document_title: James Truslow Adams

question_text: when was the term the american dream coined

root

text: James Truslow Adams

text: Early life[edit]

text: Adams was born in Brooklyn, New York, to a wealthy family, the son of Elizabeth Harper (née Truslow) and William Newton Adams, Jr.[3]

tag: p

text: His father had been born in Caracas, Venezuela. His paternal grandfather William Newton Adams Sr. was American with roots in Virginia and his paternal grandmother Carmen Michelena de Salias was a Venezuelan of Spanish (Basque) descent.[4][5][6][7]

text: Adams took his bachelor's degree from the New York University Tandon School of Engineering (then Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn) in 1898, and a MA degree from Yale University in 1900. He entered investment banking, rising to partner in a New York Stock Exchange member firm.[3] In 1912, he considered his savings ample enough to switch to a career as a writer.

text: In 1917, he served with Colonel House on President Wilson's commission, "The Inquiry", to prepare data for the Paris Peace Conference.[3] By 1918, he was a captain in the Military Intelligence Division of the General Staff of the U.S. Army.[3] By late 1918, he was selected for the U.S. delegation to the Paris Peace Conference.[3] His main task consisted in the provision of maps and the selection of plans and atlases that should be acquired by the War College, the American Geographical Society, and the Library of Congress.

text: Writer[edit]

text: Adams gained national attention with his trilogy on the history of New England (1921–26), winning the Pulitzer Prize for the first volume. Scholars welcomed his social history of the colonial era, Provincial Society, 1690-1763 (1927). He wrote popular books and magazine articles in a steady stream. His Epic of America was an international bestseller, and was included in Life Magazine's list of the 100 outstanding books of 1924-1944.[8] He was also the editor of a scholarly multi-volume Dictionary of American History.[9] Adams was the editor, with Roy V. Coleman as managing editor, of The Atlas of American History (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1943), and The Album of American History, 4 vols. (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1944).[10]

text: American Dream[edit]

text: Adams coined the term "American Dream" in his 1931 book The Epic of America.[11] His American Dream is "that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement. It is a difficult dream for the European upper classes to interpret adequately, and too many of us ourselves have grown weary and mistrustful of it. It is not a dream of motor cars and high wages merely, but a dream of social order in which each man and each woman shall be able to attain to the fullest stature of which they are innately capable, and be recognized by others for what they are, regardless of the fortuitous circumstances of birth or position."[12]

text: However, Adams felt the American Dream was in peril during the 1920s and 30s. He complained that “money making and material improvements . . . mere extensions of the material basis of existence,” had gained ascendancy, becoming “goods in themselves . . . [mimicking] the aspects of moral virtues.” The original American Dream had always been about “quality and spiritual values”: “The American dream that has lured tens of millions of all nations to our shores in the past century has not been a dream of merely material plenty, although that has doubtless counted heavily. It has been much more than that.” He warned that “in our struggle to ‘make a living’” we were neglecting “to live.” The Epic of America was his attempt save a “priceless heritage,” and sustain the distinctly American understanding of progress in humane and moral terms. The true American Dream was of “a genuine individual search and striving for the abiding values of life,” and for the “common man to rise to full stature” in the free realms of “communal spiritual and intellectual life.” [13]

text: Two educations[edit]

text: A quote from one of Adams' essays "There are obviously two educations. One should teach us how to make a living and the other how to live" is widely misattributed to John Adams. The quote is part of an essay by Adams entitled ‘To “Be” or to “Do”: A Note on American Education’ which appeared in the June, 1929 issue of Forum. The essay is very critical of American education, both in school and at the university level, and explores the role of American culture and class-consciousness in forming that system of education.

text: In a more complete version of that quote, Adams says: "There are obviously two educations. One should teach us how to make a living and the other how to live. Surely these should never be confused in the mind of any man who has the slightest inkling of what culture is. For most of us it is essential that we should make a living...In the complications of modern life and with our increased accumulation of knowledge, it doubtless helps greatly to compress some years of experience into far fewer years by studying for a particular trade or profession in an institution; but that fact should not blind us to another—namely, that in so doing we are learning a trade or a profession, but are not getting a liberal education as human beings."

text: Death[edit]

text: Adams lived in Southport, Connecticut, where he died of a heart attack.[3]

text: Honors[edit]

text: After 1930, Adams was active in the American Academy of Arts and Letters[14] serving as both chancellor and treasurer of that organization. He was also a member of the National Institute of Arts and Letters, the Massachusetts Historical Society, American Antiquarian Society, American Historical Association, and the American Philosophical Society. Among British societies, he was honored as a fellow of the Royal Society of Literature.[15]

text: Internet photo mixup[edit]

text: For years a photo of Andrew Carnegie has been proliferating on the Internet attached to Adams' name.[16]

text: Bibliography[edit]

text:
James Truslow Adams (1921). The Founding of New England. Atlantic Monthly Press. pp. 3–. ; Pulitzer Prize for History[17]
Revolutionary New England (1923); James Truslow Adams (1 November 2001). reprint. Simon Publications LLC. ISBN 978-1-931541-57-2. [18]
New England in the Republic, 1776-1850 (1926)[19]
Provincial Society, 1690-1763 (1927)[20]
Our Business Civilization: Some Aspects of American Culture (1929)[21]
The Adams Family (1930); Kessinger Publishing, 2005, ISBN 9780766197749[22]
The Epic of America (1931); Simon Publications 2001 paperback: ISBN 1-931541-33-7; reprint. Transaction Publishers. 1 May 2012. ISBN 978-1-4128-4701-8.
The March of Democracy (2 vols. 1932-1933)[23]
Justice Without (1933)
Henry Adams (1933)[24]
Building the British Empire: To the End of the First Empire (1938)[25]
James Truslow Adams: Select Correspondence. Transaction Publishers. 1 June 2012. ISBN 978-1-4128-4697-4.

tag: ul

text: Adams wrote 21 monographs between 1916 and 1945. He was also editor in chief of the Dictionary of American History, The Atlas of American History, and other volumes.


document_title: Quantum number

question_text: n is known as the what quantum number

question_tokens: n is known as the what quantum number

text: Quantum number

text: How many quantum numbers exist?[edit]

text: The question of how many quantum numbers are needed to describe any given system has no universal answer. Hence for each system one must find the answer for a full analysis of the system. A quantized system requires at least one quantum number. The dynamics of any quantum system are described by a quantum Hamiltonian, H. There is one quantum number of the system corresponding to the energy, i.e., the eigenvalue of the Hamiltonian. There is also one quantum number for each operator O that commutes with the Hamiltonian. These are all the quantum numbers that the system can have. Note that the operators O defining the quantum numbers should be independent of each other. Often, there is more than one way to choose a set of independent operators. Consequently, in different situations different sets of quantum numbers may be used for the description of the same system.

text: Spatial and angular momentum numbers[edit]

text: Four quantum numbers can describe an electron in an atom completely. As per the following model, these nearly-compatible quantum numbers are:

text:
Principal quantum number (n)
Azimuthal quantum number (ℓ)
Magnetic quantum number (m)
Spin quantum number (s)

text: The spin-orbital interaction, however, relates these numbers. Thus, a complete description of the system can be given with fewer quantum numbers, if orthogonal choices are made for these basis vectors.

text: Traditional nomenclatures[edit]

text: Hund-Mulliken molecular orbital theory[edit]

text: Many different models have been proposed throughout the history of quantum mechanics, but the most prominent system of nomenclature spawned from the Hund-Mulliken molecular orbital theory of Friedrich Hund, Robert S. Mulliken, and contributions from Schrödinger, Slater and John Lennard-Jones. This system of nomenclature incorporated Bohr energy levels, Hund-Mulliken orbital theory, and observations on electron spin based on spectroscopy and Hund's rules.[1]

text: This model describes electrons using four quantum numbers, n, ℓ, mℓ, ms, given below. It is also the common nomenclature in the classical description of nuclear particle states (e.g. protons and neutrons). A quantum description of molecular orbitals require different quantum numbers, because the Hamiltonian and its symmetries are quite different.

text:
The principal quantum number (n) describes the electron shell, or energy level, of an electron. The value of n ranges from 1 to the shell containing the outermost electron of that atom, i.e.[2]

n = 1, 2, ... .

