document_title: Freedom Riders

question_text: where did the first freedom ride come to an end

text: Freedom Riders

text: History[edit]

text: Prelude[edit]

text: The Freedom Riders were inspired by the 1947 Journey of Reconciliation, led by Bayard Rustin and George Houser and co-sponsored by the Fellowship of Reconciliation and the then-fledgling Congress of Racial Equality (CORE). Like the Freedom Rides of 1961, the Journey of Reconciliation was intended to test an earlier Supreme Court ruling that banned racial discrimination in interstate travel. Rustin, Igal Roodenko, Joe Felmet and Andrew Johnnson, were arrested and sentenced to serve on a chain gang in North Carolina for violating local Jim Crow laws regarding segregated seating on public transportation.[8]

text: The first Freedom Ride began on May 4, 1961. Led by CORE Director James Farmer, 13 riders (seven black, six white, including Genevieve Hughes, William E. Harbour, and Ed Blankenheim)[9] left Washington, DC, on Greyhound (from the Greyhound Terminal) and Trailways buses. Their plan was to ride through Virginia, the Carolinas, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi, ending in New Orleans, Louisiana, where a civil rights rally was planned. Most of the Riders were from CORE, and two were from SNCC. Many were in their 40s and 50s. Some were as young as 18.

text: The Freedom Riders' tactics for their journey were to have at least one interracial pair sitting in adjoining seats, and at least one black rider sitting up front, where seats under segregation had been reserved for white customers by local custom throughout the South. The rest of the team would sit scattered throughout the rest of the bus. One rider would abide by the South's segregation rules in order to avoid arrest and to contact CORE and arrange bail for those who were arrested.

text: Only minor trouble was encountered in Virginia and North Carolina, but John Lewis was attacked in Rock Hill, South Carolina. Some of the Riders were arrested in Charlotte, North Carolina; Winnsboro, South Carolina; and Jackson, Mississippi.

text: Mob violence in Anniston and Birmingham[edit]

text: The Birmingham, Alabama, Police Commissioner, Bull Connor, together with Police Sergeant Tom Cook (an avid Ku Klux Klan supporter), organized violence against the Freedom Riders with local Klan chapters. The pair made plans to bring the Ride to an end in Alabama. They assured Gary Thomas Rowe, an FBI informer[10] and member of Eastview Klavern #13 (the most violent Klan group in Alabama), that the mob would have fifteen minutes to attack the Freedom Riders without any arrests being made. The plan was to allow an initial assault in Anniston with a final assault taking place in Birmingham.

text: Anniston[edit]

text: On May 14, Mother's Day, in Anniston, a mob of Klansmen, some still in church attire, attacked the first of the two buses (the Greyhound). The driver tried to leave the station, but was blocked until KKK members slashed its tires.[11] The mob forced the crippled bus to stop several miles outside of town and then firebombed it.[12][13] As the bus burned, the mob held the doors shut, intending to burn the riders to death. Sources disagree, but either an exploding fuel tank[12] or an undercover state investigator brandishing a revolver caused the mob to retreat, and the riders escaped the bus.[14] The mob beat the riders after they got out. Only warning shots fired into the air by highway patrolmen prevented the riders from being lynched.[12] The roadside site in Anniston and the downtown Greyhound station were preserved as part of the Freedom Riders National Monument in 2017.

text: That night, the hospitalized Freedom Riders, most of whom had been refused care, were removed from the hospital at 2 AM, because the staff feared the mob outside the hospital. The local civil rights leader Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth organized several cars of black citizens to rescue the injured Freedom Riders in defiance of the white supremacists. The black people were under the leadership of Colonel Stone Johnson and were openly armed as they arrived at the hospital, protecting the Freedom Riders from the mob.[15]

text: When the Trailways bus reached Anniston and pulled in at the terminal an hour after the Greyhound bus was burned, it was boarded by eight Klansmen. They beat the Freedom Riders and left them semi-conscious in the back of the bus.[12]

text: Birmingham[edit]

text: When the bus arrived in Birmingham, it was attacked by a mob of KKK members[11] aided and abetted by police under the orders of Commissioner Bull Connor.[16] As the riders exited the bus, they were beaten by the mob with baseball bats, iron pipes and bicycle chains. Among the attacking Klansmen was Gary Thomas Rowe, an FBI informant. White Freedom Riders were singled out for especially frenzied beatings; James Peck required more than 50 stitches to the wounds in his head.[17] Peck was taken to Carraway Methodist Medical Center, which refused to treat him; he was later treated at Jefferson Hillman Hospital.[18][19]

text: When reports of the bus burning and beatings reached US Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, he urged restraint on the part of Freedom Riders and sent an assistant, John Seigenthaler, to Alabama to try to calm the situation.

text: Despite the violence suffered and the threat of more to come, the Freedom Riders intended to continue their journey. Kennedy had arranged an escort for the Riders in order to get them to Montgomery, Alabama, safely. However, radio reports told of a mob awaiting the riders at the bus terminal, as well as on the route to Montgomery. The Greyhound clerks told the Riders that their drivers were refusing to drive any Freedom Riders anywhere.[11] Recognizing that their efforts had already called national attention to the civil rights cause and wanting to get to the rally in New Orleans, the Riders decided to abandon the rest of the bus ride and fly directly to New Orleans from Birmingham. When they first boarded the plane, all passengers had to exit because of a bomb threat.[11]

text: Nashville Student Movement continuation[edit]

text: Diane Nash, a Nashville college student who was a leader of the Nashville Student Movement and SNCC, believed that if Southern violence were allowed to halt the Freedom Rides the movement would be set back years. She pushed to find replacements to resume the rides. On May 17, a new set of riders, 10 students from Nashville who were active in the Nashville Student Movement, took a bus to Birmingham, where they were arrested by Bull Connor and jailed.[16]

text: The students kept their spirits up in jail by singing freedom songs. Out of frustration, Connor drove them back up to the Tennessee line and dropped them off, saying, "I just couldn't stand their singing."[20] They immediately returned to Birmingham.

text: Mob violence in Montgomery[edit]

text: In answer to SNCC's call, Freedom Riders from across the Eastern US joined John Lewis and Hank Thomas, the two young SNCC members of the original Ride, who had remained in Birmingham. On May 19, they attempted to resume the ride, but, terrified by the howling mob surrounding the bus depot, the drivers refused. Harassed and besieged by the mob, the riders waited all night for a bus.[16]

text: Under intense public pressure from the Kennedy administration, Greyhound was forced to provide a driver. After direct intervention by Byron White of the Attorney General's office, Alabama Governor John Patterson reluctantly promised to protect the bus from KKK mobs and snipers on the road between Birmingham and Montgomery.[21] On the morning of May 20, the Freedom Ride resumed, with the bus carrying the riders traveling toward Montgomery at 90 miles an hour, protected by a contingent of the Alabama State Highway Patrol.

