document_title: List of Chief Ministers of Odisha

question_text: who is the chief minister of odisha in 2017

text: List of Chief Ministers of Odisha

text: Premiers of Orissa[edit]

text:
No
Name
Term of office
Party
Days in office

1
Krushna Chandra Gajapati
1 April 1937
19 July 1937
Independent

80 days

2
Biswanath Das
19 July 1937
4 November 1939
Indian National Congress

(1)
Krushna Chandra Gajapati
29 November 1941
29 June 1944
Independent

text: Chief Ministers of Odisha[edit]

text:
Colour key for parties

  Biju Janata Dal
  Indian National Congress
  Janata Dal
  Janata Party
  Swatantra Party
  N/A (President's rule)

text:
No
Name
Term of office
Party[a]
Days in office

1
Harekrushna Mahatab
23 April 1946
12 May 1950
Indian National Congress

1002 days

2
Nabakrushna Choudhury
MLA for Barchana
12 May 1950
20 Feb 1952
2352 days

20 Feb 1952
19 Oct 1956

(1)
Harekrushna Mahatab
MLA for Soro
19 October 1956
6 Apr 1957
1591 days (Total 2593 days)

6 Apr 1957
22 May 1959

22 May 1959
25 Feb 1961

–
Vacant[b]
(President's rule)
25 February 1961
23 June 1961
N/A

3
Biju Patnaik
MLA for Choudwar
23 June 1961
2 October 1963
Indian National Congress

832 days

4
Biren Mitra
MLA for Cuttack City
2 October 1963
21 February 1965
509 days

5
Sadashiva Tripathy
MLA for Omerkote
21 February 1965
8 March 1967
746 days

6
Rajendra Narayan Singh Deo
MLA for Bolangir
8 March 1967
9 January 1971
Swatantra Party

1403 days

–
Vacant[b]
(President's rule)
11 January 1971
3 April 1971
N/A

7
Biswanath Das
MLA for Rourkela
3 April 1971
14 June 1972
Independent

439 days

8
Nandini Satpathy
14 June 1972
3 March 1973
Indian National Congress

263 days

–
Vacant[b]
(President's rule)
3 March 1973
6 March 1974
N/A

(8)
Nandini Satpathy
MLA for Dhenkanal
6 March 1974
16 December 1976
Indian National Congress

1016 days (Total 1279 days)

–
Vacant[b]
(President's rule)
16 December 1976
29 December 1976
N/A

9
Binayak Acharya
MLA for Berhampur
29 December 1976
30 April 1977
Indian National Congress

123 days

–
Vacant[b]
(President's rule)
30 April 1977
26 June 1977
N/A

10
Nilamani Routray
MLA for Basudevpur
26 June 1977
17 February 1980
Janata Party

968 days

–
Vacant[b]
(President's rule)
17 February 1980
9 June 1980
N/A

11
Janaki Ballabh Patnaik
MLA for Athagarh
9 June 1980
10 Mar 1985
Indian National Congress

3469 days

10 Mar 1985
7 Dec 1989

12
Hemananda Biswal
MLA for Laikera
7 December 1989
5 March 1990
89 days

(3)
Biju Patnaik
MLA for Bhubaneswar
5 March 1990
15 March 1995
Janata Dal

1837 days (Total 2669 days)

(11)
Janaki Ballabh Patnaik
MLA for Begunia
15 March 1995
17 February 1999
Indian National Congress

1437 days (Total 4906 days)

13
Giridhar Gamang
MLA for Laxmipur
17 February 1999
6 December 1999
291 days

(12)
Hemananda Biswal
MLA for Laikera
6 December 1999
5 March 2000
91 days (Total 180 days)

14
Naveen Patnaik
MLA for Hinjili
5 March 2000
16 May 2004
Biju Janata Dal

6512 days
(7003651200000000000♠17 years, 303 days)

16 May 2004
21 May 2009

21 May 2009
21 May 2014

21 May 2014
Incumbent

text:
Jump up ^ This column only names the chief minister's party. The state government he heads may be a complex coalition of several parties and independents; these are not listed here.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f When President's rule is in force in a state, its council of ministers stands dissolved. The office of chief minister thus lies vacant. At times, the legislative assembly also stands dissolved.[2]


document_title: United States Passport Card

question_text: where can you travel with the passport card

root

text: United States Passport Card

text: History[edit]

text: As a result of the September 11 attacks, the United States began implementing a range of measures to increase the security of its borders and its identity documents. One result of this was WHTI, which mandates that a smaller, more secure number of documents verifying both identity and citizenship be used to facilitate identification and international border crossing. Previous to WHTI, many different types of documents were acceptable to cross the border, including birth certificates issued by thousands of different authorities within the United States and Canada. As a result of WHTI, American citizens traveling to Canada would have been required to obtain a passport booklet in order to cross the border. In order to offer a less expensive and more portable alternative to border communities and frequent travelers, the passport card was developed.

tag: p

text: In an effort to improve efficiency at land crossings, the passport card also includes a vicinity-read radio frequency identification chip with a unique identifying number tied to government databases. Unlike the passport book, the RFID chip in the passport card is designed to be readable at a greater distance, allowing border agents to access traveler information before they pull up to the inspection station. While a biometric passport contains a chip containing all of the traveler's information in electronic format, the RFID chip in a passport card does not contain any personal information beyond the identifying number, which is used to locate records in secure government databases. To prevent the RFID chip from being read when the card is not being used, the passport card comes with a sleeve designed to block RFID while inside.[8]

text: Use[edit]

text: The passport card is a limited travel document, valid only for land and sea travel within North America (Canada, the United States, Mexico, the Caribbean, and Bermuda). It cannot be used for international air travel. The Department of State indicates that this is because "designing a card format passport for wide use, including by air travelers, would inadvertently undercut the broad based international effort to strengthen civil aviation security and travel document specifications to address the post 9/11 threat environment".[9]

text: Aside from being unable to be used for international air travel, the passport card is treated as a passport for all other purposes. A United States passport card can be used as primary evidence of United States citizenship, just like a passport booklet,[10] and can be used as a valid proof of citizenship and proof of identity both inside and outside the United States.[11] However, the acceptance of the passport card as an identity document by both private and governmental entities within the U.S. varies greatly, due to its unfamiliarity with many people.[citation needed][original research?]

text: Under the REAL ID Act, the passport card is also accepted for federal purposes (such as domestic air travel or entering federal buildings), which may make it an attractive option for people living in states whose driver's licenses and ID cards are not REAL ID–compliant when those requirements go into effect. TSA regulations list the passport card as an acceptable identity document at airport security checkpoints.[12] For the purposes of state voter photo identification initiatives, the passport card has been deemed acceptable.[citation needed]

text: U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services has indicated that the U.S. Passport Card may be used in the Employment Eligibility Verification Form I-9 process.[13] The passport card is considered a "List A" document that may be presented by newly hired employees during the employment eligibility verification process to show work authorized status.[14] "List A" documents are those used by employees to prove both identity and work authorization when completing the Form I-9.[15]

text: Validity and fees[edit]

text: The passport card will share the same validity period as the passport book: 10 years for persons 16 and over, 5 years for children under 16.  As of April 9, 2018, the passport card renewal fee for eligible applicants (adults only, by mail) is $30; first-time applicants and those applying in person must also pay a $35 processing fee, for a total fee of $65. Passport cards for children must be applied for in person; the total fee is $50, including the $35 processing fee.

text: Adults who already have a fully valid passport book may pay a fee of $30 to apply for the card as a passport renewal.

text: A citizen or national is allowed to hold both a card passport and a booklet passport. A passport in either form entitles its holder to apply for the other form (or both forms) as a "renewal" by mail at the end of its validity period.

text: Card layout[edit]

text: This section  possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (February 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: The passport card is formatted according to specifications for credit card (ID-1) sized travel documents, as described in ICAO Document 9303, Part 3, Volume 1. The card contains both human-readable and machine-readable information; the latter is printed in the machine-readable zone on the rear of the card as OCR-readable text in a similar format as on the identity page of the passport book. The zone starts with the letters IP (designated by ICAO for passport card[16]), followed by the issuing country code USA and then the Passport Card's serial number (which is prefixed with a "C" and differs from the individual's passport book number, even if issued together). The general layout of the Passport Card is virtually identical to the layout of the Border Crossing Card issued to Mexican citizens with primarily the background imagery and entitlements varying between the two cards.[citation needed]

text: Anti-counterfeiting features[edit]

text: In addition to the embedded RFID chip, the front of the card features a complex multi-layer hologram consisting of an American bald eagle surrounded by the words "United States of America Department of State" in a small clearly readable font, further surrounded by the same words repeatedly in microprint. The card's background consists of interweaving smooth curves rich in variable color and microprint. All of the personal information on the card is created by laser engraving, with some key information produced in raised tactile engraving, including the date of birth, vertical letters "USA", the passport card number, and an alphanumeric sequence underneath the photograph. A second, smaller "ghost" photograph of the bearer is included on the right side of the card; when closely inspected this ghost image is actually an approximation of the shading in the original photo composed of various letters from the card holder's name. There is an embossed seal in the upper left hand corner of the card (partially overlapping the photograph) depicting the obverse of the Great Seal of the United States. On the rear of the card, the "PASSsystem" mark appears in Optically variable ink. When viewed under UV lighting, a reddish-orange bald eagle in flight appears. On newer passport cards, the eagle is surrounded by a blue ring that reads "From Sea To Shining Sea".[citation needed]

