document_title: Amazon Echo

question_text: when did the echo dot 2 come out

question_tokens: when did the echo dot 2 come out

text: Amazon Echo

text: Features[edit]

text: Overview of operation[edit]

text: In the default mode, the device continuously listens to all speech, monitoring for the wake word to be spoken, which is primarily set up as "Alexa" (derived from Alexa Internet, the Amazon-owned Internet indexing company). Echo's microphones can be manually disabled by pressing a mute button to turn off the audio processing circuit.[3]

text: Echo devices require a wireless Internet connection in order to work. Echo's voice recognition capability is based on Amazon Web Services and the voice platform Amazon acquired from Yap,[10] Evi, and IVONA[11] (a Polish-based specialist in voice technologies used in the Kindle Fire).[12]

text: The smart speakers perform well with a 'good' (low-latency) Internet connection which minimizes processing time due to minimal communication round trips, streamable responses and geo-distributed service endpoints. While the application is free, an Amazon account is required, and setup is not possible without one.

text: Available services[edit]

text: Echo device offers weather from AccuWeather and news from a variety of sources, including local radio stations, iHeartRadio, BBC, NPR, and ESPN from TuneIn.[13] Echo can play music from the owner's Amazon Music accounts[14] and has built-in support for the Pandora and Spotify streaming music services[15] and has support for IFTTT and Nest thermostats.[16] Echo can also play music from streaming services such as Apple Music, and Google Play Music from a phone or tablet. Echo maintains voice-controlled alarms, timers, shopping and to-do lists and can access Wikipedia articles. Echo will respond to your questions about items in your Google calendar. It also integrates with Yonomi,[17] Philips Hue, Belkin Wemo, SmartThings, Insteon, and Wink.[18][19] Additionally, integration with the Echo is in the works for Countertop by Orange Chef, Sonos,[20] Scout Alarm, Garageio, Toymail, MARA, and Mojio.[21] Questions like "Who is Kim Kardashian?" are answered by reading the first few lines of the corresponding Wikipedia article.[22]

text: It does not appear to be capable of playing music streamed from a local UPnP/DLNA media server.[citation needed]

text: Echo devices also have access to 'skills' built with the Alexa Skills Kit. These are third-party-developed voice experiences that add to the capabilities of any Alexa-enabled device (such as the Echo). Examples of skills include the ability to play music, answer general questions, set an alarm, order a pizza, get an Uber, and more. Skills are continuously being added to increase the capabilities available to the user. The Alexa Skills Kit is a collection of self-service APIs, tools, documentation and code samples that make it fast and easy for any developer to add skills to Alexa. Developers can also use the "Smart Home Skill API",[23] a new addition to the Alexa Skills Kit, to easily teach Alexa how to control cloud-controlled lighting and thermostat devices. All of the code runs in the cloud – nothing is on any user device. A developer can follow tutorials to learn how to quickly build voice experiences for their new and existing applications.[24]

text: Voice system[edit]

text: The devices have natural lifelike voices resulting from speech-unit technology.[25][additional citation(s) needed] High speech accuracy is achieved through sophisticated natural language processing (NLP) algorithms built into the Echo's text-to-speech (TTS) engine.[citation needed]

text: Software updates[edit]

text: As with all Alexa devices, the functionality of Echo smart speakers periodically evolves as Amazon releases new software for it. Most new releases will fix bugs in addition to including enhanced functionality. New releases are pushed to the devices on a gradual basis so it may take several days to a week or more for a particular device to be updated. Because much of Echo's intelligence lies in the cloud, significant functional enhancements can be made to Echo without updating the software version it is running. For example, in April 2015, the Echo added the ability to give live sports scores without updating the software version,[26] running on the device.

text: Variants[edit]

text: Echo[edit]

text:
Amazon Echo (first generation)

Amazon Echo unpacked, January 2015

Release date

November 6, 2014 (2014-11-06) (Amazon Prime and invited members)
June 23, 2015 (2015-06-23) (released in the U.S.)
September 28, 2016 (2016-09-28) (released in the U.K.)
October 26, 2016 (2016-10-26) (released in Germany)

Introductory price
US$179.99
GB£149.99
EUR€179.99

Connectivity
WiFi and Bluetooth

Website
Amazon Echo (US)
Amazon Echo (UK)
Amazon Echo (Germany)

text:
Amazon Echo (second generation)

Release date

October 31, 2017 (2017-10-31) (released in the U.S.)