For example, in caesium (Cs), the outermost valence electron is in the shell with energy level 6, so an electron in caesium can have an n value from 1 to 6.
For particles in a time-independent potential (see Schrödinger equation), it also labels the nth eigenvalue of Hamiltonian (H), i.e. the energy, E with the contribution due to angular momentum (the term involving J2) left out. This number therefore has a dependence only on the distance between the electron and the nucleus (i.e., the radial coordinate, r). The average distance increases with n, and hence quantum states with different principal quantum numbers are said to belong to different shells.
The azimuthal quantum number (ℓ) (also known as the angular quantum number or orbital quantum number) describes the subshell, and gives the magnitude of the orbital angular momentum through the relation

L2 = ħ2 ℓ (ℓ + 1).

In chemistry and spectroscopy, "ℓ = 0" is called an s orbital, "ℓ = 1" a p orbital, "ℓ = 2" a d orbital, and "ℓ = 3" an f orbital.
The value of ℓ ranges from 0 to n − 1, so the first p orbital (ℓ = 1) appears in the second electron shell (n = 2), the first d orbital (ℓ = 2) appears in the third shell (n = 3), and so on:[3]

ℓ = 0, 1, 2,..., n − 1.

A quantum number beginning in 3, 0, … describes an electron in the s orbital of the third electron shell of an atom. In chemistry, this quantum number is very important, since it specifies the shape of an atomic orbital and strongly influences chemical bonds and bond angles.
The magnetic quantum number (mℓ) describes the specific orbital (or "cloud") within that subshell, and yields the projection of the orbital angular momentum along a specified axis:

Lz = mℓ ħ.

The values of mℓ range from −ℓ to ℓ, with integer intervals:[4]
The s subshell (ℓ = 0) contains only one orbital, and therefore the mℓ of an electron in an s orbital will always be 0. The p subshell (ℓ = 1) contains three orbitals (in some systems, depicted as three "dumbbell-shaped" clouds), so the mℓ of an electron in a p orbital will be −1, 0, or 1. The d subshell (ℓ = 2) contains five orbitals, with mℓ values of −2, −1, 0, 1, and 2.
The spin projection quantum number (ms) describes the spin (intrinsic angular momentum) of the electron within that orbital, and gives the projection of the spin angular momentum S along the specified axis:

Sz = ms ħ.

In general, the values of ms range from −s to s, where s is the spin quantum number, an intrinsic property of particles:[5]

ms = −s, −s + 1, −s + 2, ..., s − 2, s − 1, s.

An electron has spin number s = ½, consequently ms will be ±½, referring to "spin up" and "spin down" states. Each electron in any individual orbital must have different quantum numbers because of the Pauli exclusion principle, therefore an orbital never contains more than two electrons.

tag: ol

text: Note that there is no universal fixed value for mℓ and ms values. Rather, the mℓ and ms values are random. The only requirement is that the naming schematic used within a particular set of calculations or descriptions must be consistent (e.g. the orbital occupied by the first electron in a p orbital could be described as mℓ = −1 or mℓ = 0 or mℓ = 1, but the mℓ value of the next unpaired electron in that orbital must be different; yet, the mℓ assigned to electrons in other orbitals again can be mℓ = −1 or mℓ = 0, or mℓ = 1 ).

text: These rules are summarized as follows:

text:
Name
Symbol
Orbital meaning
Range of values
Value examples

principal quantum number
n
shell
1 ≤ n
n = 1, 2, 3, …

azimuthal quantum number (angular momentum)
ℓ
subshell (s orbital is listed as 0, p orbital as 1 etc.)
0 ≤ ℓ ≤ n − 1
for n = 3:
ℓ = 0, 1, 2 (s, p, d)

magnetic quantum number, (projection of angular momentum)
mℓ
energy shift (orientation of the subshell's shape)
−ℓ ≤ mℓ ≤ ℓ
for ℓ = 2:
mℓ = −2, −1, 0, 1, 2

spin projection quantum number
ms
spin of the electron (−½ = "spin down", ½ = "spin up")
−s ≤ ms ≤ s
for an electron s = ½,
so ms = −½, ½

tag: table

text: Example: The quantum numbers used to refer to the outermost valence electrons of the Carbon (C) atom, which are located in the 2p atomic orbital, are; n = 2 (2nd electron shell), ℓ = 1 (p orbital subshell), mℓ = 1, 0 or −1, ms = ½ (parallel spins).

text: Results from spectroscopy indicated that up to two electrons can occupy a single orbital. However two electrons can never have the same exact quantum state nor the same set of quantum numbers according to Hund's rules, which addresses the Pauli exclusion principle. A fourth quantum number with two possible values was added as an ad hoc assumption to resolve the conflict; this supposition could later be explained in detail by relativistic quantum mechanics and from the results of the renowned Stern–Gerlach experiment.

text: Total angular momenta numbers[edit]

text: Total momentum of a particle[edit]

text: When one takes the spin–orbit interaction into consideration, the L and S operators no longer commute with the Hamiltonian, and their eigenvalues therefore change over time. Thus another set of quantum numbers should be used. This set includes[6][7]

text:
The total angular momentum quantum number:

j = |ℓ ± s|,

which gives the total angular momentum through the relation

J2 = ħ2 j (j + 1).

The projection of the total angular momentum along a specified axis:

mj = −j, −j + 1, −j + 2, ..., j − 2, j − 1, j

analogous to the above and satisfies

mj = mℓ + ms and |mℓ + ms| ≤ j.

Parity
This is the eigenvalue under reflection: positive (+1) for states which came from even ℓ and negative (−1) for states which came from odd ℓ. The former is also known as even parity and the latter as odd parity, and is given by

P = (−1)ℓ.

text: For example, consider the following 8 states, defined by their quantum numbers:

text:
#
n
ℓ
mℓ
ms

ℓ + s
ℓ − s
mℓ + ms

1.
2
1
1
+1/2
3/2
1/2
3/2

2.
2
1
1
−1/2
3/2
1/2
1/2

3.
2
1
0
+1/2
3/2
1/2
1/2

4.
2
1
0
−1/2
3/2
1/2
−1/2

5.
2
1
−1
+1/2
3/2
1/2
−1/2

6.
2
1
−1
−1/2
3/2
1/2
−3/2

7.
2
0
0
+1/2
1/2
−1/2
1/2

8.
2
0
0
−1/2
1/2
−1/2
−1/2

text: The [quantum state]s in the system can be described as linear combination of these 8 states. However, in the presence of spin–orbit interaction, if one wants to describe the same system by 8 states that are eigenvectors of the Hamiltonian (i.e. each represents a state that does not mix with others over time), we should consider the following 8 states:

text:
j
mj
parity

3/2
3/2
odd
(coming from state (1) above)

