document_title: Playing time (cricket)

question_text: when can a test match be called off

question_tokens: when can a test match be called off

text: Playing time (cricket)

text: When the game is played[edit]

text: This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (July 2017)

text: The game is only played in dry weather. Additionally, as it is not unusual for balls to be bowled at over 130 km/h (80 mph) in first-class cricket, the game needs to be played in enough light for a batsman to be able to see the ball. Play is therefore halted when it rains (but not usually when it drizzles) and when there is bad light. Some one-day games and Test matches are now played under floodlights. The first day/night Test match was played between Australia and New Zealand in Adelaide, in November 2015, and was deemed a success, leading to further day/night Tests being scheduled. Day/night Test cricket is played with a pink ball as opposed to the traditional red ball to aid visibility. Apart from some experimental One Day International series in Australia's roofed Etihad Stadium, cricket is played outdoors.

text: These requirements mean that in England, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and Zimbabwe the game is played in the summer.

text: In the West Indies, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh games are played in the winter. In these countries the hurricane and typhoon season coincides with their summers. This has another effect. Games start earlier in these places than in the countries which play cricket as a summer sport. In these countries games start at around 09:30 rather than the 10:30 or 11:00 start time used in England, say, so that play for the day is complete before dusk, which may be as early as 17:30.

text: Starting and finishing play[edit]

text: A game or day starts when the umpire at the bowler's end calls 'Play'. 'Play' is also called to restart the game after an interval or interruption. Before an interval in or interruption of play, and at the end of a match, the umpire at the bowler's end calls 'Time' and removes the bails from both of the wickets. The bowling side cannot make an appeal for a dismissal after 'Time' has been called.

text: The game finishes when the first of three things happens:

text:
There is a result, so that one of the teams has won or the team batting last has lost all its wickets with both teams having the same score thereby giving a tie;
The later of the minimum number of overs for the last hour are completed and the agreed time for the end of the game has been reached (see notes below);
If the players leave the field, either for adverse conditions of ground, weather or light,[1] or in exceptional circumstances, and no further play is possible.

tag: ol

text: Notes:

text:
In one-day cricket the second of these is replaced by the requirement that the agreed number of overs has been reached.
The term last hour can be a misnomer. One hour before the scheduled end of the game, the last hour starts. An agreed minimum number of overs (usually 15 in Test match cricket and 20 in other first-class cricket games) is bowled. The last hour therefore lasts either for the longer of 60 minutes, or the time it takes to bowl the agreed minimum number of overs. This rule is there to prevent time wasting by a team that looks likely to lose a game.
Today, Test matches are played under a set of conditions agreed by the boards of the competing countries. These are highly standardised. Days are scheduled as six hours of playing time, but there is a requirement that a minimum of 90 six-ball overs are bowled, and the third session may run overtime if the over rate has been slower than this. If there is a change of innings, two overs are deducted from the requirement.
If there are interruptions to play due to weather or bad light, the scheduled stumps time may be extended by up to one hour to compensate (light permitting). If more than an hour's play is lost, time may be added on subsequent days.

text: Intervals[edit]

text: Because of the length of the game, there are a number of intervals that occur in a game of cricket. These are:

text:
The period between close of play on one day and the start of the next day's play.
Intervals between innings.
Intervals for meals (lunch and tea).
Intervals for drinks.

text: There are special rules setting out the duration of each interval. The interval between innings lasts for 10 minutes. In Test cricket, lunch (or, in the case of day/night Test matches, dinner) will last for 40 minutes and tea for 20 minutes.

text: Before the coin toss to determine which side bats first, the hours of play, including the timing and duration of intervals for meals or any non-standard interval, is agreed. However, if nine wickets are down when the agreed time for tea is reached (so that the bowling team only needs one more wicket to end the batting team's innings), tea may be delayed until the end of the innings, with a maximum delay of 30 minutes. In a one-day game the teams may agree to take the interval for tea between innings rather than have a separate interval. Also, the teams and umpires sometimes agree to have other intervals. This may be to allow the teams to be presented to an important visitor or to allow time for a presentation or acclamation when a player breaks a significant record. Other intervals may be varied slightly if a wicket falls shortly before the interval is scheduled to be taken.

text: Drinks intervals are agreed at the start of each day, but are not taken during the last hour of the match. Drinks intervals are particularly important when the game is played in hot climates. Games being played in heat of 40 °C (104 °F) and above are not unknown. Drinks intervals may not last for more than 5 minutes.

text: Notable games[edit]

text: A number of games are notable for either their length or because they were played through adverse conditions that would usually see the game called off.

text: The longest Test[edit]

text: Test match cricket is international cricket played over three or more days. Nowadays all men's Test matches are scheduled over five days. In the past some Tests were 'timeless', that is, they were scheduled to be played to their conclusion regardless of how long that took. The longest Test on record was between South Africa and England in Durban, South Africa. The game started on 3rd March 1939 and play continued on the 4th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 13th and the 14th. Play was scheduled for the 11th, but none was possible because of rain, giving 9 days of actual play and 10 days of scheduled play. By the evening of 14 March England were 316 & 654–5 chasing South Africa's 530 & 481, needing just 42 more runs for victory. But England needed to leave Durban the following day to catch their boat home, so, despite being a 'timeless' Test, a draw was agreed. England's 654 is the highest ever Test cricket score for teams batting last (beating the next highest by more than 200 runs.


document_title: Little House on the Prairie

question_text: little house on the prairie house in minnesota

question_tokens: little house on the prairie house in minnesota

root

text: Little House on the Prairie

text: History[edit]

text: Publishing[edit]

text: The first book of the Little House series, Little House in the Big Woods, was published in 1932.[5] This first book did well when it was first published.[6] The Little House books were reissued by Ursula Nordstrom to be illustrated by Garth Williams.[7]

tag: p

text: Before writing the Little House series Laura Ingalls Wilder was a columnist in a farm journal.[6] Her daughter, Rose Wilder Lane, was the motivator behind Wilder's writing and publishing of the first book.[5] Since the first book , there have been around 60 million Little House books sold.[5] There are 9 books that fall under the Little House books umbrella.[8]

text: Rose Wilder Lane had a heavy hand in the editing of the books, though Laura Ingalls Wilder's voice is still strong.[6]  It is contested the amount of influence that Lane had on the books, especially regarding any political themes, but views that align with hers are very visible within the books.[5]  Regardless, Rose Wilder Lane was a large part in the publishing and form of the books.  Lane, also had a hand in giving the rights to Roger Lea MacBride, who then led to the creation of the television show entitled Little House on the Prairie.[5]

text: Time ranks the Little House series as 22 out of 100 of the "100 Best Young Adult Books of All Time."[9]  They are considered classics of American children's literature and remain widely read. In a 2012 survey published by School Library Journal, a monthly with primarily U.S. audience, Little House in the Big Woods was ranked number 19 among all-time best children's novels, and two of its sequels were ranked among the top 100.[10]  Five of the Little House book have been Honor Books for the Newbery Medal.  In 1938, On the Banks of Plum Creek, was a honor book, in 1940 By the Shores of Silver Lake was as well. Later in 1941, The Long Winter, was an honor book, and the two honor books later were The Little Town on the Prairie, in 1942, and Those Happy Golden Years in 1944.[11]  In addition to this, the American Library Association stated that The Long Winter, the seventh book in the series, was a "resource for teaching about pioneer history."[12]

text: Depiction of minorities[edit]

text: The Little House books do include people from ethnic minorities, mainly Native Americans.  There have been criticisms of the Little House books because of portrayals of Native Americans.[13]  Much of the criticism relates to the negative stereotyping as well as a view of them as less than human.[14]  There's also been criticism of the ignorance present in the books of the illegality of the Ingalls' occupation of land they did not have the right to occupy.[14]  Wilder presents the land as "uninhabited," which it was not.[6]  She moves through the series in which she gets older and her growth "gradually forces her to embrace whiteness... as a sign of refinement and to reject brownness as its antithesis."[14]

text: An important moment concerning Wilder's depiction of Native Americans occurred in 1998, when an eight year old girl read Little House on the Prairie in her elementary school class.  The novel contains the line, "The only good Indian is a dead Indian"; and this caused the girl great distress. Her mother, Waziyatawin Angela Cavender Wilson, a member of the Wahpetunwan Dakota nation, challenged the school on its use of the book in the classroom.[15]  This prompted the American Library Association to investigate and ultimately change the name of the Wilder Award, an award named after Laura Ingalls Wilder, to the Children's Literature Legacy Award.[15]  This award is given to books that have made a large impact on children's literature in America.[16]

text: Accuracy to history[edit]

text: Laura Ingalls Wilder work is autobiographical fiction. Wilder embellished or bent the truth on more than one occasion to keep her story interesting.[14]  She also presented a view of the world that supported her family's experiences[17] and has been criticized regarding the history of the government's involvement in homesteading,[17] and the related tragedies faced by Native American people.[14] including illegal occupation of the land by her family, when that land was still recognized by the United States government as the Osage's territory.[14]

text: Political relation to the Little House books[edit]

text: While the Little House books may not be blatantly political in the sense of aligning outright with political parties, there are underlying themes within the books that are anti-government, and there have been owners of the rights to the books who are aligned with political parties.[6]

text: Connections with politics[edit]

text: While Laura Ingalls Wilder wrote the Little House books, it was Rose Wilder Lane who edited them and it was Lane who had the rights after Laura's death.  Rose was an "outspoken antigovernment polemicist and is called one of the grandmothers of the libertarian movement."[5]  Lane's views were supported by her mother.[6]  Though despite her mother's support of her political views, Lane went against her mother, and what was written in her will, by leaving the rights of the Little House books to Roger Lea MacBride after her own death.[6]  Roger Lea MacBride has strong connections to politics, being a once libertarian presidential candidate, and a member of the Republican Liberty Caucus.[5]  His gaining of the rights to the books, was not only from Lane's will but also through a legal battle with the library that Wilder wrote in her will would gain the rights after Lane's death.[5] MacBride was the one to allow the television show to be made, and through the rights he has made a great deal of money.[5]

text: In addition to being involved in party politics the Little House books were used for the "reeducation process" of Japanese and German people after World War Two.[17]

text: Another layer of politics the Little House books brings to the surface is John Locke's Labor Theory of Property.  That is essential in the rhetoric surrounding the Little House books because of the relation between homesteading and the labor theory of property.  The labor theory of property is the idea that if someone improves the land with their own labor that they then have rights to that land.[18]

text: Depiction of the United States Government[edit]

