document_title: Plastic

question_text: who made first synthetic plastic in the world

question_tokens: who made first synthetic plastic in the world

root

text: Plastic

text: Etymology

text: The word plastic derives from the Greek πλαστικός (plastikos) meaning "capable of being shaped or molded" and, in turn, from πλαστός (plastos) meaning "molded".[7][8]

tag: p

text: The plasticity, or malleability, of the material during manufacture allows it to be cast, pressed, or extruded into a variety of shapes, such as: films, fibers, plates, tubes, bottles, boxes, amongst many others.

text: The common noun plastic should not be confused with the technical adjective plastic. The adjective is applicable to any material which undergoes a plastic deformation, or permanent change of shape, when strained beyond a certain point. For example, aluminum which is stamped or forged exhibits plasticity in this sense, but is not plastic in the common sense. By contrast, some plastics will, in their finished forms, break before deforming and therefore are not plastic in the technical sense.

text: Structure

text: Most plastics contain organic polymers.[9] The vast majority of these polymers are formed from chains of carbon atoms, 'pure' or with the addition of: oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur. The chains comprise many repeat units, formed from monomers. Each polymer chain will have several thousand repeating units.

text: The backbone is the part of the chain that is on the "main path", linking together a large number of repeat units.

text: To customize the properties of a plastic, different molecular groups "hang" from this backbone. These pendant units are usually "hung" on the monomers, before the monomers themselves are linked together to form the polymer chain. It is the structure of these side chains that influences the properties of the polymer.

text: The molecular structure of the repeating unit can be fine tuned to influence specific properties in the polymer.

text: Properties and classifications

text: Plastics are usually classified by: the chemical structure of the polymer's backbone and side chains; some important groups in these classifications are: the acrylics, polyesters, silicones, polyurethanes, and halogenated plastics.

text: Plastics can also be classified by: the chemical process used in their synthesis, such as: condensation, polyaddition, and cross-linking.[10]

text: Plastics can also be classified by: their various physical properties, such as: hardness, density, tensile strength, resistance to heat and glass transition temperature, and by their chemical properties, such as the organic chemistry of the polymer and its resistance and reaction to various chemical products and processes, such as: organic solvents, oxidation, and ionizing radiation. In particular, most plastics will melt upon heating to a few hundred degrees celsius.[11]

text: Other classifications are based on qualities that are relevant for manufacturing or product design. Examples of such qualities and classes are: thermoplastics and thermosets, conductive polymers, biodegradable plastics and engineering plastics and other plastics with particular structures, such as elastomers.

text: Thermoplastics and thermosetting polymers

text: One important classification of plastics is by the permanence or impermanence of their form, or whether they are: thermoplastics or thermosetting polymers. Thermoplastics are the plastics that, when heated, do not undergo chemical change in their composition and so can be molded again and again. Examples include: polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC).[12] Common thermoplastics range from 20,000 to 500,000 amu, while thermosets are assumed to have infinite molecular weight.

text: Thermosets, or thermosetting polymers, can melt and take shape only once: after they have solidified, they stay solid.[13] In the thermosetting process, a chemical reaction occurs that is irreversible. The vulcanization of rubber is an example of a thermosetting process: before heating with sulfur, the polyisoprene is a tacky, slightly runny material; after vulcanization, the product is rigid and non-tacky.

text: Amorphous plastics and crystalline plastics

text: Many plastics are completely amorphous,[14] such as: all thermosets; polystyrene and its copolymers; and polymethyl methacrylate.

text: However, some plastics are partially crystalline and partially amorphous in molecular structure, giving them both a melting point, the temperature at which the attractive intermolecular forces are overcome, and also one or more glass transitions, the temperatures above which the extent of localized molecular flexibility is substantially increased. These so-called semi-crystalline plastics include: polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyamides (nylons), polyesters and some polyurethanes.

text: Conductive polymers

text: Intrinsically Conducting Polymers (ICP) are organic polymers that conduct electricity. While plastics can be made electrically conductive, with a conductivity of up to 80 kS/cm in stretch-oriented polyacetylene,[15] they are still no match for most metals like copper which have a conductivity of several hundred kS/cm. Nevertheless, this is a developing field.

text: Biodegradable plastics and bioplastics

text: Biodegradable plastics are plastics that degrade, or break down, upon exposure to: sunlight or ultra-violet radiation, water or dampness, bacteria, enzymes or wind abrasion. In some instances, rodent, pest, or insect attack can also be considered as forms of biodegradation or environmental degradation.

text: Some modes of degradation require that the plastic be exposed at the surface (aerobic), whereas other modes will only be effective if certain conditions exist in landfill or composting systems (anaerobic).

text: Some companies produce biodegradable additives, to enhance biodegradation. Plastic can have starch powder added as a filler to allow it to degrade more easily, but this still does not lead to the complete breaking down of the plastic.

text: Some researchers have genetically engineered bacteria to synthesize completely biodegradable plastics, such as Biopol; however, these are expensive at present.[16]

text: Bioplastics

text: While most plastics are produced from petrochemicals, bioplastics are made substantially from renewable plant materials such: as cellulose and starch.[17] Due both to the finite limits of the petrochemical reserves and to the threat of global warming, the development of bioplastics is a growing field.

text: However, bioplastic development begins from a very low base and, as yet, does not compare significantly with petrochemical production. Estimates of the global production capacity for bio-derived materials is put at 327,000 tonnes/year. In contrast, global production of polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP), the world’s leading petrochemical derived polyolefins, was estimated at over 150 million tonnes in 2015.[18]

text: Types

text: Common plastics

text: This category includes both commodity plastics, or standard plastics, and engineering plastics.

text:
Polyamides (PA) or (nylons) – fibers, toothbrush bristles, tubing, fishing line and low-strength machine parts such as engine parts or gun frames
Polycarbonate (PC) – compact discs, eyeglasses, riot shields, security windows, traffic lights and lenses
Polyester (PES) – fibers and textiles
Polyethylene (PE) – a wide range of inexpensive uses including supermarket bags and plastic bottles

High-density polyethylene (HDPE) – detergent bottles, milk jugs and molded plastic cases
Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) – outdoor furniture, siding, floor tiles, shower curtains and clamshell packaging
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) – carbonated drinks bottles, peanut butter jars, plastic film and microwavable packaging

Polypropylene (PP) – bottle caps, drinking straws, yogurt containers, appliances, car fenders (bumpers) and plastic pressure pipe systems
Polystyrene (PS) – foam peanuts, food containers, plastic tableware, disposable cups, plates, cutlery, compact-disc (CD) and cassette boxes

High impact polystyrene (HIPS) – refrigerator liners, food packaging and vending cups

Polyurethanes (PU) – cushioning foams, thermal insulation foams, surface coatings and printing rollers: currently the sixth or seventh most commonly-used plastic, for instance the most commonly used plastic in cars
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) – plumbing pipes and guttering, shower curtains, window frames and flooring
Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) – food packaging, such as: Saran
Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) – electronic equipment cases (e.g. computer monitors, printers, keyboards) and drainage pipe

Polycarbonate/Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (PC/ABS) – a blend of PC and ABS that creates a stronger plastic used in car interior and exterior parts, and mobile phone bodies
Polyethylene/Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (PE/ABS) – a slippery blend of PE and ABS used in low-duty dry bearings

tag: ul

text: Specialist plastics

text:
Polyepoxide (epoxy) – used as an adhesive, potting agent for electrical components, and matrix for composite materials with hardeners including amine, amide, and boron trifluoride
Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) (acrylic) – contact lenses (of the original "hard" variety), glazing (best known in this form by its various trade names around the world; e.g. Perspex, Plexiglas, Oroglas), aglets, fluorescent light diffusers, rear light covers for vehicles. It forms the basis of artistic and commercial acrylic paints when suspended in water with the use of other agents.
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), or Teflon – heat-resistant, low-friction coatings, used in things like non-stick surfaces for frying pans, plumber's tape and water slides
Phenolics or phenol formaldehyde (PF) – high modulus, relatively heat resistant, and excellent fire resistant polymer. Used for insulating parts in electrical fixtures, paper laminated products (e.g. Formica), thermally insulation foams. It is a thermosetting plastic, with the familiar trade name Bakelite, that can be molded by heat and pressure when mixed with a filler-like wood flour or can be cast in its unfilled liquid form or cast as foam (e.g. Oasis). Problems include the probability of moldings naturally being dark colors (red, green, brown), and as thermoset it is difficult to recycle.
Melamine formaldehyde (MF) – one of the aminoplasts, used as a multi-colorable alternative to phenolics, for instance in moldings (e.g. break-resistance alternatives to ceramic cups, plates and bowls for children) and the decorated top surface layer of the paper laminates (e.g. Formica)
Urea-formaldehyde (UF) – one of the aminoplasts, used as a multi-colorable alternative to phenolics: used as a wood adhesive (for plywood, chipboard, hardboard) and electrical switch housings.
Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) – strong, chemical- and heat-resistant thermoplastic, biocompatibility allows for use in medical implant applications, aerospace moldings. One of the most expensive commercial polymers.
Maleimide/bismaleimide – used in high temperature composite materials
Polyetherimide (PEI) (Ultem) – a high temperature, chemically stable polymer that does not crystallize
Polyimide – a high temperature plastic used in materials such as Kapton tape
Plastarch material – biodegradable and heat-resistant thermoplastic composed of modified corn starch
Polylactic acid (PLA) – a biodegradable, thermoplastic found converted into a variety of aliphatic polyesters derived from lactic acid, which in turn can be made by fermentation of various agricultural products such as cornstarch, once made from dairy products
Furan – resin based on furfuryl alcohol used in foundry sands and biologically derived composites
Silicone – heat resistant resin used mainly as a sealant but also used for high temperature cooking utensils and as a base resin for industrial paints
Polysulfone – high temperature melt processable resin used in membranes, filtration media, water heater dip tubes and other high temperature applications

text: History

text: The development of plastics has evolved from the use of natural plastic materials (e.g., chewing gum, shellac) to the use of chemically modified, natural materials (e.g., natural rubber, nitrocellulose, collagen, galalite) and finally to completely synthetic molecules (e.g., bakelite, epoxy, polyvinyl chloride). Early plastics were bio-derived materials such as egg and blood proteins, which are organic polymers. In 1600 BC, Mesoamericans used natural rubber for balls, bands, and figurines.[3] Treated cattle horns were used as windows for lanterns in the Middle Ages. Materials that mimicked the properties of horns were developed by treating milk-proteins (casein) with lye.

text: In the 1800s, as industrial chemistry developed during the Industrial Revolution, many materials were reported. The development of plastics also accelerated with Charles Goodyear's discovery of vulcanization to thermoset materials derived from natural rubber.

text: Parkesine (nitrocellulose) is considered the first man-made plastic. The plastic material was patented by Alexander Parkes, in Birmingham, England in 1856.[19] It was unveiled at the 1862 Great International Exhibition in London.[20] Parkesine won a bronze medal at the 1862 World's fair in London. Parkesine was made from cellulose (the major component of plant cell walls) treated with nitric acid as a solvent. The output of the process (commonly known as cellulose nitrate or pyroxilin) could be dissolved in alcohol and hardened into a transparent and elastic material that could be molded when heated.[21] By incorporating pigments into the product, it could be made to resemble ivory.

text: In 1897, the Hanover, Germany mass printing press owner Wilhelm Krische was commissioned to develop an alternative to blackboards.[22] The resultant horn-like plastic made from the milk protein casein was developed in cooperation with the Austrian chemist (Friedrich) Adolph Spitteler (1846–1940). The final result was unsuitable for the original purpose.[23] In 1893, French chemist Auguste Trillat discovered the means to insolubilize casein by immersion in formaldehyde, producing material marketed as galalith.[22]

text: In the early 1900s, Bakelite, the first fully synthetic thermoset, was reported by Belgian chemist Leo Baekeland by using phenol and formaldehyde.

