document_title: College Football Playoff

question_text: where will college football playoff games be played

text: College Football Playoff

text: Selection process[edit]

text: Selection committee[edit]

text: The first College Football Playoff selection committee was announced on October 16, 2013. The group consists of 13 members who generally serve three-year terms, although some initial selections served terms both shorter and longer than three years "to achieve a rotation" of members.[12][13]

text: The current members of the selection committee are:[12][14]

text:
Member
Position
Conference affiliation[a]
Recusals[b]
Term expires

Hocutt, KirbyKirby Hocutt (chairman)[16]
Texas Tech athletic director; former Kansas State linebacker
Big 12
Texas Tech
February 2018

Howard, Christopher B.Christopher B. Howard
Robert Morris University President; former Air Force running back
N/A
None
February 2020

Bower, JeffJeff Bower
Former Southern Miss head coach
N/A
Southern Miss
February 2019

Deromedi, HerbHerb Deromedi
Former Central Michigan head coach
N/A
Central Michigan
February 2019

Jernstedt, TomTom Jernstedt
Former NCAA executive vice president; former Oregon quarterback
N/A
None
February 2018

Johnson, BobbyBobby Johnson
Former Vanderbilt head coach; former Clemson player
N/A
None
February 2018

Long, JeffJeff Long
Former Arkansas athletic director
SEC
Arkansas, Missouri[c]
February 2018

Mullens, RobRob Mullens
Oregon athletic director
Pac-12
Oregon
February 2019

Radakovich, DanDan Radakovich
Clemson athletic director, father of current Clemson player
ACC
Clemson
February 2018

Beamer, FrankFrank Beamer
Former Virginia Tech head coach
N/A
Georgia, Virginia Tech[d]
February 2020

Wieberg, SteveSteve Wieberg
Former USA Today reporter
N/A
None
February 2018

Willingham, TyroneTyrone Willingham
Former Stanford, Notre Dame and Washington head coach
N/A
Duke, Stanford[e]
February 2018

Smith, GeneGene Smith
Ohio State athletic director
Big Ten
Ohio State
February 2020

text:
Jump up ^ Current or former, athletic department administration only.
Jump up ^ Any programs for which members are required to recuse themselves from voting or discussions.[15]
Jump up ^ In addition to Arkansas, Long is recused from Missouri because his daughter attends the school and works in its athletic department.[15]
Jump up ^ In addition to Virginia Tech, Beamer is recused from Georgia because his son Shane is the Bulldogs' tight ends coach and special teams coordinator.[15]
Jump up ^ Willingham is recused from Stanford because his son is currently on the Cardinal coaching staff, and from Duke because his daughter is employed at the school.[15]

tag: ol

text: The committee members include one current athletic director from each of the five "major" conferences—ACC, Big Ten, Big 12, Pac-12, and SEC—also known as the Power Five conferences.[17][18] Other members are former coaches, players, athletic directors, and administrators, plus a retired member of the media. The goal was for the panel to consist proportionally of current "Power Five" athletic directors, former coaches, and a third group of other voters,[17] excluding current conference commissioners, coaches, and media members.[19] During the selection process, organizers said they wanted the committee to be geographically balanced.[20] Conference commissioners submitted lists totaling more than 100 names from which to select the final committee members.[21][22]

text: Past members[edit]

text:
Member
Position
Conference affiliation[a]
Season(s)
Replaced by

Gould, Michael C.Michael C. Gould
Former Air Force Academy superintendent
N/A
2014–15
Jeff Bower

Osborne, TomTom Osborne
Former Nebraska coach and athletic director
Big Ten/Big 12
2014–15
Lloyd Carr

Tranghese, MikeMike Tranghese
Former Big East commissioner
The American
2014–15
Herb Deromedi

Haden, PatPat Haden[b]
USC athletic director; former USC quarterback
Pac-12
2014
Rob Mullens

Luck, OliverOliver Luck[c]
Former West Virginia athletic director
Big 12
2014
Kirby Hocutt

Manning, ArchieArchie Manning[d]
Former NFL and Ole Miss quarterback
N/A
-
Bobby Johnson

Carr, LloydLloyd Carr[e]
Former Michigan coach
Big Ten
-
Chris Howard

Rice, CondoleezzaCondoleezza Rice
Former Secretary of state
N/A
2014–16
Frank Beamer

Alvarez, BarryBarry Alvarez
Former Wisconsin coach and athletic director
Big Ten
2014–16
Gene Smith

text: The selection of Condoleezza Rice, a former U.S. Secretary of State and Stanford University provost, was met with some backlash within the sport and the media. Critics questioned her qualifications, citing gender and lack of football experience.[28][29]

text:
Jump up ^ Current or former, athletic department administration only.
Jump up ^ Stepped down October 30, 2015, citing health reasons and instability at USC. Did not participate in 2015 season committee.[23]
Jump up ^ Left the committee in 2015, before his term expired, after resigning as West Virginia athletic director to work for the NCAA as executive vice president of regulatory affairs.[24]
Jump up ^ Took a leave of absence for health reasons in October 2014 and stepped down in March 2015. Never participated in any committee voting.[25][26]
Jump up ^ Left the committee in 2016 before the season started for health reasons. Committee stayed at 12 members rather than replacing him.[27]

text: Voting procedure[edit]

text: The committee releases its top 25 rankings weekly on Tuesdays in the second half of the regular season. The top four teams are seeded in that order for the playoff.[30] During the season, the committee meets and releases rankings six or seven times, depending on the length of the season (the number of games is consistent, but the number of weeks those games are played over can vary from year to year).[25] The group, which meets at the Gaylord Texan hotel in Grapevine, Texas,[31] reportedly meets in person up to 10 total times a year.[22]

text: A team's strength of schedule is one of the most pertinent considerations for the committee in making its selections.[32] Other factors that the committee weighs are conference championships, team records, and head-to-head results,[10] plus other points such as injuries and weather.[33] Unlike the BCS system, the AP Poll, Coaches' Poll, and the Harris Poll, computer rankings are not used to make the selections.[5][17] Advanced statistics and metrics are expected to be submitted to the committee, though like other analytics, they have no formal role in the decision.[34] Committee members are not required to attend games.[31]

text: Long said the panel considered less frequent rankings, but ultimately decided on a weekly release. "That's what the fans have become accustomed to, and we felt it would leave a void in college football without a ranking for several weeks," he said. Long also noted: "Early on there was some talk that we would go into a room at the end of the season and come out with a top four, but that didn't last long."[35] In analyzing this change in thinking, Stewart Mandel of Sports Illustrated commented: "The whole point of the selection committee was to replace the simplistic horse-race nature of Top 25 polls – where teams only move up if someone above them loses – with a more deliberative evaluation method. Now the playoff folks are going to try to do both."[36] Addressing the "pecking order" nature of traditional polls, George Schrodeder of USA Today wrote that "if it actually works as intended, we could see volatile swings" from week to week, with lower-ranked teams moving ahead of higher-ranked teams without either team losing (a rarity in traditional polls). Both Long and Bill Hancock, the CFP executive director, say they expect that to happen.[37]

text: The committee's voting method uses multiple ballots, similar to the NCAA basketball tournament selection process and the entire process is facilitated through custom software developed by Code Authority in Frisco, Texas.[38] From a large initial pool of teams, the group takes numerous votes on successive tiers of teams, considering six at a time and coming to a consensus on how they should be ranked, then repeating the process with the next tier of teams. Discussion and debate happens at each voting step. All votes are by secret ballot, and committee members do not make their ballots public.[35] Each week's ranking process begins anew, with no weight given to the previous week's selections.[37] In this fashion, the committee selects the four teams to compete for the national championship.

text: Committee members who are currently employed or financially compensated by a school, or have family members who have a current financial relationship (which includes football players), are not allowed to vote for that school. During deliberations about a team's selection, members with such a conflict of interest cannot be present, but can answer factual questions about the institution.[35] All committee members have past ties to certain NCAA institutions,[31] but the committee decided to ignore those ties in the recusal requirements. "We just boiled it down to where we felt this group was fit to its high integrity and would differentiate from those past relationships," Long said.[35] Some football writers, like Dennis Dodd and Mark Schlabach, have said the recusal arrangement isn't transparent or objective, suggesting that members' alma maters and former coaching jobs should be considered disqualifying conflicts of interest.[39][40]

text: Impact on scheduling[edit]

text:
"Strength of schedule will become such an important factor ... that if you want to be under consideration, you need to have a more meaningful schedule than perhaps you've had in previous years."

