document_title: Half-mast

question_text: when is the irish flag flown at half mast

question_tokens: when is the irish flag flown at half mast

text: Half-mast

text: Australia[edit]

text: The flag of Australia is flown half-mast in Australia:

text:
On the death of the Sovereign – from the time of announcement of the death up to and including the funeral. On the day the accession of the new Sovereign is proclaimed, it is customary to raise the flag to the peak from 11 a.m.;
On the death of a member of a royal family;
On the death of the Governor-General or a former Governor-General;
On the death of the head of state of another country with which Australia has diplomatic relations – the flag would be flown on the day of the funeral;
On ANZAC day the flag is flown half-mast until noon;
On Remembrance Day flags are flown at peak till 10:30 am, at half-mast from 10:30am to 11:03am, then at peak the remainder of the day;
On the death of a distinguished Australian citizen. Flags in any locality may be flown at half-mast on the death of a notable local citizen or on the day, or part of the day, of their funeral. Recent examples include the death of naturalist Steve Irwin, actor Heath Ledger, esteemed international opera singer Dame Joan Sutherland, and former Prime Minister Gough Whitlam. In the case of cricketer Phillip Hughes, who died after being struck by a bouncer during a Sheffield Shield cricket match, the Australian flag was flown at half-mast at Cricket NSW headquarters on 27 November 2014 – the day of his death,[9] as well as on the Sydney Harbour Bridge[10] and at Lord's Cricket Ground in London.[11]
At times of natural disaster such as bushfires or tragedy. For example, in the days immediately following the Black Saturday bushfires, many flags of all types were flown at half-mast in spontaneous acknowledgement of the enormous loss of life; the then Prime Minister announced that the Australian Flag would be flown at half-mast on 7 February, in remembrance of the victims. On 19 July 2014, the Australian flag flew half-mast across the country in tribute to the lives lost in the Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 incident.[12] On 16 December 2014, flags on all NSW government buildings, including the Sydney Harbour Bridge, flew at half-mast after the 2014 Sydney hostage crisis.[13][14]
On the death of international political friends to the country. Recent example includes Womtelo Reverend Baldwin Lonsdale, President of the Republic of Vanuatu.[15]

text: Cambodia[edit]

text: The flag of Cambodia flew at half mast upon the death of King-Father Norodom Sihanouk for 7 days, from 15–22 October 2012.

text: Canada[edit]

text: The term half-mast is the official term used in Canada, according to the Rules For Half-Masting the National Flag of Canada. The decision to fly the flag at half-mast on federal buildings rests with the Department of Canadian Heritage. Federally, the national flag of Canada is flown at half-mast to mark the following occasions:

text:
Occasion or date
Protocol or significance

The death of the sovereign
From the time of notification of death until sunset on the day of the funeral or memorial service, but the flag is flown at full-mast on the day on which the accession of the new monarch is proclaimed

The death of a Governor General or Prime Minister who dies while in office
From the time of notification of death until sunset on the day of the funeral or memorial service

The death of any member of the Royal Family, a former Governor General, the sitting Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, sitting Ministers of the Crown, or a former Prime Minister
From the time of notification of death until sunset on the day of the funeral or, if there is to be a memorial service, from the time of notification of death until sunset the following day and from sunrise to sunset on the day of the service

The death of a police officer in the line of duty.
The flag could be flown at half-mast from a couple of days to weeks, depending on the ranking of the officer.

28 April of each year
Marking the Day of Mourning for People Killed or Injured in the Workplace (coinciding with World Day for Safety and Health at Work)

23 June of each year
Marking the National Day of Remembrance for Victims of Terrorism

Last Sunday in September of each year
Marking Police Officer's National Memorial Day

11 November of each year
Marking Remembrance Day

6 December of each year
Marking the National Day of Remembrance and Action on Violence Against Women

text: Certain events are also marked by flying the national flag at half-mast on the Peace Tower at Parliament Hill. These include:

text:
Date
Significance

9 April of each year
Marking Vimy Ridge Day

Varies
The annual memorial service on Parliament Hill to remember deceased parliamentarians

text: On occasion discretion can dictate the flying of the national flag at half-mast, not only on the Peace Tower, but on all federal facilities. Some examples include 11 September 2001, 11 September 2002, the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, the 2005 Mayerthorpe tragedy, the death of Pope John Paul II, the 2005 London bombings, the death of Smokey Smith, the state funerals of former U.S. presidents Ronald Reagan and Gerald Ford, and the death of Jack Layton[16]

text: There are, however, exceptions to the rules of half-masting in Canada: if Victoria Day or Canada Day fall during a period of half-masting, the flags are to be returned to full-mast for the duration of the day. The national flag on the Peace Tower is also hoisted to full mast if a foreign head of state or head of government is visiting the parliament. These exemptions, though, do not apply to the period of mourning for the death of a Canadian monarch. The Royal Standard of Canada also never flies at half-mast, as it is considered representative of the sovereign, who ascends to the throne automatically upon the death of his or her predecessor. Each province can make its own determination of when to fly the flag at half-mast when provincial leaders or honoured citizens pass away.

text: To raise a flag in this position, the flag must be flown to the top of the pole first, then brought down halfway before the flag is secured for flying. When such mourning occurs, all flags should be flown at that position or not be flown at all, with the exception of flags permanently attached to poles.[17]

text: A controversy surfaced in April, 2006, when the newly elected Conservative government discontinued the practice, initiated by the previous Liberal government following the Tarnak Farm incident,[18] of flying the flag at half-mast on all government buildings whenever a Canadian soldier was killed in action in Afghanistan.[19] The issue divided veterans' groups and military families, some of whom supported the return to the original tradition of using Remembrance Day to honour all soldiers killed in action, while others felt it was an appropriate way to honour the fallen and to remind the population of the costs of war.[18] In spite of the federal government's policy, local authorities have often decided to fly the flag at half-mast to honour fallen soldiers who were from their jurisdiction, including Toronto and Saskatchewan.[20]

text: On 2 April 2008, the House of Commons voted in favour of a motion calling on the government to reinstate the former policy regarding the half-masting of the flag on federal buildings. The motion, however, was not binding and the Cabinet refused to recommend any revision in policy to the Governor General. At the same time, a federal advisory committee tabled its report on the protocol of flying the national flag at half-mast, recommending that the Peace Tower flag remain at full height on days such as the Police Officers National Memorial Day and the National Day or Remembrance and Action on Violence Against Women, stating that the flag should only be half-masted on Remembrance Day. At last report, the committee's findings had been forwarded to the House of Commons all-party heritage committee for further study.[21][22][23][24]

text: China[edit]

text: The National Flag Law provides for a number of situations on which the flag should be flown at half-mast, and authorizes the State Council to make such executive orders:

text:
On the death of the President, Premier, Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, Chairman of the Central Military Commission, Chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, and those who have made major contributions to the People's Republic of China, or to world peace or advancement of the mankind. For example, the flag was flown at half-mast after the deaths of Zhou Enlai (1976), Zhu De (1976), Mao Zedong (1976), Soong Ching-ling (1981), Hu Yaobang (1989), Li Xiannian (1992), Deng Xiaoping (1997) and Yang Shangkun (1998).
When major disasters happen, such as when the flag was flown at half-mast from 19 May to 21 May 2008, the three national mourning days for the 2008 Sichuan earthquake.

text: Finland[edit]

text: In Finland, the official term for flying a flag at half-mast is known as suruliputus (mourning by flag(ging)). It is performed by raising the flag briefly to the top of the mast and lowering it approximately one-third of the length of the flagpole, placing the lower hoist corner at half-mast. On wall-mounted and roof-top flagpoles the middle of the flag should fly at the middle of the flagpole. When removing the flag from half-mast, it is briefly hoisted to the finial before lowering.

text: Traditionally, private residences and apartment houses fly the national flag at half-mast on the day of the death of a resident, when the flag is displayed at half-mast until sunset or 21:00, whichever comes first. Flags are also flown at half-mast on the day of the burial, with the exception that the flag is to be hoisted to the finial after the inhumation takes place.

text: Flags are also to be flown at half-mast on the days of national mourning. Such days are the deaths of former or current Finnish presidents, as well as significant catastophical events such as the aftermath of 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, 2011 Norway attacks and significant national events such as the 2004 Konginkangas bus disaster and school shootings of Jokela and Kauhajoki.

text: Historically, flags were flown at half-mast on the Commemoration Day of Fallen Soldiers which takes place on the third Sunday of May. Originally, flag was raised to the finial in the morning, displayed at half-mast from 10:00 to 14:00, and again raised to the finial for the rest of the day. In 1995, the 50th anniversary of the end of the Second World War, the tradition of flying the flag at half-mast was discontinued and flag is displayed at the finial in a usual manner.

text: France[edit]

text: The French flag is flown half mast on any Day of Mourning by order of the government (for example after the Charlie Hebdo attack on 7 January 2015, the Paris attacks on 13 November 2015 and the Nice attack on 14 July 2016). Other countries have also flown the French flag at half mast because of this too. (Australia's Sydney Harbour Bridge flew the French flag at half mast because of the Paris attacks on 13 November 2015).

text: Some occurrences of the French flag being flown half mast have been controversial, especially after the death of Pope John Paul II in 2005[25] but also in a lesser measure at the time following the death of Joseph Stalin in March 1953.[26]

text: Germany[edit]

text: The flag of Germany and the flags of its federal states are flown at half-mast:

text:
On 27 January, Day of Remembrance for the Victims of National Socialism;
On National Day of Mourning (33rd Sunday of Ordinary Time).
On any day of mourning by order of the federal president for all of Germany, or by order of a minister president for a particular state. E.g. upon the death of a current or former ranking politician or person of high esteem, or multiple deaths in accidents or natural disasters.

text: Greece[edit]

text: According to Law 851/1978, the only day specified on which the Greek flag is flown at half-mast is Good Friday. Also, on other national and public mourning days.

text: Hong Kong[edit]

text: Similar rules as in China apply for Hong Kong. See Flag of Hong Kong for details. Prior to the transfer of sovereignty in 1997, the rules for flying the flag at half-mast were the same as the British ones.

text:
The HKSAR flag was flown at half-mast on 24–26 August 2010, for the fatalities of the Hong Thai Travel tourists in the 2010 Manila hostage crisis.
The national flag of the PRC was also flown at half-mast on 26 August in Hong Kong.
The HKSAR flag was flown at half-mast on 4–6 October 2012, for the Lamma Ferry Accident victims in which 39 people died.

text: India[edit]

text: The flag of India is flown at half-mast for the death of a President, Vice-President, or Prime Minister, all over India. For the Speaker of the Lok Sabha and the Chief Justice of The Supreme Court of India, it is flown in Delhi and for a Union Cabinet Minister it is flown in Delhi and the state capitals, from where he or she came. For a Minister of State, it is flown only in Delhi. For a Governor, Lt. Governor, or Chief Minister of a state or union territory, it is flown in the concerned state.

text: If the intimation of the death of any dignitary is received in the afternoon, the flag shall be flown at halfmast on the following day also at the place or places indicated above, provided the funeral has not taken place before sunrise on that day. On the day of the funeral of a dignitary mentioned above, the flag shall be flown at half-mast at the place of the funeral.