text: Anti-governmental political views, such as those held by Rose Wilder Lane, can be found in the Little House books. In her article, "'Little House on the Prairie' and the Truth About the American West," Patricia Nelson Limerick connects Wilder's apparent and Lane's outright distaste for the government as a way to blame the government for their father's failure at homesteading.[6]  The books show the Wilder family to be entrepreneurs and shows a form of hero worship of Laura Ingalls Wilder's parents.[17] this shaped a hatred of the government, who in fact helped homesteaders.[17]  In "'Little House on the Prairie' and the Myth of Self Reliance," Julie Tharp and Jeff Kleiman claim that the idea of the settlers' self-reliance, which they consider to be a myth, has contributed to conservative rhetoric, and that the Little House books are full of this narrative.[17]  Within the books there is also rhetoric against the New Deal.[14]

text: Books[edit]

text:
Little House in the Big Woods (1932)
Farmer Boy (1933)
Little House on the Prairie (1935)
On the Banks of Plum Creek (1937)
By the Shores of Silver Lake (1939)
The Long Winter (1940)
Little Town on the Prairie (1941)
These Happy Golden Years (1943)
The First Four Years (1971)

tag: ul

text: Four series of books expand the Little House series to include five generations of Laura Ingalls Wilder's family. The "Martha Years" and "Charlotte Years" series, by Melissa Wiley, are fictionalized tales of Laura's great-grandmother in Scotland in the late 18th century and grandmother in early 19th century Massachusetts.[19] The "Caroline Years" series narrates Laura's mother, Caroline Quiner's, childhood in Wisconsin.[20] The Rose Years (originally known as the "Rocky Ridge Years") series follows Rose Wilder Lane from childhood in Missouri to early adulthood in San Francisco. It was written by her surrogate grandson Roger MacBride.[21]

text: Two volumes of Laura's letters and diaries have also been issued under the Little House imprint: On The Way Home and West From Home, both published by Harper Collins in 1962 and 1974 respectively.[22][23]

text: Little House in the Big Woods[edit]

text: The story of the first book in the series, Little House in the Big Woods, revolves around the life of the Ingalls family in their small home near Pepin, Wisconsin. The family includes mother Caroline Ingalls, father Charles Ingalls, elder daughter Mary Amelia Ingalls, and younger daughter (and protagonist), Laura Ingalls Wilder.[24] Also in the story, though not yet born historically, is Laura's baby sister Carrie. In the book, Laura herself turns five years old, when the real-life author had only been three during the events of the book.  According to a letter from her daughter, Rose, to biographer William Anderson, the publisher had Laura change her age in the book because it seemed unrealistic for a three-year-old to have specific memories such as she wrote about.[25]

text: Little House in the Big Woods describes the homesteading skills Laura observed and began to practice during her fifth year. The cousins come for Christmas that year, and Laura receives a doll, which she names Charlotte. Later that winter, the family goes to Grandma Ingalls’s and has a “sugaring off,” when they harvest sap and make maple syrup. They return home with buckets of syrup, enough to last the year. Laura remembered that sugaring off, and the dance that followed, for the rest of her life.[26]

text: The book also describes other farm work duties and events, such as the birth of a calf, and the availability of milk, butter and cheese, gardening, field work, hunting, gathering, and more. Everyday housework is also described in detail. When Pa went into the woods to hunt, he usually came home with a deer then smoked the meat for the coming winter. One day he noticed a bee tree and returned from hunting early to get the wash tub and milk pail to collect the honey. When Pa returned in the winter evenings, Laura and Mary always begged him to play his fiddle, as he was too tired from farm work to play during the summertime.[26]

text: Farmer Boy[edit]

text: Farmer Boy, published in 1933, is the second-published of the Little House books and it is commonly numbered two in the series, but its story is unrelated to that of the inaugural novel, Little House in the Big Woods. It features the boyhood of Laura's future husband Almanzo Wilder from before his ninth birthday until after his tenth. The book describes his schooling, holidays, farm work, and most of all, food.[27]

text: Little House on the Prairie[edit]

text: Little House on the Prairie, published in 1935, is the third book in the Little House series but only the second that features the Ingalls family; it continues directly the story of the inaugural novel, Little House in the Big Woods.

text: The book tells about the months the Ingalls family spent on the prairie of Kansas, around the town of Independence, Kansas. At the beginning of this story, Pa Ingalls decides to sell the house in the Big Woods of Wisconsin, and move the family, via covered wagon to the Indian Territory near Independence, Kansas, as there were widely circulating stories that the land (technically still under Osage ownership) would be opened to settlement by homesteaders imminently. So Laura, along with Pa and Ma, Mary, and baby Carrie, move to Kansas. Along the way, Pa trades his two horses for two Western mustangs, which Laura and Mary name Pet and Patty.[28]

text: When the family reaches Indian Territory, they meet Mr. Edwards, who is extremely polite to Ma, but tells Laura and Mary that he is "a wildcat from Tennessee." Mr. Edwards is an excellent neighbor, and helps the Ingalls in every way he can, beginning with helping Pa erect their house. Pa builds a roof and a floor for their house and digs a well, and the family is finally settled.[28]

text: At their new home, unlike their time in the Big Woods, the family meets difficulty and danger. The Ingalls family becomes terribly ill from a disease called at that time "fever 'n' ague" (fever with severe chills and shaking) which was later identified as malaria. Laura comments on the varied ways they believe to have acquired it, with "Ma" believing it came from eating bad watermelon. Mrs. Scott, another neighbor, takes care of the family while they are sick. Around this time,  Mr. Edwards brings Laura and Mary their Christmas presents from Independence, and in the spring, the Ingalls plant the beginnings of a small farm.[28]

text: Irony also becomes a part of this book. Ma's prejudice about American Indians, and Laura's childish observations of them, are contrasted with Pa's more egalitarian view of them, and these views collectively are shown side by side with the objective portrayal of the Osage tribe that lives on and owns that land.[14]

text: At the end of this book, the family is told that the land must be vacated by settlers as it is not legally open to settlement yet, and in 1870 Pa elects to leave the land and move before the Army forcibly requires him to abandon the land.[28]

text: On the Banks of Plum Creek[edit]

text: On the Banks of Plum Creek, published in 1937 and fourth in the series, follows the Ingalls family as they move from Pepin, Wisconsin to Kansas to an area near Walnut Grove, Minnesota, and settle in a dugout "on the banks of Plum Creek (Redwood County, Minnesota)".[29]

text: Pa trades his horses Pet and Patty to the property owner (a man named Hanson) for the land and crops, but later gets two new horses as Christmas presents for the family, which Laura and her sister Mary name "Sam" and "David". Pa soon builds a new, above-ground, wooden house for the family. During this story, Laura and Mary go to school for the first time in town where they meet their teacher, Miss Eva Beadle. They also meet Nellie Oleson, who makes fun of Laura and Mary for being "country girls." Laura plays with her bulldog Jack when she is home, and she and Mary are invited to a party at the Olesons' home. Laura and Mary invite all the girls (including Nellie) to a party at their house to reciprocate. The family soon goes through hard times when a plague of Rocky Mountain Locust decimates their crops. The book ends with Pa returning safely to the house after being unaccounted for during a severe four-day blizzard.[30]

text: By the Shores of Silver Lake[edit]

text: By the Shores of Silver Lake, published in 1939 and fifth in the series.

text: The story begins when the family is about to leave Plum Creek, shortly after the family has recovered from the scarlet fever which caused Mary to become blind. The family welcomes a visit from Aunt Docia, whom they had not seen for several years. She suggests that Pa and Ma move west to the rapidly developing Dakota Territory, where Pa could work in Uncle Henry’s railroad camp at very good wages for that era. Ma and Pa agree, since it will allow Pa to look for a homestead while he works. The family has endured many hardships on Plum Creek and Pa especially is anxious for a new start. After selling his land and farm to neighbors, Pa goes ahead with the wagon and team. Mary is still too weak to travel so the rest of the family follows later by train.[31]

text: The day Pa leaves, however, their beloved bulldog Jack is found dead, which saddens Laura greatly. In actuality, the dog upon whom Jack was based was no longer with the family at this point, but the author inserted his death here to serve as a transition between her childhood and her adolescence. Laura also begins to play a more mature role in the family due to Mary's blindness – Pa instructs Laura to "be Mary's eyes" and to assist her in daily life as she learns to cope with her disability. Mary is strong and willing to learn.[31]

text: The family travels to Dakota Territory by train – this is the children's first train trip and they are excited by the novelty of this new mode of transportation that allows them to travel in one hour the distance it would take a horse and wagon an entire day to cover.[31]

text: With the family reunited and situated at the railroad camp, Laura meets her cousin Lena, and the two become good friends.[31]

text: As winter approaches, and the railroad workers take down the cabins and head back East, the family wonders where they might stay for the winter. As luck would have it, the county surveyor needs a house-sitter while he is East for the winter, and Pa signs up. It is a winter of luxury for the Ingalls family as they are given all the provisions they need in the large, comfortable house. They spend a cozy winter with their new friends, Mr. and Mrs. Boast, and both families look forward to starting their new claims in the spring.[31]

text: But the "Spring Rush" comes early. The large mobilization of pioneers to the Dakotas in early March prompts Pa to leave immediately on the few days' trip to the claims office. The girls are left alone and spend their days and nights boarding and feeding all the pioneers passing through. They charge 25 cents for dinner and boarding, starting a savings account toward sending Mary to the School for the Blind in Vinton, Iowa.[31]

text: Pa successfully files his claim, with the aid of old friend Mr. Edwards. As the spring flowers bloom and the prairie comes alive with new settlers, the Ingalls family moves to their new piece of land and begins building what will become their permanent home.[31]

text: The Long Winter[edit]

text: The Long Winter, published in 1940 and sixth in the series, covers the shortest timespan of the novels, only an eight-month period.  The winter of 1880–1881 was a notably severe winter in history, sometimes known as "The Snow Winter".[32][33][34]

text: The story begins in Dakota Territory at the Ingalls homestead in South Dakota on a hot September day in 1880 as Laura and her father ("Pa") are haying. Pa tells Laura that he knows the winter is going to be hard because muskrats always build a house with thick walls before a hard winter, and this year, they have built the thickest walls he has ever seen. In mid-October, the Ingalls wake with an unusually early blizzard howling around their poorly insulated claim shanty. Soon afterward, Pa receives another warning from an unexpected source: a dignified old Native American man comes to the general store in town to warn the white settlers that there will be seven months of blizzards. Impressed, Pa decides to move the family into town for the winter.[35]

text: Laura attends school with her younger sister, Carrie until the weather becomes too severe to permit them to walk to and from the school building. Blizzard after blizzard sweeps through the town over the next few months. Food and fuel become scarce and expensive, as the town depends on the trains to bring supplies but the frequent blizzards prevent the trains from getting through. Eventually, the railroad company suspends all efforts to dig out the train, stranding the town. For weeks, the Ingalls subsist on potatoes and coarse brown bread, using twisted hay for fuel. As even this meager food runs out, Laura's future husband Almanzo Wilder and his friend Cap Garland risk their lives to bring wheat to the starving townspeople – enough to last the rest of the winter.[35]

text: Laura's age in this book is also accurate. (In 1880, she would have been 13, as she states in the first chapter.) However, Almanzo Wilder's age is misrepresented in this book.  Much is made of the fact that he is 19 pretending to be 21 in order to illegally obtain a homestead claim from the US government.  But in 1880, his true age would have been 23.  Scholar Ann Romines has suggested that Laura made Almanzo younger because it was felt that more modern audiences would be scandalized by the great difference in their ages in light of their young marriage.[36]

text: As predicted, the blizzards continue for seven months. Finally, the trains begin running again, bringing the Ingalls a Christmas barrel full of good things – including a turkey. In the last chapter, they sit down to enjoy their Christmas dinner in May.[35]

text: Little Town on the Prairie[edit]

text: Little Town on the Prairie, published in 1941 and seventh in the series.

