document_title: Pledge of Allegiance (United States)

question_text: when did we start using the pledge of allegiance

text: Pledge of Allegiance (United States)

text: Recital[edit]

text: Congressional sessions open with the recital of the Pledge, as do many government meetings at local levels, and meetings held by many private organizations. All states except Hawaii, Iowa, Vermont and Wyoming require a regularly-scheduled recitation of the pledge in the public schools, although the Supreme Court has ruled in West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette that students cannot be compelled to recite the Pledge, nor can they be punished for not doing so.[9] In a number of states, state flag pledges of allegiance are required to be recited after this.[10]

text: The United States Flag Code says:

text: The Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag—"I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America, and to the Republic for which it stands, one Nation  under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all."[11]—should be rendered by standing at attention facing the flag with the right hand over the heart. When not in uniform men should remove any non-religious headdress with their right hand and hold it at the left shoulder, the hand being over the heart. Persons in uniform should remain silent, face the flag, and render the military salute. Members of the Armed Forces not in uniform and veterans may render the military salute in the manner provided for persons in uniform.[4]

text: Origins[edit]

text: Balch and Bellamy pledges[edit]

text: The Pledge of Allegiance, as it exists in its current form, was composed in August 1892 by Francis Bellamy (1855–1931), who was a Baptist minister, a Christian socialist,[12][13] and the cousin of socialist utopian novelist Edward Bellamy (1850–1898). There did exist a previous version created by Captain George T. Balch, a veteran of the Civil War, who later became auditor of the New York Board of Education. Balch's pledge, which existed contemporaneously with the Bellamy version until the 1923 National Flag Conference, read:

text: We give our heads and hearts to God and our country; one country, one language, one flag!

text: Balch was a proponent of teaching children, especially those of immigrants, loyalty to the United States, even going so far as to write a book on the subject and work with both the government and private organizations to distribute flags to every classroom and school.[14] Balch's pledge, which predates Bellamy's by 5 years and was embraced by many schools, by the Daughters of the American Revolution until the 1910s, and by the Grand Army of the Republic until the 1923 National Flag Conference, is often overlooked when discussing the history of the Pledge.[15] Bellamy, however, did not approve of the pledge as Balch had written it, referring to the text as "too juvenile and lacking in dignity."[16] The Bellamy "Pledge of Allegiance" was first published in the September 8 issue of the popular children's magazine The Youth's Companion as part of the National Public-School Celebration of Columbus Day, a celebration of the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus's arrival in the Americas. The event was conceived and promoted by James B. Upham, a marketer for the magazine, as a campaign to instill the idea of American nationalism in students and to encourage children to raise flags above their schools.[17] According to author Margarette S. Miller, this campaign was in line both with Upham's patriotic vision as well as with his commercial interest. According to Miller, Upham "would often say to his wife: 'Mary, if I can instill into the minds of our American youth a love for their country and the principles on which it was founded, and create in them an ambition to carry on with the ideals which the early founders wrote into The Constitution, I shall not have lived in vain.'"[18]

text: Bellamy's original Pledge read:

text: I pledge allegiance to my Flag and the Republic for which it stands, one nation, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.[1][19]

text: The Pledge was supposed to be quick and to the point. Bellamy designed it to be recited in 15 seconds. As a socialist, he had initially also considered using the words equality and fraternity[17] but decided against it, knowing that the state superintendents of education on his committee were against equality for women and African Americans.[20]

text: Francis Bellamy and Upham had lined up the National Education Association to support the Youth's Companion as a sponsor of the Columbus Day observance and the use in that observance of the American flag. By June 29, 1892, Bellamy and Upham had arranged for Congress and President Benjamin Harrison to announce a proclamation making the public school flag ceremony the center of the Columbus Day celebrations. This arrangement was formalized when Harrison issued Presidential Proclamation 335. Subsequently, the Pledge was first used in public schools on October 12, 1892, during Columbus Day observances organized to coincide with the opening of the World's Columbian Exposition (the Chicago World's Fair), Illinois.[21]

text: Francis Bellamy's account[edit]

text: In his recollection of the creation of the Pledge, Francis Bellamy said, "At the beginning of the nineties patriotism and national feeling was (sic) at a low ebb. The patriotic ardor of the Civil War was an old story ... The time was ripe for a reawakening of simple Americanism and the leaders in the new movement rightly felt that patriotic education should begin in the public schools."[16] James Upham "felt that a flag should be on every schoolhouse,"[16] so his publication "fostered a plan of selling flags to schools through the children themselves at cost, which was so successful that 25,000 schools acquired flags in the first year (1892-93).[16]

text: As the World's Columbian Exposition was set to celebrate the 400th anniversary the arrival of Christopher Columbus in the Americas, Upham sought to link the publication's flag drive to the event, "so that every school in the land ... would have a flag raising, under the most impressive conditions."[16] Bellamy was placed in charge of this operation and was soon lobbying "not only the superintendents of education in all the States, but [he] also worked with governors, Congressmen, and even the President of the United States."[16] The publication's efforts paid off when Benjamin Harrison declared Wednesday October 12, 1892, to be Columbus Day for which The Youth's Companion made "an official program for universal use in all the schools."[16] Bellamy recalled that the event "had to be more than a list of exercises. The ritual must be prepared with simplicity and dignity."[16]

text: Edna Dean Proctor wrote an ode for the event, and "There was also an oration suitable for declamation."[16] Bellamy held that "Of course, the nub of the program was to be the raising of the flag, with a salute to the flag recited by the pupils in unison."[16] He found "There was not a satisfactory enough form for this salute. The Balch salute, which ran, "I give my heart and my hand to my country, one country, one language, one flag," seemed to him too juvenile and lacking in dignity."[16] After working on the idea with Upham, Bellamy concluded, "It was my thought that a vow of loyalty or allegiance to the flag should be the dominant idea. I especially stressed the word 'allegiance'. ... Beginning with the new word allegiance, I first decided that 'pledge' was a better school word than 'vow' or 'swear'; and that the first person singular should be used, and that 'my' flag was preferable to 'the.'"[16] Bellamy considered the words "country, nation, or Republic," choosing the last as "it distinguished the form of government chosen by the founding fathers and established by the Revolution. The true reason for allegiance to the flag is the Republic for which it stands."[16] Bellamy then reflected on the sayings of Revolutionary and Civil War figures, and concluded "all that pictured struggle reduced itself to three words, one Nation indivisible."[16]

text: Bellamy considered the slogan of the French Revolution, Liberté, égalité, fraternité ("liberty, equality, fraternity"), but held that "fraternity was too remote of realization, and … [that] equality was a dubious word."[16] Concluding "Liberty and justice were surely basic, were undebatable, and were all that any one Nation could handle. If they were exercised for all. They involved the spirit of equality and fraternity."[16]

text: After being reviewed by Upham and other members of The Youth's Companion, the Pledge was approved and put in the official Columbus Day program. Bellamy noted that, "In later years the words 'to my flag' were changed to 'to the flag of the United States of America' because of the large number of foreign children in the schools."[16] Bellamy disliked the change, as "it did injure the rhythmic balance of the original composition."[16]

text: Changes[edit]

text: In 1906, The Daughters of the American Revolution's magazine, The American Monthly, listed the "formula of allegiance" as being the Balch Pledge of Allegiance, which reads:[15]

text: I pledge allegiance to my flag, and the republic for which it stands. I pledge my head and my heart to God and my country. One country, one language and one flag.

text: In subsequent publications of the Daughters of the American Revolution, such as in 1915's "Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth Continental Congress of the Daughters of the American Revolution" and 1916's annual "National Report," the Balch Pledge, listed as official in 1906, is now categorized as "Old Pledge" with Bellamy's version under the heading "New Pledge."[22][23] However, the "Old Pledge" continued to be used by other organizations until the National Flag Conference established uniform flag procedures in 1923.

text: In 1923, the National Flag Conference called for the words "my Flag" to be changed to "the Flag of the United States," so that new immigrants would not confuse loyalties between their birth countries and the US. The words "of America" were added a year later. Congress officially recognized the Pledge for the first time, in the following form, on June 22, 1942:[24]

text: I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America, and to the Republic for which it stands, one Nation indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.

text: Addition of "under God"[edit]

text: Louis Albert Bowman, an attorney from Illinois, was the first to suggest the addition of "under God" to the pledge. The National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution gave him an Award of Merit as the originator of this idea.[25][26] He spent his adult life in the Chicago area and was chaplain of the Illinois Society of the Sons of the American Revolution. At a meeting on February 12, 1948,[25] he led the society in reciting the pledge with the two words "under God" added. He said that the words came from Lincoln's Gettysburg Address. Although not all manuscript versions of the Gettysburg Address contain the words "under God", all the reporters' transcripts of the speech as delivered do, as perhaps Lincoln may have deviated from his prepared text and inserted the phrase when he said "that the nation shall, under God, have a new birth of freedom." Bowman repeated his revised version of the Pledge at other meetings.[25]

text: In 1951, the Knights of Columbus, the world's largest Catholic fraternal service organization, also began including the words "under God" in the Pledge of Allegiance.[27] In New York City, on April 30, 1951, the board of directors of the Knights of Columbus adopted a resolution to amend the text of their Pledge of Allegiance at the opening of each of the meetings of the 800 Fourth Degree Assemblies of the Knights of Columbus by addition of the words "under God" after the words "one nation." Over the next two years, the idea spread throughout Knights of Columbus organizations nationwide. On August 21, 1952, the Supreme Council of the Knights of Columbus at its annual meeting adopted a resolution urging that the change be made universal, and copies of this resolution were sent to the President, the Vice President (as Presiding Officer of the Senate), and the Speaker of the House of Representatives. The National Fraternal Congress meeting in Boston on September 24, 1952, adopted a similar resolution upon the recommendation of its president, Supreme Knight Luke E. Hart. Several State Fraternal Congresses acted likewise almost immediately thereafter. This campaign led to several official attempts to prompt Congress to adopt the Knights of Columbus policy for the entire nation. These attempts were eventually a success.[28]

