document_title: Pinewood derby

question_text: what kind of wood is used for pinewood derby cars

text: Pinewood derby

text: Origins[edit]

text: The first pinewood derby was held on May 15, 1953 at the Scout House in Manhattan Beach, California by Cub Scout Pack 280C (the present Pack 713[1]). The concept was created by the Pack's Cubmaster Don Murphy, and sponsored by the Management Club at North American Aviation.[2]

text: Murphy's son was too young to participate in the popular Soap Box Derby races, so he came up with the idea of racing miniature wood cars. The cars had the same gravity-powered concept as the full-size Soap Box Derby cars, but were much smaller and easier to build.

text: The pinewood derby had a sensational first year. Murphy and the Management Club of North American Aviation sent out thousands of brochures to anyone who requested more information. The idea spread rapidly, and competitions were held across the country, mainly with recreation departments and nonprofit organizations including the Los Angeles County Department of Recreation. Of all that early enthusiasm, however, only the Boy Scouts of America made it part of an official program.[3][4] The National Director of Cub Scouting Service, O. W. (Bud) Bennett, wrote Murphy: "We believe you have an excellent idea, and we are most anxious to make your material available to the Cub Scouts of America." Within the year, the Boy Scouts of America adopted the pinewood derby for use in all Cub Scout packs.

text: In its October 1954 issue, Boys' Life publicized the event and offered plans for the track and a car, which featured "four wheels, four nails, and three blocks of wood."

text: Murphy continued to run the derby program through the Management Club until his retirement from North American Aviation in 1978. He died in 2008.

text: In 2003, Pack 713 celebrated the 50th Pinewood Derby along with Packs 287, 759, 275, and former Cub Scouts from the 1953 Pack 280c. A shoulder patch for the Western Los Angeles County Council that depicted a pinewood derby car and a message of honor to Murphy was released to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the event.

text: In 1980, the design of the block was changed from a cutout block, consistent with a 1940s style front-engined Indy 500 car, to a solid block. The tires were also changed from narrow, hard plastic, to wider "slicks."[5]

text: In May 2005, the Boy Scouts of America registered Pinewood Derby as an official trademark.[6]

text: Construction[edit]

text: The Scout is given a block of wood made from pine, four plastic wheels, and four nails. The finished car must use all nine pieces, must not exceed a certain weight (usually five ounces (150 grams)),[7] must not exceed a certain width (usually 2-3/4 inches (7 cm))[7] and length (usually 7 inches (17.8 cm))[7] and must fit on the track used by that particular scout pack.

text: Blocks can be whittled with a hand knife, bandsaw, or Dremel carving tool for major shaping.[8] Decals can be bought at scout shops or hobby shops. It is also possible to use standard model decals to replicate actual racing cars such as Richard Petty's 1970 Plymouth Superbird. The original style is based on open-wheel cars; however, fender or body kits are available, or wheels can simply be placed outboard of the body.

text: Other than the previous basic design rules, the Cub Scout is able to carve and decorate the car as he chooses. Many Cub Scouts also add weights to the final design to bring the car to the maximum allowable weight; coins and glued-in lead or steel pieces are common ways to add weight. Cars typically vary from unfinished blocks to whimsical objects, to accurate replicas of actual cars.[9] Graphite is usually the only lubricant allowed, and it often helps to polish the provided nails.

text: The idea behind the pinewood derby is for the parent, usually the father, but sometimes the mother or grandparent, to spend time helping the child design, carve, paint, add weights, and tune the final car. However, it is often the case that the parent takes over the construction of the car, an aspect of the event that was lampooned in the 2005 film Down and Derby, and also in a 2009 episode of South Park. The quest for a fast car supports a cottage industry that supplies modified wheels, axles, and blocks as well as videos and instruction books. While a pinewood derby car kit costs around US$4, a set of modified wheels and axles can sell for more than ten times that amount. Each pack sets its own rules under the guidelines set forth by the BSA[10] and their particular local district. The aftermarket items are legal under some Pack rules since the parts originally came from an official Boy Scouts of America (BSA) kit. Complete cars can be purchased on eBay and elsewhere for around $100 to $200, and PineCar, a subsidiary of Woodland Scenics, sells pre-cut or pre-made cars, as well as official kits.[11] Although these cars violate the spirit of the event, if not the rules, enforcement can be difficult.

text: Model manufacturer Revell was licensed by the BSA to produce pinewood derby kits with a release in December 2009.[12]

text: Competition[edit]

text: The track usually has two to six lanes and slopes down to the ground, since the cars are powered by gravity. Tracks may be owned by the pack or rented. The race is run in heats, giving every car the chance to run on each lane. The racers can be grouped with others from the same rank (Tiger Cubs, Wolf Cubs, Bear Cubs, etc.), or can compete against the pack as a whole.[13]

text: First, second, and third-place winners usually receive ribbons, medals, or trophies. Some packs also award on the basis of car design or styling. The first place race winners get to advance to the district level, then each of the district-wide race winners get to race each other from across the entire council.[citation needed]

text: Other races[edit]

text: As the popularity of the pinewood derby grew, other organizations adopted the concept. Pinewood derby is a registered trademark of the BSA,[6] so most use different names. Each derby has slightly different rules for making and racing their cars.[14]

text: Car modifications[edit]

text: The force accelerating a pinewood derby car is gravity; the opposing forces are friction and air drag. Therefore, car modifications are aimed at maximizing the potential energy in the car design and minimizing the air drag and the friction that occurs when the wheel spins on the axle, contacts the axle head or car body, or contacts the track guide rail.[15] Friction due to air drag is a minor, although not insignificant, factor. The wheel tread can be sanded or turned on a lathe and the inner surface of the hub can be tapered to minimize the contact area between the hub and body. Polishing the wheel, especially the inner hub, with a plastic polish can also reduce friction. Often one front wheel is raised slightly so that it does not contact the track and add to the rolling resistance. Axles are filed or turned on a lathe to remove the burr and crimp marks and polished smooth. More extensive modifications involve tapering the axle head and cutting a notch to minimize the wheel-to-axle contact area. Packs can establish additional rules for what, if any, modifications are allowed. In some areas, no changes can be made to the axles or wheels.[15]

text: A second consideration is the rotational energy stored in the wheels. The pinewood derby car converts gravitational potential energy into translational kinetic energy (speed) plus rotational energy. Heavier wheels have a greater moment of inertia and their spinning takes away energy that would otherwise contribute to the speed of the car. A standard wheel has a mass of 2.6 g, but this can be reduced to as little as 1 g by removing material from the inside of the wheel. A raised wheel can reduce the rotational energy up to one-quarter, but this advantage is less with a bumpy track.[15]

text: Another consideration is the track itself. A track that is mostly sloping, with little flat at the end, can allow cars with minimal mass in their wheels to shine. However, a track with a steep slope and then a long flat section can penalize such cars due to the quick loss of energy they experience once they have reached the bottom, when all potential energy has been transferred to kinetic and rotational energy. Such cars will take a lead on the downslope, but may be passed by cars with more energy "stored" away as rotational energy on the flat.[15]

text: A proper lubricant, typically graphite powder, is essential. Wheel alignment is important both to minimize wheel contact with the axle head and body as well as to limit the contact between the wheels and guide rail as the car travels down the track. There are 32 friction causing surfaces on a pinewood derby car. These include the surfaces of all four wheels which touch either the axle, the body or the track and the surfaces of all four axles which touch the wheel. Neglecting to polish and lubricate any of these 32 surfaces will result in degraded performance. The center of mass of a typical car is low and slightly ahead of the rear axle, which helps the car track straight as well as providing a slight advantage due to the additional gravitational potential energy.[16]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: The pinewood derby was selected as part of "America's 100 Best" in 2006 as "a celebrated rite of spring" by Reader's Digest.[17] The event has also been parodied by South Park in the episode "Pinewood Derby" and in the film Down and Derby.[2]


document_title: Michael Jackson: Searching for Neverland

question_text: who plays michael jackson in searching for neverland

root

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Navi as Michael Jackson
Chad L. Coleman as Bill Whitfield
Sam Adegoke as Javon Beard
Aidan Hanlon Smith as Prince Jackson
Taegen Burns as Paris Jackson
Isabella Hofmann as Green

tag: ul

text: Development[edit]

text: On January 13, 2017, Lifetime announced that it had ordered a television biopic of Michael Jackson, which would be based on the book Remember the Time: Protecting Michael Jackson in His Final Days. Production was scheduled to begin in February in Los Angeles.[3]

tag: p

text: Reception[edit]

text: Viewership[edit]

text: On its premiere airing, the film was watched by 2 million viewers.[4]


document_title: Tee Grizzley

question_text: when did from the d to the a release

question_tokens: when did from the d to the a release

text: Tee Grizzley

text: Early life[edit]

text: Born in Detroit, Grizzley was raised by his grandmother in the Joy Road area of West Detroit.[1] In middle school, he founded the musical group, AllStars Ball Hard along with three of his friends.[1] In 2011, his mother was sentenced to 15 years in prison for drug trafficking. His father was murdered in 2012.[1]

text: On July 1, 2014, Tee Grizzley was one of three people arrested following an attempted robbery at a jewelry store in Lexington, Kentucky.[3][4] On September 30, 2015, he was sentenced to 18 months to 15 years for several robberies at Hubbard Hall on Michigan State University campus that took place in February 2014.[5] In October 2016, he was released from Michigan prison.[6]

text: Career[edit]

text: He first released "First Day Out" in November 2016. The music video, posted to YouTube, gained over 2 million views in less than three weeks.[7] He later signed to 300 Entertainment in 2017.[8] He released his second single, "Second Day Out", in February 2017.[9] His third single "From The D To The A" featuring Lil Yachty was released in March 2017.[10] He released "No Effort" and its accompanying music video on March 31, 2017.[11] His debut mixtape My Moment was released on April 7, 2017.[12] Grizzley said that his record sales tripled after his song was featured in a LeBron James Instagram post.[13][14] Grizzley's song "Teetroit" was released on July 28, 2017.[15] The single "Beef", featuring Meek Mill, was released on September 1, 2017.[16]

text: Discography[edit]

text: Mixtapes[edit]

text:
Title
Album details
Peak chart positions

US
[17]
US
R&B/
HH
[18]
US Rap
[19]

