document_title: Population and housing censuses by country

question_text: when was the last census held in nigeria

question_tokens: when was the last census held in nigeria

text: Population and housing censuses by country

text: Census Advisory[edit]

text: UN recommends a census enumeration at least once every ten years, and once every 5 for even better data, rather than simply relying on estimates and projections alone.[1] Complications to carrying out a census include tribal conflict, war, borders not demarcated, budget, inexperience, political snags, lack of manpower, and poor geographic information systems. A number of nations have not carried them out once a decade. It is not uncommon for a scheduled census to be deferred or delayed.

text: However, Lebanon has completely breached the rule, not having one since 1932. Afghanistan is closing in on 4 decades without a census, DRC, and Uzbekistan stand out as not having a census since before 1990. Madagascar has not had counts since 1990s. Eritrea only as a part of Ethiopia in 90s.

text: Afghanistan[edit]

text: A partial and incomplete population census was taken in Afghanistan in June 1979.[2] Wars since then have caused significant population displacement and there has not been an updated count nor does the nation seem to have the technical ability nor will to tackle a modern census.

text: Albania[edit]

text: The latest population census was conducted in Albania on September 30, 2011.[3]

text: The previous census was conducted in April 2001.[4][5] Prior to that, a census was conducted in 1989 at the end of the Communist regime.

text: Algeria[edit]

text: Population and housing censuses have been carried out in Algeria in 1967, 1977, 1987, 1998, and 2008. The next census is scheduled for 2016.

text: Angola[edit]

text: General censuses of population and housing (Portuguese: Recenseamento Geral da População e Habitação (RGPH)) have been carried out in 1970 and 2014. The 1970 census counted 5,646,166 habitants. Preliminary results of the 2014 census have been published and final results will be published by the end of 2015. The 2014 census counted 24,383,301 habitants as of May 16, 2014.[6]

text: Antigua and Barbuda[edit]

text: Population & Housing Censuses was carried out in 1991, 2001, and 2011.[7] The 2011 census [dead link] was released in May 2014.

text: Argentina[edit]

text: National population censuses are carried out in Argentina roughly every ten years, the last ones having been carried out in 2001[2] and on October 27, 2010.

text: Australia[edit]

text: The Australian census is operated by the Australian Bureau of Statistics. It is currently conducted every five years, the last occurrence being on August 9, 2016. Past Australian censuses were conducted in 1911, 1921, 1933, 1947, 1954, and 1961 – 2011 every five years. In 2006, for the first time, Australians were able to complete their census online.[2]

text: Austria[edit]

text: The Austrian census is run by Statistics Austria. It is carried out every ten years, the last one on October 31, 2011.

text: Azerbaijan[edit]

text: Population censuses have been taken in Azerbaijan under Russian/Soviet rule in 1897, 1926, 1937, 1939, 1959, 1970, 1979, and 1989. Beginning in 1991, two more census have been carried out in Azerbaijan: one in 1999 and one in 2009.[8]

text: Bangladesh[edit]

text: Population censuses were conducted by the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) in 1974, 1981, 1991 and 2001. The 2011 Census was held from March 15 to 19. Well over ten million Bangladeshis who live/moved to India were not included in the 2011 count, while India's census 2011 count did include them. If repatriated, numbers would be skewed significantly and go some way to explain the missing people (as calculated from birthrates) in Bangladesh's count.

text: Barbados[edit]

text: Censuses on population sizes in Barbados are conducted by the Barbados Statistical Service (BSS). The last major census was conducted in 2010.

text: Belgium[edit]

text: The Belgium census is run by Statistics Belgium. The first census was carried out in 1846 then it is carried out every 10 years. The last census was taken in 2011. This is the first registered based census.

text: Benin[edit]

text: Population and housing censuses have been carried out in 1978, 1992, 2002 and 2013.[2][9] 2013 census preliminary results have been published.[9] Final results will be published in 2015.[10]

text: Bolivia[edit]

text: Population and housing censuses have been carried out in 1992, 2001 and 2012.

text: Bosnia and Herzegovina[edit]

text: Population censuses in Bosnia and Herzegovina were conducted in 1879, 1885, 1895, 1910, 1921, 1931, 1948, 1953, 1961, 1971, 1981 and 1991. The 2013 Census was organized in period between October 1–15, 2013. This is the first census after the end of the Bosnian War.

text: Botswana[edit]

text: Censuses in Botswana are run by the Central Statistics Office. There have been twelve censuses in Botswana's history. The most recent was the 2011 Botswana Population and Housing Census, which occurred in August 2011.

text: Brazil[edit]

text: The Brazilian census is carried out by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics every 10 years. The last one was in 2010. Earlier censuses were taken in 1872 (the first), 1900, 1920, 1941, 1950, 1960, 1970, 1980, 1991, 2000 and 2010.

text: Brazil's Demographic Census is one of the most hierarchical collection of census data in the world. Its hierarchies include: Brazil (Country), Major Regions, States, Macro-regions, micro-regions, municipalities, districts, sub-districts, Neighborhoods and census tracts.

text: Depending on the administrative hierarchy, some types of data are not published to respect confidentiality.

text: For example:

text:
The lower area of data collection is the census tract, with approximately 300 households, and information is collected on age, condition of the home, gender, income, among others.
Districts: information on race, color, religion, disability, etc.
Municipalities (cities): in addition to the information already described, there is information of GDP, industrial production, agricultural production, migration between cities to study or work, to live migration, inflation, employment rates, number of industries, the quantity of trade, etc.

tag: ol

text: Information is collected with handheld computers equipped with GPS receivers and digitized maps.

text: (IBGE)

text: Bulgaria[edit]

text: Bulgarian governors organized a national census soon after the liberation of the Bulgarian lands. In 1881 a census took place in the Principality, while in 1884 a census was organized in Eastern Rumelia. The first census covering the unified state took place in 1887.

text: Since these first accounts, Bulgarian authorities had organized several population censuses: 1892, 1900, 1905, 1910, 1920, 1926, 1934, 1946, 1956, 1965, 1975, 1985, 1992, 2001, and 2011.

text: The data provided in the Bulgarian censuses from 1888 until World War II is regarded as highly reliable[citation needed] according to the standards of the time. The Bulgarian leading statisticians of the period were generally educated in Western universities and participated vividly in the international cooperation, therefore insisted and succeeded in introducing the best practices of the time. The quality of the data provided of later censuses is a matter of debate[citation needed]. The religion question in the 2001 census didn't allow the unaffiliated Bulgarians to be counted as such.

text: Canada[edit]

text: The Canadian census is run by Statistics Canada. The 1666 census of New France was conducted by French intendant Jean Talon, when he took a census to ascertain the number of people living in New France. The method and data was later used when Canada was founded 201 years later. The individual provinces (sometimes in conjunction with each other) conducted censuses in the 19th century and before. In 1871, Canada's first formal census was conducted, which counted the population of Nova Scotia, Ontario, New Brunswick, and Quebec.

text: Censuses in Canada are conducted in five-year intervals. The last census was conducted in 2016. Censuses taken in mid-decade (1976, 1986, 1996, etc.) are referred to as quinquennial censuses. Others are referred to as decennial censuses. The first quinquennial census was conducted in 1956.

text: For the 2006 Census of Canada, respondents were able to complete their census questionnaire online for the first time. Other options for answering the questionnaire included postal mail (using a pre-paid envelope) and telephone (using an 800 number).

text: At a sub-national level, two provinces (Alberta and Saskatchewan) and two territories (Nunavut and Yukon) have legislation that allows local governments to conduct their own municipal censuses.[11]

text: Chile[edit]

text: National population censuses are carried out in Chile every ten years by the National Statistics Institute (INE). The last one took place in 2012, but its results were dismissed by the INE due to a high omission rate and other problems.[12] A new abbreviated census took place in April 2017, with a full census to be carried out in 2022.[13] The last official census results are from 2002.

text: China[edit]

text: China's first censuses were irregular: the Republic of China held censuses in 1913 and 1944. Under Mao Zedong, the People's Republic of China held its first in 1952, but the second in 1963 was secret and unacknowledged until the early 1980s.

text: The 1982 Chinese Census was much more thorough and well-conducted than the first two, and similar censuses have been conducted decennially in 1990, 2000, and 2010.[14] These are the world's biggest censuses and over 6 million enumerators were engaged in the 2000[citation needed] and 2010 censuses.

text: Between the national censuses, 1% National Population Sample Surveys were taken in 1987, 1995, and 2005; 0.1% National Population Sample Surveys have been taken annually since 2000.[15] National agricultural, economic, and industrial censuses are also taken on a regular basis. The first economic census was taken in 2004 and the second 2008.[16]

text: Costa Rica[edit]

text: Costa Rica carried out its tenth population census in 2011. INEC, National Institute of Statistics and Census is in charge of conduct these censuses. Past Costa Rican censuses were conducted in 1864, 1883, 1892, 1927, 1950, 1963, 1973, 1984, and 2000.

text: Croatia[edit]

text: The census in Croatia is carried out every 10 years. The last census was taken in 2011 (from April 1 to 28). The first census was in 1857 when what is now Croatia was part of the Austrian Empire.

text: Cyprus[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

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text: The British colonisers carried out seven censuses in Cyprus in total: six at ten-year intervals between 1881 and 1931, and the last in 1946. Following the establishment of the modern state, there have been seven more censuses: in 1960 (the year of establishment), 1973, 1976, 1982, 1992, 2001 and 2011. The Statistical Service of the Cypriot government counts from the first British census, i.e. the latest census, in 2011, is referred to as the 14th census. In Northern Cyprus there have been three censuses: in 1996, 2006 and 2011. All three have been a matter of controversy, both in the north and the south, and abroad.

text: Czech Republic[edit]

text: The census in the Czech Republic is carried out every 10 years by the Czech Statistical Office. The last census was taken in 2011. Earlier censuses were taken in 1869, 1880, 1890, 1900, 1910, 1921, 1930, 1950, 1961, 1970, 1980, 1991 and 2001.

text: The results of the last census are also available via the interactive model based software.

text: Denmark[edit]

text: The first Danish census was in 1700–1701, and contained statistical information about adult men. Only about half of it still exists. A census of school children was taken during the 1730s.