text: The story begins as Laura accepts her first job performing sewing work in order to earn money for Mary to go to a college for the blind in Iowa. Laura's hard work comes to an end by summer when she is let go, and the family begins planning to raise cash crops to pay for Mary's college. After the crops are destroyed by blackbirds, Pa sells a calf to earn the balance of the money needed. When Ma and Pa escort Mary to the college, Laura, Carrie, and Grace are left alone for a week. In order to stave off the loneliness stemming from Mary's departure, Laura, Carrie, and Grace do the fall cleaning. They have several problems, but the house is sparkling when they are done. Ma and Pa come home, and are truly surprised.[37]

text: In the fall, the Ingalls quickly prepare for a move to town for the winter. Laura and Carrie attend school in town and Laura is reunited with her friends Minnie Johnson and Mary Power and meets a new girl, Ida Brown. There is a new schoolteacher for the winter term: Eliza Jane Wilder, Almanzo’s sister. Nellie Oleson, Laura's nemesis from Plum Creek, has moved to De Smet and is attending the school. Nellie turns the teacher against Laura and Miss Wilder loses control of the school for a time. A visit by the school board restores order; however, Miss Wilder leaves at the end of the fall term, and is eventually replaced by Mr. Clewett and then Mr. Owen, the latter of whom befriends Laura. Through the course of the winter, Laura sets herself to studying, as she only has one year left before she can apply for a teaching certificate.[37]

text: At the same time, Almanzo Wilder begins escorting Laura home from church. By Christmastime, Almanzo once again sees Laura home, and offers to take her on a sleigh ride after he completes the cutter he is building.[37]

text: At home, Laura is met by Mr. Boast and Mr. Brewster, who ask Laura if she would be interested in a teaching position at a settlement led by Brewster twelve miles (19 km) from town. The school superintendent, George Williams, comes and tests Laura (though she is two months too young, he never asks her age), and she is awarded a third-grade teaching certificate.[37]

text: These Happy Golden Years[edit]

text: These Happy Golden Years, published in 1943 and eighth in the series, originally ended with a note alone on the last page: "The end of the Little house books."[38] It takes place between 1882 and 1885. As the story begins, Pa is taking Laura 12 miles (19 km) from home to her first teaching assignment at Brewster settlement. Laura, only 15 and a schoolgirl herself, is apprehensive as this is both the first time she has left home and the first school she has taught. She is determined to complete her assignment and earn $40 to help her sister Mary, who is attending Vinton College for the Blind in Iowa.[39]

text: This first school proves difficult for her. Laura must board with the Brewsters in their two-room claim shanty, sleeping on their sofa. The Brewsters are an unhappy family and Laura is deeply uncomfortable observing the way husband and wife quarrel. In one particularly unsettling incident, she wakes in the night to see Mrs Brewster standing over her husband with a knife. It is a bitterly cold winter, and neither the claim shanty or the school house can be heated adequately. The children she is teaching, some of whom are older than she is herself, test her skills as a teacher. Laura grows more self-assured through the term, and successfully completes the two-month term.[39]

text: To Laura's surprise and delight, homesteader Almanzo Wilder (with whom she became acquainted in Little Town on the Prairie) appears at the end of her first week of school in his new two-horse cutter to bring her home for the weekend. Already fond of Laura and wanting to ease her homesickness, Almanzo takes it upon himself to bring her home and back to school each weekend.[39]

text: The relationship continues after the school term ends. Sleigh rides give way to buggy rides in the spring, and Laura impresses Almanzo with her willingness to help break his new and often temperamental horses. Laura's old nemesis, Nellie Oleson, makes a brief appearance during two Sunday buggy rides with Almanzo. Nellie's chatter and flirtatious behavior towards Almanzo annoys Laura. Shortly thereafter, Nellie moves back to New York after her family loses their homestead.[39]

text: Laura's Uncle Tom (Ma's brother) visits the family and tells of his failed venture with a covered wagon brigade seeking gold in the Black Hills. Laura helps out seamstress Mrs. McKee by staying with her and her daughter on their prairie claim for two months to "hold it down" as required by law. The family enjoys summer visits from Mary.[39]

text: The family finances have improved to the point that Pa can sell a cow to purchase a sewing machine for Ma. Laura continues to teach and work as a seamstress.[39]

text: Almanzo invites Laura to attend summer "singing school" with him and her classmates. On the last evening of singing school while driving Laura home, Almanzo – who has by now been courting Laura for three years – proposes to Laura. During their next ride, Almanzo presents Laura with a garnet-and-pearl ring and they share their first kiss.[39]

text: Several months later, after Almanzo has finished building a house on his tree claim, he asks Laura if she would mind getting married within a few days as his sister and mother have their hearts set on a large church wedding, which Pa cannot afford. Laura agrees, and she and Almanzo are married in a simple ceremony by the Reverend Brown. After a wedding dinner with her family, Laura drives away with Almanzo and the newlyweds settle contentedly into their new home.[39]

text: The First Four Years[edit]

text: The First Four Years, published in 1971, is commonly considered the ninth and last book in the original Little House series. It covers the earliest years of Laura and Almanzo's marriage.[40]

text: The First Four Years derives its title from a promise Laura made to Almanzo when they became engaged. Laura did not want to be a farm wife, but she consented to try farming for three years. At the end of that time, Laura and Almanzo mutually agreed to continue for one more year, a "year of grace", in Laura's words. The book ends at the close of that fourth year, on a rather optimistic note. In reality, the continually hot, dry Dakota summers, and several other tragic events described in the book eventually drove them from their land, but they later founded a very successful fruit and dairy farm in Missouri, where they lived comfortably until their respective deaths.[40]

text: Related books[edit]

text:
On the Way Home (1962)
West from Home (1974)
The Road Back (2006)

text: Television adaptations[edit]

text: Jackanory (1966, 1968)[edit]

text: Jackanory is a British television series intended to encourage children to read; it ran from 1965 to 1996, and was revived in 2006. From October 24 through October 28, 1966, five short episodes aired that were based on Little House in the Big Woods, with Red Shively as the storyteller. From October 21 through October 25, 1968, five more were released, this time based on Farmer Boy, with Richard Monette as the storyteller.

text: Little House on the Prairie (TV series, 1974–1983)[edit]

text: The television series Little House on the Prairie aired on the NBC network from 1974 to 1983. The show was a loose adaptation of Laura Ingalls Wilder's Little House on the Prairie semi-autobiographical novel series, although the namesake book was represented in the premiere only; the ensuing television episodes primarily followed characters and locations from the follow-up book, On the Banks of Plum Creek (1937), although the continuity of the television series greatly departed from this book as well. Some storylines were borrowed from Wilder's later books but were portrayed as having taken place in the Plum Creek setting. Michael Landon starred as Charles Ingalls, Karen Grassle played Caroline Ingalls, Melissa Gilbert played Laura Ingalls, Melissa Sue Anderson played Mary Ingalls, and the twins Lindsay and Sidney Greenbush (credited as Lindsay Sidney Greenbush) played Carrie Ingalls. Victor French portrayed long-time friend Mr. Edwards. Dean Butler portrayed Laura's husband, Almanzo Wilder. Some characters were added in the show, such as Albert, played by Matthew Laborteaux, an orphan whom the family adopted.[3]

text: Although it deviated from the original books in many respects, the television series, which was set in Walnut Grove, Minnesota, was one of a few long-running successful dramatic family shows.[citation needed] It remained a top-rated series, and garnered 17 Emmy® and three Golden Globe® nominations, along with two People’s Choice® Awards.[41]

text: Laura, the Prairie Girl (animated series, 1975)[edit]

text: A Japanese cartoon series of 26 episodes (about 24 minutes each), originally entitled Sōgen no shōjo Laura.

text: Beyond the Prairie (2000, 2001)[edit]

text: Two made for television movies by Marcus Cole, with Meredith Monroe as Laura. Part 1 tells the story of teenage Laura in DeSmet, while the second part is about Laura and Almanzo's (Walton Goggins) marriage and their life in Mansfield, Missouri. It also focuses a lot on the character of Wilder's young daughter; Rose (Skye McCole Bartusiak).[42]

text: Little House on the Prairie (2005 miniseries)[edit]

text: The 2005 ABC five-hour (six-episode) miniseries Little House on the Prairie attempted to follow closely the books Little House in the Big Woods and Little House on the Prairie. It starred Cameron Bancroft as Charles Ingalls; Erin Cottrell as Caroline Ingalls; Kyle Chavarria as Laura Ingalls; Danielle Chuchran as Mary Ingalls; and Gregory Sporleder as Mr Edwards. It was directed by David L. Cunningham. In 2006 the mini-series was released on DVD and the 2-disc set runs approximately 255 minutes long.[43]

text: Stage adaptation[edit]

text: A musical version of the Little House books premiered at the Guthrie Theater, Minnesota on July 26, 2008. The musical has music by Rachel Portman and lyrics by Donna DiNovelli and is directed by Francesca Zambello with choreography by Michele Lynch. The cast includes Melissa Gilbert as "Ma". The musical began a US national tour in October 2009.[44][45]

text: Documentary[edit]

text: Little House on the Prairie: The Legacy of Laura Ingalls Wilder is a one-hour documentary film that looks at the life of Wilder. Wilder's story as a writer, wife, and mother is explored through interviews with scholars and historians, archival photography, paintings by frontier artists, and dramatic reenactments.[46]


document_title: Geography of the Philippines

question_text: where does the philippines lie in term of latitude

question_tokens: where does the philippines lie in term of latitude

text: Geography of the Philippines

text: Physical geography[edit]

text: The Philippine archipelago lies in Southeast Asia in a position that has led to its becoming a cultural crossroads - a place where Malays, Hindus, Arabs, Chinese, Spaniards, Americans, and others had interacted to forge a unique cultural and racial blend. The archipelago numbers some 7,641 islands,[6] and the nation claims an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of 200 nautical miles (370 km) from its shores. The Philippines occupies an area that stretches for 1,850 kilometers (1,150 mi) from about the fifth to the twentieth parallels north latitude. The total land area is 343,448 square kilometers (132,606 sq mi).[5] Only approximately 1,000 of its islands are populated, and fewer than one-half of these are larger than 2.5 square kilometers (1 sq mi). Eleven islands make up 95 percent of the Philippine landmass, and two of these — Luzon and Mindanao — measure 105,000 square kilometers (40,541 sq mi) and 95,000 square kilometers (36,680 sq mi), respectively. They, together with the cluster of islands in Visayas in between them, represent the three principal regions of the archipelago that are identified by the three stars on the Philippine flag. The Philippines is broken up by the sea, which gives it one of the longest coastlines of any nation in the world.