text: The Highway Patrol abandoned the bus and riders at the Montgomery city limits. At the Montgomery Greyhound station on South Court Street, a white mob awaited. They beat the Freedom Riders with baseball bats and iron pipes. The local police allowed the beatings to go on uninterrupted.[16] Again, white Freedom Riders were singled out for particularly brutal beatings. Reporters and news photographers were attacked first and their cameras destroyed, but one reporter took a photo later of Jim Zwerg in the hospital, showing how he was beaten and bruised.[22] Seigenthaler, a Justice Department official, was beaten and left unconscious lying in the street. Ambulances refused to take the wounded to the hospital. Local black residents rescued them, and a number of the Freedom Riders were hospitalized.

text: On the following night, Sunday, May 21, more than 1500 people packed into Reverend Ralph Abernathy's First Baptist Church to honor the Freedom Riders. Among the speakers were Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr., who was newly based in Montgomery, Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth, and James Farmer. Outside, a mob of more than 3,000 white people attacked the black attendees, with a handful of the United States Marshals Service protecting the church from assault and fire bombs. With city and state police making no effort to restore order, the civil rights leaders appealed to the President for protection. President Kennedy threatened the governor to intervene with federal troops if he would not protect the people. Governor Patterson forestalled that by finally ordering the Alabama National Guard to disperse the mob, and the Guard reached the church in the early morning.[16]

text: In a commemorative Op-Ed piece in 2011, Bernard Lafayette remembered the mob breaking windows of the church with rocks and setting off tear gas canisters. He recounted heroic action by King. After learning that black taxi drivers were arming and forming a group to rescue the people inside, he worried that more violence would result. He selected ten volunteers, who promised non-violence, to escort him through the white mob, which parted to let King and his escorts pass as they marched two by two. King went out to the black drivers and asked them to disperse, to prevent more violence. King and his escorts formally made their way back inside the church, unmolested.[23] Lafayette also was interviewed by the BBC in 2011 and told about these events in an episode broadcast on the radio on August 31, 2011, in commemoration of the Freedom Rides. The Alabama National Guard finally arrived in the early morning to disperse the mob and safely escorted all the people from the church.[24] [25]

text: Into Mississippi[edit]

text: The next day, Monday, May 22, more Freedom Riders from CORE and SNCC arrived in Montgomery to continue the rides through the South and replace the wounded riders still in the hospital. Behind the scenes, the Kennedy administration arranged a deal with the governors of Alabama and Mississippi, where the governors agreed that state police and the National Guard would protect the Riders from mob violence. In return, the federal government would not intervene to stop local police from arresting Freedom Riders for violating segregation ordinances when the buses arrived at the depots.[16]

text: On Wednesday morning, May 24, Freedom Riders boarded buses for the journey to Jackson, Mississippi.[26] Surrounded by Highway Patrol and the National Guard, the buses arrived in Jackson without incident, but the riders were immediately arrested when they tried to use the white-only facilities at the Tri-State Trailways depot.[27] The third bus arrived at the Jackson Greyhound station early on May 28th, and its Freedom Riders were arrested.[28][29]

text: In Montgomery, the next round of Freedom Riders, including the Yale University chaplain William Sloane Coffin, Gaylord Brewster Noyce,[30] and southern ministers Shuttlesworth, Abernathy, Wyatt Tee Walker, and others were similarly arrested for violating local segregation ordinances.[16]

text: This established a pattern followed by subsequent Freedom Rides, most of which traveled to Jackson, where the Riders were arrested and jailed. Their strategy became one of trying to fill the jails. Once the Jackson and Hinds County jails were filled to overflowing, the state transferred the Freedom Riders to the infamous Mississippi State Penitentiary (known as Parchman Farm). Abusive treatment there included placement of Riders in the Maximum Security Unit (Death Row), issuance of only underwear, no exercise, and no mail privileges. When the Freedom Riders refused to stop singing freedom songs, prison officials took away their mattresses, sheets, and toothbrushes. More Freedom Riders arrived from across the country, and at one time, more than 300 were held in Parchman Farm.[31]

text: While in Jackson, Freedom Riders received support from local grassroots civil rights organization Womanpower Unlimited, which raised money and collected toiletries, soap, candy and magazines for the imprisoned protesters. Upon Freedom Riders' release, Womanpower members would provide places for them to bathe while offering them clothes and food. Freedom Rider Joan Trumpauer Mulholland said the Womanpower members "were like angels supplying us with just little simple necessities."[32]

text: Kennedy urges "cooling off period"[edit]

text: The Kennedys called for a "cooling off period" and condemned the Rides as unpatriotic because they embarrassed the nation on the world stage at the height of the Cold War. The Soviet Union criticized the United States for its racism and the attacks on the Riders.[12][33] Attorney General Robert Kennedy, the chief law-enforcement officer of the land, was quoted as saying that he "does not feel that the Department of Justice can side with one group or the other in disputes over Constitutional rights." His comment angered civil rights supporters, who considered the Justice Department duty-bound to enforce Supreme Court rulings and defend citizens exercising their Constitutional rights from mob violence.[16]

text: Nonetheless, international outrage about the widely covered events and racial violence created pressure on American political leaders. On May 29, 1961, Attorney General Kennedy sent a petition to the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) asking it to comply with the bus-desegregation ruling it had issued in November 1955, in Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company. That ruling had explicitly repudiated the concept of "separate but equal" in the realm of interstate bus travel. Chaired by the South Carolina Democrat J. Monroe Johnson the ICC had failed to implement its own ruling.

text: James Farmer, head of CORE, responded to Kennedy saying, "We have been cooling off for 350 years, and if we cooled off any more, we'd be in a deep freeze."[34]

text: Summer escalation[edit]

text: CORE, SNCC, and the SCLC rejected any "cooling off period". They formed a Freedom Riders Coordinating Committee to keep the Rides rolling through June, July, August, and September.[16] During those months, more than 60 different Freedom Rides criss-crossed the South,[35] most of them converging on Jackson, where every Rider was arrested, more than 300 in total. An unknown number were arrested in other Southern towns. It is estimated that almost 450 people participated in one or more Freedom Rides. About 75% were male, and the same percentage were under the age of 30, with about equal participation from black and white citizens .

text: During the summer of 1961, Freedom Riders also campaigned against other forms of racial discrimination. They sat together in segregated restaurants, lunch counters and hotels. This was especially effective when they targeted large companies, such as hotel chains. Fearing boycotts in the North, the hotels began to desegregate their businesses.