text: After World War I, improvements in chemical technology led to an explosion in new forms of plastics, with mass production beginning in the 1940s and 1950s (around World War II).[24] Among the earliest examples in the wave of new polymers were polystyrene (PS), first produced by BASF in the 1930s,[3] and polyvinyl chloride (PVC), first created in 1872 but commercially produced in the late 1920s.[3] In 1923, Durite Plastics Inc. was the first manufacturer of phenol-furfural resins.[25] In 1933, polyethylene was discovered by Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) researchers Reginald Gibson and Eric Fawcett.[3]

text: In 1954, polypropylene was discovered by Giulio Natta and began to be manufactured in 1957.[3]

text: In 1954, expanded polystyrene (used for building insulation, packaging, and cups) was invented by Dow Chemical.[3] Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)'s discovery is credited to employees of the Calico Printers' Association in the UK in 1941; it was licensed to DuPont for the USA and ICI otherwise, and as one of the few plastics appropriate as a replacement for glass in many circumstances, resulting in widespread use for bottles in Europe.[3]

text: Plastics industry

text: Plastics manufacturing is a major part of the chemical industry, and some of the world's largest chemical companies have been involved since the earliest days, such as the industry leaders BASF and Dow Chemical.

text: In 2014, sales of the top fifty companies amounted to US$961,300,000,000.[26] The firms came from some eighteen countries in total, with more than half of the companies on the list being headquartered in the US. Many of the top fifty plastics companies were concentrated in just three countries:

text:
United States - 12
Japan - 8
Germany - 6

text: BASF was the world's largest chemical producer for the ninth year in a row.[26]

text: Trade associations which represent the industry in the US include the American Chemistry Council.

text: Industry standards

text: Many of the properties of plastics are determined by standards specified by ISO, such as:

text: ISO 306 - Thermoplastics

text: Many of the properties of plastics are determined by the UL Standards, tests specified by Underwriters Laboratories (UL), such as:

text:
Flammability - UL94
High voltage arc tracking rate - UL746A
Comparative Tracking Index

text: Additives

text: Blended into most plastics are additional organic or inorganic compounds . The average content of additives is a few percent. Many of the controversies associated with plastics actually relate to the additives:[27] organotin compounds are particularly toxic.[28]

text: Typical additives include:

text: Stabilizers

text: Stabilizers prolong the lifetime of the polymer by suppressing degradation that results from UV-light, oxidation, and other phenomena. Typical stabilzers thus absorb UV light or function as antioxidants.

text: Fillers

text: Many plastics[citation needed] contain fillers, to improve performance or reduce production costs.[29] Typically fillers are mineral in origin, e.g., chalk. Other fillers include: starch, cellulose, wood flour, ivory dust and zinc oxide.

text:
most fillers are relatively inert and inexpensive materials, make the product cheaper by weight.
stabilizing additives include fire retardants, to lower the flammability of the material.
some fillers are more chemically active and are called: reinforcing agents.[30]

text: Plasticizers

text: Plasticizers are, by mass, often the most abundant additives.[28] These oily but nonvolatile compounds are blended in to plastics to improve rheology, as many organic polymers are otherwise too rigid for particular applications.

text: Colorants

text: Colorants are another common additive, though their weight contribution is small.

text: Toxicity

text: Pure plastics have low toxicity due to their insolubility in water and because they are biochemically inert, due to a large molecular weight. Plastic products contain a variety of additives, some of which can be toxic. For example, plasticizers like adipates and phthalates are often added to brittle plastics like polyvinyl chloride to make them pliable enough for use in food packaging, toys, and many other items. Traces of these compounds can leach out of the product. Owing to concerns over the effects of such leachates, the European Union has restricted the use of DEHP (di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate) and other phthalates in some applications, and the United States has limited the use of DEHP, DPB, BBP, DINP, DIDP, and DnOP in children's toys and child care articles with the Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act. Some compounds leaching from polystyrene food containers have been proposed to interfere with hormone functions and are suspected human carcinogens.[31] Other chemicals of potential concern include alkylphenols.[28]

text: Whereas the finished plastic may be non-toxic, the monomers used in the manufacture of the parent polymers may be toxic. In some cases, small amounts of those chemicals can remain trapped in the product unless suitable processing is employed. For example, the World Health Organization's International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has recognized vinyl chloride, the precursor to PVC, as a human carcinogen.[31]

text: Bisphenol A (BPA)

text: Some polymers may also decompose into the monomers or other toxic substances when heated. In 2011, it was reported that "almost all plastic products" sampled released chemicals with estrogenic activity, although the researchers identified plastics which did not leach chemicals with estrogenic activity.[32]

text: The primary building block of polycarbonates, bisphenol A (BPA), is an estrogen-like endocrine disruptor that may leach into food.[31] Research in Environmental Health Perspectives finds that BPA leached from the lining of tin cans, dental sealants and polycarbonate bottles can increase body weight of lab animals' offspring.[33] A more recent animal study suggests that even low-level exposure to BPA results in insulin resistance, which can lead to inflammation and heart disease.[34]

text: As of January 2010, the LA Times newspaper reports that the United States FDA is spending $30 million to investigate indications of BPA being linked to cancer.[35]

text: Bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate, present in plastic wrap based on PVC, is also of concern, as are the volatile organic compounds present in new car smell.

text: The European Union has a permanent ban on the use of phthalates in toys. In 2009, the United States government banned certain types of phthalates commonly used in plastic.[36]

text: Environmental effects

text: Most plastics are durable and degrade very slowly, as their chemical structure renders them resistant to many natural processes of degradation. However, microbial species capable of degrading plastics are known to science, and some are potentially useful for the disposal of certain classes of plastic waste.

text:
In 1975 a team of Japanese scientists studying ponds containing waste water from a nylon factory, discovered a strain of Flavobacterium that digested certain byproducts of nylon 6 manufacture, such as the linear dimer of 6-aminohexanoate.[37] Nylon 4 or polybutyrolactam can be degraded by the (ND-10 and ND-11) strands of Pseudomonas sp. found in sludge. This produced γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as a byproduct.[38]
Several species of soil fungi can consume polyurethane.[39] This includes two species of the Ecuadorian fungus Pestalotiopsis that can consume polyurethane aerobically and also in anaerobic conditions such as those at the bottom of landfills.[40]
Methanogenic consortia degrade styrene, using it as a carbon source.[41] Pseudomonas putida can convert styrene oil into various biodegradable polyhydroxyalkanoates.[42][43]
Microbial communities isolated from soil samples mixed with starch have been shown to be capable of degrading polypropylene.[44]
The fungus Aspergillus fumigatus effectively degrades plasticized PVC.[45] Phanerochaete chrysosporium has been grown on PVC in a mineral salt agar.[46] Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Lentinus tigrinus, Aspergillus niger, and Aspergillus sydowii can also effectively degrade PVC.[47] Phanerochaete chrysosporium was grown on PVC in a mineral salt agar.[46]
Acinetobacter has been found to partially degrade low molecular weight polyethylene oligomers.[38] When used in combination, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Sphingomonas can degrade over 40% of the weight of plastic bags in less than three months.[48] The thermophilic bacterium Brevibacillus borstelensis (strain 707) was isolated from a soil sample and found capable of using low-density polyethylene as a sole carbon source when incubated at 50 degrees Celsius. Pre-exposure of the plastic to ultraviolet radiation broke chemical bonds and aided biodegradation; the longer the period of UV exposure, the greater the promotion of the degradation.[49]
Less desirably, hazardous molds have been found aboard space stations, molds that degrade rubber into a digestible form.[50]
Several species of yeasts, bacteria, algae and lichens have been found growing on synthetic polymer artifacts in museums and at archaeological sites.[51]
In the plastic-polluted waters of the Sargasso Sea, bacteria have been found that consume various types of plastic; however it is unknown to what extent these bacteria effectively clean up poisons rather than simply releasing them into the marine microbial ecosystem.
Plastic eating microbes also have been found in landfills.[52]
Nocardia can degrade PET with an esterase enzyme.[53]
The fungus Geotrichum candidum, found in Belize, has been found to consume the polycarbonate plastic found in CDs.[54][55]
Phenol-formaldehyde, commonly known as bakelite, is degraded by the white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium.[56]
The futuro house was made of fibreglass-reinforced polyesters, polyester-polyurethane, and poly(methylmethacrylate.) One such house was found to be harmfully degraded by Cyanobacteria and Archaea.[57][58]

text: There are differing estimates of how much plastic waste has been produced in the last century. By one estimate, one billion tons of plastic waste has been discarded since the 1950s.[59] Others estimate a cumulative human production of 8.3 billion tons of plastic of which 6.3 billion tons is waste, with a recycling rate of only 9%.[60] Much of this material may persist for centuries or longer, given the demonstrated persistence of structurally similar natural materials such as amber.

text: The presence of plastics, particularly microplastics, within the food chain is increasing. In the 1960s microplastics were observed in the guts of seabirds, and since then have been found in increasing concentrations.[61] The long-term effects of plastic in the food chain are poorly understood. In 2009, it was estimated that 10% of modern waste was plastic,[24] although estimates vary according to region.[61] Meanwhile, 50-80% of debris in marine areas is plastic.[61]

text: Prior to the Montreal Protocol, CFCs were commonly used in the manufacture of polystyrene, and as such the production of polystyrene contributed to the depletion of the ozone layer.

text: Climate change

text: The effect of plastics on global warming is mixed. Plastics are generally made from petroleum. If the plastic is incinerated, it increases carbon emissions; if it is placed in a landfill, it becomes a carbon sink[62] although biodegradable plastics have caused methane emissions. [63] Due to the lightness of plastic versus glass or metal, plastic may reduce energy consumption. For example, packaging beverages in PET plastic rather than glass or metal is estimated to save 52% in transportation energy.[3]

text: Production of plastics

text: Production of plastics from crude oil requires 62 to 108 MJ/Kg (taking into account the average efficiency of US utility stations of 35%). Producing silicon and semiconductors for modern electronic equipment is even more energy consuming: 230 to 235 MJ/Kg of silicon, and about 3,000 MJ/Kg of semiconductors.[64] This is much higher than the energy needed to produce many other materials, e.g. iron (from iron ore) requires 20-25 MJ/Kg of energy, glass (from sand, etc.) 18-35 MJ/Kg, steel (from iron) 20-50 MJ/Kg, paper (from timber) 25-50 MJ/Kg.[65]

text: Incineration of plastics

text: Controlled high-temperature incineration, above 850 °C for two seconds,[66] performed with selective additional heating, breaks down toxic dioxins and furans from burning plastic, and is widely used in municipal solid waste incineration.[66] Municipal solid waste incinerators also normally include flue gas treatments to reduce pollutants further.[66] This is needed because uncontrolled incineration of plastic produces polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, a carcinogen (cancer causing chemical). The problem occurs because the heat content of the waste stream varies.[67] Open-air burning of plastic occurs at lower temperatures, and normally releases such toxic fumes.

text: Pyrolytic disposal

text: Plastics can be pyrolyzed into hydrocarbon fuels, since plastics include hydrogen and carbon. One kilogram of waste plastic produces roughly a liter of hydrocarbon.[68]

text: Recycling

text: Thermoplastics can be remelted and reused, and thermoset plastics can be ground up and used as filler, although the purity of the material tends to degrade with each reuse cycle. There are methods by which plastics can be broken down to a feedstock state.

text: The greatest challenge to the recycling of plastics is the difficulty of automating the sorting of plastic wastes, making it labor-intensive. Typically, workers sort the plastic by looking at the resin identification code, although common containers like soda bottles can be sorted from memory. Typically, the caps for PETE bottles are made from a different kind of plastic which is not recyclable, which presents additional problems for the sorting process. Other recyclable materials such as metals are easier to process mechanically. However, new processes of mechanical sorting are being developed to increase the capacity and efficiency of plastic recycling.

text: While containers are usually made from a single type and color of plastic, making them relatively easy to sort, a consumer product like a cellular phone may have many small parts consisting of over a dozen different types and colors of plastics. In such cases, the resources it would take to separate the plastics far exceed their value and the item is discarded. However, developments are taking place in the field of active disassembly, which may result in more product components being reused or recycled. Recycling certain types of plastics can be unprofitable as well. For example, polystyrene is rarely recycled because the process is usually not cost effective. These unrecycled wastes are typically disposed of in landfills, incinerated or used to produce electricity at waste-to-energy plants.

