document_title: NXT Women's Championship

question_text: who is the longest reigning nxt women's champion

question_tokens: who is the longest reigning nxt women 's champion

text: NXT Women's Championship

text: History[edit]

text: The championship was first introduced on April 5, 2013, at WrestleMania Axxess. It was announced at the May 30, 2013 tapings (broadcast on the June 5 episode) of NXT, by Stephanie McMahon that there would be a tournament, featuring four developmental Divas and four Divas from the main roster competing to be crowned as the inaugural NXT Women's Champion in a knockout system format.[1][2][3] The first NXT Women's Champion was crowned on June 20, 2013 (aired on tape delay on July 24, 2013), with Paige defeating Emma in the tournament finals.[4]

text: Paige successfully defended her title at NXT Arrival against Emma using her new Scorpion Cross-Lock, but General Manager John "Bradshaw" Layfield stripped Paige of the title on the April 24, 2014 episode of NXT in order to give the Divas on NXT a chance, as Paige had been brought up to the main roster upon defeating AJ Lee for the WWE Divas Championship.

text: A new tournament was started the following week. The finals occurred at NXT TakeOver and Charlotte defeated Natalya to win the vacant NXT Women's Championship. On the September 16, 2015 episode of NXT, General Manager William Regal announced that Bayley would defend her title against Sasha Banks in the main event at NXT TakeOver: Respect on October 7 in the first ever 30-minute Iron Woman match in WWE history.[5] At the event, Bayley defeated Banks to retain the championship, scoring the win with 3 falls to 2.[6][7]

text: On April 1, 2017, at WrestleMania Axxess, NXT General Manager William Regal announced that all of the NXT title belts would be redesigned. The new title belts were unveiled at NXT TakeOver: Orlando that same night and given to the winners of their respective matches. Coming in line with the women's championships of the main roster, the new design features removable side plates with the WWE logo as default plates, which are customized with the current champion's logos as a similarity of the name plate feature.[8]

text: Inaugural championship tournament (2013)[edit]

text:
Quarter-finals

Semi-finals

Final

Tamina Snuka

Paige
Pin

Paige
Pin

Alicia Fox

Bayley

Alicia Fox
Pin

Paige
Pin

Emma

Sasha Banks

Summer Rae
Pin

Summer Rae

Emma
Pin

Emma
Sub

Aksana

text: Second championship tournament (2014)[edit]

text:
Quarter-finals

Semi-finals

Final

Bayley

Sasha Banks
Sub

Sasha Banks

Natalya
Sub

Layla

Natalya
Sub

Natalya

Charlotte
Pin

Alicia Fox

Alexa Bliss
Pin

Alexa Bliss

Charlotte
Pin

Charlotte
Pin

Emma

text: Reigns[edit]

text: As of October 11, 2017, there have been five champions, two of which won tournaments to become the champion — Paige and Charlotte. The title has only had two vacancies. Paige was the inaugural champion after she defeated Emma in a tournament final on June 20, 2013, during the NXT tapings, which aired on tape delay on July 24, 2013. Asuka is the longest reigning champion at 510 days, beginning on April 1, 2016 and ending on August 24, 2017, however, WWE recognizes the reign as 523 days, with it ending on September 6, 2017, the date that the episode in which she vacated the title aired.[9] Sasha Banks holds the shortest reign at 192 days. Paige is the youngest champion, winning it at the age of 20, while Asuka is the oldest when she won the championship at 34.

text: The championship is currently vacant, after Asuka relinquished it during an NXT taping on August 24, 2017, which aired on September 6, 2017. The next champion will be determined in a fatal four-way match at NXT TakeOver: WarGames on November 18, 2017. As a reward for winning the inaugural Mae Young Classic, Kairi Sane was entered into the match. The other three spots were filled by Ember Moon, Nikki Cross, and Peyton Royce in qualification matches on NXT.[10][11][12]

text:
Reign
The reign number for the specific wrestler listed

Location
The city in which the title was won

Event
The event promoted by the respective promotion in which the title was won

+
Indicates the current reign is changing daily.

text:
No.
Wrestler
Reign
Date
Days held
Location
Event
Notes
Ref.

1
Paige
1
000000002013-06-20-0000June 20, 2013
308
Winter Park, FL
NXT
Defeated Emma in the tournament final to become the inaugural champion.
WWE recognizes Paige's reign as lasting 274 days, beginning on July 24, 2013, when the episode aired on tape delay.
[4]

—
Vacated
—
000000002014-04-24-0000April 24, 2014
—
Baltimore, MD
NXT
NXT General Manager John "Bradshaw" Layfield stripped Paige of the title when she moved on to the main roster after winning the WWE Divas Championship.
[13]

2
Charlotte
1
000000002014-05-29-0000May 29, 2014
258
Winter Park, FL
NXT TakeOver
Defeated Natalya in the tournament final to win the vacant championship.
[14]

3
Sasha Banks
1
000000002015-02-11-0000February 11, 2015
192
Winter Park, FL
NXT TakeOver: Rival
This was a fatal four-way match, also involving Bayley and Becky Lynch.
[15]

4
Bayley
1
000000002015-08-22-0000August 22, 2015
223
Brooklyn, NY
NXT TakeOver: Brooklyn
WWE recognizes Bayley's reign as lasting 224 days.
[16]

5
Asuka
1
000000002016-04-01-0000April 1, 2016
510
Dallas, TX
NXT TakeOver: Dallas
WWE recognizes Asuka's reign as lasting 523 days, ending on September 6, 2017, when the episode aired on tape delay.
[17]

—
Vacated
—
000000002017-08-24-0000August 24, 2017
—
Winter Park, FL
NXT
After suffering a collarbone injury at NXT TakeOver: Brooklyn III, Asuka relinquished the title.
Aired on tape delay on September 6, 2017.
[18][19]

text: Combined reigns[edit]

text: As of October 11, 2017.