text: In mid-June, a group of Freedom Riders had scheduled to end their ride in Tallahassee, Florida, with plans to fly home from the Tallahassee airport. They were provided a police escort to the airport from the city's bus facilities. At the airport, they decided to eat at a restaurant that was marked "For Whites Only". The owners decided to close rather than serve the mixed group of Freedom Riders. Although the restaurant was privately owned, it was leased from the county government. Canceling their plane reservations, the Riders decided to wait until the restaurant re-opened so they could be served. They waited until 11:00 pm that night and returned the following day. During this time, hostile crowds gathered, threatening violence. On June 16, 1961, the Freedom Riders were arrested in Tallahassee for unlawful assembly.[36] That arrest and subsequent trial became known as Dresner v. City of Tallahassee. Convictions of the Riders were appealed to the US Supreme Court in 1963, which refused to hear the case based on technical reasons.[37]

text: Monroe and Robert F. Williams[edit]

text: In early August, SNCC staff members James Forman and Paul Brooks, with the support of Ella Baker, began planning a Freedom Ride in solidarity with Robert F. Williams. Williams was an extremely militant and controversial NAACP chapter president for Monroe, North Carolina. After making the public statement that he would "meet violence with violence," (since the federal government would not protect his community from racial attacks) he had been suspended by the NAACP national board over the objections of Williams' local membership. Williams continued his work against segregation however, and was facing repeated attempts on his life because of it. Some SNCC staff members sympathized with the local community's proclivity for armed self-defense, although many on the ride to Monroe saw this as an opportunity to prove the superiority of Gandhian nonviolence over the use of force.[38]

text: The Freedom Riders in Monroe were brutally attacked by white supremacists with the approval of local police. On August 27, James Forman - SNCC's Executive Secretary - was struck unconscious with the butt of a rifle and taken to jail with numerous other demonstrators. Police and civilian white supremacists roamed the town shooting at black people, who returned the gunfire. Robert F. Williams fortified the black neighborhood against attack and in the process briefly detained a white couple who had gotten lost there. The police accused Williams of kidnapping and called in the state militia and FBI to arrest him, in spite of the couple being quickly released. Certain he would be lynched, Williams fled and eventually found refuge in Cuba. Movement lawyers, eager to disengage from the situation, successfully urged the Freedom Riders not to practice the normal "jail-no bail" strategy in Monroe. Local officials, also apparently eager to de-escalate, found demonstrators guilty but immediately suspended their sentences.[39] One Freedom Rider however, John Lowry, went on trial for the kidnapping case, along with several associates of Robert F. Williams, including Mae Mallory. Monroe legal defense committees were popular around the country, but ultimately Lowry and Mallory served prison sentences. In 1965, their convictions were vacated due to the exclusion of black citizens from the jury selection.[40][41]

text: Resolution and legacy[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: By September it had been over three months since the filing of the petition by Robert Kennedy. CORE and SNCC leaders made tentative plans for a mass demonstration known as the "Washington Project". This would mobilize hundreds, perhaps thousands, of nonviolent demonstrators to the capital city to apply pressure on the ICC and the Kennedy administration. The idea was pre-empted when the ICC finally issued the necessary orders just before the end of the month.[42] The new policies went into effect on November 1, 1961, six years after the ruling in Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company. After the new ICC rule took effect, passengers were permitted to sit wherever they pleased on interstate buses and trains; "white" and "colored" signs were removed from the terminals; racially segregated drinking fountains, toilets, and waiting rooms serving interstate customers were consolidated; and the lunch counters began serving all customers, regardless of race.

text: The widespread violence provoked by the Freedom Rides sent shock waves through American society. People worried that the Rides were evoking widespread social disorder and racial divergence, an opinion supported and strengthened in many communities by the press. The press in white communities condemned the direct action approach that CORE was taking, while some of the national press negatively portrayed the Riders as provoking unrest.

text: At the same time, the Freedom Rides established great credibility with black and white people throughout the United States and inspired many to engage in direct action for civil rights. Perhaps most significantly, the actions of the Freedom Riders from the North, who faced danger on behalf of southern black citizens, impressed and inspired the many black people living in rural areas throughout the South. They formed the backbone of the wider civil rights movement, who engaged in voter registration and other activities. Southern black activists generally organized around their churches, the center of their communities and a base of moral strength.

text: The Freedom Riders helped inspire participation in other subsequent civil rights campaigns, including voter registration throughout the South, freedom schools, and the Black Power movement. At the time, most black Southerners had been unable to register to vote, due to state constitutions, laws and practices that had effectively disfranchised most of them since the turn of the 20th century. For instance, white administrators supervised reading comprehension and literacy tests that highly educated black people could not pass.

text: List of Freedom Rides[edit]

text: Precursors to Freedom Rides[edit]

text:
Ride
Date
Carrier
Point of departure
Destination
Ref.
Note

Journey of Reconciliation
April 9–23, 1947
Trailways and Greyhound
Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C.
[43]
[note 1]

Little Freedom Ride
April 22, 1961

East St. Louis, Illinois
Sikeston, Missouri
[45]
[note 2]

text: Original and subsequent Freedom Rides[edit]

text:
Ride
Date
Carrier or terminal
Point of departure
Destination
Ref.
Note

Original CORE Freedom Ride
May 4–17, 1961
Trailways
Washington, D.C.
New Orleans, Louisiana
[48]
[note 2]

Greyhound
Washington, D.C.
New Orleans, Louisiana

Nashville Student Movement Freedom Ride
May 17–21, 1961

Birmingham, Alabama
New Orleans, Louisiana
[49]
[note 3]

Connecticut Freedom Ride
May 24–25, 1961
Greyhound
Atlanta, Georgia
Montgomery Alabama
[50]
[note 4]

Interfaith Freedom Ride
June 13–16, 1961
Greyhound
Washington, D.C.
Tallahassee, Florida
[51]
[note 5]

Organized Labor–Professional Freedom Ride
June 13–16, 1961

Washington, D.C.
St. Petersburg, Florida
[53]
[note 6]

Missouri to Louisiana CORE Freedom Ride
July 8–15, 1961

St. Louis, Missouri
New Orleans, Louisiana
[55]
[note 7]

New Jersey to Arkansas CORE Freedom Ride
July 13–24, 1961

Newark, New Jersey
Little Rock, Arkansas
[57]
[note 8]

Los Angeles to Houston Freedom Ride
August 9–11, 1961
Union Railway Station
Los Angeles, California
Houston, Texas
[58]
[note 9]

Monroe Freedom Ride
August 17–September 1, 1961

Monroe, North Carolina
[59]
[note 10]

Prayer Pilgrimage Freedom Ride
September 13, 1961
Trailways
New Orleans, Louisiana
Jackson, Mississippi
[61]
[note 11]

Albany Freedom Rides
November 1, 1961
Trailways (terminal only)
Atlanta, Georgia
[64]
[note 12]

Trailways
Atlanta, Georgia
Albany, Georgia
[64]
[note 13]

November 22, 1961
Trailways (terminal only)
Albany, Georgia
[65]
[note 14]

December 10, 1961
Central Georgia Railroad
Atlanta, Georgia
Albany, Georgia
[66]
[note 15]

McComb Freedom Rides
November 29, 1961
Greyhound
New Orleans, Louisiana
McComb, Mississippi
[65]
[note 16]

December 1, 1961
Greyhound
Baton Rouge, Louisiana
McComb, Mississippi
[70]
[note 17]

December 2, 1961
Greyhound
Jackson, Mississippi
McComb, Mississippi
[71]
[note 18]

text: Mississippi Freedom Rides[edit]

text:
Date
Carrier or terminal
Point of departure
Destination
Ref.
Note

May 24, 1961
Trailways
Montgomery, Alabama
Jackson, Mississippi
[72]
[note 19]