text: At the suggestion of a correspondent, Representative Louis C. Rabaut (D-Mich.), of Michigan sponsored a resolution to add the words "under God" to the Pledge in 1953.[29]

text: Before February 1954, no endeavor to get the pledge officially amended had succeeded. The final successful push came from George MacPherson Docherty. Some American presidents honored Lincoln's birthday by attending services at the church Lincoln attended, New York Avenue Presbyterian Church by sitting in Lincoln's pew on the Sunday nearest February 12. On February 7, 1954, with President Eisenhower sitting in Lincoln's pew, the church's pastor, George MacPherson Docherty, delivered a sermon based on the Gettysburg Address entitled "A New Birth of Freedom." He argued that the nation's might lay not in arms but rather in its spirit and higher purpose. He noted that the Pledge's sentiments could be those of any nation: "There was something missing in the pledge, and that which was missing was the characteristic and definitive factor in the American way of life." He cited Lincoln's words "under God" as defining words that set the US apart from other nations.[citation needed]

text: President Eisenhower had been baptized a Presbyterian very recently, just a year before. He responded enthusiastically to Docherty in a conversation following the service. Eisenhower acted on his suggestion the next day and on February 8, 1954, Rep. Charles Oakman (R-Mich.), introduced a bill to that effect. Congress passed the necessary legislation and Eisenhower signed the bill into law on Flag Day, June 14, 1954.[30] Eisenhower said:

text: From this day forward, the millions of our school children will daily proclaim in every city and town, every village and rural school house, the dedication of our nation and our people to the Almighty.... In this way we are reaffirming the transcendence of religious faith in America's heritage and future; in this way we shall constantly strengthen those spiritual weapons which forever will be our country's most powerful resource, in peace or in war.[31]

text: The phrase "under God" was incorporated into the Pledge of Allegiance on June 14, 1954, by a Joint Resolution of Congress amending § 4 of the Flag Code enacted in 1942.[30]

text: On October 6, 1954, the National Executive Committee of the American Legion adopted a resolution, first approved by the Illinois American Legion Convention in August 1954, which formally recognized the Knights of Columbus for having initiated and brought forward the amendment to the Pledge of Allegiance.[28]

text: Even though the movement behind inserting "under God" into the pledge might have been initiated by a private religious fraternity and even though references to God appear in previous versions of the pledge, author Kevin M. Kruse asserts that this movement was an effort by corporate America to instill in the minds of the people that capitalism and free enterprise were heavenly blessed. Kruse acknowledges the insertion of the phrase was influenced by the push-back against atheistic communism during the Cold War, but argues the longer arc of history shows the conflation of Christianity and capitalism as a challenge to the New Deal played the larger role.[32]

text: Salute[edit]

text: Swearing of the Pledge is accompanied by a salute. An early version of the salute, adopted in 1887, known as the Balch Salute, which accompanied the Balch pledge, instructed students to stand with their right hand outstretched toward the flag, the fingers of which are then brought to the forehead, followed by being placed flat over the heart, and finally falling to the side.

text: In 1892, Francis Bellamy created what was known as the Bellamy salute. It started with the hand outstretched toward the flag, palm down, and ended with the palm up. Because of the similarity between the Bellamy salute and the Nazi salute, which was adopted in Germany later, the US Congress stipulated that the hand-over-the-heart gesture as the salute to be rendered by civilians during the Pledge of Allegiance and the national anthem in the US would be the salute to replace the Bellamy salute. Removal of the Bellamy salute occurred on December 22, 1942, when Congress amended the Flag Code language first passed into law on June 22, 1942.[33] Attached to bills passed in Congress in 2008 and then in 2009 (Section 301(b)(1) of title 36, United States Code), language was included which authorized all active duty military personnel and all veterans in civilian clothes to render a proper hand salute during the raising and lowering of the flag, when the colors are presented, and during the National Anthem.[34]

text: Music[edit]

text: A musical setting for "The Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag" was created by Irving Caesar, at the suggestion of Congressman Louis C. Rabaut whose House Resolution 243 to add the phrase "under God" was signed into law on Flag Day, June 14, 1954.[35]

text: The composer, Irving Caesar, wrote and published over 700 songs in his lifetime. Dedicated to social issues, he donated all rights of the musical setting to the U.S. government, so that anyone can perform the piece without owing royalties.[36][37]

text: It was sung for the first time on the floor of the House of Representatives on Flag Day, June 14, 1955 by the official Air Force choral group the "Singing Sergeants". A July 29, 1955 House and Senate resolution authorized the  U.S. Government Printing Office to print and distribute the song sheet together with a history of the pledge.[38]

text: Other musical versions of the Pledge have since been copyrighted, including by Beck (2003), Lovrekovich (2002 and 2001), Roton (1991), Fijol (1986), and Girardet (1983).[39]

text: Controversy[edit]

text: In 1940, the Supreme Court, in Minersville School District v. Gobitis, ruled that students in public schools, including the respondents in that case—Jehovah's Witnesses who considered the flag salute to be idolatry—could be compelled to swear the Pledge. In 1943, in West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette, the Supreme Court reversed its decision. Justice Robert H. Jackson, writing for the 6 to 3 majority, went beyond simply ruling in the precise matter presented by the case to say that public school students are not required to say the Pledge on narrow grounds, and asserted that such ideological dogmata are antithetical to the principles of the country, concluding with:

text: If there is any fixed star in our constitutional constellation, it is that no official, high or petty, can prescribe what shall be orthodox in politics, nationalism, religion, or other matters of opinion or force citizens to confess by word or act their faith therein. If there are any circumstances which permit an exception, they do not now occur to us.[40]

text: In a later case, the 11th Circuit Court of Appeals held that students are also not required to stand for the Pledge.[41]

text: Requiring or promoting of the Pledge on the part of the government has continued to draw criticism and legal challenges on several grounds.

text: One objection is that a democratic republic built on freedom of dissent should not require its citizens to pledge allegiance to it, and that the First Amendment to the United States Constitution protects the right to refrain from speaking or standing, which itself is also a form of speech in the context of the ritual of pledging allegiance.[42][41] Another objection is that the people who are most likely to recite the Pledge every day, small children in schools, cannot really give their consent or even completely understand the Pledge they are making.[43] Another criticism is that a government requiring or promoting the phrase "under God" violates protections against the establishment of religion guaranteed in the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment.[44]

text: In 2004, linguist Geoffrey Nunberg said the original supporters of the addition thought that they were simply quoting Lincoln's Gettysburg Address, but to Lincoln and his contemporaries, "under God" meant "God willing", so they would have found its use in the Pledge of Allegiance grammatically incorrect and semantically odd.[45][46]

text: Legal challenges[edit]

text: Prominent legal challenges were brought in the 1930s and 1940s by Jehovah's Witnesses, a denomination whose beliefs preclude swearing loyalty to any power other than God, and who objected to policies in public schools requiring students to swear an oath to the flag.[47] They said requiring the pledge violated their freedom of religion guaranteed by the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment. The first case was in 1935, when two children, Lillian and William Gobitas, ages ten and twelve, were expelled from the Minersville, Pennsylvania, public schools that year for failing to salute the flag and recite the Pledge of Allegiance.[48][49]

text: In a 2002 case brought by atheist Michael Newdow, whose daughter was being taught the Pledge in school, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled the phrase "under God" an unconstitutional endorsement of monotheism when the Pledge was promoted in public school. In 2004, the Supreme Court heard Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow, an appeal of the ruling, and rejected Newdow's claim on the grounds that he was not the custodial parent, and therefore lacked standing, thus avoiding ruling on the merits of whether the phrase was constitutional in a school-sponsored recitation. On January 3, 2005, a new suit was filed in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of California on behalf of three unnamed families. On September 14, 2005, District Court Judge Lawrence Karlton ruled in their favor. Citing the precedent of the 2002 ruling by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, Judge Karlton issued an order stating that, upon proper motion, he would enjoin the school district defendants from continuing their practices of leading children in pledging allegiance to "one Nation under God."[50]

text: In 2006, in the Florida case Frazier v. Alexandre, a federal district court in Florida ruled that a 1942 state law requiring students to stand and recite the Pledge of Allegiance violates the First and Fourteenth Amendments of the U.S. Constitution.[51] As a result of that decision, a Florida school district was ordered to pay $32,500 to a student who chose not to say the pledge and was ridiculed and called "unpatriotic" by a teacher.[52]

text: In 2009, a Montgomery County, Maryland, teacher berated and had school police remove a 13-year-old girl who refused to say the Pledge of Allegiance in the classroom. The student's mother, assisted by the American Civil Liberties Union of Maryland, sought and received an apology from the teacher, as state law and the school's student handbook both prohibit students from being forced to recite the Pledge.[53]

text: On March 11, 2010, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the words "under God" in the Pledge of Allegiance in the case of Newdow v. Rio Linda Union School District.[54][55] In a 2–1 decision, the appellate court ruled that the words were of a "ceremonial and patriotic nature" and did not constitute an establishment of religion.[54] Judge Stephen Reinhardt dissented, writing that "the state-directed, teacher-led daily recitation in public schools of the amended 'under God' version of the Pledge of Allegiance... violates the Establishment Clause of the Constitution."[56]

text: On November 12, 2010, in a unanimous decision, the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit in Boston affirmed a ruling by a New Hampshire lower federal court which found that the pledge's reference to God does not violate non-pledging students' rights if student participation in the pledge is voluntary.[57][58] A United States Supreme Court appeal of this decision was denied on June 13, 2011.[59][60]

text: In September 2013, a case was brought before the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court, arguing that the pledge violates the Equal Rights Amendment of the Constitution of Massachusetts.[61] In May 2014, Massachusetts' highest court ruled that the pledge does not discriminate against atheists, saying that the words "under God" represent a patriotic, not a religious, exercise.[62]

text: In February 2015 New Jersey Superior Court Judge David F. Bauman dismissed a lawsuit, ruling that "… the Pledge of Allegiance does not violate the rights of those who don't believe in God and does not have to be removed from the patriotic message."[63] The case against the Matawan-Aberdeen Regional School District had been brought by a student of the district and the American Humanist Association that argued that the phrase "under God" in the pledge created a climate of discrimination because it promoted religion, making non-believers "second-class citizens." In a twenty-one page decision, Bauman wrote, "Under [the association members'] reasoning, the very constitution under which [the members] seek redress for perceived atheistic marginalization could itself be deemed unconstitutional, an absurd proposition which [association members] do not and cannot advance here."[63] Bauman said the student could skip the pledge, but upheld a New Jersey law that says pupils must recite the pledge unless they have "conscientious scruples" that do not allow it.[64][65] He noted, "As a matter of historical tradition, the words 'under God' can no more be expunged from the national consciousness than the words 'In God We Trust' from every coin in the land, than the words 'so help me God' from every presidential oath since 1789, or than the prayer that has opened every congressional session of legislative business since 1787.”


