citation needed](from the point of view of the common share owners).
Other reasons - Assets and liabilities can change without any effect being measured in the Income Statement under certain circumstances; for example, changes in accounting rules may be applied retroactively. Sometimes assets bought and held in other countries get translated back into the reporting currency at different exchange rates, resulting in a changed value.

text: Shareholders' equity[edit]

text: When the owners are shareholders, the interest can be called shareholders' equity; the accounting remains the same, and it is ownership equity spread out among shareholders. If all shareholders are in one and the same class, they share equally in ownership equity from all perspectives. However, shareholders may allow different priority ranking among themselves by the use of share classes and options. This complicates analysis for both stock valuation and accounting.

text: Shareholders' equity is obtained by subtracting total liabilities from the total assets of the shareholders.[3] These assets and liabilities can be:

text:
Equity (beginning of year)
+ net income
− dividends
+/− gain/loss from changes to the number of shares outstanding.
= Equity (end of year) if one gets more money during the year or less or not anything

text: Equity stock[edit]

text: Equity investments[edit]

text: An equity investment generally refers to the buying and holding of shares of stock on a stock market by individuals and firms in anticipation of income from dividends and capital gains. Typically, equity holders receive voting rights, meaning that they can vote on candidates for the board of directors (shown on a diversification of the fund(s) and to obtain the skill of the professional fund managers in charge of the fund(s). An alternative, which is usually employed by large private investors and pension funds, is to hold shares directly; in the institutional environment many clients who own portfolios have what are called segregated funds, as opposed to or in addition to the pooled mutual fund alternatives.

text: A calculation can be made to assess whether an equity is over or underpriced, compared with a long-term government bond. This is called the yield gap or Yield Ratio. It is the ratio of the dividend yield of an equity and that of the long-term bond.

text: Market value of equity stock[edit]

text: In the stock market, market price per share does not correspond to the equity per share calculated in the accounting statements. Equity stock valuations, which are often much higher, are based on other considerations related to the business' operating cash flow, profits and future prospects; some factors are derived from the accounting statement. While accounting equity can potentially be negative, market price per share is always positive since equity shares represent ownership in limited liability companies. The principal of limited liability guarantees that a shareholder's losses may never exceed her investment.

text: Merton model[edit]

text: In the Merton model, the value of stock equity is modeled as a call option on the value of the whole company (including the liabilities), struck at the nominal value of the liabilities.[4]

text: In this model, the equity market value depends on the volatility of the market value of the company assets: the greater the volatility, the lower the equity market value.

text: Equity in real estate[edit]

text: The notion of equity with respect to real estate comes the equity of redemption. This equity is a property right valued at the difference between the market value of the property and the amount of any mortgage or other encumbrance.


document_title: Our Souls at Night (film)

question_text: where is our souls at night filmed at

question_tokens: where is our souls at night filmed at

text: Our Souls at Night (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Louis Waters is a widower. One evening he is visited by Addie, a widow who lives next door. She invites him to sometimes sleep over - platonically - talking in bed to combat loneliness. They try it out, and like it. The community finds out, but assume it's a sexual relationship.

text: Addie's son dumps his child Jamie with her. Louis helps her care for him, and gets him a dog. After Jamie's father picks him up, Louis and Addie go on a trip and have sex.

text: Addie falls down and ends up in the hospital, and her son wants her to move in with him and Jamie. She does, and both she and Louis sleep alone. So Louis sends her a phone, and they start talking to each other after getting into bed. And the movie ends.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Robert Redford as Louis Waters, a widower who lives next door to Addie, and Holly's father.[2]
Jane Fonda as Addie Moore, a widow who lives next door to Louis, Gene's mother, and Jamie's grandmother.[2]
Matthias Schoenaerts as Gene Moore, Addie's son and Jamie's father.[2]
Judy Greer as Holly Waters, Louis' daughter.[2]
Bruce Dern as Dorlan Becker[2]
Iain Armitage as Jamie Moore, Gene's son and Addie's grandson.[2]

text: Production[edit]

text: On July 7, 2016, Netflix hired Ritesh Batra to direct the film adaptation of Kent Haruf's novel Our Souls at Night, scripted by Scott Neustadter and Michael H. Weber.[3]

text: Principal photography on the film began on September 12, 2016 in Colorado Springs, Colorado, while it would also be shot in Florence.[4][2] Filming was completed on November 2, 2016.[5]

text: Release[edit]

text: The film had its world premiere at the Venice Film Festival on September 1, 2017.[6] It was released on September 29, 2017.[7]


document_title: List of The Originals episodes

question_text: the originals season 5 episode 10 air date

text: List of The Originals episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Pilot (2013)[edit]

text: "No. overall" and "No. in season" for the pilot dictate the airing and location of the episode within the parent series.