text: Following these early undertakings, the first census to attempt completely covering all citizens (including women and children who had previously been listed only as numbers) of Denmark-Norway was taken in 1769.[17] At that point there were 797,584 citizens in the kingdom. Georg Christian Oeder took a statistical census in 1771 which covered Copenhagen, Sjælland, Møn, and Bornholm.

text: After that, censuses followed somewhat regularly in 1787, 1801, and 1834, and between 1840 and 1860, the censuses were taken every five years, and then every ten years until 1890. Special censuses for Copenhagen were taken in 1885 and 1895.

text: In the 20th century, censuses were taken every five years from 1901 to 1921, and then every ten years from 1930. The last traditional census was taken in 1970.

text: A limited population census based on registers was taken in 1976. From 1981 and each year onwards information that corresponds to a population and housing census is retrieved from registers. Denmark was the first country in the world to conduct these censuses from administrative registers. The most important registers are the Population Register (Det Centrale Personregister), the Building and Dwelling Register and the Enterprise Register. The central statistical office, Statistics Denmark is responsible for compiling these data. This information is available online in the Statbank Denmark.[18]

text: It is possible to search a portion of the Danish censuses online at the Dansk Demografisk Database,[19] and also view scanned versions at Arkivalier Online.[20]

text: Egypt[edit]

text: The Statistical Department of the Ministry of Finance conducted the first census in 1882, which considered as a preparatory step; the first true population census was conducted in 1897. Thereafter, censuses were conducted at ten-year intervals in 1907, 1917, 1927 and so on. The last one being in 2006.

text: Estonia[edit]

text: Population censuses have been carried out in 1881,[21] 1897,[21] 1922,[21] 1934,[21] 1959, [22] 1970,[22] 1979,[22] 1989,[22] 2000[23] and 2011.[24][25]

text: The censuses of 1881 and 1897 were carried out during the reign of the Russian Empire, when Estonia was divided between the Governorate of Estonia and the Governorate of Livonia. The latter also included territories of modern-day Latvia, however its Estonian-populated counties of Võru, Tartu, Viljandi, Pärnu and Saaremaa roughly corresponded to the later borders of the Republic of Estonia. Only later Estonian territories of Valga, Narva, Jaanilinn and Petseri County remained outside these figures.

text: The 1922 and 1934 censuses were carried out by the independent Republic of Estonia. The 1959, 1979 and 1989 censuses were carried out by the Estonian SSR of the Soviet Union and excluded Jaanilinn and Petseri County, which were annexed by the Russian SFSR in 1945. The 2000 and 2011 censuses were again carried out by the independent Republic of Estonia and also excluded the territories annexed by Russia in 1945. The current responsible institution is the Statistics Estonia.[26]

text: Ethiopia[edit]

text: Three censuses have been taken in Ethiopia: 1984, 1994 and in 2007. The responsible institution is the Central Statistical Agency.[2]

text: Most of the census in 2007 was taken in August, while the Somali Region and the Afar Region were not covered. The northern Afar region is a remote, hot and arid area. The eastern Somali region (Ogaden) hosts a large nomadic Somali population and is a conflict area where Ethiopian regular forces are fighting against Ogaden National Liberation Front (ONLF).[2]

text: Finland[edit]

text: The first population census was taken in 1749 when Finland was a part of Sweden. Although the parliament authorized a modern census in 1938, it was not undertaken until 1950. Finland has an accurate population registry system, thus censuses are in practice conducted by studying the registry, rather than as a separate project. Statistics Finland publishes various statistics on population: preliminary population statistics are published monthly, population structure report is published annually and population projections every three years. Once in ten years, the official locations and demarcations for densely populated areas (taajama) for traffic purposes, and official numbers of the speakers of national languages (Finnish or Swedish), for bilinguality, are reviewed.

text: France[edit]

text: The census in France is currently carried out by INSEE. The first census in France was conducted in 1801.[27] Since 2004, a partial census has been carried out every year, and the results published as averages over 5 years.

text: Germany[edit]

text: This section's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out-of-date information. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (October 2012)

text: The first systematic population on the European continent was taken in 1719 in Prussia (roughly corresponding to today's northern Germany and western Poland).

text: The first large-scale census in the German Empire took place in 1895. Attempts at introducing a census in West Germany sparked strong popular resentment in the 1980s since many quite personal questions were asked. Some campaigned for a boycott. In the end the Constitutional Court stopped the census in 1980 and 1983. The last census was in 1987. Germany has since used population samples in combination with statistical methods, in place of a full census.

text: Greece[edit]

text: Census takes place every 10 years and is carried out by the National Statistical Service of Greece.[28] The 2011 census ended on 24 May.[29]

text: Guatemala[edit]

text: Modern population censuses have been taken in Guatemala in 1930, 1950, 1964, 1973, 1981, 1994 and in 2002. Controversial censuses include those in 1950 and 1964 (misclassification of the Maya population) and 1994 (generally questioned). About 14,000,000 people live in Guatemala as of July 2009.

text: Hong Kong[edit]

text: Census takes place every 10 years and by-census between two censuses by the Census and Statistics Department of Hong Kong. The last census was conducted March 2011.

text: Haiti[edit]

text: General censuses of population and housing (French: Recensement Général de la Population et de l'Habitat (RGPH)) have been carried out in 1950, 1971, 1982, 2003 et 2014.[30] First results of the 2014 census will be published between November and December 2014;[31] final results will be published in November 2015.[32]

text: Hungary[edit]

text: Official decennial censuses have been taken in Hungary since 1870; the latest one – in line with the recommendations of the United Nations and the Statistical Office of the European Union – was carried out in 2001. Starting from 1880 the Hungarian census system was based on native language (the language spoken at home in the early life of the person and at the time of the survey), vulgar language (the most frequently used language in the family), and other spoken languages.

text: Iceland[edit]

text: The first Icelandic census took place in 1703, following upon the first Danish census of 1700–1701. Further censuses were carried out in 1801, 1845 and 1865. The 1703 exercise was the first census ever to cover all inhabitants of an entire country, mentioning the name, age, and social position of each individual. All of the information still exists, although some of the original documents have been lost.

text: The need for censuses was eliminated through the setting up, in 1952, of the National Registry (Þjóðskrá), which later merged with other entities to form Registers Iceland. All those born in Iceland, and all new residents, are automatically registered. Individuals are identified in the registry by means of a national identification number (the so-called kennitala), a number composed of the date of birth in the format ddmmyy and four additional digits, the third of which is a control digit, and the last of which indicates the century in which the person was born (9 for the 1900s and 0 for the 2000s).

text: The National Registry doubles as an electoral register. Likewise, all bank accounts are linked to the national identification of the owner (companies and institutions all have their own identification numbers).

text: India[edit]

text: The decennial census of India is the primary source of information about the demographic characteristics of the population of India. The 2011 census is one of the largest censuses in the history of mankind.[33]

text: The first census in India in modern times was conducted in 1872. First regular census was started in 1881 by Lord Ripon. Since then, a population census has been carried out every 10 years. The latest census commenced on May 1, 2010. It will create a National Population Register with photographs and fingerprints of every resident. All usual residents of India will also be provided with their Unique ID numbers and National Identity Cards. The census is carried out by the office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India, Delhi, an office in the Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India, under the 1948 Census of India Act. The act gives Central Government many powers like to notify a date for Census, power to ask for the services of any citizen for census work. The law makes it compulsory for every citizen to answer the census questions truthfully. The Act provides penalties for giving false answers or not giving answers at all to the census questionnaire. One of the most important provisions of law is the guarantee for the maintenance of secrecy of the information collected at the census of each individual. The census records are not open to inspection and also not admissible in evidence.

text: The census is conducted in two phases: first, house listing and house numbering phase and second, the actual population enumeration phase. The census is carried out by the canvassing method. In this method, each household is visited and the information is collected by specially trained enumerator. They collect data related to households e.g. number of members, water & electricity supply, ownership of land, vehicles, computers and other assets and services. In the second phase, total population is counted and statistics related to individuals are collected.[33]

text: Indonesia[edit]

text: The first population census was done during the colonial era, 1930. Before that, a non-overall census was already conducted in 1920. After that census was done irregularly. The first census after independence was 1961, followed by 1971. Since 1980 it is conducted regularly every 10 years. In between, there is also economical census (every 10 years, five years after population census) and agricultural census (three years after population census). The last census was held on May 2010.

text: Iran[edit]

text: The Statistical Center of Iran carried out nationwide population and housing censuses every 10 years, the last of which occurred in 2006 (1385 AP). In the Islamic Republic of Iran, based on Article 4 of the Act of the Statistical Center of Iran (SCI), the census shall be implemented once every 10 years according to the Presidential decree. So far there have been six incidences of population census in Iran in the years 1956, 1966, 1976, 1986, 1996, and 2006. Since 2008 census in Iran is carried out once every 5 years.

text: Iraq[edit]

text: The Central Statistical Organization - Ministry of Planning of Iraq is responsible for population and housing censuses.

text: According to the British government in Iraq, the population estimate in 1920 was 3 million. In 1927, the General Directorate of Population carried out the census, the population estimate was 2,968,054. Later, There were another 8 censuses in the years 1934, 1947, 1957, 1965, 1977, 1987 and the last one that was carried out in 1997.

text: After the War of Iraq, there was a plan for a new population and housing census. Data was collected and published in Central Statistical Organization website.[34] Later, Data was updated, but no census was carried out due to country situation and dispute about census law.

