document_title: List of The Apprentice (U.S.) candidates

question_text: who won the last series of the apprentice

text: The Apprentice, later called The Celebrity Apprentice, is an American reality television show created by Mark Burnett in which candidates compete to become Donald Trump's apprentice, as determined by Trump and his boardroom associates. The series first broadcast in 2004, and twelve complete seasons have aired on NBC as of May 2012. Each season, competitors are progressively eliminated based on their performance during an assigned task. After each task, the winning team receives a reward, while the losing team faces a boardroom showdown in order to determine which team member should be fired, and therefore eliminated from the show. Trump hires one of the finalists to be his apprentice. Starting with season 7, celebrities participated as a way to revitalize the series, with the winners donating their proceeds to charity.[1] Trump departed the series after the fourteenth season to focus on his 2016 presidential campaign, in which actor and politician Arnold Schwarzenegger would now serve as host of the series. The fifteenth season, featuring Schwarzenegger was branded as The New Celebrity Apprentice.[2][3]

text: As of season 14, 229 candidates have competed, one of whom has competed three times—Omarosa Manigault-Stallworth competed in both season 1, season 7, and season 13.[4] The youngest competitors include Jessie Connors and Chris Shelton, who appeared on the show at age 21. At age 75, Joan Rivers of season 8 was the oldest candidate to both appear on the show and win the competition. There have been six instances in which a candidate left The Apprentice for reasons other than being eliminated by Trump. Overcome by stress, Verna Felton of season 3 "just packed up and walked out".[5] Michelle Sorro of season 6 quit after determining that the competition was "too much" and "not worth it".[6] Actor Vincent Pastore of season 7 resigned due to a conflict with Piers Morgan.[7] Olympic sprinter Michael Johnson of season 9 quit due to a personal family situation.[8] During season 11, baseball player Jose Canseco quit due to his father's illness and NeNe Leakes left due to a conflict with Star Jones. The fifteen winners of the show, in chronological order, are Bill Rancic, Kelly Perdew, Kendra Todd, Randal Pinkett, Sean Yazbeck, Stefanie Schaeffer, Piers Morgan, Joan Rivers, Bret Michaels, Brandy Kuentzel, John Rich, Arsenio Hall, Trace Adkins (the first All-Star Celebrity Apprentice), Leeza Gibbons, and Matt Iseman.

text: Candidates[edit]