document_title: Bank of England £1 note

question_text: when was the 1 pound note withdrawn from circulation

root

text: Bank of England £1 note

text: History[edit]

text: One pound notes were introduced by the Bank of England for the first time in 1797, following gold shortages caused by the French Revolutionary Wars. The earliest notes were handwritten, and were issued as needed to individuals. These notes were written on one side only and bore the name of the payee, the date, and the signature of the issuing cashier. Between 1797 and 1821 the lack of bullion meant that banks would not exchange banknotes for gold, but after the end of the Napoleonic Wars the shortage was alleviated such that notes could be exchanged for an equivalent amount of gold when presented at the bank. One pound notes ceased to be issued in 1821 and were replaced by gold sovereigns.[1]

tag: p

text: During the First World War the British Government wanted to maintain its stocks of gold and so banks were ordered to again stop exchanging any and all denominations of banknotes for gold. Gold sovereigns were replaced by one pound notes issued by the Treasury. These notes were nicknamed "Bradburys" because of the prominent signature of Sir John Bradbury, Permanent Secretary to the Treasury displayed on the notes.[2] Britain returned to the gold standard in 1925, although the Bank of England was only obliged to exchange notes for gold in multiples of 400 troy ounces (12,000 g) (the typical size of a "Good Delivery bar") or more. The responsibility for the printing of one pound notes was transferred to the Bank of England in 1928, and the ability to redeem banknotes for gold ceased in 1931 when Britain stopped using the gold standard.[1]

text: The Bank of England's first post-World War I one pound notes were two-sided green notes which were printed – not handwritten. The name of the payee was replaced by the declaration "I promise to pay the bearer on demand the sum of one pound". This declaration remains on Bank of England banknotes to this day. This signature of the issuing cashier was replaced by the printed signature of the Chief Cashier of the Bank of England. In 1940, following the outbreak of the Second World War, one pound notes were issued in a new blue-orange colour scheme to deter counterfeiters, although the design remained the same. At the same time, metal thread running the paper was introduced as a security feature. After the war one pound notes were issued in their original green colour. The earliest post-World War II notes did not have the metallic thread security feature, but those issued from September 1948 onward did.[2]

text: A new design for one pound notes was introduced in 1960, with the old notes ceasing to be legal tender in 1962. These new series C notes were slightly narrower, and were the first one-pound notes to feature a portrait of Queen Elizabeth II on the front. The reverse design incorporated the logo of the Bank of England. Series C notes were replaced by the series D notes from 1978 onward. These slightly smaller notes featured an entirely new design with Queen Elizabeth II on the front and scientist Isaac Newton on the back. The note was redesigned slightly in 1981 to feature brighter background colours.[2] Following a consultation with retailers and other groups it was announced on 31 July 1981 that the one pound note would be replaced by a one pound coin. Part of the reason for this change was that notes, on average, lasted only nine months in general circulation, while coins could last forty years or more. The government also believed that the growing vending industry would benefit from the introduction of a one-pound coin. The new cupro-nickel coin was introduced on 21 April 1983 and the one pound note ceased to be legal tender on 11 March 1988.[2][3] Bank of England £1 notes are still occasionally found in circulation in Scotland, alongside Royal Bank of Scotland £1 notes. This is because Scotland has no concept of Legal Tender, and any Sterling bank note, of any age, may be used provided the trader is content to accept it. The Bank of England will exchange old £1 notes for their face value in perpetuity.

text: Designs[edit]

text:
Note

First issued

Last issued

Ceased to be legal tender

Colour

Size

Design / Picture

Additional information

White
2 March 1797
1821/1825–6
Unknown
Monochrome (printed on one side only)
200mm x 113mm (may vary)

1st Series Treasury Issue
7 August 1914
Unknown
12 June 1920
Black on White (printed on one side only)
127 × 64 mm
Designed at Royal Mint from sketches by Frederick Atterbury. Signed by Sir John Bradbury

2nd Series Treasury Issue
23 October 1914
Unknown
12 June 1920
Black on White (printed one side only)
149 × 83 mm
George Eve. Printed by LA Rue & Co on banknote paper.

3rd Series Treasury Issue
22 January 1917
Unknown
1 August 1933
Brown & Green
151 × 84 mm
Front: Britannia; Back: Bank of England
Reissue of unthreaded pre-war notes

Series A (1st issue)
22 November 1928
Unknown
28 May 1962
Green
151 × 85 mm
Front: Britannia; Back: Saint George and the Dragon

Emergency wartime issue
29 March 1940
Unknown
28 May 1962
Pale blue and orange
151 × 85 mm
Front: Britannia; Back: Saint George and the Dragon
Incorporated metal thread for the first time; same design as series A

Series A (2nd issue)
17 June 1948
Unknown
28 May 1962
Green
151 × 85 mm
Front: Britannia; Back: Saint George and the Dragon
Reissue of unthreaded pre-war notes

Series A (3rd issue)
13 September 1948
Unknown
28 May 1962
Green
151 × 85 mm
Front: Britannia; Back: Saint George and the Dragon
Metal thread introduced permanently

Series C
17 March 1960
1978
31 May 1979
Green
151 × 72 mm
Front: Queen Elizabeth II; Back: Bank of England logo
First £1 note to carry portrait of monarch

Series D
9 February 1978
31 December 1984
11 March 1988
Predominantly green
135 × 67 mm
Front: Queen Elizabeth II; Back: Isaac Newton
Those issued from 20 March 1981 onward featured additional background colours.

tag: table

text: Information taken from Bank of England website.[1][2]


document_title: List of Super Bowl halftime shows

question_text: when did bruce springsteen play the super bowl

text: List of Super Bowl halftime shows

text: Background[edit]

text: During most of the Super Bowl's first decade, the halftime show featured a college marching band. The show's second decade featured a more varied show, often featuring drill teams and other performance ensembles; the group Up with People produced and starred in four of the performances. The middle of the third decade, in an effort to counter other networks' efforts to counterprogram the game,[7] saw the introduction of popular music acts such as New Kids on the Block, Gloria Estefan, Michael Jackson, Clint Black, Patti LaBelle, and Tony Bennett. Starting with Super Bowl XXXII, commercial sponsors presented the halftime show; within five years, the tradition of having a theme—begun with Super Bowl III—ended, replaced by major music productions by arena rock bands and other high-profile acts. In the six years immediately following an incident at Super Bowl XXXVIII where Justin Timberlake exposed one of Janet Jackson's breasts in an alleged "wardrobe malfunction", all of the halftime shows consisted of a performance by one artist or group, with the musicians in that era primarily being rock artists from the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s. These shows were considered "family friendly" and the time in which they took place has been described as "the age of reactionary halftime shows.[8] Since Super Bowl XLV, the halftime show has returned to featuring popular contemporary musicians, with the typical format featuring a single headline artist collaborating with a small number of guest acts.

text: The NFL does not pay the halftime show performers an appearance fee, though it covers all expenses for the performers and their entourage of band members management, technical crew, security personnel, family, and friends.[9] Super Bowl XXVII halftime show with Michael Jackson provided an exception, as the NFL and Frito-Lay agreed to make a donation and provide commercial time for Jackson's Heal the World Foundation.[10][11][12][11] According to Nielsen SoundScan data, the halftime performers regularly experience significant spikes in weekly album sales and paid digital downloads due to the exposure.[13] For Super Bowl XLIX, it was reported by the Wall Street Journal that league officials asked representatives of potential acts if they would be willing to provide financial compensation to the NFL in exchange for their appearance, in the form of either an up-front fee, or a cut of revenue from concert performances made after the Super Bowl. While these reports were denied by an NFL spokeswoman, the request had, according to the Journal, received a "chilly" response from those involved.[14][15]

text: History[edit]

text: The following is a list of the performers, producers, themes, and sponsors for each Super Bowl game's show.

text:
Super Bowl
Show details

I

Date: Jan 15, 1967
Location: Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum (University Park, Los Angeles, California)
Performers: University of Arizona Symphonic Marching Band & Grambling State University Marching Band, Al Hirt, Anaheim High School Drill Team and Flag Girls
Producer: Tommy Walker
Setlist: "The Liberty Bell" (The University of Arizona Symphonic Marching Band)
References:[16][17][18]

II

Date: Jan 14, 1968
Location: Miami Orange Bowl (Miami, Florida)
Performers: Grambling State University Marching Band
References:[16]

III

Date: Jan 12, 1969
Location: Miami Orange Bowl (Miami, Florida)
Theme: America Thanks
Performers: Florida A&M University and Miami area High School Bands
References:[16]

text:
Super Bowl
Show details

IV

Date: Jan 11, 1970
Lon: Tulane Stadium (New Orleans, Louisiana)
Theme: Tribute to Mardi Gras
Performers: Marguerite Piazza, Doc Severinsen, Al Hirt, Lionel Hampton Southern University Marching Band
References:[16]
Setlist:

"When the Saints Go Marching In"

V

Date: Jan 17, 1971
Location: Miami Orange Bowl (Miami, Florida)
Performers: Southeast Missouri State Marching Band
References:[16][19]

VI

Date: Jan 16, 1972
Location: Tulane Stadium (New Orleans, Louisiana)
Theme: Salute to Louis Armstrong
Performers: Ella Fitzgerald, Carol Channing, Al Hirt, USAFA Cadet Chorale, & U.S. Marine Corps Drill Team
Producer: Jim Skinner
References:[16][20]
Setlist:

