document_title: Asexual reproduction

question_text: what do you call that type of asexual reproduction yeast

text: Asexual reproduction

text: Types of asexual reproduction[edit]

text: Fission[edit]

text: An important form of fission is binary fission. In binary fission, the parent organism is replaced by two daughter organisms, because it literally divides in two. Only prokaryotes (the archaea and the bacteria) reproduce asexually through binary fission. Eukaryotes (such as protists and unicellular fungi) may reproduce in a functionally similar manner by mitosis; most of these are also capable of sexual reproduction.

text: Another type of fission is multiple fission. Multiple fission at the cellular level occurs in many protists, e.g. sporozoans and algae. The nucleus of the parent cell divides several times by mitosis, producing several nuclei. The cytoplasm then separates, creating multiple daughter cells.[6][7][8]

text: In apicomplexans, multiple fission, or schizogony, is manifested either as merogony, sporogony or gametogony. Merogony results in merozoites, which are multiple daughter cells, that originate within the same cell membrane,[9][10] sporogony results in sporozoites, and gametogony results in microgametes.

text: Budding[edit]

text: Some cells split via budding (for example baker's yeast), resulting in a "mother" and "daughter" cell. The offspring organism is smaller than the parent. Budding is also known on a multicellular level; an animal example is the hydra, which reproduces by budding. The buds grow into fully matured individuals which eventually break away from the parent organism.

text: Internal budding is a process of asexual reproduction, favoured by parasites such as Toxoplasma gondii. It involves an unusual process in which two (endodyogeny) or more (endopolygeny) daughter cells are produced inside a mother cell, which is then consumed by the offspring prior to their separation.[11]

text: Also, budding (external or internal) is present in some worm like Taenia or Echinococci; these worm produce cyst and then produce (invaginated or evaginated) protoscolex with budding.

text: Vegetative propagation[edit]

text: Vegetative propagation is a type of asexual reproduction found in plants where new individuals are formed without the production of seeds or spores by meiosis or syngamy.[12] Examples of vegetative reproduction include the formation of miniaturized plants called plantlets on specialized leaves (for example in kalanchoe) and some produce new plants out of rhizomes or stolon (for example in strawberry). Other plants reproduce by forming bulbs or tubers (for example tulip bulbs and dahlia tubers). Some plants produce adventitious shoots and may form a clonal colony, where all the individuals are clones, and the clones may cover a large area.[13]

text: Sporogenesis[edit]

text: Many multicellular organisms form spores during their biological life cycle in a process called sporogenesis. Exceptions are animals and some protists, who undergo meiosis immediately followed by fertilization. Plants and many algae on the other hand undergo sporic meiosis where meiosis leads to the formation of haploid spores rather than gametes. These spores grow into multicellular individuals (called gametophytes in the case of plants) without a fertilization event. These haploid individuals give rise to gametes through mitosis. Meiosis and gamete formation therefore occur in separate generations or "phases" of the life cycle, referred to as alternation of generations. Since sexual reproduction is often more narrowly defined as the fusion of gametes (fertilization), spore formation in plant sporophytes and algae might be considered a form of asexual reproduction (agamogenesis) despite being the result of meiosis and undergoing a reduction in ploidy. However, both events (spore formation and fertilization) are necessary to complete sexual reproduction in the plant life cycle.

text: Fungi and some algae can also utilize true asexual spore formation, which involves mitosis giving rise to reproductive cells called mitospores that develop into a new organism after dispersal. This method of reproduction is found for example in conidial fungi and the red algae Polysiphonia, and involves sporogenesis without meiosis. Thus the chromosome number of the spore cell is the same as that of the parent producing the spores. However, mitotic sporogenesis is an exception and most spores, such as those of plants, most Basidiomycota, and many algae, are produced by meiosis.

text: Fragmentation[edit]

text: Fragmentation is a form of asexual reproduction where a new organism grows from a fragment of the parent. Each fragment develops into a mature, fully grown individual. Fragmentation is seen in many organisms. Animals that reproduce asexually include planarians, many annelid worms including polychaetes[14] and some oligochaetes,[15] turbellarians and sea stars. Many fungi and plants reproduce asexually. Some plants have specialized structures for reproduction via fragmentation, such as gemma in liverworts. Most lichens, which are a symbiotic union of a fungus and photosynthetic algae or bacteria, reproduce through fragmentation to ensure that new individuals contain both symbiont. These fragments can take the form of soredia, dust-like particles consisting of fungal hyphen wrapped around photobiont cells. Fragmentation happens when the offspring grows from a fragment of a parent organism.

text: Clonal Fragmentation in multicellular or colonial organisms is a form of asexual reproduction or cloning where an organism is split into fragments. Each of these fragments develop into mature, fully grown individuals that are clones of the original organism. In echinoderms, this method of reproduction is usually known as fissiparity.[16] Researchers claim today that due to many environmental and epigenetic differences, that clones originated in the same ancestor might actually be genetically and epigenetically different.[17]

text: Agamogenesis[edit]

text: Agamogenesis is any form of reproduction that does not involve a male gamete. Examples are parthenogenesis and apomixis.

text: Parthenogenesis[edit]

text: Parthenogenesis is a form of agamogenesis in which an unfertilized egg develops into a new individual. Parthenogenesis occurs naturally in many plants, invertebrates (e.g. water fleas, rotifers, aphids, stick insects, some ants, bees and parasitic wasps), and vertebrates (e.g. some reptiles, amphibians, rarely birds). In plants, apomixis may or may not involve parthenogenesis.

text: Apomixis and nucellar embryony[edit]

text: Apomixis in plants is the formation of a new sporophyte without fertilization. It is important in ferns and in flowering plants, but is very rare in other seed plants. In flowering plants, the term "apomixis" is now most often used for agamospermy, the formation of seeds without fertilization, but was once used to include vegetative reproduction. An example of an apomictic plant would be the triploid European dandelion. Apomixis mainly occurs in two forms: In gametophytic apomixis, the embryo arises from an unfertilized egg within a diploid embryo sac that was formed without completing meiosis. In nucellar embryony, the embryo is formed from the diploid nucellus tissue surrounding the embryo sac. Nucellar embryony occurs in some citrus seeds. Male apomixis can occur in rare cases, such as the Saharan Cypress Cupressus dupreziana, where the genetic material of the embryo are derived entirely from pollen. The term "apomixis" is also used for asexual reproduction in some animals, notably water-fleas, Daphnia.

text: Alternation between sexual and asexual reproduction[edit]

text: Some species alternate between the sexual and asexual strategies, an ability known as heterogamy, depending on conditions. Alternation is observed in several rotifer species (cyclical parthenogenesis e.g. in Brachionus species) and a few types of insects, such as aphids which will, under certain conditions, produce eggs that have not gone through meiosis, thus cloning themselves. The cape bee Apis mellifera subsp. capensis can reproduce asexually through a process called thelytoky. A few species of amphibians, reptiles, and birds have a similar ability (see parthenogenesis for examples). For example, the freshwater crustacean Daphnia reproduces by parthenogenesis in the spring to rapidly populate ponds, then switches to sexual reproduction as the intensity of competition and predation increases. Another example are monogonont rotifers of the genus Brachionus, which reproduce via cyclical parthenogenesis: at low population densities females produce asexually and at higher densities a chemical cue accumulates and induces the transition to sexual reproduction. Many protists and fungi alternate between sexual and asexual reproduction.

text: For example, the slime mold Dictyostelium undergoes binary fission (mitosis) as single-celled amoebae under favorable conditions. However, when conditions turn unfavorable, the cells aggregate and follow one of two different developmental pathways, depending on conditions. In the social pathway, they form a multicellular slug which then forms a fruiting body with asexually generated spores. In the sexual pathway, two cells fuse to form a giant cell that develops into a large cyst. When this macrocyst germinates, it releases hundreds of amoebic cells that are the product of meiotic recombination between the original two cells.[18]

text: The hyphae of the common mold (Rhizopus) are capable of producing both mitotic as well as meiotic spores. Many algae similarly switch between sexual and asexual reproduction.[19] A number of plants use both sexual and asexual means to produce new plants, some species alter their primary modes of reproduction from sexual to asexual under varying environmental conditions.[20]

text: Inheritance in sexual species[edit]

text:
For example, in the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus asexual reproduction (obligate parthenogenesis) can be inherited by a recessive allele, which leads to loss of sexual reproduction in homozygous offspring.[21][22]
Inheritance of asexual reproduction by a single recessive locus has also been found in the parasitoid wasp Lysiphlebus fabarum.[23]

text: Examples in animals[edit]

text: Parthenogenesis occurs in the hammerhead shark[24] and the blacktip shark.[25] In both cases, the sharks had reached sexual maturity in captivity in the absence of males, and in both cases the offspring were shown to be genetically identical to the mothers. The New Mexico whiptail is another example.

text: Reptiles use the ZW sex-determination system, which produces either males (with ZZ sex chromosomes) or females (with ZW or WW sex chromosomes). Until 2010, it was thought that the ZW chromosome system used by reptiles was incapable of producing viable WW offspring, but a (ZW) female boa constrictor was discovered to have produced viable female offspring with WW chromosomes.[26] The female boa could have chosen any number of male partners (and had successfully in the past) but on these occasions she reproduced asexually, creating 22 female babies with WW sex-chromosomes.

text: Polyembryony is a widespread form of asexual reproduction in animals, whereby the fertilized egg or a later stage of embryonic development splits to form genetically identical clones. Within animals, this phenomenon has been best studied in the parasitic Hymenoptera. In the 9-banded armadillos, this process is obligatory and usually gives rise to genetically identical quadruplets. In other mammals, monozygotic twinning has no apparent genetic basis, though its occurrence is common. There are at least 10 million identical human twins and triplets in the world today.

text: Bdelloid rotifers reproduce exclusively asexually, and all individuals in the class Bdelloidea are females. Asexuality evolved in these animals millions of years ago and has persisted since. There is evidence to suggest that asexual reproduction has allowed the animals to evolve new proteins through the Meselson effect that have allowed them to survive better in periods of dehydration.[27]

text: Molecular evidence strongly suggest that several species of the stick insect genus Timema have used only asexual (parthenogenetic) reproduction for millions of years, the longest period known for any insect.[28]

text: In the grass thrips genus Aptinothrips there have been several transitions to asexuality, likely due to different causes.[29]


document_title: List of The Smurfs characters

question_text: what is the name of the female smurf

question_tokens: what is the name of the female smurf

root

text: List of The Smurfs characters

text: Smurfs[edit]

text: According to Spirou magazine N° 1354 from 1964, there are 100 Smurfs in total; this does not take into account later additions from the Smurfs films.

tag: p

text:
Name
Original French name
Appears in
Voiced by

1. Papa Smurf
Grand Schtroumpf
Comics + Cartoon + Movies
Don Messick (Cartoon)
Jonathan Winters (Movie 1 and 2)
Mandy Patinkin (Smurfs: The Lost Village)

Papa Smurf is the leader, father, chief, and king of the Smurfs, one of the protagonists of the franchise, and can be easily distinguished by his red clothes and bushy white beard. Smurfs turn to Papa Smurf when things go wrong. Papa Smurf is skilled in making magical spells and potions. He is much older than the other Smurfs. (except for Grandpa and Nanny, who are older than Papa.)

