document_title: List of Presidents of the United States by time in office

question_text: who served the most terms as president of the united states

text: Presidents by time in office[edit]

text:
Rank
President
Length
in days
Order of presidency
Number of terms

1
Franklin D. Roosevelt
7003442200000000000♠4,422[a]
32 !32nd • March 4, 1933 – April 12, 1945[b]
Three full terms; died 2 months and 23 days into fourth term

2
tie
Thomas Jefferson
7003292200000000000♠2,922
03 !3rd • March 4, 1801 – March 4, 1809
Two full terms

James Madison
7003292200000000000♠2,922
04 !4th • March 4, 1809 – March 4, 1817
Two full terms

James Monroe
7003292200000000000♠2,922
05 !5th • March 4, 1817 – March 4, 1825
Two full terms

Andrew Jackson
7003292200000000000♠2,922
07 !7th • March 4, 1829 – March 4, 1837
Two full terms

Ulysses S. Grant
7003292200000000000♠2,922
18 !18th • March 4, 1869 – March 4, 1877
Two full terms[c]

Grover Cleveland
2,922[d]
22 !22nd • March 4, 1885 – March 4, 1889
Two full terms (non-consecutive)[e]

24 !24th • March 4, 1893 – March 4, 1897

Woodrow Wilson
7003292200000000000♠2,922
28 !28th • March 4, 1913 – March 4, 1921
Two full terms

Dwight D. Eisenhower
7003292200000000000♠2,922
34 !34th • January 20, 1953 – January 20, 1961
Two full terms

Ronald Reagan
7003292200000000000♠2,922
40 !40th • January 20, 1981 – January 20, 1989
Two full terms

Bill Clinton
7003292200000000000♠2,922[f]
42 !42nd • January 20, 1993 – January 20, 2001
Two full terms

George W. Bush
7003292200000000000♠2,922
43 !43rd • January 20, 2001 – January 20, 2009
Two full terms

Barack Obama
7003292200000000000♠2,922
44 !44th • January 20, 2009 – January 20, 2017
Two full terms

14
George Washington
7003286500000000000♠2,865[g]
01 !1st • April 30, 1789 – March 4, 1797
Two full terms

15
Harry S. Truman
7003284000000000000♠2,840
33 !33rd • April 12, 1945[h] – January 20, 1953
One partial term (3 years, 9 months, and 8 days), followed by one full term

16
Theodore Roosevelt
7003272800000000000♠2,728
26 !26th • September 14, 1901[h] – March 4, 1909
One partial term (3 years, 5 months, and 18 days), followed by one full term[i]

17
Calvin Coolidge
7003204100000000000♠2,041
30 !30th • August 2, 1923[h] – March 4, 1929
One partial term (1 year, 7 months, and 2 days), followed by one full term

18
Richard Nixon
7003202700000000000♠2,027
37 !37th • January 20, 1969 – August 9, 1974[j]
One full term; resigned 1 year, 6 months, and 20 days into second term

19
Lyndon B. Johnson
7003188600000000000♠1,886
36 !36th • November 22, 1963[h] –January 20, 1969
One partial term (1 year, 1 month, and 29 days), followed by one full term

20
William McKinley
7003165400000000000♠1,654[f]
25 !25th • March 4, 1897 – September 14, 1901[b]
One full term; assassinated 6 months and 2 days into second term, dying 8 days later, 6 months and 10 days into that term

21
Abraham Lincoln
7003150300000000000♠1,503
16 !16th • March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865[b]
One full term; assassinated 1 month and 10 days into second term, dying 1 day later, 1 month and 11 days into that term

22
tie
John Quincy Adams
7003146100000000000♠1,461
06 !6th • March 4, 1825 – March 4, 1829
One full term[e]

Martin Van Buren
7003146100000000000♠1,461
08 !8th • March 4, 1837 – March 4, 1841
One full term[e][k]

James K. Polk
7003146100000000000♠1,461
11 !11th • March 4, 1845 – March 4, 1849
One full term

Franklin Pierce
7003146100000000000♠1,461
14 !14th • March 4, 1853 – March 4, 1857
One full term

James Buchanan
7003146100000000000♠1,461
15 !15th • March 4, 1857 – March 4, 1861
One full term

Rutherford B. Hayes
7003146100000000000♠1,461
19 !19th • March 4, 1877 – March 4, 1881
One full term

Benjamin Harrison
7003146100000000000♠1,461
23 !23rd • March 4, 1889 – March 4, 1893
One full term[e]

William Howard Taft
7003146100000000000♠1,461
27 !27th • March 4, 1909 – March 4, 1913
One full term[e]

Herbert Hoover
7003146100000000000♠1,461
31 !31st • March 4, 1929 – March 4, 1933
One full term[e]

Jimmy Carter
7003146100000000000♠1,461
39 !39th • January 20, 1977 – January 20, 1981
One full term[e]

George H. W. Bush
7003146100000000000♠1,461
41 !41st • January 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993
One full term[e]

33
John Adams
7003146000000000000♠1,460[f]
02 !2nd • March 4, 1797 – March 4, 1801
One full term[e]

34
John Tyler
7003143000000000000♠1,430
10 !10th • April 4, 1841[h] – March 4, 1845
One partial term (3 years and 11 months)

35
Andrew Johnson
7003141900000000000♠1,419
17 !17th • April 15, 1865[h] – March 4, 1869
One partial term (3 years, 10 months, and 17 days)

36
Chester A. Arthur
7003126200000000000♠1,262
21 !21st • September 19, 1881[h] – March 4, 1885
One partial term (3 years, 5 months, and 13 days)

37
John F. Kennedy
7003103600000000000♠1,036
35 !35th • January 20, 1961 – November 22, 1963[b]
Assassinated 2 years, 10 months, and 2 days into term

38
Millard Fillmore
7002969000000000000♠969
13 !13th • July 9, 1850[h] – March 4, 1853
One partial term (2 years, 7 months, and 23 days)

39
Gerald Ford
7002895000000000000♠895
38 !38th • August 9, 1974[h] – January 20, 1977
One partial term (2 years, 5 months, and 11 days)[l]

40
Warren G. Harding
7002881000000000000♠881
29 !29th • March 4, 1921 – August 2, 1923[b]
Died 2 years, 4 months, and 29 days into term

41
Zachary Taylor
7002492000000000000♠492
12 !12th • March 4, 1849 – July 9, 1850[b]
Died 1 year, 4 months, and 5 days into term

42
Donald Trump
7002466000000000000♠466[m]
45 !45th • January 20, 2017 – Incumbent
Serving first term

43
James A. Garfield
7002199000000000000♠199
20 !20th • March 4, 1881 – September 19, 1881[b]
Assassinated 3 months and 28 days into term, dying 79 days later, 6 months and 15 days into term

44
William Henry Harrison
7001310000000000000♠31
09 !9th • March 4, 1841 – April 4, 1841[b]
Died 31 days into term

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ The 20th Amendment (ratified in 1933) moved Inauguration Day from March 4 to January 20. The 1937 presidential inauguration was the first to take place on the new date. As a result, Franklin D. Roosevelt's first term in office (1933–1937) was only 7003141800000000000♠1,418 days long, 1 month and 12 days shorter than a normal term.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Died in office
Jump up ^ Did not seek re-election in 1876. He sought a non-consecutive third term in 1880, but was defeated for renomination at the Republican National Convention.
Jump up ^ Each of Grover Cleveland's two non-consecutive terms in office was 1,461 days long.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Incumbent president who sought a second term but was defeated in a quadrennial presidential election.
^ Jump up to: a b c Of years evenly divisible by 100, only those evenly divisible by 400 are leap years. The years 1800 and 1900 are divisible by 100, but not by 400. Thus, John Adams's term and McKinley's first term did not include a 366-day leap year, so those terms were one day shorter than a normal full term. The year 2000 is divisible by 400 and so did include one, thus Clinton's second term was not shorter than his first.
Jump up ^ Due to logistical delays, Washington's first inauguration was held 1 month and 26 days after the scheduled start of operations of the new government under the Constitution. As a result, his first term was only 7003140400000000000♠1,404 days long, and was the shortest term for a U.S. president who neither died in office nor resigned.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Succeeded to presidency.
Jump up ^ Did not seek re-election in 1908. In 1912, he ran for a non-consecutive second full term, this time on the Progressive Party ticket, but was defeated.
Jump up ^ Resigned from office
Jump up ^ Subsequently sought a non-consecutive second term, first in 1844, but was defeated for renomination at the Democratic National Convention, and then again in 1848 (this time on the Free Soil Party ticket), but was defeated.
Jump up ^ The only incumbent president who had never been elected to national office, he sought election to a full term in 1976, but was defeated.
Jump up ^ As of May 1, 2018.

tag: ol


document_title: Reversed-phase chromatography

question_text: in reverse phase column chromatography which phase is more polar

root

text: Reversed-phase chromatography

text: Stationary phases[edit]

text: In the 1970s, most liquid chromatography was performed using a solid support stationary phase (also called a column) containing unmodified silica or alumina resins. This type of technique is now referred to as normal-phase chromatography.  Since the stationary phase is hydrophilic in this technique, molecules with hydrophilic properties contained within the mobile phase will have a high affinity for the stationary phase, and therefore will adsorb to the column packing. Hydrophobic molecules experience less of an affinity for the column packing, and will pass through to be eluted and detected first. Elution of the hydrophilic molecules adsorbed to the column packing requires the use of more hydrophilic or more polar solvents in the mobile phase to shift the distribution of the particles in the stationary phase towards that of the mobile phase.