text: In the event of a halfmast day coinciding with the Republic Day, Independence Day, Mahatma Gandhi's birthday, National Week (6 to 13 April), any other particular day of national rejoicing as may be specified by the Government of India, or, in the case of a state, on the anniversary of formation of that state, flags are not permitted to be flown at half-mast except over the building where the body of the deceased is lying until it has been removed and that flag shall be raised to the full-mast position after the body has been removed.

text: Observances of State mourning on the death of foreign dignitaries are governed by special instructions issued from the Ministry of Home Affairs (Home Ministry) in individual cases. However, in the event of death of either the Head of the State or Head of the Government of a foreign country, the Indian Mission accredited to that country may fly the national flag on the above-mentioned days. India observed a five-day period of National Mourning on the death of Nelson Mandela in 2013.[27] India also declared 29 March 2015 as a day of National Mourning as a mark of respect to the former Prime Minister of Singapore, Lee Kuan Yew.

text: Iran[edit]

text: The flag of Iran is flown at half-mast on the death of a national figure or mourning days.

text:
On 21 January 2017 Iran's flag was flown at half-mast worldwide to respect the victims of the Plasco Building collapse;[28]
On 10 January 2017 Iran's flag was flown at half-mast worldwide to respect the death of the national figure and late Chairman of the Expediency Discernment Council Ayatollah Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani who died on 8 January 2017[29]

text: Ireland[edit]

text: The flag of Ireland is flown at half-mast on the death of a national or international figure, that is, former and current Presidents or Taoiseach, on all prominent government buildings equipped with a flag pole. The death of a prominent local figure can also be marked locally by the flag being flown at half-mast. When the national flag is flown at half-mast, no other flag should be half-masted. When a balcony in Berkeley, California, collapsed, killing six Irish people, flags were flown at half mast above all state buildings.

text: Israel[edit]

text: The flag of Israel is flown at half-mast in Israel:

text:
On Yom HaShoah, or the Holocaust Remembrance Day;[30]
On Yom Hazikaron, or Fallen Soldiers and Victims of Terrorism Remembrance Day;[31]
On other national days of mourning.

text: Italy[edit]

text: The flag of Italy was flown at half-mast after the 2013 Sardinia floods on 22 November 2013.

text: Indonesia[edit]

text: The flag of Indonesia is or has been flown half-mast during several occasions:

text:
On 24 December remembering the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami in Aceh.
On 30 September remembering the 30 September Movement.
After the death of the president / vice president / former president or other great figures who have great influence for the region / country. For example: the Indonesian flag was raised half-mast for a week after Soekarno, Soeharto and Abdurrahman Wahid's death.
On other national days of mourning

text: Japan[edit]

text: The flag of Japan is flown at half-mast upon the death of the Emperor of Japan,[32] other members of the Imperial Family, or a current or former Prime Minister, and also following national disasters such as the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. In addition to the tradition of half-mast, the national flag topped by black cloth may be flown to designate mourning.[33] See the flag of Japan for more.

text: Malaysia[edit]

text: The flag of Malaysia (Jalur Gemilang) is flown at half-mast all over the country:

text:
On the death of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (King), for seven days from the day of announcement. All state and territorial flags are also flown at half-mast for seven days, while the national royal standard is flown at half-mast from the day of the announcement until the day of the election and inauguration of the new Yang di-Pertuan Agong;
On the death of the Raja Permaisuri Agong (Queen), for seven days from the day of announcement. All state and territorial flags are also flown at half-mast for seven days;
On the death of a state's Ruler or Governor, as well as the spouse of a Ruler or Governor, from the day of announcement until the day of the funeral. The state flag and state royal standard may be flown at half-mast for a longer period as determined by the state government;
On the death of the Prime Minister or acting Prime Minister, for three days from the day of announcement; or
When the Prime Minister's Department orders to flown the Malaysian flag at half-mast for some days.

text: As a mark of respect to the passengers and crew who were on board Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 and their family members, some states had their states flag flown at half-mast.[34] Similarly, as a mark of respect to the passengers and crew who were on board Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 and their family members, the national flag was flown at half-mast for three days and also on the national day of mourning, 22 August 2014.[35] The 2015 Sabah earthquake had a mourning day and the flag half-mast on 8 June 2015.

text: Malta[edit]

text: The flag of Malta is flown at half-mast on government buildings by instruction of the government through the Office of the Prime Minister,[36] for example after 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami.[37]

text: Netherlands[edit]

text: The flag of the Netherlands is nationally flown at half-mast:

text:
On remembrance day of the dead (May 4th).[38] After the formal 2-minutes of silence at 8 p.m., the flag used to be hoisted upon the playing of the National Anthem. Since 2001, it is allowed to leave the flag at half-mast, even after the two minutes of silence;
At the death of a member of the royal family;
By instruction of the Dutch government through the office of the Prime Minister in special situations, such as happened after the crash of Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 in which 193 Dutch citizens died and the 2009 attack on the Dutch royal family on 30 April, Koninginnedag, which resulted in the deaths of seven by-standers.

text: The royal standard and other flags of the Dutch royal family are never flown at half-mast. Instead, a black pennon may be affixed to the flag in times of mourning.[39][40]

text: New Zealand[edit]

text: For both government and public buildings, the flag of New Zealand is flown at half-mast for the following people:[41]

text:
Monarch of New Zealand from the day of the announcement of their death up to and including the day of the funeral (However, it is flown at full-mast on Proclamation Day, the day when the new sovereign is announced);
Current and former Governors-General and Prime Ministers of New Zealand on the day of the announcement of their death and the day of their funerals;
Other members of the New Zealand Royal Family on the day of their funeral subject to a special command from the Queen or Governor-General;
Commonwealth of Nations Governors-General, Commonwealth Prime Ministers in office, Foreign and Commonwealth Heads of State on the day of the funeral;

text: In addition, it can also be flown at half-mast at the request of the Minister for Arts, Culture and Heritage. Examples of this are for the deaths of prominent New Zealanders (e.g. Sir Edmund Hillary[42] and Te Arikinui Dame Te Atairangikaahu, the Maori Queen[43]), and for national tragedies (e.g. the Pike River Mine disaster)

text: According to the Ministry of Culture and Heritage, the position is always referred to as half-mast. The flag should be at least its own height from the top of the flagpole, though the actual position will depend on the size of the flag and the length of the flagpole.[41]

text: Pakistan[edit]

text: The flag of Pakistan is routinely flown at half-mast on following days:

text:
On 21 April, anniversary of the death of the National Poet, Allama Muhammad Iqbal (1938);
On 11 September, anniversary of the death of the Father of the Nation Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1948);
On 16 October, anniversary of the death of the first Prime Minister, Liaquat Ali Khan (1952).

text: Any other day notified by the Government. For example, on the death of Saudi king King Fahd bin Abdul Aziz, the flag was flown at half-mast for seven days (the flag of Saudi Arabia wasn't at half-mast because the flag contains the Shahada). Upon the Assassination of Benazir Bhutto, the flag was ordered to be flown at half-mast for three days.[citation needed] On the death of Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin, spiritual leader of Dawoodi Bohra community, the flag has been ordered by Sindh Chief Minister Qaim Ali Shah, to be flown at half-mast for two days (17 and 18 January) to express solidarity with the bereaved community. In 2014, Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif announced a three-day mourning period from 16 December, including flying the flag at half-mast nationwide and at all Embassies and High Commissions of Pakistan, for the attack on Army Public School in Peshawar.[44]

text: Philippines[edit]

text: The flag of the Philippines may be flown at half-mast as a sign of mourning.[45] Upon the official announcement of the death of the President or a former President, the flag should be flown at half-mast for ten days. The flag should be flown at half-mast for seven days following the death of the Vice President, the Chief Justice, the President of the Senate or the Speaker of the House of Representatives.

text: The flag may also be required to fly at half-mast upon the death of other persons to be determined by the National Historical Institute, for a period less than seven days. The flag shall be flown at half-mast on all the buildings and places where the decedent was holding office, on the day of death until the day of interment of an incumbent member of the Supreme Court, the Cabinet, the Senate or the House of Representatives, and such other persons as may be determined by the National Historical Institute. Such other people determined by the National Historical Institute have included Pope John Paul II, and former U.S. President Ronald Reagan.

text: As per Republic Act No. 229, flags nationwide are flown at half-mast every Rizal Day on December 30 to commemorate the death of national hero José Rizal.

text: When flown at half-mast, the flag should be first hoisted to the peak for a moment then lowered to the half-mast position. It should be raised to the peak again before it is lowered for the day.

text: The flag may also be used to cover the caskets of the dead of the military, veterans of previous wars, national artists, and outstanding civilians as determined by the local government. In such cases, the flag must be placed such that the white triangle is at the head and the blue portion covers the right side of the casket. The flag should not be lowered to the grave or allowed to touch the ground, but should be solemnly folded and handed to the heirs of the deceased.

text: Flags must also be raised to half-mast immediately in any area recovering from natural disasters such as a typhoon or an earthquake.

text: Russia[edit]

text: The flag of Russia is flown at half-mast and (or) topped by black ribbon:

text:
On 22 June as a reminder of the Nazi invasion of the USSR in 1941.
On the death of a current or former President of Russia.
On disasters causing more than 100 killed – across all the country upon Presidential proclamation.
On disasters causing more than 10 killed – in a suffering region upon proclamation of a Governor.
On other tragic occasions. For example, national mourning was proclaimed and all the state flags were flown at half-mast after the Polish President's plane crash near Smolensk, Russia despite the number of casualties being slightly fewer than 100. After the Assassination of Andrei Karlov, the Russian ambassador in Turkey, in December 2016, the Russian flag was fown in half-mast on all Russian embassies in the world.

text: All the regional flags and the departmental ensigns are flown at half-mast on national or regional mourning days as well as the national flag. Firms and non-governmental organizations, embassies and representatives of international organizations often join the mourning. National or regional mourning usually lasts for one day.

text: Saudi Arabia[edit]

text: The flag of Saudi Arabia is one of the four flags in the world that are never flown at half-mast because it shows the Shahada. The flag of Somaliland, a self-declared state internationally recognized as part of Somalia, also displays the Shahada. The flag of Iraq bears the Takbir once. The flag of Afghanistan displays the Takbir beneath the Shahada on the top. Since all four bear the concept of oneness of God, the flags are never lowered to half-mast even as a sign of mourning.[citation needed]

text: Singapore[edit]

text: The flag of Singapore is flown at half-mast in Singapore following the deaths of an "important personage"[46] (such as state leaders) and during periods of national mourning. Examples include:

text:
On the death of the fifth President (the first to be directly elected), Ong Teng Cheong, in February 2002, even though he did not receive a state funeral;
On the death of the fourth President, Wee Kim Wee, in 2005;
On the death of a former Cabinet Minister and Deputy Prime Minister, Goh Keng Swee, who had a state funeral on 23 May 2010;
On the death of a former Deputy Prime Minister, Toh Chin Chye, who was cremated on 7 February 2012.
On the death of the first Prime Minister, Lee Kuan Yew, who died on 23 March 2015.
On the death of 7 pupils, 1 teacher and a guide from Tanjong Katong Primary School due to 2015 Sabah earthquake.
On the death of the sixth President of Singapore, S. R. Nathan, who died on 22 August 2016.
On the death of a former Cabinet Minister, Othman Wok, who died on 17 April 2017.