—Tom Jernstedt, selection committee member[41]

tag: div

text: Due to the increased emphasis on strength of schedule, teams have considered playing more challenging opponents during the non-conference portion of their schedules. Some teams have traditionally played three or four "weak" non-conference opponents, but wins against such low-level competition are unlikely to impress the committee. For teams on the cusp of making the playoff four, "I think one of the first things the committee will look at is strength of schedule," said selector Oliver Luck.[42]

text: Teams in the Big Ten, Big 12 and Pac-12 play nine conference games on their twelve-game schedules and thus only have flexibility in choosing their opponents for the three non-league games. Some programs are opting to increase their schedule strength by scheduling high-profile matchups at neutral sites and on weeknights, garnering primetime TV exclusivity.[43][44]

text: In response to the new playoff system, the Southeastern Conference considered increasing its conference schedule from eight to nine games, with Alabama coach Nick Saban a vocal proponent.[45] According to Jon Solomon of the Birmingham News, "The prevailing opinion among SEC athletics directors: The SEC is difficult enough that there's no need for a ninth game."[46] Some in the conference, like Mississippi State athletic director Scott Stricklin, opined that a nine-game SEC schedule would result in more teams with two losses. Commissioner Michael Slive and Vanderbilt AD David Williams, among others, supported a stronger out-of-league schedule, which would likely impress the committee.[46][47] In April 2014, the league voted to mandate that all SEC teams must play a Power Five foe (ACC, Big Ten, Big 12, Pac-12, or independent Notre Dame) in its non-conference slate beginning in 2016. Slive noted this rule "gives us the added strength-of-schedule we were seeking".[45] In 2014, the first year of the College Football Playoff, one team played two opponents from the Power Five, nine of the 14 teams played one Power Five conference opponent and three lower-level opponents (including one FCS school), and four teams did not face a Power Five foe.[43] In the spring of 2015, the SEC decided to count games played against Independents BYU and Army toward its Power Five requirement.

text: The ACC, whose teams also play eight conference games (plus Notre Dame at least once every three years), also considered moving to a nine-game conference schedule. However, the league opted to stay with the eight-plus-Notre Dame model, stipulating instead that teams would have to play one Power Five school in their non-league slates beginning in 2017, which would include the Notre Dame game or other ACC schools,[48] as will games against another FBS independent, BYU.[49] Despite the push to increase schedule strength, some ACC coaches preferred the scheduling flexibility available with fewer permanent fixtures on a team's slate.[50] Opinion was split among league athletic directors on moving to a nine-game schedule prior to the vote.[51] An SEC expansion to a nine-game schedule would limit the ACC's opportunities to play Power Five non-conference opponents.[52]

text: Semifinals[edit]

text: The College Football Playoff uses a four-team knockout bracket to determine the national champion. Six of the most historic bowl games—the Rose Bowl, Sugar Bowl, Orange Bowl, Cotton Bowl, Fiesta Bowl, and Peach Bowl– rotate as hosts for the semifinals.[53] The rotation is set on a three-year cycle with the following pairings: Rose/Sugar, Orange/Cotton, and Fiesta/Peach. The two semifinal bowls and the other four top-tier bowls are marketed as the "New Year's Six".[54] Three of these bowls played per day, typically on consecutive days that include New Year's Day.[2] The selection committee seeds and pairs the top four teams, and additionally assigns teams to the at-large bowls (Cotton, Fiesta, and Peach) in years when they do not host semifinals.[55]

text: The four-team format pits the No. 1-ranked team against No. 4 and No. 2 vs. No. 3. The selection committee seeds the two semifinal games, placing the top-seeded team at the closest site to prevent it from playing in a "road" environment. There are no limits on the number of teams per conference, a change from previous BCS rules.[2] However, some non-semifinal bowl selections still maintain their conference tie-ins, similarly to the BCS's automatic qualifier berths.[56] A team from one of the "Group of Five" conferences is guaranteed a spot in one of the New Year's Six bowls.[57]

text:
Season
Semifinal
Winner
Loser
Score
Venue

2014–15
Rose Bowl
2 Oregon
3 Florida State
59–20
Rose Bowl Stadium, Pasadena, California

Sugar Bowl
4 Ohio State
1 Alabama
42–35
Mercedes-Benz Superdome, New Orleans, Louisiana

2015–16
Orange Bowl
1 Clemson
4 Oklahoma
37–17
Sun Life Stadium, Miami Gardens, Florida

Cotton Bowl
2 Alabama
3 Michigan State
38–0
AT&T Stadium, Arlington, Texas

2016–17
Fiesta Bowl
2 Clemson
3 Ohio State
31–0
University of Phoenix Stadium, Glendale, Arizona

Peach Bowl
1 Alabama
4 Washington
24–7
Georgia Dome, Atlanta, Georgia

2017–18
Rose Bowl
3 Georgia
2 Oklahoma
54–48 (2OT)
Rose Bowl Stadium, Pasadena, California

Sugar Bowl
4 Alabama
1 Clemson
24–6
Mercedes-Benz Superdome, New Orleans, Louisiana

2018–19
Orange Bowl

Hard Rock Stadium, Miami Gardens, Florida

Cotton Bowl

AT&T Stadium, Arlington, Texas

2019–20
Fiesta Bowl

University of Phoenix Stadium, Glendale, Arizona

Peach Bowl

Mercedes-Benz Stadium, Atlanta, Georgia

text: Championship game[edit]

text: Cities around the country bid to host each year's championship game. The playoff group's leaders make a selection from those proposals, in a similar fashion to other large sporting events, such as the Super Bowl or NCAA Final Four. Officials say the championship game will be held in a different city each year, and that bids must propose host stadiums with a capacity of at least 65,000 spectators.[58] Under the system, cities cannot host both a semifinal game and the title game in the same year.

text:
Season
Champion
Runner-up
Score
Venue

2014–15
4 Ohio State
2 Oregon
42–20
AT&T Stadium, Arlington, Texas

2015–16
2 Alabama
1 Clemson
45–40
University of Phoenix Stadium, Glendale, Arizona

