document_title: Lip piercing

question_text: what is the piercing on the lip called

question_tokens: what is the piercing on the lip called

text: Lip piercing

text: Procedure and healing[edit]

text: Approximate healing time for most lip piercings is between 1 and 3 months; however, there is a possibility of serious infection if the piercing is not properly taken care of.[1] After healing is complete, other jewelry may be used. After this time, some scar tissue may be present, but the fistula is normally fully developed and mostly healed. Aftercare consists of hot saline soaks two to three times daily. Soaking the wound for three to five minutes with a weak saline solution softens any blood and lymph discharge attached to the jewelry. Afterwards, taking a hot shower and using clean hands and a small amount of a mild soap such as castile soap removes excess matter from the site. Turning or otherwise moving jewelry on a fresh piercing is not advised, as it can irritate and lengthen swelling and healing time. Diluted mouthwash or salt water solution can also be used after meals along with toothbrushing to help remove debris and flush the piercing and is recommended by practitioners.

text: Initial jewelry is usually a labret stud or a captive bead ring, manufactured from high-grade surgical stainless steel, implant-grade titanium, or similar lightweight and inert metal. No matter which type of jewelry is used, the jewelry's diameter and length will be intentionally oversized to allow room for initial swelling. After healing, the jewelry can be replaced with a closer-fitting piece. A home-made saline solution made from non-iodized sea salt and hot distilled or filtered water is a common way to heal a lip piercing and avoid infection. This solution can be used to rinse out the mouth after eating (or the mouth can be rinsed with non-alcoholic, non-antimicrobial mouth wash) and to soak the outside of the piercing. Anything with alcohol, peroxide, iodine, or any strong soaps should be avoided because they may irritate the fresh piercing, and cause additional swelling and trauma during the healing process. Using peroxide, iodine, teatree oil, conventional antibacterial soap, or dish soap can damage or kill the skin in and around the piercing, extending the healing process. The use of Hydrogen peroxide can damage the piercing site more, resulting in irritation of the piercing. The ornament should be periodically cleansed to prevent bacterial plaque accumulation.

text: Types[edit]

text:
Angel bites
Cyber bites
Spider bites
Snake bites
Vampire bites
Canine bites

text: Lip piercings can be placed anywhere around the mouth, but the surface of the lip is not typically pierced itself, except for horizontal lip piercings and canine bites. Piercings in specific positions have certain names. Monroe piercings, for example, are labret studs worn on the upper lip where Marilyn Monroe had her famous beauty mark. Medusa piercings go through the center of the upper lip (the philtrum), perpendicular to the tissue. Labret piercings are pierced with a labret stud and can pierced in the center or off-center. A variation of this is the lowbret, a lower labret. Vertical labret piercings go through the center of the bottom lip, parallel to the tissue. The variation is called the vertical lowbret, which starts inside the mouth between the lower lip and the teeth and travels straight down, exiting on the lower edge of the jawline. Horizontal lip piercings are very rare, and include a horizontal bar on the lower lip that goes through the lip surface. Another variation of the labret is known as the dahlia piercing. The piercings, placed at or very near the corners of the mouth, are named in reference to the murder of Black Dahlia, in which the victim's mouth was cut along the same horizontal line along which these piercings are placed. (See Glasgow smile)

text: History and culture[edit]

text: Precolumbian cultures of South America historically used lip piercing called Tembetá. Lip piercing continues to be practiced by many people, the most well-known of which are certain African tribes, who wear large decorative lip plates or discs, usually in the lower lip.

text: In contemporary society, lip piercings are relatively common. In a study among Israeli young-adults, 4.3% had present or past body piercing (not included earlobe, lip or intra-oral piercing), and 5.7%, 6.2% and 15.7% had present or past lip piercing, body tattooing and intra-oral piercing, respectively.[2]


document_title: I'll Wait

question_text: who sang i'll wait by van halen

question_tokens: who sang i 'll wait by van halen

root

text: I'll Wait

text: Background[edit]

text: The song was written as a collaboration between Van Halen and Doobie Brothers singer Michael McDonald. McDonald was brought in by Templeman when Van Halen got stuck completing the song.[4] The single's original cover featured the band posing in the same location where the cover for the "Hot for Teacher" single had been shot.[citation needed]

tag: p

text: The song's subject was inspired by a woman wearing men's underwear in a Calvin Klein print media advertisement.[3] Roth wrote the lyrics while the advertisement was tacked onto his Sony Trinitron television.[5]

text: Track listing[edit]

text: US 7" single

text:
Side A

No.
Title
Length

1.
"I'll Wait" (radio edit)
4:10

tag: table

text:
Side B

No.
Title
Length

1.
"Girl Gone Bad"
4:33

text: UK 7" single/US 12" single

text:
Side B

No.
Title
Length

1.
"Drop Dead Legs"
4:13

text: Personnel[edit]

text:
David Lee Roth: vocals
Eddie Van Halen: keyboards, guitar
Alex Van Halen: drums
Michael Anthony: keyboard bass, backing vocals

tag: ul

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (1984)
Peak position

US Billboard Hot 100
13


document_title: List of wars involving the United States

question_text: america has been at war for how many years

text: 18th century wars[edit]

text:
Conflict
Combatant 1
Combatant 2
Result

American Revolutionary War
(1775–1783)
Location: Eastern North America, Gibraltar, India, Caribbean Sea, and the Atlantic

The Surrender of Lord Cornwallis, which began negotiations between Great Britain and the United States.

 United States
 France

 Canadian Auxiliaries

 Spain
 Iroquois

 Oneida
 Tuscarora

Watauga Association
Catawba
 Lenape
 Choctaw

 Netherlands

 Mysore

 Great Britain
 Loyalists
 German Auxiliaries
 Iroquois

 Onondaga
 Mohawk
 Cayuga
 Seneca

 Cherokee

Victory

Treaty of Paris
Britain recognizes the independence of the United States of America

Chickamunga War
(1776–1795)
Location: Old Southwest

Abduction of Daniel Boone's daughter by the Cherokee

 United States
 Cherokee
Victory

Northwest Indian War
(1785–1793)
Location: Northwest Territory

The Battle of Fallen Timbers

 United States
Chickasaw
Choctaw
Western Confederacy

List

Council of Three Fires
 Iroquois Confederacy
Seven Nations of Canada
Wabash Confederacy (Wea, Piankashaw, and others)
Illini Confederacy
Wyandot
Mississaugas
Menominee
Shawnee
Lenape
Miami
Kickapoo
Kaskaskia
Chickamauga Cherokee (or "Lower Cherokee")
Upper Muscogee

 Great Britain

 British North America

Victory

Treaty of Greenville
British withdrawal
American occupation of the Northwest Territory

Shays' Rebellion
(1786–1787)
Location: Massachusetts

Shays' troops are repulsed from the armory at Springfield, Massachusetts in early 1787.

 United States
Anti-Government Protesters
Victory

Problems with the Articles of Confederation spur U.S. Constitutional Convention

Whiskey Rebellion
(1791–1794)
Location: Western Pennsylvania

George Washington reviews troops before their march to suppress the rebellion in western Pennsylvania.

 United States
Frontier tax protesters
Victory

Armed resistance eliminated
Minor tax evasion

Quasi-War
(1798–1800)
Part of the French Revolutionary Wars
Location: Atlantic Ocean, the Caribbean, the Indian Ocean, and the Mediterranean

USS Constellation vs. L'Insurgente

 United States
Co-belligerent:
 Great Britain

 France

 Guadeloupe

Co-belligerent:
 Spain

Indecisive

Peaceful cessation of Franco-American alliance
End of French privateer attacks on American shipping
American neutrality and renunciation of claims against France

text: 19th century wars[edit]

text:
Conflict
Combatant 1
Combatant 2
Result for the United States and/or its Allies

First Barbary War
(1801–1805)
Part of the Barbary Wars
Location: Mediterranean Sea off the coast of Tripoli.

Lieutenant Presley O'Bannon at Derna, April 1805.

 United States
 Sweden
 Eyalet of Tripolitania
 Sultanate of Morocco
Victory

Peace treaty

1811 German Coast Uprising
(1811)
Location: Territory of Orleans

 United States
Rebel slaves
Supported by:
 Haiti

Victory

Suppression and later trials

Tecumseh's War
(1811)
Location: Northwest River Ohio

The Battle of Tippecanoe

 United States
Tecumseh's Confederacy

List

Shawnee
Red Sticks
Ojibway
Chickamauga
Meskwaki
 Iroquois
Miami
Mingo
Odawa
Kickapoo
Lenape
Mascouten
Potawatomi
Sauk
Wyandot

Victory

Peace treaty

War of 1812
(1812–1815)
Location: Eastern and Central North America

General Andrew Jackson stands on the parapet of his makeshift defenses as his troops repulse attacking Highlanders, by painter Edward Percy Moran in 1910.

 United States
Choctaw
Cherokee Nation
Creek Allies
 United Kingdom

 British North America

Tecumseh's Confederacy

List

Shawnee
Red Sticks
Ojibway
Chickamauga
Meskwaki
 Iroquois
Miami
Mingo
Odawa
Kickapoo
Lenape
Mascouten
Potawatomi
Sauk
Wyandot

 Spain (1814)
Stalemate
Treaty of Ghent; Status quo ante bellum with no boundary changes

British assault on Sacket's Harbor repulsed
American invasions of British North America repulsed
British invasions of the United States repulsed
Defeat of Tecumseh's Confederacy

Creek War
(1813–1814)
Location: Southern United States

The Battle of Horseshoe Bend, 1814

 United States
Lower Creeks
Cherokee Nation
Choctaw
Red Stick Creek
Victory

Treaty of Fort Jackson

Second Barbary War
(1815)
Part of the Barbary Wars
Location: Mediterranean Sea and the Barbary states.

Decatur's Squadron off Algiers.

 United States
 Regency of Algiers
Victory

Peace treaty

First Seminole War
(1817–1818)
Location: Pensacola, Florida

Barracks and tents at Fort Brooke near Tampa Bay.

 United States
Seminole

 Spanish Florida

Victory

Texas–Indian Wars
(1820–1875)
Location: Texas

A Kiowa ledger drawing depicting a battle between Southern Plains Indians and the U.S. Army during the Red River War.

 Spain

 Mexico

 Republic of Texas
 United States

 Comanche
Victory

Arikara War
(1823)
Location: Missouri River

 United States
Arikara
Victory

The Arikara eventually settled with the Mandan and Hidatsa on the Fort Berthold Reservation in North Dakota

Aegean Sea Anti-Piracy Operations
(1825–1828)
Location: Off Greece, Aegean Sea

Greek pirate boats attacking the HMS Comet.

 United States
 Greek Pirates
Victory

Defeat of Greek pirates
HMS Comet liberated by American forces
Message of thanks issued to Louis Goldsborough from the British government

Winnebago War
(1827)
Location: Illinois and Michigan Territory

 United States
Prairie La Crosse Ho-Chunks
with a few allies
Victory

Ho-Chunks cede lead mining region to the United States

First Sumatran expedition
(1832)
Location: Aceh Sultanate

U.S. Infantry assaulting the Acehnese forts at Kuala Batu in 1832.

 United States
 Netherlands
Chiefdom of Kuala Batee
Victory

Black Hawk War
(1832)
Location: Illinois and Michigan Territory

Native women and children fleeing the Battle of Bad Axe.