text: Off the coast of eastern Mindanao is the Philippine Trench, which descends to a depth of 10,430 meters (34,220 ft). The Philippines is part of a western Pacific arc system characterized by active volcanoes. Among the most notable peaks are Mount Mayon near Legazpi City, Taal Volcano south of Manila, and Mount Apo in Mindanao. All of the Philippine islands are prone to earthquakes. The northern Luzon highlands, or Cordillera Central, rise to between 2,500 meters (8,200 ft) and 2,750 meters (9,020 ft), and, together with the Sierra Madre in the northeastern portion of Luzon and the mountains of Mindanao, boast rain forests that provide refuge for numerous upland tribal groups. The rain forests also offer prime habitat for more than 500 species of birds, including the Philippine eagle (or monkey-eating eagle), some 1,100 species of orchids, and some 8,500 species of flowering plants.

text: The country's most extensive river systems are the Pulangi River, which flows into the Mindanao River (Rio Grande de Mindanao); the Agusan, in Mindanao which flows north into the Mindanao Sea; the Cagayan in northern Luzon; and the Pampanga, which flows south from east Central Luzon into Manila Bay. Laguna de Bay, east of Manila Bay, is the largest freshwater lake in the Philippines. Several rivers have been harnessed for hydroelectric power.

text: To protect the country's biological resources, the government has taken a first step of preparing a Biodiversity Action Plan to address conservation of threatened species.

text: Topography[edit]

text: The islands are volcanic in origin, being part of the Pacific Ring of Fire, and are mostly mountainous. The highest point in the country is the peak of Mount Apo in Mindanao, which is 2,954 meters (9,692 ft) above sea level. The second highest point can be found on Luzon at Mount Pulog, a peak 2,842 meters (9,324 ft) above sea level.

text: The Philippine Archipelago is geologically part of the Philippine Mobile Belt located between the Philippine Sea Plate, the South China Sea Basin of the Eurasian Plate, and the Sunda Plate. The Philippine Trench (also called the Mindanao Trench) is a submarine trench 1,320 kilometers (820 mi) in length found directly east of the Philippine Mobile Belt and is the result of a collision of tectonic plates. The Philippine Sea Plate is subducting under the Philippine Mobile Belt at the rate of about 16 centimeters (6.3 in) per year. Its deepest point, the Galathea Depth, has a depth of 10,540 meters (34,580 ft). The Philippine Fault System consists of a series of seismic faults that produce several earthquakes per year, most of which are not felt.

text: Many volcanoes in the country are active, the most recent eruption being that of Mount Pinatubo on Luzon in 1991. Mount Mayon is another of the active volcanoes and has the world's most perfectly shaped cone. Mayon has a violent history of 47 eruptions since 1616 and another violent eruption is currently feared. Taal Volcano, also located on Luzon, is one of the Decade Volcanoes.

text: Most of the islands used to be covered by tropical rainforests. However, illegal logging has reduced forest cover to less than 10% of the total land area.

text:
1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

Major geographic features of the Philippines

1

Batanes group of islands

2

Babuyan group of islands

3

Cordillera mountains

4

Cagayan valley

5

Sierra Madre mountains

6

Caraballo mountains

7

Zambales mountains

8

Central Luzon plain

9

Sierra Madre (southern tip)

10

Polillo group of islands

11

Bicol peninsula

12

Mindoro island

13

Romblon group of islands

14

Masbate island

15

Samar island

16

Palawan group of islands

17

Panay island

18

Negros island

19

Cebu island

20

Bohol island

21

Leyte island

22

Zamboanga peninsula

23

Bukidnon-Lanao plateau

24

Davao-Agusan Trough

25

Diwata mountains

26

Cotabato Basin

27

Central Mindanao highlands

28

Pacific Cordillera mountains

29

Tiruray highlands

30

Sulu archipelago

tag: table

text: Luzon[edit]

text: The Batanes and Babuyan Islands are situated on the northernmost extremity of the Philippines at Luzon Strait facing Taiwan. It contains the northernmost point of land, the islet of Y'Ami in the Batanes Islands, separated from Taiwan by the Bashi Channel (c.80.4672 kilometers (50.0000 mi) wide).

text: This region stretches from Mairaira Point in Pagudpud, Ilocos Norte in the north to Cochinos Point in Mariveles, Bataan in the south. The terrain ranges from coastal plains to rugged mountains bordered by the South China Sea in the west and the Cordillera Central and Zambales mountain ranges in the east. Western Luzon is known for its beaches, surf spots and historic towns.

text: Nestled between the Cordilleras in the east and the Sierra Madre mountain ranges in the west is the Cagayan Valley, also the name of the administrative region which it covers. Through its center runs the country's longest river, the Cagayan, flowing in a northward direction before emptying its waters in the Luzon Strait at the town of Aparri.

text: The Cordilleras and Caraballos, together with the Sierra Madre Range, form the main mountain system in Northern Luzon.

text: The Cordilleras consists of 2, sometimes 3, mountain ranges that are found in northwestern central Luzon. The first, called Caraballo del Sur, forms the nucleus of the system and has its highest peaks in the border between the provinces of Abra, Ilocos Norte and Cagayan. Caraballo Occidentalles, is further divided into 2 ranges, the Cordillera Norte and Cordillera Central.[citation needed] They line the central portions of the Cordillera Administrative Region.

text: The Caraballos (Caraballo de Baler) start where the Sierra Madre and the Cordilleras meet. They are found south of Cagayan Valley, northeast of the Central Luzon Plains.

text: Lying in the eastern portion of Luzon is the longest mountain range in the Philippines, the Sierra Madre, stretching from Quezon province in the south to Cagayan in the north. 80 percent of the mountain range is tropical rainforest, which is diminishing from rampant illegal logging activity. The range serves as the eastern wall of Luzon Island that protects inhabitants from tropical cyclones usually coming from the Pacific Ocean.

text: The largest plain of the nation is situated in the Central Luzon region and produces most of the national rice supply, earning itself the nickname "Rice Bowl of the Philippines". The plains encompass the provinces of Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Tarlac and Pangasinan.

text: South of the Central Luzon plains lies the largest inland freshwater lake in Southeast Asia, the Laguna de Bay. To the east of the lake is a plain that stretches westward to the Manila Bay. Large rivers from bays and mountain springs traverse the plain. In the northern part of the region, that is, Manila and Rizal, most of the plain had been converted into cities and towns, and are thus industrialized. Lying east of the lake is the southern terminus of the Sierra Madre mountain range at northern Quezon province.

text: To the southwest of the Laguna de Bay is the nation's third largest lake, the Taal, bordered to the north by the Tagaytay Ridge, a ridge stretching from southern Cavite to northern Batangas provinces.

text: The Bondoc Peninsula is located in the southeastern part of Quezon Province.

text: Southeast of Laguna de Bay lies the Bicol Peninsula, connected to mainland Luzon by the isthmus of Tayabas. The predominantly flat landscape features several solitary peaks, usually active volcanoes, which include Iriga, Mayon and Bulusan.

text: The peninsula has an irregular coastline that features large bays and gulfs, which include the Lamon Bay, San Miguel Bay, Lagonoy Gulf, and Albay Gulf to the north, and the Tayabas Bay, Ragay Gulf and Sorsogon Bay to the south.

text: Mindoro's coastal plains are characterized by rice and corn fields, rivers, beaches, and extensive open space areas. Most of the population is concentrated on the northern and eastern coast of this island where the city of Calapan and Puerto Galera are located.

text: The Mindoro mountain range begins with Mount Halcon and is further divided into 3. The northwest ends at Calavite Point and is a landmark for ships. The east originates from Lake Naujan and the west follows the Mindoro Strait.

text: The Kalayaan Islands are located to the west of Palawan. Kalayaan is a Filipino word meaning "freedom".

text: Visayas[edit]

text: This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (January 2016)

text: Mindanao[edit]

text: The eastern coast of Mindanao features a long mountain range, the Eastern Pacific Cordillera, which stretches from Bilar Point at Surigao in the north to Cape San Agustin at Davao in the south. Forming its northern portion are the Diwata Mountains (also spelled Diuata), separated from the south by low passes situated at the middle. To the east of the range are narrow strips of lowland that feature several inlets and bays, the most prominent of which include the Lianga and Bislig bays.[7][8]

text: To the west of the Pacific Cordillera lies an extensive lowland, the Davao-Agusan Trough. Its northern portion includes the Agusan Valley which forms the lower river basin of the Agusan River. The river flows in a northward direction and empties into the Iligan Bay. Draining the southern portion of the lowland are several other rivers, which include the Tagum, flowing southward to the Davao Gulf.[7][8]

text: Situated west of the Davao-Agusan Trough is a complex series of mountain ranges called the Central Mindanao Highlands (also known as the Central Cordillera). From these mountains form the headwaters of several rivers which include the Rio Grande de Mindanao, Pulangi, Maridagao and Tagoloan rivers. Several tall mountains, such as Mount Apo, the country's highest are found within the range.[7]

text: The north-central portion of Mindanao is dominated by an extensive highland region, the Bukidnon-Lanao Plateau, which includes the Kitanglad and Kalatungan mountain ranges. Within the plateau lies the country's second largest lake, Lake Lanao situated at an elevation of 2,296 feet, drained by the Agus River flowing northward to its river mouth at Iligan Bay.[7]

text: South of the Bukidnon-Lanao Plateau lies a large depression, the Cotabato Basin, which forms the lower river basin of the country's second largest river system, the Rio Grande de Cagayan (also known as the Mindanao River). Surrounded by three mountain ranges, the basin's only opening to the sea is to the northwest at Illana Bay, where the Mindanao River empties into the ocean.[7][8]

text: To the southeast of the main basin are two large valleys, the Koronadal and Allah valleys.[7]

text: Situated south and west of the Cotabato Basin are a moderately high mountain range, the Tiruray Highlands, which block off the Basin from the southern coastline.[8] South of the highlands are narrow strips of coastlines.[7]

text: At the northwestern tip of Mindanao is the generally mountainous Zamboanga Peninsula. The chain of mountain ranges in this region is called Zamboanga Cordilleras, with the highest elevation at Mount Dapi, which is 2,617 meters (8,586 ft) high.

