document_title: List of West Virginia locations by per capita income

question_text: what is the poorest city in west virginia

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This article is part of a series on

Income in the
United States of America

Topics[hide]

Household
Personal
Affluence

Social class
Income inequality

gender pay gap
ethnic wage gap

Lists by income[show]

States (by equality (Gini))
Counties (highest / lowest)
Locations (lowest)
Metropolitan statistical areas

Urban areas
ZIP Code Tabulation Areas

 United States portal

v
t
e

text: West Virginia is the second poorest state in the United States of America, with a per capita income of $23,450 (2015).[1]

text: West Virginia counties ranked by per capita income[edit]

text: Note: County Data is from the 2011-2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates.[1][2][3]

text:
Rank
County
Per capita income
Median household income
Median family income
Population
Number of households

1
Jefferson
$30,912
$66,677
$79,830
55,214
20,331

2
Putnam
$29,412
$56,774
$67,353
56,596
21,707

United States
$28,930
$53,889
$66,011
316,515,021
116,926,305

3
Kanawha
$27,642
$45,882
$57,069
190,781
82,250

4
Ohio
$27,053
$40,569
$60,247
43,637
18,408

5
Berkeley
$26,469
$55,239
$63,304
108,724
40,991

6
Monongalia
$26,314
$45,467
$68,691
101,668
37,035

7
Harrison
$24,415
$43,987
$58,008
68,998
27,502

8
Wood
$24,364
$41,884
$51,984
86,559
36,192

9
Cabell
$23,908
$38,344
$54,671
96,824
39,973

10
Hancock
$23,845
$39,959
$51,407
30,201
12,894

11
Brooke
$23,819
$46,215
$58,460
23,665
10,030

12
Marion
$23,807
$43,165
$54,437
56,790
22,481

13
Marshall
$23,543
$45,182
$54,659
32,480
13,569

14
Morgan
$23,456
$39,324
$53,838
17,475
7,348

West Virginia
$23,450
$41,751
$52,866
1,851,420
740,890

15
Nicholas
$23,404
$39,171
$48,821
25,930
10,757

16
Pleasants
$23,291
$44,288
$52,833
7,636
2,893

17
Jackson
$23,090
$41,314
$56,384
29,256
11,118

18
Taylor
$22,799
$43,970
$50,920
16,977
6,732

19
Raleigh
$22,405
$41,032
$49,881
78,493
31,274

20
Greenbrier
$22,340
$39,746
$48,287
35,666
15,339

21
Tucker
$22,321
$40,533
$51,500
6,972
3,010

22
Hardy
$22,195
$40,303
$46,422
13,936
5,156

23
Wirt
$22,125
$39,352
$44,929
5,841
2,430

24
Pendleton
$21,979
$36,953
$46,091
7,402
3,095

25
Pocahontas
$21,847
$36,827
$51,109
8,697
3,737

26
Wetzel
$21,619
$39,096
$48,724
16,157
6,525

27
Boone
$21,387
$39,958
$50,777
24,000
9,547

28
Randolph
$21,139
$39,457
$49,520
29,365
11,563

29
Preston
$21,097
$45,064
$54,931
33,809
12,472

30
Lewis
$21,067
$37,849
$45,766
16,434
6,526

31
Tyler
$21,018
$38,854
$51,823
9,033
3,616

32
Mercer
$20,942
$36,195
$46,227
61,891
25,451

33
Monroe
$20,678
$36,918
$43,629
13,525
5,822

34
Logan
$20,477
$36,763
$46,928
35,760
14,043

35
Mingo
$20,417
$33,221
$44,384
25,931
10,844

36
Summers
$20,347
$36,651
$46,814
13,544
5,584

37
Upshur
$20,230
$40,330
$50,007
24,560
9,093

38
Grant
$20,052
$39,088
$48,133
11,815
4,175

39
Doddridge
$19,992
$39,974
$51,212
8,201
2,674

40
Wayne
$19,867
$36,318
$46,827
41,499
16,691

41
Mason
$19,694
$36,448
$45,474
27,177
10,838

42
Calhoun
$19,635
$35,568
$45,519
7,557
3,090

43
Ritchie
$19,632
$37,636
$49,943
10,140
3,942

44
Braxton
$19,409
$32,750
$47,583
14,466
5,607

45
Fayette
$19,232
$36,293
$43,721
45,534
17,669

46
Lincoln
$19,114
$35,800
$43,990
21,560
7,994

47
Mineral
$19,111
$31,790
$50,078
27,755
11,265

48
Wyoming
$19,009
$33,730
$47,273
22,866
9,199

49
Roane
$18,957
$31,813
$42,745
14,636
5,872

50
Hampshire
$18,477
$27,995
$41,950
23,542
10,194

51
Barbour
$18,039
$37,066
$45,005
16,731
6,041

52
Webster
$17,864
$29,086
$37,736
8,927
3,887

53
Gilmer
$17,115
$37,536
$50,698
8,644
2,744

54
Clay
$16,827
$31,325
$39,851
9,141
3,460

55
McDowell
$14,874
$24,921
$31,984
20,802
8,180

text: West Virginia places ranked by per capita income[edit]

text: Note: Location Data is from the 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates.[4]