 United States
Ho-Chunk
Menominee
 Dakota
Potawatomi
Black Hawks British Band
Ho-Chunk and Potawatomi allies
Victory

Second Seminole War
(1835–1842)
Location: Florida, United States

U.S. Marines search for Seminoles in the Everglades

 United States
Seminole
Victory

3,800 Seminoles transported to the Indian Territory
300 remain in Everglades

Second Sumatran expedition
(1838)
Location: Aceh Sultanate

 United States
 Netherlands
Chiefdom of Kuala Batee
Victory

Aroostook War
(1838)
Location: Maine & New Brunswick

 United States
 United Kingdom

 British North America

Webster–Ashburton Treaty

Modern border of Maine and New Brunswick agreed upon

Mexican–American War
(1846–1848)
Location: Texas, New Mexico, California, and Mexico

2nd Dragoons charge the enemy at the Battle of Resaca de la Palma, 1846.

 United States
 California Republic
 Mexico
Victory

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Mexican Cession
Mexican recognition of Texas and California (among other territories) as independent; end of conflict between Mexico and Texas

Cayuse War
(1847–1855)
Location: Oregon

 United States
Cayuse
Victory

Apache Wars
(1851–1900)
Location: Southwestern United States

US Cavalry dash for cover while fighting Apaches, by F. Remington

 United States
Apache
Ute
Yavapai
Victory

Apaches moved to reservations

Puget Sound War
(1855–1856)
Location: Washington

 United States
Snoqualmie
Nisqually
Muckleshoot
Puyallup
Klickitat
Haida
Tlingit
Victory

Indians relocated to Siletz, Grand Ronde, and Coast Reservations

First Fiji Expedition
(1855)
Location: Fiji

 United States
Fiji
Victory

Rogue River Wars
(1855–1856)
Location: Rogue Valley

 United States
Rogue River people
Victory

Indians relocated to Siletz, Grand Ronde, and Coast Reservations

Third Seminole War
(1855–1858)
Location: Pensacola, Florida

 United States
Seminole
Victory

Yakima War
(1855–1858)
Location: Washington Territory

Seattleites evacuate to the town blockhouse as USS Decatur opens fire on advancing tribal forces.

 United States
Snoqualmie
Yakama
Walla Walla tribe
Umatilla tribe
Nez Perce tribe
Cayuse tribe
Victory

Peace treaty

Second Opium War
(1856–1859)
Location: China

Palikao's bridge, on the evening of the battle, by Émile Bayard

 British Empire
 French Empire
 United States
 Qing dynasty
Victory

Treaties of Tientsin
Southern Kowloon ceded to the United Kingdom

Utah War
(1857–1858)
Location: Utah Territory and Wyoming

 United States
Deseret / Utah Mormons (Nauvoo Legion)
Resolution

Resolution through negotiation
Brigham Young replaced as governor of the territory
Full amnesty for charges of sedition and treason issued to the citizens of Utah Territory by President James Buchanan on the condition that they accept American Federal authority

Navajo Wars
(1858–1866)
Location: New Mexico

Fort Defiance

 United States
Navajo
Victory

Long Walk of the Navajo
Navajos moved to reservations

Second Fiji Expedition
(1859)
Location: Fiji

 United States
Fiji
Victory

John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
(1859)
Location: West Virginia

Harper's Weekly illustration of U.S. Marines attacking John Brown's "Fort" Teresa Baine

 United States
Abolitionist Insurgents
Victory

First and Second Cortina War
(1859–1861)
Location: Texas and Mexico

 United States

 Confederate States

 Mexico
Victory

Paiute War
(1860)
Location: Pyramid Lake, Nevada

 United States
Paiute
Shoshone
Bannock
Victory

American Civil War
(1861–1865)
Location: United States

The Battle of Antietam, by Kurz & Allison.

 United States
 Confederate States
Victory

Territorial integrity preserved
Dissolution of the Confederacy
Slavery abolished
Lincoln assassinated
Beginning of the Reconstruction Era

Bombardment of Qui Nhơn
(1861)
Location: Qui Nhơn, Vietnam

 United States
 Nguyễn Dynasty
Victory

Yavapai Wars
(1861–1875)
Location: Arizona

 United States
Yavapai
Apache
Yuma
Mohave
Victory

Dakota War of 1862
(1862)
Location: Minnesota and Dakota

The Siege of New Ulm, Minnesota on August 19, 1862

 United States
 Dakota Sioux
Victory

Colorado War
(1863–1865)
Location: Colorado, Wyoming, and Nebraska

 United States
 Cheyenne
 Arapaho
 Sioux
Victory

Military and congressional hearings against John Chivington

Shimonoseki War
(1863–1864)
Location: Kanmon Straits

Capture of a Choshu battery at Shimonoseki by British sailors and marines.

 British Empire
 Dutch Empire
 French Empire
 United States
 Chōshū Domain
Victory

Chōshū pays an indemnity of $3,000,000.

Snake War
(1864–1868)
Locations: Oregon, Nevada, California, and Idaho

 United States
Paiute
Bannock
Shoshone
Victory

Powder River War
(1865)
Location: Powder River State

 United States
 Sioux
 Cheyenne
 Arapaho
Indecisive

Red Cloud's War
(1866–1868)
Location: Powder River State

The Fetterman Massacre

 United States
 Lakota
 Cheyenne
 Arapaho
Defeat

Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)
Legal control of Powder River Country ceded to Native Americans
Creation of the Great Sioux Reservation (including the Black Hills)

Formosa Expedition
(1867)
Location: Southern Formosa

US Marines and Sailors attack Formosan pirates.

 United States
Paiwan
Indecisive

Formosan retreat
American withdrawal

Comanche Campaign
(1867–1875)
Location: Western United States

Battle of Beecher Island. One soldier and three horses have fallen, while others continue to wage the battle.

 United States
 Cheyenne
 Arapaho
 Comanche
Kiowa
Victory

United States expedition to Korea
(1871)
Location: Ganghwado

American forces after capturing the Deokjin Fort during the Battle of Ganghwa in 1871.

 United States
 Joseon Dynasty
Victory

United States-Korea Treaty of 1882

Modoc War
(1872–1873)
Location: California and Oregon

Engraving of soldiers recovering the bodies of the slain May 3, 1873.

 United States
 Modoc
Victory

Red River War
(1874–1875)
Location: Texas

 United States
 Cheyenne
 Arapaho
 Comanche
Kiowa
Victory

End to the Texas-Indian Wars

Las Cuevas War
(1875)
Location: Texas and Mexico

Texan soldiers.

 United States
 Mexico
Victory

Cattle returned to Texas

Great Sioux War of 1876
(1876–1877)
Location: Montana, Dakota and Wyoming

Custer's last stand at Little Bighorn.

 United States
 Lakota
 Dakota Sioux
 Northern Cheyenne
 Arapaho
Victory

Legal control of Powder River Country ceded to the United States

Buffalo Hunters' War
(1876–1877)
Location: Texas and Oklahoma

 United States
 Comanche
Apache
Victory

Nez Perce War
(1877)
Location: Oregon, Idaho, Wyoming, and Montana

Chief Joseph's band in the Battle of Bear Paw Mountain

 United States
Nez Perce
Palouse
Victory

Bannock War
(1878)
Location: Idaho, Oregon, and Wyoming

 United States
Bannock
Shoshone
Paiute
Victory

Cheyenne War
(1878–1879)
Location: Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota and Montana

Aftermath of the Battle of "The Pit."

 United States
 Cheyenne
Victory

Sheepeater Indian War
(1879)
Location: Idaho

 United States
Shoshone
Victory

Victorio's War
(1879–1881)
Location: Mexico

 United States
 Mexico
Apache
Victory

White River War
(1879–1880)
Location: Colorado

 United States
Ute
Victory

Pine Ridge Campaign
(1890–1891)
Location: South Dakota

Mass grave for the dead Lakota after the conflict at Wounded Knee Creek.

 United States
 Sioux
Victory

Garza Revolution
(1891–1893)
Location: Texas and Mexico

3rd Cavalry Troopers searching a suspected Revolutionist, 1892

 Mexico
 United States
Garzistas
Victory

Rio de Janeiro Affair
(1894)
Location: Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Cruiser Detroit in the Guanabara Bay during the revolt

 Brazil
 United States
 Brazilian mutineers
Victory

End of rebel blockade
Rio de Janeiro reopened to American commerce

Yaqui Wars
(1896–1918)
Location: Arizona and Mexico

10th Cavalry soldiers holding Yaqui prisoners at their camp in Bear Valley, January 9, 1918.

 United States
 Mexico
 Yaqui
Pima
Opata
Victory

Second Samoan Civil War
(1898–1899)
Location: Samoa

Samoan warriors and American servicemen during the Siege of Apia in March 1899.

Samoa
 United States
Mataafans
 Germany
Compromise

Allies and Rebels compromise for peace Tripartite Convention
United States acquires American Samoa
United Kingdom withdraws claim in exchange for concessions in the Solomon Islands
Germany acquires German Samoa
Mata'afa Iosefo becomes paramount chief of Samoa

Spanish–American War
(1898)
Location: Cuba, Puerto Rico, Philippines and Guam

Teddy Roosevelt and the "Rough Riders" charge Spanish positions during the Battle of San Juan Hill.

 United States
 Cuban Revolutionaries
 Filipino Revolutionaries
 Spain

 Cuba
 Guam
 Philippines
 Puerto Rico

Victory

Treaty of Paris
Protectorate over Cuba
Collapse of the Spanish Empire
Generation of '98 among Spanish intellectuals

Philippine–American War
(1899–1902)
Location: Philippines

Kurz & Allison print of the Battle of Quingua.

1899-1902
 United States

 Military Government

1902-1906
 United States

 Civil Government

1899-1902
 Philippine Republic

 Negros Republic
 Zamboanga Republic

Limited Foreign Support:
 Empire of Japan

Shishi

1902-1906
 Tagalog Republic

Irrenconcilables

Victory

Occupation of the Philippines
Establishment of the Insular Government of the Philippine Islands
General Emilio Aguinaldo captured and exiled
Dissolution of the First Philippine Republic

Moro Rebellion
(1899–1913)
Philippines

The 8th Infantry Regiment defeat the Moros in the four-day battle of Bagsak Mountain on Jolo Island in the Philippines.

 United States
 Moro
 Remnants of the Sulu Sultanate
Victory

Boxer Rebellion
(1899–1901)
Location: China

Corporal Titus, of the 14th Infantry Regiment, scaling the walls of Peking.

 United Kingdom
 Russia
 Japan
 France
 United States
 Germany
 Italy
 Austria-Hungary
 Righteous Harmony Society (Boxers)
 China
Victory

Rebellion suppressed
Signing of the Boxer Protocol
Provisions for foreign troops to be stationed in Beijing

text: 20th century wars[edit]

text:
Conflict
Combatant 1
Combatant 2
Result for the United States and/or its Allies

Crazy Snake Rebellion
(1909)
Location: Oklahoma

Creek prisoners of war.

 United States
Creek
Victory

Border War
(1910–1919)
Part of the Mexican Revolution
Location: Mexico–United States border

American troops of the 16th Infantry Regiment rest for the night on 27 May 1916

 United States
 Mexico
 Germany
Victory

Seditionist insurgency suppressed
Permanent border wall established
Pancho Villa's troops no longer an effective fighting force[1]

Negro Rebellion
(1912)
Part of the Banana Wars
Location: Cuba

USS Mississippi in Cuba

 Cuba
 United States
 Cuban PIC
Victory

Rebellion suppressed
Dissolution of the PIC

Occupation of Nicaragua
(1912–1933)
Part of the Banana Wars
Location: Nicaragua

US Marines holding a captured Sandinista flag.