tag: p

text: Reversed-phase chromatography is a technique using alkyl chains covalently bonded to the stationary phase particles in order to create a hydrophobic stationary phase, which has a stronger affinity for hydrophobic or less polar compounds. The use of a hydrophobic stationary phase is essentially the reverse of normal phase chromatography, since the polarity of the mobile and stationary phases have been inverted – hence the term reversed-phase chromatography.[2][3] Reversed-phase chromatography employs a polar (aqueous) mobile phase. As a result, hydrophobic molecules in the polar mobile phase tend to adsorb to the hydrophobic stationary phase, and hydrophilic molecules in the mobile phase will pass through the column and are eluted first.[2][4] Hydrophobic molecules can be eluted from the column by decreasing the polarity of the mobile phase using an organic (non-polar) solvent, which reduces hydrophobic interactions.  The more hydrophobic the molecule, the more strongly it will bind to the stationary phase, and the higher the concentration of organic solvent that will be required to elute the molecule.

text: Many of the mathematical and experimental considerations used in other chromatographic methods also apply to RPC (for example, the separation resolution is dependent on the length of the column). It can be used for the separation of a wide variety of molecules. It is not typically used for separation of proteins, because the organic solvents used in RPC can denature many proteins.  For this reason, normal phase chromatography is more commonly used for separation of proteins.

text: Today, RPC is a frequently used analytical technique. There are a variety of stationary phases available for use in RPC, allowing great flexibility in the development of separation methods.

text: Silica-based stationary phases[edit]

text: Any inert non-polar substance that achieves sufficient packing can be used for reversed-phase chromatography. The most popular column is an octadecyl carbon chain (C18)-bonded silica (USP classification L1) with 297 columns commercially available.[5] This is followed by C8-bonded silica (L7 - 166 columns), pure silica (L3 - 88 columns), cyano-bonded silica (L10 - 73 columns) and phenyl-bonded silica (L11 - 72 columns). Note that C18, C8 and phenyl are dedicated reversed-phase resins, while cyano columns can be used in a reversed-phase mode depending on analyte and mobile phase conditions. Not all C18 columns have identical retention properties. Surface functionalization of silica can be performed in a monomeric or a polymeric reaction with different short-chain organosilanes used in a second step to cover remaining silanol groups (end-capping). While the overall retention mechanism remains the same, subtle differences in the surface chemistries of different stationary phases will lead to changes in selectivity.

text: Modern columns have different polarity. PFP is pentafluorphenyl. CN is cyano. NH2 is amino. ODS is octadecyl or C18. ODCN is a mixed mode column consisting of C18 and nitrile. SCX is strong cationic exchange (used for separation of organic amines). SAX is strong anionic exchange (used for separation of carboxylic acid compounds).

text: Mobile phases[edit]

text: Mixtures of water or aqueous buffers and organic solvents are used to elute analytes from a reversed-phase column.[2] The solvents must be miscible with water, and the most common organic solvents used are acetonitrile, methanol, and tetrahydrofuran (THF). Other solvents can be used such as ethanol or 2-propanol (isopropyl alcohol). Elution can be performed isocratically (the water-solvent composition does not change during the separation process) or by using a solution gradient (the water-solvent composition changes during the separation process, usually by decreasing the polarity). The pH of the mobile phase can have an important role on the retention of an analyte and can change the selectivity of certain analytes.

text: Charged analytes can be separated on a reversed-phase column by the use of ion-pairing (also called ion-interaction). This technique is known as reversed-phase ion-pairing chromatography.


document_title: Stan Lee

question_text: who is the old guy in all the marvel movies

text: Stan Lee

text: Early life

text: Stanley Martin Lieber was born on December 28, 1922 in New York City,[6] in the apartment of his Romanian-born Jewish immigrant parents, Celia (née Solomon) and Jack Lieber, at the corner of West 98th Street and West End Avenue in Manhattan.[7][8] His father, trained as a dress cutter, worked only sporadically after the Great Depression,[7] and the family moved further uptown to Fort Washington Avenue,[9] in Washington Heights, Manhattan. Lee has one younger brother named Larry Lieber.[10] He said in 2006 that as a child he was influenced by books and movies, particularly those with Errol Flynn playing heroic roles.[11] By the time Lee was in his teens, the family was living in an apartment at 1720 University Avenue in The Bronx. Lee has described it as "a third-floor apartment facing out back". Lee and his brother shared the bedroom, while their parents slept on a foldout couch.[10]

text: Lee attended DeWitt Clinton High School in the Bronx.[12] In his youth, Lee enjoyed writing, and entertained dreams of one day writing the "Great American Novel".[13] He has said that in his youth he worked such part-time jobs as writing obituaries for a news service and press releases for the National Tuberculosis Center;[14] delivering sandwiches for the Jack May pharmacy to offices in Rockefeller Center; working as an office boy for a trouser manufacturer; ushering at the Rivoli Theater on Broadway;[15] and selling subscriptions to the New York Herald Tribune newspaper.[16] He graduated from high school early, aged 16½ in 1939, and joined the WPA Federal Theatre Project.[17]

text: Career

text: Early career

text: With the help of his uncle Robbie Solomon,[18] Lee became an assistant in 1939 at the new Timely Comics division of pulp magazine and comic-book publisher Martin Goodman's company. Timely, by the 1960s, would evolve into Marvel Comics. Lee, whose cousin Jean[19] was Goodman's wife, was formally hired by Timely editor Joe Simon.[n 1]

text: His duties were prosaic at first. "In those days [the artists] dipped the pen in ink, [so] I had to make sure the inkwells were filled", Lee recalled in 2009. "I went down and got them their lunch, I did proofreading, I erased the pencils from the finished pages for them".[21] Marshaling his childhood ambition to be a writer, young Stanley Lieber made his comic-book debut with the text filler "Captain America Foils the Traitor's Revenge" in Captain America Comics #3 (cover-dated May 1941), using the pseudonym Stan Lee,[22] which years later he would adopt as his legal name. Lee later explained in his autobiography and numerous other sources that he had intended to save his given name for more literary work. This initial story also introduced Captain America's trademark ricocheting shield-toss.[23]:11

text: He graduated from writing filler to actual comics with a backup feature, "'Headline' Hunter, Foreign Correspondent", two issues later. Lee's first superhero co-creation was the Destroyer, in Mystic Comics #6 (August 1941). Other characters he co-created during this period fans and historians call the Golden Age of Comic Books include Jack Frost, debuting in U.S.A. Comics #1 (August 1941), and Father Time, debuting in Captain America Comics #6 (August 1941).[23]:12–13

text: When Simon and his creative partner Jack Kirby left late in 1941, following a dispute with Goodman, the 30-year-old publisher installed Lee, just under 19 years old, as interim editor.[23]:14 [24] The youngster showed a knack for the business that led him to remain as the comic-book division's editor-in-chief, as well as art director for much of that time, until 1972, when he would succeed Goodman as publisher.[2][25]

text: Lee entered the United States Army in early 1942 and served in the US in the Signal Corps, repairing telegraph poles and other communications equipment.[26] He was later transferred to the Training Film Division, where he worked writing manuals, training films, and slogans, and occasionally cartooning.[27] His military classification, he says, was "playwright"; he adds that only nine men in the US Army were given that title.[28] Vincent Fago, editor of Timely's "animation comics" section, which put out humor and funny animal comics, filled in until Lee returned from his World War II military service in 1945.

text: In the mid-1950s, by which time the company was now generally known as Atlas Comics, Lee wrote stories in a variety of genres including romance, Westerns, humor, science fiction, medieval adventure, horror and suspense. In the 1950s, Lee teamed up with his comic book colleague Dan DeCarlo to produce the syndicated newspaper strip, My Friend Irma, based on the radio comedy starring Marie Wilson.[29] By the end of the decade, Lee had become dissatisfied with his career and considered quitting the field.[30][31]

text: Marvel revolution

text: In the late 1950s, DC Comics editor Julius Schwartz revived the superhero archetype and experienced a significant success with its updated version of the Flash, and later with super-team the Justice League of America. In response, publisher Martin Goodman assigned Lee to come up with a new superhero team. Lee's wife suggested him to experiment with stories he preferred, since he was planning on changing careers and had nothing to lose.[30][31]

text: Lee acted on that advice, giving his superheroes a flawed humanity, a change from the ideal archetypes that were typically written for preteens. Before this, most superheroes were idealistically perfect people with no serious, lasting problems.[32] Lee introduced complex, naturalistic characters[33] who could have bad tempers, fits of melancholy, and vanity; they bickered amongst themselves, worried about paying their bills and impressing girlfriends, got bored or even were sometimes physically ill.