text: An early success in the recycling of plastics is Vinyloop, an industrial process to separate PVC from other materials through dissolution, filtration and separation of contaminants. A solvent is used in a closed loop to elute PVC from the waste. This makes it possible to recycle composite PVC waste, which is normally incinerated or put in a landfill. Vinyloop-based recycled PVC's primary energy demand is 46 percent lower than conventionally produced PVC. The global warming potential is 39 percent lower. This is why the use of recycled material leads to a significantly better ecological outcome.[69] This process was used after the Olympic Games in London 2012. Parts of temporary Buildings like the Water Polo Arena and the Royal Artillery Barracks were recycled. In this way, the PVC Policy could be fulfilled, which says that no PVC waste should be left after the games had ended.[70]

text: In 1988, to assist recycling of disposable items, the Plastic Bottle Institute of the U.S. Society of the Plastics Industry devised a now-familiar scheme to mark plastic bottles by plastic type. Under this scheme, a plastic container is marked with a triangle of three "chasing arrows", which encloses a number denoting the plastic type:

text:
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET or PETE)
High-density polyethylene (HDPE)
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
Low-density polyethylene (LDPE)
Polypropylene (PP)
Polystyrene (PS)
Other types of plastic (see list below)

tag: ol

text: Representative polymers

text: Bakelite

text: The first plastic based on a synthetic polymer was made from phenol and formaldehyde, with the first viable and cheap synthesis methods invented in 1907, by Leo Hendrik Baekeland, a Belgian-born American living in New York state. Baekeland was looking for an insulating shellac to coat wires in electric motors and generators. He found that combining phenol (C6H5OH) and formaldehyde (HCOH) formed a sticky mass and later found that the material could be mixed with wood flour, asbestos, or slate dust to create strong and fire resistant "composite" materials. The new material tended to foam during synthesis, requiring that Baekeland build pressure vessels to force out the bubbles and provide a smooth, uniform product, as he announced in 1909, in a meeting of the American Chemical Society.[72] Bakelite was originally used for electrical and mechanical parts, coming into widespread use in consumer goods and jewelry in the 1920s. Bakelite was a purely synthetic material, not derived from living matter. It was also an early thermosetting plastic.

text: Polystyrene

text: Unplasticised polystyrene is a rigid, brittle, inexpensive plastic that has been used to make plastic model kits and similar knick-knacks. It also is the basis for some of the most popular "foamed" plastics, under the name styrene foam or Styrofoam. Like most other foam plastics, foamed polystyrene can be manufactured in an "open cell" form, in which the foam bubbles are interconnected, as in an absorbent sponge, and "closed cell", in which all the bubbles are distinct, like tiny balloons, as in gas-filled foam insulation and flotation devices. In the late 1950s, high impact styrene was introduced, which was not brittle. It finds much current use as the substance of toy figurines and novelties.

text: Polyvinyl chloride

text: Polyvinyl chloride (PVC, commonly called "vinyl")[73] incorporates chlorine atoms. The C-Cl bonds in the backbone are hydrophobic and resist oxidation (and burning). PVC is stiff, strong, heat and weather resistant, properties that recommend its use in devices for plumbing, gutters, house siding, enclosures for computers and other electronics gear. PVC can also be softened with chemical processing, and in this form it is now used for shrink-wrap, food packaging, and rain gear.

text: All PVC polymers are degraded by heat and light. When this happens, hydrogen chloride is released into the atmosphere and oxidation of the compound occurs.[74] Because hydrogen chloride readily combines with water vapor in the air to form hydrochloric acid,[75] polyvinyl chloride is not recommended for long-term archival storage of silver, photographic film or paper (mylar is preferable).[76]

text: Nylon

text: The plastics industry was revolutionized in the 1930s with the announcement of polyamide (PA), far better known by its trade name nylon. Nylon was the first purely synthetic fiber, introduced by DuPont Corporation at the 1939 World's Fair in New York City.

text: In 1927, DuPont had begun a secret development project designated Fiber66, under the direction of Harvard chemist Wallace Carothers and chemistry department director Elmer Keiser Bolton. Carothers had been hired to perform pure research, and he worked to understand the new materials' molecular structure and physical properties. He took some of the first steps in the molecular design of the materials.

text: His work led to the discovery of synthetic nylon fiber, which was very strong but also very flexible. The first application was for bristles for toothbrushes. However, Du Pont's real target was silk, particularly silk stockings. Carothers and his team synthesized a number of different polyamides including polyamide 6.6 and 4.6, as well as polyesters.[77]

text: It took DuPont twelve years and US$27 million to refine nylon, and to synthesize and develop the industrial processes for bulk manufacture. With such a major investment, it was no surprise that Du Pont spared little expense to promote nylon after its introduction, creating a public sensation, or "nylon mania".

text: Nylon mania came to an abrupt stop at the end of 1941 when the USA entered World War II. The production capacity that had been built up to produce nylon stockings, or just nylons, for American women was taken over to manufacture vast numbers of parachutes for fliers and paratroopers. After the war ended, DuPont went back to selling nylon to the public, engaging in another promotional campaign in 1946 that resulted in an even bigger craze, triggering the so-called nylon riots.

text: Subsequently, polyamides 6, 10, 11, and 12 have been developed based on monomers which are ring compounds; e.g. caprolactam. Nylon 66 is a material manufactured by condensation polymerization.

text: Nylons still remain important plastics, and not just for use in fabrics. In its bulk form it is very wear resistant, particularly if oil-impregnated, and so is used to build gears, plain bearings, valve seats, seals and because of good heat-resistance, increasingly for under-the-hood applications in cars, and other mechanical parts.

text: Poly(methyl methacrylate)

text: Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), also known as acrylic or acrylic glass as well as by the trade names Plexiglas, Acrylite, Lucite, and Perspex among several others (see below), is a transparent thermoplastic often used in sheet form as a lightweight or shatter-resistant alternative to glass. The same material can be utilised as a casting resin, in inks and coatings, and has many other uses.

text: Rubber

text: Natural rubber is an elastomer (an elastic hydrocarbon polymer) that originally was derived from latex, a milky colloidal suspension found in specialised vessels in some plants. It is useful directly in this form (indeed, the first appearance of rubber in Europe was cloth waterproofed with unvulcanized latex from Brazil). However, in 1839, Charles Goodyear invented vulcanized rubber; a form of natural rubber heated with sulfur (and a few other chemicals), forming cross-links between polymer chains (vulcanization), improving elasticity and durability.

text: In 1851, Nelson Goodyear added fillers to natural rubber materials to form ebonite.[30]

text: Synthetic rubber

text: The first fully synthetic rubber was synthesized by Sergei Lebedev in 1910. In World War II, supply blockades of natural rubber from South East Asia caused a boom in development of synthetic rubber, notably styrene-butadiene rubber. In 1941, annual production of synthetic rubber in the U.S. was only 231 tonnes which increased to 840,000 tonnes in 1945. In the space race and nuclear arms race, Caltech researchers experimented with using synthetic rubbers for solid fuel for rockets. Ultimately, all large military rockets and missiles would use synthetic rubber based solid fuels, and they would also play a significant part in the civilian space effort.


document_title: 2017–18 UEFA Europa League knockout phase

question_text: when is the draw for europa league knockout stages

question_tokens: when is the draw for europa league knockout stages

text: 2017–18 UEFA Europa League knockout phase

text: Round and draw dates[edit]

text: The schedule of the knockout phase was as follows (all draws were held at the UEFA headquarters in Nyon, Switzerland).[1]

text:
Round
Draw
First leg
Second leg

Round of 32
11 December 2017
15 February 2018
22 February 2018

Round of 16
23 February 2018
8 March 2018
15 March 2018

Quarter-finals
16 March 2018
5 April 2018
12 April 2018

Semi-finals
13 April 2018
26 April 2018
3 May 2018

Final
16 May 2018 at Parc Olympique Lyonnais, Décines-Charpieu

tag: table

text: Matches may also be played on Tuesdays or Wednesdays instead of the regular Thursdays due to scheduling conflicts.

text: Format[edit]

text: The knockout phase involves 32 teams: the 24 teams which qualify as winners and runners-up of each of the twelve groups in the group stage, and the eight third-placed teams from the Champions League group stage.

text: Each tie in the knockout phase, apart from the final, is played over two legs, with each team playing one leg at home. The team that scores more goals on aggregate over the two legs advance to the next round. If the aggregate score is level, the away goals rule is applied, i.e. the team that scored more goals away from home over the two legs advances. If away goals are also equal, then thirty minutes of extra time is played. The away goals rule is again applied after extra time, i.e. if there are goals scored during extra time and the aggregate score is still level, the visiting team advances by virtue of more away goals scored. If no goals are scored during extra time, the tie is decided by penalty shoot-out. In the final, which is played as a single match, if scores are level at the end of normal time, extra time is played, followed by penalty shoot-out if scores remain tied.[2]

text: The mechanism of the draws for each round is as follows:

text:
In the draw for the round of 32, the twelve group winners and the four third-placed teams from the Champions League group stage with the better group records are seeded, and the twelve group runners-up and the other four third-placed teams from the Champions League group stage are unseeded. The seeded teams are drawn against the unseeded teams, with the seeded teams hosting the second leg. Teams from the same group or the same association cannot be drawn against each other.
In the draws for the round of 16 onwards, there are no seedings, and teams from the same group or the same association can be drawn against each other.

text: On 17 July 2014, the UEFA emergency panel ruled that Ukrainian and Russian clubs would not be drawn against each other "until further notice" due to the political unrest between the countries.[3]

text: Qualified teams[edit]

text: Europa League group stage winners and runners-up[edit]

text:
Group
Winners
(seeded in round of 32 draw)
Runners-up
(unseeded in round of 32 draw)

A
 Villarreal
 Astana

B
 Dynamo Kyiv
 Partizan

C
 Braga
 Ludogorets Razgrad

D
 Milan
 AEK Athens

E
 Atalanta
 Lyon

F
 Lokomotiv Moscow
 Copenhagen

G
 Viktoria Plzeň
 FCSB

H
 Arsenal
 Red Star Belgrade

I
 Red Bull Salzburg
 Marseille

J
 Athletic Bilbao
 Östersund

K
 Lazio
 Nice

L
 Zenit Saint Petersburg
 Real Sociedad

text: Champions League group stage third-placed teams[edit]

text:
Seed
Grp
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Seeding

1
A
 CSKA Moscow
6
3
0
3
8
10
−2
9
Seeded in round of 32 draw

2
C
 Atlético Madrid
6
1
4
1
5
4
+1
7

3
G
 RB Leipzig
6
2
1
3
10
11
−1
7

4
D
 Sporting CP
6
2
1
3
8
9
−1
7

5
F
 Napoli
6
2
0
4
11
11
0
6
Unseeded in round of 32 draw

6
E
 Spartak Moscow
6
1
3
2
9
13
−4
6

7
B
 Celtic
6
1
0
5
5
18
−13
3

8
H
 Borussia Dortmund
6
0
2
4
7
13
−6
2

text: Bracket[edit]

text:
Round of 32

Round of 16

Quarter-finals

Semi-finals

  Napoli
1
2
3

  RB Leipzig (a)
3
0
3

  RB Leipzig
2
1
3

  Celtic
1
0
1

  Zenit Saint Petersburg
1
1
2

  Zenit Saint Petersburg
0
3
3

  RB Leipzig
1
2
3

  Marseille
3
0
3

  Marseille
0
5
5

  Braga
0
1
1

  Marseille
3
2
5

  Spartak Moscow
1
2
3

  Athletic Bilbao
1
1
2

  Athletic Bilbao
3
1
4

  Marseille (a.e.t.)
2
1
3

  FCSB
1
1
2

  Red Bull Salzburg
0
2
2

  Lazio
0
5
5

  Lazio
2
2
4

  AEK Athens
1
0
1

  Dynamo Kyiv
2
0
2

  Dynamo Kyiv (a)
1
0
1

  Lazio
4
1
5

  Borussia Dortmund
3
1
4

  Red Bull Salzburg
2
4
6

Final
(16 May – Lyon)

  Atalanta
2
1
3

  Borussia Dortmund
1
0
1

  Real Sociedad
2
1
3

  Red Bull Salzburg
2
0
2

  Red Bull Salzburg
2
2
4

  Marseille
0

  Ludogorets Razgrad
0
0
0

  Atlético Madrid
3

  Milan
3
1
4

  Milan
0
1
1

  Östersund
0
2
2

  Arsenal
2
3
5

  Arsenal
3
1
4

  Arsenal
4
2
6

  Red Star Belgrade
0
0
0

  CSKA Moscow
1
2
3

  CSKA Moscow
0
1
1

  CSKA Moscow (a)
0
3
3

  Lyon
3
1
4

  Lyon
1
2
3

  Villarreal
1
0
1

  Arsenal
1
0
1

  Copenhagen
1
0
1

  Atlético Madrid
1
1
2

  Atlético Madrid
4
1
5

  Atlético Madrid
3
5
8

  Nice
2
0
2

  Lokomotiv Moscow
0
1
1

  Lokomotiv Moscow
3
1
4

  Atlético Madrid
2
0
2

  Astana
1
3
4

  Sporting CP
0
1
1

  Sporting CP
3
3
6

  Sporting CP (a.e.t.)
2
1
3

  Partizan
1
0
1

  Viktoria Plzeň
0
2
2

  Viktoria Plzeň
1
2
3

text: Round of 32[edit]

text: The draw for the round of 32 was held on 11 December 2017, 13:00 CET.[5]

text: Summary[edit]

text: The first legs were played on 13 and 15 February, and the second legs were played on 21 and 22 February 2018.