text: The southern coastline is irregular, featuring two smaller peninsulas, the Sibuguey and Baganian, extending southward to the Moro Gulf.[7]

text: To the north of the Diwata Mountains at northeast Mindanao lie Siargao island and the Dinagat group of islands.[7]

text: Southwest of the Zamboanga Peninsula is the Sulu Archipelago, a chain of islands which comprise the smaller archipelago provinces of Basilan, Sulu, and Tawi-Tawi.[7]

text: Administrative geography[edit]

text: The Philippines is divided into a hierarchy of local government units (LGUs) with the 81 provinces and 38 independent cities as the primary unit. Provinces are further subdivided into component cities and municipalities, both of which consist of barangays, the smallest local government unit.

text: Regions[edit]

text: There are 17 regions comprising the Philippines. Each region, with the exception of the National Capital Region, is further subdivided into component provinces. The National Capital Region is divided into four special districts.

text: Most government offices establish regional offices in a city to serve the constituent provinces. Such cities are designated as "regional centers". The regions themselves do not possess a separate local government, with the exception of the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao.

text: Provinces[edit]

text: Forming the regions, with the exception of the National Capital, are the 81 provinces. Each province has a capital city or municipality.

text: Landlocked and island provinces[edit]

text: Of the 81 provinces of the Philippines, 15 are landlocked, and 16 are island provinces.

text:
Landlocked provinces

Province
Region
Island

Apayao
CAR
Luzon

Abra
CAR
Luzon

Kalinga
CAR
Luzon

Mountain Province
CAR
Luzon

Ifugao
CAR
Luzon

Benguet
CAR
Luzon

Nueva Vizcaya
II
Luzon

Quirino
II
Luzon

Nueva Ecija
III
Luzon

Tarlac
III
Luzon

Laguna [A]
IV-A
Luzon

Rizal [A]
IV-A
Luzon

Bukidnon
X
Mindanao

North Cotabato
XII
Mindanao

Agusan del Sur
XIII
Mindanao

A These provinces have coastlines on Laguna de Bay, a large lake. Since lakes do not allow access to seaborne trade, they are considered to be landlocked.

Island provinces

Province
Region
Island group

Batanes
II
Luzon

Marinduque
IV-B
Luzon

Romblon
IV-B
Luzon

Palawan
IV-B
Luzon

Catanduanes
V
Luzon

Masbate
V
Luzon

Guimaras
VI
Visayas

Cebu
VII
Visayas

Bohol
VII
Visayas

Siquijor
VII
Visayas

Biliran
VIII
Visayas

Camiguin
X
Mindanao

Dinagat Islands
XIII
Mindanao

Basilan
ARMM
Mindanao

Sulu
ARMM
Mindanao

Tawi-Tawi
ARMM
Mindanao

text: Climate[edit]

text: The Philippines has a tropical climate dominated by a rainy season and a dry season, although certain locations have no dry season (meaning, all months have an average rainfall of above 60 mm) and certain higher-altitude areas can have a subtropical climate. The summer monsoon brings heavy rains to most of the archipelago from May to October, whereas the winter monsoon brings relatively cooler and drier air from December to February. Manila and most of the lowland areas are hot and dusty from March to May. Even at this time, however, temperatures rarely rise above 37 °C (98.6 °F). Mean annual sea-level temperatures rarely fall below 27 °C (80.6 °F). Annual rainfall measures as much as 5,000 millimeters (196.9 in) in the mountainous east coast section of the country, but less than 1,000 millimeters (39.4 in) in some of the sheltered valleys.

text: Monsoon rains, although hard and drenching, are not normally associated with high winds and waves. But the Philippines sit astride the typhoon belt, and it suffers an annual onslaught of dangerous storms from July through October. These are especially hazardous for northern and eastern Luzon and the Bicol and Eastern Visayas regions, but Manila gets devastated periodically as well.

text: In the last decade, the Philippines has been hit severely by natural disasters. In 2005 alone, Central Luzon was hit by both a drought, which sharply curtailed hydroelectric power, and by a typhoon that flooded practically all of low-lying Manila's streets. Still more damaging was the 1990 earthquake that devastated a wide area in Luzon, including Baguio and other northern areas. The city of Cebu and nearby areas were struck by a typhoon that killed more than a hundred people, sank vessels, destroyed part of the sugar crop, and cut off water and electricity for several days. The Philippines is prone to about 6-9 storms which make landfall each year, on average. The 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption also damaged much of Central Luzon, the lahar burying towns and farmland, and the ashes affecting global temperatures.

text: Building construction is undertaken with natural disasters in mind. Most rural housing has consisted of nipa huts that are easily damaged but are inexpensive and easy to replace. Most urban buildings are steel and concrete structures designed (not always successfully) to resist both typhoons and earthquakes. Damage is still significant, however, and many people are displaced each year by typhoons, earthquakes, and other natural disasters. In 1987 alone the Department of Social Welfare and Development helped 2.4 million victims of natural disasters.

text: Statistics[edit]

text: CIA Statistics[edit]

text: Unless otherwise indicated, the information below is taken from CIA Factbook information for the Philippines.[9]

text:
Total: 300,000 square kilometres (115,831 sq mi)

Land: 298,170 square kilometres (115,124 sq mi)
Water: 1,830 square kilometres (707 sq mi)

text: 36,289 kilometres (22,549 mi)

text: (measured from claimed archipelagic baselines)

text:
Continental shelf: to depth of exploitation
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nautical miles (370 km)

text: Territorial sea: irregular polygon extending up to 100 nautical miles (190 km; 120 mi) from coastline as defined by 1898 treaty; since late 1970s has also claimed polygonal-shaped area in South China Sea up to 285 nautical miles (528 km; 328 mi) in breadth.

text: Timber, petroleum, nickel, cobalt, silver, gold, salt, and copper.

text:
Arable land: 19%
Permanent crops: 16.67%
Other: 64.33% (2005)

text: 15,500 square kilometers (5,985 sq mi) (2003)

text: The Philippines sit astride typhoon belt and are usually affected by 15 and struck by five to six cyclonic storms per year; landslides; active volcanoes; destructive earthquakes; tsunamis.

text: Uncontrolled deforestation in watershed areas; soil erosion; air and water pollution in Manila; increasing pollution of coastal mangrove swamps which are important fish breeding grounds; severe water pollution that caused the death of one of the country's major rivers, though there are ongoing efforts at resuscitation.[10]

text: Also Typhoon Haiyan in November 2013 caused major problems.

text:
Party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
Signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification

text: In political geography, an enclave is a territory or part of a territory lying wholly within the boundaries of another, and an exclave is one which is politically attached to a larger piece but not actually contiguous with it. Many entities are both enclaves and exclaves, but the two are not synonymous.

text:
Caloocan City is divided in two by Valenzuela City and Quezon City.
In Cotabato province, the municipality of President Roxas is divided in two by Antipas municipality.

text:
In SoCCSKSarGen, Sarangani province is divided by General Santos City or Sarangani Bay.
In Zamboanga Peninsula:

Isabela City is part of this region (although it is the capital of the ARMM province of Basilan), but it is separated from it by Basilan Strait.

Zamboanga del Sur — Zamboanga City, a chartered city, is unofficially part of this province but is separated from it by Zamboanga Sibugay.

text: A quadripoint is a point on the Earth that touches four distinct regions. Such points are often called "four corners", from the corners of the four regions meeting there.

text: Four provinces in Mindanao meet at a point at the summit of Mount Apo: Bukidnon of Northern Mindanao Region, Davao del Norte and Davao del Sur of Davao Region, and Cotabato Province of Soccsksargen

text: Four distinct geographic divisions converging at a single point is not uncommon in the Philippines, and there are other points of convergence between five or more divisions that can be found.

text:
Count
Cities/municipalities
Location

5

Tagkawayan
Labo
San Lorenzo Ruiz
San Vicente
Del Gallego

Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Quezon

5

Cadiz
Sagay
Silay
Talisay
Calatrava

Negros Occidental

5

Batuan
Bilar
Carmen
Dimiao
Valencia

Bohol

5

Alicia
Dagohoy
Pilar
San Miguel
Ubay

Bohol

5

Baungon
Lantapan
Sumilao
Talakag
Malaybalay

Bukidnon

5

Aleosan
Carmen
Kabacan
Pikit
Pagagawan

Cotabato, Maguindanao

5

Tibiao
Barbaza
Madalag
Libacao
Jamindan

Antique, Aklan, Capiz

6

Basey
Marabut
Balangkayan
Llorente
Balangiga
Lawaan

Eastern Samar, Samar

8

Ligao
Legazpi
Tabaco
Guinobatan
Camalig
Daraga
Malilipot
Santo Domingo

Albay (Mayon Volcano crater)

Mayon shared by 8 cities/towns

text: This article appears to contradict the article Extreme points of the Philippines. Please see discussion on the linked talk page. (January 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The island province of Marinduque prides itself as being the geographic center of the Philippines.[11] The Marinduque governor has stated that their claim to be the Geographical Center of the Philippines has received notice and support from the National Mapping and Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA).[12] The Luzon Datum of 1911 in Marinduque is used as point number one for all map makers in the country.[13]

text: The boundaries of the Philippine archipelago are described in Article III of the Treaty of Paris (1898), as comprising an irregular polygon.[14] A box enclosing that polygon would have corners at 20°N 116°E, 20°N 127°E, 4.75°N 127°E, 4.75°N 116°E. The center of this box would lie at 121.5 E, 12.375 N. That point lies roughly in the center of the Tablas Strait between the islands of Tablas and Mindoro.

text: Republic Act No. 9522, "An Act to Define the Baselines of the Territorial Sea of the Philippines",[15] describes an irregular polygon which fits within a box with its center at 121°44'47.45"E 12°46'6.1252"N, a point also roughly in the center of the Tablas Strait.

text: The CIA Factbook locates the Philippines at 13°N 122°E.[9]

text: The extreme points under Philippine control as of 2010[update] are:

text:
Direction
Location
Coordinates

Latitude (N)
Longitude (E)

North
Amianan Island, Batanes
21º7’18.41"
121º56’48.79"

East
Pusan Point, Davao Oriental[a]
7º17’19.80"
126º36’18.26"

South
Frances Reef, Tawi-Tawi
4º24’53.84"
119º14’50.71"

West
Thitu Island[b], Kalayaan, Palawan
11°3’10.19"
114°16’54.66"

a Pusan Point is the easternmost incorporated territory of the Philippines, but the Benham Plateau is the easternmost unincorporated territory of the Philippines.
b Thitu island is the westernmost of all the Spratly Island features controlled by the Philippines as of December 2009[update].

text: The center of a box enclosing these points would be located at 12°46’6.13"N, 120°26’36.46"E. That point is located in the Mindoro Strait, about 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) NNE of Apo Island, in Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro.

text: Largest cities and towns[edit]

text: The following is a list of the most populous cities in the country, with their population according to the 2010 census. Component cities and municipalities of Metro Manila, Metro Cebu and Metro Davao are taken as one to show the extent of urbanization.

text:
[show]

v
t
e

Largest cities in the Philippines
PSA Census August 2015

Rank
Name
Region
Pop.
Rank
Name
Region
Pop.