2016–17
2 Clemson
1 Alabama
35–31
Raymond James Stadium, Tampa, Florida

2017–18
4 Alabama
3 Georgia
26-23 (OT)
Mercedes-Benz Stadium, Atlanta, Georgia

2018–19

Levi's Stadium, Santa Clara, California

2019–20

Mercedes-Benz Superdome, New Orleans, Louisiana

2020–21

Hard Rock Stadium, Miami Gardens, Florida

2021–22

Lucas Oil Stadium, Indianapolis, Indiana

2022–23

Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park, Inglewood, California

2023–24

NRG Stadium, Houston, Texas

text: Appearances[edit]

text: College Football Playoff appearances by team[edit]

text:
Appearances
Team
W
L
Pct
Games

4
Alabama
5
2
.714
Lost 2015 Sugar Bowl

Won 2015 Cotton Bowl (Dec. 2015)
Won 2016 CFP National Championship

Won 2016 Peach Bowl
Lost 2017 CFP National Championship

Won 2018 Sugar Bowl
Won 2018 CFP National Championship

3
Clemson
3
2
.600
Won 2015 Orange Bowl
Lost 2016 CFP National Championship

Won 2016 Fiesta Bowl (Dec. 2016)
Won 2017 CFP National Championship

Lost 2018 Sugar Bowl

2
Ohio State
2
1
.667
Won 2015 Sugar Bowl
Won 2015 CFP National Championship

Lost 2016 Fiesta Bowl (Dec. 2016)

2
Oklahoma
0
2
.000
Lost 2015 Orange Bowl

Lost 2018 Rose Bowl

1
Georgia
1
1
.500
Won 2018 Rose Bowl
Lost 2018 CFP National Championship

1
Oregon
1
1
.500
Won 2015 Rose Bowl
Lost 2015 CFP National Championship

1
Florida State
0
1
.000
Lost 2015 Rose Bowl

1
Michigan State
0
1
.000
Lost 2015 Cotton Bowl (Dec. 2015)

1
Washington
0
1
.000
Lost 2016 Peach Bowl

text: College Football Playoff appearances by conference[edit]

text:
Conference
Appearances
W
L
Pct
Championships
# of teams
Teams(s)

SEC
5
6
3
.667
2
2
Alabama (4)
Georgia (1)

ACC
4
3
3
.500
1
2
Clemson (3)
Florida State (1)

Big Ten
3
2
2
.500
1
2
Ohio State (2)
Michigan State (1)

Pac-12
2
1
2
.333
0
2
Oregon (1)
Washington (1)

Big 12
2
0
2
.000
0
1
Oklahoma (2)

text: Broadcasting[edit]

text: The television broadcast rights to all six CFP bowls and the National Championship are owned by ESPN through at least the 2025 season.[59] ESPN then reached 12-year agreements to retain rights to the Rose Bowl, Orange Bowl, and Sugar Bowl following the dissolution of the Bowl Championship Series.[60] In November, ESPN reached a 12-year deal to broadcast the remaining three bowls, the championship game, as well as shoulder programming such as ranking shows; as a whole, the contract is valued at around $470 million per year, or nearly $5.7 billion for the life of the contract.[61]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: The inaugural College Football Playoff games in January 2015 generated larger ratings than previous BCS games. The 2015 College Football Playoff National Championship had an 18.9 Nielsen rating[62] and was watched by approximately 33.4 million people, the largest broadcast audience of all time on American cable television (non-broadcast), according to AdWeek. That was a 31 percent audience increase over the previous year's championship game and a 22 percent increase over the BCS title game's best rating on cable (a 16.1 rating in 2011).[63] The semifinal games, the 2015 Rose Bowl and 2015 Sugar Bowl, saw 28.16 million and 28.27 million viewers, respectively.[64] According to ESPN, these games also set (and briefly held) all-time records for cable TV viewership.[65][66]

text: In 2015, the ratings for the two semifinal games were down from the prior season's equivalents, with the Orange Bowl reaching a 9.7 rating (in comparison to 15.5 for the 2015 Rose Bowl) and the Cotton Bowl reaching a 9.9 rating (in comparison to a 15.3 rating for the 2015 Sugar Bowl). On the online WatchESPN streaming service, excluding 2014 FIFA World Cup games, the Cotton Bowl and the Orange Bowl drew the second and third-largest streaming audiences in the service's history, behind the 2015 national championship. The ratings drops were attributed to the New Year's Eve time slot, as fewer people were at home to watch the game.[67] The decline in ratings was a factor in changes for the scheduling of future CFP semi-final games.[9]

text: Revenue[edit]

text: In 2012, ESPN reportedly paid about $7.3 billion over 12 years for broadcasting rights to all seven games, an average of about $608 million per year. That includes $215 million per year which was already committed to the Rose, Sugar and Orange bowls,[68] plus $470–475 million annually for the rest of the package.[69] By comparison, the most recent contract with the BCS and the Rose Bowl had paid approximately $155 million per year for five games.[70]

text: The average revenue to the new system over 12 years is to be about $500 million per year. After $125–150 million in expenses, the Power Five conferences split about 71.5 percent of the remaining money, for an approximate average payout of $250 million a year ($50 million per league) over the life of the contract. The "Group of Five" conferences split 27 percent, about $90 million a year ($18 million per league). Notre Dame receives around one percent, about $3.5-4 million, and other FBS independents get about 0.5 percent of the deal.[71][72]

text: Extra revenue goes to conferences in contracts with the Rose, Sugar, and Orange bowls, which split revenue 50/50 between their participating leagues.[71] In non-semifinal years, the Rose Bowl's TV revenue would be divided between the Big Ten and Pac-12 conferences; likewise, the Sugar Bowl and Orange Bowl revenue to its participant conferences. When those bowls are semifinal games, the money is distributed by the playoff system to all FBS conferences.[68] ESPN has paid about $80 million a year each for the Rose and Sugar bowls over 12 years. The Orange Bowl deal is worth $55 million per year.[73] For example, in a non-semifinal year, the Big Ten could receive about $90 million (half of its $80 million Rose Bowl deal plus about $50 million from the playoff system).[71]

text: Conferences receive an additional $6 million each year for each team it places in the semifinals and $4 million for a team in one of the three at-large bowls; Notre Dame receives the same amount in either scenario. No additional money is awarded for reaching the championship game.[71]

text: The Power Five conferences and the "Group of Five" have not decided on their respective revenue-sharing formulas, though the SEC initially receives more revenue than the other four Power Five conferences due to its BCS success.[71][72] Reports say the money is to be divided based on several criteria such as "on-field success, teams' expenses, marketplace factors and academic performance of student-athletes."[74] The playoff system awards academic performance bonuses of $300,000 per school for meeting the NCAA's Academic Progress Rate standard of 930.[71] In a hypothetical 14-team conference, $4.2 million ($300,000 x 14) would be allocated to that league, and if only 12 of the 14 members meet the APR standard, then each of the 12 schools would receive $350,000 ($4.2 million / 12),[72] penalizing schools that fall below the threshold.[75]

text: Leadership[edit]

text: BCS Properties, LLC holds all properties related to the College Football Playoff.[76] Previous BCS commissioner Bill Hancock is the executive director of the playoff organization,[77] with former ACC Senior Associate Commissioner Michael Kelly as COO.[78] Like the BCS, the playoff system's management committee[79] consists of the conference commissioners from the 10 FBS conferences[80] and Notre Dame's athletic director.[21] The playoff system's headquarters is in Irving, Texas.[77]

text: Board of Managers[edit]

text: According to the CFP website, the system's operations are controlled by the Board of Managers, which consists of presidents and chancellors of the playoff group's member universities. The eleven members have sole authority to develop, review and approve annual budgets, policies and operating guidelines. The group also selects the company's officers.[81]

text:
Rodney Bennett – President, Southern Mississippi (C-USA)
Anthony Frank – President, Colorado State (Mountain West)
Burns Hargis – President, Oklahoma State (Big 12)
Jack Hawkins – Chancellor, Troy (Sun Belt)
Rev. John I. Jenkins – President, Notre Dame (Independent)
Mark Keenum – President, Mississippi State (SEC)
Roderick McDavis – President, Ohio (MAC)
Max Nikias – President, USC (Pac-12)
Harvey Perlman (chair) – Chancellor, Nebraska (Big Ten)
Donna Shalala – President, Miami (Fla.) (ACC)
Steadman Upham – President, Tulsa (The American)