"Mack the Knife" (Ella Fitzgerald and Al Hirt)

VII

Date: Jan 14, 1973
Location: Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum (University Park, Los Angeles, California)
Theme: Happiness Is
Performers: University of Michigan Marching Band & Woody Herman & Andy Williams
Producer: Tommy Walker
References:[16][21][22]
Setlist: (partial)

"Put on a Happy Face" (University of Michigan Marching Band)
"La Virgen de la Macarena" (University of Michigan Marching Band)
"This Land Is Your Land" (University of Michigan Marching Band)
"Marmalade, Molasses & Honey" (Andy Williams)
"People" (Andy Williams)

VIII

Date: Jan 13, 1974
Location: Rice Stadium (Houston, Texas)
Theme: A Musical America
Performers: University of Texas Longhorn Band and Judy Mallett (Miss Texas 1973) on fiddle
Producer: Jim Skinner
References:[16]

IX

Date: Jan 12, 1975
Location: Tulane Stadium (New Orleans, Louisiana)
Theme: Tribute to Duke Ellington
Performers: Mercer Ellington & Grambling State University Marching Bands
Producer: Jim Skinner
References:[16][18]

X

Date: Jan 18, 1976
Location: Miami Orange Bowl (Miami, Florida)
Theme: 200 Years and Just a Baby: A Tribute to America's Bicentennial
Performer: Up with People
References:[16][23]

XI

Date: Jan 9, 1977
Location: Rose Bowl (Pasadena, California)
Theme: It's a Small World
Performers: Los Angeles Unified All-City Band & Audience card stunt
Producer: The Walt Disney Company
References:[16]

XII

Date: Jan 15, 1978
Location: Louisiana Superdome (New Orleans, Louisiana)
Theme: From Paris to Paris of America
Performers: Tyler Apache Belles Drill Team, and Apache Band Pete Fountain & Al Hirt
References:[16]

XIII

Date: Jan 21, 1979
Location: Miami Orange Bowl (Miami, Florida)
Theme: Salute to Caribbean
Performers: Ken Hamilton, various Caribbean bands including Grammacks out of Dominica
Producer: Bob Jani
Sponsor: Carnival
References:[16]

text:
Super Bowl
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XIV

Date: Jan 20, 1980
Location: Rose Bowl (Pasadena, California)
Theme: A Salute to the Big Band Era
Performers: Up with People, Grambling State University Marching Bands
References:[16][23]

XV

Date: Jan 25, 1981
Location: Louisiana Superdome (New Orleans, Louisiana)
Theme: Mardi Gras Festival
Performers: Southern University Marching Band, Helen O'Connell
Producer: Jim Skinner
References:[16]

XVI

Date: Jan 24, 1982
Location: Pontiac Silverdome (Pontiac, Michigan)
Theme: Salute to the 1960s and Motown
Performer: Up with People
References:[16][23]

XVII

Date: Jan 30, 1983
Location: Rose Bowl (Pasadena, California)
Theme: KaleidoSUPERscope
Performer: Los Angeles Super Drill Team
Producer: Bob Jani
References:[16]

XVIII

Date: Jan 22, 1984
Location: Tampa Stadium (Tampa, Florida)
Theme: Salute to Superstars of Silver Screen
Performers: University of Florida and Florida State University Marching Bands
Producer: The Walt Disney Company
Setlist:[16]

Introduction by Phyllis George
"Hooray for Hollywood"
"You Oughta Be in Pictures"
"Steppin' Out with My Baby"
"Puttin' on the Ritz"
"42nd Street"
"When You Wish Upon a Star"

XIX

Date: Jan 20, 1985
Location: Stanford Stadium (Stanford, California)
Theme: World of Children's Dreams
Performer: Tops In Blue
Producer: Air Force Entertainment
References:[16]

XX

Date: Jan 26, 1986
Location: Louisiana Superdome (New Orleans, Louisiana)
Theme: Beat of the Future
Performer: Up with People
References:[16][23]

XXI

Date: Jan 25, 1987
Location: Rose Bowl (Pasadena, California)
Theme: Salute to Hollywood's 100th Anniversary - The World of Make Believe
Performers: George Burns, Mickey Rooney, Grambling State University and USC Marching Bands, Disney characters, Southern California-area high school drill teams and dancers
Producer: The Walt Disney Company
References:[16]
Setlist:

"Ghost Riders in the Sky"
Theme songs from Bonanza, Indiana Jones, and Footloose
Hoedown song
"Cheek to Cheek"
"What a Feeling" (Theme from Flashdance)
"That's Entertainment"
"Somewhere Over the Rainbow"
"When You Wish Upon a Star"

XXII

Date: Jan 31, 1988
Location: Jack Murphy Stadium (San Diego, California)
Theme: Something Grand
Performers: Chubby Checker, The Rockettes, 88 grand pianos, and the combined San Diego State University Marching Aztecs and USC Marching Bands
Producer: Radio City Music Hall
References:[16][17]

XXIII

Date: Jan 22, 1989
Location: Joe Robbie Stadium (Miami Gardens, Florida)
Theme: 1950's Rock and Roll (Be Bop Bamboozled in 3-D)
Performers: Elvis Presto, South Florida-area dancers and performers
Producer: MagicCom Entertainment, Dan Witkowski
Sponsor: Diet Coke
Setlist:

Introduction by Bob Costas and 3-D commercial for Diet Coke
"Rock This Town"
audience participation card trick
"Tutti Frutti"
"Do You Love Me"
"Devil with a Blue Dress On"
"Great Balls of Fire"
"Greased Lightnin'"
"True Love"

References:[16][24]

text:
Super Bowl
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XXIV

Date: Jan 28, 1990
Location: Louisiana Superdome (New Orleans, Louisiana)
Theme: Salute to New Orleans & 40th Anniversary of Peanuts
Performers: Pete Fountain, Doug Kershaw, Irma Thomas, Nicholls State University Marching Band, Southern University Marching Band, USL Marching Band
Producer: Select Productions
References:
Setlist:

"(Up A) Lazy River"
"Waiting For The Robert E. Lee"
"Here Comes the Showboat"
"When the Saints Go Marching In" (Pete Fountain on clarinet)
"Happy Birthday to You"

XXV

Date: Jan 27, 1991
Location: Tampa Stadium (Tampa, Florida)
Theme: Small World Tribute to 25 Years of the Super Bowl
Performers: New Kids on the Block (NKOTB), Disney characters, Warren Moon, 2,000 local children, audience card stunt
Producer: The Walt Disney Company
Sponsor: Walt Disney World and Coca-Cola
References:[16]
Setlist:

"It's a Small World After All"/ "We Are the World"/ "I'd Like to Teach the World to Sing" (children)
"Step by Step" (NKOTB)
"This One's For The Children" (NKOTB and children)
"It's a Small World After All" (children)

Notes: The airing of this halftime show was delayed until after the conclusion of the game due to ABC News coverage of Operation Desert Storm

XXVI

Date: Jan 26, 1992
Location: Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome (Minneapolis, Minnesota)
Theme: Winter Magic, salute to 1992 Winter Olympics
Performers: Gloria Estefan, Olympic Figure skaters Brian Boitano and Dorothy Hamill, members of the 1980 US Olympic Hockey Team, and the University of Minnesota Marching Band
Producer: Timberline Productions
References:[16]
Setlist:

"Winter Magic"
"Walking in a Winter Wonderland"
"Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy"
"Frosty" (University of Minnesota Marching Band)
"One Moment in Time" (featuring Brian Boitano and Dorthy Hamill)
"Don't Stop Me Now" (featuring members of the 1980 US Olympic Hockey Team)
"Live for Loving You" (Gloria Estefan)
"Get on Your Feet" (Gloria Estefan)

Notes: During the halftime, rival network Fox aired a special live episode of In Living Color, one of the first deliberate attempts at counter-programming. The show drew over 22 million viewers away from the Super Bowl telecast.[citation needed] In mid-1992, citing this, Select Productions pitched the concept of exclusively featuring live concert-type performances from top contemporary musical artists.[citation needed] The concept and pitch is attributed to Select Productions' employee Rick Lewis and prompted the change of the 1993 halftime show to showcase Michael Jackson.[citation needed]

XXVII

Main article: Super Bowl XXVII halftime show

Date: Jan 31, 1993
Location: Rose Bowl (Pasadena, California)
Performer: Michael Jackson
Producer: Radio City, Scott Sanders and Don Mischer Productions
References:[16][17]
Setlist:

"Jam" (M. Jackson)
"Billie Jean" (M. Jackson)
"Black or White" (M. Jackson)
"We Are the World" (children's choir)
"Heal the World" (M. Jackson)

Notes: This halftime performance increased the TV ratings by a significant amount. It has been claimed to be one of the most watched events in American television history. After 1993, the NFL made a deliberate effort to attract top performers for the halftime shows.[25]

XXVIII

Date: Jan 30, 1994
Location: Georgia Dome (Atlanta, Georgia)
Theme: Rockin' Country Sunday
Performers: Clint Black, Tanya Tucker, Travis Tritt, The Judds
Producer: Select Productions
References:[16]
Setlist:

"Tuckered Out" (Clint Black)
"It's a Little Too Late" (Tanya Tucker)
"T-R-O-U-B-L-E" (Travis Tritt)
"No One Else on Earth" (Wynonna Judd)
"Love Can Build a Bridge" (The Judds, joined by the other artists and special guests for the final verse)

Notes: Travis Tritt of Atlanta, joined several other artists in history to perform in the halftime show in his own hometown. The special guests for the finale included: Stevie Wonder, Ashley Judd, Lisa Hartman Black, The Georgia Satellites, Joe Namath, Elijah Wood, and Charlie Daniels.