My Moment

Released: April 7, 2017[20]
Labels: Quality Control, 300, Atlantic
Format: Digital download

44
21
16

"—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory.

tag: table

text: Singles[edit]

text: As lead artist[edit]

text:
List of singles as lead artist, with showing year released and album name

Title
Year
Peak chart positions
Certifications
Album

US
[21]
US
R&B/HH
[22]
US
Rap
[23]

"First Day Out"[24]
2016
48
18
13

RIAA: Gold[25]

My Moment

"Second Day Out"[26]
2017
—
—
—

non-album singles

"From the D to the A"[27]
(featuring Lil Yachty)
—[A]
48
—

"No Effort"[29]
—
—[B]
—

My Moment

"Beef"[31]
(featuring Meek Mill)
—
—
—

non-album single

"—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory.

text: As featured artist[edit]

text:
List of singles as featured artist, with showing year released

Title
Year
Album

"Any Means Necessary"[32]
(Cash Kounty Pilot featuring Tee Grizzley)
2017

"I'm On 3.0"[33]
(Trae tha Truth featuring T.I., Dave East, Tee Grizzley, Royce da 5'9", Curren$y, D.R.A.M., Snoop Dogg, Fabolous, Rick Ross, Chamillionaire, G-Eazy, Styles P, E-40, Mark Morrison and Gary Clark, Jr.)
Tha Truth, Pt. 3

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ "From the D to the A" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number three on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart.[28]
Jump up ^ "No Effort" did not enter the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, but peaked at number four on the Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart.[30]

tag: ol


document_title: Slavic name suffixes

question_text: what does the suffix ic mean in croatian

text: Slavic name suffixes

text: This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (August 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: A Slavic name suffix is a common way of forming patronymics, family names, and pet names in the Slavic languages (also called the Slavonic languages). Many, if not most, Slavic last names are formed by adding possessive and other suffixes to given names and other words. Most Slavic surnames have suffixes which are found in varying degrees over the different nations. Some surnames are not formed in this way, including names of non-Slavic origin.

text: Note: the following list does not take regional spelling variations into account.

text:
-ov / -ev (-ova/-eva): Russia, Bulgaria, Republic of Macedonia, Serbia (especially frequent in Vojvodina), Croatia (rare) (sometimes as -iv in Ukraine) and Czechoslovakia (feminine forms only); this has been adopted by many non-Slavic peoples of Central Asia who are or have been under Russian rule, such as the Tatars, Chechens, Kyrgyz, Uzbeks, Kazakhs, etc. Note that -ev is the soft form of -ov, found after palatalized consonants or sibilants. The suffix -off comes from the French transliteration of -ov, based on the Muscovite pronunciation.
-sky (-ska), -ski (-ska), -skiy (-skaya): Poland, Ukraine, Russia, Czech Republic (-ský (-ská)), Slovakia (-ský/-sky (-ská/-ska)), Bulgaria, Republic of Macedonia, Serbia (especially in Vojvodina), Croatia.
Note that these first two can be combined: -ovsky (-ovska), -owski (-owska), -ovskiy (-ovskaya):  Republic of Macedonia, Belarus, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Poland, Russia, Slovakia, Ukraine, Serbia, Croatia.
-ić -vić -ović -ič -vič -ovič -ich, -vich, -vych, -ovich, -owicz/-ewicz: Serbia, Croatia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slovenia, Belarus, Poland, Slovakia, Ukraine, Russia, Republic of Macedonia (rare), occasionally Bulgaria. Yugoslav ex.: Petrović, means Petar's son. In Russia, where patronyms are used, a person may have two -(ov)ich names in a row; first the patronym, then the family name (see Shostakovich).
-in (-ina): Russia, Serbia (especially in Vojvodina), Bulgaria, Republic of Macedonia (rare)
-ko: Ukraine, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Belarus, also in Russia
-nko, -enko: of Ukrainian origin in Ukraine, Belarus, also in Russia
-enkov (-enkova): of Ukrainian origin in Ukraine, Belarus, also common in Russia and Bulgaria.
-ak/-ek/-ik (-akova/-ekova/-ikova): Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Belarus, Ukraine, Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, very rarely[citation needed] in Bulgaria.
-uk, -yuk: Ukraine
-chuk: Ukraine, Belarus; in Poland as -czyk
-ac/-ec: Slovenia and Croatia (both versions), Serbia (only -ac), Czech Republic and Slovakia (only -ec), Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine (as ец, -ets).

text: An example using an occupation is kovač, koval or kowal, which means blacksmith.  It is the root of the names Kovačević, Kovačić, Kowalski, Kowalchuk, Kowalczyk, Kovalenko, Kovalyov, and Kovalev.  All mean "descendant of a blacksmith".

text: The given name Petr or Petro (equivalent to Peter) can become Petrov, Petriv, Petriw, Petrovsky, Petrovich, and Petric.  All mean "descendant of Peter".  This is similar to the use of "-son" or "-sen" in Germanic languages.

text: In East Slavic languages (Belarusian, Russian, Rusyn, and Ukrainian) the same system of name suffixes can be used to express several meanings.  One of the most common is the patronymic.  Instead of a secondary "middle" given name, people identify themselves with their given and family name and patronymic, a name based on their father's given name.  If a man gives his full name as Boris Vladimirovich Kuznetsov, then his father's name must have been Vladimir: Vladimirovich in this case literally means "Vladimir's son".

text: Similarly, many suffixes can be attached to express affection or informality (in linguistics, called a diminutive).  For example, calling a boy named Ivan "Ivanko" or Yuri "Yurko" expresses that he is familiar to you. This is the same as referring to Robert to "Rob," "Bob" and "Bobby"; and William to "Bill", "Will" and "Willy".


document_title: Chambers Brothers (gang)

question_text: who is the movie new jack city based on

question_tokens: who is the movie new jack city based on

text: Chambers Brothers (gang)

text: This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (November 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The Chambers Brothers were a criminal organization heavily involved in the distribution of crack cocaine in the city of Detroit, Michigan during the 1980s. The brothers, B.J., Larry, Willie and Otis Chambers, became notorious nationally when the Detroit Police Department confiscated video tapes of the brothers counting their laundry baskets full of money, and flaunting their excessive wealth.

text: Cultural effects[edit]

text: In the novel Warpath, by Jeffry Scott Hansen, the street gang, The Six-Mile Syndicate, is based loosely on The Chambers Brothers gang.

text: In the 1991 film, New Jack City, the character, Nino Brown and his associates, were largely based on the real life Detroit gang The Chambers Brothers. As in the movie, The Chambers Brothers were also known for taking over an apartment complex known as "The Boulevard" on E. Ferry St. in Detroit (name was changed to "The Carter" in the film), which was used to house their drug selling operations.


document_title: The Emoji Movie

question_text: who played hi five in the emoji movie

question_tokens: who played hi five in the emoji movie

text: The Emoji Movie

text: Plot

text: Gene is an emoji that lives in Textopolis, a digital city inside the phone of his user Alex. He is the son of two meh emojis named Mel and Mary, and is able to make multiple expressions despite his parents' upbringing. His parents are hesitant of him going to work, but Gene insists so that he can feel useful. Upon receiving a text from his crush Addie, Alex decides to send her an emoji. When Gene is selected, he panics, makes a panicked expression, and wrecks the text center. Gene is called in by Smiler, a smiley emoji and leader of the text center, who concludes that Gene is a "malfunction" and therefore must be deleted. Gene is chased by bots, but is rescued by Hi-5, a once popular emoji who has since lost his fame due to lack of use. He tells Gene that he can be fixed if they find a hacker, and Hi-5 accompanies him so that he can reclaim his fame.

text: Smiler sends more bots to look for Gene when she finds out that he has left Textopolis, as his actions have caused Alex to think that his phone needs to be fixed. Gene and Hi-5 come to a piracy app where they meet a hacker emoji named Jailbreak, who wants to reach Dropbox so that she can live in the cloud. The trio is attacked by Smiler's bots, but manage to escape into the game Candy Crush. Jailbreak reveals that Gene can be fixed in the cloud, and the group goes off into the Just Dance app. While there, Jailbreak is revealed to be a princess emoji who fled home after tiring of being stereotyped. They are once again attacked by bots, and their actions cause Alex to delete the Just Dance app. Gene and Jailbreak escape, but Hi-5 is taken along with the app and ends up in the trash.

text: Mel and Mary go searching for Gene and have a very lethargic argument. They make up in the Instagram app when Mel reveals that he, too, is a malfunction, explaining Gene's behavior. While traveling through Spotify, Jailbreak admits that she likes Gene just the way he is, and that he should not be ashamed of his malfunction. They make it to the trash and rescue Hi-5, but are soon attacked by an upgraded bot. They evade it and enter Dropbox, where they encounter a firewall. The gang get past it with a password being Addie's name and make it to the cloud, where Jailbreak prepares to reprogram Gene. Gene admits his feelings for Jailbreak, but she wishes to stick to her plan of venturing into the cloud, unintentionally causing Gene to revert to his apathetic programming out of heartbreak. The upgraded bot takes Gene, and Hi-5 and Jailbreak race after them on a Twitter bird summoned by Jailbreak.

text: As Smiler prepares to delete Gene, Mel and Mary arrive and are also threatened. Jailbreak and Hi-5 arrive and disable the bot, which falls on top of Smiler. Alex has since taken his phone to the store and asks to have his phone erased to fix the problem. Out of desperation, Gene prepares to have himself texted to Addie, making numerous faces to express himself. Realizing that Addie received a text from him, Alex stops his phone from getting erased, saving the emoji and finally getting to speak with Addie. Gene accepts himself for who he is and is celebrated by all of the emojis.

text: In a mid-credits scene, Smiler has been relegated to the "loser lounge" with the other forgotten and unused emotions for her crimes, wearing numerous braces due to her teeth being cracked by the bot, and playing and losing a game of Go Fish.