text: Athletics Directors Advisory Group[edit]

text: According to the CFP website, the Athletics Directors Advisory Group is appointed by the management committee to "offer counsel" on the operations of the system. As an advisory board, it has no authority in the management of the CFP.[81]

text:
Gary Barta, Iowa (Big Ten)
Tom Bowen, Memphis (The American)
Tom Burman, Wyoming (Mountain West)
Joe Castiglione, Oklahoma (Big 12)
Jeremy Foley, Florida (SEC)
Dan Guerrero, UCLA (Pac-12)
Chris Massaro, Middle Tennessee State (C-USA)
Terry Mohajir, Arkansas State (Sun Belt)
Mike O'Brien, Toledo (MAC)
Stan Wilcox, Florida State (ACC)

text: Criticism[edit]

text: Although being generally well received,[7] the College Football Playoff has been criticized much like its predecessor, the Bowl Championship Series, which had several controversies.[82]

text: Team selection[edit]

text: Chief among the criticisms was the subjective element of the selection process such as basing rankings on metrics such as strength of schedule and conference as opposed to solely basing rankings on a team's win-loss record.[83][84]

text: One particular similarity between the old BCS[85] and the current Playoff system is both have been alleged to be biased toward schools, programs and conferences with large financial endowments[86] (being the perceived favoritism with the SEC the most outstanding argument),[87][88] hurting the chances of smaller schools with fewer athletic resources.[89] Undefeated teams from less wealthy conferences can be passed over for teams with losses from richer conferences.[90]

text: Because the tournament has four teams, at least one Power Five champion misses the playoffs every season. However, not all teams selected have been conference winners. In the 2016–17 season, one of the teams selected was Ohio State, who did not qualify to the Big Ten Championship Game. As a result, both the Big Ten and Big 12 champions were not selected for the playoffs. In the 2017–18 season, two of the four selected teams were from the SEC: conference champions Georgia, winners of the SEC Championship Game, and Alabama, who lost to SEC Championship Game finalist Auburn. Analysts have discussed whether the committee should selected conference champions only.[91][92]

text: Another critique centered around a perceived bias against smaller conferences such as the Big 12 which used to not stage a conference championship game, but was reintroduced for the 2017 season. The American addressed this issue by adding Navy to its ranks for 2015, bringing its membership to 12 teams, which allowed it to stage a conference championship game under then-current NCAA rules.[93] Starting with the 2016 season, FBS conferences will be allowed to stage football championship games even if they do not have 12 members.[94]

text: There are opinions labeling the CFP system "just as" or "even more polarizing" than the BCS or the old wire-service poll system.[95][96][97][98]

text: Selection committee[edit]

text: The qualifications of selection committee members has also been scrutinized. As an outsider to the sports world, Condoleezza Rice was the focus of some criticism. Former Clemson head coach Tommy Bowden opined that the committee's members should be "people who played the game and preferably coached the game".[99] Former Auburn head coach Pat Dye said that "All she knows about football is what somebody told her ... or what she read in a book, or what she saw on television. To understand football, you've got to play with your hand in the dirt". Former Big East commissioner Mike Tranghese also gained membership on the selection committee despite having never played football in college.[100] Former sportswriter Steve Weiberg and retired U.S. Air Force General Michael Gould are other committee members without significant football playing, coaching or administrative experience.

text: Scheduling[edit]

text: The semifinal games for the 2015 season were scheduled for December 31; they were expected to have lower television viewership because the date is not a federal holiday, and because the second game faced heavy competition for television viewers in primetime from New Year's Eve specials (such as New Year's Rockin' Eve, which is aired by ESPN's sister broadcast network ABC). Under television contracts with ESPN that predate the College Football Playoff, both the Rose and Sugar Bowl games are guaranteed exclusive TV time slots on January 1 (or January 2 if New Year's Day falls on a Sunday), regardless of whether they are hosting a semifinal game.[101] In an interview with CBS Sports, CFP commissioner Bill Hancock suggested this scheduling issue would "change the paradigm of what New Year's Eve is all about," opining that "if you're hosting a New Year's Eve party, you better have a bunch of televisions around."[102] Although ESPN proposed moving the Thursday, December 31, 2015 semifinal games to Saturday, January 2, 2016, the idea was rejected.[103] The semifinal games' ratings were ultimately down significantly from those of the previous season.[67]

text: In an effort to reduce the impact of their New Year's Eve scheduling, the 2016 semifinal games, which fell on a Saturday, had earlier kickoff times, at 3:00 p.m. and 7:00 p.m. ET respectively. The 2016 Orange Bowl was played in primetime on December 30, 2016, rather than in an early afternoon window on New Year's Eve. Hancock considered the earlier start times to be a compromise to reduce the games' intrusion into New Year's Eve festivities, but reiterated that there were no plans to move the semi-final games from New Year's Eve outside of years where they are hosted by the Rose Bowl and Sugar Bowl.[104][105]

text: On July 28, 2016, however, Hancock reversed this stance and announced revisions to the scheduling for future College Football Playoff semi-final games. The games were rescheduled so that they will not necessarily be played on New Year's Eve yearly: outside of years when they are hosted by the Rose and Sugar Bowls (where they retain their traditional New Year's Day scheduling), they will now be scheduled primarily on the last Saturday or federally observed holiday of the year. In some years, this date will land on New Year's Eve. In 2021, the games will be played on Friday, December 31, because the day will be observed as a holiday.[9][106]


document_title: National Ice Cream Month

question_text: what day is national ice cream day on

question_tokens: what day is national ice cream day on

root

text: National Ice Cream Month

text: National Ice Cream Month is celebrated each year in July and National Ice Cream Day is celebrated on the third Sunday in July, in the United States.

tag: p

text: The celebrations were originated by Joint resolution 298, which was sponsored by Senator Walter Dee Huddleston of Kentucky on May 17, 1984.[1] The resolution proclaimed the month of July 1984 as "National Ice Cream Month" and July 15, 1984, as "National Ice Cream Day". It was signed into public law[1] by President Ronald Reagan on July 9, 1984 with Presidential Proclamation 5219.[2]

text: Even though the resolution only mentioned a specific month and day in 1984, the celebrations have held up in the years ever since, publicized by ice cream manufacturers.[3][4][5]


document_title: Heat escape lessening position

question_text: where should a person in the heat escape lessening position

text: Heat escape lessening position

text: The heat escape lessening position (HELP) is a way to position oneself to reduce heat loss while immersed in cold water. It is taught as part of the curriculum in Australia, North America, and Ireland for lifeguard and boating safety training. It involves essentially positioning one's knees together and hugging them close to the chest using one's arms. Furthermore, groups of people can huddle together in this position to conserve body heat, offer moral support, and provide a larger target for rescuers.[1]

text: The HELP is an attempt to reduce heat loss enough to lessen the effect of hypothermia. Hypothermia is essentially a condition where bodily temperature drops too low to perform normal voluntary or involuntary functions. Cold water causes "immersion hypothermia", which can cause damage to extremities or the body's core, including unconsciousness or death.[2]

text: The HELP reduces exposure of high heat loss areas of the body. Wearing a personal flotation device allows a person to draw their knees to their chest and arms to their sides, while still remaining able to breathe.