text: Ireland[edit]

text: Population censuses covering all of Ireland were conducted every ten years from 1821 to 1911 inclusive. The first census following independence was conducted in 1926 and done every ten years until 1946. Since then, most censuses have been conducted every five years from 1951 to 2011 with two exceptions. Instead of censuses in 1976 and 2001, they were instead conducted in 1979 and 2002 respectively. The next census is scheduled for 2021. All original census returns from 1901 onwards survive, together with some 19th century fragments.[35]

text: The census in Ireland is carried out by the Central Statistics Office.[36] The census is taken every five years, with more detailed information collected in years ending in 1 and less in the years ending in 6. The 1976 census was cancelled as a cost-saving measure, but a supplementary census was held in 1979 after it became apparent that the 1970s had seen major demographic changes.[37] The census scheduled for 2001 was postponed until 2002 due to the outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease.[38]

text: Data from the 1901 Census of Ireland and the 1911 Census of Ireland were first made publicly available in 1961.[39][40] Subsequent census records will be made available 100 years after collection.[39] The 1901 and 1911 census returns, together with the 19th century fragments, are freely available to view at the National Archives of Ireland website.[41]

text: Israel[edit]

text: The first census in the state of Israel was held in November 1948, six months after its creation, to establish the population registry.[42] Subsequent censuses were conducted by the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (ICBS) in 1961, 1972, 1983 and 1995.[42] In these, 20% of households completed a detailed survey and the remainder a shorter questionnaire.[42] There is no legal requirement to hold a census within a given interval; in practice, the ICBS requests and the government decides.[42] The next Census to be held was postponed from 2006 to late 2008/early 2009.[42] Only the detailed survey of 20% will be carried out, as a cost-saving measure.[42]

text: Italy[edit]

text: The census in Italy is carried out by ISTAT every 10 years. The last five were in 1971, 1981, 1991, 2001 and 2011.

text: Ivory Coast[edit]

text: Four general censuses of population and housing (French: Recensement Général de la Population et de l'Habitat (RGPH)) have been carried out in,[43] the latest ones being in 1998 and 2014[44]

text: Japan[edit]

text: Japan collects census information every five years. The exercise is conducted by the Statistics Bureau of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications. October 1, 2010 and 2015 are Population Census Day.[45]

text: The census-form solicits information on name, gender, relationship to head of household, year and month of birth, marital status, nationality, number of members of household, type and nature of dwelling, floor area of dwelling, number of hours worked during the week prior to October 1, employment status, name of employer and type of business, and kind of work.

text: Regardless of nationality, all residents in Japan are required to complete the census form. Census form is only written in Japanese, but translation is available upon request in 27 different languages.[46] Online census is only available in Japanese.

text: All information collected by census is confidential and protected by Statistics Act. Information provided by census can never be used for any investigation purposes such as immigration control, police investigation, tax collections and so on.[46] After the census, all forms are destroyed and recycled.

text: In Tokyo, people can choose to answer the census questions by filling out the paper form, or they can choose to answer census questions online. Unique ID and password are provided with the census form. The online census form is only available for residents of Tokyo. This is because a high concentration of people in Tokyo are living in apartment buildings or gated communities, which restricts the access of census workers.

text: Jordan[edit]

text: The first population census after the independence in 1946 was taken in 1952. It did only count the number of people in the households and could therefore be considered only to be a housing census. The first real complete census was taken in 1961. The following censuses have been taken in 1979, 1994 and 2004. The distribution of Palestinians and Jordanians within the population has been a politically sensitive issue since the Six-Day war in 1967.

text: Kenya[edit]

text: The first census in Kenya was conducted in 1948, when Kenya was still a colony administered by the British. Since 1969 census has been taken every ten years. The last census to date was in 2009. Kenya is the first African country to produce a completely processed census within one year after census[47]

text: Kosovo[edit]

text: Kosovo, administered by the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo since 1999, declared independence in 2008. Kosovo government is planning a general population census for 2011.[48] The first census was conducted in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes in 1921.

text: Latvia[edit]

text: The most recent census in Latvia was in 2011. Before that, most censuses were conducted under Soviet control. The census is carried out by the Centrālā Statistikas Pārvalde (Central Statistical Bureau).

text: Lebanon[edit]

text: No census has been conducted in Lebanon since 1932.[49] It indicated a population of 861,399 Lebanese.[50] Various estimates of the population have been taken since; in 1956 it was estimated a population of 1,411,416, with 54% Christian and 44% Muslim. Conducting a census since then has been complicated by various conflicts in the 1970s and 1980s,[51] as well as by the sensitivity of religious issues.[49]

text: Malaysia[edit]

text: The census in Malaysia is carried out every 10 years, like many nations, since 1960 (with the exception of the fourth census, which was carried out in 1991). The next census should be carried out in 2020. The most recent census was from July 6 to August 22, 2010.

text: Macedonia[edit]

text: The foundation of the Republic of Macedonia followed the breakup of the former Yugoslav Republic in 1991. The first population and housing census was taken in the summer 1994. The second census was taken in the autumn 2002. Both censuses were observed by international experts due to the sensitive issue regarding the ethnic distribution (i.e. of Macedonian or Albanian origin).

text: Mauritius[edit]

text: Population and housing censuses for Mauritius was collected in 1972, 1983, and 2000; although respondents were asked to identify their race/ethnic origin in the 1972 census, this question was dropped from the following censuses because "the government felt that it was a divisive question".[52] The Statistics Act directed that all official censuses be conducted by Statistics Mauritius, as well as serve as the central depository for this information.[53]

text: Mexico[edit]

text:
National population censuses have been carried out in 1910, 1921, 1930, 1940, 1950, 1960, 1970, 1980, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005 and 2010.[54]
National economic censuses have been carried out in 1989, 1994, 1999, 2004, 2009 and 2014.[55]

text: Morocco[edit]

text: General censuses of population and housing (Arabic: الإحصاء العام للسكان والسكنى / French: Recensement Général de la Population et de l'Habitat (RGPH)) have been carried out since independence in 1960, 1971, 1982, 1994, 2004 and 2014.[56] The 2014 census results will be published on http://rgph-2014.hcp.ma/ by the end of 2014.

text: Mozambique[edit]

text: The first census was taken in 1980. The second in 1997. The third was taken August 1–14, 2007.

text: Myanmar[edit]

text: A general census of population and housing has been carried out in 2014. Provisional results have been published and final results will be published in May 2015. The 2014 census counted 51,419,420 inhabitants.[57]

text: Namibia[edit]

text: In accordance with the Statistics Act No. 66 of 1976, Namibia conducts a Population and Housing Census every ten years. After independence the first one was carried out in 1991, further rounds followed in 2001 and 2011.[58] In Namibia, the de facto method is used.[59] For enumeration purposes the country is demarcated into 4,042 enumeration areas. These areas do not overlap with constituency boundaries in order to get reliable data for election purposes as well.[60]

text: Netherlands[edit]

text: The first census in the Netherlands was conducted in 1795, and the last in 1971. A law was produced on April 22, 1879, ordering a census to be conducted every ten years.

text: The census that was planned for 1981 was postponed and later cancelled. A call for privacy was responsible for the cancellation of any further census since 1991. Censuses are being conducted by the Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek since 1899. The censuses today are mostly (population, fiscal) register based, combined with surveying.

text: New Zealand[edit]

text: The census in New Zealand is carried out by Statistics New Zealand (Tatauranga Aotearoa), usually every five years. For the 2006 and 2013 Census of New Zealand, respondents could choose to complete their census questionnaire online. The Census scheduled for March 8, 2011 was cancelled due to the February 2011 Christchurch earthquake.[61] A census was instead held on March 5, 2013. Statistics New Zealand plan to resume the 5-yearly schedule after this with a census planned for 2018.[62]

text: Nepal[edit]

text: Population censuses are conducted every tenth year in Nepal. The first was held in 1911 and the most recent was held in 2011.

text: Nigeria[edit]

text: Population censuses have been taken in Nigeria during colonial time in 1866, 1871, 1896, 1901, 1911, 1921 and 1952. The censuses covered only the southern part of the country except for the 1952 census which was country wide, and the censuses before 1921 were based on administrative estimates rather than on an actual enumeration.

text: Censuses during the independence were taken 1962, 1963, 1973, 1991 and 2006. The results of the 1962 census were considered inaccurate enough that a new census was ordered on February 19, 1963.[63] The results from 1973 and 2006 were highly disputed, but no recounts were taken. The preliminary results for 2006 indicates a population of 140 million people. 700,000 enumerators were engaged in this operation.

text: Norway[edit]

text: The two first male censuses was conducted during the 1660s and 1701.[64] Later statistical censuses were held in 1769, 1815, 1835, 1845, and 1855. Norway's first nominative, complete census was taken in 1801, when Norway still was ruled by the Oldenburg dynasty of Denmark-Norway. The scope of the census followed the de jure principle, so military persons should be included as well as foreigners if they were residents. The 1801, 1865, 1900 and 1910 censuses are transcribed and made searchable on the internet.[65] The census records are made publicly available when 100 years have passed. Since 1900, a census has been conducted every ten years. (However, the 1940 census was postponed to 1946, and the census after 1990 came in 2001.) Since 2001 the population census has been combined with the housing statistics.[66] The 2001 questionnaire only asked about households and who was living in them, while no questionnaires will be mailed out for the 2011 census, since the administrative data on households is sufficient.[67]

text: Oman[edit]

text: Censuses have been taken in the Sultanate of Oman in 1993 and 2003.

text: Pakistan[edit]

text: The first Pakistani census after the proclamation of independence was conducted in 1951. It was decreed that censuses have to be carried out once in 10 years. The second census was conducted in 1961. However the third one was conducted in 1972 because of Bangladesh Liberation War. The fourth census was held in 1981.The fifth census was delayed to March 1998. The sixth census of Pakistan was planned for October 2008,[68] but was delayed due to political instability. The long overdue census is planned to be held in March 2017, 19 years after the last one was undertaken.[69]

text: Peru[edit]

text: The first census in Peru was carried out in 1836. The 11th and latest one was the 2007 Census and was carried out by Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática in August 2007.

text: Philippines[edit]

text: The census of the Philippines is enumerated every 5 years (beginning on 1960, except in 2005 where it was moved to 2007 due to budgetary constraints) and the results are used to allocate Congressional seats (congressional apportionment) and government program funding.

text: The census is performed by the Philippine Statistics Authority. The first official census in the Philippines was carried out by the Spanish government pursuant to a royal decree calling for the counting of persons living as of the midnight of December 31, 1877. The first door-to-door census was conducted in 1903 to fulfill Public Act 467 which was approved by the U.S. Congress in July 1902. The last national census was held in 2010. For years between the censuses, the NSO issues estimates made using surveys and statistical models.

text: Poland[edit]

text: The census in Poland is carried out by GUS approximately every 10 years. The 2002 census was conducted between 21 May and June 8. Poland's most recent census was held in 2011.[70]

text: Portugal[edit]

text: The first systematic census in Portugal was carried out in January 1, 1864.[71] The census in Portugal is carried out by Instituto Nacional de Estatística (INE) every 10 years. The last census was taken in March 21, 2011.