3/2
1/2
odd
(coming from states (2) and (3) above)

3/2
−1/2
odd
(coming from states (4) and (5) above)

3/2
−3/2
odd
(coming from state (6) above)

1/2
1/2
odd
(coming from states (2) and (3) above)

1/2
−1/2
odd
(coming from states (4) and (5) above)

1/2
1/2
even
(coming from state (7) above)

1/2
−1/2
even
(coming from state (8) above)

text: Nuclear angular momentum quantum numbers[edit]

text: In nuclei, the entire assembly of protons and neutrons (nucleons) has a resultant angular momentum due to the angular momenta of each nucleon, usually denoted 'I'. If the total angular momentum of a neutron is jn = ℓ + s and for a proton is jp = ℓ + s (where s for protons and neutrons happens to be ½ again) then the nuclear angular momentum quantum numbers I are given by:

text: Parity with the number I is used to label nuclear angular momentum states, examples for some isotopes of Hydrogen (H), Carbon (C), and Sodium (Na) are;[8]

text:
1
1H
I = (1/2)+

9
6C
I = (3/2)−

20
11Na
I = 2+

2
1H
I = 1+

10
6C
I = 0+

21
11Na
I = (3/2)+

3
1H
I = (1/2)+

11
6C
I = (3/2)−

22
11Na
I = 3+

12
6C
I = 0+

23
11Na
I = (3/2)+

13
6C
I = (1/2)−

24
11Na
I = 4+

14
6C
I = 0+

25
11Na
I = (5/2)+

15
6C
I = (1/2)+

26
11Na
I = 3+

text: The reason for the unusual fluctuations in I, even by differences of just one nucleon, are due to the odd/even numbers of protons and neutrons - pairs of nucleons have a total angular momentum of zero (just like electrons in orbitals), leaving an odd/even numbers of unpaired nucleons. The property of nuclear spin is an important factor for the operation of NMR spectroscopy in organic chemistry,[7] and MRI in nuclear medicine,[8] due to the nuclear magnetic moment interacting with an external magnetic field.

text: Elementary particles[edit]

text: Elementary particles contain many quantum numbers which are usually said to be intrinsic to them. However, it should be understood that the elementary particles are quantum states of the standard model of particle physics, and hence the quantum numbers of these particles bear the same relation to the Hamiltonian of this model as the quantum numbers of the Bohr atom does to its Hamiltonian. In other words, each quantum number denotes a symmetry of the problem. It is more useful in quantum field theory to distinguish between spacetime and internal symmetries.

text: Typical quantum numbers related to spacetime symmetries are spin (related to rotational symmetry), the parity, C-parity and T-parity (related to the Poincaré symmetry of spacetime). Typical internal symmetries[clarification needed] are lepton number and baryon number or the electric charge. (For a full list of quantum numbers of this kind see the article on flavour.)

text: Multiplicative quantum numbers[edit]

text: A minor but often confusing point is as follows: most conserved quantum numbers are additive, so in an elementary particle reaction, the sum of the quantum numbers should be the same before and after the reaction. However, some, usually called a parity, are multiplicative; i.e., their product is conserved. All multiplicative quantum numbers belong to a symmetry (like parity) in which applying the symmetry transformation twice is equivalent to doing nothing (involution).


document_title: Closing Time (Semisonic song)

question_text: who is the girl in semisonic closing time video

text: Closing Time (Semisonic song)

text: Writing[edit]

text: Prior to the composition "Closing Time", Semisonic would usually end their concerts with the song "If I Run". However, the band eventually grew tired of playing this song every night and so Wilson set out to write a new song that they could play at the end of their set.[7] Wilson's girlfriend was pregnant at the time and although Wilson did not set out consciously to write a song about giving birth, he has stated that "Part way into the writing of the song, I realized it was also about being born."[7]

text: Music video[edit]

text: The music video was directed by Chris Applebaum. It features two continuous shots, running side by side on the screen. One side shows the band playing the song in a rehearsal space. The other side features a woman (played by Denise Franco) as the singer Dan Wilson's girlfriend. As the video progresses, Dan and his girlfriend switch sides of screen, as they attempt to meet up. At the end of the video, they both wind up at the same nightclub. However, they still end up missing each other by mere seconds and never meet. The "trick" of the video is that each shot was done as one long, continuous shot, with no cuts or editing, and therefore relies on proper timing to get the two sides of the video lined up properly.

text: Covers and samples[edit]

text: "Closing Time" was the final song in the polka medley "Polka Power!" on "Weird Al" Yankovic's 1999 album Running With Scissors.

text: Wilson recorded a solo version of the song for his 2017 album Re-Covered, a collection of his own versions of songs he had written for other artists; "Closing Time" was the only song on the album that Wilson had originally recorded himself.

text: Use in media[edit]

text: "Closing Time" has been featured in a number of films and television series in the years following its release. In an article about the song's oddly enduring legacy and its use to punctuate comedic scenes, songwriter Dan Wilson believed the song had become "shorthand for that interesting feeling when you realize someone very different from you shares your cultural background" and that it is a song many people know but not everyone likes.[8]

text: The song was featured in the 2010 film Due Date during a scene in which Danny McBride beats up the film's two protagonists. Wilson says that while he wasn't "bummed" about the song's usage in the film, he would not have approved its usage if he had been personally asked because the scene it was used in was very violent.[8]

text: The song was prominently featured in the 2011 film Friends with Benefits where, in the climax, Justin Timberlake's character points out that the song is by Semisonic and not, as he believed, Third Eye Blind.

text: In a Season 8 episode of The Office titled "Doomsday", it is revealed that new manager Andy Bernard ends every work day by leading the office in singing "Closing Time". While no one in the office particularly likes the song (and Stanley Hudson admits his joy on hearing Andy sing it solely relates to his appreciation for anything that ends a workday), Wilson felt its usage on the show was enjoyable.

text: The song was featured in the series finale of Rules of Engagement (season 7 episode 13) as the final credits were played.[9]

text: The song was featured in the television series How I Met Your Mother, in the thirteenth episode of its fourth season, entitled "Three Days of Snow".

text: The Milwaukee Brewers play this song at the end of their home games.

text: The song was featured in the 2012 film American Reunion.

text: The song is frequently used on radio stations to end an old format before introducing new ones; for example, KDGE in Dallas/Fort Worth, TX, played the song on a loop on November 16 and 17, 2016, to signal the end of its alternative rock format.

text: The song was featured in the television series American Dad, in the ninth episode of its fourteenth season, entitled "The Witches of Langley", with Wilson voicing himself in the episode.

text: Chart positions[edit]

text:
Chart (1998-1999)
Peak
position

Australia (ARIA)[10]
50

Canada Alternative 30 (RPM)
2

Netherlands (Single Top 100)[11]
84

New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[12]
50

Scotland (Official Charts Company)[13]
17

UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[14]
25

US Billboard Hot 100
11

US Billboard Mainstream Top 40
8

US Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks
13

US Billboard Modern Rock Tracks
1

US Billboard Adult Top 40 Tracks
4

Chart (2011)
Peak
position

Australia (ARIA)[10]
40

UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[15]
76

Chart (2012)
Peak
position

UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[16]
71


document_title: List of busiest London Underground stations

question_text: what is the busiest station on the london underground

text: The London Underground is a metro system in the United Kingdom that serves Greater London and the neighbouring counties of Essex, Hertfordshire and Buckinghamshire. Its first section opened in 1863.[1]

text: The system has 270 stations.[1] In 2017, King's Cross St. Pancras was the busiest station on the network, used by over 97 million passengers, while Roding Valley was the quietest, with 368,413 passengers.[2]

text: This table lists the stations with 33.5 million users or more entering or exiting in 2017. The total of annual entries and exits for all stations in 2017 was 2.946 billion.[2]

text:
Busiest London Underground stations (entries and exits, in millions)[2]