text: The first superhero group Lee and artist Jack Kirby created together was the Fantastic Four, based on previous Kirby superhero team Challengers of the Unknown published by DC Comics[34] The team's immediate popularity[35] led Lee and Marvel's illustrators to produce a cavalcade of new titles. Again working with Kirby, Lee co-created the Hulk,[36] Thor,[37] Iron Man,[38] and the X-Men;[39] with Bill Everett, Daredevil;[40] and with Steve Ditko, Doctor Strange[41] and Marvel's most successful character, Spider-Man,[42] all of whom lived in a thoroughly shared universe.[43] Lee and Kirby gathered several of their newly created characters together into the team title The Avengers[44] and would revive characters from the 1940s such as the Sub-Mariner[45] and Captain America.[46]

text: Comics historian Peter Sanderson wrote that in the 1960s:

text: DC was the equivalent of the big Hollywood studios: After the brilliance of DC's reinvention of the superhero ... in the late 1950s and early 1960s, it had run into a creative drought by the decade's end. There was a new audience for comics now, and it wasn't just the little kids that traditionally had read the books. The Marvel of the 1960s was in its own way the counterpart of the French New Wave.... Marvel was pioneering new methods of comics storytelling and characterization, addressing more serious themes, and in the process keeping and attracting readers in their teens and beyond. Moreover, among this new generation of readers were people who wanted to write or draw comics themselves, within the new style that Marvel had pioneered, and push the creative envelope still further.[47]

text: Lee's revolution extended beyond the characters and storylines to the way in which comic books engaged the readership and built a sense of community between fans and creators.[48] He introduced the practice of regularly including a credit panel on the splash page of each story, naming not just the writer and penciller but also the inker and letterer. Regular news about Marvel staff members and upcoming storylines was presented on the Bullpen Bulletins page, which (like the letter columns that appeared in each title) was written in a friendly, chatty style. Lee has said that his goal was for fans to think of the comics creators as friends, and considered it a mark of his success on this front that, at a time when letters to other comics publishers were typically addressed "Dear Editor", letters to Marvel addressed the creators by first name (e.g. "Dear Stan and Jack").[26] By 1967, the brand was well-enough ensconced in popular culture that a March 3 WBAI radio program with Lee and Kirby as guests was titled "Will Success Spoil Spiderman" [sic].[49]

text: Throughout the 1960s, Lee scripted, art-directed and edited most of Marvel's series, moderated the letters pages, wrote a monthly column called "Stan's Soapbox", and wrote endless promotional copy, often signing off with his trademark motto, "Excelsior!" (which is also the New York state motto). To maintain his workload and meet deadlines, he used a system that was used previously by various comic-book studios, but due to Lee's success with it, became known as the "Marvel Method". Typically, Lee would brainstorm a story with the artist and then prepare a brief synopsis rather than a full script. Based on the synopsis, the artist would fill the allotted number of pages by determining and drawing the panel-to-panel storytelling. After the artist turned in penciled pages, Lee would write the word balloons and captions, and then oversee the lettering and coloring. In effect, the artists were co-plotters, whose collaborative first drafts Lee built upon. Lee recorded messages to the newly formed Merry Marvel Marching Society fan club in 1965.[50]

text: Following Ditko's departure from Marvel in 1966, John Romita Sr. became Lee's collaborator on The Amazing Spider-Man. Within a year, it overtook Fantastic Four to become the company's top seller.[51] Lee and Romita's stories focused as much on the social and college lives of the characters as they did on Spider-Man's adventures.[52] The stories became more topical, addressing issues such as the Vietnam War,[53] political elections,[54] and student activism.[55] Robbie Robertson, introduced in The Amazing Spider-Man #51 (August 1967) was one of the first African-American characters in comics to play a serious supporting role.[56] In the Fantastic Four series, the lengthy run by Lee and Kirby produced many acclaimed storylines as well as characters that have become central to Marvel, including the Inhumans[57][58] and the Black Panther,[59] an African king who would be mainstream comics' first black superhero.[60]

text: The story frequently cited as Lee and Kirby's finest achievement[61][62] is the three-part "Galactus Trilogy" that began in Fantastic Four #48 (March 1966), chronicling the arrival of Galactus, a cosmic giant who wanted to devour the planet, and his herald, the Silver Surfer.[63][64] Fantastic Four #48 was chosen as #24 in the 100 Greatest Marvels of All Time poll of Marvel's readers in 2001. Editor Robert Greenberger wrote in his introduction to the story that "As the fourth year of the Fantastic Four came to a close, Stan Lee and Jack Kirby seemed to be only warming up. In retrospect, it was perhaps the most fertile period of any monthly title during the Marvel Age."[65] Comics historian Les Daniels noted that "[t]he mystical and metaphysical elements that took over the saga were perfectly suited to the tastes of young readers in the 1960s", and Lee soon discovered that the story was a favorite on college campuses.[66] Lee and artist John Buscema launched The Silver Surfer series in August 1968.[67][68]

text: The following year, Lee and Gene Colan created the Falcon, comics' first African-American superhero in Captain America #117 (September 1969).[69] Then in 1971, Lee indirectly helped reform the Comics Code.[70] The U. S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare had asked Lee to write a comic-book story about the dangers of drugs and Lee conceived a three-issue subplot in The Amazing Spider-Man #96–98 (cover-dated May–July 1971), in which Peter Parker's best friend becomes addicted to pills. The Comics Code Authority refused to grant its seal because the stories depicted drug use; the anti-drug context was considered irrelevant. With Goodman's cooperation and confident that the original government request would give him credibility, Lee had the story published without the seal. The comics sold well and Marvel won praise for its socially conscious efforts.[71] The CCA subsequently loosened the Code to permit negative depictions of drugs, among other new freedoms.[72][73]

text: Lee also supported using comic books to provide some measure of social commentary about the real world, often dealing with racism and bigotry.[74] "Stan's Soapbox", besides promoting an upcoming comic book project, also addressed issues of discrimination, intolerance, or prejudice.[75][76]

text: In 1972, Lee stopped writing monthly comic books to assume the role of publisher. His final issue of The Amazing Spider-Man was #110 (July 1972)[77] and his last Fantastic Four was #125 (August 1972).[78]

text: Later career

text: In later years, Lee became a figurehead and public face for Marvel Comics. He made appearances at comic book conventions around America, lecturing at colleges and participating in panel discussions. Lee and John Romita Sr. launched the Spider-Man newspaper comic strip on January 3, 1977.[79] Lee's final collaboration with Jack Kirby, The Silver Surfer: The Ultimate Cosmic Experience, was published in 1978 as part of the Marvel Fireside Books series and is considered to be Marvel's first graphic novel.[80] Lee and John Buscema produced the first issue of The Savage She-Hulk (February 1980), which introduced the female cousin of the Hulk[81] and crafted a Silver Surfer story for Epic Illustrated #1 (Spring 1980).[82] He moved to California in 1981 to develop Marvel's TV and movie properties. He has been an executive producer for, and has made cameo appearances in, Marvel film adaptations and other movies. He occasionally returned to comic book writing with various Silver Surfer projects including a 1982 one-shot drawn by John Byrne,[83] the Judgment Day graphic novel illustrated by John Buscema,[84] the Parable limited series drawn by French artist Mœbius,[85] and The Enslavers graphic novel with Keith Pollard.[86] Lee was briefly president of the entire company, but soon stepped down to become publisher instead, finding that being president was too much about numbers and finance and not enough about the creative process he enjoyed.[87]

text: Peter Paul and Lee began a new Internet-based superhero creation, production, and marketing studio, Stan Lee Media, in 1998.[88] It grew to 165 people and went public through a reverse merger structured by investment banker Stan Medley in 1999, but, near the end of 2000, investigators discovered illegal stock manipulation by Paul and corporate officer Stephan Gordon.[89] Stan Lee Media filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in February 2001.[90] Paul was extradited to the U.S. from Brazil and pleaded guilty to violating SEC Rule 10b-5 in connection with trading of his stock in Stan Lee Media.[91][92] Lee was never implicated in the scheme. In 2001, Lee, Gill Champion, and Arthur Lieberman formed POW! (Purveyors of Wonder) Entertainment to develop film, television and video game properties. Lee created the risqué animated superhero series Stripperella for Spike TV. In 2004 POW! Entertainment went public. Also that year, Lee announced a superhero program that would feature Ringo Starr, the former Beatle, as the lead character.[93][94] Additionally, in August of that year, Lee announced the launch of Stan Lee's Sunday Comics,[95] a short-lived subscription service hosted by Komikwerks.com. On March 15, 2007, after Stan Lee Media had been purchased by Jim Nesfield, the company filed a lawsuit against Marvel Entertainment for $5 billion, claiming Lee had given his rights to several Marvel characters to Stan Lee Media in exchange for stock and a salary.[96] On June 9, 2007, Stan Lee Media sued Lee; his newer company, POW! Entertainment; and POW! subsidiary QED Entertainment.[97][98]

text: In 2008, Lee wrote humorous captions for the political fumetti book Stan Lee Presents Election Daze: What Are They Really Saying?.[99] In April of that year, Brighton Partners and Rainmaker Animation announced a partnership POW! to produce a CGI film series, Legion of 5.[100] Other projects by Lee announced in the late 2000s included a line of superhero comics for Virgin Comics,[101] a TV adaptation of the novel Hero,[102] a foreword to Skyscraperman by skyscraper fire-safety advocate and Spider-Man fan Dan Goodwin,[103] a partnership with Guardian Media Entertainment and The Guardian Project to create NHL superhero mascots[104] and work with the Eagle Initiative program to find new talent in the comic book field.[105]

text: In October, Lee announced he would partner with 1821 Comics on a multimedia imprint for children, Stan Lee's Kids Universe, a move he said addressed the lack of comic books targeted for that demographic; and that he was collaborating with the company on its futuristic graphic novel Romeo & Juliet: The War, by writer Max Work and artist Skan Srisuwan.[106][107] At the 2012 San Diego Comic-Con International, Lee announced his YouTube channel, Stan Lee's World of Heroes, which airs programs created by Lee, Mark Hamill, Peter David, Adrianne Curry, and Bonnie Burton among others.[108][109][110][111] Lee wrote the book, Zodiac released in January 2015, with Stuart Moore.[112] The film Stan Lee's Annihilator, based on a Chinese prisoner-turned-superhero named Ming and in production since 2013, is set for a 2015 release.[113][114][115]

text: In his later career, Lee's contributions continued to expand outside the style that he helped pioneer. An example of this is his first work for DC Comics in the 2000s, launching the Just Imagine... series, in which Lee re-imagined the DC superheroes Superman, Batman, Wonder Woman, Green Lantern, and the Flash.[116] Manga projects involving Lee include Karakuridôji Ultimo, a collaboration with Hiroyuki Takei, Viz Media and Shueisha,[117] and Heroman, serialized in Square Enix's Monthly Shōnen Gangan with the Japanese company Bones.[118][119] In 2011, Lee started writing a live-action musical, The Yin and Yang Battle of Tao.[120]