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeUS viewers(millions)8620"The Originals"Chris GrismerJulie PlecApril 25, 2013 (2013-04-25)2J66702.24[3]
Following a tip off informing him a witch called Jane Anne Deveraux has ties to him, Klaus goes back to New Orleans only to find the protégé he thought dead ruling the city. The city lives under his strict rules, which makes the witches in the city hope to overthrow Marcel. They persuade Klaus to help by using Hayley, a werewolf who is pregnant with his child. Along with his brother, Elijah's, help, they decide to get back the city. Meanwhile, Elijah tries to persuade their sister Rebekah to come home too.

text: Season 1 (2013–14)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeUS viewers(millions)11"Always and Forever"Chris GrismerMichael Narducci & Julie PlecOctober 3, 2013 (2013-10-03)2J78022.21[4]
22"House of the Rising Son"Brad TurnerDiane Ademu-John & Declan de BarraOctober 8, 2013 (2013-10-08)2J78011.92[5]
33"Tangled Up in Blue"Chris GrismerAshley Lyle & Bart NickersonOctober 15, 2013 (2013-10-15)2J78032.22[6]
44"Girl in New Orleans"Jesse WarnMichelle Paradise & Michael NarducciOctober 22, 2013 (2013-10-22)2J78042.23[7]
55"Sinners and Saints"Chris GrismerMarguerite MacIntyre & Julie PlecOctober 29, 2013 (2013-10-29)2J78052.05[8]
66"Fruit of the Poisoned Tree"Michael AllowitzCharlie Charbonneau & Diane Ademu-JohnNovember 5, 2013 (2013-11-05)2J78062.03[9]
77"Bloodletting"Jeffrey HuntMichael Russo & Michael NarducciNovember 12, 2013 (2013-11-12)2J78072.40[10]
88"The River in Reverse"Jesse WarnDeclan de Barra & Julie PlecNovember 26, 2013 (2013-11-26)2J78082.38[11]
99"Reigning Pain in New Orleans"Joshua ButlerAshley Lyle & Bart NickersonDecember 3, 2013 (2013-12-03)2J78092.33[12]
1010"The Casket Girls"Jesse WarnCharlie Charbonneau & Michelle ParadiseJanuary 14, 2014 (2014-01-14)2J78102.07[13]
1111"Après Moi, Le Déluge"Leslie LibmanMarguerite MacIntyre & Diane Ademu-JohnJanuary 21, 2014 (2014-01-21)2J78112.51[14]
1212"Dance Back from the Grave"Rob HardyMichael Russo & Michael NarducciJanuary 28, 2014 (2014-01-28)2J78122.32[15]
1313"Crescent City"Chris GrismerMichael Narducci & Julie PlecFebruary 4, 2014 (2014-02-04)2J78132.10[16]
1414"Long Way Back from Hell"Matt HastingsAshley Lyle & Bart NickersonFebruary 25, 2014 (2014-02-25)2J78141.83[17]
1515"Le Grand Guignol"Chris GrismerDeclan de Barra & Diane Ademu-JohnMarch 4, 2014 (2014-03-04)2J78151.80[18]
1616"Farewell to Storyville"Jesse WarnMichael NarducciMarch 11, 2014 (2014-03-11)2J78161.73[19]
1717"Moon Over Bourbon Street"Michael RobisonMichelle Paradise & Christopher HollierMarch 18, 2014 (2014-03-18)2J78171.53[20]
1818"The Big Uneasy"Leslie LibmanMarguerite MacIntyre & Michael RussoApril 15, 2014 (2014-04-15)2J78181.52[21]
1919"An Unblinking Death"Kellie CyrusAshley Lyle & Bart NickersonApril 22, 2014 (2014-04-22)2J78191.50[22]
2020"A Closer Walk with Thee"Sylvain WhiteCarina Adly MacKenzie & Julie PlecApril 29, 2014 (2014-04-29)2J78201.77[23]
2121"The Battle of New Orleans"Jeffrey HuntCharlie Charbonneau & Michael NarducciMay 6, 2014 (2014-05-06)2J78211.44[24]
2222"From a Cradle to a Grave"Matt HastingsDiane Ademu-JohnMay 13, 2014 (2014-05-13)2J78221.76[25]