text: Use[edit]

text: U.S. Passport Cards can be used at land border-crossings or sea ports-of-entry only to member states and territories of the Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative, currently:

text:
Canada
 Mexico (only for travel within the border zone)
 Bermuda
 Anguilla
 Antigua and Barbuda
 Aruba
 the Bahamas
 British Virgin Islands
 Caribbean Netherlands (of Bonaire; Sint Eustatius and Saba; Curaçao; Sint Maarten)
 Cayman Islands
 Dominica
 Dominican Republic
 Grenada
 Jamaica (except for business travel)
 Montserrat
 Saint Kitts and Nevis
 Saint Lucia
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
 Turks and Caicos Islands

tag: ul

text: The U.S. Passport card is accepted for land travel by the immigration authorities of Canada and Mexico.[17][18][19] The U.S. Passport Card is not valid for international air travel.[5][20]

text: Since they are not participating in the WHTI, the U.S. Passport Card cannot be used when entering the U.S. from the following countries and territories, even though they are considered part of the Caribbean:

text:
Barbados
 Trinidad and Tobago (opted out)
 Haiti (considered too unstable)
 Cuba (embargoed)
 French West Indies, composed of Guadeloupe, Martinique, Saint Barthélemy, and Saint Martin (under French sovereignty)[19]


document_title: Pontifical Swiss Guard

question_text: who inspired the swiss guard uniform that is still worn today

text: Pontifical Swiss Guard

text: History[edit]

text: Italian Wars[edit]

text: The Pontifical Swiss Guard has its origins in the 15th century. Pope Sixtus IV (1471–1484) had already made an alliance with the Swiss Confederacy and built barracks in Via Pellegrino after foreseeing the possibility of recruiting Swiss mercenaries. The pact was renewed by Innocent VIII (1484–1492) in order to use them against the Duke of Milan. Alexander VI (1492–1503) later actually used the Swiss mercenaries during their alliance with the King of France. During the time of the Borgias, however, the Italian Wars began in which the Swiss mercenaries were a fixture in the front lines among the warring factions, sometimes for France and sometimes for the Holy See or the Holy Roman Empire. The mercenaries enlisted when they heard King Charles VIII of France was going to war with Naples. Among the participants in the war against Naples was Cardinal Giuliano della Rovere, the future Pope Julius II (1503–1513), who was well acquainted with the Swiss, having been Bishop of Lausanne years earlier.

text: The expedition failed, in part thanks to new alliances made by Alexander VI against the French. When Cardinal della Rovere became Pope Julius II in 1503, he asked the Swiss Diet to provide him with a constant corps of 200 Swiss mercenaries. This was made possible through the financing of the German merchants from Augsburg, Bavaria, Ulrich and Jacob Fugger, who had invested in the Pope and saw it fit to protect their investment.[5]

text: In September 1505, the first contingent of 150 soldiers started their march towards Rome, under the command of Kaspar von Silenen, and entered the city on 22 January 1506, today given as the official date of the Guard's foundation.[6][7]

text: "The Swiss see the sad situation of the Church of God, Mother of Christianity, and realize how grave and dangerous it is that any tyrant, avid for wealth, can assault with impunity, the common Mother of Christianity," declared Huldrych Zwingli, a Swiss Catholic who later became a Protestant reformer. Pope Julius II later granted them the title "Defenders of the Church's freedom".[8]

text:
The force has varied greatly in size over the years and has even been disbanded. Its most significant hostile engagement was on 6 May 1527, when 147 of the 189 Guards, including their commander, died fighting the troops of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in the stand of the Swiss Guard during the Sack of Rome in order to allow Clement VII to escape through the Passetto di Borgo, escorted by the other 42 guards. The last stand battlefield is located on the left side of St Peter's Basilica, close to the Campo Santo Teutonico (German Graveyard).
Clement VII was forced to replace the Swiss Guard by a contingent of 200 German mercenaries (Custodia Peditum Germanorum). Ten years later, under Pope Paul III, the Swiss Guard was reinstated, under commander  Jost von Meggen.

text: Early Modern history[edit]

text:
After the end of the Italian Wars, the Swiss Guard ceased to be used as a military combat unit in the service of the pope and its role became mostly that of the protection of the person of the pope and of a ceremonial guard.
However, twelve members of the Pontifical Swiss Guard of Pius V served as part of the Swiss Guard of admiral Marcantonio Colonna in the Battle of Lepanto in 1571.[9]

text:
The office of commander of the Papal Guard came to be a special honour in the Catholic part of the Swiss Confederacy.
It became strongly associated with the leading family of Lucerne, Pfyffer von Altishofen. Between 1652 and 1847, nine out a total of ten commanders were members of this family (the exception being Johann Kaspar Mayr von Baldegg, also of Lucerne, served 1696–1704).

text: In 1798, commander Franz Alois Pfyffer von Altishofen went into exile with the deposed Pius VI. After the death of the pope on 29 August 1799, the Swiss Guard was disbanded and only reinstated by Pius VII in 1801. In 1808, Rome was again captured by the French and the guard was disbanded again. Pius VII was exiled to Fontainebleau. The guard was reinstated under the same commander, Karl Leodegar Pfyffer von Altishofen, when the pope returned from exile in 1814.

text: Modern history[edit]

text: The guard was disbanded yet again in 1848, when Pius IX fled to Gaeta, but was reinstated when the pope returned to Rome in the following year.

text: In the later 19th century, the Swiss Guard declined into a purely ceremonial body with low standards. Guards in the Vatican were  "Swiss" only in name, mostly born in Rome to parents of Swiss descent and speaking the Roman Trastevere dialect. The guards were trained solely for ceremonial parade, kept only a few obsolete rifles in store and wore civilian dress when drilling or in barracks. Administration, accommodation, discipline and organization were neglected and the unit numbered only about 90 men out of an authorized establishment of 133.[10]

text:
The modern Swiss Guard is the product of the reforms pursued by Jules Repond, commander during 1910–1921.
Repond  proposed to recruit only native citizens of Switzerland and he introduced rigorous military exercise.
He also attempted to introduce modern arms, but Pius X only permitted the presence of firearms if they were not functional.
Repond's reforms and strict discipline were not well received by the corps, culminating in a week of open mutiny in July 1913 and the subsequent dismissal of thirteen ringleaders from the guard.[11]

text:
In his project to restore the Swiss Guard to its former prestige, Repond also dedicated himself to the study of historical costume, with the aim of designing a new uniform that would be both reflective of the historical Swiss costume of the 16th century and suited for military exercise.
The result of his studies was published as Le costume de la Garde suisse pontificale et la Renaissance italienne (1917). Repond designed the distinctive Renaissance-style uniforms still worn by the modern Swiss Guard. The introduction of the new uniforms was completed in May 1914.

text:
The foundation of Vatican City as a modern sovereign state was negotiated in the Lateran Treaty of 1929.
The duties of protecting public order and security in the Vatican lay with the Papal Gendarmerie Corps, while the Swiss Guard, the   Palatine Guard and the Noble Guard served mostly ceremonial functions.
The Palatine and Noble Guards were disbanded  by Paul VI in 1970, leaving the Swiss Guard as the only ceremonial guard unit of the Vatican.
At the same time, the Gendarmerie Corps was  transformed into a Central Security Office, with the duties of protecting the Pope, defending Vatican City, and providing police and security services within its territory, while the Swiss Guard continued to serve ceremonial functions only.
Paul VI in a decree of 28 June 1976 defined the nominal size of the corps at 90 men. This was increased to 100 men by John Paul II on 5 April 1979. As of 2010 the guard numbered 107 halberdiers divided into three squads, plus five officers.[12]

text:
Since the assassination attempt on John Paul II of 13 May 1981,  a much stronger emphasis has been placed on the guard's non-ceremonial roles.[13]
The Swiss Guard has developed into a modern guard corps equipped with modern small arms, and members of the Swiss Guard in plain clothes now accompany the pope on his travels abroad for his protection.

text: On 4 May 1998 commander Alois Estermann was murdered on the day of his promotion. Estermann and his wife, Gladys Meza Romero, were killed by the young guardsman Cédric Tornay, who later committed suicide. The case received considerable public attention and became the subject of a number of conspiracy theories involving either Cold War politics or the Opus Dei controversy. British journalist John Follain who published a book on the case in 2006 concluded that the killer acted purely on personal motivation.[14]

text:
On the occasion of the 500th anniversary of the Swiss Guard, in April–May 2006, 80 former guardsmen marched from Bellinzona in southern Switzerland to Rome, recalling the march of the original 200 Swiss guards to take up Papal service, in 1505. The march had been preceded by other celebrations in Lucerne, including a rally of veterans of the Guard and a mass.[15]
In a public ceremony on 6 May 2006, 33 new guards were sworn in on the steps of St. Peter's Basilica instead of the traditional venue in the San Damaso Courtyard. The date chosen marked the anniversary of the Sack of Rome when the Swiss Guard had been nearly destroyed. Present at this event were representatives of the Company of Pikemen and Musketeers of the Honourable Artillery Company of London and the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Massachusetts.

