document_title: Dance in Cambodia

question_text: an elegant and religious form of dance which originated in cambodia

text: Dance in Cambodia

text: Classical dance[edit]

text: Cambodia's premier performing art form is the Khmer classical dance, or Robam Preah Reach Trop, a highly stylized dance form originating from the royal courts. Performances of classical dance consist of elaborately costumed dancers and music played by a pinpeat ensemble. It is performed for invocation of deities and spirits as well as to pay homage to royalty and guests. In the mid-20th century, it was introduced to the general public and became widely celebrated as iconic of Cambodian culture, often being performed during public events, holidays, and for tourists visiting Cambodia. Two of the most performed classical dance are the Robam Chuon Por ("Wishing dance") and the Robam Tep Apsara ("Apsara dance").

text: Folk dance[edit]

text: Created in the 20th century are folk dances that emphasize that various cultural traditions and ethnic groups of Cambodia. Cambodian folk dances are usually more fast-paced than classical dances. The movements and gestures are not as stylized as classical dance. Folk dancers wear clothes of the people they are portraying such as Chams, hill tribes, farmers, and peasants. Some folk dances are about love or folktales. Most of the music of folk dances is played by a mahori orchestra.

text: Selected list of folk dances[edit]

text:
Trot Dance - a popular dance representing a tale of a hunter and a deer who spread several danger between giant to ogress and peacock.[clarification needed] It is performed to ward off evil and bad luck.
Sneang Tosoang Dance - a dance around a tiger, a peacock, a deer, and other animals. The dance originates in Phnum Kravanh District, Pursat Province and depicts the Pear people.
Robam Kom Araek - a dance mainly used two or three bamboo pole which hitting every second. It is reported that the dance came from Kuy people but it is more believed that the birthplace is Philippines during the reign of King Norodom (1834-1904) when he was traveling in Philippines.[citation needed]
Robam Neary Chea Chuor - a young women’s dance
Robam Kngaok Pailin (Pailin peacock dance) - a dance portraying the Kula people in Pailin and their amusement with a pair of peafowl.
Chhayam - a well known entertainment dance about pleasure, including several comedic roles and beautiful girls. The dance is performed at holidays and is a pure Khmer dance.

text: Social dance[edit]

text: In Cambodia, social dances are dances which are danced at social gatherings. Such dances are: Romvong, Romkbach, Saravann, Chok Krapeus and Lam Leav. In addition, other social dances from around the world have affected Cambodian social culture include the Cha-cha, Bolero, and the Madison. Such dances are often performed at Cambodian banquet parties.


document_title: Food Network Star (season 9)

question_text: who won season 9 of the next food network star

root

text: Food Network Star (season 9)

text: Contestants[edit]

text: Winner[edit]

text: Damaris Phillips, 31, Culinary Teacher - Louisville, Kentucky

tag: ul

text: Runner-Ups[edit]

text:
Rodney Henry, 47, Pie Shop Owner - Baltimore, Maryland
Russell Jackson, 49, Underground Chef - San Francisco, California

text: Eliminated[edit]

text: (In order of elimination)

tag: p

text:
Daniela Perez-Reyes, 28, Caterer/Bartender - Haleiwa, Hawaii
Andres Guillama, 26, Childhood Obesity Prevention Coach - Waynesville, North Carolina
Danushka Lysek, 37, Private Chef/Model - New York City
Connie "Lovely" Jackson, 27, Caterer - Los Angeles, California (Returned to competition after winning Star Salvation)
Viet Pham, 33, Chef/Restaurant Owner - Salt Lake City, Utah
Chris Hodgson, 26, Chef/Restaurateur - Cleveland, Ohio
Chad Rosenthal, 37, Restaurant Owner - Ambler, Pennsylvania
Connie "Lovely" Jackson, 27, Caterer - Los Angeles, California
Nikki Dinki, 29, Food Blogger/Online Host - New York City
Stacey Poon-Kinney, 34, Restaurant Owner - San Diego, California

text: At least six competitors have appeared on other Food Network programs. Viet defeated Bobby Flay on Iron Chef America. Pham also competed on Extreme Chef. Lysek and Henry appeared on Chopped; both were eliminated before the final round. Henry has also appeared on Throwdown with Bobby Flay. Lysek also appeared on 24 Hour Restaurant Battle and won. Poon-Kinney appeared on Restaurant Impossible, where Robert Irvine gave her family's restaurant a makeover. Hodgson competed on The Great Food Truck Race: his truck, Hodge Podge, were season 2 runners-up.

text: Contestant progress[edit]

text:
Contestant
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

Damaris
IN
IN
SAFE
IN
IN
HIGH
IN
IN
IN
IN
WINNER

Rodney
IN
IN
SAFE
LOW
IN
LOW
IN
LOW
IN
IN
RUNNER-UP

Russell
LOW
HIGH
LOW
HIGH
LOW
HIGH
LOW
LOW
HIGH
IN
RUNNER-UP2

Stacey
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
HIGH
WIN
HIGH
SAFE
IN
IN
OUT

Nikki
HIGH
LOW
HIGH
HIGH
IN
LOW
WIN
IN
OUT

Lovely
IN
IN
LOW
OUT

OUT 1

Chad
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
IN
IN
LOW
OUT

Chris
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
OUT

Viet
IN
IN
IN
LOW
OUT

Danushka
LOW
LOW
OUT

Andres
IN
OUT

Daniela
OUT

tag: table

text:
^Note 1 : Lovely won Star Salvation and returned to the competition, but was eliminated the same week she came back.
^Note 2 : Russell was eliminated from the final three midway through the finale.

text: Episode summaries[edit]

text: Week One: Are You Ready For Prime-Time?[edit]

text:
Camera Challenge: The finalists must make a 30-second pitch to network executives Bob Tuschman and Susie Fogelson; they were also shown to a focus group, who had reaction meters to rate their impressions. Following this, they have 45 minutes to create a dish that highlights potatoes.

Top 3: Chad, Nikki, and Stacey
Bottom 3: Russell,Danushka, and Daniela
Eliminated: Daniela

First aired: June 2, 2013

text: Week Two: Burger Bash[edit]

text:
Camera Challenge: The contestants must make a burger for 100 burger enthusiasts and make a two-minute presentation to the audience. Each audience member has a token and will give their token to the contestant whose burger they want to taste.

Top 3: Russell, Chad, and Stacey
Bottom 3: Nikki, Danushka, and Andres
Eliminated: Andres

First aired: June 9, 2013

text: Week Three: A Star is Chopped[edit]

text:
Mentor Challenge: The contestants must prepare a dish using a mystery ingredient. The contestants were separated into two groups led by Alton and Bobby. The winners from each group receive an advantage in the next challenge.

Team Alton Winner: Rodney
Team Bobby Winner: Damaris

Chopped Challenge: The contestants face the Chopped Challenge where Iron Chef Alex Guarnaschelli, Alton and Bobby judged two heats of a Chopped-style competition. For winning the Mentor Challenge, Damaris and Rodney earn a place on the judging panel for their team and are safe from elimination.
Round 1: Viet, Danushka, Chad and Russell face off against each other using sport foods which were cotton candy, hot dogs, peanuts and beer with Damaris judging this heat.
Round 2: Chris, Lovely, Nikki and Stacey then faced off using kids foods which were chicken nuggets, fruit leathers, cheddar fish crackers and apple juice

Top 2: Nikki, and Chad
Bottom 3: Stacey, Russell, and Danushka

Eliminated: Danushka
First aired: June 16, 2013

text: Week Four: Big Screen Bites[edit]

text:
Camera Challenge: The contestants are divided into three groups of three, each representing a classic movie theme: western, romance, or musical. They must shoot a 60-second trailer to be shown at a dine-in movie theater and then cook for the guests who ordered their food.

Top 3: Nikki, Russell, and Stacey
Bottom 3: Viet, Rodney, and Lovely
Eliminated: Lovely

First aired: June 23, 2013

text: Week Five: 4th of July Live[edit]

text:
Mentor Challenge: The contestants worked with Terrence Jenkins presenting live demos of a sausage and pepper sandwich in three minutes. Each contestant was challenged with a different issue during their demo including missing peppers, cutting the lights and Terrence walking off the set with a cough.