text: South Africa[edit]

text: The flag of South Africa is flown at half-mast as a sign of mourning when ordered by the President of South Africa. Upon the official announcement of the death of the current or former President, the flag should be flown at half-mast for ten days. The flag should be flown at half-mast for seven days following the death of the Deputy President, the Chairperson of NCOP, the Speaker of the National Assembly or the Chief Justice.[47] For example, the flag was flown at half-mast from 6–15 December 2013 during the national mourning period for Nelson Mandela.[48]

text: The flag was flown at half-mast during the week of national mourning following the Marikana massacre in August 2012.[49]

text: South Korea[edit]

text: The flag of South Korea (Taegeukgi) is flown at half-mast on Hyeonchungil (Korean Memorial Day).

text: Sri Lanka[edit]

text: The flag of Sri Lanka is nationally flown at half-mast on a National day of mourning.

text: Taiwan[edit]

text: The flag of the Republic of China is flown at half-mast on 28 February to mark the anniversary of the 28 February Incident. On 5 August 2014, Taiwan flew their flag in half-mast for three days to commemorate the victims of the Kaohsiung gas explosions and TransAsia Airways Flight 222 crash.[50]

text: Thailand[edit]

text: The flag of Thailand was flown at half-mast for 15 days to mourn for the victims of 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami.

text: The flag of Thailand was flown at half-mast from 2 January to 15 January 2008 on the death of Princess Galyani Vadhana, the Princess of Naradhiwas.

text: Also from 14 October to 13 November 2016 the flag of Thailand was flown half-mast for 30 days; following the death of King Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX).

text: Turkey[edit]

text: The flag of Turkey is flown at half-mast throughout Turkey every 10 November, between 09:05 and the sunset, in memory of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, who died on 10 November 1938[51] at five past nine in the morning. At other times, the government may issue an order for the national flag to be flown at half-mast upon the death of principal figures of the Turkish political life as a mark of respect to their memory (such as Turgut Özal). When such an order is issued, all government buildings, offices, public schools and military bases are to fly their flags at half-mast. To show the sympathy of Turkish people to a foreign leader, flags are also flown at half-mast by governmental order (such as after the deaths of Yasser Arafat or Pope John Paul II). The flag at the Grand National Assembly in Ankara is never lowered to half-mast, regardless of the occasion. The flag at Anıtkabir, the mausoleum of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the founder of Turkey, is only lowered to half-mast on November 10. At those times when the flag is to be flown at half-mast, it must first be raised to full height, then lowered to half-mast.

text: United Arab Emirates[edit]

text: The flag of the United Arab Emirates is flown at half mast on 30 November (Martyrs' Day) of every year from 08:00 to 11:30. The flag is also flown at half mast by decree of the President of the United Arab Emirates usually for three days. Each of the seven Emirs has the right to order flags to be flown at half mast in his Emirate.

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: The Royal Standard, the flag of the British monarch, is never flown at half-mast, because there is always a living monarch: the throne passes immediately to the successor.

text: There was some controversy in the United Kingdom in 1997 following the death of Diana, Princess of Wales that no flag was flying at half-mast at Buckingham Palace. Until 1997, the only flag to fly from Buckingham Palace was the Royal Standard, the official flag of the reigning British sovereign, which would only fly when the sovereign was in residence at the Palace (or, exceptionally, after the death of the sovereign, the flag of the next senior member of the Royal Family would be raised, if the new sovereign were not present); otherwise, no flag would fly.

text: In response to public outcry[52] that the palace was not flying a flag at half mast, Queen Elizabeth II ordered a break with protocol, replacing the Royal Standard with the Union Flag at half-mast as soon as the Queen left the Palace to attend the Princess's funeral at Westminster Abbey. The Royal Standard was again flown (at full hoist) on her return to the Palace. Since then, the Union Flag flies from the Palace when the Queen is not in residence, and has flown at half mast upon the deaths of members of the Royal Family, such as Princess Margaret and the Queen Mother in 2002 and other times of national mourning such as following the terrorist bombings in London on 7 July 2005.

text: In the UK, the correct way to fly the flag at half-mast is two-thirds between the bottom and top of the flagstaff, with at least the width of the flag between the top of the flag and the top of the pole according to the Department of Culture, Media and Sport, which decides the flying, on command of the Sovereign. The flag may be flown on a government building at half-mast on the following days:

text:
From the announcement of the death up to the funeral of the Sovereign, except on Proclamation Day when flags are hoisted to full-mast, from 11am until sunset;
The funerals of members of the royal family, upon command of the Sovereign;
The funerals of foreign rulers, upon command of the Sovereign;
The funerals of prime ministers and ex-prime ministers of the UK, upon command of the Sovereign;
Other occasions, by special command of the Sovereign.

text: According to the Department of Culture, Media and Sport, the correct term is Half Mast.[53]

text: If a flag flying day coincides with a half-mast flag flying day (including the death of a member of the royal family), the flag is flown at full-mast unless a specific command is received from the Sovereign.

text: If more than one flag is flown on a half-mast day, they must all be flown at half-mast, or not at all. The flag of a foreign nation must never be flown at half-mast on UK soil unless that country has declared mourning.

text: United Nations[edit]

text: At the United Nations offices in New York and Geneva, the flag of the United Nations flies at half-mast on the day after the death of a Head of State or a Head of Government of a member state, but generally not during the funeral.[54] Other occasions are at the Secretary-General's discretion. Other offices may follow local practice. To honor the memory of Dag Hammarskjöld the UN issued postage stamps showing its flag at half-mast.

text: United States[edit]

text: In the United States, the usual government term for non-nautical use is "half-staff." While the term "half-mast" is commonly used in place of half-staff, U.S. law and post-WW-I military tradition indicate that "half-mast" is reserved to usage aboard a ship, where flags are typically flown from masts, and at naval ships ashore.[55][56] Elsewhere ashore, flags are flown at "half-staff." In addition, flags are lowered to half-staff, not raised.[57]

text: In the United States, the President can issue an executive order for the flag of the United States to be flown at half-staff upon the death of principal figures of the United States government and others, as a mark of respect to their memory. When such an order is issued, all government buildings, offices, public schools, and military bases are to fly their flags at half-staff. Under federal law (4 U.S.C. § 7(f)), the flags of states, cities, localities, and pennants of societies, shall never be placed above the flag of the United States; thus, all other flags also fly at half-staff when the U.S. flag has been ordered to fly at half-staff. There is no penalty for failure to comply with the above law as to enforce such a penalty would violate the First Amendment.[citation needed]

text: Governors of U.S. states and territories are authorized by federal law to order all U.S. and state flags in their jurisdiction flown at half-staff as a mark of respect for a former or current state official who has died, or for a member of the armed forces who has died in active duty. The governor's authority to issue the order is more restricted than the president's, and does not include discretion to issue the order for state residents who do not meet the criteria stated. Since a governor's executive order affects only his or her state, not the entire country, these orders are distinguished from presidential proclamations.

text: Under 4 U.S.C. § 7(m) and established traditions by Presidential proclamations, the flag of the United States is to be flown at half-staff on rare occasions, in the following circumstances:[58]

text:
For thirty days after the death of a current or former president or president-elect, as occurred after the death of President Reagan and the death of President Ford.
For ten days after the death of a current vice president, current or retired chief justice, or current Speaker of the House of Representatives.
From the day of death until interment of an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, a secretary of an executive or military department, a former vice president, the President Pro Tempore of the Senate,[59] or the governor of a state, territory, or possession.
On the day of death and the following day for a Member of Congress.
On Memorial Day until noon.
Every September 11 in remembrance of the September 11 attacks.[60]
Upon presidential proclamation, usually after the death of other notable figures or tragic events.[61]

text: Federal law includes a Congressional request that the flag be flown at half-staff on Peace Officers Memorial Day (May 15), unless that day is also Armed Forces Day. Presidential proclamations also call for the flag to be flown at half-staff on Pearl Harbour Remembrance Day (December 7),[62] and Patriot Day (September 11).[63]

text: On October 16, 2001, President George W. Bush approved legislation requiring the United States flag to be lowered to half-staff on all Federal buildings to memorialize fallen firefighters. Pub.L. 107–51 requires this action to occur annually in conjunction with observance of the National Fallen Firefighters Memorial Service.[64] The date of the National Fallen Firefighters Memorial Service is traditionally the first Sunday in October. It is held at the National Fallen Firefighters Memorial in Emmitsburg, Maryland.[65]

text: 4 U.S.C. § 7(m) was modified with new legislation signed into effect on June 29, 2007, by President Bush, requiring any federal facility within a region, which proclaims half-staff to honor a member of the U.S. Armed Forces who died on active duty, to follow the half-staff proclamation.[66]

text: Vietnam[edit]

text: Apart from the lowered position of the flag of Vietnam, state mourning also warrants a black ribbon 1/10 the width of the flag's width and equal to the length of the flag to be tied at the summit. Variants have the black ribbon wrapped around the flag itself, preventing it from being unfurled.[67]

text: Zimbabwe[edit]

text: The flag of Zimbabwe is flown at half-mast at the conferment of National Hero Status to the deceased. As a first-generation[discuss] republic, adjudication over such a status is currently done by the politburo of the ZANU–PF.[citation needed]


document_title: Rani of Jhansi

question_text: name of the horse of rani laxmi bai

question_tokens: name of the horse of rani laxmi bai

root

text: Rani of Jhansi

text: Biography[edit]

text: Lakshmibai or Manikarnika (Manu Bai) was born on 19 November 1828[5][6][7] in the holy town of Varanasi into a Marathi Brahmin family.[8][9] She was named Manikarnika and was nicknamed Manu.[10] Her father was Moropant Tambe [11] and her mother Bhagirathi Sapre (Bhagirathi Bai). Her parents came from Maharashtra and was cousin of Nana Sahib.[12] Her mother died when she was four years old. Her father worked for a court Peshwa of Bithoor district who brought up Manikarnika like his own daughter.[13] The Peshwa called her "Chhabili", which means "playful". She was educated at home and was more independent in her childhood than others of her age; her studies included shooting, horsemanship, fencing[14][15] and Mallakhamba with her childhood friends Nana Sahib and Tatya Tope.[16]

tag: p

text: Manikarnika was married to the Maharaja of Jhansi, Raja Gangadhar Rao Newalkar, in May 1842[5][17] and was afterwards called Lakshmibai (or Laxmibai) in honour of the Hindu goddess Lakshmi.[18] She gave birth to a boy, later named Damodar Rao, in 1851, who died after four months. The Maharaja adopted a child called Anand Rao, the son of Gangadhar Rao's cousin, who was renamed Damodar Rao, on the day before the Maharaja died. The adoption was in the presence of the British political officer who was given a letter from the Maharaja instructing that the child be treated with respect and that the government of Jhansi should be given to his widow for her lifetime. After the death of the Maharaja in November 1853, because Damodar Rao (born Anand Rao) was adopted, the British East India Company, under Governor-General Lord Dalhousie, applied the Doctrine of Lapse, rejecting Damodar Rao's claim to the throne and annexing the state to its territories. When she was informed of this she cried out "I shall not surrender my Jhansi" (Mai meri Jhansi nahi doongi). In March 1854, Lakshmibai was given an annual pension of Rs. 60,000 and ordered to leave the palace and the fort.[19][20] Rani Lakshmibai has been known to the British most commonly as "the Rani of Jhansi"; in Hindi she is often known as "Jhansi ki Rani".