text: In December 2014, Pope Francis directed that Daniel Anrig's term as commander should end on 31 January 2015, being replaced by his deputy Christoph Graf. This followed reports about Anrig's "authoritarian style".[16]

text: With the rise of Islamic terrorism in Europe and open threats against the Vatican issued by the Islamic State (ISIS), Vatican officials in 2015 collaborated with Italian authorities to improve the protection of Vatican City against attacks that cannot be reasonably defended against by the Swiss Guard and Vatican police, notably against drone attacks.[17]

text: Recruitment and service[edit]

text: Recruits to the guards must be Catholic, single males with Swiss citizenship who have completed basic training with the Swiss Armed Forces and can obtain certificates of good conduct. Recruits must have a professional degree or high school diploma and must be between 19 and 30 years of age and at least 174 cm (5 ft 8.5 in) tall.[3] In 2009, the Pontifical Swiss Guard commandant, Daniel Anrig, suggested that the Guard might someday be open to recruiting women, but he added that the admission of female recruits remained far in the future.[18]

text: Qualified candidates must apply to serve. If accepted, new guards are sworn on 6 May every year in the San Damaso Courtyard (Italian: Cortile di San Damaso) in the Vatican (6 May is the anniversary of the Sack of Rome). The chaplain of the guard reads aloud the oath in the languages of the guard (German, Italian, and French):[19][20]

text: (English translation) I swear I will faithfully, loyally and honourably serve the Supreme Pontiff (name of pope) and his legitimate successors, and dedicate myself to them with all my strength, sacrificing, if necessary, my life to defend them. I assume this same commitment with regard to the Sacred College of Cardinals whenever the Apostolic See is vacant. Furthermore I promise to the Commanding Captain and my other superiors respect, fidelity and obedience. I swear to observe all that the honor of my position demands of me.

text: When his name is called, each new guard approaches the Pontifical Swiss Guard's flag, grasping the banner in his left hand.  He raises his right hand with his thumb, index, and middle finger extended along three axes, a gesture that symbolizes the Holy Trinity, and swears in his native tongue:

text: (German version) Ich schwöre, alles das, was mir soeben vorgelesen wurde, gewissenhaft und treu zu halten, so wahr mir Gott und seine Heiligen helfen.[21]

text: (Italian version) Giuro d’osservare fedelmente, lealmente e onorevolmente tutto ciò che in questo momento mi è stato letto, che Iddio e i Suoi Santi mi assistano.[21]

text: (French version) Je jure d’observer, loyalement et de bonne foi, tout ce qui vient de m’être lu aussi vrai que Dieu et ses Saints m’assistent.[21]

text: (English translation) I swear to diligently and faithfully abide by all that has just been read out to me, so help me God and his Saints.

text:
"Those who are accepted serve for a minimum of two years, but can also stay in service for an additional year or two, which was the case for many guards during last year’s Jubilee of Mercy." [22]
Regular guardsmen (halberdiers) receive a tax-free salary of EUR 1,300 per month (as of 2015) plus extra pay for hours worked overtime. In addition, accommodation and boarding are provided.[23]
Members of the guard are eligible for Vatican decorations.  The Benemerenti medal is usually awarded after three years of faithful service.

text: Uniforms[edit]

text:
The official dress uniform is of blue, red, orange and yellow with a distinctly Renaissance appearance. It was introduced by commandant Jules Repond (1910–1921)  in 1914.[24]
Repond's design was inspired by 16th-century depictions of the Swiss Guard.
While both Michelangelo and a painting of the Pontifical Swiss Guard bearing Pope Julius II on a litter (by Raphael) are often cited as inspiration for the Pontifical Swiss Guard uniform,[24] the actual uniforms worn by those soldiers included a flaring skirt;[25] a common feature in male clothing during the Renaissance.
A clear expression of the modern Pontifical Swiss Guard uniform can be seen in a 1577 fresco by Jacopo Coppi of the Empress Eudoxia conversing with Pope Sixtus III. It shows the precursor of today's recognizable three-colored uniform with boot covers, white gloves, a high or ruff collar, and either a black beret or a black Comb morion (silver for high occasions). Sergeants wear a black top with crimson leggings, while other officers wear an all-crimson uniform.
The colours  blue and yellow were in use from the 16th century, said to be chosen to represent the Della Rovere coat of arms of Julius II, with the colour red added to represent the Medici coat of arms of Leo X.

text:
The ordinary guardsmen and the sub-corporals wear the "tricolor" (yellow, blue and red) uniform without any rank distinctions except for a different model of halberd in gala dress. The corporals have red braid insignia on their cuffs and use a different, more spear-like, halberd.
Headwear is typically a black beret for daily duties, while a black or silver morion helmet with red, white, yellow and black, and purple ostrich feathers is worn for ceremonial duties, the former for guard duty or drill; the latter for high ceremonial occasions such as the annual swearing in ceremony or reception of foreign heads of state. Historically brightly coloured pheasant or heron feathers were used.[26]
The senior non-commissioned and warrant officers have a different type of uniform. All sergeants have essentially the same pattern of dress as ordinary guardsmen, but with black tunics and red breeches. Every sergeant has a red plume on his helmets, except for the Sergeant Major, who displays distinctive white feathers. When the gala uniform is worn, sergeants have a different pattern of armor  with a gold cord across the chest.

text: The commissioned officers (Captains, Major, Vice-Commander and Commander) are distinguished by a completely red uniform with a different style of breeches, and golden embroidery on the sleeves. They have a longer sword, which is used when commanding a group or a squadron of guards. In gala dress all ranks use a bigger purple plume on their helmets, except  for the Commander, who has a white one. Usually the Commander and the Chief of Staff (usually the Vice-Commander) use armor when present at gala ceremonies. On such occasions "armor complete" - including sleeve armor, is worn. Except for ceremonial occasions and exercises officers of the guard wear civilian dress when on duty.[12]

text: The tailors of the Swiss Guard work inside the Vatican barracks. There the uniform for each guardsman is tailor-made individually.[27] The total set of Renaissance style clothing weighs 8 pounds (3.6 kg), and may be the heaviest and most complicated uniform in use by any standing army today.  A single uniform requires 154 pieces and takes nearly 32 hours and 3 fittings to complete.[28]

text: The modern regular duty uniform is more functional, consisting of a simpler solid blue version of the more colorful tricolor grand gala uniform, worn with a simple brown belt, a flat white collar and a black beret.[24] For new recruits and rifle practice, a simple light blue overall with a brown belt may be worn. During cold or inclement weather, a dark blue cape is worn over the regular uniform.

text: Equipment[edit]

text:
The eponymous main weapon of the halbardiers is the halberd; corporals and vice-corporals are equipped with a partisan polearm. Ranks above corporal do not have polearms, but on certain ceremonial occasions carry  command batons.
The banner is escorted by two  flamberge great swords carried by corporals or vice-corporals.
A dress sword is carried by all ranks, swords with a simple S-shaped crossguard by the lower ranks, and elaborate basket-hilt rapiers in the early baroque style by officers.

text:
Arms and armour used by the Swiss Guard are kept in the Armeria (armoury).
The Armeria also contains a collection of historical weapons no longer in use.[29][30]
The armoury preserves a collection of historical plate armour (cuirasses or half-armour). The oldest specimens date to c. 1580, while the majority originates in the 18th century. Historical armour was worn on the occasion of canonizations until 1970, since 1970 their use has been limited to the oath ceremony on 6 May.  A full set of replicas of the historical cuirasses was commissioned in 2012, from Waffen und Harnischschmiede Schmidberger in Molln, Upper Austria in 2012. The cuirasses are handmade, and the production of a single piece takes about 120 hours.[31] The replicas are not financed by the Vatican itself but by private donations via the
Foundation for the Swiss Guard in the Vatican, a Fribourg-based organisation established in 2000.[32]

text:
The Swiss Guard in their function as bodyguards are equipped with the  SIG P220 pistol and the SIG SG 550 rifle (or its SG 552 variant) also in use by the Swiss Army.
As recruits to the Swiss Guard must have passed basic military training in Switzerland, they are already familiar with these weapons when they begin their service. The pepper spray used by the Swiss Army (RSG-2000) is also in use.
The Glock 19 pistol and Heckler & Koch MP7 submachine gun are reportedly also carried by Swiss Guard members in their function as plainclothes bodyguards.[33]

text:
In the 19th century (prior to 1870), the Swiss Guard along with the Papal Army used firearms with special calibres such as the 12,7 mm Remington Papal.[34]
The Swiss Guard historically also used the M1842 T.59-67, 1871 Vetterli, Schmidt-Rubin K31  and  SIG SG 510 rifles, the Dreyse M1907 pistol, and the SIG MKMO, Hispano-Suiza MP43/44 and Heckler & Koch MP5 submachine guns.[33]

text: Ranks and insignia[edit]

text:
Oberst (Colonel – the commandant of the Guard)
Oberstleutnant (Lieutenant Colonel – the vice-commandant)
Kaplan (Chaplain – considered the same rank as a lieutenant colonel)
Major
Hauptmann (Captain)

text:
Feldweibel (Sergeant-major)
Wachtmeister (Sergeant)
Korporal (Corporal)
Vizekorporal (Vice-corporal; closest British equivalent would be lance corporal)

text: Hellebardier/Gardist (Halbardier/Guardsman)

text: Table of shoulder marks worn by officers.