text: Romania[edit]

text: The first census in Romania was carried out in 1859. It is now carried out every ten years by the Institutul Naţional de Statistică (INSSE). The last census was in 2011.[72][needs update]

text: Russia and USSR[edit]

text: In Russia, the first census of the tax-payers was made in 1722–1723 by the order of Peter the Great (only men were counted), and was ordered to be repeated every twenty years. The only complete Russian Empire Census was carried out in 1897. All-Union Population Censuses were carried out in the USSR (which included RSFSR and the other republics) in 1920 (urban only), 1926, 1937, 1939, 1959, 1970, 1979, and 1989. The first post-Soviet Russian Census was carried out in 2002, followed by the 2010 Census. Currently, the census is the responsibility of the Federal State Statistics Service.

text: Saudi Arabia[edit]

text: Population censuses have been taken in Saudi Arabia in 1962/63 (incomplete), 1974 (complete but not reliable), 1992, 2004 and 2010. An agriculture census was taken in 1999.

text: Serbia[edit]

text: The census ordinarily takes place every 10 years. The last census was in 2011, the previous one was in 2002 (although having been planned for 2001) and the next is planned for 2021. The censuses before were organized in 1991, 1981, 1971, 1961, 1953 and 1948, during Communist Yugoslavia. During the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, censuses were conducted in 1931 and 1921; the census in 1941 was never conducted due to the outbreak of WWII.

text: The autonomous Principality of Serbia, had conducted the first population census in 1834; the subsequent censuses were conducted in 1841, 1843, 1846, 1850, 1854, 1859, 1863 and 1866 and 1874. During the era of the independent Kingdom of Serbia, six censuses were conducted starting on 1884 and the last one being in 1910. And then the frequent wars had prevented organizing any census prior to the Yugoslav one in 1921.

text: For the portions of Serbia ruled by Austria-Hungary until 1918, there were a total of five Austro-Hungarian censuses—1910, 1900, 1890, 1880 and 1869, immediately after the Dual Monarchy's constitution.[when?]

text: Slovakia[edit]

text: First modern census in the area of today's Slovakia was taken in 1869.[73] Today, the census is conducted every 10 years by the Statistical Office of Slovak Republic. Last census was in May 2011.

text: Slovenia[edit]

text: The first census of modern Slovenia was carried in 1991, after independence had been declared. The Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia conducted the second census in 2002. Further censuses were carried out in 2011 and then every 10 years.[74]

text: South Africa[edit]

text: The first census of South Africa was taken in 1911. Several enumerations have occurred since then,[75] with the most recent three being carried out by Statistics South Africa in 1996, 2001 and 2011.

text: South Korea[edit]

text: South Korea had a census in 2000.[citation needed]

text: The census was once again held in 2015.

text: Spain[edit]

text: The census in Spain is carried out by INE every 10 years. Although there has been an old tradition and like for making census in Spain, the oldest ones dating back to the 12th century (by Alfonso VII of the Kingdom of Castile), the first modern census was carried out in 1768 by Conde de aranda, under the reign of Carlos III. The last four were in 1971, 1981, 1991, and 2001.

text: Sri Lanka[edit]

text: The census in Sri Lanka is carried out by the Department of Census and Statistics every 10 years, with the next one being planned for 2011.[76] The 2011 one being the first post-war census in three decades. The census will cover all Grama Niladhari (GN) divisions of the country.The first scientific census in Sri Lanka was conducted on March 27, 1871. The last four were in 1963, 1971, 1981 and 2001 with a census estimate in 1989. The 2001 census was only carried out in 18 Districts due to the Sri Lankan Civil War.

text: Sudan[edit]

text: Population censuses have been carried out in Sudan in 1955/56, 1973 (national), 1983 (national) and 1993 (only north). A census was conducted in April 2008. Some areas—namely Darfur, Juba, and Malakal—were difficult to measure.

text: Sweden[edit]

text: The first population census in Sweden was carried out in 1749. The last population and housing census was carried out in 1990. It is planned to conduct population and housing censuses based on registers in the future.

text: Switzerland[edit]

text: In Switzerland, the Federal Population Census (German: Eidgenössische Volkszählung, French: Recensement fédéral de la population, Italian: Censimento federale della popolazione, Romansh: Dumbraziun federala dal pievel) has been carried out every 10 years starting in 1850. The census was initiated by Federal Councillor Stefano Franscini, who evaluated the data of the first census all by himself after Parliament failed to provide the necessary funds.[77] The census is now being conducted by the Swiss Federal Statistical Office.

text: Data collected include population data (citizenship, place of residence, place of birth, position in household, number of children, religion, languages, education, profession, place of work, etc.), household data (number of individuals living in the household, etc.), accommodation data (surface area, amount of rent paid, etc.) and building data (geocoordinates, time of construction, number of floors, etc.). Participation is compulsory and reached 99.87% of the population in 2000.[78]

text: Since 2010, the population census has been carried out and analysed annually in a new format by the Federal Statistical Office (FSO). In order to ease the burden on the population, the information is primarily drawn from population registers and supplemented by sample surveys. Only a small proportion of the population (about 5%) is surveyed in writing or by telephone. The first reference day for the new census was December 31, 2010.

text: Syria[edit]

text: The first population census in Syria was taken by the French Mandatory Regime in 1921–22. This is however not considered reliable. Censuses during independence have been taken 1947, 1960 (the first comprehensive demographic investigation), 1970, 1976 (a sample census), 1981, 1994 and 2004 and the next would be taken at 2017.

text: Taiwan[edit]

text: The first census in Taiwan was conducted in 1905, while Taiwan was under Japanese rule.[79]

text: Thailand[edit]

text: A census is conducted every 10 years, the latest being in 2010. The National Statistical Office of Thailand is in charge of conducting the census.

text: Togo[edit]

text: General population and housing censuses were carried out in 1960, 1970, 1981 and 2010.[80]

text: Tunisia[edit]

text: General censuses of population and housing (French: Recensement Général de la Population et de l'Habitat (RGPH)) have been carried out in 1921, 1926, 1931, 1936, 1946, 1956, 1966, 1975, 1984, 1994, 2004 and 2014.[81] First results[82] (20%) were published in September 12, 2014,[83] the final results will be published between January and December 2015.[84]

text: Turkey[edit]

text: The Turkish census is run by the Turkish Statistical Institute. The first census in Turkey was conducted in 1927. After 1935, it took place every 5 years until 1990. Now, the census takes place every 10 years. The last census was in 2000. It can be noted that the census enumeration takes place on one single day in Turkey (in other countries it takes 1–2 weeks). This required some 900,000 enumerators in 2000. The 15th census based on improved geographical information systems is planned for 2010.

text: A census was taken in the Ottoman Empire 1831–38 by Sultan Mahmud II (1808–1839) as a part of the reform movement Tanzimat. Christian and Jewish men were counted but the female population was excluded.

text: Uganda[edit]

text: The first censuses in Uganda were taken in 1911, 1921 and 1931. It was done in a rather primitive way. The enumeration unit was 'huts' and not individuals. More scientific censuses were taken 1948 and 1959 where the enumeration unit was persons. The census was however divided into two separate enumerations, one for Africans, and one for the non-African population. The censuses during independence 1969, 1980, 1991 were taken jointly for all races. The censuses 1980 and 1991 included housing information and in addition a larger questionnaire for a sample of the population. However, the questionnaires for the 1980 were lost and only provisional figures are available from this census.

text: The census in 2002 involved some 50,000 enumerators and supervisors. It covered several topics including: population and housing; agriculture; and Micro- and small Enterprises administered at individual/household level. The Preliminary Results were published two weeks after the enumeration. The Final Results were released in March 2005, while the analytical findings and the district level results were scheduled to be released in the second quarter of 2006.[85]

text: The most recent census was in August 2014.[86]

text: Ukraine[edit]

text: The first post-Soviet Ukrainian Census was carried out by State Statistics Committee of Ukraine in 2001, 12 years after the last All-Union census in 1989.[87]

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: In the seventh century, Dál Riata was the first territory in what is now the UK to conduct a census.[citation needed] The Domesday Book of 1086 in England contained listings of households but its coverage was not complete and its intent was not the same as modern censuses.

text: Following the influence of Malthus and concerns stemming from his An Essay on the Principle of Population the UK census as we know it today started in 1801. The census has been conducted every ten years since 1801 and most recently in 2011.

text: The first four censuses (1801–1831) were mainly headcounts and contained little personal information. The 1841 Census, conducted by the General Register Office, was the first to record the names of everyone in a household or institution. From 1851 onwards the census shows the stated age and relationship to the head of household for each individual. Because of World War II, there was no census in 1941. The actual census dates were 6 June 1841, 30 March 1851, 7 April 1861, 2 April 1871, 3 April 1881, 5 April 1891, 31 March 1901, 27 March 1911.

text: The census of England & Wales is undertaken for the government by the Office for National Statistics (ONS). The General Register Office for Scotland (GROS) conducts its own census, while the census in Northern Ireland is carried out by the Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA). Public access to the census returns is restricted under the terms of the 100-year rule. The most recent returns made available to researchers are those of the 1911 Census.

text: The most recent census, the United Kingdom Census 2011 took place on March 27, 2011.[88] The next census will take place in 2021. The Office for National Statistics is looking into supplementing the census data with administrative data already collected by government departments and agencies, to lessen the burden on the population. They are also planning to conduct the 2021 Census online.[89]

text: United States[edit]

text: The United States Constitution and federal law mandate that a census be taken every ten years in order to apportion the number of members of the United States House of Representatives among the several states.[90][91] Census statistics are also used in order to apportion federal funding for many social and economic programs.

text: The first U.S. Census was conducted in 1790 by Federal marshals. During the 19th century and through the 1940 census, enumeration was accomplished through political districts. Each ward was responsible for producing a census.

text: From 1950 onward, census forms were mailed to every address on record with the United States Post Office, including the Armed Services Postal System, in an effort to enhance completeness of the data collected. Beginning in 1970, it was made illegal to fail to return a completed census form. Computer technology was also introduced.