text: This period also saw a number of collaborators honor Lee for his influence on the comics industry. In 2006, Marvel commemorated Lee's 65 years with the company by publishing a series of one-shot comics starring Lee himself meeting and interacting with many of his co-creations, including Spider-Man, Doctor Strange, the Thing, Silver Surfer, and Doctor Doom. These comics also featured short pieces by such comics creators as Joss Whedon and Fred Hembeck, as well as reprints of classic Lee-written adventures.[121] At the 2007 Comic-Con International, Marvel Legends introduced a Stan Lee action figure. The body beneath the figure's removable cloth wardrobe is a re-used mold of a previously released Spider-Man action figure, with minor changes.[122] Comikaze Expo, Los Angeles' largest comic book convention, was rebranded as Stan Lee's Comikaze Presented by POW! Entertainment in 2012.[123]

text: At the 2016 Comic-Con International, Lee introduced his digital graphic novel Stan Lee's 'God Woke',[124][125][126] with text originally written as a poem he presented at Carnegie Hall in 1972.[127] The print-book version won the 2017 Independent Publisher Book Awards' Outstanding Books of the Year Independent Voice Award.[128]

text: Charity work

text: The Stan Lee Foundation was founded in 2010 to focus on literacy, education, and the arts. Its stated goals include supporting programs and ideas that improve access to literacy resources, as well as promoting diversity, national literacy, culture and the arts.[129]

text: Stan Lee has donated portions of his personal effects to the University of Wyoming at various times, between 1981 and 2001.[130]

text: Fictional portrayals

text: Stan Lee and his collaborator Jack Kirby appear as themselves in The Fantastic Four #10 (January 1963), the first of several appearances within the fictional Marvel Universe.[131] The two are depicted as similar to their real-world counterparts, creating comic books based on the "real" adventures of the Fantastic Four.

text: Lee was parodied by Kirby in comics published by rival DC Comics as Funky Flashman.[132] Kirby later portrayed himself, Lee, production executive Sol Brodsky, and Lee's secretary Flo Steinberg as superheroes in What If #11 (October 1978), "What If the Marvel Bullpen Had Become the Fantastic Four?", in which Lee played the part of Mister Fantastic. Lee has also made numerous cameo appearances in many Marvel titles, appearing in audiences and crowds at many characters' ceremonies and parties, and hosting an old-soldiers reunion in Sgt. Fury and his Howling Commandos #100 (July 1972). Lee appeared, unnamed, as the priest at Luke Cage and Jessica Jones' wedding in New Avengers Annual #1 (June 2006). He pays his respects to Karen Page at her funeral in Daredevil vol. 2, #8 (June 1998), and appears in The Amazing Spider-Man #169 (June 1977).

text: In 1994, artist Alex Ross rendered Lee as a bar patron on page 44 of Marvels #3.[133]

text: In Marvel's "Flashback" series of titles cover-dated July 1997, a top-hatted caricature of Lee as a ringmaster introduced stories that detailed events in Marvel characters' lives before they became superheroes, in special "-1" editions of many Marvel titles. The "ringmaster" depiction of Lee was originally from Generation X #17 (July 1996), where the character narrated a story set primarily in an abandoned circus. Though the story itself was written by Scott Lobdell, the narration by "Ringmaster Stan" was written by Lee, and the character was drawn in that issue by Chris Bachalo.

text: Lee and other comics creators are mentioned on page 479 of Michael Chabon's 2000 novel about the comics industry The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier and Clay. Chabon also acknowledges a debt to Lee and other creators on the book's Author's Note page.

text: On one of the last pages of Truth: Red, White & Black, Lee appears in a real photograph among other celebrities on a wall of the Bradley home.[134] Under his given name of Stanley Lieber, Stan Lee appears briefly in Paul Malmont's 2006 novel The Chinatown Death Cloud Peril.[135]

text: In Stan Lee Meets Superheroes, which Lee wrote, he comes into contact with some of his favorite creations.[121] Stan Lee and Jack Kirby appear as professors in Marvel Adventures Spider-Man #19.

text: In Lavie Tidhar's 2013 The Violent Century, Lee appears – under his birth name of "Stanley Martin Lieber" – as a historian of superhumans.[136]

text: Film and television appearances

text: Lee has had cameo appearances in many Marvel film and television projects. A few of these appearances are self-aware and sometimes reference Lee's involvement in the creation of certain characters. Lee has been a credited executive producer on most Marvel film and television projects since the 1990 direct-to-video Captain America film.

text: Marvel television

text: Animation

text:
One of Lee's earliest contributions to animation based on Marvel properties was narrating the 1980s Incredible Hulk animated series, always beginning his narration with a self-introduction and ending with "This is Stan Lee saying, Excelsior!" Lee had previously narrated the "Seven Little Superheroes" episode of Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends, which the Hulk series was paired with for broadcast.
Lee did the narration for the original 1989 X-Men animated series pilot titled X-Men: Pryde of the X-Men.
Lee was an executive producer of the 1990s animated TV series Spider-Man. He appeared as himself in animated form in the final episode titled "Farewell, Spider-Man". Spider-Man is transported by Madame Web into the "real" world where he is a fictional character. He meets Lee and the two swing around until Spider-Man drops him off on top of a building; Madame Web appears and brings Spider-Man back to his homeworld. Realizing he is stuck on a roof, Lee muses, hoping the Fantastic Four will show up and lend a hand.
He also voices the character "Frank Elson" in an episode of Spider-Man: The New Animated Series broadcast by MTV in 2003, titled "Mind Games" (Parts 1 and 2, originally aired on August 15 and 22, 2003).
He voiced a loading-dock worker named Stan on The Spectacular Spider-Man in the episode "Blueprints".
In several episodes of The Super Hero Squad Show, Lee voices the Mayor of Super Hero City.
Lee has appeared in episodes of the Disney XD TV series Ultimate Spider-Man as a high school janitor named Stan, in which he makes references to Lee's real-life career. In the pilot "Great Power" and the episode "Why I Hate Gym", he mentions Irving Forbush, an in-joke character Lee co-created in 1955 as a literary device.[137][137] Stan the Janitor also appears in Episode 18, "Out of Damage Control", as a part-time worker for Damage Control.[138] In the episode "Stan By Me", he, along with Mary Jane Watson, Agent/Principal Coulson, and Harry Osborn, helped Spider-Man fight the Lizard. At the end of the episode it is revealed that Lee's character is secretly a top S.H.I.E.L.D. agent and is aware of Peter Parker's secret identity as Spider-Man,[139] and that he is a founding member of S.H.I.E.L.D. who named the organization, which Lee named in reality.[140]
Stan Lee has appeared in Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H.. He was first alluded to as Stan the Salesman in the first episode and later appeared in a recurring role as Mayor Stan of Vista Verde.
Stan Lee will reprise his role as Fred's dad in Big Hero 6: The Series.[141] The first episode implies that his name is Frederick Frederickson III.[142]

tag: ul

text: Live-action

text:
In the TV-movie The Trial of the Incredible Hulk (1989), Lee's first appearance in a Marvel movie or TV project is as a jury foreman in the trial of Dr. David Banner.
Lee appears in "T.R.A.C.K.S.", an episode of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. originally broadcast February 4, 2014.[143]
He appears in "The Blitzkrieg Button", the Agent Carter episode originally broadcast January 27, 2015.[144]
Lee cameos in Marvel's Netflix series via a photograph of Lee as a police officer of the New York City Police Department, appearing in Daredevil,[145] Jessica Jones,[146] Luke Cage,[147] Iron Fist, The Defenders and The Punisher. In Iron Fist, he is identified as Captain Irving Forbush.[148]
Lee has a non-speaking cameo in the 2017 X-Men TV series The Gifted.[149]
Lee again appears as a limo driver in the Hulu series Runaways.[150]

text: Marvel films

text: Animation

text: In Big Hero 6 (2014), Lee's voice and likeness are used for the father of character Fred. Though he appears in a portrait earlier in the film, Lee's cameo is a post-credits scene in which he demonstrates to his son that they have many things to talk about. Lee was not involved with the creation of the original Big Hero 6 comic book from which the movie is sourced.