text:
EquivalentNATO Code
OF-10
OF-9
OF-8
OF-7
OF-6
OF-5
OF-4
OF-3
OF-2
OF-1
OF(D) & Student officer

 Vatican City(Edit)

No equivalent

No equivalent

Oberst

Oberstleutnant

Major

Hauptmann

text: Table of sleeve insignia worn by other ranks.

text:
EquivalentNATO Code
OR-9
OR-8
OR-7
OR-6
OR-5
OR-4
OR-3
OR-2
OR-1

 Vatican City (Edit)

No equivalent

No equivalent

No equivalent

Feldweibel

Wachtmeister

Korporal

Vizekorporal

Hellebardier

text: Table of cap badges worn on berets and other headdress.

text:
Colonel (Oberst)
Lieutenant Colonel (Oberstleutnant)
Major (Major)
Captain (Hauptmann)
Sergeant Major (Feldweibel)
Sergeant (Wachtmeister)
Corporal (Korporal)
Vice Corporal (Vizekorporal)

1
1 (+ Chaplain)
1
2
1
5
10
10

text: Banner[edit]

text:
The design of the banner of the Pontifical Swiss Guard banner has been changed several times. A fresco by Polidoro da Caravaggio in the burial chapel of the guard in  Santa Maria della Pietà in Campo Santo Teutonico, commissioned by  the second commander, Marx Röist, in 1522, depicts the commander of the guard flanked by two banners.
An early reference to the guard's banner (vennly) dates to 1519, although the design of that banner is unknown. An early surviving banner is on display in the Sala Regia. The banner would change with each pontificate, and depict the colours of the coat of arms of the reigning pope. The modern colours of the Swiss Guard, introduced in the early 20th century, are those of the House of Medici, first used under the Medici popes and depicted in a fresco by  Giuseppe Porta (1520–1575).[36]
Under Pius IX  (Mastai Ferretti, r. 1846-1878), it was divided into three horizontal fields, displaying the coat of arms of the Holy See (keys in saltire surmounted by the papal tiara on a red field), the Swiss flag (a white cross with two laurel branches on a red field) and a yellow field without heraldic charge.
On the reverse side of the banner was the papal coat of arms of Pius IX. Under Pius X (Giuseppe Melchiorre, r. 1903–1914) and commander
Leopold Meyer von Schauensee (1901–1910), the top field displayed the papal coat of arms in a blue field, in the center field was red without heraldic charge and the bottom field displayed the family coat of arms of the guard commander.[37]

text:
The modern design of the banner was first used under commander Jules Repond of Freiburg (1910–1921).[38]
The modern banner is a square divided by a white cross into quarters (in the tradition of the banners historically used by the Swiss Guards in the 18th century). In the fourth quarter (lower right) is Pope Julius II's coat of arms; in the first quarter (upper left) that of the reigning Pope. The other two quarters display the  Swiss Guard's colours (red, yellow and blue, the colours of the House of Medici), and in the center of the cross is the commander's own coat of arms.
The current banner (As of  2016[update]) thus shows the coat of arms of Pope Francis in the first quarter and a vignette of the family coat of arms of Christoph Graf in the center. It has dimensions of 2.2 m squared, woven in a damask pattern of pomegranates and thistles, in what is known as "Julius-damask" based on the Julius banners of 1512. The central vignette is embroidered on the backdrop of the colours of the flag of Lucerne. The guard colours in the second quarter (upper right) were reversed so that the second and third quarters are identical. The banner was completed in April 2015, and it was first used for the oath of service of new recruits on 6 May 2015.[1]

text: Even though the banner is carried out during ceremonies and the Urbi et Orbi address and blessing twice a year, during the current term of Pope Francis, only the Flag of Vatican City is used instead of the banner during ceremonial occasions as a sort of National Colour whenever the Pope is present.


document_title: List of all-time NASCAR Cup Series winners

question_text: who's got the most wins in nascar

question_tokens: who 's got the most wins in nascar

text: Win table[edit]

text: All figures correct as of the 2017 AAA Texas 500 at Texas Motor Speedway (November 5, 2017).

text:
Key

Driver is competing full-time in the 2017 season

Driver is competing part-time in the 2017 season

Driver has been inducted into the NASCAR Hall of Fame

text:
Driver
Strictly Stock
(1949)
Grand National
(1950–1970)
Winston
Cup
(1971–2003)
Playoffs era
(2004–present)
Modern era
total
(1972–present)
[1]
Combined
total
[2]