Introductory price
US$99.99

Connectivity
WiFi and Bluetooth

Website
Amazon Echo (US)
Amazon Echo (UK)
Amazon Echo (Germany)
Amazon Echo (India)
Amazon Echo (Canada)

text: The first-generation Amazon Echo consists of a 9.25 inch (23.5 cm) tall cylinder speaker with a seven-piece microphone array.[3] The Echo hardware complement includes a Texas Instruments DM3725 ARM Cortex-A8 processor, 256MB of LPDDR1 RAM and 4GB of storage space.[27] As of July 2017, the first-generation Echo maintained an 83% score on GearCaliber, a review aggregator.

text: Although the Echo is intended to be voice-controlled at the unit, a microphone-enabled remote control similar to the one bundled with the Fire TV is available for purchase. An action button on top of the unit is provided for user setup in a new location, and the mute button allows the microphones to be turned off.[28] The top half-inch of the unit rotates to increase or decrease the speaker volume. The Echo must be plugged in to operate since it has no internal battery.[29]

text: Echo provides dual-band Wi-Fi 802.11a/b/g/n and Bluetooth Advanced Audio Distribution Profile (A2DP) support for audio streaming and Audio/Video Remote Control Profile (AVRCP) for voice control of connected mobile devices.[30]

text: Limited editions[edit]

text: As part of a holiday promotion, Seattle Seahawks player Marshawn Lynch drove the Treasure Truck around Seattle in December 2016 selling a limited-edition beast-mode Echo with a custom skin.[31] The beast-mode version was a first-gen Echo that responded to a user's commands with Marshawn Lynch's voice, instead of the Alexa voice.[32]

text: In November 2017, a Product Red version of the 2nd-gen Echo was announced as a limited edition item.[33]

text: Availability[edit]

text: As of February 2017, the second-generation Echo is available in 36 countries.

text:
Austria
 Australia
 Belgium
 Bolivia
 Bulgaria
 Canada
 Chile
 Colombia
 Costa Rica
 Cyprus
 Czech Republic
 Ecuador
 El Salvador
 Estonia
 Finland
 Germany
 Greece
 Hungary
 Iceland
 India
 Latvia
 Liechtenstein
 Lithuania
 Luxembourg
 Malta
 Netherlands
 New Zealand
 Panama
 Peru
 Poland
 Portugal
 Slovakia
 Sweden
 United Kingdom
 United States
 Uruguay

text: Echo Dot[edit]

text: In March 2016, Amazon unveiled the original Amazon Echo Dot,[34] which is a hockey puck-sized version of the Echo designed to be connected to external speakers due to size of the onboard speakers, or to be used in rooms such as the bedroom as an alternative to the full-sized Echo. Beyond these distinctions, the Amazon Echo Dot possesses the same functions as the original Amazon Echo.[35]

text: External portable batteries[36] have been developed for the Amazon Echo Dot by third parties.

text: The second generation of the Amazon Echo Dot was available on October 20, 2016. It is priced lower, has improved voice recognition, and is available in black and white. The Echo Spatial Perception (ESP) technology allows several Echo and Dot units to work together so that only one device answers the request.[citation needed] As of November 2017, the Echo Dot maintained a 78% score on GearCaliber, based on 23 reviews.[37]

text: Amazon Tap[edit]

text: The Amazon Tap is a smaller portable version of the Echo.[38] The Tap can do the same things as the Echo; however, as it is battery-powered, it is also portable.[39] Initially the user had to press an activation button on the front of the Tap to speak commands. However, a February 2017 software update allows the option of activating the Tap with an activation word, just like the Echo and the Dot.[40]

text: Echo Look[edit]

text: In April 2017, the Amazon Echo Look was introduced as a camera with Alexa built-in, for US$20 more than the first-generation Echo.[41] The device can provide artificial intelligence outfit recommendations, take photos, and record videos; in addition to the features available on the Echo.[42] It offers Amazon Alexa's key feature plus a camera to take full-length photos and 360-degree videos with built-in AI for fashion advice.[43][44] As a consumer product, it helps catalog your outfits and rates your look based on “machine learning algorithms with advice from fashion specialists.[45]

text: As of April 2017, the device is available for purchase by invitation-only in the U.S.[46]

text: Echo Show[edit]