text: The 2010 census counted over 308 million people.

text: By law (92 Stat. 915, Public Law 95-416, enacted on October 5, 1978), individual census records are sealed for 72 years.[92] The individual census data most recently released to the public was the 1940 census, released on April 2, 2012. Aggregate census data are released when available.

text: In addition to the decennial federal census, local censuses have also been conducted, for example, in Massachusetts, which conducted a statewide census every five years until 1985. Some states conducted limited censuses for various purposes, and these are typically located in state archives.

text: Uzbekistan[edit]

text: The last census in Uzbekistan was carried out in 1989 during Soviet rule. Uzbekistan itself has never carried one out.


document_title: Mirror Mirror (film)

question_text: who played the lead actress role in movie mirror mirror

root

text: Mirror Mirror (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: This film's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (March 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Snow White's widowed father the King (Sean Bean) marries an evil sorceress named Clementianna (Julia Roberts), the most beautiful woman in the land. One day, the king leaves to fight a great evil that has invaded the land, but never returns. Clementianna rules in his absence and keeps Snow White in the palace.

tag: p

text: Ten years later, Snow White (Lily Collins) desires to see her kingdom. Defying Clementianna's orders, she leaves the palace. Arriving at a forest, she meets Prince Andrew Alcott (Armie Hammer), who has been robbed by dwarves. She and the prince fall in love, but go their separate ways. Snow White arrives in the town, and finds the town folk are destitute due to Queen Clementianna's greed.

text: Meanwhile, Prince Alcott finds his way to the palace. Clementianna realizes he comes from a wealthy kingdom and throws a ball to woo him. Snow White secretly attends the ball, planning to ask the prince to help her restore the kingdom. Queen Clementianna notices them dancing and orders her manservant Brighton (Nathan Lane) to take the princess into the forest and feed her to the Beast (Frank Welker) that lives there.[4] Brighton takes Snow White to the forest, but he releases her. Snow White flees the Beast and collapses at the door to the Seven Dwarves' house. She wakes up to find the dwarves Grimm (Danny Woodburn), Butcher (Martin Klebba), Wolf (Sebastian Saraceno), Napoleon (Jordan Prentice), Half Pint (Mark Povinelli), Grub (Joe Gnoffo), and Chuck (Ronald Lee Clark).

text: Queen Clementianna levies another tax on the townfolk to pay for the parties she throws for Prince Alcott. Brighton collects the taxes, but, on the way back to the palace, the dwarves rob him. Snow White sneaks away to return the money. The townspeople and the Town Magistrate (Alex Ivanovici) are overjoyed to have their money back and Snow White lets the Dwarves take credit for it, earning them the people's loyalty.

text: Clementianna informs Alcott that Snow White is dead. When the Prince finds out that the bandits have robbed Brighton, he goes after them, unaware of the awful things the Queen has done. In the forest, Alcott discovers that Snow White is alive and in league with the bandits. Each believing the other to be in the wrong, Snow White and Alcott duel. Alcott returns to the Palace defeated and informs the Queen that Snow White is alive.

text: Clementianna goes to her Mirror House, within which lives her reflection, the Mirror Queen (Lisa Roberts Gillan). Clementianna has the Mirror Queen temporarily turn Brighton into a cockroach, and requests a love potion so she can make the prince fall in love with her. The potion turns out to be a 'puppy love' potion and the prince becomes devoted to her like a puppy dog. Under this spell, the prince agrees to marry her. She then uses dark magic to create two giant wooden puppets in the forest and uses them to attack Snow White and the Dwarves. Snow White cuts the strings of the puppets and breaks the spell.

text: Snow White and the Dwarves crash the royal wedding and capture the Prince before Clementianna and Brighton arrive. When Queen Clementianna arrives, the Baron and the other Aristocrats had their clothes stolen, because of her inability to handle bandits and for lying about Snow White's death, they demanded that Clementianna be deposed. Back in the forest, the still-cursed Prince wishes to return to the Queen. Snow White kisses Alcott and the spell is broken.

text: Snow White encounters Clementianna, who sends the Beast after her. Prince Alcott tries to save Snow White, but the Beast captures her. However, the Beast hesitates in killing her and Snow White sees that it wears a necklace with a moon charm on it similar to the one the Queen wears, (which the princess noticed just before she was taken to be eaten by the Beast). She cuts the chain with her father's dagger and the Beast suddenly becomes engulfed in light. Clementianna begins to age, and the Mirror Queen says this is her punishment for using dark magic. The Beast turns out to be Snow White's father, who has no memory of the last ten years.

text: Grateful to Alcott for his assistance, the king agrees to let him marry Snow White as Brighton starts a relationship with Margaret. After Snow White accepts the Magistrate's gift, a crone in a hooded robe appears and offers Snow White an apple as a wedding gift. At first, Snow White accepts the gift. As she is about to bite it, she realizes that the crone is Clementianna. Snow White pulls out her knife and cuts a piece from the apple and gives it to Clementianna, who reluctantly accepts it. The Mirror House declares that it was Snow White's story along, and shatters. The Dwarves, meanwhile, all live "happily ever after".

text: During the credits, the cast, led by Snow White, engage in a Bollywood-style musical number.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Lily Collins as Snow White
Julia Roberts as Queen Clementianna, Snow White's evil stepmother.
Armie Hammer as the Prince Andrew Alcott, the prince of a distant kingdom.
Nathan Lane as Brighton, the Queen's executive bootlicker.
Mare Winningham as Margaret, a baker who was Snow White's friend since childhood.
Michael Lerner as the Baron, an elite member of the kingdom who is often recommended for Queen Clementianna to get engaged to.
Sean Bean as the King, the father of Snow White, who went missing.
Danny Woodburn as Grimm, the leader of the Seven Dwarfs. He is named after the Brothers Grimm.
Martin Klebba as Butcher, a dwarf who used to work as a butcher.
Sebastian Saraceno as Wolf, a dwarf in a wolf-skin cape.
Jordan Prentice as Napoleon, a dwarf who wears a hat similar to Napoleon's.
Mark Povinelli as Half Pint, a dwarf who has a crush on Snow White.
Joe Gnoffo as Grub, a dwarf who is always eating.
Ronald Lee Clark as Chuckles, a dwarf who chuckles a lot.
Lisa Roberts Gillan as the Mirror Queen, the reflection of Queen Clementianna who is much wiser, kinder, and somewhat younger than her.
Robert Emms as Charles Renbock, Prince Alcott's faithful valet and confidant.
Alex Ivanovici as the Town Magistrate
Frank Welker as the voice of the Beast, a chimeric creature with a lion/dog-like head, the antlers of a deer, chicken leg-like arms, the wings of an eagle, and the body and tail of a snake with a tail-claw at the end of the tail.
Frank Welker also provides the vocal effects of the giant puppets.

tag: ul

text: Casting[edit]

text: Roberts was the first to be cast, because very early on Tarsem Singh wanted an Evil Queen with whom audiences could relate. He stated that in the film, the queen is not evil, but rather insecure. He also suggested that the Queen's true ugliness may be revealed at the very end of the film.[5] Originally Saoirse Ronan was considered for the role of Snow White but the age difference between her and Armie Hammer was too large (he was 25 and she was 17). Felicity Jones was offered the part but turned it down.[6] Collins was eventually cast in the role.[7] Collins said in an interview that her casting happened in 24 hours after she met Tarsem Singh and read for him.[8] Hammer was cast as the prince who is at first drawn towards the Queen and then towards Snow White. He beat out James McAvoy and Alex Pettyfer for the role.

text: Production[edit]

text: Filming for Mirror Mirror began on June 20, 2011, in Montreal, Quebec, under the working title Untitled Snow White Project.[9] Production on the film wrapped in mid-September.[10] The film was officially titled Mirror Mirror on November 4, 2011. The first trailer was released on November 30, 2011, in partnership with Relativity Media and Trailer Park.[11] The teaser poster was released the same day. Mirror Mirror was the last film which Tarsem's regular costume designer, Eiko Ishioka, worked on before her death. The visual effects were designed by Tom Wood and executed by Wayne Brinton, Tim Carras, Sébastien Moreau and Amanda Dyar. Relativity Media announced the movie's final cost as being $85 million, though an article in the Los Angeles Times said the true budget was closer to $100 million.[12]

text: Release[edit]

text: The film was released in theaters on March 30, 2012.[13]

text: Box office[edit]

text: On its opening day, Mirror Mirror made $5.8 million, coming in at the No. 3 spot behind The Hunger Games and Wrath of the Titans.[14] For its opening weekend, the film earned $18.1 million while holding onto the No. 3 spot at the box office.[15] During its theatrical run, Mirror Mirror grossed $64.9 million in North America and $118.1 million internationally, bringing its worldwide total to $183 million.[1]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The film received generally mixed reviews. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a rating of 49% with an average score of 5.6/10 based on reviews from 172 critics. The site's general consensus is that "Like most of Tarsem Singh's films, Mirror Mirror is undeniably beautiful – but its treatment of the age-old Snow White fable lacks enough depth or originality to set it apart from the countless other adaptations of the tale."[16] On Metacritic, which assigns a weighted mean rating out of 100 reviews from film critics, it has an average score of 46 from the 34 reviews, which indicates "Mixed or average reviews".[17]

text: Robbie Collin from British newspaper The Telegraph gave the film four stars describing it as "an exuberantly charming fairy story that owes as much to the gnarled folk tale illustrations of Arthur Rackham as the stagey, saturated lunacy of that half-loved, half-feared East German fantasy The Singing Ringing Tree. It's a Grimm piece of work, but far from a grim one: without rehashing the seminal Disney animated version, it radiates gorgeousness and good humour with a near-nuclear intensity." Collin praised costume designer Eiko Ishioka's work, saying "every outfit in Mirror Mirror is a masterpiece". He concluded the film is "the opposite of Tim Burton's brash, chaotic, dispiritingly popular Alice in Wonderland: here, the artistry of the cast and crew leaps off the screen, not 3D computer graphics."[18]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Mirror Mirror was released on DVD and Blu-ray by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment on June 26, 2012.[3]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Award

Category

Recipients

Result

Ref.