Petty, RichardRichard Petty
119
81
0
60
200

Pearson, DavidDavid Pearson
58
47
0
45
105

Gordon, JeffJeff Gordon
0
64
29
93
93

Allison, BobbyBobby Allison
19
65
0
55
84

Waltrip, DarrellDarrell Waltrip
0
84
0
84
84

Johnson, JimmieJimmie Johnson
0
6
77
83
83

Yarborough, CaleCale Yarborough
14
69
0
69
83

Earnhardt, DaleDale Earnhardt
0
76
0
76
76

Wallace, RustyRusty Wallace
0
54
1
55
55

Petty, LeeLee Petty
54
0
0
0
54

Jarrett, NedNed Jarrett
50
0
0
0
50

Johnson, JuniorJunior Johnson
50
0
0
0
50

Stewart, TonyTony Stewart
0
17
32
49
49

Thomas, HerbHerb Thomas
48
0
0
0
48

Baker, BuckBuck Baker
46
0
0
0
46

Elliott, BillBill Elliott
0
44
0
44
44

Busch, KyleKyle Busch
0
0
43
43
43

Martin, MarkMark Martin
0
33
7
40
40

Flock, TimTim Flock
39
0
0
0
39

Kenseth, MattMatt Kenseth
0
7
31
38
38

Harvick, KevinKevin Harvick
0
4
33
37
37

Isaac, BobbyBobby Isaac
32
5
0
1
37

Roberts, FireballFireball Roberts
33
0
0
0
33

Jarrett, DaleDale Jarrett
0
31
1
32
32

Hamlin, DennyDenny Hamlin
0
0
31
31
31

Busch, KurtKurt Busch
0
8
21
29
29

Edwards, CarlCarl Edwards
0
0
28
28
28

White, RexRex White
28
0
0
0
28

Earnhardt Jr., DaleDale Earnhardt Jr.
0
9
17
26
26

Lorenzen, FredFred Lorenzen
26
0
0
0
26

Paschal, JimJim Paschal
25
0
0
0
25

Weatherly, JoeJoe Weatherly
25
0
0
0
25

Keselowski, BradBrad Keselowski
0
0
24
24
24

Rudd, RickyRicky Rudd
0
23
0
23
23

Labonte, TerryTerry Labonte
0
22
0
22
22

Burton, JeffJeff Burton
0
17
4
21
21

Labonte, BobbyBobby Labonte
0
21
0
21
21

Parsons, BennyBenny Parsons
0
21
0
21
21

Smith, JackJack Smith
21
0
0
0
21

Thompson, SpeedySpeedy Thompson
20
0
0
0
20

Allison, DaveyDavey Allison
0
19
0
19
19

Baker, BuddyBuddy Baker
3
16
0
15
19

Biffle, GregGreg Biffle
0
1
18
19
19

Flock, FontyFonty Flock
19
0
0
0
19

Bodine, GeoffreyGeoffrey Bodine
0
18
0
18
18

Bonnett, NeilNeil Bonnett
0
18
0
18
18

Gant, HarryHarry Gant
0
18
0
18
18

Kahne, KaseyKasey Kahne
0
0
18
18
18

Logano, JoeyJoey Logano
0
0
18
18
18

Newman, RyanRyan Newman
0
9
9
18
18

Panch, MarvinMarvin Panch
17
0
0
0
17

Turner, CurtisCurtis Turner
17
0
0
0
17

Irvan, ErnieErnie Irvan
0
15
0
15
15

Hutcherson, DickDick Hutcherson
14
0
0
0
14

Truex Jr., MartinMartin Truex Jr.
0
0
14
14
14

Yarbrough, LeeRoyLeeRoy Yarbrough
14
0
0
0
14

Rathmann, DickDick Rathmann
13
0
0
0
13

Richmond, TimTim Richmond
0
13
0
13
13

Allison, DonnieDonnie Allison
5
5
0
4
10

Marlin, SterlingSterling Marlin
0
10
0
10
10

Goldsmith, PaulPaul Goldsmith
9
0
0
0
9

Owens, CottonCotton Owens
9
0
0
0
9

Welborn, BobBob Welborn
9
0
0
0
9

Bowyer, ClintClint Bowyer
0
0
8
8
8

Petty, KyleKyle Petty
0
8
0
8
8

Dieringer, DarelDarel Dieringer
7
0
0
0
7

Foyt, A. J.A. J. Foyt
3
4
0
2
7

McMurray, JamieJamie McMurray
0
1
6
7
7

Reed, JimJim Reed
7
0
0
0
7

Teague, MarshallMarshall Teague
7
0
0
0
7

Burton, WardWard Burton
0
5
0
5
5

Gurney, DanDan Gurney
5
0
0
0
5

Kulwicki, AlanAlan Kulwicki
0
5
0
5
5

Larson, KyleKyle Larson
0
0
5
5
5

Lund, TinyTiny Lund
5
0
0
0
5

Marcis, DaveDave Marcis
0
5
0
5
5

Mayfield, JeremyJeremy Mayfield
0
3
2
5
5

Moody, RalphRalph Moody
5
0
0
0
5

Dane, LloydLloyd Dane
4
0
0
0
4

Flock, BobBob Flock
4
0
0
0
4

Glotzbach, CharlieCharlie Glotzbach
3
1
0
0
4

Gray, EddieEddie Gray
4
0
0
0
4

Hamilton, BobbyBobby Hamilton
0
4
0
4
4

Hamilton, PetePete Hamilton
3
1
0
0
4

Jones, ParnelliParnelli Jones
4
0
0
0
4

McGriff, HershelHershel McGriff
4
0
0
0
4

Nemechek, JoeJoe Nemechek
0
3
1
4
4

Pagan, EddieEddie Pagan
4
0
0
0
4

Schrader, KenKen Schrader
0
4
0
4
4

Shepherd, MorganMorgan Shepherd
0
4
0
4
4

Stacy, NelsonNelson Stacy
4
0
0
0
4

Wade, BillyBilly Wade
4
0
0
0
4

Waltrip, MichaelMichael Waltrip
0
4
0
4
4

Wood, GlenGlen Wood
4
0
0
0
4

Blair, BillBill Blair
3
0
0
0
3

Gordon, RobbyRobby Gordon
0
3
0
3
3

Linder, DickDick Linder
3
0
0
0
3

Mundy, FrankFrank Mundy
3
0
0
0
3

Sadler, ElliottElliott Sadler
0
1
2
3
3

Staley, GwynGwyn Staley
3
0
0
0
3

Vickers, BrianBrian Vickers
0
0
3
3
3

Ambrose, MarcosMarcos Ambrose
0
0
2
2
2

Andretti, JohnJohn Andretti
0
2
0
2
2

Beauchamp, JohnnyJohnny Beauchamp
2
0
0
0
2

Byron, RedRed Byron
2
0
0
0
2

Cope, DerrikeDerrike Cope
0
2
0
2
2

Craven, RickyRicky Craven
0
2
0
2
2

Elder, RayRay Elder
0
2
0
1
2

Hylton, JamesJames Hylton
1
1
0
1
2

Johns, BobbyBobby Johns
2
0
0
0
2

Johnson, Joe LeeJoe Lee Johnson
2
0
0
0
2

Keller, AlAl Keller
2
0
0
0
2

Langley, ElmoElmo Langley
2
0
0
0
2

Letner, DannyDanny Letner
2
0
0
0
2

Montoya, Juan PabloJuan Pablo Montoya
0
0
2
2
2

Myers, BillyBilly Myers
2
0
0
0
2

Pardue, JimmyJimmy Pardue
2
0
0
0
2

Park, SteveSteve Park
0
2
0
2
2

Pistone, TomTom Pistone
2
0
0
0
2

Porter, MarvinMarvin Porter
2
0
0
0
2

Ragan, DavidDavid Ragan
0
0
2
2
2

Reutimann, DavidDavid Reutimann
0
0
2
2
2

Sosebee, GoberGober Sosebee
2
0
0
0
2

Spencer, JimmyJimmy Spencer
0
2
0
2
2

Stenhouse Jr., RickyRicky Stenhouse Jr.
0
0
2
2
2

Zervakis, EmanuelEmanuel Zervakis
2
0
0
0
2

Allen, JohnnyJohnny Allen
1
0
0
0
1

Allmendinger, A. J.A. J. Allmendinger
0
0
1
1
1

Almirola, AricAric Almirola
0
0
1
1
1

Amick, BillBill Amick
1
0
0
0
1

Andretti, MarioMario Andretti
1
0
0
0
1

Balmer, EarlEarl Balmer
1
0
0
0
1

Bayne, TrevorTrevor Bayne
0
0
1
1
1

Benson, JohnnyJohnny Benson
0
1
0
1
1

Blaney, RyanRyan Blaney
0
0
1
1
1

Bodine, BrettBrett Bodine
0
1
0
1
1

Bouchard, RonRon Bouchard
0
1
0
1
1

Brickhouse, RichardRichard Brickhouse
1
0
0
0
1

Brooks, DickDick Brooks
0
1
0
1
1

Buescher, ChrisChris Buescher
0
0
1
1
1

Burdick, BobBob Burdick
1
0
0
0
1

Burke, MarvinMarvin Burke
1
0
0
0
1

Cole, NeilNeil Cole
1
0
0
0
1

Cook, JimJim Cook
1
0
0
0
1

Dillon, AustinAustin Dillon
0
0
1
1
1

Donohue, MarkMark Donohue
0
1
0
1
1

Eubanks, JoeJoe Eubanks
1
0
0
0
1

Figaro, LouLou Figaro
1
0
0
0
1

Florian, JimmyJimmy Florian
1
0
0
0
1

Frank, LarryLarry Frank
1
0
0
0
1

Graves, DannyDanny Graves
1
0
0
0
1

Haggerty, RoyceRoyce Haggerty
1
0
0
0
1

Hillin Jr., BobbyBobby Hillin Jr.
0
1
0
1
1

Hurtubise, JimJim Hurtubise
1
0
0
0
1

Kieper, JohnJohn Kieper
1
0
0
0
1

Kite, HaroldHarold Kite
1
0
0
0
1

Lewis, PaulPaul Lewis
1
0
0
0
1

Mantz, JohnnyJohnny Mantz
1
0
0
0
1

McQuagg, SamSam McQuagg
1
0
0
0
1

Mears, CaseyCasey Mears
0
0
1
1
1

Menard, PaulPaul Menard
0
0
1
1
1

Moore, LloydLloyd Moore
1
0
0
0
1

Nadeau, JerryJerry Nadeau
0
1
0
1
1

Nelson, NormNorm Nelson
1
0
0
0
1

Norton, BillBill Norton
1
0
0
0
1

Parsons, PhilPhil Parsons
0
1
0
1
1

Passwater, DickDick Passwater
1
0
0
0
1

Pond, LennieLennie Pond
0
1
0
1
1

Rexford, BillBill Rexford
1
0
0
0
1

Ridley, JodyJody Ridley
0
1
0
1
1

Rollins, ShortyShorty Rollins
1
0
0
0
1

Roper, JimJim Roper
1
0
0
0
1

Ross, EarlEarl Ross
0
1
0
1
1

Rostek, JohnJohn Rostek
1
0
0
0
1

Rutherford, JohnnyJohnny Rutherford
1
0
0
0
1

Sacks, GregGreg Sacks
0
1
0
1
1

Sales, LeonLeon Sales
1
0
0
0
1

Schneider, FrankieFrankie Schneider
1
0
0
0
1

Scott, WendellWendell Scott
1
0
0
0
1

Shuman, BuddyBuddy Shuman
1
0
0
0
1

Smith, ReganRegan Smith
0
0
1
1
1

Soares, JohnJohn Soares
1
0
0
0
1

Speed, LakeLake Speed
0
1
0
1
1

Stevenson, ChuckChuck Stevenson
1
0
0
0
1

Thomas, DonaldDonald Thomas
1
0
0
0
1

Thompson, TommyTommy Thompson
1
0
0
0
1

Watts, ArtArt Watts
1
0
0
0
1

Weinberg, DannyDanny Weinberg
1
0
0
0
1

White, JackJack White
1
0
0
0
1

text: Most wins at different tracks[edit]

text: Modern era[edit]

text:
Key

Driver and Track is part of 2017 season

Track was part of the NASCAR Cup between 1972 and 2016

text:
Driver
Total
AMS
ACS
BMS
CMS
CHI
DAR
DAY
DOV
HMS
IMS
KAN
KEN
LVS
MAR
MIS
NAS
NHS
NCS
NWS
OMS
PHO
POC
RIC
RIV
SON
TAL
TMS
TWS
TRE
WGL

Jeff Gordon
24 of 25
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X

X
X
X

X
X
X

X
X
X

X

Kyle Busch
23 of 23
X
X
X
x
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X

X
X
X

X

Tony Stewart
21 of 24
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X

X
-

X
X
X

X
X
X

X

Kevin Harvick
21 of 24
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X

X
-

X
-
X

X
X
X

X

Mark Martin
21 of 27
X
X
X
X
X
X
x
X
-
-
X
-
X
X
X
-
X
X
X

X
-
X
-
X
X
X

X

Jimmie Johnson
20 of 24
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X

X
-

X
X
X

X
X
X

-

Matt Kenseth
19 of 24
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
-
X

X
X

X
X
X

-
X
X

-

Denny Hamlin
17 of 23
X
-
X
x
X
X
X
-
X
-
X
-
-
X
X

X

X
X
X

-
X
X

X

Rusty Wallace
17 of 25
X
X
X
X
-
-
x
X
-
-
-

-
X
X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
-
-

X

Dale Earnhardt
17 of 26
X
-
X
X

X
X
X
-
X

-
X
X
X
-
X
X
-
X
X
X
-
X
X
-
-

-

Cale Yarborough
16 of 17
X

X
X

X
X
X

X
X
X

X
X
-

X
X
X

X

X

Bobby Allison
16 of 19
X

X
X

X
X
X

-
X
X

X
X
X

X
X
X

X

-
X
-

Dale Jarrett
16 of 25
X
-
X
X
-
X
X
X
-
X
-

-
X
X

X
X
-

X
X
X
-
-
X
X

-

Darrell Waltrip
16 of 26
X
-
X
X

X
X
X
-
-

-
X
X
X
-
X
X
-
-
X
X
-
X
X
-
X

-

Richard Petty
15 of 21
X

X
X

-
X
X

X
X
X

X
X
-
-
X
X
X
-
X

X
-
-

Brad Keselowski
15 of 23
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
-
-
X
X
X
X
-

