document_title: Cattle drives in the United States

question_text: why did many of the long drives end in kansas

root

text: Cattle drives in the United States

text: Movement of cattle[edit]

text: Cattle drives represented a compromise between the desire to get cattle to market as quickly as possible and the need to maintain the animals at a marketable weight. While cattle could be driven as far as 25 miles (40 km) in a single day, they would lose so much weight that they would be hard to sell when they reached the end of the trail. Usually they were taken shorter distances each day, allowed periods to rest and graze both at midday and at night.[2] On average, a herd could maintain a healthy weight moving about 15 miles (24 km) per day. Such a pace meant that it would take as long as two months to travel from a home ranch to a railhead. The Chisholm Trail, for example, was 1,000 miles (1,600 km) long.[3]

tag: p

text: On average, a single herd of cattle on a long drive (for example, Texas to Kansas railheads) numbered about 3,000 head. To herd the cattle, a crew of at least 10 cowboys was needed, with three horses per cowboy. Cowboys worked in shifts to watch the cattle 24 hours a day, herding them in the proper direction in the daytime and watching them at night to prevent stampedes and deter theft. The crew also included a cook, who drove a chuck wagon, usually pulled by oxen, and a horse wrangler to take charge of the remuda (spare horses). The wrangler on a cattle drive was often a very young cowboy or one of lower social status, but the cook was a particularly well-respected member of the crew, as not only was he in charge of the food, he also was in charge of medical supplies and had a working knowledge of practical medicine.[4]

text: Origins[edit]

text: Long-distance cattle driving was traditional in Mexico, California and Texas, and horse herds were sometimes similarly driven. The Spaniards had established the ranching industry in the New World, and began driving herds northward from Mexico beginning in the 1540s. Small Spanish settlements in Texas derived much of their revenue from horses and cattle driven into Louisiana, though such trade was usually illegal. Cattle driving over long distances also took place in the United States, although infrequently. Relatively long-distance herding of hogs was also common. In 1815 Timothy Flint "encountered a drove of more than 1,000 cattle and swine" being driven from the interior of Ohio to Philadelphia. The stock in settled areas was gentle, often managed on foot.[citation needed]

text: As early as 1836,[5] ranchers in Texas began to drive cattle along a "Beef Trail" to New Orleans. In the 1840s, cattle drives expanded northward into Missouri. The towns of Sedalia, Baxter Springs, Springfield, and St. Louis became principal markets.[6] The Shawnee Trail, also known as the Texas Road or Texas trail, played a significant role in Texas as early as the 1840s. But by 1853, as 3,000 cattle were trailed through western Missouri, local farmers blocked their passage and forced herds to turn back because the Longhorns carried ticks that carried Texas fever. Texas cattle were immune to this disease; but the ticks that they left behind infected the local cattle. By 1855 farmers in western and central Missouri formed vigilance committees, stopped some of the herds, killed any Texas cattle that entered their counties, and a law, effective in December of that year, was passed, banning diseased cattle from being brought into or through the state. Therefore, drovers took their herds up through the eastern edge of Kansas; but there, too, they met opposition from farmers, who induced their territorial legislature to pass a protective law in 1859.[1]

text: During the 1850s, emigration and freighting from the Missouri River westward also caused a rise in demand for oxen. In 1858, the firm of Russell, Majors and Waddell utilized about 40,000 oxen. Longhorns were trained by the thousands for work oxen. Herds of longhorns also were driven to Chicago, and at least one herd was driven all the way to New York.[6] The gold boom in California in the 1850s also created a demand for beef and provided people with the cash to pay for it. Thus, though most cattle were obtained locally or from Mexico, very long drives were attempted. Even the Australians began cattle drives to ports for shipment of beef to San Francisco and, after freezing methods were developed, all the way to Britain. In 1853 the Italian aristocrat Leonetto Cipriani undertook a drive from St. Louis to San Francisco along the California Trail; he returned to Europe in 1855 with large profits.[citation needed]

text: In the early years of the American Civil War, Texans drove cattle into the Confederate states for the use of the Confederate Army. In October, 1862 a Union naval patrol on the southern Mississippi River captured 1,500 head of Longhorns which had been destined for Confederate military posts in Louisiana. The permanent loss of the main cattle supply after the Union gained control of the Mississippi River in 1863 was a serious blow to the Confederate Army.[7]

text: The war blocked access to eastern markets. During the Civil War, the Shawnee Trail was virtually unused.[1] Texas cattle numbers grew significantly in that period, and after the war could not be sold for more than $2 a head in Texas.[5][8] By 1866 an estimated 200,000 to 260,000 surplus cattle were available.[1]

text: In 1865 at the end of the Civil War, Philip Danforth Armour opened a meat packing plant in Chicago known as Armour and Company, and with the expansion of the meat packing industry, the demand for beef increased significantly. By 1866, cattle could be sold to northern markets for as much as $40 per head, making it potentially profitable for cattle, particularly from Texas, to be herded long distances to market.[9]

text: Cattle drive era[edit]

text: The first large-scale effort to drive cattle from Texas to the nearest railhead for shipment to Chicago occurred in 1866, when many Texas ranchers banded together to drive their cattle to the closest point that railroad tracks reached, which at that time was Sedalia, Missouri. However, farmers in eastern Kansas, still concerned that transient animals would trample crops and transmit cattle fever to local cattle, formed groups that threatened to beat or shoot cattlemen found on their lands. Therefore, the 1866 drive failed to reach the railroad and the cattle herds were sold for low prices.[10] There were other drives northward without a definite destination and without much financial success. Cattle were also driven to the old but limited New Orleans market, following mostly well-established trails to the wharves of Shreveport and Jefferson, Texas. In 1868, David Morrill Poor, a former Confederate officer from San Antonio, drove 1,100 cattle from east of San Angelo into Mexico over the Chihuahua Trail. This event, the "Great Chihuahua Cattle Drive," was the largest cattle drive attempted over that trail up to that time, but the market was much better in Kansas than in Mexico, so most drives headed north.[11]

text: By 1867, a cattle shipping facility owned by Joseph G. McCoy opened in Abilene, Kansas.[12] Built west of farm country and close to the railhead at Abilene, the town became a center of cattle shipping, loading over 36,000 head of cattle in its first year.[13] The route from Texas to Abilene became known as the Chisholm Trail, named for Jesse Chisholm who marked out the route. It ran through present-day Oklahoma, which then was Indian Territory, but there were relatively few conflicts with Native Americans, who usually allowed cattle herds to pass through for a toll of ten cents a head. Later, other trails forked off to different railheads, including those at Dodge City and Wichita, Kansas. By 1877, the largest of the cattle-shipping boom towns, Dodge City, Kansas, shipped out 500,000 head of cattle.[14]

text: Other major cattle trails, moving successively westward, were established. In 1867 the Goodnight-Loving Trail opened up New Mexico and Colorado to Texas cattle. By the tens of thousands cattle were soon driven into Arizona. In Texas itself cattle raising expanded rapidly as American tastes shifted from pork to beef. Caldwell, Dodge City, Ogallala, Cheyenne, and other towns became famous because of trail-driver patronage.[15]

text: Chisholm Trail[edit]

text: The Chisholm Trail was the most important route for cattle drives leading north from the vicinity of Ft. Worth, Texas, across Indian Territory (Oklahoma) to the railhead at Abilene. It was about 520 miles long and generally followed the line of the ninety-eighth meridian, but never had an exact location, as different drives took somewhat different paths. With six states enacting laws in the first half of 1867 against trailing cattle north, Texas cattlemen realized the need for a new trail that would skirt the farm settlements and thus avoid the trouble over tick fever. In 1867 a young Illinois livestock dealer, Joseph G. McCoy, built market facilities at Abilene, Kansas, at the terminus of Chisholm Trail. The new route to the west of the Shawnee soon began carrying the bulk of the Texas herds, leaving the earlier trail to dwindle for a few years and expire.[16]