text: Voice cast

text:
T.J. Miller as Gene Meh, an outsider "meh" emoji who can show multiple expressions[4][11]
James Corden as Hi-5, a hand emoji representing a high five signal[6][5][12]
Anna Faris as Jailbreak, a codebreaker emoji who is later revealed to be a princess emoji named Linda[12]
Maya Rudolph as Smiler, a smiley emoji and leader of the text center[13]
Steven Wright as Mel Meh, Gene's emoji father who is later revealed to have the same condition as his son[4]
Jennifer Coolidge as Mary Meh, Gene's emoji mother[13]
Patrick Stewart as Poop, a poop emoji[5][14]
Christina Aguilera as Akiko Glitter, a "super cool" dancer that lives inside the Just Dance app[15]
Sofía Vergara as Flamenca, a flamenco dancer emoji[16]
Sean Hayes as Steven, a devil emoji[17]
Rachael Ray as Spam, a spam message[18]
Jeff Ross as an Internet troll[19]
Jake T. Austin as Alex, a human teenager who owns the phone where Gene and his emoji friends live[13]
Tati Gabrielle as Addie McCallister, Alex's crush[20]
Rob Riggle as an ice cream emoji[4][21]

text: Production

text: The film was inspired by director Tony Leondis' love of Toy Story.[22] Wanting to make a new take on the concept, he began asking himself, "What is the new toy out there that hasn't been explored?" At the same time, Leondis received a text message with an emoji, which helped him realize that this was the world he wanted to explore.[22] In fleshing out the story, Leondis considered having the emojis visit the real world. However, his producer felt that the world inside a phone was much more interesting, which inspired Leondis to create the story of where and how the emojis lived.[22] As Leondis is gay, he connected to Gene's plight of "being different in a world that expects you to be one thing," and in eventually realizing that the feeling held true for most people, Leondis has said the film "was very personal".[22] The movie was fast tracked into production as there were concerns that the movie would become outdated otherwise.[23]

text: In July 2015, it was announced that Sony Pictures Animation had won the bidding war against Warner Bros. and Paramount Pictures over production rights to make the film,[24] with the official announcement occurring at the 2016 CinemaCon.[25] Singer Ricky Reed recorded an original song, "Good Vibrations", for the film.[26][27]

text: Casting

text: On World Emoji Day on June 17, 2016, Miller was announced as the lead.[11] Leondis created the part with Miller in mind, although the actor was initially hesitant to play the role, only accepting after Leondis briefed him on the story.[28] Leondis chose Miller because "when you think of irrepressible, you think of TJ. But he also has this surprising ability to break your heart".[28] in addition Miller also contributed some re-writes.[29] In October 2016, it was announced that Ilana Glazer and Corden would join the cast as well.[6] Glazer was later replaced by Anna Faris.[12] According to Jordan Peele, he was initially offered the role of "Poop", which he would go on to state led to his decision to retire from acting.[30] The part would ultimately go to Patrick Stewart.

text: Release

text: In November 2015, Sony scheduled the film to be released on August 11, 2017.[31] A year later, it was moved to August 4, 2017, with Baby Driver initially taking its previous date.[32] In late March 2017, the film was moved one week earlier, to July 28, 2017, switching places with Sony Pictures' The Dark Tower.[33]

text: On December 20, 2016, a teaser trailer for the film was released.[4] A second trailer was later released on May 16, 2017.[34][35] Sony promoted the release of the latter trailer by hosting a press conference in Cannes, the day before the 2017 Cannes Film Festival, which featured T. J. Miller parasailing in.[36] Variety called the event "slightly awkward",[37] and The Hollywood Reporter described it as "promotional ridiculousness".[36]

text: Days prior the film's release, Sony Pictures was criticized after the film's official Twitter account posted a promotional picture of a parody of The Handmaid's Tale, featuring Smiler. The parody was considered to be "tasteless" due to the overall themes of the work, and the image was deleted afterward.[38][39]

text: The film's theatrical release is preceded by Puppy!, a Hotel Transylvania short directed by Genndy Tartakovsky.[40][41]

text: Home media

text: The Emoji Movie was released on Blu-ray and DVD on October 24, 2017, by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment.[42]

text: Reception

text: Box office

text: The Emoji Movie has grossed $86.1 million in the United States and Canada and $130.9 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $217 million, against a production budget of $50 million.[3]

text: The Emoji Movie was released alongside Atomic Blonde, and was projected to gross around $20 million from 4,075 theaters in its opening weekend.[43] The film made $900,000 from Thursday night previews and $10.1 million on its first day.[44] It went on to debut to $24.5 million, finishing second at the box office behind Dunkirk.[45] It held the record for the worst opening for a film in over 4,000 theaters, until it was surpassed two weeks later by The Nut Job 2: Nutty by Nature, which had an opening of $8.3 million from 4,003 theaters.[46] In the film's second weekend, it dropped by nearly 50%, grossing $12.4 million and finishing in 3rd (behind The Dark Tower and Dunkirk).[47]

text: Review embargoes for the film were lifted midday July 27, only a few hours before the film premiered to the general public, in a move considered among one of several tactics studios are using to try to curb bad Rotten Tomatoes ratings.[48] Speaking of the effect embargoing reviews until last minute had on the film's debut, Josh Greenstein, Sony Pictures president of worldwide marketing and distribution, said, "The Emoji Movie was built for people under 18 ... so we wanted to give the movie its best chance. What other wide release with a score under 8 percent has opened north of $20 million? I don't think there is one."[48]

text: Critical response

text: Critics panned The Emoji Movie, calling it "unfunny and a waste of time".[49][50][51] Several major outlets, including BBC News, called The Emoji Movie one of the worst movies of 2017.[52] On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 9% based on 108 reviews, with an average rating of 2.7/10. The site's critical consensus displays a no symbol emoji ("🚫") in place of text.[53] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film has a weighted average score of 12 out of 100, based on 26 critics, indicating "overwhelming dislike".[54] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale,[45] while IMDb users gave the film a 3.1 out of 10.[55]

text: David Ehrlich of IndieWire gave the film a D, writing: "Make no mistake, The Emoji Movie is very, very, very bad (we're talking about a hyperactive piece of corporate propaganda in which Spotify saves the world and Sir Patrick Stewart voices a living turd), but real life is just too hard to compete with right now."[56] Alonso Duralde of TheWrap was also critical of the film, calling it "a soul-crushing disaster because it lacks humor, wit, ideas, visual style, compelling performances, a point of view or any other distinguishing characteristic that would make it anything but a complete waste of your time".[20]

text: Glen Kenny of The New York Times described the film as "nakedly idiotic", stating that the film plays off a Hollywood idea that the "panderingly, trendily idiotic can be made to seem less so".[57] Owen Gleiberman of Variety lambasted the film as "hectic situational overkill" and "lazy" while viciously criticizing the film, writing: "There have been worse ideas, but in this case the execution isn't good enough to bring the notion of an emoji movie to funky, surprising life."[19] Writing in The Guardian, Charles Bramesco called the film "insidious evil" and wrote that it was little more than an exercise in advertising smartphone downloads to children.[58] Writing for the Hindustan Times, Aditya Dogra acknowledged that viewers had noticed the similarities of The Emoji Movie to Inside Out, The Lego Movie, and Wreck-It Ralph.[59]

text: Accolades

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee(s)
Result

2018
Black Reel Awards
Outstanding Voice Performance
Maya Rudolph
Nominated

Golden Raspberry Awards
Worst Picture
Michelle Raimo Kouyate
Won

Worst Director
Tony Leondis
Won

Worst Screen Combo
Any two obnoxious emojis
Won

Worst Screenplay
Tony Leondis, Eric Siegel and Mike White
Won

The Razzie Nominee So Rotten You Loved It
The Emoji Movie
Nominated

Movieguide Awards
10 Best Family Movies of 2017
Columbia Pictures/Sony Pictures Entertainment
Nominated

Kids' Choice Awards
Favorite Animated Film
The Emoji Movie
Nominated


document_title: List of Ray Donovan episodes

question_text: how many episodes is ray donovan season 5

text: List of Ray Donovan episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
12
June 30, 2013 (2013-06-30)
September 22, 2013 (2013-09-22)

2
12
July 13, 2014 (2014-07-13)
September 28, 2014 (2014-09-28)

3
12
July 12, 2015 (2015-07-12)
September 27, 2015 (2015-09-27)

4
12
June 26, 2016 (2016-06-26)
September 18, 2016 (2016-09-18)

5
12[2]
August 6, 2017 (2017-08-06)
October 29, 2017 (2017-10-29)[3]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2013)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"The Bag or the Bat"
Allen Coulter
Ann Biderman
June 30, 2013 (2013-06-30)
1.35[4]

Ray Donovan fixes problems for a powerful LA law firm. Originally from South Boston, he now lives in the affluent city of Calabasas, CA. While dealing with his troubled family, including his wife Abby, daughter Bridget and son Coner, he learns of the return of his father, Mickey, released from prison on parole.

2
2
"A Mouth Is a Mouth"
Allen Coulter
Ann Biderman
July 7, 2013 (2013-07-07)
1.56[5]

Ray tries to send Mickey back to prison. Angry with Ray, Abby allows her kids to spend the day with Mickey. Ray handles two crises involving movie star clients: A-list actor Sean Walker receives a threatening message and a home invasion, while action hero Tommy Wheeler is blackmailed with a video of his sexual exploits.

3
3
"Twerk"
Greg Yaitanes
Ron Nyswaner
July 14, 2013 (2013-07-14)
1.45[6]

Mickey spends time with his sons. Ray "buys" a talented hip-hop artist, Marvin Gaye Washington, for his rapper neighbor. Bridget becomes friendly with Marvin. Ezra holds a fundraiser, in honor of his late wife, due to being haunted by past mistakes. Meanwhile, the real reason for Mickey's early parole is revealed.

4
4
"Black Cadillac"
John Dahl
David Hollander
July 21, 2013 (2013-07-21)
1.52[7]

Ray is forced by Abby to visit Bel Air Academy to see Bridget's potential new school, while trying to deal with a work situation. Meanwhile, Mickey meets his ex, Claudette, leading to old memories being relived.