text: Season 2 (2014–15)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeUS viewers(millions)231"Rebirth"Lance AndersonMarguerite MacIntyre & Julie PlecOctober 6, 2014 (2014-10-06)3J52011.37[26]
242"Alive and Kicking"Jeffrey HuntMichelle Paradise & Michael NarducciOctober 13, 2014 (2014-10-13)3J52021.29[27]
253"Every Mother's Son"Dermott DownsChristopher HollierOctober 20, 2014 (2014-10-20)3J52031.27[28]
264"Live and Let Die"Jeffrey HuntAshley Lyle & Bart NickersonOctober 27, 2014 (2014-10-27)3J52041.31[29]
275"Red Door"Michael RobisonDeclan de Barra & Diane Ademu-JohnNovember 3, 2014 (2014-11-03)3J52051.09[30]
286"Wheel Inside the Wheel"Matt HastingsMichael Russo & Michael NarducciNovember 10, 2014 (2014-11-10)3J52061.46[31]
297"Chasing the Devil's Tail"Jesse WarnCarina Adly Mackenzie & Christopher HollierNovember 17, 2014 (2014-11-17)3J52071.44[32]
308"The Brothers That Care Forgot"Michael AllowitzCharlie Charbonneau & Michelle ParadiseNovember 24, 2014 (2014-11-24)3J52081.26[33]
319"The Map of Moments"Leslie LibmanMarguerite MacIntyre & Julie PlecDecember 8, 2014 (2014-12-08)3J52091.41[34]
3210"Gonna Set Your Flag on Fire"Rob HardyAshley Lyle & Bart NickersonJanuary 19, 2015 (2015-01-19)3J52101.52[35]
3311"Brotherhood of the Damned"Sylvain WhiteKyle Arrington & Diane Ademu-JohnJanuary 26, 2015 (2015-01-26)3J52121.74[36]
3412"Sanctuary"Matt HastingsDeclan de Barra & Michael NarducciFebruary 2, 2015 (2015-02-02)3J52111.47[37]
3513"The Devil is Damned"Lance AndersonChristopher Hollier & Julie PlecFebruary 9, 2015 (2015-02-09)3J52131.22[38]
3614"I Love You, Goodbye"Matt HastingsCarina Adly MacKenzie & Michael NarducciFebruary 16, 2015 (2015-02-16)3J52141.44[39]
3715"They All Asked for You"Chris GrismerMichelle ParadiseMarch 9, 2015 (2015-03-09)3J52151.40[40]
3816"Save My Soul"Kellie CyrusMichael RussoMarch 16, 2015 (2015-03-16)3J52161.25[41]
3917"Exquisite Corpse"Dermott DownsDeclan de Barra & Diane Ademu-JohnApril 6, 2015 (2015-04-06)3J52171.12[42]
4018"Night Has A Thousand Eyes"Jesse WarnAshley Lyle & Bart NickersonApril 13, 2015 (2015-04-13)3J52181.01[43]
4119"When The Levee Breaks"Bethany RooneyMarguerite MacIntyreApril 20, 2015 (2015-04-20)3J52191.30[44]
4220"City Beneath the Sea"Leslie LibmanCarina Adly MacKenzie & Charlie CharbonneauApril 27, 2015 (2015-04-27)3J52201.20[45]
4321"Fire with Fire"David StraitonMichael NarducciMay 4, 2015 (2015-05-04)3J52211.14[46]
4422"Ashes to Ashes"Matt HastingsChristopher Hollier & Diane Ademu-JohnMay 11, 2015 (2015-05-11)3J52221.19[47]

text: Season 3 (2015–16)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeUS viewers(millions)451"For the Next Millennium"Lance AndersonMichael NarducciOctober 8, 2015 (2015-10-08)3J53010.89[48]
462"You Hung the Moon"Jeffrey HuntCarina Adly MackenzieOctober 15, 2015 (2015-10-15)3J53021.12[49]
473"I'll See You in Hell or New Orleans"Michael GrossmanDeclan de Barra & Michelle ParadiseOctober 22, 2015 (2015-10-22)3J53030.95[50]
484"A Walk on the Wild Side"Matt HastingsAshley Lyle & Bart NickersonOctober 29, 2015 (2015-10-29)3J53041.07[51]
495"The Axeman's Letter"Michael AllowitzMichael Russo & Diane Ademu-JohnNovember 5, 2015 (2015-11-05)3J53050.97[52]
506"Beautiful Mistake"Steven DePaulKyle Arrington & Christopher HollierNovember 12, 2015 (2015-11-12)3J53060.98[53]
517"Out of the Easy"Bethany RooneyBeau DeMayo & Michelle ParadiseNovember 19, 2015 (2015-11-19)3J53070.80[54]
528"The Other Girl in New Orleans"Kellie CyrusMichael Russo & Michael NarducciDecember 3, 2015 (2015-12-03)3J53081.17[55]
539"Savior"Matt HastingsCarina Adly MacKenzie & Diane Ademu-JohnDecember 10, 2015 (2015-12-10)3J53090.97[56]
5410"A Ghost Along the Mississippi"Michael GrossmanDeclan de BarraJanuary 29, 2016 (2016-01-29)3J53100.95[57]
5511"Wild at Heart"John HyamsAshley Lyle & Bart NickersonFebruary 5, 2016 (2016-02-05)3J53110.92[58]
5612"Dead Angels"Darren GenetKyle Arrington & Michael NarducciFebruary 12, 2016 (2016-02-12)3J53120.80[59]
5713"Heart Shaped Box"Chris GrismerMichelle Paradise & Christopher HollierFebruary 19, 2016 (2016-02-19)3J53130.87[60]
5814"A Streetcar Named Desire"Matt HastingsBeau DeMayo & Diane Ademu-JohnFebruary 26, 2016 (2016-02-26)3J53141.07[61]
5915"An Old Friend Calls"Jeffrey HuntCarina Adly MacKenzie & Michael RussoMarch 4, 2016 (2016-03-04)3J53150.88[62]
6016"Alone with Everybody"Hanelle CulpepperAshley Lyle & Bart NickersonApril 1, 2016 (2016-04-01)3J53160.93[63]
6117"Behind the Black Horizon"Joseph MorganDeclan de Barra & Diane Ademu-JohnApril 8, 2016 (2016-04-08)3J53170.89[64]
6218"The Devil Comes Here and Sighs"Jesse WarnKyle Arrington & Michelle ParadiseApril 15, 2016 (2016-04-15)3J53180.86[65]
6319"No More Heartbreaks"Millicent SheltonCeleste Vasquez & Michael NarducciApril 29, 2016 (2016-04-29)3J53190.93[66]
6420"Where Nothing Stays Buried"John HyamsCarina Adly MacKenzie & Christopher HollierMay 6, 2016 (2016-05-06)3J53200.83[67]
6521"Give 'Em Hell, Kid"Jeffrey HuntAshley Lyle & Bart NickersonMay 13, 2016 (2016-05-13)3J53210.79[68]
6622"The Bloody Crown"Matt HastingsBeau DeMayo & Diane Ademu-JohnMay 20, 2016 (2016-05-20)3J53220.85[69]