text:
Team 1
Agg.
Team 2
1st leg
2nd leg

Borussia Dortmund
4–3
 Atalanta
3–2
1–1

Nice
2–4
 Lokomotiv Moscow
2–3
0–1

Copenhagen
1–5
 Atlético Madrid
1–4
0–1

Spartak Moscow
3–4
 Athletic Bilbao
1–3
2–1

AEK Athens
1–1 (a)
 Dynamo Kyiv
1–1
0–0

Celtic
1–3
 Zenit Saint Petersburg
1–0
0–3

Napoli
3–3 (a)
 RB Leipzig
1–3
2–0

Red Star Belgrade
0–1
 CSKA Moscow
0–0
0–1

Lyon
4–1
 Villarreal
3–1
1–0

Real Sociedad
3–4
 Red Bull Salzburg
2–2
1–2

Partizan
1–3
 Viktoria Plzeň
1–1
0–2

FCSB
2–5
 Lazio
1–0
1–5

Ludogorets Razgrad
0–4
 Milan
0–3
0–1

Astana
4–6
 Sporting CP
1–3
3–3

Östersund
2–4
 Arsenal
0–3
2–1

Marseille
3–1
 Braga
3–0
0–1

text: Matches[edit]

text:
Borussia Dortmund
3–2
 Atalanta

Schürrle  30'
Batshuayi  65', 90+1'

Report

Iličić  51', 56'

text:
Atalanta
1–1
 Borussia Dortmund

Tolói  11'

Report

Schmelzer  83'

text: Borussia Dortmund won 4–3 on aggregate.

text:
Nice
2–3
 Lokomotiv Moscow

Balotelli  4', 28' (pen.)

Report

Fernandes  45' (pen.), 69', 77'

text:
Lokomotiv Moscow
1–0
 Nice

Denisov  30'

Report

text: Lokomotiv Moscow won 4–2 on aggregate.

text:
Copenhagen
1–4
 Atlético Madrid

Fischer  15'

Report

Saúl  21'
Gameiro  37'
Griezmann  71'
Vitolo  77'

text:
Atlético Madrid
1–0
 Copenhagen

Gameiro  7'

Report

text: Atlético Madrid won 5–1 on aggregate.

text:
Spartak Moscow
1–3
 Athletic Bilbao

Luiz Adriano  60'

Report

Aduriz  22', 39'
Kutepov  45+1' (o.g.)

text:
Athletic Bilbao
1–2
 Spartak Moscow

Etxeita  57'

Report

Luiz Adriano  44'
Melgarejo  85'

text: Athletic Bilbao won 4–3 on aggregate.

text:
AEK Athens
1–1
 Dynamo Kyiv

Ajdarević  80'

Report

Tsyhankov  19'

text:
Dynamo Kyiv
0–0
 AEK Athens

Report

text: 1–1 on aggregate. Dynamo Kyiv won on away goals.

text:
Celtic
1–0
 Zenit Saint Petersburg

McGregor  78'

Report

text:
Zenit Saint Petersburg
3–0
 Celtic

Ivanović  8'
Kuzyayev  27'
Kokorin  61'

Report

text: Zenit Saint Petersburg won 3–1 on aggregate.

text:
Napoli
1–3
 RB Leipzig

Ounas  52'

Report

Werner  61', 90+3'
Bruma  74'

text:
RB Leipzig
0–2
 Napoli

Report

Zieliński  33'
Insigne  86'

text: 3–3 on aggregate. RB Leipzig won on away goals.

text:
Red Star Belgrade
0–0
 CSKA Moscow

Report

text:
CSKA Moscow
1–0
 Red Star Belgrade

Dzagoev  45+1'

Report

text: CSKA Moscow won 1–0 on aggregate.

text:
Lyon
3–1
 Villarreal

Ndombele  46'
Fekir  49'
Depay  82'

Report

Fornals  63'

text:
Villarreal
0–1
 Lyon

Report

Traoré  85'

text: Lyon won 4–1 on aggregate.

text:
Real Sociedad
2–2
 Red Bull Salzburg

Odriozola  57'
Januzaj  80'

Report

Oyarzabal  27' (o.g.)
Minamino  90+4'

text:
Red Bull Salzburg
2–1
 Real Sociedad

Dabour  10'
V. Berisha  74' (pen.)

Report

Navas  28'

text: Red Bull Salzburg won 4–3 on aggregate.

text:
Partizan
1–1
 Viktoria Plzeň

Tawamba  58'

Report

Řezník  81'

text:
Viktoria Plzeň
2–0
 Partizan

Krmenčík  67'
Čermák  90+4'

Report

text: Viktoria Plzeň won 3–1 on aggregate.

text:
FCSB
1–0
 Lazio

Gnohéré  29'

Report

text:
Lazio
5–1
 FCSB

Immobile  7', 42', 71'
Bastos  35'
Felipe Anderson  51'

Report

Gnohéré  82'

text: Lazio won 5–2 on aggregate.

text:
Ludogorets Razgrad
0–3
 Milan

Report

Cutrone  45'
Rodríguez  64' (pen.)
Borini  90+2'

text:
Milan
1–0
 Ludogorets Razgrad

Borini  21'

Report

text: Milan won 4–0 on aggregate.

text:
Astana
1–3
 Sporting CP

Tomasov  7'

Report

Fernandes  48' (pen.)
Gelson  50'
Doumbia  56'

text:
Sporting CP
3–3
 Astana

Dost  3'
Fernandes  53', 63'

Report

Tomasov  37'
Twumasi  80'
Shomko  90+4'

text: Sporting CP won 6–4 on aggregate.

text:
Östersund
0–3
 Arsenal

Report

Monreal  13'
Papagiannopoulos  24' (o.g.)
Özil  58'

text:
Arsenal
1–2
 Östersund

Kolašinac  47'

Report

Aiesh  22'
Sema  23'

text: Arsenal won 4–2 on aggregate.

text:
Marseille
3–0
 Braga

Germain  4', 69'
Thauvin  74'

Report

text:
Braga
1–0
 Marseille

R. Horta  31'

Report

text: Marseille won 3–1 on aggregate.

text: Round of 16[edit]

text: The draw for the round of 16 was held on 23 February 2018, 13:00 CET.[40]

text: Summary[edit]

text: The first legs were played on 8 March, and the second legs were played on 15 March 2018.

text:
Team 1
Agg.
Team 2
1st leg
2nd leg

Lazio
4–2
 Dynamo Kyiv
2–2
2–0

RB Leipzig
3–2
 Zenit Saint Petersburg
2–1
1–1

Atlético Madrid
8–1
 Lokomotiv Moscow
3–0
5–1

CSKA Moscow
3–3 (a)
 Lyon
0–1
3–2

Marseille
5–2
 Athletic Bilbao
3–1
2–1

Sporting CP
3–2
 Viktoria Plzeň
2–0
1–2 (a.e.t.)

Borussia Dortmund
1–2
 Red Bull Salzburg
1–2
0–0

Milan
1–5
 Arsenal
0–2
1–3

text: Matches[edit]

text:
Lazio
2–2
 Dynamo Kyiv

Immobile  54'
Felipe Anderson  62'

Report

Tsyhankov  52'
Júnior Moraes  79'

text:
Dynamo Kyiv
0–2
 Lazio

Report

Lucas  23'
De Vrij  83'

text: Lazio won 4–2 on aggregate.

text:
RB Leipzig
2–1
 Zenit Saint Petersburg

Bruma  56'
Werner  77'

Report

Criscito  86'

text:
Zenit Saint Petersburg
1–1
 RB Leipzig

Driussi  45+1'

Report

Augustin  22'

text: RB Leipzig won 3–2 on aggregate.

text:
Atlético Madrid
3–0
 Lokomotiv Moscow

Saúl  22'
Costa  47'
Koke  90'

Report

text:
Lokomotiv Moscow
1–5
 Atlético Madrid

Rybus  20'

Report

Correa  16'
Saúl  47'
Torres  65' (pen.), 70'
Griezmann  85'

text: Atlético Madrid won 8–1 on aggregate.

text:
CSKA Moscow
0–1
 Lyon

Report

Marcelo  68'

text:
Lyon
2–3
 CSKA Moscow

Cornet  58'
Mariano  71'

Report

Golovin  39'
Musa  60'
Wernbloom  65'

text: 3–3 on aggregate. CSKA Moscow won on away goals.

text:
Marseille
3–1
 Athletic Bilbao

Ocampos  1', 57'
Payet  14'

Report

Aduriz  45+3' (pen.)

text:
Athletic Bilbao
1–2
 Marseille

Williams  74'

Report

Payet  38' (pen.)
Ocampos  52'

text: Marseille won 5–2 on aggregate.

text:
Sporting CP
2–0
 Viktoria Plzeň

Montero  45+1', 49'

Report

text:
Viktoria Plzeň
2–1 (a.e.t.)
 Sporting CP

Bakoš  6', 65'

Report

Battaglia  105+2'

text: Sporting CP won 3–2 on aggregate.

text:
Borussia Dortmund
1–2
 Red Bull Salzburg

Schürrle  62'

Report

V. Berisha  49' (pen.), 56'

text:
Red Bull Salzburg
0–0
 Borussia Dortmund

Report

text: Red Bull Salzburg won 2–1 on aggregate.

text:
Milan
0–2
 Arsenal

Report

Mkhitaryan  15'
Ramsey  45+4'

text:
Arsenal
3–1
 Milan

Welbeck  39' (pen.), 86'
Xhaka  71'

Report

Çalhanoğlu  35'

text: Arsenal won 5–1 on aggregate.

text: Quarter-finals[edit]

text: The draw for the quarter-finals was held on 16 March 2018, 13:00 CET.[57]

text: For the first time since the 2004–05 UEFA Cup, all the eight teams at this stage represented different national associations.[58]

text: Summary[edit]

text: The first legs were played on 5 April, and the second legs were played on 12 April 2018.

text:
Team 1
Agg.
Team 2
1st leg
2nd leg

RB Leipzig
3–5
 Marseille
1–0
2–5

Arsenal
6–3
 CSKA Moscow
4–1
2–2

Atlético Madrid
2–1
 Sporting CP
2–0
0–1

Lazio
5–6
 Red Bull Salzburg
4–2
1–4

text: Matches[edit]

text:
RB Leipzig
1–0
 Marseille

Werner  45+1'

Report

text:
Marseille
5–2
 RB Leipzig

Ilsanker  6' (o.g.)
Sarr  9'
Thauvin  38'
Payet  60'
Sakai  90+4'

Report

Bruma  2'
Augustin  55'

text: Marseille won 5–3 on aggregate.

text:
Arsenal
4–1
 CSKA Moscow

Ramsey  9', 28'
Lacazette  23' (pen.), 35'

Report

Golovin  15'

text:
CSKA Moscow
2–2
 Arsenal

Chalov  39'
Nababkin  50'

Report

Welbeck  75'
Ramsey  90+2'

text: Arsenal won 6–3 on aggregate.

text:
Atlético Madrid
2–0
 Sporting CP

Koke  1'
Griezmann  40'

Report

text:
Sporting CP
1–0
 Atlético Madrid

Montero  28'

Report

text: Atlético Madrid won 2–1 on aggregate.

text:
Lazio
4–2
 Red Bull Salzburg

Lulić  8'
Parolo  49'
Felipe Anderson  74'
Immobile  76'

Report

V. Berisha  30' (pen.)
Minamino  71'

text:
Red Bull Salzburg
4–1
 Lazio

Dabour  56'
Haidara  72'
Hwang Hee-chan  74'
Lainer  76'

Report

Immobile  55'

text: Red Bull Salzburg won 6–5 on aggregate.

text: Semi-finals[edit]

text: The draw for the semi-finals was held on 13 April 2018, 12:00 CEST.[67]

text: Summary[edit]

text: The first legs were played on 26 April, and the second legs were played on 3 May 2018.

text:
Team 1
Agg.
Team 2
1st leg
2nd leg

Marseille
3–2
 Red Bull Salzburg
2–0
1–2 (a.e.t.)