text:
†
Indicates the current champion

text:
Rank
Wrestler
No. of
reigns
Combined days
Combined days
recognized by WWE

1
Asuka !Asuka
1
510
523

2
Paige !Paige
1
308
274

3
Charlotte !Charlotte
1
258
259

4
Bayley !Bayley
1
223
224

5
Banks, SashaSasha Banks
1
192


document_title: Galactic year

question_text: how long for sun to rotate around galaxy

root

text: Galactic year

text: The galactic year, also known as a cosmic year, is the duration of time required for the Sun to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy.[1] Estimates of the length of one orbit range from 225 to 250 million terrestrial years.[2] The Solar System is traveling at an average speed of 828,000 km/h (230 km/s) or 514,000 mph (143 mi/s) within its trajectory around the galactic center,[3] a speed at which an object could circumnavigate the Earth's equator in 2 minutes and 54 seconds; that speed corresponds to approximately one 1300th of the speed of light.

tag: p

text: The galactic year provides a conveniently usable unit for depicting cosmic and geological time periods together. By contrast, a "billion-year" scale does not allow for useful discrimination between geologic events, and a "million-year" scale requires some rather large numbers.[4]

text: Timeline of the universe and Earth's history in galactic years[edit]

text: The following list assumes that 1 galactic year is 225 million years.

text:
About 61.32 galactic years ago
Big Bang

About 54 galactic years ago
Birth of the Milky Way

20.44 galactic years ago
Birth of the Sun

17–18 galactic years ago
Oceans appear on Earth

16.889 galactic years ago
Life begins on Earth

15.555 galactic years ago
Prokaryotes appear

12 galactic years ago
Bacteria appear

10 galactic years ago
Stable continents appear

6.8 galactic years ago
Multicellular organisms appear

6.666 galactic years ago
Eukaryotes appear

2.4 galactic years ago
Cambrian explosion occurs

2 galactic years ago
The first brain structure appears in worms

1.11 galactic year ago
Permian–Triassic extinction event

0.2935 galactic years ago
Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event

Present day

1 galactic year from now
All the continents on Earth may fuse into a supercontinent. Three potential arrangements of this configuration have been dubbed Amasia, Novopangaea, and Pangaea Ultima.[5]

2–3 galactic years from now
Tidal acceleration moves the Moon far enough from Earth that total solar eclipses are no longer possible

4 galactic years from now
Carbon dioxide levels fall to the point at which C4 photosynthesis is no longer possible. Multicellular life dies out[6]

12 galactic years from now
The Earth's magnetic field shuts down [7] and charged particles emanating from the Sun gradually deplete the atmosphere [8]

15 galactic years from now
Surface conditions on Earth are comparable to those on Venus today

22 galactic years from now
The Milky Way and Andromeda Galaxy begin to collide

25 galactic years from now
Sun ejects a planetary nebula, leaving behind a white dwarf

30 galactic years from now
The Milky Way and Andromeda complete their merger into a giant elliptical galaxy called Milkomeda or Milkdromeda [9]

500 galactic years from now
The Universe's expansion causes all galaxies beyond the Milky Way's Local Group to disappear beyond the cosmic light horizon, removing them from the observable universe [10]

2000 galactic years from now
Local Group of 47 galaxies[11] coalesces into a single large galaxy [12]

tag: table


document_title: Test cricket

question_text: when do you get a new ball in test cricket

text: Test cricket

text: Test status[edit]

text: Test matches are the highest level of cricket, although, statistically, their data form part of first-class cricket. Matches are played between national representative teams with "Test status", as determined by the International Cricket Council. As of  June 2017[update], twelve national teams have Test status, the most recently promoted being Afghanistan and Ireland on 22 June 2017.[11] Zimbabwe's Test status was voluntarily suspended, because of poor performances between 2006 and 2011; it returned to competition in August 2011.[12]

text: In January 2014, during an ICC meeting in Dubai, the pathway for new potential Test nations was laid out with the winners of the next round of the ICC Intercontinental Cup playing a 5-day match against the bottom ranked Test nation. If the Associate team defeats the Test nation, then they could be added as the new Test country and granted full membership.[13]

text: A list of matches, defined as "Tests", was first drawn up by Australian Clarence Moody in the mid-1890s. Representative matches played by simultaneous England touring sides of 1891–92 (in Australia and South Africa) and 1929–30 (in the West Indies and New Zealand) are deemed to have "Test status".

text: In 1970, a series of five "Test matches" was played in England between England and a Rest of the World XI. These matches, originally scheduled between England and South Africa, were amended after South Africa was suspended from international cricket because of their government's policy of apartheid. Although initially given Test status (and included as Test matches in some record books, including Wisden Cricketers' Almanack), this was later withdrawn and a principle was established that official Test matches can only be between nations (although the geographically and demographically small countries of the West Indies have since 1928 been permitted to field a coalition side). Despite this, in 2005, the ICC ruled that the six-day Super Series match that took place in October 2005, between Australia and a World XI, was an official Test match. Some cricket writers and statisticians, including Bill Frindall, ignored the ICC's ruling and excluded the 2005 match from their records. The series of "Test matches" played in Australia between Australia and a World XI in 1971/72 do not have Test status. The commercial "Supertests" organised by Kerry Packer as part of his World Series Cricket enterprise and played between "WSC Australia", "WSC World XI" and "WSC West Indies" from 1977 to 1979 have never been regarded as official Test matches.

