document_title: PlayStation 3 models

question_text: when did the super slim ps3 come out

question_tokens: when did the super slim ps3 come out

text: PlayStation 3 models

text: Original model[edit]

text: There are several original PlayStation 3 hardware models, which are commonly referred to by the size of their included hard disk drive: 20, 40, 60, 80, or 160 GB.[3][4] Although referred to by their HDD size, the capabilities of the consoles vary by region and release date. The only difference in the appearance of the first five models was the color of the trim, number of USB ports, the presence or absence of a door (which covers the flash card readers on equipped models) and some minor changes to the air vents. All retail packages include one or two Sixaxis controllers or a DualShock 3 controller (beginning June 12, 2008[5][6]), one Type-A to Mini-B USB cable (for connecting the controller and PlayStation Portable to the system), one composite video/stereo audio output cable, one Ethernet cable (20, 60 and CECHExx 80 GB only) and one power cable.[4][7][8] All models support software emulation of the original PlayStation,[9][10] but support for PlayStation 2 backward compatibility diminished with later compatible models and the last model to have integrated backward compatibility was the NTSC 80 GB (CECHE) Metal Gear Solid 4 Bundle.[11] Compatibility issues with games for both systems are detailed in a public database hosted by the manufacturer.[12] All models, excluding the 20 GB model, include 802.11 b/g Wi-Fi.

text: In addition to all of the features of the 20 GB model, the 60 GB model has internal IEEE 802.11 b/g Wi-Fi, multiple flash card readers (SD/MultiMedia Card, CompactFlash Type I/Type II, Microdrive,[13] Memory Stick/PRO/Duo) and a chrome colored trim.[14] In terms of hardware, the 80 GB model CECHE released in South Korea is identical to the 60 GB model CECHC released in the PAL regions, except for the difference in hard drive size.[15] The European 60GB model (CECHC), the South Korean and North American CECHE 80GB model excludes the PlayStation 2 "Emotion Engine" CPU chip with it being replaced by an emulated version via the Cell Broadband Engine.[11] However, it retains the "Graphics Synthesizer" GPU resulting in a hybrid hardware and software emulation.[16] Due to the elimination of the "Emotion Engine" and its replacement with a software-emulated version, the level of PlayStation 2 compatibility was slightly reduced.[11] The 40 GB, 80 GB (CECHL,CECHM,and CECHK) and 160 GB models have two USB ports instead of the four USB ports on other models and do not include multiple flash card readers, SACD support,[17] or backward compatibility with PlayStation 2 games.[11][18] This was due to the removal of "Graphics Synthesizer" GPU, which stripped the units of all PlayStation 2 based hardware.[19][20]

text: No official Wi-Fi or flash memory card readers were ever released by Sony for the 20 GB system, although Sony had plans to do so.[21] As of September 2009, Sony had placed no further emphasis on these proposed add-ons.[20] Nevertheless, as the model features four USB 2.0 ports, wireless networking and flash memory card support can already be obtained through the use of widely available external USB adapters and third-party PS3-specific media hubs.[11]

text: It was rumored that the Cell processors in the third-generation PS3s (40 GB, 2008 80 GB (CECHL,CECHM,CECHK) and 160 GB) would move from a 90 nm process to the newer 65 nm process,[22] which SCEI CEO Kaz Hirai later confirmed,[23] and later to 45 nm. This change lowers the power consumption of the console and makes it less expensive to produce.[24]

text: Slim model[edit]

text: The redesigned, of the PlayStation 3 (commonly referred to as the "PS3 Slim" and officially branded "PS3") features an upgradeable 120 GB, 160 GB,[25][26] 250 GB or 320 GB[25][26] hard drive and is 33% smaller, 36% lighter and consumes 34% (CECH-20xx) or 45% (CECH-21xx) less power than the previous model,[27][28][29] or one third of the original PS3 model. The Cell microprocessor has moved to a 45 nm manufacturing process, which lets it run cooler and quieter than previous models, and the cooling system has been redesigned.[30] The RSX moved to a 40 nm process[31] in the latest revision. The PS3 slim also includes support for CEC (more commonly referred to by its manufacturer brandings of BraviaSync, VIERA Link, EasyLink etc.) which allows control of the console over HDMI by using the TV's remote control. The PS3 Slim no longer has the "main power" switch like the previous PS3 models, similar to redesigned slimline PlayStation 2. Support for emulation to play PS2 titles is not present in the Slim version, however shortly after the release of the PS3 slim, Sony announced a new series of PS2 remasters called Classics HD as in PS2 and PSP titles remastered in HD for the PS3 with trophies added and sometimes PlayStation Move compatibility.[27][28] As of October 2011, PS2 classics are available for purchase in the PlayStation Store.[32]

text: The PS3 slim was officially released on September 1, 2009, in North America and Europe and on September 3, 2009, in Japan, Australia and New Zealand.[27][28][33][34] However, some retailers such as Amazon.com, Best Buy and GameStop started to sell the PS3 slim on August 25, 2009.[35][36] The PS3 Slim sold in excess of a million units in its first 3 weeks on sale.[37] A 250 GB Final Fantasy XIII-themed PS3 Slim, which was white in color with pink designs, was officially announced on September 24, 2009 at the Tokyo Game Show as part of a bundle in Japan for Final Fantasy XIII, it was initially revealed in U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) filings as the PS3 CECH-2000B.[38][39] Sony Computer Entertainment Australia also announced later that day that it would be bringing the 250 GB PS3 slim to Australia which would be bundled with other games and will not feature the Final Fantasy XIII theme. Although no North American bundles have been announced for the 250 GB PS3 slim, it is sold as a stand-alone console in North America.[40]

text: In July 2010, Sony announced two new sizes of Slim PS3, 160 GB and 320 GB, with the 120 GB model being discontinued in Japan.[26] These were launched on July 29, 2010, in Japan, with the 160 GB version available in "Classic White" as well as the standard "Charcoal Black".[26] The black 160 GB version was also made available as a bundle with the Japan-only DVR accessory torne.[25] It was later announced that the new sizes were to be launched in other regions, with the 160 GB model available from August 2010 in North America[41] and October 2010 in Europe.[42] The 320 GB model is to be available in North America only as part of a bundle with PlayStation Move, a PlayStation Eye and a copy of Sports Champions,[41] and in Europe with PlayStation Move, a PlayStation Eye and a demo disc.[42] The bundles were released on September 19, 2010, and September 15, 2010, respectively, to coincide with the launch of PlayStation Move.[41][42]

text: In 2011 Sony released the final disk size for the PlayStation 3, 500gb (cech-3001a)[citation needed]

text: Super Slim model[edit]

text: In September 2012, Sony announced that a new slimmer PS3 redesign (CECH-4000) was due to be released in late 2012 and that it would be available with either a 250 GB or 500 GB hard drive.[43]

text: In PAL regions, the 250 GB model is not available; a model with 12 GB of flash memory (CECH-4000A) is available in its place.[44] A standalone 250 GB hard drive (CECH-ZHD1) is available to upgrade this model.[44][45] In the UK, the 500 GB model was released on September 28, 2012,[44] while the 12 GB model was made available on October 12, 2012.[44]

text: CECH-4000B consoles (those with hard drives) weigh approximately 2.1 kg (4.6 lb),[43][44] while the CECH-4000A weighs approximately 2.0 kg (4.4 lb).[45] Both are roughly 25% smaller and about 20% lighter than the original PS3 Slim. This version has a sliding disc cover rather than the slot-loading drive found on previous PlayStation 3 consoles.

text: A CECH-4200 model with nearly identical hardware to that of the CECH-4000 model was introduced in 2013 to follow the AACS rule of inhibiting analog (component and composite) output of Blu-ray disc content effective since 2014. While in previous 3000 and 4000 models the output limit was already set at 480i to meet a Jan 1st 2011 deadline in agreement also with the aforementioned AACS.[46]

text: A vertical stand (CECH-ZST1J) is also available for these models and was launched on the same day as the consoles in their respective regions.[45]

text: A rare Super Slim + with 150GB was on sale at E3 2014

text: Model comparison[edit]

text:
Model
Features
Available colors
First available
In production
Available bundles

20 GB
CECHBxx
NTSC[14]

4 USB 2.0 ports
Hardware-based PS2 Backward Compatibility
SACD playback[17]
Linux support[a]
Sixaxis controller

N/A

Piano Black, Black trim

JP NA: November 2006

No[47]

Everybody's Golf 5 (Japan) [48]

60 GB
CECHAxx
NTSC[14]

Flash memory card readers
802.11b/g Wi-Fi

Piano Black, Chrome trim

No

60 GB bundles[show]

Everybody's Golf 5 (Japan) [48]
Dynasty Warriors: Gundam (Japan)[49]
Bladestorm: The Hundred Years' War (Japan)[50]

60 GB
CECHCxx
PAL[14]

802.11b/g Wi-Fi
Flash memory card readers
4 USB 2.0 ports
Partially software-based PS2 emulation[51]
SACD playback
Linux support[a]
Sixaxis controller

(MGS4 bundles sold with DualShock 3 controller)

UK ROI: March 16, 2007[52][53]

EU AUS: March 23, 2007[52][53]

No

60 GB bundles[show]

MotorStorm, Resistance: Fall of Man and an extra Sixaxis gamepad (UK)[54][55](Europe)[56]
Heavenly Sword and Formula One Championship Edition and an extra Sixaxis gamepad (France)[57][58]

80 GB
CECHExx
NTSC[14]

NA: August 2007

No

80 GB bundles[show]

MGS4 (North America)[59]
MotorStorm[60]
Formula One Championship Edition

40 GB
CECHGxx
CECHHxx
CECHJxx
PAL, NTSC[19]

802.11b/g Wi-Fi
2 USB 2.0 ports
Linux support[a]

Sixaxis controller

Piano Black
Ceramic White[b]
Satin Silver[c][61]

(All with Satin Silver trim)

Gun-Metal Grey, Gun-Metal Grey trim[d][62]

EU AUS: October 2007

[63]

NA JP: November 2007

[64]
No[65]

40 GB bundles[show]

MGS4 (Gun-metal grey console)[d]
Spider-Man 3 Blu-ray (North America)[66]
Transformers: The Game, Spider-Man3 Blu-ray, Blu-Ray remote control, 6ft HDMI cable, and 12-week Blockbuster rental card (USA; Blockbuster exclusive)[67]
Dynasty Warriors 6 (Japan; "ceramic white" console)[68]
Devil May Cry 4 (Japan)[69]
Ryū ga Gotoku Kenzan! (Japan; "satin silver" console)[70]
Uncharted: Drake's Fortune, Need for Speed: ProStreet, and extra Sixaxis controller (France)[71]
Ratchet & Clank: Tools of Destruction, Uncharted: Drake's Fortune, and extra Sixaxis controller (Europe)[72]
Spider-Man 3 Blu-ray, 300 Blu-ray and Casino Royale Blu-ray (Europe)[73]
Gran Turismo 5 Prologue (Europe)[73]
GTA IV (Europe)[74]