Quezon City

Manila
1
Quezon City
National Capital Region
2,936,116
11
Parañaque
National Capital Region
665,822

Davao City

Caloocan

2
Manila
National Capital Region
1,780,148
12
Dasmariñas
Calabarzon
659,019

3
Davao City
Davao Region
1,632,991
13
Valenzuela
National Capital Region
620,422

4
Caloocan
National Capital Region
1,583,978
14
Bacoor
Calabarzon
600,609

5
Cebu City
Central Visayas
922,611
15
General Santos
Soccsksargen
594,446

6
Zamboanga City
Zamboanga Peninsula
861,799
16
Las Piñas
National Capital Region
588,894

7
Taguig
National Capital Region
804,915
17
Makati
National Capital Region
582,602

8
Antipolo
Calabarzon
776,386
18
San Jose del Monte
Central Luzon
574,089

9
Pasig
National Capital Region
755,300
19
Bacolod
Western Visayas
561,875

10
Cagayan de Oro
Northern Mindanao
675,950
20
Muntinlupa
National Capital Region
504,509


document_title: India at the Olympics

question_text: who got gold medal in olympics from india

text: India at the Olympics

text: History[edit]

text: Early history[edit]

text: India sent its first athlete to the Summer Olympics for the 1900 Games, but an Indian national team did not compete at the Summer Olympics until 1920. Ahead of the 1920 Games, Sir Dorabji Tata and Governor of Bombay George Lloyd helped India secure representation at the International Olympic Council, enabling it to participate in the Games (see India at the 1920 Olympic Games). India then sent a team to the 1920 Olympics, comprising four athletes, two wrestlers, and managers Sohrab Bhoot and A. H. A. Fyzee. The Indian Olympic movement was then established during the 1920s: some founders of this movement were Dorabji Tata, A.G. Noehren (Madras College of Physical Education), H.C. Buck (Madras College of Physical Education), Moinul Haq (Bihar sports associations), S. Bhoot (Bombay Olympic Association), A.S. Bhagwat (Deccan Gymkhana), and Guru Dutt Sondhi (Punjab Olympic Association); Lt.Col H.L.O. Garrett (from the Government College Lahore and Punjab Olympic Association) and Sagnik Poddar (of St. Stephen's School) helped organise some early national games; and prominent patrons included Maharajas and royal princes Bhupinder Singh of Patiala, Ranjitsinhji of Nawanagar, the Maharaja of Kapurthala, and the Maharaja of Burdwan.

text: In 1923, a provisional All India Olympic Committee was formed, and in February 1924, the All India Olympic Games (that later became the National Games of India) were held to select a team for the Paris Summer Olympics. The Indian delegation at the Paris Olympics comprised seven athletes, seven tennis players and team manager Harry Buck.

text: In 1927, the provisional Indian Olympic Committee formally became the Indian Olympic Association (IOA); its main tasks were to promote the development of sports in India, choose host cities for the national games, and send teams selected from the national games to the Summer Olympics. Thus, at the 1928 national games, it selected seven athletes to represent India at the next Summer Olympics, with Sondhi as manager. By this time, the Indian Hockey Federation (IHF) had also been established and it sent a hockey team to the Summer Olympics. The national hockey team and additional sportspersons were similarly sent to the 1932 Games (four athletes and one swimmer) and 1936 (four athletes, three wrestlers, one Burmese weight-lifter), along with three officials headed by team manager Sondhi.

text: From 1948 onward, because of the IOA's wider outreach, India began sending delegations of over 50 sportspersons representing several sport, each selected by its sports federation, to the Summer Olympics. The delegation was headed by a chef-de-mission.

text: Thus, India's Summer Olympic delegation in the early Olympic Games was as follows:

text:
1900: One athlete
1920: 6 competitors (four athletes, two wrestlers) and managers Bhoot and Fyzee
1924: 14 competitors (seven athletes, seven tennis players) and manager Harry Crowe Buck
1928: 21 competitors (seven athletes and a hockey team of 14) and manager G D Sondhi
1932: 20 competitors (four athletes, one swimmer, and a hockey team of 15) and three officials headed by manager G D Sondhi
1936: 27 competitors (four athletes, three wrestlers, one Burmese weight-lifter, and a hockey team of 19) and three officials including manager G D Sondhi
1948: 79 competitors and a few officials headed by chef-de-mission Moin ul Haq
1952: 64 competitors and some officials headed by chef-de-mission Moin ul Haq

text: Recent history[edit]

text: At the 2008 Beijing Olympics, Abhinav Bindra won gold in the Men's 10 metre air rifle event becoming the first Indian to win an individual gold medal at the Olympic Games. Vijender Singh got the country's first medal in boxing with his bronze medal in Middleweight category.

text: The 2012 Summer Olympics saw an 83-member Indian contingent participating in the games and setting a new best for the country with a total of six medals. Wrestler Sushil Kumar became the first Indian with multiple individual Olympic medals (bronze at the 2008 Beijing Olympics and silver at the 2012 Summer Olympics) since Norman Pritchard in 1900. Saina Nehwal won bronze medal in badminton in Women's singles getting the country's first Olympic medal in badminton. Pugilist Mary Kom became the first Indian woman to win a medal in boxing with her bronze medal finish in Women's flyweight.

text: At the 2016 Summer Olympics, a record number of 118 athletes competed. Sakshi Malik became the first Indian woman wrestler to win an Olympic medal with her bronze medal finish in Women's freestyle 58 kg category. Shuttler P. V. Sindhu became the first Indian woman to win a silver medal in Olympics and also the youngest Indian Olympic medallist.

text: List of competitors[edit]

text: This list provides a comparative compendium of all the participants/competitors of India in the summer Olympic games.

text:
Games

Sports

Men

Women

Total

Change

 Gold

 Silver

 Bronze

Total

Change

1900

1

1

0

1

NA

0

2

0

2

NA

1920

2

6

0

6

+5

0

0

0

0

−2

1924

2

13

2

15

+8

0

0

0

0

0

1928

2

21

0

21

+7

1

0

0

1

+1

1932

3

30

0

30

+9

1

0

0

1

0

1936

3–4

27

0

27

−3

1

0

0

1

0

1948

10

79

0

79

+52

1

0

0

1

0

1952

11

60

4

64

−15

1

0

1

2

+1

1956

8

58

1

59

−5

1

0

0

1

−1

1960

6

45

0

45

−14

0

1

0

1

0

1964

8

52

1

53

+8

1

0

0

1

0

1968

5

25

0

25

−28

0

0

1

1

0

1972

7

40

1

41

+16

0

0

1

1

0

1976

2

20

0

20

−21

0

0

0

0

−1

1980

1

58

18

76

+56

1

0

0

1

+1

1984

48

−28

0

0

0

0

−1

1988

7

46

−2

0

0

0

0

0

1992

5

53

+7

0

0

0

0

0

1996

13

44

4

49

−4

0

0

1

1

+1

2000

7

65

+16

0

0

1

1

0

2004

14

48

25

73

+8

0

1

0

1

0

2008

12

31

25

56

−17

1

0

2

3

+2

2012

13

60

23

83

+27

0

2

4

6

+3

2016

15

66

54

118

+35

0

1

1

2

−4

text: This list provides a comparative compendium of all the participants/competitors of India in the winter Olympic games.

text:
Games

Sports

Men

Women

Total

Change

 Gold

 Silver

 Bronze

Total

Change

1964

1

1

0

1

NA

0

0

0

0

NA

1968

1

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

1988

1

2

1

3

+2

0

0

0

0

0

1992

1

2

0

2

−1

0

0

0

0

0

1998

1

1

0

1

−1

0

0

0

0

0

2002

1

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

2006

3

3

1

4

+3

0

0

0

0

0

2010

3

3

0

3

−1

0

0

0

0

0

2014

3

3

0

3

0

0

0

0

0

0

2018

2

2

0

2

−1

0

0

0

0

0

text: Medal tables[edit]

text: Red colour indicates the best performance.

text: Medals by Summer Games[edit]

text:
Games

 Gold

 Silver

 Bronze

Total

Rank

 1896 Athens
did not participate

 1900 Paris
0
2
0
2[1]
17

 1904 St. Louis
did not participate

 1908 London

 1912 Stockholm

 1920 Antwerp
0
0
0
0
-

 1924 Paris
0
0
0
0
-

 1928 Amsterdam
1
0
0
1[2]
23

 1932 Los Angeles
1
0
0
1[3]
19

 1936 Berlin
1
0
0
1[4]
20

 1948 London
1
0
0
1[5]
22

 1952 Helsinki
1
0
1
2[5]
26

 1956 Melbourne
1
0
0
1[5]
24

 1960 Rome
0
1
0
1[6]
32

 1964 Tokyo
1
0
0
1[7]
24

 1968 Mexico City
0
0
1
1[8]
42

 1972 Munich
0
0
1
1[9]
43

 1976 Montreal
0
0
0
0
-

 1980 Moscow
1
0
0
1[10]
23

 1984 Los Angeles
0
0
0
0
-

 1988 Seoul
0
0
0
0
-

 1992 Barcelona
0
0
0
0
-

 1996 Atlanta
0
0
1
1[11]
71

 2000 Sydney
0
0
1
1[12]
71

 2004 Athens
0
1
0
1[13]
65

 2008 Beijing
1
0
2
3[13]
50

 2012 London
0
2
4
6[13]
55

 2016 Rio de Janeiro
0
1[14]
1[15]
2[16]
67

Total
9
7
12
28

text: Medals by sport[edit]

text:
Sport

 Gold

 Silver

 Bronze

Total

Rank

 Field hockey
8
1
2
11
1

 Shooting
1
2
1
4
34

 Athletics
0
2
0
2
71

 Wrestling
0
1
4
5
43

 Badminton
0
1
1
2
9

 Boxing
0
0
2
2
64

 Tennis
0
0
1
1
30

 Weightlifting
0
0
1
1

56

Total
9
7
12
28
12

text: List of medalists[edit]

text:
Medal

Name/Team

Games

Sport

Event

 Silver
Norman Pritchard[1][17]
 1900 Paris
Athletics
Men's 200 metres

 Silver
Norman Pritchard[1][17]
 1900 Paris
Athletics
Men's 200 metre hurdles

 Gold
National team[2]
 1928 Amsterdam
Field hockey
Men's competition

 Gold
National team[3]
 1932 Los Angeles
Field hockey
Men's competition

 Gold
National team[4]
 1936 Berlin
Field hockey
Men's competition

 Gold
National team[5]
 1948 London
Field hockey
Men's competition

 Gold
National team[5]
 1952 Helsinki
Field hockey
Men's competition

 Bronze
Khashaba Dadasaheb Jadhav[5]
 1952 Helsinki
Wrestling
Men's freestyle bantamweight