2012 Teen Choice Awards

Choice Movie: Sci-Fi/Fantasy

Nominated

[19]

Choice Movie Actress: Sci-Fi/Fantasy

Lily Collins

Nominated

2013 Kids' Choice Awards

Favorite Villain

Julia Roberts

Nominated

[20]

85th Academy Awards

Best Costume Design

Eiko Ishioka

Nominated

[21]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: The song, I Believe in Love, was originally written in 1970 by Nina Hart, then a secretary at New York City music-publishing company, Golden Bough Productions. The song was one of several written by Hart for director Miloš Forman to consider for his film Taking Off, and was recorded for that film by Iranian singer Googoosh. Tarsem Singh—who was unaware that it had previously been used in a film—chose the song for the Bollywood-style musical finale of Mirror, Mirror based on his daughter's positive reaction to the song when he played it for her the previous year.[22]

text:
I Believe In Love (Mirror Mirror Mix) – Performed by Lily Collins
All Music – Written and composed by Alan Menken


document_title: Readmission of states

question_text: when were southern states readmitted to the union

text: Readmission of states

text: Readmission of states may refer to:

text:
Reconstruction era of the United States, readmission of Confederate states as states of the United States in post-Civil War era of Reconstruction, 1868-'70
The return to full participation of United Nations members

text:
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Readmission of states.
If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

text: Disambiguation pages

text: All article disambiguation pagesAll disambiguation pages


document_title: Nebular hypothesis

question_text: who proposed the modern model of the solar system

text: Nebular hypothesis

text: History[edit]

text: There is evidence that Emanuel Swedenborg first proposed parts of the nebular hypothesis in 1734.[3][4] Immanuel Kant, familiar with Swedenborg's work, developed the theory further in 1755, publishing his own Universal Natural History and Theory of the Heavens, wherein he argued that gaseous clouds (nebulae) slowly rotate, gradually collapse and flatten due to gravity, eventually forming stars and planets.[2]

text: Pierre-Simon Laplace independently developed and proposed a similar model in 1796[2] in his Exposition du systeme du monde. He envisioned that the Sun originally had an extended hot atmosphere throughout the volume of the Solar System. His theory featured a contracting and cooling protosolar cloud—the protosolar nebula. As this cooled and contracted, it flattened and spun more rapidly, throwing off (or shedding) a series of gaseous rings of material; and according to him, the planets condensed from this material. His model was similar to Kant's, except more detailed and on a smaller scale.[2] While the Laplacian nebular model dominated in the 19th century, it encountered a number of difficulties. The main problem involved angular momentum distribution between the Sun and planets. The planets have 99% of the angular momentum, and this fact could not be explained by the nebular model.[2] As a result, astronomers largely abandoned this theory of planet formation at the beginning of the 20th century.

text: A major critique came during the 19th century from James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879), who maintained that different rotation between the inner and outer parts of a ring could not allow condensation of material.[5] Astronomer Sir David Brewster also rejected Laplace, writing in 1876 that "those who believe in the Nebular Theory consider it as certain that our Earth derived its solid matter and its atmosphere from a ring thrown from the Solar atmosphere, which afterwards contracted into a solid terraqueous sphere, from which the Moon was thrown off by the same process". He argued that under such view, "the Moon must necessarily have carried off water and air from the watery and aerial parts of the Earth and must have an atmosphere".[6] Brewster claimed that Sir Isaac Newton's religious beliefs had previously considered nebular ideas as tending to atheism, and quoted him as saying that "the growth of new systems out of old ones, without the mediation of a Divine power, seemed to him apparently absurd".[7]

text: The perceived deficiencies of the Laplacian model stimulated scientists to find a replacement for it. During the 20th century many theories addressed the issue, including the planetesimal theory of Thomas Chamberlin and Forest Moulton (1901), the tidal model of Jeans (1917), the accretion model of Otto Schmidt (1944), the protoplanet theory of William McCrea (1960) and finally the capture theory of Michael Woolfson.[2] In 1978 Andrew Prentice resurrected the initial Laplacian ideas about planet formation and developed the modern Laplacian theory.[2] None of these attempts proved completely successful, and many of the proposed theories were descriptive.

text: The birth of the modern widely accepted theory of planetary formation—the solar nebular disk model (SNDM)—can be traced to the Soviet astronomer Victor Safronov.[8] His 1969 book Evolution of the protoplanetary cloud and formation of the Earth and the planets,[9] which was translated to English in 1972, had a long-lasting effect on the way scientists think about the formation of the planets.[10] In this book almost all major problems of the planetary formation process were formulated and some of them solved. Safronov's ideas were further developed in the works of George Wetherill, who discovered runaway accretion.[2] While originally applied only to the Solar System, the SNDM was subsequently thought by theorists to be at work throughout the Universe; as of 1 December 2017 astronomers have discovered 3,710 extrasolar planets in our galaxy.[11]

text: Solar nebular model: achievements and problems[edit]

text: Achievements[edit]

text: The star formation process naturally results in the appearance of accretion disks around young stellar objects.[12] At the age of about 1 million years, 100% of stars may have such disks.[13] This conclusion is supported by the discovery of the gaseous and dusty disks around protostars and T Tauri stars as well as by theoretical considerations.[14] Observations of these disks show that the dust grains inside them grow in size on short (thousand-year) time scales, producing 1 centimeter sized particles.[15]

text: The accretion process, by which 1 km planetesimals grow into 1,000 km sized bodies, is well understood now.[16] This process develops inside any disk where the number density of planetesimals is sufficiently high, and proceeds in a runaway manner. Growth later slows and continues as oligarchic accretion. The end result is formation of planetary embryos of varying sizes, which depend on the distance from the star.[16] Various simulations have demonstrated that the merger of embryos in the inner part of the protoplanetary disk leads to the formation of a few Earth-sized bodies. Thus the origin of terrestrial planets is now considered to be an almost solved problem.[17]

text: Current issues[edit]

text: The physics of accretion disks encounters some problems.[18] The most important one is how the material, which is accreted by the protostar, loses its angular momentum. One possible explanation suggested by Hannes Alfvén was that angular momentum was shed by the solar wind during its T Tauri star phase. The momentum is transported to the outer parts of the disk by viscous stresses.[19] Viscosity is generated by macroscopic turbulence, but the precise mechanism that produces this turbulence is not well understood. Another possible process for shedding angular momentum is magnetic braking, where the spin of the star is transferred into the surrounding disk via that star's magnetic field.[20] The main processes responsible for the disappearance of the gas in disks are viscous diffusion and photo-evaporation.[21][22]

text: The formation of planetesimals is the biggest unsolved problem in the nebular disk model. How 1 cm sized particles coalesce into 1 km planetesimals is a mystery. This mechanism appears to be the key to the question as to why some stars have planets, while others have nothing around them, not even dust belts.[23]

text: The formation timescale of giant planets is also an important problem. Old theories were unable to explain how their cores could form fast enough to accumulate significant amounts of gas from the quickly disappearing protoplanetary disk.[16][24] The mean lifetime of the disks, which is less than ten million (107) years, appeared to be shorter than the time necessary for the core formation.[13] Much progress has been done to solve this problem and current models of giant planet formation are now capable of forming Jupiter (or more massive planets) in about 4 million years or less, well within the average lifetime of gaseous disks.[25][26][27]

text: Another potential problem of giant planet formation is their orbital migration. Some calculations show that interaction with the disk can cause rapid inward migration, which, if not stopped, results in the planet reaching the "central regions still as a sub-Jovian object."[28] More recent calculations indicate that disk evolution during migration can mitigate this problem.[29]

text: Formation of stars and protoplanetary disks[edit]

text: Protostars[edit]

text: Stars are thought to form inside giant clouds of cold molecular hydrogen—giant molecular clouds roughly 300,000 times the mass of the Sun (M☉) and 20 parsecs in diameter.[1][30] Over millions of years, giant molecular clouds are prone to collapse and fragmentation.[31] These fragments then form small, dense cores, which in turn collapse into stars.[30] The cores range in mass from a fraction to several times that of the Sun and are called protostellar (protosolar) nebulae.[1] They possess diameters of 0.01–0.1 pc (2,000–20,000 AU) and a particle number density of roughly 10,000 to 100,000 cm−3.[a][30][32]

text: The initial collapse of a solar-mass protostellar nebula takes around 100,000 years.[1][30] Every nebula begins with a certain amount of angular momentum. Gas in the central part of the nebula, with relatively low angular momentum, undergoes fast compression and forms a hot hydrostatic (not contracting) core containing a small fraction of the mass of the original nebula.[33] This core forms the seed of what will become a star.[1][33] As the collapse continues, conservation of angular momentum means that the rotation of the infalling envelop accelerates,[34][35] which largely prevents the gas from directly accreting onto the central core. The gas is instead forced to spread outwards near its equatorial plane, forming a disk, which in turn accretes onto the core.[1][34][35] The core gradually grows in mass until it becomes a young hot protostar.[33] At this stage, the protostar and its disk are heavily obscured by the infalling envelope and are not directly observable.[12] In fact the remaining envelope's opacity is so high that even millimeter-wave radiation has trouble escaping from inside it.[1][12] Such objects are observed as very bright condensations, which emit mainly millimeter-wave and submillimeter-wave radiation.[32] They are classified as spectral Class 0 protostars.[12] The collapse is often accompanied by bipolar outflows—jets—that emanate along the rotational axis of the inferred disk. The jets are frequently observed in star-forming regions (see Herbig–Haro (HH) objects).[36] The luminosity of the Class 0 protostars is high — a solar-mass protostar may radiate at up to 100 solar luminosities.[12] The source of this energy is gravitational collapse, as their cores are not yet hot enough to begin nuclear fusion.[33][37]

text: As the infall of its material onto the disk continues, the envelope eventually becomes thin and transparent and the young stellar object (YSO) becomes observable, initially in far-infrared light and later in the visible.[32] Around this time the protostar begins to fuse deuterium. If the protostar is sufficiently massive (above 80 Jupiter masses (MJ)), hydrogen fusion follows. Otherwise, if its mass is too low, the object becomes a brown dwarf.[37] This birth of a new star occurs approximately 100,000 years after the collapse begins.[1] Objects at this stage are known as Class I protostars,[12] which are also called young T Tauri stars, evolved protostars, or young stellar objects.[12] By this time the forming star has already accreted much of its mass: the total mass of the disk and remaining envelope does not exceed 10–20% of the mass of the central YSO.[32]