Greyhound
Montgomery, Alabama
Jackson, Mississippi
[74]
[note 20]

May 28, 1961
Greyhound
Nashville, Tennessee
Jackson, Mississippi
[76]
[note 21]

Trailways
Nashville, Tennessee
Jackson, Mississippi
[77]
[note 22]

May 30, 1961
Illinois Central Railroad
New Orleans, Louisiana
Jackson, Mississippi
[78]
[note 23]

June 2, 1961
Trailways (#1)
Montgomery, Alabama
Jackson, Mississippi
[79]
[note 24]

Trailways (#2)
Montgomery, Alabama
Jackson, Mississippi
[80]
[note 25]

June 6, 1961
Trailways
New Orleans, Louisiana
Jackson, Mississippi
[81]
[note 26]

June 7, 1961
Trailways
Nashville, Tennessee
Jackson, Mississippi
[82]
[note 27]

Greyhound Bus Station (terminal only)
Jackson, Mississippi
[84]
[note 28]

Hawkins Field (airport)
St. Louis, Missouri
Jackson, Mississippi
[84]
[note 29]

June 8, 1961
Illinois Central Railroad
New Orleans, Louisiana
Jackson, Mississippi
[85]
[note 30]

Hawkins Field (airport)
Montgomery, Alabama
Jackson, Mississippi
[84]
[note 31]

June 9, 1961
Illinois Central Railroad
Nashville, Tennessee
Jackson, Mississippi
[87]
[note 32]

June 10, 1961
Greyhound
Nashville, Tennessee
Jackson, Mississippi
[88]
[note 33]

June 11, 1961
Greyhound
Nashville, Tennessee
Jackson, Mississippi
[89]
[note 34]

June 16, 1961
Greyhound
Nashville, Tennessee
Jackson, Mississippi
[91]
[note 35]

June 19, 1961
Greyhound Bus Station (terminal only)
Jackson, Mississippi
[91]
[note 36]

June 20, 1961
Illinois Central Railroad
New Orleans, Louisiana
Jackson, Mississippi
[92]
[note 37]

June 21, 1961
Trailways
Montgomery, Alabama
Jackson, Mississippi
[93]
[note 38]

June 23, 1961
Tri-State Trailways station[94] (terminal only)
Jackson, Mississippi
[95]
[note 39]

June 25, 1961
Illinois Central Railroad
New Orleans, Louisiana
Jackson, Mississippi
[96]
[note 40]

July 2, 1961
Trailways
Montgomery, Alabama
Jackson, Mississippi
[99]
[note 41]

July 5, 1961
Tri-State Trailways station (terminal only)
Jackson, Mississippi
[100]
[note 42]

July 6, 1961
Jackson Union Station (terminal only)
Jackson, Mississippi
[102]
[note 43]

Greyhound Bus Station (terminal only)
Jackson, Mississippi
[103]
[note 44]

July 7, 1961
Jackson Union Station (terminal only)
Jackson, Mississippi
[106]
[note 45]

Trailways
Montgomery, Alabama
Jackson, Mississippi
[107]
[note 46]

July 9, 1961
Trailways
Montgomery, Alabama
Jackson, Mississippi
[108]
[note 47]

Illinois Central Railroad
New Orleans, Louisiana
Jackson, Mississippi
[106]
[note 48]

Tri-State Trailways station (terminal only)
Jackson, Mississippi
[108]
[note 49]

July 15, 1961
Greyhound
New Orleans, Louisiana
Jackson, Mississippi
[112]
[note 50]

July 16, 1961
Greyhound
Nashville, Tennessee
Jackson, Mississippi
[113]
[note 51]

July 21, 1961
Hawkins Field (airport terminal only)
Jackson, Mississippi
[114]
[note 52]

Greyhound
Nashville, Tennessee
Jackson, Mississippi
[116]
[note 53]

July 23, 1961
Trailways
Nashville, Tennessee
Jackson, Mississippi
[117]
[note 54]

July 24, 1961
Hawkins Field (airport)
Montgomery, Alabama
Jackson, Mississippi
[118]
[note 55]

July 29, 1961
Greyhound
Nashville, Tennessee
Jackson, Mississippi
[120]
[note 56]

July 30, 1961
Illinois Central Railroad
New Orleans, Louisiana
Jackson, Mississippi
[121]
[note 57]

July 31, 1961
Greyhound Bus Station (terminal only)
Jackson, Mississippi
[122]
[note 58]

August 5, 1961
Trailways (bus and terminal)
Nashville, Tennessee
Jackson, Mississippi
[123]
[note 59]

August 13, 1961
Tri-State Trailways station (terminal only)
Jackson, Mississippi
[124]
[note 60]

text: Commemorations and monument[edit]

text: In celebration of the 50th anniversary of the Freedom Rides, Oprah Winfrey invited all living Freedom Riders to join her TV program to celebrate their legacy. The episode aired on May 4, 2011.[125]

text: On May 6–16, 2011, 40 college students from across the United States embarked on a bus ride from Washington, D.C. to New Orleans, retracing the original route of the Freedom Riders.[126] The 2011 Student Freedom Ride, which was sponsored by PBS and American Experience, commemorated the 50th anniversary of the original Freedom Rides. Students met with civil rights leaders along the way and traveled with original Freedom Riders such as Ernest "Rip" Patton, Joan Mulholland, Bob Singleton, Helen Singleton, Jim Zwerg, and Charles Person. On May 16, 2011, PBS aired a documentary called Freedom Riders.

text: On May 19–21, 2011, the Freedom Rides were commemorated in Montgomery, Alabama, at the new Freedom Ride museum in the old Greyhound Bus terminal, where some of the violence had taken place in 1961. On May 22–26, 2011, the arrival of the Freedom Rides in Jackson, Mississippi was commemorated with a 50th Anniversary Reunion and Conference in the city.[127] During commemorative events in February 2013 in Montgomery, Congressman John Lewis accepted the apologies of Chief Kevin Murphy of the Montgomery Police Department; Murphy gave Lewis his own badge, off his uniform, moving Lewis to tears.[128]

text: In late 2011, Palestinian activists, inspired by the freedom riders, used the same methods in Israel by boarding a bus from which they were excluded.[129][130][131]

text: Dan Shore's 2013 opera Freedom Ride, set in New Orleans, celebrates the Freedom Riders.[132]

text: The Freedom Riders: The Civil Rights Musical is a theater musical retelling the story of the Freedom Rides.[133] The musical was created by Los Angeles screenwriter/director Richard Allen, and San Diego native music artist Taran Gray. Richard and Taran finalized the music in March 2016, and by April of the same year were asked to perform excerpts from their musical as a BETA Event at the New York Musical Festival (NYMF).[134] The FREEDOM RIDERS musical received NYMF's inaugural BETA Event Award,[135] and is scheduled to return to New York, summer of 2017, for an Off-Broadway run as part of NYMF's festival.[136]

text: In January, 2017, President Barack Obama declared the Anniston, Alabama bus station the Freedom Riders National Monument.