80 GB
CECHKxx
CECHLxx
CECHMxx
PAL, NTSC[20][65]

DualShock 3 controller

Piano Black [75]
Ceramic White [75]
Satin Silver[c] [75]

(All with Satin Silver trim)

NA EU AUS: August 2008

JP: October 2008

[75]
No

80 GB bundles[show]

MGS4 and Killzone 2 Greatest Hits (USA; Best Buy exclusive)[76]
LittleBigPlanet (UK)[77] (Europe)[78] (Japan)[75]
MLB 09: The Show and Quantum of Solace Blu-ray (USA)[79]
MotorStorm and Resistance: Fall of Man (USA; Target exclusive)[80]
LittleBigPlanet and Wall-E Blu-ray (USA; Best Buy exclusive)[81]
Ratchet & Clank Future: Quest for Booty and extra DualShock 3 controller (Europe)[82]
inFamous (UK)[83][84](Europe)[82]
Killzone 2 (Australia)[85] (UK) [86][87]
Pro Evolution Soccer 2009 and extra DualShock 3 controller (Japan)[88][89]
LittleBigPlanet and extra DualShock 3 controller (Japan; "satin silver" console)[90][91]
Gran Turismo 5 Prologue (Japan) [90][92]
Gran Turismo 5 Prologue and extra DualShock 3 controller (Europe)[93]
Resident Evil 5 and extra DualShock 3 controller (Japan; piano black console with custom matte-finish Tricell logo) [94][95]
Yakuza 3 ("ceramic white" console featuring custom dragon designs)[e][96] (Japan)
MotorStorm: Pacific Rift (UK)[97]
Gran Turismo 5 Prologue and Midnight Club: Los Angeles (UK)[98]
Various Blu-ray movie bundles:

Batman Begins(UK)[99]
I Am Legend (UK)[100][101]
Terminator 3 and Terminator Salvation (game) (UK)[102][103][104]
300 (UK)[105][106]
Bienvenue chez les Ch'tis (Europe)[93]

160 GB
CECHPxx
CECHQxx
PAL, NTSC[107][108]

Piano Black
Cloud Black[f]

EU: October 2008
NA: November 2008

No

160 GB bundles[show]

Uncharted: Drake's Fortune (NTSC region)[109]
Final Fantasy VII: Advent Children Blu-ray (Japan; "cloud black" console with custom design)[f][110]

120 GB slim
CECH-20xxA
CECH-21xxA
PAL, NTSC

802.11b/g Wi-Fi
2 USB 2.0 ports
BRAVIA Sync XMB control (CEC)
Slimmer form factor
Dolby TrueHD and DTS-HD Master Audio bitstreaming[111]
DualShock 3 controller

Charcoal Black

NA EU: September 1, 2009

AUS JP: September 3, 2009[33][112]

No

120 GB slim bundles[show]

InFamous and Killzone 2 (USA; Amazon.com exclusive)[113]
LittleBigPlanet Game of the Year Edition and Ratchet & Clank Future: A Crack in Time (USA; Best Buy exclusive)[113]
LittleBigPlanet Game of the Year Edition and God of War Collection (USA; Gamestop exclusive)[113]
Uncharted: Drake's Fortune and InFamous (USA; Sony Store exclusive)[113]
InFamous, Batman Arkham Asylum and The Dark Knight Blu-ray (USA; Walmart exclusive)[113]
Mobile Suit GUNDAM Battlefield record U.C.0081 (Japan)[114]
Pro Evolution Soccer 2010 (Japan)[115]
This Is It Blu-ray (Japan)[116]

250 GB slim
CECH-20xxB
CECH-21xxB
PAL,[117] NTSC

Charcoal Black
White and Pink[g]

EU: October 2009[117]
AU: October 15, 2009[40]
NA: November 3, 2009[118]
JP: December 17, 2009

No

250 GB slim bundles[show]

Final Fantasy XIII (Japan; white and pink console)[g]
torne (Japan)[119][120]
Resistance: Fall Of Man and Resistance 2 (Middle-East)
Uncharted 2 (Australia)[40] (UK)[121][122] (USA)[123]
PlayTV (Australia)[124]
Tekken 6 (Europe, except for UK)[125][126][127]
Heavy Rain (France)[128]
Need for Speed: Shift (Europe)[129][130]
FIFA 10 (Europe)[129][130]
InFamous 2 (UK)[130]
X-Men Origins: Wolverine, The Dark Knight Blu-ray movies and Blu-Ray remote control (UK)[130][131]
Assassin's Creed II (UK)[121][132]
God of War III (India)[133] (France)[134]
LittleBigPlanet and HDMI cable (North America; Amazon.com exclusive)[135]
2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa (Australia)[136]
ModNation Racers (Europe)[137][138]

160 GB slim
CECH-25xxA[25]
CECH-30xxA[139]
PAL,[42] NTSC[26]

Charcoal Black
Classic White[25][26][140]
Satin Silver[141]
Titanium Blue[h]
Magical Gold[i]

JP: July 29, 2010[26]
NA: August 2010[41]
EU: October 2010[42]

No

160 GB slim bundles[show]

Torne (Japan)[25]
Gran Turismo 5 (Japan; "titanium blue" console)[142]
inFamous (greatest hits) and NHL 11 (Canada)[143]
Uncharted 2: Among Thieves, PixelJunk Shooter and The Karate Kid Blu-ray (USA; Amazon.com exclusive)[144]
ModNation Racers, LittleBigPlanet (game of the year edition) and Cars Blu-ray (USA; Best Buy exclusive)[144]
God of War III, God of War: Collection and a Blu-Ray remote control (USA; GameStop exclusive)[144]
Star Wars: The Force Unleashed 2 and Prince of Persia Blu-ray (USA; Target exclusive)[144]
Uncharted 2: Among Thieves and Medal of Honor (USA; Walmart exclusive)[144]
ModNation Racers, How to Train Your Dragon Blu-ray, a Blu-ray remote control and an extra DualShock 3 controller (USA; Sam's Club exclusive)[144]
Killzone 3 (US)[145]
Gran Turismo 5, Grown Ups Blu-ray, and select Sony Bravia TV (USA; Best Buy exclusive)[146]
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 Blu-ray and 30-day PlayStation Plus trial membership (US)[147]
Call of Duty: Black Ops (US)[148]
Call of Duty: Black Ops and Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3 (Latin America)[149]
SingStar Dance, 2 SingStar microphones and Ratchet & Clank Future: A Crack in Time (USA; Amazon.com exclusive)[150]
LittleBigPlanet 2, Ratchet & Clank: All 4 One and 30-day PlayStation Plus trial membership (North America)[151]
Gran Turismo 5 XL, The Sly Collection and 30-day PlayStation Plus trial membership (USA; GameStop exclusive)[152]
Pro Evolution Soccer 2011 (Latin America, "satin silver" console)[153]
Pro Evolution Soccer 2012 (Asia)[154] (Latin America, "metallic blue" or "charcoal black" console)[155]
PlayStation Move Ape Escape and PlayStation Move (Japan)[156]
PlayStation Move, PlayStation Eye and Sports Champions (Japan)[157]
MGS4, Castlevania: Lords of Shadow, and 20,000 reward points for Metal Gear Online (Japan)[158]
Ni no Kuni (Japan; "magical gold console)[159]
Tales of Xillia (Japan; charcoal black console with custom red and gold design)[160][161]
Uncharted 3: Drake’s Deception[162]

320 GB slim
CECH-25xxB[25]
CECH-30xxB[163]
PAL,[42] NTSC[26]

Charcoal Black
Classic White[164]
Splash Blue and Scarlet Red[165]
Satin Silver[141]
Black and Pink[j]
Gold[k]

JP: July 29, 2010[26]
NA: September 19, 2010[41]
EU: September 15, 2010[42]

No

320 GB slim bundles[show]

PlayStation Move, PlayStation Eye and Sports Champions bundle (North-America)[41]
Uncharted 3: Drake’s Deception and 30-day PlayStation Plus trial membership (North America)[166]
PlayStation Move, PlayStation Eye and demo disc bundle (Europe)[42]
Gran Turismo 5 (Europe)[167]
torne (Japan; "charcoal black" or "classic white" console)[168][169]
Final Fantasy XIII-2 (Japan; black and pink console)[170][171]
One Piece: Pirate Warriors (Japan; gold console)[172][k]
Pro Evolution Soccer 2012 (Asia)[154]
Infamous 2 and 30-day PlayStation Plus trial membership (North America)[173]
Battlefield 3, FIFA 12, Uncharted 3: Drake's Deception, Gran Turismo 5 and Karate Kid Blu-ray (UK)[174]
FIFA 12 (UK) [175]
Infamous 2 (UK) [176]
Little Big Planet 2 (UK) [177]
Resistance 3 and Battle: Los Angeles Blu-ray (UK) [178]
Uncharted 3: Drake’s Deception and Faster Blu-ray (UK) [179]
Virtua Tennis 4 (UK) [180]
NHL 13 (Canada)[181]
Everybody Dance, PlayStation Eye and PlayStation Move (US)[182]
Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3 (US)[183]

12 GB super slim
CECH-40xxA[44]
CECH-42xxA
CECH-43xxA
PAL[44]NTSC[184]

802.11b/g Wi-Fi
2 USB 2.0 ports
BRAVIA Sync XMB control (CEC)
Super slim form factor
Dolby TrueHD and DTS-HD Master Audio bitstreaming
DualShock 3 controller

Charcoal Black

EU: October 12, 2012[44]
NA: August 18, 2013[184]

No[185][186]

12 GB super slim bundles[show]

Disney Infinity: Marvel Super Heroes (US)[187]
2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil (UK) [188]
Skylanders: Giants (Europe) [189][190]
Wonderbook: Book of Spells, PlayStation Move, PlayStation Eye (Europe) [189][191][192]

250 GB super slim
CECH-40xxB[45]
CECH-42xxB
NTSC[43]

Charcoal Black
Azurite Blue [193]
Black and Gold [l]
Black and White [m]
Black and Blue [n]
Classic White (Japan)[43]

JP: October 4, 2012[45]
NA: September 25, 2012[43]

No[185][186]