text: Live-action

text:
In X-Men (2000), Lee appears as a hotdog stand vendor on the beach when the newly mutated Senator Kelly emerges naked onshore after escaping from Magneto.
In Spider-Man (2002), he appeared during Spider-Man's first battle with the Green Goblin, pulling a little girl away from falling debris. In the DVD's deleted scenes, Lee plays a street vendor who tries to sell Peter Parker a pair of sunglasses.
In Daredevil (2003), as a child, Matt Murdock stops Lee from crossing the street and getting hit by a bus. This is also a reference to an incident in the comics which was omitted from the origin story of the film.
In Hulk (2003), he appears walking alongside former TV-series Hulk Lou Ferrigno in an early scene, both as security guards at Bruce Banner's lab. It was his first speaking role in a film based on one of his characters.
In Spider-Man 2 (2004), Lee pulls an innocent person away from danger during Spider-Man's first battle with Doctor Octopus. In a blooper scene that appears as an extra on the film's DVD release, Lee has another cameo, saying, "Look, Spider-Man stole that kid's sneakers." Stan Lee also appears talking to Peter Parker.
In Man-Thing (2005), a photograph of Lee is seen on a board of missing people.[151]
In Fantastic Four (2005), Lee appears for the first time as a character that he created for the comics, Willie Lumpkin, the mail carrier who greets the Fantastic Four as they enter the Baxter Building.
In X-Men: The Last Stand (2006), Lee and Chris Claremont appear as two of Jean Grey's neighbors in the opening scenes set 20 years in the past. Lee, credited as "Waterhose Man", is watering the lawn when Jean telekinetically redirects the water from the hose into the air.
In Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer (2007), Lee appears as himself at Reed Richards' and Susan Storm's first wedding, being turned away by a security guard for not being on the guest list. In Fantastic Four Annual #3 (1965), in which the couple married, Lee and Jack Kirby are similarly turned away.
In Spider-Man 3 (2007), Lee appears in a credited role as "Man in Times Square". He stands next to Peter Parker, both of them reading a news bulletin about Spider-Man, and commenting to Peter that, "You know, I guess one person can make a difference". He then says his catchphrase, "'Nuff said" and leaves Peter to dwell on that thought.
In Iron Man (2008), Lee, credited as "Himself", appears at a gala cavorting with three blondes, where Tony Stark mistakes him for Hugh Hefner.[152] In the theatrical release of the film, Stark simply greets Lee as "Hef" and moves on; another version of the scene was filmed where Stark realizes his mistake, but Lee graciously responds, "That's okay, I get this all the time."[153] In 2008, Stan Lee named this as his favorite cameo appearance to that date.[154]
In The Incredible Hulk (2008), Lee appears as a hapless citizen who accidentally ingests a soft drink mixed with Bruce Banner's blood, subsequently dropping it and leading to the discovery of Dr. Banner's location in a bottling plant in Brazil.
In Iron Man 2 (2010), during the Stark Expo, Lee, wearing suspenders and a red shirt and black and purple tie, is mistakenly greeted by Tony Stark as "Larry King".
In Thor (2011), Lee appears among many people at the site where Thor's hammer Mjolnir lands on earth. He tears the bed off his pickup truck in an attempt to pull Mjolnir out of the ground with a chain and causes everyone in the scene to laugh by asking, "Did it work?". His character is credited as "Stan the Man", a nickname he'd adopted in the Silver Age of Comic Books.
In Captain America: The First Avenger (2011), Lee plays a general in World War II who mistakes another man for Captain America/Steve Rogers, commenting, "I thought he'd be taller." Lee had nothing to do with the basic creation of the title character. However, Lee began his writing career in the character's original series where he created the idea of Captain America using his shield as a throwing weapon. Furthermore, he was responsible for reviving the character in the Silver Age of Comic Books and co-wrote most of the character's stories in The Avengers and his solo stories in that period.
In The Avengers (2012), Lee's character is interviewed about the Avengers saving Manhattan. Lee's character responds, "Superheroes in New York? Give me a break", and then returns to his game of chess.[155] He also appears in a deleted scene in which, when a waitress flirts with Steve Rogers, Lee says to him, "Ask for her number, you moron!"[156]
In The Amazing Spider-Man (2012), Lee is a librarian at Midtown Science High School, comically oblivious to the fight between Spider-Man and the Lizard happening behind him (a table nearly hits him as well) due to the fact that he is listening to classical music. He walks out of the library as the fight continues.[157]
In Iron Man 3 (2013), Lee portrays a beauty pageant judge who appears on a television monitor and happily gives one of the contestants a 10.[158]
In Thor: The Dark World (2013), Lee appears as a mental ward patient who loans his shoe to Erik Selvig for a demonstration about "the Convergence" in his delusions. When Selvig finishes and asks if anyone has questions, Lee says, "Yeah, can I have my shoe back"?[159]
In Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2014), Lee plays a security guard at the Smithsonian Institution who after discovering that Captain America stole his own World War II uniform from an exhibit, says, "Oh man, I am so fired."
In The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014), Lee is a guest at Peter Parker and Gwen Stacy's graduation. He notes that he recognizes Peter Parker.
In Guardians of the Galaxy (2014), Lee appears as an elderly gentleman having a conversation with a significantly younger woman. Rocket, viewing him through a scanning device, dismisses him as part of what he saw was wrong with the planet Xandar. With the exception of Groot, Ronan and The Collector, Lee did not have a hand in the creation of the Guardians of the Galaxy.
In Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), he appears as a military veteran who attends the Avengers' victory party. He claims he fought at Omaha Beach and that it proves he can handle a shot of Asgardian liquor from Thor, but is then carried away drunk, muttering his catchphrase, "Excelsior!"[160] Lee noted that this was his favorite cameo.[161]
In Ant-Man (2015), Lee appears as a bartender in a story Luis tells to Scott Lang explaining that Falcon was looking for him.[162]
In Deadpool (2016), Lee appears as himself, working as an MC at a strip club.[163] Lee did not have a hand in the creation of the character Deadpool.
In Captain America: Civil War (2016), Lee appears as a FedEx postman, delivering a package from Steve Rogers to Tony Stark at the end of the film, mispronouncing Stark's name as Tony "Stank".
In X-Men: Apocalypse (2016), Lee is shown viewing the rising nuclear weapons launched by Apocalypse next to his wife Joan.
In Doctor Strange (2016), Lee appears as a bus rider reading Aldous Huxley's The Doors of Perception, oblivious to a battle between Doctor Strange and Mordo and Kaecilius and his followers.[164][164]
Lee makes a cameo appearance in No Good Deed (2017), a short film aired before Logan in North America, in which Lee plays himself and says to Deadpool "Wow, nice suit!" to which Deadpool replies "Zip it, Stan Lee!". Lee's cameo appearance was cut from the theatrical version of the short film but was restored in the version released on star Ryan Reynolds' Youtube account page. Lee later thanked Reynolds for restoring his cameo.[165]
In Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (2017), Lee appears as an astronaut telling a story to The Watchers, mentioning his stint as a deliveryman in Captain America: Civil War.[166] He appears again in one of the end credits scenes, where the Watchers leave, tired of his stories as he quotes to them that they are his only ride back to Earth. The Watchers, along with Ego, were co-created by Lee. Lee also makes an appearance in the music video for the song "Guardians Inferno".[167]
In Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017), Lee appears as an annoyed neighbor named Gary who, after witnessing Spider-Man mistakenly accosting an innocent civilian says to him, "Don’t make me come down there, you punk!"[168][169]
In Thor: Ragnarok (2017), Lee appears as a servant to the Grandmaster on Sakaar. He is seen cutting Thor's hair.
In Black Panther (2018), Lee appears as a patron of a casino in Busan, South Korea.
Lee will make a cameo appearance in Deadpool 2 (2018).
Lee will make a cameo appearance in Ant-Man and the Wasp (2018).

text: Warner Bros./DC properties

text: In the original February 7, 1998, broadcast airing of the Superman: The Animated Series episode "Apokolips... Now! Part 2" on the Kids' WB programming block, an animated Funky Flashman was visible mourning the death of Daniel "Terrible" Turpin, a character based on his longtime Marvel Comics collaborator Jack Kirby. This shot was later modified to remove the likeness of Lee and of other background Marvel characters when the episode was released on DVD.[170][171]