Winner: Rodney

Camera Challenge: The contestants take part in an interactive show called "4th of July Live." As part of the show network executive Bob Tuschman returns to judge the challenge. Each of the contestants will be given one of eight stations which could range from cooking to a station with a culinary expert.

text:
Chef
Station

Chad
Farm Stand with Farmer Lee

Chris
Coleslaw

Damaris
Cocktails with mixologist Marcos Tello

Nikki
Fried Chicken

Rodney
Dessert

Russell
Potato salad

Stacey
Butcher Station with Lindy and Grundy

Viet
Chips and Dips

text:
Top 2: Stacey and Nikki

Winner: Stacey

Bottom 2: Russell and Viet

Eliminated: Viet

Original Air Date: June 30, 2013

text: Week Six: Product Pitch[edit]

text:
Star Challenge: The finalists have one hour to create two potential food products that can be sold on the market. They must then choose which one they will take to market and will have the opportunity to pitch their product to three executives from Kraft Foods, Kellogg's and Target.

Top 3: Damaris, Stacey and Russell
Bottom 4: Nikki, Chad, Rodney and Chris
Eliminated: Chris

Original Air Date: July 7, 2013

text: Week Seven: Star Charity Auction[edit]

text:
Camera Challenge: The contestants had to describe Bobby Flay's dish after tasting it and were buzzed by Bobby Flay when they used certain words that were forbidden to use.

Top 2: Stacey and Nikki
Bottom 2: Rodney and Russell
Winner: Stacey

Star Challenge: The finalists create their signature dish to tell what type of Food Network Star they are, they then had to describe the dish to a group of adventurous eaters (gastronauts). The dishes were then bid on by the eaters. Whoever earns the highest bid is safe from elimination. For winning the Camera Challenge, Stacey won an extra $10 added on to whatever amount her dish receives in the auction. All proceeds went to Share Our Strength, an organization to combat childhood hunger.
Dishes and Bids:

Damaris: (Green Bean Casserole) $130
Nikki: (Mushroom & Shrimp Pasta) $130
Chad: (Texas Barbecue Poutine) $150
Russell: (Egg & Bacon Revolution) $150
Stacey: (Maple Bacon Cheesecake) $180 + $10 bonus
Rodney: (Berry & Rhubarb Pie) $140

Top 3: Nikki, Damaris, and Stacey
Winner: Nikki
Bottom 2: Russell and Chad
Eliminated: Chad
Original Air Date: July 14, 2013

text: Week Eight: Food Stories From The Road[edit]

text: Prior to the announcement of the Mentors Challenge, Robert Irvine announced the winner of the Star Salvation was Lovely, who returned to the competition.

text:
Mentors Challenge: The contestants had to create an Italian dish for the mentors and then had to come up with a tasty description for the dish. As a twist, two contestants at a time are brought in and then the two chefs would switch dishes and describe each others. Damaris and Lovely described each other's dishes, Stacey and Rodney judge one another, and Russell and Nikki critique theirs. The winner would receive an advantage in the upcoming Star Challenge.

Winner: Nikki

Star Challenge: The contestants are divided into teams of three and will each have to create their own food store and then create a "food story show". Nikki's advantage was to pick her team members and she picked Stacey and Damaris, leaving Lovely, Russell and Rodney to team up. It was revealed that Nikki's team will be working at a donut shop, The Donut Man, while Rodney's team works with a pizza shop, Vito's Pizza. Both teams would need to interview their subjects so they can create a story to present to camera. They will be judged by both the mentors and critics, Janice Minn, Gary Baum and Leslie Bruce from The Hollywood Reporter. While Damaris and Nikki both were commended for their work on the camera, Stacey was criticized for not just being scripted but also using the owner of the Donut Man as a prop. Russell was told it wasn't about his "Sin" angle, it was about the restaurant. Rodney was told his "shtick" which wasn't a shtick made him seem slightly fake. While Lovely was told she looked too polished and mechanical and for not connecting with the customers in the restaurant.

Top 2: Damaris, Nikki
Bottom 3: Rodney, Russell and Lovely
Eliminated: Lovely

Original Air Date: July 21, 2013

text: Week Nine: Menu: Impossible[edit]

text:
Mentor's Challenge: The chefs are asked to use ingredients from the Food Network Star pantry and create a well-balanced dish in 30 minutes. They then presented it in front of Alton and explained why they used the ingredients in the meal and had to give a tip in preparing a quick meal. Rodney and Damaris created breakfast dishes, Nikki cooked a lunch meal, while Russell and Stacey prepared food for dinner. Rodney forgot to give his tip; Damaris presented well but forgot to explain the problem the tip is supposed to solve; Nikki cooked well despite a stumble during the cooking process, however she did have an issue in her presentation; Stacey presented both a great meal and a presentation which Alton said showed she was more at ease; Russell finished up the challenge but had issue in connecting with the camera. In the end, Stacey won the challenge.
Star Challenge: The contestants headed to Phil Trani's in Long Beach, California. Restaurant: Impossible host Robert Irvine joined the judging panel with Alton and Giada. He challenged the chefs to reinvent outdated dishes on the restaurant's menu. Owner Phil Trani and managers Amber and Ashley were also introduced to the finalists. For winning the Mentor's Challenge, Stacey was presented five dishes and given the opportunity to either cook the dish or assign it to another chef. Rodney was assigned chicken cacciatore, Damaris was given a tournedos of beef & mashed potatoes, Stacey took the crab stuffed halibut & baked potato, Nikki is preparing the salmon with onion pepper relish and rice pilaf, and Russell is given the stuffed chicken & rice pilaf. The chefs would have to present to the judges, customers of Phil's restaurant. Rodney presented a new Chicken Cacciatore Pie, Damaris gave a Filet and Garlic Smashed Potatoes, Russell presented the customers and judges a Spinach Wrapped Chicken & Risotto, Nikki changed the dish by making a Broccoli Cake with Salmon & Rice Pilaf, and finally Stacey served a Halibut Crab Cake Roulade & Potatoes.

Winner: Russell
Bottom 4: Damaris, Stacey, Rodney and Nikki

Eliminated: Nikki
Original Air Date: July 28, 2013

text: Week Ten: Network Pitch[edit]

text:
Pitch Challenge: Stacey pitched "Stacey's Modern Magic", where she'll take dishes that have fallen and make these dishes more magical. However, Tuschman and Fogelson felt her pitch seemed sad even though Stacey was trying to connect. Russell pitched his "Guilty Pleasures" show, which would take something ordinary and plain and turning it into a "sinful pleasure", such as taking ice cream and adding bacon to it. The executives felt they liked the sins. Damaris suggested her "Eat, Date, Love" which would teach men and America in general how to win someone through Southern food and tradition. The judges felt she nailed the pitch and had a focused idea compared to in the past. Finally, Rodney pitched "Pie Style" which would have him going to restaurants, taking their signature dishes and the restaurant will challenge him to bake that dish in pie style. Damaris and Rodney were immediately put through as a unanimous vote amongst both the executives and the mentors, however in the end there was a tie vote whether Stacey or Russell would make it through, with Alton having the final decision. In the end, Stacey was eliminated from the competition.
Star Challenge: The final three headed out to do their pilots. With Guy Fieri heading up the filming of the shows, Rodney started off at The Foundry on Melrose with Eric Greenspan to remake his famous grilled cheese sandwich into a pie. Rodney did well with Guy even saying that he killed it creating his Taleggio and Short Rib Pie. Russell went to Bennett's Ice Cream Shop, but has trouble with his intro because he scripted it instead of just performing. He then tries the cabernet sauvignon and then creates his own Bacon Bourbon Sorbet for Scott Bennett to try out. Damaris started out great, by nailing her intro. She and her "student" creates a pulled pork loin on a sweet potato biscuit but while making the food, she has an issue with looking at the camera, but eventually gets into the flow of looking while cooking. After the filming was complete, each of the pilots were shown as part of the episode: "Pie Style with Rodney Henry", "Guilty Pleasures with Russell Jackson", and "Eat, Date, Love with Damaris Phillips." It is now up to viewers of the show to vote for the contestant they want to win the competition on the Food Network Star official page on the Food Network website: Finale Vote.
Moved to Next Round: Damaris, Rodney, Russell
Eliminated: Stacey
Original Air Date: August 4, 2013

text: Week Eleven: America Picks a Star[edit]

text:
Reunion: The Season Nine winner is announced during a reunion show at Chelsea Manor in New York featuring never-before-seen footage and reflections from the competitors and mentors. They also brought in questions through tweets, Skype calls and e-mails to ask the contestants. Midway through the show, Russell was eliminated from the final three leaving Damaris and Rodney as the final two contestants for the grand prize.
Runners-Up: Russell (Third Place), Rodney (Second Place)
Winner of Food Network Star: Damaris
New Show: Southern at Heart
Original Air Date: August 11, 2013