250 GB super slim bundles[show]

Uncharted 3: Drake's Deception game of the year edition and 1-year PlayStation Plus trial membership (US)[43][194]
Uncharted 3: Drake's Deception game of the year edition, Dust 514 and 30-day PlayStation Plus trial membership (US)[195][196]
Uncharted: Drake's Fortune, Uncharted 2: Among Thieves, inFamous, inFamous 2 and 30-day PlayStation Plus trial membership (North America)[197]
Burnout Paradise, Need for Speed: Most Wanted and 30-day PlayStation Plus trial membership (US; Toys R Us exclusive)[198][199]
PlayStation All-Stars Battle Royale, "Ratchet & Clank Collection", Blu-ray/Media remote and $20 credit for Amazon Video (USA; Amazon.com exclusive)[200]
The Last of Us and Batman: Arkham Origins (USA)[201]
The Last of Us (North America) [202][203]
LittleBigPlanet Karting, PlayStation Move, Playstation Move Racing Wheel, PlayStation Eye, and 30-day PlayStation Plus trial membership (USA; Walmart exclusive)[199][204]
Lego Harry Potter: Years 5–7, Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes, and LittleBigPlanet Karting (USA; Gamestop exclusive)[205][206]
Epic Mickey 2: The Power of Two, Playstation Move, PlayStation Eye and 30-day PlayStation Plus trial membership (USA; Target exclusive)[199] (Canada; Walmart exclusive)[207]
Medal of Honor: Warfighter, God of War Saga and 30-day PlayStation Plus trial membership (USA; Best Buy exclusive)[208] (Canada; Best Buy/Future Shop exclusive)[209]
PlayStation Move, PlayStation Eye, Eyepet and Sports Champions (USA; Amazon.com exclusive)[210]
Everybody's Golf 6 (Japan; "charcoal black" or "classic white" console)[211][212][213]
Metal Gear Rising: Revengeance (Japan; black and blue console)[214](Latin America)[215]
Puppeteer (Japan)[216]
Yakuza 5, 8GB USB thumbdrive, and beach towel (Japan; black and gold console)[217]
Fist of the North Star: Ken's Rage 2 (Japan; black and white console)[218]
torne (Japan)[219]
Gran Turismo 6 (Japan; "charcoal black" or "classic white" console)[220][221]
FIFA 13 (Latin America)[222]
NHL 14 (Canada; EB Games exclusive; "azurite blue" console)[223]
Gran Turismo 6 (Latin America, "azurite blue" console)[224]
Grand Theft Auto V (Latin America)[225]
Pro Evolution Soccer 2014 and an extra DualShock 3 controller (Latin America)[226]
God of War: Ascension, God of War: Origins Collection, God of War Collection, and God of War III (Latin America, "classic white" console)[227]

500 GB super slim
CECH-40xxC[44]
CECH-42xxC
CECH-43xxC
PAL,[44] NTSC[43]

Charcoal Black
Classic White (Japan,[43] Europe,[228] North America[229])
Garnet Red[230][231]
Azurite Blue[231]

JP: October 4, 2012[45]
NA: October 30, 2012[45]
EU: September 28, 2012[44]
AU: September 27, 2012[232]

No[185][186]

500 GB super slim bundles[show]

Assassin's Creed III (US)[43]
FIFA 13 (Europe)[233]
Beyond Two Souls (France)[234]
God of War: Ascension (Europe)[228]
God of War: Ascension and God of War Saga (US; "garnet red" console)[230]
Grand Theft Auto V[235]
Gran Turismo 5 XL Edition, Infamous 2 and 30-day PlayStation Plus trial membership (North America)[236][237]
The Last of Us (US)[238] (Canada)[239]
1 year PlayStation Plus membership (North America, "classic white" console)[240][241]
Destiny (North America)[242]
Lego The Hobbit (US)[243] (Canada)[244]
Lego Batman 3: Beyond Gotham and The Sly Collection (US)[245]
FIFA 15 and an extra DualShock 3 controller (Mexico)[246]
NHL 15, Uncharted: Drake's Fortune and Uncharted 2: Among Thieves (Canada)[247]
The Amazing Spider-Man 2 and The Amazing Spider-Man on VUDU (US)[248][249]
Watch Dogs (Europe)[250]

text: Key:  1st Generation   2nd Generation   3rd Generation   4th Generation   5th Generation

text:
All Piano Black and Ceramic White models have a glossy finish[251]
All models include: Blu-ray/DVD/CD drive, HDMI 1.3a[252] (upgraded to HDMI 1.4 via firmware update), Bluetooth 2.0, Gigabit Ethernet (10BASE-T, 100BASE-TX, 1000BASE-T) and PlayStation backward compatibility through software emulation.[9][10]
Model numbers differ by region. See PlayStation 3 hardware – model numbers for details.

text:
^ a Linux support removed in firmware version 3.21. See OtherOS support for details
^ b Ceramic white model available in Asia and Japan only.
^ c Satin silver model available in Asia and Japan only.
^ d Gun-Metal Gray model is only available as part of the MGS4 bundle.
^ e Yakuza 3 bundle features a Ceramic White model with custom grey dragon designs on its case. This version had a limited run of 10,000 units.[96][253]
^ f "Cloud Black" (dark grey) console is only available as part of a Japanese limited edition Final Fantasy VII: Advent Children bundle and features a custom white design on the console[110]
^ g White and Pink model is only available as part of the Japanese Final Fantasy XIII bundle and features a pink design of Final Fantasy XIII character "Lightning" on its case.
^ h Titanium Blue model is only available as part of the Japanese Gran Turismo 5 Titanium Blue bundle[142]
^ i Magical Gold model is only available as part of the Japanese Ni no Kuni bundle[159]
^ j Black and Pink model is only available as part of the Japanese Final Fantasy XIII-2 bundle and features a pink design of Final Fantasy XIII character "Lightning" on its case.[170]
^ k Gold model is only available as part of the Japanese One Piece: Pirate Warriors Gold bundle[254]
^ l Black and Gold model is only available as part of the Japanese Yakuza 5 bundle and features a gold emblem design on its case.[217]
^ m Black and White model is only available as part of the Japanese Fist of the North Star: Ken's Rage 2 bundle and features a white emblem design on its case[255]
^ n Black and Blue model is only available as part of the Japanese Metal Gear Rising: Revengeance bundle [214]


document_title: History of radio

question_text: who made radio possible to the masses in 1920

root

text: History of radio

text: Summary

text: This article or section may need to be cleaned up. It has been merged from Radio#History.

tag: table

text: Invention

text: The idea of wireless communication predates the discovery of "radio" with experiments in "wireless telegraphy" via inductive and capacitive induction and transmission through the ground, water, and even train tracks from the 1830s on. James Clerk Maxwell showed in theoretical and mathematical form in 1864 that electromagnetic waves could propagate through free space.[2][3] It is likely that the first intentional transmission of a signal by means of electromagnetic waves was performed in an experiment by David Edward Hughes around 1880, although this was considered to be induction at the time. In 1888 Heinrich Rudolf Hertz was able to conclusively prove transmitted airborne electromagnetic waves in an experiment confirming Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism.

tag: p

text: After the discovery of these "Hertzian waves" (it would take almost 20 years for the term "radio" to be universally adopted for this type of electromagnetic radiation)[4] many scientists and inventors experimented with wireless transmission, some trying to develop a system of communication, some intentionally using these new Hertzian waves, some not. Maxwell's theory showing that light and Hertzian electromagnetic waves were the same phenomenon at different wavelengths led "Maxwellian" scientist such as John Perry, Frederick Thomas Trouton and Alexander Trotter to assume they would be analogous to optical signaling[5][6] and the Serbian American engineer Nikola Tesla to consider them relatively useless for communication since "light" could not transmit further than line of sight.[7] In 1892 the physicist William Crookes wrote on the possibilities of wireless telegraphy based on Hertzian waves[8] and in 1893 Tesla proposed a system for transmitting intelligence and wireless power using the earth as the medium.[9] Others, such as Amos Dolbear, Sir Oliver Lodge, Reginald Fessenden,[10] and Alexander Popov[11] were involved in the development of components and theory involved with the transmission and reception of airborne electromagnetic waves for their own theoretical work or as a potential means of communication.

text: Over several years starting in 1894 the Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi built the first complete, commercially successful wireless telegraphy system based on airborne Hertzian waves (radio transmission).[12] Marconi demonstrated application of radio in military and marine communications and started a company for the development and propagation of radio communication services and equipment.

text: 19th century

text: The meaning and usage of the word "radio" has developed in parallel with developments within the field of communications and can be seen to have three distinct phases: electromagnetic waves and experimentation; wireless communication and technical development; and radio broadcasting and commercialization. In an 1864 presentation, published in 1865, James Clerk Maxwell proposed his theories and mathematical proofs on electromagnetism that showed that light and other phenomena were all types of electromagnetic waves propagating through free space.[2][3][13][14][15] In 1886–88 Heinrich Rudolf Hertz conducted a series of experiments that proved the existence of Maxwell's electromagnetic waves, using a frequency in what would later be called the radio spectrum. Many individuals—inventors, engineers, developers and businessmen—constructed systems based on their own understanding of these and other phenomena, some predating Maxwell and Hertz's discoveries. Thus "wireless telegraphy" and radio wave-based systems can be attributed to multiple "inventors". Development from a laboratory demonstration to a commercial entity spanned several decades and required the efforts of many practitioners.

text: In 1878, David E. Hughes noticed that sparks could be heard in a telephone receiver when experimenting with his carbon microphone. He developed this carbon-based detector further and eventually could detect signals over a few hundred yards. He demonstrated his discovery to the Royal Society in 1880, but was told it was merely induction, and therefore abandoned further research. Thomas Edison came across the electromagnetic phenomenon while experimenting with a telegraph at Menlo Park. He noted an unexplained transmission effect while experimenting with a telegraph. He referred to this as etheric force in an announcement on November 28, 1875. Elihu Thomson published his findings on Edison's new "force", again attributing it to induction, an explanation that Edison accepted. Edison would go on the next year to take out U.S. Patent 465,971 on a system of electrical wireless communication between ships based on electrostatic coupling using the water and elevated terminals. Although this was not a radio system the Marconi Company would purchase the rights in 1903 to protect them[clarification needed] legally from lawsuits.[16]

text: Hertzian waves

text: Between 1886 and 1888 Heinrich Rudolf Hertz published the results of his experiments where he was able to transmit electromagnetic waves (radio waves) through the air, proving Maxwell's electromagnetic theory.[17][18] Early on after their discovery, radio waves were referred to as "Hertzian waves".[19] Between 1890 and 1892 physicists such as John Perry, Frederick Thomas Trouton and William Crookes proposed electromagnetic or Hertzian waves as a navigation aid or means of communication, with Crookes writing on the possibilities of wireless telegraphy based on Hertzian waves in 1892.[8]

text: After learning of Hertz demonstrations of wireless transmission, inventor Nikola Tesla began developing his own system based on Hertz and Maxwell's ideas, primarily as a means of wireless lighting and power distribution.[20][21] Tesla, concluding that Hertz had not demonstrated airborne electromagnetic waves (radio transmission), went on to develop a system based on what he thought was the primary conductor, the earth.[22] In 1893 demonstrations of his ideas, in St. Louis, Missouri and at the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia, Tesla proposed this wireless power technology could also incorporate a system for the telecommunication of information.

text: In a lecture on the work of Hertz, shortly after his death, Professor Oliver Lodge and Alexander Muirhead demonstrated wireless signaling using Hertzian (radio) waves in the lecture theater of the Oxford University Museum of Natural History on August 14, 1894. During the demonstration a radio signal was sent from the neighboring Clarendon Laboratory building, and received by apparatus in the lecture theater.