text: Other film, TV, and video

text:
In the 1990s, Lee hosted the documentary series The Comic Book Greats and interviewed notable comic book creators such as Chris Claremont, Jim Lee, Todd McFarlane, Rob Liefeld, and Whilce Portacio.
In the 1994-1995 syndicated television block The Marvel Action Hour, Lee appeared as himself to give brief introductions to each episode of Iron Man and the Fantastic Four animated series.
Lee has an extensive cameo in the 1995 Kevin Smith film Mallrats. He plays himself, this time visiting the mall to sign books at a comic store. Later, he takes on the role of a sage-like character, giving Jason Lee's character, Brodie Bruce (a longtime fan of Stan's), advice on his love life. He also recorded interviews with Smith for the non-fiction video Stan Lee's Mutants, Monsters & Marvels (2002). Lee made a second cameo in Smith's 2016 film Yoga Hosers as a police officer.
Lee is the host of the 2010 History Channel documentary series Stan Lee's Superhumans.
Lee plays himself in the 2011 Frankie Muniz film Pizza Man.
Lee makes a cameo appearance as the "Three Stooges Wedding Guest" in the 2004 Disney film The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement.
Lee hosted and judged contestants in the SyFy series Who Wants to Be a Superhero?
Lee appears with director Kevin Smith and 2000s Marvel editor-in-chief Joe Quesada in the DVD program Marvel Then & Now: An Evening with Stan Lee and Joe Quesada, hosted by Kevin Smith.
Lee was interviewed on the History Channel show Superhuman by Daniel Browning Smith, who held several Guinness Records for extreme flexibility[172] due to having Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, a genetic condition affecting collagen formation. Smith had created his own comic book to display his own struggles as an outcast for his flexibility, and legitimately surprised Lee with a quick demonstration of his talent.
In the animated series Jim Henson's Muppet Babies, Lee plays himself in a live-action scene of the "Comic Capers" episode.
Lee appeared as himself in an extended self-parodying sketch on the episode "Tapping a Hero" of Robot Chicken.
Lee appears as himself in writer-director Larry Cohen's The Ambulance (1990), in which Eric Roberts plays an aspiring comics artist.[173]
In "I Am Furious (Yellow)", a season 13 episode of The Simpsons, Lee voices an animated version of himself, who is a prolonged visitor to Comic Book Guy's store. He asks if Comic Book Guy is the stalker of Lynda Carter – the star of the 1970s show Wonder Woman – and shows signs of dementia, such as breaking a customer's toy Batmobile by trying to cram a Thing action figure into it (claiming that he "made it better"), hiding DC comics behind Marvel comics, and trying unsuccessfully to become the Hulk. (Comic Book Guy comments that Lee he couldn't even change into Bill Bixby.) Lee also appeared on the commentary track along with other Simpsons writers and directors on the episode for The Simpsons Season 13 box set released in 2010. In a later episode, "Worst Episode Ever", Lee's picture is seen next to several others on the wall behind the register, under the heading "Banned for life". Lee later officiated Comic Book Guy's wedding to a lovely manga artist in "Married to the Blob".
Lee appears as himself in Mark Hamill's 2004 film Comic Book: The Movie, a direct-to-video mockumentary primarily filmed at the 2002 San Diego Comic-Con.
Lee made an appearance on December 21, 2006, on the NBC game show Identity.
Lee appeared as himself in "The Excelsior Acquisition", a third season episode of The Big Bang Theory, in March 2010.[174] He appears at the front door of his house wearing Fantastic Four pajamas (ultimately calling back into the house, "Joanie, call the police!" to get rid of Sheldon, who showed up after missing a comic book signing at the local store), and orders a restraining order against him.
He plays a bus driver in the sixteenth episode of the first season of Heroes.[175]
Lee made a guest appearance as himself in "Bottom's Up", a season seven episode of the TV series Entourage.
He guest-starred as Dr. Lee (aka: Generalissimo) in "Glimpse", a season four episode of Eureka that aired in July 2011.[176]
Lee appears in "The Guardian", the October 7, 2010, episode of Nikita, as Hank Excelsior, a witness to a bank robbery who is interviewed by a TV reporter.
Lee was interviewed in the 2011 documentary Superheroes.
Lee appears in X Japan's unreleased music video for their song "Born to Be Free".[177]
Lee portrayed himself at a CIA holiday party in the fifth season of Chuck, in which it is revealed in that universe he secretly works for the government and has a romantic interest in General Beckman.
Lee appeared in the eleventh episode of season five of The Guild, in which he was captured at a convention by the character Zaboo's Master Chief cosplaying henchmen.[178]
Lee lent his voice to "The Amazing Man-Spider", a segment of the May 13, 2013 episode of the satirical animated TV series MAD. The segment depicts the story of what happened to the radioactive spider that bit Peter Parker.[179]
Lee portrayed a future version of Tony Stark in "Episode 205 – The Future!" of the comedy web series Avengers Assemble!. In this episode, he delivered from the future a cryptic message to the rest of his fellow Avengers, but constantly frustrated his companions due to his ineptness with the technology of his future era.[180]
He was the subject of an April 2012 Epix cable-network documentary, "With Great Power: The Stan Lee Story.”[181]
Lee appeared as a judge in the second season premiere of the web series Video Game High School.[182]
In the Phineas and Ferb crossover special, Mission Marvel, Lee cameos as a New York City hot dog vendor.[183]
Lee is among the interview subjects in Superheroes: A Never-Ending Battle, a three-hour documentary narrated by Liev Schreiber, which premiered on PBS in October 2013.[184]
Lee's Chakra the Invincible was scheduled to premiere on Rovio Entertainment's ToonsTV channel in 2014.[185]
Lee filmed a cameo in the 2010 film Kick-Ass, as a man watching news footage of the title character but was cut out from the film.[186]
Lee made a brief cameo in the 2014 animated film Jay & Silent Bob's Super Groovy Cartoon Movie. During his appearance, Lee visits Bluntman and Chronic to talk to them about the "Avenger Initiative".
Lee made a cameo in Bart Baker's parody of "Elastic Heart" by Sia when he bails Sia (played by Amanda Hosler) out of jail for the pedophilia in her Elastic Heart video to star in her own superhero movie with Shia LaBeouf (played by Baker) and Kanye West (played by Warren Barrow) as the main villain.
Lee appears several times in the refurbished version of The Amazing Adventures of Spider-Man.[187]
Lee was slated to portray himself in the sequel to Mallrats, Mallbrats.[188]
Lee made a cameo appearance in a web-series called "Super Power Beat Down" where he plays a man reading a newspaper who tells Spider-Man and Darth Maul to keep the noise down or else he will get angry.
Lee makes a cameo in a short film called Spider-Man: Homecoming — NBA Finals, which aired on ABC as a promotion for Spider-Man: Homecoming; Lee utters the exact same dialogue as the Graduation guest he portrayed in the 2014 film The Amazing Spider-Man 2.
Lee makes a cameo as one of the Collector's prisoners in Guardians of the Galaxy Mission Breakout.[189]

text: Video games and applications

text:
Lee narrates the 2000 video game Spider-Man,[190] the 2001 sequel Spider-Man 2: Enter Electro,[191] and 2010's Spider-Man: Shattered Dimensions.[192]
Lee made his first-ever onscreen video game appearance as a senator named after himself in Marvel Ultimate Alliance 2.[193]
Lee narrates The Avengers Origins: Hulk and Avengers Origins: Assemble! apps for the iPad, iPhone, and iPod Touch, which were released by Disney Publishing Worldwide in February 2012.[194]
Lee is a playable character in Activision's The Amazing Spider-Man video game, which was released in June 2012, as a tie-in to the film of the same name. In the game, Lee is depicted as having the same superpowers as Spider-Man, and uses them to retrieve the pages of a new comic book manuscript that he had lost and were subsequently scattered around Manhattan.[195] He also voices a character with his first name in the main story mode, who calls Peter about the charges to his credit card when Peter's walking to Dr. Connor's sewer lab.
Lee appears as a playable Lego version of himself in Lego Marvel Super Heroes where he was able to turn into Stan-Hulk [196] released October 2013.[197]
Lee reprised his role, appearing as himself in The Amazing Spider-Man 2 video game, which was released in April 2014, as a tie-in to the film of the same name.
Lee appears as a playable Lego version of himself in Lego Marvel's Avengers where he is able to turn into Stan-Hulk, Iron Stan and the StanBuster.
Lee appears as a playable Lego version of himself in Lego Marvel Superheroes 2 where he has the powers of Thor, Galactus, and Spider-Man is able to complete Gwenpool missions

text: Personal life

text: Lee was raised in a Jewish family. In a 2002 survey of whether he believes in God, he stated, "Well, let me put it this way... [Pauses.] No, I'm not going to try to be clever. I really don't know. I just don't know."[198]

text: From 1945 to 1947, Lee lived in the rented top floor of a brownstone in the East 90s in Manhattan.[199] He married Joan Clayton Boocock on December 5, 1947,[200][201] and in 1949, the couple bought house at 1084 West Broadway in Woodmere, New York, on Long Island, living there through 1952.[202] Their daughter Joan Celia "J. C." Lee was born in 1950. Another child, daughter Jan Lee, died three days after delivery in 1953.[203] The Lees resided at 226 Richards Lane in the Long Island town of Hewlett Harbor, New York, from 1952 to 1980.[204] They also owned a condominium at 220 East 63rd Street in Manhattan from 1975 to 1980,[205] and, during the 1970s, a vacation home on Cutler Lane in Remsenburg, New York.[206] For their move to the west coast in 1981, he and his wife bought a home in West Hollywood, California previously owned by comedian Jack Benny's radio announcer, Don Wilson.[207]

text: In late September 2012, Lee underwent an operation to insert a pacemaker, cancelling planned appearances at conventions.[208][209]

text: On July 6, 2017, his wife of almost seventy years, Joan, died of complications from a stroke. She was 95 years old.[210]

text: Filmography

text: Film

text:
Year
Film
Role
Notes

1973
L'An 01[citation needed]

Cameo

1989
The Trial of the Incredible Hulk
Jury Foreman
TV movie

1990
The Ambulance
Himself
Cameo

1995
Mallrats

2000
X-Men
Hotdog Stand Vendor

2000
Citizen Toxie: The Toxic Avenger IV
Narrator (voice)

2000
The Adventures of Cinderella's Daughter
Priest

2002
Spider-Man
Man Saving Girl

2003
Daredevil
Man Crossing Street

2003
Hulk
Security Guard

2004
Spider-Man 2
Man Saving Innocent Person

2004
Comic Book: The Movie
Himself

2004
The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement
Three Stooges Wedding Guest

2005
Fantastic Four
Willie Lumpkin

2005
Conflict
Trevor
Short film, cameo

2006
X-Men: The Last Stand
Man with waterhose
Cameo

2007
Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer
Himself

2007
Spider-Man 3
Man in Times Square

2007
Mosaic
Stanley

2007
The Condor
Grandfather

2008
Iron Man
Himself;[211]
Credited as "Man mistaken as Hugh Hefner"

2008
The Incredible Hulk
Himself;[211]
Credited as "Hapless citizen"

2010
Iron Man 2
Himself;[211]
Credited as "Man mistaken as Larry King"

2011
Thor
Himself;[211]
Credited as "Pickup truck driver"

2011
Captain America: The First Avenger
Himself;[211]
Credited as "General"

2011
Pizza Man
Himself

2012
The Avengers
Himself;[211]
Credited as "Random citizen"

2012
The Amazing Spider-Man
Librarian

2013
Jay & Silent Bob's Super Groovy Cartoon Movie
Himself (voice)

2013
Iron Man 3
Himself;[211]
Credited as "Beauty pageant judge"

2013
Thor: The Dark World
Himself;[211]
Credited as "Mental ward patient"

2013
Return to Nuke 'Em High Volume 1
Narrator (Uncredited)

2014
Captain America: The Winter Soldier[212]
Himself;[211]
Credited as "Smithsonian guard"

2014
The Amazing Spider-Man 2[213]
Graduation guest

2014
Guardians of the Galaxy[214]
Himself;[211]
Credited as "Xandarian ladies' man"

2014
Big Hero 6
Fred's Dad (voice)
Post-credits cameo

2015
Avengers: Age of Ultron
Himself;[211]
Credited as "Military veteran"
Cameo

2015
Ant-Man
Himself;[211]
Credited as "Bartender"

2016
Deadpool
Stripclub DJ

2016
Captain America: Civil War
Himself;[211]
Credited as "FedEx delivery worker"

2016
X-Men: Apocalypse
Himself

2016
Yoga Hosers
Dispatcher

2016
Doctor Strange
Himself;[211]
Credited as "Bus passenger"

2017
No Good Deed
Himself
Short film, aired before Logan, cameo only appears in online version.

2017
Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2
Himself;[211]
Credited as "The Watchers' Informant"
Cameo

2017
Spider-Man: Homecoming — NBA Finals
Himself;[211]
Credited as "Old Man on Street"
Short film, aired on ABC as a promotion for Spider-Man: Homecoming,
Lee utters the exact same dialogue as the Graduation guest portrayed
by him in the 2014 film The Amazing Spider-Man 2.