document_title: New Amsterdam (2018 TV series)

question_text: where does the show new amsterdam take place

text: New Amsterdam (2018 TV series)

text: Premise[edit]

text: New Amsterdam follows Dr. Max Goodwin as he becomes the medical director of one of the United States' oldest public hospitals, aiming to reform the neglected facility by tearing up its bureaucracy in order to provide exceptional care to patients.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Ryan Eggold as Dr. Max Goodwin
Janet Montgomery as Dr. Lauren Bloom
Freema Agyeman as Dr. Helen Sharpe
Jocko Sims as Dr. Floyd Reynolds
Tyler Labine as Dr. Iggy Frome
Anupam Kher as Dr. Vijay Kapoor

tag: ul

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Zabryna Guevara as Dora
Lisa O'Hare as Georgia Goodwin
Margot Bingham

text: Guest[edit]

text:
Brooke Bloom ("Rituals")
Clifton Davis as Pierre Pampil ("Rituals")
Michelle Federer as Leo's Mom ("Rituals")
Cindy Cheung as Judge Hayashi ("Rituals")
Matthew Maher as Ray DeMarco ("Every Last Minute")
Laila Robins as Mrs. Ryland ("Every Last Minute")
Ron Rifkin as Peter Fulton ("Every Last Minute"), the dean of the hospital
Ken Ard as Mason ("Every Last Minute")

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.TitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air date [1]U.S. viewers(millions)1"Pilot"Kate DennisDavid SchulnerSeptember 25, 2018 (2018-09-25)8.39[2]
Dr. Max Goodwin is hired as the new Chief of Medicine at New Amsterdam hospital and starts out his career by firing everyone in the cardio-thoracic surgical department because of their statistics. He asks his fellow colleagues what he can do to make their ability to practice medicine easier and grants all the wishes, much the dismay of the staff that work with him. Dr. Goodwin butts heads with the chief of oncology, Dr. Helen Sharpe, as he believes that she spends too much time on television and not enough time practicing medicine leading him to give her an ultimatum. Max also meets the head of emergency, Dr. Lauren Bloom, who wants to be able to treat as many patients throughout her shift as she can, and Dr. Iggy Frome who is the chief of psychiatric and is dealing with a teenage patient who feels completely abandoned. Dr. Bloom must deal with her fling Dr. Floyd Reynolds ending as he becomes the new head of cardio-thoracic surgery and explains to her they can't have a relationship based on her skin color. Max asks Dr. Bloom to take a biopsy of his throat based on a fear he has.
2"Rituals"Peter HortonDavid SchulnerOctober 2, 2018 (2018-10-02)7.44[3]
Max finds out that he has cancer and looks to Dr. Sharpe for help, although every time she tries to explain things to him he can't seem to make time for her. Dr. Frome and Dr. Kapoor attempt to help a pediatric patient. Dr. Bloom tries to convince Dr. Reyonds that they might have something that is worth while and that not dating her for her skin color is not right. Max must deal with a crisis after his pregnant wife is admitted to the hospital with their unborn child's life in danger. As Dr. Sharpe continues to try to convince Max to make a plan about his cancer diagnosis he continues to try to convince her that although bringing in money to the hospital is important they're in the business of saving lives and that is more important.
3"Every Last Minute"Jonas PateShaun CassidyOctober 9, 2018 (2018-10-09)7.04[4]
4"Boundaries"Kate DennisDavid FosterOctober 16, 2018 (2018-10-16)6.27[5]
5"Cavitation"Darnell MartinErika Green SwaffordOctober 23, 2018 (2018-10-23)6.37[6]
6"Anthropocene[7]"TBATBAOctober 30, 2018 (2018-10-30)TBD
7"Domino Effect[8]"TBATBANovember 13, 2018 (2018-11-13)TBD
8"Three Dots[9]"TBATBANovember 20, 2018 (2018-11-20)TBD

tag: table

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: On September 25, 2017, it was announced that NBC had given the production, then titled Bellevue, a put pilot commitment. The pilot was written by David Schulner who was also set to executive produce alongside Peter Horton. Eric Manheimer, the former medical director at New York City’s Bellevue Hospital, was expected to serve as a producer. Production companies involved with the pilot were slated to consist of Universal Television.[10]

text: On January 12, 2018, it was reported that NBC had given the production an official pilot order. It was further reported that Horton was expected to direct the pilot episode.[11] On May 4, 2018, it was announced that NBC had given the production a series order. It was also reported that Pico Creek Productions and Mount Moriah Productions would serve as additional production companies.[12][13][14] A few days later, it was announced that the series would premiere in the fall of 2018 and air on Tuesdays at 10 p.m.[15]  On June 19, 2018, it was announced that the series would officially premiere on September 25, 2018.[16] On October 10, 2018, it was announced that NBC had ordered an additional nine episodes of the series, bringing the first season total up to twenty-two episodes.[17]

text: Casting[edit]

text: In February 2018, it was announced that Freema Agyeman, Anupam Kher, Janet Montgomery, and Tyler Labine had been cast in lead roles in the pilot.[18][19][20] In March 2018, it was reported that Ryan Eggold and Jocko Sims had also joined the main cast.[21][22] On September 26, 2018, it was announced that Margot Bingham had joined the cast in a recurring role.[23]

text: Release[edit]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: On May 13, 2018, NBC released the first official trailer for the series.[24]

text: Premiere[edit]

text: On June 22, 2018, a screening of the series was held during Seriesfest, an annual international television festival, at the Denver Art Museum's Lewis I. Sharp Auditorium in Denver, Colorado. The screening was followed by a question-and-answer session with series lead Ryan Eggold and executive producers David Schulner and Peter Horton. It was moderated by Vanity Fair's executive west coast editor, Krista Smith.[25] On September 10, 2018, the series took part in the 12th Annual PaleyFest Fall Television Previews which featured a preview screening of the series.[26]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The series has been met with a mixed to negative response from critics upon its premiere. On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the series holds a 33 percent approval rating with an average rating of 5.68 out of 10 based on 24 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "Overcrowded, overwrought, and overly familiar, New Amsterdam plays more like an exquisite corpse of pre-existing shows than a breakthrough for the genre – though that may be enough for medical drama devotees."[27] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the series a score of 47 out of 100 based on 14 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews."[28]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
No.

Title

Air date
Rating/share(18–49)
Viewers(millions)
DVR(18–49)
DVR viewers(millions)
Total(18–49)
Total viewers(millions)

1

"Pilot"

September 25, 2018
1.8/9
8.39[2]
1.3
5.70
3.1
14.10[29]

2

"Rituals"

October 2, 2018
1.5/7
7.44[3]
1.4
5.42
2.9
12.86[30]

3

"Every Last Minute"

October 9, 2018
1.4/6
7.04[4]
1.4
5.43
2.8
12.47[31]

4

"Boundaries"

October 16, 2018
1.2/5
6.27[5]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

5

"Cavitation"