text: The typical drive comprised 1,500–2,500 head of cattle. The typical outfit consisted of a boss, (perhaps the owner), from ten to fifteen hands, each of whom had a string of from five to ten horses; a horse wrangler who handled the horses; and a cook, who drove the chuck wagon. The wagon carried the bedrolls; tents were considered excess luxury. The men drove and grazed the cattle most of the day, herding them by relays at night. Ten or twelve miles was considered a good day's drive, as the cattle had to thrive on the route. They ate grass; the men had bread, meat, beans with bacon, and coffee. Wages were about $40 a month, paid when the herd were sold.[1]

text: The Chisholm Trail decreased in importance after 1871 when, as a result of the westward advance of settlement, Abilene lost its preeminence as a shipping point for Texas cattle. Dodge City, Kansas became the chief shipping point for another trail farther west, crossing the Red River at Red River Station, Texas. The extension of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway to Caldwell, Kansas, in 1880, however, again made the Chisholm Trail a most important route for driving Texas cattle to the North, and it retained this position until the building of additional trunk lines of railway south into Texas caused rail shipments to take the place of the former trail driving of Texas cattle north to market.[17]

text: Cattle towns[edit]

text: Cattle towns flourished between 1866 and 1890 as railroads reached towns suitable for gathering and shipping cattle. The first was Abilene, Kansas. Other towns in Kansas, including Wichita and Dodge City, succeeded Abilene or shared its patronage by riders fresh off the long trail. In the 1880s Dodge City boasted of being the "cowboy capital of the world." Communities in other states, including Ogallala, Nebraska; Cheyenne, Wyoming; Miles City, Montana; and Medora, North Dakota, served the trade as well. Amarillo, Fort Worth, and Wichita Falls, all in Texas; Prescott, Arizona, Greeley, Colorado, and Las Vegas, New Mexico were regionally important.

text: The most famous cattle towns like Abilene were railheads, where the herds were shipped to the Chicago stockyards. Many smaller towns along the way supported open range lands. Many of the cow towns were enlivened by buffalo hunters, railroad construction gangs, and freighting outfits during their heyday. Cattle owners made these towns headquarters for buying and selling.

text: Cowboys, after months of monotonous work, dull food, and abstinence of all kinds, were paid off and turned loose. They howled, got shaved and shorn, bought new clothes and gear. They drank "white mule" straight. Madams and gambling-hall operators flourished in towns that were wide open twenty-four hours a day. Violence and ebullient spirits called forth a kind of "peace officer" that cattle towns made famous—the town marshal. Wild Bill Hickok and Wyatt Earp were perhaps the two best-known cattle town marshals. The number of killings was, however, small by the standards of eastern cities.[18]

text: End of the open range[edit]

text: Expansion of the cattle industry resulted in the need for additional open range. Thus many ranchers expanded into the northwest, where there were still large tracts of unsettled grassland. Texas cattle were herded north, into the Rocky Mountain west and the Dakotas.[19] In 1866, Nelson Story used the Bozeman Trail to successfully drive about 1000 head of longhorn cattle into the Gallatin Valley of Montana.[20] Individual cattle barons such as Conrad Kohrs built up significant ranches in the northern Rockies. In 1866, Kohrs purchased a ranch near Deer Lodge, Montana[21] from former Canadian fur-trader Johnny Grant. At its peak, Kohrs owned 50,000 head of cattle, grazing on 10 million acres (40,000 km²), spread across four states and two Canadian Provinces and shipping 10,000 head of cattle annually to the Chicago stock yards.

text: Later, however, continued overgrazing, combined with drought and the exceptionally severe winter of 1886–1887 wiped out much of the open-range cattle business in Montana and the upper Great Plains. Following these events, ranchers began to use barbed wire to enclose their ranches and protect their own grazing lands from intrusions by others' animals.

text: In the 1890s, herds were still occasionally driven from the Panhandle of Texas to Montana. However, railroads had expanded to cover most of the nation, and meat packing plants were built closer to major ranching areas, making long cattle drives to the railheads unnecessary. Hence, because of this, the age of the open range was gone and the era of large cattle drives was over.[22]

text: Modern cattle drives[edit]

text: Smaller cattle drives continued at least into the 1940s, as ranchers, prior to the development of the modern cattle truck, still needed to herd cattle to local railheads for transport to stockyards and packing plants. Today, cattle drives are primarily used to round up cattle within the boundaries of a ranch and to move them from one pasture to another, a process that generally lasts at most a few days. Because of the significance of the cattle drive in American history, some working ranches have turned their seasonal drives into tourist events, inviting guests in a manner akin to a guest ranch to participate in moving the cattle from one feeding ground to the next. While horses are still used in many places, particularly where there is rough or mountainous terrain, the all-terrain vehicle is also used. When cattle are required to move longer distances, they are shipped via truck.

text: Events intended to promote the western lifestyle may incorporate cattle drives. For example, the Great Montana Centennial Cattle Drive of 1989 celebrated the state of Montana's centennial and raised money for a college scholarship fund as 2,400 people (including some working cowboys), 200 wagons and 2,800 cattle traveled 50 miles in six days from Roundup to Billings along a major highway.[23] Similar drives have been sponsored since that time.

text: Cowboy culture[edit]

text: The cowboy's distinctive working gear, most of it derived from the Mexican vaquero, captured the public image. High-crowned cowboy hat, high-heeled boots, leather chaps, pistol, rifle, lariat, and spurs were functional and necessary in the field, and fascinating on the movie screen. Increasingly the public identified the cowboy with courage and devotion to duty, for he tended cattle wherever he had to go, whether in bogs of quicksand; swift, flooding rivers; or seemingly inaccessible brush. He rode with lightning and blizzard, ate hot summer sand, and was burned by the sun. Theodore Roosevelt conceptualized the herder as a stage of civilization distinct from the sedentary farmer—a classic theme well expressed in the 1944 Broadway hit "Oklahoma!"—Roosevelt argued that the manhood typified by the cowboy—and outdoor activity and sports generally—was essential if American men were to avoid the softness and rot produced by an easy life in the city. The cow towns along the trail were notorious for providing liquor to the cowboys; they usually were not allowed to drink on the trail itself.[24]

text: Image and memory[edit]

text: During three decades it had moved over ten million cattle and one million range horses, stamped the entire West with its character, given economic and personality prestige to Texas, made the longhorn historic, glorified the cowboy over the globe, and endowed America with its most romantic tradition relating to any occupation.

text: The best known writers of the era include Theodore Roosevelt, who spent much of his inheritance ranching in the Dakotas in the 1880s, Will Rogers, the leading humorist of the 1920s, and Indiana-born Andy Adams (1859–1935), who spent the 1880s and 1890s in the cattle industry and mining in the Great Plains and Southwest. When an 1898 play's portrayal of Texans outraged Adams, he started writing plays, short stories, and novels drawn from his own experiences. His The Log of a Cowboy (1903) became a classic novel about the cattle business, especially the cattle drive. It described a fictional drive of the Circle Dot herd from Texas to Montana in 1882, and became a leading source on cowboy life; historians retraced his path in the 1960s, confirming his basic accuracy. His writing is acclaimed and criticized for both its fidelity to truth and lack of literary qualities.[25]

text: Cattle drives on television and film[edit]

text: Cattle drives were a major plot element of many Hollywood films and television shows, particularly during the era when westerns were popular. One of the most famous movies is Red River (1948) directed by Howard Hawks, and starring John Wayne and Montgomery Clift. Like many such films, Red River tended to exaggerate the dangers and disasters of cattle driving. More recently, the movie City Slickers (1990) was about a guest ranch-based cattle drive. In the 1958 film Cowboy, Glenn Ford stars as a hard-living trail boss with Jack Lemmon as a citified "tenderfoot" who joins the drive.

text: The long running TV show Rawhide (1959–1965), starring Eric Fleming and Clint Eastwood, dealt with drovers taking 3000 head along the Sedalia trail from San Antonio, Texas to the railhead at Sedalia. Episode four of the 1970s miniseries Centennial, titled The Longhorns, featured a cattle drive from central Texas to northeastern Colorado. The 1980s miniseries Lonesome Dove, based on a Pulitzer Prize winning novel of the same name, centered on a cattle drive from South Texas to Montana.