text:
Season
Name
Team[I]
Age[II]
Hometown
Finish

1
Gould, DavidDavid Gould
Versacorp
31
New York City, New York
16 !16th

1
Curis, JasonJason Curis
Versacorp
23
Detroit, Michigan
15 !15th

1
Solovey, SamSam Solovey
Versacorp
27
Chevy Chase, Maryland
14 !14th

1
Hogg, BowieBowie Hogg
Versacorp
25
Dallas, Texas
13 !13th

1
Frank, KristiKristi Frank
Protégé
30
Santa Monica, California
12 !12th

1
Connors, JessieJessie Connors
Protégé
21
New Richmond, Wisconsin
11 !11th

1
Lee, TammyTammy Lee
Protégé
36
Seattle, Washington
10 !10th

1
Vetrini, ErekaEreka Vetrini
Protégé
27
New York City, New York
09 !9th

1
Manigault-Stallworth, OmarosaOmarosa Manigault-Stallworth
Protégé
29
Washington, D.C.
08 !8th

1
Bressler, HeidiHeidi Bressler
Protégé
30
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
07 !7th

1
Campins, KatrinaKatrina Campins
Protégé
24
Coral Gables, Florida
06 !6th

1
McClain, TroyTroy McClain
Versacorp
32
Boise, Idaho
05 !5th

1
Warnock, NickNick Warnock
Versacorp
27
Los Angeles, California
04 !4th

1
Henry, Amelia "Amy"Amelia "Amy" Henry
Protégé
30
Austin, Texas
03 !3rd

1
Jackson, KwameKwame Jackson
Versacorp
29
New York City, New York
02 !2nd

1
Rancic, BillBill Rancic
Versacorp
32
Chicago, Illinois
01 !1st

2
Flanagan, RobRob Flanagan
Mosaic
32
Frisco, Texas
18 !18th

2
Cohen, BradfordBradford Cohen
Apex
33
Fort Lauderdale, Florida
17 !17th

2
Jones Upchurch, StacieStacie Jones Upchurch
Apex
35
New York City, New York
16 !16th

2
Crisafulli, JenniferJennifer Crisafulli
Apex
31
New York City, New York
15 !15th

2
Day, PamelaPamela Day
Mosaic
32
San Francisco, California
14 !14th

2
Willenborg, JohnJohn Willenborg
Mosaic
24
San Francisco, California
13 !13th

2
Rotner, StacyStacy Rotner
Apex
26
New York City, New York
12 !12th

2
Jarosz, ElizabethElizabeth Jarosz
Apex
31
Marina del Ray, California
11 !11th

2
Bhakta, RajRaj Bhakta
Mosaic
28
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
10 !10th

2
Russo, ChrisChris Russo
Mosaic
30
Long Island, New York
09 !9th

2
Boren, MariaMaria Boren
Apex
31
Virginia Beach, Virginia
08 !8th

2
Moss, WesWes Moss
Mosaic
28
Atlanta, Georgia
07 !7th

2
Litinsky, AndyAndy Litinsky
Mosaic
23
Boca Raton, Florida
06 !6th

2
Ma, IvanaIvana Ma
Apex
28
Boston, Massachusetts
05 !5th

2
Allen, KevinKevin Allen
Mosaic
29
Chicago, Illinois
04 !4th

2
Ferreira, SandySandy Ferreira
Apex
28
Rockville, Maryland
03 !3rd

2
Massey, JenniferJennifer Massey
Apex
30
San Francisco, California
02 !2nd

2
Perdew, KellyKelly Perdew
Mosaic
37
Carlsbad, California
01 !1st

3
Everett, ToddTodd Everett
Magna
34
Carlsbad, California
18 !18th

3
McDowell, BrianBrian McDowell
Net Worth
29
Wildwood, New Jersey
17 !17th

3
Felton, VernaVerna Felton
Magna
31
Seattle, Washington
16 !16th

3
Kastner, DannyDanny Kastner
Magna
39
Boston, Massachusetts
15 !15th

3
Kirchner, KristenKristen Kirchner
Net Worth
31
Los Angeles, California
14 !14th

3
Tarshi, MichaelMichael Tarshi
Magna
25
Andover, Massachusetts
13 !13th

3
Dowdell, TaraTara Dowdell
Net Worth
28
New York City, New York
12 !12th

3
Evans, AudreyAudrey Evans
Net Worth
22
Salt Lake City, Utah
11 !11th

3
Gafford, JohnJohn Gafford
Net Worth
32
Tampa, Florida
10 !10th

3
Elmore, ErinErin Elmore
Magna
26
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
09 !9th

3
Myers, StephanieStephanie Myers
Magna
29
San Diego, California
08 !8th

3
McKnight, AngieAngie McKnight
Net Worth
41
Lake Balboa, California
07 !7th

3
Shelton, ChrisChris Shelton
Net Worth
21
Las Vegas, Nevada
06 !6th

3
Olswanger, BrenBren Olswanger
Magna
32
Memphis, Tennessee
05 !5th

3
Thomason, AlexAlex Thomason
Magna
29
Seattle, Washington
04 !4th

3
Williams, CraigCraig Williams
Net Worth
37
Conley, Georgia
03 !3rd

3
Goertz, TanaTana Goertz
Net Worth
37
West Des Moines, Iowa
02 !2nd

3
Todd, KendraKendra Todd
Magna
26
Boynton Beach, Florida
01 !1st

4
Holovach, MelissaMelissa Holovach
Capital Edge
30
Tampa, Florida
18 !18th

4
Valletta, ChrisChris Valletta
Excel
27
Dallas, Texas
17 !17th

4
Wallen, JenniferJennifer Wallen
Capital Edge
31
Anthem, Arizona
16 !16th

4
Mehta, ToralToral Mehta
Capital Edge
29
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
15 !15th

4
Caudell, KristiKristi Caudell
Capital Edge
24
Gainesville, Georgia
14 !14th

4
Dillon, JamesJames Dillon
Excel
27
Alexandria, Virginia
13 !13th[III]

4
Lamkin, MarkMark Lamkin
Excel
35
Louisville, Kentucky
13 !13th[III]

4
Murphy, JenniferJennifer Murphy
Capital Edge
26
Los Angeles, California
13 !13th[III]

4
Shaw, JoshJosh Shaw
Excel
30
New York City, New York
13 !13th[III]

4
Garrison, MarkusMarkus Garrison
Excel
41
Satasota, Florida
09 !9th

4
Mandelbaum, BrianBrian Mandelbaum
Excel
23
New York City, New York
08 !8th

4
Evans, MarshawnMarshawn Evans
Capital Edge
26
Atlanta, Georgia
07 !7th

4
Lee, ClayClay Lee
Excel
28
College Station, Texas
06 !6th

4
Israelov, AdamAdam Israelov
Excel
22
Atlanta, Georgia
05 !5th

4
Mason, FelishaFelisha Mason
Capital Edge
29
Kansas City, Missouri
04 !4th

4
Wartenberg, AllaAlla Wartenberg
Capital Edge
31
Las Vegas, Nevada
03 !3rd

4
Jarvis, RebeccaRebecca Jarvis
Capital Edge
23
Chicago, Illinois
02 !2nd

4
Pinkett, RandalRandal Pinkett
Excel
34
Somerset, New Jersey
01 !1st

5
Zervos, SummerSummer Zervos
Gold Rush
30
Huntington Beach, California
18 !18th

5
Schneider, StacyStacy Schneider
Synergy
38
New York City, New York
17 !17th

5
Diaz, Jose "Pepi"Jose "Pepi" Diaz
Synergy
25
Miami, Florida
16 !16th

5
Boutross, TheresaTheresa Boutross
Gold Rush
36
Barrington, Illinois
15 !15th

5
Buckman, BrentBrent Buckman
Synergy
30
Fort Lauderdale, Florida
14 !14th

5
Brody, DanDan Brody
Gold Rush
31
New Milford, New Jersey
13 !13th

5
Gahagan, BryceBryce Gahagan
Gold Rush
28
Kansas City, Missouri
12 !12th

5
Veltman, LennyLenny Veltman
Gold Rush
37
East Brunswick, New Jersey
11 !11th

5
Bourgeois, LeslieLeslie Bourgeois
Gold Rush
28
Houma, Louisiana
10 !10th

5
Lake, AndreaAndrea Lake
Synergy
31
San Diego, California
09 !9th

5
Hunt, CharmaineCharmaine Hunt
Gold Rush
27
Nashville, Tennessee
08 !8th

5
Saab, TarekTarek Saab
Gold Rush
27
New Bedford, Massachusetts
07 !7th

5
Laungani, MichaelMichael Laungani
Synergy
29
Chicago, Illinois
06 !6th

5
Trenta, TammyTammy Trenta
Synergy
33
Edison, New Jersey
05 !5th

5
Wilson, RoxanneRoxanne Wilson
Synergy
26
Austin, Texas
04 !4th[IV]

5
Jablon, AllieAllie Jablon
Synergy
30
Columbia, South Carolina
04 !4th[IV]

5
Bienstock, LeeLee Bienstock
Gold Rush
22
Brooklyn, New York
02 !2nd

5
Yazbeck, SeanSean Yazbeck
Synergy
33
Miami, Florida
01 !1st

6
Clarke, MartinMartin Clarke
Arrow
37
Atlanta, Georgia
18 !18th

6
Sherrell, CareyCarey Sherrell
Arrow
25
Atlanta, Georgia
17 !17th

6
Sorro, MichelleMichelle Sorro
Arrow
34
Los Angeles, California
16 !16th

6
DeMato, MarisaMarisa DeMato
Kinetic
28
Wellington, Florida
15 !15th

6
Altscher, AaronAaron Altscher
Arrow
25
Fredericksburg, Virginia
14 !14th

6
Trottier, AimeeAimee Trottier
Kinetic
32
Chicago, Illinois
13 !13th

6
Arteta, DerekDerek Arteta
Kinetic
34
Los Angeles, California
12 !12th

6
Hoffman, JennJenn Hoffman
Kinetic
26
Phoenix, Arizona
11 !11th

6
Yalamanchili, SuryaSurya Yalamanchili
Kinetic
24
Cincinnati, Ohio
10 !10th

6
Heaven, MunaMuna Heaven
Kinetic
28
Matawan, New Jersey
09 !9th

6
Ruggiero, AngelaAngela Ruggiero
Kinetic
26
Panorama City, California
08 !8th

6
Urban, TimTim Urban
Arrow
25
Boston, Massachusetts
07 !7th

6
Androl, HeidiHeidi Androl
Kinetic
26
Santa Monica, California
06 !6th

6
Lefebvre, KristineKristine Lefebvre
Kinetic
37
Studio City, California
05 !5th

6
Lombardi, FrankFrank Lombardi
Arrow
27
The Bronx, New York
04 !4th

6
D'Ambrosio, NicoleNicole D'Ambrosio
Arrow
25
Chicago, Illinois
03 !3rd

6
Sun, JamesJames Sun
Arrow
29
Seattle, Washington
02 !2nd

6
Schaeffer, StefanieStefanie Schaeffer
Arrow
32
Los Angeles, California
01 !1st

7
Fallon, TiffanyTiffany Fallon
Empresario
33
Fort Lauderdale, Florida
14 !14th

7
Comăneci, NadiaNadia Comăneci
Empresario
46
Oneşti, Romania
13 !13th

7
Simmons, GeneGene Simmons
Hydra
58
New York City, New York
12 !12th

7
Finch, JennieJennie Finch
Empresario
27
La Mirada, California
11 !11th

7
Pastore, VincentVincent Pastore
Hydra
61
The Bronx, New York
10 !10th

7
Galán, NelyNely Galán
Empresario
44
Santa Clara, Cuba
09 !9th

7
Henner, MariluMarilu Henner
Empresario
55
Chicago, Illinois
08 !8th

7
Ortiz, TitoTito Ortiz
Hydra
32
Huntington Beach, California
07 !7th

7
Manigault-Stallworth, OmarosaOmarosa Manigault-Stallworth
Empresario
33
Washington, D.C.
06 !6th

7
Baldwin, StephenStephen Baldwin
Hydra
41
Massapequa, New York
05 !5th

7
Lewis, LennoxLennox Lewis
Hydra
42
London, England
04 !4th

7
Alt, CarolCarol Alt
Empresario
47
East Williston, New York
03 !3rd

7
Adkins, TraceTrace Adkins
Hydra
45
Sarepta, Louisiana
02 !2nd

7
Morgan, PiersPiers Morgan
Hydra
42
Newick, England
01 !1st

8
Clay, Andrew "Dice"Andrew "Dice" Clay
KOTU
51
Brooklyn, New York
16 !16th

8
Hamilton, ScottScott Hamilton
KOTU
50
Nashville, Tennessee
15 !15th

8
Green, TomTom Green
KOTU
37
Pembroke, Ontario
14 !14th

8
Jordan, ClaudiaClaudia Jordan
Athena
35
Providence, Rhode Island
13 !13th

8
Rodman, DennisDennis Rodman
KOTU
48
Trenton, New Jersey
12 !12th

8
Watkins, TionneTionne Watkins
Athena
38
Atlanta, Georgia
11 !11th

8
Kardashian, KhloéKhloé Kardashian
Athena
24
Los Angeles, California
10 !10th

8
McKnight, BrianBrian McKnight
KOTU
39
Buffalo, New York
09 !9th

8
Gulbis, NatalieNatalie Gulbis
Athena
26
Sacramento, California
08 !8th

8
Walker, HerschelHerschel Walker
KOTU
47
Wrightsville, Georgia
07 !7th

8
Rivers, MelissaMelissa Rivers
Athena
41
Brooklyn, New York
06 !6th

8
Black, ClintClint Black
KOTU
47
Long Branch, New Jersey
05 !5th

8
Roderick, BrandeBrande Roderick
Athena
34
Novato, California
04 !4th

8
James, JesseJesse James
KOTU
39
Lynwood, California
03 !3rd

8
Duke, AnnieAnnie Duke
Athena
43
Los Angeles, California
02 !2nd

8
Rivers, JoanJoan Rivers
Athena
75
Brooklyn, New York
01 !1st

9
Leifer, CarolCarol Leifer
Tenacity
53
Long Island, New York
14 !14th

9
Sinbad
Rocksolid
53
Benton Harbor, Michigan
13 !13th

9
Strawberry, DarrylDarryl Strawberry
Rocksolid
47
Los Angeles, California
12 !12th

9
Blagojevich, RodRod Blagojevich
Rocksolid
53
Chicago, Illinois
11 !11th

9
Johnson, MichaelMichael Johnson
Rocksolid
42
Dallas, Texas
10 !10th

9
Ebanks, SelitaSelita Ebanks
Tenacity
26
George Town, Cayman Islands
09 !9th

9
Goldberg, BillBill Goldberg
Rocksolid
42
Bonsall, California
08 !8th

9
Sanders, SummerSummer Sanders
Tenacity
37
Roseville, California
07 !7th

9
Lauper, CyndiCyndi Lauper
Tenacity
56
Queens, New York
06 !6th

9
Kanellis, MariaMaria Kanellis
Tenacity
27
Chicago, Illinois
05 !5th

9
Stone, CurtisCurtis Stone
Rocksolid
37
Melbourne, Australia
04 !4th

9
Osbourne, SharonSharon Osbourne
Tenacity
57
London, England
03 !3rd

9
Peete, Holly RobinsonHolly Robinson Peete
Tenacity
45
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
02 !2nd

9
Michaels, BretBret Michaels
Rocksolid
47
Butler, Pennsylvania
01 !1st

10
Chiu, NicoleNicole Chiu
Fortitude
27
Palos Verdes, California
16 !16th

10
Delgado, AlexAlex Delgado
Octane
43
Santa Ynez, California
15 !15th

10
Weir, JamesJames Weir
Octane
31
New York City, New York
14 !14th

10
Alvarado, TyanaTyana Alvarado
Fortitude
41
Miami, Florida
13 !13th

10
Folkes, GeneGene Folkes
Octane
46
Wylie, Texas
12 !12th

10
Hanson, WadeWade Hanson
Octane
33
Woodbury, Minnesota
11 !11th

10
Smith Beaty, KellyKelly Smith Beaty
Fortitude
30
Fayetteville, Georgia
10 !10th

10
Saeidi-Azcuy, MahsaMahsa Saeidi-Azcuy
Fortitude
29
Brooklyn, New York
09 !9th

10
Johnson, DavidDavid Johnson
Octane
34
Portage, Michigan
08 !8th

10
Vasudev, AnandAnand Vasudev
Octane
31
Tampa, Florida
07 !7th

10
Carlig, PoppyPoppy Carlig
Fortitude
24
Richmond, California
06 !6th

10
Castagnier, StephanieStephanie Castagnier
Fortitude
34
Chicago, Illinois
05 !5th

10
Martens, SteuartSteuart Martens
Octane
27
Washington, D.C.
04 !4th

10
Mucheru-Wisner, LizaLiza Mucheru-Wisner
Fortitude
30
Corpus Christi, Texas
03 !3rd

10
Robertson, ClintClint Robertson
Octane
40
Fort Worth, Texas
02 !2nd

10
Kuentzel, BrandyBrandy Kuentzel
Fortitude
30
San Francisco, California
01 !1st

11
Cassidy, DavidDavid Cassidy
Backbone
60
New York, New York
16 !16th

11
Rinna, LisaLisa Rinna
A.S.A.P.
47
Medford, Oregon
15 !15th

11
Taylor, NikiNiki Taylor
A.S.A.P.
36
Fort Lauderdale, Florida
14 !14th

11
Warwick, DionneDionne Warwick
A.S.A.P.
70
East Orange, New Jersey
13 !13th

11
Canseco, JoseJose Canseco
Backbone
46
Havana, Cuba
12 !12th

11
Hatch, RichardRichard Hatch
Backbone
49
Newport, Rhode Island
11 !11th

11
McGrath, MarkMark McGrath
Backbone
42
Hartford, Connecticut
10 !10th

11
Busey, GaryGary Busey
Backbone
66
Goose Creek, Texas
09 !9th

11
Dworaczyk, HopeHope Dworaczyk
A.S.A.P.
26
Port Lavaca, Texas
08 !8th

11
Leakes, NeNeNeNe Leakes
A.S.A.P.
43
Athens, Georgia
07 !7th

11
Jackson, La ToyaLa Toya Jackson
A.S.A.P.
54
Gary, Indiana
06 !6th

11
Jones, StarStar Jones
A.S.A.P.
48
Badin, North Carolina
05 !5th

11
Lil Jon
Backbone
40
Atlanta, Georgia
04 !4th

11
Meat Loaf
Backbone
63
Dallas, Texas
03 !3rd

11
Matlin, MarleeMarlee Matlin
A.S.A.P.
45
Morton Grove, Illinois
02 !2nd

11
Rich, JohnJohn Rich
Backbone
37
Amarillo, Texas
01 !1st

12
Tiegs, CherylCheryl Tiegs
Forte
64
Breckenridge, Minnesota
18 !18th

12
Gotti, VictoriaVictoria Gotti
Forte
48
Brooklyn, New York
17 !17th

12
Takei, GeorgeGeorge Takei
Unanimous
74
Los Angeles, California
16 !16th

12
Carolla, AdamAdam Carolla
Unanimous
47
Los Angeles, California
15 !15th

12
Andretti, MichaelMichael Andretti
Unanimous
49
Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
14 !14th

12
Carrere, TiaTia Carrere
Forte
44
Honolulu, Hawaii
13 !13th

12
Velásquez, PatriciaPatricia Velásquez
Forte
40
Zulia, Venezuela
12 !12th

12
Gibson, DebbieDebbie Gibson
Forte
41
Brooklyn, New York
11 !11th

12
Snider, DeeDee Snider
Unanimous
56
Astoria, New York
10 !10th

12
Ferrigno, LouLou Ferrigno
Unanimous
59
Brooklyn, New York
09 !9th

12
Teutul, Sr., PaulPaul Teutul, Sr.
Unanimous
62
Yonkers, New York
08 !8th

12
Jillette, PennPenn Jillette
Unanimous
56
Las Vegas, Nevada
07 !7th

12
Mendoza, DayanaDayana Mendoza
Forte
25
Caracas, Venezuela
06 !6th

12
Giudice, TeresaTeresa Giudice
Forte
39
Paterson, New Jersey
05 !5th

12
Lampanelli, LisaLisa Lampanelli
Forte
50
Trumbull, Connecticut
04 !4th

12
O'Day, AubreyAubrey O'Day
Forte
27
San Francisco, California
03 !3rd

12
Aiken, ClayClay Aiken
Unanimous
32
Raleigh, North Carolina
02 !2nd

12
Hall, ArsenioArsenio Hall
Unanimous
55
Cleveland, Ohio
01 !1st

13
Michaels, BretBret Michaels
Power
49
Butler, Pennsylvania
14 !14th

13
Snider, DeeDee Snider
Plan B
57
Astoria, New York
13 !13th

13
Jackson, La ToyaLa Toya Jackson
Power
56
Gary, Indiana
12 !12th

13
Jordan, ClaudiaClaudia Jordan
Power
39
Providence, Rhode Island
11 !11th

13
Manigault-Stallworth, OmarosaOmarosa Manigault-Stallworth
Power
39
Youngstown, Ohio
10 !10th

13
Rodman, DennisDennis Rodman
Power
51
Trenton, New Jersey
09 !9th

13
Baldwin, StephenStephen Baldwin
Plan B
46
Massapequa, New York
08 !8th

13
Roderick, BrandeBrande Roderick
Power
38
Novato, California
07 !7th

13
Busey, GaryGary Busey
Plan B
68
Goose Creek, Texas
06 !6th

13
Henner, MariluMarilu Henner
Plan B
60
Chicago, Illinois
05 !5th

13
Rinna, LisaLisa Rinna
Plan B
49
Medford, Oregon
04 !4th

13
Jon, LilLil Jon
Power
42
Atlanta, Georgia
03 !3rd

13
Jillette, PennPenn Jillette
Plan B
58
Greenfield, Massachusetts
02 !2nd

13
Adkins, TraceTrace Adkins
Plan B
52
Sarepta, Louisiana
01 !1st

14
Pulliam, Keshia KnightKeshia Knight Pulliam
Infinity
35
Newark, New Jersey
16 !16th

14
Jonas, KevinKevin Jonas
Vortex
27
Wyckoff, New Jersey
15 !15th

14
Gottfried, GilbertGilbert Gottfried
Vortex