Rank (2017)

Station

Zone(s)

2017

2016

2015

2014

2013

2012

2011

2010

2009

2008

2007

2006

2005

2004

1
King's Cross St. Pancras
1

 97.92

 95.03

 93.41

 91.98

 84.87

 80.97

 77.11

 72.58

 66.15

 67.07

 66.36

 52.51

 71.50

77.56

2
Waterloo
1

 91.27

 100.36

 95.14

 91.49

 89.40

 88.16

 84.12

 81.57

 75.96

 77.20

 74.84

 72.87

 67.40

68.43

3
Oxford Circus
1

 84.09

 83.26

 92.36

 98.51

 85.25

 80.55

 77.09

 70.12

 73.97

 72.91

 72.05

 68.44

 63.06

64.81

4
Victoria
1

 79.36

 83.50

 82.89

 86.73

 84.58

 82.96

 82.25

 79.93

 77.44

 78.41

 76.41

 72.99

 67.82

68.86

5
London Bridge
1

 69.05

 70.74

 71.96

 74.98

 69.88

 67.16

 65.44

 60.79

 61.50

 60.55

 56.95

 50.98

 44.97

44.36

6
Liverpool Street
1

 67.74

 71.61

 73.26

 73.66

 67.89

 64.23

 63.65

 62.72

 60.91

 64.16

 61.32

 57.90

 50.67

50.81

7
Stratford
2/3

 61.99

 67.05

 61.44

 59.31

 54.50

 50.96

 48.57

 29.82

 26.99

 27.23

 25.63

 22.44

 18.87

17.26

8
Bank & Monument[n 1]
1

 61.80

 64.26

 57.51

 52.31

 48.88

 47.75

 47.80

 43.50

 40.66

 42.82

 41.88

 38.21

 34.30

33.84

9
Canary Wharf
2

 50.91

 54.79

 54.44

 51.81

 50.05

 48.04

 46.59

 41.53

 39.62

 43.51

 41.62

 38.48

 34.21

29.89

10
Paddington[n 2]
1

 48.82

 49.48

 49.64

 49.28

 49.71

 46.33

 46.48

 44.00

 42.03

 40.70

 37.24

 38.72

 34.29

34.44

11
Euston
1

 43.07

 43.10

 42.16

 41.33

 38.03

 37.53

 35.32

 33.57

 31.12

 28.13

 25.78

 25.67

 24.16

22.35

12
Tottenham Court Road
1

 41.33

 39.35

 16.25

 36.76

 38.06

 36.01

 23.99

 34.55

 34.87

 36.57

 37.29

 32.84

 30.80

31.71

13
Piccadilly Circus
1

 40.82

 41.29

 42.80

 42.93

 41.70

 42.36

 40.58

 39.68

 38.57

 38.85

 38.09

 37.63

 33.76

36.39

14
Green Park
1

 39.34

 41.24

 39.55

 39.83

 35.46

 33.99

 31.72

 29.37

 28.26

 29.62

 30.03

 28.01

 24.89

24.88

15
Bond Street
1

 38.80

 39.53

 37.12

 19.80

 39.65

 38.07

 36.02

 36.87

 36.85

 36.41

 36.70

 32.76

 29.57

30.06

16
Leicester Square
1

 36.73

 37.84

 43.75

 43.31

 38.60

 38.51

 38.78

 36.94

 35.56

 33.87

 38.69

 32.69

 29.54

33.18

17
South Kensington
1

 33.86

 33.60

 33.87

 36.46

 32.75

 32.50

 30.61

 29.78

 28.24

 28.48

 28.25

 26.91

 23.97

24.12


document_title: Romantic Road

question_text: where is the romantic road located in germany

text: Romantic Road

text: This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The Romantic Road (German: Romantische Straße) is a "theme route" devised by promotion-minded travel agents in the 1950s. It describes the 350 kilometres (220 mi) of highway between Würzburg and Füssen in southern Germany, specifically in Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg, linking a number of picturesque towns and castles. In medieval times, it was a trade route that connected the center of Germany with the south. Today, this region is thought by many international travellers to possess "quintessentially German" scenery and culture, in towns and cities such as Nördlingen, Dinkelsbühl and Rothenburg ob der Tauber and in castles such as Burg Harburg and the famous Neuschwanstein. The Romantic Road is marked along the way with brown signs.

text: Along the route[edit]

text: from north to south:

text:
Würzburg
Tauberbischofsheim
Lauda-Königshofen
Bad Mergentheim
Weikersheim
Röttingen
Creglingen
Rothenburg ob der Tauber
Schillingsfürst
Feuchtwangen
Dinkelsbühl
Wallerstein
Nördlingen
Harburg
Donauwörth
Augsburg
Friedberg
Kaufering
Landsberg am Lech
Hohenfurch
Schongau
Peiting
Rottenbuch
Wildsteig
Steingaden and Wieskirche
Halblech
Schwangau, Neuschwanstein and Hohenschwangau
Füssen

text:
Würzburg

Rothenburg ob der Tauber

Nördlingen

Neuschwanstein and Hohenschwangau

End of the Romantic Road at Abbey St. Stephan in Füssen


document_title: Little League World Series

question_text: when is the last time a us team won the little league world series

text: Little League World Series

text: Qualifying tournaments[edit]

text: In the summer months leading up to the Little League World Series, held each year in August, Little Leagues around the world select and a All-Star team made up of players from its league. It is these All-Star teams that compete in district,[5] sectional and/or divisional, and regional tournaments,[citation needed] hoping to advance to Williamsport for the Little League World Series. How many games a team has to play varies from region to region. In the United States, the tournaments at the lowest (district) level lack nationwide standardization. Some use pool play or double elimination, while others use single elimination.

text: In the United States, the fate of district winners varies widely from state to state. In some larger states such as Pennsylvania, New York, and California, the district winners advance to one of many sectional tournaments.[5] The winners of each sectional tournament then advance to a state or divisional tournament, the latter only being held in Texas and California and are similar to the state tournaments held in less populous states.[5] Most smaller states lack competition at the sectional level and go straight from district to state tournaments. A handful of states are composed of only one district, and the district champion is the automatic state champion.[5]

text: With 4 exceptions, every state as well as the District of Columbia crowns a state champion,[6] and sends that team to represent it to one of eight regional tournaments. The exceptions involve California, Texas, North Dakota, and South Dakota. Because of their large geographic and population sizes, California and Texas send two representatives to their regional tournament; Northern California and Southern California in the West region tournament and Texas East and Texas West (whose areas encompass more than the geographical areas of East Texas and West Texas, splitting roughly along the I-35/I-37 corridor) compete in the Southwest region tournament.[5] Conversely, North Dakota has only one city (Fargo) that operates Little League–sponsored competitions; the Dakotas have one district spanning the two states, and its winner becomes the joint champion and advances to the Midwest region tournament.[5]

text: The state champions (as well as the Northern California, Southern California, Texas East, Texas West, and Dakotas champions) compete in one of eight different regional tournaments. Each regional tournament winner then advances to the Little League World Series. See [4] for a comprehensive breakdown of current and historical US regional tournament locations, participants and results.