text: Star Salvation[edit]

text: In this year's competition, Food Network Star has added a five-week online "Star Salvation" competition, which will allow one eliminated contestant a second chance to return to the main competition. Hosted by Robert Irvine, each episode will feature the most recently eliminated contestant competing against the remaining previously eliminated contestants for a second chance at winning. Each episode features one or two rounds of competition, judged by Irvine.[2]

text:
Contestant
1
2
3
4

Lovely
IN
WIN
WIN
WIN
WIN

Chad

OUT

Chris

OUT

Viet

OUT

Danushka
IN
WIN
OUT

Andres
IN
OUT

Daniela
OUT

text: Episode 1[edit]

text: Round 1[edit]

text:
Advanced: Andres, Danushka, Lovely
Eliminated: Daniela

text: Round 2[edit]

text:
Advanced: Danushka and Lovely
Eliminated: Andres

text: Episode 2[edit]

text:
Winner: Lovely
Eliminated: Danushka and Viet

text: Episode 3[edit]

text:
Winner: Lovely
Eliminated: Chris

text: Episode 4[edit]

text:
Winner: Lovely
Eliminated: Chad


document_title: List of best-selling game consoles

question_text: which has more sales xbox one or ps4

question_tokens: which has more sales xbox one or ps4

text: List of best-selling game consoles

text: Best-selling game consoles[edit]

text: The following tables contain video game consoles and handheld game consoles that have sold at least 1 million units worldwide either through to consumers or inside retail channels. Each console include sales from every iteration unless otherwise noted. The years correspond to when the home or handheld game console was first released—excluding test markets. Each year links to the corresponding "year in video gaming".

text: Background shading indicates current generation consoles on the market.    Dagger glyph indicates dedicated consoles.    Double-dagger glyph indicates hybrid video game consoles.

text: Hardware firms labelled  Atari ,  Microsoft ,  Nintendo ,  Sega  or  Sony  have more than two consoles listed; those with a white background do not.

text: All game consoles[edit]

text:
Million-selling game consoles

Platform
Firm
Released[2]
Units sold
Ref.

PlayStation 2
Sony
2000
>155 million
[note 1]

Nintendo DS
Nintendo
2004
154.02 million
[16]

Game Boy/Game Boy Color
Nintendo
1989/1998
118.69 million
[note 2]

PlayStation
Sony
1994
102.49 million
[30]

Wii
Nintendo
2006
101.63 million
[16]

Xbox 360
Microsoft
2005
84 million
[note 3]

PlayStation 3
Sony
2006
>83.8 million
[note 1]

PlayStation Portable
Sony
2004
82 million
[note 1]

Game Boy Advance
Nintendo
2001
81.51 million
[16]

Nintendo 3DS
Nintendo
2011
67.08 million
[37]

PlayStation 4
Sony
2013
63.3 million
[38][39]

Nintendo Entertainment System
Nintendo
1983
61.91 million
[16]

Super Nintendo Entertainment System
Nintendo
1990
49.10 million
[16]

Nintendo 64
Nintendo
1996
32.93 million
[16]

Sega Genesis
Sega
1988
30.75 million
[note 4]

Atari 2600
Atari
1977
30 million
[40]

Xbox One
Microsoft
2013
25–30 million
(guesstimate)
[note 3]

Xbox
Microsoft
2001
24 million
[41]

GameCube
Nintendo
2001
21.74 million
[16]

Wii U
Nintendo
2012
13.56 million
[16]

Master System
Sega
1986
10–13 million
[note 5]

Sega Game Gear
Sega
1990
10.62 million
[48]

TurboGrafx-16
NEC/Hudson Soft
[note 6]
1987
10 million
[50]

Sega Saturn
Sega
1994
9.26 million
[51]

Dreamcast
Sega
1998
9.13 million
[51][52][53][54]

Nintendo Switch
Nintendo
2017
4.7 million
[37]

PlayStation Vita
Sony
2011
>4 million
(as of 2013)
[note 1]

Sega Pico
Sega
1993
>3.4 million
[note 7]

WonderSwan
Bandai
1999
3.5 million
[note 8]

Color TV Game
Nintendo
1977
3 million
[63][64]

Intellivision
Mattel
1980
3 million
[65]

N-Gage
Nokia
2003
3 million
[66]

ColecoVision
Coleco
1982
>2 million
[note 9]

Magnavox Odyssey²
Magnavox/Philips
1978
2 million
[70]

Atari Lynx
Atari
1989
>1 million
[note 10]

Philips CD-i
Philips
1991
>1 million
[note 11]

Telstar
Coleco
1976
>1 million
[75][note 12]

Atari 5200
Atari
1982
1 million
[77]

text: Home game consoles[edit]

text:
Million-selling home game consoles

Platform
Firm
Released[2]
Units sold
Ref.

PlayStation 2
Sony
2000
>155 million
[note 1]

PlayStation
Sony
1994
102.49 million
[30]

Wii
Nintendo
2006
101.63 million
[16]

Xbox 360
Microsoft
2005
84 million
[note 3]

PlayStation 3
Sony
2006
>83.8 million
[note 1]

PlayStation 4
Sony
2013
63.3 million
[38][39]

Nintendo Entertainment System
Nintendo
1983
61.91 million
[16]

Super Nintendo Entertainment System
Nintendo
1990
49.10 million
[16]

Nintendo 64
Nintendo
1996
32.93 million
[16]

Sega Genesis
Sega
1988
30.75 million
[note 4]

Atari 2600
Atari
1977
30 million
[40]

Xbox One
Microsoft
2013
25–30 million
(guesstimate)
[note 3]

Xbox
Microsoft
2001
24 million
[41]

GameCube
Nintendo
2001
21.74 million
[16]

Wii U
Nintendo
2012
13.56 million
[16]

Master System
Sega
1986
10–13 million
[note 5]

TurboGrafx-16
NEC/Hudson Soft
[note 6]
1987
10 million
[50]

Sega Saturn
Sega
1994
9.26 million
[51]

Dreamcast
Sega
1998
9.13 million
[51][52][53][54]

Sega Pico
Sega
1993
>3.4 million
[note 7]

Color TV Game
Nintendo
1977
3 million
[63][64]

Intellivision
Mattel
1980
3 million
[65]

ColecoVision
Coleco
1982
>2 million
[note 9]

Magnavox Odyssey²
Magnavox/Philips
1978
2 million
[70]

Philips CD-i
Philips
1991
>1 million
[note 11]

Telstar
Coleco
1976
>1 million
[75][note 12]

Atari 5200
Atari
1982
1 million
[77]

text: Handheld game consoles[edit]

text:
Million-selling handheld game consoles

Platform
Firm
Released[2]
Units sold
Ref.

Nintendo DS
Nintendo
2004
154.02 million
[16]

Game Boy/Game Boy Color
Nintendo
1989/1998
118.69 million
[note 2]

PlayStation Portable
Sony
2004
82 million
[note 1]

Game Boy Advance
Nintendo
2001
81.51 million
[16]

Nintendo 3DS
Nintendo
2011
67.08 million
[37]

Sega Game Gear
Sega
1990
10.62 million
[48]

PlayStation Vita
Sony
2011
>4 million
(as of 2013)
[note 1]

WonderSwan
Bandai
1999
3.5 million
[note 8]

N-Gage
Nokia
2003
3 million
[66]

Atari Lynx
Atari
1989
>1 million
[note 10]

text: Best-selling game consoles by firm[edit]

text: Total amount of every console with at least 1 million units sold.