Arsenal
1–2
 Atlético Madrid
1–1
0–1

text: Matches[edit]

text:
Marseille
2–0
 Red Bull Salzburg

Thauvin  15'
N'Jie  63'

Report

text:
Red Bull Salzburg
2–1 (a.e.t.)
 Marseille

Haidara  53'
Sarr  65' (o.g.)

Report

Rolando  116'

text: Marseille won 3–2 on aggregate.

text:
Arsenal
1–1
 Atlético Madrid

Lacazette  61'

Report

Griezmann  82'

text:
Atlético Madrid
1–0
 Arsenal

Costa  45+2'

Report

text: Atlético Madrid won 2–1 on aggregate.

text: Final[edit]

text: The final was played at the Parc Olympique Lyonnais in Décines-Charpieu on 16 May 2018. The "home" team (for administrative purposes) was determined by an additional draw held after the semi-final draw.[67]

text:
Marseille
0–3
 Atlético Madrid

Report

Griezmann  21', 49'
Gabi  89'

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Atalanta played their home match at Mapei Stadium – Città del Tricolore, Reggio Emilia, instead of their regular stadium Stadio Atleti Azzurri d'Italia, Bergamo, as it wasn’t given a UEFA licence to hold games.[7]
Jump up ^ The Red Star Belgrade v CSKA Moscow match was scheduled on 13 February in order to avoid a scheduling conflict with the Partizan v Viktoria Plzeň match, in the same city.[21]
Jump up ^ The CSKA Moscow v Red Star Belgrade match was scheduled on 21 February in order to avoid a scheduling conflict with the Lokomotiv Moscow v Nice match, in the same city.[21]


document_title: List of Stanley Cup champions

question_text: last nhl team to win 4 stanley cups in a row

text: List of Stanley Cup champions

text: Challenge Cup era (1893–1914)[edit]

text: The origins of the Challenge era come from the method of play of the Amateur Hockey Association of Canada prior to 1893. From 1887 to 1893, the league did not play a round-robin format, but rather challenges between teams of the association that year, with the winner of the series being the 'interim' champion, with the final challenge winner becoming the league champion for the year. The Stanley Cup kept the tradition going, but added league championships as another way that a team could win the trophy. If a team in the same league as the current champion won the league championship, it would then inherit the Cup, without a challenge. The only time this rule was not followed was in 1904, when the Ottawa Senators club withdrew from its league, the CAHL. The trustees ruled that the Cup stayed with Ottawa, instead of the CAHL league champion.

text: During the challenge cup period, none of the leagues that played for the trophy had a formal playoff system to decide their respective champions; whichever team finished in first place after the regular season won the league title.[2] A playoff would only be played if teams tied for first-place in their leagues at the end of the regular season. Challenge games were played until 1912 at any time during hockey season by challenges approved and/or ordered by the Stanley Cup trustees. In 1912, Cup trustees declared that it was only to be defended at the end of the champion team's regular season.[3]

text: In 1908, the Allan Cup was introduced as the trophy for Canada's amateurs, as the Stanley Cup became a symbol of professional hockey supremacy.[4]

text: This table lists the outcome of all Stanley Cup wins, including successful victories and defenses in challenges, and league championships for the challenge era.

text:
Date

Winning team

Coach

Losing team

Playoff format

Score

Winning goal

March 17, 1893

Montreal Hockey Club (AHAC)

Harry Shaw (mgr.)

1893 AHAC champions, no challengers

March 22, 1894

Montreal Hockey Club (AHAC)

Harry Shaw (mgr.)

Ottawa HC (AHAC)

Single-elimination(1894 AHAC championship playoff)

3–1

Billy Barlow (9:00, third qtr)

March 9, 1895

Montreal Victorias (AHAC)[A]

Mike Grant (capt.)

1895 AHAC Champion

March 9, 1895

Montreal Hockey Club (AHAC)[A]

Harry Shaw (mgr.)

Queen's University (OHA)

Single-elimination

5–1

February 14, 1896

Winnipeg Victorias (MHA)

Jack Armytage (capt.)

Montreal Victorias (AHAC)

Single-elimination

2–0

Jack Armytage (10:00, first half)[5][6]

February 29, 1896

Winnipeg Victorias (MHA)

Jack Armytage (capt.)

1896 MHA champion[7]

December 30, 1896

Montreal Victorias (AHAC)

Mike Grant (capt.)

Winnipeg Victorias (MHA)

Single-elimination

6–5

Ernie McLea (28:00, second half)

March 6, 1897

Montreal Victorias (AHAC)

Mike Grant (capt.)

1897 AHAC Champion

December 27, 1897

Montreal Victorias (AHAC)

Mike Grant (capt.)

Ottawa Capitals (CCHA)

Single-elimination[B]

15–2

March 5, 1898

Montreal Victorias (AHAC)

Frank Richardson-playing

1898 AHAC Champion

February 15–18, 1899

Montreal Victorias (CAHL)

Frank Richardson-Playing

Winnipeg Victorias (MHA)

Two-game total goals

5–3

Robert MacDougall (second half)

March 4, 1899

Montreal Shamrocks (CAHL)

Barney Dunphy

1899 CAHL Champion

March 14, 1899

Montreal Shamrocks (CAHL)

Barney Dunphy

Queen's University (OHA)

Single-elimination

6–2

Harry Trihey

February 12–15, 1900

Montreal Shamrocks (CAHL)

Barney Dunphy

Winnipeg Victorias (MHA)

Best-of-three

2–1

Harry Trihey (second half)

March 7, 1900

Montreal Shamrocks (CAHL)

Barney Dunphy

Halifax Crescents (MaPHL)

Best-of-three

2–0 (10–2, 11–0)

March 10, 1900

Montreal Shamrocks (CAHL)

Barney Dunphy

1900 CAHL Champion

January 29–31, 1901

Winnipeg Victorias (MHA)

Dan Bain (capt.)

Montreal Shamrocks (CAHL)

Best-of-three

2–0

Dan Bain (4:00, OT)

February 19, 1901

Winnipeg Victorias (MHA)

Dan Bain (capt.)

Winnipeg HC (MHA)

Single-elimination(1901 MHA championship)

4–3[8]

January 21–23, 1902

Winnipeg Victorias (MHA)

Dan Bain (capt.)

Toronto Wellingtons (OHA)

Best-of-three

2–0

Fred Scanlon (9:00, second half)

March 1902

Winnipeg Victorias (MHA)

Dan Bain (capt.)

1902 MHA Champion

March 13–17, 1902

Montreal HC (CAHL)

Clarence McKerrow

Winnipeg Victorias (MHA)

Best-of-three

2–1

Jack Marshall (first half)

January 29–31,February 2–4, 1903

Montreal HC (CAHL)

Desse Browne

Winnipeg Victorias (MHA)

Best-of-three

2–1[C]

Tom Phillips

March 7–10, 1903

Ottawa HC (CAHL)

Alf Smith

Montreal Victorias (CAHL)

Two-game total goals(1903 CAHL championship playoff)

9–1

Suddy Gilmour (4:34, first half, second game)

March 12–14, 1903

Ottawa HC (CAHL)

Alf Smith

Rat Portage Thistles (MNWHA)

Two-game total goals

10–4

Frank McGee (8:20, first half)

December 30, 1903, January 1–4, 1904

Ottawa HC (CAHL)

Alf Smith-playing

Winnipeg Rowing Club (MHA)

Best-of-three

2–1

Frank McGee (11:00, second half)

February 23–25, 1904

Ottawa HC[D]

Alf Smith-playing

Toronto Marlboros (OHA)

Best-of-three

2–0

Arthur Moore (9:38, first half)

March 2, 1904

Ottawa HC[D]

Alf Smith-playing

Montreal Wanderers (FAHL)

Two-game total goals

[E]

March 9–11, 1904

Ottawa HC[D]

Alf Smith-playing

Brandon Wheat Cities (MNWHA)

Best-of-three

2–0

Frank McGee (18:00, first half)

January 13–16, 1905

Ottawa HC (FAHL)

Alf Smith-playing

Dawson City Nuggets

Best-of-three

2–0

Harry Westwick (12:15, first half)

March 3, 1905

Ottawa HC (FAHL)

Alf Smith-playing

1905 FAHL Champion

March 7–9–11, 1905

Ottawa HC (FAHL)

Alf Smith-playing

Rat Portage Thistles (MHL)

Best-of-three

2–1

Frank McGee

February 27–28, 1906

Ottawa HC (ECAHA)

Alf Smith-playing

Queen's University (OHA)

Best-of-three

2–0

Harvey Pulford (10:00, second half)

March 6–8, 1906

Ottawa HC (ECAHA)

Alf Smith-playing

Smiths Falls HC (FAHL)

Best-of-three

2–0

Frank McGee (17:45, first half)

March 14–17, 1906

Montreal Wanderers (ECAHA)

Cecil Blachford-playing

Ottawa HC (ECAHA)

Two-game total goals(1906 ECAHA championship playoff)

12–10

Lester Patrick

December 27–29, 1906

Montreal Wanderers (ECAHA)

Cecil Blachford-playing

New Glasgow Cubs (MaHL)

Two-game total goals

17–5

January 21–23, 1907

Kenora Thistles (MPHL)

James Link

Montreal Wanderers (ECAHA)

Two-game total goals

12–8

Roxy Beaudro

March 16–18, 1907

Kenora Thistles (MPHL)

James Link

Brandon Wheat Cities (MPHL)

Best-of-three(1907 MPHL championship)

2–0

Fred Whitcroft (19:00, first half)[9]

March 23–25, 1907

Montreal Wanderers (ECAHA)

Lester Patrick (capt.)

Kenora Thistles (MPHL)

Two-game total goals

12–8

Ernest "Moose" Johnson

January 9–13, 1908

Montreal Wanderers (ECAHA)

Cecil Blachford (capt.)

Ottawa Victorias (FAHL)

Two-game total goals

22–4

Frank Glass (25:00, first half, first game)[10]

March 7, 1908

Montreal Wanderers (ECAHA)

Cecil Blachford (capt.)

1908 ECAHA Champions

March 10–12, 1908

Montreal Wanderers (ECAHA)

Cecil Blachford (capt.)

Winnipeg Maple Leafs (MPHL)

Two-game total goals

20–8

March 14, 1908

Montreal Wanderers (ECAHA)

Cecil Blachford (capt.)

Toronto (OPHL)

Single-elimination

6–4

Ernest "Moose" Johnson

December 28–30, 1908

Montreal Wanderers (ECHA)

Cecil Blachford (capt.)

Edmonton Hockey Club (AAHA)

Two-game total goals

13–10

Walter Smaill (33:45, second half, second game)[11]

March 6, 1909

Ottawa HC (ECHA)

Pete Green

1909 ECHA champions

January 5–7, 1910

Ottawa HC (CHA)

Pete Green

Galt HC (OPHL)

Two-game total goals

15–4

Hamby Shore (10:10, first half, first game)[12]

January 18–20, 1910

Ottawa HC (NHA)

Pete Green

Edmonton Hockey Club (AAHA)

Two-game total goals

21–11

Bruce Stuart (23:45, first half)

March 9, 1910

Montreal Wanderers (NHA)

Frank Glass (capt.)

1910 NHA Champion

March 12, 1910

Montreal Wanderers (NHA)

Frank Glass (capt.)

Berlin Dutchmen (OPHL)

Single-elimination

7–3

Harry Hyland (22:00, first half)

March 10, 1911

Ottawa HC (NHA)

Pete Green

1911 NHA Champions

March 13, 1911

Ottawa HC (NHA)

Pete Green

Galt HC (OPHL)

Single-elimination

7–4

Marty Walsh (5:00, third)

March 16, 1911

Ottawa HC (NHA)

Pete Green

Port Arthur Bearcats(New Ontario Hockey League)

Single-elimination

13–4

Marty Walsh (4:30, second)

March 5, 1912

Quebec Bulldogs (NHA)

Charles Nolan

1912 NHA Champions

March 11–13, 1912

Quebec Bulldogs (NHA)

Charles Nolan

Moncton Victorias (MaPHL)

Best-of-three

2–0

Joe Malone (18:00, first)

March 5, 1913

Quebec Bulldogs (NHA)

Joe Malone (capt.)