59
Brooklyn, New York
14 !14th

14
Anderson, JamieJamie Anderson
Infinity
24
South Lake Tahoe, California
13 !13th

14
Owens, TerrellTerrell Owens
Vortex
41
Alexander City, Alabama
12 !12th

14
Johnson, ShawnShawn Johnson
Infinity
23
West Des Moines, Iowa
11 !11th

14
Lamas, LorenzoLorenzo Lamas
Vortex
56
Santa Monica, California
10 !10th

14
Hansen, SigSig Hansen
Vortex
56
Seattle, Washington
09 !9th

14
Gosselin, KateKate Gosselin
Infinity
39
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
08 !8th

14
Moore, KenyaKenya Moore
Infinity
43
Detroit, Michigan
07 !7th

14
Ziering, IanIan Ziering
Vortex
50
Newark, New Jersey
06 !6th

14
Damon, JohnnyJohnny Damon
Vortex
41
Fort Riley, Kansas
05 !5th

14
Glanville, BrandiBrandi Glanville
Infinity
41
Salinas, California
04 !4th

14
Fox, Vivica A.Vivica A. Fox
Infinity
50
South Bend, Indiana
03 !3rd

14
Rivera, GeraldoGeraldo Rivera
Vortex
71
Brooklyn, New York
02 !2nd

14
Gibbons, LeezaLeeza Gibbons
Infinity
57
Hartsville, South Carolina
01 !1st

15
Keagan, CarrieCarrie Keagan
Prima
36
Amherst, New York
16 !16th

15
Wilson, CarnieCarnie Wilson
Prima
48
Bel Air, California
15 !15th

15
Ali, LailaLaila Ali
Prima
38
Miami Beach, Florida
04 !4th

15
Burke-Charvet, BrookeBrooke Burke-Charvet
Prima
45
London, England
03 !3rd

15
Dickerson, EricEric Dickerson
Arete
56
Hartford, Connecticut
14 !14th

15
George, BoyBoy George
Arete
55
London, England
02 !2nd

15
Iseman, MattMatt Iseman
Arete
45
Denver, Colorado
01 !1st

15
Kressley, CarsonCarson Kressley
Arete
46
Orefield, Pennsylvania
05 !5th

15
Leslie, LisaLisa Leslie
Prima
44
Glendora, California
06 !6th

15
Lovitz, JonJon Lovitz
Arete
59
Tarzana, California
11 !11th

15
Neil, VinceVince Neil
Arete
55
Hollywood, California
10 !10th

15
Polizzi, Nicole "Snooki"Nicole "Snooki" Polizzi
Prima
28
Jersey City, New Jersey
13 !13th

15
Richards, KyleKyle Richards
Prima
47
Beverly Hills, California
12 !12th

15
Sonnen, ChaelChael Sonnen
Arete
39
West Linn, Oregon
09 !9th

15
Williams, PorshaPorsha Williams
Prima
35
Decatur, Georgia
08 !8th

15
Williams, RickyRicky Williams
Arete
39
San Diego, California
07 !7th

text:
^[I] Candidate's team at the start of the season
^[II] Candidate's age at the start of the season
^[III] Four Season 4 candidates were fired simultaneously and therefore display the same result.[9]
^[IV] Two Season 5 candidates were fired simultaneously and therefore display the same result.[10]


document_title: Sunburn

question_text: how long until a sunburn starts to peel

question_tokens: how long until a sunburn starts to peel

root

text: Sunburn

text: Signs and symptoms[edit]

text: Typically, there is initial redness (erythema), followed by varying degrees of pain, proportional in severity to both the duration and intensity of exposure.

tag: p

text: Other symptoms can include edema, itching, peeling skin, rash, nausea, fever, chills, and syncope. Also, a small amount of heat is given off from the burn, caused by the concentration of blood in the healing process, giving a warm feeling to the affected area. Sunburns may be classified as superficial, or partial thickness burns.

text: Variations[edit]

text: Minor sunburns typically cause nothing more than slight redness and tenderness to the affected areas. In more serious cases, blistering can occur. Extreme sunburns can be painful to the point of debilitation and may require hospital care.

text: Duration[edit]

text: Sunburn can occur in less than 15 minutes, and in seconds when exposed to non-shielded welding arcs or other sources of intense ultraviolet light. Nevertheless, the inflicted harm is often not immediately obvious.

text: After the exposure, skin may turn red in as little as 30 minutes but most often takes 2 to 6 hours. Pain is usually most extreme 6 to 48 hours after exposure. The burn continues to develop for 1 to 3 days, occasionally followed by peeling skin in 3 to 8 days. Some peeling and itching may continue for several weeks.

text: Skin cancer[edit]

text: Ultraviolet radiation causes sunburns and increases the risk of three types of skin cancer: melanoma, basal-cell carcinoma and squamous-cell carcinoma.[1][2][4] Of greatest concern is that the melanoma risk increases in a dose-dependent manner with the number of a person's lifetime cumulative episodes of sunburn.[5]

text: Causes[edit]

text: Biological[edit]

text: Sunburn is caused by UV radiation, either from the sun or from artificial sources, such as tanning lamps, welding arcs, or ultraviolet germicidal irradiation. It is a reaction of the body to direct DNA damage from UVB light. This damage is mainly the formation of a thymine dimer. The damage is recognized by the body, which then triggers several defense mechanisms, including DNA repair to revert the damage, apoptosis and peeling to remove irreparably damaged skin cells, and increased melanin production to prevent future damage. Melanin readily absorbs UV wavelength light, acting as a photoprotectant. By preventing UV photons from disrupting chemical bonds, melanin inhibits both the direct alteration of DNA and the generation of free radicals, thus indirect DNA damage.

text: Sunburn causes an inflammation process, including production of prostanoids and bradykinin. These chemical compounds increase sensitivity to heat by reducing the threshold of heat receptor (TRPV1) activation from 109 °F (43 °C) to 85 °F (29 °C).[6] The pain may be caused by overproduction of a protein called CXCL5, which activates nerve fibres.[7]

text: Skin type determines the ease of sunburn. In general, people with lighter skin tone have a greater risk of sunburn. Age also affects how skin reacts to sun. Children younger than six and adults older than sixty are more sensitive to sunlight.[8]

text: Medications[edit]

text: The risk of a sunburn can be increased by pharmaceutical products that sensitize users to UV radiation. Certain antibiotics, oral contraceptives, and tranquillizers have this effect.[9]

text: UV intensity[edit]

text: The UV Index indicates the risk of getting a sunburn at a given time and location. Contributing factors include:[8]

text:
The time of day. In most locations, the sun's rays are strongest between approximately 10am and 4pm daylight saving time.[10]
Cloud cover. UV is partially blocked by clouds; but even on an overcast day, a significant percentage of the sun's damaging UV radiation can pass through clouds.[11][12]
Proximity to reflective surfaces, such as water, sand, concrete, snow, and ice. All of these reflect the sun's rays and can cause sunburns.
The season of the year. The position of the sun in late spring and early summer can cause a more-severe sunburn.
Altitude. At a higher altitude it is easier to become burnt, because there is less of the earth's atmosphere to block the sunlight. UV exposure increases about 4% for every 1000 ft (305 m) gain in elevation.
Proximity to the equator (latitude). Between the polar and tropical regions, the closer to the equator, the more direct sunlight passes through the atmosphere over the course of a year. For example, the southern United States gets fifty percent more sunlight than the northern United States.

tag: ol

text: Because of variations in the intensity of UV radiation passing through the atmosphere, the risk of sunburn increases with proximity to the tropic latitudes, located between 23.5° north and south latitude. All else being equal (e.g., cloud cover, ozone layer, terrain, etc.), over the course of a full year, each location within the tropic or polar regions receives approximately the same amount of UV radiation. In the temperate zones between 23.5° and 66.5°, UV radiation varies substantially by latitude and season. The higher the latitude, the lower the intensity of the UV rays. Intensity in the northern hemisphere is greatest during the months of May, June and July — and in the southern hemisphere, November, December and January. On a minute-by-minute basis, the amount of UV radiation is dependent on the angle of the sun. This is easily determined by the height ratio of any object to the size of its shadow. The greatest risk is at solar noon, when shadows are at their minimum and the sun's radiation passes most directly through the atmosphere. Regardless of one's latitude (assuming no other variables), equal shadow lengths mean equal amounts of UV radiation.

text: The skin and eyes are most sensitive to damage by UV at 265–275 nm wavelength, which is in the lower UVC band that is almost never encountered except from artificial sources like welding arcs. Most sunburn is caused by longer wavelengths, simply because those are more prevalent in sunlight at ground level.

text: Ozone depletion[edit]

text: In recent decades, the incidence and severity of sunburn has increased worldwide, partly because of chemical damage to the atmosphere's ozone layer. Between the 1970s and the 2000s, average stratospheric ozone decreased by approximately 4%, contributing an approximate 4% increase to the average UV intensity at the earth's surface. Ozone depletion and the seasonal "ozone hole" have led to much larger changes in some locations, especially in the southern hemisphere.[13]

text: Tanning[edit]

text: Suntans, which naturally develop in some individuals as a protective mechanism against the sun, are viewed by most in the Western world as desirable.[14] This has led to an overall increase in exposure to UV radiation from both the natural sun and tanning lamps. Suntans can provide a modest sun protection factor (SPF) of 3, meaning that tanned skin would tolerate up to three times the UV exposure as pale skin.[15]

text: Prevention[edit]

text: Skin[edit]

text: The most effective way to prevent sunburn is to reduce the amount of UV radiation reaching the skin. The strength of sunlight is published in many locations as a UV Index. The World Health Organization recommends to limit time in midday summer sun (between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m.), to watch the UV Index, to seek shade, to wear protective clothing (including a wide-brim hat), and to use sunscreen.[16] Sunlight is generally strongest when the sun is close to the highest point in the sky. Due to time zones and daylight saving time, this is not necessarily at 12 noon, but often one to two hours later.

text: Commercial preparations are available that block UV light, known as sunscreens or sunblocks. They have a sun protection factor (SPF) rating, based on the sunblock's ability to suppress sunburn: The higher the SPF rating, the lower the amount of direct DNA damage. The stated protection factors are correct only if 2 μL of sunscreen is applied per square cm of exposed skin. This translates into about 28 mL (1 oz) to cover the whole body of an adult male, which is much more than many people use in practice.[17] Broad-spectrum sunscreens contain filters that protect against UVA radiation as well as UVB. Although UVA radiation does not primarily cause sunburn, it does contribute to skin aging and an increased risk of skin cancer.

text: Research has shown that the best sunscreen protection is achieved by application 15 to 30 minutes before exposure, followed by one reapplication 15 to 30 minutes after exposure begins. Further reapplication is necessary only after activities such as swimming, sweating, and rubbing.[18] This varies based on the indications and protection shown on the label — from as little as 80 minutes in water to a few hours, depending on the product selected.

text: Sunscreen is effective and thus recommended for preventing melanoma[19] and squamous cell carcinoma.[20] There is little evidence that it is effective in preventing basal cell carcinoma.[21] Other advice to reduce rates of skin cancer includes: avoiding sunburning, wearing protective clothing, sunglasses and hats, and attempting to avoid sun exposure or periods of peak exposure.[22] The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends that people between 9 and 25 years of age be advised to avoid ultraviolet light.[23] Typical use of sunscreen does not usually result in vitamin D deficiency, but extensive usage may.[24]

text: When one is exposed to any artificial source of occupational UV, special protective clothing (for example, welding helmets/shields) should be worn. Such sources can produce UVC, an extremely carcinogenic wavelength of UV which ordinarily is not present in normal sunlight, having been filtered out by the atmosphere.

text: Eyes[edit]

text: The eyes are also sensitive to sun exposure at about the same UV wavelengths as skin; snow blindness is essentially sunburn of the cornea. Wrap-around sunglasses or the use by spectacle-wearers of glasses that block UV light reduce the harmful radiation. UV light has been implicated in the development of age-related macular degeneration,[25] pterygium[26] and cataract.[27] Concentrated clusters of melanin, commonly known as freckles, are often found within the iris.

text: Diet[edit]

text: Dietary factors influence susceptibility to sunburn, recovery from sunburn, and risk of secondary complications from sunburn. Several dietary antioxidants, including essential vitamins, have been shown to have some effectiveness for protecting against sunburn and skin damage associated with ultraviolet radiation, in both human and animal studies. Supplementation with Vitamin C and Vitamin E was shown in one study to reduce the amount of sunburn after a controlled amount of UV exposure.[28] A review of scientific literature through 2007 found that beta carotene (Vitamin A) supplementation had a protective effect against sunburn, but that the effects were only evident in the long-term, with studies of supplementation for periods less than 10 weeks in duration failing to show any effects.[29] There is also evidence that common foods may have some protective ability against sunburn if taken for a period before the exposure.[30]

text: Treatment[edit]

text: The primary measure is avoiding further exposure to the sun. The best treatment for most sunburns is time. Most sunburns heal completely within a few weeks.

text: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (such as ibuprofen or naproxen), and aspirin may decrease redness and pain.[31][32] Local anesthetics such as benzocaine, however, are contraindicated.[33] Schwellnus et al. states that topical steroids (such as hydrocortisone cream) do not help with sunburns,[32] although the American Academy of Dermatology says they can be used on especially sore areas.[33] While lidocaine cream is often used as a sunburn treatment, there is little evidence for the effectiveness of such use.[34]

text: Home treatments that may help the discomfort include using cool and wet cloths on the sunburned areas.[32] Applying soothing lotions that contain aloe vera to the sunburn areas was supported by one review.[35] Others have found aloe vera to have no effect.[32] Aloe vera has no ability to protect people from sunburns.[36] Another treatment includes using a moisturizer that contains soy.[33]

text: A sunburn draws fluid to the skin’s surface and away from the rest of the body. Drinking extra water when you are sunburned helps prevent dehydration. [33]


document_title: List of Big Ten Conference football champions

question_text: what team has the most big ten championships in football

text: Champions by year[edit]

text:
Record
Ranking

Year
Champions
Conference
Overall
AP
Coaches
Bowl result
Head coach

1896

Wisconsin
2–0–1
7–1–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Philip King

1897

Wisconsin
3–0
9–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Philip King

1898

Michigan
3–0
10–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Gustave Ferbert