document_title: Australia at the FIFA World Cup

question_text: where did australia come in the world cup

text: Australia at the FIFA World Cup

text: FIFA World Cup record[edit]

text: Correct as of 27 June 2018 (vs.  Peru)

text:
FIFA World Cup record

FIFA World CupQualification record

Year

Result

Position

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

 1930

Did not participate

–

–

–

–

–

–

 1934

–

–

–

–

–

–

 1938

–

–

–

–

–

–

 1950

–

–

–

–

–

–

 1954

–

–

–

–

–

–

 1958

–

–

–

–

–

–

 1962

–

–

–

–

–

–

 1966

Did not qualify

2

0

0

2

2

9

 1970

9

3

5

1

12

8

 1974

Group stage

14th

3

0

1

2

0

5

11

5

5

1

21

10

 1978

Did not qualify

12

6

2

4

20

11

 1982

8

4

2

2

22

9

 1986

8

4

3

1

20

4

 1990

6

2

2

2

11

7

 1994

10

7

1

2

21

7

 1998

8

6

2

0

34

5

  2002

8

7

0

1

73

4

 2006

Round of 16

16th

4

1

1

2

5

6

9

7

1

1

31

5

 2010

Group stage

21st

3

1

1

1

3

6

14

9

3

2

19

4

 2014

Group stage

30th

3

0

0

3

3

9

14

8

4

2

25

12

 2018

Group stage

30th

3

0

1

2

2

5

22

14

6

2

51

18

 2022

To Be Determined

   2026

Total

5/21

0 Titles

16

2

4

10

13

31

141

82

36

23

362

113

tag: table

text: Record by opponent[edit]

text:
FIFA World Cup matches (by team)

Opponent

Total

Wins

Draws

Losses

Goals Scored

Goals Conceded

 Brazil
1
0
0
1
0
2

 Chile
2
0
1
1
1
3

 Croatia
1
0
1
0
2
2

 Denmark
1
0
1
0
1
1

 East Germany
1
0
0
1
0
2

 France
1
0
0
1
1
2

 Germany*
2
0
0
2
0
7

 Ghana
1
0
1
0
1
1

 Italy
1
0
0
1
0
1

 Japan
1
1
0
0
3
1

 Netherlands
1
0
0
1
2
3

 Peru
1
0
0
1
0
2

 Serbia
1
1
0
0
2
1

 Spain
1
0
0
1
0
3

text: Games against West Germany are included in statistics of Germany.

tag: ul

text: 1974 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text:
showvteAustralia squad  –  1974 FIFA World Cup
1 Reilly
2 Utjesenovic
3 Wilson (c)
4 Schaefer
5 Curran
6 Richards
7 Rooney
8 Mackay
9 Warren
10 Manuel
11 Abonyi
12 Alston
13 Ollerton
14 Tolson
15 Williams
16 Rudic
17 Harding
18 Watkiss
19 Campbell
20 Buljevic
21 Milisavljevic
22 Maher
Coach: Rasic

text: Group 1[edit]

text:
Team

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

GD

Pts

 East Germany

3
2
1
0
4
1
+3
5

 West Germany

3
2
0
1
4
1
+3
4

 Chile

3
0
2
1
1
2
−1
2

 Australia

3
0
1
2
0
5
−5
1

text:
East Germany

2 – 0

 Australia

Curran  58' (o.g.)  Streich  72'

Report

text:
Australia

0 – 3

 West Germany

Report

 12' Overath   34' Cullmann   53' Müller

text:
Australia

0 – 0

 Chile

Report

text: 2006 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text:
showvteAustralia squad  –  2006 FIFA World Cup
1 Schwarzer
2 Neill
3 Moore
4 Cahill
5 Culina
6 Popovic
7 Emerton
8 Skoko
9 Viduka (c)
10 Kewell
11 Lazaridis
12 Covic
13 Grella
14 Chipperfield
15 Aloisi
16 Beauchamp
17 Thompson
18 Kalac
19 Kennedy
20 Wilkshire
21 Sterjovski
22 Milligan
23 Bresciano
Coach: Hiddink

text: Group F[edit]

text:
Team

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

GD

Pts

 Brazil

3
3
0
0
7
1
+6
9

 Australia

3
1
1
1
5
5
0
4

 Croatia

3
0
2
1
2
3
−1
2

 Japan

3
0
1
2
2
7
−5
1

text:
Australia

3 – 1

 Japan

Cahill  84', 89'  Aloisi  90+2'

Report

 26' Nakamura

text:
Brazil

2 – 0

 Australia

Adriano  49'  Fred  90'

Report

text:
Croatia

2 – 2

 Australia

Srna  2'  N. Kovač  56'  Šimić  32', 85'  Šimunić  61'  90', 90+3' (Note1)

Report

 38' (pen.) Moore   79' Kewell  Emerton  81', 87'

text: Note 1: Šimunić was given three yellow cards in the match: the referee (Graham Poll) failed to send him off the pitch after the second yellow, and was only red carded after the third yellow.

text: Round of 16[edit]

text:
Italy

1 – 0

 Australia

Totti  90+5' (pen.)  Materazzi  50'

Report

text: 2010 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text:
showvteAustralia squad  –  2010 FIFA World Cup
1 Schwarzer
2 Neill (c)
3 Moore
4 Cahill
5 Culina
6 Beauchamp
7 Emerton
8 Wilkshire
9 Kennedy
10 Kewell
11 Chipperfield
12 Federici
13 Grella
14 Holman
15 Jedinak
16 Valeri
17 Rukavytsya
18 Galekovic
19 Garcia
20 Milligan
21 Carney
22 Vidošić
23 Bresciano
Coach: Verbeek

text: Group D[edit]

text:
Pos

Team[ vte ]

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

GD

Pts

Qualification

1

 Germany

3

2

0

1

5

1

+4

6

Advance to knockout stage

2

 Ghana

3

1

1

1

2

2

0

4

3

 Australia

3

1

1

1

3

6

−3

4

4

 Serbia

3

1

0

2

2

3

−1

3

text:
Germany

4 – 0

 Australia

Podolski  8'Klose  26'Müller  68'Cacau  70'

Report

Cahill  56'

text:
Ghana

1 – 1

 Australia

Gyan  25' (pen.)

Report

Holman  11'  Kewell  24'

text:
Australia

2 – 1

 Serbia

Cahill  69'Holman  73'

Report

Pantelić  84'

text: 2014 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text:
showvteAustralia squad  –  2014 FIFA World Cup
1 Ryan
2 Franjic
3 Davidson
4 Cahill
5 Milligan
6 Spiranovic
7 Leckie
8 Wright
9 Taggart
10 Halloran
11 Oar
12 Langerak
13 Bozanic
14 Troisi
15 Jedinak (c)
16 Holland
17 McKay
18 Galekovic
19 McGowan
20 Vidošić
21 Luongo
22 Wilkinson
23 Bresciano
Coach: Postecoglou

text: Group B[edit]

text:
Pos

Team[ vte ]

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

GD

Pts

Qualification

1

 Netherlands

3

3

0

0

10

3

+7

9

Advance to knockout stage

2

 Chile

3

2

0

1

5

3

+2

6

3

 Spain

3

1

0

2

4

7

−3

3

4

 Australia

3

0

0

3

3

9

−6

0

text:
Chile

3–1

 Australia

Sánchez  12'Valdivia  14'Beausejour  90+2'

Report

Cahill  35'

text:
Australia

2–3

 Netherlands

Cahill  21'Jedinak  54' (pen.)

Report

Robben  20'van Persie  58'Memphis  68'

text:
Australia

0–3

 Spain

Report

Villa  36'Torres  69'Mata  82'

text: 2018 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text:
showvteAustralia squad  –  2018 FIFA World Cup
1 Ryan
2 Degenek
3 Meredith
4 Cahill
5 Milligan
6 Jurman
7 Leckie
8 Luongo
9 Juric
10 Kruse
11 Nabbout
12 Jones
13 Mooy
14 Maclaren
15 Jedinak (c)
16 Behich
17 Arzani
18 Vukovic
19 Risdon
20 Sainsbury
21 Petratos
22 Irvine
23 Rogic
Coach: Van Marwijk

text: Group C[edit]

text:
Pos

Team[ vte ]

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

GD

Pts

Qualification

1

 France

3

2

1

0

3

1

+2

7

Advance to knockout stage

2

 Denmark

3

1

2

0

2

1

+1

5

3

 Peru

3

1

0

2

2

2

0

3

4

 Australia

3

0

1

2

2

5

−3

1

text:
France

2–1

 Australia

Griezmann  58' (pen.)
Behich  81' (o.g.)