2. Smurfette
Schtroumpfette
Comics + Cartoon + Movies
Lucille Bliss (Cartoon)
Katy Perry (Movie 1 and 2)
Demi Lovato (Smurfs: The Lost Village)

Smurfette is a female Smurf who was created by Gargamel. She originally had black hair, though when Papa Smurf turned her Good, her hair became blonde, before the smurflings created Sassette, Smurfette was the only female smurf in the Smurf Village.

3. Hefty Smurf
Schtroumpf Costaud
Comics + Cartoon + Movies
Michael Sorich (The Smurfs and the Magic Flute)
Frank Welker (Cartoon)
Gary Basaraba (Movie 1 and 2)
Joe Manganiello (Smurfs: The Lost Village)

Hefty Smurf has incredible strength and often is seen doing a lot of the heavy work in the village. He also has a tattoo on his right arm (or sometimes both of his arms) of a red heart with an arrow through it. His favorite activity is lifting weights and doing other forms of exercise, and is often the one to kick Brainy out of the village whenever he is boasting. Hefty takes pride in being tough.

Papa appoints Hefty as the leader of the Smurfs in season 3: Handy's Kite. In several episodes, Papa selects Hefty and Handy as leaders of separate teams in dangerous missions. (season 1: Smurfette's Dancing Shoes; season 4: Hopping Cough Smurfs) In The Lost Village, he is one of the four main Smurfs and is in love with Smurfette.

4. Brainy Smurf
Schtroumpf à Lunettes
Comics + Cartoon + Movies
Robert Axelrod (The Smurfs and the Magic Flute)
Danny Goldman and Barry Gordon (Cartoon)
Fred Armisen (Movie 1 and 2, CGI short films)
Danny Pudi (Smurfs: The Lost Village)

Brainy Smurf considers himself the most intelligent Smurf in the village and an expert on everything, although his actual knowledge is questionable at best; often, his attempts to help in a given situation lead to more problems. He can be distinguished from the others by the large glasses he wears. He also has archived his self-perceived wit and wisdom in volumes of books entitled "Quotations from Brainy Smurf." The Smurfs most often respond to his self-righteous preaching by either tossing him out of the village – curiously, accompanied by the brief passage of a butterfly in flight on-screen in the cartoon series just before Brainy is seen landing roughly on the ground – or clobbering him with a hammer (usually off screen). Most of the time, the other Smurfs never listen to his plans. His original name translates to "Smurf with Glasses", highlighting the fact he is not actually smarter than the other Smurfs, even though he fancies himself to be.

5. Grouchy Smurf
Schtroumpf Grognon
Comics + Cartoon + Movies
Michael Bell (Cartoon)
George Lopez (Movie 1 and 2, CGI short films)
Jake Johnson (Smurfs: The Lost Village)

Grouchy Smurf is the misanthropic grouch of the Smurf village. His catchphrase is "I hate (something somebody else mentions)". Grouchy usually has a scowl on his face. In the comics version he was originally a normal Smurf, changed only when bitten by a Bzz fly in the comic story "The Black Smurfs" (adapted into English as "The Purple Smurfs"). In the cartoon version he seems to have always have been a grouch. Despite his grouchiness, he has a soft spot for Baby Smurf and the Smurflings. In the movie, his grouchiness is implied to be from insecurity. In Movie 2, he tries to be Positive Smurf but bad things keep happening to him. In season 2: A Mere Truffle, he receives the Brainy treatment (thrown away or kicked away and lands on his head).

6. Clumsy Smurf
Schtroumpf Maladroit
Comics + Cartoon + Movies
William Callaway (Cartoon)
Anton Yelchin (Movie 1 and 2, CGI short films)
Jack McBrayer (Smurfs: The Lost Village)

Clumsy Smurf is a somewhat dimwitted yet amiable Smurf. In some dangerous situations he is also revealed to be quite brave too. He is distinguished in the cartoon series by his baggy clothing (hat hanging over his eyebrows), which adds to his clumsy appearance (his clothing is normal in the comics). In the animated series, Clumsy speaks in a variety of Southern American English.

7. Greedy Smurf
Schtroumpf Gourmand
Comics + Cartoon + Movies 1 and 2
Hamilton Camp (Cartoon)
Kenan Thompson (Movie 1 and 2)

Greedy is an exceptionally gluttonous Smurf. He has an exceptional interest in eating cakes and other pastry. Greedy usually cannot seem to help himself, and he is often chased by Chef Smurf for stealing snacks and food.
In the cartoon series, this character was combined with that of Chef Smurf, where he enjoys baking and cooking, but eventually ends up eating his own creations, hence the name. He wears a chef's toque and apron in the comics; in the cartoon, instead of an apron he often wears a napkin around his neck.

8. Jokey Smurf
Schtroumpf Farceur
Comics + Cartoon + Movies
June Foray (Cartoon)
Paul Reubens (Movies)
Gabriel Iglesias (Smurfs: The Lost Village)

Jokey is the village prankster. In the TV cartoon series, Jokey Smurf almost always used the same form of "joke": yellow- and red-wrapped present boxes that he offers to his victims, saying that it's a "surprise". When opened, the "present" box explodes when the receiver opens it with a sizable quantity of black smoke which blackens the receiver's face (or entire body depending on the explosion's size). Gargamel is naturally a favorite target, and Brainy is as well.

9. Chef Smurf
Schtroumpf Cuisinier
Comics + Cartoon + Movies 1 and 2
Wolfgang Puck (Movie)

Chef Smurf is the Smurf village's chef. He knows dozens of recipes and cooks many dishes. He always wears his toque blanche (white chef's hat). In the cartoon series, Chef Smurf and Greedy Smurf are combined into the same character. In Volume 11, a Smurf is called Schtroumpf Gourmand, who looks just like Schtroumpf cuisinier (wearing a toque blanche, neckerchief and apron). In Volume 23, Schtroumpf Gourmand is shown wearing the normal Smurf outfit (like he has in all other volumes) and Schtroumpf Cuisinier again wearing the chef outfit, so Volume 12 may have just been a mistake.

10. Vanity Smurf
Schtroumpf Coquet
Comics + Cartoon + Movies
Alan Oppenheimer (Cartoon)
John Oliver (Movie)
Tituss Burgess (Smurfs: The Lost Village)

Vanity Smurf is the epitome of a Narcissist. He has a flower in his hat, and he often holds a hand mirror, staring into his own reflection, which he kisses often. In the Hanna-Barbera cartoon series, Vanity speaks in an effeminate voice. In Movie 2, Vanity becomes Commando Smurf.

11. Handy Smurf
Schtroumpf Bricoleur
Comics + Cartoon + Movies
Michael Bell (Cartoon)
Jeff Foxworthy (Movie)
Bret Marnell (Smurfs: The Lost Village)
Greg Tiernan

Handy Smurf (depicted as wearing overalls, a visor attached to the front of his cap, and with a pencil above his ear) is the handyman of the Smurfs. He helps fix things in the village and is known for his amazing technological inventions. He is the inventor of Clockwork Smurf and Clockwork Smurfette.

12. Scaredy Smurf
Schtroumpf Peureux
Comics + Cartoon
Alan Young

Scaredy Smurf easily gets scared by anything, whether it is a small insect or the noise of a storm. He is often teased by the other Smurfs because of this.

13. Tracker Smurf
Schtroumpf Traqueur
Cartoon
Henry Polic II

Tracker Smurf is a Smurf who is exclusive to the cartoon. He wears a small red feather in his cap and sometimes carries a walking stick. He is an excellent outdoorsman and tracker. He also possesses an excellent sense of smell capable of locating truffles growing underground. In season 2: A Mere Truffle, he receives the Brainy treatment (thrown away or kicked away and lands on his head).

14. Sloppy Smurf
Schtroumpf Sale
Comics + Cartoon
Marshall Efron

Sloppy Smurf is a filthy Smurf with a passion for dirt, garbage, and rotten fruit. His face is perpetually grimy, his hat is grubby and disheveled, and one of his loose stockings is perpetually torn, revealing his toes. Sloppy owns a pet fly named Fly, whom he sometimes walks on a leash and has taught to do tricks like a dog.

15. Harmony Smurf
Schtroumpf Musicien
Comics + Cartoon
Colin Baker

Harmony Smurf is a musician who especially loves to play the trumpet, although his musical ability shows a total lack of harmony – somewhat like the singing of a certain fictional Armorican bard, or Johan's blonde-haired, diminutive sidekick, and Harmony is usually asked to stop playing his trumpet as soon as he gets started. Some English editions name him as Rocker Smurf.

16. Painter Smurf
Schtroumpf Peintre
Comics + Cartoon + Movie (cameo)
William Callaway

Painter Smurf is a brilliant artist and is active in most visual arts. He often wears a red jacket with a black tie, and is often seen either making a painting or a sculpture. In the cartoon series, he speaks with a French accent and refers to his paintings as "masterpizzes."In the cartoon series,he wears a white Phrygian cap but wears a black beret in the movies.

17. Poet Smurf
Schtroumpf Poète
Comics + Cartoon
Frank Welker

Poet Smurf is the poet of the village. He is very sensitive and artistic, and he spends most of his time wandering in nature to improvise poems about it, and sometimes has trouble finding verses that rhyme. He usually manages to do it through some accident.

18. Farmer Smurf
Schtroumpf Paysan
Comics + Cartoon + Movies
Alan Young (Cartoon)
Joel McCrary (Movie)
Jeff Dunham (Smurfs: The Lost Village)

Farmer Smurf is the Farmer of the Smurf Village, he helps organize crops, and harvest food for the winter.

19. Natural Smurf/Nat Smurfling
Schtroumpf Nature
Comics + Cartoon
Charles Adler

Originally a full grown Smurf known as Natural Smurf, he had his age reversed in an accident, becoming a Smurfling in season 5. He wears light brown overalls, a straw hat, and goes barefoot (similar to some depictions of hillbillies). Nat can talk to animals and loves all things related to nature and the environment.