1913 NHA Champions

March 8–10, 1913

Quebec Bulldogs (NHA)

Joe Malone (capt.)

Sydney Millionaires (MaPHL)

Two-game total goals

20–5

Tommy Smith (3:10, second, first game)[13]

March 7–11, 1914

Toronto Hockey Club (NHA)

Jack Marshall (playing-mgr.)

Montreal Canadiens (NHA)

Two-game total goals(1914 NHA championship playoff)

6–2

Scotty Davidson (2:00, third, second game)[14]

March 14–17–19, 1914

Toronto Hockey Club (NHA)

Jack Marshall (playing-mgr.)

Victoria Aristocrats (PCHA)

Best-of-five

3–0[F]

Harry Cameron (7:00, third)[15]

text: ^ A. Although the Montreal Victorias won the AHAC title in 1895, the Stanley Cup trustees had already accepted a challenge from the 1894 Cup champion Montreal HC and Queen's University. As a compromise, the trustees decided that if the Montreal HC won the challenge match, the Victorias would become the Stanley Cup champions. The Montreals eventually won the game, 5–1, and their crosstown rivals were awarded the Cup.

text: ^ B. Intended to be a best-of-three series, Ottawa Capitals withdrew their challenge after the first game.

text: ^ C. The January 31 (a Saturday) game was tied 2–2 at midnight and the Mayor of Westmount refused to allow play to continue on Sunday. The game was played on February 2 (a Monday) and the January 31 game was considered to be void.[16]

text: ^ D. For most of 1904, the Ottawa Hockey Club was not affiliated with any league.

text: ^ E. The Montreal Wanderers were disqualified as the result of a dispute. After game one ended tied at the end of regulation, 5–5, the Wanderers refused to play overtime with the current referee, and then subsequently refused to play the next game of the series in Ottawa.

text: ^ F. During the series, it was revealed that the Victoria club had not filed a formal challenge. A letter arrived from the Stanley Cup trustees on March 17, stating that the trustees would not let the Stanley Cup travel west, as they did not consider Victoria a proper challenger because they had not formally notified the trustees.[17] However, on March 18, Trustee William Foran stated that it was a misunderstanding. PCHA president Frank Patrick had not filed a challenge because he had expected Emmett Quinn, president of the NHA to make all of the arrangements in his role as hockey commissioner, whereas the trustees thought they were being deliberately ignored. In any case, all arrangements had been ironed out and the Victoria challenge was accepted.[18][19]

text:
Coleman, Charles L. (1964). The Trail of the Stanley Cup, vol. 1, 1893–1926 inc. Sherbrooke, Quebec: Sherbrooke Daily Record Company Limited.
Montreal Gazette
Ottawa Citizen
Ottawa Journal
Winnipeg Tribune

text: NHA/NHL vs. PCHA/WCHL/WHL champions (1915–1926)[edit]

text: Several days after the Victoria Aristocrats – Toronto Hockey Club series, Stanley Cup trustee William Foran wrote to NHA president Emmett Quinn that the trustees are "perfectly satisfied to allow the representatives of the three pro leagues (NHA, PCHA, and Maritime) to make all arrangements each season as to the series of matches to be played for the Cup." Maritime league did not challenge for cup in 1914, and folded after 1915 season.[20] The Stanley Cup championship finals alternated between the East and the West each year, with games played alternately under NHA or PCHA rules.[21] The Cup trustees agreed to this new arrangement, because after the Allan Cup became the highest prize for amateur hockey teams in Canada, the trustees had become dependent on the top two professional leagues to bolster the prominence of the trophy.[22][incomplete short citation] After the New Westminster Royal moved to Portland in the summer of 1914 becoming the Portland Rosebuds, an American-based team, the trustees issued a statement that the Cup was no longer for the best team in Canada, but now for the best team in the world.[21]  In March 1916, the Rosebuds became the first American team to play in the Stanley Cup championship final.[23][incomplete short citation] In 1917, the Seattle Metropolitans became the first American team to win the Cup.[24] After that season, the NHA was suspended and the National Hockey League (NHL) took its place.[21]

text: In 1919, the Spanish influenza epidemic forced the Montreal Canadiens and the Seattle Metropolitans to cancel their series tied at 2–2–1, marking the first time the Stanley Cup was not awarded.[25]

text: The format for the Stanley Cup championship changed in 1922, with the creation of the Western Canada Hockey League (WCHL). Now three leagues competed for the Cup and this necessitated a semi-final series between two league champions, with the third having a bye directly to the final.[26]  In 1924, the PCHA folded and only the Vancouver and Victoria teams entered the WCHL. With the loss of the PCHA, the championship reverted to a single series.[27] After their win in 1925, the Victoria Cougars became the last team outside the NHL to win the Stanley Cup.[28] For the 1925–26 season the WCHL was renamed the Western Hockey League (WHL). With the Victoria Cougars' loss in 1926, it would be the last time a non-NHL team competed for the Stanley Cup.

text:
Year
Winning team
Coach
Games
Losing team
Coach
Winning goal

1915
Vancouver Millionaires (PCHA) (1, 1–0)
Frank Patrick-playing
3–0
Ottawa Senators (NHA) (1, 0–1)
Frank Shaughnessy (mgr.)
Barney Stanley (5:30, second)

1916
Montreal Canadiens (NHA) (1, 1–0)
Newsy Lalonde-playing
3–2
Portland Rosebuds (PCHA) (1, 0–1)
Edward Savage (mgr.)
George Prodgers (17:20, third)

1917
Seattle Metropolitans (PCHA) (1, 1–0)
Pete Muldoon
3–1
Montreal Canadiens (NHA) (2, 1–1)
Newsy Lalonde-playing
Bernie Morris (7:55, first)

1918
Toronto Arenas[29] (NHL) (1, 1–0)
Dick Carroll
3–2
Vancouver Millionaires (PCHA) (2, 1–1)
Frank Patrick-playing
Corb Denneny (10:30, third)

1919
Montreal Canadiens (NHL) vs. Seattle Metropolitans (PCHA) – Series cancelled after the fifth game because of the flu epidemic – Stanley Cup not awarded

1920
Ottawa Senators (NHL) (2, 1–1)
Pete Green
3–2
Seattle Metropolitans (PCHA) (3, 1–1)
Pete Muldoon
Jack Darragh (5:00, third)

1921
Ottawa Senators (NHL) (3, 2–1)
Pete Green
3–2
Vancouver Millionaires (PCHA) (3, 1–2)
Frank Patrick-playing
Jack Darragh (9:40, second)

1922
Toronto St. Pats (NHL) (2, 2–0)
George O'Donoghue
3–2
Vancouver Millionaires (PCHA) (4, 1–3)
Frank Patrick-playing
Babe Dye (4:20, first)

1923
Ottawa Senators (NHL) (4, 3–1)
Pete Green
2–0
Edmonton Eskimos (WCHL) (1, 0–1)
Ken McKenzine
Punch Broadbent (11:23, first)

1924
Montreal Canadiens (NHL) (4, 2–1)
Léo Dandurand
2–0
Calgary Tigers (WCHL) (1, 0–1)
Eddie Oatman-playing
Howie Morenz (4:55, first)

1925
Victoria Cougars (WCHL) (1, 1–0)
Lester Patrick
3–1
Montreal Canadiens (NHL) (5, 2–2)
Léo Dandurand
Gizzy Hart (2:35, second)

1926
Montreal Maroons (NHL) (1, 1–0)
Eddie Gerard
3–1
Victoria Cougars (WHL) (2, 1–1)
Lester Patrick
Nels Stewart (2:50, second)

text: NHL champions (since 1927)[edit]

text: The WHL folded in 1926, and its assets were bought by the NHL. This left the NHL as the only league left competing for the Cup. Other leagues and clubs have issued challenges, but from that year forward, no non-NHL team has played for it, leading it to become the de facto championship trophy of the NHL.[27] In 1947, the NHL reached an agreement with trustees P. D. Ross and Cooper Smeaton to grant control of the Cup to the NHL, allowing the league itself to reject challenges from other leagues that may have wished to play for the Cup.[30][31] A 2006 Ontario Superior Court case found that the trustees had gone against Lord Stanley's conditions in the 1947 agreement.[32] The NHL has agreed to allow other teams to play for the Cup should the league not be operating, as was the case in the 2004–05 NHL lockout.[31]

text: Since 1927, the league's playoff format, deciding which teams advanced to the Stanley Cup Finals, has changed multiple times. In some systems that were previously used, playoff teams were seeded regardless of division or conference. From 1942 to 1967, the Cup was competed for by the league's six teams, also known as the Original Six. After the 1967 NHL Expansion, the Stanley Cup was competed for by the winners of each conference. Since 1982, the Finals have been played between the league's conference playoff champions.

text:
Year
Winning team
Coach
Games
Losing team
Coach
Winning goal

1927
Ottawa Senators (C) (5, 4–1)
Dave Gill
2–0–2
Boston Bruins (A) (1, 0–1)
Art Ross
Cy Denneny (7:30, second)

1928
New York Rangers (A) (1, 1–0)
Lester Patrick-playing
3–2
Montreal Maroons (C) (2, 1–1)
Eddie Gerard
Frank Boucher (3:35, third)

1929
Boston Bruins (A) (2, 1–1)
Cy Denneny-playing
2–0
New York Rangers (A) (2, 1–1)
Lester Patrick
Bill Carson (18:02, third)

1930
Montreal Canadiens (C) (6, 3–2)
Cecil Hart
2–0
Boston Bruins (A) (3, 1–2)
Art Ross
Howie Morenz (1:00, second)

1931
Montreal Canadiens (C) (7, 4–2)
Cecil Hart
3–2
Chicago Black Hawks (A) (1, 0–1)
Dick Irvin
Johnny Gagnon (9:59, second)

1932
Toronto Maple Leafs (C) (3, 3–0)
Dick Irvin
3–0
New York Rangers (A) (3, 1–2)
Lester Patrick
Ace Bailey (15:07, third)

1933
New York Rangers (A) (4, 2–2)
Lester Patrick
3–1
Toronto Maple Leafs (C) (4, 3–1)
Dick Irvin
Bill Cook (7:34, OT)

1934
Chicago Black Hawks (A) (2, 1–1)
Tommy Gorman
3–1
Detroit Red Wings (A) (1, 0–1)
Jack Adams
Mush March (10:05, second OT)

1935
Montreal Maroons (C) (2, 2–1)
Tommy Gorman
3–0
Toronto Maple Leafs (C) (5, 3–2)
Dick Irvin
Baldy Northcott (16:18, second)

1936
Detroit Red Wings (A) (2, 1–1)
Jack Adams
3–1
Toronto Maple Leafs (C) (6, 3–3)
Dick Irvin
Pete Kelly (9:45, third)

1937
Detroit Red Wings (A) (3, 2–1)
Jack Adams
3–2
New York Rangers (A) (5, 2–3)
Lester Patrick
Marty Barry (19:22, first)

1938
Chicago Black Hawks (A) (3, 2–1)
Bill Stewart
3–1
Toronto Maple Leafs (C) (7, 3–4)
Dick Irvin
Carl Voss (16:45, second)