1899

Chicago
4–0
16–0–2
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Amos Alonzo Stagg

1900

Iowa
2–0–1
7–0–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Alden Knipe

Minnesota
3–0–1
10–0–2
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Henry L. Williams

1901

Michigan*
4–0
11–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
W Rose Bowl 49–0 vs. Stanford
Fielding H. Yost

Wisconsin
2–0
9–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Philip King

1902

Michigan*
5–0
11–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Fielding H. Yost

1903

Michigan*
3–0–1
11–0–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Fielding H. Yost

Minnesota
3–0–1
14–0–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Henry L. Williams

Northwestern
1–0–2
10–1–3
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Walter McCornack

1904

Michigan*
2–0
10–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Fielding H. Yost

Minnesota*
3–0
13–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Henry L. Williams

1905

Chicago*
7–0
11–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Amos Alonzo Stagg

1906

Michigan
1–0
4–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Fielding H. Yost

Minnesota
2–0
4–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Henry L. Williams

Wisconsin
3–0
5–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Charles P. Hutchins

1907

Chicago
4–0
4–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Amos Alonzo Stagg

1908

Chicago
5–0
5–0–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Amos Alonzo Stagg

1909

Minnesota
3–0
6–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Henry L. Williams

1910

Illinois
4–0
7–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Arthur Hall

Minnesota
2–0
6–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Henry L. Williams

1911

Minnesota
3–0–1
6–0–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Henry L. Williams

1912

Wisconsin
5–0
7–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
William Juneau

1913

Chicago
7–0
7–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Amos Alonzo Stagg

1914

Illinois*
6–0
7–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Robert Zuppke

1915

Illinois
3–0–2
5–0–2
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Robert Zuppke

Minnesota
3–0–1
6–0–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Henry L. Williams

1916

Ohio State
4–0
7–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
John Wilce

1917

Ohio State
4–0
8–0–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
John Wilce

1918

Illinois
4–0
5–2
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Robert Zuppke

Michigan
2–0
5–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Fielding H. Yost

Purdue
1–0
3–3
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
A. G. Scanlon

1919

Illinois*
6–1
6–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Robert Zuppke

1920

Ohio State
5–0
7–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
L Rose Bowl 0–28 vs. California
John Wilce

1921

Iowa
5–0
7–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Howard Jones

1922

Chicago
4–0–1
5–1–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Amos Alonzo Stagg

Iowa
5–0
7–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Howard Jones

Michigan
4–0
6–0–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Fielding H. Yost

1923

Illinois*
5–0
8–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Robert Zuppke

Michigan*
4–0
8–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Fielding H. Yost

1924

Chicago
3–0–3
4–1–3
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Amos Alonzo Stagg

1925

Michigan
5–1
7–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Fielding H. Yost

1926

Michigan
5–0
7–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Fielding H. Yost

Northwestern
5–0
7–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Glenn Thistlethwaite

1927

Illinois*
5–0
7–0–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Robert Zuppke

Minnesota
3–0–1
6–0–2
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Clarence Spears

1928

Illinois
4–1
7–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Robert Zuppke

1929

Purdue
5–0
8–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
James Phelan

1930

Michigan
5–0
8–0–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Harry Kipke

Northwestern
5–0
7–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Dick Hanley

1931

Michigan
5–1
8–1–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Harry Kipke

Northwestern
5–1
7–1–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Dick Hanley

Purdue
5–1
9–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Noble Kizer

1932

Michigan*
6–0
8–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Harry Kipke

Purdue
5–0–1
7–0–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Noble Kizer

1933

Michigan*
5–0–1
7–0–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Harry Kipke

Minnesota
2–0–4
4–0–4
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Bernie Bierman

1934

Minnesota*
5–0
8–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Bernie Bierman

1935

Minnesota*
5–0
8–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Bernie Bierman

Ohio State
5–0
7–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Francis Schmidt

1936

Northwestern
6–0
7–1
#7
Started in 1950
–
Pappy Waldorf

1937

Minnesota
5–0
6–2
#5
Started in 1950
–
Bernie Bierman

1938

Minnesota
4–1
6–2
#10
Started in 1950
–
Bernie Bierman

1939

Ohio State
5–1
6–2
#15
Started in 1950
–
Francis Schmidt

1940

Minnesota*
6–0
8–0
#1
Started in 1950
–
Bernie Bierman

1941

Minnesota*
5–0
8–0
#1
Started in 1950
–
Bernie Bierman

1942

Ohio State*
5–1
9–1
#1
Started in 1950
–
Paul Brown

1943

Michigan
6–0
8–1
#3
Started in 1950
–
Fritz Crisler

Purdue
6–0
9–0
#5
Started in 1950
–
Elmer Burnham

1944

Ohio State
6–0
9–0
#2
Started in 1950
–
Carroll Widdoes

1945

Indiana
5–0–1
9–0–1
#4
Started in 1950
–
Bo McMillin

1946

Illinois
6–1
8–2
#5
Started in 1950
W Rose Bowl 45–14 vs. UCLA
Ray Eliot

1947

Michigan*
6–0
10–0
#2
Started in 1950
W Rose Bowl 49–0 vs. USC
Fritz Crisler

1948

Michigan*
5–0
9–0
#1
Started in 1950
–
Bennie Oosterbaan

1949

Michigan
4–1–1
6–2–1
#7
Started in 1950
–
Bennie Oosterbaan

Ohio State
4–1–1
7–1–2
#4
Started in 1950
W Rose Bowl 17-14 vs. California
Wes Fesler

1950

Michigan
4–1–1
6–3–1
#9
#6
W Rose Bowl 14–6 vs. California
Bennie Oosterbaan

1951

Illinois
5–0–1
9–0–1
#4
#3
W Rose Bowl 40–7 vs. Stanford
Ray Eliot

1952

Purdue
4–1–1
4–3–2
#18
#12
–
Stu Holcomb

Wisconsin
4–1–1
6–3–1
#11
#10
L Rose Bowl 7–0 vs. USC
Ivy Williamson

1953

Illinois
5–1
7–1–1
#7
#7
–
Ray Eliot

Michigan State
5–1
9–1
#3
#3
W Rose Bowl 28–20 vs. UCLA
Clarence Munn

1954

Ohio State*
7–0
10–0
#1
#2
W Rose Bowl 20–7 vs. USC
Woody Hayes

1955

Ohio State
6–0
7–2
#5
#5
–
Woody Hayes

1956

Iowa
5–1
9–1
#3
#3
W Rose Bowl 35–19 vs. Oregon State
Forest Evashevski

1957

Ohio State*
7–0
9–1
#2
#1
W Rose Bowl 10–7 vs. Oregon
Woody Hayes

1958

Iowa*
5–1
8–1–1
#2
#2
W Rose Bowl 38–12 vs. California
Forest Evashevski

1959

Wisconsin
5–2
7–3
#6
#6
L Rose Bowl 44–8 vs. Washington
Milt Bruhn

1960

Iowa
5–1
8–1
#3
#2
–
Forest Evashevski

Minnesota*
6–1
8–2
#1
#1
L Rose Bowl 17–7 vs. Washington
Murray Warmath

1961

Ohio State*
6–0
8–0–1
#2
#2
–
Woody Hayes

1962

Wisconsin
6–1
8–2
#2
#2
L Rose Bowl 42–37 vs. USC
Milt Bruhn

1963

Illinois
5–1–1
8–1–1
#2
#2
W Rose Bowl 17–7 vs. Washington
Pete Elliott

1964

Michigan
6–1
9–1
#4
#4
W Rose Bowl 34–7 vs. Oregon State
Bump Elliott

1965

Michigan State*
7–0
10–1
#2
#1
L Rose Bowl 14–12 vs. UCLA
Duffy Daugherty

1966

Michigan State*
7–0
9–0–1
#2
#2
–
Duffy Daugherty

1967

Indiana
6–1
9–2
#4
#6
L Rose Bowl 14–3 vs. USC
John Pont

Minnesota
6–1
8–2
–
#14
–
Murray Warmath

Purdue
6–1
8–2
#9
#9
–
Jack Mollenkopf

1968

Ohio State*
7–0
10–0
#1
#1
W Rose Bowl 27–16 vs. USC
Woody Hayes

1969

Michigan
6–1
8–3
#9
#8
L Rose Bowl 10–3 vs. USC
Bo Schembechler

Ohio State
6–1
8–1
#4
#5
–
Woody Hayes

1970

Ohio State*
7–0
9–1
#5
#2
L Rose Bowl 27–17 vs. Stanford
Woody Hayes

1971

Michigan
8–0
11–1
#6
#4
L Rose Bowl 13–12 vs. Stanford
Bo Schembechler

1972

Michigan
7–1
10–1
#6
#6
–
Bo Schembechler

Ohio State
7–1
9–2
#9
#3
L Rose Bowl 42–17 vs. USC
Woody Hayes

1973

Michigan
7–0–1
10–0–1
#6
#6
–
Bo Schembechler

Ohio State
7–0–1
10–0–1
#2
#3
W Rose Bowl 42–21 vs. USC
Woody Hayes

1974

Michigan
7–1
10–1
#3
#5
–
Bo Schembechler

Ohio State
7–1
10–2
#4
#3
L Rose Bowl 18–17 vs. USC
Woody Hayes

1975

Ohio State
8–0
11–1
#4
#4
L Rose Bowl 23–10 vs. UCLA
Woody Hayes

1976

Michigan
7–1
10–2
#3
#3
L Rose Bowl 14–6 vs. USC
Bo Schembechler

Ohio State
7–1
9–2–1
#6
#5
W Orange Bowl 27–10 vs. Colorado
Woody Hayes

1977

Michigan
7–1
10–2
#9
#8
L Rose Bowl 27–20 vs. Washington
Bo Schembechler

Ohio State
7–1
9–3
#11
#12
L Sugar Bowl 35–6 vs. Alabama
Woody Hayes

1978

Michigan
7–1
10–2
#5
#5
L Rose Bowl 17–10 vs. USC
Bo Schembechler

Michigan State
7–1
8–3
#12
–
–
Darryl Rogers

1979

Ohio State
8–0
11–1
#4
#4
L Rose Bowl 17–16 vs. USC
Earle Bruce

1980

Michigan
8–0
10–2
#4
#4
W Rose Bowl 23–6 vs. Washington
Bo Schembechler

1981

Iowa
6–2
8–4
#18
#15
L Rose Bowl 28–0 vs. Washington
Hayden Fry

Ohio State
6–2
9–3
#15
#12
W Liberty Bowl 31–28 vs. Navy
Earle Bruce

1982

Michigan
8–1
8–4
–
#15
L Rose Bowl 24–14 vs. UCLA
Bo Schembechler

1983

Illinois
9–0
10–2
#10
#10
L Rose Bowl 45–9 vs. UCLA
Mike White

1984

Ohio State
7–2
9–3
#13
#12
L Rose Bowl 20–17 vs. USC
Earle Bruce

1985

Iowa
7–1
10–2
#10
#9
L Rose Bowl 45–28 vs. UCLA
Hayden Fry

1986

Michigan
7–1
11–2
#8
#7
L Rose Bowl 22–15 vs. Arizona State
Bo Schembechler

Ohio State
7–1
10–3
#7
#6
W Cotton Bowl Classic 28–12 vs. Texas A&M
Earle Bruce

1987

Michigan State
7–0–1
9–2–1
#8
#8
W Rose Bowl 20–17 vs. USC
George Perles

1988

Michigan
7–0–1
9–2–1
#4
#4
W Rose Bowl 22–14 vs. USC
Bo Schembechler

1989

Michigan
8–0
10–2
#7
#8
L Rose Bowl 17–10 vs. USC
Bo Schembechler

1990

Illinois
6–2
8–4
#25
#24
L Hall of Fame Bowl 30–0 vs. Clemson
John Mackovic

Iowa
6–2
8–4
#18
#16
L Rose Bowl 46–34 vs. Washington
Hayden Fry

Michigan
6–2
9–3
#7
#8
W Gator Bowl 35–3 vs. Ole Miss
Gary Moeller

Michigan State
6–2
8–3–1
#16
#14
W John Hancock Bowl 17–16 vs. USC
George Perles

1991

Michigan
8–0
10–2
#6
#6
L Rose Bowl 34–14 vs. Washington
Gary Moeller

1992

Michigan
6–0–2
9–0–3
#5
#5
W Rose Bowl 38–31 vs. Washington
Gary Moeller

1993

Ohio State
6–1–1
10–1–1
#11
#10
W Holiday Bowl 28–21 vs. BYU
John Cooper

Wisconsin
6–1–1
10–1–1
#6
#5
W Rose Bowl  21–16 vs. UCLA
Barry Alvarez

1994

Penn State
8–0
12–0
#2
#2
W Rose Bowl  38–20 vs. Oregon
Joe Paterno

1995

Northwestern
8–0
10–2
#8
#7
L Rose Bowl  41–32 vs. USC
Gary Barnett

1996

Northwestern
7–1
9–3
#15
#16
L Florida Citrus Bowl 48–28 vs. Tennessee
Gary Barnett