text: Other countries and regions pick their own way of crowning a champion.[5] Little League Canada holds tournaments at the provincial and divisional level to field six champions (five provincial and one divisional) at the national tournament: Alberta, Ontario, Quebec, British Columbia, Saskatchewan, and the Atlantic Provinces.[7] The host site of the national tournament varies from year to year, and the host team gets an automatic berth as the seventh team. The tournament is played as a round robin and uses the page playoff format. The winner of the national tournament earns the right to represent Canada at the Little League World Series.

text: Regions[edit]

text: The eight regional tournament winners which compete in the United States Bracket of the Little League World Series, as well as the states those regional champions could possibly hail from are as follows:

text:
New England (ME, NH, VT, MA, RI, CT)
Mid-Atlantic (PA, NY, NJ, MD, DC, DE)
Midwest (ND/SD, NE, KS, MN, IA, MO)
Great Lakes (MI, WI, OH, IN, IL, KY)
Southeast (VA, WV, NC, SC, GA, FL, AL, TN)
Southwest (MS, LA, AR, TX East, TX West, OK, CO, NM) *Known as Gulf States during 2001 LLWS
Northwest (AK, WA, OR, ID, MT, WY)
West (AZ, NV, UT, Northern CA, Southern CA, HI)

text: The eight divisions which compete in the International Bracket are as follows:

text:
Asia-Pacific and Middle East
Australia
Canada
Caribbean
Europe and Africa
Japan
Latin America
Mexico

text: The eight divisions which compete in the United States bracket represent 96% of the players in Little League with over 2.2 million players while the eight divisions in the International bracket represent 4% of the Little League or less than 130 thousand players.

text: Prior to 2008, instead of two separate geographic regions, Europe, the Middle East, and Africa held two coterminous regions:[8]

text:
Europe–Middle East–Africa (EMEA)
Transatlantic

text: The Transatlantic and EMEA regions were geographically identical. Leagues from the Transatlantic region generally consisted of children and other dependents of American expatriates, typically Armed Forces personnel, international organization members, and oil company workers (such as the team representing the Saudi Aramco Residential Camp in Dhahran, which advanced to the World Series 19 times through 2007, including all the tournaments from 2001 through 2007). The leagues within the "EMEA" region consisted of players native to the league's own country. Representative teams for the Trans-Atlantic region had to have at least 51% nationals of Canada, the U.S. or Japan, while teams for the EMEA region could have no more than three players from those three countries.

text: Teams in the reorganized Europe and MEA regions did not have nationality restrictions, as evidenced by the 2009 series. In that year, both regions were won by teams made up primarily of children of American expatriates. Europe was represented by a team from Ramstein Air Base, a United States Air Force base in Germany, while MEA was represented for the second time in its two-year existence by the team from the Saudi Aramco camp.

text: On August 29, 2012, Little League announced a significant realignment of the international regions, which took effect in 2013:[9]

text:
Australia left the former Asia-Pacific Region and received an automatic berth in the LLWS. Australia has now become the fourth-largest country, and the largest outside North America, in Little League participation.
The former MEA (Middle East–Africa) Region was disbanded.
Middle Eastern countries, except for Israel and Turkey (see below), were placed in the former Asia-Pacific Region, which was renamed the Asia-Pacific and Middle East Region.
African countries were placed in the former Europe Region, which was renamed the Europe and Africa Region. Israel and Turkey remained in the renamed Europe and Africa region; they had been in the former Europe Region as members of the European zone of the International Baseball Federation.

text: World Series tournament format[edit]

text: The Little League World Series currently consists of 16 teams; eight from the United States, and eight from other countries. From the inaugural 1947 tournament through 1956, there were predominantly U.S.-based teams, usually eight, competing in a single-elimination format. One Canadian team played in 1952, and one in 1953. Regions were introduced in 1957, and that tournament included the first non-U.S. champion, Monterrey, Mexico, although they represented the U.S. South region. International regions were added in 1958. From 1962 through 2000, the eight teams in the tournament came from four U.S and four international regions:

text:
United States: Central, East, South, West
International: Canada, Europe, Far East, Latin America

text: Through 1975, all teams competed in one bracket. That year, the tournament was held with only the teams from the U.S. regions.[10] The international teams returned in 1976,[10] when two brackets were established, one with U.S. teams, and the other with international teams. The U.S. bracket winner and the international bracket winner would then meet in the championship game,[10] an arrangement that has continued to the present, independent of subsequent changes made to early rounds of the tournament.

text: In 2001, the number of regions was doubled to 16. The tournament started with eight U.S. teams, randomly assigned into two four-team pools; and eight international teams, also randomly assigned into two four-team pools. Teams competed round-robin within their own pool, with the top two teams of each pool advancing to single-elimination play for a spot in the U.S. final or international final, followed by the U.S champion and international champion meeting in the World Championship game.

text: In 2010, round-robin play was replaced by a double-elimination bracket in each four-team pool. The winners of each pool advanced to a single-elimination U.S. championship or international championship game, with those winners advancing to the World Championship game. Additionally, each team in the tournament played a minimum of three games, as any team that lost its first two games would play in a consolation U.S. vs. international game.[11]

text: In 2011, pools were eliminated, with the eight U.S. teams continuing to compete in one bracket and the eight international teams in another bracket. The tournament is double-elimination until the U.S. championship and international championship games, which remain single-elimination, with those winners advancing to the World Championship game. Each team in the tournament still plays a minimum of three games, via consolation games as noted above.[12][13]

text: Venues[edit]

text: Two venues host World Series games: Howard J. Lamade Stadium and Little League Volunteer Stadium. Lamade Stadium has hosted games since 1959, and added lights in 1992.[14] Volunteer Stadium opened in 2001 when the field expanded to 16 teams. Prior to 1959, the Little League World Series was held at Original Little League on West Fourth Street in Williamsport.[15]

text: Both fields have symmetrical fences, with a distance of 68.6 m (225 feet) from home plate to each of the outfield positions. That distance had been 62.5 m (205 feet) before 2006.

text: Admission to all LLWS games is free for all spectators. However, stadium seats for the championship game are distributed in a random drawing of all interested parties due to high demand. Some early round games, mostly games with Pennsylvania teams, will use first-come, first-served admission if a big crowd is to be expected.[16] Lamade Stadium has a berm beyond the fences that has allowed the facility to hold up to 45,000 spectators.

text: Age requirements[edit]

text: From 1947 to 2005, the age limit for players was set at children who turned 13 on August 1 of that year or later. In 2006, the age limit was loosened to include players who turn 13 after April 30. As the Series takes place in August, this led to many of the players having already turned 13 before the Series started. In 2014 Little League voted to change the age cutoff from April 30 to December 31. However, this caused outrage by parents because the players born between May 1 and August 31, 2005 would have lost their 12-year-old season because they would be considered to be 13 years old even though they have not reached their 13th birthday. Effective November 2015, a new implementation plan was established, which "grandfathered" players born between May 1 and August 31, 2005 as 12-year-olds for the 2018 season, using the current April 30 age determination date for the 2018 season. Beginning in 2019, a new determination date of August 31 will be used, which will effectively ban 13-year-old players from participating in the Series.