text: Teams with Test status[edit]

text: There are currently twelve Test-playing men's teams. The teams all represent individual, independent nations, except for England, the West Indies, and Ireland. Test status is conferred upon a country or group of countries by the International Cricket Council. Teams that do not have Test status can play in the ICC Intercontinental Cup, specifically designed to allow non-Test teams to play under conditions similar to Tests. The teams are listed below with the date of each team's Test debut:

text:
England (15 March 1877)
 Australia (15 March 1877)
 South Africa (12 March 1889)
 West Indies (23 June 1928)
 New Zealand (10 January 1930)
 India (25 June 1932)
 Pakistan (16 October 1952)
 Sri Lanka (17 February 1982)
 Zimbabwe (18 October 1992)
 Bangladesh (10 November 2000)
 Ireland (11 May 2018)
 Afghanistan (14 June 2018)

tag: ol

text: In the mid 2010s, the ICC evaluated proposals for dividing Test cricket into two tiers, with promotion and relegation between Tier-1 and Tier-2. These proposals were supported by some national cricket govening bodies,[14][15] but opposed by others.[16][17] These proposals were ulimately not implemented.[18][19][20]

text: Conduct of the game[edit]

text: Playing time[edit]

text: A standard day of Test cricket consists of three sessions of two hours each, the breaks between sessions being 40 minutes for lunch and 20 minutes for tea. However the times of sessions and intervals may be altered in certain circumstances: if bad weather or a change of innings occurs close to a scheduled break, the break may be taken immediately; if there has been a loss of playing time, for example because of bad weather, the session times may be adjusted to make up the lost time; if the batting side is nine wickets down at the scheduled tea break, then the interval may be delayed until either 30 minutes has elapsed or the team is all out;[21] the final session may be extended by up to 30 minutes if 90 or more overs have not been bowled in that day's play (subject to any reduction for adverse weather);[22] the final session may be extended by 30 minutes (except on the 5th day) if the umpires believe the result can be decided within that time.[23]

text: Today, Test matches are scheduled to be played across five consecutive days. However, in the early days of Test cricket, matches were played for three or four days. Four-day Test matches were last played in 1973, between New Zealand and Pakistan.[24] Until the 1980s, it was usual to include a 'rest day,' often a Sunday. There have also been 'Timeless Tests', which did not end after a predetermined maximum time. In 2005, Australia played a match scheduled for six days against a World XI, which the ICC sanctioned as an official Test match, though the match reached a conclusion on the fourth day. In October 2017, the ICC approved a request for a four-day Test match, between South Africa and Zimbabwe, which started on 26 December 2017 and ended on the second day, 27 December.[25] The ICC will trial the four-day Test format until the 2019 Cricket World Cup.[26]

text: There have been attempts by the ICC, the sport's governing body, to introduce day-night Test matches.[27] In 2012, The International Cricket Council passed playing conditions that allowed for the staging of day-night Test matches.[9] The first day-night Test took place during New Zealand's tour to Australia in November 2015.[10]

text: Play[edit]

text: Test cricket is played in innings (the word denotes both the singular and the plural). In each innings, one team bats and the other bowls (or fields). Ordinarily four innings are played in a Test match, and each team bats twice and bowls twice. Before the start of play on the first day, the two team captains and the match referee toss a coin; the captain who wins the toss decides whether his team will bat or bowl first.

text: In the following scenarios, the team that bats first is referred to as Team A and their opponents as Team B.

text: Usually the teams will alternate at the completion of each innings. Thus, Team A will bat (and Team B will bowl) until its innings ends, and then Team B will bat and Team A will bowl. When Team B's innings ends, Team A begin their second innings, and this is followed by Team B's second innings. The winning team is the one that scores more runs in their two innings.

text: A team's innings ends in one of the following ways:[28]

text:
The team is "all out". This typically occurs when a team has lost ten wickets (ten of the eleven batsmen having been dismissed) and are "bowled out". It may occasionally occur with the loss of fewer wickets if one or more batsmen are unavailable to bat (through injury, for example).
The team's captain declares the innings closed, usually because they believe they have enough runs. A declaration before the innings starts is called an innings forfeiture.
The team batting fourth score the required number of runs to win.
The prescribed time for the match expires.

tag: ul

text: If, at the completion of its first innings, Team B's first innings total is 200 or more fewer than Team A's, the captain of Team A may (but is not required to) order Team B to have their second innings next. This is called enforcing the follow on.[29] In this case, the usual order of the third and fourth innings is reversed: Team A will bat in the fourth innings. It is rare for a team forced to follow on to win the match. In Test cricket it has only happened three times, although over 285 follow-ons have been enforced: Australia was the losing team on each occasion, twice to England, in 1894 and in 1981, and once to India in 2001.[30]

text: If the whole of the first day's play of a Test match has been lost because of bad weather or other reasons like bad light, then Team A may enforce the follow on if Team B's first innings total is 150 or more fewer than Team A's. During the 2nd Test between England and New Zealand at Headingley in 2013, England batted first after the first day was lost because of rain.[31] New Zealand, batting second, scored 180 runs fewer than England, meaning England could have enforced the follow on, though chose not to. This is similar to four-day first-class cricket, where the follow on can be enforced if the difference is 150 runs or fewer. If the Test is 2 days or fewer then the "follow-on" value is 100 runs.

text: After 80 overs, the captain of the bowling side may take a new ball, although this is not required.[32]The captain will usually take the new ball: being harder and smoother than an old ball, a new ball generally favours faster bowlers who can make it bounce more variably. The roughened, softer surface of an old ball can be more conducive to spin bowlers, or those using reverse swing. The captain may delay the decision to take the new ball if he wishes to continue with his spinners (because the pitch favours spin). After a new ball has been taken, should an innings last a further 80 overs, then the captain will have the option to take another new ball.