** In season 4, before he is reverse aged, the Smurfs already call him Nat.

20. Snappy Smurfling
Schtroumpf Colérique
Comics + Cartoon
Pat Musick

Snappy Smurf had his age reversed in an accident and became Snappy Smurfling. Snappy wears a yellow T-shirt with a storm cloud on it in the cartoon and the comics, which is indicative of his impulsive disposition.

21. Slouchy Smurfling
Schtroumpf Molasson
Comics + Cartoon
Noelle North

Slouchy Smurf had his age reversed in an accident and became Slouchy Smurfling. Slouchy is not a very enthusiastic Smurf, and he often takes a relaxed pose with eyes half-closed. Slouchy has a red tee-shirt and loose-fitting white cap.

22. Grandpa Smurf
Vieux Schtroumpf
Comics + Cartoon
Jonathan Winters

Grandpa Smurf (who does not appear in the original comics, except in the ones made for the magazine) is the oldest of all the Smurfs. He returned to the Smurf Village after a five hundred-year absence. Grandpa walks slightly bent over with a cane, has a long, tapering beard, and wears yellow clothing and glasses.

23. Baby Smurf
Bebe Schtroumpf
Comics + Cartoon
Julie McWhirter

Baby Smurf was brung by Feathers the Stork, on the night of the Blue Moon.

24. Sassette Smurfling
Sassette Schtroumpf
Comics + Cartoon
Julie McWhirter

Sassette was created by the Smurflings to serve as a sister for Smurfette. Like Smurfette, Sassette was evil at first as she was created using Gargamel's original spell, but with a Smurf-sized lump of magical blue clay. Papa Smurf used the same potion on her that he had used on Smurfette to make her a real Smurf. Sassette is a little freckled redhead female Smurfling with pigtails, and pink overalls. She calls Papa Smurf "Pappy" and Grandpa Smurf "Grandpy". She has somewhat of a warm place in her heart for Gargamel since she was made by his spell, calling him "Pappy Gargamel".

25. Alchemist Smurf
Apprenti Schtroumpf
Comics

A Smurf with an unusual interest in doing his own chemical and magical experiments making him the residential alchemist.

26. Timid Smurf (a.k.a. Actor Smurf)
Schtroumpf Timide
Comics + Cartoon

Timid is a very shy Smurf. He once decided to adopt a dragon he called Grumpf, after he felt insecure because he did not have many friends. But in the movie The Smurfs and the Magic Flute, he is always an actor when Papa Smurf is present to Johan and Peewit.

27. Architect Smurf
Schtroumpf Sculpteur
Comics + Cartoon
Brenda Vaccaro

Architect Smurf is the Smurfs' residential architect. He designs all the mushroom houses of the Smurf village. In the cartoon, Architect burned out on designing only mushroom houses and built a skyscraper to replace the village. After a fire burns the skyscraper down, the Smurfs move back into the village.

28. Baker Smurf
Schtroumpf Boulanger
Comics + Cartoon + Movies
B.J. Novak (The Smurfs, The Smurfs 2), Gordon Ramsay (Smurfs: The Lost Village

Baker Smurf is the local baker of the village. He directs a bakery shop and provides fresh bread for the Smurfs.

29. Clockwork Smurf (Not an actual Smurf)
Schtroumpf Robot/Mécanique
Comics + Cartoon
Frank Welker

Clockwork Smurf is a wooden robot who was built by Handy Smurf. Despite the technology level at which the Smurfs are (it is the European Middle Ages, after all), he is capable of feelings and morality. Clockwork Smurf's favorite trick is eating smilax leaves, turning them into hot smilax soup and giving them to his fellow Smurfs. In the comic, he is slightly bigger than the Smurfs. A Clockwork Smurfette was similarly designed in the cartoon.

30. Clockwork Smurfette (Not an actual Smurf)
Schtroumpfette Robot/Mecanique
Cartoon

Like Clockwork Smurf, Clockwork Smurfette is a wooden robot who was built by Handy Smurf. She was made to be the female companion of Clockwork Smurf. Like her male counterpart, Clockwork Smurfette is capable of feelings and morality.

31. Dabbler Smurf

Comics + Cartoon

Dabbler Smurf is the most introverted and sentimental Smurf. He is constantly tormented by an inherent sadness, which stems from the inability of his friends and family to understand him. Dabbler's life is a never-ending quest for love and to be understood. In the cartoon, Dabbler becomes Doctor Smurf when Papa Smurf leaves the village to visit Homnibus.

32. Doctor Smurf
Docteur Schtroumpf
Comics + Cartoon

Doctor Smurf is the Smurfs' residential doctor. He has a very superficial knowledge of medicine and health, using scattered sources of medical books to give prescriptions to his patients. Nevertheless, he takes great pride in his self-established job, which is lackluster at best, harmful at worst.

33. Dopey Smurf
Schtroumpf Bêta
Comics

Dopey Smurf is portrayed as the least intelligent among the Smurfs. Other Smurfs often request him to get some object for them, and then he returns a different one, having misunderstood. This is a running gag in the comics.

34. Enamored Smurf
Schtroumpf Amoureux
Comics

Enamored Smurf has been in love with Smurfette ever since her arrival. He dreams about her, carves her name in trees, and pulls the petals off daisies, reciting "She loves me, she loves me not ..." When she loves him not, he cries all night.

35. Finance Smurf
Schtroumpf Financier
Comics

Finance Smurf is notable in Smurf comics for introducing currency to his peers, after being fascinated by its use in the human world. It was abandoned after a while since using currency created poverty and corruption among them.

36. Flying Smurf (a.k.a. Aviator Smurf)
Schtroumpf Volant
Comics + Movies

Flying Smurf has a sole passion in life....flying. He has tried several ways to fly in the air: sticking feathers on his arms, using a hot-air balloon, even eating a yeast mixture. His attempts were only short-lived, and he gave up for a while, until he sought assistance from Handy Smurf who built him a big wooden mechanical airplane.

37. King Smurf
Le Schtroumpfissime
Comics + Cartoon

King Smurf is a Smurf with a passion for power and being a leader. His story was first published in 1964 and a TV cartoon episode was made called King Smurf in which Brainy Smurf is the one who becomes the King. In the comic, he is an anonymous smurf. When Papa Smurf leaves the village on a long journey, the Smurfs hold an election to select his temporary replacement. King Smurf beats Brainy 99 to 1 (the dissenting vote was from another anonymous smurf who was told by King Smurf to vote for Brainy and did so (this smurf was notable for doing the opposite of anything he was told, and King Smurf took advantage of this, only to have it fail when, for the first time in his life, he did exactly as he was told)). However, his rule turns into a tyrannical one and conflict results, which only ends with Papa Smurf's return.

38. Lazy Smurf (a.k.a. Sleepy Smurf)
Schtroumpf Paresseux
Comics + Cartoon + Movie (brief cameo)
Michael Bell

Lazy Smurf is the laziest of all the Smurfs. He spends almost all his time sleeping, either in his bed, a hammock, on the grass, or anywhere, at any time, day or night.

39. Miner Smurf
Schtroumpf Mineur
Comics + Cartoon
Alan Young

Miner Smurf is the local miner of the village. He runs a mine in the forest from where most fossil material used among the Smurfs comes. He wears an old dark blue jacket, red neckerchief, trousers, and a metal hard hat.
In the cartoon, he looks like a normal Smurf, except he wears green-yellow gloves and has a small wax candle on the top of his dirty hat for illumination. He speaks with an Irish accent (often exclaiming "Faith and Begorrah!").

40. Nanny Smurf (a.k.a. Granny Smurf)
Mémé Schtroumpf
Comics + Cartoon
Susan Blu

An old flame of Grandpa Smurf's, Nanny enters the cartoon series after being trapped inside a cursed castle for centuries. It is unclear if she is a naturally occurring female Smurf or if she was somehow created via sorcery like Smurfette and Sassette. She's introduced in Season 8 of the series, and she owns a pet magenta rabbit named Smoogle. She affectionately calls Grandpa Smurf, "Grampers".

41. Nosey Smurf
Schtroumpf Curieux
Comics + Cartoon
Frank Nelson
Kelly Asbury (Smurfs: The Lost Village)

Nosey Smurf is always curious, always wanting to know everything. In fact, he is so curious he peeks around through the other Smurfs' business, causing problems for everyone and nearly endangering his fellow Smurfs by snooping into the plans of twin sister witches looking for the mythical Land of Yore. He later becomes "Reporter Smurf" in the cartoon.

42. Editor Smurf

Cartoon

The Smurfs' residential editor-in-chief. Editor Smurf brings out the newspapers.

43. Reflection Smurf (a.k.a. Hundredth)
Centième Schtroumpf
Comics + Cartoon

Reflection Smurf used to be Vanity Smurf's reflection, as the name implies, but came to life after a lightning bolt struck Vanity Smurf's mirror. He originally spoke in a reverse smurf language and did everything in reverse, but when he tried to get back into the mirror (after being kicked out of Vanity's house by Vanity) and it was struck by another lightning bolt at the same time, he could speak and do everything normally, and has done so ever since.

44. Reporter Smurf
Schtroumpf Reporter
Comics + Cartoon

Reporter Smurf is the reporter of the village. He likes to write sensational articles for his own newspaper, and has a tendency to look for controversial news, which eventually causes him problems. He appears in the special The Smurfs: The Legend of Smurfy Hollow.

45. Sneezy Smurf
Schtroumpf Frileux
Comics + Cartoon
Don Messick

Sneezy Smurf aka Sickly Smurf is a Smurf who is very cold-sensitive. Always shivering, he is always wrapped in a big scarf. Despite wearing several layers of thick, warm clothes, he still cannot get over his permanent flu, making him sneeze often. He appears in Season 3 episodes 14 and 23.

46. Stinky Smurf
Schtroumpf Puant
Comics + Cartoon

Stinky Smurf hated to wash, which gave him an awful and unbearable body scent, making him attract flies and repel his fellow Smurfs, especially Smurfette. Although he once managed to thwart Gargamel using his stench, he was forcefully given a bath and became Nice-Smelling Smurf.

47. Sweepy Smurf
Schtroumpf Ramoneur
Comics + Cartoon
Don Messick

Sweepy Smurf is a chimney sweeper with a British accent, almost sounding like Dick Van Dyke in Walt Disney's Mary Poppins. He carries a chimney sweep broom, wears a black brimmed hat, red scarf around his neck, and black pants/shoes. He tends to have a dirt cloud around him, causing everything (and everyone) around him to get dirty.