2017
Spider-Man: Homecoming
Himself;[211]
Credited as "Gary"
Cameo

2017
Thor: Ragnarok
Himself;[211]
Credited as "Barber"

2018
Black Panther
Himself;[211]
Credited as "Thirsty Gambler"

2018
Avengers: Infinity War
TBA
Post-production, cameo[215]

2018
Ant-Man and the Wasp
TBA
Post-production, cameo[215]

2019
Untitled Avengers film
TBA
Post-production, cameo[215]

tag: table

text: Television

text:
Year
Series
Role
Notes

1981–1983
Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends
Narrator (voice)
15 episodes; Also Executive producer

1982–1983
The Incredible Hulk
13 episodes; Also Executive producer

1989
X-Men: Pryde of the X-Men
Himself/Narrator (voice)
Episode: "Pilot"

1989
Muppet Babies
Himself (voice)
Episode: "Comic Capers"

1991–1992
The Comic Book Greats
Himself (host)
13 episodes; Also Creator, executive producer

1998
Spider-Man
Himself (voice)
Episode: "Spider Wars, Chapter 2: Farewell Spider-Man"; Also Executive producer

1994
Fantastic Four
2 episodes; Also Executive producer

1997
The Incredible Hulk
Cliff Walters (voice)
Episode: "Down Memory Lane"; Also Executive producer

2002
The Simpsons
Himself (voice)
Episode: "I Am Furious (Yellow)"

2003
Spider-Man: The New Animated Series
Frank Elson (voice)
Episode: "Mind Games: Part 1"

2003
Stripperella
Jerry (voice)
Episode: "Crime Doesn't Pay... Seriously, It Doesn't"; Also Creator, Executive producer

2003–2004
Madtv
Himself
2 episodes

2006
Identity
Himself
Episode: "1.4"

2006–2007
Who Wants to Be a Superhero?
Himself (host)
14 episodes; Also Creator, Executive Producer

2007–2013
Robot Chicken
Himself (voice)
3 episodes

2007
Heroes
Bus Driver
Episode: "Unexpected"

2009
The Spectacular Spider-Man
Stan (voice)
Episode: "Blueprints"; Also Executive producer

2009–2011
The Super Hero Squad Show
Mayor of Superhero City (voice)
12 episodes; Also Creator, executive producer

2010
Black Panther
General Wallace (voice)
Episode: "Pilot"

2010
The Big Bang Theory
Himself
Episode: "The Excelsior Acquisition"

2010
Entourage
Episode: "Bottoms Up"

2010
Nikita
Hank Excelsior
Episode: "The Guardian"

2010–2014
Stan Lee's Superhumans
Himself (co-host)
Also Creator, Executive Producer

2011
Eureka
Himself
Episode: "Glimpse"

2011
The Guild
Episode: "Costume Contest"

2011–2014
Avengers Assemble!
Future Tony / Future Tony Stark
Episodes: "The Future!", "Stop & Frisk", "Copyright Infringement"

2012–2017
Ultimate Spider-Man
Stan the Janitor (voice)
Recurring Role

2013
Mad
Bird Scientist, Papa Smurf, The Amazing Man-Spider Announcer (voice)
Episode: "Papa / 1600 Finn"

2013
Phineas and Ferb
New York City Hot Dog Vendor (voice)
Episode: "Phineas and Ferb: Mission Marvel"

2013
Superheroes: A Never-Ending Battle
Himself
3 Episodes

2013
Fangasm[216]
Himself
Episode: "Beam Me Up, Stan"

2013
Lego Marvel Super Heroes: Maximum Overload
Hot Dog Vendor (voice)
Episode: "Assault, Off-Asgard!"

2013–2015
Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H.
Stan the Salesman (voice)
Recurring Role

2014
The Simpsons
Himself (voice)
Episode: "Married to the Blob"

2014
Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.
Himself;[211]
Credited as "Debonair Gentleman"
Episode: "T.R.A.C.K.S."

2014
Hell's Kitchen
Himself
Season 12 Episode 18: 5 Chef's Compete

2014
Marvel 75 Years: From Pulp to Pop!
Himself

2015
Agent Carter
Himself;[211]
Credited as "Shoeshine customer"
Episode: "The Blitzkrieg Button"

2016
Captain America: 75 Heroic Years
Himself

2016
Stan Lee's Lucky Man
Season 1 Episode 1: More Yang Than Yin

2017
Big Hero 6: The Series[217]
Fred's Dad

2017
The Gifted
Himself[218]
Episode: eXposed (Non-speaking cameo)

2017
Runaways
Himself
Episode: Metamorphosis

text: Video games

text:
Year
Video Game
Voice

2000
Spider-Man
Narrator

2001
Spider-Man 2: Enter Electro

2009
Marvel: Ultimate Alliance 2
Senator Lieber

Marvel Super Hero Squad
Mayor of Superhero City

2010
Spider-Man: Shattered Dimensions
Narrator

2012
The Amazing Spider-Man
Himself

2013
Lego Marvel Super Heroes

2014
The Amazing Spider-Man 2

Family Guy: The Quest for Stuff

2016
Lego Marvel Avengers

2017
Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2

text: Accolades

text:
Year
Award
Nominated work
Result

1974
Inkpot Award[219]

Won

1994
The Will Eisner Award Hall of Fame[220]

1995
Jack Kirby Hall of Fame[221]

2002
Saturn Award
The Life Career Award

2008
National Medal of Arts[222]

2009
Hugo Award
Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation- Iron Man
Nominated

Scream Awards[223]
Comic-Con Icon Award
Won

2011
Hollywood Walk of Fame[224]

2012
Visual Effects Society Awards
Lifetime Achievement Award

Producers Guild of America[225]
Vanguard Award

2017
National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers[226]
Performance in a Comedy, Supporting

text:
The County of Los Angeles declared October 2, 2009 "Stan Lee Day".[227]
The City of Long Beach declared October 2, 2009 "Stan Lee Day".[227]

text: On July 14, 2017, Lee and Jack Kirby were named Disney Legends for their creation of numerous characters that would comprise Disney's Marvel Cinematic Universe.[228]

text: On July 18, 2017, as part of D23 Disney Legends event, a ceremony was held on TCL Chinese Theatre in Hollywood Boulevard where Stan Lee imprinted his hands, feet and signature in cement.[229]

text: Bibliography

text: Books

text:
Lee, Stan; Mair, George (2002). Excelsior!: The Amazing Life of Stan Lee. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7432-2800-8.
Lee, Stan (1997) [Originally published by Simon & Schuster in 1974]. Origins of Marvel Comics. Marvel Entertainment Group. ISBN 978-0-7851-0551-0.
Lee, Stan; David, Peter (2015). Amazing, Fantastic, Incredible. Simon & Schuster.

text: Comics bibliography

text: Lee's comics work includes:[82]

text: DC

text:
DC Comics Presents: Superman #1 (2004)
Detective Comics #600 (1989, text piece)
Just Imagine Stan Lee creating:

Aquaman (with Scott McDaniel) (2002)
Batman (with Joe Kubert) (2001)
Catwoman (with Chris Bachalo) (2002)
Crisis (with John Cassaday) (2002)
Flash (with Kevin Maguire) (2002)
Green Lantern (with Dave Gibbons) (2001)
JLA (with Jerry Ordway) (2002)
Robin (with John Byrne) (2001)
Sandman (with Walt Simonson) (2002)
Secret Files and Origins (2002)
Shazam! (with Gary Frank) (2001)
Superman (with John Buscema) (2001)
Wonder Woman (with Jim Lee) (2001)

text: Marvel

text:
The Amazing Spider-Man #1–100, 105–110, 116–118, 200, Annual #1–5, 18 (1962–84); (backup stories): #634–645 (2010–11)
The Amazing Spider-Man, strips (1977–present)[230]
Avengers #1–35 (1963–66)
Captain America #100–141 (1968–71) (continues from Tales of Suspense #99)
Daredevil, #1–9, 11–50, 53, Annual #1 (1964–69)
Daredevil, vol. 2, #20 (backup story) (2001)
Epic Illustrated #1 (Silver Surfer) (1980)
Fantastic Four #1–114, 120–125, Annual #1–6 (1961–72); #296 (1986)
The Incredible Hulk #1–6 (continues to Tales to Astonish #59)
The Incredible Hulk, vol. 2, #108–120 (1968–69)
Journey into Mystery (Thor) plotter #83–96 (1962–63), writer #97–125, Annual #1 (1963–66) (continues to Thor #126)
The Mighty Thor #126–192, 200, Annual #2 (1966–72), 385 (1987)
Nightcat #1 (1991)
Ravage 2099 #1–7 (1992–93)
Savage She-Hulk #1 (1980)
Sgt. Fury and his Howling Commandos #1–28, Annual #1 (1963–66)
Silver Surfer #1–18 (1968–70)
Silver Surfer, vol. 2, #1 (1982)
Silver Surfer: Judgment Day (1988) ISBN 978-0-87135-427-3
Silver Surfer: Parable #1–2 (1988–89)
Silver Surfer: The Enslavers (1990) ISBN 978-0-87135-617-8
Solarman #1–2 (1989–90)
The Spectacular Spider-Man Annual #10 (1990)
Strange Tales (diverse stories): #9, 11, 74, 89, 90–100 (1951–62); (Human Torch): #101–109, 112–133, Annual #2; (Doctor Strange): #110–111, 115–142, 151–158 (1962–67); (Nick Fury, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D.: #135–147, 150–152 (1965–67)
Tales to Astonish (diverse stories): #1, 6, 12–13, 15–17, 24–33 (1956–62); Ant-Man/Giant Man: #35–69 (1962–65) (The Hulk: #59–101 (1964–1968); Sub-Mariner: #70–101 (1965–68)
Tales of Suspense (diverse stories):#7, 9, 16, 22, 27, 29–30 (1959–62); (Iron Man): plotter #39–46 (1963), writer #47–98 (1963–68) (Captain America): #58–86, 88–99 (1964–68)
Web of Spider-Man Annual #6 (1990)
What If (Fantastic Four) #200 (2011)
The X-Men #1–19 (1963–66)

text: Simon & Schuster

text: The Silver Surfer: The Ultimate Cosmic Experience, 114 pages, September 1978, ISBN 978-0-671-24225-1

text: Other

text:
Ultimo (manga original concept)
How to Draw Comics the Marvel Way


document_title: Market structure

question_text: identify the market structure characterized by many small firms selling somewhat different products

text: Market structure

text: History[edit]

text: Market structure has historically emerged in two separate types of discussions in economics, that of Adam Smith on the one hand, and that of Karl Marx on the other hand. Adam Smith in his writing on economics stressed the importance of laissez-faire principles outlining the operation of the market in the absence of dominant political mechanisms of control, while Karl Marx discussed the working of the market in the presence of a controlled economy sometimes referred to as a command economy in the literature. Both types of market structure have been in historical evidence throughout the twentieth century and twenty-first century.