text: Notable Freedom Riders[edit]

text: This section contains embedded lists that may be poorly defined, unverified or indiscriminate. Please help to clean it up to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Where appropriate, incorporate items into the main body of the article. (July 2015)

text:
Zev Aelony
James Bevel
Malcolm Boyd[137][138]
Amos C. Brown[139]
Stokely Carmichael
William Sloane Coffin[140]
James Farmer
Bob Filner
James Forman
Mary Hamilton
William E. Harbour
Genevieve Hughes
Bernard Lafayette
James Lawson
Frederick Leonard[141]
John Lewis
Robert Martinson
Salynn McCollum
Charles McDew[142]
Diane Nash
Charles Neblett[citation needed]
Wally Nelson
James Peck
Charles Person
Robert Laughlin Pierson
John Curtis Raines
Cordell Reagon
Meryle Joy Reagon
Winonah Myers[143]
Charles Sherrod
Fred Shuttlesworth[144]
Carol Ruth Silver
Helen Singleton
George Bundy Smith
Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson
Daniel N. Stern
Hank Thomas
Joan Trumpauer Mulholland
C. T. Vivian
Wyatt Tee Walker
James Zwerg
Janet Braun-Reinitz[145]


document_title: Foster care

question_text: when did foster care start in the us

question_tokens: when did foster care start in the us

root

text: Foster care

text: By country[edit]

text: Australia[edit]

text: In Australia foster care was known as "boarding-out". Foster care had its early stages in South Australia in 1866 and stretched to the second half of the 19th century. It is said that the system was mostly run by women until the early 20th century. Then the control was centered in many state children's departments. "Although boarding-out was also implemented by nongovernment[al] child rescue organizations, many large institutions remained. These institutions assumed an increasing importance from the late 1920s when the system went into decline." The system was re-energized in the postwar era, and in the 1970s. The system is still the main structure for "out-of-home care." The system took care of both local and foreign children. "The first adoption legislation was passed in Western Australia in 1896, but the remaining states did not act until the 1920s, introducing the beginnings of the closed adoption that reached it peak in the period 1940–1975. New baby adoption dropped dramatically from the mid-1970s, with the greater tolerance of and support for single mothers".[4]

tag: p

text: Cambodia[edit]

text: Foster care in Cambodia is relatively new as an official practice within the government. However, despite a later start, the practice is currently making great strides within the country. Left with a large number of official and unofficial orphanages from the 1990s, the Cambodian government conducted several research projects in 2006 and 2008, pointing to the overuse of orphanages as a solution for caring for vulnerable children within the country. Most notably, the studies found that the percentage of children within orphanages that had parents approached 80%. At the same time, local NGOs like Children In Families[permanent dead link] began offering limited foster care services within the country. In the subsequent years, the Cambodian government began implementing policies that required the closure of some orphanages and the implementation of minimum standards for residential care institutions. These actions lead to an increase in the number of NGOs providing foster care placements and helped to set the course for care reform around the country. As of 2015, the Cambodian government is working with UNICEF, USAID, several governments, and many local NGOs in continuing to build the capacity for child protection and foster care within the Kingdom.

text: Canada[edit]

text: Foster children in Canada are known as permanent wards, (crown wards in Ontario).[5] A ward is someone, in this case a child, placed under protection of a legal guardian and are the legal responsibility of the government. Census data from 2011 counted children in foster care for the first time, counting 47,885 children in care. The majority of foster children – 29,590, or about 62 per cent – were aged 14 and under.[6] The wards remain under the care of the government until they "age out of care." All ties are severed from the government and there is no longer any legal responsibility toward the youth. This age is different depending on the province.

text: India[edit]

text: Foster care has had a long history in India, first initiated in the 1960s by the central government. The first non-institutional scheme was introduced in Maharashtra in 1972. The scheme was later revised in 2005 as the 'Bal Sangopal Scheme – Non Institutional Services'. In the late 1990s Karnataka implemented a foster care scheme focused on destitute children. Emergency schemes were operational even in Gujarat, after the 2001 earthquake where around 350 children were rehabilitated with their relatives and neighbours in the community. However, although the JJ Act presently provides for foster care, it is not being implemented effectively. Very few state governments have developed foster care programs. Foster care is still largely used as a pre-adoption procedure, which is limiting the potential of this method to provide family care to children. In the year 2016 the Ministry of Women and child Development published Model Guidelines on Foster Care. The Centre of Excellence in Alternative Care of Children established in December 2015 has started the work on foster care by creating awareness on foster care, by providing training to all agencies at all levels reading foster care and helping NGOs and other agencies in implementing foster care. In a very short amount of time they have trained more than 600 people in the country.

text: Israel[edit]

text: In December 2013, the Israeli Knesset approved a bill co-drafted by the Israel National Council for the Child to regulate the rights and obligations of participants in the foster care system in Israel.[7]

text: Japan[edit]

text: In Japan, foster care started around 1948, leading to the passing of the Child Welfare Law.[8] The idea of foster care or taking in abandoned children actually came about around 1392-1490s in Japan. The foster care system in Japan is similar to the Orphan Trains because Brace thought the children would be better off on farms. The people in Japan thought the children would do better on farms rather than living in the "dusty city." The families would often send their children to a farm family outside the village and only keep their oldest son. The farm families served as the foster parents and they were financially rewarded for taking in the younger siblings. "It was considered an honor to be chosen as foster parents, and selection greatly depended on the family's reputation and status within the village".[9] Around 1895 the foster care program became more like the system used in the United States because the Tokyo Metropolitan Police sent children to a hospital where they would be "settled".[10] Problems emerged in this system, such as child abuse, so the government started phasing it out and "began increasing institutional facilities". In 1948 the Child Welfare Law was passed, increasing official oversight, and creating better conditions for the children to grow up in.[11]

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: In the United Kingdom, foster care and adoption has always been an option, "in the sense of taking other people's children into their homes and looking after them on a permanent or temporary basis." Although, nothing about it had a legal foundation, until the 20th century. The UK had "wardship," the family taking in the child had custody by the Chancery Court. Wardship was not used very often because it did not give the guardian "parental rights." In the 19th century came a "series of baby farming scandals." At the end of the 19th century they started calling it "boarding-out" like they did in Australia. They started placing the children in orphanages and workhouses as well. "The First World War saw an increase in organized adoption through adoption societies and child rescue organizations, and pressure grew for adoption to be given legal status." The first laws based on adoption and foster care were passed in 1926. "The peak number of adoptions was in 1968, since when there has been an enormous decline in adoption in the United Kingdom. The main reasons for children being adopted in the United Kingdom had been unmarried mothers giving up their children for adoption and stepparents adopting their new partner's children".[12]

text: United States[edit]