text:
Smithfield, West Virginia – $58,279
Mitchell Heights, West Virginia – $39,603
North Hills, West Virginia – $31,862
Cheat Lake, West Virginia – $30,210
Harpers Ferry, West Virginia – $29,638
Shepherdstown, West Virginia – $28,539
Charleston, West Virginia – $26,017
Washington, West Virginia – $25,209
Pineville, West Virginia – $25,184
Bridgeport, West Virginia – $25,132
South Charleston, West Virginia – $24,928
Alum Creek, West Virginia – $24,607
Vienna, West Virginia – $24,452
Sylvester, West Virginia – $24,420
Glen Dale, West Virginia – $24,409
Teays Valley, West Virginia – $24,236
Pea Ridge, West Virginia – $23,904
Winfield, West Virginia – $23,564
Summersville, West Virginia – $23,217
Cross Lanes, West Virginia – $22,719
Blennerhassett, West Virginia – $22,485
Davis, West Virginia – $22,399
Daniels, West Virginia – $22,266
Lewisburg, West Virginia – $22,139
Brandonville, West Virginia – $22,118
Crab Orchard, West Virginia – $22,021
Bethlehem, West Virginia – $21,995
Pinch, West Virginia – $21,398
Inwood, West Virginia – $21,359
Hendricks, West Virginia – $21,315
Man, West Virginia – $21,304
Whitehall, West Virginia – $21,188
Bolivar, West Virginia – $20,969
Hillsboro, West Virginia – $20,929
Valley Grove, West Virginia – $20,542
Boaz, West Virginia – $20,405
Gilbert, West Virginia – $20,219
Hurricane, West Virginia – $20,119
Barboursville, West Virginia – $19,848
St. Albans, West Virginia – $19,806
Sissonville, West Virginia – $19,657
Lubeck, West Virginia – $19,656
Petersburg, West Virginia – $19,642
Prosperity, West Virginia – $19,552
Paden City, West Virginia – $19,498
Capon Bridge, West Virginia – $19,457
Clearview, West Virginia – $19,404
Poca, West Virginia – $19,108
Eleanor, West Virginia – $19,104
Mineralwells, West Virginia – $19,100
Wardensville, West Virginia – $19,037
Dunbar, West Virginia – $19,030
Beckley, West Virginia – $18,912
Culloden, West Virginia – $18,904
Weirton, West Virginia – $18,853
Pratt, West Virginia – $18,773
Fayetteville, West Virginia – $18,710
Williamstown, West Virginia – $18,652
Belle, West Virginia – $18,636
New Martinsville, West Virginia – $18,578
Wellsburg, West Virginia – $18,498
Nutter Fort, West Virginia – $18,431
East Bank, West Virginia – $18,419
Madison, West Virginia – $18,309
Pleasant Valley, West Virginia – $18,255
Westover, West Virginia – $18,199
New Cumberland, West Virginia – $18,109
Charles Town, West Virginia – $18,104
Flatwoods, West Virginia – $18,025
Wheeling, West Virginia – $17,923
Elkins, West Virginia – $17,916
Hedgesville, West Virginia – $17,772
Bluefield, West Virginia – $17,751
Clarksburg, West Virginia – $17,587
Nitro, West Virginia – $17,453
Ellenboro, West Virginia – $17,418
Paw Paw, West Virginia – $17,377
Bruceton Mills, West Virginia – $17,369
Windsor Heights, West Virginia – $17,315
Mullens, West Virginia – $17,314
Iaeger, West Virginia – $17,263
St. Marys, West Virginia – $17,206
MacArthur, West Virginia – $17,150
Chester, West Virginia – $17,137
Star City, West Virginia – $17,003
Peterstown, West Virginia – $16,964
Follansbee, West Virginia – $16,824
Marmet, West Virginia – $16,803
Stanaford, West Virginia – $16,775
Huntington, West Virginia – $16,717
Beaver, West Virginia – $16,694
Point Pleasant, West Virginia – $16,692
Hooverson Heights, West Virginia – $16,662
Clendenin, West Virginia – $16,587
Parsons, West Virginia – $16,565
Jane Lew, West Virginia – $16,540
West Milford, West Virginia – $16,527
Stonewood, West Virginia – $16,520
Barrackville, West Virginia – $16,506
Kenova, West Virginia – $16,485
Shinnston, West Virginia – $16,352
Martinsburg, West Virginia – $16,314
Welch, West Virginia – $16,308
Chesapeake, West Virginia – $16,307
Kingwood, West Virginia – $16,299
Fairlea, West Virginia – $16,146
Montrose, West Virginia – $16,121
Parkersburg, West Virginia – $16,106
Fairmont, West Virginia – $16,062
Farmington, West Virginia – $15,990
Gassaway, West Virginia – $15,965
Logan, West Virginia – $15,913
Bancroft, West Virginia – $15,888
Romney, West Virginia – $15,765
Lost Creek, West Virginia – $15,711
Moorefield, West Virginia – $15,704
Ravenswood, West Virginia – $15,696
Ansted, West Virginia – $15,671
Mabscott, West Virginia – $15,638
Glasgow, West Virginia – $15,632
Beverly, West Virginia – $15,620
Franklin, West Virginia – $15,609
Carpendale, West Virginia – $15,588
Chapmanville, West Virginia – $15,581
Benwood, West Virginia – $15,543
Brookhaven, West Virginia – $15,518
Beech Bottom, West Virginia – $15,455
Ripley, West Virginia – $15,451
Sutton, West Virginia – $15,397
Friendly, West Virginia – $15,386
Milton, West Virginia – $15,384
Wiley Ford, West Virginia – $15,380
New Haven, West Virginia – $15,339
Williamson, West Virginia – $15,303
Sophia, West Virginia – $15,296
Sistersville, West Virginia – $15,267
Harrisville, West Virginia – $15,158
Fort Ashby, West Virginia – $15,114
Elkview, West Virginia – $15,057
Amherstdale-Robinette, West Virginia – $15,024
Cairo, West Virginia – $14,958
Marlinton, West Virginia – $14,957
McMechen, West Virginia – $14,935
Princeton, West Virginia – $14,931
Thomas, West Virginia – $14,918
Bath (Berkeley Springs), West Virginia – $14,917
Shady Spring, West Virginia – $14,872
White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia – $14,822
Belmont, West Virginia – $14,802
Ceredo, West Virginia – $14,733
Ronceverte, West Virginia – $14,731
Kermit, West Virginia – $14,695
Middlebourne, West Virginia – $14,673
Rowlesburg, West Virginia – $14,663
Coal City, West Virginia – $14,552
Worthington, West Virginia – $14,490
Alderson, West Virginia – $14,474
Danville, West Virginia – $14,469
Morgantown, West Virginia – $14,459
Oak Hill, West Virginia – $14,347
Reedsville, West Virginia – $14,332
Pennsboro, West Virginia – $14,325
Triadelphia, West Virginia – $14,267
Sand Fork, West Virginia – $14,223
Ridgeley, West Virginia – $14,199
Fairview, West Virginia – $14,106
Weston, West Virginia – $14,089
Rivesville, West Virginia – $14,085
Monongah, West Virginia – $14,079
Chattaroy, West Virginia – $14,074
Rainelle, West Virginia – $14,069
Mason, West Virginia – $14,020
Buffalo, West Virginia – $14,005
Coal Fork, West Virginia – $14,002
Moundsville, West Virginia – $13,997
Womelsdorf (Coalton), West Virginia – $13,997
Bradley, West Virginia – $13,910
Hinton, West Virginia – $13,909
Lumberport, West Virginia – $13,904
Bayard, West Virginia – $13,882
Keyser, West Virginia – $13,813
Hamlin, West Virginia – $13,728
Pine Grove, West Virginia – $13,699
Powellton, West Virginia – $13,646
Burnsville, West Virginia – $13,635
Harman, West Virginia – $13,619
West Logan, West Virginia – $13,567
Athens, West Virginia – $13,553
Enterprise, West Virginia – $13,541
Grantsville, West Virginia – $13,501
Webster Springs, West Virginia – $13,500
Blacksville, West Virginia – $13,461
Bramwell, West Virginia – $13,410
Switzer, West Virginia – $13,410
Craigsville, West Virginia – $13,233
Gary, West Virginia – $13,233
Whitesville, West Virginia – $13,217
West Hamlin, West Virginia – $13,072
Cassville, West Virginia – $13,045
Mannington, West Virginia – $13,036
Spencer, West Virginia – $12,976
Buckhannon, West Virginia – $12,959
Granville, West Virginia – $12,958
Masontown, West Virginia – $12,927
Cedar Grove, West Virginia – $12,911
Belington, West Virginia – $12,905
Union, West Virginia – $12,870
Hambleton, West Virginia – $12,835
Red Jacket, West Virginia – $12,809
Smithers, West Virginia – $12,807
Corporation of Ranson, West Virginia – $12,804
Pax, West Virginia – $12,746
Grant Town, West Virginia – $12,717
Elizabeth, West Virginia – $12,704
Gilbert Creek, West Virginia – $12,689
Montgomery, West Virginia – $12,663
Matewan, West Virginia – $12,586
Flemington, West Virginia – $12,540
Mount Gay-Shamrock, West Virginia – $12,532
Meadow Bridge, West Virginia – $12,526
Newell, West Virginia – $12,426
Hundred, West Virginia – $12,395
Piney View, West Virginia – $12,385
Richwood, West Virginia – $12,213
Philippi, West Virginia – $12,176
Terra Alta, West Virginia – $12,040
Oceana, West Virginia – $11,925
Mill Creek, West Virginia – $11,915
Quinwood, West Virginia – $11,911
Huttonsville, West Virginia – $11,827
Gauley Bridge, West Virginia – $11,820
Piedmont, West Virginia – $11,678
Hartford City, West Virginia – $11,661
Mallory, West Virginia – $11,654
Wayne, West Virginia – $11,626
Grafton, West Virginia – $11,616
Holden, West Virginia – $11,615
Handley, West Virginia – $11,556
Rupert, West Virginia – $11,554
Elk Garden, West Virginia – $11,453
Cameron, West Virginia – $11,447
Clay, West Virginia – $11,415
Leon, West Virginia – $11,381
Delbarton, West Virginia – $11,237
Salem, West Virginia – $11,188
Mount Hope, West Virginia – $11,147
Lester, West Virginia – $11,026
Anmoore, West Virginia – $10,948
Durbin, West Virginia – $10,937
Cowen, West Virginia – $10,893
Thurmond, West Virginia – $10,782
Bethany, West Virginia – $10,769
Falling Spring, West Virginia – $10,721
Harts, West Virginia – $10,697
Albright, West Virginia – $10,581
West Union, West Virginia – $10,539
Glenville, West Virginia – $10,304
Junior, West Virginia – $10,279
Kimball, West Virginia – $10,269
Henderson, West Virginia – $10,170
Northfork, West Virginia – $10,001
Newburg, West Virginia – $9,952
Reedy, West Virginia – $9,734
Montcalm, West Virginia – $9,671
Oakvale, West Virginia – $9,593
Despard, West Virginia – $9,562
Matoaka, West Virginia – $9,522
Pullman, West Virginia – $9,504
Bradshaw, West Virginia – $9,458
War, West Virginia – $9,285
Camden-on-Gauley, West Virginia – $9,137
Fort Gay, West Virginia – $9,125
Anawalt, West Virginia – $8,953
Jefferson, West Virginia – $8,746
Auburn, West Virginia – $8,548
Davy, West Virginia – $8,116
Tunnelton, West Virginia – $7,978
Rhodell, West Virginia – $7,582
West Liberty, West Virginia – $7,573
Keystone, West Virginia – $7,033
Littleton, West Virginia – $6,036

tag: ol


document_title: Gleaming the Cube

question_text: who did christian slater stunts in gleaming the cube

root

text: Gleaming the Cube

text: Plot[edit]

text: Brian Kelly is an underachieving high school student in Orange County, California. An avid skateboarder along with many of his friends, Brian is frequently at odds with his parents for his increasingly reckless behavior, which has landed him in jail on more than one occasion. The only person in the family Brian can relate to is his adopted Vietnamese brother Vinh, who works as a shipping clerk for the Vietnamese Anti-Communist Relief Fund (VACRF), an organization whose stated purpose is to send medical supplies to Vietnam.

tag: p

text: When Vinh discovers a suspicious error in VACRF's shipping records, he brings it to his boss Colonel Trac, who dismisses the matter as a clerical error. But when Vinh tries to investigate further, Colonel Trac abruptly fires him. Determined to find out the truth, Vinh sneaks into Westpac Medical Supplies (WMS), the warehouse responsible for VACRF's shipping, but is apprehended by the warehouse's owner, Ed Lawndale. He is then taken to a local motel and interrogated by Lawndale and Bobby Nguyen, another of Colonel Trac's employees. When Colonel Trac himself arrives at the motel, it is revealed that he and Lawndale are conspirators in a scheme to smuggle illegal weapons and ammunition to Vietnam. Convinced that Vinh poses no threat to their operation, Trac intends to set him free, but unfortunately Vinh dies from being strangled by Nguyen. The next morning, a housekeeper enters the room and finds Vinh's body hanging from a noose, purposely made to look like he committed suicide.

text: After the funeral, Brian finds the same list of medical supplies Vinh was investigating in their room, but written in Vietnamese. While looking for someone to translate it, he encounters Bobby Nguyen who immediately begins to follow him. When Nguyen stops to use a pay phone, Brian slips unnoticed into the backseat of his car. In a secluded area, Nguyen meets with Trac and Lawndale and attempts to extort them for $50,000 and plane ticket to Bangkok in exchange for information on Brian. A struggle ensues, and Nguyen is inadvertently shot to death by Lawndale. When Trac and Lawndale depart, Brian flees to notify the police. However, when they arrive at the scene, the authorities find no trace of the crime. Brian confides in Detective Al Lucero, believing that his brother did not commit suicide. While skeptical, Lucero offers to do what he can to help.

text: As Brian's suspicion of Colonel Trac continues to grow, he decides to reach out to Trac's daughter Tina, a fellow high school student and Vinh's ex-girlfriend. After an image makeover, Brian asks her out on a date and the two become closer. He accompanies Tina to one of VACRF's social functions, where he notices Lawndale and learns of his connection to Trac and WMS. Following in his brother's footsteps, Brian sneaks into Lawndale's warehouse and successfully uncovers a cache of weapons in a shipping crate.