Report

Jedinak  62' (pen.)

text:
Denmark

1–1

 Australia

Eriksen  7'

Report

Jedinak  38' (pen.)

text:
Australia

0–2

 Peru

Report

Carrillo  18'
Guerrero  50'

text: Goalscorers[edit]

text:
Player

Goals

1974

2006

2010

2014

2018

Tim Cahill

5

2
1
2

Mile Jedinak

3

1
2

Brett Holman

2

2

John Aloisi

1

1

Harry Kewell

1

1

Craig Moore

1

1

Total

13

0
5
3
3
2

text:
Colin Curran (scored for East Germany in 1974)
Aziz Behich (scored for France in 2018)

text: Most appearances[edit]

text:
No

Player

Appearances

World Cups

1

Mark Bresciano
9
2006, 2010, 2014

Tim Cahill
9
2006, 2010, 2014, 2018

3

Scott Chipperfield
7
2006, 2010

Jason Culina
7
2006, 2010

Lucas Neill
7
2006, 2010

Mile Jedinak
7
2010, 2014, 2018

7

Mark Schwarzer
6
2006, 2010

Brett Emerton
6
2006, 2010

Craig Moore
6
2006, 2010

Matthew Leckie
6
2014, 2018

Mathew Ryan
6
2014, 2018


document_title: F Is for Family

question_text: who does the voice of vic on f is for family

text: F Is for Family

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Bill Burr as Francis X. "Frank" Murphy – Frank is a disillusioned, short-tempered, foul-mouthed, Irish-American, Korean War veteran and father of three who lives in the Great Lakes region of town during the mid-1970s. He is prone to angry, profane rants. As a parent, Frank often responds to his children with profanity and emotional abuse. The Murphy children often go out of their way to avoid upsetting their father. Frank works as a baggage handler at the local Mohican Airlines, and is promoted to management after his boss dies in a violent workplace accident. Frank is usually seen spending many hours in front of his television set while at home. Frank's favorite show is an action series called Colt Luger. Luger, an overweight middle-aged character who is portrayed as an unerringly victorious hero. When facing dire situations, Luger utters the phrase "Sometimes, a man's got to do...what a man does", much to Frank's excitement.
Laura Dern as Sue Murphy[2] – Frank's wife who is a housewife, and also sells Plast-a-Ware (a play on words of Tupperware.)
Justin Long as Kevin Murphy[1][2] – Frank's teenage son who is a juvenile delinquent and a struggling rock musician. Despite his rebellious personality, Kevin often shows signs of love and respect for his parents and a desire to better himself (although he rarely, if ever, follows through on the latter).
Haley Reinhart as Bill Murphy, Frank's younger son.[6][7] Bill tends to be shy and is skinny. He gets bullied frequently. Despite his seemingly weak persona, Bill can often let his anger get the best of him. He is 11 years old in the first season.[8]
Debi Derryberry as Maureen Murphy [2][9] – Frank's young daughter who he often refers to as "Princess". However, even though Frank sees Maureen as a princess, Maureen is an intelligent child and can be destructive like the rest of her family members. However, Maureen is smart enough to hide it. Despite her generally girly appearance, Maureen can act somewhat tomboyish at times, much to Frank's chagrin.
Sam Rockwell as Vic – Frank's wealthy, womanizing neighbor, who brags a lot. Frank loathes him for his playboy lifestyle, laid-back attitude and successful career.

text: Co-starring[edit]

text:
Mo Collins as Jimmy, Vivian, Ben, Brandy, Ginny[10]
Trevor Devall as Red, Bolo, Mr. Goomer, Mr. Holtenwasser, others[11][12]
Phil Hendrie as Jim Jeffords, Colt Luger, others[13][14]

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Kevin Michael Richardson as Rosie, others
David Koechner as Robert "Bob Pogo" Pogrohvich, Frank's obese, chainsmoking boss.[15][16]
Kevin Farley as Babe, Carl, others[17]
Gary Cole as Rodger Dunbarton, the owner and founder of the airlines where Frank and his co-workers work.
Joe Buck as Lou Gagliardi, others[18]
John DiMaggio as Scoop Dunbarton, Roger Dunbarton's racist and moronic nephew.
Allison Janney as Henrietta Van Horne[19]
T.J. Miller as Randy
Michael K. Williams as Smoky

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally released

1
6
December 18, 2015 (2015-12-18)

2
10
May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30)

text: Season 1 (2015)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date
Prod.
code

1
1
"The Bleedin' in Sweden"
Benjamin Marsaud
Story by : Bill Burr and Michael Price
Teleplay by : Michael Price
December 18, 2015 (2015-12-18)
101

Frank is excited at the prospect of having the entire neighborhood over to watch an upcoming boxing match, but when Vic threatens to ruin his chances with his much more expensive and exciting television set, Frank overpromises that he has a color TV to convince the neighbors to come to his house instead. After he purchases one, Bill accidentally ruins it when he sticks a magnet on it as part of a school project. Frank initially believes that the store sold him a lemon and has an outburst in front of all the employees and customers when they refuse to give him a refund, embarrassing Sue. Bill eventually confesses, but after being gloated over by one of the store's employees when Frank and Sue take him to apologize, Bill uses his magnet to ruin every single television set in the store, and Frank gets refunded. At the end of the episode, the neighbors watch the match at Frank's house, while Vic watches it at his house "alone".

2
2
"Saturday Bloody Saturday"
Laurent Nicolas
David Richardson
December 18, 2015 (2015-12-18)
102

After finding out that Kevin is failing nearly every single one of his classes, Frank takes him to his job at the airport, where he's recently been promoted after his former boss was decapitated in a violent work accident, to demonstrate to him the responsibilities of caring for a family. Frank is torn between his underpaid, hard-working co-workers who are contemplating a strike, and his employer, who worries a strike will shut down Mohican Airways for good. Although Kevin is initially unimpressed and spends most of the day hanging around with some pill-popping, underachieving airport staff, he realizes the difficulties of his father's job after he witnesses Frank being yelled at and insulted by an old woman, who accuses the airport of stealing her medication, and comes to appreciate how hard Frank works to put food on the table. Meanwhile, after his father puts him in charge of Maureen for the day, Bill struggles to keep her rebellious nature under wraps, while Sue begins to doubt her solitary role as a mother and wife.

3
3
"The Trough"
Benjamin Marsaud
Michael Price
December 18, 2015 (2015-12-18)
103

Despite Kevin's promises to get back on track to improve his grades, Frank is outraged when he finds out that Kevin is still falling behind, and as a punishment, takes Bill to a football game where he was given corporate seats by the management at Mohican Airways, which Frank had initially promised Kevin to go to. While there, they meet Rodger Dunbarton, CEO at Mohican Airways, who speaks to Frank about talks of a strike and how he must no longer sympathize with his co-workers. On the drive home, their car breaks down, and they are rescued by Rosie, one of Frank's colleagues, but when Bill innocently reveals they had been given tickets to a football game and his father's conversation with Dunbarton, Frank faces a hostile situation at work. Meanwhile, Sue goes to the mall with Maureen, where she is accosted by a talkative friend, and Maureen learns of her mother's underwhelming home life during a surprise outburst. Kevin hangs out with friends and gets high, reminiscing of the loving relationship he and his father had when he was young.

4
4
"'F' is for Halloween"
Laurent Nicolas
Tom Gianas
December 18, 2015 (2015-12-18)
104

On Halloween, Frank attempts to dissuade Sue from a promotion, leading to tensions between them; Bill is reluctant to trick-or-treat due to his fear of being bullied.

5
5
"Bill Murphy's Day Off"
Benjamin Marsaud
Emily Towers
December 18, 2015 (2015-12-18)
105

Bill tries to hide his recent suspension while Frank earns the ire of his co-workers for befriending the aloof CEO of the airline. In addition, Frank struggles to make good on a promise to Kevin.