text: Notable events[edit]

text:
1952 – A team from Montreal, Canada, became the first team outside of the United States to play in the tournament.
1955 – The first walk-off home run in the championship game was hit by Rich Cominski, from Morrisville, Pennsylvania, in the 7th inning.
1957 – Monterrey, Mexico, only the third team from outside the United States to compete, became the first such team to win the tournament. Pitcher Miguel Ángel Macias threw a perfect game, which has not occurred in a championship game since, as of 2017.
1970 – This was the last tournament to have an all-United States championship final, with the exception of 1975, when organizers banned teams from outside the United States.
1971 – Lloyd McClendon, from Gary, Indiana, hit five home runs in five official at bats over the span of three games. He was intentionally walked in his other five plate appearances.
1982 – Kirkland, Washington, won the championship over Chiayi County, Taiwan. This snapped a streak of 31 consecutive wins by Taiwanese teams at the LLWS, prompting the game’s live announcer, Jim McKay, to declare it the biggest upset in the history of Little League.[17]
1993 – Long Beach, California, became the first team from the United States to win consecutive championships.
2005 – Michael Memea, from Ewa Beach, Hawaii, won the championship with a walk-off home run in the 7th inning.
2007 – Dalton Carriker, from Warner Robins, Georgia, hit a walk off home run in the 8th inning in the championship game.
2012 – A team from Lugazi, Uganda, became the first team from Africa to play in the tournament.

text: Little League World Series champions[edit]

text:
Year

Winner

Score

Runner-Up

1947

Williamsport, Pennsylvania

16–7

Lock Haven, Pennsylvania

1948

Lock Haven, Pennsylvania

6–5

St. Petersburg, Florida

1949

Hammonton, New Jersey

5–0

Pensacola, Florida

1950

Houston, Texas

2–1

Bridgeport, Connecticut

1951

Stamford, Connecticut

3–0

Austin, Texas

1952

Norwalk, Connecticut

4–3

Monongahela, Pennsylvania

1953

Birmingham, Alabama

1–0

Schenectady, New York

1954

Schenectady, New York

7–5

Colton, California

1955

Morrisville, Pennsylvania

4–3

Delaware Township, New Jersey

1956

Roswell, New Mexico

3–1

Delaware Township, New Jersey

1957

Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico

4–0

La Mesa, California

1958

Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico

10–1

Kankakee, Illinois

1959

Hamtramck, Michigan

12–0

Auburn, California

1960

Levittown, Pennsylvania

5–0

Ft. Worth, Texas

1961

El Cajon, California

4–2

El Campo, Texas

1962

San Jose, California

3–0

Kankakee, Illinois

1963

Granada Hills, California

2–1

Stratford, Connecticut

1964

Staten Island, New York

4–0

Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico

1965

Windsor Locks, Connecticut

3–1

Stoney Creek, Ontario

1966

Houston, Texas

8–2

West New York, New Jersey

1967

West Tokyo, Japan

4–1

Chicago, Illinois

1968

Wakayama, Osaka, Japan

1–0

Richmond, Virginia

1969

Taichung, Taiwan

5–0

Santa Clara, California

1970

Wayne, New Jersey

2–0

Campbell, California

1971

Tainan, Taiwan

12–3 (F/9)

Gary, Indiana

1972

Taipei, Taiwan

6–0

Hammond, Indiana

1973

Tainan, Taiwan

12–0

Tucson, Arizona

1974

Kaohsiung, Taiwan

12–1

Red Bluff, California

1975*

Lakewood, New Jersey

4–3

Tampa, Florida

1976

Chofu, Tokyo, Japan

10–3

Campbell, California

1977

Kaohsiung, Taiwan

7–2

El Cajon, California

1978

Pingtung, Taiwan

11–1

Danville, California

1979

Chiayi County, Taiwan

2–1 (F/8)

Campbell, California

1980

Hua-Lien, Taiwan

4–3

Tampa, Florida

1981

Taichung, Taiwan

4–2

Tampa, Florida

1982

Kirkland, Washington

6–0

Chiayi, Taiwan

1983

Marietta, Georgia

3–1

Barahona, Dominican Republic

1984

Seoul, South Korea

6–2

Altamonte Springs, Florida

1985

Seoul, South Korea

7–1

/Mexicali, BC/Calexico, CA

1986

Tainan, Taiwan

12–0

Tucson, Arizona

1987

Hua-Lien, Taiwan

21–1

Irvine, California

1988

Taichung, Taiwan

10–0

Pearl City, Hawaii

1989

Trumbull, Connecticut

5–2

Kaohsiung, Taiwan

1990

Tainan County, Taiwan

9–0

Shippensburg, Pennsylvania

1991

Taichung, Taiwan

11–0

San Ramon Valley, California

1992

Long Beach, California

6–0‡

‡Zamboanga City, Philippines

1993

Long Beach, California

3–2

David, Chiriquí, Panama

1994

Maracaibo, Venezuela

4–3

Northridge, California

1995

Tainan, Taiwan

17–3 (F/5)

Spring, Texas

1996

Kaohsiung, Taiwan

13–3 (F/5)

Cranston, Rhode Island

1997

Guadalupe, Nuevo León, Mexico

5–4

South Mission Viejo, California

1998

Toms River, New Jersey

12–9

Kashima, Japan

1999

Hirakata, Osaka, Japan

5–0

Phenix City, Alabama

2000

Maracaibo, Venezuela

3–2

Bellaire, Texas

2001

Tokyo Kitasuna, Tokyo, Japan

2–1

Apopka, Florida

2002

Pleasure Ridge Park, Kentucky

1–0

Sendai, Japan

2003

Musashi-Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan

10–1

East Boynton Beach, Florida

2004

Willemstad, Curaçao

5–2

Thousand Oaks, California

2005

Ewa Beach, Hawaii

7–6 (F/7)

Willemstad, Curaçao

2006

Columbus, Georgia

2–1

Kawaguchi City, Japan

2007

Warner Robins, Georgia

3–2 (F/8)

Tokyo, Japan

2008

Waipahu, Hawaii

12–3

Matamoros, Tamaulipas, Mexico

2009

Chula Vista, California

6–3

Taoyuan County, Taiwan

2010

Edogawa Minami, Tokyo, Japan

4–1

Waipahu, Hawaii

2011

Huntington Beach, California

2–1

Hamamatsu City, Japan

2012

Tokyo-Kitasuna, Tokyo, Japan

12–2 (F/5)

Goodlettsville, Tennessee

2013

Musashi-Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan

6–4

Chula Vista, California

2014

Seoul, South Korea

8–4‡

‡Las Vegas, Nevada

2015

Tokyo-Kitasuna, Tokyo, Japan

18–11

Lewisberry, Pennsylvania

2016

Maine-Endwell, New York

2–1

Seoul, South Korea

2017

Tokyo-Kitasuna, Tokyo, Japan

12–2 (F/5)

