document_title: Pulp (paper)

question_text: where do the plant fibres that are used to make paper come from

text: Pulp (paper)

text: History[edit]

text: Pulp for papermaking was produced by macerating mulberry bark as early as the 2nd century in Han dynasty China, where the invention of paper is traditionally attributed to Cai Lun.[1] Lu Ji, in his 3rd century commentary on the Classic of Poetry, mentions that people residing south of the Yangtze River would traditionally pound mulberry bark to make paper or clothing.[2] By the 6th century, the mulberry tree was domesticated by farmers in China specifically for the purpose of producing pulp to be used in the papermaking process. In addition to mulberry, pulp was also made from bamboo, hibiscus bark, blue sandalwood, straw, and cotton.[2] Papermaking using pulp made from hemp and linen fibers from tattered clothing, fishing nets and fabric bags spread to Europe in the 13th century, with an ever-increasing use of rags being central to the manufacture and affordability of rag paper, a factor in the development of printing.[3] By the 1800s, demand often exceeding the available supply of rags, and also the manual labor of papermaking resulted in paper being still a relatively pricey product.[3]

text: Using wood pulp to make paper is a fairly recent innovation, that was almost concurrent to the invention of automatic papermaking machines, both together resulting in paper and cardboard becoming an inexpensive commodity in modern times.[3] Although the first use of paper made from wood pulp dates from 1800, as seen in some pages of a book published by Matthias Koops that year in London,[3] large-scale wood paper production began with the development of mechanical pulping in Germany by Friedrich Gottlob Keller in the 1840s,[4] and by the Canadian inventor Charles Fenerty in Nova Scotia,[5] Chemical processes quickly followed, first with J. Roth's use of sulfurous acid to treat wood, then by Benjamin Tilghman's U.S. patent on the use of calcium bisulfite, Ca(HSO3)2, to pulp wood in 1867.[6] Almost a decade later, the first commercial sulfite pulp mill was built, in Sweden. It used magnesium as the counter ion and was based on work by Carl Daniel Ekman. By 1900, sulfite pulping had become the dominant means of producing wood pulp, surpassing mechanical pulping methods. The competing chemical pulping process, the sulfate, or kraft, process, was developed by Carl F. Dahl in 1879; the first kraft mill started, in Sweden, in 1890.[6] The invention of the recovery boiler, by G.H. Tomlinson in the early 1930s,[4] allowed kraft mills to recycle almost all of their pulping chemicals. This, along with the ability of the kraft process to accept a wider variety of types of wood and to produce stronger fibres,[7] made the kraft process the dominant pulping process, starting in the 1940s.[6]

text: Global production of wood pulp in 2006 was 175 million tons (160 million tonnes).[8] In the previous year, 63 million tons (57 million tonnes) of market pulp (not made into paper in the same facility) was sold, with Canada being the largest source at 21 percent of the total, followed by the United States at 16 percent. The wood fiber sources required for pulping are "45% sawmill residue, 21% logs and chips, and 34% recycled paper" (Canada, 2014).[9] Chemical pulp made up 93 percent of market pulp.[10]

text: Wood pulp[edit]

text: The timber resources used to make wood pulp are referred to as pulpwood.[11] Wood pulp comes from softwood trees such as spruce, pine, fir, larch and hemlock, and hardwoods such as eucalyptus, aspen and birch.[12]

text: A pulp mill is a manufacturing facility that converts wood chips or other plant fibre source into a thick fiberboard which can be shipped to a paper mill for further processing. Pulp can be manufactured using mechanical, semi-chemical or fully chemical methods (kraft and sulfite processes). The finished product may be either bleached or non-bleached, depending on the customer requirements.

text: Wood and other plant materials used to make pulp contain three main components (apart from water): cellulose fibers (desired for papermaking), lignin (a three-dimensional polymer that binds the cellulose fibres together) and hemicelluloses, (shorter branched carbohydrate polymers). The aim of pulping is to break down the bulk structure of the fibre source, be it chips, stems or other plant parts, into the constituent fibres.

text: Chemical pulping achieves this by degrading the lignin and hemicellulose into small, water-soluble molecules which can be washed away from the cellulose fibres without depolymerizing the cellulose fibres (chemically depolymerizing the cellulose weakens the fibres). The various mechanical pulping methods, such as groundwood (GW) and refiner mechanical (RMP) pulping, physically tear the cellulose fibres one from another. Much of the lignin remains adhering to the fibres. Strength is impaired because the fibres may be cut. There are a number of related hybrid pulping methods that use a combination of chemical and thermal treatment to begin an abbreviated chemical pulping process, followed immediately by a mechanical treatment to separate the fibres. These hybrid methods include thermomechanical pulping, also known as TMP, and chemithermomechanical pulping, also known as CTMP. The chemical and thermal treatments reduce the amount of energy subsequently required by the mechanical treatment, and also reduce the amount of strength loss suffered by the fibres.

text:
Global pulp production by category (2000)[13]

Pulp category
Production [M ton]

Chemical
131.2

Kraft
117.0

Sulfite
7.0

Semichemical
7.2

Mechanical
37.8

Nonwood
18.0

Total virgin fibres
187.0

Recovered fibres
147.0

Total pulp
334.0

text: Harvesting trees[edit]

text: Most pulp mills use good forest management practices in harvesting trees to ensure that they have a sustainable source of raw materials. One of the major complaints about harvesting wood for pulp mills is that it reduces the biodiversity of the harvested forest. Pulp tree plantations account for 16 percent of world pulp production, old-growth forests 9 percent, and second- and third- and more generation forests account for the rest.[14] Reforestation is practiced in most areas, so trees are a renewable resource. The FSC (Forest Stewardship Council), SFI (Sustainable Forestry Initiative), PEFC (Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification), and other bodies certify paper made from trees harvested according to guidelines meant to ensure good forestry practices.[15]

text: The number of trees consumed depends on whether mechanical processes or chemical processes are used. It has been estimated that based on a mixture of softwoods and hardwoods 12 metres (40 ft) tall and 15–20 centimetres (6–8 in) in diameter, it would take an average of 24 trees to produce 0.9 tonne (1 ton) of printing and writing paper, using the kraft process (chemical pulping). Mechanical pulping is about twice as efficient in using trees, since almost all of the wood is used to make fibre, therefore it takes about 12 trees to make 0.9 tonne (1 ton) of mechanical pulp or newsprint.[16]

text: There are roughly 2 short tons in a cord of wood.[17]

text: Preparation for pulping[edit]

text: Wood chipping is the act and industry of chipping wood for pulp, but also for other processed wood products and mulch. Only the heartwood and sapwood are useful for making pulp. Bark contains relatively few useful fibers and is removed and used as fuel to provide steam for use in the pulp mill. Most pulping processes require that the wood be chipped and screened to provide uniform sized chips.

text: Pulping[edit]

text: There are a number of different processes which can be used to separate the wood fiber:

text: Mechanical pulp[edit]

text: Manufactured grindstones with embedded silicon carbide or aluminum oxide can be used to grind small wood logs called "bolts" to make stone pulp (SGW). If the wood is steamed prior to grinding it is known as pressure ground wood pulp (PGW). Most modern mills use chips rather than logs and ridged metal discs called refiner plates instead of grindstones. If the chips are just ground up with the plates, the pulp is called refiner mechanical pulp (RMP) and if the chips are steamed while being refined the pulp is called thermomechanical pulp (TMP). Steam treatment significantly reduces the total energy needed to make the pulp and decreases the damage (cutting) to fibres. Mechanical pulps are used for products that require less strength, such as newsprint and paperboards.

text: Thermomechanical pulp[edit]

text: Thermomechanical pulp is pulp produced by processing wood chips using heat (thus "thermo-") and a mechanical refining movement (thus "-mechanical"). It is a two-stage process where the logs are first stripped of their bark and converted into small chips. These chips have a moisture content of around 25–30 percent. A mechanical force is applied to the wood chips in a crushing or grinding action which generates heat and water vapour and softens the lignin thus separating the individual fibres. The pulp is then screened and cleaned, any clumps of fibre are reprocessed. This process gives a high yield of fibre from the timber (around 95 percent) and as the lignin has not been removed, the fibres are hard and rigid.[18]

text: Chemithermomechanical pulp[edit]

text: Wood chips can be pretreated with sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, sodium sulfite and other chemicals prior to refining with equipment similar to a mechanical mill. The conditions of the chemical treatment are much less vigorous (lower temperature, shorter time, less extreme pH) than in a chemical pulping process since the goal is to make the fibres easier to refine, not to remove lignin as in a fully chemical process. Pulps made using these hybrid processes are known as chemithermomechanical pulps (CTMP).

text: Chemical pulp[edit]

text: Chemical pulp is produced by combining wood chips and chemicals in large vessels known as digesters where heat and the chemicals break down the lignin, which binds the cellulose fibres together, without seriously degrading the cellulose fibres. Chemical pulp is used for materials that need to be stronger or combined with mechanical pulps to give a product different characteristics. The kraft process is the dominant chemical pulping method, with the sulfite process being second. Historically soda pulping was the first successful chemical pulping method.

text: Recycled pulp[edit]

text: Recycled pulp is also called deinked pulp (DIP). DIP is recycled paper which has been processed by chemicals, thus removing printing inks and other unwanted elements and freed the paper fibres. The process is called deinking.

text: DIP is used as raw material in papermaking. Many newsprint, toilet paper and facial tissue grades commonly contain 100 percent deinked pulp and in many other grades, such as lightweight coated for offset and printing and writing papers for office and home use, DIP makes up a substantial proportion of the furnish.

text: Organosolv pulping[edit]

text: Organosolv pulping uses organic solvents at temperatures above 140 °C to break down lignin and hemicellulose into soluble fragments. The pulping liquor is easily recovered by distillation. The reason for using a solvent is to make the lignin more soluble in the cooking liquor. Most common used solvents are methanol, ethanol, formic acid and acetic acid often in combination with water.

text: Alternative pulping methods[edit]

text: Research is under way to develop biopulping (biological pulping), similar to chemical pulping but using certain species of fungi that are able to break down the unwanted lignin, but not the cellulose fibres.[19] In the biopulping process, the fungal enzyme lignin peroxidase selectively digests lignin to leave remaining cellulose fibres. This could have major environmental benefits in reducing the pollution associated with chemical pulping. The pulp is bleached using chlorine dioxide stage followed by neutralization and calcium hypochlorite. The oxidizing agent in either case oxidizes and destroys the dyes formed from the tannins of the wood and accentuated (reinforced) by sulfides present in it.