text: A Test match may end in one of six results:

text:
All four innings are complete. The team batting fourth are all out before overtaking the other team, usually before matching the other team's score. The team that batted third are the winners by a margin equal to the difference in the aggregate runs scored by the two teams (for example, "Team A won by 95 runs"). Very rarely (in over 2,000 Test matches played, it has only happened twice) the scores can end level, resulting in a tie.
The team batting in the fourth innings overtakes the opposing team's run total. The match ends, and the team batting fourth is the winner by a margin equal to the number of wickets still to fall in the innings (for example, "Team B won by five wickets").
The third innings concludes with the team that batted twice still trailing the team that batted once. The match ends without playing a fourth innings. The team that batted only once is the winner by a margin equal to "an innings" plus the difference in aggregate run totals of the teams (for example, "Team B won by an innings and 26 runs").
Time for the match expires without a result being reached. This usually occurs at the end of the last day of the match. The result is a draw: there is no winner, no matter how superior the position of one of the sides. Rain causing a loss of playing time is a common factor in drawn matches, although matches may be drawn even without interference from the weather: usually as a result of poor time management or an intentional effort on the part of one team to avoid losing.
The match is abandoned because the ground is declared unfit for play.  This has occurred three times, resulting each time in a draw being declared: England v Australia at Headingley, Leeds, 1975 (vandalism);[33] West Indies v England at Sabina Park, Kingston, Jamaica, 1998 (dangerous ground);[34] West Indies v England at Sir Vivian Richards Stadium, Antigua, 2009 (dangerous ground).[35]
The match is awarded through a forfeiture. If a team refuses to take the field of play, the umpires may award the match to the opposing team.[36] This has only happened once in Test cricket, in the 2006 Fourth Test between England and Pakistan.[37][38]

text: Competitions[edit]

text: Test cricket is almost always played as a series of matches between two countries, with all matches in the series taking place in the same country (the host). Often there is a perpetual trophy that is awarded to the winner, the most famous of which is the Ashes contested between England and Australia. There have been two exceptions to the bilateral nature of Test cricket: the 1912 Triangular Tournament, a three-way competition between England, Australia and South Africa (hosted by England), and the Asian Test Championship, an event held in 1998–99 and 2001–02.

text: The number of matches in Test series has varied from one to seven.[39] Up until the early 1990s,[40] Test series between international teams were organised between the two national cricket organisations with umpires provided by the home team. With the entry of more countries into Test cricket, and a wish by the ICC to maintain public interest in Tests in the face of the popularity of one-day cricket, a rotation system was introduced that sees all ten Test teams playing each other over a six-year cycle, and an official ranking system (with a trophy held by the highest-ranked team). In this system, umpires are provided by the ICC. An elite panel of eleven umpires has been established, and the panel is supplemented by an additional International Panel that includes three umpires named by each Test-playing country. The elite umpires officiate almost all Test matches, usually not Tests involving their home country.

text: International Test Rankings[edit]

text:
ICC Test Championship vte

Rank
Team
Matches
Points
Rating

1

 India
38
4,397
116

2

 South Africa
35
3,712
106

3

 England
45
4,772
105

4

 New Zealand
23
2,354
102

5

 Australia
36
3,663
102

6

 Sri Lanka
38
3,668
97

7

 Pakistan
24
2,271
95

8

 West Indies
32
2,432
76

9

 Bangladesh
19
1,268
67

10

 Zimbabwe
8
12
2

–

 Ireland*
1
0
0

–

 Afghanistan*
1
0
0

*Countries that have not played enough matches to gain an official ranking

Reference: ICC Rankings, 19 October 2018

"Matches" is no. matches + no. series played in the 12–24 months since the May before last, plus half the number in the 24 months before that.

text: Test Championship[edit]

text: There has been no World Cup for Test Match conducted thus far by the ICC, since it is the longest format  of the game, due to which the Championship might go on for years together. However, of late, the ICC is holding discussions to conduct a World Test Championship over a span of 2 years (starting its first Championship from 2019-2021 ), after failing to execute their plan of conducting this tournament twice, once during 2013 and another time during 2017. The schedule for 2019–21 Test Championship is a set of typical bilateral series in various countries put together, where one team is the host and other team is the visitor. The length of the series would vary between 2 matches to 5 matches. The result of each match carries a weighting of the points depending upon the length of the series: a single match in a 5-match series will account for 20% of the series points, while a match in a 2-match series will account for 50% of the series points.[original research?]

text: Early history[edit]

text: Sides designated as "England" began to play in the late 18th century, but these teams were not truly representative. Early international cricket was disrupted by the French Revolution and the American Civil War. The earliest international cricket match was between USA and Canada, on 24 and 25 September 1844.[41] This has never been officially considered a "Test match". Tours of national English sides abroad took place, particularly to the USA, Australia and New Zealand. The Australian Aborigines team became the first organised overseas cricketers to tour England in 1868.

text: Two rival English tours of Australia were proposed in the early months of 1877, with James Lillywhite campaigning for a professional tour and Fred Grace for an amateur one. Grace's tour fell through and it was Lillywhite's team that toured New Zealand and Australia in 1876–77. Two matches against a combined Australian XI were later classified as the first official Test matches. The first match was won by Australia, by 45 runs, and the second by England. After reciprocal tours established a pattern of international cricket, The Ashes was established as an ongoing competition during the Australian tour of England in 1882. Surprisingly beaten, a mock obituary of English cricket was published in the Sporting Times the following day: the phrase "The body shall be cremated and the ashes taken to Australia" prompted the subsequent creation of the Ashes urn. The series of 1884–85 was the first to be held over five matches: Shaw, writing in 1901, considered the side to be "the best ever to have left England".

text: South Africa became the third team to play Test cricket in 1888–89, when they hosted a tour by an under-strength England side.

text: Perpetual trophies[edit]

text: The following are the perpetual trophies in Test cricket.

text:
Name of trophy
Team 1
Team 2
First contested
Remarks

The Ashes
 England
 Australia
1882–83

Anthony De Mello Trophy
 India
 England
1951[42]
For series played in India

Frank Worrell Trophy
 West Indies
 Australia
1960–61

Wisden Trophy
 West Indies
 England
1963

Trans-Tasman Trophy
 New Zealand
 Australia
1985–86

Border–Gavaskar Trophy
 India
 Australia
1996–97

Southern Cross Trophy
 Australia
 Zimbabwe
1999–2000[43]

Sir Vivian Richards Trophy
 West Indies
 South Africa
2000–01[44]

Clive Lloyd Trophy
 West Indies
 Zimbabwe
2001[45]