text: Taking matters into his own hands, Brian causes an explosion at the warehouse and plants evidence to incriminate Trac, but Lucero immediately suspects Brian and admonishes him for the act. However, the incident causes Trac to panic and send his wife and daughter away to his brother's house, for their own safety. A distressed Tina spends the night with Brian and discovers a lighter belonging to her father in Brian's room, leading Brian to explain all his suspicions to her. Tina angrily confronts her father about the conspiracy, who is shamed by his involvement and contacts Lawndale to remove himself from the operation. In response, Lawndale begins to target Brian directly, sending a group of Vietnamese motorcyclists to run him down on the street. The police manage to apprehend the bikers and, with the aid of an interpreter, Lucero is able to confirm Lawndale's role in the attack.

text: Meanwhile, Brian visits his friend Yabbo, who builds a newer, faster skateboard for Brian and rallies the rest of the skateboarding clique. Brian and the police both converge upon Colonel Trac's house, where Lawndale takes Tina hostage at gunpoint. When Trac tries to wrestle the gun away, Brian crashes into the room through the window, but Lawndale shoots and kills Trac before making his escape in a stolen police car. A chaotic chase ensues, with Brian, Lucero, and the entire skateboarding crew eventually cornering Lawndale. As Lawndale prepares to shoot him, Brian soars into the air on his skateboard and knocks him out, injuring himself in the process. At the hospital, Brian tries to comfort Tina in the wake of her father's death and suggests that they go back to school together, implying that their relationship will continue. The film ends with Brian and Lucero visiting Vinh's grave before driving away.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Christian Slater as Brian Kelly
Steven Bauer as Al Lucero
Richard Herd as Ed Lawndale
Le Tuan as Colonel Trac
Min Luong as Tina Trac
Art Chudabala as Vinh Kelly
Ed Lauter as Mr. Kelly
Micole Mercurio as Mrs. Kelly
Peter Kwong as Bobby Nguyen
Max Perlich as Yabbo
Tony Hawk as Buddy
Christian Jacobs as Gremic
Renowned stuntman Buddy Joe Hooker makes a cameo at the start of the chase scene's freeway segment as the driver whose Corvette gets sideswiped

tag: ul

text: Locations[edit]

text:
The Anaheim motel in the movie, the "Atomic Age Lodge," was in reality the Stovall's Cosmic Age Lodge on Harbor Boulevard, across the street from the then-Disneyland parking lot. It was one of a group of Stovall's hotels in the area with a "Space Age" theme (the others being Stovall's Apollo Inn and Stovall's Space Age Lodge and the Inn Of Tomorrow). The Cosmic Age was demolished in the late 1990s to make room for Disney California Adventure. The others have been remodeled and no longer have the space theme.
Most of the school scenes were filmed at Woodbridge High in Irvine, California.
The video store, pool hall, and Brian trying to find a translator scenes were filmed along Bolsa Avenue between Magnolia St. and Ward St. in Garden Grove
The Pizza Hut where Tony Hawk's character works stands at Lincoln and Tustin Avenues in the city of Orange
Some introductory scenes were filmed at John Wayne Airport (Orange County, California) before major renovation work on the terminal.
The hill scene was filmed on 17th Street between Patton and Leland in San Pedro, California.
The arcade scene was filmed at Tons Of Fun in the Norwichtown Mall.
The car chase scene near the end of the movie was filmed on West Seaside Way between the 500 to 700 block in Long Beach, California.
Brian's ferry ride was from Balboa Island to the Balboa Peninsula where on his bike he met his skateboarding friends at the Balboa Fun Zone in Newport Beach.

text: Cultural references[edit]

text: In the Simpsons episode "Lemon of Troy", Bart and a young Shelbyville boy skate past a female doppelganger of Groundskeeper Willy, who screams after them, "Slow down, ya sidewalk surfin, cube gleamers!" The movie is referenced again in the episode "To Surveil with Love" when Ned Flanders tells Bart to "Stop gleaming that cube!" as he is watching Bart skateboard down the sidewalk.

text: In the Season 2 premiere of Robot Chicken, Christian Slater plays a skater named Skater McGee, who gets kids to try an incredibly hard trick called the "Monster Cookie Pinwheel". When asked by the skaters what a Monster Cookie Pinwheel is, Skater McGee replies with, "A monster cookie pinwheel is when you skate up to a locomotives cow catch, you 360 punk buster to the second car, do a lemonade hand stand on the third car, a whipping-post ollie to the fourth car, a demon stomper on the fifth car, and a gleaming the cube off the sixth car, before dismounting the train."

text: A reference to "gleaming the cube" was also made in season 3 of the show The Goldbergs when Erica asked Barry's friend Jeff, "What does that even mean?" as he took off on his skateboard.

text: The 2010 skateboarding video game Skate 3 featured a mission with a name parodying the movie's title, Teaming the Kube, the Kube being an area in the game.

text: A season two episode of the Netflix original series Voltron: Legendary Defender makes a word-play reference to the film. Episode four is titled "Greening the Cube."

text: The film is referenced in the dialogue in The Lego Batman Movie.

text: Legacy[edit]

text: Professional skateboarder Stevie Williams has stated in an online interview that Slater's character in the film was his first skateboarding influence.[4]

text: Skateboarding figure Tony Hawk, in a 2008 interview with Slater, revealed that he is continually asked if Slater actually skated in the film. Hawk has remained in contact with Slater well beyond the production of the film.[5]


document_title: List of Arizona Cardinals head coaches

question_text: who are the coaches for the arizona cardinals

text: List of Arizona Cardinals head coaches

text: Key[edit]

text:
#

Number of coaches[N 1]

GC

Games coached

W

Wins

L

Losses

T

Ties

Win%

Winning percentage

00†

Elected into the Pro Football Hall of Fame as a coach

00‡

Elected into the Pro Football Hall of Fame as a player

00*

Spent entire NFL head coaching career with the Cardinals

00^

1961 Season had 3 co-coaches for 2 games

tag: table

text: Coaches[edit]

text:
#

Name

Term[N 2]

Regular season

Playoffs

Awards

Ref.

GC

W

L

T

Win%

GC

W

L

Win%

Chicago Cardinals

1

Paddy Driscoll ‡

1920–1922

29

17

8

4

.680

—

[9]

2

Arnie Horween*

1923–1924

22

13

8

1

.619

—

[10]

3

Norman Barry*

1925–1926

26

16

8

2

.667

—

[11]

4

Guy Chamberlin †

1927

11

3

7

1

.300

—

[12]

5

Fred Gillies*

1928

6

1

5

0

.167

—

[13]

6

Dewey Scanlon

1929

13

6

6

1

.500

—

[14]

7

Ernie Nevers ‡

1930–1931

21

10

9

2

.526

—

[15]

8

Roy Andrews

1931

1

0

1

0

.000

—

[16]

9

Jack Chevigny*

1932

10

2

6

2

.250

—

[17]

10

Paul Schissler

1933–1934

22

6

15

1

.286

—

[18]

11

Milan Creighton*

1935–1938

46

16

26

4

.381

—

[19]

—

Ernie Nevers ‡

1939

11

1

10

0

.091

—

[15]

12

Jimmy Conzelman †

1940–1942

33

8

22

3

.267

—

[20]

13

Phil Handler*

1943

10

0

10

0

.000

—

[21]

Card-Pitt

—

Phil Handler*

co-coaches1944

10

0

10

0

.000

—

[21]

14

Walt Kiesling‡

[6]

Chicago Cardinals

—

Phil Handler*

1945

10

1

9

0

.100

—

[21]

—

Jimmy Conzelman†

1946–1948

35

26

9

0

.743

2

1

1

.500

1947 Sporting News NFL Coach of the Year[22]

[20]

15

Buddy Parker

1949

12

6

5

1

.545

—

[23]

16

Curly Lambeau †

1950–1951

22

7

15

0

.318

—

[24]

17

Cecil Isbell

1951

2

1

1

0

.500

—

[25]

18

Joe Kuharich

1952

12

4

8

0

.333

—

[26]

19

Joe Stydahar

1953–1954

24

3

20

1

.130

—

[27]

20

Ray Richards*

1955–1957

36

14

21

1

.400

—

[28]

Chicago Cardinals and St. Louis Cardinals

21

Pop Ivy

1958–1961

48

15

31

2

.326

—

[29]

St. Louis Cardinals

22

Ray Willsey* ^

3 co-coaches1961 ^

2

2

0

0

1.000

–

[30]

23

Ray Prochaska* ^

[31]

24

Chuck Drulis* ^

[32]

25

Wally Lemm

1962–1965

56

27

26

3

.509

—

[33]

26

Charley Winner

1966–1970

70

35

30

5

.538

—

[34]

27

Bob Hollway*

1971–1972

28

8

18

2

.308

—

[35]

28

Don Coryell

1973–1977

70

42

27

1

.609

2

0

2

.000

1974 Associated Press Coach of the Year[36]1974 Pro Football Weekly Coach of the Year[37]

[38]

29

Bud Wilkinson*

1978–1979

29

9

20

0

.310

—

[39]

30

Larry Wilson* ‡

1979

3

2

1

0

.667

—

[40]

31

Jim Hanifan

1980–1985

89

39

49

1

.443

1

0

1

.000

[41]

St. Louis Cardinals and Phoenix Cardinals

32

Gene Stallings*

1986–1989

58

23

34

1

.404

—

[42]

Phoenix Cardinals

33

Hank Kuhlmann*

1989

5

0

5

0

.000

—

[43]

34

Joe Bugel

1990–1993

64

20

44

0

.313

—

[44]

Arizona Cardinals

35

Buddy Ryan

1994–1995

32

12

20

0

.375

—

[45]

36

Vince Tobin*

1996–2000

71

28

43

0

.394

2

1

1

.500

[46]

37

Dave McGinnis*

2000–2003

57

17

40

0

.298

—

[47]

38

Dennis Green

2004–2006

48

16

32

0

.333

—

[48]

39

Ken Whisenhunt

2007–2012

96

45

51

0

.469

6

4

2

.667

[49]

40

Bruce Arians*

2013–2017

80

49

30

1

.619

3

1

2

.333

[50]

41

Steve Wilks

2018–present

0

0

0

0

–

—

[51]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ A running total of the number of Cardinals head coaches. Thus, any head coach who has two or more separate terms is only counted once.