text: Steam exploded fibre is a pulping and extraction technique that has been applied to wood and other fibrous organic material.[20]

text: Bleaching[edit]

text: The pulp produced up to this point in the process can be bleached to produce a white paper product. The chemicals used to bleach pulp have been a source of environmental concern, and recently the pulp industry has been using alternatives to chlorine, such as chlorine dioxide, oxygen, ozone and hydrogen peroxide.

text: Alternatives to wood pulp[edit]

text: Non-wood pulp made from rags, or from linters (short fibers discarded by the textile industry), is still manufactured today mostly as a pricey product perceived as being of better quality, especially for the art market and so-called "archival" paper. The modern source fiber is most often cotton, with a much higher value given to paper made from linen, hemp, abaca, kozo or other fibers. 100% cotton, or a combination of cotton and linen pulp is used for certificates, currency, and passports.[21][22][23] Abaca pulp has very long, strong fibers, and is used for teabags.

text: Today, some people and groups[citation needed] advocate using field crop fibre or agricultural residues instead of wood fibre as being more sustainable.

text: There is enough straw to meet much of North America's book, magazine, catalogue and copy paper needs. Agricultural-based paper does not come from tree farms. Some agricultural residue pulps take less time to cook than wood pulps. That means agricultural-based paper uses less energy, less water and fewer chemicals. Pulp made from wheat and flax straw has half the ecological footprint of pulp made from forests.[24]

text: Hemp paper is a possible replacement, but processing infrastructure, storage costs and the low usability percentage of the plant means it is not a ready substitute.

text: However, wood is also a renewable resource, with about 90 percent of pulp coming from plantations or reforested areas.[14] Non-wood fibre sources account for about 5–10 percent of global pulp production, for a variety of reasons, including seasonal availability, problems with chemical recovery, brightness of the pulp etc.[10][25] Non-wood pulp processing requires a high use of water and energy.[26]

text: Nonwovens are in some applications alternatives to paper made from wood pulp, like filter paper or tea bags.

text:
Comparison of typical feedstocks used in pulping[27]

Component
Wood
Nonwood

Carbohydrates
65–80%
50–80%

Cellulose

40–45%
30–45%

Hemicellulose

23–35%
20–35%

Lignin
20–30%
10–25%

Extractives
2–5%
5–15%

Proteins
<0.5%
5–10%

Inorganics
0.1–1%
0.5–10%

SiO2

<0.1%
0.5–7%

text: Market pulp[edit]

text: Market pulp is any variety of pulp that is produced in one location, dried and shipped to another location for further processing.[28] Important quality parameters for pulp not directly related to the fibres are brightness, dirt levels, viscosity and ash content. In 2004 it accounted for about 55 million metric tons of market pulp.[29]

text: Air dry pulp[edit]

text: Air dry pulp is the most common form to sell pulp. This is pulp dried to about 10 percent moisture content. It is normally delivered as sheeted bales of 250 kg. The reason to leave 10 percent moisture in the pulp is that this minimizes the fibre to fibre bonding and makes it easier to disperse the pulp in water for further processing to paper.[28]

text: Roll pulp[edit]

text: Roll pulp or reel pulp is the most common delivery form of pulp to non traditional pulp markets. Fluff pulp is normally shipped on rolls (reels). This pulp is dried to 5–6 percent moisture content. At the customer this is going to a comminution process to prepare for further processing.[28]

text: Flash dried pulp[edit]

text: Some pulps are flash dried. This is done by pressing the pulp to about 50 percent moisture content and then let it fall through silos that are 15–17 m high. Gas fired hot air is the normal heat source. The temperature is well above the char point of cellulose, but large amount of moisture in the fibre wall and lumen prevents the fibres from being incinerated. It is often not dried down to 10 percent moisture (air dry). The bales are not as densely packed as air dry pulp.[28]

text: Environmental concerns[edit]

text: The major environmental impacts of producing wood pulp come from its impact on forest sources and from its waste products.

text: Forest resources[edit]

text: The impact of logging to provide the raw material for wood pulp is an area of intense debate. Modern logging practices, using forest management seek to provide a reliable, renewable source of raw materials for pulp mills. The practice of clear cutting is a particularly sensitive issue since it is a very visible effect of logging. Reforestation, the planting of tree seedlings on logged areas, has also been criticized for decreasing biodiversity because reforested areas are monocultures. Logging of old growth forests accounts for less than 10 percent of wood pulp,[14] but is one of the most controversial issues.

text: Effluents from pulp mills[edit]

text: The process effluents are treated in a biological effluent treatment plant, which guarantees that the effluents are not toxic in the recipient.

text: Mechanical pulp is not a major cause for environmental concern since most of the organic material is retained in the pulp, and the chemicals used (hydrogen peroxide and sodium dithionite) produce benign byproducts (water and sodium sulfate (finally), respectively).

text: Chemical pulp mills, especially kraft mills, are energy self-sufficient and very nearly closed cycle with respect to inorganic chemicals.

text: Bleaching with chlorine produces large amounts of organochlorine compounds, including dioxins.[30]

text: Odor problems[edit]

text: The kraft pulping reaction in particular releases foul-smelling compounds. The hydrogen sulfide reagent that degrades lignin structure also causes some demethylation to produce methanethiol, dimethyl sulfide and dimethyl disulfide. These same compounds are released during many forms of microbial decay, including the internal microbial action in Camembert cheese, although the kraft process is a chemical one and does not involve any microbial degradation. These compounds have extremely low odor thresholds and disagreeable smells; a common saying in communities economically dependent on nearby papermills is "Smells like a job" or "Smells like money."

text: Applications[edit]

text: The main applications for pulp are paper and board production. The furnish of pulps used depends on the quality on the finished paper. Important quality parameters are wood furnish, brightness, viscosity, extractives, dirt count and strength.

text: Chemical pulps are used for making nanocellulose.

text: Speciality pulp grades have many other applications. Dissolving pulp is used in making regenerated cellulose that is used textile and cellophane production. It is also used to make cellulose derivatives. Fluff pulp is used in diapers, feminine hygiene products and nonwovens.

text: Paper production[edit]

text: The Fourdrinier Machine is the basis for most modern papermaking, and it has been used in some variation since its conception. It accomplishes all the steps needed to transform a source of wood pulp into a final paper product.

text: Economics[edit]

text: In 2009, NBSK pulp sold for $650/ton in the United States. The price had dropped due to falling demand when newspapers reduced their size, in part, as a result of the recession.[31]


document_title: Incorporation of the Bill of Rights

question_text: when was the second amendment's right to bear arms selectively incorporated against the states

question_tokens: when was the second amendment 's right to bear arms selectively incorporated against the states

root

text: Incorporation of the Bill of Rights

text: History[edit]

text: Background[edit]

text:
No person shall ... be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law ...

— Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment (1791)

tag: div

text: The Bill of Rights is the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution.[1] Proposed following the oftentimes bitter 1787–88 battle over ratification of the United States Constitution, and crafted to address the objections raised by Anti-Federalists, the Bill of Rights amendments add to the Constitution specific guarantees of personal freedoms and rights, clear limitations on the government's power in judicial and other proceedings, and explicit declarations that all powers not specifically delegated to Congress by the Constitution are reserved for the states or the people. The concepts codified in these amendments are built upon those found in several earlier documents, including the Virginia Declaration of Rights and the English Bill of Rights 1689, along with earlier documents such as Magna Carta (1215). Although James Madison's proposed amendments included a provision to extend the protection of some of the Bill of Rights to the states, the amendments that were finally submitted for ratification applied only to the federal government.

tag: p

text:
[N]or shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law ...

— Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment (1868)

text: In the 1833 case of Barron v. Baltimore, the Supreme Court of the United States held that the Bill of Rights did not apply to state governments; such protections were instead provided by the constitutions of each state. After the Civil War, Congress and the states ratified the Fourteenth Amendment, which included the Due Process Clause and the Privileges or Immunities Clause. While the Fifth Amendment had included a due process clause, the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment crucially differed from the Fifth Amendment in that it explicitly applied to the states. The Privileges or Immunities Clause also explicitly applied to the states, unlike the Privileges and Immunities Clause of Article IV of the Constitution. In the Slaughter-House Cases (1873), the Supreme Court ruled that the Privileges or Immunities Clause was not designed to protected individuals from the actions of state governments. In Twining v. New Jersey (1908), the Supreme Court acknowledged that the Due Process Clause might incorporate some of the Bill of Rights, but continued to reject any incorporation under the Privileges or Immunities Clause.[2]

text: Incorporation[edit]

text: The doctrine of incorporation has been traced back to either Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad v. City of Chicago (1897) in which the Supreme Court appeared to require some form of just compensation for property appropriated by state or local authorities (although there was a state statute on the books that provided the same guarantee) or, more commonly, to Gitlow v. New York (1925), in which the Court expressly held that States were bound to protect freedom of speech. Since that time, the Court has steadily incorporated most of the significant provisions of the Bill of Rights.[3] Provisions that the Supreme Court either has refused to incorporate, or whose possible incorporation has not yet been addressed include the Fifth Amendment right to an indictment by a grand jury, and the Seventh Amendment right to a jury trial in civil lawsuits.

text: Incorporation applies both procedurally and substantively to the guarantees of the states. Thus, procedurally, only a jury can convict a defendant of a serious crime, since the Sixth Amendment jury-trial right has been incorporated against the states; substantively, for example, states must recognize the First Amendment prohibition against a state-established religion, regardless of whether state laws and constitutions offer such a prohibition. The Supreme Court has declined, however, to apply new procedural constitutional rights retroactively against the states in criminal cases (Teague v. Lane, 489 U.S. 288 (1989)) with limited exceptions, and it has waived constitutional requirements if the states can prove that a constitutional violation was "harmless beyond a reasonable doubt."[citation needed]

text: Rep. John Bingham, the principal framer of the Fourteenth Amendment, advocated that the Fourteenth applied the first eight Amendments of the Bill of Rights to the States.[4] The U.S. Supreme Court subsequently declined to interpret it that way, despite the dissenting argument in the 1947 case of Adamson v. California by Supreme Court Justice Hugo Black that the framers' intent should control the Court's interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment (he included a lengthy appendix that quoted extensively from Bingham's congressional testimony).[5] Although the Adamson Court declined to adopt Black's interpretation, the Court during the following twenty-five years employed a doctrine of selective incorporation that succeeded in extending to the States almost all of the protections in the Bill of Rights, as well as other, unenumerated rights.[6] The Bill of Rights thus imposes legal limits on the powers of governments and acts as an anti-majoritarian/minoritarian safeguard by providing deeply entrenched legal protection for various civil liberties and fundamental rights.[7][8][9] The Supreme Court for example concluded in the West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1943) case that the founders intended the Bill of Rights to put some rights out of reach from majorities, ensuring that some liberties would endure beyond political majorities.[7][8][9][10] As the Court noted the idea of the Bill of Rights “was to withdraw certain subjects from the vicissitudes of political controversy, to place them beyond the reach of majorities and officials and to establish them as legal principles to be applied by the courts.”[10][11] This is why “fundamental rights may not be submitted to a vote; they depend on the outcome of no elections.”[10][11] The 14th Amendment has vastly expanded civil rights protections and is cited in more litigation than any other amendment to the U.S. Constitution.[12]