X

-
X
X

-
X
-

-

Kurt Busch
15 of 24
X
X
X
X
-
-
X
X
X
-
-
-
-
X
X

X
-

X
X
X

X
-
X

-

Bill Elliott
15 of 26
X
-
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
-

-
-
X
-
-
X
-

X
X
X
X
-
X
-

-

text: Note:

text:
X - at least one win in a points race
x - at least one win in a non-points race
- - participation, but no win
no entry = no participation

text: Most wins at each track[edit]

text: Current NASCAR tracks[edit]

text:
Track
Driver
Wins
Active drivers
Wins

Atlanta Motor Speedway
Dale Earnhardt
9
Jimmie Johnson
5

Auto Club Speedway
Jimmie Johnson
6
Jimmie Johnson
6

Bristol Motor Speedway
Darrell Waltrip
12
Kyle Busch
6

Charlotte Motor Speedway
Jimmie Johnson
8
Jimmie Johnson
8

Chicagoland Speedway
Tony Stewart
3
Brad Keselowski Kevin Harvick & Martin Truex Jr.
2

Darlington Raceway
David Pearson
10
Jimmie Johnson
3

Daytona International Speedway
Richard Petty
10
Dale Earnhardt, Jr.
4

Dover International Speedway
Jimmie Johnson
11
Jimmie Johnson
11

Homestead-Miami Speedway
Greg Biffle & Tony Stewart
3
Denny Hamlin
2

Indianapolis Motor Speedway
Jeff Gordon
5
Jimmie Johnson
4

Kansas Speedway
Jeff Gordon & Jimmie Johnson
3
Jimmie Johnson
3

Kentucky Speedway
Brad Keselowski
3
Brad Keselowski
3

Las Vegas Motor Speedway
Jimmie Johnson
4
Jimmie Johnson
4

Martinsville Speedway
Richard Petty
15
Jimmie Johnson
9

Michigan International Speedway
David Pearson
9
Kurt Busch, Matt Kenseth & Kyle Larson
3

New Hampshire Motor Speedway
Jeff Burton
4
Jimmie Johnson, Ryan Newman, Kurt Busch, Matt Kenseth, Denny Hamlin, & Kyle Busch
3

Phoenix International Raceway
Kevin Harvick
8
Kevin Harvick
8

Pocono Raceway
Jeff Gordon
6
Denny Hamlin
4

Richmond International Raceway
Richard Petty
13
Kyle Busch
4

Sonoma Raceway
Jeff Gordon
5
Kyle Busch
2

Talladega Superspeedway
Dale Earnhardt
10
Dale Earnhardt, Jr.
6

Texas Motor Speedway
Jimmie Johnson
7
Jimmie Johnson
7

Watkins Glen International
Tony Stewart
5
Kyle Busch
2

text: Former NASCAR tracks[edit]

text:
Track
Driver
Wins

Albany-Saratoga Speedway
Richard Petty
2

Asheville-Weaverville Speedway
Rex White
5

Augusta Speedway
Joe Weatherly, Richard Petty, Bobby Isaac & David Pearson
2

Beltsville Speedway
Bobby Isaac
3

Birmingham International Raceway
Ned Jarrett
3

Bowman Gray Stadium
Rex White
6

California State Fairgrounds
Eddie Gray
2

Central City Speedway
Herb Thomas
2

Champion Speedway
Bob Welborn
2

Charlotte Speedway
Buck Baker
3

Cleveland County Fairgrounds
Buck Baker & Ned Jarrett
2

Columbia Speedway
Richard Petty
7

Concord Speedway
Jack Smith
3

Dayton Speedway
Dick Rathman
2

Daytona Beach and Road Course
Marshall Teague & Tim Flock
2

Dog Track Speedway
Ned Jarrett
4

Fonda Speedway
Richard Petty
2

Fort Miami Speedway
Tim Flock
2

Greenville-Pickens Speedway
Richard Petty
6

Heidelberg Raceway
Lee Petty
2

Hickory Motor Speedway
Junior Johnson
7

Islip Speedway
Richard Petty & Bobby Allison
2

Jacksonville Speedway Park
Herb Thomas & Lee Petty
2

Kingsport Speedway
Richard Petty
2

Lakewood Speedway
Herb Thomas & Buck Baker
2

Langhorne Speedway
Dick Rathmann & Herb Thomas
3

Langley Speedway
David Pearson
3

Lincoln Speedway
Buck Baker
2

Middle Georgia Raceway
Richard Petty
4

Monroe County Fairgrounds
Tim Flock & Lee Petty
2

Montgomery Speedway
Tim Flock
2

Morristown Speedway
Tim Flock
2

Myrtle Beach Speedway
Ned Jarrett
3

Nashville Speedway
Richard Petty
9

New Asheville Speedway
Ned Jarrett & Richard Petty
2

Newport Speedway
Fireball Roberts
2

North Wilkesboro Speedway
Richard Petty
15

Occoneechee Speedway
Buck Baker, Lee Petty & Richard Petty
3

Old Dominion Speedway
Ned Jarrett & Richard Petty
2

Ontario Motor Speedway
A.J. Foyt, Bobby Allison & Benny Parsons
2

Oxford Plains Speedway
Bobby Allison
2

Palm Beach Speedway
Herb Thomas
4

Piedmont Interstate Fairgrounds
Ned Jarrett
6

Portland Speedway
Eddie Pagan
2

Raleigh Speedway
Fonty Flock, Herb Thomas & Fireball Roberts
2

Reading Fairgrounds
Junior Johnson
2

Riverside International Raceway
Bobby Allison
6

Rockingham Speedway
Richard Petty
11

Savannah Speedway
Richard Petty
3

Smoky Mountain Raceway
Richard Petty
6

South Boston Speedway
Richard Petty
5

Southern States Fairgrounds
Lee Petty
3

Starkey Speedway
Junior Johnson
2

Tar Heel Speedway
Jim Paschal
2

Texas World Speedway
Richard Petty
3

Trenton Speedway
Richard Petty
3

West Virginia International Speedway
Richard Petty
3

Wilson Speedway
Herb Thomas
3


document_title: The Greatest Showman

question_text: who plays the swedish singer in the greatest showman

text: The Greatest Showman

text: Plot[edit]

text: In the late 19th century, P. T. Barnum and his troupe perform a show at the circus ("The Greatest Show"). In a flashback to Barnum's childhood where he and his father Philo, a tailor, work for the Hallett family, he becomes infatuated with their daughter, Charity. Though Charity is being sent to finishing school, Barnum reassures her they will not be separated. The two keep in touch through letters until they meet again in adulthood ("A Million Dreams"), eventually marrying and raising two daughters, Caroline and Helen, in New York City ("A Million Dreams" reprise). They live a humble life; though Charity is happy, Barnum dreams of more.

text: Barnum loses his job as a clerk at a shipping company after the company goes bankrupt. Taking a risky bet, he takes out a large loan from a bank, deceiving the bank into accepting his former employer's lost ships as collateral. He uses this loan to buy Barnum's American Museum in downtown Manhattan, an attraction showcasing various wax models. Initially, sales are slow; on the suggestion of his children to showcase something "alive", Barnum searches for "freaks" to serve as performers for his museum ("Come Alive"). This attracts a large audience despite protests and poor reviews, prompting Barnum to rename his venture "Barnum's Circus."

text: Searching for ways to further his reputation amongst the upper class, Barnum meets playwright Phillip Carlyle and convinces him to join his venture ("The Other Side"). Carlyle is enchanted with Anne Wheeler, an African-American trapeze artist, but he hides his feelings. During a trip, Carlyle arranges for Barnum and his troupe to meet Queen Victoria. Afterwards, Barnum meets Jenny Lind, a famed Swedish singer, whom he convinces to perform in America, with him serving as her manager. Lind's first American performance is a rousing success ("Never Enough"). While Barnum gains favor with the aristocratic patrons, he begins to distance himself from his original troupe, refusing to socialize with them. Dejected, they decide to stand against their local harassers ("This Is Me").