text: In the United States, foster care started as a result of the efforts of Charles Loring Brace. "In the mid 19th Century, some 30,000 homeless or neglected children lived in the New York City streets and slums."[13] Brace took these children off the streets and placed them with families in most states in the country. Brace believed the children would do best with a Christian farm family. He did this to save them from "a lifetime of suffering"[14] He sent these children to families by train, which gave the name The Orphan Train Movement. "[This] lasted from 1853 to the early 1890s [1929?] and transported more than 120,000 [250,000?] children to new lives."[15] When Brace died in 1890, his sons took over his work of the Children's Aid Society until they retired.[14] The Children's Aid Society created "a foster care approach that became the basis for the federal Adoption and Safe Families Act of 1997" called Concurrent Planning. This greatly impacted the foster care system. Children's Aid works with the biological and foster parents to "achieve permanency".[13] "From the mid-1800s to the eve of the Great Depression, orphan train children were placed with families who pre-selected them with an order form, specifying age, gender, hair and eye color. In other cases, trainloads of children were assembled on stages, train platforms or town halls and examined by prospective parents. "Conjuring the image of picking the best apple from the bin. Sometimes a child would be separated from his or her brothers and sisters, or would end up in a family that only wanted them to work. Most of the time the children were chosen by a loving or childless family".[16]

text: Placement[edit]

text: Family-based foster care is generally preferred to other forms of out of home care.[17] Foster care is intended to be a short term solution until a permanent placement can be made.[18] Generally, the first choice of adoptive parents is a relative such as an aunt, uncle or grandparent, known as kinship care. If no related family member is willing or able to adopt, the next preference is for the child to be adopted by the foster parents or by someone else involved in the child's life (such as a teacher or coach). This is to maintain continuity in the child's life. If neither above option are available, the child may be adopted by someone who is a stranger to the child.

text: If none of these options are viable the plan for the minor may be to enter OPPLA (Other Planned Permanent Living Arrangement). This option allows the child to stay in custody of the state and the child can stay placed in a foster home, with a relative or a long term care facility (for children with development disabilities, physical disabilities or mental disabilities).

text: 671,000 children were served by the foster care system in the United States in 2015.[19] "After declining more than 20 percent between FY 2006 and FY 2012 to a low of 397,000, the number of children in foster care on the last day of the fiscal year increased to 428,000 in FY 2015, with a slightly higher percent change from 2014 to 2015 (3.3%) than observed from 2013 to 2014 (3.2%)."[20] In 2015, there were about 112,000 children ready for adoptive families in the nation's foster care systems.[21]

text: The median amount of time a child spent in foster care in the U.S. in 2015 was 13.5 months.[22] That year, 74% of children spent less than two years in foster care, while 13% were in care for three or more years.[23] Of the estimated 427,910 children in foster care on September 30, 2015: 43 percent were White, 24 percent were African-American, 21 percent were Hispanic (of any race), 10 percent were other races or multiracial, and 2 percent were unknown or unable to be determined.[24]

text: Children may enter foster care voluntarily or involuntarily. Voluntary placement may occur when a biological parent or lawful guardian is unable to care for a child. Involuntary placement occurs when a child is removed from their biological parent or lawful guardian due to the risk or actual occurrence of physical or psychological harm. In the US, most children enter foster care due to neglect.[25] If a biological parent or legal guardian is unwilling to care for a child, the child is deemed to be dependent and is placed under the care of the child protection agency. The policies regarding foster care as well as the criteria to be met in order to become a foster parent vary according to legal jurisdiction.

text: Especially egregious failures of child protective services often serve as a catalyst for increased removal of children from the homes of biological parents. An example is the brutal torture and murder of 17-month-old Peter Connelly, a British toddler who died in London Borough of Haringey, North London after suffering more than 50 severe injuries over an eight-month period, including eight broken ribs and a broken back. Throughout the period of time in which he was being tortured, he was repeatedly seen by Haringey Children's services and NHS health professionals.[26] Haringey Children's services already failed ten years earlier in the case of Victoria Climbié.[27] In the time since his death, in 2007, cases have reached a record rate in England surpassing 10,000 in the reporting year ending in March 2012.[28]

text: Abuse and negligence[edit]

text: From 1993 through 2002 there were 107 recorded deaths[clarification needed][who?]; there are approximately 400,000 children in out-of-home care, in the United States. Almost 10% of children in foster care have stayed in foster care for five or more years. Nearly half of all children in foster care have chronic medical problems. 8% of all children in foster care have serious emotional problems, 11% of children exiting foster care aged out of the system, in 2011.[29][not in citation given] Children in foster care experience high rates of child abuse, emotional deprivation, and physical neglect. In one study in the United Kingdom "foster children were 7–8 times, and children in residential care 6 times more likely to be assessed by a pediatrician for abuse than a child in the general population".[30] A study of foster children in Oregon and Washington State found that nearly one third reported being abused by a foster parent or another adult in a foster home.[31]

text: Medical and psychiatric disorders[edit]

text: A higher prevalence of physical, psychological, cognitive and epigenetic disorders for children in foster care has been established in studies in various countries. The Casey Family Programs Northwest Foster Care Alumni Study was a fairly extensive study of various aspects of children who had been in foster care. It noted that 80% of ex-foster children are doing "poorly".[citation needed]

text: Individuals who were in foster care experience higher rates of physical and psychiatric morbidity than the general population and suffer from not being able to trust and that can lead to placements breaking down.[32] In the Casey study of foster children in Oregon and Washington state, they were found to have double the incidence of depression, 20% as compared to 10% and were found to have a higher rate of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) than combat veterans with 25% of those studied having PTSD. Children in foster care have a higher probability of having attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and deficits in executive functioning, anxiety as well as other developmental problems.[33][34][35][36] These children experience higher degrees of incarceration, poverty, homelessness, and suicide. Studies in the U.S. have suggested that some foster care placements may be more detrimental to children than remaining in a troubled home,[37] but a more recent study suggested that these findings may have been affected by selection bias, and that foster care has little effect on behavioral problems.[38]

text: Neurodevelopment[edit]

text: Foster children have elevated levels of cortisol, a stress hormone, in comparison to children raised by their biological parents. Elevated cortisol levels can compromise the immune system. (Harden BJ, 2004).[39] Most of the processes involved in healthy neurodevelopment are predicated upon the establishment of close nurturing relationships and environmental stimulation. Negative environmental influences during this critical period of brain development can have lifelong consequences.[40][41][42][43]

text: Posttraumatic stress disorder[edit]

text: Children in foster care have a higher incidence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In one study,[45] 60% of children in foster care who had experienced sexual abuse had PTSD, and 42% of those who had been physically abused met the PTSD criteria. PTSD was also found in 18% of the children who were not abused. These children may have developed PTSD due to witnessing violence in the home. (Marsenich, 2002).

text: In a study conducted in Oregon and Washington state, the rate of PTSD in adults who were in foster care for one year between the ages of 14–18 was found to be higher than that of combat veterans, with 25 percent of those in the study meeting the diagnostic criteria as compared to 12–13 percent of Iraq war veterans and 15 percent of Vietnam war veterans, and a rate of 4% in the general population. The recovery rate for foster home alumni was 28.2% as opposed to 47% in the general population.