5
5
"The Golem"
Dan Attias
Sean Conway
July 28, 2013 (2013-07-28)
1.46[8]

Bunchy receives his money from the settlement with the Church. Mickey and Ezra reminisce about old events while Mickey wears a wire. Ezra has an accident while driving at night, and believes he has killed someone. Terry and Frances' relationship grows stronger.

6
6
"Housewarming"
Michael Uppendahl
Brett Johnson
August 4, 2013 (2013-08-04)
1.45[9]

Ray tries to shut down Van Miller's investigation by drugging him, and using this to create an incriminating video. Bunchy throws a housewarming party, but it gets out of control. Ray finds out that Mickey put his kids in danger and retaliates.

7
7
"New Birthday"
Lesli Linka Glatter
David Hollander
August 11, 2013 (2013-08-11)
1.44[10]

Ray finds out about Bridget's relationship with Marvin and forbids her from seeing him, but she visits him anyway, leading to emotional upset. Meanwhile, Ray flies to Boston to search for Bostonian mobster, Sully. Abby and Deb enjoy themselves too much, which turns into trouble. Mickey makes Sean let him work on a movie project.

8
8
"Bridget"
Guy Ferland
Ann Biderman
August 18, 2013 (2013-08-18)
1.47[11]

The three Donovan brothers remember the anniversary of their sister's demise. Ray and Avi get the money back that Bunchy spent on his house. Terry goes after Frances' husband after he sees evidence she has been abused. Mickey has trouble relating to an actress he meets at the spa.

9
9
"Road Trip"
Jeremy Podeswa
Brett Johnson
August 25, 2013 (2013-08-25)
1.33[12]

Accepting Ray's offer to kill Mickey, Sully travels to Los Angeles, but the journey does not go as planned, forcing Avi to step in. Asked by Coner to attend an award show with Tommy Wheeler, Ray must first obtain a series of incriminating photographs of the actor; Miller steps up his efforts in his investigation.

10
10
"Fite Nite"
Tucker Gates
Sean Conway
September 8, 2013 (2013-09-08)
1.25[13]

The Donovans attend Daryll's fight at Terry's club. Meanwhile, Ray's deal with Sully is put into action. Mickey has a rendezvous. Bunchy encounters his abuser, sending him into a tailspin.

11
11
"Bucky Fuckn' Dent"
Dan Minahan
Ron Nyswaner
September 15, 2013 (2013-09-15)
1.41[14]

Horrible secrets are revealed when the Donovan boys encounter the priest who abused Bunchy and Ray when they were boys. Ray executes him. Ray sends Avi to protect his family, much to Abby's anger; Mickey asks a favor from Claudette when he finds himself under investigation for the murder of Sean Walker.

12
12
"Same Exactly"
Michael Apted
Ann Biderman
September 22, 2013 (2013-09-22)
1.41[15]

With Sully on the run, Ray suggests to Frank a bold strategy in finding him; Abby leaves Ray a heartfelt message; Lena convinces Bridget to forgive her father; An empowered Bunchy kicks Mickey out of his apartment; Terry feels guilty of his role in the priest's death; a final showdown at the docks has long-lasting effects.

text: Season 2 (2014)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

13
1
"Yo Soy Capitán"
Tucker Gates
Ann Biderman
July 13, 2014 (2014-07-13)
1.22[16]

Ray's life returns to normal. The FBI demands that Mickey be brought to them. Abby, concerned for their marriage, forces Ray into therapy with her. Meanwhile, Bunchy attempts to recover from his abuse and applies for a job, Terry obsesses over Frances and Coner is in trouble after assaulting a classmate.

14
2
"Uber Ray"
Michael Uppendahl
Ann Biderman & David Hollander
July 20, 2014 (2014-07-20)
1.27[17]

Having difficulty in controlling Mickey upon returning him to LA, Ray bribes corrupt parole officer Ronald Keith to keep an eye on his father. As Ed Cochran holds a press conference declaring the FBI caught Sully, Boston Globe reporter Kate McPherson launches her own investigation on what happened at the docks.

15
3
"Gem and Loan"
Phil Abraham
Michael Tolkin
July 27, 2014 (2014-07-27)
1.38[18]

Desperate to get Bridget into the prestigious Bel-Air Academy, Ray is forced to do an unusual favor for old rival Stu Feldman, which involves a married couple; Mickey's attempts to see his old lover are thwarted by Keith; Kate arrives at Terry's Fight Club looking for answers; Abby's therapist tries to convince her that Ray is bribing her. Marvin reenters Bridget's life.

16
4
"S U C K"
Tucker Gates
David Hollander
August 3, 2014 (2014-08-03)
1.45[19]

Ray and the FBI must deal with Tiny, Sully's nephew who spoke to the cops about his involvement in Sully's death. After sleeping with Kate, Ray purchases a new house for Abby, who befriends a police officer at a shooting range. Bunchy makes friends with a woman and her child at his new job; Kate attempts to talk to Mickey.

17
5
"Irish Spring"
Dan Attias
Ron Nyswaner
August 10, 2014 (2014-08-10)
1.42[20]

Ray gets compromising information on Cochran, who enjoys wife-swapping with one of his subordinates. Avi follows Kate as she investigates, but Ray will need to give her a new story. Meanwhile, Abby tries to enjoy her prospective new neighbors, but their comments lead to a violent outburst. Marvin takes Bridget to a party at the house of a hip-hop mogul. Coner "apologizes" to Alex - but it doesn't go well.

18
6
"Viagra"
John Dahl
Brett Johnson
August 17, 2014 (2014-08-17)
1.44[21]

Ashley introduces Ray to a new client; Ray turns to an unlikely source in finding dirt on Ed Cochran; Mickey sets his sights on a bigger payday; Terry and Potato Pie help Bunchy out when he gets a date with a single mother.

19
7
"Walk This Way"
Liev Schreiber
Ann Biderman
August 24, 2014 (2014-08-24)
1.35[22]

Coner requests that the Donovan family come together for his birthday, which Ray and Abby have forgotten; Ashley's stalker returns; Mickey's gift angers Daryl and strains his relationship with Claudette; An awkward incident leaves Bunchy confused; Terry learns an awful secret about his gym.

20
8
"Sunny"
John Dahl
David Hollander & Cheo Hodari Coker
August 31, 2014 (2014-08-31)
1.49[23]

Ray learns the truth about Abby's absences, and confronts Jim (the cop) about their affair. Cookie wants Marvin back for himself because he feels that his initial investment entitles him to all the money that the boy will make. Mickey gets the opportunity to sell his life story into a trilogy, but ends up losing it. Bridget is the sole witness to Cookie's brutality, who murders Marvin and Re-Kon.

21
9
"Snowflake"
Guy Ferland
Michael Tolkin & Brett Johnson
September 7, 2014 (2014-09-07)
1.63[24]

Ray and Abby have different opinions on how to handle Bridget's dangerous situation, where Cookie is trying to murder her. Kate turns to a new source for answers; Bunchy has an awkward moment with his girlfriend's son; Mickey and Shorty plan a heist.

22
10
"Volcheck"
Michael Uppendahl
David Hollander
September 14, 2014 (2014-09-14)
1.80[25]

Kate's return to Los Angeles sets off a violent chain of events involving Ray's past; Cochran is offered directorship of the FBI, but discovers the horrifying video made by Ray. Mickey and Shorty welcome two new members to their heist crew; Abby gives Jim a startling ultimatum;

23
11
"Rodef"
Michael Uppendahl
Ron Nyswaner & Brett Johnson
September 21, 2014 (2014-09-21)
1.68[26]

Ray prepares his loved ones for the event of his arrest; Mickey's heist does not go according to plan, and Terry is arrested and put into jail. Ray obtains the video of Marvin's murder; Jim cannot bring himself to follow through on Abby's plan; Ezra turns to Avi in dealing with Kate.

24
12
"The Captain"
Michael Uppendahl
Ann Biderman
September 28, 2014 (2014-09-28)
1.97[27]

Kate's murder at the hand of Avi (on Ezra's orders) forces Ray into action against several of his enemies; After the stolen safe yields less than expected, Mickey comes up with a new source for money; Jim gives Abby an enticing offer; An imprisoned Terry refuses to accept bail; Bunchy reveals his past to Patty; Ray kills Cookie in order to protect his daughter.

text: Season 3 (2015)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

25
1
"The Kalamazoo"
Colin Bucksey
David Hollander
July 12, 2015 (2015-07-12)
1.04[28]

Ezra is visited in his hospital bed by sinister Father Thomas Romero. A confused Ezra protests his presence. Romero quizzes Ezra about the buried priest. Deborah ushers the priest away and Ezra demands that Ray is called and warned, Ray does not take these calls, soon afterward, Ezra dies. Ray rescues a client from a potential sex scandal with his usual style and heads to a bar where Abby calls him to tell him of Ezra’s passing. Ray consoles himself with some rough sex with a stranger. Mickey, at his apartment complex, looks after the daughter of call girl Ginger who lives there. Mickey dislikes Ginger’s pimp and after attempting to convince him to change his ways or location resorts to drugging him and tossing him into the pool to drown. Ray meets Andrew Finney in his enormous house. Ray is engaged to recover Finney’s kidnapped son and is provided with ransom money. Ray later meets with the kidnappers and rescues the son, who had originally planned the kidnapping with a friend to get the cash, but the drug dealers they enlisted took over murdering his friend. Finney approves of the outcome and pays Ray. A smartened but broke Bunchy (Brendan) Donovan is trying to manage the Gym whilst Terry is in jail. Abby visits for a drink and helps out. Bridget rejects a ride home from school from her drunken mother and complains about this to Coner when at home. Abby stops to rescues a huge dog from the highway and takes it home with her. Romero convinces a police officer to give him a box of evidence relating to the deceased Father Danny.