text: Selective versus total incorporation[edit]

text: In the 1940s and 1960s the Supreme Court gradually issued a series of decisions incorporating several of the specific rights from the Bill of Rights, so as to be binding upon the States.[13] A dissenting school of thought championed by Justice Hugo Black supported that incorporation of specific rights, but urged incorporation of all specific rights instead of just some of them. Black was for so-called mechanical incorporation, or total incorporation, of Amendments 1 through 8 of the Bill of Rights (Amendments 9 and 10 being patently connected to the powers of the state governments).[14] Black felt that the Fourteenth Amendment required the States to respect all of the enumerated rights set forth in the first eight amendments, but he did not wish to see the doctrine expanded to include other, unenumerated "fundamental rights" that might be based on the Ninth Amendment. Black felt that his formulation eliminated any arbitrariness or caprice in deciding what the Fourteenth Amendment ought to protect, by sticking to words already found in the Constitution. Although Black was willing to invalidate federal statutes on federalism grounds, he was not inclined to read any of the first eight amendments as states' rights provisions as opposed to individual rights provisions.[14] Justice Black felt that the Fourteenth Amendment was designed to apply the first eight amendments from the Bill of Rights to the states, as he expressed in his dissenting opinion in Adamson v. California.[15] This view was again expressed by Black in his concurrence in Duncan v. Louisiana citing the Fourteenth Amendment's Privileges or Immunities Clause: "'No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States' seem to me an eminently reasonable way of expressing the idea that henceforth the Bill of Rights shall apply to the States."[16]

text: Due process interpretation[edit]

text: Justice Felix Frankfurter, however, felt that the incorporation process ought to be incremental, and that the federal courts should only apply those sections of the Bill of Rights whose abridgment would "shock the conscience," as he put it in Rochin v. California (1952). Such a selective incorporation approach followed that of Justice Moody, who wrote in Twining v. New Jersey (1908) that "It is possible that some of the personal rights safeguarded by the first eight Amendments against National action may also be safeguarded against state action, because a denial of them would be a denial of due process of law. If this is so, it is not because those rights are enumerated in the first eight Amendments, but because they are of such a nature that they are included in the conception of due process of law." The due process approach thus considers a right to be incorporated not because it was listed in the Bill of Rights, but only because it is required by the definition of due process, which may change over time. For example, Moody's decision in Twining stated that the 5th Amendment right against self-incrimination was not inherent in a conception of due process and so did not apply to states, but was overruled in Malloy v. Hogan (1964). Similarly, Justice Cardozo stated in Palko v. Connecticut (1937) that the right against double jeopardy was not inherent to due process and so does not apply to the states, but that was overruled in Benton v. Maryland (1969). Frankfurter's incrementalist approach did carry the day, but the end result is very nearly what Justice Black advocated, with the exceptions noted below.

text: Incorporation under privileges or immunities[edit]

text:
No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States....

— Privileges or Immunities Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

text: Some have suggested that the Privileges or Immunities Clause would be a more appropriate textual basis than the due process clause for incorporation of the Bill of Rights.[17] It is often said that the Slaughter-House Cases "gutted the privileges or immunities clause" and thus prevented its use for applying the Bill of Rights against the states.[18] In his dissent to Adamson v. California, however, Justice Hugo Black pointed out that the Slaughter-House Cases did not directly involve any right enumerated in the Constitution:

text: [T]he state law under consideration in the Slaughter-House cases was only challenged as one which authorized a monopoly, and the brief for the challenger properly conceded that there was "no direct constitutional provision against a monopoly." The argument did not invoke any specific provision of the Bill of Rights, but urged that the state monopoly statute violated "the natural right of a person" to do business and engage in his trade or vocation.[19]

text: Thus, in Black's view, the Slaughterhouse Cases should not impede incorporation of the Bill of Rights against the states, via the Privileges or Immunities Clause. Some scholars go even further, and argue that the Slaughterhouse Cases affirmatively supported incorporation of the Bill of Rights against the states.[20] In dicta, Justice Miller's opinion in Slaughterhouse went so far as to acknowledge that the "right to peaceably assemble and petition for redress of grievances ... are rights of the citizen guaranteed by the Federal Constitution," although in context Miller may have only been referring to assemblies for petitioning the federal government.[21]

text: In the 2010 landmark case McDonald v. Chicago, the Supreme Court declared the Second Amendment is incorporated through the Due Process Clause. However, Justice Thomas, the fifth justice in the majority, criticized substantive due process and declared instead that he reached the same incorporation only through the Privileges or Immunities Clause. No other justice attempted to question his rationale. This is considered by some as a "revival" of the Privileges or Immunities Clause,[22] however as it is a concurring opinion and not the majority opinion in the case, it holds no legal weight in lower courts; it is merely an indication that SCOTUS may be inclined, given the proper question, to reconsider and ultimately reverse the Slaughterhouse Cases.

text: Specific amendments[edit]

text: Many of the provisions of the First Amendment were applied to the States in the 1930s and 1940s, but most of the procedural protections provided to criminal defendants were not enforced against the States until the Warren Court of the 1960s, famous for its concern for the rights of those accused of crimes, brought state standards in line with federal requirements. The following list enumerates, by amendment and individual clause, the Supreme Court cases that have incorporated the rights contained in the Bill of Rights. (The Ninth Amendment is not listed; its wording indicates that it "is not a source of rights as such; it is simply a rule about how to read the Constitution."[23] The Tenth Amendment is also not listed; by its wording, it is a reservation of powers to the states and to the people.)

text: Amendment I[edit]

text: Guarantee against establishment of religion

text: This provision has been incorporated against the states. See Everson v. Board of Education, 330 U.S. 1 (1947).[24]

tag: ul

text: Guarantee of free exercise of religion

text: This provision has been incorporated against the states. See Cantwell v. Connecticut, 310 U.S. 296 (1940).

text: Guarantee of freedom of speech

text: This provision has been incorporated against the states. See Gitlow v. New York, 268 U.S. 652 (1925)(dicta).

text: Guarantee of freedom of the press

text: This provision has been incorporated against the states. See Near v. Minnesota, 283 U.S. 697 (1931).

text: Guarantee of freedom of assembly

text: This provision has been incorporated against the states. See DeJonge v. Oregon, 299 U.S. 353 (1937).

text: Guarantee of the right to petition for redress of grievances

text: This provision has been incorporated against the states. See Edwards v. South Carolina, 372 U.S. 229 (1963).[25][26]

text: Guarantee of freedom of expressive association

text: This right, though not in the words of the first amendment, was first mentioned in the case NAACP v. Alabama, 357 U.S. 449 (1958)[27] and was at that time applied to the states. See also Roberts v. United States Jaycees, 468 U.S. 609 (1984), where the U.S. Supreme Court held that "implicit in the right to engage in activities protected by the First Amendment" is "a corresponding right to associate with others in pursuit of a wide variety of political, social, economic, educational, religious, and cultural ends."

text: Amendment II[edit]

text: Right to keep and bear arms

text: This right has been incorporated against the states. Described as a fundamental and individual right that will necessarily be subject to strict scrutiny by the courts, see McDonald v. City of Chicago (2010). Self Defense is described as "the central component" of the Second Amendment in McDonald, supra., and upheld District of Columbia v. Heller 554 U.S (2008) concluding the Fourteenth Amendment incorporates the Second Amendment right, recognized in Heller, to keep and bear arms for the purpose of self-defense. The 14th Amendment makes the 2nd Amendment right to keep and bear arms fully applicable to the States, see, McDonald vs. City of Chicago (2010). "The right to keep and bear arms must be regarded as a substantive guarantee, not a prohibition that could be ignored as long as the States legislated in an evenhanded manner," McDonald, supra..

text: Amendment III[edit]

text: Freedom from quartering of soldiers

text: This provision has been incorporated against the states within the jurisdiction of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, but has not been incorporated against the states elsewhere.

text: In 1982, the Second Circuit applied the Third Amendment to the states in Engblom v. Carey. This is a binding authority over Connecticut, New York, and Vermont, but is only a persuasive authority over the remainder of the United States.

text: The Tenth Circuit has suggested that the right is incorporated because the Bill of Rights explicitly codifies the "fee ownership system developed in English law" through the Third, Fourth, and Fifth Amendments, and the Fourteenth Amendment likewise forbids the states from depriving citizens of their property without due process of law. See United States v. Nichols, 841 F.2d 1485, 1510 n.1 (10th Cir. 1988).

text: The "problem" is that the third amendment, by and large, is the only one that is almost never violated by the states and Federal government, almost nobody is suing over the issue, so very few cases are being heard. The U.S. Supreme Court has never had a third amendment case appealed to it.

text: Amendment IV[edit]

text: Unreasonable search and seizure

text:
This right has been incorporated against the states by the Supreme Court's decision in Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643 (1961), although there is dicta in Wolf v. Colorado, 338 U.S. 25 (1949), saying the "core" of the Fourth Amendment applied to the States.
The remedy of exclusion of unlawfully seized evidence, the exclusionary rule, has been incorporated against the states. See Mapp v. Ohio. In Mapp, the Court overruled Wolf v. Colorado in which the Court had ruled that the exclusionary rule did not apply to the states.

text: Warrant requirements

text:
The various warrant requirements have been incorporated against the states. See Aguilar v. Texas, 378 U.S. 108 (1964).
The standards for judging whether a search or seizure undertaken without a warrant was "unreasonable" also have been incorporated against the states. See Ker v. California, 374 U.S. 23 (1963).

text: Amendment V[edit]

text: Right to indictment by a grand jury

text: This right has been held not to be incorporated against the states. See Hurtado v. California, 110 U.S. 516 (1884).

text: Protection against double jeopardy

text: This right has been incorporated against the states. See Benton v. Maryland, 395 U.S. 784 (1969).

text: Constitutional privilege against self-incrimination

text:
This right has been incorporated against the states.[28][29]

Self Incrimination in Court See Griffin v. California, 380 U.S. 609 (1965), Malloy v. Hogan , 378 U.S. 1 (1964).
Miranda See Miranda v. Arizona, 348 U.S. 436 (1966).