Basil D'Oliveira Trophy
 South Africa
 England
2004–05

Pataudi Trophy
 India
 England
2007
For series played in England

Warne–Muralidaran Trophy
 Sri Lanka
 Australia
2007–08

Freedom Trophy
 India
 South Africa
2015–16

Sobers–Tissera Trophy
 West Indies
 Sri Lanka
2015–16

Ganguly–Durjoy Trophy
 India
 Bangladesh
2017[46]


document_title: Polonius

question_text: who said neither a borrower or a lender be

text: Polonius

text: Character[edit]

text: Father of Ophelia and Laertes, and counselor to King Claudius, he is described as a windbag by some and a rambler of wisdom by others. It has also been suggested that he only acts like a "foolish prating knave" to keep his position and popularity safe and to keep anyone from discovering his plots for social advancement. It is important to note that throughout the play, Polonius is characterised as a typical Renaissance "new man", who pays much attention to appearances and ceremonious behaviour. Some adaptations show him conspiring with Claudius in the murder of King Hamlet.

text: In Act 1, Scene 3, Polonius gives advice to his son Laertes, who is leaving for France, in the form of a list of sententious maxims. He finishes by giving his son his blessing, and is apparently at ease with his son's departure. However, in Act 2, Scene 1, he orders his servant Reynaldo to travel to Paris and spy on Laertes and report if he is indulging in any local vice.

text: Laertes is not the only character Polonius spies upon. He is fearful that Hamlet's relationship with his daughter will hurt his reputation with the king and instructs Ophelia to "lock herself from [Hamlet's] resort". He later suspects that Ophelia's rejection of Hamlet's attention has caused the prince to lose his wits, and informs Gertrude and Claudius of his suspicion, claiming that his reason for commanding Ophelia to reject Hamlet was that the prince was above her station. He and the king test his hypothesis by spying on and interrogating Ophelia.

text: In his last attempt to spy on Hamlet, Polonius hides himself behind an arras in Gertrude's room. Hamlet deals roughly with his mother, causing her to cry for help. Polonius echoes the request for help and is heard by Hamlet, who then mistakes the voice for Claudius' and stabs through the arras and kills him.

text: Polonius' death at the hands of Hamlet causes Claudius to fear for his own life, Ophelia to go mad, and Laertes to seek revenge, which leads to the duel in the final act.

text: Sources[edit]

text: The literary origins of the character may be traced to the King's counselor found in the Belleforest and William Painter versions of the Hamlet legend. However, at least since the 19th century scholars have also sought to understand the character in terms of Elizabethan court politics.

text: Polonius was first proposed as a parody of Queen Elizabeth's leading counsellor, Lord Treasurer, and Principal Secretary William Cecil, Lord Burghley in 1869.[5] Israel Gollancz also suggested that Polonius might have been a satire on Burghley. The theory was often finessed with supplementary arguments,[6] but also disputed. Arden Hamlet editor Harold Jenkins, for example, criticised the idea of any direct personal satire of Burghley as "unlikely" and "uncharacteristic of Shakespeare".[7]

text: Name[edit]

text: Gollancz proposed that the source for the character's name and sententious platitudes was De optimo senatore, a book on statesmanship by the Polish courtier Wawrzyniec Grzymała Goślicki, which was widely read after it was translated into English and published in 1598 under the title The Counsellor.[8] "Polonius" is Latin for "Polish" or "a/the Polish man." The English translation of the book refers to its author as a statesman of the "polonian empyre".

text: In the first quarto of Hamlet, Polonius is named "Corambis". It has been suggested that this derives from "crambe" or "crambo", derived from a Latin phrase meaning "reheated cabbage", implying "a boring old man" who spouts trite rehashed ideas.[9][10] Whether this was the original name of the character or not is debated. Various suggestions have been made to explain this. G. R. Hibbard argues that the name was originally Polonius, but was changed because Q1 derives from a version of the play to be performed in Oxford and Cambridge, and the original name was too close to that of Robert Polenius, founder of Oxford University. Since Polonius is a parody of a pompous pseudo-intellectual, the name might have been interpreted as a deliberate insult.[11] The title page of Q1 specifically states that the play was recently performed in London, Oxford and Cambridge.

text: Stage and film portrayals[edit]

text: In most productions of the 20th century, up to about 1980, Polonius was played as a somewhat senile, garrulous man of about seventy-five or so, eliciting a few laughs from the audience by the depiction. More recent productions have tended to play him as a slightly younger man, and to emphasise his shiftiness rather than pompous senility, harking back to the traditional manner in which Polonius was played before the 20th century. Until the 1900s there was a tradition that the actor who plays Polonius also plays the quick-witted gravedigger in Act V. This bit suggests that the actor who played Polonius was an actor used to playing clowns much like the Fool in King Lear: not a doddering old fool, but an alive and intelligent master of illusion and misdirection. Polonius adds a new dimension to the play and is a controlling and menacing character.

text: One key to the portrayal is a producer's decision to keep or remove the brief scene with his servant, Reynaldo, which comes after his scene of genial, fatherly advice to Laertes. He instructs Reynaldo to spy on his son, and even suggest that he has been gambling and consorting with prostitutes, to find out what he has really been up to. The inclusion of this scene portrays him in a much more sinister light; most productions, including Laurence Olivier's famous 1948 film version, choose to remove it. The respective productions starring Richard Burton and Kenneth Branagh both include it. Although Hume Cronyn plays Polonius mostly for laughs in the Burton production, Polonius is more sinister than comic in Branagh's version.