text: Rani Lakshmibai was accustomed to riding on horseback accompanied by a small escort between the palace and the temple although sometimes she was carried by palanquin.[21] Her horses included Sarangi, Pavan and Badal; according to tradition she rode Badal when escaping from the fort in 1858. The Rani Mahal, the palace of Rani Lakshmibai, has now been converted into a museum. It houses a collection of archaeological remains of the period between the 9th and 12th centuries AD.

text: According to a memoir purporting to be by Damodar Rao he was among his mother's troops and household at the battle of Gwalior; together with others who had survived the battle (some 60 retainers with 60 camels and 22 horses) he fled from the camp of Rao Sahib of Bithur and as the village people of Bundelkhand dared not aid them for fear of reprisals from the British they were forced to live in the forest and suffer many privations. After two years there were about 12 survivors and these together with another group of 24 they encountered sought the city of Jhalrapatan where there were yet more refugees from Jhansi. Damodar Rao surrendered himself to a British official and his memoir ends in May 1860 when he has been allowed a pension of Rs. 10,000, seven retainers only, and is in the guardianship of Munshi Dharmanarayan.[22]

text: Indian Rebellion of 1857 to 1858[edit]

text: May 1857 – July 1857[edit]

text: A rumour that the cartridges' lining for the Enfield rifle supplied by the East India Company to the soldiers in its army contained pork or beef fat began to spread throughout India in the early months of 1857.[23] On 10 May 1857 the Indian Rebellion started in Meerut; when news of this reached Jhansi, the Rani asked the British political officer, Captain Alexander Skene, for permission to raise a body of armed men for her own protection and Skene agreed to this.[24] The city was relatively calm in the midst of unrest in the region but the Rani conducted a Haldi Kumkum ceremony with pomp in front of all the women of Jhansi to provide assurance to her subjects, in the summer of 1857 and to convince them that the British were cowards and not to be afraid of them.[25][26]

text: Till this point, Lakshmibai was reluctant to rebel against the British. In June 1857, men of the 12th Bengal Native Infantry seized the fort containing the treasure and magazine, and, after persuading the British to lay down their arms by promising them no harm, broke their word and massacred 40 to 60 European officers of the garrison along with their wives and children. Her involvement in this massacre is still a subject of debate.[27][28] An army doctor, Thomas Lowe, wrote after the rebellion characterising her as the "Jezebel of India ... the young rani upon whose head rested the blood of the slain".[29] Four days after the massacre the sepoys left Jhansi having obtained a large sum of money from the Rani, and having threatened to blow up the palace where she lived. Following this as the only source of authority in the city the Rani felt obliged to assume the administration and wrote to Major Erskine, commissioner of the Saugor division explaining the events which had led her to do so.[30] On 2 July Erskine wrote in reply that he requested her to "manage the District for the British Government" until the arrival of a British Superintendent.[31] The Rani's forces defeated an attempt by the mutineers to assert the claim to the throne of a rival prince who was captured and imprisoned. There was then an invasion of Jhansi by the forces of Company allies Orchha and Datia; their intention however was to divide Jhansi between themselves. The Rani appealed to the British for aid but it was now believed by the governor-general that she was responsible for the massacre and no reply was received. She set up a foundry to cast cannon to be used on the walls of the fort and assembled forces including some from former feudatories of Jhansi and elements of the mutineers which were able to defeat the invaders in August 1857. Her intention at this time was still to hold Jhansi on behalf of the British.[32]

text: August 1857 – June 1858[edit]

text: From August 1857 to January 1858 Jhansi under the Rani's rule was at peace. The British had announced that troops would be sent there to maintain control but the fact that none arrived strengthened the position of a party of her advisers who wanted independence from British rule. When the British forces finally arrived in March they found it well defended and the fort had heavy guns which could fire over the town and nearby countryside. Sir Hugh Rose, commanding the British forces, demanded the surrender of the city; if this was refused it would be destroyed.[33] After due deliberation the Rani issued a proclamation: "We fight for independence. In the words of Lord Krishna, we will if we are victorious, enjoy the fruits of victory, if defeated and killed on the field of battle, we shall surely earn eternal glory and salvation."[34] She defended Jhansi against British troops when Sir Hugh Rose besieged Jhansi on 23 March 1858.

text: The bombardment began on 24 March but was met by heavy return fire and the damaged defences were repaired. The defenders sent appeals for help to Tantia Tope;[31] an army of more than 20,000, headed by Tantia Tope, was sent to relieve Jhansi but they failed to do so when they fought the British on 31 March. During the battle with Tantia Tope's forces part of the British forces continued the siege and by 2 April it was decided to launch an assault by a breach in the walls. Four columns assaulted the defences at different points and those attempting to scale the walls came under heavy fire. Two other columns had already entered the city and were approaching the palace together. Determined resistance was encountered in every street and in every room of the palace. Street fighting continued into the following day and no quarter was given, even to women and children. "No maudlin clemency was to mark the fall of the city" wrote Thomas Lowe.[35] The Rani withdrew from the palace to the fort and after taking counsel decided that since resistance in the city was useless she must leave and join either Tantia Tope or Rao Sahib (Nana Sahib's nephew).[36]

text: According to tradition with Damodar Rao on her back she jumped on her horse Badal from the fort; they survived but the horse died.[38] The Rani escaped in the night with her son, surrounded by guards.[39] The escort included the warriors Khuda Bakhsh Basharat Ali (commandant), Gulam Gaus Khan, Dost Khan, Lala Bhau Bakshi, Moti Bai, Sunder-Mundar, Kashi Bai, Deewan Raghunath Singh and Deewan Jawahar Singh.[citation needed] She decamped to Kalpi with a few guards, where she joined additional rebel forces, including Tantia Tope.[36] They occupied the town of Kalpi and prepared to defend it. On 22 May British forces attacked Kalpi; the Indian forces were commanded by the Rani herself and were again defeated. The leaders (the Rani of Jhansi, Tantia Tope, the Nawab of Banda, and Rao Sahib) fled once more. They came to Gwalior and joined the Indian forces who now held the city (Maharaja Scindia having fled to Agra from the battlefield at Morar). They moved on to Gwalior intending to occupy the strategic Gwalior Fort and the rebel forces occupied the city without opposition. The rebels proclaimed Nana Sahib as Peshwa of a revived Maratha dominion with Rao Sahib as his governor (subedar) in Gwalior. The Rani was unsuccessful in trying to persuade the other rebel leaders to prepare to defend Gwalior against a British attack which she expected would come soon. General Rose's forces took Morar on 16 June and then made a successful attack on the city.[40]

text: On 17 June in Kotah-ki-Serai near the Phool Bagh of Gwalior, a squadron of the 8th (King's Royal Irish) Hussars, under Captain Heneage, fought the large Indian force commanded by Rani Lakshmibai which was trying to leave the area. The 8th Hussars charged into the Indian force, slaughtering 5,000 Indian soldiers, including any Indian "over the age of 16".[41] They took two guns and continued the charge right through the Phool Bagh encampment. In this engagement, according to an eyewitness account, Rani Lakshmibai put on a sowar's uniform and attacked one of the hussars; she was unhorsed and also wounded, probably by his sabre. Shortly afterwards, as she sat bleeding by the roadside, she recognised the soldier and fired at him with a pistol, whereupon he "dispatched the young lady with his carbine".[42][43] According to another tradition Rani Lakshmibai, the Queen of Jhansi, dressed as a cavalry leader, was badly wounded; not wishing the British to capture her body, she told a hermit to burn it. After her death a few local people cremated her body. The British captured the city of Gwalior after three days. In the British report of this battle, Hugh Rose commented that Rani Lakshmibai is "personable, clever and beautiful" and she is "the most dangerous of all Indian leaders".[44][45] Rose reported that she had been buried "with great ceremony under a tamarind tree under the Rock of Gwalior, where I saw her bones and ashes".[46][47] Her tomb is in the Phool Bagh area of Gwalior. Twenty years after her death Colonel Malleson wrote in the History of the Indian Mutiny; vol. 3; London, 1878 'Whatever her faults in British eyes may have been, her countrymen will ever remember that she was driven by ill-treatment into rebellion, and that she lived and died for her country, We cannot forget her contribution for India.'[48]

text: Cultural depictions and statues[edit]

text: Statues of Lakshmibai are seen in many places of India, which show her and her son tied to her back. Laxmibai National University of Physical Education in Gwalior, Maharani Laxmi Bai Medical College in Jhansi are named after her. Rani Laxmi Bai Central Agricultural University in Jhansi was founded in 2013. The Rani Jhansi Marine National Park is located in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal. A women's unit of the Indian National Army was named the Rani of Jhansi Regiment. In 1957 two postage stamps were issued to commemorate the centenary of the rebellion.

text: Songs and poems[edit]

text: A number of patriotic songs have been written about the Rani. The most famous composition about Rani Lakshmi Bai is the Hindi poem Jhansi ki Rani written by Subhadra Kumari Chauhan. An emotionally charged description of the life of Rani Lakshmibai, it is often taught in schools in India.[49] A popular stanza from it reads:

text: Translation: "How valiantly like a man fought she / The Rani of Jhansi / On every parapet a gun she set / Raining fire of hell / How well like a man fought the Rani of Jhansi / How valiantly and well!"[51]

text: Novels[edit]

text:
Flashman in the Great Game by George MacDonald Fraser, a historical fiction novel about the Indian Revolt describing several meetings between Flashman and the Rani.
La femme sacrée, in French, by Michel de Grèce. A novel based on the Rani of Jhansi's life in which the author imagines an affair between the Rani and an English lawyer. Pocket, 1988, ISBN 978-2-266-02361-0
La Reine des cipayes, in French, by Catherine Clément, Paris: Seuil, 2012, ISBN 978-2-021-02651-1
Rani, a 2007 novel in English by Jaishree Misra.
Nightrunners of Bengal, a 1951 novel in English by John Masters.
Manu (ISBN 072788073X) and Queen of Glory (ISBN 0727881213), (2011 & 2012) by Christopher Nicole, two novels about Lakshmibai from the time of her marriage until her death during the 'Indian Revolt' as seen and experienced by an English woman companion.
Rebel Queen: A Novel by Michelle Moran "A Touchstone Book" New York: Simon and Schuster, March 2015[citation needed]
Seeta: This mutiny novel written by Philip Meadows Taylor in 1872 is showing the admiration of Taylor for the Rani.[52]
Lachmi Bai, Rani of Jhansi: The Jeanne D’Arc of India: This novel written by Michael White in 1901 depicts the Rani in a romanticised way.[53]
The Rane: A legend of the Indian Mutiny: In this novel written by Gillean, a British military officer, in 1887 the Rani is shown as an unscrupulous and cruel woman.[54]
The Queen's Desire: This novel written by Hume Nisbet in 1893 focuses on the Rani's sexuality. However, she does not want to use her sexuality to manipulate the British, but she cannot resist a British officer and consequently falls in love with him.[55]

tag: ul

text: Film and television[edit]

text:
The Tiger and the Flame (1953), directed and produced by Sohrab Modi
Jhansi Ki Rani, a television series aired on Zee TV
The Rebel, a film by Ketan Mehta, a companion piece to his film Mangal Pandey: The Rising
Manikarnika—The Queen of Jhansi, an upcoming 2018 Hindi film starring Kangana Ranaut as Rani Laxmibai.