text: Season 4 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeUS viewers(millions)671"Gather Up the Killers"Lance AndersonMichael Russo & Michael NarducciMarch 17, 2017 (2017-03-17)4011.05[70]
682"No Quarter"Bethany RooneyTalicia Raggs & Michelle ParadiseMarch 24, 2017 (2017-03-24)4020.99[71]
693"Haunter of Ruins"Jeffrey HuntCarina Adly Mackenzie & Declan de BarraMarch 31, 2017 (2017-03-31)4030.93[72]
704"Keepers of the House"Joseph MorganBeau DeMayo & Christopher HollierApril 7, 2017 (2017-04-07)4041.08[73]
715"I Hear You Knocking"Chris GrismerKyle ArringtonApril 14, 2017 (2017-04-14)4050.87[74]
726"Bag of Cobras"Jesse WarnMichael Russo & Michelle ParadiseApril 28, 2017 (2017-04-28)4060.96[75]
737"High Water and a Devil's Daughter"Charles Michael DavisCeleste Vasquez & Carina Adly MacKenzieMay 5, 2017 (2017-05-05)4070.93[76]
748"Voodoo in My Blood"John HyamsTalicia Raggs & Christopher HollierMay 12, 2017 (2017-05-12)4080.85[77]
759"Queen Death"Nicole RubioBeau DeMayoMay 19, 2017 (2017-05-19)4090.84[78]
7610"Phantomesque"Daniel GilliesK.C. Perry & Kyle ArringtonJune 2, 2017 (2017-06-02)4101.03[79]
7711"A Spirit Here That Won't Be Broken"Hanelle CulpepperCarina Adly MacKenzie & Michael RussoJune 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)4110.89[80]
7812"Voodoo Child"Michael GrossmanMichelle Paradise & Christopher HollierJune 16, 2017 (2017-06-16)4121.01[81]
7913"The Feast of All Sinners"Bethany RooneyMichael NarducciJune 23, 2017 (2017-06-23)4130.80[82]

text: Season 5 (2018)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeUS viewers(millions)801"Where You Left Your Heart"Lance AndersonMarguerite MacIntyreApril 18, 2018 (2018-04-18)T46.100010.97[83]
812"One Wrong Turn on Bourbon"Carol BankerCarina Adly MacKenzieApril 25, 2018 (2018-04-25)T46.100021.03[84]
823"Ne Me Quitte Pas"Joseph MorganK.C. Perry & Michelle ParadiseMay 2, 2018 (2018-05-02)T46.100030.90[85]
834"Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea"Michael GrossmanBeau DeMayo & Kyle ArringtonMay 9, 2018 (2018-05-09)T46.100040.76[86]
845"Don't It Just Break Your Heart"Jeffrey W. ByrdStory by : Bianca Sams & Jeffrey Lieber Teleplay by : Jeffrey LieberMay 16, 2018 (2018-05-16)T46.100050.80[87]
856"What, Will, I, Have, Left"Charles Michael DavisMarguerite MacIntyreMay 30, 2018 (2018-05-30)T46.100060.82[88]
867"God's Gonna Trouble the Water"Carl SeatonBianca Sams & Julie PlecJune 6, 2018 (2018-06-06)T46.100070.77[89]
878"The Kindness of Strangers"Kellie CyrusBeau DeMayo & Carina Adly MacKenzieJune 13, 2018 (2018-06-13)T46.100080.86[90]
889"We Have Not Long to Love"Bethany RooneyK.C. Perry & Michelle ParadiseJune 20, 2018 (2018-06-20)T46.100090.77[91]
8910"There in the Disappearing Light"Daniel GilliesEva McKenna & Jeffrey LieberJuly 11, 2018 (2018-07-11)T46.100100.77[92]
9011"'Til the Day I Die"Geoff ShotzKyle Arrington & Marguerite MacIntyreJuly 18, 2018 (2018-07-18)T46.100110.68[93]
9112"The Tale of Two Wolves"Rudy PersicoCarina Adly MacKenzie & Julie PlecJuly 25, 2018 (2018-07-25)T46.100120.85[94]
9213"When the Saints Go Marching In"Lance AndersonStory by : Julie Plec Teleplay by : Jeffrey LieberAugust 1, 2018 (2018-08-01)T46.100130.86[95]