 Gold
National team[5]
 1956 Melbourne
Field hockey
Men's competition

 Silver
National team[6]
 1960 Rome
Field hockey
Men's competition

 Gold
National team[7]
 1964 Tokyo
Field hockey
Men's competition

 Bronze
National team[8]
 1968 Mexico City
Field hockey
Men's competition

 Bronze
National team[9]
 1972 Munich
Field hockey
Men's competition

 Gold
National team[10]
 1980 Moscow
Field hockey
Men's competition

 Bronze
Leander Paes[11]
 1996 Atlanta
Tennis
Men's singles

 Bronze
Karnam Malleswari[12]
 2000 Sydney
Weightlifting
Women's 69 kg

 Silver
Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore[13]
 2004 Athens
Shooting
Men's double trap

 Gold
Abhinav Bindra[13]
 2008 Beijing
Shooting
Men's 10 m Air Rifle

 Bronze
Vijender Singh[13]
 2008 Beijing
Boxing
Middleweight

 Bronze
Sushil Kumar[13]
 2008 Beijing
Wrestling
Men's freestyle 66 kg

 Silver
Vijay Kumar[13]
 2012 London
Shooting
Men's 25 Rapid Fire Pistol

 Silver
Sushil Kumar[13]
 2012 London
Wrestling
Men's freestyle 66 kg

 Bronze
Saina Nehwal[13]
 2012 London
Badminton
Women's singles

 Bronze
Mary Kom[13]
 2012 London
 Boxing
Women's flyweight

 Bronze
Gagan Narang[13]
 2012 London
Shooting
Men's 10m Air Rifle

 Bronze
Yogeshwar Dutt[13]
 2012 London
Wrestling
Men's freestyle 60 kg

 Silver

P. V. Sindhu[14]

 2016 Rio de Janeiro

Badminton

Women's singles

 Bronze
Sakshi Malik[15]
 2016 Rio de Janeiro
Wrestling
Women's freestyle 58 kg


document_title: List of New Orleans Saints starting quarterbacks

question_text: who's the starting quarterback for the saints

question_tokens: who 's the starting quarterback for the saints

text: Starting quarterbacks[edit]

text: The number of games they started during the season is listed to the right:

text: Regular season[edit]

text:
Season(s)
Quarterback(s)
Notes

2017
Drew Brees (10)

2016
Drew Brees (16)

2015
Drew Brees (15) / Luke McCown (1)

2014
Drew Brees (16)
[1]

2013
Drew Brees (16)

2012
Drew Brees (16)

2011
Drew Brees (16)

2010
Drew Brees (16)

2009
Drew Brees (15) / Mark Brunell (1)

2008
Drew Brees (16)

2007
Drew Brees (16)

2006
Drew Brees (16)

2005
Aaron Brooks (13) / Todd Bouman (3)

2004
Aaron Brooks (16)

2003
Aaron Brooks (16)

2002
Aaron Brooks (16)

2001
Aaron Brooks (16)

2000
Jeff Blake (11) / Aaron Brooks (5)

1999
Billy Joe Tolliver (7) / Billy Joe Hobert (7) / Jake Delhomme (2)

1998
Kerry Collins (7) / Danny Wuerffel (4) / Billy Joe Tolliver (4) / Billy Joe Hobert (1)

1997
Heath Shuler (9) / Billy Joe Hobert (4) / Danny Wuerffel (2) / Doug Nussmeier (1)

1996
Jim Everett (15) / Doug Nussmeier (1)

1995
Jim Everett (16)

1994
Jim Everett (16)

1993
Wade Wilson (14) / Mike Buck (1) / Steve Walsh (1)

1992
Bobby Hebert (16)

1991
Bobby Hebert (9) / Steve Walsh (7)

1990
Steve Walsh (11) / John Fourcade (5)

1989
Bobby Hebert (13) / John Fourcade (3)

1988
Bobby Hebert (16)

1987
Bobby Hebert (12) / John Fourcade (3)

1986
Dave Wilson (13) / Bobby Hebert (3)

1985
Dave Wilson (10) / Bobby Hebert (6)

1984
Richard Todd (14) / Dave Wilson (2)

1983
Ken Stabler (14) / Dave Wilson (2)

1982
Ken Stabler (8) / Guido Merkens (1)

1981
Archie Manning (11) / Dave Wilson (4) / Bobby Scott (1)

1980
Archie Manning (16)

1979
Archie Manning (16)

1978
Archie Manning (16)

1977
Archie Manning (9) / Bobby Scott (3) / Bobby Douglass (2)

1976
Bobby Scott (8) / Bobby Douglass (6)

1975
Archie Manning (13) / Larry Cipa (1)

1974
Archie Manning (11) / Larry Cipa (2) / Bobby Scott (1)

1973
Archie Manning (13) / Bobby Scott (1)

1972
Archie Manning (14)

1971
Archie Manning (10) / Edd Hargett (4)

1970
Billy Kilmer (11) / Edd Hargett (3)

1969
Billy Kilmer (14)

1968
Billy Kilmer (11) / Karl Sweetan (3)

1967
Gary Cuozzo (10) / Billy Kilmer (4)

text: Post-season[edit]

text:
Season
Quarterback(s)

1987
Bobby Hebert (0-1)

1990
Steve Walsh (0-1)

1991
Bobby Hebert (0-1)

1992
Bobby Hebert (0-1)

2000
Aaron Brooks (1-1)

2006
Drew Brees (1-1)

2009
Drew Brees (3-0)

2010
Drew Brees (0-1)

2011
Drew Brees (1-1)

2013
Drew Brees (1-1)

text: Most games as starting quarterback[edit]

text: These quarterbacks have the most starts for the Saints in regular season games (as of Week 2 of 2017 season).

text:
Name

GP
Games played

GS
Games started

W
Number of wins as starting quarterback

L
Number of losses as starting quarterback

T
Number of ties as starting quarterback

Pct
Winning Percentage as starting quarterback

text:
Name
Period
GP
GS
W
L
T
 %

Brees, Drew
2006–present
176
176
101
75
-
.574

Manning, Archie
1971-1982
134
129
35
91
3
.283

Brooks, Aaron
2000-2005
85
82
38
44
-
.463

Hebert, Bobby
1985-1992
78
75
49
26
-
.653

Everett, Jim
1994-1996
47
47
17
30
-
.362

text: Team career passing records[edit]

text: (As of Week 2 of 2017 season)

text:
Name
Comp
Att
 %
Yds
TD
Int

Brees, Drew
4,765
7,031
67.8%
54,410
388
167

Manning, Archie
1,849
3,335
55.4%
21,734
115
156

Brooks, Aaron
1,563
2,771
56.4%
19,156
120
84

Hebert, Bobby
1,202
2,055
58.5%
14,630
85
75

Everett, Jim
958
1,571
61.0%
10,622
60
48


document_title: U.S. history of alcohol minimum purchase age by state

question_text: when did maryland change drinking age to 18

text: The alcohol laws of the United States regarding minimum age for purchase have changed over time.  This history is given in the table below.  Unless otherwise noted, if different alcohol categories have different minimum purchase ages, the age listed below is set at the lowest age given (e.g. if the purchase age is 18 for beer and 21 for wine or spirits, as was the case in several states, the age in the table will read as "18", not "21").  In addition, the purchase age is not necessarily the same as the minimum age for consumption of alcoholic beverages, although they have often been the same.

text:
As one can see in the table below, there has been much volatility in the states' drinking ages since the
repeal of Prohibition in 1933.  Shortly after the ratification of the 21st amendment in December, most states set their purchase ages at 21 since that was the voting age at the time. Most of these limits remained constant until the early 1970s.  From 1969 to 1976, some 30 states lowered their purchase ages, generally to 18. This was primarily because the voting age was lowered from 21 to 18 in 1971 with the 26th amendment. Many states started to lower their minimum drinking age in response, most of this occurring in 1972 or 1973.[1][2][3] Twelve states kept their purchase ages at 21 since repeal of Prohibition and never changed them.

text: From 1976 to 1983, several states voluntarily raised their purchase ages to 19 (or, less commonly, 20 or 21), in part to combat drunk driving fatalities.[citation needed] In 1984, Congress passed the National Minimum Drinking Age Act, which required states to raise their ages for purchase and public possession to 21 by October 1986 or lose 10% of their federal highway funds. By mid-1988, all 50 states and the District of Columbia had raised their purchase ages to 21 (but not Puerto Rico, Guam, or the Virgin Islands, see Additional Notes below). South Dakota and Wyoming were the final two states to comply with the age 21 mandate. The current drinking age of 21 remains a point of contention among many Americans, because of it being higher than the age of majority (18 in most states) and higher than the drinking ages of most other countries. The National Minimum Drinking Age Act is also seen as a congressional sidestep of the tenth amendment. Although debates have not been highly publicized, a few states have proposed legislation to lower their drinking age,[4] while Guam has raised its drinking age to 21 in July 2010.[5]

text:
State
Pre-Prohibition(prior to 1919)
Post-Prohibition(after 1933)
1970s / 26th Amendment(adopted in 1971)
1980s / Drinking Age Act of 1984
21st century

Alabama

Pre 1881:None1881:21 (none with consent of parent)[6]
21
1975:Lowered to 19[7]
1986:Raised to 21[8]
21  (no one underage is allowed consumption Section 28-1)

Alaska

?
21[7]
1970:Lowered to 19[9]
1984:Raised to 21 with grandfather clause (if born before January 1, 1965)[10][11]
21

Arizona

?
21[11]
1972:Lowered to 19[12]
1985:Raised to 21[8]
21

Arkansas

Pre 1925:None[7]1925:21[7]
21
21[13]
21[8]
21

California

Pre 1891:Regulated by municipality/county (common age was 16)[14][15][16]1891:18 (statewide)[17]
1933:21[7]
21
21[8]
21 (except small amounts for religious ceremonies)

Colorado

None[11]
1945:18: for beer21: for wine and liquor[7]
18[18]
Raised to 21 in 1987[8]
21

Connecticut

?
21[11]
1972:Lowered to 18[19]
1982:Raised to 191983:Raised to 201985:Raised to 21[20]
21 (exemptions: (1) a person over age eighteen who is an employee or permit holder under section 30-90a and who possesses alcoholic liquor in the course of such person's employment or business, (2) a minor who possesses alcoholic liquor on the order of a practicing physician, or (3) a minor who possesses alcoholic liquor while accompanied by a parent, guardian or spouse of the minor, who has attained the age of twenty-one. Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to burden a person's exercise of religion under section 3 of article first of the Constitution of the state in violation of subsection (a) of section 52-571b.[21]