text: Video game[edit]

text: The Order: 1886, a single-player third-person shooter video game features a fictional version of Rani Lakshmi Bai. In the game, she is the rebel leader fighting the United India Company plotting to rule the world with unethical force.

text: Other works[edit]

text:
The Queen of Jhansi, by Mahasweta Devi (translated by Sagaree and Mandira Sengupta). This book is a reconstruction of the life of Rani Lakshmi Bai from extensive research of both historical documents (collected mostly by G. C. Tambe, grandson of the Queen) and folk tales, poetry and oral tradition; the original in Bengali was published in 1956; the English translation by Seagull Books, Calcutta, 2000, ISBN 8170461758.
The Rebellious Rani, 1966; by Sir John George Smyth, 1st Baronet.


document_title: India at the 2016 Summer Olympics

question_text: who won medals in olympics 2016 from india

question_tokens: who won medals in olympics 2016 from india

text: India at the 2016 Summer Olympics

text: Medalists[edit]

text:
Medal
Name
Sport
Event
Date

02 ! Silver
Sindhu, P. V.P. V. Sindhu
Badminton
Women's singles
000000002018-08-19-0000August 19

03 ! Bronze
Malik, SakshiSakshi Malik
Wrestling
Women's freestyle 58 kg
000000002018-08-17-0000August 17

Medals by sport

Sport
01 !
02 !
03 !
Total

Badminton
0
1
0
1

Wrestling
0
0
1
1

Total
0
1
1
2

Medals by gender

Gender
01 !
02 !
03 !
Total

Male
0
0
0
0

Female
0
1
1
2

Total
0
1
1
2

tag: table

text: Competitors[edit]

text: The following is the list of number of competitors participating in the Games. Note that reserves in fencing, field hockey, football, and handball are not counted as athletes:

text:
Sports
Men
Women
Total
Events

Archery
1
3
4
3

Athletics
17
17
34
19

Badminton
3
4
7
4

Boxing
3
0
3
3

Field hockey
16
16
32
2

Golf
2
1
3
2

Gymnastics
0
1
1
5

Judo
1
0
1
1

Rowing
1
0
1
1

Shooting
9
3
12
11

Swimming
1
1
2
2

Table tennis
2
2
4
2

Tennis
2
2
4
3

Weightlifting
1
1
2
2

Wrestling
4
3
7
7

Total
63
54
117
67

text: Archery[edit]

text: Three Indian women's archers & One Indian men's archer qualified after having secured top eight finish in the women's team recurve event & men's individual event at the 2015 World Archery Championships in Copenhagen, Denmark.[10][11][12][13]

text:
Athlete
Event
Ranking round
Round of 64
Round of 32
Round of 16
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
Final / BM

Score
Seed
Opposition
Score
Opposition
Score
Opposition
Score
Opposition
Score
Opposition
Score
Opposition
Score
Rank

Atanu Das
Men's individual
683
5
 Muktan (NEP)
W 6–0
 Puentes (CUB)
W 6–4
 Lee S-y (KOR)
L 4–60
Did not advance

Bombayla Devi
Women's individual
638
24
 Baldauff (AUT)
W 6–2
 Lin S-c (TPE)
W 6–2
 Valencia (MEX)
L 2–6
Did not advance

Deepika Kumari
640
20
 Esebua (GEO)
W 6–40
 Guendalina (ITA)
W 6–2
 Tan Y-t (TPE)
L 0–6
Did not advance

Laxmirani Majhi
614
43
 Longová (SVK)
L 1–7
Did not advance

Deepika Kumari
Bombayla Devi
Laxmirani Majhi
Women's team
1892
7
N/A
 Colombia (COL)
W 5–3
 Russia (RUS)
L 4–5
Did not advance

text: Athletics[edit]

text: Indian athletes have been able to achieve qualifying standard in the following athletic events (up to maximum of 3 athletes in each event) [14][15]

text: Indian shot putter Inderjeet Singh and 200 metres sprinter Dharambir Singh were suspended from participating in the Olympics after having failed both of the administered doping tests.[16]

text:
Note–Ranks given for track events are within the athlete's heat only
Q = Qualified for the next round
q = Qualified for the next round as a fastest loser or, in field events, by position without achieving the qualifying target
NR = National record
SB = Seasonal best
N/A = Round not applicable for the event
Bye = Athlete not required to compete in round

text:
Athlete
Event
Heat
Semifinal
Final

Result
Rank
Result
Rank
Result
Rank

Muhammad Anas
400 m
45.95
6
Did not advance

Jinson Johnson
800 m
1:47.27
5
Did not advance

Mohammad Anas
Ayyasamy Dharun
Lalit Mathur*
Kunhu Muhammed
Mohan Kumar Raja*
Arokia Rajiv
4 × 400 m relay
DSQ
N/A
Did not advance

Thonakal Gopi
Marathon
N/A
2:15:25 PB
25

Kheta Ram
N/A
2:15:26 PB
26

Nitendra Singh Rawat
N/A
2:22:52
84

Ganapathi Krishnan
20 km walk
N/A
DSQ

Manish Singh
N/A
1:21.21
13

Gurmeet Singh
N/A
DSQ

Sandeep Kumar
50 km walk
N/A
4:07:55
35

text: * Reserves in the relay team.

text:
Athlete
Event
Qualification
Final

Distance
Position
Distance
Position

Ankit Sharma
Long jump
7.67
24
Did not advance

Renjith Maheshwary
Triple jump
16.13
30
Did not advance

Vikas Gowda
Discus throw
58.99
28
Did not advance

text:
Athlete
Event
Heat
Semifinal
Final

Result
Rank
Result
Rank
Result
Rank

Dutee Chand
100 m
11.69
7
Did not advance

Srabani Nanda
200 m
23.58
6
Did not advance

Nirmala Sheoran
400 m
53.03
6
Did not advance

Tintu Lukka
800 m
2:00.58
6
Did not advance

Lalita Babar
3000 m steeplechase
9:19.76 NR
4 q
N/A
9:22.74
10

Sudha Singh
9:43.29
9
N/A
Did not advance

Ashwini Akkunji*
Tintu Lukka
Jisna Mathew*
Debashree Mazumdar*
M. R. Poovamma
Nirmala Sheoran
Anilda Thomas
4 × 400 m relay
3:29.53
7
N/A
Did not advance

O. P. Jaisha
Marathon
N/A
2:47:19
89

Kavita Raut
N/A
2:59:29
120

Khushbir Kaur
20 km walk
N/A
1:40:33
54

Sapna Punia
N/A
Did not finish

text: * Reserves in the relay team.

text:
Athlete
Event
Qualification
Final

Distance
Position
Distance
Position

Manpreet Kaur
Shot put
17.06
23
Did not advance

Seema Antil
Discus throw
57.58
20
Did not advance

text: Badminton[edit]

text: India has qualified seven badminton players for each of the following events into the Olympic based on their BWF World Rankings as of 5 May 2016 :[17]

text:
Athlete
Event
Group stage
Elimination
Quarterfinal
Semifinal
Final / BM

Opposition
Score
Opposition
Score
Opposition
Score
Rank
Opposition
Score
Opposition
Score
Opposition
Score
Opposition
Score
Rank

Srikanth Kidambi
Singles
 Muñoz (MEX)
W (21–11, 21–17)
 Hurskainen (SWE)
W (21–6, 21–18)
N/A
1 Q
 Jørgensen (DEN)
W (21–19, 21–19)
 Lin D (CHN)
0L (6–21, 21–11, 18–21)
Did not advance

Manu Attri
B. Sumeeth Reddy
Doubles
 Ahsan /
Setiawan (INA)
L (18–21, 13–21)
 Chai B /
Hong W (CHN)
L (13–21, 15–21)
 Endo /
Hayakawa (JPN)
0W (23–21, 21–11)
4
N/A
Did not advance

text:
Athlete
Event
Group stage
Elimination
Quarterfinal
Semifinal
Final / BM

Opposition
Score
Opposition
Score
Opposition
Score
Rank
Opposition
Score
Opposition
Score
Opposition
Score
Opposition
Score
Rank

Saina Nehwal
Singles
 Vicente (BRA)
W (21–17, 21–17)
 Ulitina (UKR)
L (18–21, 19–21)
N/A
2
Did not advance

Pusarla Sindhu
 Sárosi (HUN)
W (21–8, 21–9)
 Li (CAN)
W (19–21, 21–15, 21–17)
N/A
1 Q
 Tai t-y (TPE)
W (21–13, 21–15)
 Wang Y (CHN)
W (22–20, 21–19)
 Okuhara (JPN)
W (21–19, 21–10)
 Marín (ESP)
L (21–19, 12–21, 15–21)
02 !

Jwala Gutta
Ashwini Ponnappa
Doubles
 Matsutomo /
Takahashi (JPN)
L (15–21, 10–21)
 Muskens /
Piek (NED)
L (16–21, 21–16, 17–21)
 Supajirakul /
Taerattanachai (THA)
L (17–21, 15–21)
4
N/A
Did not advance

text: Boxing[edit]

text: India has entered three boxers to compete in each of the following classes into the Olympic boxing tournament. London 2012 Olympian Shiva Thapa had claimed his Olympic spot with a semifinal victory at the 2016 Asia & Oceania Qualification Tournament in Qian'an, China, while Manoj Kumar and Vikas Krishan Yadav secured additional places on the Indian roster with their quarterfinal triumphs at the 2016 AIBA World Qualifying Tournament in Baku, Azerbaijan.[18][19]

text:
Athlete
Event
Round of 32
Round of 16
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
Final

Opposition
Result
Opposition
Result
Opposition
Result
Opposition
Result
Opposition
Result
Rank

Shiva Thapa
Men's bantamweight
 Ramírez (CUB)
0L 0–3
Did not advance

Manoj Kumar
Men's light welterweight
 Petrauskas (LTU)
W 2–1
 Gaibnazarov (UZB)
L 0–3
Did not advance

Vikas Krishan Yadav
Men's middleweight
 Conwell (USA)
W 3–0
 Şipal (TUR)
W 3–0
 Melikuziev (UZB)
L 0–3
Did not advance

text: Field hockey[edit]

text: Key:

text:
FT – After full time.
P – Match decided by penalty-shootout.

text:
Team
Event
Group Stage
Quarterfinal
Semifinal
Final / BM

Opposition
Score
Opposition
Score
Opposition
Score
Opposition
Score
Opposition
Score
Rank
Opposition
Score
Opposition
Score
Opposition
Score
Rank

India men's
Men's tournament
 Ireland
W 3–2
 Germany
L 1–2
 Argentina
W 2–1
 Netherlands
L 1–2
 Canada
D 2–2
4
 Belgium
L 1–3
Did not advance
8