A note about the Miranda warnings: The text of the Fifth Amendment does not require that the police, before interrogating a suspect whom they have in custody, give him or her the now-famous Miranda warnings. Nevertheless, the Court has held that these warnings are a necessary prophylactic device, and thus required by the Fifth Amendment by police who interrogate any criminal suspect in custody, regardless of whether he or she is ultimately prosecuted in state or federal court.

text: Protection against taking of private property without just compensation

text: This right has been incorporated against the states. See Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad Co. v. City of Chicago, 166 U.S. 226 (1897).

text: Amendment VI[edit]

text: Right to a speedy trial

text: This right has been incorporated against the states. See Klopfer v. North Carolina, 386 U.S. 213 (1967).

text: Right to a public trial

text: Right to trial by impartial jury

text: This right has been incorporated against the states. See Duncan v. Louisiana, 391 U.S. 145 (1968), which guarantees the right to a jury trial in non-petty cases.[30] See also Parker v. Gladden, 385 U.S. 363 (1966), where the Supreme Court ruled "that the statements of the bailiff to the jurors are controlled by the command of the Sixth Amendment, made applicable to the States through the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. It guarantees that 'the accused shall enjoy the right to a trial, by an impartial jury [...].'"[30][dead link] However, the size of the jury, as well as the requirement that it unanimously reach its verdict, vary between federal and state courts. Even so, the Supreme Court has ruled that a jury in a criminal case may have as few as six members. Williams v. Florida, 399 U.S. 78 (1970). If there are twelve, only nine jurors need agree on a verdict. Furthermore, there is no right to a jury trial in juvenile delinquency proceedings held in state court. See McKeiver v. Pennsylvania, 403 U.S. 528 (1971).

text: Right to a jury selected from residents of the state and district where the crime occurred

text: This right has not been incorporated against the states. See Caudill v. Scott, 857 F.2d 344 (6th Cir. 1988); Cook v. Morrill, 783 F.2d 593 (5th Cir. 1986); Zicarelli v. Dietz, 633 F.2d 312 (3d Cir. 1980).

text: Right to notice of accusations

text: This right has been incorporated against the states. See In re Oliver, 333 U.S. 257 (1948). See also Rabe v. Washington, 405 U.S. 313 (1972).[30]

text: Right to confront adverse witnesses

text: This right has been incorporated against the states. See Pointer v. Texas, 380 U.S. 400 (1965).

text: Right to compulsory process (subpoenas) to obtain witness testimony

text: This right has been incorporated against the states. See Washington v. Texas, 388 U.S. 14 (1967).

text: Right to assistance of counsel

text: This right has been incorporated against the states. See Powell v. Alabama 287 U.S. 45 (1932), for capital cases, see Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335 (1963) for all felony cases, and see Argersinger v. Hamlin, 407 U.S. 25 (1972) for imprisonable misdemeanors.[30] In subsequent decisions, the Court extended the right to counsel to any case in which a jail sentence is imposed.

text: Amendment VII[edit]

text: Right to jury trial in civil cases

text: This right has not been incorporated against the states. See Minneapolis & St. Louis R. Co. v. Bombolis, 241 U.S. 211 (1916) and Pearson v. Yewdall, 95 U.S. 294 (1877)

text: Re-Examination Clause

text: This right has not been incorporated against the states. See Minneapolis & St. Louis R. Co. v. Bombolis, 241 U.S. 211 (1916)[31]

text: Amendment VIII[edit]

text: Protection against excessive bail

text: This right may have been incorporated against the states. In Schilb v. Kuebel, 404 U.S. 357 (1971), the Court stated in dicta: "Bail, of course, is basic to our system of law, and the Eighth Amendment's proscription of excessive bail has been assumed to have application to the States through the Fourteenth Amendment." In Murphy v. Hunt, 455 U.S. 478 (1982), the Court did not reach the issue because the case was dismissed as moot. Bail was included in the list of incorporated rights in McDonald footnote 12, citing Schilb.

text: Protection against excessive fines

text: This right has not been incorporated. See McDonald v. City of Chicago, footnote 13 (2010).

text: Protection against cruel and unusual punishments

text: This right has been incorporated against the states. See Robinson v. California, 370 U.S. 660 (1962). This holding has led the Court to suggest, in dicta, that the excessive bail and excessive fines protections have also been incorporated. See Baze v. Rees, 128 S. Ct. 1520, 1529 (2008).

text: Reverse incorporation[edit]

text: A similar legal doctrine to incorporation is that of reverse incorporation. Whereas incorporation applies the Bill of Rights to the states through the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, in reverse incorporation, the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment has been held to apply to the federal government through the Due Process Clause located in the Fifth Amendment.[32] For example, in Bolling v. Sharpe, 347 U.S. 497 (1954), which was a companion case to Brown v. Board of Education, the schools of the District of Columbia were desegregated even though Washington is federal. Likewise, in Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Peña 515 U.S. 200 (1995), an affirmative action program by the federal government was subjected to strict scrutiny based on equal protection.


document_title: Jeepers Creepers (2001 film)

question_text: who's the guy that plays jeepers creepers

question_tokens: who 's the guy that plays jeepers creepers

text: Jeepers Creepers (2001 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Trish Jenner and her brother Darry are traveling home from college for spring break. As they drive through the Florida countryside, an old, rusty truck tries to run them off the road. The vehicle eventually passes them, and they later see the same truck parked next to an abandoned church with a man sliding what appears to be a body wrapped in bloodstained sheets into a large pipe sticking out of the ground. The man notices Trish and Darry watching him and attempts to run them off the road a second time.

text: After escaping, Darry convinces Trish to go back to the church and investigate. At the church, Darry hears noises coming from within the pipe and crawls inside with Trish holding on to his feet, but he ends up falling in after being startled by a swarm of rats. At the bottom, he finds a dying man with stitches running down his stomach, and hundreds of other bodies sewn to the walls and ceiling. After Darry escapes, the two flee the scene and attempt to contact the police at a diner. At the diner, they are phoned by a strange woman who warns them that they are in danger. Confused and frightened, they ignore her warning. Trish and Darry leave, with two police officers providing a security escort. As they travel, the police learn that the church has caught fire, and any evidence of bodies has been destroyed. The police are then attacked and killed by the mysterious driver, who loads their bodies into his truck.

text: Fleeing, Trish and Darry stop at a reclusive old woman's house, and beg her to call the police. The woman complies until she notices the driver hiding in her yard. She attempts to kill him, but the driver kills her and reveals his inhuman face to Trish and Darry, before pursuing them once again. Trish runs the driver over with her car, but they are horrified to see a giant wing tear through his trench coat and flap frantically in the air. They drive to the local police station, where they are approached by psychic Jezelle Gay Hartman. She reveals herself as the woman who called them at the diner and tells them the true nature of their pursuer: it is an ancient creature, known as "The Creeper", which hunts every twenty-third spring for twenty-three days to feast on human body parts, which then form parts of its own body. She also tells them that it seeks out its victims through fear, and, by smelling the fear from Trish and Darry, it has found something it likes, but she does not know what.

text: The wounded Creeper arrives and attacks the police station. After cutting off the power, it gains entrance to the cells and feasts on prisoners to heal. The Creeper is swarmed by police but kills a number of them and evades capture. Trapped, Jezelle warns Trish and Darry that one of them will die a horrible death. Darry demands to know who, and Jezelle looks at Trish. The Creeper finds them, spares Jezelle as she does not have anything it wants, and pursues Trish and Darry. The Creeper corners them in an upstairs interrogation room. After sniffing and tasting them, the Creeper throws Trish aside and chooses Darry. Trish offers her life for her brother's, but the Creeper escapes out of the window and flies away with Darry.

text: The next day, Trish is picked up by her parents, and Jezelle returns home in regret.

text: Finally, the Creeper is in its new hideout, an abandoned factory, where it becomes clear that he has removed the back of Darry's head and taken his eyes.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Gina Philips as Patricia "Trish" Jenner
Justin Long as Darius "Darry" Jenner/Creeper at the end scene of the movie (uncredited cameo)[citation needed]
Jonathan Breck as the Creeper / Bald Cop
Patricia Belcher as Jezelle Gay Hartman
Brandon Smith as Sergeant Davis Tubbs
Eileen Brennan as the Cat Lady
Jon Beshara as Trooper Robert Gideon
Avis-Marie Barnes as Trooper Natasha Weston
Tom Tarantini as Roach

text: Production[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2016)

tag: table

text: Jeepers Creepers was filmed in Dunnellon, Florida in the summer of 2000.[4]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports that 45% of 108 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating was 5.1/10. The sites consensus reads: "Jeepers Creepers has a promising start. Unfortunately, the tension and suspense quickly deflates into genre cliches as the movie goes on."[5] Metacritic rated it 49/100.[6] Scott Foundas of Variety wrote that it is "the most conventional and least imaginative of the recent crop of high-class fright movies".[7] Stephen Holden of The New York Times called it "a cannier-than-average teen horror movie" that "disintegrates into a shoot-by-numbers monster hunt".[8] Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times wrote that the film "has the scariest opening sequence of any horror picture in recent memory" but becomes an "amusing horror-comedy, spooky and jolting but too literally preposterous to regain its initial aura of suspense."[9] Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian wrote that the film starts off well but quickly degenerates into cliche.[10]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Jeepers Creepers opened in 2,944 theaters and took in a US gross of $37.9 million; it later made $21.3 million internationally, making a total of $59.2 million worldwide.[3]

text: It broke the record for the highest ever Labor Day opening weekend four-day gross, holding the record until the 2003 release of its sequel, Jeepers Creepers 2.[11] After the 2015 Labor Day weekend, Jeepers Creepers holds the #7 spot and the #5 spot goes to its sequel.[11] Allowing for films that had been released prior to Labor Day, Jeepers Creepers holds the #16 spot for the Labor Day four-day weekend, with the #9 spot going to Jeepers Creepers 2.[12]

text: Awards[edit]

text:
Nominated: 28th Saturn Awards - Best Horror Film
Nominated: 28th Saturn Awards - Best Young Actor: Justin Long
Nominated: International Horror Guild Award - Best Movie[13]
Nominated: 34th Sitges Film Festival - Best Film[14]

text: Sequels[edit]

text: In 2003, a sequel was released, Jeepers Creepers 2. Events in the second film take place four days after the first film. The Creeper and Darry are the only characters to appear in both films, although they are not the only actors to appear in both films. In the first film, actor Tom Tarantini appears as the minor character "Austin McCoy" AKA "Roach" who is a car thief and regular in the Poho County jail. In the second film, he portrays "Coach Dwayne Barnes".