text: Webisodes[edit]

text: The Originals: The Awakening[edit]

text:
No.TitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air date1"The Awakening: Part 1"Matt HastingsCarina Adly MacKenzieNovember 10, 2014 (2014-11-10)
2"The Awakening: Part 2"Matt HastingsCarina Adly MacKenzieNovember 17, 2014 (2014-11-17)
3"The Awakening: Part 3"Matt HastingsCarina Adly MacKenzieNovember 24, 2014 (2014-11-24)
4"The Awakening: Part 4"Matt HastingsCarina Adly MacKenzieDecember 8, 2014 (2014-12-08)


document_title: iPhone (1st generation)

question_text: how much did the first iphone cost when it came out

text: iPhone (1st generation)

text: History[edit]

text: In 2005, Apple CEO Steve Jobs conceived an idea of using a multi-touch touchscreen to interact with a computer in a way in which he could directly type onto the display. He decided that it needed to have a triple layered touch screen, a very new and high tech technology at the time. This helped out with removing the physical keyboard and mouse, the same as a tablet computer. Jobs recruited a group of Apple engineers to investigate the idea as a side project.[11]  When Jobs reviewed the prototype and its user interface, he conceived a second idea of implementing the technology onto a mobile phone.[12] The whole effort was called Project Purple 2 and began in 2005.[13]

text: Apple created the device during a secretive and unprecedented collaboration with AT&T, formerly Cingular Wireless. The development cost of the collaboration was estimated to have been $150 million[14] over a thirty-month period. Apple rejected the "design by committee" approach that had yielded the Motorola ROKR E1, a largely unsuccessful collaboration with Motorola. Instead, Cingular Wireless gave Apple the liberty to develop the iPhone's hardware and software in-house.[15][16]

text: The original iPhone was introduced by Steve Jobs on January 9, 2007 in a keynote address at the Macworld Conference & Expo held in Moscone West in San Francisco, California.[17] In his address, Jobs said, "This is a day, that I have been looking forward to for two and a half years", and that "today, Apple is going to reinvent the phone."[18] Jobs introduced the iPhone as a combination of three devices: a "widescreen iPod with touch controls"; a "revolutionary mobile phone"; and a "breakthrough Internet communicator".[19]

text: Release[edit]

text: The iPhone was released in the United States on June 29, 2007 at the price of $499 for the 4 GB model and $599 for the 8 GB model, both requiring a 2-year contract.[20] Thousands of people were reported to have waited outside Apple and AT&T retail stores days before the device's launch;[21] many stores reported stock shortages within an hour of availability. To avoid repeating the problems of the PlayStation 3 launch, which caused burglaries and even a shooting, off-duty police officers were hired to guard stores overnight.[22][23]

text: It was later made available in the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Portugal, the Republic of Ireland, and Austria in November 2007.[20]

text: Six out of ten Americans surveyed said they knew the iPhone was coming before its release.[23]

text: Post-release[edit]

text: The iPod Touch, a touchscreen device with the media and internet abilities and interface of the iPhone but without the ability to connect to a cellular network for phone functions or internet access, was released on September 5, 2007. At the same time, Apple significantly dropped the price of the 8 GB model (from $599 to $399, still requiring a 2-year contract with AT&T) while discontinuing the 4 GB model.[24] Apple sold the one millionth iPhone five days later, or 74 days after the release.[25] After receiving "hundreds of emails...upset" about the price drop, Apple gave store credit to early adopters.[26]

text: A 16 GB model was released on February 5, 2008 for $499, the original launch price of the 4 GB model.[27] Apple released an SDK on March 6, 2008, allowing developers to create the apps that would be available starting in iPhone OS version 2.0, a free upgrade for iPhone users. On June 9, Apple announced the iPhone 3G, which began shipping July 11.[28] The original iPhone was discontinued 4 days later; total sales volume came to 6,124,000 units.

text: While most Apple literature simply called the device "iPhone", the term "the original iPhone" appears in a press release from July 2010.[29]

text: Software[edit]

text: During release, the iPhone was marketed as running "OS X". The name of the operating system was revealed as iPhone OS with the release of the iPhone SDK. The original iPhone supported three major versions of the operating system before it was discontinued: iPhone OS 1, 2, and 3. However, the full iPhone OS 3 feature set was not supported, and the last update the original iPhone received was iPhone OS 3.1.3.

text: Software history[edit]

text: The original operating system for the original iPhone was iPhone OS 1, marketed as OS X, and included Visual Voicemail, multi-touch gestures, HTML email, Safari web browser, threaded text messaging, and YouTube. However, many features like MMS, apps, and copy and paste were not supported at release, leading hackers jailbreaking their phones to add these features. Official software updates slowly added these features.