Ohio State
7–1
11–1
#2
#2
W Rose Bowl 20–17 vs. Arizona State
John Cooper

1997

Michigan*
8–0
12–0
#1
#2
W Rose Bowl 21–16 vs. Washington State
Lloyd Carr

1998

Michigan
7–1
10–3
#12
#12
W Florida Citrus Bowl 45–31 vs. Arkansas
Lloyd Carr

Ohio State
7–1
11–1
#2
#2
W Sugar Bowl 24–14 vs. Texas A&M
John Cooper

Wisconsin
7–1
11–1
#6
#5
W Rose Bowl 38–31 vs. UCLA
Barry Alvarez

1999

Wisconsin
7–1
10–2
#4
#4
W Rose Bowl 17–9 vs. Stanford
Barry Alvarez

2000

Michigan
6–2
9–3
#11
#10
W Florida Citrus Bowl 31–28 vs. Auburn
Lloyd Carr

Northwestern
6–2
8–4
–
–
L Alamo Bowl 66–17 vs. Nebraska
Randy Walker

Purdue
6–2
8–4
#13
#13
L Rose Bowl 34–24 vs. Washington
Joe Tiller

2001

Illinois
7–1
10–2
#12
#12
L Sugar Bowl 47–34 vs. LSU
Ron Turner

2002

Iowa
8–0
11–2
#8
#8
L Orange Bowl 38–17 vs. USC
Kirk Ferentz

Ohio State*
8–0
14–0
#1
#1
W Fiesta Bowl 31–24 vs. Miami
Jim Tressel

2003

Michigan
7–1
10–3
#6
#7
L Rose Bowl 28–14 vs. USC
Lloyd Carr

2004

Iowa
7–1
10–2
#8
#8
W Capital One Bowl 30–25 vs. LSU
Kirk Ferentz

Michigan
7–1
9–3
#14
#12
L Rose Bowl 38–37 vs. Texas
Lloyd Carr

2005

Ohio State
7–1
10–2
#4
#4
W Fiesta Bowl 34–20 vs. Notre Dame
Jim Tressel

Penn State
7–1
11–1
#3
#3
W Orange Bowl 26–23 3OT vs. Florida State
Joe Paterno

2006

Ohio State
8–0
12–1
#2
#2
L BCS Championship Game 41–14 vs. Florida
Jim Tressel

2007

Ohio State
7–1
11–2
#5
#4
L BCS Championship Game 38–24 vs. LSU
Jim Tressel

2008

Ohio State
7–1
10–3
#9
#11
L Fiesta Bowl 24–21 vs. Texas
Jim Tressel

Penn State
7–1
11–2
#8
#8
L Rose Bowl 24-38 vs. USC
Joe Paterno

2009

Ohio State
7–1
11–2
#5
#5
W Rose Bowl 26–17 vs. Oregon
Jim Tressel

2010^

Michigan State
7–1
11–2
#14
#14
L Capital One Bowl 49–7 vs. Alabama
Mark Dantonio

Wisconsin
7–1
11–2
#7
#8
L Rose Bowl 21–19 vs. TCU
Bret Bielema

2011

Wisconsin
6–2
11–3
#10
#11
L Rose Bowl 45–38 vs. Oregon
Bret Bielema

2012

Wisconsin
4–4
8–6
–
–
L Rose Bowl 20–14 vs. Stanford
Bret Bielema

2013

Michigan State
8–0
13–1
#3
#3
W Rose Bowl 24–20 vs.  Stanford
Mark Dantonio

2014

Ohio State*
8–0
14–1
#1
#1
W CFP Semifinal at Sugar Bowl 42–35 vs. AlabamaW College Football Playoff National Championship 42–20 vs. Oregon
Urban Meyer

2015

Michigan State
7–1
12–2
#6
#6
L CFP Semifinal at Cotton Bowl 38–0 vs. Alabama
Mark Dantonio

2016

Penn State
8–1
11–3
#7
#7
L Rose Bowl 52–49 vs. USC
James Franklin

2017

Ohio State
8–1
12–2
#5
#5
W Cotton Bowl 24–7 vs. USC

Urban Meyer

tag: table

text: Note: an asterisk (*) denotes a national championship for that season recognized by the College Football Data Warehouse.

text: ^ Ohio State vacated all wins from the 2010 season and its share of the championship due to NCAA violations.

text: Championships by team[edit]

text:
Team
Big TenChampionships
Years

Michigan

42
1898, 1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1906, 1918, 1922, 1923, 1925, 1926, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1943, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1964, 1969, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1980, 1982, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2003, 2004

Ohio State

36^
1916, 1917, 1920, 1935, 1939, 1942, 1944, 1949, 1954, 1955, 1957, 1961, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1979, 1981, 1984, 1986, 1993, 1996, 1998, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2014, 2017

Minnesota

18
1900, 1903, 1904, 1906, 1909, 1910, 1911, 1915, 1927, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1937, 1938, 1940, 1941, 1960, 1967

Illinois

15
1910, 1914, 1915, 1918, 1919, 1923, 1927, 1928, 1946, 1951, 1953, 1963, 1983, 1990, 2001

Wisconsin

14
1896, 1897, 1901, 1906, 1912, 1952, 1959, 1962, 1993, 1998, 1999, 2010, 2011, 2012

Iowa

11
1900, 1921, 1922, 1956, 1958, 1960, 1981, 1985, 1990, 2002, 2004

Michigan State

9
1953, 1965, 1966, 1978, 1987, 1990, 2010, 2013, 2015

Northwestern

8
1903, 1926, 1930, 1931, 1936, 1995, 1996, 2000

Purdue

8
1918, 1929, 1931, 1932, 1943, 1952, 1967, 2000

Chicago

7
1899, 1905, 1907, 1908, 1913, 1922, 1924

Penn State

4
1994, 2005, 2008, 2016

Indiana

2
1945, 1967

Nebraska

0

Maryland

0

Rutgers

0

text: Italics indicate a school no longer competing in the Big Ten.

text: Bold indicates an outright conference championship.

text: ^ Ohio State vacated all wins from the 2010 season and its share of the title.

text: Championships by head coach[edit]

text:
Head Coach
School
Big TenChampionships

Bo Schembechler

Michigan
13

Woody Hayes

Ohio State
13

Fielding H. Yost

Michigan
10

Henry L. Williams

Minnesota
8

Bernie Bierman

Minnesota
7

Amos Alonzo Stagg

Chicago
7

Robert Zuppke

Illinois
7

Jim Tressel

Ohio State
6^

Lloyd Carr

Michigan
5

Earle Bruce

Ohio State
4

Harry Kipke

Michigan
4

Barry Alvarez

Wisconsin
3

Bret Bielema

Wisconsin
3

John Cooper

Ohio State
3

Mark Dantonio*

Michigan State
3

Ray Eliot

Illinois
3

Forest Evashevski

Iowa
3

Hayden Fry

Iowa
3

Philip King

Wisconsin
3

Gary Moeller

Michigan
3

Bennie Oosterbaan

Michigan
3

Joe Paterno

Penn State
3

John Wilce

Ohio State
3

Gary Barnett

Northwestern
2

Milt Bruhn

Wisconsin
2

Fritz Crisler

Michigan
2

Duffy Daugherty

Michigan State
2

Kirk Ferentz*

Iowa
2

Dick Hanley

Northwestern
2

Howard Jones

Iowa
2

Noble Kizer

Purdue
2

Urban Meyer*

Ohio State
2

George Perles

Michigan State
2

Francis Schmidt

Ohio State
2

Murray Warmath

Minnesota
2

Paul Brown

Ohio State
1

Elmer Burnham

Purdue
1

Bump Elliott

Michigan
1

Pete Elliott

Illinois
1

Gustave Ferbert

Michigan
1

Wes Fesler

Ohio State
1

James Franklin*

Penn State
1

Arthur Hall

Illinois
1

Stu Holcomb

Purdue
1

Charles P. Hutchins

Wisconsin
1

William Juneau

Wisconsin
1

Alden Knipe

Iowa
1

John Mackovic

Illinois
1

Walter McCornack

Northwestern
1

Bo McMillin

Indiana
1

Jack Mollenkopf

Purdue
1

Clarence Munn

Michigan State
1

James Phelan

Purdue
1

John Pont

Indiana
1

Darryl Rogers

Michigan State
1

A. G. Scanlon

Purdue
1

Clarence Spears

Minnesota
1

Glenn Thistlethwaite

Northwestern
1

Joe Tiller

Purdue
1

Ron Turner

Illinois
1

Pappy Waldorf

Northwestern
1

Randy Walker

Northwestern
1

Mike White

Illinois
1

Carroll Widdoes

Ohio State
1

Ivy Williamson

Wisconsin
1

text:
^ Ohio State vacated all wins from the 2010 season and their share of the championship
* Active Big Ten coach

text: College football portal

tag: ul


document_title: Cliff Huxtable

question_text: what was bill cosby's job in the cosby show

question_tokens: what was bill cosby 's job in the cosby show

text: Cliff Huxtable

text: Conception and development[edit]

text: Cosby originally proposed that the couple should both have blue-collar jobs, with the father a limousine driver,[1] who owned his own car, and the mother an electrician[2] but, with advice from his wife, Camille Cosby, the concept was changed so that the family was well-off financially, with the mother a lawyer and the father a doctor.[3][4]

text: Role[edit]

text: Dr. Heathcliff "Cliff" Huxtable is known for his comical antics, playful admonishments, and relentless teasing humor. He lives in Brooklyn Heights, New York. He was born in October 1937 in Philadelphia, making him 47 years old at the beginning of the series. Cliff had a brother, James Theodore Huxtable, who died of rheumatic fever at the age of 7. In his high school and college years, he was an athlete who wrestled, played football, and ran track. He later served in the Navy before going to medical school. He is an OB/GYN who runs a practice from the office annexed to his home. In the show, most characters outside of family and friends refer to him as "Dr. Huxtable", and he is well-respected in the community.

text: Cliff is married to Clair Huxtable. Both Cliff and Clair attended the fictional historically black college Hillman College. Together, they have five children: Sondra, Denise, Theodore (Theo), Vanessa, and Rudith (Rudy). Cliff enjoys live jazz, has an extensive collection of albums, and tries to eat junk food whenever he can get away with it.

text: Cliff is very eccentric and silly to most people around him, especially his family, however he is very kind-hearted and an extremely dedicated father with a strong sense of humor. Although he and his wife fostered a tight-knit, loving family, a running gag throughout the series is his thwarted attempts to get the grown children to leave the house. Even when he succeeded at this, more issues would come, such as Sondra finally leaving to marry her husband Elvin, only to move into a squalid tenement (albeit with Cliff's full support as he and Clair struggled in the early years of their marriage), or Denise eloping with a Navy officer with a child from a prior marriage, and Cliff now acclimating to a blended family.

text: Very playful, Cliff enjoys competition, often making bets with Clair over various things, such as the date a certain jazz song was released, or having a "Smooth Contest" to see which of them looked more elegant for a night on the town, as judged by the children. He also plays a monthly game of pinochle against his father and some friends, which sometimes gets very passionate. Unfortunately, Cliff often finds himself on the losing end of most of his bets and games, as, for example, he has never beaten his father-in-law at chess. However, Cliff eventually broke his losing streak at pinochle against his father and his friend Homer Dobson with the help of Dr. Foster (portrayed by Roscoe Lee Brown), an expert pinochle player who also happened to be his and Clair's literary professor at Hillman College.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Bill Cosby's role as Cliff Huxtable has had a mostly positive reception from critics.[5][6][7][8][9][10]


document_title: Super League Grand Final

question_text: who has won the most grand finals in rugby league

text: Super League Grand Final

text: History[edit]

text: Use of a play-off system to decide the Championship brought back a rugby league tradition that had fallen out of use in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s. The Super League Premiership replaced the Championship final but it was to decide the Premiership winners, not the Championship winners. The Premiership was discontinued after the introduction of the Super League play-off series in 1998.

text: The Super League Grand Final was introduced for the 1998 season. The inaugural Grand Final match was played that year on Saturday 24 October, between Wigan and Leeds. The venue of every Super League Grand Final to date has been Old Trafford, Manchester.[3]

text: Venue[edit]

text: The Grand Final is held at Old Trafford, Manchester, the largest capacity stadium in the North of England.

text:
City

Stadium

Years

 Manchester
Old Trafford
1998–2020

text: Attendances

text:
Year

City

Stadium

Attendance

2015
 Manchester
Old Trafford
73,512

text: Qualification for World Club Challenge[edit]

text: The winners of the Grand Final qualify to play the winners of the National Rugby League in the World Club Challenge. The Grand Final Runner up can play in the World Club Series if a team were to win the double.

text: Trophy[edit]

text: The winners of the Super League collect the Grand Final rings and the teams name, captain and year are engraved into the trophy. The winners also collect £100,000 with the runner up collecting £50,000.