text: Building on the work of Lodge,[23] the Indian Bengali physicist Jagadish Chandra Bose ignited gunpowder and rang a bell at a distance using millimeter range wavelength microwaves in a November 1894 public demonstration at the Town Hall of Kolkata. Bose wrote in a Bengali essay, Adrisya Alok (Invisible Light), "The invisible light can easily pass through brick walls, buildings etc. Therefore, messages can be transmitted by means of it without the mediation of wires." Bose’s first scientific paper, "On polarisation of electric rays by double-refracting crystals" was communicated to the Asiatic Society of Bengal in May 1895. His second paper was communicated to the Royal Society of London by Lord Rayleigh in October 1895. In December 1895, the London journal The Electrician (Vol. 36) published Bose’s paper, "On a new electro-polariscope". At that time, the word 'coherer', coined by Lodge, was used in the English-speaking world for Hertzian wave receivers or detectors. The Electrician readily commented on Bose’s coherer. (December 1895). The Englishman (18 January 1896) quoted from the Electrician and commented as follows: "Should Professor Bose succeed in perfecting and patenting his ‘Coherer’, we may in time see the whole system of coast lighting throughout the navigable world revolutionised by an Indian Bengali scientist working single handed in our Presidency College Laboratory." Bose planned to "perfect his coherer", but never thought of patenting it.

text: In 1895, conducting experiments along the lines of Hertz's research, Alexander Stepanovich Popov built his first radio receiver, which contained a coherer. Further refined as a lightning detector, it was presented to the Russian Physical and Chemical Society on May 7, 1895. A depiction of Popov's lightning detector was printed in the Journal of the Russian Physical and Chemical Society the same year (publication of the minutes 15/201 of this session — December issue of the journal RPCS[24]). An earlier description of the device was given by Dmitry Aleksandrovich Lachinov in July 1895 in the 2nd edition of his course "Fundamentals of Meteorology and climatology" — the first in Russia.[25][26] Popov's receiver was created on the improved basis of Lodge's receiver, and originally intended for reproduction of its experiments.

text: Marconi

text: In 1894 the young Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi began working on the idea of building a commercial wireless telegraphy system based on the use of Hertzian waves (radio waves), a line of inquiry that he noted other inventors did not seem to be pursuing.[27] Marconi read through the literature and used the ideas of others who were experimenting with radio waves but did a great deal to develop devices such as portable transmitters and receiver systems that could work over long distances,[12] turning what was essentially a laboratory experiment into a useful communication system.[28] By August 1895 Marconi was field testing his system but even with improvements he was only able to transmit signals up to one-half mile, a distance Oliver Lodge had predicted in 1894 as the maximum transmission distance for radio waves. Marconi raised the height of his antenna and hit upon the idea of grounding his transmitter and receiver. With these improvements the system was capable of transmitting signals up to 2 miles (3.2 km) and over hills.[29] Marconi's experimental apparatus proved to be the first engineering-complete, commercially successful radio transmission system.[30][31][32] Marconi’s apparatus is also credited with saving the 700 people who survived the tragic Titanic disaster.[33]

text: In 1896, Marconi was awarded British patent 12039, Improvements in transmitting electrical impulses and signals and in apparatus there-for, the first patent ever issued for a Hertzian wave (radio wave) base wireless telegraphic system.[34] In 1897, he established a radio station on the Isle of Wight, England. Marconi opened his "wireless" factory in the former silk-works at Hall Street, Chelmsford, England in 1898, employing around 60 people. Shortly after the 1900s, Marconi held the patent rights for radio. Marconi would go on to win the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1909[35] and be more successful than any other inventor in his ability to commercialize radio and its associated equipment into a global business.[12] In the US some of his subsequent patented refinements (but not his original radio patent) would be overturned in a 1935 court case (upheld by the US Supreme Court in 1943).[36]

text: 20th century

text: In 1900, Brazilian priest Roberto Landell de Moura transmitted the human voice wirelessly. According to the newspaper Jornal do Comercio (June 10, 1900), he conducted his first public experiment on June 3, 1900, in front of journalists and the General Consul of Great Britain, C.P. Lupton, in São Paulo, Brazil, for a distance of approximately 5.0 miles (8 km). The points of transmission and reception were Alto de Santana and Paulista Avenue.[37]

text: One year after that experiment, he received his first patent from the Brazilian government. It was described as "equipment for the purpose of phonetic transmissions through space, land and water elements at a distance with or without the use of wires." Four months later, knowing that his invention had real value, he left Brazil for the United States with the intent of patenting the machine at the US Patent Office in Washington, DC.

text: Having few resources, he had to rely on friends to push his project. Despite great difficulty, three patents were awarded: "The Wave Transmitter" (October 11, 1904), which is the precursor of today's radio transceiver; "The Wireless Telephone" and the "Wireless Telegraph", both dated November 22, 1904.

text: The next advancement was the vacuum tube detector, invented by Westinghouse engineers. On Christmas Eve 1906, Reginald Fessenden used a synchronous rotary-spark transmitter for the first radio program broadcast, from Ocean Bluff-Brant Rock, Massachusetts. Ships at sea heard a broadcast that included Fessenden playing O Holy Night on the violin and reading a passage from the Bible.[38] This was, for all intents and purposes, the first transmission of what is now known as amplitude modulation or AM radio.

text: In June 1912 Marconi opened the world's first purpose-built radio factory at New Street Works in Chelmsford, England.

text: The first radio news program was broadcast August 31, 1920 by station 8MK in Detroit, Michigan, which survives today as all-news format station WWJ under ownership of the CBS network. The first college radio station began broadcasting on October 14, 1920 from Union College, Schenectady, New York under the personal call letters of Wendell King, an African-American student at the school.[38]

text: That month 2ADD (renamed WRUC in 1947), aired what is believed to be the first public entertainment broadcast in the United States, a series of Thursday night concerts initially heard within a 100-mile (160 km) radius and later for a 1,000-mile (1,600 km) radius. In November 1920, it aired the first broadcast of a sporting event.[38][39] At 9 pm on August 27, 1920, Sociedad Radio Argentina aired a live performance of Richard Wagner's opera Parsifal from the Coliseo Theater in downtown Buenos Aires. Only about twenty homes in the city had receivers to tune in this radio program. Meanwhile, regular entertainment broadcasts commenced in 1922 from the Marconi Research Centre at Writtle, England.

text: Sports broadcasting began at this time as well, including the college football on radio broadcast of a 1921 West Virginia vs. Pittsburgh football game.[40]

text: One of the first developments in the early 20th century was that aircraft used commercial AM radio stations for navigation. This continued until the early 1960s when VOR systems became widespread.[41] In the early 1930s, single sideband and frequency modulation were invented by amateur radio operators. By the end of the decade, they were established commercial modes. Radio was used to transmit pictures visible as television as early as the 1920s. Commercial television transmissions started in North America and Europe in the 1940s.

text: In 1947 AT&T commercialized the Mobile Telephone Service. From its start in St. Louis in 1946, AT&T then introduced Mobile Telephone Service to one hundred towns and highway corridors by 1948. Mobile Telephone Service was a rarity with only 5,000 customers placing about 30,000 calls each week. Because only three radio channels were available, only three customers in any given city could make mobile telephone calls at one time.[42] Mobile Telephone Service was expensive, costing 15 USD per month, plus 0.30 to 0.40 USD per local call, equivalent to about 176 USD per month and 3.50 to 4.75 per call in 2012 USD.[43] The Advanced Mobile Phone System analog mobile cell phone system, developed by Bell Labs, was introduced in the Americas in 1978,[44][45][46] gave much more capacity. It was the primary analog mobile phone system in North America (and other locales) through the 1980s and into the 2000s.

text: In 1954, the Regency company introduced a pocket transistor radio, the TR-1, powered by a "standard 22.5 V Battery." In 1955, the newly formed Sony company introduced its first transistorized radio.[47] It was small enough to fit in a vest pocket, powered by a small battery. It was durable, because it had no vacuum tubes to burn out. Over the next 20 years, transistors replaced tubes almost completely except for high-power transmitters.

text: By 1963, color television was being broadcast commercially (though not all broadcasts or programs were in color), and the first (radio) communication satellite, Telstar, was launched. In the late 1960s, the U.S. long-distance telephone network began to convert to a digital network, employing digital radios for many of its links. In the 1970s, LORAN became the premier radio navigation system.

text: Soon, the U.S. Navy experimented with satellite navigation, culminating in the launch of the Global Positioning System (GPS) constellation in 1987. In the early 1990s, amateur radio experimenters began to use personal computers with audio cards to process radio signals. In 1994, the U.S. Army and DARPA launched an aggressive, successful project to construct a software-defined radio that can be programmed to be virtually any radio by changing its software program. Digital transmissions began to be applied to broadcasting in the late 1990s.

text: Start of the 20th century

text: Around the start of the 20th century, the Slaby-Arco wireless system was developed by Adolf Slaby and Georg von Arco. In 1900, Reginald Fessenden made a weak transmission of voice over the airwaves. In 1901, Marconi conducted the first successful transatlantic experimental radio communications. In 1904, The U.S. Patent Office reversed its decision, awarding Marconi a patent for the invention of radio, possibly influenced by Marconi's financial backers in the States, who included Thomas Edison and Andrew Carnegie. This also allowed the U.S. government (among others) to avoid having to pay the royalties that were being claimed by Tesla for use of his patents. For more information see Marconi's radio work. In 1907, Marconi established the first commercial transatlantic radio communications service, between Clifden, Ireland and Glace Bay, Newfoundland.

text: Julio Cervera Baviera

text: Julio Cervera Baviera developed radio in Spain around 1902.[48][49] Cervera Baviera obtained patents in England, Germany, Belgium, and Spain. In May–June 1899, Cervera had, with the blessing of the Spanish Army, visited Marconi's radiotelegraphic installations on the English Channel, and worked to develop his own system. He began collaborating with Marconi on resolving the problem of a wireless communication system, obtaining some patents by the end of 1899. Cervera, who had worked with Marconi and his assistant George Kemp in 1899, resolved the difficulties of wireless telegraph and obtained his first patents prior to the end of that year. On March 22, 1902, Cervera founded the Spanish Wireless Telegraph and Telephone Corporation and brought to his corporation the patents he had obtained in Spain, Belgium, Germany and England.[50] He established the second and third regular radiotelegraph service in the history of the world in 1901 and 1902 by maintaining regular transmissions between Tarifa and Ceuta (across the Straits of Gibraltar) for three consecutive months, and between Javea (Cabo de la Nao) and Ibiza (Cabo Pelado). This is after Marconi established the radiotelegraphic service between the Isle of Wight and Bournemouth in 1898. In 1906, Domenico Mazzotto wrote: "In Spain the Minister of War has applied the system perfected by the commander of military engineering, Julio Cervera Baviera (English patent No. 20084 (1899))."[51] Cervera thus achieved some success in this field, but his radiotelegraphic activities ceased suddenly, the reasons for which are unclear to this day.[52]

text: British Marconi

text: Using various patents, the British Marconi company was established in 1897 and began communication between coast radio stations and ships at sea. This company, along with its subsidiaries Canadian Marconi and American Marconi, had a stranglehold on ship-to-shore communication. It operated much the way American Telephone and Telegraph operated until 1983, owning all of its equipment and refusing to communicate with non-Marconi equipped ships. In June 1912, after the RMS Titanic disaster, due to increased production Marconi opened the world's first purpose-built radio factory at New Street Works in Chelmsford, and in 1932 the Marconi Research Laboratory. Many inventions improved the quality of radio, and amateurs experimented with uses of radio, thus planting the first seeds of broadcasting.