text: On September 11, 2015, Jeepers Creepers 3 was officially greenlit.,[15] with a planned 2017 release.[16] Victor Salva returns as director, Jonathan Breck returns as "The Creeper",[15] and Gina Philips is going to be returning as "Trish Jenner", her first screen role in five years.[16] Production was halted in 2016 until it resumed in February 2017,[17] and completed in April. The film is opting for a September 2017 theatrical release. [18]


document_title: Into the Badlands (TV series)

question_text: who plays the black widow in into the badlands

text: Into the Badlands (TV series)

text: Premise[edit]

text: Opening introduction, narrated by M.K. (Aramis Knight):

text:
“
The wars were so long ago nobody even remembers. Darkness and fear ruled until the time of the barons, seven men and women who forged order out of chaos. People flocked to them for protection. That protection became servitude. They banished guns and trained armies of lethal fighters they called Clippers. This world is built on blood. Nobody is innocent here. Welcome to the Badlands.
”

text: The series is set in a post-apocalyptic world approximately 500 years after a war that left civilization in ruins. Many elements of technology, such as electricity and ground vehicles, have survived the apocalypse but society now shuns guns, leading to a reliance on melee weaponry.

text: In a territory known as the Badlands, which is somewhere in the former United States, a feudal society has developed to fill the power vacuum left by the war. Barons control land and monopolies over commodities like opium and fuel, trading amongst themselves to maintain the peace. Each baron is served by a massive workforce of slaves called "Cogs", as well as a prostitute class called "Dolls". A Baron maintains power through a force of "Clippers", highly trained and loyal warriors at the apex of the feudal society. Clippers are forbidden from marrying and having children lest their loyalties be divided. Each Clipper force is captained by a "Regent".

text: Several groups exist outside the strict hierarchy of the barons. Nomads are the most common, mostly lawless homicidal bandits who subsist on stealing from trade convoys between the baronies but some live in organized clans. The River King and his men control water trade in the Badlands and beyond and is considered a neutral party in the Barons' power struggles. An ascetic religious movement is also shown to exist on the fringes of society, living in isolated communities and practicing a form of idol worship. The Widow leads a revolutionary group of anti-feudal fighters from her late husband's barony; although nominally recognized as a baron by her peers they do not respect her, and the contempt is mutual.

text: Little is known of the world beyond the Badlands, but it is implied that it is far less politically stable and environmentally sound than the Badlands. The mythical utopian city of Azra is believed to exist outside the Badlands but most dismiss it as a legend.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Daniel Wu as Sunny, Regent (Head Clipper) to the Badlands' most powerful Baron, Quinn. Despite being a man of conviction, he is very loyal to Quinn. Very skilled and proficient in various styles and weapons, he is considered to be one of, if not the, deadliest Clippers in the Badlands.
Marton Csokas as Quinn,[5] the Badlands' preeminent Baron and a former clipper. His Baronial symbol is an armadillo shown in white on a maroon banner. His territory produces poppy flowers, which are harvested for opium. (Season 1-2)
Orla Brady as Lydia, Quinn's first wife who is both his fiercest critic and most devoted follower.
Sarah Bolger as Jade, Quinn's new wife-to-be, whose beguiling demeanor hides a core of ambition and tenacity which she uses to use others. She laters marries her step-son, Ryder, after Quinn's presumed death.
Aramis Knight as M.K., a seemingly average teenage boy who is anything but. Lurking inside him is a dark energy that The Widow wants to harness into a weapon.
Emily Beecham as Minerva, better known as "The Widow", the Badlands' newest Baron; a brilliant martial artist and skilled swordswoman. She has adopted a blue-winged butterfly as her Baronial symbol, shown in yellow on a light blue banner. It represents a transformation from insignificance to beauty and power. Her territory of oil fields produces crude oil.
Oliver Stark as Ryder, Quinn's only son and presumed heir who later takes over as Baron after his father's presumed death along with marrying his step-mother, Jade. (Season 1-2)
Madeleine Mantock as Veil, a doctor who is in a secret relationship with Sunny. (Season 1-2)
Ally Ioannides as Tilda, a teenage assassin well-trained in the martial arts, she is The Widow's daughter and later becomes her Regent.
Nick Frost as Bajie,[6] a schemer with questionable morals who finds himself allied with Sunny. (Season 2)

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Yohance Myles as Ringo, the tattoo artist of the Clippers who inks their kill marks on their bodies.
Benjamin Papac as Bale, a Colt (a Clipper-in-training) and a seemingly benevolent boy who befriends M.K.
Mike Seal as Petri, one of Quinn's Clippers.
Stephen Lang as Waldo, a paraplegic former Regent serving under Quinn (Season 1) and The Widow (Season 2).
Teressa Liane as Angelica, a prostitute/spy loyal to The Widow. (Season 1)
Ellen Hollman as Zypher, a Regent of Baron Jacobee who has a history with Sunny.
Edi Gathegi as Baron Jacobee, who has an alliance with Quinn. His Baronial colors are a pattern of blue and green plaid.
Lance E. Nichols as the River King, an importer and exporter of goods and "Cogs" (indentured servants) up and down the river through the Badlands.
Lance Henriksen as Penrith, Lydia's father and the leader of a totemist religious commune.
Cung Le as Cyan, head Abbott who journeys with his fellow Abbotts, Ramona and Dury, searching for those who have abilities.
Eve Connolly as Ava, an fighting instructor who works with M.K. (Season 2)
Stephen Walters as The Engineer, boss of the "Pickers" (opium miners) in the Bordeaux Mines. (Season 2)
Chipo Chung as The Master, leader of the Abbott who trains M.K., teaching him how to control his abilities. (Season 2)
Eleanor Matsuura as Baron Chau, who wants Quinn dead. She has adopted a fox as her Baronial symbol, shown in black on a cream colored banner. Her Baronial color is mostly white. (Season 2)
Alan Wai as Baron Hassan, who voted against The Widow's baroncy at the conclave. For his Barional symbol, he adopted a peacock shown in yellow gold on a purple banner. His territory produces silk. (Season 2)
Jonathan Ryan as Baron Broadmore, who also voted to exile The Widow during the conclave. His Barional symbol is two narwhals with their tusks crossed shown in white on a navy blue banner. (Season 2)
Ivo Canelas as Baron Rojas, who voted against The Widow's exile at the conclave. For his Barional symbol, he adopted a grasshopper shown in green on a black banner. (Season 2)

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
6
November 15, 2015 (2015-11-15)
December 20, 2015 (2015-12-20)

2
10
March 19, 2017 (2017-03-19)
May 21, 2017 (2017-05-21)

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2015)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"The Fort"
David Dobkin
Alfred Gough & Miles Millar
November 15, 2015 (2015-11-15)
6.39[7]

Regent Sunny, a highly-skilled fighter and the deadliest "Head Clipper" for Baron Quinn battles the Nomads to rescue a mysterious boy named M.K. who harbors a dark secret about his past. But when he brings him back to The Fort to train as a "Colt", a Clipper-in-training, things quickly get out of hand with another trainee. When first blood is drawn, M.K. loses control of himself as if something takes over his body, making the boy valuable to an opposing baron, The Widow. Meanwhile, Sunny discovers M.K.'s pendant has the same image as the one on his childhood compass of a place called Azra, the boy's home. In order to seek out the truth about his own past, Sunny wants to know more of this city beyond the Badlands, and must find a way out, especially now that his lover Veil is illegally pregnant with his child.

2
2
"Fist Like a Bullet"
David Dobkin
Alfred Gough & Miles Millar
November 22, 2015 (2015-11-22)
4.83[8]

After wandering into The Widow's territory, M.K. meets the Widow's daughter Tilda, whom he follows for refuge in her mother's mansion. But it turns out to be a dangerous place since she wants to use his dark power to overthrow the other barons. Meanwhile, after Quinn's headaches are diagnosed by his long-time doctor as a tumor, he doesn't have long to live. He wants to keep the news a secret, so he orders Sunny to "clip" the doctor and his wife, Veil's parents, who know about their unborn baby. However, Sunny refuses and Quinn has to murder them himself, and gives him a second chance to test his loyalty. Later, when Sunny and Ryder are attacked by The Widow's nomads, M.K. saves Sunny's life and agrees to show him the way out of the Badlands. But Sunny has a condition; he will bring M.K. back to The Fort for training so he can be strong enough to smuggle Veil and the baby out.

3
3
"White Stork Spreads Wings"
David Dobkin
Alfred Gough & Miles Millar & Justine Juel Gillmer
November 29, 2015 (2015-11-29)
5.17[9]

Quinn seeks retribution against The Widow and pays the price with losing many Clippers in his surprise attack. M.K. breaks away from the Colts to steal the book about Azra in The Widow's study, where Tilda sees him. Sunny begins to train M.K., but he must first learn discipline, especially when he underestimates wheelchair-bound Waldo during their fight. As Ryder's life slowly fades, Jade desperately seeks help from Veil who reluctantly yet successfully treats him. But it results in Quinn knowing about her and Sunny's relationship. In order for Quinn to form an alliance with Jacobee, the one baron who doesn't hate him as much, Sunny must reunite with Zypher, Jacobee's regent to arrange a meeting. M.K. brings the book to Veil to be translated, but it's in a language she doesn't recognize. As M.K. hides, Veil is interrupted by Quinn who wants her to save him from his deadly illness.

4
4
"Two Tigers Subdue Dragons"
Guy Ferland
Alfred Gough & Miles Millar & Michael Jones-Morales
December 6, 2015 (2015-12-06)
2.42[10]

Sunny has to figure out how to control M.K.'s power, especially when he gets knocked out by a single punch. Jade prepares for her wedding, and taking Lydia's advice, she stops her relationship with Ryder, who feels broken and betrayed. Sunny finds out Veil has been helping M.K. translate the Azra book and treating Quinn for his tumor. Later, Quinn sets a parlay with Baron Jacobee to help him defeat The Widow after she beheads one of his Clippers. Both barons meet in the City of the Dead at Cross Bend where problems arise. M.K. spies a disguised Tilda and gives pursuit and they fight. Tilda cuts him, unleashing his darkness that only she can stop. Ryder is enlisted by Zypher who is secretly working for The Widow to join their cause to start a war. Waldo grants Sunny an audience with the River King, importer of goods and cogs, to reserve a passage out of the Badlands. However, the River King demands M.K.'s head as payment due to M.K. having previously killed some of his Cogs.

5
5
"Snake Creeps Down"
Guy Ferland
Alfred Gough & Miles Millar & Justin Doble
December 13, 2015 (2015-12-13)
2.21[11]

Sunny finds a direction when he uses his broken compass in the Azra book's cutout. After the poppy fields are abandoned, Quinn suffers a migraine and puts Jade in charge to train Clippers how to harvest. In order to look for "the boy at the Fort", The Widow takes in Quinn's cogs, promising them freedom in return for loyalty. Waldo tells Ryder to take M.K.'s pendant to Ryder's grandfather Penrith, a preacher, who says Azra is just a made-up story. Veil asks Quinn if he killed her parents and says it was Sunny's blade that ended their lives, not his. When Sunny brings Petri and his Colt, Bale, to track The Widow and her Butterflies, Tilda warns M.K. every time he is cut, his life force gets weaker, and gets captured. A fight ensues between her mother and Sunny, while Bale, wanting to make his first kill, fights Tilda, but meets a deadly end when M.K. cuts himself to save her.