 United States
 Nicaragua
 Nicaraguan Liberals
 Sandinistas
Victory

Nicaragua occupied until 1933.
Great Depression marked US withdrawal in 1933.
Change of regime in Nicaragua.

Bluff War
(1914–1915)
Location: Utah and Colorado

Prisoners of the Bluff War in Thompson, Utah, waiting to board a train for their trial in Salt Lake City.

 United States
Ute
Paiute
Victory

Occupation of Haiti
(1915–1934)
Part of the Banana Wars
Location: Haiti

2nd Marine Regiment in Haiti

 United States
 Haiti
 Haitian Rebels
Victory

Haiti occupied

Sugar Intervention
(1916–1918)
Part of the Banana Wars
Location: Cuba

 Cuba
 United States
 Liberal Party of Cuba
Victory

Uprising quelled.

Occupation of the Dominican Republic
(1916–1924)
Part of the Banana Wars
Location: Dominican Republic

US Marines in the Occupation of the Dominican Republic.

 United States
 Dominican Republic
Victory

Dominican Republic occupied

World War I
(1917–1918)
Location: Europe, Africa, Asia, Middle East, the Pacific Islands, and coast of North and South America

Two US troops pass by dead German soldiers on a battlefield.

 France
 British Empire

 United Kingdom
 Canada
 Newfoundland
 Australia
 New Zealand
 India
 South Africa

 Russia
 United States
 China
 Italy
 Japan
 Serbia
 Montenegro
 Romania
 Belgium
 Greece
 Portugal
 Brazil

 Germany
 Austria-Hungary
 Ottoman Empire
 Bulgaria
Victory

End of the German, Russian, Ottoman, and Austro-Hungarian empires
Formation of new countries in Europe and the Middle East
Transfer of German colonies and regions of the former Ottoman Empire to other powers
Establishment of the League of Nations

Russian Civil War
(1918–1920)
Location: Russia, Mongolia, and Iran

US troops march through Russia before the Battle of Romanovka.

 White Movement
 British Empire

 United Kingdom
 Canada
 Australia
 India

 Japan
 Czechoslovakia
 Greece
 Poland
 United States
 France
 Romania
 Serbia
 Italy
 China

 Russian SFSR
 Far Eastern Republic
 Latvian SSR
 Ukrainian SSR
 Commune of Estonia
 Mongolian Communists
Withdrawal

Allied withdrawal from Russia
Bolshevik victory over White Army
Victory for pro-independence movements in Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland

Posey War
(1923)
Location: Utah

Ute and Paiute prisoners of war.

 United States
Ute
Paiute
Victory

World War II
(1941–1945)
Location: Europe, Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Southeast Asia, Middle East, Mediterranean, North Africa, North and South America

U.S. Army Soldiers advancing at dawn in the cover of a M4 Sherman tank, during the Battle of Bougainville, 1944.

 Soviet Union
 United States
 United Kingdom
 China
 France
 Poland
 Canada
 Australia
 New Zealand
 India
 South Africa
 Yugoslavia
 Greece
 Denmark
 Norway
 Netherlands
 Belgium
 Luxembourg
 Czechoslovakia
 Brazil
 Mexico
 Ethiopia
 Mongolia
 Philippines
 Viet Minh
 KLA
 Albania
 Germany
 Japan
 Italy
 Hungary
 Romania
 Bulgaria
 Finland
 Thailand
 Manchukuo
 Mengjiang
 Croatia
 Slovakia
Victory

Collapse of the Third Reich
Fall of Japanese and Italian Empires
Creation of the United Nations
Emergence of the United States and the Soviet Union as superpowers
Beginning of the Cold War

Korean War
(1950–1953)
Part of the Cold War
Location: Korea

American soldiers in the Korean war with the Browning M1919A6 LMG.

 South Korea
 United States
 United Kingdom
 Australia
 Belgium
 Canada
 France
 Philippines
 Colombia
 Ethiopia
 Greece
 Luxembourg
 Netherlands
 New Zealand
 South Africa
 Thailand
 Turkey
 North Korea
 China
 Soviet Union
Stalemate

North Korean invasions of South Korea repelled
Subsequent United Nations invasion of North Korea repelled
Subsequent Chinese-North Korean-Soviet invasion of South Korea repelled
Korean Armistice Agreement. Although this ended the actual fighting in the Korean Peninsula, the war is not (technically) over because a peace treaty was never signed

Lebanon Crisis
(1958)
Location: Lebanon

US Marine sits in a foxhole and points his machine gun toward Beirut.

 Lebanon
 United States
 Lebanese Opposition:

 INM
 LCP
 PSP

Victory

US-Lebanese occupation of the port and international airport of Beirut
Withdrawal of US forces

Bay of Pigs Invasion
(1961)
Part of the Cold War
Location: Cuba

 CDRF
 United States
 Cuba
Defeat

Invasion of Cuba suppressed

Simba Rebellion
(1964)
Part of the Cold War
Location: Democratic Republic of the Congo

 Congo-Léopoldville
 Belgium
 United States
 Simba Rebels

 Cuba
 Tanganyika
 Soviet Union
 China

Victory

Rebellion defeated

Dominican Civil War
(1965–1966)
Location: Dominican Republic

US soldiers arrive in the Dominican Republic.

 Dominican Loyalists
 United States
 Brazil
 Honduras
 Paraguay
 Nicaragua
 Costa Rica
 El Salvador
 Dominican Constitutionalists
Victory

Juan Bosch excluded from Presidency
Election of Joaquín Balaguer

Vietnam War
(1965–1973[a], 1975[b])
Part of the Cold War and Indochina Wars
Location: Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos

1st Cavalry Division, Battle of Ia Drang, 1965.

 South Vietnam
 United States
 South Korea
 Australia
 New Zealand
 Thailand
 Philippines
 Khmer Republic
 Kingdom of Laos
 North Vietnam
 Viet Cong
 Khmer Rouge
 Pathet Lao
 North Korea
 China
 Soviet Union
Defeat

Withdrawal of American forces from Indochina
North Vietnamese victory over South Vietnam
Dissolution of the Republic of Vietnam
Communist governments take power in South Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia
South Vietnam is annexed by North Vietnam

Communist insurgency in Thailand
(1965–1983)
Location: Thailand

 Thailand
 Taiwan (until 1967)
 United States
 Malaysia
 Communist Party of Thailand
weapons and advisors:
 North Vietnam (until 1976)
 Vietnam (from 1976)
 Soviet Union
 People Republic of China (1971–1978)
 Pathet Lao[2]
[3]
 Malayan Communist Party
 Khmer Rouge (until 1978)[2]
[3]
 North Korea[3]

Victory

Defeat of communist insurgents

Shaba II
(1978)
Location: Zaire
(present-day Democratic Republic of the Congo)

 Zaire
 France
 Belgium
 United States
 Front for the National Liberation of the Congo
Victory

Multinational Force in Lebanon
(1982–1984)
Part of the Lebanese Civil War
Location: Lebanon

US Marine barracks bombing

 Italy
 United States
 France
 United Kingdom
Islamic Jihad Organization
 Iran
 Syria
 Progressive Socialist Party
 Amal Movement
Defeat

Multinational forces fail to prevent collapse of Lebanese Army into sectarian militias.[4][5]
Multinational forces evacuated after the US embassy and US Marine barracks are bombed by the Islamic Jihad Organization.
Multinational forces oversee withdrawal of Palestine Liberation Organization.
Civil war continues until 1990.
Syrian occupation continues until 2005.

Invasion of Grenada
(1983)
Part of the Cold War
Location: Grenada

American soldiers in mortar positions in Grenada.

 United States
 Barbados
 Jamaica
 Antigua and Barbuda
 Dominica
 Saint Kitts and Nevis
 Saint Lucia
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
 PRG of Grenada
 Cuba
Military advisors:

List

 Soviet Union
 North Korea
 East Germany
 Libya

Victory

Military dictatorship of Hudson Austin deposed
Defeat of Cuban military presence
Restoration of Constitutional Government

Bombing of Libya
(1986)
Part of the Cold War
Location: Libya

USAF F-111 taking off for Libya

 United States
 United Kingdom
 Libya
Victory

Ground targets destroyed.
Failed Libyan Scud missile response
Muammar Gaddafi survived

Tanker War
(1987–1988)
Location: Persian Gulf

Iranian frigate Sahand after being attacked by U.S. aircraft.

 United States
 Iran
Victory

Successful operations against Iran during the Iran–Iraq War

Invasion of Panama
(1989–1990)
Location: Panama

U.S. troops prepare to take a neighborhood in Panama City, December 1989.

 United States
 Panamanian Opposition
 Panama
Victory

Dictator Manuel Noriega deposed

Gulf War
(1990–1991)
Location: Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Israel

M1 Abrams tanks of the 3rd Armored Division advance on Medina Ridge.

 Kuwait
 United States
 United Kingdom
 Saudi Arabia
 France
 Canada
 Egypt
 Syria
 Qatar
 Bahrain
 United Arab Emirates
 Oman
 Bangladesh
 Iraq
Victory

Iraqi withdrawal from Kuwait; Emir Jaber III restored
Sanctions against Iraq

Intervention in the Somali Civil War
(1992–1995)
Location: Somalia

US Marines on patrol in Somalia.

 United States
 United Kingdom
 Spain
 Saudi Arabia
 Malaysia
 Pakistan
 Italy
 India
 Greece
 Germany
 France
 Canada
 Botswana
 Belgium
 Australia
 New Zealand
 Somali National Alliance
Defeat

Failure to capture SNA leader Mohamed Farrah Aidid.
Withdrawal of US forces following losses in Battle of Mogadishu.
The UN humanitarian mandate saved close to 100,000 lives, during and after US participation.
Civil war is ongoing.

Intervention in Haiti
(1994–1995)
Location: Haiti

US troops arrive in Haiti.

 United States
 Poland
 Argentina
 Haiti
Victory

Reinstatement of Jean-Bertrand Aristide as president of Haiti

Bosnian War
(1994–1995)
Part of the Yugoslav Wars
Location: Bosnia and Herzegovina

Russian and American troops on a joint patrol around the Bosnian town of Zvornik on the afternoon of 29 February 1996.

 Bosnia and Herzegovina

 Herzeg-Bosnia
 Croatia

 United States
 Belgium
 Canada
 Denmark
 France
 Germany
 Italy
 Luxembourg
 Netherlands
 Norway
 Portugal
 Spain
 Turkey
 United Kingdom

 Republika Srpska
 YPA
 Serbian Krajina
 Western Bosnia
 FR Yugoslavia
Victory

Dayton Accords
Internal partition of Bosnia and Herzegovina according to the Dayton Accords
Deployment of NATO-led IFOR to oversee the peace agreement
Massive civilian casualties for the Bosniak ethnic group

Kosovo War
(1998–1999)
Part of the Yugoslav Wars
Location: Serbia

Bombing of Novi Sad.