text: Famous lines[edit]

text: Polonius's most famous lines are found in Act 1 Scene 3 ("Neither a borrower nor a lender be"; "To thine own self be true") and Act 2 Scene 2 ("Brevity is the soul of wit"; and "Though this be madness, yet there is method in't") while others have become paraphrased aphorisms ("Clothes make the man"; "Old friends are the best friends"). Also, the line he speaks when he is killed by Hamlet in Act 3 scene 4 ("O, I am slain!") has been subject to much parody and ridicule due to its relative obviousness.[12]

text: Notable portrayals[edit]

text:
Hume Cronyn won a Tony Award for playing Polonius opposite Richard Burton's Hamlet in John Gielgud's 1964 Broadway production. No other actor has ever won an award for playing Polonius in any professional American stage version of Hamlet, nor for playing him in a film version of the play.
In "The Producer", an 1966 episode of Gilligan's Island, Polonius' "Neither a borrower nor a lender be" speech is performed satirically, first by series regular Alan Hale Jr. as The Skipper playing the role of Polonius (with Dawn Wells as Mary Ann playing Laertes) in a musical production of Hamlet by the castaways, then by Phil Silvers guest-starring as a famous stage producer who finds himself on the island.[13]
Actors who have played Polonius on film and television include Hans Junkermann, Ian Holm, Michael Redgrave, Ian Richardson, Oliver Ford Davies, Bill Murray, and Richard Briers.


document_title: Tropical rainforests of India

question_text: where are tropical evergreen forest found in india

text: Tropical rainforests of India

text:
Map all coordinates using: OpenStreetMap · Google Maps

Download coordinates as: KML · GPX

text: Tropical rainforests of India are found in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands,[A] the Western Ghats,[B] which fringe the Arabian Sea, the coastline of peninsular India, and the greater Assam region in the north-east.[C] Small remnants of rainforest are found in Odisha state.[D] Semi-evergreen rainforest is more extensive than the evergreen formation partly because evergreen forests tend to degrade to semi-evergreen with human interference. There are substantial differences in both the flora and fauna between the three major rainforest regions.[1]

text: The Western Ghats monsoon forests occur both on the western (coastal) margins of the ghats and on the eastern side where there is less rainfall. These forests contain several tree species of great commercial significance (e.g. Indian rosewood (Dalbergia latifolia), Malabar Kino (Pterocarpus marsupium), teak (Tectona grandis) and Indian laurel (Terminalia crenulata)), but they have now been cleared from many areas. In the rainforests, there is an enormous number of tree species; at least 60 percent of the trees of the upper canopy are of species which individually contribute not more than one percent of the total number. Clumps of bamboo occur along streams or in poorly drained hollows throughout the evergreen and semi-evergreen forests of south-west India, probably in areas once cleared for transporting agriculture.

text: The tropical vegetation of north-east India (which includes the states of Assam, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura and Meghalaya as well as the plain regions of Arunachal Pradesh) typically occurs at elevations up to 900 metres (3,000 ft). It embraces evergreen and semi-evergreen rainforests, moist deciduous monsoon forests, riparian forests, swamps and grasslands. Evergreen rainforests are found in the Assam Valley, the foothills of the eastern Himalayas and the lower parts of the Naga Hills, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Manipur, where the rain fall exceeds 2,300 mm (91 in) per annum. In the Assam Valley the giant Hollong (Dipterocarpus macrocarpus) and Shorea assamica occur singly, occasionally attaining a girth of up to 7 metres (23 ft) and a height of up to 50 metres (160 ft). The monsoon forests are mainly moist sal (Shorea robusta) forests, which occur widely in this region.[2]

text: The Andaman and Nicobar islands have tropical evergreen rainforests and tropical semi-evergreen rainforests as well as tropical monsoon forests.[3] The dominant species of Keruing wood is Dipterocarpus grandiflorus in hilly areas, while Dipterocarpus kerrii is dominant on some islands in the southern parts of the archipelago. The monsoon forests of the Andamans are dominated by the Andaman Redwood (Pterocarpus dalbergioides) and Terminalia spp.[4][better source needed]

text: Tropical forests in India's east present a total contrast with the pine and coniferous woodland of the Western Himalayas. The natural cover of India varies with altitude; these evergreen forests are bounded with high alpine meadows nearer to the snowline and temperate forests of short stout trees at lower elevations. In the Himalayan foothills are deciduous trees, with shrubs, bamboo, ferns and grass.

text: India's northern plains, the course of the holy rivers Ganges and Yamuna; the Thar Desert in the west; the Sundarbans, the marshy swamplands, in the delta of the Ganges and the Brahmaputra, in the east; the Deccan Plateau, lying in the rain shadow of the hills and the Western Ghats with their dense; luxuriant forests – all provide fascinating variations in habitats. These forests sustain 350 species of mammals, 2,100[citation needed] kinds of birds (both local and migratory), nearly 350 species of reptile and countless insects. Conservation preserves the ecological diversity and our life support systems-water,air and soil. It helps reserve the genetic diversity of plants and animals for better growth of species. The need for conservation of the environment and the forests has exercised the minds of Indian rulers from the earliest of times. In recent times, it was the administrators and princely rulers who demarcated and reserved forests as private preserves. Today many of the forested regions form the nucleus of India's wildlife sanctuaries and parks. Still, increasing population, hunting and encroachments continues to threaten India's forest lands.[5][better source needed]


document_title: Mary Had a Little Lamb

question_text: who wrote the poem mary had a little lamb

text: Mary Had a Little Lamb

text: Background[edit]

text: The nursery rhyme was first published by the Boston publishing firm Marsh, Capen & Lyon, as a poem by Sarah Josepha Hale on May 24, 1830, and was possibly inspired by an actual incident.[1]

text: There are competing theories on the origin and inspiration of this poem. One holds that John Roulstone wrote the first four lines and that the final twelve lines, less childlike than the first, were composed by Sarah Josepha Hale; others claim that Hale was responsible for the entire poem.[2]

text: As a young girl, Mary Sawyer (later Mary Tyler) kept a pet lamb that she took to school one day at the suggestion of her brother. A commotion naturally ensued. Mary recalled: "Visiting school that morning was a young man by the name of John Roulstone, a nephew of the Reverend Lemuel Capen, who was then settled in Sterling. It was the custom then for students to prepare for college with ministers, and for this purpose Roulstone was studying with his uncle. The young man was very much pleased with the incident of the lamb; and the next day he rode across the fields on horseback to the little old schoolhouse and handed me a slip of paper which had written upon it the three original stanzas of the poem..."[3]