text: "More than half the study participants reported clinical levels of mental illness, compared to less than a quarter of the general population".[46][47]

text: Eating disorders[edit]

text: Foster children are at increased risk for a variety of eating disorders in comparison to the general population. In a study done in the United Kingdom, 35% of foster children experienced an increase in Body Mass Index (BMI) once in care.[48] Food Maintenance Syndrome is characterized by a set of aberrant eating behaviors of children in foster care. It is "a pattern of excessive eating and food acquisition and maintenance behaviors without concurrent obesity"; it resembles "the behavioral correlates of Hyperphagic Short Stature". It is hypothesised that this syndrome is triggered by the stress and maltreatment foster children are subjected to, it was prevalent amongst 25 percent of the study group in New Zealand.[34] Bulimia nervosa is seven times more prevalent among former foster children than in the general population.[49]

text: Poverty and homelessness[edit]

text: Nearly half of foster children in the U.S. become homeless when they turn 18.[50] "One of every 10 foster children stays in foster care longer than seven years, and each year about 15,000 reach the age of majority and leave foster care without a permanent family—many to join the ranks of the homeless or to commit crimes and be imprisoned.[51][52]

text: Three out of 10 of the United States homeless are former foster children.[53] According to the results of the Casey Family Study of Foster Care Alumni, up to 80 percent are doing poorly—with a quarter to a third of former foster children at or below the poverty line, three times the national poverty rate.[54] Very frequently, people who are homeless had multiple placements as children: some were in foster care, but others experienced "unofficial" placements in the homes of family or friends.

text: Individuals with a history of foster care tend to become homeless at an earlier age than those who were not in foster care.[citation needed] The length of time a person remains homeless is longer in individuals who were in foster care.[55]

text: Suicide-death rate[edit]

text: Children in foster care are at a greater risk of suicide.[56] The increased risk of suicide is still prevalent after leaving foster care. In a small study of twenty-two Texan youths who aged out of the system, 23 percent had a history of suicide attempts.[57]

text: A Swedish study utilizing the data of almost one million people including 22,305 former foster children who had been in care prior to their teens, concluded:

text: Former child welfare clients were in year of birth and sex standardised risk ratios (RRs) four to five times more likely than peers in the general population to have been hospitalised for suicide attempts....Individuals who had been in long-term foster care tended to have the most dismal outcome...former child welfare/protection clients should be considered a high-risk group for suicide attempts and severe psychiatric morbidity.[58]

text: Death rate

text: Children in foster care have an overall higher mortality rate than children in the general population.[59] A study conducted in Finland among current and former foster children up to age 24 found a higher mortality rate due to substance abuse, accidents, suicide and illness. The deaths due to illness were attributed to an increased incidence of acute and chronic medical conditions and developmental delays among children in foster care.[60]

text: Georgia Senator Nancy Schaefer published a report "The Corrupt Business of Child Protective Services"[61] stating:

text: "The National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect in 1998 reported that six times as many children died in foster care than in the general public and that once removed to official "safety", these children are far more likely to suffer abuse, including sexual molestation than in the general population".[61]

text: Academic prospects[edit]

text: Educational outcomes of ex-foster children in the Northwest Alumni Study:[62]

text:
56% completed high school compared to 82% of the general population, although an additional 29% of former foster children received a G.E.D. compared to an additional 5% of the general population.
42.7% completed some education beyond high school.
20.6% completed any degree or certificate beyond high school
16.1% completed a vocational degree; 21.9% for those over 25.
1.8% complete a bachelor's degree, 2.7% for over 25, the completion rate for the general population in the same age group is 24%, a sizable difference.

tag: ul

text: The study reviewed case records for 659 foster care alumni in Northwest USA, and interviewed 479 of them between September 2000 and January 2002.[62]

text: Psychotropic medication use[edit]

text: Studies have revealed that youth in foster care covered by Medicaid insurance receive psychotropic medication at a rate that was 3 times higher than that of Medicaid-insured youth who qualify by low family income. In a review (September 2003 to August 2004) of the medical records of 32,135 Texas foster care 0–19 years old, 12,189 were prescribed psychotropic medication, resulting in an annual prevalence of 37.9% of these children being prescribed medication. 41.3% received 3 different classes of these drugs during July 2004, and 15.9% received 4 different classes. The most frequently used medications were antidepressants (56.8%), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder drugs (55.9%), and antipsychotic agents (53.2%). The study also showed that youth in foster care are frequently treated with concomitant psychotropic medication, for which sufficient evidence regarding safety and effectiveness is not available.[63]

text: The use of expensive, brand name, patent protected medication was prevalent. In the case of SSRIs the use of the most expensive medications was noted to be 74%; in the general market only 28% are for brand name SSRI's vs generics. The average out-of-pocket expense per prescription was $34.75 for generics and $90.17 for branded products, a $55.42, difference.[64]

text: Therapeutic intervention[edit]

text: Children in the child welfare system have often experienced significant and repeated traumas and having a background in foster homes—especially in instances of sexual abuse—can be the precipitating factor in a wide variety of psychological and cognitive deficits[65] it may also serve to obfuscate the true cause of underlying issues. The foster care experience may have nothing to do with the symptoms, or on the other hand, a disorder may be exacerbated by having a history of foster care and attendant abuses. The human brain however has been shown to have a fair degree of neuroplasticity.[66][67][68] and adult neurogenesis has been shown to be an ongoing process.[69]

text: Cross-cultural adoption policies[edit]

text: George Shanti, Nico Van Oudenhoven, and Ekha Wazir, co-author's of Foster Care Beyond the Crossroads: Lessons from an International Comparative Analysis, say that there are four types of Government foster care systems. The first one is that of developing countries. These countries do not have policies implemented to take care of the basic needs of these children and these children mostly receive assistance from relatives. The second system is that of former socialist governments. The historical context of these states has not allowed for the evolution of their foster care system. NGO's have urged them to evolve; however the traditional system of institutionalizing these children is still in place. Thirdly, liberal democracies do not have the support from its political system in order to take care of these children, even though they have the resources. Finally, social democracies are the most advanced governments in regards to their foster care system. These governments have a massive infrastructure, funding, and support system in order to help foster care children.[70]

text: Adoption[edit]

text: Foster care[71] adoption is a type of domestic adoption where the child is initially placed into a foster care system and is subsequently placed for adoption. Children may be placed into foster care for a variety of reasons; including, removal from the home by a governmental agency because of maltreatment.[72] In some jurisdictions, adoptive parents are licensed as and technically considered foster parents while the adoption is being finalized.[73] According to the U.S Department of Health and Human Services Children's Bureau, there were approximately 408,425 children in foster care in 2010. Of those children, twenty-five percent had a goal of adoption. In 2015, 243,060 children exited foster care and twenty-two percent were adopted.[74] Nationwide, there are more than one hundred thousand children in the U.S. foster care system waiting for permanent families.[75]


document_title: IFFHS World's Best Goalkeeper

question_text: who won the best goalkeeper of the year

question_tokens: who won the best goalkeeper of the year

text: IFFHS World's Best Goalkeeper

text: List of winners[edit]

text: The award is awarded every January. The winning goalkeeper is awarded a gold trophy at the World Football Gala. Italy's Gianluigi Buffon and Spain's Iker Casillas have the most award victories, having won it five times, followed by Germany's Manuel Neuer, who has won the award four times; Casillas won the award for five consecutive years between 2008 and 2012. Below is a list of the previous winners since the first award in 1987.[1] Bayern Munich, with a total of eight, is the team with the most wins.