XXIX

Date: Jan 29, 1995
Location: Joe Robbie Stadium (Miami Gardens, Florida)
Theme: Indiana Jones and the Temple of the Forbidden Eye
Performers: Patti Labelle, Indiana Jones & Marion Ravenwood, Teddy Pendergrass, Tony Bennett, Arturo Sandoval, Miami Sound Machine
Producer: The Walt Disney Company
References:[16]
Setlist:

"Release Yourself" (Patti Labelle)
"Caravan" (Tony Bennett, Arturo Sandoval and Miami Sound Machine)
"New Attitude" (Patti Labelle)
"Can You Feel The Love Tonight" (Patti Labelle and Tony Bennett)

XXX

Date: Jan 28, 1996
Location: Sun Devil Stadium (Tempe, Arizona)
Theme: Take Me Higher: A Celebration of 30 Years of the Super Bowl
Performer: Diana Ross
Producer: Radio City Music Hall
Sponsor: Oscar Mayer
References:[16][17]
Setlist: A medley of the following songs:

"Stop In The Name Of Love"
"You Keep Me Hangin' On"
"Baby Love"
"You Can't Hurry Love"
"Why Do Fools Fall in Love"
"Chain Reaction"
"Reach Out and Touch (Somebody's Hand)"
"Ain't No Mountain High Enough"
"I Will Survive"
"Take Me Higher"

XXXI

Date: Jan 26, 1997
Location: Louisiana Superdome (New Orleans, Louisiana)
Theme: Blues Brothers Bash
Performers: The Blues Brothers (Dan Aykroyd, John Goodman and James Belushi), ZZ Top, James Brown, Catherine Crier ("news" intro)
Producer: Select Productions, Radio City, House of Blues
Sponsor: Oscar Mayer
References:[16]
Setlist:

"Everybody Needs Somebody to Love" (The Blues Brothers)
"Soul Man" (The Blues Brothers)
"I Got You (I Feel Good)" (James Brown)
"Get Up (I Feel Like Being a) Sex Machine" (James Brown)
"Tush" (ZZ Top)
"Legs" (ZZ Top)
"Gimme Some Lovin'" (all performers joined together)

XXXII

Date: Jan 25, 1998
Location: Qualcomm Stadium (San Diego, California)
Theme: Salute to Motown's 40th Anniversary
Performers: Boyz II Men, Smokey Robinson, Martha Reeves, The Temptations, Queen Latifah, Grambling State University Marching Band
Producer: Radio City Music Hall
Sponsor: Royal Caribbean International & Celebrity Cruises
References:[16][17][18][26]
Setlist:

"Get Ready" (The Temptations)
"I Can't Help Myself" (The Temptations)
"The Tracks of My Tears" (Smokey Robinson)
"My Girl" (The Temptations with Smokey Robinson)
"Heat Wave" (Martha and the Vandellas)
"Paper" (Queen Latifah)
"Motownphilly" (Boyz II Men)
"A Song for Mama" (Boyz II Men)
"Dancing in the Street" (all artists joined by GSU Marching Band)

XXXIII

Date: Jan 31, 1999
Location: Pro Player Stadium (Miami Gardens, Florida)
Theme: Celebration of Soul, Salsa and Swing
Performers: Gloria Estefan, Stevie Wonder, Big Bad Voodoo Daddy, Savion Glover
Producer: Radio City Music Hall
Sponsor: Progressive Auto Insurance
References:[16]
Setlist:

"Go Daddy O" (Big Bad Voodoo Daddy)
"Sir Duke" (Stevie Wonder)
"You Are The Sunshine Of My Life" (Stevie Wonder)
"I Wish" (Stevie Wonder)
"Oye!" (Gloria Estefan)
"Turn The Beat Around" (Gloria Estefan)
"You'll Be Mine (Party Time)/Another Star/My Cherie Amour" (Gloria Estefan and Stevie Wonder)

text:
Super Bowl
Show details

XXXIV

Date: Jan 30, 2000
Location: Georgia Dome (Atlanta, Georgia)
Theme: Tapestry of Nations
Performers: Phil Collins, Christina Aguilera, Enrique Iglesias, Toni Braxton, 80-person choir, Edward James Olmos (narrator)
Producer: Disney
Sponsor: E-Trade
References:[16][27]
Setlist:

"Reflections of Earth" Instrumental (Walt Disney World Millennium Celebration soundtrack)
"Celebrate the Future Hand in Hand" (Christina Aguilera & Enrique Iglesias)
"Tapestry of Nations" Instrumental (Walt Disney World Millennium Celebration soundtrack)
"Two Worlds" (Phil Collins)
"We Go On" (Toni Braxton)

XXXV

Date: Jan 28, 2001
Location: Raymond James Stadium (Tampa, Florida)
Theme: The Kings of Rock and Pop
Performers: Aerosmith, 'N Sync, Britney Spears, Mary J. Blige, Nelly
Producer: MTV
Sponsor: E-Trade
References:[16][17]
Setlist:

Pre-recorded intro sketch with Ben Stiller, Adam Sandler, Chris Rock, Aerosmith, and 'N Sync
"Bye Bye Bye" ('N Sync)
"I Don't Want to Miss a Thing" (Aerosmith)
"It's Gonna Be Me ('N Sync)
"Jaded" (Aerosmith)
"Walk This Way" (Aerosmith, 'N Sync, Britney Spears, Mary J. Blige, Nelly)

XXXVI

Date: Feb 3, 2002
Location: Louisiana Superdome (New Orleans, Louisiana)
Theme: Tribute to those killed in the September 11 attacks
Performer: U2
Producer: Clear Channel Entertainment
Sponsor: E-Trade
References:[16][17]
Setlist:

"Beautiful Day"
"MLK"
"Where the Streets Have No Name"

XXXVII

Date: Jan 26, 2003
Location: Qualcomm Stadium (San Diego, California)
Performers: Shania Twain, No Doubt, Sting
Producer: Jimmy Iovine and Joel Gallen
Sponsor: AT&T Wireless
References:[16]
Setlist:

"Man! I Feel like a Woman!" (Shania Twain)
"Up!" (Shania Twain)
"Just a Girl" (No Doubt)
"Message in a Bottle" (Sting with No Doubt)

XXXVIII

Date: Feb 1, 2004
Location: Reliant Stadium (Houston, Texas)
Theme: Choose or Lose
Performers: Jessica Simpson, the Spirit of Houston from the University of Houston, and the Ocean of Soul of Texas Southern University marching bands, Janet Jackson, P. Diddy, Nelly, Kid Rock and Justin Timberlake
Producer: MTV
Sponsor: AOL TopSpeed
References:[16][17]
Setlist:[28]

'Choose to Party!' Intro (Jessica Simpson)
Marching bands
"All for You" (Janet Jackson)
"Bad Boy for Life" (P. Diddy)
"Diddy" to the tune of "Mickey" (P. Diddy)
"Hot in Herre" (Nelly),
"Mo Money Mo Problems" (P. Diddy)
"Bawitdaba" (Kid Rock),
"Cowboy" (Kid Rock)
"Rhythm Nation" (Janet Jackson)
"Rock Your Body" (Justin Timberlake with Janet Jackson)

Further information: Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy

XXXIX

Date: Feb 6, 2005
Location: Alltel Stadium (Jacksonville, Florida)
Performer: Paul McCartney
Producer: Don Mischer Productions
Sponsor: Ameriquest Mortgage
References:[16]
Setlist:

"Drive My Car"
"Get Back"
"Live and Let Die"
"Hey Jude"

XL

Date: Feb 5, 2006
Location: Ford Field (Detroit, Michigan)
Performer: The Rolling Stones
Producer: Don Mischer Production
Sponsor: Sprint Nextel
References:[16][17]
Setlist:

"Start Me Up"
"Rough Justice"
"(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction"

XLI

Date: Feb 4, 2007
Location: Dolphin Stadium (Miami Gardens, Florida)
Performers: Prince, Florida A&M University Marching 100 Band
Producer: Don Mischer Productions and White Cherry Entertainment
Sponsor: Pepsi
References:[16][17]
Setlist:

"We Will Rock You" (Intro)
"Let's Go Crazy"
"Baby I'm a Star"
"Proud Mary"
"All Along the Watchtower"
"Best of You"
"Purple Rain"

XLII

Date: Feb 3, 2008
Location: University of Phoenix Stadium (Glendale, Arizona)
Performer: Tom Petty & the Heartbreakers
Producer: Don Mischer Productions and White Cherry Entertainment
Sponsor: Bridgestone
References:[16]
Setlist:

"American Girl"
"I Won't Back Down"
"Free Fallin'"
"Runnin' Down a Dream"

XLIII

Date: Feb 1, 2009
Location: Raymond James Stadium (Tampa, Florida)
Performers: Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band
Producer: Don Mischer Productions and White Cherry Entertainment
Sponsor: Bridgestone
References:[16]
Setlist:

"Tenth Avenue Freeze-Out"
"Born to Run"
"Working on a Dream"
"Glory Days"

text:
Super Bowl
Show details

XLIV

Date: Feb 7, 2010
Location: Sun Life Stadium (Miami Gardens, Florida)
Performer: The Who
Producer: White Cherry Entertainment
Sponsor: Bridgestone
References:[16]
Setlist:

"Pinball Wizard"
"Baba O'Riley"
"Who Are You"
"See Me, Feel Me"
"Won't Get Fooled Again"

XLV

Date: Feb 6, 2011
Location: Cowboys Stadium (Arlington, Texas)
Performers: The Black Eyed Peas, Usher, Slash, Dallas/Ft. Worth-area area high school drill teams and dancers
Producer: Ricky Kirshner
Sponsor: Bridgestone
References:[16]
Setlist:[29]

"I Gotta Feeling" (The Black Eyed Peas)
"Boom Boom Pow" (The Black Eyed Peas)
"Sweet Child O' Mine" (Slash & Fergie)
"Pump It" (The Black Eyed Peas)
"Let's Get It Started" (The Black Eyed Peas)
"OMG" (Usher & will.i.am)
"Where Is The Love?" (The Black Eyed Peas)
"The Time (Dirty Bit)" with "I Gotta Feeling" reprise (The Black Eyed Peas)