26
2
"Ding"
Ed Bianchi
William Wheeler
July 19, 2015 (2015-07-19)
1.26[29]

Mickey tries to take over Gary’s girls, gets a loan secured on Daryll’s car, and buys coke for the girls to sell. He takes Audrey to her audition where she is not successful. Ray takes on a job from Paige Finney. He is to find Carl LaFell, the husband of a woman that a football star has been having an affair with and pay him off. She tricks Donovan into bringing Carl to a meeting only to see his wife in flagrante delicto with the quarterback – whose arm LaFell then breaks. When Ray realises this, he demands a check for the money – which Malcolm Finney pays out. Finney also offers to buy Ray and his firm, but Donovan says he is not for sale. Ray takes the check to LaFell who says he doesn’t want it. Ray persists, only to be rewarded with a series of punches. Avi offers Lena a partnership in his new business. When she tells Ray, he says she should take it. When Bridget calls Ray about Abby’s behaviour, he visits briefly. Later, Abby catches Connor watching porn and pleasuring himself. She calls Ray to tell him and invites Ray to dinner. He tentatively accepts but ends up not attending. Bunchy falls for the female member of the Mexican team, training at the gym in a big way. Her outfits and demeanor, especially towards Bunchy, are suggestive of a dominatrix. The group’s manager suggests using the gym as a venue for their show. Father Romero, posing as a member of Bunchy's support group, joins the gym. Terry is involved in a fight in prison, despite Ray paying a guard to protect him. Terry floors his opponent, but a rematch is arranged where Terry is stabbed with a shank. Terry still prevails, but ends up in solitary.

27
3
"Come and Knock on Our Door"
Dan Attias
David Hollander
July 26, 2015 (2015-07-26)
1.44[30]

A beaten-up Ray returns home in the early morning to surprise Bridget and apologize for missing dinner. While talking, Ray sees the ghost of his dead sister in the room and leaves. This apparition will haunt him throughout the day. Mickey explains his plan to the reluctant girls who agree to try it for one day, but Mickey receives a call from the prison and leaves Daryll to look after business. Daryll is soon overwhelmed with the role but Bunchy arrives and helps out. Ray is visited by Finney’s men who try, but fail, to bring him onto the payroll. Mickey and Ray try different approaches to get Terry out of prison before he is killed by the Aryan gang for killing one of their members in a prison fight. Both try and fail at the prison and Mickey ends up inadvertently killing the judge, who had already turned down cash from Ray. In desperation, Ray turns to Finney, who, in turn, leans on a reluctant Governor Verona, ensuring Terry is released that evening. Ray repays Finney by signing up to work for him. The girls return to a troubled Mickey, who is glum even upon seeing his large cut of the action. Ray calls, saying Terry will be freed. Mickey then cheers up, and claims joint responsibility for the release to Bunchy and Daryll. Ray collects Terry from the prison.

28
4
"Breakfast of Champions"
Lesli Linka Glatter
Brett Johnson
August 2, 2015 (2015-08-02)
1.37[31]

Abby visits her family in Boston, flirting with old flame Gus, in her brother Dave’s bar. Margaret, her sister, and Abby don’t get along. Abby spends most of the day drinking and bonding with Margaret’s daughter, Lauren, and resists Ray's demand she return home. After a brief war of words the sisters patch things up. Bridget has a bad day at school and tries to get her teacher on-side. Coner skips school and borrows Abby’s car; some girls ask to come round for the day but Coner ends up disappointed when they all bring their boyfriends. Coner and one of the guys come to blows with Coner eventually beating him with a bat; Bridget arrives before things get too ugly. Mickey tries to patch things up with Terry, though, as usual, his ways only serve to make things worse. Ray spends the day at Finney’s Imperial Studios. He shepherds Casey around as required and helps Paige overcome some personnel issues so that she can best portray the studio to a potential buyer. Andrew Finney first says the deal is off but after interjections from Paige says it is back on again. Alone, Finney tells Ray that he works only for him –- and suggests things will get ugly with the rest of the brood. Paige later calls Ray asking to meet, Ray declines, stating that he works only for her father. Going home, Ray gets a frosty reception from Bridget but stays at the family home in Abby’s absence.

29
5
"Handshake Deal"
Colin Bucksey
Gina Welch
August 9, 2015 (2015-08-09)
1.32[32]

Mickey sets up a girls and gear party for PJ and his tech company Kwip. All goes well until more product than agreed is consumed, leaving Mickey $10,000 down. One of the girls gets busy with Coner. Ray is tasked by Finney with retrieving a phone which contains damaging evidence of Governor Verona’s dalliances. He enlists Lena to help and brings her back on staff. The phone recovered, Ray discovers that Paige was among Verona’s indiscretions. Bunchy’s heart is broken when Teresa and family leave after Terry spikes the wrestling deal. Romero tries further to befriend Bunchy. Bridget is having trouble with her college application; Ray’s attending a meeting with her doesn’t help so she phones her Mom. Abby, who has agreed to buy the bar and put in Margaret’s name, agrees to come home. On hearing from her sister that she needs Ray to agree to the bar deal Margaret becomes angry. Mickey tries to extend his loan with the Armenians and ends up agreeing to give them 50% of the business. Paige wants the phone but Ray insists his loyalties lie with her father. On meeting Finney he implies that the phone has been destroyed, Finney is displeased but seems content that his daughter does not have it. Ray later meets with Paige and offers the phone for 5% of the NFL deal, but settles for 3%. Ray comes home to find Mickey and Coner there, sending Coner to bed; Ray shares a quick drink with his father. After Mickey leaves Ray watches TV with the dog and then Abby comes home.

30
6
"Swing Vote"
John Dahl
Michael Tolkin
August 16, 2015 (2015-08-16)
1.61[33]

The Minassians take Mickey to visit another of their business partners and show him the punishment that awaits if payment is late. He returns to the apartment complex to find Ginger packed and ready to leave as Mrs Rosenblatt has threatened to call child protection about Audrey, Mickey says he will help and she should stay. Abby asks Ray if he wants a divorce, he doesn’t answer straight away but later calls saying a divorce is not what he wants, he wants to build a better life for them all. Bunchy shares his feelings about losing Teresa with his support group, Romero convinces him they should go and see her in Bakersfield on the trip Romero claims to have stabbed his own abuser in the eyes. Terry receives a weight plate shaped calling card from the Aryans. Ray gets confirmation from Lee Drexler that his contract with Paige is good and signs it. He is then called in by Finney to help delay a potential bidder for the NFL team, so that he misses the deadline. He despatches Lena to intercept this Mr Sylvester, whom they drug and deposit in a motel room. Paige gets the deal signed, though has to agree to a 10% break fee. Bunchy visits Teresa and asks her to marry him, despite her protestations he says he will wait at a diner down the street until she changes her mind. At the diner, Romero tricks Bunchy into saying how his abuser was despatched. Teresa does arrive and agrees to go with Bunchy – but only if he agrees to: tell the truth, be faithful, not hit her and drop the name Bunchy, Brendan agrees. At the election party Abby is introduced to Verona and the Finney clan. Ray leaves for a while to attend to a petrified Terry. On returning, with Verona losing the election and having found out about the deal with Paige, Finney expresses his disappointment at Ray.

31
7
"All Must Be Loved"
Tucker Gates
David Hollander
August 23, 2015 (2015-08-23)
1.37[34]

Terry’s specialist advises him that recent events are normal for Parkinson’s and he should really have in-home support, Ray agrees with Abby that he could move in with them, Terry later declines. Darryl is beaten and his car is taken by the Armenians who had come after a $30k payment, Mickey says he will sort it out and arranges to meet them with the money. Bunchy tells his family of his intention to marry Teresa and asks Ray for his settlement money. Ray OK’s the financing for Abby’s father’s bar. Paige tells Donovan she is divorcing Varick and fronts Ray $200k to bribe Helen Miller of Fish & Game. Romero calls Ray and asks for a meet, saying he knows about Father O’Connor’s murder. At the meeting he offers forgiveness if Ray confesses, Ray starts to confess then leaves – Romero follows but Ray turns on the priest and beats him until Terry pulls him off – Romero excommunicates them but calls for Ray to repent. Bunchy goes to Mickey looking for more work, Mickey takes him to the meeting with the Armenians, who, on discovering Mickey has given them play money lay in to Mickey and Darryl outnumbering and overwhelming them until Bunchy steps in – Darryl later tells Mickey that reprisals are a certainty. Bridget's crush on her tutor, Greg Donellen, moves to the next level. Paige summons Ray on the pretext of business, but on arriving her motives are clearly more about pleasure.

32
8
"Tulip"
Michael Uppendahl
David Hollander & William Wheeler
August 30, 2015 (2015-08-30)
1.44[35]

Paige tells Ray, her overnight guest, that they must seal the deal with Napier that week to keep everything on track. Ray enlists Helen Miller to provide some evidence (snakes which have been used to traffic drugs) which will be planted on Miller. Despite good planning by Ray and Lena, one of the snakes bites Miller, thwarting their plans. Romero shows up at the gym and has Bunchy summon Ray. Armed and ready to dispose of another priest, Ray is surprised when Romero simply hands him all of the evidence that he has gathered and leaves. The Armenians take revenge by torching Daryll’s car. The investigating police officer tells Mickey that she is aware of his activities and that he can either become an informant again or he, Darryl and Bunchy will likely face jail. Mickey later calls her and agrees. A disgruntled Varick is denied access to Finney so sneaks in through a back door. He threatens to expose his relationship with Finney who responds by hitting him, fatally, with a fire poker. Finney calls in Ray who, in turn, brings Avi back to help clean up with Lena. Burning and burying Varick’s body (along with Romero’s evidence) in a deep desert grave, Avi tries to convince Ray that Kate's murder was for Ray’s good. Finney, as agreed with Ray, tells Paige he will pay Napier’s price for the land and that she can take control of the deal going forward. Avi lays a false trail suggesting Varick fled south of the border. Bridget visits Donellen at home. He is on painkillers, and after he falls asleep on the couch Bridget snuggles up alongside him. Abby gets Terry cleaned up somewhat and he ends up staying in the room that Abby had prepared for him.