48. Tailor Smurf
Schtroumpf Tailleur
Comics + Cartoon + Movie (cameo in credits)
Kip King

Tailor Smurf is the Smurfs' residential tailor who makes all the clothes in the village. He's often seen with a needle or two in his cap and a tape measure around his neck. In the cartoon series, Tailor speaks with a noticeable New York-Jewish accent, somewhat like the Eastern European Jewish immigrants that came to New York City, that worked as tailors there, in the late 1800s. "All my life it's been suits, suits, suits! Now it's didies, didies, didies!", "Wait until Papa Smurf sees this, his beard's gonna fall off!" He also made a rag-doll named Smurfy Lou for Sassette.

49. Weakling Smurf
Schtroumpf Chétif
Comics + Cartoon

Weakling Smurf is a puny Smurf who tries to be athletic but fails at all kinds of sport. When Hefty Smurf organizes Olympic Games (published in 1980), Weakling tries but fails to make an impact while in the training stage and decides to give up. Papa Smurf gives him a special potion that he says will enable him to compete. Weakling proceeds to win every contest he enters but, on being awarded his medal, confesses that he cheated. Papa Smurf then reveals that his potion was nothing more than a form of harmless jam that he gave to Weakling in order to boost his morale, meaning that Weakling did win the Games on his own merit.

50. Wild Smurf
Schtroumpf Sauvage
Comics + Cartoon
Frank Welker

Wild Smurf only wears clothing made of leaves. He is a young feral Smurf and is not understood by the other Smurfs. Having been lost as a baby and brought up by a family of squirrels, he can communicate with animals and ask for their assistance. He appears to be the same age as most of the Smurfs.

51. Weepy Smurf
Schtroumpf Pleureur
Comics + Cartoon
Mona Marshall

Weepy Smurf is a crybaby Smurf. Weepy cries at the drop of a hat. He holds an orange handkerchief.

52. Tuffy Smurf
Schtroumpf Batailleur
Comics + Cartoon
Pat Fraley

Tuffy Smurf acts tougher than he is and often challenges others to fisticuffs and gets knocked out each time. He is notable for wearing a black belt with a buckle and actually fighting Azreal (although he always comes out worse for wear). Appears in season 4: The Smurfbox Derby and season 4: Gargamel's Giant.

53. Woolly Smurf

Cartoon
Dick Gautier

Woolly Smurf is the Smurfs' residential sheep shearer who shears sheep. He wears a wool hat and shears on a belt. Wooley often talks with a Texan accent.

54. Nurse Smurf
Schtroumpf Infirmier
Comics

Nurse Smurf is the Smurfs' residential nurse. He is shown in Volume 12 wrapping another Smurf's finger.

55. Lucky Smurf
Schtroumpf Chançard
Comics

After watching the humans making bets, Lucky Smurf brings gambling to the village in Volume 23, Les Schtroumpfs Joueurs. His name is ironic, since he is very unlucky at gambling.

56. Lumberjack Smurf/Timber Smurf
Schtroumpf Bûcheron
Comics + Cartoon
Bernard Erhard

Lumberjack Smurf is the Smurfs' residential lumberjack. He wears a knit hat and a flannel shirt.

57. Pretentious Smurf
Schtroumpf Prétentieux
Comics

Pretentious Smurf thinks a little too much of himself.

58. Pastrycook Smurf
Schtroumpf Pâtissier
Comics

Pastrycook Smurf is the Smurfs' residential pastry cook. He wears a white hat and apron, and cooks pastries for the village.

59. Cook Smurf
Schtroumpf Cuistot
Comics + Cartoon

Like Chef Smurf, Cook Smurf is the Smurf's residential cook. He has a different, taller chef's hat than Pastrycook Smurf, an apron and a neckerchief.

60. Submariner Smurf
Schtroumpf Sous-marinier/Marinier
Comics

Submariner Smurf is a sailor who used a submarine that Handy Smurf made for him. After a run-in with a fish and Gargamel, it was converted to land use with wheels. When that did not work, it was turned into a pool at which point he became Mariner Smurf.

61. Gutsy Smurf
Schtroumpf Gutsy
Movie 1 and 2
Alan Cumming

Gutsy Smurf is a brave, noble Smurf who appears in the Smurfs movies and CGI short films. He has a Scottish accent and wears a plaid, Scottish kilt with pants underneath. He has orange/brown sideburns that most Smurfs his age don't.

62. Navigator Smurf
Schtroumpf Navigateur
Comics

Navigator Smurf is the Smurf's residential navigator who sails boats and sometimes wears a blue bicorne hat.

63. Fisher Smurf
Schtroumpf Pêcheur
Comics + Cartoon

Fisher Smurf is the Smurfs' residential fisherman.

64. Hunter Smurf
Schtroumpf Chasseur
Comics

Hunter Smurf is the Smurfs' residential hunter. He wears a feather in his hat and has a bow and arrows. He is a very inept archer however, and he always manages to miss his targets.

65. Marco Smurf
Marco Schtroumpfo
Comics + Cartoon
Rob Paulsen

Marco Smurf wears an old English hat and a medallion around his neck, and goes out to sea to get the Smurfs' spices. The last time he went, it took him two years to get back home, and the other Smurfs had to go on an expedition to find him. He is a spoof of the explorer Marco Polo.

66. Flighty Smurf
Schtroumpf Distrait
Comics + Cartoon
Paul Winchell

Flighty Smurf has problems making decisions.

(should not be counted). Don Smurfo
Don Schtroumpfo
Comics + Cartoon

Don Smurfo is a fictional character in a Smurf book.

67. Nobody Smurf

Cartoon

A Smurf who always seems to get overlooked.

68. Pushover Smurf

Cartoon

Pushover Smurf can not say "no" to any task given to him. Appeared only in the cartoon story "The Smurf Who Couldn't Say No", which caused him to become a pushover "sometimes".

69. Crazy Smurf
Schtroumpf Zinzin
Movie 1 and 2
John Kassir

A new Smurf character for the 2011 movie. He is the craziest smurf.

70. Narrator Smurf
Schtroumpf Narrateur
Movie 1 and 2
Tom Kane

Another new Smurf character for the 2011 movie. He is the Smurfs' narrator who narrates what happens to each Smurf or person during the course of the movie, much to Grouchy's dismay.

71. Passive-Aggressive Smurf
Schtroumpf Passif Agressif
Movie 2
Jimmy Kimmel

He was a Smurf that was referenced in the movie. He appeared in the second movie where he tells Papa Smurf that Brainy is an excellent choice for a time-traveling companion and then adds "Good luck with that" (which only makes Brainy complain).

72. Panicky Smurf

Movie 2
Adam Wylie

The next new Smurf character for the second movie. He is a Smurf who always panics when he's afraid.

73. Social Smurf

Movie 2
Mario Lopez

A web-blogging Smurf that is exclusive to the second movie.

74. Smooth Smurf

Movie 2
Shaquille O'Neal

A smooth-talking Smurf that is exclusive to the second movie. He is a musician who is part of Narrator Smurf's band.

75. Clueless Smurf

Movie 2
Shaun White

A clueless Smurf that is exclusive to the second movie.

76. Party Planner Smurf

Movie 2
Kevin Lee

A Smurf that is exclusive to the second movie. He provides the party service for the Smurfs.

77. Vexy Smurf
Vexy Schtroumpf
Movie 2
Christina Ricci

Vexy was an original creation by Gargamel. Like her brother Hackus, Vexy was turned into a real Smurf by the spell that was originally used on Smurfette.

78. Hackus Smurf

Movie 2
J. B. Smoove

Hackus was an original creation by Gargamel who is not very bright. Like his sister Vexy, Hackus was turned into a real Smurf by the spell that was originally used on Smurfette.

79. Complimentary Smurf

Movie 2
N\A

He is a new Smurf mentioned in the first movie. He was mentioned in the scene where the Smurfs talked about all their Smurfy family that they missed.

80. Drummer Smurf

Comics + CGI short films
N\A

He is a new Smurf shown in The Smurfs: The Legend of Smurfy Hollow. He is distinguished primarily by his drum set.

81. Schemer Smurf

The Smurfs and the Magic Flute
N\A

He rides on Feathers and tries to take back the magic flute from the villain in The Smurfs and the Magic Flute.

82. Dreamy Smurf

Cartoon
N\A

A daydreamer who constantly fantasizes about visiting faraway lands, like other planets and meeting aliens. (season 1: The Astrosmurf; season 2: It Came from Outer Smurf; season 5: Dreamy's Pen Pals) In "The Last Smurfberry" (season 3), he becomes the captain of the Smurfs' ship, the S.S. Smurf II, and fills the position for the rest of the cartoon show. His adventures are split between different Smurfs (like Pilot Smurf and Traveler Smurf) in the comics.

83. Gullible Smurf

Smurfs: The Lost Village
Scott Menville

A Smurf who falls for everything, especially Jokey's pranks.

84. Paranoid Smurf

Smurfs: The Lost Village
N\A

A Smurf who stays inside his house with the shades closed. What he's paranoid about exactly is unknown.

85. Policeman Smurf

Smurfs: The Lost Village
N\A

Supposedly a law enforcement type Smurf who mostly stands in the middle of the street directing traffic, despite the fact that there is no traffic in Smurf Village, or even cars for that matter. Rather than wearing white, his outfit is a dark blue with a noticeable black brim on the front of his cap. He also possesses white gloves, a police baton, sunglasses and a red blow whistle.

86. Magician Smurf

Smurfs: The Lost Village
N\A

A Smurf that performs magic tricks.

87. Mime Smurf

Smurfs: The Lost Village
N\A

A Smurf that wears mime make up, a black cap and pants and a striped shirt. As his name implies he acts like a mime.

88. Table-Eating Smurf

Smurfs: The Lost Village
N\A

As his name implies, this Smurf likes to chomp down on the edge of tables. Even Papa Smurf seems confused by his behavior. By the end of the movie, two female Smurfs from the lost village join him in his bizarre habit.

89. Karate Smurf

Smurfs: The Lost Village
Danik Thomas

A Smurf that knows karate and teaches it to the other Smurfs. Additionally, he wears a white gi, a black belt and a red headband that fits around his Smurf cap.

90. Winner Smurf

Smurfs: The Lost Village
 ?

A Smurf who seems to constantly win competitions that he takes part in; often in the company of Loser Smurf.

91. Loser Smurf

Smurfs: The Lost Village
 ?

A Smurf who constantly loses, often in the company of Winner Smurf.

92. Smurfwillow

Smurfs: The Lost Village
Julia Roberts

Papa Smurf's female counterpart in the Lost Smurf Village.

93. Smurfstorm

Smurfs: The Lost Village
Michelle Rodriguez

Also known as "Stormy", she is a tough girl Smurf who is initially quite suspicious when Smurfette and the boy Smurfs come in search of the Lost Village.

94. Smurfblossom

Smurfs: The Lost Village
Ellie Kemper

A friendly and highly energetic female Smurf.