text:
Million-selling game consoles by firm

Manufacturer
Home
console sales
Handheld
console sales
Total sales

Nintendo
283.67 million
415.79 million
699.46 million

Sony
>388.69 million
>86 million
>474.69 million

Microsoft
118 million
–
118 million

Sega
59.14–62.14 million
>14.02 million
>76.16 million

Atari
31 million
>1 million
>32 million

Hudson Soft/NEC
10 million
–
10 million

Bandai
–
3.5 million
3.5 million

Coleco
>3 million
–
>3 million

Magnavox/Philips
>3 million
–
>3 million

Mattel
3 million
–
3 million

Nokia
–
3 million
3 million

text: Notes[edit]

text:
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Sony stopped divulging individual platform sales starting with 2012 fiscal reports,[17][18] and continues to sporadically.[19] PlayStation 2: 138.8 million units sold as of Sony's first fiscal quarter ending June 2009 (Q1 FY2009).[20] Sony sold 16.2 million units from Q2 FY2009 until March 31, 2012.[21] It was discontinued worldwide on January 4, 2013.[22] PlayStation 3: A Sony press release reported 80 million sold as of November 2, 2013.[23] 3.4 million were shipped in 2014 and 0.4 million in the first quarter of 2015.[24] PlayStation Portable: 52.9 million units sold as of Q1 FY2009.[20] Sony sold 23.4 million units from Q2 FY2009 until March 31, 2012.[25] On June 3, 2014, IGN reported a sales figure of 80 million,[26] but the Associated Press noted "More than 76 million PSP machines were sold, as of two years ago, the last time a tally was taken."[27] Shipments to North America ended in January 2014, and to Japan in June 2014. Shipments to Europe ended during the latter part of 2014.[27] IGN reported in mid-November that 82 million PSP were manufactured and shipped at end of production.[28] PlayStation Vita: 4 million reported by The Guardian on January 4, 2013.[22]
^ Jump up to: a b Nintendo only provided a combined sales total.[29] Before Game Boy Color's release in late-1998,[2] previous models sold 64.42 million units combined worldwide.[16]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Starting with Microsoft's fiscal quarter ending June 2014 (Q4), the company stopped divulging individual platform sales in their fiscal reports.[31][32] Microsoft stated it will shift focus to the amount of active users on Xbox Live starting in late 2015.[33] Xbox 360: Sold 84 million as of June 2014.[34] Xbox One: Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella unveiled at a December 3, 2014 shareholder presentation that 10 million units were sold.[35] Third-party estimates suggest sales reached approximately 25-30 million worldwide by late 2016.[36]
^ Jump up to: a b 30.75 million sold by Sega worldwide as of March 1996,[48][51] not including third-party sales. In addition, Tec Toy sold 3 million in Brazil,[79][80] and Majesco Entertainment projected it would sell 1.5 million in the United States.[81]
^ Jump up to: a b 10–13 million, not including recent Brazil sales figures.[42][43] Screen Digest wrote in a 1995 publication that the Master System's active installed user base in Western Europe peaked at 6.25 million in 1993. Those countries that peaked are France at 1.6 million, the United Kingdom at 1.35 million, Germany at 700 thousand, Spain at 550 thousand, the Netherlands at 200 thousand, and other Western European countries at 1.4 million. However, Belgium peaked in 1991 with 600 thousand, and Italy in 1992 with 400 thousand. Thus it is estimated approximately 6.8 million units were purchased in this part of Europe.[44] 1 million were sold in Japan as of 1986.[45] 2 million were sold in the United States.[46] 8 million were sold by Tectoy in Brazil as of 2016.[47]
^ Jump up to: a b Designed by Hudson and manufactured and marketed by NEC.[49]
^ Jump up to: a b Sega sold this amount as of April 2005.[55] Its successor launched on August 6, 2005.[56] Majesco re-manufactured and distributed the Pico in the United States starting at the end of 1999.[57]
^ Jump up to: a b Bandai released three WonderSwan iterations.[58] A March 2003 Famitsu article reported the original (March 1999)[59] and color (December 2000)[59] versions sold approximately 3 million units combined,[60] while the SwanCrystal (July 2002)[58] sold over 200 thousand units.[60] Bandai announced the transition from hardware to third-party development in February 2003 due to declining sales and will supply software to the competitor's Game Boy Advance by March 2004.[61] Average weekly Famitsu sales during the transition were only a couple hundred units,[1] and the SwanCrystal went build to order starting in autumn 2003.[60] WonderSwan hardware designer Koto claimed over 3.5 million were sold.[62]
^ Jump up to: a b The ColecoVision reached 2 million units sold by the spring of 1984. Console quarterly sales dramatically decreased at this time, but it continued to sell modestly[67][68] with most inventory gone by October 1985.[69]
^ Jump up to: a b The Wall Street Journal reported in November 1992 approximately 1 million were sold.[71] Around June 1994, Atari shifted its focus from the Lynx to its Jaguar console.[72]
^ Jump up to: a b This Philips-reported figure was in The New York Times on September 15, 1994.[73] The CD-i was discontinued in 1998.[74]
^ Jump up to: a b Coleco launched Telstar in 1976 and sold a million. Production and delivery issues, and dedicated consoles being replaced by electronic handheld games dramatically reduced sales in 1977. Over a million Telstars were scrapped in 1978, and it cost Coleco $22.3 million that year[68]—almost bankrupting the company.[76]

tag: ol


document_title: Barnes & Noble

question_text: when did starbucks partner with barnes and noble

text: Barnes & Noble

text: History[edit]

text: 19th century: Foundations[edit]

text: Although the flagship store once featured the motto "founded in 1873," the C. M. Barnes-Wilcox Company never had any connection to Barnes & Noble other than the fact that both were partly owned (at different times) by William Barnes.

text: Barnes & Noble originated in 1886 with a bookstore called Arthur Hinds & Company, located in the Cooper Union Building in New York City.[8][9] In the fall of 1886, Gilbert Clifford Noble, a then-recent Harvard graduate from Westfield, Massachusetts, was hired to work there as a clerk.[10]

text: In 1894, Noble was made a partner, and the name of the shop was changed to Hinds & Noble.[11]

text: 20th century: Expansion[edit]

text: In 1901, Hinds & Noble moved to 31–35 W. 15th Street.[12]

text: In 1917, Noble bought out Hinds and entered into a partnership with William Barnes, son of his old friend Charles; the name of the store was changed to Barnes & Noble.[13][14] Charles Barnes had opened a book-printing business in Wheaton, Illinois in 1873; William Barnes divested himself of his ownership interest in his father's firm just before his partnership with Noble and it would go on to become Follett Corporation.

text: In 1930, Noble sold his share of the company to William Barnes' son John Wilcox Barnes.[15] Noble died on June 6, 1936, at the age of 72.[16] In 1932, at the height of the Great Depression, the bookstore moved to a flagship location on 18th Street and Fifth Avenue,[17] which served as so until its closure in 2014. The Noble family retained ownership of an associated publishing business, and Barnes & Noble opened a new publishing division in 1931.[15]

text: In 1940, the store was one of the first businesses to feature Muzak; it underwent a major renovation the following year.[18] That decade the company opened stores in Brooklyn and Chicago.[19] William Barnes died in 1945, at the age of 78, and his son John Wilcox Barnes assumed full control.[19] The company underwent a significant expansion between the 1950s and the 1960s, opening an additional retail store on 23rd Street in Manhattan, as well as shops near the City University of New York, Harvard, and other Northeast college campuses.[20]

text: John Barnes died in 1964, and the company was sold to the conglomerate Amtel two years later.[21] The business was purchased in 1971, by Leonard Riggio for $1.2 million.[20] By then, it had been badly mismanaged over the prior two years and consisted only of "a significantly reduced wholesale operation and a single retail location—the store at 105 Fifth Avenue."[20] In 1974, Barnes & Noble became the first bookstore chain to advertise on television and a year later, the company became the first bookseller in America to discount books, by selling The New York Times best-selling titles at 40% off the publishers' list price.[22] Between the 1970s and the 1980s, Barnes & Noble opened smaller discount stores, which eventually phased out in favor of larger stores. They also began to publish their own books to be sold to mail-order customers. These titles were primarily affordable reissues of out-of-print titles and selling them through mail-order catalogs allowed Barnes & Noble to reach new customers nationwide.[22]

text: In November 1974, in response to a question from a member of the studio audience, the British twin brothers Norris McWhirter and Ross McWhirter, who were editors of the British-produced Guinness Book of Records, claimed on the BBC One television programme Record Breakers that the Fifth Avenue store of Barnes and Noble had overtaken that of London's Foyles bookshop to become the world's biggest bookstore.[23]

text: Barnes & Noble continued to expand throughout the 1980s, and it purchased the primarily shopping mall-based B. Dalton chain from Dayton Hudson in 1986, for an estimated $275 million to $300 million.[24] The last B. Dalton stores were scheduled to close in January 2010.[25] In 1989, Barnes and Noble had purchased the 22-store chain Bookstop.