6
6
"O Holy Moly Night"
Laurent Nicolas
David Richardson
December 18, 2015 (2015-12-18)
106

When Christmas comes near, Frank is desperate to remedy the hostility of his co-workers and his supervisors at the airport while the family dog is missing. Kevin starts his part-time job. Bill becomes an altar boy at the church and gets into trouble.

text: Season 2 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date
Prod.
code

7
1
"Heavy Sledding"
Romain Bounoure & Olivier Schramm
Michael Price
May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30)
TBA

Three weeks after he got fired, Frank is still unemployed. On a snow day, Sue decides to take the family sledding to get them out of their slump.

8
2
"A Girl Named Sue"
Romain Bounoure & Olivier Schramm
David Richardson
May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30)
TBA

Frank's old boss, Bob Pogo, calls him to offer him a job, only for things to turn out bad for Frank. Meanwhile, Sue ponders a change in her life.

9
3
"The Liar's Club"
Romain Bounoure & Olivier Schramm
Bill Burr
May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30)
TBA

After bailing out of the unemployment office, Frank turns to Rosie's friend, Smokey, for a job, but not before helping Kevin move into the basement after he ditches school. Meanwhile, Sue gets a new job as a secretary, but is mistreated by the sexist heads of her company.

10
4
"Night Shift"
Romain Bounoure & Olivier Schramm
Emily Towers
May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30)
TBA

Frank gets a job as a stocking man courtesy of Smokey, consequently sleeping through the day and ignoring Sue and his family. All the while, Kevin and his band try to get a gig and Sue has an idea for a new Plast-a-Ware product.

11
5
"Breaking Bill"
Romain Bounoure & Olivier Schramm
Joe Heslinga
May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30)
TBA

After Frank learns that Kevin and his band are performing on a school night, his attempts at halting it cause intense tension between him and Kevin. Meanwhile, Bill, having received money from his job as a paperboy, tries to buy a hockey-stick for hockey tryouts, but a run-in with the local bully, Jimmy, pushes him over the edge. Also, when Sue pitches her idea, she still receives a lack of respect.

12
6
"This is Not Good"
Romain Bounoure, Olivier Schramm & Mike Roberts
Henry Gammill
May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30)
TBA

When Frank's new job includes a stop at the airport, he ends up in a predicament with Bob. Kevin tries to get a date with a 'haircut' girl, but due to erection problems, he bails and this attracts the attention of Vic's new girlfriend. Also, Bill begins to enjoy lifting his legs on the law, much to the concern of his friend Phillip.

13
7
"Fight Night"
Romain Bounoure, Olivier Schramm & Mike Roberts
Eric Goldberg & Peter Tibbals
May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30)
TBA

Frank and Sue's individual underhanded actions causes them to have a major fight on their anniversary when they're called into a meeting with Maureen's school teacher.

14
8
"F is for Fixing It"
Romain Bounoure, Olivier Schramm & Mike Roberts
Valeri Vaughn
May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30)
TBA

Frank and Sue try to deal with their marital problems; Kevin feels guilty for having sex with Vic's new girlfriend; and when Jimmy tried to make amends after he has been released from Catholic Military School, a fearful revelation from Phillip reveals Bill's part in sending him away, causing Jimmy to go back to his bullying ways.

15
9
"Pray Away"
Romain Bounoure, Olivier Schramm & Mike Roberts
Marc Wilmore
May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30)
TBA

Frank and Sue go to a couple's retreat to get help from a religious psychiatrist when their marriage begins to hit a snag, which only leads to a moment of truth between them. Meanwhile, Bill and his friends try to deal with a vengeful Jimmy, while Kevin is forced to deal with Vic when the latter finds out about his girlfriend's affair with Kevin.

16
10
"Landing the Plane"
Romain Bounoure & Olivier Schramm
Michael Price
May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30)
TBA

The day takes a traumatic turn for the Murphys when the founder of Plast-a-Wares takes credit for Sue's idea and Frank and his friends attempt to get rid of "Scoop," the mentally unstable new manager (Roger Dunbarton's nephew), which inadvertently causes them to be caught in the middle of a terrorist attack caused by a Black Panthers-esque band of domestic terrorists.

text: Production[edit]

text: The series was announced in October 2014 as part of a partnership between Netflix, Gaumont International Television, and Wild West Television.[20] The show is a "family comedy" based on the standup of Bill Burr.[21] Moreover, the show takes place in the 1970s, "a time when you could smack your kid, smoke inside, and bring a gun to the airport".[21] Burr voices the Murphy family patriarch, with Laura Dern as his wife, Justin Long as his eldest son, Debi Derryberry as his daughter Maureen, and Haley Reinhart as his young son.[6][7][21] The first season consists of six episodes, shown in a serial manner, written by Bill Burr and Michael Price.[22] Price is best known for his Emmy and Writers Guild award-winning work on The Simpsons.[22] The series is co-directed by Ben Marsaud (director of Counterfeit Cat & former storyboard artist on The Amazing World of Gumball).

text: Reception[edit]

text: The series has received generally positive reviews.[23] On Rotten Tomatoes the series holds a rating of 81% based on 15 reviews, with an average score of 7.1/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "While the humor relies on vulgarity, the strength of F Is for Family is its substantial heart."[24] On Metacritic, the series holds a score of 75 out of 100, based on 14 reviews, indicating "Generally favorable reviews".[25]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee
Result

2017
69th Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Character Voice-Over Performance
Mo Collins as Ginny, Jimmy Fitzsimmons, Lex, Ben, and Cutie Pie (Episode: Pray Away)
Nominated


document_title: Shot clock

question_text: when did the nba add the shot clock

question_tokens: when did the nba add the shot clock

text: Shot clock

text: Definition[edit]

text: The shot clock is set to a certain number of seconds when possession of the ball switches to the other team. The initial setting varies by country, level of play, and league; see the table below. In special cases, such as situations where the new offensive team does not have to travel the entire length of the court, the initial setting may be lower.

text: The shot clock counts down the seconds. In some leagues, the shot clock displays tenths of seconds. When the count reaches zero, a buzzer or horn sounds.

text: The offensive team must shoot the ball before the shot clock expires. The shot must either touch the rim or enter the basket. If the shot clock expires before the ball leaves the player's hand, the team has committed a shot clock violation that results in a turnover to their opponents. The buzzer may sound after the ball leaves the shooter's hand; this is not a violation.

text: When the ball touches the rim or goes into the basket, the shot clock is reset to its initial value. However, it does not start to count down until a player achieves control of the ball, or in the case of a made basket, a player achieves control of the in-bounds pass.

text: The shot clock operator sits at the scorer's table. He or she is usually a different person from the scoreboard operator, as the task requires concentration during and after the shot attempt.

text: The National Basketball Association has had a 24-second limit since first introducing the clock in the 1950s; and college basketball for both men and women has a 30-second limit. The WNBA had a 30-second clock originally; since 2006, the limit is 24 seconds.

text: History[edit]

text: Background[edit]

text: The NBA (National Basketball Association) had problems attracting fans (and positive media coverage) before the shot clock's inception.[1]:23–31 This was due to teams running out the clock once they were leading in a game; without the shot clock, teams passed the ball nearly endlessly without penalty. If one team chose to stall, the other team (especially if behind) would often commit fouls to get the ball back following the free throw. Very low-scoring games with many fouls were common, which bored fans. The most extreme case occurred on November 22, 1950, when the Fort Wayne Pistons defeated the Minneapolis Lakers by a record-low score of 19–18, including 3–1 in the fourth quarter.[2] The Pistons held the ball for minutes at a time without shooting (they attempted 13 shots for the game) in order to limit the impact of the Lakers' dominant George Mikan.  The Pistons' performance led the St. Paul Dispatch to write "[The Pistons] gave pro basketball a great black eye."[3]:31–2 NBA President Maurice Podoloff said, "In our game, with the number of stars we have, we of necessity run up big scores."[3]:33 A few weeks after the Pistons/Lakers game, the Rochester Royals and Indianapolis Olympians played a six-overtime game with only one shot in each overtime - in each overtime period, the team who had the ball first held the ball for the entirety of the period before attempting a last-second shot.  The NBA tried several rule changes in the early 1950s to speed up the game and reduce fouls before eventually adopting the shot clock.