text: Mary Sawyer's house, located in Sterling, Massachusetts, was destroyed by arson on August 12, 2007.[4] A statue representing Mary's Little Lamb stands in the town center.[5] The Redstone School, which was built in 1798, was purchased by Henry Ford and relocated to a churchyard on the property of Longfellow's Wayside Inn in Sudbury, Massachusetts.[citation needed]

text: Text[edit]

text: In the 1830s, Lowell Mason set the nursery rhyme to a melody adding repetition in the verses, starting with "Mary had a little lamb, little lamb, little lamb, Mary had a little lamb whose fleece was white as snow.[6]

text: Influence[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The rhyme was the first audio recorded by Thomas Edison on his newly invented phonograph in 1877.[7] It was the first instance of recorded verse.[7] In 1927, Edison reenacted the recording, which still survives.[8] The earliest recording (1878) was retrieved by 3D imaging equipment in 2012.[9]

text: Blues musicians Buddy Guy and Stevie Ray Vaughan both recorded the song: Guy composing his own bluesy version of the song for his album A Man and the Blues in 1968 and Vaughan covering Guy's version in his 1983 debut album, Texas Flood, with both also infusing the first four lines of the nursery rhyme, "A-Tisket, A-Tasket", into the song. In 1972, Paul McCartney released a version of the song. Just as he had done with the 16th-century poem Golden Slumbers which was released on The Beatles' Abbey Road LP in 1969, he added his own melody to the lyrics. The single was a top 20 hit in Britain although both the choice for and the saccharine arrangement of "Mary Had a Little Lamb" did much to erode his standing with leading rock journalists.[citation needed] McCartney played the song during Wings' 1972 summer tour and it was included in the Spring 1973 James Paul McCartney television special. It is commercially available on the 1993 CD issue of the Wings Wild Life LP.[10]

text: Media[edit]

text: Note: This melody is the British version, which is slightly different from the American version.[how?]

text:
Mary Had a Little Lamb

Male singing the first verses of "Mary Had a Little Lamb".

Problems playing this file? See media help.

text: Uses of the music[edit]

text: The first Korean musical road, created using grooves cut into the ground and intended to help motorists stay alert and awake plays "Mary Had a Little Lamb" and took four days to construct.[11] It can be found close to Anyang, Gyeonggi, South Korea.


document_title: Bobby's World

question_text: who voiced uncle ted on bobby's world

question_tokens: who voiced uncle ted on bobby 's world

text: Bobby's World

text: History[edit]

text: Howie Mandel said that he accidentally created the voice that would be later used to voice Bobby when he was choking on a piece of cake.[1] Two of Mandel's friends Jim Fisher and Jim Staahl signed an agreement with the Fox Corporation's then newly created television division in 1989. Fisher and Staahl asked Mandel to join them in creating a show based on Mandel's Bobby character and voice. Mandel said that he believed Fox did not think his stand-up routines were "family entertainment." He, Fisher, and Staahl (co-producers) recalled stories from their childhoods as they discussed the formation of the show. Mandel stated "that was the seed of Bobby's World." Later stories from the childhoods of writers Dianne and Peter Tilden along with Mitch Schauer were used as the basis of many of the stories. The other characters on the show were mixes of characteristics of the creators' parents' friends and relatives. Specifically, Uncle Ted was based on Fisher and Staahl's former comedy partner in a comedy trio formed by the three after leaving Chicago's Second City, called The Graduates. Amazingly, that partner Tino Insana read for and won the part of Uncle Ted.[2][3]

text: During his standup routines, Mandel would commonly go into character with the same voice as Bobby, often conversing with an unseen "parent".[citation needed]

text: The voices of Kelly Generic (Bobby's sister) and Martha Generic (Bobby's mother) are based on two recurring characters Gail Matthius played when she was a cast member on Saturday Night Live in 1980. Martha is based on the character Roweena, a chain smoking hair stylist with an Upper Midwestern accent who gets into arguments with her best customer Nadine (Denny Dillon), while Kelly Generic is based on the character Vicky, a valley girl who annoys others with her shallow questions and rambling stories and often is seen with her friend Debbie (also Dillon).

text: Mitch Schauer drew the designs for the main characters.[4] Bobby's character design was based on Schauer's then four-year-old son.[5]

text: In the United States, starting in 1996, the show was open-captioned; this was intended as an aid to help younger children learn to read.

text: According to a stand up video posted on YouTube,[6] Mandel mentions that they are working on new episodes.

text: On February 12, 2007, the character Bobby made a surprise appearance on an episode of Deal or No Deal.[7]

text: Episodes can occasionally be seen in syndication, on a variety of websites, on Netflix or on Comcast's On Demand service.

text: Possible revival[edit]

text: In an April 2006 online interview, Mandel expressed his desire for a possible re-launch of the series.[8]

text: In November 2014, it was announced that Mandel told a crowd at Comikaze that plans to revive the series were in motion.[9]

text: Show format[edit]

text: Episodes often consist of a short live-action segment either before or after the main story (and sometimes both before and after). The segment would include Mandel describing some aspect of the story and often relating it back to his personal childhood. Often very similar. Sometimes during these segments, the character of Bobby would appear in animated form and converse with Mandel. Other times, a live action child would appear and exchange words with Mandel. Endings of the show also featured Mandel breaking the "fourth wall" by talking to viewers about the preceding episode. In some part of the episode, Bobby will break the fourth wall by telling the audience his perspective on life.