text: In May 2017, Amazon introduced the Echo Show, which features a tactile 7-inch LCD screen that can be used for playing media, making video calls (5 MP front camera), and other features.[47] The Echo Show was offered for purchase at a price of $229.99 on June 28, 2017 and was initially only available in the U.S.[48]

text: Echo Spot[edit]

text: On 27 September 2017, Amazon launched the Echo Spot, a hemispherical device that has the same functions as an Echo Show.[49] The device has a 2.5-inch circular screen, and looks like an alarm clock. The device sells for $129.99.[50]

text: Echo Plus[edit]

text: On 27 September 2017, Amazon announced the Echo Plus, scheduled for release on 31 October 2017. It shares design similarities with the first-generation Echo, but also doubles as a smart home hub, connecting to most common wireless protocols to control connected smart devices within a home.[51] It incorporates 7 second-generation far field microphones and noise cancellation, while also supporting Dolby Sound.

text: Accessories[edit]

text: Along with the second-generation Echo, Amazon announced two new accessories. The Echo Buttons can be used while playing games on Echo devices, such as Jeopardy!.[52] The Echo Connect is a small adapter that plugs into any Echo and a home phone line, allowing the Echo to make voice calls through your home phone number.[53]

text: Privacy concerns[edit]

text: There are concerns about the access Echo has to private conversations in the home, or other non-verbal indications that can identify who is present in the home and who is not—based on audible cues such as footstep-cadence or radio/television programming.[54][55] Amazon responds to these concerns by stating that Echo only streams recordings from the user's home when the 'wake word' activates the device, though the device is technically capable of streaming voice recordings at all times, and in fact will always be listening to detect if a user has uttered the word.

text: Echo uses past voice recordings the user has sent to the cloud service to improve response to future questions the user may pose. To address privacy concerns, the user can delete voice recordings that are currently associated with the user's account, but doing so may degrade the user's experience using voice search. To delete these recordings, the user can visit the Manage My Device page on Amazon.com or contact Amazon customer service.

text: Echo uses an address set in the Alexa companion app when it needs a location.[56] Amazon and third-party apps and websites use location information to provide location-based services and store this information to provide voice services, the Maps app, Find Your Device, and to monitor the performance and accuracy of location services. For example, Echo voice services use the user's location to respond to the user's requests for nearby restaurants or stores. Similarly, Echo uses the user's location to process the user's mapping-related requests and improve the Maps experience. All information collected is subject to the Amazon.com Privacy Notice.[57]

text: Amazon retains digital recordings of users' audio spoken after the "wake up word", and while the audio recordings are subject to demands by law enforcement, government agents, and other entities via subpoena, Amazon publishes some information about the warrants it receives, the subpoenas it receives, and some of the warrant-less demands it receives, allowing customers some indication as to the percentage of illegal demands for customer information it receives.[58]

text: Echo as criminal evidence[edit]

text: During the course of the investigation into the November 22, 2015 death of Victor Collins in the home of James Andrew Bates in Bentonville, Arkansas, police sought the data stored on the Amazon Echo on the premises as evidence, but were refused by Amazon.[59][60] The conflict was resolved when Bates consented to the release of his personal information that was held by Amazon.[61][62]

text: Limitations[edit]

text: Purchasing merchandise in the categories of apparel, shoes, jewelry, and watches is not available.[63] In addition, Amazon Fresh, Amazon Prime Pantry, Prime Now, or Add-On items are not supported by Alexa's ordering function,[64] while, the shopping list function allows no more than one item to be added at a time.[65]

text: Echo has provided inconsistent responses when asked common questions to which users would expect better answers. Echo sometimes confuses certain homophones (words that sound the same but have different meanings, such as where/wear/ware).[66]


document_title: Practical Magic

question_text: where was practical magic supposed to be set

root

text: Practical Magic

text: Plot[edit]

text: Maria Owens, a young witch, is exiled to Maria's Island in Massachusetts with her unborn child for escaping her execution. When her lover does not come to rescue her, she desperately casts a spell upon herself to stop falling in love due to heartbreak, only to die soon after. The spell becomes a curse for several generations. In the present day, Gillian and Sally Owens, two descendants of the Owens family, are taken in by their maternal aunts Frances and Jet after the death of their parents. Sally is the more gifted of the two while Gillian's talents are more in charm and persuasion, and both have been subject to ridicule during their youth. After witnessing their aunts cast a spell on a man for a woman who seems obsessed with having his love, Gillian decides to fall in love and Sally casts a true love spell to protect herself.