1939
Boston Bruins (4, 2–2)
Art Ross
4–1
Toronto Maple Leafs (8, 3–5)
Dick Irvin
Roy Conacher (17:54, second)

1940
New York Rangers (6, 3–3)
Frank Boucher
4–2
Toronto Maple Leafs (9, 3–6)
Dick Irvin
Bryan Hextall (2:07, OT)

1941
Boston Bruins (5, 3–2)
Cooney Weiland
4–0
Detroit Red Wings (4, 2–2)
Jack Adams
Bobby Bauer (8:43, second)

1942
Toronto Maple Leafs (10, 4–6)
Hap Day
4–3
Detroit Red Wings (5, 2–3)
Jack Adams
Pete Langelle (9:48, third)

1943
Detroit Red Wings (6, 3–3)
Jack Adams
4–0
Boston Bruins (6, 3–3)
Art Ross
Joe Carveth (12:09, first)

1944
Montreal Canadiens (8, 5–2)
Dick Irvin
4–0
Chicago Black Hawks (4, 2–2)
Paul Thompson
Toe Blake (9:12, OT)

1945
Toronto Maple Leafs (11, 5–6)
Hap Day
4–3
Detroit Red Wings (7, 3–4)
Jack Adams
Babe Pratt (12:14, third)

1946
Montreal Canadiens (9, 6–2)
Dick Irvin
4–1
Boston Bruins (7, 3–4)
Dit Clapper
Toe Blake (11:06, third)

1947
Toronto Maple Leafs (12, 6–6)
Hap Day
4–2
Montreal Canadiens (10, 6–3)
Dick Irvin
Ted Kennedy (14:39, third)

1948
Toronto Maple Leafs (13, 7–6)
Hap Day
4–0
Detroit Red Wings (8, 3–5)
Tommy Ivan
Harry Watson (11:13, first)

1949
Toronto Maple Leafs (14, 8–6)
Hap Day
4–0
Detroit Red Wings (9, 3–6)
Tommy Ivan
Cal Gardner (19:45, second)

1950
Detroit Red Wings (10, 4–6)
Tommy Ivan
4–3
New York Rangers (7, 3–4)
Lynn Patrick
Pete Babando (8:31, second OT)

1951
Toronto Maple Leafs (15, 9–6)
Joe Primeau
4–1
Montreal Canadiens (11, 6–4)
Dick Irvin
Bill Barilko (2:53, OT)

1952
Detroit Red Wings (11, 5–6)
Tommy Ivan
4–0
Montreal Canadiens (12, 6–5)
Dick Irvin
Metro Prystai (6:50, first)

1953
Montreal Canadiens (13, 7–5)
Dick Irvin
4–1
Boston Bruins (8, 3–5)
Lynn Patrick
Elmer Lach (1:22, OT)

1954
Detroit Red Wings (12, 6–6)
Tommy Ivan
4–3
Montreal Canadiens (14, 7–6)
Dick Irvin
Tony Leswick (4:20, OT)

1955
Detroit Red Wings (13, 7–6)
Jimmy Skinner
4–3
Montreal Canadiens (15, 7–7)
Dick Irvin
Gordie Howe (19:49, second)

1956
Montreal Canadiens (16, 8–7)
Toe Blake
4–1
Detroit Red Wings (14, 7–7)
Jimmy Skinner
Maurice Richard (15:08, second)

1957
Montreal Canadiens (17, 9–7)
Toe Blake
4–1
Boston Bruins (9, 3–6)
Milt Schmidt
Dickie Moore (0:14, second)

1958
Montreal Canadiens (18, 10–7)
Toe Blake
4–2
Boston Bruins (10, 3–7)
Milt Schmidt
Bernie Geoffrion (19:26, second)

1959
Montreal Canadiens (19, 11–7)
Toe Blake
4–1
Toronto Maple Leafs (16, 9–7)
Punch Imlach
Marcel Bonin (9:55, second)

1960
Montreal Canadiens (20, 12–7)
Toe Blake
4–0
Toronto Maple Leafs (17, 9–8)
Punch Imlach
Jean Beliveau (8:16, first)

1961
Chicago Black Hawks (5, 3–2)
Rudy Pilous
4–2
Detroit Red Wings (15, 7–8)
Sid Abel
Ab McDonald (18:49, second)

1962
Toronto Maple Leafs (18, 10–8)
Punch Imlach
4–2
Chicago Black Hawks (6, 3–3)
Rudy Pilous
Dick Duff (14:14, third)

1963
Toronto Maple Leafs (19, 11–8)
Punch Imlach
4–1
Detroit Red Wings (16, 7–9)
Sid Abel
Eddie Shack (13:28, third)

1964
Toronto Maple Leafs (20, 12–8)
Punch Imlach
4–3
Detroit Red Wings (17, 7–10)
Sid Abel
Andy Bathgate (3:04, first)

1965
Montreal Canadiens (21, 13–7)
Toe Blake
4–3
Chicago Black Hawks (7, 3–4)
Billy Reay
Jean Beliveau (0:14, first)

1966
Montreal Canadiens (22, 14–7)
Toe Blake
4–2
Detroit Red Wings (18, 7–11)
Sid Abel
Henri Richard (2:20, OT)

1967
Toronto Maple Leafs (21, 13–8)
Punch Imlach
4–2
Montreal Canadiens (23, 14–8)
Toe Blake
Jim Pappin (19:24, second)

1968
Montreal Canadiens (E) (24, 15–8)
Toe Blake
4–0
St. Louis Blues (W) (1, 0–1)
Scotty Bowman
J. C. Tremblay (11:40, third)

1969
Montreal Canadiens (E) (25, 16–8)
Claude Ruel
4–0
St. Louis Blues (W) (2, 0–2)
Scotty Bowman
John Ferguson (3:02, third)

1970
Boston Bruins (E) (11, 4–7)
Harry Sinden
4–0
St. Louis Blues (W) (3, 0–3)
Scotty Bowman
Bobby Orr (0:40, OT)

1971
Montreal Canadiens (E) (26, 17–8)
Al MacNeil
4–3
Chicago Black Hawks (W) (8, 3–5)
Billy Reay
Henri Richard (2:34, third)

1972
Boston Bruins (E) (12, 5–7)
Tom Johnson
4–2
New York Rangers (E) (8, 3–5)
Emile Francis
Bobby Orr (11:18, first)

1973
Montreal Canadiens (E) (27, 18–8)
Scotty Bowman
4–2
Chicago Black Hawks (W) (9, 3–6)
Billy Reay
Yvan Cournoyer (8:13, third)

1974
Philadelphia Flyers (W) (1, 1–0)
Fred Shero
4–2
Boston Bruins (E) (13, 5–8)
Bep Guidolin
Rick MacLeish (14:48, first)

1975
Philadelphia Flyers (CC) (2, 2–0)
Fred Shero
4–2
Buffalo Sabres (PW) (1, 0–1)
Floyd Smith
Bob Kelly (0:11, third)

1976
Montreal Canadiens (PW) (28, 19–8)
Scotty Bowman
4–0
Philadelphia Flyers (CC) (3, 2–1)
Fred Shero
Guy Lafleur (14:18, third)

1977
Montreal Canadiens (PW) (29, 20–8)
Scotty Bowman
4–0
Boston Bruins (PW) (14, 5–9)
Don Cherry
Jacques Lemaire (4:32, OT)

1978
Montreal Canadiens (PW) (30, 21–8)
Scotty Bowman
4–2
Boston Bruins (PW) (15, 5–10)
Don Cherry
Mario Tremblay (9:20, first)

1979
Montreal Canadiens (PW) (31, 22–8)
Scotty Bowman
4–1
New York Rangers (CC) (9, 3–6)
Fred Shero
Jacques Lemaire (1:02, second)

1980
New York Islanders (CC) (1, 1–0)
Al Arbour
4–2
Philadelphia Flyers (CC) (4, 2–2)
Pat Quinn
Bob Nystrom (7:11, OT)

1981
New York Islanders (CC) (2, 2–0)
Al Arbour
4–1
Minnesota North Stars (PW) (1, 0–1)
Glen Sonmor
Wayne Merrick (5:37, first)

1982
New York Islanders (PW) (3, 3–0)
Al Arbour
4–0
Vancouver Canucks (CC) (1, 0–1)
Roger Neilson
Mike Bossy (5:00, second)

1983
New York Islanders (PW) (4, 4–0)
Al Arbour
4–0
Edmonton Oilers (CC) (1, 0–1)
Glen Sather
Mike Bossy (12:39, first)

1984
Edmonton Oilers (CC) (2, 1–1)
Glen Sather
4–1
New York Islanders (PW) (5, 4–1)
Al Arbour
Ken Linseman (0:38, second)

1985
Edmonton Oilers (CC) (3, 2–1)
Glen Sather
4–1
Philadelphia Flyers (PW) (5, 2–3)
Mike Keenan
Paul Coffey (17:57, first)

1986
Montreal Canadiens (PW) (32, 23–8)
Jean Perron
4–1
Calgary Flames (CC) (1, 0–1)
Bob Johnson
Bobby Smith (10:30, third)

1987
Edmonton Oilers (CC) (4, 3–1)
Glen Sather
4–3
Philadelphia Flyers (PW) (6, 2–4)
Mike Keenan
Jari Kurri (14:59, second)

1988
Edmonton Oilers (CC) (5, 4–1)
Glen Sather
4–0
Boston Bruins (PW) (16, 5–11)
Terry O'Reilly
Wayne Gretzky (9:44, second)

1989
Calgary Flames (CC) (2, 1–1)
Terry Crisp
4–2
Montreal Canadiens (PW) (33, 23–9)
Pat Burns
Doug Gilmour (11:02, third)

1990
Edmonton Oilers (CC) (6, 5–1)
John Muckler
4–1
Boston Bruins (PW) (17, 5–12)
Mike Milbury
Craig Simpson (9:31, second)

1991
Pittsburgh Penguins (PW) (1, 1–0)
Bob Johnson
4–2
Minnesota North Stars (CC) (2, 0–2)
Bob Gainey
Ulf Samuelsson (2:00, first)

1992
Pittsburgh Penguins (PW) (2, 2–0)
Scotty Bowman
4–0
Chicago Blackhawks (CC) (10, 3–7)
Mike Keenan
Ron Francis (7:59, third)

1993
Montreal Canadiens (PW) (34, 24–9)
Jacques Demers
4–1
Los Angeles Kings (CC) (1, 0–1)
Barry Melrose
Kirk Muller (3:51, second)

1994
New York Rangers (EC) (10, 4–6)
Mike Keenan
4–3
Vancouver Canucks (WC) (2, 0–2)
Pat Quinn
Mark Messier (13:29, second)

1995
New Jersey Devils (EC) (1, 1–0)
Jacques Lemaire
4–0
Detroit Red Wings (WC) (19, 7–12)
Scotty Bowman
Neal Broten (7:56, second)

1996
Colorado Avalanche (WC) (1, 1–0)
Marc Crawford
4–0
Florida Panthers (EC) (1, 0–1)
Doug MacLean
Uwe Krupp (4:31, third OT)

1997
Detroit Red Wings (WC) (20, 8–12)
Scotty Bowman
4–0
Philadelphia Flyers (EC) (7, 2–5)
Terry Murray
Darren McCarty (13:02, second)

1998
Detroit Red Wings (WC) (21, 9–12)
Scotty Bowman
4–0
Washington Capitals (EC) (1, 0–1)
Ron Wilson
Martin Lapointe (2:26, second)

1999
Dallas Stars (WC) (3, 1–2)
Ken Hitchcock
4–2
Buffalo Sabres (EC) (2, 0–2)
Lindy Ruff
Brett Hull (14:51, third OT)

2000
New Jersey Devils (EC) (2, 2–0)
Larry Robinson
4–2
Dallas Stars (WC) (4, 1–3)
Ken Hitchcock
Jason Arnott (8:20, second OT)

2001
Colorado Avalanche (WC) (2, 2–0)
Bob Hartley
4–3
New Jersey Devils (EC) (3, 2–1)
Larry Robinson
Alex Tanguay (4:57, second)

2002
Detroit Red Wings (WC) (22, 10–12)
Scotty Bowman
4–1
Carolina Hurricanes (EC) (1, 0–1)
Paul Maurice
Brendan Shanahan (14:04, second)

2003
New Jersey Devils (EC) (4, 3–1)
Pat Burns
4–3
Mighty Ducks of Anaheim (WC) (1, 0–1)
Mike Babcock
Michael Rupp (2:22, second)

2004
Tampa Bay Lightning (EC) (1, 1–0)
John Tortorella
4–3
Calgary Flames (WC) (3, 1–2)
Darryl Sutter
Ruslan Fedotenko (14:38, second)

2005
Season cancelled due to the 2004–05 NHL lockout.

2006
Carolina Hurricanes (EC) (2, 1–1)
Peter Laviolette
4–3
Edmonton Oilers (WC) (7, 5–2)
Craig MacTavish
Frantisek Kaberle (4:18, second)

2007
Anaheim Ducks (WC) (2, 1–1)
Randy Carlyle
4–1
Ottawa Senators (EC) (1, 0–1)
Bryan Murray
Travis Moen (15:44, second)

2008
Detroit Red Wings (WC) (23, 11–12)
Mike Babcock
4–2
Pittsburgh Penguins (EC) (3, 2–1)
Michel Therrien
Henrik Zetterberg (7:36, third)