text: Creation[edit]

text: The shot clock first came to use in 1954 in Syracuse, New York, where Syracuse Nationals (now the Philadelphia 76ers) owner Danny Biasone and general manager Leo Ferris experimented using a 24-second version during a scrimmage game.[4][5] Jack Andrews, longtime basketball writer for The Syracuse Post-Standard, often recalled how Ferris would sit at Danny Biasone's Eastwood bowling alley, scribbling potential shot clock formulas onto a napkin.[6] According to Biasone, "I looked at the box scores from the games I enjoyed, games where they didn't screw around and stall. I noticed each team took about 60 shots. That meant 120 shots per game. So I took 2,880 seconds (48 minutes) and divided that by 120 shots. The result was 24 seconds per shot."[2][7][1]:29 Ferris was singled out by business manager Bob Sexton at the 1954 team banquet for pushing the shot clock rule. Biasone and Ferris then convinced the NBA to adopt it for the 1954–55 season, a season in which the Nationals won the NBA Championship.

text: Use and reaction[edit]

text: When it was first introduced by the NBA, the 24-second shot clock made players so nervous that it hardly came into play, as players were taking fewer than 20 seconds to shoot. According to Syracuse star Dolph Schayes, "We thought we had to take quick shots – a pass and a shot was it – maybe 8–10 seconds...  But as the game went on, we saw the inherent genius in Danny's 24 seconds – you could work the ball around [the offensive zone] for a good shot."[1]:29

text: The shot clock, together with some rule changes concerning fouls, revolutionized NBA basketball. In the last pre-clock season (1953–54), teams averaged 79 points per game; in the first year with the clock (1954–55), the average was 93 points,[2] which went up to 107 points by its fourth year in use (1957–58).[1]:28 The advent of the shot clock (and the resulting increase in scoring) coincided with an increase in attendance, which increased 40% within a few years to an average of 4,800 per game.[3]:33–4

text: The shot clock received near-universal praise for its role in improving the style of play in the NBA. Coach and referee Charley Eckman said, "Danny Biasone saved the NBA with the 24-second rule."[8] Boston Celtic all-star Bob Cousy said, "Before the new rule, the last quarter could be deadly. The team in front would hold the ball indefinitely, and the only way you could get it was by fouling somebody. In the meantime, nobody dared take a shot and the whole game slowed up. With the clock, we have constant action. I think it saved the NBA at that time. It allowed the game to breathe and progress."[9]  League president Maurice Podoloff called the adoption of the shot clock "the most important event in the NBA."[2]  The league itself states, "Biasone's invention rescue[d] the league."[8]

text: Adoption by other leagues[edit]

text: Two later pro leagues that rivaled the NBA adopted a modified version of the shot clock.  The American Basketball League used a 30-second shot clock for its two years in existence (1961–1963).  The American Basketball Association also adopted a 30-second clock when it launched in 1967–68, switching to the NBA's 24-second length for its final season (1975–76).

text: In the 1969–70 season, women's collegiate basketball (at the time sanctioned by the Commission on Intercollegiate Athletics for Women) used a 30-second shot clock on an experimental basis, officially adopting it for the 1970–71 season.[10] Unlike the women's side, there was initial resistance to the implementation of a shot clock for men's NCAA basketball, due to fears that smaller colleges would be unable to compete with powerhouses in a running game.  However, after extreme results like an 11–6 Tennessee win over Temple in 1973, support for a men's shot clock began to build.[11] The NCAA introduced a 45-second shot clock for the men's game in the 1985–86 season, reducing it to 35 seconds in the 1993–94 season[12] and 30 seconds in the 2015–16 season.[13] The NAIA also reduced the shot clock to 30 seconds for men's basketball starting in 2015–16.[14]

text: From its inception in 1975, the Philippine Basketball Association adopted a 25-second shot clock. This was because the shot clocks then installed at the league's main venues, the Araneta Coliseum and Rizal Memorial Coliseum (the latter no longer used by the league), could only be set at 5-second intervals. The league later adopted a 24-second clock starting from the 1995 season. The Metropolitan Basketball Association in the Philippines used the 23-second clock from its maiden season in 1998. In Filipino college basketball, the NCAA Basketball Championship (Philippines) and the UAAP Basketball Championship adopted a 30-second clock; they switched to 24 seconds starting with the 2001–02 season, the first season to start after the FIBA rule change in 2001.

text: Operation[edit]

text: In the NBA (since 1954), Women's National Basketball Association (since 2006), and FIBA play (since 2000; 30-second from 1956 to 2000), the shot clock counts down 24 seconds. If a shot is attempted and hits or enters the rim, or if the defensive team gains possession via a rebound, steal, or out-of-bounds play, the shot clock resets.  Failure by the offense to attempt a shot that hits the rim within the prescribed time results in a "shot clock violation" and a loss of possession to the other team. Three signals indicate when the shot clock expires—a shot clock signal, illuminated lights on the shot clock (NBA, FIBA, Euroleague, and many venues using an NBA-style transparent shot clock), and in the NBA and FIBA play (starting in July 2018), a yellow LED light strip on the backboard. In the 2011–12 NBA season and 2014–15 Euroleague, the last five seconds of the shot clock were modified to include tenths of a second, allowing offensive players to see precisely how much time they have to shoot and officials to determine any last-second shots easily.  The rule has been adopted by FIBA starting in 2018.[15] In the 2016-17 NBA season, a new 'official timekeeper' deal for the NBA with Swiss watch manufacturer Tissot introduced a new united official game clock/shot clock system, putting both timing systems under the same system for the first time.[16] Tissot also became official timekeeper for the WNBA in the 2017 season.

text: 14-second clock[edit]

text: If the offensive team is fouled and the penalty does not include free throws but just an in-bounds pass, the shot clock is reset. There are several cases where the play has already begun to develop and the offense does not need another full 24 seconds. These exceptions work by resetting the shot clock to a given number of seconds if it showed fewer seconds, topping it up to give the offense the given number of seconds as a minimum. Time is never taken off the shot clock by rule.

text: One such exception, in the NBA since 1998 and in FIBA after 2010, is that on a foul in the frontcourt, the shot clock is increased to 14.

text: In FIBA and the WNBA, the shot clock is also reset to 14 seconds after an offensive rebound.

text: On a jump ball, the state of the shot clock depends on which team wins the jump. If the offensive team retains the ball, the shot clock resumes from the time at which it stopped, because there was no change of possession. If the defensive team acquires possession, the shot clock is reset. However:

text:
In Euroleague, if the offense retains possession, the shot clock is increased to 14 seconds (as above in the case of a non-shooting foul in the forecourt).
In the NBA, if the defense causes the jump ball, the shot clock is increased to 5.0 seconds.

text: Collegiate and scholastic rules[edit]

text: American college basketball uses a 30-second shot clock, while Canadian university basketball uses a 24-second clock. The American women's game has used a 30-second clock since the 1970s, but the men's game did not adopt a shot clock until 1985. The men's limit was originally 45 seconds, and was shortened to 35 seconds in 1993 before going to 30 seconds in 2015.

text: The National Federation of State High School Associations (NFHS), which sets rules for high school basketball in the U.S., does not mandate the use of a shot clock, instead leaving the choice to use a clock and its duration up to each individual state association. Proposals to adopt a national shot clock for high school basketball have been voted down by the NFHS as recently as 2011.[17]

text: Currently, eight U.S. states require the use of a shot clock of 30/35 seconds in high school competition: California, Maryland, Massachusetts, New York, North Dakota, Rhode Island, South Dakota, and Washington.[17] The District of Columbia also uses a 30-second shot clock for public school (DCIAA) competition and for the DCSAA State Tournament, where public, private, and charter schools compete for the championship of the District of Columbia.

text: Shot clock length in basketball[edit]

text:
Organization

Duration

NBA

24 seconds 14 seconds (offensive retains control after fouls)

WNBA

U Sports (Canadian universities)

NCAA, NAIA

30 seconds

United States high school basketball

30/35 seconds (some states only)