95. Smurflily

Smurfs: The Lost Village
Ariel Winter

A gentle girl Smurf.

96. Smurfmelody

Smurfs: The Lost Village
Meghan Trainor

A female Smurf who is musically inclined, as her name implies.

97. Smurfjade

Smurfs: The Lost Village
Melissa Sturm

A female Smurf, not much is known about her other than her name when she introduced herself.

98. Smurfpetal

Smurfs: The Lost Village
Uncredited

A female Smurf.

99. Smurfclover

Smurfs: The Lost Village
Uncredited

A female Smurf.

100. Smurfmeadow

Smurfs: The Lost Village
Uncredited

A female Smurf.

101. Smurfdaisy

Smurfs: The Lost Village
Uncredited

A female Smurf.

102. Smurfholly

Smurfs: The Lost Village
Uncredited

A female Smurf.

103. Smurfhazel

Smurfs: The Lost Village
Uncredited

A female Smurf.

tag: table

text: Antagonists[edit]

text:
Name
Original French name
Appears in
Voiced by

Gargamel
Gargamel
Comics + Cartoon + Movie 1 and 2 + Spinoff Movie
Paul Winchell (Cartoon)
Hank Azaria (Movie 1 and 2, CGI short films)
Rainn Wilson (Smurfs: The Lost Village)

The main antagonist and sworn enemy of the Smurfs, Gargamel is an evil wizard with limited powers. Gargamel is absolutely obsessed with the Smurfs, and his main goal vacillates from trying to eat them to trying to capture them for use in a potion to make gold to simply getting revenge. (In the cartoon TV shows he attempts to eat The Smurfs and in the movies, his motive is to draw off their blue energy which will give him unlimited sorcerous powers.) His head is balding, his nose is protuberant, his black robe is worn and patched, and his teeth are rotten.

Azrael
Azrael
Comics + Cartoon + Movie 1 and 2 + Spin-off Movie
Don Messick (Cartoon)
Frank Welker (Voice), Mr. Krinkle the Cat (Movies 1 and 2, CGI short films, Smurfs: The Lost Village)

Gargamel's pet cat. Although Gargamel never treats him well, Azrael manages to put up with his master. Azrael tends to realize beforehand that Gargamel's schemes will go away, but reluctantly goes along with them anyway in hopes of possibly capturing a Smurf to eat. Azrael shares Gargamel's distinctive laugh. Azrael was originally female in the comic books, but was changed to a male in the cartoon show and returned as a male in later comics and in the movie. In one episode of the series, Azrael got so tired of Gargamel treating him cruelly that he turned against his master. However, in the movies, he still remains loyal to Gargamel, although he laughs at his master whenever he gets humiliated or hurt.

Hogatha
Hogatha
Comics + Cartoon
Janet Waldo

Hogatha is a character who was created for the television cartoon series, but has appeared in at least one of the comics for the magazine, which has often borrowed from episodes of the show. She is an evil, ugly witch who uses her magic to lure unsuspecting suitors, and occasionally cause trouble for the Smurfs. Hogatha snorts loudly with her large wart covered nose. She thinks she's beautiful, although she is actually quite ugly and wears a red wig to cover her baldness. She rides on a long-suffering vulture whose name tends to vary from one episode to another, but the most frequent one is Harold. She and Gargamel dislike each other, and she often refers to him as "Garglesmell". Hogatha used a spell to disguise herself as a Smurf who constantly snorts and causes trouble, under the name Snorty Smurf, in the first-season episode of the TV series "The Fake Smurf".

Lord Balthazar
Lord Balthazar
Cartoon
Keene Curtis

Lord Balthazar is Gargamel's godfather. Balthazar despises the Smurfs and is actually more cold-hearted than Gargamel in addition to being a more powerful sorcerer. He has a pet raven who acts as his spy, two oafish henchmen, and lives in a large castle whose moat houses a fearsome dragon called a Moat Monster.

Chlorhydris
Chlorhydris
Cartoon
Amanda McBroom (in the special My Smurfy Valentine only); Linda Gary (all other appearances)

Chlorhydris is an evil cold-hearted sorceress, more powerful than Hogatha, who devotes her time to removing love from the world. A nasty, irredeemable woman as ugly as she is evil, she lives in a gloomy castle all alone, except for an unnamed talking pet toucan and a manservant named Reeves who also drives her carriage. Her backstory was revelealed in a number of episodes. In season 3's "The Tears of a Smurf," it is revealed she once married a nobleman, by whom she had a daughter named Priscilla. Chlorhydris then became insanely jealous over her husband loving her daughter more than he loved her. She caused her husband's disappearance and Priscilla, who was just a toddler at that time, grew up in a castle without love. Enraged when a young prince fell in love with her daughter, Chlorhydris used her malignant magic to cause the young man to also disappear and put a curse of ugliness on Priscilla to keep anyone else from falling in love with her. In the season 7 episode "Chlorhydris' Lost Love," it is revealed that she was once kind and caring, but became hateful when her true love was stolen away from her.

Nemesis

Cartoon
Frank Welker

Nemesis is a sinister, hiccupping creature shrouded in a purple robe. He is an evil wizard like Gargamel, only much more powerful. He is constantly trying to steal the Long-Life Stone, which is the magical artifact that grants the Smurfs their extremely long lifespans. He was once a human but after a magic accident, he became so grotesque that people are horrified at the sight of his face, so he keeps his hood over it.

Scruple
Scrupule
Cartoon
Brenda Vaccaro

Scruple is Gargamel's nephew/apprentice. Scruple was expelled from a school for wizards and lives with his uncle Gargamel as kind of an indentured servant, even though neither enjoys being with the other. Like Azrael, Scruple often sees the flaws in Gargamel's schemes, and whenever he offers a suggestion, his master often accepts it as his own idea. He shows his uncle/master little respect, often calling him "Gargie" to his face.

Count Gregorian

Cartoon
Paul Winchell (probably)

Count Gregorian is an evil wizard who only appeared in the Season 2 episode "The Raven Wizard". He was originally thought to be Princess Sabina's new tutor, but it was revealed that he was the legendary Raven Wizard, cursed with the head of a raven, when the temporary spell to restore his human head wore off. He kidnapped Sabina, whose beauty he needed to restore his human face with the aid of a magical gem called the Heart Diamond, even though she would be drained of her life's energy as a result. He failed when Johan and Peewit entered his castle, the latter causing the Heart Diamond to explode, turning the wizard into a complete raven, presumably forever. He is similar in trait to Gargamel in that they are both evil wizards and were voiced by Paul Winchell.

Mordain

Cartoon
Paul Winchell (possibly)

Mordain is an evil court wizard who solely appears in the Season 2 episode "The Good, The Bad and The Smurfy". He captured Papa Smurf, Smurfette, Clumsy Smurf and Brainy Smurf to entertain his master King Argon and his knights on the King's birthday. He then turned them into frogs so that he could steal the King's gold. When the other Smurfs entered the castle to free the captured Smurfs, Papa Smurf turned him into a frog, where he now spends his days eating flies, and turned King Argon and the knights back to normal. He is similar in trait to Gargamel and Count Gregorian in that they are evil wizards and voiced by Paul Winchell (though Count Gregorian and Mordain are not actually related to Gargamel).

Lady Imperia

Cartoon

The evil aunt and guardian of the boy Prince/King Gerard, Lady Imperia appears only in the Season 1 cartoon episode "The Clockwork Smurf", in which she and her henchman Thorick have locked her nephew up in a dungeon cell, pretending to his subjects that he is ill and has to be isolated, giving her the excuse to rule in his place as regent. She plans to eventually give the false news that Gerard is dead so that she can rule permanently, leaving her nephew to rot in his cell. The Smurfs and Clockwork Smurf help Gerard to escape and expose her, and she is banished from the kingdom, never to return, although other equally evil relatives of Gerard, namely uncle Sir Leopold in "Return of the Clockwork Smurf", and cousin Malcolm the Mean in "The Noble Stag", have tried to take the boy king's throne instead.

Wartmongers

Cartoon
various voices for each one

The Wartmongers are little toad-like creatures who live in the muck and slime of Creepy Deepy Swamp and often cause the Smurfs problems. They consider having more warts than others as a source of pride. They like ripping the wings off of pixies, and like the pixies at first think that Smurfs are hairy red-eyed monsters. The leader of the Wartmongers is King Bullrush (voiced by Kenneth Mars) who commands his minions to do his bidding.

Evelyn

Cartoon
Ruta Lee

Evelyn is a glamorous but evil enchantress who only appears in the Smurfs television cartoon show episode "Gargamel's Sweetheart". She rides around in a carriage with her pet black weasel Satin, which she keeps draped around her shoulders like a fur stole, and she extorts people with her magic wand to surrender all their money or valuables. Gargamel falls in love with her, and tries unsuccessfully to catch her interest by pretending to be a powerful rich sorcerer. She does feign a mutual attraction to him when he claims he knows how to make gold, and agrees to help him catch Smurfs to do so. The Smurfs outsmart them though, and she ends up dropping both her pretense and Gargamel like a hot potato.

"Mummy" (a.k.a. Gargamel's Mother)

Comics + Cartoon
June Foray

"Mummy" (as she is called by her son, her actual name is never revealed) is a mean, quarrelsome old witch who is the mother of Gargamel. She occasionally makes unannounced visits to her son, usually to berate him over his inability to catch the Smurfs. Also when she visits, she insists on doing the cooking at which she is terrible, as both her son and Azrael can attest. She also hates cats, and always throws Azrael out of Gargamel's hovel when she arrives to visit.

Corbelius

Comics

Corbelius is a black crow who is Gargamel's other pet in the comics, appearing far less frequently than Azrael. He serves Gargamel primarily in delivering letters, usually threats or ransom demands to the Smurfs. Unlike Azrael, Corbelius doesn't seem to take any malicious pleasure in what he does; if anything, he seems indifferent.

Monty

Movie Smurfs: The Lost Village
Dee Bradley Baker

Monty is a vulture-like bird who is Gargamel's other pet in the Lost Village movie. Monty seems to be Gargamel's favorite, even though he seems like a lesser intellect, which irritates Azrael to no end. Monty does have a mean streak and can get quite angry, but seems more content with being dopey. Monty bears an uncanny resemblance to the titular creature from the episode The Howlibird.

text: Supporting characters[edit]

text:
Name
Original French name
Appears in
Voiced by

Sir Johan and Peewit
Johan et Pirlouit
Comics + Cartoon
Sir Johan: Michael Bell and Cam Clarke (in The Smurfs and the Magic Flute)
Pewitt: Frank Welker and Cam Clarke (in The Smurfs and the Magic Flute)

Johan is a young human squire and page boy of an unnamed king near the Smurf village. He defends his king fiercely, and is often helpful to other people. He meets the dwarf (or child/goblin in the cartoons) Peewit (pronounced pee-wee), and they become best friends. It was in a Johan and Peewit adventure published in 1958 that the Smurfs were first introduced. The Smurfs would appear in some of the later adventures of Johan and Peewit, as well as their own series. In the Hanna-Barbera cartoon series during the second season, Johan and Peewit were occasionally featured in stories which focused on the pair and the kingdom they protected. Johan rides a white horse named Bayard, and Peewit rides a goat named Biquette (Nanny in The Smurfs and the Magic Flute). In the cartoon, Peewit sings in an off-key voice and is always hungry. The Sir Johan and Peewit episodes of the Hanna-Barbera cartoon shown in France are distributed under the title Johan et Pirlouit.