October 23, 2018
1.4/6
6.37[6]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD


document_title: Cedar Cove (TV series)

question_text: where was the tv show cedar cove filmed

question_tokens: where was the tv show cedar cove filmed

text: Cedar Cove (TV series)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Cedar Cove is a quaint, picturesque town on an island in Puget Sound in Washington state. Its residents are old fashioned in their values, neighbors on the most part trying to help neighbors, and people not locking their doors in their trust of their neighbors. The moral center and compass of the town is Olivia Lockhart, the bicycle riding, scarf wearing municipal court judge who grew up in the town. Regardless of her being the focus for many in town, Olivia's life has not been issue-free, she long ago having gone through a divorce from her physician ex-husband, the dissolution of their marriage largely due to the accidental drowning death of their son, Jordan, when he was thirteen, that incident from which they as a couple could not recover. Also affected was Jordan's twin sister, Justine, now a young woman, who has been struggling to find her place in life ever since. Much like the town is being pulled in different directions, such as by cutthroat developer Warren Saget, Olivia is often pulled in different directions, personally and professionally, which one day make take her away from Cedar Cove. In the former category is her search for love. Through it all, she acts as supporter and supportee to her friends and family, including librarian Grace Sherman, her best friend since they were children.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Andie MacDowell as Olivia Lockhart, Cedar Cove Municipal Court judge[3]
Dylan Neal as Jack Griffith, editor of the local newspaper, the Cedar Cove Chronicle, an admitted recovering alcoholic, and Olivia's love interest[4]
Teryl Rothery as Grace Sherman, Olivia's librarian best friend[5]
Sarah Smyth as Justine Lockhart, Olivia's artistic daughter who is an insecure person, largely because of the death of her twin brother Jordan when they were thirteen and the resulting dissolution of her parents' marriage
Brennan Elliott as Warren Saget, a cutthroat Cedar Cove land developer
Bruce Boxleitner and Barbara Niven as Bob and Peggy Beldon, a married couple and owners of the local bed & breakfast, Thyme and Tide[6][7]
Timothy Webber as Moon, the aged hippie proprietor of Moon's, a cafe/knick-knack store
Corey Sevier as Seth Gunderson, Justine's high school boyfriend who, now a commercial fisher, returns to town in hopes of renewing their relationship together.[8] Was portrayed by Greyston Holt in the pilot episode.[8] (seasons 1 & 2)
Paula Shaw as Charlotte Jeffers, Olivia's headstrong mother (season 1)
Delilah (voiceover only), a nationally syndicated radio host who provides quotes and inspirational passages as the host of her radio show in-universe in a fictional sense. These set up some of the plot devices which occur throughout each episode.[9] (season 1)
Elyse Levesque as Maryellen Sherman, Grace's daughter (seasons 1 & 3, recurring season 2)
Sebastian Spence as Cliff Harting, a rancher. He was estranged from his father, once famous country singer Tom Harting, at the time of Tom's death. (seasons 2 & 3, recurring season 1)
Tom Stevens as Eric Griffith, Jack's irresponsible son who blames much of that irresponsibility on the fact that he had no male role model growing up (season 2, recurring seasons 1 & 3)
Jesse Hutch as Luke Bailey, an ex-Navy SEAL suffering from PTSD (seasons 2 & 3)
Emily Tennant as Cecilia Rendall, a high school friend of Justine's (season 2, recurring season 3). Portrayed by Katharine Isabelle in the series' pilot.
Cameron Bancroft as Will Jeffers, Olivia's philandering brother (season 3, recurring seasons 1 & 2)
Cindy Busby as Rebecca Jennings, the young, ambitious assistant district attorney (season 3, recurring season 2)
Rebecca Marshall as Alex Baldwin, a ranch hand, ex-stockbroker and recovering alcoholic (season 3, recurring season 2)
Colin Ferguson as Paul Watson, the new DA (season 3)
Tom Butler as Buck Saget, Warren's wealthy businessman father (season 3)

text: Recurring cast[edit]

text:
Charlie Carrick as John Bowman, an artist and chef, who served jail time for a crime committed by his brother, and who ends up as Maryellen's love interest. Portrayed by Giles Panton beginning in season 3.
Hayley Sales as Shelly, Eric's folk singing girlfriend
Mike Dopud as Roy Mcafee, a private investigator
Jesse Moss as Ian Rendall, Cecilia's military husband
Garry Chalk as Cedar Cove Sheriff Troy Davis (seasons 1 & 2)
Matreya Fedor as Allison Weston, a high school student who volunteers at the library (seasons 1 & 2)
Andrew Airlie as Stan Lockhart, Olivia's ex-husband and Justine's father, who left the family following the death of their son Jordan, Justine's twin brother. He is a Seattle-based physician, and is remarried. (season 1)
Julia Benson as Jeri Drake, a journalist and one of Jack's ex-wives (seasons 2 & 3)
Chris William Martin as Anthony, the district attorney (season 2 & 3)
Sarah-Jane Redmond as Corrie Mcafee, Roy's wife (season 3)
Anna Van Hooft as Linnette Mcafee, Roy & Corrie's daughter, a Physician Assistant (season 3)
Andrew Francis as Derek, Seth's fisher friend (season 3)
Tara Wilson as Gloria Ashton, the daughter Roy and Corrie gave up for adoption (season 3)
Laura Mennell as Kelly, Warren's estranged wife (season 3)
Bruce Dawson as David, the hands-on owner of the Seattle Chronicle (season 3)

text: Production[edit]

text: Setting and filming[edit]

text: Although filmed in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, the setting for the series (both book and television) is based on Port Orchard, Washington, producer/writer Debbie Macomber's summer residence.[10]

text: "Cedar Cove" is the community of Deep Cove in North Vancouver, BC.[11] Macomber stated that she tried to get the series filmed in Washington. "We did get tax incentives [for filmmakers] back but the problem is we don’t have the infrastructure Canada does," she said.[10]

text: With the announcement of the July 19, 2014, premiere date for the second season, Hallmark also announced that Sue Tenney, executive producer and writer for 7th Heaven, would take over as series showrunner.[12]

text: Book to television deviation[edit]

text: In the book series, Grace's husband is disturbed by his actions in the Vietnam War and commits suicide, but, for the television series, Macomber revealed that the network considered that "too heavy" of a storyline. Instead, Grace arrives home from vacation to announce her husband is divorcing her.[10]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Cedar Cove was given "generally favorable" reviews at the Metacritic website, based on the aggregate score of 62 out of 100 from ten critics.[13] The Wall Street Journal's Nancy DeWolf Smith called the series "relaxing," adding that it is "as burden-free as a day on the beach with an umbrella, a book and a breeze."[14] Mary McNamara of the Los Angeles Times commented, "Despite a certain built-in B&B preciousness, Cedar Cove evokes certain splendid shows of another time and place, including the late-great 'Family' and the longtime Irish hit 'Ballykissangel.'"[15] The New York Times's Neil Genzlinger commented that the "able" cast "makes it stand out from the stream of interchangeable Hallmark movies that aim for the same tone and audience."[16]

text: Ellen Gray of the Philadelphia Daily News commented on the difference between Hallmark's standard fare and Cedar Cove, "While [Hallmark] movies are often forced to rush headlong toward their happy endings, a series can take more time. And in [the] four subsequent episodes I've seen, the stories and characters get to breathe a bit."[17] The New York Post's Linda Stasi stated, "It ain't brain surgery and nobody’s going to win any Emmys, but that’s not why fans watch Hallmark."[18] David Hinckley of New York's Daily News stated, "From the early evidence...there’s every indication a Hallmark series will be the same sort of television comfort food as a Hallmark movie."[19]

text: The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette's Rob Owen called the series "comfortable, uncomplicated, unchallenging entertainment," adding, "which makes it ideal for Hallmark's brand. Fans of Hallmark's movies will enjoy it; viewers who want to be more engaged and absorbed by a program may be bored."[20] Brian Lowry of Variety stated,"There's still a distinction to be drawn between 'light' and 'weightless,' which is roughly where this new show registers—in part because the Olivia-Jack relationship is the only aspect with any resonance."[21]

text: Ratings for Cedar Cove made Hallmark the top cable channel for its time slot on Saturdays.[22]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: During the course of the series 36 episodes of Cedar Cove aired over three seasons.