text: The record for most Super League titles won is held by Leeds with eight titles. Leeds captain Kevin Sinfield currently holds the record for captaining the most Super League title winning sides after captaining Leeds to 7 of their grand final successes. St. Helens contested the final 6 years in a row (from 2006 until 2011) during which time they succeeded only once in lifting the trophy against Hull F.C. in 2006; after which they suffered consecutive defeats against Leeds in 2007, 2008, 2009, Wigan in 2010 and Leeds once again in 2011.

text: Awards[edit]

text: The Harry Sunderland Trophy is awarded to the Man-of-the-Match in the Super League Grand Final by the Rugby League Writers' Association. Named after Harry Sunderland, who was an Australian rugby league football administrator in both Australia and the United Kingdom, the Trophy was first awarded in the Rugby Football League Championship Final of the 1964–65 season following Sunderland's death.

text: Finals[edit]

text: The Super League Grand Final has been the championship-deciding game since Super League III in 1998:[4] These final were held at Old Trafford.

text:
Year

Winners

Score

Runner-up

Attendance

1998

 Wigan

10–4

 Leeds

43,533

1999

 St. Helens

8–6

 Bradford

 50,717

2000

 St. Helens

29–16

 Wigan

 58,132

2001

 Bradford

37–6

 Wigan

 60,164

2002

 St. Helens

19–18

 Bradford

 61,138

2003

 Bradford

25–12

 Wigan

 65,537

2004

 Leeds

16–8

 Bradford

 65,547

2005

 Bradford

15–6

 Leeds

 65,728

2006

 St. Helens

26–4

 Hull

 72,582

2007

 Leeds

33–6

 St. Helens

 71,352

2008

 Leeds

24–16

 St. Helens

 68,810

2009

 Leeds

18–10

 St. Helens

 63,259

2010

 Wigan

22–10

 St. Helens

 71,526

2011

 Leeds

32–16

 St. Helens

 69,107

2012

 Leeds

26–18

 Warrington

 70,676

2013

 Wigan

30–16

 Warrington

 66,281

2014

 St. Helens

14–6

 Wigan

 70,102

2015

 Leeds

22–20

 Wigan

 73,512

2016

 Wigan

12–6

 Warrington

 70,202

2017

 Leeds

24–6

 Castleford

 72,827

2018

 Wigan

12–4

 Warrington

 64,892

text: Results[edit]

text:
Grand Final winners and runners up

Club

Winners

Runners-up

Years won

Years runner-up

 Leeds Rhinos

8

2

2004, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2015, 2017

1998, 2005

 St Helens

5

5

1999, 2000, 2002, 2006, 2014

2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011

 Wigan Warriors

5

5

1998, 2010, 2013, 2016, 2018

2000, 2001, 2003, 2014, 2015

 Bradford Bulls

3

3

2001, 2003, 2005

1999, 2002, 2004

 Warrington Wolves

0

4

2012, 2013, 2016, 2018

 Hull F.C.

0

1

2006

 Castleford

0

1

2017

text: The Double[edit]

text: In rugby league, the term 'the Double' is referring to the achievement of a club that wins the top division and Challenge Cup in the same season. To date, this has been achieved by a total ten different clubs but by only four different clubs during the Super League era.

text:
Club

Wins

Winning years

1
 Wigan
7
1989–90, 1990–91, 1991–92, 1992–93, 1993–94, 1994–95, 2013

2
 St. Helens
3
1965–66, 1996, 2006

3
 Huddersfield
2
1912–13, 1914–15

4
 Broughton Rangers
1
1901–02

5
 Halifax
1
1902–03

6
 Hunslet
1
1907–08

7
 Swinton
1
1927–28

8
 Warrington
1
1953–54

9
 Bradford
1
2003

10
 Leeds
1
2015

text: The Treble[edit]

text: The Treble refers to the team who wins all three domestic honours on offer during the season; Grand Final, League Leaders' Shield and Challenge Cup. To date seven teams have won the treble, only Bradford Bulls, St. Helens and Leeds Rhinos have won the treble in the Super League era.

text:
Club

Wins

Winning years

1
 Wigan
3
1991–92, 1992–93, 1994–95

2
 Huddersfield
2
1912–13, 1914–15

3
 St. Helens
2
1965–66, 2006

4
 Hunslet
1
1907–08

5
 Swinton
1
1927–28

6
 Bradford
1
2003

7
 Leeds
1
2015

text: All Four Cups[edit]

text: Winning all Four Cups refers to winning the Super League, League Leaders' Shield, Challenge Cup and World Club Challenge in one season. Not all of these cups were available in the past but have replaced other cups that could be won.

text:
Club

Wins

Winning years

1
 Hunslet
1
1907–08

2
 Huddersfield
1
1914–15

3
 Swinton
1
1927–28

4
 Wigan
1
1994–95

5
 Bradford
1
2003–04

6
 St. Helens
1
2006–07

text: Pre match Headliners[edit]

text:
Year

Act

1998-2003
none

2004
Heather Small

2005
Madness

2006
Deacon Blue

2007
The Kaiser Chiefs

2008
Scouting for Girls

2009
The Wombats

2010
Diana Vickers

2011
Feeder*

2012-2013
none

2014
James

2015
The Charlatans

2016
Feeder

2017
Razorlight

2018

Blossoms

text: 2011- Feeder were cancelled due to Manchester United not wanting a stage to be erected on the wet pitch

text: Records[edit]

text: Club Records[edit]

text: Biggest win:

text: Highest all-time attendance:

text: Player Records[edit]

text: Most Grand Final appearances:

text: Most Grand Final appearances as captain:

text: Youngest finalist:

text: Leon Pryce  Bradford v  St Helens 1999 (18 years)

text: Youngest winner:

text: Jack Walker  Leeds v  Castleford 2017 (18 years, 60 days)

text: Oldest finalist (and winner):

text: Jamie Peacock  Leeds v  Wigan 2015 (37 years, 300 days)


document_title: Who Framed Roger Rabbit

question_text: who played eddie in who framed roger rabbit

text: Who Framed Roger Rabbit

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1947 Los Angeles, "toons" act out theatrical cartoon shorts as with live-action films; they regularly interact with real people and animals and reside in Toontown. Private detective Eddie Valiant and his brother, Teddy, once worked closely with the toons on several famous cases, but after Teddy was killed by a toon, Eddie lapsed into alcoholism and vowed never to work for toons again. One day, R.K. Maroon, head of Maroon Cartoon Studios, is concerned about the recent poor acting performances of one of his biggest stars, Roger Rabbit. Maroon hires Valiant to investigate rumors about Roger's voluptuous toon wife Jessica being romantically involved with businessman and gadgets inventor, Marvin Acme, owner of both Acme Corporation and Toontown. After watching Jessica perform at the underground Ink & Paint Club, Valiant secretly takes photographs of her and Acme playing patty-cake in her dressing room, which he shows to Roger. Maroon suggests to Roger that he should leave Jessica, but a drunken Roger refuses and flees.

text: The next morning, Acme is discovered dead at his factory by the LAPD with a safe dropped on his head, and evidence points to Roger's being responsible. While investigating, Valiant meets Judge Doom, Toontown's Superior Court judge, who has created a substance capable of killing a toon: a toxic "Dip" made of turpentine, acetone, and benzene. Valiant runs into Roger's toon co-star, Baby Herman, who believes Roger is innocent and that Acme's missing will, which will give the toons ownership of Toontown, may be the key to his murder. He then finds Roger hiding in his office, who begs him to help exonerate him. Valiant reluctantly hides Roger in a local bar where his ex-girlfriend, Dolores, works. Later, Jessica approaches Valiant and says that Maroon had forced her to pose for the photographs so that he could blackmail Acme.

text: Doom and his toon henchmen discover Roger, but he and Valiant escape with Benny, an anthropomorphic taxicab. They flee to a theater, where Valiant explains to Roger that a toon killed Teddy when they were investigating a crime in Toontown. As they leave with Dolores, Valiant sees a newsreel detailing the sale of Maroon Cartoons to Cloverleaf, a mysterious corporation that bought the city's trolley network shortly before Acme's murder. Valiant goes to the studio to confront Maroon, leaving Roger to guard outside, but Jessica knocks Roger out and puts him in the trunk. Maroon tells Valiant that he blackmailed Acme into selling his company so that he could then sell the studio, but is killed before he can explain the consequences of the missing will. Valiant spots Jessica fleeing the scene and, assuming she is the culprit, follows her into Toontown. Jessica reveals that Doom killed Acme and Maroon and that the former had given her his will for safe-keeping, but she discovered that the will was blank. She and Valiant are soon captured by Doom and the weasels.

text: At the Acme factory, Doom reveals his plot to destroy Toontown with a giant machine loaded with dip to build a freeway, the only way past Toontown since Cloverleaf has bought out Los Angeles' tram system. Roger unsuccessfully attempts to save Jessica, and the couple is tied onto a hook in front of the machine's hose. Valiant then performs a comedic vaudeville act, causing the weasels to die of laughter; Valiant kicks their leader, Smart Ass, into the machine's Dip vat, killing him instantly. Valiant then fights Doom, who is eventually flattened by a steamroller, but survives. Eddie is shocked when Doom reveals that he is the toon who killed Teddy. Valiant uses a toon mallet with a spring-loaded boxing glove and fires it at a switch that causes the machine to empty its dip onto Doom, dissolving him.

text: The empty machine crashes through the wall into Toontown, where it is destroyed by a train. Numerous toons run in to regard Doom's remains, and Roger discovers that he inadvertently wrote his love letter for Jessica on Acme's will, which was written in invisible ink. Roger then shocks Valiant with a joy buzzer, and Valiant gives him a kiss, having regained his sense of humor. Valiant happily enters Toontown with Dolores, and Roger with Jessica, followed by the other toons.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Bob Hoskins as Eddie Valiant, an alcoholic private investigator who resents Toons. Executive producer Spielberg's first choice for the role was Harrison Ford, but Ford's price was too high. Bill Murray was also considered for the role; however, due to his method of receiving offers for roles, he missed out.[8] Eddie Murphy reportedly turned down the role and later regretted it.[9]
Christopher Lloyd as Judge Doom, the cold and power-hungry judge of Toontown District's Superior Court. Lloyd was cast because he previously worked with Zemeckis and Amblin Entertainment in Back to the Future. Lloyd compared his part as Doom to his previous role as the Klingon commander Kruge in Star Trek III: The Search for Spock, both being overly evil characters which he considered being "fun to play".[10] Lloyd avoided blinking his eyes while on camera in order to perfectly portray the character.[11]
Charles Fleischer as the voice of Roger Rabbit, an A-list Toon working for Maroon Cartoons, who is framed for the murder of Marvin Acme, and requests Eddie's help in proving his innocence. To facilitate Hoskins' performance, Fleischer dressed in a Roger bunny suit and "stood in" behind camera for most scenes.[12] Animation director Williams explained Roger Rabbit was a combination of "Tex Avery's cashew nut-shaped head, the swatch of red hair...like Droopy's, Goofy's overalls, Porky Pig's bow tie, Mickey Mouse's gloves and Bugs Bunny-like cheeks and ears."[13]

Fleischer also voices Benny the Cab and two members of Doom's Weasel Gang, Psycho and Greasy. Lou Hirsch, who supplied the voice for Baby Herman, was the original choice for Benny the Cab but was replaced by Fleischer.[12]

Stubby Kaye as Marvin Acme, the jester-like owner of the Acme Corporation. This was Kaye's last film before his retirement in 1988.
Joanna Cassidy as Dolores, Eddie's on-off girlfriend who works as a waitress.
Kathleen Turner provides the uncredited voice of Jessica Rabbit, Roger Rabbit's beautiful and flirtatious Toon wife,[14] She loves Roger because, as she says, "he makes me laugh". Amy Irving supplied the singing voice, while Betsy Brantley served as the stand-in.
Alan Tilvern, in his final film role, portrays R.K. Maroon, the short-tempered and manipulative owner of "Maroon Cartoon" studios.
Lou Hirsch provides the voice of Baby Herman, a mentally middle-aged smoker baby and co-star in Maroon Cartoons. Williams said Baby Herman was a mixture of "Elmer Fudd and Tweety crashed together".[13]

text: April Winchell provides the voice of Mrs. Herman and the "baby noises". Additionally, Richard LeParmentier has a minor role as Santino, a Lieutenant of the Los Angeles Police Department. Joel Silver has a cameo appearance as Raoul J. Raoul, a director frustrated with Roger Rabbit's antics. David Lander voices Smart Ass, the leader of the weasels, Fred Newman voices Stupid and June Foray voices Wheezy. Foray also voiced Lena Hyena, a hag Toon woman who resembles Jessica Rabbit and provides a comical role which shows her falling for Eddie and pursuing him.

text: Mel Blanc voiced Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Porky Pig, Tweety, and Sylvester (Roger Rabbit was one of the final productions in which Blanc voiced his Looney Tunes characters before his death the following year). Joe Alaskey voiced Yosemite Sam and Foghorn Leghorn (in place of the elderly Blanc), Wayne Allwine voiced Mickey Mouse, Tony Anselmo voiced Donald Duck (with an archival recording of Clarence Nash, the original voice of Donald, used at the beginning of the scene[15]), Tony Pope voiced Goofy (also partially voiced by Bill Farmer[16]) and The Big Bad Wolf, Mae Questel reprised her role of Betty Boop, Russi Taylor voiced Minnie Mouse and some birds, Pat Buttram, Jim Cummings and Jim Gallant voiced Valiant's animated bullets, Les Perkins voiced Mr. Toad, Mary Radford voiced Hyacinth Hippo from Fantasia, Nancy Cartwright voiced the Dipped shoe, Cherry Davis voiced Woody Woodpecker, Peter Westy voiced Pinocchio, and Frank Welker voiced Dumbo. Animation director Richard Williams voiced Droopy.