text: Types[edit]

text: The discussion of market structure in free economies as described by Adam Smith is often qualified or discussed in terms of patterns of market organization which serve the buyers and sellers in any particular form of the marketplace. Some types of market structure may be described using several recurrent types of descriptive organizational mechanism which may or may not dominate any particular market over time or at particular points in time, such as;

text: 1. Monopolistic competition, a type of imperfect competition such that many producers sell products or services that are differentiated from one another (e.g. by branding or quality) and hence are not perfect substitutes. In monopolistic competition, a firm takes the prices charged by its rivals as given and ignores the impact of its own prices on the prices of other. This market structure exists when there are multiple sellers who are attempting to seem different than each other.

text: 2. Oligopoly, in which a market is run by a small number of firms that together control the majority of the market share.

text:
Duopoly, a special case of an oligopoly with two firms.
Monopsony, when there is only a single buyer in a market.
Oligopsony, a market where many sellers can be present but meet only a few buyers.

text: 3. Monopoly, where there is only one provider of a product or service.

text: Natural monopoly, a monopoly in which economies of scale cause efficiency to increase continuously with the size of the firm. A firm is a natural monopoly if it is able to serve the entire market demand at a lower cost than any combination of two or more smaller, more specialized firms.

text: 4. Perfect competition, a theoretical market structure that features low barriers to entry, identical products with no differentiation, an unlimited number of producers and consumers, and a perfectly elastic demand curve.[1]

text: Elements and concerns[edit]

text: The imperfectly competitive structure is quite identical to the realistic market conditions where some monopolistic competitors, monopolists, oligopolists, and duopolists exist and dominate the market conditions. The elements of Market Structure include the number and size distribution of firms, entry conditions, and the extent of differentiation.

text: These somewhat abstract concerns tend to determine some but not all details of a specific concrete market system where buyers and sellers actually meet and commit to trade. Competition is useful because it reveals actual customer demand and induces the seller (operator) to provide service quality levels and price levels that buyers (customers) want, typically subject to the seller’s financial need to cover its costs. In other words, competition can align the seller’s interests with the buyer’s interests and can cause the seller to reveal his true costs and other private information. In the absence of perfect competition, three basic approaches can be adopted to deal with problems related to the control of market power and an asymmetry between the government and the operator with respect to objectives and information: (a) subjecting the operator to competitive pressures, (b) gathering information on the operator and the market, and (c) applying incentive regulation.[2]

text:
Quick Reference to Basic Market Structures

Market Structure
Seller Entry Barriers
Seller Number
Buyer Entry Barriers
Buyer Number

Perfect Competition
No
Many
No
Many

Monopolistic competition
No
Many
No
Many

Monopoly
Yes
One
No
Many

Duopoly
Yes
Two
No
Many

Oligopoly
Yes
Few
No
Many

Monopsony
No
Many
Yes
One

Oligopsony
No
Many
Yes
Few

text: The correct sequence of the market structure from most to least competitive is perfect competition, imperfect competition, oligopoly, and pure monopoly.

text: The main criteria by which one can distinguish between different market structures are: the number and size of producers and consumers in the market, the type of goods and services being traded, and the degree to which information can flow freely.


document_title: Draft lottery (1969)

question_text: when did they stop the draft for the vietnam war

text: Draft lottery (1969)

text: Method[edit]

text: The days of the year (including February 29) were written on slips of paper. These pieces of paper were then placed in separate plastic capsules that were mixed in a shoebox and then dumped into a deep glass jar. Capsules were drawn from the jar one at a time.

text: The first number drawn was 258 (September 14), so all registrants with that birthday were assigned lottery number 1. The second number drawn corresponded to April 24, and so forth. All men of draft age (born 1944 to 1950) who shared a birth date would be called to serve at once. The first 195 birthdates drawn were later called to serve in the order they were drawn; the last of these was September 24.[1]

text: Also on December 2, 1971, a second lottery was held, with the 26 letters of the alphabet. Among men with the same birthdate, the order of induction was determined by the permutation ranks of the first letters of their last, first, and middle names.[2] Anyone with initials "JJJ" would have been first within the shared birthdate, followed by "JGJ", "JDJ", and "JXJ"; anyone with initials "VVV" would have been last.[3]

text: People soon noticed that the lottery numbers were not distributed uniformly over the year. In particular, November and December births, or dates 306 to 366, were assigned mainly to lower draft numbers representing earlier calls to serve (see figure). This led to complaints that the lottery was not random as the legislation required. Analysis of the procedure suggested that mixing 366 capsules in the shoe box did not mix them sufficiently before dumping them into the jar. ("The capsules were put in a box month by month, January through December, and subsequent mixing efforts were insufficient to overcome this sequencing.")[2] Only five days in December—Dec. 2, 12, 15, 17 and 19—were higher than the last call number of 195; had the days been evenly distributed, 14 days in December would have been expected to remain uncalled. From January to December, the rank of the average draft pick numbers were 5 4 1 3 2 6 8 9 10 7 11 12. A Monte Carlo simulation found that the probability of a random order of months being this close to the 1–12 sequence expected for unsorted slips was 0.09%.[4]

text: Draft lotteries were conducted again in 1971 (for those born in 1952) and 1972 to 1976 (for 1953 to 1956 births). The draft numbers issued in 1972 were never used to call for induction into service, because the last call was December 7 and authority to induct expired June 30, 1973.

text: The 1972 to 1975 lottery numbers were used to call some men born 1953 to 1956 for physical exams. The highest number called for a physical was 215 (for tables 1970 through 1976).[3]

text: Origins and consequences[edit]

text: Previously in the United States, during the War of 1812, President Madison established a commission to recommend the best ways to raise military manpower; to keep the draft or to institute a volunteer army.[5]

text: After much debate within the Nixon administration and Congress, it was decided that an all-volunteer force was affordable, feasible, and would enhance the nation’s security.[6] U.S. President Richard Nixon issued an Executive order prescribing regulations for random selection of the United States Selective Service system on November 26, 1969.[7]

text: The 1970s were a time of turmoil in the United States, beginning with the Civil Rights Movement which set the standards for practices by the anti-war movement. The 1969 draft lottery only encouraged resentment of the Vietnam war and the draft. It strengthened the anti-war movement,[verification needed] and all over the United States people decried discrimination by the draft system "against low-education, low-income, underprivileged members of society".[8]

text: The draft lottery had social and economic consequences because it generated resistance to military service and the resisters, draft evaders or "draft dodgers", were generally young, well educated, healthy men. The fear of military service in Vietnam influenced many young men born in the late 1940s to join the National Guard. These young men knew, in advance, that the National Guard would be unlikely to send its soldiers to Vietnam. Many men were unable to join the National Guard, even though they had passed their physicals, because many state National Guards had long waiting lists just to enlist. Still others chose legal sanctions such as imprisonment, either showing their disapproval by burning their draft cards or draft letters, or simply not presenting themselves for the military service test. Others left the country, commonly moving to Canada. The number of American citizens who moved to Canada during the Vietnam war because of the draft is estimated to be around 125,000; it is believed that about half returned to the United States after the Nixon era (when the war was also over)(1975).[citation needed]

text: Modification[edit]

text: Lottery procedure was improved the next year although public discontent continued to grow[citation needed] until "authority to induct expired on June 30, 1973".[3]

text: In 1970, covering 1951 birthdates for use during 1971 (sometimes called the 1971 draft), scientists at the National Bureau of Standards prepared 78 random permutations of the numbers 1 to 366 using random numbers selected from published tables.[9] From the 78 permutations, 25 were selected at random and transcribed to calendars using 1 = January 1, 2 = January 2, ... 365 = December 31. Those calendars were sealed in envelopes. 25 more permutations were selected and sealed in 25 more envelopes without transcription to calendars. The two sets of 25 envelopes were furnished to the Selective Service System.[9]

text: On June 2, an official picked two envelopes, thus one calendar and one raw permutation. The 365 birthdates (for 1951) were written down, placed in capsules, and put in a drum in the order dictated by the selected calendar. Similarly, the numbers from 1 to 365 were written down and placed into capsules in the order dictated by the raw permutation.[9]

text: On July 1, the drawing date, one drum was rotated for an hour and the other for a half-hour (its rotating mechanism failed).[9] Pairs of capsules were then drawn, one from each drum, one with a 1951 birthdate and one with a number 1 to 366. The first date and number drawn were September 16 and 139, so all men born September 16, 1951, were assigned draft number 139. The 11th draws were the date July 9 and the number 1, so men born July 9 were assigned draft number 1 and drafted first.[9]