Delaware

?
21[11]
1972:Lowered to 20
1984:Raised to 21[8]
21

District of Columbia

?
18: for beer and wine[11]21: for liquor[22][23]
18: for beer and wine[23]21: for liquor
1986:Raised to 21 with grandfather clause.[24][25]
21

Florida

?
18[7]
1980:19[26]
1985:Raised to 21 with grandfather clause[26]
21[27]

Georgia

?
21[11]
1972: Lowered to 18[12]
1984:Raised to 19[13]1985:Raised to 20[13]1986:Raised to 21[13]
21

Hawaii

?
21[7]
1972:Lowered to 18
1986:Raised to 21[8]
21

Idaho

?
20: for beer[28][29]21: for wine and liquor[11][30]
1972:Lowered to 19 (all)[31]
1987:Raised to 21 in 1987 (Apr 11) with grandfather clause[8][32]
21

Illinois

1872:Age of majority (none with written consent of parent)[33]
pre 1961: Age of majority      1961:  Raised to 21[34]
1973:Lowered to 19: for beer and wine21: for liquor[35]
1980:Raised to 21[36]
21

Indiana

?
Post-1934:21[7]
21[13]
21[8]
21

Iowa

?
21[7]
1972:Lowered to 19 in 1972 (Jul 1)1973:Lowered to 18 in 1973 (Jul 1)1978:Raised to 19 in 1978 (Jul 1)[37]
1986:Raised to 21 in 1986 (Jul 1) with grandfather clause.[13][37]
21

Kansas

?
1949:18: for beer and wine with less than 4% ABV21: for liquor[7]
18: for beer and wine with less than 4% ABV[13]21: for beer and wine with 4% ABV or more[13]21: for liquor[13][18]
1985:Raised to 21[8]
21 (However, anyone under 21 may consume cereal malt beverages with parental supervision on their own property)

Kentucky

?
1938:21[7]
21[13]
21[8]
21

Louisiana

?
As of 1948:18
18[18]
1987:Raised to 21 de jure in 1987,[8]but de facto age was still 18 until 1995 due to a sale loophole.1995:De facto age raised to 21 in 1995 when loophole was closed.[38]1996:In 1996, briefly lowered by Louisiana Supreme Court to 18 until it reversed its decision, raising to 21 three months later.[39]Other exceptions still remain.[40]
21 (Exceptions to state law include:[41]
For an established religious purpose;When a person under twenty-one years of age is accompanied by a parent, spouse, or legal guardian twenty-one years of age or older;For medical purposes when purchased as an over the counter medication, or when prescribed or administered by a licensed physician, pharmacist, dentist, nurse, hospital, or medical institution;In a private residence, which shall include a residential dwelling and up to twenty contiguous acres, on which the dwelling is located, owned by the same person who owns the dwelling;The sale, handling, transport, or service in dispensing of any alcoholic beverage pursuant to lawful ownership of an establishment or to lawful employment of a person under twenty-one years of age by a duly licensed manufacturer, wholesaler, or retailer of beverage alcohol.)

Maine

?
21[7]1969:Lowered to 20
1972:Lowered to 18[12]1977:Raised to 20[8][42]
1985:Raised to 21[8]
21

Maryland

?
21[7]
1974:Lowered to 18: for beer and wine21: for liquor[43][44]
1982:Raised to 21 with grandfather clause for those born June 30, 1964 or earlier[45][8][46]
21 (however anyone can drink when parents, spouses, teachers are present)

Massachusetts

?
21[11]
1973:Lowered to 181979:Raised to 20 in 1979 (Apr 16)[47][48][49]
Raised to 21 in 1985[8]
21

Michigan

?
21[7]
1972:Lowered to 18 in 1972 (Jan 1)[50]
1978:Raised to 19 in 1978 (Dec 3)[51][52]1978:Raised to 21 in 1978 (Dec 21), 18 days later.[8]First state to raise age to 21 since it was lowered
21

Minnesota

?
21[11]
1973:Lowered to 18 (June 1)1976:Raised to 19 (Sept 1)[53]First state to raise age after lowering.

1986:Raised to 21[54]
21

Mississippi

?
1966:18: for beer and wine21: for liquor[7](alcohol not legalized until 1966)
18[18]
Raised to 21 in 1986[8]
21

Missouri

?
1945:21[7]
21
21[8]
21

Montana

?
21[11]
1971:Lowered to 19[55]1973:Lowered to 18[56][57]1979:Raised to 19
1987:Raised to 21[8][58]
21

Nebraska

?
21[59]1969:Lowered to 20
1972:Lowered to 19[59]
1980:Raised to 20[13]1985:Raised to 21[13]
21

Nevada

?
1933:21[7]
21
21[8]
21

New Hampshire

?
21[11]
1973:Lowered to 18[60]1979:Raised to 20
1985:Raised to 21[8][20]
21

New Jersey

Before 1880:NonePost-1880:18 (penalties only against businesses)[61][62][63]
21[citation needed]
1973:Lowered to 18[12]
1980:Raised to 191983:Raised to 21[8][64]
21

New Mexico

?
1934:21[7]
21[13]
21[8]
21

New York

21
18[65]
18
1982:Raised to 19 in 1982 (Dec)1985:Raised to 21 in 1985 (Dec)[20][66][67]
21

North Carolina

?
18[11]
18: for beer and wine[18] 21: for liquor
1983:19: for beer and wine 21: for liquor1986:Raised to 21 in 1986 (Sep 1)[8][25]
21

North Dakota

?
1936:21[7]
21[13]
21[68]
21

Ohio

?
1935:18: for 3.2% ABW beer21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor[69]
18: for 3.2% ABW beer21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor
1982 (Aug. 19 to Oct. 1):19: for 3.2% ABW beer[13]21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor[13]1982 (From Oct. 1):19: beer21: wine and liquor[70]1988:21[13]
21 (However, anyone can drink with parents or legal-age spouse)

Oklahoma

?
Men:21Women:18: 3.2% ABW beer21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor[71]
1976:Lowered to 18 (for 3.2% ABW beer) for both sexes in 1976 (Dec)[72]Last state to lower the drinking age.
1983:Raised to 21[11][73]
21

Oregon

?
1933:21[7]
21
21[8]
21

Pennsylvania

?
1935:21[7]
21
21[8][52]
21

Rhode Island

?
21[11]
1970:Lowered to 18[12][74]
1980:Raised to 191981:Raised to 201984:Raised to 21[20]
21

South Carolina

21[75]
1935:18: for beer and wine21: for liquor[7]
18: for beer and wine[18]21: for liquor
1984:19: for beer and wine[7]21: for liquor1986:Raised to 21[8]
21

South Dakota

?
1934:21 (all)1939:Lowered to 18: for 3.2% beerRaised to 19: for 3.2% beer[76]
1972:18: for beer and wine21: for liquor
1984:19: for beer and wine21: for liquor[8]1988:Raised to 21[58]
21

Tennessee

Pre 1881:None1881:21[77]
21[7]1964:Lowered to 18[7]
1979:Raised to 19
1984:Raised to 21[8]
21

Texas

Pre 1909:21None (with written permission of parent or guardian)Post 1909:21[78][79]
21[7]
1973:Lowered to 18[80]
1981:Raised to 19[81]1986:Raised to 21 in 1986 (Sep 1)[8][25]
21

Utah

?
1935:21[7]
21[13]
21[8]
21

Vermont

?
21[7]
1971:Lowered to 18[82][83]
1986:Raised to 21[20][83]
21

Virginia

?
21[84]
1974:Lowered to 18: for beer and wine(21: for liquor remained)[84]
1981:Raised to 19 for off-premises consumption1983:Raised to 19 (all beer)1985:Raised to 21[84]
21

Washington

Age of majoritysince 1877[85]
21[citation needed]
21
21[8]
21

West Virginia

?
18: for beer and wine 21: for liquor[11]
1972:Lowered to 18 (all)[86]
1983:Raised to 19(& 21 for non-residents)[8][42]1986:Raised to 21[8]
21

Wisconsin

1839–1866:18: for wine and liquorNone: for beerPost-1866:21 (all)[87]
18: for beer21: for wine and spirits1957:21: for residents of bordering states with age limit 21.[88]1963:Raised to 21 (off-premises beer sales, remained 18 for on-premises).[88]
1972:Lowered to 18 (all) in 1972 (Mar)[88]1977:Border state restriction lifted.[88]
1984:Raised to 191986:Raised to 21 (September 1, 1986)[88]
21 (however anyone can drink when parents, spouses, teachers are present)[citation needed]

Wyoming

?
21[7]
1973:Lowered to 19
1988:Raised to 21 in 1988 (Jul 1)[89][90]Last state to raise de jure drinking age to 21
21

American Samoa

?
?
?
21?
21[91]

Northern Mariana Islands

–
–
?
21?
21[92]

Puerto Rico

?
18
18
Kept at 18despite highway fundingpenalty under Drinking Age Act.
18[93]

Virgin Islands

?
?
?
18
18[94]

Guam

?
21?
18
18
Raised to 21 in 2010[5]

text: Additional notes[edit]

text:
Contrary to popular belief, since the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984, not all states specifically prohibit minors' and young adults' consumption of alcohol in private settings.  That is because the federal law is concerned only with purchase and public possession, not private consumption, and contains several exceptions. As of January 1, 2007, 14 states and the District of Columbia ban underage consumption outright, 19 states do not specifically ban underage consumption outright, and 17 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage consumption laws. Federal law explicitly provides for religious, medical, employment and private club possession exceptions; as of 2005, 31 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage possession laws.[40]
In the 1960s the age for buying or drinking beer and wine in the District of Columbia (Washington, D.C.) was 18; the age for hard liquor was 21.[22][23] Residents from Virginia and Maryland would often drive to D.C. to obtain alcohol. In Louisiana, the 1987 law raising the age from 18 to 21 was deliberately written solely to comply with the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 to avoid losing highway funding, while still allowing 18- to 20-year-olds to drink as before.  Not only did it still allow 18- to 20-year-olds to consume in private, it contained a major loophole allowing bars and stores to sell alcohol to 18- to 20-year-olds without penalty (despite purchase being technically illegal) which meant that the de facto age was still 18.[38] In other words, the drinking age was 21 only on paper. This loophole was closed in 1995, but in 1996 the Louisiana Supreme Court declared a drinking age of 21 unconstitutional.[38]  That briefly lowered the de jure purchase age to 18, causing an uproar which prompted the Louisiana Supreme Court to reverse its decision, raising the age to 21 three months later.[39] Other exceptions still remain to this day, including drinking in a private residence,[40] and Louisiana still has some of the most liberal general alcohol laws of any state.
Some states were "dry" well before national Prohibition was enacted in 1919, in some cases since achieving statehood.  Also, some states did not become fully "wet" until several years after the repeal of Prohibition in 1933 (e.g. Mississippi in 1966).  Since 1966, all states and territories of the USA have been "wet", but dry counties and towns still exist in some states.