6
6
"Hand of Five Poisons"
Guy Ferland
Alfred Gough & Miles Millar & Michael R. Perry
December 20, 2015 (2015-12-20)
2.16[12]

After his failure to finish off The Widow, Quinn suspects that Sunny is a traitor and imprisons him. Meanwhile, Jade frames Lydia for trying to poison her, resulting in Quinn exiling her. With no other choice, Lydia returns to Penrith and rejoins her father's congregation. Later, Tilda kidnaps Veil, asking her to treat The Widow's wounds. Veil warns Tilda that her mother does not truly love her. She leaves two bottles of poison and the tincture, making it Tilda's choice whether to kill her or not. Instead, Tilda confronts The Widow who insists she's trying to save M.K. and explains she was once special like him. When M.K. escapes, Quinn convinces him to join his ranks in return for sparing Tilda and Sunny's lives; he agrees. Sunny is freed by Waldo, who reveals himself as the true traitor, and urges him to leave the Badlands, but he goes in search of M.K. At the Dollhouse, Quinn is ambushed by Ryder who teamed up with Jacobee and Zypher. Quinn triggers M.K.'s abilities and he quickly disposes of them all. Sunny shows up, impales Quinn with his sword, and attempts to subdue M.K. However, three Abbotts arrive and easily defeat them, revealing they have the same abilities as M.K., and take him away. In order to secure transportation out of the Badlands, Sunny presents Bale's head to the River King, and passes it off as M.K.'s. But he knows Sunny tried to cheat him. He captures him, intending to sell him to the highest bidder.

text: Season 2 (2017)[edit]

text: Note: This season the episode titles are featured as "chapters" followed by Roman numerals (e.g. the first episode title is Chapter VII).

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

7
1
"Tiger Pushes Mountain"
Nick Copus
Alfred Gough & Miles Millar
March 19, 2017 (2017-03-19)
3.44[13]

Six months later, Sunny, now a "Picker", a miner used for slave labor, excavates coal in the Bordeaux Mines far from the Badlands. He befriends Bajie, a smuggler who is shackled to him. After watching an arena fight in which under-performing Pickers are executed for not making their quota, Sunny plans to escape. Bajie acquires a map and wants to go with him. When Sunny refuses, Bajie betrays his true identity to the mine boss, The Engineer. Meanwhile, M.K. undergoes training from the Abbotts under the tutelage of Ava. Later, M.K. meets The Master, who promises his freedom if he can learn to control his abilities, and she oversees his training. In the Badlands, Ryder, who's Baron following his father's presumed death controls Quinn, Jacobee, and The Widow's territories, alongside his love, Jade. During an inspection of the oil fields, The Widow and Tilda, now a Regent, returns in a surprise attack and reclaims them, killing most of Ryder's Clippers and forcing him to retreat. They preside over a growing army of former Cogs and Dolls, promising to end the Badlands feudal system and replace it with a democratic society. Tilda recruits Odessa, a former Doll, as a Butterfly, and has the released Clipper prisoners who abused the Dolls murdered, against her mother's orders. While stationed in an abandoned train station, Veil gives birth to a boy and is in the company of Quinn, who survived his impalement.

8
2
"Force of Eagle's Claw"
Nick Copus
Matt Lambert
March 26, 2017 (2017-03-26)
3.41[14]

After Bajie betrays Sunny, The Engineer decides he doesn't like a "rat" for a Picker so he sends them to the fighting pit to battle his champion Mouse. Fortunately, the arena is unguarded. They defeat their foe, make it to the exit and escape through the mine's ventilation system. They find themselves in the Outlying Territories with a wall separating them from the Badlands. Meanwhile, Tilda learns how to be a proper Regent from Waldo who is working for The Widow. Lydia is living with Penrith and his Totemists. All is peaceful until Nomads interrupt a wedding, looking for goods. Lydia takes it upon herself to save the religious group by killing all the bandits herself, resulting in her father's disapproval due to his non-violent beliefs. She is once again cast out and returns to Ryder, who doesn't receive her kindly. Also, The Master sends M.K. to her room of mirrors in order to conquer his inner demon; himself. Later, while hiding out in the abandoned West Avalon transit station, Quinn performs a bloody baptism on Veil's son, Henry, who he proclaims is the Badlands newest heir.

9
3
"Red Sun, Silver Moon"
Toa Fraser
Michael Taylor
April 2, 2017 (2017-04-02)
3.11[15]

While wandering the Outlying Territories, Sunny and Bajie find a bridge that leads into the Badlands, but it is guarded by a stranger and they've been followed by bounty hunters. The stranger lends them a helping hand defeating the bounty hunters and gives them shelter. They learn that he's the legendary Clipper Regent Nathaniel Moon, "Silver Moon" who, like Sunny, left the Badlands to live a violence-free life. After he fell in love with a warlord's daughter, he started a family, but they were murdered. Now he hunts fugitives, returning to his violent ways. He tries to convince Sunny that men like them never change. Meanwhile, The Widow asks Waldo to be her Second at the Baron conclave instead of Tilda, but she is in charge if she doesn't return. Veil lies to Quinn about his prognoses by switching out his x-rays with healthy ones. M.K. discovers that the Abbotts are up to something when his friend Tate is experimented on, draining his abilities. Later Silver Moon, still searching for his 1,000th kill mark, sees Sunny as a worthy opponent. He challenges Sunny to a fight to the death or to put him out of his misery by ending his life. Sunny continues on his quest to find his family and does not want to be his executioner; Bajie comes to his aid.

10
4
"Palm of the Iron Fox"
Toa Fraser
Daniel C. Connolly
April 9, 2017 (2017-04-09)
1.57[16]

Quinn puts his plan in motion to start anew and sets off with his Clippers. Meanwhile before the conclave voting ceremony, The Widow tries to get Baron Chau on her side and thinks about her condition of pledging not to shelter any more runaway Cogs at her Sanctuary. Later, M.K. takes one of The Master's opium-infused origami and returns to the room of mirrors, this time to find out what happened to his mother, but learns that her blood is on his hands. When Quinn is off on his mission, Veil, trapped at the transit station with lone Clipper Edgar, tries to escape with Henry in her arms by drugging him, however he blocks her only way out. During the conclave, the five remaining Barons vote The Widow in breach of the Foundation Treaty, stripped of her baron title, and her lands and privileges are revoked. They give her 48 hours to vacate the Badlands, but she has no intention of giving it up and a baronial showdown is about to begin. Just then, Quinn makes a dramatic entrance first and goes after Ryder, killing his son in the middle of his hedge maze. In the end, Tilda shows up at the melee and helps Waldo and her mother in their fight for a Cog-free world.

11
5
"Monkey Leaps Through Mist"
Paco Cabezas
LaToya Morgan
April 16, 2017 (2017-04-16)
1.42[17]

With Ryder dead, the other surviving Barons have fled, going to ground. Jade, the only successor, is sworn in as Baron by her Regent, Merrick, and declares war. She then turns to Lydia for help in finding Quinn. However, Lydia has one condition; she gets to kill Quinn herself. Meanwhile, Bajie takes Sunny to Nos, the Commandant of the Mechs, or metal traders, to trade Silver Moon's sword for a shortcut back into the Badlands. Sunny learns from the leader that Quinn's still alive. During their overnight stay, a Doll named Portia visits Sunny asking him to kill Nos so her young daughter Amelia will not lead a life of prostitution. He refuses at first, but after seeing Portia's face mutilated and her stabbed, he and Bajie steal their ride, bringing mother and daughter with them. Also, while training, M.K. escapes the Abbotts and disguises himself with clothes from a corpse that was hanged nearby. Later, The Widow ignores Waldo's advice, to either align with the other Barons who tried to kill her or lose everything she built, instead aligning herself with Quinn. Lydia and the Clippers seek out Quinn, but the bunker doors are booby trapped, and she loses most of her men. In the commotion, Veil finds her way out of the transit station and flees from Quinn, who is having hallucinations of his dead son.

12
6
"Leopard Stalks in Snow"
Paco Cabezas
Matt Lambert
April 23, 2017 (2017-04-23)
1.31[18]

In the aftermath of the transit station explosion, Lydia loses all her men and is captured by Quinn who offers her a chance to avenge their son with a dagger to his heart. Unlike Ryder, she doesn't hesitate, but Quinn stops her hand from the killing blow, then has an intimate moment. Meanwhile, after their escape from the Mechs, Bajie takes Sunny to his healer friend located in a Gasper addicts opium den. Veil finds temporary solace at The Widow's Sanctuary, but The Widow makes an unholy alliance with Quinn and hands her and baby Henry over to him. Also, Tilda gets closer to Odessa by telling her why she calls Minerva "mother" and they share an intimate moment witnessed by Waldo. Later, Ava finds M.K., who seemed to have lost his power after a skirmish with a Nomad, leaving him bloody. They make camp at an Old World hotel left abandoned during Christmas 2024. Sunny and M.K. reunite, but he's followed by the three Abbotts; Cyan, Ramona, and Dury, seeking out M.K's darkness with an Azraian device. A melee ensues and they're quickly defeated until Bajie shows up, revealing his secret of being an Abbott in another life. Ava dies from her injuries after saving M.K. while Sunny suddenly collapses from a mysterious blow to the chest.

13
7
"Black Heart, White Mountain"
Stephen Fung
Michael Taylor
April 30, 2017 (2017-04-30)
1.42[19]

After a dying Cyan attacked him with the hand of the Five Poisons, a poisoned and comatose Sunny is trapped in a nightmare in which he must confront his inner demons. In the dream, he is living a simple life as a farmer with Veil and Henry who has grown into a boy. Things quickly escalate as the poison seeps through his body, causing all the victims he clipped, including a girl named Artemis, to kill him. Bajie and M.K. infiltrate the Abbott monastery to gather medical supplies and special needles in order to revive Sunny, along with Sunny's Azra compass Bajie secretly steals. Later, Bajie explains his departure from the monastery. He had a loving relationship with his novice Flea, who had dark abilities similar to M.K. and wishes to find her. Meanwhile, Quinn and The Widow assault Jade's palace in order to exile her from the Badlands.