Jump up ^ Each year is linked to an article about that particular NFL season.


document_title: Electron transport chain

question_text: where are protons pumped in electron transport chain

text: Electron transport chain

text: Background[edit]

text: The electron transport chain consists of a spatially separated series of redox reactions in which electrons are transferred from a donor molecule to an acceptor molecule. The underlying force driving these reactions is the Gibbs free energy of the reactants and products. The Gibbs free energy is the energy available ("free") to do work. Any reaction that decreases the overall Gibbs free energy of a system is thermodynamically spontaneous.

text: The function of the electron transport chain is to produce a transmembrane proton electrochemical gradient as a result of the redox reactions.[1] If protons flow back through the membrane, they enable mechanical work, such as rotating bacterial flagella. ATP synthase, an enzyme highly conserved among all domains of life, converts this mechanical work into chemical energy by producing ATP,[2] which powers most cellular reactions. A small amount of ATP is available from substrate-level phosphorylation, for example, in glycolysis. In most organisms the majority of ATP is generated in electron transport chains, while only some obtain ATP by fermentation.[citation needed]

text: In mitochondria[edit]

text: Most eukaryotic cells have mitochondria, which produce ATP from products of the citric acid cycle, fatty acid oxidation, and amino acid oxidation. At the mitochondrial inner membrane, electrons from NADH and FADH2 pass through the electron transport chain to oxygen, which is reduced to water. The electron transport chain comprises an enzymatic series of electron donors and acceptors. Each electron donor will pass electrons to a more electronegative acceptor, which in turn donates these electrons to another acceptor, a process that continues down the series until electrons are passed to oxygen, the most electronegative and terminal electron acceptor in the chain. Passage of electrons between donor and acceptor releases energy, which is used to generate a proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane by actively "pumping" protons into the intermembrane space, producing a thermodynamic state that has the potential to do work. The entire process is called oxidative phosphorylation, since ADP is phosphorylated to ATP using the energy of hydrogen oxidation in many steps.

text: A small percentage of electrons do not complete the whole series and instead directly leak to oxygen, resulting in the formation of the free-radical superoxide, a highly reactive molecule that contributes to oxidative stress and has been implicated in a number of diseases and aging.

text: Mitochondrial redox carriers[edit]

text: Energy obtained through the transfer of electrons down the ETC is used to pump protons from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space, creating an electrochemical proton gradient (ΔpH) across the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM). This proton gradient is largely but not exclusively responsible for the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨM). It allows ATP synthase to use the flow of H+ through the enzyme back into the matrix to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate. Complex I (NADH coenzyme Q reductase; labeled I) accepts electrons from the Krebs cycle electron carrier nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), and passes them to coenzyme Q (ubiquinone; labeled Q), which also receives electrons from complex II (succinate dehydrogenase; labeled II). Q passes electrons to complex III (cytochrome bc1 complex; labeled III), which passes them to cytochrome c (cyt c). Cyt c passes electrons to Complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase; labeled IV), which uses the electrons and hydrogen ions to reduce molecular oxygen to water.

text: Four membrane-bound complexes have been identified in mitochondria. Each is an extremely complex transmembrane structure that is embedded in the inner membrane. Three of them are proton pumps. The structures are electrically connected by lipid-soluble electron carriers and water-soluble electron carriers. The overall electron transport chain:

text: Complex I[edit]

text: In Complex I (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase, NADH-CoQ reductase, or NADH dehydrogenase; EC 1.6.5.3), two electrons are removed from NADH and ultimately transferred to a lipid-soluble carrier, ubiquinone (UQ). The reduced product, ubiquinol (UQH2), freely diffuses within the membrane, and Complex I translocates four protons (H+) across the membrane, thus producing a proton gradient. Complex I is one of the main sites at which premature electron leakage to oxygen occurs, thus being one of the main sites of production of superoxide.[3]

text: The pathway of electrons is as follows:

text: NADH is oxidized to NAD+, by reducing Flavin mononucleotide to FMNH2 in one two-electron step. FMNH2 is then oxidized in two one-electron steps, through a semiquinone intermediate. Each electron thus transfers from the FMNH2 to an Fe-S cluster, from the Fe-S cluster to ubiquinone (Q). Transfer of the first electron results in the free-radical (semiquinone) form of Q, and transfer of the second electron reduces the semiquinone form to the ubiquinol form, QH2. During this process, four protons are translocated from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space. [4] As the electrons become continuously oxidized and reduced throughout the complex an electron current is produced along the 180 Angstrom width of the complex within the membrane. This current powers the active transport of four protons to the intermembrane space per two electrons from NADH.[5]

text: This complex is inhibited by Alkylguanides (Example : Guanethidine), Rotenone, Barbiturates, Chlorpromazine, Piericidin.

text: Complex II[edit]

text: In Complex II (succinate dehydrogenase or succinate-CoQ reductase; EC 1.3.5.1) additional electrons are delivered into the quinone pool (Q) originating from succinate and transferred (via flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)) to Q. Complex II consists of four protein subunits: succinate dehydrogenase, (SDHA); succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur subunit, mitochondrial, (SDHB); succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit C, (SDHC) and succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit D, (SDHD). Other electron donors (e.g., fatty acids and glycerol 3-phosphate) also direct electrons into Q (via FAD). Complex 2 is a parallel electron transport pathway to complex 1, but unlike complex 1, no protons are transported to the intermembrane space in this pathway. Therefore, the pathway through complex 2 contributes less energy to the overall electron transport chain process.

text: This complex is inhibited by Carboxin.

text: Complex III[edit]

text: In Complex III (cytochrome bc1 complex or CoQH2-cytochrome c reductase; EC 1.10.2.2), the Q-cycle contributes to the proton gradient by an asymmetric absorption/release of protons. Two electrons are removed from QH2 at the QO site and sequentially transferred to two molecules of cytochrome c, a water-soluble electron carrier located within the intermembrane space. The two other electrons sequentially pass across the protein to the Qi site where the quinone part of ubiquinone is reduced to quinol. A proton gradient is formed by one quinol (2H+2e-) oxidations at the Qo site to form one quinone (2H+2e-) at the Qi site. (in total four protons are translocated: two protons reduce quinone to quinol and two protons are released from two ubiquinol molecules).

text: When electron transfer is reduced (by a high membrane potential or respiratory inhibitors such as antimycin A), Complex III may leak electrons to molecular oxygen, resulting in superoxide formation.

text: This complex is inhibited by British Antilewisite(BAL), Napthoquinone and Antimycin.

text: Complex IV[edit]

text: In Complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase; EC 1.9.3.1), sometimes called cytochrome AA3, four electrons are removed from four molecules of cytochrome c and transferred to molecular oxygen (O2), producing two molecules of water. At the same time, eight protons are removed from the mitochondrial matrix (although only four are translocated across the membrane), contributing to the proton gradient. The activity of cytochrome c oxidase is inhibited by cyanide, carbon monoxide, azide, hydrogen sulphide(H2S).

text: Coupling with oxidative phosphorylation[edit]

text:
According to the chemiosmotic coupling hypothesis, proposed by Nobel Prize in Chemistry winner Peter D. Mitchell, the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation are coupled by a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. The efflux of protons from the mitochondrial matrix creates an electrochemical gradient (proton gradient). This gradient is used by the FOF1 ATP synthase complex to make ATP via oxidative phosphorylation. ATP synthase is sometimes described as Complex V of the electron transport chain.[6] The FO component of ATP synthase acts as an ion channel that provides for a proton flux back into the mitochondrial matrix. It is composed of a, b and c subunits. Protons in the inter-membranous space of mitochondria first enters the ATP synthase complex through a subunit channel. Then protons move to the c subunits.[7] The number of c subunits it has determines how many protons it will require to make the FO turn one full revolution. For example, in humans, there are 8 c subunits, thus 8 protons are required.[8] After c subunits, protons finally enters matrix using a subunit channel that opens into the mitochondrial matrix.[7] This reflux releases free energy produced during the generation of the oxidized forms of the electron carriers (NAD+ and Q). The free energy is used to drive ATP synthesis, catalyzed by the F1 component of the complex.[9]
Coupling with oxidative phosphorylation is a key step for ATP production. However, in specific cases, uncoupling the two processes may be biologically useful. The uncoupling protein, thermogenin—present in the inner mitochondrial membrane of brown adipose tissue—provides for an alternative flow of protons back to the inner mitochondrial matrix. Thyroxine is also a natiral uncoupler. This alternative flow results in thermogenesis rather than ATP production.[10] Synthetic uncouplers (e.g., 2,4-dinitrophenol, 2,4-dinitrocresol, CCCP) also exist, and, at high doses, are lethal.[citation needed]

text: Summary[edit]

text: In the mitochondrial electron transport chain electrons move from an electron donor (NADH or QH2) to a terminal electron acceptor (O2) via a series of redox reactions. These reactions are coupled to the creation of a proton gradient across the mitochondrial inner membrane. There are three proton pumps: I, III, and IV. The resulting transmembrane proton gradient is used to make ATP via ATP synthase.

text: The reactions catalyzed by Complex I and Complex III work roughly at equilibrium. This means that these reactions are readily reversible, by increasing the concentration of the products relative to the concentration of the reactants (for example, by increasing the proton gradient). ATP synthase is also readily reversible. Thus ATP can be used to build a proton gradient, which in turn can be used to make NADH. This process of reverse electron transport is important in many prokaryotic electron transport chains.[11]

text: In bacteria[edit]

text: In eukaryotes, NADH is the most important electron donor. The associated electron transport chain is

text: NADH → Complex I → Q → Complex III → cytochrome c → Complex IV → O2 where Complexes I, III and IV are proton pumps, while Q and cytochrome c are mobile electron carriers. The electron acceptor is molecular oxygen.