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
13
July 20, 2013 (2013-07-20)
October 12, 2013 (2013-10-12)

2
12
July 19, 2014 (2014-07-19)
October 4, 2014 (2014-10-04)

3
11
July 18, 2015 (2015-07-18)
September 26, 2015 (2015-09-26)

text: International distribution[edit]

text: The show began airing in the United Kingdom on 5 USA from February 9, 2014.[23] The second season aired in the UK from May through June 2015 in a series of feature-length episodes, each consisting of two standard episodes. The show began airing in Turkey on Dizimax Drama on 5 March 2014.[24] The show began airing in Greece on NovaCinema 1, NovaCinemaHD on June 4, 2014.[25] The show began airing in Germany on Sat.1 Emotions on March 18, 2014, and aired Tuesdays at 8 p.m.[26] The free-TV premiere took place on January 6, 2015 on the German Disney Channel.[27] The show began airing in Italy on Rai1 on July 1, 2015,[28] and airs Wednesdays at 9 p.m. Series 2 was shown immediately afterwards, starting on 18 August 2015 airing on Tuesday and Wednesday nights in blocks of three episodes, finishing on 26 August 2015.[29]

text: Home media release[edit]

text: On July 15, 2014, Cinedigm (under license from Hallmark) released the first season of Cedar Cove in a three-disc DVD set.[30] On July 14, 2015, the second season was also released in a three-disc DVD set.[31] A three-disc DVD set of the third and final season was released on March 15, 2016.[32]


document_title: List of longest-living organisms

question_text: who is the longest living animal in the world

text: List of longest-living organisms

text: Biological immortality[edit]

text: If the mortality rate of a species does not increase after maturity, the species does not age and is said to be biologically immortal. Many examples exist of plants and animals for which the mortality rate actually decreases with age, for all or part of the lifecycle.[1]

text: If the mortality rate remains constant, the rate determines the mean lifespan. The lifespan can be long or short, though the species technically "does not age".

text: Hydra species were observed for four years without any increase in mortality rate.[2]

text: Other species have been observed to regress to a larval state and regrow into adults multiple times.

text:
The hydrozoan species Turritopsis dohrnii (formerly Turritopsis nutricula) is capable of cycling from a mature adult stage to an immature polyp stage and back again. This means no natural limit to its lifespan is known.[3] However, no single specimen has been observed for any extended period, and estimating the age of a specimen is impossible.
At least one hydrozoan (Laodicea undulata[4]) and one scyphozoan (Aurelia sp.1[5]) can also revert from medusa stage into polyp stage.
The larvae of skin beetles undergo a degree of "reversed development" when starved, and later grow back to the previously attained level of maturity. The cycle can be repeated many times.[6]

text: Revived into activity after stasis[edit]

text:
Various claims have been made about reviving bacterial spores to active metabolism after millions of years. Claims have been made of spores from amber being revived after 40 million years,[7] and spores from salt deposits in New Mexico being revived after 240 million years, the longest living organisms in history.[8][9] In a related find, a scientist was able to coax 34,000-year-old salt-captured bacteria to reproduce. His results were duplicated at a separate independent laboratory facility.[10]
A seed from the previously extinct Judean date palm was revived and managed to sprout after nearly 2,000 years.[11]
Silene stenophylla was grown from fruit found in an ancient squirrel's cache. The germinated plants bore viable seeds. The fruit was dated to be 31,800 years old ± 300 years.[12]
In 1994, a seed from a sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera), dated at roughly 1,300 years old ± 270 years, was successfully germinated.[13][14]
During the 1990s, Raul Cano, a microbiologist at California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, revived yeast trapped in amber for 25 million years.[15] Cano went on to found a brewery and crafted an "amber ale" with a 45-million-year-old variant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.[16] Cano's work and initial success were achieved with the help of entomologist George Poinar, the scientist whose 1982 paper on reviving specimens[17] influenced Michael Crichton to write his award-winning Jurassic Park.[18]

text: Clonal plant and fungal colonies[edit]

text: As with all long-lived plant and fungal species, no individual part of a clonal colony is alive (in the sense of active metabolism) for more than a very small fraction of the life of the entire colony. Some clonal colonies may be fully connected via their root systems, while most are not actually interconnected, but are genetically identical clones which populated an area through vegetative reproduction. Ages for clonal colonies, often based on current growth rates, are estimates.[19]

text:
Pando is a Populus tremuloides (quaking aspen) tree or clonal colony that has been estimated at 80,000 years old.[20] Unlike many other clonal "colonies", the above-ground trunks remain connected to each other by a single massive subterranean root system. Whether it is to be considered a single tree is disputed, as it depends on one's definition of an individual tree.
The Jurupa Oak colony is estimated to be at least 13,000 years old, with other estimates ranging from 5,000 to 30,000 years old.[21]
A huge colony of the sea grass Posidonia oceanica in the Mediterranean Sea is estimated to be between 12,000 and 200,000 years old. The maximum age is theoretical, as the region it occupies was above water at some point between 10,000 and 80,000 years ago.[22][23][24]
Lomatia tasmanica in Tasmania: the sole surviving clonal colony of this species is estimated to be at least 43,600 years old.[25]
Eucalyptus recurva: clones in Australia are claimed to be 13,000 years old.[26]
King Clone is a creosote bush (Larrea tridentata) in the Mojave Desert estimated at 11,700 years old.[27] Another creosote bush has been said to be 12,150 years old, but this is as yet unconfirmed.
A Huon pine colony on Mount Read, Tasmania, is estimated at 10,000 years old, with individual specimens living over 3,000 years.[28]
Old Tjikko, a Norway spruce in Sweden, is a tree on top of roots that have been carbon dated to 9,550 years old. The tree is part of a clonal colony that was established at the end of the last ice age. Discovered by Professor Leif Kullman, at Umeå University, the tree is located in the county of Dalarna in Sweden. Old Tjikko is small, only 5 m (16 ft) in height.[29][30][31][32]
A box huckleberry bush in Pennsylvania is thought to be perhaps 8,000 years old.
"Humongous Fungus", an individual of the fungal species Armillaria solidipes in the Malheur National Forest, is thought to be between 2,000 and 8,500 years old.[33][34] It is thought to be the world's largest organism by area, at 2,384 acres (965 hectares).

text: Individual microorganisms[edit]

text: Some endoliths have extremely long lives. In August 2013, researchers reported evidence of endoliths in the ocean floor with a generation time of 10 millennia.[35] These are slowly metabolizing, not in a dormant state.

text: Individual plant specimens[edit]

text:
A Great Basin bristlecone pine (Pinus longaeva) is measured by ring count to be 5067 years old.[36] This is the oldest known tree in North America, and the oldest known living individual nonclonal tree in the world.
Llangernyw Yew may be the oldest individual tree in Europe and second- or third-oldest individual tree in the world. Believed to be aged between 4,000 years and 5,000 years old, this ancient yew (Taxus baccata) is in the churchyard of the village of Llangernyw in North Wales.
Fortingall Yew, an ancient yew (Taxus baccata) in the churchyard of the village of Fortingall in Perthshire, Scotland, is one of the oldest known individual trees in Europe. Various estimates have put its age between 2,000 and 5,000 years, although now believed to be at the lower end of this range.
Fitzroya cupressoides is the species with the second-oldest verified age, a specimen in Chile being measured by ring count as 3,622 years old.[19]
The President, located in Sequoia National Park, California, is the oldest known living giant sequoia at approximately 3,200 years of age.[36][not in citation given]
A sacred fig (Ficus religiosa), the Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka, is 2,300 years old (planted in 288 BC).[37] It is the oldest known living to date human-planted tree in the world.[38]
A specimen of Lagarostrobos franklinii in Tasmania is thought to be about 2,000 years old.[39]
Numerous olive trees are purported to be 2,000 years old or older. An olive tree in Ano Vouves, Crete, claiming such longevity, has been confirmed on the basis of tree ring analysis.[40][41]
Jōmon Sugi, the cryptomeria naturally grown in Yakushima Island, Kagoshima, Japan, is 2,170 to 7,200 years old.
Great sugi of Kayano, the cryptomeria deemed planted by humans in Kaga, Ishikawa, Japan, had an estimated age of 2,300 years in 1928.
Welwitschia is a monotypic genus of gymnosperm plant, composed solely of the distinct Welwitschia mirabilis. The plant is considered a living fossil. Radiocarbon dating has confirmed many individuals have lived longer than 1,000 years, and some are suspected to be older than 2,000 years.[citation needed]
Yareta is a tiny flowering plant in the family Apiaceae native to South America, occurring in the Puna grasslands of the Andes in Peru, Bolivia, the north of Chile, and the west of Argentina between 3,200 and 4,500 m altitude. Some yaretas could be up to 3,000 years old.[42]