text: Carlyle and Wheeler attend the theater together one night, only to run into Carlyle's parents, who are blatantly racist toward Wheeler, causing her to leave. Carlyle chases her and tries to convince her that they can be together, but she rejects him despite her feelings towards him ("Rewrite the Stars"). As Barnum takes Lind on a US tour, Charity feels isolated from her husband as she stays home with their daughters ("Tightrope"). While on tour, Lind begins falling in love with Barnum, but when he refuses her advances, she calls off the tour and kisses him at the end of her last show, which is photographed by the press ("Never Enough" reprise). Barnum returns home to find his circus on fire, caused by a fight between the protesters and the troupe. Carlyle, who had tried to save Anne not knowing she had already escaped, is rescued by Barnum amid the chaos but suffers severe burns. Most of the sets and props are destroyed. Word of Lind's cancellation and Barnum's public intimacy also reaches New York, resulting in his mansion being foreclosed upon and Charity taking Caroline and Helen to her parents' home.

text: Depressed, Barnum retreats to a local bar, where his troupe find him there and explain that despite their disappointments, they still consider themselves a family that needs him. An inspired Barnum resolves to start anew and not let ambition overtake his loved ones anymore. Meanwhile, the injured Carlyle wakes in a hospital with Anne by his side and they share a kiss ("From Now On").

text: Barnum leaves and finds his estranged wife, and they decide to mend their relationship. Faced with the financial difficulty of rebuilding the circus, the recovering Carlyle steps in, offering to use his earnings from his share of the circus's profits to rebuild it under the condition of becoming partners, which Barnum happily accepts. As rebuilding the circus in its original location would be too expensive, Barnum rebuilds it as an open-air tent circus by the docks. The revamped circus is a huge success, and Barnum gives full control of the show to Carlyle so he can focus on his family ("The Greatest Show" reprise).

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Hugh Jackman as P. T. Barnum, an ambitious showman and entrepreneur.
Ellis Rubin as Young P. T. Barnum
Ziv Zaifman provides Young P. T. Barnum's singing voice.
Zac Efron as Phillip Carlyle, a playwright who becomes Barnum's partner. His character is partly based on James Anthony Bailey.
Michelle Williams as Charity Hallett-Barnum, the wife of P.T. Barnum.
Skylar Dunn as Young Charity
Rebecca Ferguson as Jenny Lind, a famous Swedish singer known as the "Swedish Nightingale".
Loren Allred provides Lind's singing voice.[8][9]
Zendaya as Anne Wheeler, an acrobat, trapeze artist, W.D.'s younger sister and Phillip Carlyle's love interest. Her character is partly based on Ruth Louisa McCaddon.
Keala Settle as Lettie Lutz, a bearded lady. She is a composite character partly based on Josephine Clofullia and Annie Jones.
Yahya Abdul-Mateen II as W. D. Wheeler, an acrobat and Anne's brother.
Natasha Liu Bordizzo as Deng Yan, a Chinese acrobat and blade-specialist.
Paul Sparks as James Gordon Bennett, the founder, editor and publisher of the New York Herald.
Sam Humphrey as Charles Stratton, a dwarf performer who is also known by his stage name, General Tom Thumb.
James Babson provides Stratton's speaking and singing voice.
Austyn Johnson as Caroline Barnum, one of Barnum's daughters.
Cameron Seely as Helen Barnum, one of Barnum's daughters.
Eric Anderson as Mr. O'Malley, a former thief whom Barnum employs at his circus to handle different tasks like staffing the front of the house, selling tickets, reading the reviews, fending off the protestors, producing the posters and promotional materials, and distributing the circus posters on everything.
Daniel Everidge as The Lord of Leeds, a heavyweight man who is based on Teodulo Valenzuela.
Timothy Hughes as the Strongman, a man with enhanced strength who is based on Angus MacAskill.
Shannon Holtzapffel as Prince Constantine, the Tattooed Man who is based off George Costentenus.
Luciano Acuna Jr. as Walter, the Dog Boy who is based on Fedor Jeftichew.
Danial Son and Yusaku Komori as Chang and Eng Bunker, the "Siamese Twins."
Jonathan Redavid as Frank Lentini, the Three-Legged Man.
Nick Jantz as Jeff Harris, the Juggler.
Kenneth Chan as the Human Cannonball
Martha Nichols as Woman in Gold, a woman in gold clothing with gold spots on her.
Jeremy Hudson as The Elephant-Skinned Man, a man who is based on Ralph Krooner. He was credited as "Dancer Oddity #3."[10]
Taylor James as Blockhead, a man with facial piercing that is based on Melvin Burkhart. He is credited as "Dancing Oddity #4."[10]
Chelsea Caso as Tattoo Lady, a woman covered in tattoos who is based on Nora Hildebrant. She is credited as "Dancing Oddity #5."[10]
Caoife Coleman and Mishay Petronelli as the Albino Twins. They were credited as "Dancer Oddity #6" and "Dancer Oddity #7."
Khasan Brasilford as Albino Man, a white-haired man in white clothes. He was credited as "Ensemble Dancer #1."[10]
Alex Wong as Oriental Man, a man dressed in an oriental outfit. He was credited as "Ensemble Dancer #2."[10]
Julius Rubio as Golden Boy, a man in gold clothing with gold spots on him. He was credited as "Ensemble Dancer #2."[10]
Vincent-Oliver Noiseux as Devil Boy, a performer with horns. He was credited as "Ensemble Dancer #4."[10]
Dean Walters and Jessica Castro as the Voodoo Twins. They are credited as "Ensemble Dancer #5" and "Ensemble Dancer" #6.[10]
Najla Gilam as Snake Dancer, a snake charmer who is based on Nala Damajanti. She was credited as "Ensemble Dancer #7."[10]
Damian Young as Mr. Winthrop
Tina Benko as Mrs. Winthrop
Gayle Rankin as Queen Victoria.
Will Swenson as Philo Barnum, a tailor and the father of P. T. Barnum.
Fredric Lehne as Benjamin Hallett, father of Charity and abusive father-in-law of Barnum.
Kathryn Meisle as Hannah Hallett, mother of Charity and mother-in-law of Barnum.

text: Production[edit]

text: The project was first announced in 2009, with Jackman already set for the title role.[11] In August 2011, Michael Gracey was chosen to direct.[12] In 2013, Fox hired lyricists Pasek and Paul to write the songs.[13]

text: On June 15, 2016, Zac Efron began negotiations to star in the film,[14] and in July 2016, Michelle Williams was cast.[15][16][17][18] The film was choreographed by Ashley Wallen.[19]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Rehearsals on the film began in October 2016 in New York City, and principal photography began on November 22, 2016.[20][21]

text: Post-production[edit]

text: In December 2017, it was reported that James Mangold, who had worked with Jackman on several projects (including 2017's Logan), had been brought in to serve as an executive producer during the film's post-production. In an interview, director Michael Gracey noted, "There were eight producers on this film, and it was amazing having one of them be a filmmaker."[22]

text: Music[edit]

text: Musical numbers[edit]

text: Benj Pasek and Justin Paul wrote all the songs appearing in the film.[23]

text:
"The Greatest Show" – Hugh Jackman, Keala Settle, Zac Efron, Zendaya
"A Million Dreams" – Ziv Zaifman, Jackman, Michelle Williams
"A Million Dreams" (Reprise) – Austyn Johnson, Cameron Seely, Jackman
"Come Alive" – Jackman, Settle, Daniel Everidge, Zendaya
"The Other Side" – Jackman & Efron
"Never Enough" – Loren Allred
"This Is Me" – Settle
"Rewrite the Stars" – Efron & Zendaya
"Tightrope" – Williams
"Never Enough" (Reprise) – Allred
"From Now On" – Jackman

tag: ol

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: The soundtrack album is produced by Greg Wells, Justin Paul, and Benj Pasek, featuring the eleven tracks performed by the cast. In the United Kingdom it became only the second album in 30 years to achieve 11 consecutive weeks at number 1.[24] The Greatest Showman now[when?] draws level with Adele's 21 for the longest unbroken run at the UK summit in the last 30 years. The cast album is now[when?] at 910,000 combined units, according to the Official Charts Company, made up of 420,000 physical copies, 186,000 downloads and 186,000 streaming.[25]

text: Release[edit]

text: The Greatest Showman held its premiere on December 8, 2017, aboard the RMS Queen Mary 2, while it was docked in New York City. The film was then released in the United States on December 20, 2017.[26][27] Like Disney's live-action Beauty and the Beast, a sing-along version of the film was released in the United Kingdom on February 23, 2018.[28] The film had a limited IMAX release on February 2.