XLVI

Main article: Super Bowl XLVI halftime show

Date: Feb 5, 2012
Location: Lucas Oil Stadium (Indianapolis, Indiana)
Performers: Madonna, LMFAO,[30] Cirque du Soleil,[31] Nicki Minaj,[32] M.I.A.,[33] Cee Lo Green,[30] Andy Lewis,[34] Avon High School Drumline, Center Grove High School Drumline, Fishers High School Drumline, Franklin Central High School Drumline, Southern University Dancing Dolls, 200 Person Choir consisting of Indianapolis locals
Producer: Ricky Kirshner
Sponsor: Bridgestone
Setlist:[30]

"Vogue" (Madonna)
"Music" / "Party Rock Anthem" / "Sexy and I Know It" (Madonna with LMFAO)
"Give Me All Your Luvin'" (Madonna with Nicki Minaj and M.I.A.)
"Open Your Heart" / "Express Yourself" (Madonna with Cee Lo Green)
"Like a Prayer" (Madonna with Cee Lo Green)

XLVII

Main article: Super Bowl XLVII halftime show

Date: Feb 3, 2013
Location: Mercedes-Benz Superdome (New Orleans, Louisiana)
Performers: Beyoncé, Destiny's Child
Producer: Ricky Kirshner[35]
Director: Hamish Hamilton[35]
Sponsor: Pepsi
References:[36]
Setlist:

"Run The World (Girls)" (Intro) / Vince Lombardi "Excellence" speech voiceover
"Love on Top" (chorus a cappella) (Beyoncé)
"Crazy in Love" (Beyoncé)
"End of Time" (Beyoncé)
"Baby Boy" (Beyoncé)
"Bootylicious" (Destiny's Child)
"Independent Women Part I" (Destiny's Child)
"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)" (Beyoncé featuring Kelly Rowland and Michelle Williams)
"Halo" (Beyoncé)

XLVIII

Main article: Super Bowl XLVIII halftime show

Date: Feb 2, 2014
Location: MetLife Stadium (East Rutherford, New Jersey)
Performers: Bruno Mars, Red Hot Chili Peppers
Producer: Ricky Kirshner
Director: Hamish Hamilton
Sponsor: Pepsi
References:[37]
Setlist:

"Billionaire" (Intro) (children's choir)
"Locked Out of Heaven" (Bruno Mars)
"Treasure" (Bruno Mars)
"Runaway Baby" (Bruno Mars)
"Give It Away" (Red Hot Chili Peppers with Bruno Mars)
"Just the Way You Are" (Bruno Mars)

XLIX

Main article: Super Bowl XLIX halftime show

Date: Feb 1, 2015
Location: University of Phoenix Stadium (Glendale, Arizona)
Performers: Katy Perry, Lenny Kravitz, Missy Elliott, and Arizona State University Sun Devil Marching Band
Producer: Ricky Kirshner
Director: Hamish Hamilton
Sponsor: Pepsi
References:[38][39][40]
Setlist:

"Roar" (Katy Perry)
"Dark Horse" (Katy Perry)
"I Kissed a Girl" (Lenny Kravitz and Katy Perry)
"Teenage Dream" (Katy Perry)
"California Gurls" (Katy Perry)
"Get Ur Freak On" (Missy Elliott and Katy Perry)
"Work It" (Missy Elliott and Katy Perry)
"Lose Control" (Missy Elliott)
"Firework" (Katy Perry)

50

Main article: Super Bowl 50 halftime show

Date: Feb 7, 2016
Location: Levi's Stadium (Santa Clara, California)
Performers: Coldplay, Beyoncé, Bruno Mars, Mark Ronson, Gustavo Dudamel, University of California Marching Band and Youth Orchestra L.A.
Producer: Ricky Kirshner
Director: Hamish Hamilton
Sponsor: Pepsi
References:[41][42][43][44][45]
Setlist:[46]

"Yellow" (intro a cappella) (Coldplay)
"Viva la Vida" (Coldplay)
"Paradise" (Coldplay)
"Adventure of a Lifetime" (Coldplay)
"Uptown Funk" (Mark Ronson & Bruno Mars)
"Formation" (Beyoncé)
"Crazy In Love"/"Uptown Funk" (Beyoncé, Bruno Mars)
"Clocks" (instrumental) (Coldplay)
"Fix You"/"Up & Up" (Coldplay, Beyoncé and Bruno Mars)

LI

Main article: Super Bowl LI halftime show

Date: Feb 5, 2017
Location: NRG Stadium (Houston, Texas)
Performer: Lady Gaga
Producer: Ricky Kirshner
Director: Hamish Hamilton
Sponsor: Pepsi Zero Sugar
References:[47][48]
Setlist:

"God Bless America"/"This Land Is Your Land"
"Poker Face"
"Born This Way"
"Telephone"
"Just Dance"
"Million Reasons"
"Bad Romance"

LII

Main article: Super Bowl LII halftime show

Date: Feb 4, 2018
Location: U.S. Bank Stadium (Minneapolis, Minnesota)
Performer: Justin Timberlake and the Tennessee Kids, University of Minnesota Marching Band
Producer: Ricky Kirshner
Director: Hamish Hamilton
Sponsor: Pepsi
References: [49][50][51][52][53]
Setlist:

"Filthy"
"Rock Your Body"
"Señorita"
"SexyBack"
"My Love"
"Cry Me a River"
"Suit & Tie" (Featuring the University of Minnesota Marching Band)
"Until the End of Time"
"I Would Die 4 U" (Pre-recorded video of Prince (displayed on a projection screen) with Justin Timberlake)
"Mirrors"
"Can't Stop the Feeling!"

text: Details on specific shows[edit]

text: Super Bowl XXXVI[edit]

text: U2 performed 3 songs: "Beautiful Day," "MLK," and "Where the Streets Have No Name." During the beginning of "MLK" and continuing until the end of "Where The Streets Have No Name," a large banner behind the band displayed the names of all the people who lost their lives on the September 11 attacks. Bono ended the song by opening up his jacket, the inside of which displayed the American flag.

text: Super Bowl XL[edit]

text: For The Rolling Stones, the stage was in the form of the group's iconic tongue logo (John Pasche's "Cunning Linguist" first used in 1971 on their Sticky Fingers album). It was the largest stage ever assembled for a Super Bowl halftime show, with 28 separate pieces assembled in five minutes by a 600-member volunteer stage crew. The group performed three songs: "Start Me Up," "Rough Justice," and "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction." The show was viewed by 89.9 million people, more than the audiences for the Oscars, Grammys and Emmy Awards combined.[54] In the wake of the Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy with Janet Jackson and Justin Timberlake, ABC and the NFL imposed a five-second delay and censored lyrics considered too sexually explicit in the first two songs by briefly turning off Mick Jagger's microphone—censoring to which the group had previously agreed.[55] However, the choice of The Rolling Stones sparked controversy in the Detroit community because the band did not represent the traditional Detroit "Motown Sound," and no artists from the area were included.[56]


document_title: Walker, Texas Ranger

question_text: what was chuck norris name in walker texas ranger

text: Walker, Texas Ranger

text: Background[edit]

text: The show was initially developed by executive producer Allison Moore and supervising producer J. Michael Straczynski when the series was still being produced by Cannon Television. While Straczynski had to depart to get his new series Babylon 5 on the air, executive producer David Moessinger remained to finish developing the series. The show is centered on Sergeant Cordell Walker (Norris), a Dallas–Fort Worth–based member of the Texas Rangers, a state-level bureau of investigation.[7] Walker was raised by his paternal uncle, a Native American named Ray Firewalker (Floyd Red Crow Westerman, pilot episode, Season 1; Apesanahkwat, Season 2). The surname being, possibly, a nod to the 1986 Norris film, Firewalker. Cordell, prior to joining the Rangers, served in the Marines' elite recon unit during the Vietnam War. Both Cordell and Uncle Ray share the values characteristic of Wild West sheriffs.[8]

text: His partner and best friend is James "Jimmy" Trivette (Clarence Gilyard), a former Dallas Cowboys player, "Go Long Trivette", who takes a more modern approach.[9] Walker's young partner grew up in Baltimore and used football as his ticket to college education. He was dropped from the team after he tore up his shoulder in a major game, which led to his career in the Rangers (often making references to watching the Lone Ranger and how C.D. Parker mentored him as a rookie officer). Trivette also works inside the office using computers and cellular phones to collate information of the people who have been taken into custody.

text: Walker also works closely (and shares a mutual attraction) with Alexandra "Alex" Cahill (Sheree J. Wilson), a Tarrant County Assistant District Attorney, who on occasion puts up a frown if Walker does not obtain results in time. He also gets advice on cases from C.D. Parker (Gailard Sartain, pilot season; Noble Willingham, Seasons 1–7), a veteran Ranger (later inducted into the Texas Rangers Hall of Fame) who worked with Walker (and is the only character on the show to address Walker by his first name Cordell on a regular basis) until retiring to operate a small restaurant and bar called "CD's Bar and Grill", a restaurant widely known in the series for its chili. In Season 7, two rookie Texas Rangers, Sydney Cooke (Nia Peeples), and Francis Gage (Judson Mills), are assigned under Walker and Trivette's command.

text: The series was well-known during its run for its product placement deal with Chrysler, especially its Dodge division. After Walker used a GMC Sierra during the first season, he switched to the Dodge Ram (which at the start of the second season was completely redesigned for 1994), which would be advertised during commercial breaks. Other members of the cast often used other Chrysler vehicles, while villains would drive vehicles from General Motors or Ford Motor Company. This was not unlike The Andy Griffith Show, which exclusively used Ford vehicles due to a sponsorship deal with Andy Griffith. Coincidentally, the show ended just as Dodge was getting ready to redesign the Ram again for the 2002 model year. However the 2006 Dodge Ram SRT-10 was used in the movie Trial by Fire, driven by Walker.