text: Characters[edit]

text: Bobby Generic[edit]

text: Robert Adelvice "Bobby" Generic (voiced by Howie Mandel using the same voice he used for Skeeter in Muppet Babies) is the main character of the series, a four- (five- in seasons 2 through 6, then six- in seasons 7 and 8) year-old little boy with huge imaginations. An imaginative Bobby claims however that he came from a magical place called "Bobbyland" where he ruled everything. Scenes with Bobby most often involve elaborate literal interpretations of the popular or colloquial sayings uttered by other characters during the show (i.e. a "traffic jam" becomes Traffic Jam, as Bobby imagines spreading tiny cars and trucks on a piece of bread and taking a bite). When he enters contests, he tends to end up losing because Bobby ends up being himself instead of using his common sense.

text: Bobby has spiky black hair. In "Bobbyland", he wears a white sailor-like hat with a black tassels, white shirt with short sleeves, blue navy sailor collar with white stripes, blue shorts with two white buttons, white socks and black Mary Jane shoes. On earth, he wears a white shirt with red short sleeves, red shorts and blue sneakers.

text: Generic family members[edit]

text: The Generic family's surname is pronounced "JEN-uh-rick" to make it sound like the word "general", but uttered as "jin-AIR-ic!" (as in the prescription classification) by other characters.

text:
Howard Generic – Bobby's father. (modeled upon and also voiced by Howie Mandel using his regular voice)
Martha Generic – Bobby's mother, who has red hair and is often seen wearing a sky-blue track suit. She speaks with a heavy North Central American English / Scandinavian accent, in stereotypical Minnesotan/Great Lakes style, and often punctuates her speech with phrases like "Fer corn sakes", "Fer cryin' in the mud", "gee golly", "gosh darn" and "don't 'cha know". (voiced by Gail Matthius and based on her Saturday Night Live character, Roweena, a chain-smoking hair dresser)
Kelly Generic – Bobby's 15-year-old tomboyish bully sister, the eldest Generic sibling, sporting a shag haircut, purple eye shadow, striped tights, and a valley girl accent/demeanor and often uses her catch phrase "Get real!" (voiced by Charity James and based on another character Matthius played on SNL: "Vicky the Valley Girl").
Derek Generic – Bobby's 10-year-old brother, also something of a bully, with a rat-tail hairdo, slashed jeans, and a sarcastic manner. He always teases and insults Bobby and tends to call him a "dork". Bobby has a bad habit of listening to him (voiced by Kevin Michaels seasons 1–6 and Pamela Segall season 7–8).
The Generic Twins (Jake & Alex) – Identical twins who were introduced in Season 4 but mentioned in Seasons 2 and 3 as Martha was pregnant with them. Bobby's infant brothers.
Aunt Ruth – Bobby's aunt and Martha's sister (voice of Edie McClurg) She is a blonde, amply contoured lady with a sweet, pretty face, hair in a bun, and kindly ways. She is loving and affectionate toward her small nephew and particularly likes to pinch his cheeks, which Bobby really doesn't go for. Part of her signature attire is knee-high stockings rolled into a ring at the cuffs.
Uncle Ted (Ted "Teddy" Sven) – Bobby's uncle and Martha and Ruth's brother. He is a blond, large-bodied gentleman with a deep rough voice and his signature garment is a yellow shirt printed with red hearts. Uncle Ted is a fun-loving fellow who loves to give noogies to Bobby and is a collector of various things, one of which is a novelty item called Socks in a Can. His last name is revealed to be Sven. He is also affectionate toward his little nephew and often calls him by the nickname "Bob-O". Bobby likes hanging out with Uncle Ted because he thinks of all kinds of fun stuff to do (voice of Tino Insana).
Roger – the Generic family dog (voiced by Frank Welker).

text: Recurring characters[edit]

text:
George - Boyfriend of Kelly Generic. (voiced by Pauly Shore)
Jackie – Bobby's cute girlfriend / next door neighbor / classmate with the floor-length pigtails who has a crush on Bobby. She always kisses him (which he hates) and hugs him (which he loves). She speaks with a monotonic voice. (voiced by Debi Derryberry)
Charlotte – Rambunctious and sassy, Charlotte was the fun-loving adventurous girl who was famous for her dislike of chocolate and her ability to tease Bobby incessantly over small things he does.
Meeker and Snurd - A bumbling duo seen doing various jobs around town, whether it be mall cops, paramedics, or stage hands.

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Home video releases[edit]

text: From 1994 to 1998, Fox Kids Video released VHS titles of the series.

text:
Volume 1 – Uncle Ted's Excellent Adventure / The Visit To Aunt Ruth's
Volume 2 – Bobby's Big Move / Bobby's Big Broadcast
Volume 3 – Swim By Me / Jets, Choo Choos & Cars
Fish Tales / Generics Under Construction
Me & Roger

text: In 2004, Anchor Bay Entertainment released two best-of compilations- Classic Scratch 'n' Sniff Episodes and The Signature Episodes on DVD in Region 1. These releases have been discontinued and are now out of print.

text: On December 15, 2011, it was announced that MoonScoop Group had acquired the rights to the series and planned to release all eight seasons of Bobby's World on DVD in Region 1 via Amazon.com's CreateSpace program in early 2012.[10] These are manufacture-on-demand releases, available exclusively through Amazon.com. All seasons were made available for purchase on March 13, 2012.[11]

text: Video game[edit]

text: A video game adaptation of Bobby's World was made for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System in 1995. It was developed by Riedel Software Productions and published by Hi Tech Entertainment. In the game, Bobby's mother tells him to clean his room. As he is cleaning his room, Bobby starts daydreaming about a toy. After beating a level, Bobby has another daydream about another toy that he puts away. Due to the bankruptcy of Hi Tech Entertainment later in 1995, the game was cancelled.[12]

text: Broadcast history[edit]

text: During its original run, Bobby's World was seen on Fox Kids. After it was cancelled in 1998, reruns began airing on Fox Family (now Freeform) until 2001.

text: The series was available in its entirety on Netflix instant streaming and Kabillion as well. It's now available on Amazon Prime Instant Video.