14
8
"Sting of the Scorpion's Tail"
Stephen Fung
LaToya Morgan
May 7, 2017 (2017-05-07)
1.29[20]

Quinn and The Widow prove their alliance by presenting their gifts; Baron Hassan and Baron Broadmore's heads. Meanwhile, Bajie gets Sunny and M.K. out of the Outlying Territories and through the wall into the Badlands. But it comes at a price when they're captured by Baron Chau's Clippers. However, Sunny devises a plan to get them out by proposing to Chau he knows how to lure The Widow out. He becomes Chau's Regent, slips Bajie the cell key to his freedom, and delivers M.K. to The Widow in order to find Quinn's hideout. Sunny and The Widow's reunion is a bloody one as they work together, alongside M.K. and Tilda, fighting the Clippers. Later, Veil is forced to marry Quinn so he can help raise Henry, grooming him as his heir to the baroncy. Their consummation is interrupted by a report that Sunny is alive and joined forces with The Widow and coming to find Quinn.

15
9
"Nightingale Sings No More"
Paco Cabezas
Justin Britt-Gibson
May 14, 2017 (2017-05-14)
1.56[21]

Twenty years ago, Bajie, an Abbott is tasked with training a new novice who, due to her powerful "Gift", is brought to the monastery in a large chest. She breaks free and Bajie has to subdue her, and because of her small size, he nicknames her Flea. However, her name is Minerva and she carries the book of Azra that's been in her family for generations. Back to the present, Sunny aligns with The Widow who offers him and M.K., now without his abilities, sanctuary. The Widow plans to attack Quinn's bunker, but Quinn sends his young Clipper Gabriel strapped with a suicide bomb to deliver Sunny a message about Veil, and learns The Widow traded her to Quinn. In the explosion, Sunny escapes and runs into Bajie, telling him to get M.K. out and meet him at the bunker. Bajie reunites with Minerva but it's not the reunion he wanted as he and M.K. are captured trying to steal the Arza book. Later, Tilda confronts The Widow about how she's become like the rest of the barons; power-hungry and sacrificing innocent lives. A mother-daughter fight ensues, and Tilda is defeated.

16
10
"Wolf's Breath, Dragon Fire"
Paco Cabezas
Alfred Gough, Miles Millar & Matt Lambert
May 21, 2017 (2017-05-21)
1.37[22]

While M.K. remains in the Widow's clutches forcing him to get his Gift back, Odessa frees Bajie and a crippled Tilda from captivity with the aid of Waldo. Bajie helps Sunny in his assault on Quinn's bunker. During the assault, Bajie is wounded by one of Quinn's lieutenants before disappearing, and Lydia is saved from execution. Meanwhile, Sunny is reunited with Veil and fights a final battle with Quinn. Badly wounded, Quinn grabs Veil and tries to take her hostage and gives him an ultimatum; either Sunny gives him Henry or he will kill Veil. Refusing to let Quinn have the upper hand, Veil fatally impales both herself and Quinn with his own Sai. With her dying breath, Veil implores Sunny to raise their son to be good. Later, an injured Bajie rides Sunny's motorcycle to a derelict communications tower and reactivates it with the Azra compass, sending out a Morse code before collapsing from his stab wound.

text: Production[edit]

text: Described as a "genre-bending martial arts series". AMC ordered 6 one-hour-long episodes of the action-drama developed by AMC Studios for a premiere in late 2015.[23] Mike Shinoda of Linkin Park composed the title theme.[24] Executive producer Stephen Fung also serves as the series' action director alongside veteran Hong Kong choreographer, Ku Huen-chiu.[25]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: In the US, season 1 can be watched via Netflix. Internationally, the series premiered in Australia on November 17, 2015, on Showcase.[26] In Germany, Austria, and the UK, the series is available through Amazon Prime Instant Video with each episode accessible the day after the US air date.[27] BBC America began airing double episodes on August 20, 2016, at 10pm ET.[28]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Into the Badlands has received mixed reviews from critics. As of March 9, 2017, the Rotten Tomatoes rating of season 1 is 53% , based on reviews from 37 critics, with an average rating of 4.6/10. As a whole Rotten Tomatoes gives it a 77% while the audience gave it a rating of 86%. The site's critical consensus states: "Into the Badlands is loaded with off-kilter potential that's left largely unfulfilled—although its well-choreographed action sequences should satisfy martial arts fans."[29] Metacritic gives the season a score of 54 out of 100, based on reviews from 29 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[30]

text: Tim Goodman of The Hollywood Reporter gave a generally positive review and wrote, "AMC finds a bloody, fun and entertaining non-zombie counterpart to The Walking Dead and turns Sundays into an escapist red zone."[31] Maureen Ryan of Variety wrote, "The action scenes scattered throughout Into the Badlands are not just stirringly presented, they represent a test passed with flying, and bloody, colors. This efficient AMC series is an homage to classic Samurai films and kinetic action fare churned out by Hong Kong maestros of furious fists, and if the TV drama had failed to meet the standards set by the sturdiest examples of those genres, it would have seemed superfluous at best. Fortunately, star Daniel Wu is more than up to the task of occupying the center of this streamlined story of vengeance, tyranny and roundhouse kicks."[32]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: Season 1 (2015)[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"The Fort"
November 15, 2015
3.2
6.39[7]
0.8
1.83
4.0
8.22† [33]

2
"Fist Like a Bullet"
November 22, 2015
2.3
4.83[8]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

3
"White Stork Spreads Wings"
November 29, 2015
2.5
5.17[9]
0.7
1.52
3.2
6.69† [34]

4
"Two Tigers Subdue Dragons"
December 6, 2015
1.1
2.42[10]
0.6
N/A
1.7† [35]
N/A

5
"Snake Creeps Down"
December 13, 2015
1.0
2.21[11]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

6
"Hand of Five Poisons"
December 20, 2015
1.0
2.16[12]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

text: † Live +7 ratings were not available, so Live +3 ratings have been used instead.

text: Season 2 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"Tiger Pushes Mountain"
March 19, 2017
1.4
3.44[13]
0.6
1.28
2.0
4.71[36]

2
"Force of Eagle's Claw"
March 26, 2017
1.5
3.41[14]
N/A
1.23
N/A
4.64[37]

3
"Red Sun, Silver Moon"
April 2, 2017
1.4
3.11[15]
0.6
1.38
2.0
4.50[38]

4
"Palm of the Iron Fox"
April 9, 2017
0.6
1.57[16]
0.5
1.12
1.1
2.69[39]

5
"Monkey Leaps Through Mist"
April 16, 2017
0.5
1.42[17]
0.6
1.25
1.1
2.67[40]

6
"Leopard Stalks in Snow"
April 23, 2017
0.5
1.31[18]
0.5
1.22
1.0
2.53[41]

7
"Black Heart, White Mountain"
April 30, 2017
0.5
1.42[19]
0.4
N/A
0.9†[42]
N/A

8
"Sting of the Scorpion's Tail"
May 7, 2017
0.5
1.29[20]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

9
"Nightingale Sings No More"
May 14, 2017
0.6
1.56[21]
0.4
1.15
1.0
2.71[43]

10
"Wolf's Breath, Dragon Fire"
May 21, 2017
0.5
1.37[22]
0.4
1.07
0.9
2.44[44]

text: Home release[edit]

text:
Complete Season
DVD/Blu-ray Release dates
Additional info

Region 1/A
Region 2/B
Region 4/C

1
November 8, 2016[45]
n/a
n/a
The Blu-ray/DVD box-sets include featurettes, making of the fight scenes, the characters of the series, and digital comic.


question_text: who plays the science teacher in captain underpants

text: Plot[edit]

text: In the city of Piqua, Ohio, two fourth-grade friends and next-door neighbors named George Beard (Kevin Hart) and Harold Hutchins (Thomas Middleditch) are the pranksters at their school, Jerome Horwitz Elementary School. They excessively prank the cruel teachers, with many of these pranks directed at their "evil" principal, Mr. Benjamin "Benny" Krupp (Ed Helms), putting the two at odds with him. The duo also create comic books about a superhero named Captain Underpants, a character who has superpowers and wears underwear and a cape. They sell these to their schoolmates through a comic company called Treehouse Comix Inc., located in their treehouse. George and Harold's pranks come to an apparent end after they're caught tampering with a toilet invention, the Turbo Toilet 2000, made by the school's local snitch and intellectual, Melvin Sneedley (Jordan Peele), on video. This causes Krupp to decide to separate the boys and annihilate their friendship.

text: To prevent this, George hypnotizes Krupp with a 3D Hypno Ring he received out of a cereal box. The boys see that Krupp bears an odd resemblance to Captain Underpants without his toupee and command him to be Captain Underpants. The boys soon learn the severity of their actions when "Captain Underpants" begins causing problems around Piqua. To prevent these issues, the boys take him to their treehouse, where they discover that they can turn Captain Underpants back into Krupp by splashing water on him and can turn him back into Captain Underpants by snapping their fingers. Believing that Krupp will continue with his plan to separate them, they decide to settle with Captain Underpants but insist that he be dressed up as Krupp under the pretense of a "secret identity," to which Captain Underpants agrees. His sudden personality change even manages to attract the attention (and affection) of the school's shy lunch lady, Edith (Kristen Schaal).

text: Just when George and Harold believe that their troubles have ended, Jerome Horwitz Elementary School is visited by an odd, German-accented scientist named Professor Pee-Pee Diarrheastein Poopypants, Esq. (Nick Kroll), or as he calls himself, Professor P. Captain Underpants (disguised as Krupp) hires him to be a new teacher, but George and Harold are suspicious of him. As it turns out, Poopypants is seeking to get rid of laughter altogether due to the fact that people have made fun of his name for years. He recruits Melvin to help him, as his brain makes him incapable of laughing or having fun.

text: After Krupp finally separates the boys from a school carnival accident by Captain Underpants, he puts them into separate classes. Professor Poopypants tries to take over the town with a giant version of the Turbo Toilet 2000, fueled by the school cafeteria's rotten leftovers left out by Edith and uses Melvin's brain to turn the children into glum, humorless zombies. Captain Underpants tries to stop the villain, but due to having no actual superpowers, is effortlessly defeated and thrown into the toilet. George and Harold are captured and nearly turned into zombies, but are able to escape when their laughter damages the Turbo Toilet 2000's computer, restoring the children back to normal. Upon consuming the mutated leftovers, Captain Underpants acquires superpowers and, with George and Harold's help, defeats and shrinks Poopypants, though he escapes on a bumblebee shortly thereafter.

text: Knowing that they can't control Captain Underpants, George and Harold destroy the Hypno Ring to permanently change him back into Krupp. Feeling that Krupp would be nicer if he had friends, the boys set him and lovesick Edith up on a date, thus making Krupp have a change of heart, returns the comics he took away from George and Harold, and even admits their comics are funny. However, the toxic waste from the Turbo Toilet 2000 transforms all the toilets into vicious monsters which attack the restaurant at which Mr. Krupp and Edith are dining. Upon snapping his fingers, Mr. Krupp once again becomes Captain Underpants, carrying George and Harold away to help him fight them, much to Edith's surprise and admiration.