India women's
Women's tournament
 Japan
D 2–2
 Great Britain
L 0–3
 Australia
L 1–6
 United States
L 0–3
 Argentina
L 0–5
6
Did not advance
12

text: Men's tournament[edit]

text: India men's field hockey team qualified for the Olympics by receiving a berth and earning the gold medal from the 2014 Asian Games in Incheon.[20]

text: The following is the India roster in the men's field hockey tournament of the 2016 Summer Olympics.[21] view · talk

text: Head coach: Roelant Oltmans

text:
Harmanpreet Singh
Rupinder Pal Singh
Kothajit Singh
Surender Kumar
Manpreet Singh
Sardara Singh
V. R. Raghunath
S. K. Uthappa
P. R. Shreejesh (C & GK)
Danish Mujtaba
Devinder Walmiki
S. V. Sunil
Akashdeep Singh
Chinglensana Singh
Ramandeep Singh
Nikkin Thimmaiah

tag: ol

text: Reserves:

text:
Vikas Dahiya
Pardeep Mor

text:
Pos
Team
[

v
t
e

]

Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification

1
 Germany
5
4
1
0
17
10
+7
13
Quarter-finals

2
 Netherlands
5
3
1
1
18
6
+12
10

3
 Argentina
5
2
2
1
14
12
+2
8

4
 India
5
2
1
2
9
9
0
7

5
 Ireland
5
1
0
4
10
16
−6
3

6
 Canada
5
0
1
4
7
22
−15
1

text:
6 August 2016 (2016-08-06)
11:00
v

India
3–2
 Ireland

Raghunath  15+'
Ru. Singh  27', 49'
Report
Shimmins  45'
Harte  56'

Umpires:
Murray Grime (AUS)
Paco Vázquez (ESP)

text:
8 August 2016 (2016-08-08)
11:00
v

Germany
2–1
 India

Wellen  18'
Rühr  60'
Report
Ru. Singh  23'

Umpires:
Tim Pullman (AUS)
Martin Madden (GBR)

text:
9 August 2016 (2016-08-09)
11:00
v

Argentina
1–2
 India

Peillat  49'
Report
C. Singh  8'
K. Singh  35'

Umpires:
Paco Vázquez (ESP)
Simon Taylor (NZL)

text:
11 August 2016 (2016-08-11)
10:00
v

Netherlands
2–1
 India

Hofman  35'
Van der Weerden  54'
Report
Raghunath  38'

Umpires:
Murray Grime (AUS)
Martin Madden (GBR)

text:
12 August 2016 (2016-08-12)
12:30
v

India
2–2
 Canada

A. Singh  33'
Ra. Singh  41'
Report
Tupper  33', 52'

Umpires:
Nathan Stagno (GBR)
Adam Kearns (AUS)

text:
14 August 2016 (2016-08-14)
12:30
v

Belgium
3–1
 India

Dockier  34', 45'
Boon  50'
Report
A. Singh  15'

Umpires:
Simon Taylor (NZL)
Nathan Stagno (GBR)

text: Women's tournament[edit]

text: India women's field hockey team qualified for the Olympics by having achieved a top five finish at the 2014–15 Women's FIH Hockey World League Semifinals, signifying its historic Olympic comeback after 36 years.[23]

text: The following is the Indian roster in the women's field hockey tournament of the 2016 Summer Olympics.[24] view · talk

text: Head coach: Neil Hawgood

text:
Navjot Kaur
Deep Grace Ekka
Monika Malik
Nikki Pradhan
Anuradha Devi
Savita Punia (GK)
Poonam Rani
Vandana Kataria
Deepika Thakur
Namita Toppo
Renuka Yadav
Sunita Lakra
Sushila Chanu (C)
Rani Rampal
Preeti Dubey
Lilima Minz

text: Reserves:

text: Rajani Etimarpu

text:
Pos
Team
[

v
t
e

]

Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification

1
 Great Britain
5
5
0
0
12
4
+8
15
Quarter-finals

2
 United States
5
4
0
1
14
5
+9
12

3
 Australia
5
3
0
2
11
5
+6
9

4
 Argentina
5
2
0
3
12
6
+6
6

5
 Japan
5
0
1
4
3
16
−13
1

6
 India
5
0
1
4
3
19
−16
1

text:
7 August 2016 (2016-08-07)
11:00
v

Japan
2–2
 India

Nishikori  15'
Nakashima  28'
Report
Rani  31'
Minz  40'

Umpires:
Kylie Seymour (AUS)
Kelly Hudson (NZL)

text:
8 August 2016 (2016-08-08)
18:00
v

India
0–3
 Great Britain

Report
Ansley  25'
White  27'
Danson  33'

Umpires:
Chieko Soma (JPN)
Amy Baxter (USA)

text:
10 August 2016 (2016-08-10)
11:00
v

India
1–6
 Australia

Thokchom  60'
Report
Slattery  5'
Morgan  9'
Claxton  35'
Parker  36'
Kenny  43', 46'

Umpires:
Soledad Iparraguiree (ARG)
Sarah Wilson (GBR)

text:
11 August 2016 (2016-08-11)
19:30
v

United States
3–0
 India

O'Donnell  14', 42'
Gonzalez  52'
Report

Umpires:
Melissa Trivic (AUS)
Chieko Soma (JPN)

text:
13 August 2016 (2016-08-13)
10:00
v

Argentina
5–0
 India

Cavallero  16', 29'
Granatto  23'
Rebecchi  26'
Albertario  27'
Report

Umpires:
Chieko Soma (JPN)
Sarah Wilson (GBR)

text: Golf[edit]

text: India has entered three golfers into the Olympic. Anirban Lahiri (Rank 62), Shiv Chawrasia (Rank 207), and Aditi Ashok (Rank 444) qualified directly among top 60 players for their respective individual events based on IGF World Rankings as of 11 July 2016.[26][27][28]

text:
Athlete
Event
Round 1
Round 2
Round 3
Round 4
Total

Score
Score
Score
Score
Score
Par
Rank

Shiv Chawrasia
Men's
71
71
69
78
289
+5
=50

Anirban Lahiri
74
73
75
72
294
+10
57

Aditi Ashok
Women's
68
68
79
76
291
+7
41

text: Gymnastics[edit]

text: Artistic[edit]

text: India has qualified one artistic gymnast into the Olympic competition for the first time since 1964. Dipa Karmakar became the first Indian female ever to book an Olympic spot in the apparatus (vault, balance beam, uneven bars and floor exercise) events and all-around event at the Olympic Test Event in Rio de Janeiro.[29]

text:
Athlete
Event
Qualification
Final

Apparatus
Total
Rank
Apparatus
Total
Rank

V
UB
BB
F
V
UB
BB
F

Dipa Karmakar
All-around
15.100
11.666
12.866
12.033
51.665
51
Did not advance

Vault
14.850
N/A
14.850
8 Q
15.066
N/A
15.066
4

text: Judo[edit]

text: India has qualified one judoka for men's middleweight category (90 kg) for the olympic. Avtar Singh earned a continental quota from the Asian region, as the highest-ranked Indian judoka outside of direct qualifying position in the IJF World Ranking List of 30 May 2016.[30][31]

text:
Athlete
Event
Round of 64
Round of 32
Round of 16
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
Repechage
Final / BM

Opposition
Result
Opposition
Result
Opposition
Result
Opposition
Result
Opposition
Result
Opposition
Result
Opposition
Result
Rank

Avtar Singh
Men's −90 kg
Bye
 Misenga (ROT)
L 000–001
Did not advance

text: Rowing[edit]

text: India has qualified one boat in the men's single sculls for the Olympics at the 2016 Asia & Oceania Continental Qualification Regatta in Chungju, South Korea.[32]

text:
Athlete
Event
Heats
Repechage
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
Final

Time
Rank
Time
Rank
Time
Rank
Time
Rank
Time
Rank

Dattu Baban Bhokanal
Men's single sculls
7:21.67
3 QF
Bye
6:59.89
4 SC/D
7:19.02
2 FC
6:54.96
13

text: Qualification Legend: FA=Final A (medal); FB=Final B (non-medal); FC=Final C (non-medal); FD=Final D (non-medal); FE=Final E (non-medal); FF=Final F (non-medal); SA/B=Semifinals A/B; SC/D=Semifinals C/D; SE/F=Semifinals E/F; QF=Quarterfinals; R=Repechage

text: Shooting[edit]

text: Indian shooters have achieved quota places for the following events by virtue of their best finish at the 2014 and 2015 ISSF World Championships, the 2015 ISSF World Cup series and Asian Championships, as long as they obtained a minimum qualifying score (MQS) by 31 March 2016.[33]

text: On 19 March 2016, National Rifle Association of India (NRAI) had announced the squad of eleven Indian shooters for the Games, featuring four-time Olympian and Beijing 2008 air rifle champion Abhinav Bindra, London 2012 bronze medalist Gagan Narang, and multiple-time Worlds medalist Jitu Rai. Aiming to appear at his fourth Olympics, Manavjit Singh Sandhu became the twelfth Indian to join the team, as the NRAI decided to exchange a spot in the 50 m rifle 3 positions (won by Sanjeev Rajput) with the men's trap.[34]

text:
Athlete
Event
Qualification
Semifinal
Final

Points
Rank
Points
Rank
Points
Rank

Abhinav Bindra
10 m air rifle
625.7
7 Q
N/A
163.8
4

Kynan Chenai
Trap
114
19
Did not advance

Mairaj Ahmad Khan
Skeet
121 (+3)
9
Did not advance

Prakash Nanjappa
50 m pistol
547
25
N/A
Did not advance

Gagan Narang
10 m air rifle
621.7
23
N/A
Did not advance

50 m rifle prone
623.1
13
N/A
Did not advance

50 m rifle 3 positions
1162
33
N/A
Did not advance

Jitu Rai
10 m air pistol
580
6 Q
N/A
78.7
8

50 m pistol
554
12
N/A
Did not advance

Chain Singh
50 m rifle prone
619.6
36
N/A
Did not advance

50 m rifle 3 positions
1169
23
N/A
Did not advance

Gurpreet Singh
10 m air pistol
576
20
N/A
Did not advance

25 m rapid fire pistol
581
7
N/A
Did not advance

Manavjit Singh Sandhu
Trap
115
16
Did not advance

text:
Athlete
Event
Qualification
Semifinal
Final

Points
Rank
Points
Rank
Points
Rank

Apurvi Chandela
10 m air rifle
411.6
34
N/A
Did not advance

Ayonika Paul
407.0
43
N/A
Did not advance

Heena Sidhu
10 m air pistol
380
14
N/A
Did not advance

25 m pistol
576
20
Did not advance

text: Qualification Legend: Q = Qualify for the next round; q = Qualify for the bronze medal (shotgun)

text: Swimming[edit]

text: India has received a Universality invitation from FINA to send two swimmers (one male and one female) to the Olympics.[35][36]

text:
Athlete
Event
Heat
Semifinal
Final

Time
Rank
Time
Rank
Time
Rank

Sajan Prakash
Men's 200 m butterfly
1:59.37
28
Did not advance

Shivani Kataria
Women's 200 m freestyle
2:09.30
41
Did not advance

text: Table tennis[edit]

text: India has entered four athletes into the table tennis competition at the Games. 2012 Olympian Soumyajit Ghosh and Manika Batra secured the Olympic spot each in the men's and women's singles as the highest-ranked player coming from the South Asia zone, while Sharath Kamal Achanta and 2004 Olympian Mouma Das scored a second-stage draw victory each to take the remaining spots on the Indian team at the Asian Qualification Tournament in Hong Kong.[37]

text:
Athlete
Event
Round 1
Round 2
Round 3
Round of 16
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
Final / BM