Lufkin, Texas

2018

Honolulu, Hawaii

3–0

Seoul, South Korea

text: ‡ Forfeits due to ineligible players:

text: Championship tally[edit]

text: Championships won by country/state[edit]

text:
Rank
Team
Titles
Years

1
 Taiwan
17
1969, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1995, 1996

2
 Japan
11
1967, 1968, 1976, 1999, 2001, 2003, 2010, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2017

3
 California
7
1961, 1962, 1963, 1992, 1993, 2009, 2011

4

 Pennsylvania
4
1947, 1948, 1955, 1960

 Connecticut
1951, 1952, 1965, 1989

 New Jersey
1949, 1970, 1975, 1998

7

 Mexico
3
1957, 1958, 1997

 Georgia
1983, 2006, 2007

 South Korea
1984, 1985, 2014

 New York
1954, 1964, 2016

 Hawaii
2005, 2008, 2018

12

 Texas
2
1950, 1966

 Venezuela
1994, 2000

14

 Alabama
1
1953

 New Mexico
1956

 Michigan
1959

 Washington
1982

 Kentucky
2002

 Curaçao
2004

text: Championship notes[edit]

text:
In November 1974, Little League Baseball banned all non-U.S. teams from the World Series for the 1975 event.[18] After considerable criticism, the ban was rescinded prior to the 1976 event.[19]
In 1976, the tournament was split into two brackets; one for International teams, and one for teams representing the United States. As a result, a team representing the United States is assured of being in the finals each year.
In 1985, Mexicali, Mexico, represented the West Region of the United States in the Little League World Series. Because of its proximity to the El Centro/Calexico area in Southern California, Mexicali competed in and represented California's District 22 in the Southern California division from 1957 to 1985, representing the bordering city of Calexico, California.[20]
In 1992, Long Beach was declared a 6–0 winner after the international tournament committee determined that Zamboanga City had used ineligible players that were either not from within its city limits, over age, or both. The championship game was originally won by Zamboanga City 15-4.
From 1997 to 2002, no teams from Taiwan participated in the tournament. In 1997, the Taiwan Baseball Association decided its leagues would no longer charter with Little League, claiming inability to comply with rules enacted in 1992 regarding the maximum size of player pools and number of participating teams in leagues based at schools, and residency requirements, which Little League Baseball had stated it would enforce more strictly, especially after the 1992 incident. From the introduction of Far East teams in 1967 until after 1996, Taiwan had won 17 of a possible 30 championships and had been runner-up twice.[21]

text: In 2014, Chicago defeated Las Vegas for the U.S. championship before losing to Seoul, South Korea, in the LLWS championship. On February 11, 2015, Chicago was stripped of its U.S. title for fielding ineligible players; it was retroactively awarded to Las Vegas.

text: Notable participants in the Little League World Series[edit]

text: Major League Baseball players[edit]

text:
Wilson Álvarez – Former MLB player / (1982 World Series) Maracaibo, Venezuela.
Jim Barbieri – Former MLB player / First player to play in a World Series, and a Little League World Series / 1966 MLB World Series / (1954 World Series champion) Schenectady, New York 1953 LLWS World Series runner-up / Played in back to back LLWS World Series.
Jason Bay – Former MLB player / 2004 National League (NL) Rookie of the Year / (1990 World Series) Trail, British Columbia.
Derek Bell – Former MLB player / 1992 MLB World Series champion / (1980 runner-up & 1981 World Series runner-up) Tampa, Florida.
Cody Bellinger – MLB player for the Los Angeles Dodgers / 2007 World Series / Chandler, Arizona North Little League
Christian Bethancourt – MLB player for the San Diego Padres / (2004 World Series) Panama City, Panama.
Larvell Blanks – Former MLB player / (1962 World Series) Del Rio, Texas.
Jim Brower – Former MLB pitcher / (1985 World Series) East Tonka, Minnesota.
Sean Burroughs – Former MLB player / (1992 & 1993 World Series champions) Long Beach, California.
Kevin Cash – Former MLB player / Current manager for the Tampa Bay Rays, 2007 MLB World Series champion with the Boston Red Sox / (1989 World Series) Tampa, Florida.
Gavin Cecchini – MLB Player for the New York Mets / (2006 World Series) Lake Charles, Louisiana.
Chin-Feng Chen – Former MLB player / First Taiwanese-born player in MLB history / (1990 World Series champion) Tainan County, Taiwan.
Jeff Clement – Former MLB player / (1996 World Series) Marshalltown, Iowa.
Michael Conforto – MLB player for the New York Mets / (2004 World Series) Redmond North, Washington.[22]
Billy Connors – Former MLB player / (1954 World Series), Schenectady, New York 1953 LLWS runner-up Schenectady, New York. / Played in back to back LLWS.
David Cortés – Former MLB player / 1985 World Series (1985 US champions) Mexicali, Mexico.
Stephen Fife – MLB player for the Chicago Cubs / (1999 World Series) Boise, Idaho.
Jeff Frazier – Former MLB player / (1995 & 1996 World Series) Toms River, New Jersey.
Todd Frazier – MLB player for the New York Mets / 2015 MLB Home Run Derby champion / (1998 World Series champion) Toms River, New Jersey.
Jace Fry – MLB player for the Chicago White Sox / (2006) Beaverton, Oregon.
Randal Grichuk – MLB player for the Toronto Blue Jays / (2003 & 2004 World Series) Richmond, Texas.
Charlie Hayes – Former MLB player / 1996 MLB World Series champion / (1977 World Series) Hattiesburg, Mississippi.
Ken Hubbs – Former MLB player / 1962 National League (NL) Rookie of the Year & Gold Glove Winner / (1954 World Series) Colton, California.
Erik Johnson – Former MLB player / (1978 World Series US champion, WS runner-up) San Ramon, California.
Scott Kingery MLB player / Phildelphia Phillies 2006 Little League World Series, Ahwatukee Little League, Phoenix, Arizona
Keith Lampard – Former MLB player / (1958 World Series) Portland, Oregon.
Carney Lansford – Former MLB player, 1988 & 1990 MLB World Series runner-up / 1989 MLB World Series champion / 1981 MLB Batting champ / 1988 American League (AL) All Star / 1992 Hutch Award Winner / (1969 World Series) Santa Clara, California.
Adam Loewen – Former MLB player for the Arizona Diamondbacks / (1996 World Series) Surrey, British Columbia.
Vance Lovelace – Former MLB player / (1975 World Series) Tampa, Florida.
Lance Lynn – MLB player for the St. Louis Cardinals / (1999 World Series) Brownsburg, Indiana.
Jason Marquis – Former  MLB player  / 2005 NL Silver Slugger Award / 2006 MLB World Series champion / 2009 National League (NL) All Star / (1991 World Series) Staten Island, New York.
Lloyd McClendon – Former MLB player / Current hitting coach for the [Detroit Tigers]] / (1971 World Series runner-up) Gary, Indiana.
Lastings Milledge – Former MLB player / (1997 World Series) Bradenton, Florida.
Bobby Mitchell – Former MLB player / (1967 World Series) Northridge, California.
Max Moroff – MLB Player for the Pittsburgh Pirates / (2005 World Series) Maitland, Florida.
Jim Pankovits – Former MLB player / (1968 World Series Runner-up) Richmond, Virginia.
Francisco Peña – MLB player for the Kansas City Royals / (2001 World Series) Bronx, New York.
Yusmeiro Petit – MLB player for the Oakland Athletics / 2014 World Series champion with the San Francisco Giants / (1994 World Series champion) Maracaibo, Venezuela. Only Player to win a LLWS title and an MLB World Series Title.
Marc Pisciotta – Former MLB player / (1983 World Series) Marietta, Georgia.
Boog Powell – Former MLB player / 1969 & 1971 MLB World Series runner-up / 1966 & 1970 MLB World Series champion / (1954 World Series) Lakeland, Florida.
Jurickson Profar – MLB player for the Texas Rangers / (2004 World Series champion / 2005 World Series runner-up) Willemstad, Curaçao.
Guillermo Quiróz – MLB player for the Cleveland Indians / (1994 World Series champion) Maracaibo, Venezuela.
Colby Rasmus – MLB player for the Houston Astros / (1999 World Series runner-up) Phenix City, Alabama.
Cory Rasmus – MLB player for the Los Angeles Angels / (1999 World Series runner-up) Phenix City, Alabama.
Brady Rodgers – MLB player for the Houston Astros / (2003 World Series) Richmond, Texas.
Michael Saunders – MLB player for the Kansas City Royals / (1999 World Series) Victoria, British Columbia.
Jonathan Schoop – MLB player for the Baltimore Orioles / (2003 World Series & 2004 World Series champion) Willemstad, Curaçao.
Gary Sheffield – Former MLB player / 1997 MLB World Series champion / 1992 MLB Batting Champ / 7-Time National League (NL) All-Star / 2-Time American League (AL) All-Star / 5-Time Silver Slugger Award / (1980 World Series runner-up) Tampa, Florida.
Andrew Stevenson – MLB player for the Washington Nationals / (2005) Lafayette, Louisiana.
Carl Taylor – Former MLB player / (1954 World Series) Lakeland, Florida.
Rubén Tejada – MLB player for the New York Mets / (2001 World Series) Santiago de Veraguas, Panama.
Clete Thomas – MLB player that is a free agent / (1996 World Series) Panama City, Florida.
Héctor Torres – Former MLB player / (1958 World Series Champions) Monterrey, Mexico.
Devon Travis – MLB Player for the Toronto Blue Jays / (2003 World Series Runner-up) Boynton Beach, Florida.
Carlos "Bobby" Treviño – Former MLB player / (1958 World Series champions) Monterrey, Mexico.
George Tsamis – Former MLB player / (1979 World Series Runner- up) Campbell, California.
Jason Varitek - Former MLB player / 2004 and 2007 World Series Champion Boston Red Sox / 1984 Little League World Series US Champion / LL World Series Runner-up Altamonte Springs, Florida
Dave Veres – Former MLB player / (1978 World Series) Torrejón AFB, Spain.
Ed Vosberg – Former MLB player / 1997 MLB World Series Won 1997 World Series The Florida Marlins / Won NCAA World Series title with University of Arizona / (1973 World Series runner-up) Tucson, Arizona.
Dan Wilson – Former MLB player / 1996 American League (AL) All-Star / (1981 World Series) Barrington, Illinois.
Rick Wise – Former MLB player / Played in 1975 World Series with the Boston Red Sox (1958 World Series) Portland, Oregon.