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season

Episodes

Originally aired

First aired

Last aired

Pilot

3

April 21, 1993

May 1, 1993

1

23

September 25, 1993

May 21, 1994

2

23

September 24, 1994

May 13, 1995

3

26

September 23, 1995

May 18, 1996

4

27

September 21, 1996

May 17, 1997

5

25

September 27, 1997

May 16, 1998

6

23

September 26, 1998

May 22, 1999

7

25

September 25, 1999

May 20, 2000

8

23

October 7, 2000

May 19, 2001

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text:
Name
Portrayed by
Occupation
Seasons

Pilot

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Cordell Walker
Chuck Norris
Texas Ranger
Main

James Trivette
Clarence Gilyard
Texas Ranger
Main

Alexandra Cahill
Sheree J. Wilson
Assistant District Attorney
Main

CD Parker
Gailard Sartain
former Texas Ranger, bar owner
Main

Noble Willingham

Main

Raymond Firewalker
Floyd Westerman, Apesanahkwat
Walker's uncle
Main
Guest

Trent Malloy
Jimmy Wlcek
karate instructor, private detective

Recurring
Main

Carlos Sandoval
Marco Sanchez
police detective

Recurring
Main

Francis Gage
Judson Mills
Texas Ranger

Main

Sydney Cooke
Nia Peeples
Texas Ranger

Main

text: Main characters[edit]

text:
Chuck Norris as Texas Ranger Sgt. Cordell Walker, a former Marine and a modern-day Ranger who believes in the Code of the Old West. He is a decorated Vietnam vet and a martial arts expert. He is the show's main protagonist. Appeared in all episodes.
Clarence Gilyard as Texas Ranger Sgt. James "Jimmy" Trivette, Walker's partner and best friend. Appeared in all but two episodes.
Sheree J. Wilson as Tarrant County Assistant D.A. Alexandra "Alex" Cahill, whom Walker dates for a few seasons and finally marries. Appeared in all but five episodes.
Noble Willingham (Gailard Sartain pilot) as retired Texas Ranger Captain C.D. Parker, Walker's buddy and ex-partner who owns a bar-restaurant in Fort Worth, Texas, and is the only one to address Walker by his first name Cordell regularly. Appeared in 155 episodes.
Nia Peeples as Texas Ranger Sydney "Syd" Cooke, a rookie Ranger who joins Walker in Seasons 7 & 8. Appeared in 47 episodes.
Judson Mills as Texas Ranger Francis Gage, another rookie Ranger who joins Walker in Seasons 7 & 8. Appeared in 46 episodes.
Floyd Westerman (Apesanahkwat, Season 2)   as Walker's paternal uncle Ray Firewalker (also known as Uncle Ray), who raised Cordell after his parents – John and Elizabeth Firewalker – were murdered. Ray disappeared at the end of Season 2 and is revealed to have died a few seasons later. Appeared in 14 episodes.

tag: ul

text: Supporting characters[edit]

text:
Marco Sanchez as Detective Carlos Sandoval, a detective for Dallas PD. Best friend of Trent Malloy. Often teamed up with Walker and Trivette in cases. Appeared in 16 episodes.
Jimmy Wlcek as Trent Malloy, son of a pastor and former martial arts student of Walker. Black belt in Karate and runs both his own Dojo and Protection Agency. Often teamed up with Walker and Trivette in cases. Appeared in 13 episodes.
Cynthia Dorn as M.E. Mary Williams, a medical examiner in most of the murder cases that occurred on the show.
Vanessa Paul as Josie Martin. Ran 'H.O.P.E.' center created by Alex after a near-death experience. One of Alex's bridesmaids at Alex and Walker's wedding. Did not play a major role in her appearances.
Frank Salsedo as White Eagle, the spiritual leader of the Cherokee reservation Walker grew up on. Debuted during Season 3.
Rod Taylor as Gordon Cahill, the once-estranged father of Alex. Also an Attorney.
Eloy Casados as Sheriff Sam Coyote, the sheriff of the Cherokee reservation and a very good friend of Walker.
James Drury as Texas Ranger Captain Tom Price. He only appeared during the pilot season.
Peter Onorati as Sergeant Vincent Rosetti, a New York Police Sergeant with a strong New York accent and a little arrogance.
Terry Kiser as Charlie Brooks, a clumsy and fast-talking informant for Walker and Trivette.
Robert Fuller as Ranger Wade Harper, a retired El Paso Texas Ranger who came on board to work for Walker and Trivette.
Julia Nickson as Dr. Susan Lee

text: Reception[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (August 2014)

text: Nielsen ratings[edit]

text: The show was quite successful in the ratings throughout its run, ranking among the Top 30 programs from 1995 until 1999, and ranking in the Top 20 in both the 1995–1996 and 1998–1999 seasons.[citation needed]

text:
1993–1994: 11.7 rating, No. 41
1994–1995: 11.2 rating, No. 41
1995–1996: 12.3 rating, No. 18
1996–1997: 11.0 rating, No. 24
1997–1998: 14.4 million viewers, No. 21
1998–1999: 14.4 million viewers, No. 15
1999–2000: 12.2 million viewers, No. 34
2000–2001: 10.3 million viewers, No. 62

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: In October 1993, Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly gave the series a C+.[10]

text: Television critic Joe Queenan wrote "Touched By a Ranger", a semi-humorous roast of the series for TV Guide. He denounced WTR as "Boring and predictable...With plotlines that were old when James Arness was young, music that's basically a lethal fusion of the Batman and Mannix scores, acting that makes William Shatner seem like Leslie Howard, and dialogue that could stop The Dukes of Hazzard dead in its tracks, Walker Texas Ranger is a throwback to an innocent era when producers assumed that everybody watching television was dumb...I'm not sure they're even using a DP; it seems as if they just mount a camera on a tripod, and tell Chuck Norris to start kicking people's faces in for a solid hour...There's a lot of slow-motion during the fight scenes, so that you can see the predictably-incompetent drug-dealers getting kicked in the face from various angles; such is a bad idea, since Walker Texas Ranger already seems to be in slow-motion...Although the series is all but unwatchable, it does have one redeeming quality: Most of the episodes are scripted so that Chuck Norris doesn't need to talk much."

text: DVD releases[edit]

text: CBS DVD (distributed by Paramount) has released all seasons on DVD in Region 1.[11] The Complete 1st Season contains the three pilot episodes and the first full season being labeled as just the first season. This has confused some fans, as the episodes are wrongly numbered. Seasons 1–6 have been released in regions 2–4.

text: On May 12, 2015, CBS DVD released Walker, Texas Ranger- The Complete Collection on DVD in Region 1.[12]

text:
DVD name
Eps
Release dates

Region 1
Region 2
Region 4

The Complete 1st Season[13]
26
June 13, 2006
October 2, 2006
October 12, 2006

The Complete 2nd Season
24
January 23, 2007
March 8, 2007
April 12, 2007

The Complete 3rd Season
26
June 12, 2007
December 4, 2007
January 10, 2008

The Complete 4th Season
26
February 19. 2008
May 28, 2008
July 31, 2008

The Complete 5th Season
25
July 1, 2008
October 21, 2008
October 2, 2008

The Complete 6th Season
23
January 13, 2009
February 19, 2009
March 5, 2009

The Complete 7th Season
25
March 9, 2010
N/A
March 3, 2011[14]

The Complete Final Season
24
June 14, 2005
N/A
March 3, 2011[15]

Walker, Texas Ranger: Trial by Fire
1
N/A
January 2, 2007
March 5, 2014[16]

text: Spin-offs and merchandise[edit]

text: Television movies[edit]

text: CBS broadcast the television movie Walker, Texas Ranger: Trial by Fire, produced by Paramount Network Television (now CBS Television Studios), on October 16, 2005. Chuck Norris, Sheree J. Wilson and Judson Mills reprised their roles, and Clarence Gilyard shot a cameo for the movie but was not featured due to the filming's conflict with a long-planned family vacation. To fill the void, Judson Mills, who was not in the original script, returned to reprise the role of Francis Gage. Nia Peeples, who played the role of Sydney Cooke for Seasons 7 and 8, was also not featured in Walker's return to prime-time television. The explanation given was that producers decided not to follow much of the original Walker Texas Ranger series, as to give the movie a fresh look. Even the show's original opening credits with the theme "Eyes of a Ranger" performed by Chuck Norris, was absent from the TV movie.

text: Although the return of Walker Texas Ranger did not garner the ratings CBS had hoped for, indications were that CBS was green-lighting future Walker Texas Ranger "movie of the week" projects. But as of spring 2006, both CBS and the Norris camp have been silent as to the future of the franchise, leaving many to wonder if it will return. Trial by Fire ended with Sheree J. Wilson's character the victim of a courthouse shooting, leaving many viewers to believe that there would be a follow-up movie.[17]

text: When they announced their fall 2006 prime-time schedule, CBS said that they would no longer be producing "Sunday Night Movie of the Week" projects, which severely impaired any hopes of Walker's return to television in the foreseeable future.[citation needed]

text: On May 15, 2007, CBS announced its fall line-up, but this did not include the return of the "Sunday Night Movie of the Week."

text: Sons of Thunder[edit]

text: Most episodes were based on true stories. A short-lived series, Sons of Thunder, featured recurring character Carlos Sandoval, who resigns from his post with the Dallas police and teams up with childhood friend Trent Malloy (a protégé of Walker's), to start a private investigation firm.[18]

text: Novels[edit]

text: Three Walker, Texas Ranger books, written by James Reasoner, were published by Berkley Publishing Group in 1999. The books are now out of print.

text:
Walker, Texas Ranger (1998, ISBN 0-425-16815-8)
Hell's Half Acre (1999, ISBN 0-425-16972-3)
Siege on the Belle (1999, ISBN 0-425-17112-4)

text: In other media[edit]

text: The show has garnered a particular cult appreciation among Conan O'Brien fans, from one of his most popular segments called the "Walker Texas Ranger Lever". He explained since NBC had recently purchased Universal, he could now show clips from Walker Texas Ranger without having to pay any money. The joke was that he would pull a giant red lever, causing a random and comically awkward scene to play. Random scenes included Walker jumping out of a plane and punching a woman in the face, or being shot in the back while proposing, or Haley Joel Osment playing a boy who is first meeting the rest of Walker's friends, and suddenly interjects "Walker told me I have AIDS". Conan would go on to riff at the bizarre nature of the scene out of context. He did this primarily on Late Night With Conan O'Brien, which prompted the show's star, Chuck Norris in character as Walker, to make a surprise guest appearance by acting out a skit in parody of the action scenes from Walker, Texas Ranger.