Opposition
Result
Opposition
Result
Opposition
Result
Opposition
Result
Opposition
Result
Opposition
Result
Opposition
Result
Rank

Sharath Kamal Achanta
Men's singles
 Crişan (ROU)
L 1–4
Did not advance

Soumyajit Ghosh
 Tanviriyavechakul (THA)
L 1–4
Did not advance

Manika Batra
Women's singles
 Grzybowska (POL)
L 2–4
Did not advance

Mouma Das
 Dodean (ROU)
L 0–4
Did not advance

text: Tennis[edit]

text: India has entered four tennis players into the Olympic tournament. Sania Mirza (world no. 1) and Rohan Bopanna (world no. 10) teamed up with their partners Prarthana Thombare and six-time Olympian Leander Paes, respectively, in the men's and women's doubles by virtue of their top-10 ATP and WTA Ranking as of 6 June 2016.[38][39]

text:
Athlete
Event
Round 32
Round 16
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
Final / BM

Opposition
Result
Opposition
Result
Opposition
Result
Opposition
Result
Opposition
Result
Rank

Rohan Bopanna
Leander Paes
Men's doubles
 Kubot /
Matkowski (POL)
L 4–6, 6–7(6–8)
Did not advance

Sania Mirza
Prarthana Thombare
Women's doubles
 Peng S /
Zhang S (CHN)
L 6–7(6–8), 7–5, 5–7
Did not advance

Sania Mirza
Rohan Bopanna
Mixed doubles
N/A
 Stosur /
Peers (AUS)
W 7–5, 6–4
 Watson /
Murray (GBR)
W 6–4, 6–4
 V Williams /
Ram (USA)
L 6–2, 2–6, [3–10]
 Hradecká /
Štěpánek (CZE)
L 1–6, 5–7
4

text: Weightlifting[edit]

text: India has qualified one male and one female weightlifter for the Rio Olympics by virtue of a top seven national finish (for men) & top six (for women), respectively, at the 2016 Asian Championships.[40][41]

text:
Athlete
Event
Snatch
Clean & Jerk
Total
Rank

Result
Rank
Result
Rank

Sathish Sivalingam
Men's −77 kg
148
12
181
11
329
11

Saikhom Mirabai Chanu
Women's −48 kg
82
6
106
DNF
82
DNF

text: Wrestling[edit]

text: India has qualified eight wrestlers for each of the following weight category into the Olympic. One Olympic spot in the men's freestyle 74 kg at the 2015 World Championships, while two more Olympic places were awarded to Indian wrestlers, who progressed to the top two finals at the 2016 Asian Qualification Tournament.[42]

text: Three further wrestlers had claimed the remaining Olympic slots in separate World Qualification Tournaments; one of them in men's freestyle 57 kg at the initial meet in Ulaanbaatar, and two more each in women's freestyle 48 & 58 kg at the final meet in Istanbul.

text: On 11 May 2016, United World Wrestling awarded two additional Olympic licenses to India in men's Greco-Roman 85 kg and women's freestyle 53 kg, after doping violations were discovered among the seven qualified wrestlers

text: Freestyle wrestler Narsingh Pancham Yadav, who had qualified for the men's 74 kg event, failed both the A and B sample doping tests on 25 June and 5 July. He was provisionally replaced by Parveen Rana, but was later reinstated on 3 August when the National Anti-Doping Agency of India gave him a clean record on grounds that he had been a victim of sabotage.[43] However the World Anti-Doping Agency appealed against this decision to drop the doping charges, following which Yadav was suspended for four years and disqualified from the Olympics by the Court of Arbitration on 18 August.[44]

text: Key:

text:
VT – Victory by Fall.
PP – Decision by Points – the loser with technical points.
PO – Decision by Points – the loser without technical points.
ST – Technical superiority – the loser without technical points and a margin of victory of at least 8 (Greco-Roman) or 10 (freestyle) points.
VB – Victory by Injury

text:
Athlete
Event
Qualification
Round of 16
Quarterfinal
Semifinal
Repechage 1
Repechage 2
Final / BM

Opposition
Result
Opposition
Result
Opposition
Result
Opposition
Result
Opposition
Result
Opposition
Result
Opposition
Result
Rank

Sandeep Tomar
−57 kg
Bye
 Lebedev (RUS)
L 1–3 PP
Did not advance
15

Yogeshwar Dutt
−65 kg
 Ganzorig (MGL)
L 0–3 PO
Did not advance
21

text:
Athlete
Event
Qualification
Round of 16
Quarterfinal
Semifinal
Repechage 1
Repechage 2
Final / BM

Opposition
Result
Opposition
Result
Opposition
Result
Opposition
Result
Opposition
Result
Opposition
Result
Opposition
Result
Rank

Ravinder Khatri
−85 kg
Bye
 Lőrincz (HUN)
L 0–4 ST
Did not advance
20

Hardeep Singh
−98 kg
Bye
 İldem (TUR)
L 1–3 PP
Did not advance
13

text:
Athlete
Event
Qualification
Round of 16
Quarterfinal
Semifinal
Repechage 1
Repechage 2
Final / BM

Opposition
Result
Opposition
Result
Opposition
Result
Opposition
Result
Opposition
Result
Opposition
Result
Opposition
Result
Rank

Vinesh Phogat
−48 kg
Bye
 Vuc (ROU)
W 4–0 ST
 Sun Yn (CHN)
L 1–5 VB
Did not advance
10

Babita Kumari
−53 kg
Bye
 Prevolaraki (GRE)
L 1–3 PP
Did not advance
13

Sakshi Malik
−58 kg
 J Mattsson (SWE)
W 3–1 PP
 Cherdivara (MDA)
W 3–1 PP
 Koblova (RUS)
L 1–3 PP
Did not advance
Bye
 Pürevdorj (MGL)
W 3–1 PP
 Tynybekova (KGZ)
W 3–1PP
03 !


document_title: British Hong Kong

question_text: who was the last british royal to visit hong kong while it was under british rule

text: British Hong Kong

text: History[edit]

text: Colonial establishment[edit]

text: In 1836, the Manchu Qing government undertook a major policy review of the opium trade. Lin Zexu volunteered to take on the task of suppressing opium. In March 1839, he became Special Imperial Commissioner in Canton, where he ordered the foreign traders to surrender their opium stock. He confined the British to the Canton Factories and cut off their supplies. Chief Superintendent of Trade, Charles Elliot, complied with Lin's demands to secure a safe exit for the British, with the costs involved to be resolved between the two governments. When Elliot promised that the British government would pay for their opium stock, the merchants surrendered their 20,283 chests of opium, which were destroyed in public.[1]

text: In September 1839, the British Cabinet decided that the Chinese should be made to pay for the destruction of British property, either by threat or use of force. An expeditionary force was placed under Elliot and his cousin, Rear Admiral George Elliot, as joint plenipotentiaries in 1840. Foreign Secretary Lord Palmerston stressed to the Chinese government that the British government did not question China's right to prohibit opium, but it objected to the way this was handled.[1] He viewed the sudden strict enforcement as laying a trap for the foreign traders, and the confinement of the British with supplies cut off was tantamount to starving them into submission or death. He instructed the Elliot cousins to occupy one of the Chusan islands, to present a letter from himself to a Chinese official for the Emperor, then to proceed to the Gulf of Bohai for a treaty, and if the Chinese resisted, blockade the key ports of the Yangtze and Yellow rivers.[2] Palmerston demanded a territorial base in Chusan for trade so that British merchants "may not be subject to the arbitrary caprice either of the Government of Peking, or its local Authorities at the Sea-Ports of the Empire".[3]

text: In 1841, Elliot negotiated with Lin's successor, Qishan, in the Convention of Chuenpi during the First Opium War. On 20 January, Elliot announced "the conclusion of preliminary arrangements", which included the cession of Hong Kong Island and its harbour to the British Crown.[4] On 26 January, the Union Jack was raised on Hong Kong and Commodore James Bremer, commander-in-chief of British forces in China, took formal possession of the island at Possession Point.[5] Elliot chose Hong Kong instead of Chusan because he believed a settlement further east would cause an "indefinite protraction of hostilities", whereas Hong Kong's harbour was a valuable base for the British trading community in Canton.[6] On 29 August 1842, the cession was formally ratified in the Treaty of Nanking, which ceded Hong Kong "in perpetuity" to Britain.

text: Growth and expansion[edit]

text: The treaty failed to satisfy British expectations of a major expansion of trade and profit, which led to increasing pressure for a revision of the terms.[7] In October 1856, Chinese authorities in Canton detained the Arrow, a Chinese-owned ship registered in Hong Kong to enjoy protection of the British flag. The Consul in Canton, Harry Parkes, claimed the hauling down of the flag and arrest of the crew were "an insult of very grave character". Parkes and Sir John Bowring, the 4th Governor of Hong Kong, seized the incident to pursue a forward policy. In March 1857, Palmerston appointed Lord Elgin as Plenipotentiary with the aim of securing a new and satisfactory treaty. A French expeditionary force joined the British to avenge the execution of a French missionary in 1856.[8] In 1860, the capture of the Taku Forts and occupation of Beijing led to the Treaty of Tientsin and Convention of Peking. In the Treaty of Tientsin, the Chinese accepted British demands to open more ports, navigate the Yangtze River, legalise the opium trade and have diplomatic representation in Beijing. During the conflict, the British occupied the Kowloon Peninsula, where the flat land was valuable training and resting ground. The area in what is now south of Boundary Street and Stonecutters Island was ceded in the Convention of Peking.[9]

text: In 1898, the British sought to extend Hong Kong for defence. After negotiations began in April 1898, with the British Minister in Beijing, Sir Claude MacDonald, representing Britain, and diplomat Li Hongzhang leading the Chinese, the Second Convention of Peking was signed on 9 June. Since the foreign powers had agreed by the late 19th century that it was no longer permissible to acquire outright sovereignty over any parcel of Chinese territory, and in keeping with the other territorial cessions China made to Russia, Germany and France that same year, the extension of Hong Kong took the form of a 99-year lease. The lease consisted of the rest of Kowloon south of the Shenzhen River and 230 islands, which became known as the New Territories. The British formally took possession on 16 April 1899.[10]

text: Japanese occupation[edit]

text: In 1941, during the Second World War, the British reached an agreement with the Chinese government under Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek that if Japan attacked Hong Kong, the Chinese National Army would attack the Japanese from the rear to relieve pressure on the British garrison. On 8 December, the Battle of Hong Kong began when Japanese air bombers effectively destroyed British air power in one attack.[11] Two days later, the Japanese breached the Gin Drinkers Line in the New Territories. The British commander, Major-General Christopher Maltby, concluded that the island could not be defended for long unless he withdrew his brigade from the mainland. On 18 December, the Japanese crossed Victoria Harbour.[12] By 25 December, organised defence was reduced into pockets of resistance. Maltby recommended a surrender to Governor Sir Mark Young, who accepted his advice to reduce further losses. A day after the invasion, Generalissimo Chiang ordered three corps under General Yu Hanmou to march towards Hong Kong. The plan was to launch a New Year's Day attack on the Japanese in the Canton region, but before the Chinese infantry could attack, the Japanese had broken Hong Kong's defences. The British casualties were 2,232 killed or missing and 2,300 wounded. The Japanese reported 1,996 killed and 6,000 wounded.[13]