text: At the next stage the envelope completely disappears, having been gathered up by the disk, and the protostar becomes a classical T Tauri star.[b] This happens after about 1 million years.[1] The mass of the disk around a classical T Tauri star is about 1–3% of the stellar mass, and it is accreted at a rate of 10−7 to 10−9 M☉ per year.[40] A pair of bipolar jets is usually present as well.[41] The accretion explains all peculiar properties of classical T Tauri stars: strong flux in the emission lines (up to 100% of the intrinsic luminosity of the star), magnetic activity, photometric variability and jets.[42] The emission lines actually form as the accreted gas hits the "surface" of the star, which happens around its magnetic poles.[42] The jets are byproducts of accretion: they carry away excessive angular momentum. The classical T Tauri stage lasts about 10 million years.[1] The disk eventually disappears due to accretion onto the central star, planet formation, ejection by jets and photoevaporation by UV-radiation from the central star and nearby stars.[43] As a result, the young star becomes a weakly lined T Tauri star, which slowly, over hundreds of millions of years, evolves into an ordinary Sun-like star.[33]

text: Protoplanetary disks[edit]

text: Under certain circumstances the disk, which can now be called protoplanetary, may give birth to a planetary system.[1] Protoplanetary disks have been observed around a very high fraction of stars in young star clusters.[13][45] They exist from the beginning of a star's formation, but at the earliest stages are unobservable due to the opacity of the surrounding envelope.[12] The disk of a Class 0 protostar is thought to be massive and hot. It is an accretion disk, which feeds the central protostar.[34][35] The temperature can easily exceed 400 K inside 5 AU and 1,000 K inside 1 AU.[46] The heating of the disk is primarily caused by the viscous dissipation of turbulence in it and by the infall of the gas from the nebula.[34][35] The high temperature in the inner disk causes most of the volatile material—water, organics, and some rocks to evaporate, leaving only the most refractory elements like iron. The ice can survive only in the outer part of the disk.[46]

text: The main problem in the physics of accretion disks is the generation of turbulence and the mechanism responsible for the high effective viscosity.[1] The turbulent viscosity is thought to be responsible for the transport of the mass to the central protostar and momentum to the periphery of the disk. This is vital for accretion, because the gas can be accreted by the central protostar only if it loses most of its angular momentum, which must be carried away by the small part of the gas drifting outwards.[34][47] The result of this process is the growth of both the protostar and of the disk radius, which can reach 1,000 AU if the initial angular momentum of the nebula is large enough.[35] Large disks are routinely observed in many star-forming regions such as the Orion nebula.[14]

text: The lifespan of the accretion disks is about 10 million years.[13] By the time the star reaches the classical T-Tauri stage, the disk becomes thinner and cools.[40] Less volatile materials start to condense close to its center, forming 0.1–1 μm dust grains that contain crystalline silicates.[15] The transport of the material from the outer disk can mix these newly formed dust grains with primordial ones, which contain organic matter and other volatiles. This mixing can explain some peculiarities in the composition of Solar System bodies such as the presence of interstellar grains in the primitive meteorites and refractory inclusions in comets.[46]

text: Dust particles tend to stick to each other in the dense disk environment, leading to the formation of larger particles up to several centimeters in size.[49] The signatures of the dust processing and coagulation are observed in the infrared spectra of the young disks.[15] Further aggregation can lead to the formation of planetesimals measuring 1 km across or larger, which are the building blocks of planets.[1][49] Planetesimal formation is another unsolved problem of disk physics, as simple sticking becomes ineffective as dust particles grow larger.[23]

text: One hypothesis is formation by the gravitational instability. Particles several centimeters in size or larger slowly settle near the middle plane of the disk, forming a very thin—less than 100 km—and dense layer. This layer is gravitationally unstable and may fragment into numerous clumps, which in turn collapse into planetesimals.[1][23] However, the differing velocities of the gas disk and the solids near the mid-plane can generate turbulence which prevents the layer from becoming thin enough to fragment due to gravitational instability.[50] This may limit the formation of planetesimals via gravitational instabilities to specific locations in the disk where the concentration of solids is enhanced.[51]

text: Another possible mechanism for the formation of planetesimals is the streaming instability in which the drag felt by particles orbiting through gas creates a feedback effect causing the growth of local concentrations. These local concentration push back on the gas creating a region where the headwind felt by the particles is smaller. The concentration is thus able to orbit faster and undergoes less radial drift. Isolated particles join these concentrations as they are overtaken or as they drift inward causing it to grow in mass. Eventually these concentrations form massive filaments which fragment and undergo gravitational collapse forming planetesimals the size of the larger asteroids.[52]

text: Planetary formation can also be triggered by gravitational instability within the disk itself, which leads to its fragmentation into clumps. Some of them, if they are dense enough, will collapse,[47] which can lead to rapid formation of gas giant planets and even brown dwarfs on the timescale of 1,000 years.[53] If these clumps migrate inward as the collapse proceeds tidal forces from the star can result in a significant mass loss leaving behind a smaller body.[54] However it is only possible in massive disks—more massive than 0.3 M☉. In comparison, typical disk masses are 0.01–0.03 M☉. Because the massive disks are rare, this mechanism of the planet formation is thought to be infrequent.[1][18] On the other hand, this mechanism may play a major role in the formation of brown dwarfs.[55]

text: The ultimate dissipation of protoplanetary disks is triggered by a number of different mechanisms. The inner part of the disk is either accreted by the star or ejected by the bipolar jets,[40][41] whereas the outer part can evaporate under the star's powerful UV radiation during the T Tauri stage[56] or by nearby stars.[43] The gas in the central part can either be accreted or ejected by the growing planets, while the small dust particles are ejected by the radiation pressure of the central star. What is finally left is either a planetary system, a remnant disk of dust without planets, or nothing, if planetesimals failed to form.[1]

text: Because planetesimals are so numerous, and spread throughout the protoplanetary disk, some survive the formation of a planetary system. Asteroids are understood to be left-over planetesimals, gradually grinding each other down into smaller and smaller bits, while comets are typically planetesimals from the farther reaches of a planetary system. Meteorites are samples of planetesimals that reach a planetary surface, and provide a great deal of information about the formation of the Solar System. Primitive-type meteorites are chunks of shattered low-mass planetesimals, where no thermal differentiation took place, while processed-type meteorites are chunks from shattered massive planetesimals.[57]

text: Formation of planets[edit]

text: Rocky planets[edit]

text: According to the solar nebular disk model, rocky planets form in the inner part of the protoplanetary disk, within the frost line, where the temperature is high enough to prevent condensation of water ice and other substances into grains.[58] This results in coagulation of purely rocky grains and later in the formation of rocky planetesimals.[c][58] Such conditions are thought to exist in the inner 3–4 AU part of the disk of a Sun-like star.[1]

text: After small planetesimals—about 1 km in diameter—have formed by one way or another, runaway accretion begins.[16] It is called runaway because the mass growth rate is proportional to R4~M4/3, where R and M are the radius and mass of the growing body, respectively.[59] It is obvious that the specific (divided by mass) growth accelerates as the mass increases. This leads to the preferential growth of larger bodies at the expense of smaller ones.[16] The runaway accretion lasts between 10,000 and 100,000 years and ends when the largest bodies exceed approximately 1,000 km in diameter.[16] Slowing of the accretion is caused by gravitational perturbations by large bodies on the remaining planetesimals.[16][59] In addition, the influence of larger bodies stops further growth of smaller bodies.[16]

text: The next stage is called oligarchic accretion.[16] It is characterized by the dominance of several hundred of the largest bodies—oligarchs, which continue to slowly accrete planetesimals.[16] No body other than the oligarchs can grow.[59] At this stage the rate of accretion is proportional to R2, which is derived from the geometrical cross-section of an oligarch.[59] The specific accretion rate is proportional to M−1/3; and it declines with the mass of the body. This allows smaller oligarchs to catch up to larger ones. The oligarchs are kept at the distance of about 10·Hr (Hr=a(1-e)(M/3Ms)1/3 is the Hill radius, where a is the semimajor axis, e is the orbital eccentricity, and Ms is the mass of the central star) from each other by the influence of the remaining planetesimals.[16] Their orbital eccentricities and inclinations remain small. The oligarchs continue to accrete until planetesimals are exhausted in the disk around them.[16] Sometimes nearby oligarchs merge. The final mass of an oligarch depends on the distance from the star and surface density of planetesimals and is called the isolation mass.[59] For the rocky planets it is up to 0.1 M⊕, or one Mars mass.[1] The final result of the oligarchic stage is the formation of about 100 Moon- to Mars-sized planetary embryos uniformly spaced at about 10·Hr.[17] They are thought to reside inside gaps in the disk and to be separated by rings of remaining planetesimals. This stage is thought to last a few hundred thousand years.[1][16]

text: The last stage of rocky planet formation is the merger stage.[1] It begins when only a small number of planetesimals remains and embryos become massive enough to perturb each other, which causes their orbits to become chaotic.[17] During this stage embryos expel remaining planetesimals, and collide with each other. The result of this process, which lasts for 10 to 100 million years, is the formation of a limited number of Earth sized bodies. Simulations show that the number of surviving planets is on average from 2 to 5.[1][17][57][60] In the Solar System they may be represented by Earth and Venus.[17] Formation of both planets required merging of approximately 10–20 embryos, while an equal number of them were thrown out of the Solar System.[57] Some of the embryos, which originated in the asteroid belt, are thought to have brought water to Earth.[58] Mars and Mercury may be regarded as remaining embryos that survived that rivalry.[57] Rocky planets, which have managed to coalesce, settle eventually into more or less stable orbits, explaining why planetary systems are generally packed to the limit; or, in other words, why they always appear to be at the brink of instability.[17]

text: Giant planets[edit]