33
9
"The Octopus"
Colin Bucksey
Brett Johnson
September 6, 2015 (2015-09-06)
1.41[36]

Mickey is required by Detective Muncie to work with them on a sting operation against the Minassians and their Russian supplier of trafficked girls, Ivan Belikov. Preparations for Bunchy’s wedding are underway but at the rehearsal dinner Ray gives less a best man’s speech, more a mumbled couple of sentences. Ray has Lena check out Teresa and family, who are mostly clean. Terry’s Parkinson’s (or meds) give him nightmares and when checking out the noise Abby and Ray find a shaken and embarrassed Terry has wet the bed. The NFL is checking the Finneys' deal and the absence of Varick leads them to have one of their investigators, disgraced former FBI director Ed Cochran, look into the deal. Cochran seems to relish the prospect of encountering Ray again. Mickey hides out in a motel. Muncie goes looking for him and arrests groom-to-be Bunchy when Mickey cannot be located. Ray agrees with Muncie to swap father for brother, then tracks down Mickey and convinces him to return. Mickey meets with the Minassians and sees the pictures of the sex-slaves that Belikov is controlling; he is shaken by these. Bridget is out bowling with Donellen who admits his feelings for her. Bunchy and Teresa are married and the reception is a success with Ray delivering a fine and moving speech. Mickey asks Ray for help with his situation. Ray asks Lena to look into the Minassians.

34
10
"One Night in Yerevan"
Dan Attias
Gina Welch & David Hollander
September 13, 2015 (2015-09-13)
1.43[37]

Ray is planning to get Mickey out of his sticky situation with the cops by working with old employer Lee Drexler. Ray gets Lee to act as a legal representative for Mickey. Their angle is to say that Mickey is senile, which is signed off on by a doctor whom they pay, and then appoint Ray as his guardian. That means that Mickey can’t rightfully participate in Muncie’s sting. Ray also tries to convince the Minassians to let Mickey out of the deal they made, and asks for help from an Armenian pop star whom Ray had helped out in the past. Meanwhile, Cochran is gathering more evidence in his investigation of Ray, using the vetting of the Finney NFL deal as a reason to dig into any potential dirty business. Cochran is getting closer to learning the truth. He meets with Finney, gets a sense of where he stands, and also bribes his way into Avi’s storage locker. Worried about Bridget, Abby searches her room for something that will help her figure out what’s wrong. She finds Mr. Donellen’s pill bottle and confronts Bridget about it. When Abby learns the truth, she first threatens to call the cops. Donellen lies to Abby telling her that Bridget is obsessed with him because they both lost loved ones.

35
11
"Poker"
Colin Bucksey
Michael Tolkin & Brett Johnson
September 20, 2015 (2015-09-20)
1.45[38]

Cochran sends the LAPD, via their website, a map of where Varick’s body is buried, his screen observed remotely by Avi and Lena. He then plants the poker at Ray's apartment and has Finney tell the police chief that it was Ray who killed Varick. Finney asks Paige to back him up. Avi calls Ray and they agree the body should be moved. Ray answers some of a detective’s questions about Varick, but Lee Drexler arrives and concludes the conversation. Lee tells Ray that Finney had implicated him; Ray sees Finney’s lawyer and tells him to have Finney recant his statement. Cochran arrives home to find Ray there, Ray asks where the poker is, but it takes a bullet to the leg and some persuasion to get the location. Ray recovers the poker just before the police arrive – Lena speeds it away. Bridget, though grounded, visits Donellen and tells him how she feels but he gently rebuffs her. Abby arrives and takes Bridget away. Terry makes a pass at Abby. Ray intercepts Paige on her way into the LAPD offices and he tries to convince her to tell the truth. She tells the police that Finney killed Varick and that they were lovers. Ray and his team deposit the body and poker in a dumpster at Finney’s home. Paige tells Finney she made her statement, but not its contents, and Lena torches the body. Ray and his team return a bruised Cochran to Dybek. Mickey avoids having to move to Reno by convincing his boys he has Alzheimer’s, and claims that he is scared that Ray will lock him away somewhere. Ray confronts Mickey, and Mickey tells Ray they will all hate him if he is sent away, forcing Ray to relent.

36
12
"Exsuscito"
David Hollander
David Hollander & William Wheeler
September 27, 2015 (2015-09-27)
1.50[39]

TV news covers unfolding events at the Finney house, Paige arrives at Ray’s apartment to ride out the media storm. Ray leaves and goes home. Bridget is in Santa Monica and arranges a liaison with Greg Donellen. Teresa wakes Bunchy and rides him before she takes him to the hills and tells him she is pregnant, Bunchy reacts badly and admits he is worried about how good a parent he would be and doesn’t want to disappoint her. Abby searches for Bridget, hammering on Donellen’s door getting no response. Meanwhile Ray arrives home where Terry, reluctantly, tells him about Donellen. Ray calls Bridget, who does not answer, when Abby texts asking where she is she says at Mickey’s. Terry agrees to collect her; Abby tells Ray who agrees to meet there. Ray is second to arrive but sees two of the Armenians armed for revenge, he gets a gun and finds the Armenians shooting out Mickey’s apartment, Ray shoots at them but they leave quickly. Michelle is killed and Terry is badly hurt. Ray and Mickey rush Terry to the hospital. Avi advises that the Minassians will kill all of Ray's family, so Ray and Avi plan to eliminate them. Waiting as Minassians arrive at their club they are surprised to see Mickey arrive and gun down the doorman before entering the building. They follow and between them dispatch the Armenian men, though Ray is wounded. Mickey slits the throat of Ovsanna Minassian. Ray next goes to rescue Bridget. Donellen has declined Bridget’s advances but this doesn’t stop Ray from punching him a few times hard. He takes Bridget with him to the hospital where Terry is. She says Ray doesn’t love her or anyone, and leaves. She goes home and packs her bags. Terry is in a bad way, wounded and weakened. Ray goes to see Romero so he will visit Terry. Romero awaits his confession, Terry’s heart arrests. Ray confesses and tells of Father O’Connor’s misdeeds against him; Terry regains consciousness. Leaving the confessional Ray collapses. Romero drives him back towards L.A.

text: Season 4 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

37
1
"Girl with Guitar"
Liev Schreiber
David Hollander
June 20, 2016 (2016-06-20) (online)
June 26, 2016 (2016-06-26) (Showtime)
1.11[40]

Ray and Terry have recovered. Ray attends his first abuse survivors' support meeting and tries to get Bridget to move back home. Abby gets alarming medical news that she has cancer. Mickey's new con fizzles. Ray gets a job offer but then has to help a friend out of a jam.

38
2
"Marisol"
John Dahl
Mike Binder & Rob Fresco
July 3, 2016 (2016-07-03)
1.15[41]

Ray helps Hector handle a person from his past who threatens to reveal a secret that could ruin Hector's boxing career. Meanwhile, Abby offers Bunchy a lesson in marital compromise; and Det. Muncie uses incriminating evidence against the Donovans to force Ray's hand, which draws him further in the path of the Russian mob.

39
3
"Little Bill Primm's Big Green Horseshoe"
Michael Apted
David Hollander & Miki Johnson
July 10, 2016 (2016-07-10)
1.34[42]

Ray struggles with not bringing work home, while boxing brings drama to both homes. Meanwhile his fathers paradox luck pulls him closer to his son.

40
4
"Federal Boobie Inspector"
Phil Abraham
Sean Conway
July 17, 2016 (2016-07-17)
1.27[43]

Ray visits a Hollywood power player in an attempt to get the Russian mob off his back and unearths a secret Ezra shared in the past. Meanwhile, Lena and an ex-girlfriend take Abby out on the town to help her confront fears over her recent cancer diagnosis; and Mickey offers his boys a job prospect and tries to assimilate back into the family.

41
5
"Get Even Before Leavin'"
Robert McLachlan
Chad Feehan
July 24, 2016 (2016-07-24)
1.27[44]

Ray goes with Mickey to Primm, to retrieve the money from the recent heist at the Casino. Meanwhile, Abby has some difficult decisions to make about her cancer, Bridget returns home and Bunchy has serious marital problems.

42
6
"Fish and Bird"
Daisy von Scherler Mayer
David Hollander
July 31, 2016 (2016-07-31)
1.24[45]

Mickey takes the blame for the Armenian hit and goes to prison. Belikov is released. Bunchy baptizes his daughter and comes to live with Ray after Teresa left him. Ray settles his debt with the Russian mob, but new troubles arise.

43
7
"Norman Saves the World"
Tricia Brock
Mike Binder & David Sonnenborn
August 7, 2016 (2016-08-07)
1.13[46]

Ray has a confrontation with a Hollywood agent and a former fixer; without the protection of the Russians, Ray helps Mickey secure his own safety.

44
8
"The Texan"
Tucker Gates
David Hollander & Sean Conway
August 14, 2016 (2016-08-14)
1.21[47]

Ray and Abby find out about Conor's gun; Hector's plans get surprisingly interrupted by Marisol.

45
9
"Goodbye Beautiful"
James Whitmore Jr.
Chad Feehan & Miki Johnson
August 21, 2016 (2016-08-21)
1.21[48]

Sonia asks Ray for help. Mickey, Bunchy and Teresa go to Primm. The Russians find out about Belikov.

46
10
"Lake Hollywood"
Stephen Williams
David Hollander & Mike Binder
August 28, 2016 (2016-08-28)
1.00[49]

Hector's wife confronts him and he deals with Marisol. Mickey, Bunchy and Teresa go to Ray's house. Ray does everything he can to ensure his family's safety and save his friend.

47
11
"Chinese Algebra"
John Dahl
Sean Conway & Chad Feehan
September 11, 2016 (2016-09-11)
1.47[50]

Ray's latest attempt to save Avi and square his debts to the mob takes a hit when FBI agent Frank Barnes becomes involved.

48
12
"Rattus Rattus"
David Hollander
David Hollander
September 18, 2016 (2016-09-18)
1.34[51]

As the Campos fight gets underway, Ray desperately turns to his family for help.

text: Season 5 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

49
1
"Abby"
David Hollander
David Hollander
August 6, 2017 (2017-08-06)
1.13[52]

Ray begins court-ordered anger management after a family tragedy sparks a bar fight. Meanwhile, Mickey, Bunchy and Daryll prepare for Terry and Maureen's wedding and Bridget looks up a mysterious acquaintance in New York. Conor adjusts to military school and Samantha Winslow, a studio head, hires Ray to do some work for her.