text: iPhone OS 2 was released on July 11, 2008, around the same time as the release of the iPhone 3G, and introduced third-party applications, Microsoft Exchange support, push e-mail,[citation needed] and other enhancements.

text: iPhone OS 3 was released on June 17, 2009, and introduced copy and paste functionality, Spotlight search for the home screen, and new features for the YouTube app. iPhone OS 3 was available for the original iPhone as well as the iPhone 3G. However, not all features of iPhone OS 3 were supported on the original iPhone.

text: iPhone OS 3.1.3 was the last version of iPhone OS (now iOS) to be released for the original iPhone.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Only four writers were given review models of the original iPhone:[30][31] David Pogue of The New York Times,[32] Walt Mossberg of The Wall Street Journal,[33] Steven Levy of Newsweek,[34] and Ed Baig of USA Today.[35] The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal published positive, but cautious, reviews of the iPhone, their primary criticisms being the relatively slow speed of the AT&T's 2.5G EDGE network and the phone's inability to connect using 3G services. The Wall Street Journal's technology columnist, Walt Mossberg, concluded that "despite some flaws and feature omissions, the iPhone is, on balance, a beautiful and breakthrough handheld computer."[36] Time magazine named it the Invention of the Year in 2007.[37]

text: Timeline of models[edit]


document_title: Rick and Morty (season 3)

question_text: who wrote rick and morty season 3 episode 4

text: Rick and Morty (season 3)

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: The actors and actresses listed below lend their voices to the corresponding animated characters.

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Justin Roiland as Rick Sanchez and Morty Smith, the two main characters of the show; Rick is an eccentric mad scientist and Morty is his kind but easily distressed grandson.[3]
Chris Parnell as Jerry Smith, Rick's son-in-law and Morty's father; a simple-minded and insecure person, who disapproves of Rick's influence over his family.[3]
Spencer Grammer as Summer Smith, Rick's granddaughter and Morty's sister; a conventional teenager who worries about improving her status among her peers.[3]
Sarah Chalke as Beth Smith, Rick's daughter and Morty's mother; a generally level-headed person, who is dissatisfied with her marriage.[3]

text: Guest cast[edit]

text:
Nathan Fillion as Cornvelious Daniel, a galactic federation agent.[4]
Tony Hale as Eli, Summer's neighbor in a post-apocalyptic version of Earth.[5]
Joel McHale as Hemorrhage, the leader of the post-apocalyptic scavenger group Death Stalkers.[5]
Susan Sarandon as Dr. Wong, a family therapist.[6]
Danny Trejo as Jaguar, a human held prisoner by foreign government agents.[6]
Peter Serafinowicz as a foreign government agency director.[6]
Christian Slater as Vance Maximus Renegade Star Soldier, the leader of the superhero group The Vindicators.[7]
Gillian Jacobs as Supernova, a member of The Vindicators.[7]
Logic (Bobby Hall) as himself, a performer at a party.[7]
Lance Reddick as Alan Rails, a member of The Vindicators.[7]
Thomas Middleditch as King Tommy, a childhood friend of Beth.[8]

text: Other cast members[edit]

text: Other cast members of the season, who each have voiced one or more characters, include: Dan Harmon, Brandon Johnson, Tom Kenny, Maurice LaMarche, Nolan North, Cassie Steele, Kari Wahlgren, Laura Bailey, John DiMaggio, Ryan Ridley, Scott Chernoff, Dan Benson, Clancy Brown, Echo Kellum, Melique Berger, William Holmes, Tara Strong, Jeff B. Davis, Jonas Briedis, Phil Hendrie, Rob Paulsen, Alex Jayne Go, Jennifer Hale and Mariana Wise.

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

22
1
"The Rickshank Rickdemption"
Juan Meza-León
Mike McMahan
April 1, 2017 (2017-04-01)
0.68[9][b]

Rick is interrogated via a mind-computer link, inside a galactic federal prison. Summer and Morty attempt to rescue him, but they are captured by SEAL Team Ricks, who take them to the Citadel of Ricks and decide to assassinate Rick. Back at the prison, Rick tricks both the federal agents and his aspiring assassins by switching bodies with them. He then teleports the entire Citadel into the federal prison, prompting a massive battle. Amid the confusion, Rick rescues Morty and Summer and uses the Galactic Federation's mainframe to make their currency worthless. The Federation falls into chaos and collapses as a result, with the aliens leaving Earth. Back at home, Jerry asks Beth to choose between him and Rick, but she chooses Rick. After the new status quo is established, Rick reveals to Morty that his ulterior motive was to become his de facto male influence. This escalates into a nonsensical angry rant, centered around Rick's desire to find more of the discontinued McDonald's Szechuan sauce, a promotional product for the 1998 film Mulan.

Post-credit scene: Tammy observes Bird Person's resurrection as a cyborg dubbed "Phoenix Person".