text: Notable guest stars[edit]

text:
Actor
Character
Episode title
Year

Marshall R. Teague

Orson Wade

"One Riot, One Ranger"

1993

Harper Ridland

"Payback"

1994

Randy Shrader

"Codename: Dragonfly"

1996

Rudd Kilgore

"Last of a Breed: Part 1""Last of a Breed: Part 2"

1997

Lieutenant Tracton

"Fight or Die"

1999

Emile Lavocat/Mills "Moon" Lavocat

"The Final Showdown"

2001

Richard Norton

Rollins

"Storm Warning"

1993

Mercenary #1

"Standoff"

1995

Simms

"Team Cherokee: Part 2"

1999

Tom Munger

"Fight or Die"

Thug (uncredited)

"Wedding Bells: Part 1"

2000

Frank Scanlon

"The Avenging Angel"

Jonas Graves/ 'flashbacks', Long-Haired Desperado

"The Final Showdown: Part 1" "The Final Showdown: Part 2"

2001

Luis Guzmán
Gomez
"Storm Warning"
1993

Judith Hoag

Lainie Flanders

"Family Matters"

Brian Thompson
Leo Cale

M.C. Gainey

Tingley

"She'll Do to Ride the River With"

Craig

"The Bachelor Party"

2000

Mary Elizabeth McGlynn

Merilee Summers

"Right Man Wrong Time"

1994

Giovanni Ribisi

Tony Kingston

"Something in the Shadows: Part 1""Something in the Shadows: Part 2"

Tom Virtue

Peter Needham

Tobey Maguire
Duane Parsons
"The Prodigal Son"

Carli Coleman
Georgia Douglas
"Silk Dreams"

James Morrison
Ned Travis
"Mustangs"

Danica McKellar

Laurie Maston

"Stolen Lullaby"

Ray Wise

Garrett Carlson

August Schellenberg

Billy Gray Wolf

"Rainbow Warrior"

"On Sacred Ground"

1995

Doris Roberts
Elaine Portugal
"The Big Bingo Bamboozle"

William Smith
Silas Quint
"Final Justice"

Dirk Benedict
Blair
"Case Closed"

Robin Sachs
Philippe Brouchard
"Standoff"

Marshall Colt
Lt. Lee Corbin (his last acting role)
"Whitewater: Part 1"

Andrew Divoff

Carlos Darius

"Deep Cover"

1995

Rudy Mendoza

"Everyday Heroes"

1998

Alberto Cardoza

"Winds of Change"

2000

Alex Cord
Larry Curtis
"The Guardians"

Carlos Machado

Himself

"Rodeo"

1996

Officer No. 1

"Sons of Thunder"

1997

Orderly

"Forgotten People"

Rodgers

"Fight or Die"

1999

Clifton Collins Jr.
Fito
"El Coyote: Part 1""El Coyote: Part 2"
1996

Anthony Zerbe
Joey Galloway
"Break In"

William Lucking
Capt. Shankley
"Break In"

Robert Englund
Lyle Eckert
"Deadline"

Richard Chaves
Special Agent Samuel Mills
"Deadline"

Keith Szarabajka
Hendricks
"Redemption"

Burt Young

Jack Belmont

"Lucky"

"Small Blessings"

1997

Max Martini

Luke

"A Silent Cry"

1996

Rod Taylor

Gordon Cahill

"Redemption"

"Texas vs. Cahill"

1997

"Wedding Bells: Part 1""Wedding Bells: Part 2"

2000

Terry Kiser

Charlie Brooks

"Mayday""Last Hope""Iceman"

1997

Maxwell 'Iceman' Kronert

"Iceman"

Marco Sanchez
Detective Carlos Sandoval
"Sons of Thunder"-"Team Cherokee: Part 2"
1997–1999

James Wlcek
Trent Malloy

Mila Kunis
Pepper
"Last Hope"
1997

John Amos
Pastor Roscoe Jones
"Sons of Thunder"

James Pickens Jr.
Staff Sergeant Luther Parrish
"The Fighting McClains"

Stephen Quadros
Corporal John Wesley 'JW' McClain
"The Fighting McClains"

Haley Joel Osment

Lucas Simms

"Lucas: Part 1""Lucas: Part 2"

Mackenzie Phillips

Ellen Simms

Gwen Verdon

Maisie Whitman

"Forgotten People"

"Mind Games"

1999

David Gallagher

Chad Morgan

"Brainchild"

1997

Paul Gleason

Dr. Harold Payton

Randolph Mantooth
James Lee Crown
"Rainbow's End"

Dan Lauria
Salvatore Matacio
"A Father's Image"

Kyla Pratt
Kyla Jarvis
"The Neighborhood"

"Rowdy" Roddy Piper

Cody "The Crusader" Conway

"The Crusader"

1998

Randy Tallman

TBD

Paul Winfield

Pastor Roscoe Jones

"The Soul of Winter"

Collin Raye

Himself

Danny Trejo

Joe Lopez

"Circle of Life"

Jose Rodriguez

"Rise to the Occasion"

1999

Lila McCann

Kelly Wyman

"Eyes of a Ranger"

1998

Michael Peterson

Himself

Tobin Bell
Karl Storm
"The Wedding: Part 1""The Wedding: Part 2"

RuPaul
Bob
"Royal Heist"

Dean Norris
Deke Powell
"War Cry"

Mike Connors
Judge Arthur McSpadden
"Code of the West"

Camilla Belle
Cindy Morgan
"Code of the West"

Lee Majors
Sheriff Bell
"On the Border"

Mitch Pileggi
Paul Grady
"Money Talks"

Deion Sanders

Himself

"Rise to the Occasion"

1999

"Special Witness"

Gary Busey
Donovan Riggs
"Special Witness"

James Remar
Keith Bolt
"The Principal"

Judy Herrera
Rachel Falcon
"Team Cherokee: Part 1""Team Cherokee: Part 2"

Michael Greyeyes
Brian Falcon

Robert Mirabal
Tall Bear

John Schneider
Jacob Crossland
"Jacob's Ladder"

Rex Linn
Leland Stahl/Lester Stahl
"Way of the Warrior"

Randy Savage

Whitelaw Lundren

"Fight or Die"

Frank Shamrock

Dirk 'The Hammer' Savage

Lane Smith
Reverend Thornton Powers
"Power Angels"

Scott Weinger
Bradley Roberts
"Full Recovery"

Joe Penny
Sonny Tantero
"Suspicious Minds"

Dwight Schultz
Lloyd Allen
"Safe House"

Frank Stallone

B.J. Ronson,Frank Bishop

"Tall Cotton"

"Saturday Night"

2001

Tammy Townsend

Erika Carter

"Justice Delayed"

2000

"The Final Showdown"

2001

David Keith

Cliff Eagleton

"The Day of Cleansing"[19]

2000

Sammo Hung

Sammo Law

Deron McBee

Luke Warley

"Black Dragons"

Cary-Hiroyuki Tagawa

Master Ko

Mako

Edward Song

Byron Mann

P.K. Song

Tzi Ma
General Nimh
"The General's Return"

Christopher B. Duncan
Defense Attorney Lime
"The Bachelor Party"

Joan Jett
Dierdre Harris
"Wedding Bells: Part 1"

Mark Cuban
Groomsmen
"Wedding Bells: Part 1""Wedding Bells: Part 2"

Tom Bosley
Minister

Ernest Borgnine
Eddie Ryan
"The Avenging Angel"

Michael Ironside

The Chairman

"Winds of Change""Lazarus""Turning Point""Retribution"

T.J. Thyne

Wallace 'The Wizard' Slausen

Dionne Warwick
Dionne Berry
"Faith"

Barbara Mandrell
Nicole Foley
"Showdown at Casa Diablo: Part 1"

Jeffrey Dean Morgan
Jake Horbart
"Child of Hope"

Robert Fuller

Ranger Wade Harper

"Matter of Principle"

"The Final Show/Down"

2001

Hulk Hogan

Boomer Knight

"Division Street"

Francis Capra

Ace

Ryan Bittle
Harley
"Reel Rangers"

Laura Bailey
Roberta
"Saturday Night"

Mercedes McNab
Heather Preston
"6 Hours"

Josh Holloway
Ben Wiley
"Medieval Crimes"

Sting
Grangus
"Unsafe Speed"

Carlos Bernard
Raoul 'Skull' Hidalgo
"Without a Sound"

Mitchel Musso

Josh Whitley

"Trial by Fire"

2005

Selena Gomez

Julie

text: Companies[edit]

text: The series began with Cannon Television, but after Cannon folded, CBS assumed production responsibilities and is the ancillary rights holder for this series. Other companies as listed below have also been involved with the series production and/or distribution.

text:
Production companies

Amadea Film Productions

TBD

Cannon Television

(1993)

Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS)

TBD

Columbia Pictures Television

(1993–2001)

Columbia TriStar Television

(2001)

The Ruddy-Greif Company

(1993–2001)

Top Kick Productions

(1993–1998)

Norris Brothers Entertainment

(1998–2005)

CBS Productions

(1995–2001)

CBS Entertainment Productions

(1993–1995)

CBS Broadcast International

(1993–2008)

Distributors

CBS Television Distribution

(1993–2001), US, TV, original airing

Columbia TriStar Domestic Television

(2001–2002)

Mediaset, Canale 5

(1996) - Italy, TV (First TV)

Mediaset, Italia 1

(1997-2003) - Italy, TV (First TV)

Mediaset, Rete 4

(2002-2013) - Italy, TV (Reply)

Duel TV

(2003-2006) - Italy, TV (Reply)

FX

(2006-2011) - Italy, TV (Reply)

AXN

(2009–present) - Italy, TV (Reply)

Mediaset, Iris

(2015–present) - Italy, TV (Reply)

Paramount Home Entertainment

(2006-TBD), Germany, DVD

Paramount Home Entertainment

(2008, US, DVD, Season 5

Sony Pictures Television

(2002–present)

CBS Television Distribution

(2008–present), DVDs and international

TF1

2004, France, TV

TV2

(2000–2006), Hungary, TV

UFA Film- und Fernseh GmbH

1993, Germany, all media