text: In a mid-credits scene, George and Harold realize that the secretary, who they put on hold before by faking a contest with a cash prize of $1 billion, has been on the phone for the entire film, so they shut off the call, make the secretary angry, and make a new comic based on her reaction.

text: Voice cast[edit]

text:
Kevin Hart as George Beard, a fourth grade student. He is Harold's best friend and writes stories for the comics he and Harold make.[6][7]
Thomas Middleditch as Harold Hutchins, a fourth grade student. He is George's best friend and illustrates the comics he and George make.[6]
Ed Helms as Mr. Benjamin "Benny" Krupp / Captain Underpants, the mean-spirited principal of Jerome Horwitz Elementary School, who is hypnotized into becoming the superhero created by George and Harold.[6]
Nick Kroll as Professor Pee-Pee Diarrheastein Poopypants, Esq., a scientist angered after being constantly made fun of and not taken seriously for his name, who decides to take over the world to get rid of all laughter.[6]
Jordan Peele as Melvin Sneedly, George and Harold's nemesis, a child prodigy inventor; he becomes Prof. Poopypants' unwitting sidekick.[6]
Kristen Schaal as Edith, the shy school lunch lady and the love interest of Mr. Krupp.[7]
Dee Dee Rescher as Ms. Tara Ribble, the 4th grade teacher (and George's new teacher when Mr. Krupp separates the boys).
Brian Posehn as Mr. Rected, the guidance counselor (and Harold's new teacher when Mr. Krupp separates the boys).
Mel Rodriguez as Mr. Morty Fyde, the science teacher who gets fired by Krupp and is replaced by Professor Poopypants.
David Soren as Tommy, a boy who is seen frequently throughout the movie climbing into his own locker and shutting the locker door behind him.
Susan Fitzker as Mrs. Dayken, George and Harold's kindergarten teacher and unintentionally made them laugh by mentioning Uranus
Lynnanne Zager as Mrs. Beard
Tiffany Lauren Bennicke as Sad Girl
James Ryan as Mime
Leslie David Baker as Officer McPiggly
Sugar Lyn Beard as Goodie Two-Shoes Girl
Lesley Nicol as Nobel Moderator
Chris Miller as Nobel Audience Member
Coco Soren as Balloon Girl

text: Production[edit]

text: DreamWorks' interest in the film rights to the Captain Underpants series dates back to when the first installment was published in 1997, but creator Dav Pilkey did not want to sell them. Early pitches for an adaptation included video games, animated and live-action films, an animated series, and a live-action series. To persuade him, DreamWorks gave Pilkey a tour around the studio with everyone wearing underpants over their actual pants, which made him laugh.[8] In October 2011, his representatives indicated Pilkey was ready, and DreamWorks Animation won the rights in an auction.[9] In October 2013, Rob Letterman was announced as director and Nicholas Stoller as scriptwriter.[10] The two had previously worked together on the film Gulliver's Travels. In January 2014, the cast was announced. Ed Helms joined as Mr. Krupp a.k.a. Captain Underpants, Kevin Hart as George Beard, Thomas Middleditch as Harold Hutchins, Nick Kroll as the "insidious villain" Professor Poopypants, and Jordan Peele as George and Harold's "nerdy nemesis" Melvin Sneedly.[6]

text: In 2014, DreamWorks Animation announced a January 2017 release date.[11] Following DreamWorks Animation's reorganization in early 2015, the studio announced that the film would be produced outside of the studio's pipeline at a significantly lower cost.[12] It was instead animated at Mikros Image in Montreal, Canada, and therefore looks identical to Pilkey's artwork, as well as differently than most of DWA's films.[13] A month later, Letterman left the project but came back as an executive producer, and David Soren, the director of Turbo, entered talks to direct the film.[14] During production, Pilkey got to work closely with Soren. He was relieved that Soren was directing since he was a fan of Turbo. In an interview with Los Angeles Times, Pilkey said: "Once I met David, it was like a huge load fell off my back; I was like, 'I don't even have to think about this anymore. Just send me a couple of tickets to the premiere.'"[8] Commenting back, Soren said, "In a way, the controversy over the books ended up being liberating for the film. Normally on an animated movie you're trying to appeal to every possible demographic, and often that results in your content being watered down a little bit. Obviously we hope we get as wide of an audience as possible. But it's likely that if people have issues with the books they may have issues with the movie too, and we didn't feel like we needed to waste a lot of time trying to rope them in. It allowed us to make the purest version of the movie."[8] Although it is a CG-animated feature, the film includes scenes that are traditionally animated, flash animated, a short cutout animation segment, and a sock puppet sequence created by Screen Novelties.

text: Music[edit]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: "Weird Al" Yankovic wrote and performed the theme song for the film, which was featured in a lyric video. It currently stands at over 9 million views (as of December 2017).[15] Andy Grammer wrote another original song for the film, titled "A Friend Like You".[16] The film also features music from Adam Lambert, Cold War Kids member Nathan Willett, and Lil Yachty.[16] An 11-track soundtrack album was released digitally on June 2, 2017, by Virgin Records and Deep Well Records.[17]

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Artist
Length

1.
"Captain Underpants Theme Song"
"Weird Al" Yankovic and Ed Helms
2:14

2.
"A Friend Like You"
Andy Grammer
3:40

3.
"Saturday (cast version)"
Kevin Hart and Thomas Middleditch
0:48

4.
"Think"
Adam Lambert
2:59

5.
"1812 Ofarture"
The Students of Jerome Horwitz Elementary School
1:08

6.
"Hallelujah"
Kevin Hart, Thomas Middleditch, Ed Helms
0:39

7.
"Oh Yeah[Note 1]"
Lil Yachty
2:51

8.
"Saturday"
Nathan Willett
3:29

9.
"Comic Book Opening"
Theodore Shapiro
1:54

10.
"Saving the Day"
Theodore Shapiro
7:22

11.
"The Prank for Good"
Theodore Shapiro
5:38

Total length:
32:42

text: Score[edit]

text: The film score was composed by Theodore Shapiro.[16] A soundtrack for the score of the film was released on June 9. It features 24 pieces of music, and an exclusive digital booklet on iTunes. Three of the scores are also available on the soundtrack (those being "Comic Book Opening", "Saving the Day", and "The Prank for Good").

text: Track listing[edit]

text: All tracks written by Theodore Shapiro.

text:
No.
Title
Length

2.
"Treehouse"
1:03

3.
"Bromance Origin Story"
1:58

4.
"Annihilate the Friendship"
2:13

5.
"Tuna Casserole"
0:59

6.
"Snooping"
1:47

7.
"Power of the Hypno Ring"
1:57

8.
"A Hero is Born"
4:14

9.
"Mad Genius Inventor"
0:53

10.
"Bringing Krupp Home"
2:20

11.
"Two Blue Eyes"
2:10

12.
"Brain of a Child"
1:54

13.
"Hallelujah, His Name is Poopypants"
1:37

14.
"The Nobel Prize"
3:02

15.
"Anti-Humor Boy"
1:49

16.
"Art Class Liberation"
1:57

17.
"Carnival Conniptions"
2:17

18.
"Separation Anxiety"
1:32

19.
"Poopypants Has No Gas"
1:36

20.
"A World Without Laughter"
2:53

21.
"Flip-O-Rama!"
1:24

22.
"Really Silly Names"
1:23

Total length:
55:44

text: Release[edit]

text: Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie was previously scheduled to be released on March 10, 2017,[14] but in September 2015, The Boss Baby took over its date.[18] The film was then moved to June 2, 2017, and was released by 20th Century Fox.[19][20] Other territories such as Europe and Asia will receive the film between July and October and the movie came on DVD and Blu-Ray on September 12, 2017 and it premiered on May 21, 2017 at the Regency Village Theater in Los Angeles.[21]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie has grossed $73.9 million in the United States and Canada and $51.2 million in other territories, for a worldwide gross of $125.3 million.[4]

text: In North America, the film was released alongside Wonder Woman, and was projected to gross around $20 million from 3,434 theaters in its opening weekend.[22] It made $8 million on its first day and $23.9 million in its opening weekend, finishing second at the box office, behind Wonder Woman ($103.3 million).[23][24] The film would go on to gross $12.2 million in its second weekend, $7.2 million in its third and $4.3 million in its fourth.[25]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 86% based on 116 reviews and an average rating of 6.9/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "With a tidy plot, clean animation, and humor that fits its source material snugly, Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie is entertainment that won't drive a wedge between family members."[26] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 69 out of 100 based on 25 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[27] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.[23]

text: Matt Zoller Seitz of RogerEbert.com gave the film three-and-a-half out of four stars. Although Seitz pointed out that the film is hampered by "a rushed, jumbled quality" and has "tiresome" features that he says are common to DreamWorks, such as "frenetic action scenes... and the use of workhorse pop songs", he emphasized that "[t]hey've approached this compendium of elemental slapstick and unabashed childishness with the reverence that the Coen brothers brought to No Country for Old Men." He further added that the inclusion of the flip book interludes are the film's best parts, especially in having the pages accidentally be torn similar to the real books, stating that "[i]t's not often that a movie puts a spotlight on a mundane ritual in your own life that you never realized was profound and says, 'You probably forgot about this, but I want you to remember it and savor it, because it meant something.'"[28]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie was released on Digital HD on August 29, 2017, and on DVD, Blu-ray and Ultra HD Blu-ray on September 12, 2017, by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment.[29]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award
Category
Recipient(s)
Result

Annie Award[30]
Best Animated Feature
Mireille Soria and Mark Swift
Pending

Music in an Animated Feature Production
Theodore Shapiro

Voice Acting in an Animated Feature Production
Nick Kroll

Detroit Film Critics Society[31]
Best Animated Film
Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie
Nominated

Golden Tomato Awards 2017[32]
Best Animated Film
5th Place

Hollywood Music in Media Awards 2017[33]
Best Original Song - Animated Film
"Captain Underpants Theme Song" for "Weird Al" Yankovic
Nominated

Best Original Score - Animated Film
Theodore Shapiro

IGN Awards[34]
Best Animated Movie
Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie

Los Angeles Online Film Critics Society[35][36]
Best Animated Film
Pending

St. Louis Film Critics Association[37]
Best Animated Feature
David Soren
Nominated

text: Television series[edit]

text: On December 12, 2017, Netflix and DreamWorks Animation announced that there will be an animated series entitled The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants on Netflix sometime in 2018[38]. The series will be executive produced by Peter Hastings.

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ Half-cover of the Yello song of the same name

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