 KLA
 AFRK
 Albania
 Croatia
 United States
 Belgium
 Canada
 Czech Republic
 Denmark
 France
 Germany
 Hungary
 Italy
 Luxembourg
 Netherlands
 Norway
 Portugal
 Poland
 Spain
 Turkey
 United Kingdom
 FR Yugoslavia
Victory

Kumanovo Treaty
Yugoslav security forces pull out of Kosovo
KLA veterans join the UÇPMB, starting the Preševo insurgency

text:
^ Direct U.S. involvement ended in 1973 with the Paris Peace Accords. Air Force and Special Ops continued some operations until April 1975; President Ford in a televised speech on April 23, 1975 declared the end of Vietnam War.
^ The war reignited on 13 December 1974 with offensive operations by North Vietnam, leading to victory over South Vietnam in under two months.

tag: ol

text: 21st century wars[edit]

text:
Conflict
Combatant 1
Combatant 2
Result for the United States and/or its Allies

War in Afghanistan
(2001–2014)
Part of the War on Terror
Location: Afghanistan

101st Airborne Division firefight in Kunar Province

 United States
 Afghanistan
 United Kingdom
 Germany
 Denmark
 Italy
 France
 Canada
 Australia
 New Zealand
 Armenia
 Georgia
 Azerbaijan
 South Korea
 Norway
 Sweden
 Poland
 Estonia
 Romania
 Turkey
 Bulgaria
 Hungary
 Luxembourg
 Portugal
 Jordan
 Albania
 Iceland
 ISAF
 Northern Alliance
Supported by:
 India

 Taliban

Islamic Jihad Union
Haqqani network

Allied groups

HIG
al-Qaeda
IJU[6]
IMU

Taliban splinter groups

Fidai Mahaz

2001 invasion:
 Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan

Taliban

 al-Qaeda

055 Brigade

Inconclusive

American-led coalition invasion and occupation of Afghanistan
Destruction of al-Qaeda training camps
Fall of the Taliban government
Establishment of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan under the Karzai administration
Start of Taliban insurgency
Death of Osama bin Laden
Commencement of war's 2015–present phase

Iraq War
(2003–2011)
Part of the Iraqi Insurgency and War on Terror
Location: Iraq

M1A1 Abrams main battle tanks in Baghdad during the Occupation of Iraq

 United States
 Iraq
 United Kingdom
 South Korea
 Italy
 Poland
 Australia
 New Zealand
 Denmark
 Georgia
 Azerbaijan
 Ukraine
 Estonia
 Netherlands
 Portugal
 Spain
 MNF–I
 Baath Loyalists
 Islamic State of Iraq
 al-Qaeda in Iraq
 Mahdi Army
 Special Groups
 IAI
 Ansar al-Sunnah

 Ba'athist Iraq

Inconclusive

Invasion and occupation of Iraq
Overthrow of Ba'ath Party government and execution of Saddam Hussein
Iraqi insurgency, emergence of al-Qaeda in Iraq, and Sectarian Violence and another civil war[7][8]
Subsequent reduction in violence and depletion of al-Qaeda in Iraq[9][10]
Establishment of democratic elections and formation of new democratic government
Withdrawal of U.S. forces from Iraq in 2011
Stronger Iranian influence in Iraq[dubious – discuss][11][12][13]
Escalation of sectarian insurgency after U.S. withdrawal leading to the rise of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, the successor of al-Qaeda in Iraq[8][14]
Iraqi Civil War (2014-present)
Return of US forces to Iraq in 2014

War in North-West Pakistan
(2004–present)
Part of the War on Terror
Location: Pakistan

Airstrike on insurgent forces in Pakistan.

 United States
 Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan
 al-Qaeda
 Lashkar-e-Jhangvi
 Lashkar-e-Islam
 Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan
 East Turkestan Islamic Movement
 Tehreek-e-Shariat
Alleged Supported by:
 Pakistan
 Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant

Ongoing

Drone strikes being conducted by the United States
Jundallah, Tehreek-e-Khilafat, and the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan join ISIL

Libyan Civil War
(2011)
Part of the Libyan Crisis
Location: Libya

US vessels launch missiles in support of the Libyan Civil War.

States enforcing UNSC Resolution 1973:

 United States
 United Kingdom
 Belgium
 Bulgaria
 Canada
 Denmark
 France
 Greece
 Italy
 Netherlands
 Norway
 Romania
 Spain
 Turkey
 Sweden
 Jordan
 Qatar
 United Arab Emirates

 Libya
Victory

Overthrow of Gaddafi government and Death of Muammar Gaddafi
Assumption of interim control by National Transitional Council (NTC)
Diplomatic recognition of NTC as sole governing authority for Libya by 105 countries, UN, EU, AL and AU
Post-civil war violence in Libya, leading to another civil war in 2014[15]

War on ISIL (Operation Inherent Resolve)
(2014–present)
Part of the Iraqi Civil War, Syrian Civil War, Second Libyan Civil War,
Boko Haram insurgency, and the War on Terror
Location: Iraq, Syria, Libya and Nigeria

US airstrikes on ISIL positions in Syria.

 United States
 United Kingdom
 Australia
 Belgium
 Canada
 Denmark
 France
 Germany
 Italy
 Netherlands
 New Zealand
 Norway
 Portugal
 Spain
 Sweden
 Turkey
 Bahrain
 Jordan
 Morocco
 Qatar
 Saudi Arabia
 United Arab Emirates
 Iraq
 Syrian Opposition
 Egypt
 Libya
 Nigeria
 Cameroon
 Chad
 Niger
 Burundi

 Kurdistan

 Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
 Boko Haram

 Jabhat Fatah al-Sham
 Khorasan

 Tahrir al-Sham

 Syria
 Iran
 Hezbollah
 Russia

Ongoing

Airstrikes on ISIL and al-Qaeda positions in Iraq, Syria, Libya, Nigeria and Afghanistan
Multinational humanitarian efforts
Arming and support for local ground forces
Hundreds of thousands of civilians in Iraq and Syria flee their homes sparking a refugee crisis
Thousands of civilians are executed by ISIL forces
ISIL loses up to 30% of its territory in Iraq[16]
ISIL controls around 50% of Syria by late May 2015[17][18]
Emergence of independently-governed Kurdish regions
Tomahawk missile strikes against Assad controlled air fields in Syria

War in Afghanistan
(2015–present)

ISAF troops changing mission and beginning the RSM.

 Islamic Republic of Afghanistan

Afghan National Security Forces

Allied militias

Jamiat-e Islami
Junbish-i-Milli
Hezbe Wahdat

Coalition:

 Resolute Support Mission (2015–present)

 Australia
 Croatia
 Czech Republic
 Georgia (IPAP)
 Germany
 Italy
 Romania
 Spain
 Turkey
 United Kingdom
 United States

 Taliban

Haqqani network
Islamic Jihad Union

Alleged supported by:
 Pakistan (alleged)[19][20]

ISI (alleged)[21]

 Iran[22][23] (disputed)[24]
 Russia[25][26][27] (denied)[28][29]

Allied groups
 Hezb-e-Islami Gulbuddin
 al-Qaeda
 Islamic Jihad Union

Taliban splinter groups

Dadullah Front
Fidai Mahaz

 Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant

Wilayat Khorasan

Ongoing

Security and control of Afghanistan taken over by Afghan security forces
NATO implements a support mission
Continued counter-terror operations being conducted by NATO forces
ISIL establishes presence in Afghanistan and begins to recruit fighters[30]
Failed 2015 Taliban resurgence attempt in Kunduz, northern Afghanistan[31]
U.S. halts withdrawal and prolongs presence in Afghanistan[32]
On April 13, 2017, the U.S. drops GBU-43/B MOAB on an ISIS-K controlled tunnel system, resulting in the deaths of 94 ISIS-K militants, including 4 commanders


document_title: Call and response (music)

question_text: which world culture features the singing style known as call and response

text: Call and response (music)

text: African music[edit]

text: In Sub-Saharan African cultures, call and response is a pervasive pattern of democratic participation—in public gatherings in the discussion of civic affairs, in religious rituals, as well as in vocal and instrumental musical expression.[1] It is this tradition that African bondsmen and women brought with them to the New World and which has been transmitted over the centuries in various forms of cultural expression—in religious observance; public gatherings; sporting events; even in children's rhymes; and, most notably, in African-American music in its myriad forms and descendants including: soul, gospel, blues, rhythm and blues, rock and roll, funk and hip hop. Hear for example the recordings entitled "Negro Folklore from Texas State Prisons" collected by Bruce Jackson on Electra Records. Call and response is widely present in parts of the Americas touched by the trans-Atlantic slave trade. The tradition of call and response fosters dialogue and its legacy continues on today, as it is an important component of oral traditions. Both African-American Women Work Songs, African American work songs, and the work song in general uses the call and response format often.

text: Cuban music[edit]

text: It is extensively used in Cuban music, both in the secular rumba[2] and in the African religious ceremonies (Santería).[3]

text: Precedent[edit]

text: In 1644, lining out – where one person sang a solo (a precentor) and others followed – is outlined by the Westminster Assembly for psalm singing in English churches.[4] It has influenced popular music singing styles.[4] Precenting the line was characterised by a slow, drawn-out heterophonic and often profusely ornamented melody, while a clerk or precentor (song leader) chanted the text line by line before it was sung by the congregation. Scottish Gaelic psalm-singing by precenting the line was the earliest form of congregational singing adopted by Africans in America.[5]

text: Folk music[edit]

text: It is common in folk traditions of choral singing of many people, especially in African musical cultures.[citation needed] In the West, it is most readily seen in the sea shanty, African-American work songs, African-American Women Work Songs, military cadences, Québecois folk songs, and the dance-songs of various European countries including France (particularly Brittany) and the Faroe Islands.

text: In Cuban music and other Latin music genres such as salsa, call and response between the lead singer and the coro (chorus) is termed coro-pregón.

text: The form is found in the military cadence or "Jody" which is used as an a cappella work song or to keep time when marching or running in formation.

text: Classical music[edit]

text: In Western classical music, call and response is known as antiphony. The New Grove Dictionary defines antiphony as "music in which an ensemble is divided in to distinct groups, used in opposition, often spatial, and using contrasts of volume, pitch, timbre, etc."[6]

text: Early examples can be found in the music of Giovanni Gabrieli, one of the renowned practitioners of the Venetian polychoral style:

text: Gabrieli also contributed many instrumental canzonas, composed for contrasting groups of players:

text: Heinrich Schutz was one of the first composers to realise the expressive potential of the polychoral style in his "Little Sacred Concertos". The best known of these works is Saul, Saul, was verfolgst du mich? a vivid setting of the narrative of the Conversion of Paul as told in Acts 9 verses 3-4: "And as he journeyed, he came near Damascus: and suddenly there shined round about him a light from heaven. And he fell to the earth, and heard a voice saying unto him, Saul, Saul, why persecutest thou me?"