Feathers
La Cigogne
Comics + Cartoon + Movie

Feathers is a large white stork who is a loyal friend to the Smurfs and provides transportation and delivers messages when needed.

Father Time
Père Temps
Comics + Cartoon
Alan Oppenheimer

Father Time (portrayed in the classic image of the wizened old man with a white robe and scythe) is a good friend of the Smurfs and Mother Nature that is in charge of running time's course.

Enchanter Homnibus
Homnibus
Comics + Cartoon
Alan Oppenheimer

Homnibus is an old human wizard and friend of Papa Smurf, Sir Johan and Peewit, and who gave Puppy to the Smurfs. Papa Smurf often visits him to discuss matters of magic and to play chess. Enchanter Homnibus first introduced Johan and Peewit to the Smurfs. Homnibus has a young servant named Olivier.

The King
Le Roi
Comics + Cartoon
Bob Holt

This unnamed king is the ruler of the Kingdom where Sir Johan and Peewit live, and whom they both serve. He is somewhat carefree, but he is also firm and much loved by his subjects, as well as a good friend of the Smurfs. He has a beautiful niece, Princess Sabina, but no direct descendants. He can be very keen to go on expeditions and battles....which can be difficult given his old age.

Laura
Laura
Cartoon
Russi Taylor

Laura is a young girl who appeared only in the Season 2 episode "Sister Smurf". She bonds with Smurfette over the fact that both girls feel that their respective families don't appreciate their antics. Running away together, they enter a deserted-looking shack in the middle of the forest, only to find it is occupied by a nasty hag who wants to keep them as slaves in her house forever. Fortunately for the two girls, the other Smurfs and Laura's brothers and father come to their rescue.

Mother Nature
Mère Nature
Comics + Cartoon
June Foray

Mother Nature is in charge of the smooth running of nature's course. She is a good friend of the Smurfs and often works with Father Time. In one episode, her brother Harold is revealed to be the Man in the Moon.

Bigmouth
Grossbouf
Comics + Cartoon
Lennie Weinrib

Bigmouth is a gigantic, clumsy, dimwitted ogre whose size, insatiable appetite, and clueless disposition are the cause of endless trouble for the tiny little Smurfs, like stealing their Smurfberries and other foods, although he is not really considered their enemy. He also frequently breaks into Gargamel's hovel and eats his food and also eats rocks (which he likes dipped in slime). He is friends with whoever may be offering him something in exchange. In other words, he will help Gargamel or help the Smurfs, depending on who is offering more in return (usually food). Bigmouth's sweetheart and eventual wife is an ogress named Big Nose.

Pussiwillow Pixies

Cartoon
various voices for each one

The Pussiwillow Pixies look like tiny humans with wings, most of the ones seen being attractive females. They are afraid of the Wartmongers, who try to catch them and clip off their wings so that they can make them their servants. At first, they believed that the only thing worse than a Wartmonger is a Smurf. After being convinced that Smurfs are not actually hairy, red-eyed monsters as they had always believed, they befriended the Smurfs. They became friends because the Smurfs saved them from being turned into the Wartmongers' slaves and getting their wings ripped off. There are at least six that appear in the series:

Elderberry, the leader
Pansy, a clumsy pixie, who is good friends with Clumsy Smurf.
Lilac, a vain pixie with a Southern accent
Acorn, the youngest and the smallest, who was very jealous of Baby Smurf.
Bramble, the green pixie
Holly, the red-headed pixie, also sporting green.

King Gerard
Roi Jéarard
Cartoon
Philip Proctor

Gerard is a child prince who befriends the Smurfs before becoming king. The Smurfs help him defeat his evil aunt Lady Imperia who tries to take the crown for herself. The lonely Gerard finds a best friend in Clockwork Smurf who decides to stay with the young king rather than return to the Smurf village. King Gerard rules over a separate kingdom from the one ruled by the unnamed king that Johann and Peewit serve. However, the two kings are related through Gerard's cousin Princess Sabina and the two kingdoms are apparently at peace.

Princess Sabina
Princesse Sabina
Comics + Cartoon
Jennifer Darling

Princess Sabina is the niece of the unnamed king who employs Johan and Peewit, and who is aware of the Smurfs' existence. Sabina is a red-headed young woman who is not content under the tutelage of Dame Barbara, who tries to teach her the importance of how to sew, pour tea, and otherwise be a "proper princess." She is an expert marksman and rider, and is good friends with Johan, whom she sometimes accompanies on his adventures (there appears to be a mutual attraction between the two). Sabina is also the cousin of another nearby king, King Gerard.

Dame Barbara
Dame Barde
Comics + Cartoon
Linda Gary

Princess Sabina's strict governess who has a bit of a feud with Peewit. She is the only member of the unnamed king's household who is unaware of the Smurfs' existence. She was also called Lady Prattle in The Smurfs and the Magic Flute. She will do pretty much anything to prevent Sabina from having fun.

Brenda
Brenda
Cartoon
Norma MacMillan and Russi Taylor

A young witch from Witch Hazel Conservatory whom the Smurfs teach to be a good witch. Good friends with Smurfette. Appears in season 3's The Littlest Witch and in season 6's Scruple's Sweetheart, where she falls head-over-heels for Scruple, until she realizes he is only pretending to be in love with her because he wants her wand.

Puppy

Comics + Cartoon
Russi Taylor and Frank Welker

Puppy is a magical creature which was designed to look like a dog.[citation needed] He was offered as a gift to Papa Smurf by Homnibus. It was Baby Smurf, however, who opened the enchanted locket around Puppy's neck and became the dog's true master. Puppy is a good friend to the Smurflings and protects the Smurfs from Gargamel's cat Azrael.

Chitter

Comics + Cartoon
Don Messick

Chitter is a young brown squirrel who is the best friend of Wild Smurf. Indeed, Wild regards him as family since it was Chitter's great-great-great-great grandmother who found him as a lost baby and raised him as part of her litter. Often Chitter rallies to the side of Wild and the other Smurfs whenever they are threatened by an enemy, such as Gargamel. It is revealed in the episode "Wild about Smurfette" that Chitter has acquired a mate and has a litter of his own, with Wild happily regarding himself as a kind of godfather.

Smoogle

Comics + Cartoon
Russi Taylor

Smoogle is Nanny Smurf's pet. It is a magenta-colored rabbit. Nanny adores it and is known to be a little overprotective of it.

Selwyn and Tallulah Quarrell

Cartoon
N/A

Selwyn and Tallulah Quarrel have appeared in several episodes of the cartoon television series. They are a married sorcerer and sorceress who love each other, yet as their surname implies, they frequently get into arguments during which they turn each other into all kinds of creepy things, then kiss and make up. They are good friends with Papa Smurf, Homnibus, and Peewit. In one episode ("Memory Melons"), the Quarrels celebrate their 200th wedding anniversary, but their tendency to fight almost ruins the party, their home and the forest; however the Smurfs help them reconcile. Their home is Quarrel Castle, which they share with their pet gargoyle Tharp (who was a guest at the wedding of Laconia and Woody) and the amiable ghost of Selwyn's great-uncle Fenwick Quarrel.

Laconia

Cartoon
Laconia has no lines.

Laconia is a wood elf who is mute (but not deaf) and signs. As a friend of Papa Smurf she is often employed when sound or silence magic creates trouble. In the cartoon she owns the wand of love which looks like a flower on a stick and gives flowers life. The flowers of the world are her life-force.

Woody

Cartoon
Hamilton Camp

Woody is also a wood elf who is in love with Laconia. Their wedding took place in the special Smurfily Ever After.

Marina

Cartoon
N/A

Marina is a beautiful mermaid and the love interest of Handy Smurf.

Flowerbell

Cartoon
Mona Marshall

Flowerbell is a wood nymph who lives in the forest with all the woodland creatures. She appears in the Season 2 episode "Papa's Wedding Day", in which she is captured by Lord Balthazar, who offers her freedom if she helps him in a plot to lure Papa Smurf into a trap through getting him to fall in love with her. Flowerbell initially agrees, but grows to regret the deal, especially when Papa Smurf falls so seriously in love with her that he actually proposes marriage, despite misgivings from the other Smurfs. In the end, although Flowerbell does go through with the bargain, she ends up rescuing Papa Smurf from Balthazar with the help of the other Smurfs. Flowerbell also makes a cameo appearance in Smurfily Ever After, as a guest at Woody and Laconia's wedding.

Melina
Melina
Cartoon
N/A

Like Brenda, Melina is a good little child witch who appears in a Season 7 episode of the cartoon series, "Sassette's Bewitching Friendship". She attends a school for good witches, but although she means well, her magic never quite works out right. She becomes good friends with Sassette, who helps her retrieve her flying broom when Gargamel steals it to catch the Smurfs.

Denisa
Denisa
Cartoon
Katie Leigh

Denisa is Lord Balthazar's niece. Denisa and Sassette become best friends after they save each other's lives from wolves. She appears in Season 8 of the cartoon series in the episodes "A Smurf for Denisa", "Denisa's Greedy Doll", and "Denisa's Slumber Party".

Squeaky

Cartoon
N/A

Squeaky is a mouse who appears in Season 2 of the cartoon series in the episode named after him. Smurfette gives him his name after she finds him lying sick in the woods and brings him home, where she nurses him back to health with Papa Smurf's help. Reluctantly she lets him go when he is well at Papa Smurf's insistence, but Squeaky obviously wants to stay with her, so she happily adopts him as a pet. But the mouse unexpectedly dies, leaving Smurfette heartbroken to the point that she isolates herself. In the end, she realizes she needs to move on, and bids her departed pet goodbye.

Patrick Winslow

Movie
Neil Patrick Harris

A new character for the movie who works at Anjelou Cosmetics. He is the husband of Grace who helps the Smurfs. In the second movie, he used to have a pet parrot named Zeus (which served as a reminder of his father who left the family) until Victor got rid of it due to Patrick's allergy to birds.