50
2
"Las Vegas"
John Dahl
David Hollander & Miki Johnson
August 13, 2017 (2017-08-13)
1.11[53]

A flashback to Ray and Abby's 21st anniversary when they went to Las Vegas to see Damon's first televised fight. In the present, movie star Natalie James hires Ray to protect her from her abusive manager, who has also impregnated her. Hopes for a beautiful day are dashed at Terry and Maureen's wedding as tensions flare between the Donovans and the Dohertys.

51
3
"Dogwalker"
John Dahl
Sean Conway
August 20, 2017 (2017-08-20)
1.06[54]

Ray cleans up Natalie's mess. At home, however, he struggles to reconnect with his family and complete anger management. Unable to reach Maureen, Terry visits Conor at military school. A surprise visit from Frank Barnes threatens to sink Mickey back into a life of violence. Bunchy happens upon the business opportunity of a lifetime to provide for Teresa and Maria.

52
4
"Sold"
Tucker Gates
Chad Feehan
August 27, 2017 (2017-08-27)
1.07[55]

Mickey's screenwriting dreams stall out - until he's pulled into a gruesome fix for Daryll's movie star client. Abby starts construction on the new bar while Ray searches for a solution to their problem. Terry tries to win back Maureen one last time. Bunchy takes the cash out of his safe for a business deal. However, he stops at a local sandwich shop with all his money in a diaper bag and is robbed. Bridget tells her boyfriend that her father is not a nice man, and intentionally got him sick so that Abby could take his place on an experimental cancer treatment.

53
5
"Shabbos Goy"
Daisy von Scherler Mayer
David Hollander & William Wheeler
September 10, 2017 (2017-09-10)
1.08[56]

Tom and Vicky blackmail Winslow, and demand money and one of her Oscar statuettes. Ray is looking for Natalie. Mickey finds Avi, but is unable to murder him for Frank Barnes.

54
6
"Shelley Duvall"
Michael Uppendahl
Miki Johnson & David Sonnenborn
September 17, 2017 (2017-09-17)
1.05[57]

Terry visits Bridget, Landry finds out that Natalie is staying with Ray, and asks to see her. Upon confronting Natalie, Landry grabs her roughly, and Ray stops him.

55
7
"If I Should Fall from Grace with God"
Michael Uppendahl
David Hollander & Chad Feehan
September 24, 2017 (2017-09-24)
1.15[58]

56
8
"Horses"
Zetna Fuentes
William Wheeler
October 1, 2017 (2017-10-01)
1.22[59]

57
9
"Mister Lucky"
Guy Ferland
Sean Conway
October 8, 2017 (2017-10-08)
1.21[60]

58
10
"Bob the Builder"
Stephen Williams
Chad Feehan
October 15, 2017 (2017-10-15)
1.24[61]

59
11
"Michael"
Carl Franklin
Miki Johnson
October 22, 2017 (2017-10-22)
1.23[62]

60
12
"Time Takes a Cigarette"[63]
David Hollander
David Hollander
October 29, 2017 (2017-10-29)
TBD


document_title: Two-front war

question_text: how many fronts did germany fight in ww2

text: Two-front war

text: Ancient times[edit]

text: One of the earliest examples of a two-front war occurred in the third century BC, when the Roman Republic fought the First Macedonian War contemporaneously with the Second Punic War against Carthage. Also, after the consolidation of the Roman Empire's frontier in the reign of Augustus, the Roman forces had to contend with multiple enemies in its frontiers: in the Rhine, Danube and Mesopotamia, with various examples of emperors (such as Septimius Severus and Aurelian) who marched their armies from one side of the empire to another to face them. In the later period, after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, the surviving part, the Byzantine Empire had to face invaders coming from both west and east and simultaneously trying to preserve its territories in Italy.

text: Seven Years' War[edit]

text: During the Seven Years' War, the Kingdom of Great Britain invaded New France, creating a two-front war with France.

text: Napoleonic Wars[edit]

text: During the Napoleonic Wars, France repeatedly fought on multiple fronts. For example, France fought the Spanish and Anglo-Portuguese army in the Peninsular War while fighting the Russian Empire at the same time during its invasion of Russia. Their main adversaries the British were also engaged on multiple fronts at various times, having also to contend with the United States starting with the War of 1812 in Canada, the Chesapeake Bay, and Louisiana.

text: World War I[edit]

text: During World War I, Germany under Kaiser Wilhelm II fought a two-front war against French, British, Belgian, and (later) American forces on the Western Front while simultaneously fighting the Russians on the Eastern Front. Russia’s participation ended in the First World War, when the Bolshevik leaders signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany in March 1918. Germany had foreseen such a scenario, and developed the Schlieffen Plan in order to counteract being surrounded by its enemies.[citation needed] Under the Schlieffen Plan, German forces would invade France via Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands (the idea to go through the Netherlands was abandoned because of the country's neutrality), quickly capturing Paris and forcing France to sue for peace. The Germans would then turn their attention to Russia in the east before the Tsar could mobilize his massive forces. Due to several factors however, the Germans failed to achieve the plan's aims.

text: World War II[edit]

text: The most famous example of a two-front war was the European theatre during World War II, when Hitler's Nazi Germany had to confront the Western Allies on the west and the Soviet Union to the east. The Germans were unable to repel either of the advances on the two fronts and eventually lost the war. While there were other contributing factors, such as the insufficiency of the Wehrmacht for a long war and the abandonment of blitzkrieg tactics because of fuel shortages and a rising need to defend territory, the two-front war was an important factor in deciding when the German military would be forced to surrender.

text: The Allies, especially the United States, also fought a two-front war, splitting their forces between the European theatre against Nazi Germany and the Pacific War against the Japanese Empire, which was fighting in both Asia and the Pacific.

text: The Axis Powers had the opportunity to force the Soviet Union into a two-front war by means of a Japanese attack on the Soviet Far East, but the Japanese decided against doing so because of their defeats in the Soviet–Japanese border conflicts. While Germany and the United States remained respective threats, the Soviets and Japanese did not fight each another until the August 9 Soviet–Japanese War, three months after the surrender of Germany. Japan thus fought a two-front war as well and split its forces between China in the Second Sino-Japanese War and the United States in the Pacific Theatre. The Soviet Union later invaded Manchuria, worsening the situation for Japan.

text: In the case of the United States, the Pacific Theatre was primarily a naval and air effort despite losing ships during the 1941 Pearl Harbor Attack while ground forces were used in Europe. Like in Japan, most ground troops were fighting China, and the Pacific Theatre was also primarily a naval and aerial battle. It was also the first time the United States ever fought a two-front war.

text: Israeli-Arab Wars[edit]

text: In the 1948 Israeli-Arab War, the Israelis fought the Egyptians to the south and the Jordanians and Syria in the east and the north. Israel again fought two-front wars in the Six-Day War of 1967 and the Yom Kippur War of 1973.

text: Cold War[edit]

text: A major rationale for the American 600-ship Navy plan in the 1980s was to threaten the Soviet Union with a two-front war, in Europe and the Pacific Ocean, in the event of hostilities.[citation needed]

text: Metaphorical usage[edit]

text: The term is often used metaphorically. An example is when a moderate politician faces political "attacks" from those to his left and those to his right.

text: Military strategy

text: Articles needing additional references from November 2007All articles needing additional referencesArticles that may contain original research from November 2014All articles that may contain original researchAll articles with unsourced statementsArticles with unsourced statements from November 2007


document_title: History of the minimum wage

question_text: when was the minimum wage introduced in uk

text: History of the minimum wage

text: New Zealand[edit]

text: New Zealand enacted the first national minimum wage laws in 1894 by the Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Act, which, unlike the wages board of Victoria, established arbitration boards to enforce compulsory arbitration.[1]

text: Australia[edit]

text: In 1896, Victoria, Australia, amended the Factories and Shops Act to create a wages board.[1] The wages board did not set a universal minimum wage; rather it set basic wages for six industries that were considered to pay low wages.[2] First enacted as a four-year experiment, the wages board was renewed in 1900 and made permanent in 1904; by that time it covered 150 different industries.[3]

text: By 1902, other Australian states, such as New South Wales and Western Australia, had also formed wages boards.[1]

text: In 1907, the Harvester decision was handed down in Australia. It established a 'living wage' for a man, his wife, and two children to "live in frugal comfort".

text: On 14 December 2005, the Australian Fair Pay Commission was established under the Workplace Relations Amendment (WorkChoices) Act 2005. The responsibility of the commission includes the setting of the standard federal minimum wage,[4] replacing the role of the Australian Industrial Relations Commission that took submissions from a variety of sources to determine appropriate minimum wages.

text: The Australian Fair Pay Commission was replaced by Fair Work Australia in 2010.[5]

text: Great Britain[edit]

text: The minimum wage was a major factor in British industrial relations from 1909 until the 1930s.[6]

text: After a study of the minimum wage laws in Australia and New Zealand The Liberal Party acted to set up a minimum wage in the most heavily sweated or underpaid industries, as part of a broad range of social reforms. Winston Churchill, president of the Board of Trade, introduced the Trade Boards Act in 1909. It created boards that set minimum wage criteria that were legally enforceable. The main provision was to set minimum wages in certain trades with the history of low wages, because of surplus of available workers, the presence of women workers, or the lack of skills. At first it applied to four industries: chain-making, ready-made dresses. paper-box making, and the machine-made lace and finishing trade. About 70 per cent of their 200,000 workers were women.[7]

text: Coal mining was added in 1912, after a major strike. In 1913, five additional wage boards were set up that covered hollow ware making, shirt making, sugar confectionery and food preserving, tin box making, and linen and cotton embroidery, along with a portion of the laundry industry. These extensions led to an additional 140,000 being covered by minimum wage legislation. Unions pushed for the 1918 Act to greatly extend the coverage of minimum wages[8] In 1917, Whitley councils or Joint Industrial Councils were established in 41 industries with over 2 million employees to bring together unions and management to discuss not only wages and conditions but also a wide range of related issues such as jobs, security, benefits and technical education.[9]

text: Starting in 1909, Liberals, led especially by Lloyd George, promoted the idea of a minimum wage for farm workers. Resistance of landowners was strong, but success was achieved by 1924.[10] According to Robin Gowers and Timothy J. Hatton, the impact In England and Wales was significant. They estimate that it raised wages for farm labourers by 15 per cent by 1929, and by more than 20 per cent in the 1930s. It reduced the employment of such labourers by 54,000 (6.5 per cent) in 1929 and 97,000 (13.3 per cent) in 1937. They argue, "The minimum wage lifted out of poverty many families of farm labourers who remained employed, but it significantly lowered the incomes of farmers, particularly during the 1930s."[11]

text: By the 1920s, a new perspective was offered by reformers to emphasize the usefulness of family allowance targeted at low-income families was the best way to relieve poverty without distorting the labour market.[12] The trade unions and the Labour Party adopted this view. In 1945, family allowances were introduced; minimum wages faded from view. Talk resumed in the 1970s, but in the 1980s the Thatcher administration made it clear it would not accept a national minimum wage. Finally, with the return of Labour, the National Minimum Wage Act 1998 set a minimum of ₤3.60 per hour, with lower rates for younger workers. It largely affected workers in high turnover service industries such as fast food restaurants, and members of ethnic minorities.[13]

text: United States[edit]

text: In 1912, the state of Massachusetts, United States, set minimum wages for women and children, and some states enacted similar protective laws.[14] Under the Massachusetts laws, there was "the power only to investigate conditions and recommend changes".[15]

text: It seems to me to be equally plain that no business which depends for existence on paying less than living wages to its workers has any right to continue in this country.