text: "The musical phrase on which most of the concerto is built is sounded immediately by a pair of basses":[7]

text: This idea is "then taken up by the alto and tenor, then by the sopranos, and finally by the pair of violins as transition to the explosive tutti":[7]

text: "The syncopated repetitions of the name Saul are strategically planted so that, when the whole ensemble takes them up, they can be augmented into hockets resounding back and forth between the choirs, adding to the impression of an enveloping space And achieving in sound something like the effect of the surrounding light described by the Apostle." [8]

text: In the following century, J.S. Bach featured antiphonal exchanges in his St Matthew Passion and the motets, such as Singet dem Herrn, BWV225. The New Grove Dictionary says that there are "genuine spatial effects in these works, but in general he used these divisions more because they made for increased sonority".[6] The development of the classical orchestra in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries exploited the dramatic potential of antiphonal exchanges between groups of instruments. An example can be found in the development section of the finale of Mozart’s Symphony No. 41:

text: Even terser are the exchanges between wind and strings in the first movement of Beethoven's 5th Symphony. Here, the development culminates in a "singularly dramatic passage"[9] consisting of a "strange sequence of block harmonies":[10]

text: Twentieth century works that feature antiphonal exchanges include the second movement of Bartók's Music for Strings Percussion and Celesta (1936) and Michael Tippett’s Concerto for Double String Orchestra (1938). One spectacular example from the 1950s is Karlheinz Stockhausen's Gruppen for Three Orchestras (1955–1957), which culminates in a "synchronized build-up of brass 'points' in the three orchestras ... leading to a climax of chord exchanges from orchestra to orchestra".[11] When heard live, this piece creates a genuine sensation of music moving in space. "The combination of the three orchestras leads to great climaxes: long percussion solos, concertante trumpet solos, powerful brass sections, alternating and interpenetrating." [12]

text: Popular music[edit]

text: The phenomenon of call and response is pervasive in modern Western popular music, as well, largely because Western music has been so heavily shaped by African contributions. Cross-over rhythm and blues, rock 'n' roll and rock music exhibit call-and-response characteristics, as well. The Who's song "My Generation" is an example:[13]

text: Where call and response is most apparent in the secular music arena is in traditional and electric blues, where the most common 12-bar form is an AA'B pattern where the AA' is the call (repeated once with slight variation), and B is the response. But, each A and B part may itself consist of a short call and a short response, and those 2-bar calls and response may also be divided into 1-bar-each call-response pairs:[citation needed]

text:
Twelve bars:

A: 4-bar CALL

(2-bar vocal CALL

[1-bar CALL, 1-bar RESPONSE]

2-bar instrumental RESPONSE

[1-bar CALL, 1-bar RESPONSE])

A': 4-bar CALL (repeated with slight variation)

(2-bar vocal CALL

[1-bar CALL, 1-bar RESPONSE]

2-bar instrumental RESPONSE

[1-bar CALL, 1-bar RESPONSE])

B: 4-bar RESPONSE (repeated)

(2-bar vocal CALL

[1-bar CALL, 1-bar RESPONSE]

2-bar instrumental RESPONSE/turnaround

[1-bar CALL, 1-bar RESPONSE])

text: Note that each turnaround can be considered a call which the next A section is the response to.

text: Leader/chorus call and response[edit]

text: A single leader makes a musical statement, and then the chorus responds together. American bluesman Muddy Waters utilizes call and response in one of his signature songs, "Mannish Boy" which is almost entirely leader/chorus call and response.

text:
CALL: Waters' vocal: "Now when I was a young boy"
RESPONSE: (Harmonica/rhythm section riff)
CALL: Waters': "At the age of 5"
RESPONSE: (Harmonica/rhythm section riff)

text: Another example is from Chuck Berry's "School Day (Ring Ring Goes the Bell)".

text:
CALL: Drop the coin right into the slot.
RESPONSE: (Guitar riff)
CALL: You gotta get something that's really hot.
RESPONSE: (Guitar riff)

text: A contemporary example is from Carly Rae Jepsen's "Call Me Maybe".

text:
CALL: Hey, I just met you
RESPONSE: (Violins)
CALL: And this is crazy
RESPONSE: (Violins)

text: This technique is utilized in Jepsen's song several times. While mostly in the chorus, it can also be heard in the breakdown (approximately 2:25) between the vocals ("It's hard to look right") and distorted guitar.

text: Question/answer call and response[edit]

text: Part of the band poses a musical "question", or a phrase that feels unfinished, and another part of the band "answers" (finishes) it. In the blues, the B section often has a question-and-answer pattern (dominant-to-tonic).

text: An example of this is the Christmas song "Must Be Santa":

text:
CALL: Who laughs this way, ho ho ho?
RESPONSE: Santa laughs this way, ho ho ho!

text: A similar question-and-answer exchange occurs in the movie Casablanca between Sam and the band in the song "Knock On Wood":

text:
CALL: Who's got trouble?
RESPONSE: We've got trouble!
CALL: How much trouble?
RESPONSE: Too much trouble!


document_title: Circular motion

question_text: how to find total acceleration in circular motion

text: Circular motion

text: Uniform circular motion[edit]

text: In physics, uniform circular motion describes the motion of a body traversing a circular path at constant speed. Since the body describes circular motion, its distance from the axis of rotation remains constant at all times. Though the body's speed is constant, its velocity is not constant: velocity, a vector quantity, depends on both the body's speed and its direction of travel. This changing velocity indicates the presence of an acceleration; this centripetal acceleration is of constant magnitude and directed at all times towards the axis of rotation. This acceleration is, in turn, produced by a centripetal force which is also constant in magnitude and directed towards the axis of rotation.

text: In the case of rotation around a fixed axis of a rigid body that is not negligibly small compared to the radius of the path, each particle of the body describes a uniform circular motion with the same angular velocity, but with velocity and acceleration varying with the position with respect to the axis.

text: Formulas[edit]

text: For motion in a circle of radius r, the circumference of the circle is C = 2π r. If the period for one rotation is T, the angular rate of rotation, also known as angular velocity, ω is:

text: The speed of the object travelling the circle is:

text: The angle θ swept out in a time t is:

text: The angular acceleration, α, of the particle is:

text: In the case of uniform circular motion, α will be zero.

text: The acceleration due to change in the direction is:

text: The centripetal and centrifugal force can also be found out using acceleration:

text: The vector relationships are shown in Figure 1. The axis of rotation is shown as a vector ω perpendicular to the plane of the orbit and with a magnitude ω = dθ / dt. The direction of ω is chosen using the right-hand rule. With this convention for depicting rotation, the velocity is given by a vector cross product as

text: which is a vector perpendicular to both ω and r(t), tangential to the orbit, and of magnitude ω r. Likewise, the acceleration is given by

text: which is a vector perpendicular to both ω and v(t) of magnitude ω |v| = ω2 r and directed exactly opposite to r(t).[1]

text: In the simplest case the speed, mass and radius are constant.

text: Consider a body of one kilogram, moving in a circle of radius one metre, with an angular velocity of one radian per second.

text:
The speed is one metre per second.
The inward acceleration is one metre per square second, v2/r.
It is subject to a centripetal force of one kilogram metre per square second, which is one newton.
The momentum of the body is one kg·m·s−1.
The moment of inertia is one kg·m2.
The angular momentum is one kg·m2·s−1.
The kinetic energy is 1/2 joule.
The circumference of the orbit is 2π (~6.283) metres.
The period of the motion is 2π seconds per turn.
The frequency is (2π)−1 hertz.

text: In polar coordinates[edit]

text:
During circular motion the body moves on a curve that can be described in polar coordinate system as a fixed distance R from the center of the orbit taken as origin, oriented at an angle θ(t) from some reference direction. See Figure 4. The displacement vector

r
→

{\displaystyle {\vec {r}}}

 is the radial vector from the origin to the particle location:

text:
where

u
^

R

(
t
)

{\displaystyle {\hat {u}}_{R}(t)}

 is the unit vector parallel to the radius vector at time t and pointing away from the origin. It is convenient to introduce the unit vector orthogonal to

u
^

R

(
t
)

{\displaystyle {\hat {u}}_{R}(t)}

 as well, namely

u
^

θ

(
t
)

{\displaystyle {\hat {u}}_{\theta }(t)}

. It is customary to orient

u
^

θ

(
t
)

{\displaystyle {\hat {u}}_{\theta }(t)}

 to point in the direction of travel along the orbit.

text: The velocity is the time derivative of the displacement:

text:
Because the radius of the circle is constant, the radial component of the velocity is zero. The unit vector

u
^

R

(
t
)

{\displaystyle {\hat {u}}_{R}(t)}

 has a time-invariant magnitude of unity, so as time varies its tip always lies on a circle of unit radius, with an angle θ the same as the angle of

r
→

(
t
)

{\displaystyle {\vec {r}}(t)}

. If the particle displacement rotates through an angle dθ in time dt, so does

u
^

R

(
t
)

{\displaystyle {\hat {u}}_{R}(t)}

, describing an arc on the unit circle of magnitude dθ. See the unit circle at the left of Figure 4. Hence:

text:
where the direction of the change must be perpendicular to

u
^

R

(
t
)

{\displaystyle {\hat {u}}_{R}(t)}

 (or, in other words, along

u
^

θ

(
t
)

{\displaystyle {\hat {u}}_{\theta }(t)}

) because any change

d

u
^

R

(
t
)

{\displaystyle d{\hat {u}}_{R}(t)}

 in the direction of

u
^

R

(
t
)

{\displaystyle {\hat {u}}_{R}(t)}

 would change the size of

u
^

R

(
t
)

{\displaystyle {\hat {u}}_{R}(t)}

. The sign is positive, because an increase in dθ implies the object and

u
^

R

(
t
)

{\displaystyle {\hat {u}}_{R}(t)}

 have moved in the direction of

u
^

θ

(
t
)

{\displaystyle {\hat {u}}_{\theta }(t)}

.
Hence the velocity becomes:

text: The acceleration of the body can also be broken into radial and tangential components. The acceleration is the time derivative of the velocity:

text:
The time derivative of

u
^

θ

(
t
)

{\displaystyle {\hat {u}}_{\theta }(t)}

 is found the same way as for

u
^

R

(
t
)

{\displaystyle {\hat {u}}_{R}(t)}

. Again,

u
^

θ

(
t
)

{\displaystyle {\hat {u}}_{\theta }(t)}

 is a unit vector and its tip traces a unit circle with an angle that is π/2 + θ. Hence, an increase in angle dθ by

r
→

(
t
)

{\displaystyle {\vec {r}}(t)}

 implies

u
^

θ

(
t
)

{\displaystyle {\hat {u}}_{\theta }(t)}

 traces an arc of magnitude dθ, and as

u
^

θ

(
t
)

{\displaystyle {\hat {u}}_{\theta }(t)}

 is orthogonal to

u
^

R

(
t
)

{\displaystyle {\hat {u}}_{R}(t)}

, we have:

text:
where a negative sign is necessary to keep

u
^

θ

(
t
)

{\displaystyle {\hat {u}}_{\theta }(t)}

 orthogonal to

u
^

R

(
t
)

{\displaystyle {\hat {u}}_{R}(t)}

. (Otherwise, the angle between

u
^

θ

(
t
)

{\displaystyle {\hat {u}}_{\theta }(t)}

 and

u
^

R

(
t
)

{\displaystyle {\hat {u}}_{R}(t)}

 would decrease with increase in dθ.) See the unit circle at the left of Figure 4. Consequently, the acceleration is:

text: The centripetal acceleration is the radial component, which is directed radially inward:

text: while the tangential component changes the magnitude of the velocity:

text: Using complex numbers[edit]

text:
Circular motion can be described using complex numbers. Let the x axis be the real axis and the

y

{\displaystyle y}

 axis be the imaginary axis. The position of the body can then be given as

z

{\displaystyle z}

, a complex "vector":

text:
where i is the imaginary unit, and

θ
(
t
)