FIBA

24 seconds (full-court game)14 seconds (reset when offense retains ball) 12 seconds (3x3 half-court)[18]

text: Shot clock length in other sports[edit]

text:
Sport

Organization

Duration

Lacrosse

MLL

60 seconds

NLL

30 seconds

Ringette

N/A

30 seconds

Water polo

FINA

30 seconds

Canoe polo

ICF

60 seconds

Ten-pin bowling

PBA

25 seconds

Korfball

IKF

25 seconds

Snooker

Snooker Shoot-Out

15 seconds (first five minutes)10 seconds (last five minutes)

Carom billiards(Three-cushion billiards)

World ChampionshipEuropean ChampionshipWorld Cup

40 seconds[19](3 time-outs (40 sec.) possible)

text: Time line[edit]

text: A related rule to speed up play is that the offensive team has a limited time to advance the ball across the half-court line (the "time line"). Failure to do so is a "backcourt violation" resulting in a turnover to the other team. This rule was introduced in 1933, predating the shot clock by over 2 decades.

text: In men's college basketball, the interval is 10 seconds. FIBA and the NBA specified 10 seconds, but adopted an 8-second limit in 2000 and 2001, respectively. The violation may be referred to using this limit: a "10-second violation" or "8-second violation".

text: Generally, the time limit is not marked off by the shot clock; a referee counts the seconds through a visible motion of his hand or arm. However, women's college basketball introduced the 10-second limit in 2013–2014, and provided that officials will not count the ten seconds but "will use the shot clock to determine if a 10-second violation has occurred." The referee calls a violation if the offense still has the ball in the backcourt when the shot clock has counted down from 30 to 20 and now shows 19 (which first occurs at 19.9 seconds left).[20]


document_title: Perseus (constellation)

question_text: when is the constellation perseus visible in the northern hemisphere

text: Perseus (constellation)

text: History and mythology[edit]

text: The constellation of Perseus may be derived from the Babylonian Old Man (MUL.SHU.GI) constellation, then associated with East in the MUL.APIN—an astronomical compilation dating to around 1000 BCE.[6] In Greek mythology, Perseus was the son of Danaë, who was sent by King Polydectes to bring the head of Medusa the Gorgon—whose visage caused all who gazed upon her to turn to stone—as a wedding gift. Perseus slew Medusa in her sleep, and Pegasus and Chrysaor appeared from her body.[7] Perseus continued to the realm of Cepheus whose daughter Andromeda was to be sacrificed to Cetus the sea monster.

text: Perseus rescued Andromeda from the monster by killing it with his diamond sword.[8] He turned Polydectes and his followers to stone with Medusa's head and appointed Dictys the fisherman king.[7] Perseus and Andromeda married and had six children.[8] In the sky, Perseus lies near the constellations Andromeda, Cepheus, Cassiopeia (Andromeda's mother), Cetus, and Pegasus.[7]

text: In non-Western astronomy[edit]

text: Four Chinese constellations are contained in the area of the sky identified with Perseus in the West. Tiānchuán (天船), the Celestial Boat, was the third paranatellon (A star or constellation which rises at the same time as another star or object.[9]) of the third house of the White Tiger of the West, representing the boats that Chinese people were reminded to build in case of a catastrophic flood season. Incorporating stars from the northern part of the constellation, it contained Mu, Delta, Psi, Alpha, Gamma and Eta Persei.[10] Jīshuǐ (積水), the Swollen Waters, was the fourth paranatellon of the aforementioned house, representing the potential of unusually high floods during the end of August and beginning of September at the beginning of the flood season. Lambda and possibly Mu Persei lay within it.[11] Dàlíng (大陵), the Great Trench, was the fifth paranatellon of that house, representing the trenches where criminals executed en masse in August were interred. It was formed by Kappa, Omega, Rho, 24, 17 and 15 Persei. The pile of corpses prior to their interment was represented by Jīshī (積屍, Algol), the sixth paranatellon of the house.[11] The Double Cluster, h and Chi Persei, had special significance in Chinese astronomy. Known as Hsi and Ho, the two clusters represented two astronomers who failed to predict a total solar eclipse and were subsequently beheaded.[12]

text: In Polynesia, Perseus was not commonly recognized as a separate constellation; the only people that named it were those of the Society Islands, who called it Faa-iti, meaning "Little Valley".[13] Algol may have been named Matohi by the Māori people, but the evidence for this identification is disputed. Matohi ("Split") occasionally came into conflict with Tangaroa-whakapau over which of them should appear in the sky, the outcome affecting the tides. It matches the Maori description of a blue-white star near Aldebaran but does not disappear as the myth would indicate.[14]

text: Characteristics[edit]

text: Perseus is bordered by Aries and Taurus to the south, Auriga to the east, Camelopardalis and Cassiopeia to the north, and Andromeda and Triangulum to the west. Covering 615 square degrees, it ranks twenty-fourth of the 88 constellations in size. It appears prominently in the northern sky during the Northern Hemisphere's spring. Its main asterism consists of 19 stars. The constellation's boundaries, as set by Eugène Delporte in 1930, are defined by a 26-sided polygon. In the equatorial coordinate system, the right ascension coordinates of these borders lie between 01h 29.1m and 04h 51.2m, while the declination coordinates are between 30.92° and 59.11°.[15] The International Astronomical Union (IAU) adopted the three-letter abbreviation "Per" for the constellation in 1922.[16]

text: Features[edit]

text: Stars[edit]

text: Algol (from the Arabic رأس الغول Ra's al-Ghul, which means The Demon's Head), also known by its Bayer designation Beta Persei, is the best-known star in Perseus. Representing the eye of the Gorgon Medusa in Greek mythology, it was called Horus in Egyptian mythology[17] and Rosh ha Satan ("Satan's Head") in Hebrew. Located 92.8 light-years from Earth, it varies in apparent magnitude from a minimum of 3.5 to a maximum of 2.3 over a period of 2.867 days.[18] The star system is the prototype of a group of eclipsing binary stars named Algol variables, though it has a third member to make up what is actually a triple star system.[19] The brightest component is a blue-white main-sequence star of spectral type B8V,[20] which is 3.5 times as massive and 180 times as luminous as the Sun.[19] The secondary component is an orange subgiant star of type K0IV that has begun cooling and expanding to 3.5 times the radius of the Sun,[21] and has 4.5 times the luminosity and 80% of its mass.[19] These two are separated by only 0.05 astronomical units (AU)—five percent of the distance between the Earth and Sun; the main dip in brightness arises when the larger fainter companion passes in front of the hotter brighter primary.[19] The tertiary component is a main sequence star of type A7,[22] which is located on average 2.69 AU from the other two stars. AG Persei is another Algol variable in Perseus, whose primary component is a B-type main sequence star with an apparent magnitude of 6.69.[23] Phi Persei is a double star, although the two components do not eclipse each other. The primary star is a Be star of spectral type B0.5, possibly a giant star, and the secondary companion is likely a stellar remnant. The secondary has a similar spectral type to O-type subdwarfs.[24]

text: With the historical name Mirfak (Arabic for elbow) or Algenib, Alpha Persei is the brightest star of this constellation with an apparent magnitude of 1.79. A supergiant of spectral type F5Ib located around 590 light-years away from Earth,[25] Mirfak has 5,000 times the luminosity and 42 times the diameter of our Sun. It is the brightest member of the Alpha Persei Cluster (also known as Melotte 20 and Collinder 39), which is an open cluster containing many luminous stars. Neighboring bright stars that are members include the Be stars Delta (magnitude 3.0),[26] Psi (4.3),[27] and 48 Persei (4.0);[28] the Beta Cephei variable Epsilon Persei (2.9);[29] and the stars 29 (5.2),[30] 30 (5.5),[31] 31 (5.0),[32] and 34 Persei (4.7).[33] Of magnitude 4.05, nearby Iota Persei has been considered a member of the group, but is actually located a mere 34 light-years distant. This star is very similar to our Sun, shining with 2.2 times its luminosity. It is a yellow main sequence star of spectral type G0V. Extensive searches have failed to find evidence of it having a planetary system.[34]