text: In the United States, statutory minimum wages were first introduced nationally in 1938 by president Franklin D. Roosevelt.[17][18]

text: In addition to the federal minimum wage, nearly all states within the United States have their own minimum wage laws with the exception of Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Tennessee.[19] Sixteen states have a minimum wage that is higher than the federal minimum wage.[20]

text: In the 1960s, minimum wage laws were introduced into Latin America as part of the Alliance for Progress; however these minimum wages were, and are, low.[21]

text: European Union developments[edit]

text: In the European Union, 18 member states currently have national minimum wages.[22] Many countries, such as Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Germany, Austria, Italy, and Cyprus have no minimum wage laws, but rely on employer groups and trade unions to set minimum earnings through collective bargaining.[23]

text: In July 2014 Germany began [24] legislating to introduce a federally mandated minimum wage law, the Gesetz zur Regelung eines allgemeinen Mindestlohns (Mindestlohngesetz - MiLoG) (unofficial translation: "Act Regulating a General Minimum Wage (Minimum Wage Act)"),[25] which came into effect on 1 January 2015.[26] The minimum wage is set at €8.50 per hour. A French law passed in the National Assembly on 17 February 2015 and effective from the end of 2015 imposed statutory minimum wage regulations on foreign truck drivers plying international routes to and from France and undertaking cabotage in the country.[27]

text: The European Commission introduced an infringement procedure against France and Germany on 19 May 2015, arguing that the application of these laws in the transport sector had a disproportionately restrictive impact on the freedom to provide services and the free movement of goods, two of the principal freedoms on which the European Union is based.[28] On 16 June 2016 the Commission sent a letter of formal notice to the French authorities on this subject and issued a supplementary letter to the German authorities, initiating two months' notice of potential legal action.[29]

text: Switzerland[edit]

text: In May 2014, Switzerland was overwhelmingly defeated in a referendum concerning a proposal to set the minimum wage at 22 Swiss francs ($25), which would have given the country the world's highest minimum wage.[30]


document_title: List of extinct animals of the British Isles

question_text: when did brown bears become extinct in britain

text:
Arctic lemming – c. 8000 BC
Arctic fox - c. (unknown)
†Eurasian aurochs – c. 1000 BC
Barbary macaque - c. 30,000 BC
†Cave bear – c. 15,000 BC
Coypu – 1978 (nonnative)
Elk Alces alces
Eurasian beaver – 1526 (reintroduced)
Eurasian brown bear – c. 1000 AD
Eurasian lynx – c. AD 400
Grey whale – c. 598 BC
Eurasian wolf – AD 1680 in Britain, AD 1786 in Ireland
†Irish elk – c. 6000 BC
Narrow-headed vole – c. 8000 BC
Steppe pika – c. 8000 BC
Root vole – c. 1500 BC
Saiga antelope – c. 10,000 BC
Steppe lemming – c. 8000 BC
†Tarpan – c. 7000 BC
Walrus – c. 1000 BC (Occasional Visitor) [2]
Wild Boar – c. 1400 (Reintroduced) [3]
Wisent – c. 3000 BC
Wolverine – c. 6000 BC
†Woolly mammoth – c. 10,000 BC
†Woolly rhinoceros – c. 10,000 BC
†Cave lion – c. 10,000 BC
†Scimitar cat - c. 30,000 BC[4]
†Cave hyena - c. 11,000 BC
†European jaguar - c. (unknown)
†European Ice Age leopard - c. 24,000 BC
†European gazelle - c. (unknown)

text: Birds[edit]

text:
Fea's petrel – Iron Age
Dalmatian pelican – c. 1000 BC
Eurasian spoonbill – 15th century (re-established)
Little egret – late medieval period (re-established)
Osprey – 1916 (re-established)
White-tailed eagle – 1916 (reintroduced)
Western marsh harrier – late 19th century (re-established)
Northern goshawk – late 19th century (possibly reintroduced)
Western capercaillie – 1780s (reintroduced)
Great bustard – 19th century (reintroduced)
Common crane – late medieval period (now re-established)
Pied avocet – 19th century (re-established)
Kentish plover – 20th century (last breeding record 1979)[5]
†Great auk – 1844
White stork – 1416
Red-backed shrike – 1989 (as a regular breeding bird)
Wryneck (as a regular breeding bird)

text: Fish[edit]

text:
†Houting
Burbot

text: Amphibians[edit]

text:
Agile frog – c. 1000 AD
Moor frog – c. 1000 AD
European tree frog – 1986

text: Reptiles[edit]

text: European pond terrapin – ≤ 3000 BC

text: Insects[edit]

text: Beetles[edit]

text:
Agonum sahlbergi (ground beetle) – 1914
Blue stag beetle – 19th century
Graphoderus bilineatus (water beetle) – 1906
Harpalus honestus (ground beetle) – 1905
Horned dung beetle – 1957
Ochthebius aeneus (water beetle) – 1913
Platydema violaceum (tenebrionid) – 1957
Rhantus aberratus (water beetle) – 1904
Scybalicus oblongiusculus (ground beetle) – 1926
Teretrius fabricii (histerid) – 1907

text: Bees, wasps and ants[edit]

text:
Andrena polita (mining bee) – 1934
Bombus pomorum, apple bumblebee – 1864[6]
Bombus cullumanus, Cullum's bumblebee – 1941[6]
Eucera tuberculata (mining bee) – 1941
Halictus maculatus (mining bee) – 1930
Mellinus crabroneus (digger wasp) – c. 1950
Odynerus reniformis (mason wasp) – 1915
Odynerus simillimus (mason wasp) – 1905
Short-haired bumblebee – 1989[6]

text: Flies[edit]

text: Merodon clavipes

text: Butterflies and moths[edit]

text: General reference: Waring et al., 2009.[7]

text:
Aporia crataegi, black-veined white – 1925
Borkhausenia minutella – 1950
Conformist (moth) –
Euclemensia woodiella (moth) – 1829
Flame brocade (moth) – 1919
Frosted yellow (moth) – 1914
Gypsy moth – 1907; reappeared 1995[8]
Isle of Wight wave (moth) – 1931
Large chequered skipper – c. 1989 (non-native, Channel Islands)
Large copper – 1865
Many-lined (moth) – 1875
Map – c. 1914 (non-native)
Mazarine blue – 1906
Orache moth – 1915
Reed tussock (moth) – 1875
Scarce black arches (moth) – 1898 (transitory resident)
Speckled beauty (moth) – 1898
Union rustic (moth) – 1919
Viper's bugloss (moth) –1969[9]

text: Dragonflies and damselflies[edit]

text:
Norfolk damselfly – 1957
Orange-spotted emerald (dragonfly) – 1957

text: Caddisflies[edit]

text:
Hydropsyche bulgaromanorum (caddis fly) – 1926
Hydropsyche exocellata (caddis fly) – 1901

text: Crustaceans[edit]

text: Artemia salina (brine shrimp) – after 1758[10][11]

text: Molluscs[edit]

text: Land snails[edit]

text:
Fruticicola fruticum
Cernuella neglecta

text: † – Species is extinct worldwide

text: Reintroduction and re-establishment[edit]

text: The white-tailed eagle has been successfully re-established on the west coast of Scotland.[12] Having clung on in parts of Wales[13], Red kites have been successfully re-established in parts of England and Scotland.[14] Ongoing projects involve both these species: the corncrake into parts of England and Scotland, and the great bustard on Salisbury Plain.

text: European beavers have been reintroduced to parts of Scotland, and there are plans to bring them back to other parts of Britain. A five-year trial reintroduction at Knapdale in Argyll started in 2009 and concluded in 2014.[15] A few hundred beavers live wild in the Tay river basin, as a result of escapes from a wildlife park.[16] A similar reintroduction trial is being undertaken on the River Otter in Devon, England.[17] In 2016, beavers were recognised as a British native species, and will be protected under law.[18]

text: In 2008, moose were released into a fenced reserve on the Alladale Estate in the Highlands of Scotland. Reindeer were re-established in 1952; approximately 150–170 reindeer live around the Cairngorms region in Scotland.

text: In 1998, MAFF, now known as DEFRA released a report concerning the presence of two populations of wild boar living freely in the UK[19]. These boar are thought to have escaped from wildlife parks, zoos and from farms where they are farmed for their meat, and gone on to establish breeding populations[20][21].

text: The northern clade pool frog was reintroduced from Swedish stock in 2005, to a single site in Norfolk, England, following detailed research to prove that it had been native prior to its extinction around 1993.

text: The large blue butterfly has been successfully re-established from Swedish stock at a number of sites, but few of these are open-access. There are also several successful cases of the establishment of new populations of heath fritillary.

text: There have been calls for the reintroduction of the lynx, brown bear and grey wolf to the UK.[22]