text: Telefunken

text: The company Telefunken was founded on May 27, 1903, as "Telefunken society for wireless telefon" of Siemens & Halske (S & H) and the Allgemeine Elektrizitäts-Gesellschaft (General Electricity Company) as joint undertakings for radio engineering in Berlin. It continued as a joint venture of AEG and Siemens AG, until Siemens left in 1941. In 1911, Kaiser Wilhelm II sent Telefunken engineers to West Sayville, New York to erect three 600-foot (180-m) radio towers there. Nikola Tesla assisted in the construction. A similar station was erected in Nauen, creating the only wireless communication between North America and Europe.

text: Reginald Fessenden

text: The invention of amplitude-modulated (AM) radio, so that more than one station can send signals (as opposed to spark-gap radio, where one transmitter covers the entire bandwidth of the spectrum) is attributed to Reginald Fessenden and Lee de Forest. On Christmas Eve 1906, Reginald Fessenden used an Alexanderson alternator and rotary spark-gap transmitter to make the first radio audio broadcast, from Brant Rock, Massachusetts. Ships at sea heard a broadcast that included Fessenden playing O Holy Night on the violin and reading a passage from the Bible.

text: Ferdinand Braun

text: In 1909, Marconi and Karl Ferdinand Braun were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for "contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy".

text: Charles David Herrold

text: In April 1909 Charles David Herrold, an electronics instructor in San Jose, California constructed a broadcasting station. It used spark gap technology, but modulated the carrier frequency with the human voice, and later music. The station "San Jose Calling" (there were no call letters), continued to eventually become today's KCBS in San Francisco. Herrold, the son of a Santa Clara Valley farmer, coined the terms "narrowcasting" and "broadcasting", respectively to identify transmissions destined for a single receiver such as that on board a ship, and those transmissions destined for a general audience. (The term "broadcasting" had been used in farming to define the tossing of seed in all directions.) Charles Herrold did not claim to be the first to transmit the human voice, but he claimed to be the first to conduct "broadcasting". To help the radio signal to spread in all directions, he designed some omnidirectional antennas, which he mounted on the rooftops of various buildings in San Jose. Herrold also claims to be the first broadcaster to accept advertising (he exchanged publicity for a local record store for records to play on his station), though this dubious honour usually is foisted on WEAF (1922).

text: In 1912, the RMS Titanic sank in the northern Atlantic Ocean. After this, wireless telegraphy using spark-gap transmitters quickly became universal on large ships. In 1913, the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea was convened and produced a treaty requiring shipboard radio stations to be manned 24 hours a day. A typical high-power spark gap was a rotating commutator with six to twelve contacts per wheel, nine inches (229 mm) to a foot wide, driven by about 2,000 volts DC. As the gaps made and broke contact, the radio wave was audible as a tone in a magnetic detector at a remote location. The telegraph key often directly made and broke the 2,000 volt supply. One side of the spark gap was directly connected to the antenna. Receivers with thermionic valves became commonplace before spark-gap transmitters were replaced by continuous wave transmitters.

text: Harold J. Power

text: On March 8, 1916, Harold Power with his radio company American Radio and Research Company (AMRAD), broadcast the first continuous broadcast in the world from Tufts University under the call sign 1XE (it lasted 3 hours). The company later became the first to broadcast on a daily schedule, and the first to broadcast radio dance programs, university professor lectures, the weather, and bedtime stories.[53]

text: Edwin Armstrong

text: Inventor Edwin Howard Armstrong is credited with developing many of the features of radio as it is known today. Armstrong patented three important inventions that made today's radio possible. Regeneration, the superheterodyne circuit and wide-band frequency modulation or FM. Regeneration or the use of positive feedback greatly increased the amplitude of received radio signals to the point where they could be heard without headphones. The superhet simplified radio receivers by doing away with the need for several tuning controls. It made radios more sensitive and selective as well. FM gave listeners a static-free experience with better sound quality and fidelity than AM.

text: Audio broadcasting (1919 to 1950s)

text: Crystal sets

text: The most common type of receiver before vacuum tubes was the crystal set, although some early radios used some type of amplification through electric current or battery. Inventions of the triode amplifier, motor-generator, and detector enabled audio radio. The use of amplitude modulation (AM), with which more than one station can simultaneously send signals (as opposed to spark-gap radio, where one transmitter covers the entire bandwidth of spectra) was pioneered by Fessenden and Lee de Forest.

text: The art and science of crystal sets is still pursued as a hobby in the form of simple un-amplified radios that 'runs on nothing, forever'. They are used as a teaching tool by groups such as the Boy Scouts of America to introduce youngsters to electronics and radio. As the only energy available is that gathered by the antenna system, loudness is necessarily limited.

text: The first vacuum tubes

text: During the mid-1920s, amplifying vacuum tubes (or thermionic valves in the UK) revolutionized radio receivers and transmitters. John Ambrose Fleming developed a vacuum tube diode. Lee de Forest placed a screen, added a "grid" electrode, creating the triode. The Dutch company Nederlandsche Radio-Industrie and its owner engineer, Hanso Idzerda, made the first regular wireless broadcast for entertainment from its workshop in The Hague on 6 November 1919. The company manufactured both transmitters and receivers. Its popular program was broadcast four nights per week on AM 670 metres,[54] until 1924 when the company ran into financial troubles.

text: On 27 August 1920, regular wireless broadcasts for entertainment began in Argentina, pioneered by the group around Enrique Telémaco Susini, and spark gap telegraphy stopped. On 31 August 1920 the first known radio news program was broadcast by station 8MK, the unlicensed predecessor of WWJ (AM) in Detroit, Michigan. In 1922 regular wireless broadcasts for entertainment began in the UK from the Marconi Research Centre 2MT at Writtle near Chelmsford, England. Early radios ran the entire power of the transmitter through a carbon microphone. In the 1920s, the Westinghouse company bought Lee de Forest's and Edwin Armstrong's patent. During the mid-1920s, Amplifying vacuum tubes (US)/thermionic valves (UK) revolutionized radio receivers and transmitters. Westinghouse engineers developed a more modern vacuum tube.

text: Political interest in the United Kingdom

text: The British government and the state-owned postal services found themselves under massive pressure from the wireless industry (including telegraphy) and early radio adopters to open up to the new medium. In an internal confidential report from February 25, 1924, the Imperial Wireless Telegraphy Committee stated:

text: Licensed commercial public radio stations

text: The question of the 'first' publicly targeted licensed radio station in the U.S. has more than one answer and depends on semantics. Settlement of this 'first' question may hang largely upon what constitutes 'regular' programming.

text:
It is commonly attributed to KDKA in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, which in October 1920 received its license and went on the air as the first US licensed commercial broadcasting station on November 2, 1920 with the presidential election results as its inaugural show, but was not broadcasting daily until 1921. (Their engineer Frank Conrad had been broadcasting from on the two call sign signals of 8XK and 8YK since 1916.) Technically, KDKA was the first of several already-extant stations to receive a 'limited commercial' license.
On February 17, 1919, station 9XM at the University of Wisconsin in Madison broadcast human speech to the public at large. 9XM was first experimentally licensed in 1914, began regular Morse code transmissions in 1916, and its first music broadcast in 1917. Regularly scheduled broadcasts of voice and music began in January 1921. That station is still on the air today as WHA.
On August 20, 1920 8MK, began broadcasting daily and was credited by famed inventor Lee De Forest as the first commercial station. 8MK was licensed to a teenager, Michael DeLisle Lyons, and financed by E. W. Scripps. In 1921 8MK changed to WBL and then to WWJ in 1922, in Detroit. It has carried a regular schedule of programming to the present and also broadcast the 1920 presidential election returns just as KDKA did.[56] Inventor Lee DeForest claims to have been present during 8MK's earliest broadcasts, since the station was using a transmitter sold by his company.[57] In August 1921, teenagers Michael DeLisle Lyons, his younger brother Francis "Frank" Edward Lyons and Ed Clark (founder of WJR - Detroit) put the first radio in a police car in Toledo, Ohio.

tag: ul

text: There is the history noted above of Charles David Herrold's radio services as early as 1909 with call signs FN, SJN, 6XF, and 6XE until 1921 when it became WKQW and then finally KCBS in 1949.

text:
The first station to receive a commercial license was WBZ, then in Springfield, Massachusetts . Lists provided to the Boston Globe by the U.S. Department of Commerce showed that WBZ received its commercial license on 15 September 1921; another Westinghouse station, WJZ, then in Newark, New Jersey, received its commercial license on November 7, the same day as KDKA did.[58] What separates WJZ and WBZ from KDKA is the fact that neither of the former stations remain in their original city of license, whereas KDKA has remained in Pittsburgh for its entire existence.
2XG: Launched by Lee De Forest in the Highbridge section of New York City, that station began daily broadcasts in 1916.[59] Like most experimental radio stations, however, it had to go off the air when the U.S. entered World War I in 1917, and did not return to the air.
1XE: Launched by Harold J. Power in Medford, Massachusetts, 1XE was an experimental station that started broadcasting in 1917. It had to go off the air during World War I, but started up again after the war, and began regular voice and music broadcasts in 1919. However, the station did not receive its commercial license, becoming WGI, until 1922.[60]
2XN, broadcasting from the City College of New York
2ZK, broadcasting in New Rochelle, New York
WWV, the U.S. Government time service, which was believed to have started 6 months before KDKA in Washington, D.C. but in 1966 was transferred to Ft. Collins, Colorado.
WRUC, located on Union College in Schenectady, New York; was launched as W2XQ
WHA (AM), located at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin; was launched as 9XM.
KQV, one of Pittsburgh's five original AM stations, signed on as amateur station "8ZAE" on November 19, 1919, but did not receive a commercial license until January 9, 1922.

text: Outside the United States there are also claims for the first radio stations:

text:
XWA, Marconi's broadcast station in Montreal, Canada, since 1919 (was CFCF, later CINW and shut down in February 2010)
On August 27, 1920 the Argentina Station started the first transmission from Coliseo Theatre at Buenos Aires, Argentina. Later that station received the name LOR Radio Argentina, and finally LR2 Radio Argentina. That station was in service until 31 December 1997 at 1110 kHz.
For more details on this topic, see Enrique Telémaco Susini.

text: Broadcasting was not yet supported by advertising or listener sponsorship. The stations owned by manufacturers and department stores were established to sell radios and those owned by newspapers to sell newspapers and express the opinions of the owners. In the 1920s, radio was first used to transmit pictures visible as television. During the early 1930s, single sideband (SSB) and frequency modulation (FM) were invented by amateur radio operators. By 1940, they were established commercial modes.