{\displaystyle \theta (t)}

 is the argument of the complex number as a function of time, t.

text: Since the radius is constant:

text: where a dot indicates differentiation in respect of time.

text: With this notation the velocity becomes:

text: and the acceleration becomes:

text: The first term is opposite in direction to the displacement vector and the second is perpendicular to it, just like the earlier results shown before.

text: Velocity[edit]

text: Figure 1 illustrates velocity and acceleration vectors for uniform motion at four different points in the orbit. Because the velocity v is tangent to the circular path, no two velocities point in the same direction. Although the object has a constant speed, its direction is always changing. This change in velocity is caused by an acceleration a, whose magnitude is (like that of the velocity) held constant, but whose direction also is always changing. The acceleration points radially inwards (centripetally) and is perpendicular to the velocity. This acceleration is known as centripetal acceleration.

text: For a path of radius r, when an angle θ is swept out, the distance travelled on the periphery of the orbit is s = rθ. Therefore, the speed of travel around the orbit is

text: where the  angular rate of rotation is ω. (By rearrangement, ω = v/r.) Thus, v is a constant, and the velocity vector v also rotates with constant magnitude v, at the same angular rate ω.

text: Relativistic circular motion[edit]

text: In this case the three-acceleration vector is perpendicular to the three-velocity vector,

text: and the square of proper acceleration, expressed as a scalar invariant, the same in all reference frames,

text: becomes the expression for circular motion,

text: or, taking the positive square root and using the three-acceleration, we arrive at the proper acceleration for circular motion:

text: Acceleration[edit]

text: The left-hand circle in Figure 2 is the orbit showing the velocity vectors at two adjacent times. On the right, these two velocities are moved so their tails coincide. Because speed is constant, the velocity vectors on the right sweep out a circle as time advances.  For a swept angle dθ = ω dt the change in v is a vector at right angles to v and of magnitude v dθ, which in turn means that the magnitude of the acceleration is given by

text:
Centripetal acceleration for some values of radius and magnitude of velocity

|v|  r

1 m/s3.6 km/h2.2 mph

2 m/s7.2 km/h4.5 mph

5 m/s18 km/h11 mph

10 m/s36 km/h22 mph

20 m/s72 km/h45 mph

50 m/s180 km/h110 mph

100 m/s360 km/h220 mph

Slow walk

Bicycle

City car

Aerobatics

10 cm3.9 in

Laboratorycentrifuge

10 m/s21.0 g

40 m/s24.1 g

250 m/s225 g

1.0 km/s2100 g

4.0 km/s2410 g

25 km/s22500 g

100 km/s210000 g

20 cm7.9 in

5.0 m/s²0.51 g

20 m/s²2.0 g

130 m/s²13 g

500 m/s²51 g

2.0 km/s²200 g

13 km/s²1300 g

50 km/s²5100 g

50 cm1.6 ft

2.0 m/s²0.20 g

8.0 m/s²0.82 g

50 m/s²5.1 g

200 m/s²20 g

800 m/s²82 g

5.0 km/s²510 g

20 km/s²2000 g

1 m3.3 ft

Playgroundcarousel

1.0 m/s²0.10 g

4.0 m/s²0.41 g

25 m/s²2.5 g

100 m/s²10 g

400 m/s²41 g

2.5 km/s²250 g

10 km/s²1000 g

2 m6.6 ft

500 mm/s²0.051 g

2.0 m/s²0.20 g

13 m/s²1.3 g

50 m/s²5.1 g

200 m/s²20 g

1.3 km/s²130 g

5.0 km/s²510 g

5 m16 ft

200 mm/s²0.020 g

800 mm/s²0.082 g

5.0 m/s²0.51 g

20 m/s²2.0 g

80 m/s²8.2 g

500 m/s²51 g

2.0 km/s²200 g

10 m33 ft

Roller-coastervertical loop

100 mm/s²0.010 g

400 mm/s²0.041 g

2.5 m/s²0.25 g

10 m/s²1.0 g

40 m/s²4.1 g

250 m/s²25 g

1.0 km/s²100 g

20 m66 ft

50 mm/s²0.0051 g

200 mm/s²0.020 g

1.3 m/s²0.13 g

5.0 m/s²0.51 g

20 m/s²2 g

130 m/s²13 g

500 m/s²51 g

50 m160 ft

20 mm/s²0.0020 g

80 mm/s²0.0082 g

500 mm/s²0.051 g

2.0 m/s²0.20 g

8.0 m/s²0.82 g

50 m/s²5.1 g

200 m/s²20 g

100 m330 ft

Freewayon-ramp

10 mm/s²0.0010 g

40 mm/s²0.0041 g

250 mm/s²0.025 g

1.0 m/s²0.10 g

4.0 m/s²0.41 g

25 m/s²2.5 g

100 m/s²10 g

200 m660 ft

5.0 mm/s²0.00051 g

20 mm/s²0.0020 g

130 m/s²0.013 g

500 mm/s²0.051 g

2.0 m/s²0.20 g

13 m/s²1.3 g

50 m/s²5.1 g

500 m1600 ft

2.0 mm/s²0.00020 g

8.0 mm/s²0.00082 g

50 mm/s²0.0051 g

200 mm/s²0.020 g

800 mm/s²0.082 g

5.0 m/s²0.51 g

20 m/s²2.0 g

1 km3300 ft

High-speedrailway

1.0 mm/s²0.00010 g

4.0 mm/s²0.00041 g

25 mm/s²0.0025 g

100 mm/s²0.010 g

400 mm/s²0.041 g

2.5 m/s²0.25 g

10 m/s²1.0 g

text: Non-uniform[edit]

text: In non-uniform circular motion an object is moving in a circular path with a varying speed.  Since the speed is changing, there is tangential acceleration in addition to normal acceleration.

text: In non-uniform circular motion the net acceleration (a) is along direction of Δv which is directed inside circle but does not pass through its center (see figure). The net acceleration may be resolved into two components: tangential acceleration and normal acceleration also known as the centripetal or radial acceleration. Unlike tangential acceleration, centripetal acceleration is present in both uniform and non-uniform circular motion.

text: In non-uniform circular motion, normal force does not always point in the opposite direction of weight.  Here is an example with an object traveling in a straight path then loops a loop back into a straight path again.

text: This diagram shows the normal force pointing in other directions rather than opposite to the weight force.  The normal force is actually the sum of the radial and tangential forces. The component of weight force is responsible for the tangential force here (We have neglected frictional force). The radial force (centripetal force) is due the change in direction of velocity as discussed earlier.

text: In non-uniform circular motion, normal force and weight may point in the same direction.  Both forces can point down, yet the object will remain in a circular path without falling straight down.  First let’s see why normal force can point down in the first place.  In the first diagram, let's say the object is a person sitting inside a plane, the two forces point down only when it reaches the top of the circle.  The reason for this is that the normal force is the sum of the tangential force and centripetal force. The tangential force is zero at the top (as no work is performed when the motion is perpendicular to the direction of force applied. Here weight force is perpendicular to the direction of motion of the object at the top of the circle) and centripetal force points down, thus normal force will point down as well.  From a logical standpoint, a person who is travelling in the plane will be upside down at the top of the circle.  At that moment, the person’s seat is actually pushing down on the person, which is the normal force.

text: The reason why the object does not fall down when subjected to only downward forces is a simple one.  Think about what keeps an object up after it is thrown.  Once an object is thrown into the air, there is only the downward force of earth’s gravity that acts on the object.  That does not mean that once an object is thrown in the air, it will fall instantly.  What keeps that object up in the air is its velocity.  The first of Newton's laws of motion states that an object’s inertia keeps it in motion, and since the object in the air has a velocity, it will tend to keep moving in that direction.

text: A varying angular speed for an object moving in a circular path can also be achieved if the rotating body does not have an homogeneous mass distribution. For inhomogeneous objects, it is necessary to approach the problem as in.[2]

text: Applications[edit]

text: Solving applications dealing with non-uniform circular motion involves force analysis.  With uniform circular motion, the only force acting upon an object traveling in a circle is the centripetal force.  In non-uniform circular motion, there are additional forces acting on the object due to a non-zero tangential acceleration.  Although there are additional forces acting upon the object, the sum of all the forces acting on the object will have to equal to the centripetal force.

text: Radial acceleration is used when calculating the total force.  Tangential acceleration is not used in calculating total force because it is not responsible for keeping the object in a circular path.  The only acceleration responsible for keeping an object moving in a circle is the radial acceleration.  Since the sum of all forces is the centripetal force, drawing centripetal force into a free body diagram is not necessary and usually not recommended.

text:
Using

F

n
e
t

=

F

c

{\displaystyle F_{net}=F_{c}\,}

, we can draw free body diagrams to list all the forces acting on an object then set it equal to

F

c

{\displaystyle F_{c}\,}

.  Afterwards, we can solve for what ever is unknown (this can be mass, velocity, radius of curvature, coefficient of friction, normal force, etc.).  For example, the visual above showing an object at the top of a semicircle would be expressed as

F

c

=
n
+
m
g

{\displaystyle F_{c}=n+mg\,}

.

text: In uniform circular motion, total acceleration of an object in a circular path is equal to the radial acceleration.  Due to the presence of tangential acceleration in non uniform circular motion, that does not hold true any more.  To find the total acceleration of an object in non uniform circular, find the vector sum of the tangential acceleration and the radial acceleration.

text:
Radial acceleration is still equal to

v

2

/

r

{\displaystyle v^{2}/r}

. Tangential acceleration is simply the derivative of the velocity at any given point:

a

t

=
d
v

/

d
t

{\displaystyle a_{t}=dv/dt\,}

. This root sum of squares of separate radial and tangential accelerations is only correct for circular motion; for general motion within a plane with polar coordinates

(
r
,
θ
)

{\displaystyle (r,\theta )}

, the Coriolis term

a

c

=
2
(
d
r

/

d
t
)
(
d
θ

/

d
t
)

{\displaystyle a_{c}=2(dr/dt)(d\theta /dt)}

 should be added to

a

t

{\displaystyle a_{t}}

, whereas radial acceleration then becomes

a

r

=
−

v

2

/

r
+

d

2

r

/

d

t

2

{\displaystyle a_{r}=-v^{2}/r+d^{2}r/dt^{2}}

.


document_title: Esophageal plexus

question_text: where are the cell bodies of the preganglionic sympathetic fibers that supply the stomach located

text: Esophageal plexus

text: Parasympathetic fibers[edit]

text: 1. The vagus nerve delivers two fiber types to the esophageal plexus:

text:
A. Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers (Preganglionic fibers) - These fibers have their cell bodies located in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus and they will synapse on the terminal ganglia in the walls of the esophagus.
B. Afferent fibers - These fibers are primarily concerned with autonomic reflexes and they have their cell bodies in the inferior ganglion of the vagus.

text: Note: These vagal fibers in the esophageal plexus reform to make the anterior vagal trunk (left vagus) and the posterior vagal trunk (right vagus). Anterior and posterior being terms in relation to the esophagus, a mnemonic for which is 'LARP': Left becomes Anterior, Right becomes Posterior.

text: Sympathetic fibers[edit]

text: 2. The visceral branches of the sympathetic trunk also deliver two fiber types to the esophageal plexus

text:
A. sympathetic postganglionic fibers- The cell bodies of these fibers are located in the sympathetic chain ganglia. The cell bodies of the preganglionic fibers, the first neuron of this two neuron chain, are located in the intermediolateral cell column (IMLCC) of the thoracic spinal cord.
B. Afferent fibers- These fibers are primarily concerned with pain and have cell bodies located in the dorsal root ganglion.

text: Additional images[edit]

text: The right sympathetic chain and its connections with the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic plexuses.


document_title: List of changes in Star Wars re-releases

question_text: when was star wars renamed a new hope

question_tokens: when was star wars renamed a new hope

text: Background[edit]

text:
There will only be one [version of the films]. And it won't be what I would call the "rough cut", it'll be the "final cut". The other one will be some sort of interesting artifact that people will look at and say, "There was an earlier draft of this." The same thing happens with plays and earlier drafts of books. In essence, films never get finished, they get abandoned. At some point, you're dragged off the picture kicking and screaming while somebody says, "Okay, it's done." That isn't really the way it should work. Occasionally, [you can] go back and get your cut of the video out there, which I did on both American Graffiti and THX 1138; that's the place where it will live forever. So what ends up being important in my mind is what the DVD version is going to look like, because that's what everybody is going to remember. The other versions will disappear. Even the 35 million tapes of Star Wars out there won't last more than 30 or 40 years. A hundred years from now, the only version of the movie that anyone will remember will be the DVD version [of the Special Edition], and you'll be able to project it on a 20-foot-by-40-foot screen with perfect quality. I think it's the director's prerogative, not the studio's, to go back and reinvent a movie.