23
2
"Rickmancing the Stone"
Dominic Polcino
Jane Becker
July 30, 2017 (2017-07-30)
2.86[10]

Rick takes Morty and Summer to a Mad Max-esque version of Earth, where they are chased by a group of scavengers, known as Death Stalkers. Rick notices that the group is carrying a valuable rock of Isotope 322, so he and the kids join them in hope of stealing it. Summer falls in love with the Death Stalkers' leader, while Morty is given the strength of a giant arm, which takes him in search of its killer. Rick leaves and replaces the kids with androids to fool Beth. When he returns, he helps the Death Stalkers use the Isotope to power a more advanced civilization. Summer doesn't like how the change softens the Death Stalkers, and she decides to follow Rick and Morty back home. Before leaving, Rick steals the Isotope. The experience helps the kids overcome their parents' divorce. Summer reconciles with Jerry, and Morty realizes he must live his own life.

Post-credit scene: As Jerry receives his unemployment check, a growling wolf appears and bullies him into handing it over. The wolf eats the check and regurgitates it, thus further ruining Jerry's new life.

24
3
"Pickle Rick"
Anthony Chun
Jessica Gao
August 6, 2017 (2017-08-06)
2.31[11]

Rick turns himself into a pickle to get out of attending school-ordered family therapy, but Beth takes Rick's serum which would revert the transformation. Left alone, Rick eventually rolls down into an open sewer drain, where he manages to manipulate the nervous systems of dead roaches and rats to build himself a mobile exoskeleton, with added weapons such as razors and drills. He unwittingly escapes into a foreign government agency. The guards try to kill Rick, under orders from the agency director, but Rick kills them all. In the process, Rick battles and ultimately befriends a prisoner named Jaguar. Rick changes his mind and decides to attend the therapy session, arriving towards the end. Dr. Wong gives her diagnosis, observing that Rick crafts relationships that punish emotions and vulnerability. On their way home, Rick apologizes to Beth for deceiving her and uses the serum to turn human again. Morty and Summer wish to continue seeing Dr. Wong, but Rick and Beth ignore them.

Post-credit scene: Jaguar saves Rick and Morty from being killed in an elaborate piano death machine by a villain named "Concerto".

25
4
"Vindicators 3: The Return of Worldender"
Bryan Newton
Sarah Carbiener & Erica Rosbe
August 13, 2017 (2017-08-13)
2.66[12]

At Morty's insistence, Rick agrees to join the Vindicators, a group of intergalactic superheroes, to fight their arch-nemesis, Worldender. Rick cannot hide his disdain for the superheroes, while Morty is thrilled. The next morning, the Vindicators enter Worldender's base, only to find that the previous night a drunk Rick had killed him and set up a variety of puzzles that the Vindicators must solve to survive. They start arguing and kill one another, while Morty solves all the puzzles, as he knows what Rick had in mind when he put them up. After all puzzles are solved, the only ones left alive are Rick, Morty and Supernova, a member of the Vindicators. Supernova tries to kill Rick and Morty, but before she can do so, the three of them are transported to a party, where she gets away.

Post-credit scene: Gearhead tries to use a Vindicators vest to pick up some young girls, but when an alien terrorist attack strikes, he runs away eventually tripping and falling, breaking into pieces.

26
5
"The Whirly Dirly Conspiracy"
Juan Meza-León
Ryan Ridley
August 20, 2017 (2017-08-20)
2.29[13]

To bolster Jerry's self-esteem, Rick takes him on an adventure at Morty's request. They visit an otherworldly resort within an immortality field so Jerry won't be harmed while away. Jerry encounters Risotto Groupon, an alien who blames Rick for his kingdom being usurped. Risotto enlists Jerry in a plot to kill Rick, but Jerry backs out after Rick apologizes for ruining his marriage. Meanwhile, Summer deals with self-esteem issues as well. Her boyfriend, Ethan, leaves her for a larger-breasted girlfriend, and Summer attempts to enlarge her own breasts using one of Rick's devices. Her aim is off, and she grows to freakish proportions. Morty wants to call Rick for assistance, but Beth refuses. Arrogantly trying to prove her own self-worth, Beth repeatedly fails to fix the problem and is tricked into releasing three tiny technical support workers that were trapped inside the machine. Once Morty figures out how the machine works, he restores Summer's size and spitefully uses it to deform Ethan as an act of vengeance.

Post-credit scene: The three tiny workers are enjoying their retirement next to a river. As an extremely deformed Ethan walks by, one of them is snatched by an eagle.

27
6
"Rest and Ricklaxation"
Anthony Chun
Tom Kauffman
August 27, 2017 (2017-08-27)
2.47[14]

After a six-day outer space adventure that leaves them on the verge of psychological collapse, Rick and Morty decide to spend some time at an alien spa. There, they use a machine that extracts a person's negative personality traits. However, without Rick and Morty knowing, those traits are transposed into toxic physical counterparts, characterized by Rick's arrogance and Morty's self-loathing. On the other hand, the true Rick becomes more considerate, and Morty's confidence soars, which allows him to start dating girls. Toxic Rick uses a moonlight tower to remake the whole Earth in his own image, but the true Rick reverts the situation by merging back with him. Morty avoids merging back with his toxic counterpart and goes on to live a The Wolf of Wall Street type scenario. Rick tracks him down with the help of Jessica, Morty's classmate, and restores order by re-injecting the negative personality traits into him.