tag: p

text: The sisters cast an oath to each other using blood from both of their hands and Gillian leaves for Los Angeles. Sally meets and marries Michael, a local apple salesman. Years later, the two open their botanical shop Verbena and have two young daughters, Kylie and Antonia. Michael is killed after being hit by a truck. Devastated, Sally and her daughters return to the Owens home to live with the aunts, and realize that the aunts cast a spell so she could fall in love hoping that it would circumvent the curse. Sally decides that she and her daughters will not perform magic. As Gillian begins a relationship with Jimmy Angelov in Orlando, she can feel Sally's emotional state, and feeling that Sally needs her she drugs Jimmy to return to Massachusetts.

text: Gillian returns to Sally after Jimmy becomes abusive, but the sisters are kidnapped. Sally puts belladonna into Jimmy's tequila, inadvertently killing him. The sisters resurrect him using the forbidden spell from their aunts' book of spells, but Jimmy attempts to kill Gillian after being revived. Sally kills him again, and the sisters bury his remains in their home's garden. Telltale signs begin occurring, indicating that the nieces did something wrong, yet they do not confess to their aunts when confronted. Frances and Jet take a leave of absence after giving Kylie and Antonia protection wards, and a message to pass on: "clean up your own mess!"

text: State investigator Gary Hallett arrives from Tucson, Arizona in search of Jimmy, who is also a serial killer. As Gary begins to suspect Sally, Gillian, Kylie and Antonia create a potion to banish Gary; however, the girls realize he is the one described in Sally's true love spell, and remove the potion. Later, Sally has Gary record her testimony and sees the letter she had once written Gillian, and realizes he must have read it more times than he had let on. Unable to deny their feelings for each other, they kiss and Sally realizes that he was there because of the spell she cast years earlier.

text: Sally discovers that Jimmy's spirit has possessed Gillian's body and Gary sees Jimmy's spirit emerge. Jimmy attempts to possess Gary, only to be hurt by his silver star-shaped badge and is temporarily exiled. Later, Sally tells Gary that he is there because of her spell and the feelings they have for each other are not real. Gary replies that curses are only true if one believes in them and reveals that he also wished for her, before returning to Tucson.

text: Jimmy possesses Gillian again and attempts to kill Sally before Frances and Jet return. Sally, realizing she must embrace magic to save her sister, asks the aid of the townswomen and they form a coven to exorcise Jimmy's spirit. Sally makes them stop when she sees that the effort might kill Gillian. Getting inside the circle, Sally and the townswomen reenact her oath with Gillian. They are able to break the Owens curse, exorcising Jimmy's spirit and allowing the coven to exile him permanently. After leaving for Tucson, Gary clears the sisters of any suspicion of wrongdoing in Jimmy's case and decides to return to Massachusetts to be with Sally. The Owens women celebrate Halloween dressed up in witch costumes, and are embraced and welcomed by the townsfolk.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Sandra Bullock as Sally Owens, a witch who becomes widowed after the Owens’ curse kills her husband.

Camilla Belle as young Sally

Nicole Kidman as Gillian Owens, younger sister of one year of Sally, who grows bored with small town life and becomes the victim of an abusive relationship.

Lora Anne Criswell as young Gillian

Goran Visnjic as James 'Jimmy' Angelov, boyfriend of Gillian, who becomes abusive and kidnaps the sisters, and is ultimately killed by them, twice.
Stockard Channing as Aunt Frances Owens, aunt of Sally and Gillian, who tends to be more outgoing and fun-loving. She also loves to meddle in people's love lives.
Dianne Wiest as Aunt Bridget 'Jet' Owens, aunt of Sally and Gillian, who tends to be more tenderhearted and quiet.
Aidan Quinn as Investigator Gary Hallet, a lawman from Tucson, Arizona, who investigates Sally and Gillian in the murder of Jimmy Angelov and falls in love with Sally.
Caprice Benedetti as Maria Owens, matriarch of the Owens clan.
Evan Rachel Wood as Kylie Owens, daughter of Sally Owens, who lives with her mom and aunts after the death of her father, Michael. She looks and acts a lot like her Aunt Gillian.
Alexandra Artrip as Antonia Owens, daughter of Sally Owens, who lives with her mom and aunts after the death of her father, Michael. She looks a lot like her mother.
Mark Feuerstein as Michael, husband of Sally Owens, and father of Kylie and Antonia Owens. He is a victim of the "Owens' Curse", which resulted in his death.
Peter Shaw as Jack, Sally and Gillian's father, who died from the Owens' curse when they were children.
Caralyn Kozlowski as Regina, Sally and Gillian's mother, who died of a broken heart after losing her husband to the Owens' curse.
Chloe Webb as Carla, a friend of Sally's, and works at her shop.
Lucinda Jenney as Sara, one of the town women, who initially fears the Owens but later responds to Sally's call for help.
Margo Martindale as Linda Bennett, one of town women who responds to Sally's call for help.
Martha Gehman as Patty, one of town women who responds to Sally's call for help.