text: In prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) the situation is more complicated, because there are several different electron donors and several different electron acceptors. The generalized electron transport chain in bacteria is:

text: Note that electrons can enter the chain at three levels: at the level of a dehydrogenase, at the level of the quinone pool, or at the level of a mobile cytochrome electron carrier. These levels correspond to successively more positive redox potentials, or to successively decreased potential differences relative to the terminal electron acceptor. In other words, they correspond to successively smaller Gibbs free energy changes for the overall redox reaction Donor → Acceptor.

text: Individual bacteria use multiple electron transport chains, often simultaneously. Bacteria can use a number of different electron donors, a number of different dehydrogenases, a number of different oxidases and reductases, and a number of different electron acceptors. For example, E. coli (when growing aerobically using glucose as an energy source) uses two different NADH dehydrogenases and two different quinol oxidases, for a total of four different electron transport chains operating simultaneously.

text: A common feature of all electron transport chains is the presence of a proton pump to create a transmembrane proton gradient. Bacterial electron transport chains may contain as many as three proton pumps, like mitochondria, or they may contain only one or two. They always contain at least one proton pump.

text: Electron donors[edit]

text: In the present day biosphere, the most common electron donors are organic molecules. Organisms that use organic molecules as an energy source are called organotrophs. Organotrophs (animals, fungi, protists) and phototrophs (plants and algae) constitute the vast majority of all familiar life forms.

text: Some prokaryotes can use inorganic matter as an energy source. Such an organism is called a lithotroph ("rock-eater"). Inorganic electron donors include hydrogen, carbon monoxide, ammonia, nitrite, sulfur, sulfide, manganese oxide, and ferrous iron. Lithotrophs have been found growing in rock formations thousands of meters below the surface of Earth. Because of their volume of distribution, lithotrophs may actually outnumber organotrophs and phototrophs in our biosphere.

text: The use of inorganic electron donors as an energy source is of particular interest in the study of evolution. This type of metabolism must logically have preceded the use of organic molecules as an energy source.

text: Dehydrogenases[edit]

text: Bacteria can use a number of different electron donors. When organic matter is the energy source, the donor may be NADH or succinate, in which case electrons enter the electron transport chain via NADH dehydrogenase (similar to Complex I in mitochondria) or succinate dehydrogenase (similar to Complex II). Other dehydrogenases may be used to process different energy sources: formate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, H2 dehydrogenase (hydrogenase), etc. Some dehydrogenases are also proton pumps; others funnel electrons into the quinone pool. Most dehydrogenases show induced expression in the bacterial cell in response to metabolic needs triggered by the environment in which the cells grow.[citation needed]

text: Quinone carriers[edit]

text: Quinones are mobile, lipid-soluble carriers that shuttle electrons (and protons) between large, relatively immobile macromolecular complexes embedded in the membrane. Bacteria use ubiquinone (the same quinone that mitochondria use) and related quinones such as menaquinone. Another name for ubiquinone is Coenzyme Q10.

text: Proton pumps[edit]

text: A proton pump is any process that creates a proton gradient across a membrane. Protons can be physically moved across a membrane; this is seen in mitochondrial Complexes I and IV. The same effect can be produced by moving electrons in the opposite direction. The result is the disappearance of a proton from the cytoplasm and the appearance of a proton in the periplasm. Mitochondrial Complex III uses this second type of proton pump, which is mediated by a quinone (the Q cycle).

text: Some dehydrogenases are proton pumps; others are not. Most oxidases and reductases are proton pumps, but some are not. Cytochrome bc1 is a proton pump found in many, but not all, bacteria (it is not found in E. coli). As the name implies, bacterial bc1 is similar to mitochondrial bc1 (Complex III).

text: Proton pumps are the heart of the electron transport process. They produce the transmembrane electrochemical gradient that enables ATP Synthase to synthesize ATP.

text: Cytochrome electron carriers[edit]

text: Cytochromes are pigments that contain iron. They are found in two very different environments.

text: Some cytochromes are water-soluble carriers that shuttle electrons to and from large, immobile macromolecular structures imbedded in the membrane. The mobile cytochrome electron carrier in mitochondria is cytochrome c. Bacteria use a number of different mobile cytochrome electron carriers.

text: Other cytochromes are found within macromolecules such as Complex III and Complex IV. They also function as electron carriers, but in a very different, intramolecular, solid-state environment.

text: Electrons may enter an electron transport chain at the level of a mobile cytochrome or quinone carrier. For example, electrons from inorganic electron donors (nitrite, ferrous iron, etc.) enter the electron transport chain at the cytochrome level. When electrons enter at a redox level greater than NADH, the electron transport chain must operate in reverse to produce this necessary, higher-energy molecule.

text: Terminal oxidases and reductases[edit]

text: When bacteria grow in aerobic environments, the terminal electron acceptor (O2) is reduced to water by an enzyme called an oxidase. When bacteria grow in anaerobic environments, the terminal electron acceptor is reduced by an enzyme called a reductase.

text: In mitochondria the terminal membrane complex (Complex IV) is cytochrome oxidase. Aerobic bacteria use a number of different terminal oxidases. For example, E. coli does not have a cytochrome oxidase or a bc1 complex. Under aerobic conditions, it uses two different terminal quinol oxidases (both proton pumps) to reduce oxygen to water.

text: Anaerobic bacteria, which do not use oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor, have terminal reductases individualized to their terminal acceptor. For example, E. coli can use fumarate reductase, nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase, DMSO reductase, or trimethylamine-N-oxide reductase, depending on the availability of these acceptors in the environment.

text: Most terminal oxidases and reductases are inducible. They are synthesized by the organism as needed, in response to specific environmental conditions.

text: Electron acceptors[edit]

text: Just as there are a number of different electron donors (organic matter in organotrophs, inorganic matter in lithotrophs), there are a number of different electron acceptors, both organic and inorganic. If oxygen is available, it is invariably used as the terminal electron acceptor, because it generates the greatest Gibbs free energy change and produces the most energy.[citation needed]

text: In anaerobic environments, different electron acceptors are used, including nitrate, nitrite, ferric iron, sulfate, carbon dioxide, and small organic molecules such as fumarate.

text: Since electron transport chains are redox processes, they can be described as the sum of two redox pairs. For example, the mitochondrial electron transport chain can be described as the sum of the NAD+/NADH redox pair and the O2/H2O redox pair. NADH is the electron donor and O2 is the electron acceptor.

text: Not every donor-acceptor combination is thermodynamically possible. The redox potential of the acceptor must be more positive than the redox potential of the donor. Furthermore, actual environmental conditions may be far different from standard conditions (1 molar concentrations, 1 atm partial pressures, pH = 7), which apply to standard redox potentials. For example, hydrogen-evolving bacteria grow at an ambient partial pressure of hydrogen gas of 10−4 atm. The associated redox reaction, which is thermodynamically favorable in nature, is thermodynamic impossible under "standard" conditions.[citation needed]

text: Summary[edit]

text: Bacterial electron transport pathways are, in general, inducible. Depending on their environment, bacteria can synthesize different transmembrane complexes and produce different electron transport chains in their cell membranes. Bacteria select their electron transport chains from a DNA library containing multiple possible dehydrogenases, terminal oxidases and terminal reductases. The situation is often summarized by saying that electron transport chains in bacteria are branched, modular, and inducible.

text: Photosynthetic[edit]

text: In oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from a low-energy electron donor (e.g., NADH) to an acceptor (e.g., O2) through an electron transport chain. In photophosphorylation, the energy of sunlight is used to create a high-energy electron donor and an electron acceptor. Electrons are then transferred from the donor to the acceptor through another electron transport chain.

text: Photosynthetic electron transport chains have many similarities to the oxidative chains discussed above. They use mobile, lipid-soluble carriers (quinones) and mobile, water-soluble carriers (cytochromes, etc.). They also contain a proton pump. It is remarkable that the proton pump in all photosynthetic chains resembles mitochondrial Complex III.

text: Photosynthetic electron transport chains are discussed in greater detail in the articles Photophosphorylation, Photosynthesis, Photosynthetic reaction center and Light-dependent reaction.

text: Summary[edit]

text: Electron transport chains are redox reactions that transfer electrons from an electron donor to an electron acceptor. The transfer of electrons is coupled to the translocation of protons across a membrane, producing a proton gradient. The proton gradient is used to produce useful work. About 30 work units are produced per electron transport.


document_title: Tin Woodman

question_text: which wizard of oz character didn't have a heart

question_tokens: which wizard of oz character did n 't have a heart

text: Tin Woodman

text: The books[edit]

text: Originally an ordinary man by the name of Nick Chopper (the name first appearing in The Marvelous Land of Oz), the Tin Woodman used to make his living chopping down trees in the forests of Oz, as his father had before him. The Wicked Witch of the East enchanted his axe to prevent him from marrying his sweetheart, after being bribed by the lazy old woman who kept the Munchkin maiden as a servant, and did not wish to lose her. (In a later book of the series, The Tin Woodman of Oz, the woman is said to be the Witch's servant, and it is the Witch herself who decides to enchant Nick's axe.) The enchanted axe chopped off his limbs, one by one. Each time he lost a limb, Ku-Klip the tinsmith replaced it with a prosthetic limb made of tin. Finally, nothing was left of him but tin. However, Ku-Klip neglected to replace his heart. Once Nick Chopper was made entirely of tin, he was no longer able to love the lady he had fallen for.

text: In The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, Dorothy Gale befriends the Tin Woodman after they find him rusted in the forest, as he was caught in rain, and use his oil can to release him. He follows her to the Emerald City to get a heart from The Wizard. They are joined on their adventure by the Scarecrow and the Cowardly Lion. The Wizard sends Dorothy and her friends to the Winkie Country to kill the Wicked Witch of the West. The Tin Woodman's axe proves useful in this journey, both for chopping wood to create a bridge or raft as needed, and for chopping the heads off animals that threaten the party. When the Winged monkeys are sent by the Witch of the West against the group, they throw the Tin Woodman from a great height, damaging him badly. However Winkie Tinsmiths are able to repair him after the death of the Witch.