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Walt Disney Productions purchased the film rights to Gary K. Wolf's novel Who Censored Roger Rabbit? shortly after its publication in 1981. Ron W. Miller, then president of Disney, saw it as a perfect opportunity to produce a blockbuster.[17] Jeffrey Price and Peter S. Seaman were hired to write the script, penning two drafts. Robert Zemeckis offered his services as director in 1982,[13] but Disney declined as his two previous films (I Wanna Hold Your Hand and Used Cars) had been box office bombs.[11] Between 1981 and 1983 Disney developed test footage with Darrell Van Citters as animation director, Paul Reubens voicing Roger Rabbit, Peter Renaday as Eddie Valiant, and Russi Taylor as Jessica Rabbit.[18] The project was revamped in 1985 by Michael Eisner, the then-new CEO of Disney. Amblin Entertainment, which consisted of Steven Spielberg, Frank Marshall and Kathleen Kennedy, were approached to produce Who Framed Roger Rabbit alongside Disney. The original budget was projected at $50 million, which Disney felt was too expensive.[8]

text: Roger Rabbit was finally green-lit when the budget decreased to $30 million, which at the time still made it the most expensive animated film ever green-lit.[8] Walt Disney Studios chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg argued that the hybrid of live action and animation would "save" Disney's animation department. Spielberg's contract included an extensive amount of creative control and a large percentage of the box office profits. Disney kept all merchandising rights.[8] Spielberg convinced Warner Bros., Fleischer Studios, King Features Syndicate, Felix the Cat Productions, Turner Entertainment, and Universal Pictures/Walter Lantz Productions to "lend" their characters to appear in the film with (in some cases) stipulations on how those characters were portrayed; for example, Disney's Donald Duck and Warner's Daffy Duck appear as equally-talented dueling pianists, and Mickey Mouse and Bugs Bunny also share a scene. Apart from this agreement, Warner Bros. and the various other companies were not involved in the production of Roger Rabbit. Additionally, the producers were unable to acquire the rights to use Popeye, Tom and Jerry, Little Lulu, Casper the Friendly Ghost or the Terrytoons for appearances from their respective owners (King Features, Turner, Western Publishing, Harvey Comics and Viacom).[13][11]

text: Terry Gilliam was offered the chance to direct, but he found the project too technically challenging. ("Pure laziness on my part," he later admitted, "I completely regret that decision.")[19] Robert Zemeckis was hired to direct in 1985, based on the success of Romancing the Stone and Back to the Future. Disney executives were continuing to suggest Darrell Van Citters to direct the animated sequences, but Spielberg and Zemeckis decided against it.[8] Richard Williams was eventually hired to direct the animation. Zemeckis wanted the film to imbue "Disney's high quality of animation, Warner Bros.' characterization and Tex Avery humor".[20]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Harrison Ford was Spielberg's original choice to play Eddie Valiant.[21] Bill Murray was also considered for the part, but due to his method of receiving offers for roles, Murray missed out on it.[22] Eddie Murphy reportedly turned down the role of Eddie, but later regretted it.[9] Several other actors were also considered for the role of Eddie Valiant including Chevy Chase, Robert Redford, Jack Nicholson, Sylvester Stallone, Wallace Shawn, Ed Harris, Charles Grodin and Don Lane.[23]

text: Tim Curry original auditioned for the role of Judge Doom, but after his audition, the producers found him too terrifying for the role.[24] Christopher Lee was also considered for the role, but turned it down.[23] Several other actors were also considered for the role of Judge Doom including John Cleese, Roddy McDowell, Eddie Deezen and Sting.[23]

text: Writing[edit]

text: Price and Seaman were brought aboard to continue writing the script once Spielberg and Zemeckis were hired. For inspiration, the two writers studied the work of Walt Disney and Warner Bros. Cartoons from the Golden Age of American animation, especially Tex Avery and Bob Clampett cartoons. The Cloverleaf streetcar subplot was inspired by Chinatown.[13] Price and Seaman said that "the Red Car plot, suburb expansion, urban and political corruption really did happen," Price stated. "In Los Angeles, during the 1940s, car and tire companies teamed up against the Pacific Electric Railway system and bought them out of business. Where the freeway runs in Los Angeles is where the Red Car used to be."[11] In Wolf's novel Who Censored Roger Rabbit?, the Toons were comic strip characters rather than movie stars.[13]

text: During the writing process, Price and Seaman were unsure of whom to include as the villain in the plot. They wrote scripts that had either Jessica Rabbit or Baby Herman as the villain, but they made their final decision with newly created character Judge Doom. Doom was supposed to have an animated vulture sit on his shoulder, but this was deleted due to the technical challenges this posed.[11] Doom would also have a suitcase of 12 small animated kangaroos that act as a jury, by having their joeys pop out of their pouches, each with letters, when put together would spell YOU ARE GUILTY. This was also cut for budget and technical reasons.[25] Doom's five-man "Weasel Gang" (Stupid, Smart Ass, Greasy, Wheezy and Psycho) satirizes the Seven Dwarfs (Doc, Grumpy, Happy, Sleepy, Bashful, Sneezy and Dopey) who appeared in Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937). There were originally seven weasels to mimic the dwarf's complement, but eventually two of them, Slimey and Slezey, were written out of the script.[11] Further references included The "Ink and Paint Club" resembling the Harlem Cotton Club, while Zemeckis compared Judge Doom's invention of "The Dip" to eliminate all the Toons as Hitler's Final Solution.[13] Doom was originally the hunter who killed Bambi's Mother, but Disney objected to the idea.[25] Benny the Cab was first conceived to be a Volkswagen Beetle before being changed to a Taxicab. Ideas originally conceived for the story also included a sequence set at Marvin Acme's funeral, whose attendees included Eddie, Foghorn Leghorn, Mickey Mouse, Minnie Mouse, Tom and Jerry, Heckle and Jeckle, Chip n' Dale, Mighty Mouse, Superman, Popeye, Olive Oyl, Bluto, Clarabelle Cow, and The Seven Dwarfs in cameo appearances. However, the scene was cut for pacing reasons and never made it past the storyboard stage.[25] Before finally agreeing on Who Framed Roger Rabbit as the film's title, working titles included Murder in Toontown, Toons, Dead Toons Don't Pay Bills, The Toontown Trial, Trouble in Toontown, and Eddie Goes to Toontown.[26]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Animation director Richard Williams admitted he was "openly disdainful of the Disney bureaucracy"[27] and refused to work in Los Angeles. To accommodate him and his animators, production was moved to Elstree Studios in Hertfordshire, England. Disney and Spielberg also told Williams that in return for doing Roger Rabbit, they would help distribute his uncompleted film The Thief and the Cobbler.[27] Supervising animators included Dale Baer, James Baxter, David Bowers, Andreas Deja, Chris Jenkins, Phil Nibbelink, Nik Ranieri, and Simon Wells. The animation production, headed by associate producer Don Hahn, was split between Richard Williams' London studio and a specialized unit in Los Angeles, set up by Walt Disney Feature Animation and supervised by Dale Baer.[28] The production budget continued to escalate while the shooting schedule lapsed longer than expected. When the budget reached $40 million, Disney president Michael Eisner seriously considered shutting down production, but Jeffrey Katzenberg talked him out of it.[27] Despite the budget escalating to over $50 million, Disney moved forward on production because they were enthusiastic to work with Spielberg.[8]

text: VistaVision cameras installed with motion control technology were used for the photography of the live-action scenes which would be composited with animation. Rubber mannequins of Roger Rabbit, Baby Herman and the Weasels would portray the animated characters during rehearsals in order to teach the actors where to look when acting with "open air and imaginative cartoon characters".[12] Many of the live-action props held by cartoon characters were shot on set with either robotic arms holding the props or the props were manipulated by strings, similar to a marionette.[11] The voice of Roger, Charles Fleischer, insisted on wearing a Roger Rabbit costume while on the set, in order to get into character.[12] Filming began on December 2, 1986, and lasted for seven months at Elstree Studios, with an additional month in Los Angeles and at Industrial Light & Magic (ILM) for blue screen effects of Toontown. The entrance of Desilu Studios served as the fictional Maroon Cartoon Studio lot.[29]

text: Animation and post-production[edit]

text: Post-production lasted for fourteen months.[11] Because the film was made before computer animation and digital compositing were widely used, all the animation was done using cels and optical compositing.[12] First, the animators and lay-out artists were given black and white printouts of the live action scenes (known as "photo stats"), and they placed their animation paper on top of them. The artists then drew the animated characters in relationship to the live action footage. Due to Zemeckis' dynamic camera moves, the animators had to confront the challenge of ensuring the characters were not "slipping and slipping all over the place."[12][11] After rough animation was complete, it would run through the normal process of traditional animation until the cels were shot on the rostrum camera with no background. The animated footage was then sent to ILM for compositing, where technicians would animate three lighting layers (shadows, highlights and tone mattes) separately, in order to make the cartoon characters look three-dimensional and give the illusion of the characters being affected by the lighting on set.[12] Finally, the lighting effects were optically composited on to the cartoon characters, who were, in turn, composited into the live-action footage. One of the most difficult effects in the film was Jessica's dress in the night club scene, because it had flashing sequins, an effect accomplished by filtering light through a plastic bag scratched with steel wool.[13]

text: Music[edit]

text:
Who Framed Roger Rabbit (Soundtrack from the Motion Picture)

Soundtrack album by Alan Silvestri and the London Symphony Orchestra

Released
June 22, 1988

Recorded
April 3, 1988

Genre
Soundtrack

Length
45:57

Label
Buena Vista

text: Regular Zemeckis collaborator Alan Silvestri composed the film score, performed by the London Symphony Orchestra (LSO) under the direction of Silvestri. Zemeckis joked that "the British [musicians] could not keep up with Silvestri's jazz tempo". The performances of the music themes written for Jessica Rabbit were entirely improvised by the LSO. The work of American composer Carl Stalling heavily influenced Silvestri's work on Who Framed Roger Rabbit.[12][11] The film's soundtrack was originally released by Buena Vista Records on June 22, 1988, and reissued by Walt Disney Records on CD on April 16, 2002.[30]

text:
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Performer(s)
Length

1.
"Maroon Logo"
Alan Silvestri
Alan Silvestri
0:19

2.
"Maroon Cartoon"
Silvestri
Silvestri
3:25

3.
"Valiant & Valiant"
Silvestri
Silvestri
4:22

4.
"The Weasels"
Silvestri
Silvestri
2:08

5.
"Hungarian Rhapsody (Dueling Pianos)"
arranged by Silvestri
Tony Anselmo, Mel Blanc
1:53

6.
"Judge Doom"
Silvestri
Silvestri
3:47

7.
"Why Don't You Do Right?"
Joseph "Kansas Joe" McCoy
Amy Irving
3:07

8.
"No Justice for Toons"
Silvestri
Silvestri
2:45

9.
"The Merry-Go-Round Broke Down (Roger's Song)"
Dave Franklin, Cliff Friend
Charles Fleischer
0:47

10.
"Jessica's Theme"
Silvestri
Silvestri
2:03

11.
"Toontown"
Silvestri
Silvestri
1:57

12.
"Eddie's Theme"
Silvestri
Silvestri
5:22

13.
"The Gag Factory"
Silvestri
Silvestri
3:48

14.
"The Will"
Silvestri
Silvestri
1:10

15.
"Smile, Darn Ya, Smile!"
Jack Meskill, Charles O'Flynn, Max Rich
Toon Chorus
1:17

16.
"End Title (Who Framed Roger Rabbit)"
Silvestri
Silvestri
4:56

text: Release[edit]

text: Michael Eisner, then CEO, and Roy E. Disney, Vice Chairman of the Walt Disney Company, felt Who Framed Roger Rabbit was too risqué with sexual references.[31] Eisner and Zemeckis disagreed over various elements of the film, but since Zemeckis had final cut privilege, he refused to make alterations.[12] Roy E. Disney, head of Feature Animation along with studio chief Jeffrey Katzenberg, felt it was appropriate to release the film under their Touchstone Pictures banner instead of the traditional Walt Disney Pictures banner.[31]

text: Who Framed Roger Rabbit opened in the United States on June 22, 1988, grossing $11,226,239 in 1,045 theaters during its opening weekend, ranking first place in the domestic box office.[32] The film went on to gross $156,452,370 in North America and $173,351,588 internationally, coming to a worldwide total of $329,803,958. At the time of release, Roger Rabbit was the twentieth highest-grossing film of all time.[33] The film was also the second highest-grossing film of 1988, behind only Rain Man.[34]

text: Zemeckis has revealed a 3D reissue could be possible.[35]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Who Framed Roger Rabbit was first released on VHS on October 12, 1989.[36] A Laserdisc edition was also released. A DVD version was first available on September 28, 1999.