text: The formation of giant planets is an outstanding problem in the planetary sciences.[18] In the framework of the solar nebular model two theories for their formation exist. The first one is the disk instability model, where giant planets form in the massive protoplanetary disks as a result of its gravitational fragmentation (see above).[53] The second possibility is the core accretion model, which is also known as the nucleated instability model.[18][29] The latter scenario is thought to be the most promising one, because it can explain the formation of the giant planets in relatively low-mass disks (less than 0.1 M☉).[29] In this model giant planet formation is divided into two stages: a) accretion of a core of approximately 10 M⊕ and b) accretion of gas from the protoplanetary disk.[1][18] Either method may also lead to the creation of brown dwarfs.[26][61] Searches as of 2011 have found that core accretion is likely the dominant formation mechanism.[61]

text: Giant planet core formation is thought to proceed roughly along the lines of the terrestrial planet formation.[16] It starts with planetesimals that undergo runaway growth, followed by the slower oligarchic stage.[59] Hypotheses do not predict a merger stage, due to the low probability of collisions between planetary embryos in the outer part of planetary systems.[59] An additional difference is the composition of the planetesimals, which in the case of giant planets form beyond the so-called snow line and consist mainly of ice—the ice to rock ratio is about 4 to 1.[24] This enhances the mass of planetesimals fourfold. However, the minimum mass nebula capable of terrestrial planet formation can only form 1–2 M⊕ cores at the distance of Jupiter (5 AU) within 10 million years.[59] The latter number represents the average lifetime of gaseous disks around Sun-like stars.[13] The proposed solutions include enhanced mass of the disk—a tenfold increase would suffice;[59] protoplanet migration, which allows the embryo to accrete more planetesimals;[24] and finally accretion enhancement due to gas drag in the gaseous envelopes of the embryos.[24][27][62] Some combination of the above-mentioned ideas may explain the formation of the cores of gas giant planets such as Jupiter and perhaps even Saturn.[18] The formation of planets like Uranus and Neptune is more problematic, since no theory has been capable of providing for the in situ formation of their cores at the distance of 20–30 AU from the central star.[1] One hypothesis is that they initially accreted in the Jupiter-Saturn region, then were scattered and migrated to their present location.[63] Another possible solution is the growth of the cores of the giant planets via pebble accretion. In pebble accretion objects between a cm and a meter in diameter falling toward a massive body are slowed enough by gas drag for them to spiral toward it and be accreted. Growth via pebble accretion may be as much as 1000 times faster than by the accretion of planesimals.[64]

text: Once the cores are of sufficient mass (5–10 M⊕), they begin to gather gas from the surrounding disk.[1] Initially it is a slow process, increasing the core masses up to 30 M⊕ in a few million years.[24][62] After that, the accretion rates increase dramatically and the remaining 90% of the mass is accumulated in approximately 10,000 years.[62] The accretion of gas stops when the supply from the disk is exhausted. This happens gradually, due to the formation of a density gap in the protoplanetary disk and to disk dispersal.[29][65] In this model ice giants—Uranus and Neptune—are failed cores that began gas accretion too late, when almost all gas had already disappeared. The post-runaway-gas-accretion stage is characterized by migration of the newly formed giant planets and continued slow gas accretion.[65] Migration is caused by the interaction of the planet sitting in the gap with the remaining disk. It stops when the protoplanetary disk disappears or when the end of the disk is attained. The latter case corresponds to the so-called hot Jupiters, which are likely to have stopped their migration when they reached the inner hole in the protoplanetary disk.[65]

text: Giant planets can significantly influence terrestrial planet formation. The presence of giants tends to increase eccentricities and inclinations (see Kozai mechanism) of planetesimals and embryos in the terrestrial planet region (inside 4 AU in the Solar System).[57][60] If giant planets form too early, they can slow or prevent inner planet accretion. If they form near the end of the oligarchic stage, as is thought to have happened in the Solar System, they will influence the merges of planetary embryos, making them more violent.[57] As a result, the number of terrestrial planets will decrease and they will be more massive.[66] In addition, the size of the system will shrink, because terrestrial planets will form closer to the central star. The influence of giant planets in the Solar System, particularly that of Jupiter, is thought to have been limited because they are relatively remote from the terrestrial planets.[66]

text: The region of a planetary system adjacent to the giant planets will be influenced in a different way.[60] In such a region, eccentricities of embryos may become so large that the embryos pass close to a giant planet, which may cause them to be ejected from the system.[d][57][60] If all embryos are removed, then no planets will form in this region.[60] An additional consequence is that a huge number of small planetesimals will remain, because giant planets are incapable of clearing them all out without the help of embryos. The total mass of remaining planetesimals will be small, because cumulative action of the embryos before their ejection and giant planets is still strong enough to remove 99% of the small bodies.[57] Such a region will eventually evolve into an asteroid belt, which is a full analog of the asteroid belt in the Solar System, located from 2 to 4 AU from the Sun.[57][60]

text: Exoplanets[edit]

text: Thousands of exoplanets have been identified in the last twenty years. The orbits of many of these planets and systems of planets differ significantly from the planets in the Solar System. The exoplanets discovered include hot-Jupiters, warm-Jupiters, super-Earths, and systems of tightly packed inner planets.

text: The hot-Jupiters and warm-Jupiters are thought to have migrated to their current orbits during or following their formation. A number of possible mechanisms for this migration have been proposed. Type I or Type II migration could smoothly decrease the semimajor axis of the planet's orbit resulting in a warm- or hot-Jupiter. Gravitational scattering by other planets onto eccentric orbits with a perihelion near the star followed by the circularization of its orbit due to tidal interactions with the star can leave a planet on a close orbit. If a massive companion planet or star on an inclined orbit was present an exchange of inclination for eccentricity via the Kozai mechanism raising eccentricities and lowering perihelion followed by circularization can also result in a close orbit. Many of the Jupiter sized planets have eccentric orbits which may indicate that gravitational encounters occurred between the planets, although migration while in resonance can also excite eccentricities.[67] The in situ growth of hot Jupiters from closely orbiting super Earths has also been proposed. The cores in this hypothesis could have formed locally or at a greater distance and migrated close to the star.[68]

text: Super-Earths and other closely orbiting planets are thought to have either formed in situ or to have migrated inward from their initial locations. The in situ formation of closely orbiting super-Earths would require a massive disk, the migration of planetary embryos followed by collisions and mergers, or the radial drift of small solids from farther out in the disk. The migration of the super-Earths, or the embryos that collided to form them, is likely to have been Type I due to their smaller mass. The resonant orbits of some of the exoplanet systems indicates that some migration occurred in these systems, while the spacing of the orbits in many of the other systems not in resonance indicates that an instability likely occurred in those systems after the dissipation of the gas disk. The absence of Super-Earths and closely orbiting planets in the Solar System may be due to the previous formation of Jupiter blocking their inward migration.[69]

text: The amount of gas a super-Earth that formed in situ acquires may depend on when the planetary embryos merged due to giant impacts relative to the dissipation of the gas disk. If the mergers happen after the gas disk dissipates terrestrial planets can form, if in a transition disk a super-Earth with a gas envelope containing a few percent of its mass may form. If the mergers happen too early runaway gas accretion may occur leading to the formation of a gas giant. The mergers begin when the dynamical friction due to the gas disk becomes insufficient to prevent collisions, a process that will begin earlier in a higher metalicity disk.[70] Alternatively gas accretion may be limited due to the envelopes not being in hydrostatic equilibrium, instead gas may flow through the envelope slowing its growth and delaying the onset of runaway gas accretion until the mass of the core reaches 15 Earth masses.[71]

text: Meaning of accretion[edit]

text: Use of the term "accretion disk" for the protoplanetary disk leads to confusion over the planetary accretion process. The protoplanetary disk is sometimes referred to as an accretion disk, because while the young T Tauri-like protostar is still contracting, gaseous material may still be falling onto it, accreting on its surface from the disk's inner edge.[35] In an accretion disk, there is a net flux of mass from larger radii toward smaller radii.[19]

text: However, that meaning should not be confused with the process of accretion forming the planets. In this context, accretion refers to the process of cooled, solidified grains of dust and ice orbiting the protostar in the protoplanetary disk, colliding and sticking together and gradually growing, up to and including the high-energy collisions between sizable planetesimals.[16]

text: In addition, the giant planets probably had accretion disks of their own, in the first meaning of the word.[72] The clouds of captured hydrogen and helium gas contracted, spun up, flattened, and deposited gas onto the surface of each giant protoplanet, while solid bodies within that disk accreted into the giant planet's regular moons.[73]


question_text: what does vale mean before a dead person's name

question_tokens: what does vale mean before a dead person 's name

text: Talk:Vale

text:
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This page is within the scope of WikiProject Disambiguation, an attempt to structure and organize all disambiguation pages on Wikipedia. If you wish to help, you can edit the page attached to this talk page, or visit the project page, where you can join the project or contribute to the discussion.

text: Vale not a land form... as in Vale a deceased person[edit]

text: My employer on occasions send notices out when someone the organisation knows dies.... he puts at the top of the notice "Vale Joe Bloggs"... is this correct use of the word and if so what does it mean?

text: or should it be hale?

text: Your comments are welcome

text: Debbie Webb, Perth Western Australia —Preceding unsigned comment added by 60.240.114.47 (talk) 04:53, 9 May 2008 (UTC)

text: Vale is the Latin to say farewell. 58.106.26.122 (talk) 07:30, 9 May 2009 (UTC)

text: Agree also with this use. Vale is used commonly in Australia in relation to an obituary. Would love to see this meaning incorporated. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 131.172.4.45 (talk) 00:02, 21 December 2011 (UTC)

text: Where is vale as valley, other than this disambiguation page?[edit]

text: The full definition of vale as a wide river valley is here, and on no other page I can yet find. Why is this mixed up with the disambiguation page for vale?

text: Is there a second page somewhere showing again the definition of a vale as a wide river valley? I expect my link will be soon flagged as being to a disambiguation page. Perhaps I should use an external reference to define a vale and not rely on the wikipedia reference.

text: Prairieplant (talk) 11:23, 10 February 2013 (UTC)

text: I rewrote it myself. I finally found vale on the Valley page, as a section heading, so made the link to that. Made clear that this is a disambiguation page, added link to wiktionary for vale, and made geography a section instead of the opening text that fooled me, and rewrote the sentence with the red-linked term 'chalk downs'. Geographers, feel free to improve it! Prairieplant (talk) 17:20, 16 February 2013 (UTC)

text: WikiProject Disambiguation pages