Post-credit scene: A tour of the same moonlight tower releases Stacy, one of the girls Morty dated in the episode, who had been inadvertently trapped inside the toxin machine.

28
7
"The Ricklantis Mixup"
"Tales from the Citadel"
Dominic Polcino
Dan Guterman & Ryan Ridley
September 10, 2017 (2017-09-10)
2.38[15]

As Rick and Morty adventure to Atlantis, the episode shifts focus towards the Ricks and Mortys living at the Citadel. A group of Mortys journey to a portal to have their wishes granted. A rookie cop Rick starts working with an experienced Morty to take down drug dealers. A Rick working at Simple Rick's wafer factory, where the key ingredient comes from said Simple Rick hooked up to a machine to re-experience his best memories, holds Simple Rick hostage after he doesn't get a promotion. An election is held for the new president of the Citadel. Despite being the underdog, the Morty Party candidate manages to secure the presidency thanks to his views on Ricks and Mortys. His former campaign manager fails to assassinate him after discovering that the new president is actually Evil Morty from "Close Rick-counters of the Rick Kind".

Post-credit scene: Rick and Morty come back from Atlantis satisfied with their trip. Morty wonders what happened on the Citadel, but Rick tells him it'll likely have no effect on their lives.

29
8
"Morty's Mind Blowers"
Bryan Newton
Mike McMahan, James Siciliano, Ryan Ridley,
Dan Guterman, Justin Roiland & Dan Harmon
September 17, 2017 (2017-09-17)
2.51[16]

After Morty requests to have a traumatic memory deleted, Rick reveals a room where he has been storing a number of memories he has removed from Morty. However, as it turns out, besides the memories that Morty didn't want to keep from their adventures, the room also contains memories of moments where Rick was made to look foolish and had them forcibly removed. This revelation prompts a fight, during which Rick and Morty have their memories accidentally erased. Morty scours the memories to replace the ones he lost, but is displeased with the truth he finds, and convinces Rick to both kill themselves. Summer enters the room moments before they commit suicide. At this point, it is revealed that Rick has a contingency plan should this happen. Summer, following written instructions, tranquilizes Rick and Morty, restores their memories and drags them to the living room. Rick and Morty wake up on the couch, believing that they slept through an entire "Interdimensional Cable" episode.

Post-credit scene: Jerry shows up in Rick's garage and discovers a box containing "Jerry's Mind Blowers" where, in a twisted homage to E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, he discovers he accidentally left an alien the family was trying to help to die in his car.

30
9
"The ABC's of Beth"
Juan Meza-León
Mike McMahan
September 24, 2017 (2017-09-24)
2.49[17]

This episode's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

After learning that a father of one her childhood friends is set to be executed for the murder of said friend, Beth learns that Rick created an imaginary universe to store Beth in. Beth, believing her friend Tommy is still in there due to a childhood fantasy, enters the realm with Rick. Upon finding Tommy, they learn he has become de facto leader and commits incest and cannibalism of his children in order to stay alive. Refusing to return, Rick and Beth create a clone of Tommy as an adult in order to save his father from execution. Pondering her life and finally confronting Rick, Beth discovers she has two options: leave the family while Rick replaces her with a clone while she travels the world, or stay with the family and be content with the life she has chosen. Her decision is not revealed. Meanwhile, Jerry begins dating Kiara, an alien highly invested in hunting, much to Morty and Summer's dismay. While trying to kill Morty and Summer for separating her and Jerry, she breaks up with Jerry after it is revealed she is using him as a rebound to get over a previous ex, much like Jerry was with her.

Post-credit scene: Jerry's answering machine plays messages that detail Kiara warning Jerry that her new boyfriend is angry with him, the boyfriend calling and saying he's coming after Jerry, Rick saying he killed the alien and then one saying he had sex with Kiara.

31
10
"The Rickchurian Mortydate"[18]
TBA
TBA
October 1, 2017 (2017-10-01)
TBD

text: Production[edit]

text: On August 12, 2015, Adult Swim announced that the series had been renewed for a third season.[19] Roiland reportedly began writing on November 2, 2015.[20] Mike McMahan announced that the first episode was recorded on February 18, 2016.[21] On February 5, 2017, Dan Harmon, answering questions regarding the delayed release, announced on his podcast, Harmontown, that the show was in the animation process, after a long period of writing.[22] On June 24, 2017, Harmon wrote a series of posts on Twitter, explaining that the writing process took that long to complete, because of his perfectionism.[23]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The season currently holds a 100% approval rating from review aggregation site Rotten Tomatoes based on nine reviews, with an average rating of 9.25 out of 10.[24]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Season 3 premiered unannounced on April 1, 2017 as part of Adult Swim's annual April Fools' prank.
Jump up ^ "The Rickshank Rickdemption" premiered unannounced and re-ran for four hours straight with improving ratings. This is the viewership of only the first broadcast of the episode.

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