text: Westinghouse was brought into the patent allies group, General Electric, American Telephone and Telegraph, and Radio Corporation of America, and became a part owner of RCA. All radios made by GE and Westinghouse were sold under the RCA label 60% GE and 40% Westinghouse. ATT's Western Electric would build radio transmitters. The patent allies attempted to set up a monopoly, but they failed due to successful competition. Much to the dismay of the patent allies, several of the contracts for inventor's patents held clauses protecting "amateurs" and allowing them to use the patents. Whether the competing manufacturers were really amateurs was ignored by these competitors.

text: These features arose:

text:
Commercial (United States) or governmental (Europe) station networks
Federal Radio Commission
Federal Communications Commission
CCIR
Birth of the soap opera
Race towards shorter waves and FM

text: FM and television start

text: In 1933, FM radio was patented by inventor Edwin H. Armstrong. FM uses frequency modulation of the radio wave to reduce static and interference from electrical equipment and the atmosphere. In 1937, W1XOJ, the first experimental FM radio station, was granted a construction permit by the US Federal Communications Commission (FCC). In the 1930s, regular analog television broadcasting began in some parts of Europe and North America. By the end of the decade there were roughly 25,000 all-electronic television receivers in existence worldwide, the majority of them in the UK. In the US, Armstrong's FM system was designated by the FCC to transmit and receive television sound.

text: FM in Europe

text: After World War II, FM radio broadcasting was introduced in Germany. At a meeting in Copenhagen in 1948, a new wavelength plan was set up for Europe. Because of the recent war, Germany (which did not exist as a state and so was not invited) was only given a small number of medium-wave frequencies, which were not very good for broadcasting. For this reason Germany began broadcasting on UKW ("Ultrakurzwelle", i.e. ultra short wave, nowadays called VHF) which was not covered by the Copenhagen plan. After some amplitude modulation experience with VHF, it was realized that FM radio was a much better alternative for VHF radio than AM. Because of this history FM Radio is still referred to as "UKW Radio" in Germany. Other European nations followed a bit later, when the superior sound quality of FM and the ability to run many more local stations because of the more limited range of VHF broadcasts were realized.

text: Later 20th century developments

text: In 1954 Regency introduced a pocket transistor radio, the TR-1, powered by a "standard 22.5V Battery". In the early 1960s, VOR systems finally became widespread for aircraft navigation; before that, aircraft used commercial AM radio stations for navigation. (AM stations are still marked on U.S. aviation charts). In 1960 Sony introduced their first transistorized radio, small enough to fit in a vest pocket, and able to be powered by a small battery. It was durable, because there were no tubes to burn out. Over the next twenty years, transistors displaced tubes almost completely except for picture tubes and very high power or very high frequency uses.

text: Color television and digital

text:
1953: NTSC compatible color television introduced in the US.
1962: Telstar 1, the first communications satellite, relayed the first publicly available live transatlantic television signal.
Late 1960s: The US long-distance telephone network began to convert to a digital network, employing digital radios for many of its links.
1970s: LORAN became the premier radio navigation system. Soon, the US Navy experimented with satellite navigation.
1987: The GPS constellation of satellites was launched.
Early 1990s: Amateur radio experimenters began to use personal computers with audio cards to process radio signals.
1994: The US Army and DARPA launched an aggressive successful project to construct a software radio that could become a different radio on the fly by changing software.
Late 1990s: Digital transmissions began to be applied to broadcasting.
2015: The first all-digital radio transmitter, called Pizzicato, was introduced.[61]

text: Telex on radio

text: Telegraphy did not go away on radio. Instead, the degree of automation increased. On land-lines in the 1930s, teletypewriters automated encoding, and were adapted to pulse-code dialing to automate routing, a service called telex. For thirty years, telex was the absolute cheapest form of long-distance communication, because up to 25 telex channels could occupy the same bandwidth as one voice channel. For business and government, it was an advantage that telex directly produced written documents.

text: Telex systems were adapted to short-wave radio by sending tones over single sideband. CCITT R.44 (the most advanced pure-telex standard) incorporated character-level error detection and retransmission as well as automated encoding and routing. For many years, telex-on-radio (TOR) was the only reliable way to reach some third-world countries. TOR remains reliable, though less-expensive forms of e-mail are displacing it. Many national telecom companies historically ran nearly pure telex networks for their governments, and they ran many of these links over short wave radio.

text: Documents including maps and photographs went by radiofax, or wireless photoradiogram, invented in 1924 by Richard H. Ranger of Radio Corporation of America (RCA). This method prospered in the mid-20th century and faded late in the century.

text: Mobile phones

text: Broadcast and copyright

text: When radio was introduced in the 1920s many predicted the end of records. Radio was a free medium for the public to hear music for which they would normally pay. While some companies saw radio as a new avenue for promotion, others feared it would cut into profits from record sales and live performances. Many companies had their major stars sign agreements that they would not appear on radio.[62][63]

text: Indeed, the music recording industry had a severe drop in profits after the introduction of the radio. For a while, it appeared as though radio was a definite threat to the record industry. Radio ownership grew from two out of five homes in 1931 to four out of five homes in 1938. Meanwhile, record sales fell from $75 million in 1929 to $26 million in 1938 (with a low point of $5 million in 1933), though the economics of the situation were also affected by the Great Depression.[64]

text: The copyright owners were concerned that they would see no gain from the popularity of radio and the ‘free’ music it provided. Luckily, what they needed to make this new medium work for them already existed in previous copyright law. The copyright holder for a song had control over all public performances ‘for profit.’ The problem now was proving that the radio industry, which was just figuring out for itself how to make money from advertising and currently offered free music to anyone with a receiver, was making a profit from the songs.

text: The test case was against Bamberger's Department Store in Newark, New Jersey in 1922. The store was broadcasting music throughout its store on the radio station WOR. No advertisements were heard, except at the beginning of the broadcast which announced "L. Bamberger and Co., One of America's Great Stores, Newark, New Jersey." It was determined through this and previous cases (such as the lawsuit against Shanley's Restaurant) that Bamberger was using the songs for commercial gain, thus making it a public performance for profit, which meant the copyright owners were due payment.

text: With this ruling the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP) began collecting licensing fees from radio stations in 1923. The beginning sum was $250 for all music protected under ASCAP, but for larger stations the price soon ballooned to $5,000. Edward Samuels reports in his book The Illustrated Story of Copyright that "radio and TV licensing represents the single greatest source of revenue for ASCAP and its composers […] and [a]n average member of ASCAP gets about $150–$200 per work per year, or about $5,000-$6,000 for all of a member's compositions." Not long after the Bamberger ruling, ASCAP had to once again defend their right to charge fees, in 1924. The Dill Radio Bill would have allowed radio stations to play music without paying and licensing fees to ASCAP or any other music-licensing corporations. The bill did not pass.[65]

text: Exotic technologies

text:
Meteor scatter
Earth–Moon–Earth communication


document_title: Bob's Burgers

question_text: who plays the voice of bob in bob's burgers

question_tokens: who plays the voice of bob in bob 's burgers

text: Bob's Burgers

text: Plot[edit]

text: The show centers on the Belcher family—Bob, Linda, and their children Tina, Gene, and Louise; who run a burger restaurant on Ocean Avenue in an unnamed seaside community (informally known as "Seymour's Bay" among the show's writing staff).[12] While series creator Loren Bouchard has said that the show's location was an indeterminate Northeastern United States shore town (calling the setting a "semi-Springfield)",[13] some critics, particularly after the episode "It Snakes a Village", have deduced that the unidentified setting appears to actually be southern New Jersey.[14] A bus driver in the episode "Eat, Spray, Linda" references a stop at Wildwood Wharf, which may refer to Wildwood, New Jersey, a city on the southeastern coast of the state.

text: Bob's Burgers is located in a green two-story building which features an apartment on the second floor where the Belcher family lives. The restaurant is sandwiched between two other commercial buildings, one of which houses "It's Your Funeral Home and Crematorium", whose owner Mort is a regular at the restaurant. One of the show's running gags involves the other building, which is generally vacant during episodes but has been home to such businesses as "Uncle Marty's Breast Pumps", "Extra Moist Yoga", "That's A-Door-A-Bell Doorbells", and "Tire-Rhea".

text: Success is not easy, as Bob must compete with several other eateries for business. His biggest rival is Jimmy Pesto, who owns an Italian restaurant called “Jimmy Pesto’s Pizzeria”, which is located directly across the street. It attracts many more customers than Bob's Burgers, creating tension between the two owners. Jimmy particularly enjoys humiliating Bob, an example being in the episode “Burgerboss”, when he got a higher score on an arcade machine than Bob, who had rented the game, and taunted him by putting "BOB SUX" as his initials. The hatred between Bob and Jimmy is full of humor. Although they dislike each other, Bob's daughter, Tina, shows obsessive interest toward Pesto's eldest son, Jimmy Junior. However, it is often unclear how Jimmy Jr. feels toward Tina, although he always tries to get her back when she expresses interest in other boys. He approves of her erotic friend fiction, starring himself, in "Bad Tina", but tends to forget they are dating because he is always occupied with activities, such as spending time with best friend and wrestling buddy, Zeke, and dancing by himself.[clarification needed]

text: Bob's restaurant also has seen its fair share of bad luck. For example, in the show's opening, the property falls victim to a fire, an infestation of vermin, and a broken front window caused by a car knocking down a utility pole. In spite of all this, Bob does have a small but loyal group of regular customers, including the aforementioned Mort, and Teddy, a local handyman.

text: Characters[edit]

text: Belcher family[edit]

text: The Belcher family runs a hamburger restaurant. Bob (H. Jon Benjamin) is the restaurant's owner and husband to the fun-loving and happy-go-lucky Linda (John Roberts). Their three children are Tina (Dan Mintz), the oldest, Gene (Eugene Mirman), the only boy, and Louise (Kristen Schaal), the youngest. All three children help at the restaurant to some extent. Louise is somewhat of a precocious menace and an instigator of many of the debacles that face the Belcher family. Tina is awkward, but full of heart, and muddles her way through her pubescent experiences, such as leg waxing and strong fixations on neighborhood boys. Gene is the more cheery and carefree type and aspires to be a great musician.

text: Recurring characters[edit]

text: There are various recurring characters in the series including Jimmy Pesto, Sr. (Jay Johnston), Bob's primary business rival who owns an Italian-themed restaurant across the street, and his sons Jimmy Jr. (Benjamin), Tina's love interest, and hyperactive and childish twins Andy (Laura Silverman) and Ollie (Sarah Silverman), who are friends of Louise. They get along well, despite the enmity between their fathers. Other friends, and frenemies, of the Belcher kids include Zeke (Bobby Tisdale), Tammy (Jenny Slate), Jocelyn (John Roberts), and Regular-Sized Rudy (Brian Huskey).  Mr. Frond (David Herman) is the guidance counselor at their school.

text: Other recurring characters include customers Teddy (Larry Murphy) and Mort (Andy Kindler), as well as Linda's eccentric sister Gayle (Megan Mullally), and the Belchers' sometimes-meddling landlord, Calvin Fischoeder (Kevin Kline) and his brother Felix (Zach Galifianakis). Bob is frequently antagonized by health inspector Hugo (Sam Seder), Linda's ex-fiancé who holds a grudge against Bob and constantly schemes to get the restaurant shut down, though his plans are often revealed to the Belchers by his easy-going assistant, Ron (Ron Lynch).