text: Marketing[edit]

text: On June 28, 2017, 20th Century Fox released the first international trailer to promote the film. On November 13, 2017, the second trailer was released.[29]

text: On December 17, 2017, Fox televised a live performance of "Come Alive" from Warner Bros. Studios during its live musical special A Christmas Story Live! (which was based on fellow Pasek and Paul work A Christmas Story: The Musical). The number featured the film's stars and a cast of 150 dancers.[30][31]

text: Home media[edit]

text: In the United States, the film was released via digital download on March 20, 2018, and was released on Blu-ray, DVD and 4K Ultra HD on April 10, 2018.[32] In the United Kingdom, the film was released first on digital download on April 27, 2018, while Blu-ray, 4K Ultra HD and DVD copies went on sale on May 14. These versions include the sing-along version, two hours of behind-the-scenes footage and music machine jukebox features.[33]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The Greatest Showman grossed $174.3 million in the United States and Canada, and $260.2 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $434.5 million, against a production budget of $84 million.[3] It is the third highest grossing musical ever in North America and globally, respectively, and Deadline Hollywood estimated the film would turn a profit between $50–100 million.[34]

text: In the United States and Canada, The Greatest Showman was released alongside Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle, and was projected to gross around $21 million from 3,006 theaters over its first six days.[35][36] It took in $2 million on its first day and $2 million on its second. Over the three day weekend, it grossed $9 million (for a six-day total of $19 million), finishing fourth at the box office, behind Star Wars: The Last Jedi, Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle and Pitch Perfect 3.[37] In its second weekend, the film grossed $15.5 million, again finishing 4th at the box office.[38] The weekend-to-weekend increase of 76.3% marked the largest ever for a film playing in over 3,000 theaters, and the fourth biggest ever.[39][40] In its third week, the film dropped 11% to $14 million.[41]

text: The film made $13 million in its fourth weekend and $11 million in its fifth, finishing 4th and 5th at the box office, respectively.[42] The film continued to hold well in its sixth week of release, grossing $9.5 million and returning to 4th place,[43] and again finished fourth in its seventh week, this time grossing $7.8 million (a drop of just 18%).[44] It is the 13th highest-grossing film that never reached first place at the American box office.[45]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 56% based on 208 reviews, and an average rating of 6/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "The Greatest Showman tries hard to dazzle the audience with a Barnum-style sense of wonder – but at the expense of its complex subject's far more intriguing real-life story."[46] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 48 out of 100, based on 43 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[47] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale, while it earned a 70% "definite recommend" from comScore.[37]

text: Owen Gleiberman of Variety gave the film a positive review, writing, "The Greatest Showman is a concoction, the kind of film where all the pieces click into place, yet at an hour and 45 minutes it flies by, and the link it draws between P.T. Barnum and the spirit of today is more than hype."[48] Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 3/4 stars, saying, "With all that corn and cheese and old-timey sentiment, The Greatest Showman ends up scoring some very timely social arguments. P.T. Barnum himself would have approved the dramatic sleight of hand."[49] Steve Persall of Tampa Bay Times gave the film an 'A', and said, "The Greatest Showman is the feel-good movie the holiday season needs,"[50] while William Bibbiani of IGN gave The Greatest Showman a score of 7.9/10, and called the film, "wildly entertaining."[51]

text: Britton Peele of The Dallas Morning News said, "The story is interesting and the beats are well-acted, but it's the musical numbers that make The Greatest Showman."[52] Jackie K Cooper of HuffPost gave the film a score of 10/10 and wrote, "You will be overwhelmed by the music and magic that explode on the screen. The film has a message that should resonate with today's world concerning acceptance and courage."[53] Hugh Armitage of Digital Spy said, "The Greatest Showman is a broad and solid crowd-pleaser. An undemanding spectacle for all the family."[54] Alan Jones of Radio Times called it "A joyously uplifting potpourii of visual resplendence, stylish choreography and solid gold magic, one engineered to approximate the lavish spectacle the movie musical once offered."[55]

text: Sheila O'Malley of RogerEbert.com gave it 3.5/4, stating "The Greatest Showman is an unabashed piece of pure entertainment punctuated by memorable songs."[56] Douglas Davidson of CLTure called the film, "An undeniable spectacle with a infectious soundtrack, a movie that dazzles and delights."[57] James Berardinelli of ReelViews gave the film a 3/4 score, and said, "The film has show-stopping well-choreographed numbers with catchy tunes,"[58] and Calvin Wilson of St. Louis Post-Dispatch called the film "highly enjoyable."[59]

text: Carl Kozlowski of Pasadena Weekly gave the film an 'A', calling it "Groundbreaking & grandly innovative."[60] Sean P. Means of The Salt Lake Tribune gave The Greatest Showman 3.5/4 stars, stating, "A strong cast give emotional power to this romanticized, tune-filled biography."[61] Manuela Lazic of Little White Lies gave it 4/5, saying, "The Greatest Showman deserves to become a Christmas classic. The film's severe romanticism and ridiculous but affecting enthusiasm make it irresistibly life-affirming."[62] Pete Hammond of Deadline Hollywood gave the film 4 out of 5 stars and called it, "A fantasia of song and dance, a joyous exercise in pure entertainment that is made for the holiday crowd."[63]

text: Conversely, Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle gave the film a negative review, criticizing the songs and characters and saying "There's idiotic, and there's magnificent, but The Greatest Showman is that special thing that happens sometimes. It's magnificently idiotic. It's an awful mess, but it's flashy. The temptation is to cover your face and watch it through your fingers, because it's so earnest and embarrassing and misguided – and yet it's well-made."[64] In a negative review for The Hollywood Reporter, David Rooney wrote "This ersatz portrait of American big-top tent impresario P.T. Barnum is all smoke and mirrors, no substance. It hammers pedestrian themes of family, friendship and inclusivity while neglecting the fundaments of character and story."[65]

text: Writing for Rolling Stone, Peter Travers gave the film 1.5 out of 4 stars, saying, "How do you cast a virtuoso Hugh Jackman as P.T. Barnum, spare no expense in production values, add a score by Oscar and Tony winners Benj Pasek and Justin Paul and still end up with the shrill blast of nothing that is The Greatest Showman? Ask first-time director Michael Gracey, who cut his teeth on commercials and music videos without ever mastering the crucial knack of building snippets of musical comedy and drama into a satisfying whole."[66] Justin Chang of the Los Angeles Times wrote that the film's failures "are rooted in something deeper: a dispiriting lack of faith in the audience's intelligence, and a dawning awareness of its own aesthetic hypocrisy. You've rarely seen a more straight-laced musical about the joys of letting your freak flag fly."[67]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award

Date of ceremony

Category

Nominee(s)

Result

Ref(s)

AARP's Movies for Grownups Awards

February 5, 2018

Best Grownup Love Story

The Greatest Showman

Won

[68][69]

Academy Awards

March 4, 2018

Best Original Song

"This Is Me" – Benj Pasek and Justin Paul

Nominated

[70][71]

Casting Society of America

January 18, 2018

Big Budget – Comedy

Bernard Telsey, Tiffany Little Canfield, Rori Bergman and Patrick Goodwin

Won

[72]

Costume Designers Guild

February 20, 2018

Excellence in Period Film

Ellen Mirojnick

Nominated

[73]

Critics' Choice Movie Awards

January 11, 2018

Best Song

"This Is Me" – Benj Pasek and Justin Paul

Nominated

[74]

Dorian Awards

February 24, 2018

Campy Flick of the Year

The Greatest Showman

Nominated

[75][76]

Empire Awards

March 18, 2018

Best Costume Design

The Greatest Showman

Nominated

[77][78]

Best Make-up And Hairstyling

The Greatest Showman

Nominated

Georgia Film Critics Association

January 12, 2018

Best Original Song

"This Is Me" – Benj Pasek and Justin Paul

Nominated

[79]

Golden Globe Awards

January 7, 2018

Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy

Hugh Jackman

Nominated

[80]

Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy

The Greatest Showman

Nominated

Best Original Song – Motion Picture

"This Is Me" – Benj Pasek and Justin Paul

Won

Golden Reel Awards

February 18, 2018

Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing – Musical

Jen Monnar, Jim Harrison, Jeff Carson, Peter Myles and Sheri Ozeki

Won

[81]

Guild of Music Supervisors Awards

February 8, 2018

Best Music Supervision for Film: Budgeted Over 25 Million Dollars

Benj Pasek and Justin Paul

Nominated

[82]

Best Song/Recording Created for a Film

"This Is Me" – Benj Pasek and Justin Paul

Nominated

Heartland Film Festival

December 31, 2017

Truly Moving Picture Award

Michael Gracey

Won

[83]

Kids' Choice Awards

March 24, 2018

Favorite Movie

The Greatest Showman

Nominated

[84]

Favorite Movie Actress

Zendaya

Won

Make-Up Artists and Hair Stylists Guild

February 24, 2018

Feature Motion Picture: Best Period and/or Character Makeup

Nicki Ledermann, Tania Ribalow and Sunday Englis

Nominated

[85]

Saturn Awards

June 27, 2018

Best Action or Adventure Film

The Greatest Showman

Won

[86][87]

Best Costume Design

Ellen Mirojnick

Nominated

Best Music

John Debney and Joseph Trapanese

Nominated

Teen Choice Awards

August 12, 2018

Choice Breakout Movie Star

Keala Settle

Nominated

[88]

Choice Collaboration

"Rewrite the Stars" – Zac Efron and Zendaya

Won

Choice Drama Movie

The Greatest Showman

Won

Choice Drama Movie Actor

Zac Efron

Won

Hugh Jackman

Nominated

Choice Drama Movie Actress

Zendaya

Won

Choice Liplock

Zac Efron and Zendaya

Nominated

Choice Movie Ship

Zac Efron and Zendaya

Won

Choice Pop Song

"This Is Me" – Keala Settle

Nominated

text: Historical accuracy[edit]

text: Detailing the differences between the biography of Barnum, and the character portrayed in the film, Smithsonian magazine called the film "pretty humbug."  The magazine noted that one of the legacies ascribed to the real Barnum was his profiting from marketing racism to the masses, even though later in life he came to express some regrets.[89]