text: Solveig Robinson, author of The Book in Society: An Introduction to Print Culture, wrote that the purchase "gave [Barnes and Noble] the necessary know-how and infrastructure to create what, in 1992, became the definitive bookselling superstore."[26] The acquisition of the 797 B. Dalton bookstores turned the company into a nationwide retailer, and by the end of fiscal year 1999, the second-largest online bookseller in the United States.[25] B&N's critics claim that it has contributed to the decline of local and independent booksellers.[27]

text: Before Barnes & Noble created its official website, it sold books directly to customers through mail-order catalogs. It first began selling books online through an early videotex service called "Trintex," a joint venture between Sears and IBM, but the company's website was not launched until May 1997.[28]

text: 21st century: Operating in an electronic environment[edit]

text: Video games and related items were sold in the company's GameStop retail outlets from 1999 until late 2004, when the division was spun off by distributing its 59% stake in GameStop to stakeholders of Barnes & Noble's, making it an independent company.[29]

text: In 2002, Leonard Riggio's brother Stephen Riggio was named Barnes & Noble's CEO, a position he held until 2010.[30] The Barnes & Noble Review, an online literary site, was launched in October 2007. It featured book reviews, columns, and interview from critics and authors such as Michael Dirda, John Freeman, A.C. Grayling, Ezra Klein, Paul LaFarge, Mark Sarvas, Dava Sobel, Neal Stephenson, Stephen King, and Greil Marcus.[31] Music critic Robert Christgau has also written essays for the site.[32]

text: According to B&N's website, it now carried more than 2 million titles in 2010.[33] Also in 2010 website president William Lynch was named CEO. He is credited with helping launch the company's electronic book store and overseeing the introduction of its electronic book reader, the Nook. Many observers saw his appointment as underscoring the importance of digital books to Barnes & Noble's future. Steve Riggio stayed on as vice chairman.[34] Lynch resigned in mid-2013,[35] and he was replaced by Chief Financial Officer Michael Huseby early the next year.[36] Following the spinoff of Barnes and Noble Education, Huseby departed to head the new firm; his place was filled in mid-2015 by Ronald Boire,[37][38] who departed one year later.[39] Demos Parneros was named Barnes & Noble’s Chief Executive Officer in April 2017 after having joined the company as Chief Operating Officer in November 2016. He was previously President, North American Stores & Online, for Staples, Inc.

text: After the bankruptcy and closure of its chief competitor, Borders Group, in 2011,[40] Barnes & Noble became the last remaining national bookstore chain in America.[6][7] This followed a series of mergers and bankruptcies in the American bookstore industry since the 1990s, which also saw the demise of Waldenbooks, Barnes & Noble's own subsidiary B. Dalton, and Crown Books, among others. Barnes & Noble's largest physical bookstore rival is now Books-A-Million, which does not operate in the Western US. Barnes & Noble also faces competition from general retailers, especially from Amazon.com, and from regional and independent booksellers.

text: In the 2010s Barnes & Noble has reduced its overall presence. It closed its original flagship store in early 2014.[41] Mid-2014 it spun off the Nook Media division.[42]

text: Publishing[edit]

text: Barnes & Noble publishes some of the books it sells, inexpensively reprinting non-copyrighted titles or acquiring the U.S. or English language rights from another publisher. In addition, Barnes & Noble commissions reprint anthologies and omnibus editions using in-house editors.[citation needed]

text: One of these titles, The Gentle Art of Verbal Self-Defense by Suzette Haden Elgin, has sold over 250,000 copies.[28] The reissued edition of The Columbia History of the World by John Garrity, for example has sold over 1 million copies.[28]

text: Since then, the company has expanded its publishing operation. This expansion was aided by the company's 2001 acquisition of SparkNotes, an educational website and publishing company.[43] Further expansions of the company's publishing business include the purchase of Sterling Publishing in 2003.[28]

text: From around 1992 through early 2003, Barnes & Noble released a series of literary classics for adults and children under the imprint Barnes & Noble Classics. Originally available only in hardcover, most titles came in a black or cream-colored dust jacket edition. In 2003, Barnes & Noble revamped and expanded its line of literature classics, releasing books in hardcover, mass market, and trade paperback editions.[citation needed] In addition, Barnes & Noble has a second paperback series called the Barnes & Noble Library of Essential Reading.[44]

text: Food service[edit]

text: The first store to feature a café serving Starbucks beverages was in Springfield, New Jersey,[citation needed] in 1993.[45] Since then, most stores have been amended or constructed specifically to feature a café serving Starbucks beverages, Harney & Sons or Tazo Tea, FIJI Bottled Water, bakery goods from The Cheesecake Factory, candy from Godiva Chocolatiers, sandwiches and other specialty products. Although the cafés are owned and operated by Barnes & Noble, servers follow Starbucks' standards in beverage preparation.[citation needed] The Barnes & Noble membership card is accepted to receive a discount on any café related goods.[46] Starbucks Rewards and gift cards are not accepted at Barnes & Noble cafés.

text: In 2004, Barnes & Noble began offering Wi-Fi in the café area of selected stores, using SBC FreedomLink (now the AT&T Wi-Fi network). All stores currently offer Wi-Fi, an effort which was completed in 2006. Since July 27, 2009, Wi-Fi is offered for free to all customers.[47]

text: In 2016, Barnes & Noble announced plans during an investor conference to open four concept stores featuring restaurants twice the size of their cafés that would offer better food, wine, and beer. The restaurants, which are planned to open in fiscal year 2017, are expected to drive sales growth; should sales meet expectations, additional concept stores could open and stores with enough space to accommodate the restaurant could have the restaurants incorporated there as well. Company officials planned to open the first such stores in New York, Minnesota, California, and Virginia.

text: The Barnes & Noble restaurants are expected to include a waitstaff and a full menu for breakfast, lunch, and dinner.[48]

text: Community involvement[edit]

text: Barnes & Noble hires community business development managers to engage in community outreach. These managers' responsibilities include organizing in-store events, such as author appearances, children's storytimes and book groups. Community business development managers also work closely with local schools and groups to promote literacy and the arts. For example, Barnes & Noble sponsors a children's summer reading program that promotes literacy and puts over 2 million books into the hands of the children each year.[49] Barnes & Noble also hosts bookfairs, which raise funds for schools and libraries and an annual holiday book drive to collect books for disadvantaged children. Barnes & Noble stores collected and donated nearly 1.6 million books to more than 650 local charities across the country that provide services to disadvantaged children during the 2016 Holiday Book Drive. To promote nationwide literacy among 1st to 6th graders and encourage more reading during the summer, Barnes & Noble has implemented a summer challenge: if children read eight books and write about their reading, Barnes & Noble will give the reader a free book.[50]

text: Barnes & Noble Nook[edit]

text: Barnes & Noble Nook (styled NOOK) is a suite of e-book readers developed by the company,[51] based on the Android platform. The first device was announced in the United States on October 20, 2009 and was released November 30, 2009, for $259.[52] On June 21, 2010, Barnes & Noble reduced the Nook's price to $199, as well as launched a new Wi-Fi-only model, for $149, and released a Nook colored touch screen for $249.[53]

text: The Nook competes with the Amazon Kindle, Kobo eReader, and other e-reader offerings and color tablets used sometimes as readers, such as Apple's iBooks for iOS devices. Various Nook models feature a 6-inch, 7-inch, or larger touchscreen.[54] Version 1.3 of the Nook introduced Wi-Fi connectivity, a web browser, a dictionary, chess, and sudoku games, and a separate, smaller color touchscreen that serves as the primary input device. The Nook also features a Read in Store capability that allows visitors to stream and read any book for up to one hour while shopping in a Barnes & Noble bookstore. According to a June 2010 CNet article, the company planned to expand this feature to include periodicals in the near future.[55] The color version of the Nook introduced a 7-inch color touchscreen and the ability to view at a portrait or landscape orientation.[56]

text: On April 30, 2012, Microsoft invested $300 million for a 17.6% stake in Nook, which valued the business at about $1.7 billion.[57]

text: In November 2012, the technology publications Mashable and Techdirt criticized the license agreement with which Barnes & Noble sells ebooks to consumers, pointing out that the rights to re-download a purchased ebook expire when the customer's credit card expires, and a valid credit card must be added to the account to restore this functionality.[58][59]

text: In June 2014, Barnes & Noble had previously announced that it would spin off its Nook Digital division into a separate publicly traded company,[42][60] but as of 2016, Nook remains a part of Barnes & Noble. That same month, the company announced a partnership with Samsung Electronics to make Nook tablets, as the bookseller moved forward with plans to revamp its digital business.[61] Samsung and Barnes & Noble introduced the Samsung Galaxy Tab 4 Nook 7.0 in August 2014, followed by the Samsung Galaxy Tab 4 Nook 10.1 in October 2014. In December 2014, Barnes & Noble announced that it had ended its Nook partnership with Microsoft by buying back its stake.[62] Samsung and Barnes & Noble continue to introduce new Nook tablets.[63]

text: In March 2016, Barnes & Noble announced it would close the Nook App Store and Nook Video and in the UK close the Nook Store on March 15.[64] It will continue to sell e-books as well as digital magazines and newspapers in the US.