2009
Pittsburgh Penguins (EC) (4, 3–1)
Dan Bylsma
4–3
Detroit Red Wings (WC) (24, 11–13)
Mike Babcock
Maxime Talbot (10:07, second)

2010
Chicago Blackhawks (WC) (11, 4–7)
Joel Quenneville
4–2
Philadelphia Flyers (EC) (8, 2–6)
Peter Laviolette
Patrick Kane (4:06, OT)

2011
Boston Bruins (EC) (18, 6–12)
Claude Julien
4–3
Vancouver Canucks (WC) (3, 0–3)
Alain Vigneault
Patrice Bergeron (14:37, first)

2012
Los Angeles Kings (WC) (2, 1–1)
Darryl Sutter
4–2
New Jersey Devils (EC) (5, 3–2)
Peter DeBoer
Jeff Carter (12:45, first)

2013
Chicago Blackhawks (WC) (12, 5–7)
Joel Quenneville
4–2
Boston Bruins (EC) (19, 6–13)
Claude Julien
Dave Bolland (19:01, third)

2014
Los Angeles Kings (WC) (3, 2–1)
Darryl Sutter
4–1
New York Rangers (EC) (11, 4–7)
Alain Vigneault
Alec Martinez (14:43, second OT)

2015
Chicago Blackhawks (WC) (13, 6–7)
Joel Quenneville
4–2
Tampa Bay Lightning (EC) (2, 1–1)
Jon Cooper
Duncan Keith (17:13, second)

2016
Pittsburgh Penguins (EC) (5, 4–1)
Mike Sullivan
4–2
San Jose Sharks (WC) (1, 0–1)
Peter DeBoer
Kris Letang (7:46, second)

2017
Pittsburgh Penguins (EC) (6, 5–1)
Mike Sullivan
4–2
Nashville Predators (WC) (1, 0–1)
Peter Laviolette
Patric Hornqvist (18:25, third)

2018
Washington Capitals (EC) (2, 1–1)
Barry Trotz
4–1
Vegas Golden Knights (WC) (1, 0–1)
Gerard Gallant
Lars Eller (12:23, third)

text: Appearances[edit]

text: Challenge Cup era (1893–1914)[edit]

text: Legend: SC = successful Stanley Cup challenge or defense of championship (win); UC = unsuccessful Stanley Cup challenge or defense of championship (loss); Years in bold denote a Stanley Cup win.

text:
Team
SC
UC
Total
Win %
Appearances

Ottawa HC
17
2
19
.895
1894, 1903 (2), 1904 (4), 1905 (3), 1906 (2), 1906, 1909, 1910 (2), 1911 (3)

Montreal Wanderers
10
2
12
.833
1904, 1906 (2), 1907, 1907, 1908 (5), 1910 (2)

Winnipeg Victorias
6
5
11
.545
1896 (2), 1896, 1899, 1900, 1901 (2), 1902 (2), 1902, 1903

Montreal Victorias
6
2
8
.750
1895, 1896, 1896, 1897 (2), 1898, 1899, 1903

Montreal Shamrocks
5
1
6
.833
1899 (2), 1900 (3), 1901

Montreal HC
5
0
5
1.000
1893, 1894, 1895, 1902, 1903

Quebec Bulldogs
4
0
4
1.000
1912 (2), 1913 (2)

Rat Portage/Kenora Thistles
2
3
5
.400
1903, 1905, 1907 (2), 1907

Toronto Blueshirts
2
0
2
1.000
1914 (2)

Queen's University
0
3
3
.000
1895, 1899, 1906

Brandon Wheat Cities
0
2
2
.000
1904, 1907

Edmonton HC
0
2
2
.000
1908, 1910

Galt HC
0
2
2
.000
1910, 1911

Winnipeg Maple Leafs
0
2
2
.000
1901, 1908

text: The following 16 teams unsuccessfully challenged for a Stanley Cup only once: Berlin Dutchmen (1910), Dawson City Nuggets (1905), Halifax Crescents (1900), Moncton Victorias (1912), Montreal Canadiens (1914), New Glasgow Cubs (1906), Ottawa Capitals (1897), Ottawa Victorias (1908), Port Arthur Bearcats (1911), Smiths Falls (1906), Sydney Millionaires (1913), Toronto Marlboros (1904), Toronto Professionals (1908), Toronto Wellingtons (1902), Victoria Aristocrats (1914), Winnipeg Rowing Club (1904).

text: Stanley Cup Finals era (since 1915)[edit]

text: Active teams[edit]

text: Unless marked otherwise, teams played in the NHL exclusively at the time they competed for the Stanley Cup. A bolded year denotes a Stanley Cup win.

text:
Apps
Team
Wins
Losses
Win %
Years of appearance (in Stanley Cup Finals)

7001340000000000000♠34[a]
Montreal Canadiens
7001240000000000000♠24
7000900000000000000♠9[a]
.727
1916, 1917, 1919 [a], 1924, 1925, 1930, 1931, 1944, 1946, 1947, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1971, 1973, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1986, 1989, 1993

7001240000000000000♠24
Detroit Red Wings
7001110000000000000♠11
7001130000000000000♠13
.458
1934, 1936, 1937, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1945, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1952, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1961, 1963, 1964, 1966, 1995, 1997, 1998, 2002, 2008, 2009

7001210000000000000♠21
Toronto Maple Leafs[b]
7001130000000000000♠13
7000800000000000000♠8
.619
1918, 1922, 1932, 1933, 1935, 1936, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1942, 1945, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1951, 1959, 1960, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1967

7001190000000000000♠19
Boston Bruins
7000600000000000000♠6
7001130000000000000♠13
.316
1927, 1929, 1930, 1939, 1941, 1943, 1946, 1953, 1957, 1958, 1970, 1972, 1974, 1977, 1978, 1988, 1990, 2011, 2013

7001130000000000000♠13
Chicago Blackhawks[c]
7000600000000000000♠6
7000700000000000000♠7
.462
1931, 1934, 1938, 1944, 1961, 1962, 1965, 1971, 1973, 1992, 2010, 2013, 2015

7001110000000000000♠11
New York Rangers
7000400000000000000♠4
7000700000000000000♠7
.364
1928, 1929, 1932, 1933, 1937, 1940, 1950, 1972, 1979, 1994, 2014

7000800000000000000♠8
Philadelphia Flyers
7000200000000000000♠2
7000600000000000000♠6
.250
1974, 1975, 1976, 1980, 1985, 1987, 1997, 2010

7000700000000000000♠7
Edmonton Oilers
7000500000000000000♠5
7000200000000000000♠2
.714
1983, 1984, 1985, 1987, 1988, 1990, 2006

7000600000000000000♠6
Pittsburgh Penguins
7000500000000000000♠5
7000100000000000000♠1
.833
1991, 1992, 2008, 2009, 2016, 2017

7000500000000000000♠5
New York Islanders
7000400000000000000♠4
7000100000000000000♠1
.800
1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984

7000500000000000000♠5
New Jersey Devils
7000300000000000000♠3
7000200000000000000♠2
.600
1995, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2012

7000400000000000000♠4
Dallas Stars[d]
7000100000000000000♠1
7000300000000000000♠3
.250
1981, 1991, 1999, 2000

7000300000000000000♠3
Los Angeles Kings
7000200000000000000♠2
7000100000000000000♠1
.667
1993, 2012, 2014

7000300000000000000♠3
Calgary Flames
7000100000000000000♠1
7000200000000000000♠2
.333
1986, 1989, 2004

7000300000000000000♠3
St. Louis Blues
5000000000000000000♠0
7000300000000000000♠3
.000
1968, 1969, 1970

7000300000000000000♠3
Vancouver Canucks
5000000000000000000♠0
7000300000000000000♠3
.000
1982, 1994, 2011

7000200000000000000♠2
Colorado Avalanche
7000200000000000000♠2
5000000000000000000♠0
1.000
1996, 2001

7000200000000000000♠2
Washington Capitals
7000100000000000000♠1
7000100000000000000♠1
.500
1998, 2018

7000200000000000000♠2
Carolina Hurricanes
7000100000000000000♠1
7000100000000000000♠1
.500
2002, 2006

7000200000000000000♠2
Anaheim Ducks[e]
7000100000000000000♠1
7000100000000000000♠1
.500
2003, 2007

7000200000000000000♠2
Tampa Bay Lightning
7000100000000000000♠1
7000100000000000000♠1
.500
2004, 2015

7000200000000000000♠2
Buffalo Sabres
5000000000000000000♠0
7000200000000000000♠2
.000
1975, 1999

7000100000000000000♠1
Florida Panthers
5000000000000000000♠0
7000100000000000000♠1
.000
1996

7000100000000000000♠1
Ottawa Senators[f]
5000000000000000000♠0
7000100000000000000♠1
.000
2007

7000100000000000000♠1
San Jose Sharks
5000000000000000000♠0
7000100000000000000♠1
.000
2016

7000100000000000000♠1
Nashville Predators
5000000000000000000♠0
7000100000000000000♠1
.000
2017

7000100000000000000♠1
Vegas Golden Knights
5000000000000000000♠0
7000100000000000000♠1
.000
2018

text: Four active teams have yet to make a Stanley Cup Finals appearance.  Two of these teams have remained in the same location since their inceptions:

text:
Columbus Blue Jackets (17 seasons, 4 playoffs)
Minnesota Wild (17 seasons, 9 playoffs, 1 division title)

text: The other two teams have relocated and have not made the Finals in either location:

text:
Atlanta Thrashers (11 seasons, 1 playoff, 1 division title) / Winnipeg Jets (7 seasons, 2 playoffs)
Winnipeg Jets (original team) (17 seasons, 11 playoffs) / Phoenix-Arizona Coyotes (21 seasons, 8 playoffs, 1 division title)

text: Five relocated teams that have won the Stanley Cup in their current locations and never appeared in the Finals in their former locations:

text:
Quebec Nordiques (16 seasons, 9 playoffs, 2 division titles) – won 2 Stanley Cups as Colorado Avalanche
Kansas City Scouts (2 seasons, never made playoff contention)/Colorado Rockies (6 seasons, 1 playoff) – won 3 Stanley Cups as New Jersey Devils
Oakland Seals-California Golden Seals (9 seasons, 2 playoffs)/Cleveland Barons (2 seasons, never made playoff contention) – merged with Minnesota North Stars who lost twice in the Finals then won the Stanley Cup once as Dallas Stars
Atlanta Flames (8 seasons, 6 playoffs) – won Stanley Cup once as Calgary Flames
Hartford Whalers (18 seasons, 8 playoffs, 1 division title) – won Stanley Cup once as Carolina Hurricanes

text: Defunct teams[edit]

text: Listed after the team name is the name of the affiliated league(s) when the team competed for the Stanley Cup. A bold year denotes a Stanley Cup win.

text:
Appearances
Team
Wins
Losses
Win %
Years of Appearance

5
Ottawa Senators (NHA/NHL)
4
1
.800
1915, 1920, 1921, 1923, 1927

4
Vancouver Millionaires (PCHA/WCHL)
1
3
.250
1915, 1918, 1921, 1922

3
Montreal Maroons (NHL)
2
1
.667
1926, 1928, 1935

3 [a]
Seattle Metropolitans (PCHA)
1
1[a]
.500
1917, 1919[a], 1920

2
Victoria Cougars (WCHL/WHL)
1
1
.500
1925, 1926

1
Portland Rosebuds (PCHA)
0
1
.000
1916

1
Edmonton Eskimos (WCHL)
0
1
.000
1923

1
Calgary Tigers (WCHL)
0
1
.000
1924

text:
a  The Montreal Canadiens and the Seattle Metropolitans appearance totals include the 1919 Stanley Cup Finals that ended with a no-decision because of the Spanish flu epidemic. It is not considered an official series win or loss by either team.
b  The franchise known today as the Toronto Maple Leafs won the Cup in 1918 as the Toronto Hockey Club[33] (later engraved on the Stanley Cup as the Toronto Arenas in 1947), and in 1922 as the Toronto St. Patricks.
c  The Chicago Blackhawks were known as the Chicago Black Hawks prior to the 1986–87 season.
d  The Dallas Stars totals include two series losses as the Minnesota North Stars.
e  The Anaheim Ducks totals include one series loss as the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim.
f  The modern Ottawa Senators (1992–present) are the namesake of the original Senators (1883–1934).