text: On March 25, 2003, Buena Vista Home Entertainment released it as a part of the "Vista Series" line in a two-disc collection with many extra features including a documentary, Behind the Ears: The True Story of Roger Rabbit; a deleted scene in which a pig's head is "tooned" onto Eddie's own; the three Roger Rabbit shorts, Tummy Trouble, Roller Coaster Rabbit, and Trail Mix-Up; as well as a booklet and interactive games. The only short on the 2003 VHS release was Tummy Trouble.

text: On March 12, 2013, Who Framed Roger Rabbit was released by Touchstone Home Entertainment on Blu-ray Disc and DVD combo pack special edition for the film's 25th Anniversary.[37][38] The film was also digitally restored by Disney for its 25th Anniversary. Frame-by-frame digital restoration was done by Prasad Studios removing dirt, tears, scratches and other defects.[39][40]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the film an approval rating of 97% based on 61 reviews and an average score of 8.4/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Who Framed Roger Rabbit is an innovative and entertaining film that features a groundbreaking mix of live action and animation, with a touching and original story to boot."[41] Aggregator Metacritic calculated a score of 83 out of 100 based on 15 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim".[42]

text: Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film four stars out of four, predicting it would carry "the type of word of mouth that money can't buy. This movie is not only great entertainment but a breakthrough in craftsmanship."[43] Ebert and his colleague Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune spent a considerable amount of time in the Siskel & Ebert episode in which they reviewed the film analyzing the film's painstaking filmmaking. Siskel also praised the film, and ranked it #2 on his top ten films list for 1988, while Ebert ranked it as #8 on a similar list.[44] Janet Maslin of The New York Times commented that "although this isn't the first time that cartoon characters have shared the screen with live actors, it's the first time they've done it on their own terms and make it look real".[45] Desson Thomson of The Washington Post considered Roger Rabbit to be "a definitive collaboration of pure talent. Zemeckis had Walt Disney Pictures' enthusiastic backing, producer Steven Spielberg's pull, Warner Bros.'s blessing, Canadian animator Richard Williams' ink and paint, Mel Blanc's voice, Jeffrey Price's and Peter S. Seaman's witty, frenetic screenplay, George Lucas' Industrial Light & Magic, and Bob Hoskins' comical performance as the burliest, shaggiest private eye."[46] Gene Shalit on the Today Show also praised the film, calling it "one of the most extraordinary movies ever made".[47] Filmsite.org called it "a technically-marvelous film" and a "landmark" that resulted from "unprecedented cooperation" between Warner Bros. and Disney.[48]

text: Conversely, Richard Corliss, writing for Time, gave a mixed review. "The opening cartoon works just fine but too fine. The opening scene upstages the movie that emerges from it," he said. Corliss was mainly annoyed by the homages to the Golden Age of American animation.[49] Animation legend Chuck Jones made a rather scathing attack on the film in his book Chuck Jones Conversations. Among his complaints, Jones accused Robert Zemeckis of robbing Richard Williams of any creative input and ruining the piano duel that both he and Williams storyboarded.[50]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: Who Framed Roger Rabbit won three competitive Academy Awards and a Special Achievement Award. It became the first live-action/animation hybrid film to win multiple Academy Awards since Mary Poppins in 1964. It won Academy Awards for Best Sound Effects Editing (Charles L. Campbell and Louis Edemann), Best Visual Effects and Best Film Editing. Other nominations included Best Art Direction (Art Direction: Elliot Scott; Set Decoration: Peter Howitt), Best Cinematography and Best Sound (Robert Knudson, John Boyd, Don Digirolamo and Tony Dawe).[51] Richard Williams received a Special Achievement Academy Award "for animation direction and creation of the cartoon characters".[52] Roger Rabbit won the Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film, as well as Best Direction for Zemeckis and Special Visual Effects. Hoskins, Lloyd, and Cassidy were nominated for their performances, while Alan Silvestri and the screenwriters received nominations.[53] The film was nominated for four categories at the 42nd British Academy Film Awards and won for Best Visual Effects.[54] Roger Rabbit was nominated the Golden Globe for Best Motion Picture (Musical or Comedy), while Hoskins was also nominated for his performance.[55] The film also won the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation[56] and the Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Movie.

text:
AFI's 100 Years...100 Laughs—Nominated
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:

"I'm not bad. I'm just drawn that way."—Nominated

AFI's 10 Top 10—Nominated Fantasy Film

text: Legacy[edit]

text: The success of Who Framed Roger Rabbit rekindled an interest in the Golden Age of American animation, and sparked the modern animation scene.[57] In 1991, Walt Disney Imagineering began to develop Mickey's Toontown for Disneyland, based on the Toontown that appeared in the film. The attraction also features a ride called Roger Rabbit's Car Toon Spin.[31] Three theatrical animated shorts were also produced; Tummy Trouble played in front of Honey, I Shrunk the Kids, Roller Coaster Rabbit was shown with Dick Tracy and Trail Mix-Up was included with A Far Off Place.[58][59] The film also inspired a short-lived comic book and video game spin-offs, including two PC games, the Japanese version of The Bugs Bunny Crazy Castle (which features Roger instead of Bugs), a 1989 game released on the Nintendo Entertainment System, and a 1991 game released on the Game Boy.[59]

text: In December 2016, the film was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

text: Controversy[edit]

text: With the film's Laserdisc release, Variety first reported in March 1994 that observers uncovered several scenes of antics from the animators that supposedly featured brief nudity of the Jessica Rabbit character. While undetectable when played at the usual rate of 24 film frames per second, the Laserdisc player allowed the viewer to advance frame-by-frame to uncover these visuals. Whether or not they were actually intended to depict the nudity of the character remains unknown.[60][61] Many retailers said that within minutes of the Laserdisc debut, their entire inventory was sold out. The run was fueled by media reports about the controversy, including stories on CNN and various newspapers.[62]

text: Another frequently debated scene includes one in which Baby Herman extends his middle finger as he passes under a woman's dress and re-emerges with drool on his lip.[61][63] There is also controversy over the scene where Daffy Duck and Donald Duck are playing a piano duel, and, during his trademark ranting gibberish, it is claimed that Donald calls Daffy a "goddamn stupid nigger"; however, this is a misinterpretation, with the line from the script being "doggone stubborn little—."[64][65][66]

text: Legal issue[edit]

text: Gary K. Wolf, author of the novel Who Censored Roger Rabbit?, filed a lawsuit in 2001 against The Walt Disney Company. Wolf claimed he was owed royalties based on the value of "gross receipts" and merchandising sales. In 2002, the trial court in the case ruled that these only referred to actual cash receipts Disney collected and denied Wolf's claim. In its January 2004 ruling, the California Court of Appeal disagreed, finding that expert testimony introduced by Wolf regarding the customary use of "gross receipts" in the entertainment business could support a broader reading of the term. The ruling vacated the trial court's order in favor of Disney and remanded the case for further proceedings.[67] In a March 2005 hearing, Wolf estimated he was owed $7 million. Disney's attorneys not only disputed the claim but said Wolf actually owed Disney $500,000–$1 million because of an accounting error discovered in preparing for the lawsuit.[68] Wolf won the decision in 2005, receiving between $180,000 and $400,000 in damages.[69]

text: Proposed sequel[edit]

text: With the film's critical and financial success, Disney and Spielberg felt it was obviously time to plan a second installment. J. J. Abrams says that he met Spielberg in 1989 to discuss working on a sequel, to the extent of preparing an outline and storyboards.[70] More substantial work was done by Nat Mauldin, who wrote a prequel titled Roger Rabbit: The Toon Platoon, set in 1941. Similar to the previous film, Toon Platoon featured many cameo appearances by characters from the golden Age of American animation. It began with Roger Rabbit's early years, living on a farm in the Midwestern United States.[57] With human Richie Davenport, Roger travels west to seek his mother, in the process meeting Jessica Krupnick (his future wife), a struggling Hollywood actress. While Roger and Ritchie are enlisting in the Army, Jessica is kidnapped and forced to make pro-Nazi Germany broadcasts. Roger and Ritchie must save her by going into Nazi-occupied Europe accompanied by several other toons in their Army platoon. After their triumph, Roger and Ritchie are given a Hollywood Boulevard parade, and Roger is finally reunited with his mother, and father: Bugs Bunny.[57][71]

text: Mauldin later re-titled his script Who Discovered Roger Rabbit. Spielberg left the project when deciding he could not satirize Nazis after directing Schindler's List.[72][73] Eisner commissioned a rewrite in 1997 with Sherri Stoner and Deanna Oliver. Although they kept Roger's search for his mother, Stoner and Oliver replaced the WWII subplot with Roger's inadvertent rise to stardom on Broadway and Hollywood. Disney was impressed and Alan Menken was hired to write five songs for the film and offered his services as executive producer.[73] One of the songs, "This Only Happens in the Movies", was recorded in 2008 on the debut album of Broadway actress Kerry Butler.[74] Eric Goldberg was set to be the new animation director, and began to redesign Roger's new character appearance.[73]

text: Spielberg had no interest in the project because he was establishing DreamWorks, although Frank Marshall and Kathleen Kennedy decided to stay on as producers. Test footage for Who Discovered Roger Rabbit was shot sometime in 1998 at the Disney animation unit in Lake Buena Vista, Florida; the results were a mix of CGI, traditional animation and live-action that did not please Disney. A second test had the toons completely converted to CGI; but this was dropped as the film's projected budget escalated well past $100 million. Eisner felt it was best to cancel the film.[73] In March 2003, producer Don Hahn was doubtful about a sequel being made, arguing that public tastes had changed since the 1990s with the rise of computer animation. "There was something very special about that time when animation was not as much in the forefront as it is now."[75]

text: In December 2007, Marshall stated that he was still "open" to the idea,[76] and in April 2009, Zemeckis revealed he was still interested.[77] According to a 2009 MTV News story, Jeffrey Price and Peter S. Seaman were writing a new script for the project, and the animated characters would be in traditional 2D, while the rest would be in motion capture.[78] However, in 2010, Zemeckis said that the sequel would remain hand-drawn animated and live-action sequences will be filmed, just like in the original film, but the lighting effects on the cartoon characters and some of the props that the toons handle will be done digitally.[79] Also in 2010, Don Hahn, who was the film's original associate producer, confirmed the sequel's development in an interview with Empire. He stated, "Yeah, I couldn't possibly comment. I deny completely, but yeah... if you're a fan, pretty soon you're going to be very, very, very happy."[80] In 2010, Bob Hoskins stated he was interested in the project, reprising his role as Eddie Valiant.[81] However, he retired from acting in 2012 after being diagnosed with Parkinson's disease a year earlier, and died from those complications in 2014.[82] Marshall has confirmed that the film is a prequel, similar to earlier drafts, and that the writing was almost complete.[83] During an interview at the premiere of Flight, Zemeckis stated that the sequel was still possible, despite Hoskins' absence, and the script for the sequel was sent to Disney for approval from studio executives.[84]

text: In February 2013, Gary K. Wolf, writer of the original novel, said that he, as well as Erik Von Wodtke were working on a development proposal for an animated Disney buddy comedy starring Mickey Mouse and Roger Rabbit called The Stooge, based on the 1952 film of the same name. The proposed film is set to a prequel, taking place five years before Who Framed Roger Rabbit and part of the story is about how Roger met Jessica, his future wife. Wolf has stated the film is currently wending its way through Disney.[85]

text: In November 2016, while promoting his latest film, Allied, in England, Zemeckis took some time to have an interview with Robbie Collin of The Daily Telegraph. As the conversation shifted focus to the Roger Rabbit sequel, Zemeckis stated that the sequel "moves the story of Roger and Jessica Rabbit into the next few years of period film, moving on from film noir to the world of the 1950s". He also stated that the sequel would feature a "digital Bob Hoskins", as Eddie Valiant would return in "ghost form". While the director went on to state that the script is "terrific" and the film would still utilize hand-drawn animation, Zemeckis thinks that the chances of Disney green-lighting the sequel are "slim". As he explained more in detail, "The current corporate Disney culture [the current studio management of The Walt Disney Company] has no interest in Roger, and they certainly don't like Jessica at all."[86]

text: Roger Rabbit dance[edit]

text: Roger Rabbit was the inspiration for a popular dance move in the early 1990s, called "the Roger Rabbit" due to the floppy movements of the character in the film.[87][88]

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ The budget has been commonly reported as $70 million, including by The New York Times in 1991, who subsequently issued an erratum to state that both Amblin and Touchstone insist the budget was "about $50 million".[2] Publications of the film's accounts since then indicate that the exact production cost of the film was $58,166,000,[3] including the production overhead which came to a total of $7,587,000, putting the net cost at $50,587,000.[4]