text: Zeta Persei is the third-brightest star in the constellation at magnitude 2.86. Around 750 light-years from Earth, it is a blue-white supergiant 26–27 times the radius of the Sun and 47,000 times its luminosity. It is the brightest star (as seen from Earth) of a moving group of bright blue-white giant and supergiant stars, the Perseus OB2 Association or Zeta Persei Association. Zeta is a triple star system, with a companion blue-white main sequence star of spectral type B8 and apparent magnitude 9.16 around 3900 AU distant from the primary, and a white main sequence star of magnitude 9.90 and spectral type A2, some 50,000 AU away, that may or may not be gravitationally bound to the other two.[35] X Persei is a double system in this association; one component is a hot, bright star and the other is a neutron star.[36] With an apparent magnitude of 6.72, it is too dim to be seen with the naked eye even in perfectly dark conditions.[37] The system is an X-ray source and the primary star appears to be undergoing substantial mass loss.[38] Once thought to be a member of the Perseus OB2 Association,[39] Omicron Persei is a multiple star system with a combined visual magnitude of 3.85.[40] It is composed of two blue-white stars—a giant of spectral class B1.5 and main sequence star of B3—which orbit each other every 4.5 days and are distorted into ovoids due to their small separation. The system has a third star about which little is known. At an estimated distance of 1475 light-years from Earth, the system is now thought to lie too far from the center of the Zeta Persei group to belong to it.[41]

text: GRO J0422+32 (V518 Persei) is another X-ray binary in Perseus. One component is a red dwarf star of spectral type M4.5V,[42] which orbits a mysterious dense and heavy object—possibly a black hole—every 5.1 hours.[43] The system is an X-ray nova, meaning that it experiences periodic outbursts in the X-ray band of the electromagnetic spectrum.[44] If the system does indeed contain a black hole, it would be the smallest one ever recorded.[45] Further analysis in 2012 calculated a mass of 2.1 solar masses, which raises questions as to what the object actually is as it appears to be too small to be a black hole.[46]

text: GK Persei, also known as Nova Persei 1901, is a bright nova that appeared halfway between Algol and Delta Persei. Discovered on 21 February 1901 by Scottish amateur astronomer Thomas David Anderson, it peaked at magnitude 0.2—almost as bright as Capella and Vega. It faded to magnitude 13 around 30 years after its peak brightness.[47] Xi Persei, traditionally known as Menkhib,[48] a blue giant of spectral type O7III, is one of the hottest bright stars in the sky,[49] with a surface temperature of 37,500 K. It is one of the more massive stars, being between 26 and 32 solar masses,[49][50] and is 330,000 times as luminous as our Sun.[51]

text: Named Gorgonea Tertia, Rho Persei varies in brightness like Algol, but is a pulsating rather than eclipsing star. At an advanced stage of stellar evolution, it is a red giant that has expanded for the second time to have a radius around 150 times that of our Sun. Its helium has been fused into heavier elements and its core is composed of carbon and oxygen.[52] It is a semiregular variable star of the Mu Cephei type, whose apparent magnitude varies between 3.3 and 4.0[53] with periods of 50, 120 and 250 days.[54] The Double Cluster contains three even larger stars, each over 700 solar radii:[55] S, RS, and SU Persei are all semiregular pulsating M-type supergiants.[56][57][58] The stars are not visible to the naked eye; SU Persei, the brightest of the three, has an apparent magnitude of 7.9[58] and thus is visible through binoculars. AX Persei is another binary star, the primary component is a red giant in an advanced phase of stellar evolution, which is transferring material onto an accretion disc around a smaller star. The star system is one of the few eclipsing symbiotic binaries, but is unusual because the secondary star is not a white dwarf, but an A-type star.[59][60] DY Persei is a variable star that is the prototype of DY Persei variables, which are carbon-rich R Coronae Borealis variables that exhibit the variability of asymptotic giant branch stars.[61] DY Persei itself is a carbon star that is too dim to see through binoculars, with an apparent magnitude of 10.6.[62]

text: Seven stars in Perseus have been found to have planetary systems. V718 Persei is a star in the young open cluster IC 348 that appears to be periodically eclipsed by a giant planet every 4.7 years.[63] This has been inferred to be an object with a maximum mass of 6 times that of Jupiter and an orbital radius of 3.3 AU.[64]

text: Deep-sky objects[edit]

text: The galactic plane of the Milky Way passes through Perseus, but is much less obvious than elsewhere in the sky as it is mostly obscured by molecular clouds.[65] The Perseus Arm is a spiral arm of the Milky Way galaxy and stretches across the sky from the constellation Cassiopeia through Perseus and Auriga to Gemini and Monoceros.[66] This segment is towards the rim of the galaxy.[65]

text: Within the Perseus Arm lie two open clusters (NGC 869 and NGC 884) known as the Double Cluster.[67] Sometimes known as h and Chi (χ) Persei respectively, they are easily visible through binoculars and small telescopes.[68][69] Both lie more than 7,000 light-years from Earth and are several hundred light-years apart. The Double Cluster was first recorded during the reign of the Chinese king Tsung-K'ang, who reigned during the Xia dynasty (2858–2146 BCE).[12] Both clusters are of approximately magnitude 4 and 0.5 degrees in diameter. The two are Trumpler class I 3 r clusters, though NGC 869 is a Shapley class f and NGC 884 is a Shapley class e cluster. These classifications indicate that they are both quite rich (dense); NGC 869 is the richer of the pair.[70] The clusters are both distinct from the surrounding star field and are clearly concentrated at their centers. The constituent stars, numbering over 100 in each cluster, range widely in brightness.[71]

text: M34 is an open cluster that appears at magnitude 5.5,[72] and is approximately 1,500 light-years from Earth.[73] It contains about 100 stars scattered over a field of view larger than that of the full moon.[72] M34 can be resolved with good eyesight but is best viewed using a telescope at low magnifications. IC 348 is a somewhat young open cluster that is still contained within the nebula from which its stars formed. It is located about 1,027 light-years from Earth, is about 2 million years old,[74] and contains many stars with circumstellar disks.[75] Many brown dwarfs have been discovered in this cluster due to its age; since brown dwarfs cool as they age, it is easier to find them in younger clusters.[76]

text: There are many nebulae in Perseus. M76 is a planetary nebula, also called the Little Dumbbell Nebula.[77] It appears two arc-minutes by one arc-minute across and has an apparent brightness of magnitude 10.1.[77] NGC 1499, also known as the California Nebula, is an emission nebula that was discovered in 1884–85 by American astronomer Edward E. Barnard.[78] It is very difficult to observe visually because its low surface brightness makes it appear dimmer than most other emission nebulae.[79] NGC 1333 is a reflection nebula and a star-forming region.[80][81] Perseus also contains a giant molecular cloud, called the Perseus molecular cloud; it belongs to the Orion Spur and is known for its low rate of star formation compared to similar clouds.[82]

text: Perseus contains some notable galaxies. NGC 1023 is a barred spiral galaxy of magnitude 10.35, around 11.6 million pc (38 million ly) from Earth.[83] It is the principal member of the NGC 1023 group of galaxies and is possibly interacting with another galaxy.[84] NGC 1260 is either a lenticular or tightly-wound spiral galaxy about 76.7 million pc (250 million ly) from Earth. It was the host galaxy of the supernova SN 2006gy, one of the brightest ever recorded. It is a member of the Perseus cluster (Abell 426),[85] a massive galaxy cluster located 76.6 million pc (250 million ly) from Earth. With a redshift of 0.0179, Abell 426 is the closest major cluster to the Earth.[86] NGC 1275, a component of the cluster, is a Seyfert galaxy containing an active nucleus that produces jets of material, surrounding the galaxy with massive bubbles.[87] These bubbles create sound waves that travel through the Perseus Cluster, sounding a B flat 57 octaves below middle C.[87] This galaxy is a cD galaxy that has undergone many galactic mergers throughout its existence, as evidenced by the "high velocity system"—the remnants of a smaller galaxy—surrounding it. Its active nucleus is a strong source of radio waves.[87]

text: Meteor showers[edit]

text: The Perseids are a prominent annual meteor shower that appear to radiate from Perseus from mid-July, peaking in activity between 9 and 14 August each year. Associated with Comet Swift–Tuttle, they have been observed for about 2,000 years.[88] The September Epsilon Perseids, discovered in 2012, are a meteor shower with an unknown parent body in the Oort cloud.[89]