George Lucas[1]

tag: div

text: The 1977 release of Star Wars was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry of the United States Library of Congress in 1989.[2] In 2014, the National Film Registry still did not have a copy of the 1977 film; George Lucas refused to submit a copy, stating that he no longer authorized the release of the theatrical version.[3] Lucasfilm offered the altered 1997 Special Edition release, but the Registry refused it as the first published version must be accepted.[4] The Library of Congress, however, received a 35mm print of the film, without the A New Hope subtitle and subsequent alterations, in 1978 as part of the film's copyright deposit.[3][5]

text: Star Wars release history[edit]

text:
1977: Star Wars was theatrically released.[6]
1980: The Empire Strikes Back was theatrically released.[6] A 70mm print of the film differed from the more widely distributed 35mm print in takes of dialogue, visual and sound effects, shot choices, and transitions between shots.[7][8] None of these changes appeared in later releases, with exception of one dialogue change.[8]
1983: Return of the Jedi was theatrically released.[6]
1985: Star Wars, now subtitled A New Hope, was re-released on VHS and in 1989 released on LaserDisc with an improved audio mix. The LaserDisc release, and the CED videodisc also released, sped the film up by three percent to fit the film onto a single disc. Some releases additionally had minor aspect ratio changes.[8]
1993: The original trilogy was released on LaserDisc as "The Definitive Collection". With exception of a THX audio mix, scratch and dirt removal, and color balance changes, it matched the original theatrical releases.[8]
1995: The original trilogy was offered on VHS in a "last chance to own the original" campaign before the films were taken off the market in January 1996 and an altered re-release released in 1997.[9][10]
1997: The Special Edition of the original trilogy was released theatrically and to home media for the twentieth anniversary of Star Wars. This release featured the first significant changes, intended to modernize the films and create consistency with the forthcoming prequel trilogy.[8] The original negatives were also digitally restored.
1999: Episode I – The Phantom Menace was theatrically released.[6]
2002: Episode II – Attack of the Clones was theatrically released.[6]
2004: The original trilogy was released on DVD. Further significant alterations were made.[8]
2005: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith was theatrically released.[6]
2006: Another version of 2004 DVD edition was released. An unaltered version of the trilogy was included on bonus discs; it was same as the 1993 LaserDisc release and was of inferior quality to the restored version.[8]
2011: The original and prequel films were released for Blu-ray. Alterations were made to all films.[8]
2015: The original and prequel films were released digitally to streaming services. It is identical to the Blu-ray release, except for changes to the opening logos and fanfares.[8]

text: Significant changes[edit]

text: Title change to Star Wars[edit]

text: The first film was released in 1977 under the title Star Wars. The subtitles Episode IV and A New Hope were retroactively added to the opening crawl in a subsequent release.[11][12] Accounts differ as to when this change occurred. Some, including Lucasfilm, date the addition to a theatrical re-release on April 10, 1981,[8][11][12] while others place it much earlier at the re-release in July 1978.[13] This change was made to bring the original film in line with the titling of its sequel The Empire Strikes Back, which was released in 1980 with the subtitle Episode V.[8]

text: Han shot first[edit]

text:
Because I was thinking mythologically — should he be a cowboy, should he be John Wayne? And I said, ‘Yeah, he should be John Wayne.’ And when you’re John Wayne, you don’t shoot people [first] — you let them have the first shot.

George Lucas in 2015[14]

text: In the Star Wars film, Han Solo is cornered in the Mos Eisley Cantina by the bounty hunter Greedo, and the confrontation ends with Han shooting under the table and killing Greedo. The circumstances of the shot varies between versions of the film. In the original 1977 theatrical release of the film, Han shoots Greedo, and Greedo does not shoot at all.[5] The 1997 Special Edition release of the film alters the scene so that Greedo shoots first and misses, and the scene is altered again in the 2004 DVD release of the film so that Han and Greedo shoot simultaneously.[3]

text: Lucas stated that he always intended for Greedo to have shot first.[15] He felt that the idea of Han shooting first depicts him as "a cold-blooded killer".[15][14] This decision sparked objections that it changed Han's moral ambiguity, fundamentally altered his established character,[16] and diminished his transition from antihero to hero; it became one of the most controversial changes to the films.

text: Biggs Darklighter on Yavin IV[edit]

text: During the production of the Star Wars film, scenes were filmed featuring Biggs Darklighter and his friendship with Luke Skywalker set on Tatooine and at the rebel base on Yavin IV shortly before the attack on the Death Star. The scenes were cut because they were felt to disrupt the pacing of the film, and in the original theatrical release, Biggs is only seen briefly during the attack on the Death Star, in which he dies, and a relationship between Biggs and Luke is never stated. Despite this, Luke reacts strongly to Biggs's death. The 1997 Special Edition of the Star Wars film incorporated the previously deleted scene on Yavin IV. The loss of the scenes at Tatooine and Yavin IV was felt to lessen the significance of Biggs' death, cast Luke's reaction to the death as overly strong, and make the framing of the death as a tragedy confusing. It was felt that the readdition of the Yavin IV scene helped to rectify this issue.[17][18]

text: Jabba the Hutt and Boba Fett in Star Wars[edit]

text: The original script for the Star Wars film included a scene between Jabba the Hutt and Han Solo, and the scene was filmed with Harrison Ford, playing Solo, and Declan Mulholland, a stand-in for Jabba.[19][20] Lucas intended to replace Mulholland in post-production with a stop motion character. Due to time limitations and budget constraints, Lucas could not achieve this, and the scene was cut. In the 1997 Special Edition, the scene was reinserted with CGI replacing Mulholland. Because Ford walked too close to Mulholland in the original scene, Han stepping on Jabba's tail, causing Jabba to squeal, was created as a workaround.[19] Boba Fett was also added to the background of the scene.[20] Jabba's design was modified for the 2004 DVD release.[19]

text: The insertion of this scene into the film was criticized for being superfluous to the previous cantina scene, slowing down the pacing, and failing to move the plot forward.[19][20] The original 1997 CGI was also described as "atrocious".[19]

text: Max Rebo Band[edit]

text: The scene in Return of the Jedi in which Jabba the Hutt feeds the dancer Oola to the rancor opens with performance by the Max Rebo Band and its lead singer Sy Snootles. In the original theatrical release, the song is "Lapti Nek", sung for 45 seconds in the fictional language Huttese. The 1997 Special Edition changed the performance to the "less dated" song "Jedi Rocks", which runs nearly 2 minutes.[21]

text: Owen Good of Polygon, though he understood the desire to update the song, described the "Jedi Rocks" performance as "an overproduced intrusion that takes twice as long to add nothing" and felt that it distracted from the intention of the scene: to establish the trapdoor leading to the rancor and Jabba's deadliness. He also felt that "Lapti Nek" was an overall better song and described the vocal performance in "Jedi Rocks" as difficult to listen to or understand and as having "the volume and vocal fry of a higher pitched Tina Turner but none of the soul".[16] Brian Raftery of Wired wrote that replacing "Lapti Nek", which he praised as a track, was "one of Lucas' most salaciously dumb choices" and described "Jedi Rocks" as a Pointer Sisters "rip-off" and a "soul-free strutter, which is so grating that you can almost hear a tone-deaf Lucas beard-smirking approvingly in the background".[22] Ryan Lambie of Den of Geek! similar noted that change negatively altered the tone of the scene and only "replaced one flawed effect with another", writing: "What was once a low-key yet appealing background moment in the movie’s first act had grown into a literal show-stopper—an in-your-face audio-visual spectacle that literally overshadowed the original hand-made effects".

text: The puppet used for Sy Snootles was also replaced with CGI in the Special Edition. This was made because, according to producer Rick McCallum, Lucas could not achieve the "large musical number" he envisioned because characters could not move in certain ways, Sy Snootles could not open her mouth to lip sync correctly, and her eyes did not move. Lambie criticized this decision because it removed almost all evidence of puppeteer Timothy D. Rose's work in the film.[23] The 1997 Special Edition also increased the size of the Max Rebo Band from three members to twelve.[21] While Good wrote that this change was inconsequential,[16] Ratery felt that the additions made the scene "overstuffed" and described the CGI as dead on arrival.[22]

text: Expansion of Oola's death scene[edit]

text: In the theatrical release of Return of the Jedi, Oola's death is filmed from outside the rancor pit: she falls into the pit, and her scream is heard from off-screen. In the 1997 Special Edition, extra shots were inserted depicting her in the pit, including shots where she looks up to the crowd, the pit door being raised, and a shot of her terror. The rancor and Oola as she screams remain off-screen.[18]

text: Femi Taylor, who played Oola, impressed critics with her ability to reprise the role almost a decade later without visible difference.[18][20] James Whitbrook at io9 praised the additions to the scene, especially in comparison to the decision to bring the wampa on-screen in the Special Edition of The Empire Strikes Back, writing that it teased the rancor well while still keeping the monster a surprise for Luke's later battle with it.[18] Den of Geek! UK, however, criticized the additions as unnecessary and felt that they made the audience familiar with the pit, lessening fear during Luke's scene in the pit.[20]

text: Addition of Darth Vader's "No!" in Return of the Jedi[edit]

text: At the climax of Return of the Jedi, the Emperor tortures Luke with Force lightning, prompting Darth Vader to throw the Emperor down a chasm and kill him. In the theatrical release and earlier home video releases, Darth Vader watches and acts in silence.[24] The 2011 Blu-ray release adds Darth Vader muttering "No" and then yelling a drawn out "No", creating a parallel with his similar cry at the end of Episode III – Revenge of the Sith. This addition was described as unnecessary[16][24] and awful sounding,[8] and it was said to "[take] what was once emotional and [make] it laughable" and even ruin the film's climax.[16] It was also felt that the addition displayed a distrust in an audience's ability to interpret Vader's emotions.[16][24] The symmetry created by the parallel was described as "clumsy" and was felt to mock the scene in the prequel.[8][24]

text: Victory celebration in Return of the Jedi[edit]