text: His desire for a heart notably contrasts with the Scarecrow's desire for brains, reflecting a common debate between the relative importance of the mind and the emotions. This occasions philosophical debate between the two friends as to why their own choices are superior; neither convinces the other, and Dorothy, listening, is unable to decide which one is right. Symbolically, because they remain with Dorothy throughout her quest, she is provided with both and need not select.[1] The Tin Woodman states unequivocally that he has neither heart nor brain, but cares nothing for the loss of his brain. Towards the end of the novel, though, Glinda praises his brain as not quite that of the Scarecrow's.

text: The Wizard turns out to be a "humbug" and can only provide a placebo heart made of silk and filled with sawdust. However, this is enough to please the Tin Woodman, who, with or without a heart, was all along the most tender and emotional of Dorothy's companions (just as the Scarecrow was the wisest and the Cowardly Lion the bravest). When he accidentally crushes an insect, he is grief-stricken and, ironically, claims that he must be careful about such things, while those with hearts do not need such care. This tenderness remains with him throughout the series, as in The Patchwork Girl of Oz, where he refuses to let a butterfly be maimed for the casting of a spell.[2]

text: When Dorothy returns home to her farm in Kansas, the Tin Woodman returns to the Winkie Country to rule as emperor. Later, he has his subjects construct a palace made entirely of tin — from the architecture all the way down to the flowers in the garden.

text: Baum emphasized that the Tin Woodman remains alive, in contrast to the windup mechanical man Tik-Tok Dorothy meets in a later book. Nick Chopper was not turned into a machine, but rather had his flesh body replaced by a metal one. Far from missing his original existence, the Tin Woodman is proud (perhaps too proud) of his untiring tin body.

text: A recurring problem for the Tin Woodman in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and afterward was his tendency to rust when exposed to rain, tears, or other moisture. For this reason, in The Marvelous Land of Oz the character has himself nickel-plated before helping his friend the Scarecrow fight to regain his throne in the Emerald City. Even so, the Tin Woodman continues to worry about rusting throughout the Oz series.

text: This is inaccurate, in that tin does not rust; only iron does. This may reflect the usage where an object made of iron or steel but coated with tin (in order to prevent rusting) is called a "Tin" object, as a "tin bath", a "tin toy", or a "tin can"; thus, the Tin Woodman might be interpreted (in English, at least) as being made of steel with a tin veneer. One passage in The Road to Oz, by Baum himself, wherein the Woodman attends Ozma's birthday party accompanied by a Winkie band playing a song called "There's No Plate Like Tin," strongly implies that this is the case. Another explanation may be that the Woodman is chiefly made of tin, with iron joints; in some of the illustrations, his joints are a different color from the rest of his body.[3] In Alexander Volkov's Russian adaptation of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, Volkov avoided this problem by the translation of "The Tin Woodman" as the "Iron Woodchopper".

text: The Tin Woodman appeared in most of the Oz books that followed. He is a major character in the comic page Baum wrote with Walt McDougall in 1904-05, Queer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz. In Ozma of Oz, he commands Princess Ozma's army, and is briefly turned into a tin whistle. In Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz, he serves as defense counsel in the trial of Eureka. He affects the plot of a book most notably in The Patchwork Girl of Oz, in which he forbids the young hero from collecting the wing of a butterfly needed for a magical potion because his heart requires him to protect insects from cruelty. Baum also wrote a short book titled The Scarecrow and the Tin Woodman, part of the Little Wizard Stories of Oz series for younger readers.

text: In The Tin Woodman of Oz, Nick Chopper finally sets out to find his lost love, Nimmie Amee, but discovers that she has already married Chopfyt, a man constructed partly out of his own dismembered and discarded limbs. For the Tin Woodman, this encounter with his former fiancée is almost as jarring as his experiences being transformed into a tin owl, meeting another tin man, Captain Fyter, and conversing with his ill-tempered original head.

text: Baum's successors in writing the series tended to use the Tin Woodman as a minor character, still ruling the Winkie Country but not governing the stories' outcome. Two exceptions to this pattern are Ozoplaning with the Wizard of Oz, by Ruth Plumly Thompson, and Lucky Bucky in Oz, by John R. Neill. The biggest exception is in Rachel Cosgrove's The Hidden Valley of Oz, in which the Tin Woodman leads the forces in the defeat of Terp the Terrible and cuts down the Magic Muffin Tree that gives Terp his great size.

text: The fact that Nick includes the natural deaths of his parents in the story of how he came to be made of tin has been a major element of debate. In his eponymous novel, he proclaims that no one in Oz ever died as far back as Lurline's enchantment of the country, which occurred long before the arrival of any outsiders such as the Wizard. (It should be noted, however, that although the living creatures of Oz do not die of age or disease, they may die of accidents or be killed by others.)

text: The Tin Man in later fiction[edit]

text: In the 1998 novel The Tin Man, by Dale Brown, the eponymous protagonist is a power-armored vigilante whom the media and police have dubbed The Tin Man for his physical resemblance to the Wizard of Oz character.

text: The Tin Woodman is a minor character in author Gregory Maguire's 1995 revisionist novel Wicked: The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West, its 2003 Broadway musical adaptation and Maguire's 2005 sequel Son of a Witch. In the book, Nessarose - the Wicked Witch of the East - is seen enchanting the axe to swing around and chop off Nick Chopper's limbs. She does this for a peasant woman who wishes to stop her servant, probably Nimmie Amee, from marrying Nick Chopper. This seems to be close to the Tin Man's origin in the original books, but from the Witch's perspective.

text: In the musical adaptation of Wicked the Tin Man is revealed to be Boq, a Munchkin whom Nessarose, the Wicked Witch of the East, fell in love with when they were at school together. When she discovered his heart belonged to Glinda, she botched a spell that was meant to make him fall in love with her by taking his heart, but instead shrunk his heart to nothing by taking it away without 'giving' it to Nessa. To save his life, Elphaba, the Wicked Witch of the West, was forced to turn him into tin. Not understanding her reasons, he pursues Elphaba with a single-minded vengeance for his current form. The Tin Man's humble origin in the novel conflicts with his having been the aristocratic Boq.

text: In Oz Squad, Nick was shown in a sexual relationship with "Rebecca Eastwitch" in order to get closer to Nimmie Amee and attempt to elope with her.

text: A darker twist to the beloved woodman is made by author James A. Owen in the fourth installment of his series, The Chronicles of the Imaginarium Geographica when his identity is revealed to be Roger Bacon.[4]

text: The Tin Woodman appears in the 2011 TV series Once Upon a Time episode "Where Bluebirds Fly" portrayed by Austin Obiajunwa (as a teenager) and by Alex Désert (as an adult).[5] In this version he goes by the name Stanum (derived from the Latin word "stannum", which means "tin").

text: Since youth, Stanum has been a woodcutter and one day when he first met Zelena, the daughter of another woodsman, he finds out that Zelena has magic and befriends her, regardless of whatever the children say about Zelena, who they see as a freak. Many years later, Stanum, now a man, is punished by the Wicked Witch of the North for chopping down a tree in her domain, and his body slowly begins to transform into tin. To prevent himself from completely becoming tin, Stanum seeks out help from Zelena (now the Wicked Witch of the West) at the Emerald City of Oz. Zelena agrees to help him seek out the Crimson Heart, which can save him. During their quest, Stanum tells Zelena that she doesn't have to be lonely but she is doing her best to deny his advice. Suddenly, a lion comes of nowhere to attack Stanum, and Zelena uses her magic to make the lion go away (at this point the lion has become as Zelena would put it, cowardly). When they finally arrived to the location of the Crimson Heart, the two learned that the only way to make it work is through the absorption of another person's magic. Unfortunately Zelena's actions and selfish greed for magic causes her to betray Stanum, whom she suspect was aligned with Dorothy by keeping the Crimson Heart for herself, leaving Stanum to transform into the Tin Man permanently. Some time later, when Robin Hood arrives in Oz in the episode "Heart of Gold", the Tin Man is seen on the side of the Yellow Brick Road, torn apart.

text: Depictions on stage and screen[edit]

text: In 1902, Baum helped to adapt The Wizard of Oz into a wildly successful stage extravaganza. David C. Montgomery played the Tin Woodman, Niccolo Chopper (who played the piccolo), opposite Fred Stone as the Scarecrow, and the team became headliners. The piccolo would continue to appear in early adaptations, such as the 1910 film, but was largely forgotten, and the name "Niccolo" never appeared in one of the books. Revisionist books like Oz Squad have referred to him as "Nicholas," a name not found in the books, either.