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Practical Magic was partially filmed on an artificial set in California. The film's producers said the house was a big part of the depiction of the Owens' culture, so they knew they had to build a house to accurately depict this. They built it in Coupeville, Washington.[2] They brought much of the set from California and placed it inside the house, but it still took almost a year to perfect the image of the house and the interior.[3] The house used is owned by the Sundstrom Family and is located on San Juan Valley Road, San Juan Island. They built a replica of the outside of the house on the west side of San Juan Island so that it looked like the house was on the waterfront, but in actuality it is in the valley. They built the house in San Juan County Park but since the house was built only for this filming, it was torn down after the movie was released. Many of the small town scenes were filmed in downtown Coupeville, Washington, located on Whidbey Island.

text: According to Sandra Bullock in the DVD commentary, in the scene where the Owens women are drunk and slinging insults, the actresses actually got drunk on very bad tequila brought by Kidman. The cast also thinks that the supernatural elements of the house started to affect them; the cast and crew say that they have heard ghost noises while filming the coven scene at the end of the film. For the final scene with all of the townspeople at the Owens' home, the entire population of the town where filming took place was invited to show up in costume and appear as townsfolk.

text: Music[edit]

text:
Practical Magic

Photo by Suzanne Tenner

Soundtrack album by Various artists

Released
October 6, 1998 (original pressing)

Recorded
August 15–16, 1998,
Abbey Road Studios (Michael Nyman tracks)

Genre
Soundtrack, pop, minimalism, orchestral

Length
56:58 (Nyman pressing); 51:46 (Silvestri pressing)

Language
English

Label
Reprise/WEA

Producer
Danny Bramson, Sandra Bullock

Michael Nyman chronology

Strong on Oaks, Strong on the Causes of Oaks
(1998)
Practical Magic
(1998)
Ravenous
(1999)

Alan Silvestri chronology

The Parent Trap
(1998) The Parent Trap1998
Practical Magic
(1998) Practical Magic1998
Stuart Little
(1999) Stuart Little1999

tag: table

text: Composer Michael Nyman's score to the movie was abruptly replaced with music by Alan Silvestri for the theatrical release. This last-minute change resulted in the release of two soundtracks, although as primarily a compilation album, only the two tracks of newly created material were changed. A 50-track demo (the last two tracks being "Convening the Coven" and "Maria Owens") of Nyman's score has been circulating among fans as a bootleg. The complete Nyman score runs 62:30 and contains music that would later appear, in altered form, in Ravenous and The Actors, as well as a bit of his stepwise chord progression theme from Out of the Ruins/String Quartet No. 3/Carrington/The End of the Affair/The Claim. "Convening the Coven", though not "Maria Owens", was subsequently reissued on The Very Best of Michael Nyman: Film Music 1980–2001, and music that uses material related to this piece has not been used elsewhere.

text: Singer Stevie Nicks headlined the soundtrack's published advertisements, promoting her songs "If You Ever Did Believe" and a new recording of her song "Crystal", both songs featuring Sheryl Crow on back-up vocals.