text: Return of the Jedi ends with a scene of the Rebel Alliance and a village of Ewoks on Endor celebrating the death of the Emperor and victory over the Empire. The original theatrical release of the film featured the song "Ewok Celebration", also known as "Yub Nub", playing over the celebration.[8][22] The 1997 Special Edition release of the film replaced "Ewok Celebration" with score composed by John Williams titled "Victory Celebration",[8] and the scene was lengthened to include shots of celebration on the planets Coruscant,[8][25] Bespin, and Tatooine.[26] The 2004 DVD release further added a shot set on Naboo, in which a Gungan is given a line of dialogue.[8]

text: Consistency between original and prequel trilogies[edit]

text: In The Empire Strikes Back, the Emperor appears via hologram.[27] In the original theatrical 1980 release, he was portrayed by a woman under heavy makeup and voiced by Clive Revill. The Emperor was later played by Ian McDiarmid in Return of the Jedi, and McDiarmid reprised the role for the prequel trilogy.[27][28] To reflect this, the 2004 DVD release of The Empire Strikes Back replaced the woman with McDiarmid and new dialogue was written.[27]

text: Boba Fett's dialogue in The Empire Strikes Back was originally recorded by Jason Wingreen.[3][29] Subsequently, Attack of the Clones revealed Boba to be a clone of Jango Fett, played by Temuera Morrison.[30] To reflect this, Morrison re-recorded Boba's lines for the 2004 DVD release of the film.[3][27][29]

text: In a scene of Return of the Jedi where Darth Vader is unmasked, the 2004 DVD release digitally removed his eyebrows to reflect Anakin burning on Mustafar at the end of Revenge of the Sith.[27]

text: At the end of Return of the Jedi, Darth Vader is redeemed killing the Emperor to save Luke Skywalker's life, dies of his injuries shortly after, and appears to Luke as Anakin Skywalker alongside the Force ghosts of Yoda and Obi-Wan Kenobi. In the 1983 theatrical release, Sebastian Shaw plays this Force ghost in addition to an unmasked Vader. Later, Hayden Christensen was cast as Anakin in the prequel trilogy films Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith. To reflect this, the 2004 DVD release of Return of the Jedi replaced Shaw's appearance as the Force ghost with Christensen.[27]

text: Response[edit]

text: The first Star Wars won the Academy Awards for Best Visual Effects, Best Production Design, Best Original Score, and the Special Edition changes to the sound mixing, sound effects, and visual effects were felt to have "stripped the film of every aspect that it had won its Academy Awards for".[4]

text: Michael Matessino of Mashable, who in 2015 viewed the original theatrical print of Star Wars submitted to the Library of Congress, notes merit to Lucas' belief that technology did not allow him to achieve his vision, noting that a visible marquee around Leia's ship is "so jarring that it temporarily pulls me out of the film" because it is "lack[ing] the seamless quality [he has] come to expect from sci-fi and fantasy". Despite this, he "hate[s] each and every one" of the later added CGI effects and describes positively his ability to view the original print despite "Lucas's meddling".[5]

text: Dave Tach writing for Polygon noted minor changes, such as adding windows to Cloud City on Bespin, adding sparks to Jango Fett's jetpack, or replacing the original Emperor hologram with McDiarmid, as "innocuous" ones that "angered, to a close approximation, nobody" because "there was a solid logic behind those amendments".[16]


document_title: Dermott Brereton

question_text: what was significant about dermott breretons performance in the 1989 grand final against geelong

text: Dermott Brereton

text: VFL/AFL career[edit]

text: Hawthorn (1982–1992)[edit]

text: Dermott Brereton featured on the cover of the "Inside the Battle of '89" DVD in memorable moment pose after recovering from a solid Mark Yeates shirtfront. Dermott, nicknamed The Kid, played most of his career (189 games and 427 goals) in the centre half forward position at the Hawthorn Football Club, where he formed part of a potent forward line that included champion players such as Jason Dunstall.

text: He debuted as a young man with red hair which he later dyed blonde. His debut was against North Melbourne in the 1982 finals series – he kicked five goals and assisted in a few more.

text: While he played the game he had a reputation as a tough man, and as a big game performer was an important player in a number of Hawthorn's grand final teams during the 1980s (including premierships in 1983, 1986, 1988, 1989 and 1991).

text: Brereton was known for his bustling style and strong marking abilities and off the ball scuffles.

text: He won Hawthorn's Best and Fairest award in 1985 and was the team's leading goalkicker in the same year. He achieved All-Australian status in 1985.

text: Having bulked up over his career, Brereton became a football punisher and was known for his aggressive hip and shoulder bumps on running players. His targeting of other players by this method led to the charging rule being instigated to protect players whose intention was to focus on the ball.

text: A famous incident in 1988 involved Hawthorn's rival Essendon at Waverley Park. Brereton ran through the three quarter time huddle much to the surprise of the Bomber players causing a scuffle to break out. This incident was in retaliation to a free kick paid against Brereton for kissing Essendon's Billy Duckworth while Jason Dunstall lined up for goal. Dunstall kicked the goal but due to Brereton's indiscretion, the goal was disallowed. Brereton, fuming, ran through Essendon's huddle to prove a point. Post match, Essendon's coach, Kevin Sheedy shrugged off the event as insignificant, quipping, "Just another mad Irishman!"

text: Perhaps the most memorable moment of his career was the 1989 VFL Grand Final that was featured in a Toyota Memorable Moments television commercial. In one of the toughest grand finals in the league's history, Brereton was lined up at the centre bounce by Geelong Football Club's Mark Yeates and hit with a solid shirtfront. Severely winded and concussed, he was attended to by trainers. He began to vomit before jogging back into the play. Only minutes later in the game, he marked and kicked an inspirational goal. He would finish with three goals in a game that Hawthorn would win by six points. He was later diagnosed with broken ribs.

text: During his career at Hawthorn, Brereton was selected to play representative State of Origin football for Victoria nine times and kicked a total of 18 goals.

text: Brereton's physical style of play came at a cost. By the end of 1992, he was suffering from crippling chronic hip pain and struggled to make a regular appearance. At the advice of his club, he retired that year.

text:
“
You'd look to take somebody out, and wilfully take them out, within the rules.
”

— Dermott Brereton commenting on the his style of football[2]

text: Sydney Swans (1994)[edit]

text: During 1993, Brereton began to recover from the injuries that plagued his career at Hawthorn and expressed his intention to make a return to the game. The struggling Sydney Swans, in need of a big-name player capable of helping to turn around the team's performance, as well as draw crowds to their home games at the SCG, drafted him for the 1994 season. Moving to New South Wales, he played only seven games as frequent suspensions for rough and/or violent play prevented him from regaining peak form. His fame in Victoria was not equalled in New South Wales and he also failed to have any on-field impact on the Swans' fortunes.

text: Brereton's most notable act as a Swan was infamously stomping on Hawthorn player Rayden Tallis' head while Tallis was on the ground in a pre-season game, earning him a seven-match suspension. He would receive another seven-week suspension in that same year when Richmond's Tony Free had his jaw broken with an alleged 'karate chop' by Brereton. His only other moment of note was being flattened by West Coast Eagles' captain John Worsfold. The Swans delisted Brereton at the end of the 1994 season.

text: Collingwood (1995)[edit]

text: Still wanting to perform at the highest level, Brereton worked on his fitness over the 1994–95 off-season and once again made himself available for the national draft.

text: While clubs are generally loathe to recruit players above the age of 30, Collingwood nonetheless took a gamble on him. The Magpies experiment was slightly more successful than his stint at Sydney and in 15 games he kicked a total of 30 goals, ending his career at the end of 1995.

text: Post-football[edit]

text: After a lack of success in his returns from retirement, Brereton announced his intention to retire from elite football in 1995. In 1996 he returned to Frankston Rovers (now Frankston Bombers), where he had his cheekbone broken by a Dromana player in the second round of the season. He played a handful of games before going into retirement proper at the conclusion of the season.

text: Brereton was inducted into the Hawthorn Team of the Century, as well as the Australian Football Hall of Fame. He is also a member of the Mornington Peninsula Nepean Football League Hall of Fame.[3]

text: His desire to continue playing football actively has seen him participate in the AFL Legends Match on several occasions. Each time his lack of fitness is the focus of much mirth by the commentary team.

text: On 8 December 1997, he was appointed as a director of the Hawthorn Football Club and served in the role for just over eight years before retiring on 29 March 2006.[4] One of the most notable incidents during his term as director was his alleged involvement in the run-up to a bench-clearing brawl between Hawthorn and Essendon in a 2004 encounter that became known as the Line in the Sand Match. During halftime, just before the brawl, Brereton had reportedly told Hawthorn players to "draw a line in the sand" and take a physical stand against Essendon; he denied making that particular remark, but admitted to telling senior players "to stand up to any Essendon aggression".[5][6]

text: In 2006, he began playing in the Yarra Valley Mountain District Football League with Division 1 club Woori Yallock alongside his 1995 Collingwood teammate Damien Monkhorst, kicking two goals on debut.[7]

text: Commentary career[edit]

text: From quite early in his playing career, Brereton pursued media appearances in anticipation of joining the media full-time when he retired. During the 1980s, he had a six-year stint on a morning show hosted by veteran television performer, Ernie Sigley, who mentored the ambitious Brereton. In the early 1990s, he joined Channel Nine when the network began showing interest in Australian football for the first time in more than twenty years. He was one of the original panellists when the long-running The AFL Footy Show began in 1994 and also wrote in The Age. In 2000, he moved to the Seven Network to provide match commentary on AFL matches and hosted the show The Game, he stayed at Seven until they relinquished the rights at the end of 2001. In 2002, he returned to the Nine Network to provide match commentary on AFL matches when the network commenced its AFL coverage. He continued to be a regular panellist for The AFL Footy Show.

text: In 2004, Brereton hosted The Run Home radio show on Melbourne AM radio station SEN 1116 with Anthony Hudson and Matthew Hardy, but left due to a payment dispute. In previous years he has also co-hosted the breakfast show on Melbourne FM station Gold 104.3 with Greg Evans, and been a commentator on another FM station, Triple M.

text: In 2005, he appeared in a Toyota Memorable Moments advertisement featuring Stephen Curry that satirised the famous 1989 Grand Final incident with Geelong player Mark Yeates. In November of that year, Brereton was involved in an altercation with a group of young men.[1]

text: In 2006, he made an appearance on Torvill and Dean's Dancing on Ice. Brereton left the show early after injuring his biceps. In 2006 Brereton was sacked from Triple M due to low ratings. In 2007, Brereton rejoined 1116 SEN to broadcast football, the same station he left two years earlier.

text: In 2007 Brereton started as a presenter on channel 9's Getaway, a tourism and travel TV show which continued until 2011, though he is still listed as a presenter on the Getaway (TV series) page.

text: In 2011, he ended his twenty-year association with the Nine Network and announced he would be joining Foxtel for the 2012 season. From 2012 onwards, he provided match commentary for Foxtel and hosted the Fox League Teams show on Thursday nights on Foxtel's new 24-hour AFL channel Fox Footy, which launched on 17 February 2012.

text: Other work[edit]

text: Films[edit]

text: He also starred in a minor role in the 2002 film, Trojan Warrior.

text: Video games[edit]

text: Brereton is the voice-over commentator for the AFL video game series since 2002.

text: Australian rules football portal