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Production[edit]

text: Creator Loren Bouchard said Bob's Burgers came about because Fox's animation brand centers mostly on family, but he also wanted to dabble in workplace comedy.[16] The show has generally been viewed as a spiritual successor to King of the Hill, which carried less emphasis on shock comedy and focused more on character-driven humor; Bob's Burgers executive producer Jim Dauterive worked on King of the Hill for nearly its entire run.[17]

text: Proof of concept[edit]

text: Before the show was aired, the team created a proof of concept so Fox Broadcasting Company knew what to expect if they bought the show. Jay Howell had his art featured in a test animation based on Bob forgetting about his and Linda's wedding anniversary. This proof of concept eventually turned into the pilot episode. It had the same synopsis as the official pilot (aired in 2011) but had both cosmetic and substantial differences. These included:

text:
Cruder animation
Character models having longer noses
Bob wears a white tank top/singlet (in the series he wears a white T-shirt)
The eldest child is male, and called Daniel. In the broadcast pilot, Tina's dialogue is almost the same as Daniel's and the voice characterization by Dan Mintz is the same, despite being changed to a female character.
The intro had slower animation due to budget
Extra dialogue and plot elements were added to the pilot: a scene where the community reacts badly to the restaurant's health safety alert and Bob confronts Hugo about it, and a denouement wrapping up plot elements.
This extra material expanded the running time from thirteen and a half minutes to twenty-one and a half minutes.

text: The original pilot can be seen on the DVD release of the first season, released on April 17, 2012.[18]

text: Development[edit]

text: Bob's Burgers first appeared on the development slate at Fox on August 6, 2009.[19] On December 1, 2009, Fox ordered 13 episodes for the first season.[20] On May 17, 2010, Fox placed the series on the primetime slate for the 2010–11 television season.[21] A special preview aired on Thanksgiving on November 25, 2010.[22]

text: Executive producers[edit]

text: Creator Loren Bouchard serves as the executive producer, alongside developer Jim Dauterive. They have served as executive producers since the first season. Dan Fybel and Rich Rinaldi were promoted to executive producers during season 6.

text: Writing[edit]

text: The team of writers includes Loren Bouchard, Jim Dauterive, Scott Jacobson, Lizzie Molyneux, Wendy Molyneux, Holly Schlesinger, Nora Smith, Steven Davis, Kelvin Yu, Dan Fybel, Rich Rinaldi, Jon Schroeder, and Greg Thompson. Past writers on the show include Kit Boss, Aron Abrams, and Mike Benner. H. Jon Benjamin, Rachel Hastings, Justin Hook, Dan Mintz, and Mike Olsen have also written or co-written episodes. After the writing has been completed, the voice actors read the script as written, but later are allowed to improvise lines. The editors and writer decide what improvised lines make the final cut.

text: Voice cast[edit]

text: Bob's Burgers has five main cast members: H. Jon Benjamin as Bob Belcher, John Roberts as Linda Belcher, Dan Mintz as Tina Belcher, Eugene Mirman as Gene Belcher, and Kristen Schaal as Louise Belcher.[23]

text: Hallmarks[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Opening sequence[edit]

text: The components of a hamburger fall into place on a white screen, and Bob's hands appear underneath to hold it. The other family members appear around him one at a time, beginning with Linda and ending with Louise. Linda puts her arm around Bob, Tina stands there expressionless, Gene plays a sound effect on his keyboard, and Louise poses for the camera. The restaurant then materializes behind them and the neighboring businesses slide into place, with a funeral parlor at screen left, and the street slides into view in front. A "Grand Opening" banner is placed over the door, followed by a series of mishaps. First, the restaurant catches on fire. Then, vermin come running toward the restaurant as an exterminator pulls up in a van. Lastly, a car crashes into the utility pole next to the funeral home, which causes the pole to fall through the front window of the restaurant. A new banner is hung up after each event: "Grand Re-Opening," "Grand Re-Re-Opening," and finally "Grand Re-Re-Re-Opening." The camera then zooms in on the cheese on the burger Bob is holding, and the view fades in to the start of the episode.

text: As with other Fox animated series such as Futurama, The Simpsons, and American Dad!, the show employs the "changing element" running gag in its opening credits. The gag present on Bob's Burgers involves the store located to the right of the restaurant, which has a new, humorously named client in every episode (such as "Betty's Machetes" in "Purple Rain-Union"). Additionally, beginning with Season 2, the pest control van in the sequence has the name of a different company on each episode; the van read "Rat's all Folks! Exterminators" on all episodes of Season 1. On certain episodes, an element is changed for a special night (a flash frame saying "HAPPY HALLOWEEN" was shown during the title sequence of "Fort Night").

text: In an article written by the writers of the show ranking the best 10 musical numbers of the first three seasons, it is explained by show creator and theme composer Loren Bouchard that the ukulele track heard in the theme is an edited version of the first recording he did as well as the first take in 2008. Bouchard explains that if the EQ is taken off the original track, there is noise audible from the nightclub below the apartment he was living in when he recorded the theme.[24]

text: Credits sequence[edit]

text: The credits sequence of Bob's Burgers often features the Belcher family at work. The scene is the kitchen of Bob's Burgers drawn with a black outline over a white background and the characters in full color, with the credits off to the right hand side. The sequence consists of Bob cooking a burger and Louise and Tina doing prep. Bob places the burger on the plate for Louise to give to Linda, who takes it from the window, and a few seconds later Gene walks through the kitchen wearing his burger costume.

text: Although the kitchen scene is still the main closing sequence the show uses, beginning in season two the producers began to use different elements from the show in the credits. Some examples:

text:
In "Ear-sy Rider", the kids ride their bikes down a highway.
In "Full Bars", Bob and Linda fool around in the kitchen in their Halloween costumes.
In "An Indecent Thanksgiving Proposal", Linda performs a song she came up with for Thanksgiving, and annoys Bob with it while he is trying to work.
In "Broadcast Wagstaff School News", Gene, who was given a makeover to resemble Bob, stands next to Bob at the grill. They shoot each other disapproving looks.
In "O.T.: The Outside Toilet", the family works while Gene hugs the titular toilet.
In "Mother Daughter Laser Razor", Linda and Louise play Lazer Tag and Gene walks through wearing no pants.
In "The Belchies", "Topsy", and "It Snakes a Village", as well as some other episodes, an extended musical ending revisiting a song or sequence from earlier closes the show.

text: Other times, the scene will play out as usual, but with something from the episode going on in the background, etc. For instance:

text:
In "Moody Foodie", deli owner Reggie dances around like Michael Madsen in Reservoir Dogs.
In "Bad Tina" and "Seaplane!", Tina performs actions she imagined herself doing during the course of the episode.
In "Burgerboss", the entire scene is animated to look like a video game.
In "Nude Beach", several customers are nudists from the aforementioned beach.
In "The Equestranauts", Bob works while wearing his Equestranaut costume and Tina plays with one of her Equestranaut toys. The theme song to the fictional TV series that gave the episode its title is played, with everyone except Bob singing along.
In "Best Burger", everybody except Bob has chocolate covering their faces, implying that they all went to the "hot fudge car wash" at the food festival where most of the episode took place.
In "A River Runs Through Bob", Tina performs the Thundergirls anthem and Bob is attacked by squirrels, revisiting elements from earlier in the episode.
In "Dawn of the Peck", Bob sings and dances to Donna Summer's "Love Is in Control" while he works.

text: Daily special[edit]

text: Every episode features one or more "Today's Special" burgers on a chalk board on the wall behind the counter. The name of the special is usually a play on words that indicates what comes on the burger (ex.: "It's Fun to Eat at the rYe M C A Burger": Comes with Rye, Mustard, Cheese, and Avocado). Other "Special" burgers are also mentioned by the family without being written on their chalkboard. The joke is often that the play on words is overly complex or obscure.

text: Home media[edit]

text: The first season through the current season of the show are available on the iTunes Store for download & Hulu. The first 8 seasons are available from Amazon Video. The first 7 seasons are available from Netflix Canada.

text: DVD releases[edit]

text:
Region

Set title

Episode count

Time length

Release date

Notes

1

Bob's Burgers: The Complete 1st Season[25]

13

286 minutes

April 17, 2012

1

Bob's Burgers: The Complete 2nd Season[26]

9

198 minutes

May 7, 2013

Manufactured on demand (MOD) on DVD-R

1

Bob's Burgers: The Complete 3rd Season[27]

23

506 minutes

May 13, 2014

Manufactured on demand (MOD) on DVD-R

1

Bob's Burgers: The Complete 4th Season[28]

22

484 minutes

May 12, 2015

Manufactured on demand (MOD) on DVD-R

1

Bob's Burgers: The Complete 5th Season[29]

21

484 minutes

July 20, 2016

Manufactured on demand (MOD) on DVD-R

text: Reception and achievements[edit]

text: Bob's Burgers initially received mixed reviews for season 1, with a Metacritic score of 54 out of 100.[30] However, by season 2, the ratings had reached a score of 78 out of 100, proving a rise in popularity with praises about its "daffy comedic momentum"  and how it is "new and fresh."[31] Rotten Tomatoes gave the first season a 58% from the collective critic feedback, admitting while it has potential, it needs to find its "rhythm." [32] The Washington Post described the show as "pointlessly vulgar and derivatively dull", while Reuters stated that "It's unwise – and unnecessary – to launch an animated sitcom on Fox that appears intent to ape the vulgarity quotient of Family Guy."[1][33] USA Today stated that "Bob's Burgers isn't very tasty" describing the comedy as just "lop[ing] along, stumbling from one tasteless moment to the next"[34] The New York Times described the show as having "a lackadaisical vibe; its humor, no matter how anarchic, slides by in a deadpan monotone."[35]

text: However, as the first season progressed and concluded and the second began, critics began giving the series praise. Rowan Kaiser of The A.V. Club has recalled, "...the show was amusing, yes, and there was certainly potential, but it took half a dozen episodes before it really began to meet that potential."[36] Season 2 has a Metacritic score of 78 out 100.[37] The first season is considered by many fans as very rough in comparison to the quality in later seasons.

text: Entertainment Weekly gave the show an A- grade in its review, remarking that "a comedy this well done is very rare indeed".[38] Ain't It Cool News called Bob's Burgers "perhaps the funniest half-hour currently airing on broadcast TV."[39] In its review, CNN called the show "wickedly funny" and said there are "too many highlights to list here".[40] Speaking about the show during its second season, The A.V. Club reviewer Rowan Kaiser said: "After an uneven start, Bob's Burgers is becoming one of television's best comedies!"[41] Since the debut of season two of the series, the show's positive reception has increased.[42]

text: The A.V. Club voted Bob's Burgers as the 10th best TV show of 2012,[43] the 3rd best show of 2013,[44] the 20th best show of 2014,[45] and the 35th best show of 2015.[46]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year

Award

Category

Recipients and nominees

Result

Ref.