text:
"If You Ever Did Believe" – Stevie Nicks
"This Kiss" – Faith Hill
"Got to Give It Up (Pt.1)" – Marvin Gaye
"Is This Real?" – Lisa Hall
"Black Eyed Dog" – Nick Drake
"A Case of You" – Joni Mitchell
"Nowhere and Everywhere" – Michelle Lewis
"Always on My Mind" – Elvis Presley
"Everywhere" – Bran Van 3000
"Coconut" – Harry Nilsson
"Crystal" – Stevie Nicks
"Practical Magic" – Alan Silvestri / "Convening the Coven" – The Michael Nyman Orchestra
"Amas Veritas" – Alan Silvestri / "Maria Owens" – The Michael Nyman Orchestra

tag: ol

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Practical Magic opened at #1 with $13.1 million in ticket sales. The film went on to gross $68.1 million worldwide, less than its $75 million production budget.[1]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Practical Magic received negative reviews from film critics. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a 20% approval rating, based on 55 reviews, with an average rating of 4.4/10 and the site's consensus states: "Comedy, romance and horror mix with unsatisfying results."[4] Another review aggregator, Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 1–100 reviews from film critics, calculated an average rating score of 46 based on 22 reviews.[5]

text: Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave Practical Magic a negative review, calling it "a witch comedy so slapdash, plodding, and muddled it seems to have had a hex put on it."[6] Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times said that the film "doesn't seem sure what tone to adopt, veering uncertainly from horror to laughs to romance."[7]

text: Accolades [edit]

text:
Year
Nominated work
Award
Result

1999
Funniest Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture
Dianne Wiest
American Comedy Award
Nominated

1999
Favorite Supporting Actress – Comedy/Romance
Stockard Channing
Blockbuster Entertainment Award
Won

1999
Favorite Actor – Comedy/Romance
Aidan Quinn
Blockbuster Entertainment Award
Nominated

1999
Favorite Song from a Movie
Faith Hill
For the song "This Kiss".
Blockbuster Entertainment Award
Nominated

1999
Favorite Supporting Actress – Comedy/Romance
Dianne Wiest
Blockbuster Entertainment Award
Nominated

1999
Best Performance in a Feature Film – Supporting Young Actress
Camilla Belle
Young Artist Award
Nominated

1999
Best Performance in a Feature Film – Supporting Young Actress
Evan Rachel Wood
Young Artist Award
Nominated

text: Efforts for television series[edit]

text: In 2004, Warner Bros. and CBS produced Sudbury, a television pilot written by Becky Hartman Edwards, starring Kim Delaney in the role played by Bullock in the film, and Jeri Ryan in the role played by Kidman. The series, named for the Sudbury, Massachusetts location of the novel and film, was not picked up.

text: In 2010, Warner Bros. and ABC Family attempted to develop a reboot television series.[8]


document_title: Jesus of Nazareth (miniseries)

question_text: who played john the baptist in jesus of nazareth

text: Jesus of Nazareth (miniseries)

text: Plot summary[edit]

text: The storyline of Jesus of Nazareth is a kind of cinematic Diatessaron, or "Gospel harmony", blending the narratives of all four New Testament accounts. It takes a fairly naturalistic approach, de-emphasising special effects when miracles are depicted and presenting Jesus as more or less evenly divine and human. The familiar Christian episodes are presented chronologically: the betrothal, and later marriage, of Mary and Joseph; the Annunciation; the Visitation; the circumcision of John the Baptist; the Nativity of Jesus; the visit of the Magi; the circumcision of Jesus; the Census of Quirinius; the flight into Egypt and Massacre of the Innocents; the Finding in the Temple; the Baptism of Jesus.

text:
Jesus tells his followers that the law of Moses is not a "dead stone," but subject to change. Other episodes in the movie include the woman caught in adultery; Jesus helping Peter catch the fish; the Parable of the Prodigal Son (Luke 15: 11-32); a dialogue between Jesus and Barabbas (non-biblical); Matthew's dinner party; the Sermon on the Mount; debating with Joseph of Arimathea; the curing of the blind man at the pool; the Raising of Lazarus (John 11:43); the Feeding of the Five Thousand; the Entry into Jerusalem; Jesus and the money changers; Parable of the Two Sons; healing the centurion's servant; dialogue with Nicodemus; the Last Supper; the
betrayal of Jesus by Judas.

text: At the Sanhedrin trial of Jesus, Jesus is accused of blasphemy for calling himself the son of the God of Israel. Caiaphas announces "the LORD our God, the LORD is one" denying the God of Israel has a Son. The ensuing scenes include Peter denying Christ and repenting of it; the judgment of Jesus by Pilate ("Ecce Homo"); the Johannine Passion Narrative (John 18-19; including the Agony in the Garden); the Carrying of the Cross; the Crucifixion of Christ (Laurence Olivier's Nicodemus recites the "Suffering Servant" passage [Isaiah 53:3-5] as he looks helplessly on the crucified Messiah); the discovery of the empty tomb; and an appearance of the Risen Christ to his Disciples. The film’s storyline concludes with the non-Biblical character Zerah and his colleagues gazing despairingly into the empty tomb. Zerah laments "Now it begins. It all begins".