text: Humans[edit]

text:
>80
  77.5-80
  75-77.5
  72.5-75
  70-72.5
  67.5-70
  65-67.5

  60-65
  55-60
  50-55
  45-50
  40-45
  <40

text:
Jeanne Calment lived to the age of 122 years, 164 days, becoming the oldest recorded human who ever lived. She died on August 4, 1997.[43]
The longest-living person who is still living and known is Nabi Tajima. (born 4 August 1900).[44]

text: These are single examples; for a broader view, see Life expectancy (includes humans).

text: Other terrestrial and pagophilic animals[edit]

text:
Adwaita, an Aldabra giant tortoise, died at an estimated age of 255 in March 2006 in Alipore Zoo, Kolkata, India.[45] If verified, it will have been the oldest terrestrial animal in the world.
Tu'i Malila, a radiated tortoise, died at an age of 188 years in May 1965, at the time the oldest verified vertebrate.[46]
Jonathan, a Seychelles giant tortoise living on the island of Saint Helena, is reported to be about 184 years old, and may, therefore, be the oldest currently living terrestrial animal if the claim is true.[47]
Harriet, a Galápagos tortoise, died at the age of 175 years in June 2006.[48]
Timothy, a spur-thighed tortoise, born in Turkey died at an age of 165 years in 3 April 2004 in the UK.[49]
Nonja, a Sumatran orangutan, died at the age of 55 years in December 2007. She was claimed to be the oldest-living orangutan of her species.[50]
The tuatara, a lizard-like reptile native to New Zealand, can live well above 100 years. Henry, a tuatara at the Southland Museum in New Zealand, mated for the first time at the estimated age of 111 years in 2009 with an 80-year-old female and fathered 11 baby tuatara.[51]

text:
Muja, an American alligator from Belgrade Zoo, is considered to be the oldest alligator in the world.[52] Muja is more than 80 years old.[53]
A female blue-and-yellow macaw named Charlie was reportedly hatched in 1899, which would make her 117 years old, as of 2016. Her age has not been independently confirmed and the claim may not be reliable. She is claimed to have formerly belonged to Winston Churchill, but Churchill's daughter denies the claim.[54]
Lin Wang, an Asian elephant, was the oldest elephant in the Taipei Zoo. He was born in January 18, 1917, and died in February 26, 2003, at 86 years, surpassing the previous record of 84. Normally, elephants live up to 50 years, while their maximum lifespan is generally estimated at 70.
A greater flamingo named Greater died at Adelaide Zoo in January 2014 at the age of at least 83.[55]
Thaao, an Andean condor, died at the age of 80.[56]
Cookie, (hatched June 30, 1933) an Australian-born Major Mitchell's cockatoo resident at Brookfield Zoo, Illinois, was the oldest member of his species in captivity, and died in August 2016 at a verified age of 83.[57]
A female Laysan albatross named Wisdom successfully laid an egg at Midway Atoll in December 2016, at the age of 66. As of 2017, she is the oldest known wild bird in the world.[58]
The oldest living horse on record was named Ol' Billy. Bill was allegedly born in the year 1760 in London, England. Bill died in 1822 at the age of 62 years. Henry Harrison, an occupant of London during the time, had also allegedly known Ol' Billy for 59 years until Bill's death.[59]
Creme Puff, a cat owned by Jake Perry of Austin, Texas, was born August 3, 1967, and died three days after her 38th birthday on August 6, 2005.[60]
The oldest bear on record was Andreas, a European brown bear, living in the ARCTUROS bear sanctuary in northern Greece. He was at least 50 years old at the time of his death.
Debby, the polar bear, an inhabitant of the Assiniboine Park Zoo in Winnipeg, Canada, was the oldest polar bear and third-oldest bear species on record when she died in 2008, at the age of 42 years.[61]
A wild-born black rhino called "Elly" was the oldest in North America at an estimated 45 years of age, and resided in California's San Francisco Zoo from April 1974 until passing in May 2017.[62]
Yoda was named as the oldest mouse in 2004 at age 4.[63]
The oldest bat recorded, a Brandt's bat, is at least 41 years old.[64]

text: Aquatic animals[edit]

text:
Glass sponges found in the East China Sea and Southern Ocean have been found over 10,000 years old.[65][66][67]
Specimens of the black coral genus Leiopathes, such as Leiopathes glaberrima, are among the oldest continuously living organisms on the planet: around 4,265 years old.[68]
The giant barrel sponge Xestospongia muta is one of the longest-lived animals, with the largest specimens in the Caribbean estimated to be in excess of 2,300 years old.[69]
The black coral Antipatharia in the Gulf of Mexico may live more than 2,000 years.[70]
The Antarctic sponge Cinachyra antarctica has an extremely slow growth rate in the low temperatures of the Southern Ocean. One specimen has been estimated to be 1,550 years old.[71]
A specimen, "Ming" of the Icelandic cyprine Arctica islandica (also known as an ocean quahog), a mollusk, was found to have lived 507 years.[72] Another specimen had a recorded lifespan of 374 years.[73]
Many sub-families of the Oreosomatidae, including the Allocyttus, Neocyttus, and Pseudocyttus (collectively referred to as the Oreos) have been reported to live up to 170 years, based on otolith-increment estimates and radiometric dating [74][75][76]
Greenland shark had been estimated to live to about 200 years, but a study published in 2016 found that a 5.02 m (16.5 ft) specimen was 392 ± 120 years old, resulting in a minimum age of 272 and a maximum of 512.[77][78] That makes the Greenland shark the longest-lived vertebrate.
Some koi fish have reportedly lived more than 200 years, the oldest being Hanako, which died at an age of 226 years on July 7, 1977.[79][80]
Rougheye rockfish - 205 years old.[81]
Orange roughy, also known as deep sea perch, can live up to 149 years.[82]
Some confirmed sources estimate bowhead whales to have lived at least to 211 years of age, making them the oldest mammals.[83]
The maximum life-span of the freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera) may be 210–250 years.[84][85][86]
Specimens of the Red Sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus franciscanus, have been found to be over 200 years old.[87]
The deepsea hydrocarbon seep tubeworm Lamellibrachia luymesi (Annelida, Polychaeta) lives for more than 170 years.[88]
Tardigrades, capable of cryptobiosis, have been shown to survive nearly 120 years in a dry state.[89]
Geoduck, a species of saltwater clam native to the Puget Sound, have been known to live more than 160 years.[90][91]
George the lobster was estimated to be about 140 years old by PETA in January 2009.[92]
In 2012, a sturgeon was caught in a Wisconsin river that was estimated to be 125 years old.[93]
A killer whale of the "Southern Resident Community" identified as J2 or Granny was estimated by some researchers to have been approximately 105 years old at her death in 2017; however, other dating methods estimated her age as 65-80.[94][95]
A Swedish man claimed that a European eel named Ale was 155 years old when it died in 2014. If correct, it would have been the world's oldest, having been hatched in 1859.[96]