text:
In the classic 1939 film The Wizard of Oz, the Tin Man was played by actor Jack Haley. Originally, Ray Bolger was cast to play the role of Tin Man, despite his desire to play the Scarecrow. Buddy Ebsen was, at the time, cast as Scarecrow, and was convinced to swap roles with Bolger.[6] While this pleased Bolger, it led to medical problems for Ebsen. The Tin Man's makeup originally contained aluminum powder which got into Ebsen's lungs, bringing him to the edge of death. He was rushed to a hospital and had to give up the role. Despite this, and the fact that the Tin Man's makeup was changed to a safer aluminum paste, Ebsen went on to outlive both Bolger and Haley. Haley based his breathy speaking style in the movie on the voice he used for telling his son bedtime stories. His portrayal of the character is by far the most famous. There is no explanation in the film of how the Tin Man became the Tin Man. It is subtly implied that he was always made of tin; the only reference to the tinsmith is the Tin Man's remark "The tinsmith forgot to give me a heart". Unlike the costumes of the Scarecrow (in the National Museum of American History) and Cowardly Lion (two sets in private hands), that of the Tin Man "was largely destroyed".[7][8] Haley also portrayed the Tin Man's Kansas counterpart, Hickory (one of Aunt Em and Uncle Henry's farmworkers). Screenwriter Noel Langley created this character for the film.[9] Hickory helps Zeke (Lion's alter ego) lower a bed into its place on a wagon at the farm. Unlike Zeke, Hickory and Hunk (Scarecrow's alter ego) lose their hats with Uncle Henry as they struggle to open the cellar when the tornado approaches the farm. He reunites with Dorothy when she awakes from being unconscious. Hickory is seen with Aunt Em, Uncle Henry, Zeke, and Hunk as well as Professor Marvel (The Wizard's alter ego).
In the original Broadway version of The Wiz, Tiger Haynes played the Tinman, a human woodcutter who became tin after the Wicked Witch of the East cursed his axe to chop him up (as in the book). Nipsey Russell played the Tinman in the film adaptation of The Wiz. In this version, as in the 1939 movie, there is no explanation of how he became tin, just a reference of the "genius who created me". He worked as the carnival barker and when the park was closed, he was abandoned, rusted and squeezed by his fourth wife, "Teeny" (a heavy tin sculpture of a fat lady). He was saved by Dorothy and the Scarecrow. Ne-Yo played the Tinman in the TV special The Wiz Live!. This version portrayed him as a construction worker on whom the Wicked Witch of the East developed an unrequited crush. When she found out he already had a girlfriend, "Bertha", she became so jealous, she turned him into a heartless tinman. The Witch boasted afterwards that if she couldn't have his heart, then no one could. Like Jack Haley in the 1939 movie, Ne-Yo also played one of Aunt Em's farmhands - John, who walks with a metal leg brace.
Other notable actors who have played the Tin Woodman include Oliver Hardy in a 1925 silent version of The Wizard of Oz directed by and starring Larry Semon, in which a villainous farmhand briefly fell into a tin pile and emerged as a "Tin Woodsman" [sic]. In subsequent scenes the tin was removed and he became "Knight of the Garter". In the 1960 television adaptation of The Land of Oz, he was played by vaudeville comedian Gil Lamb; in the 1969 film, The Wonderful Land of Oz he was played by Al Joseph; and in the 1985 film Return to Oz, he was played by Deep Roy, a little person who was able to fit inside a costume that looked nearly identical to John R. Neill's artwork.
In the 1961 animated TV series, Tales of the Wizard of Oz and its sequel, the 1964 NBC animated television special Return to Oz, the Tin Man (here named Rusty) was voiced by Larry D. Mann.
In the 1970s, the Tin Woodman appeared in a series of short animated educational films about heart health from Joleron Productions.
In an episode of The World's Greatest Super Friends, Superman temporarily became the Tin Man after a tornado took him, Wonder Woman, and Aquaman to Mister Mxyzptlk's planet of Oz.
In a 1981 episode of Scooby-Doo and Scrappy-Doo, Scrappy is dressed as the Tin Man after a tornado took him, Shaggy, and Scooby to "Ahz", a direct spoof of Oz with a different spelling by its enunciation.
In 1985, the Tin Woodman appeared in the educational film Act on Arthritis as well as in promotional commercials.
Roger Daltrey portrayed this character in the 1995 television stage performance The Wizard of Oz in Concert: Dreams Come True. The Kansas farmworker Hickory does not appear in this production. Daltrey performed a rock and roll tempo of "If I Only Had a Heart" in which he swung his microphone mimicking his Who persona. He also performed the bridge verses sung by the Tin Man in Nathan Lane's long version of "If I Only Had the Nerve". Toward the end, he hugged the Wizard (Joel Grey) saying to him "Thank you from the bottom of my heart!".
In 1996, they made a cartoon animated The Oz Kids. He has a son named Tin Boy. Like his father he can cut wood with his ax. And he has to be careful with water and snow or he'll be rust. His voice played by Andy Milder.
Hiroki Tsujiai from Ultra Maniac dresses as the Tin Man in the costume party.
James Kall portrayed the Tin Man in the 2001 ABC miniseries Life with Judy Garland: Me and My Shadows.
The Muppet Gonzo plays a similar role, the Tin Thing, in 2005's television film The Muppets' Wizard of Oz. In this version, he is the Wicked Witch's research assistant, transformed into a robot to prevent him wanting a day off to marry Camilla. Gonzo's other role is himself. He appears at the end of this film in the Muppets' show.
In 2006, the Tin Man was the protagonist in a pair of television commercials for Chef Boyardee brand canned Beef Ravioli, in a costume identical to the design used in the 1939 Oz film. In the commercials, the Tin Man (played by Australian actor David Somerville) is pursued by groups of children due to the fact that an oversized Beef Ravioli can label has been affixed to the back of his cylindrical torso (which he doesn't notice until the midpoint of the first commercial); thus, he appears to be a very large, mobile can of ravioli. In the first ad, the Tin Man escapes from his pursuers only to discover that the building he ducked into is an elementary school cafeteria full of hungry children and a teacher. The second ad begins with the Tin Man running through a residential neighborhood, accidentally adding to his pursuers when he stumbles across a backyard birthday party; after fleeing across a golf course (while dodging balls from the driving range), he is cornered in another backyard and threatened with a garden hose (playing on the Tin Man's classic weakness of rusting). As the scene shifts to the image of a Beef Ravioli can, sounds of water hitting metal and the Tin Man's cries for help are heard.
In 2006, the Chicago Under Ground Film Festival premiered Lee Lynch’s feature film titled Transposition of the Great Vessels. Based on the story of his own parents, who moved from Redding to Los Angeles, in hopes of making a better life. His father wanted to work for the forest service, and his mother wanted to be a cook, but their baby was born with a rare heart condition. They were forced to give up those dreams, and make choices that would give them insurance and stability. A naturalist movie interspersed with dream sequences; the “Tin Woodman” makes an appearance while on his deathbed, at UCLA Medical Center.
At Sundance of 2007, a film premiered by young director Ray Tintori entitled Death to the Tinman. It is a somewhat modernized retelling that takes place at sometime in the 1900s, in the town Verton, rather than Oz. However, the book of the same name, which tells the origins of the character, is cited by opening intertitles as the source. Although the basic premise is nearly identical, much of the details and all names and locations have been changed. This is partially due to the film's satirical look at criminal reenactments, as it states at the beginning that names "have been changed to protect the innocent." Perhaps the most interesting change that story makes, though, is the origin of the curse upon the Tinman's Axe, which is changed from being the Witch to being a curse from God. This film won a short filmmaking award at Sundance.
A 2007 CG animated short film called "After Oz",[10] produced by the film students at Vancouver Film School, centered on a stylized version of the Tin Man, after he has received his heart from Oz. The movie shows him moving through a colorful Oz city with his brand-new mechanical heart, before meeting a reddish female Tin Woman (or robot?) to whom he gives the heart. She proceeds to cruelly play with the heart.
An internet-collaboration, CG animated feature based on Baum's book The Tin Woodman of Oz was produced by A:M Films, and completed in 2009.
In 2010, Whitestone Motion Pictures[11] produced a 23-minute live-action short film, Heartless: The Story of the Tin Man. The film is based on the book The Tin Woodman of Oz, where Woot the Wanderer visits the Tin Man and asks how he came to be made of tin. In the film, the Tin Man appears to be more steam- or coal-powered. His chest cavity is covered by a door which reads "Pedudoe Tin Co." but this is a reference to the workings of the film company, and not a reference to any Oz book or material. The movie was made available for free viewing online and free downloading of its soundtrack.
In the 2013 prequel, Oz the Great and Powerful, although the Tin Woodman does not physically appear, the film introduces his creator, the Master Tinker, portrayed by Bill Cobbs.[12]
Tin Man appears in the animated film Legends of Oz: Dorothy's Return (which is based on Dorothy of Oz), voiced by Kelsey Grammer.
The Woodsman, a 2012 stage play written by James Ortiz with music by Edward W. Hardy, tells the backstory of the Tin Man, using puppetry, movement, and music. The play has received multiple Off Broadway productions, and won a 2016 Obie Award for Ortiz's puppet design.[13]
In the TV series Emerald City, the Tin Woodman equivalent is Jack (Gerran Howell), a friend of the enigmatic Tip, who helps 'him' escape from his imprisonment by a witch. When it is revealed that Tip is actually a girl whose true identity was suppressed by a potion, her strained emotional state causes her to push Jack over a balcony after he kisses her. Jack is subsequently found and rebuilt by scientists in a cyborg-like state; his head and right arm are still organic, but his heart and the rest of his body has been replaced or covered by mechanical armour.
The Tin Man appears in Once Upon a Time. In this show, he started out as a woodcutter named Stanum (portrayed by Austin Obiajunwa as a young man and by Alex Désert as an adult) who encountered a younger Zelena when she saved a bird's nest. When two bullies show up to harm Zelena, Stanum helped to fend them off. Years later, Stanum comes to Zelena for help. He tells Zelena that he is slowly turning to tin after he was cursed by the Wicked Witch of the North for cutting down a tree in her area. Stanum states that the Crimson Heart artifact might be able to help him, but needs Zelena's help to get by the beast that guards it. When close to its location, Stanum is attacked by a lion who is then fended off by Zelena. When they get to the heart, Zelena picks it up and felt some of her magic draining. When Zelena claims that Dorothy Gale put Stanum up to this task, Stanum commented that he never met Dorothy. He also stated that Zelena once claimed on the day they met that she would be happy being a normal human. As Stanum fully turns to tin and is unable to move, Zelena takes the box containing the Crystal Heart and leaves while telling Stanum that perhaps Dorothy will meet Stanum and free him.