Grace Winslow

Movie
Jayma Mays

A new character for the movie who is the wife of Patrick. She is pregnant with her first child in the movie and gives birth to their son Blue by the end of the movie.

Elway

Movie
Hank (Dog)

Patrick and Grace's pet Basset Hound who appeared in the first and second movie.

Odile Anjelou

Movie
Sofía Vergara

A new character for the movie. An executive at a French cosmetics company called Anjelou Cosmetics who is the boss of Patrick.

Henri

Movie
Tim Gunn

A new character for the movie. He serves as Odile' executive assistant at Anjelou Cosmetics.

Victor Doyle

Movie
Brendan Gleeson

Patrick Winslow's stepfather who debuts in the second movie. He owns a corn dog business.

Blue Winslow

Movie
Nicholas Martorell Jr. and Jacob Tremblay

Patrick and Grace Winslow's son who was born in the first movie and debuts in the second movie.

Snappy Bug

Movie Smurfs: The Lost Village
Bret Marnell

Snappy is a ladybug and serves as Brainy's assistant. Snappy can record and playback sounds and voices. Snappy can also take "photographs" which can then be printed by stepping in ink or mud and using her feet to then print the images on paper, leaves, or dirt.


document_title: Renaissance art

question_text: mention two outstanding features of the renaissance art

text: Renaissance art

text: History[edit]

text: Proto-Renaissance in Italy, 1280–1400[edit]

text: In Italy in the late 13th and early 14th centuries, the sculpture of Nicola Pisano and his son Giovanni Pisano, working at Pisa, Siena and Pistoia shows markedly classicising tendencies, probably influenced by the familiarity of these artists with ancient Roman sarcophagi. Their masterpieces are the pulpits of the Baptistery and Cathedral of Pisa.

text: Contemporary with Giovanni Pisano, the Florentine painter Giotto developed a manner of figurative painting that was unprecedentedly naturalistic, three-dimensional, lifelike and classicist, when compared with that of his contemporaries and teacher Cimabue. Giotto, whose greatest work is the cycle of the Life of Christ at the Arena Chapel in Padua, was seen by the 16th century biographer Giorgio Vasari as "rescuing and restoring art" from the "crude, traditional, Byzantine style" prevalent in Italy in the 13th century.

text: Early Netherlandish art, 1425–1525[edit]

text: The painters of the Low Countries in this period included Jan van Eyck, his brother Hubert van Eyck, Robert Campin, Hans Memling, Rogier van der Weyden and Hugo van der Goes. Their painting developed partly independently of Early Italian Renaissance painting, and without the influence of a deliberate and conscious striving to revive antiquity.

text: The style of painting grew directly out of medieval painting in tempera, on panels and illuminated manuscripts, and other forms such as stained glass; the medium of fresco was less common in northern Europe.  The medium used was oil paint, which had long been utilised for painting leather ceremonial shields and accoutrements, because it was flexible and relatively durable. The earliest Netherlandish oil paintings are meticulous and detailed like tempera paintings. The material lent itself to the depiction of tonal variations and texture, so facilitating the observation of nature in great detail.

text: The Netherlandish painters did not approach the creation of a picture through a framework of linear perspective and correct proportion. They maintained a medieval view of hierarchical proportion and religious symbolism, while delighting in a realistic treatment of material elements, both natural and man-made. Jan van Eyck, with his brother Hubert, painted The Altarpiece of the Mystical Lamb. It is probable that Antonello da Messina became familiar with Van Eyck's work, while in Naples or Sicily. In 1475, Hugo van der Goes' Portinari Altarpiece arrived in Florence where it was to have a profound influence on many painters, most immediately Domenico Ghirlandaio who painted an altarpiece imitating its elements.

text: A very significant Netherlandish painter towards the end of the period was Hieronymus Bosch, who employed the type of fanciful forms that were often utilized to decorate borders and letters in illuminated manuscripts, combining plant and animal forms with architectonic ones. When taken from the context of the illumination and peopled with humans, these forms give Bosch's paintings a surreal quality which have no parallel in the work of any other Renaissance painter. His masterpiece is the triptych The Garden of Earthly Delights.

text: Early Renaissance in Italy, 1400–1495[edit]

text: Although both the Pisanos and Giotto had students and followers, the first truly Renaissance artists were not to emerge in Florence until 1401 with the competition to sculpt a set of bronze doors of the Baptistery of Florence Cathedral which drew entries from seven young sculptors including Brunelleschi, Donatello and the winner, Lorenzo Ghiberti. Brunelleschi, most famous as the architect of the dome of Florence Cathedral and the Church of San Lorenzo, created a number of sculptural works, including a lifesized Crucifix in Santa Maria Novella, renowned for its naturalism. His studies of perspective are thought to have influenced the painter Masaccio. Donatello became renowned as the greatest sculptor of the Early Renaissance, his masterpieces being his Humanist and unusually erotic statue of David, one of the icons of the Florentine republic, and his great monument to Gattamelata, the first large equestrian bronze to be created since Roman times.

text: The contemporary of Donatello, Masaccio, was the painterly descendant of Giotto and began the Early Renaissance in Italian Painting in 1425, furthering the trend towards solidity of form and naturalism of face and gesture that Giotto had begun a century earlier.  From 1425-28, Masaccio completed several panel paintings but is best known for the fresco cycle that he began in the Brancacci Chapel with the older artist Masolino and which had profound influence on later painters, including Michelangelo. Masaccio's developments were carried forward in the paintings of Fra Angelico, particularly in his frescos at the Convent of San Marco in Florence.

text: The treatment of the elements of perspective and light in painting was of particular concern to 15th-century Florentine painters. Uccello was so obsessed with trying to achieve an appearance of perspective that, according to Vasari, it disturbed his sleep. His solutions can be seen in his masterpiece set of three paintings, the Battle of San Romano which is believed to have been completed by 1460. Piero della Francesca made systematic and scientific studies of both light and linear perspective, the results of which can be seen in his fresco cycle of The History of the True Cross in San Francesco, Arezzo.

text: In Naples, the painter Antonello da Messina began using oil paints for portraits and religious paintings at a date that preceded other Italian painters, possibly about 1450. He carried this technique north and influenced the painters of Venice. One of the most significant painters of Northern Italy was Andrea Mantegna, who decorated the interior of a room, the Camera degli Sposi for his patron Ludovico Gonzaga, setting portraits of the family and court into an illusionistic architectural space.

text: The end period of the Early Renaissance in Italian art is marked, like its beginning, by a particular commission that drew artists together, this time in cooperation rather than competition. Pope Sixtus IV had rebuilt the Papal Chapel, named the Sistine Chapel in his honour, and commissioned a group of artists, Sandro Botticelli, Pietro Perugino, Domenico Ghirlandaio and Cosimo Rosselli to decorate its wall with fresco cycles depicting the Life of Christ and the Life of Moses. In the sixteen large paintings, the artists, although each working in his individual style, agreed on principals of format, and utilised the techniques of lighting, linear and atmospheric perspective, anatomy, foreshortening and characterisation that had been carried to a high point in the large Florentine studios of Ghiberti, Verrocchio, Ghirlandaio and Perugino.

text: Early Renaissance in France, 1375–1528[edit]

text: The artists of France, (including duchies such as Burgundy) were often associated with courts, providing illuminated manuscripts and portraits for the nobility as well as devotional paintings and altarpieces.  Among the most famous were the Limbourg brothers, Flemish illuminators and creators of the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry. Jean Fouquet, painter of the royal court, visited Italy in 1437 and reflects the influence of Florentine painters such as Paolo Uccello. Although best known for his portraits such as that of Charles VII of France Fouquet also created illuminations, and is thought to be the inventor of the portrait miniature. There were a number of artists at this date who painted famed altarpieces, that are stylistically quite distinct from both the Italian and the Flemish. These include two enigmatic figures, Enguerrand Quarton to whom is ascribed the Pieta of Villeneuve-lès-Avignon, and Jean Hey, otherwise known as "the Master of Moulins" after his most famous work, the Moulins Altarpiece. In these works realism and close observation of the human figure, emotions and lighting are combined with a Medieval formality, which includes gilt backgrounds.

text: High Renaissance in Italy, 1495-1520[edit]

text: The "universal genius" Leonardo da Vinci was to further perfect the aspects of pictorial art (lighting, linear and atmospheric perspective, anatomy, foreshortening and characterisation) that had preoccupied artists of the Early Renaissance, in a lifetime of studying and meticulously recording his observations of the natural world. His adoption of oil paint as his primary media meant that he could depict light and its effects on the landscape and objects more naturally and with greater dramatic effect than had ever been done before, as demonstrated in the Mona Lisa. His dissection of cadavers carried forward the understanding of skeletal and muscular anatomy, as seen in the unfinished St Jerome.  His depiction of human emotion in The Last Supper, completed 1495-98, set the benchmark for religious painting.

text: The art of Leonardo's younger contemporary Michelangelo took a very different direction. Michelangelo, in neither his painting nor his sculpture demonstrates any interest in the observation of any natural object except the human body. He perfected his technique in depicting it, while in his early twenties, by the creation of the enormous marble statue of David and the group the Pieta, in St Peter's Basilica, Rome. He then set about an exploration of the expressive possibilities of the human anatomy. His commission by Pope Julius II to paint the Sistine Chapel ceiling resulted in the supreme masterpiece of figurative composition, which was to have profound effect on every subsequent generation of European artists[4].  His later work, The Last Judgement, painted on the altar wall of the Sistine Chapel between 1534 and 1541 shows a Mannerist (also called Late Renaissance) style with generally elongated bodies which took over from the High Renaissance style between 1520 and 1530.

text: Standing alongside Leonardo and Michelangelo as the third great painter of the High Renaissance was the younger Raphael, who in a short life span painted a great number of lifelike and engaging portraits, including those of Pope Julius II and his successor Pope Leo X, and numerous portrayals of the Madonna and Christ Child, including the Sistine Madonna.  His death in 1520 at age 37 is considered by many art historians to be the end of the High Renaissance period, although some individual artists continued working in the High Renaissance style for many years thereafter.

text: In Northern Italy the High Renaissance is represented by the latter works of Giovanni Bellini, especially religious paintings, which include several large altarpieces of a type known as "Sacred Conversation" which show a group of saints around the enthroned Madonna. His contemporary Giorgione, who died at about the age of 32 in 1510, left a small number of enigmatic works, including The Tempest, the subject of which has remained a matter of speculation. The earliest works of Titian date from the era of the High Renaissance, including a massive altarpiece The Assumption of the Virgin which combines human action and drama with spectacular colour and atmosphere.  Titian continued painting in a High Renaissance style until the end of his career in the 1570s.