text: College bookstores[edit]

text: In August 2015, Barnes & Noble announced the completion of the separation of its Retail and College businesses. Barnes & Noble Education, Inc. is now an independent public company and the parent of Barnes & Noble College, trading on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol, "BNED". Barnes & Noble College Booksellers, previously owned by company chairman Leonard Riggio, operated the self-proclaimed "world's largest bookstore" on Fifth Avenue and 18th Street in New York City, from 1932 to 2014. This flagship store carried a large variety of textbooks, medical and legal books, and medical supplies, in addition to the various trade titles carried at the company's main stores.[65]


document_title: Justice League (film)

question_text: who's playing aquaman in the new justice league movie

question_tokens: who 's playing aquaman in the new justice league movie

text: Justice League (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: 28,000 years ago, Steppenwolf and his army of Parademons attempt to conquer Earth through the combined energies of three Mother Boxes. They are foiled by a unified army that included the Olympian Gods, Amazons, Atlanteans, Mankind, and the Green Lantern Corps. After repelling Steppenwolf's army, the Mother Boxes are separated and hidden in locations around the planet.

text: In the present, the world is in mourning after the death of Superman. This triggers the Mother Boxes to reactivate and Steppenwolf's return to Earth in an effort to regain favor with his master, Darkseid. Steppenwolf manages to retrieve the Mother Box from Themyscira, prompting Queen Hippolyta to warn her daughter Diana of Steppenwolf's return by lighting the invasion fire. Diana joins Bruce Wayne in his attempt to unite other metahumans to their cause, with Wayne going after Arthur Curry and Barry Allen, while Diana tries to locate Victor Stone. The two of them fail to persuade Curry and Stone, but manage to recruit an enthusiastic Allen onto the team. Stone later joins the team after his father Silas is kidnapped, along with several other S.T.A.R. Labs employees, by Steppenwolf seeking to acquire the Mother Box from them.

text: Meanwhile, Steppenwolf attacks Atlantis to retrieve the next Mother Box, forcing Curry to take action. The team receives intel from Commissioner James Gordon leading them to Steppenwolf's army, based in an abandoned facility under Gotham Harbor. Although the group manages to rescue the kidnapped employees, the facility is flooded during combat, which traps the team until Curry helps delay the flood so they can escape. Stone retrieves the last Mother Box, which he had hidden, for the group to analyze. Stone reveals that his father used the Mother Box to rebuild Stone's body after an accident almost cost him his life. Wayne decides to use the Mother Box to resurrect Superman, not only to help them fight off Steppenwolf's army, but also to restore hope to mankind. Diana and Curry are hesitant about the idea, but Wayne forms a secret contingency plan in case Superman returns as a nemesis.

text: Clark Kent's body is exhumed and placed in the incubation waters of the Kryptonian ship alongside the Mother Box, which in turn activates and successfully resurrects Superman. However, Superman's memories have not returned, and he attacks the group after Stone accidentally launches a projectile at him. On the verge of being killed by Superman, Batman enacts his contingency plan: Lois Lane. Superman calms down and leaves with Lois to his family home in Smallville, where he reflects and tries to recover his memories. With the final Mother Box unguarded, Steppenwolf retrieves it with ease.

text: Without Superman to aid them, the five heroes travel to a village in Russia where Steppenwolf aims to unite the Mother boxes once again and remake Earth. The team fights their way through the Parademons to reach Steppenwolf, although they are unable to distract him enough for Stone to separate the Mother boxes. Superman arrives, defeats Steppenwolf and assists Allen in evacuating the city, as well as Stone in separating the Mother Boxes. Steppenwolf, who, overcome with fear, is attacked by his own Parademons before they all teleport away.

text: In the aftermath of the battle, Wayne and Diana agree to rebuild Wayne Manor as a base of operations for the team, with additional space for more potential heroes. Diana steps back into the public spotlight as a hero; Allen acquires a job in Central City's police department, impressing his father; Stone continues to explore and enhance his abilities with his father in S.T.A.R. Labs; Curry returns to Atlantis; and Superman resumes his life as reporter Clark Kent. In a mid-credits scene, Flash and Superman engage in a race to the Pacific to see who is the fastest. In the post-credits scene, Lex Luthor has escaped from Arkham Asylum and recruits Slade Wilson to form their "own league."

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Ben Affleck as Bruce Wayne / Batman:
The leader and benefactor of the Justice League, a wealthy socialite, and the owner of Wayne Enterprises. He dedicates himself to protect Gotham City from its criminal underworld as a highly trained, masked vigilante equipped with many powerful tools and weapons.

Henry Cavill as Clark Kent / Superman:
A member and inspiration of the Justice League, and a Kryptonian survivor, and journalist for the Daily Planet based in Metropolis. Additionally, he gains superhuman abilities under a yellow sun. He was presumed dead after the events of Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice.

Amy Adams as Lois Lane:
An undaunted and compassionate award-winning journalist for the Daily Planet and the love interest for Kent.[4]

Gal Gadot as Diana Prince / Wonder Woman:
A member and co-founder of the Justice League, an antiquities dealer, and acquaintance of Wayne. She is also an immortal Amazonian warrior who is the crown princess of Themyscira and daughter of Hippolyta and Zeus. She possesses superhuman attributes and abilities inherited from her parents.

Ezra Miller as Barry Allen / Flash:
A member of the Justice League and a Central City University student, who can move at superhuman speeds due to his ability to tap into the Speed Force.

Jason Momoa as Arthur Curry / Aquaman:
A member of the Justice League and the heir to the throne of the undersea nation of Atlantis.[5] His meta-human aquatic abilities and superhuman physical attributes originate from his Atlantean physiology.

Ray Fisher as Victor Stone / Cyborg:
A member of the Justice League and a former college athlete who, after being cybernetically reconstructed after a nearly fatal car accident, has powers that allow him to fly, turn his arms into cannons, and to manipulate technology. Fisher portrays the character through the use of motion capture for the cybernetic portion of his body.[6]

Jeremy Irons as Alfred Pennyworth: Wayne's butler, chief of security, and trusted confidant.[7]
Diane Lane as Martha Kent: Kent's adoptive mother.[4]
Connie Nielsen as Queen Hippolyta: Prince's mother and Queen of the Amazonians.[4]
J. K. Simmons as Commissioner Gordon: The Commissioner of the Gotham City Police Department and close ally of Batman.[4]
Ciarán Hinds as Steppenwolf: An alien military officer from Apokolips who leads an army of Parademons and is searching for the three Mother Boxes held on Earth. The character is described as "old, tired" and trying to find a way to escape his role of servitude under his nephew, Darkseid.[8] Hinds portrayed the villain through use of motion capture and received some advice in the process from Liam Neeson, who had recently done similar work in A Monster Calls.[9]

text: The Olympian Old Gods Zeus, Ares and Artemis are portrayed by fitness model Sergi Constance, stuntman Nick McKinless, and MMA fighter Aurore Lauzeral, respectively.[10][11] All three were required to get into a specific degree of physicality with Snyder instructing McKinless to sport "veins like worms and paper thin skin". In the finished film, McKinless' face was replaced with David Thewlis's face, and Thewlis received credit as Ares.[10] Robin Wright reprises her role as Antiope during a flashback sequence.[12] Julian Lewis Jones appears as King Atlan, the ancient king of Atlantis, while Amber Heard portrays the Atlantean, Mera.[13][4] Joe Morton reprises his role as Silas Stone, Victor Stone's father and a scientist at S.T.A.R. Labs, while Billy Crudup appears as Henry Allen, Barry Allen's father.[12] Joe Manganiello and Jesse Eisenberg appear uncredited in a post-credit scene as Slade Wilson / Deathstroke and Lex Luthor, respectively.[14] Willem Dafoe and Kiersey Clemons filmed scenes as Nuidis Vulko and Iris West, respectively, although their roles were cut from the final film. Both actors are signed for multiple films and will appear in future installments of the franchise.[citation needed] Michael McElhatton appears as a human bank robber who clashes with Wonder Woman early in the film,[15] while Holt McCallany makes an uncredited appearance as an unnamed burglar used by Batman to lure out a Parademon.[16] Marc McClure, who portrayed Jimmy Olsen in the Christopher Reeve Superman film series, has a cameo as a police officer.[17] Two unidentified Green Lanterns appear at the beginning of the film, created by use of CGI and uncredited actors.[18] Early in production, a deleted scene which was filmed as another post-credits scene depicting Kilowog and Tomar-Re visiting Bruce Wayne / Batman would have further teased Green Lantern Corps; but the scene was scrapped.[19]