text: National Football League players[edit]

text:
Matt Cassel – NFL quarterback for the Detroit Lions / (1994 World Series runner-up) Northridge, California.
Gale Gilbert – Former NFL quarterback / Played in 4 Super Bowls XXV-XXVII With the Buffalo Bills and Super Bowl XXIX with the San Diego Chargers / (1974 World Series runner-up) Red Bluff, California.
Billy Hunter – Former NFL player / U.S. Prosecutor for Northern District of California / Executive Director of the National Basketball Players Association / (1955 World Series runner-up) Delaware Township, New Jersey.
Jack Losch – Former NFL player for the Green Bay Packers / (1947 World Series) Williamsport, Pennsylvania.
Chad Pennington – Former NFL quarterback / (1991 World Series) Hamilton, Ohio.
Turk Schonert – Former NFL player /  Played in Super Bowl XVI & XXIII with the Cincinnati Bengals   / (1968 World Series) Garden Grove, California.
Brian Sipe – Former NFL quarterback & 1980 NFL MVP / (1961 World Series) El Cajon, California.
Julian Vandervelde – NFL player for the Philadelphia Eagles / (2000 World Series) Davenport, Iowa.

text: National Hockey League players[edit]

text:
Chris Drury – Former NHL player / 2001 Stanley Cup champion / 1998 Hobey Baker Award winner / 1999 Calder Memorial Trophy winner / (1989 World Series champion) Trumbull, Connecticut.
Ray Ferraro – Former NHL player / (1976 World Series) Trail, British Columbia.
Stephane Matteau – Former NHL player / 1994 Stanley Cup champion / (1982 World Series) Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec.
Pierre Turgeon – Former NHL player / 4-time NHL All-Star / (1982 World Series) Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec.

text: Other[edit]

text:
Danny Almonte – The center of significant controversy following the 2001 series due to age falsification / (2001 World Series) Bronx, New York.
Mo'ne Davis – First girl to record a win as a pitcher and to pitch a shutout / First little league player to appear on the cover of Sports Illustrated at the time of tournament play / 2014 AP Female Athlete of the Year (2014 World Series) Philadelphia.
Austin Dillon – 2011 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series champion / 2013 NASCAR Nationwide Series champion / (2002 World Series) Forsyth County, North Carolina.
Krissy Wendell – U.S. women's national hockey team / (1994 World Series) Brooklyn Park, Minnesota.

text: Media coverage[edit]

text: The first broadcast of the Little League World Series on television was on ABC Sports (now ESPN on ABC) in 1963. For years, only the championship game was televised. Since the late 1980s, when the tournament was reorganized, both the U.S. and international championships, the "semifinals", have been shown. As the years passed, more telecasts were added on ABC, ESPN, and ESPN2. In 2006, 28 of the 36 games were televised on the three networks.

text: The 2006 world championship game was to be the last telecast on ABC Sports before ESPN's complete takeover of the sports division and name change. However, the final was postponed one day because of rain and was shown by ESPN2.

text: In January 2007, it was announced that ESPN, ESPN2, and ABC had extended their contract with the Little League organization through 2014.[23] That year, every game of the LLWS was scheduled to be televised for the first time, with all but one game live on ESPN, ESPN2, or ABC. (The other game was to be available online at ESPN360, then shown on ESPN2 the next day.)[24] In addition, a number of games were to be shown in high-definition on ESPN, ESPN2, and ABC. The championship games in all other divisions, as well as the semifinals and finals of the Little League Softball World Series, was scheduled for either ESPN, ESPN2 or ESPNU.

text: In June 2011, it was announced that ESPN would add 17 games to its schedule on ESPN 3D.[25]

text: Coverage of the qualifying games has increased substantially in the US within the past decade: as of 2018, all regional group games (with the exception of the Southwest region) are available via subscription online through the ESPN+ platform, with the last three games of each regional tournament on an ESPN network. The aforementioned Southwest regional games are aired in full on the Longhorn Network (itself owned by ESPN). The increased level of participation, competition, and publicity of the Little League World Series in recent years has established a trend in the opposite direction of many other preteen sports.

text: Most LLWS games are broadcast live on local radio station WRAK 1400AM, which is owned by Clear Channel. The radio broadcasts are also streamed online at the LLWS page at littleleague.org.

text: Other divisions in Little League Baseball[edit]

text: Each of the other eleven divisions of Little League Baseball has its own World Series format (including three in boys' softball).

text:
Division

Location

Years active

Age of players

Series

Little League Baseball

South Williamsport, Pennsylvania

1947–present

11–12 years old

Little League World Series

Little League Intermediate Division

Livermore, California

2013–present

11–13 years old

Intermediate Little League World Series

Junior League Baseball

Taylor, Michigan

1981–present

13–14 years old

Junior League World Series

Senior League Baseball

Easley, South Carolina

1961–present

14–16 years old

Senior League World Series

Big League Baseball

Easley, South Carolina

1968–2016

16–18 years old

Big League World Series

Little League Softball

Portland, Oregon

1974–present

11–12 years old[26]

Little League World Series (softball)

Junior League Softball

Kirkland, Washington

1999–present

12–14 years old[26]

Junior League World Series (softball)

Senior League Softball

Sussex County, Delaware

1976–present

13–16 years old[26]

Senior League World Series (softball)

Big League Softball

Sussex County, Delaware

1982–2016

14–18 years old[26]

Big League World Series (softball)