text: Modern works[edit]

text: This article gives self-sourcing examples without describing their significance in the context of the article. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources that describe the examples' significance, and by removing less pertinent examples. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged or removed. (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
The song "Country Robot/A Letter to Dorothy" by The Incredible Moses Leroy is written from the Tin Man's perspective; it includes the lyrics "You gave me oil, I was a rusty load/ You even helped me find my heart."
In the song "Tin Man" by the band America, the lyrics state that "Oz never did give nothin' to the Tin Man, that he didn't, didn't already have." The rest of the song has nothing to do with the Tin Man or Oz.
Country artist Kenny Chesney recorded the song "Tin Man" for his album "All I Need to Know". The first verse and refrain state:
Tracy Chapman included a song titled "Remember the Tinman" on her 1995 album New Beginning.
In the VeggieTales episode The Wonderful Wizard of Ha's, the Tin Man and his Kansas counterpart from the 1939 film were played by Larry the Cucumber.
In the 2007 Sci-Fi miniseries Tin Man, a "Tin Man" is a term used for the law enforcers of Central City in the Outer Zone (O.Z.) One of the story's protagonists, Wyatt Cain (played by Neal McDonough in the title role), is a Tin Man whose past left him hardened and distant from others. In addition, he is first found by Dorothy imprisoned in an iron suit that replays a non-stop loop of the capture of his wife and child.
The Avett Brothers 2009 Album I and Love and You features a song called "Tin Man".
Verses of the Future Islands 2010 post-pop, synth-ballad Tin Man contain numerous metaphorical, Tin-Man related references. The song also features a powerful and climactic end chorus consisting solely of the repeated line - "I am the Tin Man".
In the 2011 direct-to-DVD animated film Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz, the Tin Man was voiced by Rob Paulsen.
The Tin Man appears in Dorothy and the Witches of Oz played by Jordan Turnage. He appears in the form of a man named Nick (played by Billy Boyd).
A 1990 episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation is titled "Tin Man."
The Phineas & Ferb episode "Wizard of Odd" features the Tin Man in his rusted state, but he is never freed from this condition. He is also featured in an end credits song entitled "Rusted."
Mickey Mouse Clubhouse did a parody special entitled "The Wizard of Dizz," in which the role of the Tin Man is played by Mickey Mouse.
The parody The Muppets' Wizard of Oz featured Gonzo the Great in the role of the Tin Man.
In the game Code Name: S.T.E.A.M., Tin Man, along with other Oz characters, is a playable character. His design is more based on Japanese culture and he have the ability to give steam to allies.
The Tin Woodman appears as a major antagonist in Danielle Paige's Dorothy Must Die novel series. In this series, Dorothy and her friends have been corrupted by Dorothy's use of magic and the 'magic' in the gifts they received from the Wizard, with the Tin Woodman now driven by a twisted 'love' for Dorothy that is nevertheless unrequited. He is described as possessing a more twisted appearance, with his legs compared to horses' legs and his hands possessing knives for fingers. At the conclusion of the first novel, series protagonist Amy Gumm cuts out his heart, having been informed by the Wizard that she must take the gifts of Dorothy's companions to kill Dorothy herself.

text: Sources of the Tin Man image[edit]

text: Economics and history professors have published scholarly studies that indicate the images and characters used by Baum and Denslow closely resembled political images that were well known in the 1890s.[14] They state that Baum and Denslow did not simply invent the Lion, Tin Woodman, Scarecrow, Yellow Brick Road, Silver Slippers, cyclone, monkeys, Emerald City, little people, Uncle Henry, passenger balloons, witches and the wizard. These were all common themes in the editorial cartoons of the previous decade. The notion of a "Tin Man" has deep roots in European and American history, according to Green (2006), and often appeared in cartoons of the 1880s and 1890s.[15] Baum and Denslow, like most writers and illustrators, used the materials at hand that they knew best. They built a story around them, added Dorothy, and added a series of lessons to the effect that everyone possesses the resources they need (such as brains, a heart and courage) if only they had self-confidence. The Wonderful Wizard of Oz was a children’s book, of course, but as Baum warned in the preface, it was a "modernized" fairy tale as well.

text: The Tin Man—the human turned into a machine—was a common feature in political cartoons and in advertisements in the 1890s. Indeed, he had been part of European folk art for 300 years. In political interpretations of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, the Tin Woodman is supposedly described as a worker, dehumanized by industrialization. The Tin Woodman little by little lost his natural body and had it replaced by metal; so he has lost his heart and cannot move without the help of farmers (represented by the Scarecrow); in reality he has a strong sense of cooperation and love, which needs only an infusion of self-confidence to be awakened. In the 1890s many argued that to secure a political revolution a coalition of Farmers and Workers was needed.[16]

text: The 1890 editorial cartoon to the right shows President Benjamin Harrison wearing improvised tin armor because he wanted a tariff on tin. Such images support the argument that the figure of a "tin man" was in use as political allegory in the 1890s. The man on the right is politician James G. Blaine.

text: The oil needed by the Tin Woodman had a political dimension at the time because Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company stood accused of being a monopoly (and in fact was later found guilty by the Supreme Court). In the 1902 stage adaptation, which is full of topical references that do not appear either in the novel or in any of the film adaptations (unless they are satirical), the Tin Woodman wonders what he would do if he ran out of oil. "You wouldn't be as badly off as John D. Rockefeller," the Scarecrow responds, "He'd lose six thousand dollars a minute if that happened."[17]


document_title: President of the Republic of Texas

question_text: who was the first elected president of the republic of texas

text: President of the Republic of Texas

text: History and duties[edit]

text:
Part of a series on the

History of Texas

Timeline

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Early Spanish explorations
1520–

French Texas
1684–1689

Spanish Texas
1690–1821

Mexican Texas
1821–1836

Republic of Texas
1836–1845

Statehood
1845–1860

Civil War Era
1861–1865

Reconstruction
1865–1899

State of Texas

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t
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text: The Republic of Texas was formed in 1836. In the midst of the Texas Revolution, Texan settlers elected delegates to the Convention of 1836, which issued the Texas Declaration of Independence and elected David G. Burnet as interim president of the new country. In May 1836 Burnet and Mexican President Antonio López de Santa Anna, who was at the time a Texan prisoner-of-war, signed the Treaties of Velasco officially recognizing Texas's break from Mexico.

text: The authority and responsibilities of the president was similar to that of the President of the United States: to serve the people of Texas, and to serve as the head of the military and the state. These were detailed in the Constitution of the Republic of Texas of 1836. The Constitution specified a term of two years for the first elected president (Sam Houston) and terms of three years thereafter; the president could not succeed himself, but there were otherwise no term limits. The president was elected separately from the vice president, by popular vote, and there was no requirement to be native-born. A strict reading of the Constitution provided for women's suffrage (that is, both men and women were citizens and could vote for Congress, president, and other offices), but women and preachers or priests were not allowed to serve as president or in Congress. Indians and Africans and those of African descent could not be citizens.

text: The president lived in different towns during the life of the Republic, as the capital was relocated, especially during and immediately after the Texas Revolution. Washington-on-the-Brazos was Texas' first capital in 1836 (provisional), followed quickly by Harrisburg 1836 (provisional), Galveston 1836 (provisional), Velasco 1836 (provisional), Columbia 1836–37, Houston, 1837–39, and finally Austin, the modern capital, 1839–46.

text: The position was abolished with the annexation of Texas, largely due to President Anson Jones, who received the nickname "The architect of Annexation" and served only one year and three months. The amount of power wielded by occupants of the office varied tremendously during the nine years of Texas' independence. Particularly in the beginning, there was a larger military need than in the 1840s, and the president therefore had considerably more power and influence than during years of relative peace. However, there is no record of any president violating or changing the Texas Constitution.[citation needed]

text: As the United States and other countries such as France recognized Texan independence, presidential power functioned without interference from the outside world, though the Republic generally allied itself informally with the United States. Several presidents supported annexation of the Republic by the United States, with direct admission as a state.

text: Under the Constitution the vice president was to succeed the president in the event of the latter's death, resignation or removal by impeachment; however this never happened. The vice president was also the President of the Senate, and had a casting vote in the event of a tie.

text: Oath of office[edit]

text: The oath or affirmation of office for the president was established in the Constitution of the Republic of Texas and was mandatory for a president 'before entering upon the duties' of the office. The wording, very similar to that of the United States' version, was prescribed by Article VI of the Constitution, as follows:

text: "I, A. B., President of the Republic of Texas, do solemnly and sincerely swear [or affirm, as the case may be] that I will faithfully execute the duties of my office, and to the best of my ability preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the Republic."

text: List of presidents and vice presidents[edit]

text:
Presidents and Vice Presidents of the Republic of Texas

№
Portrait
President
Term of office
Party
Term
Previous Office
Vice president

—

David G. Burnet
(1788-04-18)April 18, 1788 – (1870-12-05)December 5, 1870
(aged 82)
March 16, 1836
–
October 22, 1836
Nonpartisan
Interim
[1]
Delegate to the
Convention of 1833
Lorenzo de Zavala

1

Sam Houston
(1793-03-02)March 2, 1793 – (1863-07-26)July 26, 1863
(aged 70)
October 22, 1836
–
December 10, 1838
Nonpartisan
1
(1836)
Commander-in-Chief
of the Texian Army
(1836)
Mirabeau B. Lamar

2

Mirabeau B. Lamar
(1798-08-16)August 16, 1798 – (1859-12-19)December 19, 1859
(aged 61)
December 10, 1838
–
December 13, 1841
Nonpartisan
2
(1838)
1st
Vice President of the
Republic of Texas
(1836–1838)
David G. Burnet

3

Sam Houston
(1793-03-02)March 2, 1793 – (1863-07-26)July 26, 1863
(aged 70)
December 13, 1841
–
December 9, 1844
Nonpartisan
3
(1841)
1st
President of the
Republic of Texas
(1836–1838)
Edward Burleson

4

Anson Jones
(1798-01-20)January 20, 1798 – (1858-01-09)January 9, 1858
(aged 59)
December 9, 1844
–
February 19, 1846
Nonpartisan
4
(1844)
11th
Secretary of State
of the Republic of Texas
(1841–1844)
Kenneth Anderson
December 9, 1844 – July 3, 1845