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In February 2007, it was announced that Warner Bros. hired husband and wife duo Michele and Kieran Mulroney to write a script for a Justice League film.[20] The news came around the same time that Joss Whedon's long-developed Wonder Woman film had been cancelled,[21] as well as The Flash, written and directed by David S. Goyer.[22] Reportedly titled Justice League: Mortal,[23] Michele and Kiernan Mulroney submitted their script to Warner Bros. in June 2007, receiving positive feedback,[24] which prompted the studio to immediately fast track production in the hopes of filming to begin before the 2007–08 Writers Guild of America strike.[25] Warner Bros. was less willing to proceed with development with a sequel to Superman Returns, having been disappointed with the box office return. Brandon Routh was not approached to reprise the role of Superman in Justice League: Mortal,[26] nor was Christian Bale from Batman Begins.[27] Warner Bros. intended for Justice League: Mortal to be the start of a new film franchise, and to branch out into separate sequels and spin-offs.[28] Shortly after filming finished with The Dark Knight,[29] Bale stated in an interview that "It'd be better if it doesn't tread on the toes of what our Batman series is doing," though he personally felt it would make more sense for Warner Bros. to release the film after The Dark Knight Rises.[27] Jason Reitman was the original choice to direct Justice League, but he turned it down, as he considers himself an independent filmmaker and prefers to stay out of big budget superhero films.[30] George Miller signed to direct in September 2007,[25] with Barrie Osbourne producing[31] on a projected $220 million budget.[32]

text: The following month roughly 40 actors and actresses were auditioning for the ensemble superhero roles, among them were Joseph Cross, Michael Angarano, Max Thieriot, Minka Kelly, Adrianne Palicki and Scott Porter. Miller intended to cast younger actors as he wanted them to "grow" into their roles over the course of several films.[29] D. J. Cotrona was cast as Superman,[28] along with Armie Hammer as Batman.[33] Jessica Biel reportedly declined the Wonder Woman role after being in negotiations.[34] The character was also linked to actresses Teresa Palmer and Shannyn Sossamon, along with Mary Elizabeth Winstead, who confirmed that she had auditioned.[35] Ultimately Megan Gale was cast as Wonder Woman,[36] while Palmer was cast as Talia al Ghul, whom Miller had in mind to act with a Russian accent.[37] The script for Justice League: Mortal would have featured John Stewart as Green Lantern, a role originally offered to Columbus Short.[38] Hip hop recording artist and rapper Common was cast,[39] with Adam Brody as Barry Allen / Flash,[40] and Jay Baruchel as the lead villain, Maxwell Lord.[41] Longtime Miller collaborator Hugh Keays-Byrne had been cast in an unnamed role, rumored to be Martian Manhunter. Aquaman had yet to be cast.[29][32] Marit Allen was hired as the original costume designer before her untimely death in November 2007,[42] and the responsibilities were assumed by Weta Workshop.[43]

text: However, the writers strike began that same month and placed the film on hold. Warner Bros. had to let the options lapse for the cast,[44] but development was fast tracked once more in February 2008 when the strike ended. Warner Bros. and Miller wanted to start filming immediately,[45] but production was pushed back three months.[28] Originally, the majority of Justice League: Mortal would be shot at Fox Studios Australia in Sydney,[32] with other locations scouted nearby at local colleges,[31] and Sydney Heads doubling for Happy Harbor.[23] The Australian Film Commission had a say with casting choices, giving way for George Miller to cast Gale, Palmer and Keays-Bryne, all Australian natives. The production crew was composed entirely of Australians, but the Australian government denied Warner Bros. a 40 percent tax rebate as they felt they had not hired enough Australian actors.[32][46] Miller was frustrated, stating that "A once-in-a-lifetime opportunity for the Australian film industry is being frittered away because of very lazy thinking. They're throwing away hundreds of millions of dollars of investment that the rest of the world is competing for and, much more significantly, highly skilled creative jobs."[47] Production offices were then moved to Vancouver Film Studios in Canada. Filming was pushed back to July 2008, while Warner Bros was still confident they could release the film for a summer 2009 release.[48][49]

text: With production delays continuing, and the success of The Dark Knight in July 2008,[50] Warner Bros. decided to focus on the development of individual films featuring the main heroes, allowing director Christopher Nolan to separately complete his Batman trilogy with The Dark Knight Rises in 2012. Gregory Noveck, senior vice president of creative affairs for DC Entertainment stated "we're going to make a Justice League movie, whether it's now or 10 years from now. But we're not going to do it and Warners is not going to do it until we know it's right."[51] Actor Adam Brody joked "They [Warner Brothers] just didn't want to cross their streams with a whole bunch of Batmans in the universe."[52] Warner Bros. relaunched development for the solo Green Lantern film, released in 2011 as a critical and financial disappointment. Meanwhile, film adaptations for The Flash and Wonder Woman continued to languish in development while filming for a Superman reboot was commencing in 2011 with Man of Steel, produced by Nolan and written by Batman screenwriter David S. Goyer. Shortly after filming had finished for Man of Steel, Warner Bros hired Will Beall to write the script for a new Justice League film.[53] Warner Bros. president Jeff Robinov explained that Man of Steel would be "setting the tone for what the movies are going to be like going forward. In that, it's definitely a first step."[54] The film included references to the existence of other superheroes in the DC Universe,[55] and setting the tone for a shared fictional universe of DC Comics characters on film.[56] Goyer stated that should Green Lantern appear in a future installment, it would be a rebooted version of the character and not connected to the 2011 film.[57]

text: With the release of Man of Steel in June 2013, Goyer was hired to write a sequel, as well as a new Justice League, with the Beall draft being scrapped.[58] The sequel was later revealed to be Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, a team up film featuring Ben Affleck as Batman, Gal Gadot as Wonder Woman, and Ray Fisher as Victor Stone / Cyborg in a minor role that will become more significant in leading up to the proposed Justice League film. The universe is separate from Nolan and Goyer's work on The Dark Knight trilogy, although Nolan is still involved as an executive producer for Batman v Superman.[59] In April 2014, it was announced that Zack Snyder would also be directing Goyer's Justice League script.[60] Warner Bros. was reportedly courting Chris Terrio to rewrite Justice League the following July, after having been impressed with his rewrite of Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice.[61] On October 15, 2014, Warner Bros. announced the film would be released in two parts, with Part One releasing on November 17, 2017, and Part Two on June 14, 2019. Snyder will direct both films.[62] In early July 2015, EW revealed that the script for Justice League Part One had been completed by Terrio.[63] Zack Snyder stated that the film will be inspired by the New Gods comic series by Jack Kirby.[64] Although Justice League was initially announced as a two-part film with the second part releasing two years after the first, Snyder announced in June 2016 that they would be two distinct, separate films and not one film split into two parts, both being stand-alone stories.[65][66]

text: Casting[edit]