text: The Japanese soldiers committed atrocities, including rape, on many locals.[14] The population fell in half, from 1.6 million in 1941 to 750,000 at war's end because of fleeing refugees; they returned in 1945.[15]

text: The Japanese imprisoned the ruling British colonial élite and sought to win over the local merchant gentry by appointments to advisory councils and neighbourhood watch groups. The policy worked well for Japan and produced extensive collaboration from both the élite and the middle class, with far less terror than in other Chinese cities. Hong Kong was transformed into a Japanese colony, with Japanese businesses replacing the British. However, the Japanese Empire had severe logistical difficulties and by 1943 the food supply for Hong Kong was problematic. The overlords became more brutal and corrupt, and the Chinese gentry became disenchanted. With the surrender of Japan, the transition back to British rule was smooth, for on the mainland the Nationalist and Communist forces were preparing for a civil war and ignored Hong Kong. In the long run the occupation strengthened the pre-war social and economic order among the Chinese business community by eliminating some conflicts of interests and reducing the prestige and power of the British.[16]

text: Restoration of British rule[edit]

text: On 14 August 1945, when Japan announced its unconditional surrender, the British formed a naval task group to sail towards Hong Kong.[17] On 1 September, Rear Admiral Cecil Harcourt proclaimed a military administration with himself as its head. He formally accepted the Japanese surrender on 16 September in Government House.[18] Sir Mark Young, upon his return as Governor in early May 1946, pursued political reform known as the "Young Plan", believing that, to counter the Chinese government's determination to recover Hong Kong, it was necessary to give local inhabitants a greater stake in the territory by widening the political franchise to include them.[19]

text: Handover to China[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The Sino-British Joint Declaration was signed by both the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and the Premier of the People's Republic of China on 19 December 1984 in Beijing. The Declaration entered into force with the exchange of instruments of ratification on 27 May 1985 and was registered by the People's Republic of China and United Kingdom governments at the United Nations on 12 June 1985. In the Joint Declaration, the People's Republic of China Government stated that it had decided to resume the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong (including Hong Kong Island, Kowloon, and the New Territories) with effect from 1 July 1997 and the United Kingdom Government declared that it would relinquish Hong Kong to the PRC with effect from 1 July 1997. In the document, the People's Republic of China Government also declared its basic policies regarding Hong Kong.

text: In accordance with the One Country, Two Systems principle agreed between the United Kingdom and the People's Republic of China, the socialist system of People's Republic of China would not be practised in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR), and Hong Kong's previous capitalist system and its way of life would remain unchanged for a period of 50 years. The Joint Declaration provides that these basic policies shall be stipulated in the Hong Kong Basic Law. The ceremony of the signing of the Sino-British Joint Declaration took place at 18:00, 19 December 1984 at the Western Main Chamber of the Great Hall of the People. The Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Office at first proposed a list of 60–80 Hong Kong people to attend the ceremony. The number was finally extended to 101. The list included Hong Kong government officials, members of the Legislative and Executive Councils, chairmen of The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation and Standard Chartered Bank, Hong Kong celebrities such as Li Ka-shing, Pao Yue-kong and Fok Ying-tung, and also Martin Lee Chu-ming and Szeto Wah.

text: The handover ceremony was held at the new wing of the Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre in Wan Chai on the night of 30 June 1997. The principal British guest was Charles, Prince of Wales who read a farewell speech on behalf of the Queen. The newly appointed Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Tony Blair, the British Foreign Minister, Robin Cook, the departing Hong Kong governor, Chris Patten, Chief of the Defence Staff, Charles Guthrie, Chief of the Defence Staff of the United Kingdom also attended.

text: Representing China were the President of the People's Republic of China, Jiang Zemin, Premier of the People's Republic of China, Li Peng, and Tung Chee-hwa, the first Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China. This event was broadcast on television and radio stations across the world.

text: Government[edit]

text: In January 1841, when Elliot declared Hong Kong's cession to Britain, he proclaimed that the government shall devolve upon the office of Chief Superintendent of British Trade in China. He issued a proclamation with Commodore Bremer to the inhabitants on 1 February, declaring that they "are hereby promised protection, in her majesty's gracious name, against all enemies whatever; and they are further secured in the free exercise of their religious rites, ceremonies, and social customs; and in the enjoyment of their lawful private property and interests."[4] Elliot declared that Chinese natives would be governed under Chinese laws (excluding torture), and that British subjects and foreigners would fall under British law.[4] However, London decided that English law should prevail.[20]

text: The Letters Patent of 5 April 1843 defined the constitutional structure of Hong Kong as a Crown colony and the Royal Instructions detailed how the territory should be governed and organised. The Letters Patent prescribed a Governor as head of government, and both the Executive Council and Legislative Council being advisors to the Governor.[21] The administrative civil service of the colony was led by a Colonial Secretary (later Chief Secretary), who was deputy to the Governor.

text: For almost all of its history under British rule, executive power in Hong Kong was concentrated in the hands of the colony governor, a position appointed by the British crown without any democratic input from Hong Kong citizens. The introduction of elected representatives determined by local elections, even limited to the role of "advisory councils", did not begin until after the 1984 agreements by the British to hand Hong Kong over to China.

text: Cadets[edit]

text: In 1861, Governor Sir Hercules Robinson introduced the Hong Kong Cadetship, which recruited young graduates from Britain to learn Cantonese and written Chinese for two years, before deploying them on a fast track to the Civil Service. Cadet officers gradually formed the backbone of the civil administration. After the Second World War, ethnic Chinese were allowed into the service, followed by women. Cadets were renamed Administrative Officers in the 1950s, and they remained the elite of the Civil Service during British rule.[22]

text: Economy[edit]

text: The stability, security, and predictability of British law and government enabled Hong Kong to flourish as a centre for international trade.[23] In the colony's first decade, the revenue from the opium trade was a key source of government funds. The importance of opium reduced over time, but the colonial government was dependent on its revenues until the Japanese occupation in 1941.[23] Although the largest businesses in the early colony were operated by British, American, and other expatriates, Chinese workers provided the bulk of the manpower to build a new port city.[24]

text: By the late 1980s, many ethnic Chinese people had become major business figures in Hong Kong. Amongst these billionaires was Sir Ka-shing Li, who had become one of the colony's wealthiest people by this time.

text: Opposition, internal dissent and the Cultural Revolution[edit]

text: There was considerable opposition from Chinese nationalists to the British rule due to its implications for Hong Kong self-determination, particularly in the political arena. Early dissent such as the Canton–Hong Kong strike were anti-British and anti-imperialist in nature. Later, shortly after the outbreak of the Cultural Revolution in the People's Republic in May 1966, local left-wing activists looked for opportunities to instigate an anti-British struggle.[25] The 1966 riots and the 1967 Leftist riots, essentially spillovers from the Cultural Revolution, were large scale demonstrations against British colonial rule that was fuelled by tensions surrounding labour disputes and dissatisfaction towards the government.[26] During this period, groups such as the Anti-British Struggle Committee were established for the purpose of targeting the British Colonial government. While primarily organised by pro-Communist members and sympathizers from the mainland, the anti-British movement also garnered local support.


document_title: I Wan'na Be like You (The Monkey Song)

question_text: who sings i wanna be like you jungle book 2016

question_tokens: who sings i wan na be like you jungle book 2016

text: I Wan'na Be like You (The Monkey Song)

text: Cover versions[edit]

text:
Kenny Ball and His Jazzmen released a single of "I Wanna Be like You" (without an apostrophe in the title) in 1968[4] and it also featured on their 1969 album King of the Swingers.[5]
Pinky and Perky recorded a version for their Film Parade album in 1970 and also released the song as a single.
On the 1990 collection Stay Awake: Various Interpretations of Music from Vintage Disney Films, the song appears on "Medley Two" as recorded by Los Lobos, who play the song occasionally in their live shows.
On 5 April 1994 Phish performed a truly Phish-styled version at The Metropolis Concert Hall in Montreal, Quebec.
Big Bad Voodoo Daddy did a cover of the song on the Swingers soundtrack, even though the song does not appear in the film. The band later released the song on their 1999 album This Beautiful Life.
Voodoo Glow Skulls recorded a ska version of the song for the 2002 Japanese-exclusive album Dive into Disney.
The Jungle Book 2, released in 2003, featured the band Smash Mouth playing the song during the end credits of the film; the song also appeared on the film's soundtrack. In the Australian version, Nikki Webster covers the song, which is also featured on her Best of album.
The 2005 album En Vivo by Gabriel Ríos contains a cover of the song.
In 2007, a pop rock cover was recorded by the Jonas Brothers for Disneymania 5.
British pop singer Paolo Nutini performed "I Wan'na Be like You" at the 2007 Glastonbury Festival.
On 23 October 2010, X Factor contestant Katie Waissel pleased the judges with her surprise selection of the song.
Craig David sang a cover of the song for an award ceremony in the UK; the video is on YouTube.
In November 2013, The Overtones recorded a cover of the song as a mix with "The Bare Necessities" for their album Saturday Night at the Movies.
In 2015, Fall Out Boy recorded a cover version of the song for the compilation album We Love Disney.
Christopher Walken performs the song as King Louie in the 2016 live-action adaptation, with new lyrics written by Richard M. Sherman to reflect the character of Louie being depicted as a Gigantopithecus.[6]
J-pop band Little Glee Monster recorded a Japanese cover of the song titled 'Kimi no yō ni naritai` (君のようになりたい).
The Fun Songs version is performed in a 1994 Disney Sing-Along Songs home video: Let's Go to the Circus. In it, Toby Scott Ganger imagines what it would be like if he and his friends were all monkeys in the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus show.

text: Robbie Williams version[edit]

text:
"I Wanna Be like You"

Song by Robbie Williams featuring Olly Murs

from the album Swings Both Ways

Length
3:31

Label

Island
Universal

Songwriter(s)

Richard Sherman
Robert Sherman

Producer(s)
Guy Chambers

Swings Both Ways track listing

"Go Gentle"
(2)
"I Wanna Be like You"
(3)
"Swing Supreme"
(4)

text: "I Wan'na Be like You" was covered by British recording artist Robbie Williams featuring British recording artist Olly Murs for his tenth studio album Swings Both Ways (2013). Production of their rendition was handled by Guy Chambers. However, in the liner notes Robbie Williams incorrectly attributes the original to Phil Harris, and says how much he admires Harris (p. 4 of notes in Deluxe Edition).

text: Weekly charts[edit]

text:
Chart (2013)
Peak
position

Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[7]
55

Germany (Official German Charts)[8]
85

Ireland (IRMA)[9]
64

text: Uses in popular culture[edit]

text:
In 2009, "I Wanna Be like You" was used in a British anti-smoking public information film. It showed children copying everything their parents did (for example, boys putting shaving cream on their faces, girls dressing up in their mothers' best clothes and both genders washing the car), and "I Wanna Be like You" is playing throughout the advertisement, but it stops when a girl puts a crayon to her mouth in imitation of her mother smoking. It stops with the voice-over saying, "If you smoke, your children are more likely to."
The Robbie Williams/Olly Murs collaborative cover appears in season 3, episode 9 of the TV drama Stella.
In 2015, "I Wanna Be like You" was featured in season 1, episode 7 of the TV drama Aquarius.