text: German Renaissance art[edit]

text:
German Renaissance art falls into the broader category of the Renaissance in Northern Europe, also known as the Northern Renaissance.
Renaissance influences began to appear in German art in the 15th century, but this trend was not widespread. Gardner's Art Through the Ages identifies Michael Pacher, a painter and sculptor, as the first German artist whose work begins to show Italian Renaissance influences. According to that source, Pacher's painting, St. Wolfgang Forces the Devil to Hold His Prayerbook (c.1481), is Late Gothic in style, but also shows the influence of the Italian artist, Mantegna.[5]
Artisans, such as engravers, became more concerned with aesthetics rather than just perfecting their craft. Germany had master engravers, such as Martin Schongauer, who did metal engravings in the late 1400s. Gardner relates this mastery of the graphic arts to advances in printing which occurred in Germany, and says that metal engraving began to replace the woodcut during the Renaissance.[6] However, some artists, such as Albrecht Dürer, continued to do woodcuts. Both Gardner and Russell describe the fine quality of Dürer's woodcuts, with Russell stating, in The World of Dürer, that Dürer "elevated them into high works of art."[7]

text:
In the 1500s, Renaissance art in Germany became more common as, according to Gardner, "The art of northern Europe during the sixteenth century is characterized by a sudden awareness of the advances made by the Italian Renaissance and by a desire to assimilate this new style as rapidly as possible."[8] One of the best known practitioners of German Renaissance art was Albrecht Dürer (1471–1528). Dürer's fascination with classical ideas led him to Italy to study art. Both Gardner and Russell recognized the importance of Durer's contribution to German art in bringing Italian Renaissance styles and ideas to Germany.[7][9] Russell calls this "Opening the Gothic windows of German art,"[7] while Gardner calls it Dürer's "life mission."[9] Importantly, as Gardner points out, Dürer "was the first northern artist who fully understood the basic aims of the southern Renaissance,"[9] although his style did not always reflect that. The same source says that Hans Holbein the Younger (1497–1543) successfully assimilated Italian ideas while also keeping "northern traditions of close realism."[10] This is contrasted against Dürer's tendency to work in "his own native German style"[9] instead of combining German and Italian styles.
Other important artists of the German Renaissance were Grünewald, Albrecht Altdorfer, and Lucas Cranach the Elder.[11]

text: Britain[edit]

text: Britain was very late to develop a Renaissance style and most artists of the Tudor court were imported foreigners, usually from the Low countries, including Hans Holbein the Younger, who died in England.  One exception was the portrait miniature, which artists including Nicholas Hilliard developed into a distinct genre, well before it became popular in the rest of Europe. Renaissance art in Scotland was similarly dependent on imported artists, and largely restricted to the court.

text: Themes and symbolism[edit]

text: Renaissance artists painted a wide variety of themes. Religious altarpieces, fresco cycles, and small works for private devotion were very popular. For inspiration, painters in both Italy and northern Europe frequently turned to Jacobus de Voragine's Golden Legend (1260), a highly influential source book for the lives of saints that had already had a strong influence on Medieval artists. The rebirth of classical antiquity and Renaissance humanism also resulted in many Mythological and history paintings. Ovidian stories, for example, were very popular. Decorative ornament, often used in painted architectural elements, was especially influenced by classical Roman motifs.

text: Techniques[edit]

text:
the use of proportion – The first major treatment of the painting as a window into space appeared in the work of Giotto di Bondone, at the beginning of the 14th century.  True linear perspective was formalized later, by Filippo Brunelleschi and Leon Battista Alberti.  In addition to giving a more realistic presentation of art, it moved Renaissance painters into composing more paintings.
foreshortening – The term foreshortening refers to the artistic effect of shortening lines in a drawing so as to create an illusion of depth.
sfumato – The term sfumato was coined by Italian Renaissance artist, Leonardo da Vinci, and refers to a fine art painting technique of blurring or softening of sharp outlines by subtle and gradual blending of one tone into another through the use of thin glazes to give the illusion of depth or three-dimensionality. This stems from the Italian word sfumare meaning to evaporate or to fade out. The Latin origin is fumare, to smoke.
chiaroscuro – The term chiaroscuro refers to the fine art painting modeling effect of using a strong contrast between light and dark to give the illusion of depth or three-dimensionality. This comes from the Italian words meaning light (chiaro) and dark (scuro), a technique which came into wide use in the Baroque Period.

tag: ul

text: Italian artists[edit]

text:
Renaissance"The School of Athens", Raphael, 1509–1511
Topics
Humanism
Age of Discovery
Architecture
Dance
Fine arts
Literature
Music
Philosophy
Science
Technology
Warfare

Regions
Bengal
England
France
Germany
Italy
Poland
Portugal
Spain
Scotland
Northern Europe
Low Countries

Criticism
Criticism outside of Fine Arts
vte

text:
Leone Battista Alberti (1404–1472)
Fra Angelico (c. 1395 – 1455)
Biagio d'Antonio (1446 – 1 June 1516)
Giotto di Bondone (1267–1337)
Donatello (c. 1386 – December 13, 1466)
Leonardo da Vinci (15 April 1452 – 2 May 1519)
Michelangelo (6 March 1475 – 18 February 1564)
Raphael (April 6 or March 28, 1483 – April 6, 1520)
Sandro Botticelli (c. 1445 – May 17, 1510)
Masaccio (December 21, 1401 – 1428)
Domenico Veneziano (c. 1410 – May 15, 1461)
Filippo Lippi (c. 1406 – 8 October 1469)
Andrea del Castagno (c. 1421 – 19 August 1457)
Piero di Cosimo (2 January 1462 – 12 April 1522)
Paolo Uccello (1397 – 10 December 1475)
Antonello da Messina (c. 1430 – February 1479)
Pisanello (c. 1395 – c. 1455)
Andrea Mantegna (c. 1431 – September 13, 1506)
Luca Signorelli (c. 1445 – 16 October 1523)
Alessio Baldovinetti (14 October 1425 – 29 August 1499)
Piero della Francesca (c. 1415 – 12 October 1492)
Masolino (c. 1383 – c. 1447)
Titian (c. 1488/1490 – 27 August 1576)
Andrea del Verrocchio (c. 1435 – 1488)
Domenico Ghirlandaio (1449 – 11 January 1494)
Benozzo Gozzoli (c. 1421 – 1497)
Carlo Crivelli (c. 1435 – c. 1495)
Marco Cardisco (c. 1486 – c. 1542)
Pietro Negroni (c. 1505 – c. 1565)

text: Artists of the Low Countries[edit]

text: Main articles: Early Netherlandish painting for 15th-century artists, Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting for 16th-century artists

text:
Jean Bellegambe (c. 1470 – 1535)
Hieronymus Bosch (c. 1450 – 1516)
Dirk Bouts (1415 – 6 May 1475)
Robert Campin (c. 1380 – 1444)
Petrus Christus (1410/1420–1472)
Jacques Daret
Gerard David (c. 1455 – 1523)
Hubert van Eyck (1366?–1426)
Jan van Eyck (1385?–1440?)
Geertgen tot Sint Jans
Hugo van der Goes
Adriaen Isenbrant (c. 1490 – 1551)
Limbourg brothers
Quentin Matsys (1466–1530)
Hans Memling (c. 1430 – 1494)
Joachim Patinir
Rogier van der Weyden (Rogier de la Pasture)

text: German artists[edit]

text:
Albrecht Altdorfer (c. 1480–1538)
Hans Baldung (c. 1480 – 1545), Alsatian
Leonhard Beck (c. 1480 – 1542)
Barthel Bruyn the Elder (1493 – 1555)
Hans Burgkmair (1473 – 1531)
Lucas Cranach the Elder (1472 – 1553)
Lucas Cranach the Younger (1515 – 1586)
Albrecht Dürer (1471 – 1528)
Conrad Faber von Kreuznach (c. 1500 – c. 1553)
Matthias Grünewald (c. 1470 – 1528)
Hans Holbein the Elder (c. 1460 – 1524)
Hans Holbein the Younger (c. 1497 – 1543)
Ambrosius Holbein (1494 – 1519)
Jerg Ratgeb (c. 1480 – 1526)
Wilhelm Stetter (1487 – 1552), Alsatian

text: French artists[edit]

text:
Jean Fouquet (1420–1481)
Jean Clouet (1480–1541)
François Clouet (c. 1510 – 22 December 1572)
Barthélemy d'Eyck (c. 1420 – after 1470)
Nicolas Froment (c. 1435 – c. 1486)
Jean Hey (formerly known as the Master of Moulins) (ca. 1475 – ca. 1505)
Simon Marmion (c. 1425 – 24/25 December 1489)
Enguerrand Quarton (c. 1410 – c. 1466)

text: Spanish artists[edit]

text:
Bartolomé Bermejo
Pedro Berruguete
Ayne Bru
Juan de Flandes
Luis de Morales
Jaume Huguet
Paolo da San Leocadio
Alonso Sánchez Coello
El Greco
Murillo

text: Croatian artists[edit]

text:
Francesco Laurana(c. 1430 – 12? March 1502)
Giorgio da Sebenico (c. 1410 – 10 October 1475)
Niccolò di Giovanni Fiorentino
Andrea Alessi (1425–1505)
Nicholas of Ragusa (1460? – 1517)
Giovanni Dalmata (c. 1440 – c. 1514)
Andrea Schiavone (c. 1510/1515–1563)

text: Works[edit]

text:
Ghent Altarpiece, by Hubert and Jan van Eyck
The Arnolfini Portrait, by Jan van Eyck
The Werl Triptych, by Robert Campin
The Portinari Triptych, by Hugo van der Goes
The Descent from the Cross, by Rogier van der Weyden
Flagellation of Christ, by Piero della Francesca
Spring, by Sandro Botticelli
Lamentation of Christ, by Mantegna
The Last Supper, by Leonardo da Vinci
The School of Athens, by Raphael
Sistine Chapel ceiling, by Michelangelo
Equestrian Portrait of Charles V, by Titian
Isenheim Altarpiece, by Matthias Grünewald
Melencolia I, by Albrecht Dürer
The Ambassadors, by Hans Holbein the Younger
Melun Diptych, by Jean Fouquet
Saint Vincent Panels, by Nuno Gonçalves

text: Major collections[edit]

text:
National Gallery, London
Louvre, Paris
National Gallery of Art, Washington
Gemäldegalerie, Berlin
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City
National Art Museum of Azerbaijan, Baku

text:
Musee Communal des Beaux-Arts, Bruges, Belgium
Groeningemuseum, Bruges, Belgium
Museo del Prado, Madrid, Spain – for works of Hieronymus Bosch

text: Uffizi, Florence

text: Château d'Écouen (National museum of the Renaissance), Écouen, France