text:
Year

Winning player

Winning player's club

Runner-up player

Runner-up player's club

Source

1987

 Jean-Marie Pfaff

 Bayern Munich

 Rinat Dasayev

 Spartak Moscow

[1]

1988

 Rinat Dasayev

 Spartak Moscow

 Hans van Breukelen

 PSV Eindhoven

[1]

1989

 Walter Zenga

 Internazionale

 Michel Preud'homme

 KV Mechelen

[1]

1990

 Walter Zenga (2)

 Internazionale

 Michel Preud'homme

 KV Mechelen

[1]

1991

 Walter Zenga (3)

 Internazionale

 Sergio Goycochea

 Racing Club

[1]

1992

 Peter Schmeichel

 Manchester United

 Andoni Zubizarreta

 Barcelona

[1]

1993

 Peter Schmeichel (2)

 Manchester United

 Sergio Goycochea

 Racing Club

[1]

1994

 Michel Preud'homme

 KV Mechelen Benfica

 Thomas Ravelli

 IFK Göteborg

[1]

1995

 José Luis Chilavert

 Vélez Sársfield

 Peter Schmeichel

 Manchester United

[1]

1996

 Andreas Köpke

 Marseille

 David Seaman

 Arsenal

[1]

1997

 José Luis Chilavert (2)

 Vélez Sársfield

 Angelo Peruzzi

 Juventus

[1]

1998

 José Luis Chilavert (3)

 Vélez Sársfield

 Fabien Barthez

 Monaco

[1]

1999

 Oliver Kahn

 Bayern Munich

 Peter Schmeichel

 Manchester United

[1]

2000

 Fabien Barthez

 Manchester United

 Oliver Kahn

 Bayern Munich

[1]

2001

 Oliver Kahn (2)

 Bayern Munich

 Oscar Córdoba

 Boca Juniors

[1]

2002

 Oliver Kahn (3)

 Bayern Munich

 Iker Casillas

 Real Madrid

[1]

2003

 Gianluigi Buffon

 Juventus

 Iker Casillas

 Real Madrid

[1]

2004

 Gianluigi Buffon (2)

 Juventus

 Petr Čech

 Rennes Chelsea

[1]

2005

 Petr Čech

 Chelsea

 Dida

 Milan

[1]

2006

 Gianluigi Buffon (3)

 Juventus

 Jens Lehmann

 Arsenal

[1]

2007

 Gianluigi Buffon (4)

 Juventus

 Petr Čech

 Chelsea

[1]

2008

 Iker Casillas

 Real Madrid

 Gianluigi Buffon

 Juventus

[2]

2009

 Iker Casillas (2)

 Real Madrid

 Gianluigi Buffon

 Juventus

[3]

2010

 Iker Casillas (3)

 Real Madrid

 Júlio César

 Internazionale

[4]

2011

 Iker Casillas (4)

 Real Madrid

 Manuel Neuer

 Bayern Munich

[5]

2012

 Iker Casillas (5)

 Real Madrid

 Gianluigi Buffon

 Juventus

[6]

2013

 Manuel Neuer (1)

 Bayern Munich

 Gianluigi Buffon

 Juventus

[7]

2014

 Manuel Neuer (2)

 Bayern Munich

 Thibaut Courtois

 Atlético Madrid Chelsea

[8]

2015

 Manuel Neuer (3)

 Bayern Munich

 Gianluigi Buffon

 Juventus

[9]

2016

 Manuel Neuer (4)

 Bayern Munich

 Gianluigi Buffon

 Juventus

[10]

2017

 Gianluigi Buffon (5)

 Juventus

 Manuel Neuer

 Bayern Munich

[11]

tag: table

text: Goalkeeper of the Century[edit]

text: At the end of the 20th century, the IFFHS also voted on the World's Goalkeeper of the Century, won by the Soviet Union's Lev Yashin running ahead of Gordon Banks and Dino Zoff.[12][13]

text:
Rank

Player

Nation

Period

Votes

1

Lev Yashin

 Soviet Union

1950–1970

1002

2

Gordon Banks

 England

1963–1972

717

3

Dino Zoff

 Italy

1968–1983

661

4

Sepp Maier

 West Germany

1966–1979

456

5

Ricardo Zamora

 Spain

1920–1936

443

6

José Luis Chilavert

 Paraguay

1989–2003

373

7

Peter Schmeichel

 Denmark

1987–2001

291

8

Peter Shilton

 England

1970–1990

196

9

František Plánička

 Czechoslovakia

1926–1938

194

10

Amadeo Carrizo

 Argentina

1954–1964

192

text: The World's Best Goalkeeper of the 21st Century's first decade[edit]

text: In 2011, the IFFHS also voted on The World‘s Best Goalkeeper of the 21st Century's first decade, taking into consideration goalkeepers' performances during the first decade of the 21st century, between 2001 and 2011; the award was won by the Italy's Gianluigi Buffon running ahead of Iker Casillas and Petr Čech.[14]

text:
Rank

Player

Nation

Votes

1

Gianluigi Buffon

 Italy

199

2

Iker Casillas

 Spain

197

3

Petr Čech

 Czech Republic

154

4

Edwin van der Sar

 Netherlands

116

5

Oliver Kahn

 Germany

99

6

Dida

 Brazil

90

7

Víctor Valdés

 Spain

82

8

Júlio César

 Brazil

76

9

Jens Lehmann

 Germany

72

10

Roberto Abbondanzieri

 Argentina

68

text: The World's Best Goalkeeper of the Past 25 Years: 1987–2012[edit]

text: In 2012, the IFFHS also voted on The World‘s Best Goalkeeper of the past 25 years, taking into consideration goalkeepers' performances between 1987 – the year of the award's inception – and 2012; the award was won by the Italy's Gianluigi Buffon running ahead of Iker Casillas and Edwin van der Sar.[15][16][17][18][19][20]

text:
Rank

Player

Nation

Votes

1

Gianluigi Buffon

 Italy

226

2

Iker Casillas

 Spain

213

3

Edwin van der Sar

 Netherlands

201

4

Peter Schmeichel

 Denmark

179

5

Oliver Kahn

 Germany

162

6

Petr Čech

 Czech Republic

154

7

José Luis Chilavert

 Paraguay

146

8

Walter Zenga

 Italy

132

Andoni Zubizarreta

 Spain

132

10

Cláudio Taffarel

 Brazil

130