2011

Teen Choice Award

Choice TV: Animated Show

Bob's Burgers

Nominated

[47]

2012

Critics' Choice Television Award

Best Animated Series

Bob's Burgers

Nominated

[48]

Teen Choice Award

Choice TV: Animated Show

Bob's Burgers

Nominated

[49]

Primetime Emmy Award

Outstanding Animated Program

For "Burgerboss"

Nominated

[50]

2013

Artios Award

Outstanding Achievement in Casting – Television Animation (Children and Adult)

Julie Ashton

Nominated

[51]

Annie Award

Best General Audience Animated TV/Broadcast Production

For "Ear-sy Rider"

Nominated

[52]

Teen Choice Award

Choice TV: Animated Show

Bob's Burgers

Nominated

[53]

Primetime Emmy Award

Outstanding Animated Program

For "O.T.: The Outside Toilet"

Nominated

[54]

2014

Annie Award

Best General Audience Animated TV/Broadcast Production

Bob's Burgers

Nominated

[55]

Critics' Choice Television Award

Best Animated Series

Bob's Burgers

Nominated

[56]

Primetime Emmy Award

Outstanding Animated Program

For "Mazel-Tina"

Won

[57]

2015

People's Choice Award

Favorite Animated TV Show

Bob's Burgers

Nominated

[58]

Artios Award

Outstanding Achievement in Casting – Television Animation (Children and Adult)

Julie Ashton

Nominated

[59]

Annie Award

Best General Audience Animated TV/Broadcast Production

Bob's Burgers

Nominated

[60]

Outstanding Achievement, Directing in an Animated TV/Broadcast Production

Jennifer Coyle & Bernard Derriman

Nominated

Writers Guild of America Award

Best Television Writing in Animation

Greg Thompson for "Bob and Deliver"

Nominated

[61]

Nora Smith for "Work Hard or Die Trying, Girl"

Nominated

Critics' Choice Television Award

Best Animated Series

Bob's Burgers

Nominated

[62]

Primetime Emmy Award

Outstanding Animated Program

For "Can't Buy Me Math"

Nominated

[63]

Outstanding Character Voice-Over Performance

John Roberts for "Eat, Spray, Linda"

Nominated

Environmental Media Award

Television Episodic Comedy

For "Late Afternoon in the Garden of Bob and Louise"

Nominated

[64]

2016

People's Choice Award

Favorite Animated TV Show

Bob's Burgers

Nominated

[65]

Critics' Choice Television Award

Best Animated Series

Nominated

[66]

Nominated

[67]

Artios Award

Outstanding Achievement in Casting – Television Animation (Adult)

Julie Ashton

Won

[68]

Annie Awards

Best General Audience TV/Broadcast Production

For "Can't Buy Me Math"

Nominated

[69]

Outstanding Achievement, Voice Acting in an Animated TV/Broadcast Production

Kristen Schaal for "Hawk & Chick"

Won

Outstanding Achievement, Writing in an Animated TV/Broadcast Production

Steven Davis & Kelvin Yu for "The Hauntening"

Won

Writers Guild of America Award

Best Television Writing in Animation

Lizzie Molyneux & Wendy Molyneux for "Gayle Makin' Bob Sled"

Nominated

[70]

Dan Fybel for "Housetrap"

Won

Primetime Emmy Award

Outstanding Animated Program

"The Horse Rider-er"

Nominated

[71]

2017

People's Choice Award

Favorite Animated TV Show

Bob's Burgers

Nominated

[72]

Annie Award

Best General Audience Animated TV/Broadcast Production

Bob's Burgers for "Glued, Where's My Bob?"

Won

[73]

Outstanding Achievement, Music in an Animated TV/Broadcast Production

Loren Bouchard and John Dylan Keith for "Glued, Where's My Bob?"

Nominated

Outstanding Achievement, Writing in an Animated TV/Broadcast Production

Lizzie Molyneux and Wendy Molyneux for "The Hormone-iums"

Won

Teen Choice Award

Choice Animated TV Show

Bob's Burgers

Nominated

[74]

Primetime Emmy Awards

Outstanding Animated Program

"Bob Actually"

Won

[75]

Outstanding Character Voice-Over Performance

Kevin Kline for "The Last Gingerbread House on the Left"

Nominated

2018

Critics' Choice Television Awards

Best Animated Series

Bob's Burgers

Nominated

[76]

Writers Guild of America Awards

Best Television Writing in Animation

Lizzie Molyneux & Wendy Molyneux for "Brunchsquatch"

Pending

[77]

Annie Awards

Outstanding Achievement for Editorial in an Animated Television / Broadcast Production

Mark Seymour, Chuck Smith, Eric Davidson for "Bob Actually"

Pending

[78]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: After airing, the show became the highest-rated series premiere of the season and also finished 9th in the ratings for the week it aired.[79][80] Despite this, the ratings went on a slide with ratings expert Bill Gorman of TV by the Numbers calling it a "toss up" for renewal before the series was renewed for a second season[81] which premiered on March 11, 2012.

text:
Season
Timeslot (ET)

Episodes

First aired

Last aired
TV season
Rank
Avg. viewers(millions)

Date

Viewers(millions)

Date

Viewers(millions)

1
Sunday 8:30 pm

13

January 9, 2011 (2011-01-09)

9.38[82]

May 22, 2011 (2011-05-22)

4.31[83]
2010–11
117
5.07[84]

2

9

March 11, 2012 (2012-03-11)

4.04[85]

May 20, 2012 (2012-05-20)

3.57[86]
2011–12
142
4.18[87]

3
Sunday 8:30 pm (1–14, 18–23)Sunday 9:30 pm (15–17)

23

September 30, 2012 (2012-09-30)

5.46[88]

May 12, 2013 (2013-05-12)

3.38[89]
2012–13
107
4.45[90]

4
Sunday 8:30 pm (1–11)Sunday 7:00 pm (12–22)

22

September 29, 2013 (2013-09-29)

4.48[91]

May 18, 2014 (2014-05-18)

1.95[92]
2013–14
96
4.93[93]

5
Sunday 7:30 pm (1–2, 13–18)Sunday 9:30 pm (3–12, 19–21)

21

October 5, 2014 (2014-10-05)

3.14[94]

May 17, 2015 (2015-05-17)

2.44[95]
2014–15
147
3.18[96]

6
Sunday 7:30 pm (1–10)Sunday 8:30 pm (11–19)

19

September 27, 2015 (2015-09-27)

2.51[97]

May 22, 2016 (2016-05-22)

2.04[98]
2015–16
144
2.90[99]

7
Sunday 7:30 pm

22

September 25, 2016 (2016-09-25)

2.60[100]

June 11, 2017

1.52[101]
2016–17
138
2.78[102]

8

21

October 1, 2017 (2017-10-01)

2.93[103]

May 20, 2018 (2018-05-20)

1.62[104]
2017–18
155
2.80[105]

text: Syndication[edit]

text: Adult Swim acquired the rights to air Bob's Burgers in 2013. Episodes air six nights a week, with a 1:30 am airing on Sunday and 8:30 pm airings Monday through Friday. An additional episode airs every Monday through Thursday at 9:00 pm. Adult Swim currently has rights to all five seasons of Bob's Burgers and recently began airing the season five episodes on Mondays.[106]

text: 20th Television began distributing Bob's Burgers to local stations in 2015. The syndication package began airing on its affiliates on the weekend of September 19–20, 2015, and two episodes air each weekend.[citation needed]

text: The series also premiered on September 26, 2016 on TBS and airs Mondays afternoons (along with Family Guy, American Dad!, and The Cleveland Show) and on Friday nights.[107]

text: Impact and Legacy[edit]

text: On January 6, 2011, some Fatburger locations were re-branded as Bob's Burgers for the day as a promotion.[108] It also offered limited-time offers, such as a free burger giveaway, and a special, "The Thanks a Brunch Burger", on the menu until February 2011.[108] There were also "Bob's Burgers" coupons offered for a free medium Fatburger special.[108][109] Across the US, four locations were re-branded as Bob's Burgers: in California, New Jersey, Nevada, and Illinois.[108][109] At least one restaurant location in California continues to use the Bob's Burgers appellation into 2016.

text: In the Family Guy episode "Space Cadet", the principal shows Peter and Lois a picture of Bob Belcher as a sign that Chris is doing poorly in his Advanced Art class. Peter mutters "I'm very embarrassed", and the principal replies "Yeah, well, someone should be." In "Boopa-dee Bappa-dee", Louise is one of many characters Stewie is turned into by Peter using a remote control. Bob's Burgers is also mentioned on "He's Bla-ack!", as one of the reasons why The Cleveland Show did not succeed.

text: The season 4 premiere episode of Archer features a crossover where the Belcher family is shown, but Bob is revealed to be Sterling Archer (also voiced by H. Jon Benjamin) in a fugue state. Archer has taken the place of Bob Belcher, with Bob inexplicably missing. The menu board touts the "Thomas Elphinstone Hambledurger, with Manning Coleslaw", a play on amnesiac secret agent Tommy Hambledon, a character in a series of novels by Manning Coles.

text: "Homerland", the season 25 premiere episode of The Simpsons, features a couch gag in which the Belcher family (skinned yellow according to the standard character coloring of the series) attend a 25th anniversary party in the Simpson family living room with the main characters of their fellow Animation Domination series. Bob made another cameo in the episode "The Girl Code", where a picture of him is shown, and explaining that the restaurant was boycotted by short people due to an offensive Burger of the Day.

text: Bob makes a cameo appearance in the hour-long The Simpsons-Family Guy crossover "The Simpsons Guy".[110] He appears on the same airplane as Homer and Peter in a cutaway about them being a greater team than the Air Force. Peter remarks to Homer that they have to carry Bob, and then Peter points to Cleveland's plane and says "We let that other guy try and look what happened." Cleveland, repeatedly saying "no", crashes in flames. This is a reference to the poor ratings of Bob's Burgers and the cancellation of The Cleveland Show.[111]

text: In Aqua Teen Hunger Force, a character previously known as Dr. Eugene Mirman (obviously played by himself) was renamed "Dr. Gene Belcher" in the episode "Hospice". The character's name was revealed on Aqua Teen Hunger Force's creator Dave Willis' Twitter account two hours before the episode. The character had been introduced in 2006, which was five years before Bob's Burgers aired.[112]

text: Seattle rock band Sleater-Kinney collaborated with Bob's Burgers and its crew for their 2015 single "A New Wave", from the album No Cities to Love. The resultant music video featured the band, animated in the cartoon's style, performing for the Belcher children in Tina's bedroom.[113][114][115]

text: In 2016, The Bob's Burgers Burger Book, edited by series creator Bouchard, was released. There are 75 burger recipes pulled from the fan-based blog "The Bob's Burger Experiment" based on the Specials of the Day that appear on the chalkboard menu in the show.[116]

text: Film adaptation[edit]

text: On October 4, 2017, Fox announced that a Bob's Burgers movie was in the works to be released on July 17, 2020.[11] Creator Bouchard has said the movie will "scratch every itch the fans of the show have ever had," while being appealing to new audiences.[117]