text: In April 2014, Ray Fisher was cast as Victor Stone / Cyborg, and was set to cameo in Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice followed by a larger role in Justice League.[67][68] Henry Cavill, Ben Affleck, Gal Gadot, Diane Lane and Amy Adams were also expected to reprise their roles from Batman v Superman.[62][69] In October 2014, Jason Momoa was cast as Arthur Curry / Aquaman and debuted as the character in Dawn of Justice.[70][71] On October 20, 2014, Momoa told ComicBook.com that the Justice League film would be coming first and that is what they were preparing for, and he did not know if the solo Aquaman film would be prior to Justice League or post. He thought it might be the origin of where Aquaman came from.[72] On January 13, 2016, The Hollywood Reporter announced that Amber Heard was in negotiations to appear in the film as Aquaman's love interest Mera.[73] In March 2016, producer Charles Roven said that Green Lantern would not appear in any film before Justice League Part Two, and stated that they "could put Green Lantern in some introduction in Justice League 2, or barring that, a movie after."[74] Also in March, The Hollywood Reporter announced that J. K. Simmons was cast as Commissioner James Gordon,[75] and Heard was confirmed to join the cast as Mera.[76] Adams also confirmed that she would reprise her role as Lois Lane in both Justice League films.[77] The following month, Simmons confirmed that he would play Gordon.[78] By April 2016, Willem Dafoe was cast in an undisclosed role,[79] later revealed to be Nuidis Vulko.[80] Cavill confirmed that he would return for both Justice League films.[81] In May 2016, Jeremy Irons confirmed he will appear as Alfred Pennyworth.[7] That same month, Jesse Eisenberg stated that he would reprise his role as Lex Luthor, and in June 2016, he confirmed in an interview with Shortlist magazine of his return.[82][83] In July 2016, Julian Lewis Jones was cast in an undisclosed role, later revealed to be Atlan, the king of Atlantis.[13] Laurence Fishburne, who portrays Perry White in the DCEU, said he declined to reprise his role in this film due to scheduling conflicts.[84] In April 2017, Michael McElhatton revealed that he had a role in the movie, which was later revealed to be a human bank robber who faces off against Wonder Woman.[15]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography commenced on April 11, 2016, with shooting taking place at Warner Bros. Studios, Leavesden, as well as various locations around London, Scotland, Chicago, Los Angeles and in Djúpavík in the Westfjords[85] of Iceland.[79][86][87] The old herring factory in Djúpavík was one Iceland filming location (Ben Affleck appears to be standing near the herring oil tanks in the Heroes trailer). Snyder's longtime cinematographer Larry Fong was replaced by Fabian Wagner due to scheduling conflicts.[87] Affleck was also revealed to be serving as executive producer.[88] In May 2016, it was revealed that Geoff Johns and Jon Berg will be producing the Justice League films and they will also be in charge of the DC Extended Universe after the largely negative critical reception of Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice.[89] Geoff Johns confirmed on June 3, 2016, that the title of the film is Justice League.[90] That same month, Irons stated that the Justice League storyline will be more linear and simple, in comparison to the theatrical version of Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice.[citation needed] Johns later stated that the film would be "hopeful and optimistic" in comparison to the previous DCEU films.[91] Filming wrapped in October 2016.[92][93][94]

text: Post-production[edit]

text: In May 2017, Snyder stepped down during post-production of the film to properly deal with the death of his daughter. Joss Whedon, whom Snyder had previously brought on to rewrite some additional scenes, took over to handle post-production duties in Snyder's place.[95] In July 2017, it was announced the film was undergoing two months of reshoots in London and Los Angeles, with Warner Bros. putting about $25 million into them (more than the typical $6–10 million additional filming costs).[96] The reshoots coincided with Cavill's shooting schedule for Mission: Impossible 6, for which he had grown a moustache which he was contracted to keep while filming, so Justice League's VFX team had to resort to using special effects to digitally remove the moustache in post.[97] Warner Bros. later announced that Whedon would receive a screenwriting credit on the film alongside Chris Terrio.[98]

text: Music[edit]

text: In March 2016, Hans Zimmer, who co-composed the score for Man of Steel and Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, stated that he is officially retired from the "superhero business".[99] Junkie XL, who wrote and composed the soundtrack of Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice with Zimmer, was originally scoring the film.[100] In June 2017, Danny Elfman was announced to have replaced Junkie XL.[101] Elfman had previously composed Batman, Batman Returns, and the theme music for Batman: The Animated Series. Elfman confirmed that he would be using the Batman theme music from the 1989 film for Batman in the film, and would also use briefly John Williams' Superman theme during "a dark, twisted moment" in the film. Gary Clark Jr. and The White Stripes have also been featured in the Justice League album.[102][103]

text: Release[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (November 2017)

text: Justice League held its world premiere in Beijing on October 26, 2017,[citation needed] and was released in North America in standard, RealD 3D and IMAX on November 17, 2017.

text: Box office[edit]

text: As of December 18, 2017[update], Justice League has grossed $220.1 million in the United States and Canada, and $416.5 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $636.6 million, against a production budget of $300 million.[3] It had a worldwide opening of $278.8 million, the 24th biggest of all-time.[104][105]

text: In the United States and Canada, industry tracking initially had the film debuting to $110–120 million from 4,051 theaters (including 400 IMAX screens).[106] It made $13 million from Thursday night previews, up from the $11 million made by Wonder Woman the previous June.[107] However after making $38.8 million on its first day (including Thursday previews), weekend projections were lowered to $95 million. It ended up debuting to $93.8 million, down 45% from Batman v Superman's opening of $166 million and marking the first film of the DCEU to open under $100 million. Deadline.com attributed the low figure to lukewarm audience reaction to the film and its predecessors, as well as poor critical reception and Warner-owned film review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes not posting their aggregated score until the day before release, causing speculation and doubt from filmgoers.[108] In its second weekend the film dropped 56% to $41.1 million, finishing second at the box office behind newcomer Coco.[109] It was the second-best second weekend hold of the DCEU behind Wonder Woman's 43%, but the lowest overall gross.[110] In its third week it again finished second behind Coco, grossing $16.7 M.[111]

text: Internationally, the film was projected to debut to $215–235 million for a worldwide opening of $325–355 million.[112] It made $8.5 million on its first day from nine countries, including South Korea, France and Brazil.[107] It ended up having a $185 million international debut from 65 countries, including $57.1 million from China, $9.8 million from the United Kingdom, $9.6 million from Mexico and $8.8 million from South Korea. The film made a record in the Philippines with a debut of $1.12M (PHP 57.3M) , that makes it the biggest industry opening day for a film in 2017. [113] In Brazil the film opened to $14.2 million, the biggest opening in the country's history.[104]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Justice League received mixed reviews, with critics praising the action sequences and the solid performances (primarily Gadot and Miller) while criticizing the thin plot, writing, pacing, CGI and the underdeveloped villain.[114] On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 40% based on 292 reviews, with an average rating of 5.3/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Justice League leaps over a number of DC movies, but its single bound isn't enough to shed the murky aesthetic, thin characters, and chaotic action that continue to dog the franchise."[115] On Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 45 out of 100, based on 52 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[116] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale,[108] whereas PostTrak surveyed audiences scored the film 4 out of 5.[117]

text: Sarah Stewart of the New York Post called it "A pointless flail of expensive (yet, somehow, cheap-looking) CGI that no amount of tacked-on quips, or even Gadot's luminescent star power, can rescue." Richard Roeper of Chicago Sun-Times however, gave the film 3.5 out of 4 stars, praising the cast, especially Gadot, and saying "It's a putting-the-band-together origins movie, executed with great fun and energy."[118] Owen Gleiberman of Variety gave the film a positive review and wrote, "Justice League... has been conceived, in each and every frame, to correct the sins of Batman v Superman. It's not just a sequel—it's an act of franchise penance. The movie... is never messy or bombastic. It's light and clean and simple (at times almost too simple), with razory repartee and combat duels that make a point of not going on for too long."[119]

text: Writing for Rolling Stone, Peter Travers gave the film 2.5 out of 4 stars, praising the cast but criticizing the action sequences and writing, saying: "The scenes of the League members together, bickering and bonding, spike the film with humor and genuine feeling, creating a rooting interest in the audience. Without it, the film would crumble."[120] Conversely, Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter, while praising Gadot and Miller, called the film visually ugly and boring, saying, "Fatigue, repetition and a laborious approach to exposition are the keynotes of this affair, which is also notable for how Ben Affleck, donning the bat suit for the second time, looks like he'd rather be almost anywhere else but here."[121]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
Result
Ref.

Golden Trailer Awards
June 6, 2017
Best Action Poster
Justice League “Group Teaser”
Nominated
[122]

San Diego Film Critics Society Awards
December 9, 2017
Best Comedic Performance
Ezra Miller
Nominated
[123]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: A sequel was scheduled to be released in June 2019,[62] but has since been delayed to accommodate the release for a standalone Batman film.[124] By March 2017, producer Charles Roven announced that Zack Snyder would return as director.[125] In October 2017, J. K. Simmons stated that the studio is working on a sequel's script alongside The Batman.[126] Shortly after the release of Justice League, Henry Cavill revealed he is under contract with Warner Bros. to play Superman for one more film.[127]

text: In December 2017, it was reported that there were 'no immediate plans' for Zack Snyder to direct a Justice League sequel, or any other DC films, with Snyder instead being relegated to an executive producer position. This comes after a reshuffling of film production staff at Warner Brothers due to the film's lackluster performance.[128]