text: Cast[edit]

text: Starring

text: Robert Powell as Jesus

text: Guest Stars

text:
Anne Bancroft as Mary Magdalene
Ernest Borgnine as the Roman Centurion
Claudia Cardinale as the Adulteress
Valentina Cortese as Herodias
James Farentino as Peter
James Earl Jones as Balthazar
Stacy Keach as Barabbas
Tony Lo Bianco as Quintillius
James Mason as Joseph of Arimathea
Ian McShane as Judas Iscariot
Laurence Olivier as Nicodemus
Donald Pleasence as Melchior
Christopher Plummer as Herod Antipas
Anthony Quinn as Caiaphas
Fernando Rey as Gaspar
Ralph Richardson as Simeon
Rod Steiger as Pontius Pilate
Peter Ustinov as Herod the Great
Michael York as John the Baptist

text: And

text: Olivia Hussey as Mary, mother of Jesus

text: Also Starring

text:
Cyril Cusack as Yehuda
Ian Holm as Zerah
Yorgo Voyagis as Joseph

text: With

text:
Ian Bannen as Amos
Marina Berti as Elizabeth
Regina Bianchi as Anne, mother of Mary
Maria Carta as Martha
Lee Montague as Habbukuk
Renato Rascel as The Blind Man
Oliver Tobias as Joel

text: Co-Starring

text:
Norman Bowler as Saturninus
Robert Beatty as Proculus
John Phillips as Naso
Ken Jones as Jotham
Nancy Nevinson as Abigail
Renato Terra as Abel
Roy Holder as Enoch
Jonathan Adams as Adam
Lorenzo Monet as Jesus aged 12 years
Robert Davey as Daniel
Oliver Smith as Saul
George Camiller as Hosias
Murray Salem as Simon the Zealot
Tony Vogel as Andrew
Michael Cronin as Eliphaz
Steve Gardner as Philip
Derek Godfrey as Elihu
Renato Montalbano as Jairus
John Duttine as John
Michael Haughey as Nahum
Keith Skinner as Possessed Boy
Cyril Shaps as Possessed Boy's Father
Jonathan Muller as James, son of Zebedee
John Tordoff as Malachi
Isabel Mestres as Salome
Bruce Lidington as Thomas
Keith Washington as Matthew
Mimmo Crao as Jude Thaddeus
John Eastham as Bartholomew
Sergio Nicolai as James, son of Alphaeus
Francis de Wolff as Simon the Pharisee
Antonello Campodifiori as Ircanus
Paul Curran as Samuel
Tim Pearce as Rufus
Mark Eden as Quartus
Bruno Barnabe as Ezra
Simon MacCorkindale as Lucius
Forbes Collins as Jonas
Lionel Guyett as Haggai
Martin Benson as Pharisee
Peter Harlowe as Valerius
Carl Forgione as Plotinus
Donald Sumpter as Aram
Pino Colizzi as Jobab
Robert Brown as Pharisee
Harold Bennett as Elder
Robert Mallard as Quazra
Abdelmajid Lakhal as the Farisaeum

text: As of February, 2018, Robert Powell, Olivia Hussey, Yorgo Voyagis, Tony Lo Bianco, John Duttine, Ian McShane, Christopher Plummer, James Earl Jones, Michael York, Stacy Keach, Ian Holm, Claudia Cardinale and Valentina Cortese are the only surviving main cast members.

text: Production[edit]

text: The miniseries was conceived when Lew Grade was received by Pope Paul VI, who congratulated him on the making of Moses the Lawgiver (1974), a television film starring Burt Lancaster and which was produced by Grade's ITC Entertainment and the Italian television network RAI. At the end of the interview, the Pope told him he hoped his next project would be about the life of Jesus. Two weeks later, while dining with an RAI executive, Grade told him he intended their companies to prepare such a film.[1] The role of director was offered to Franco Zeffirelli - a religious Roman Catholic who knew the Pontiff from his days as the Archbishop of Milan, when he often visited Zeffirelli's school - on the Pope's initiative, who insisted that either he would make Jesus of Nazareth or no one else.[2] The director rejected the proposal at first, but Grade finally convinced him to agree;[3] he accepted the job shortly before Christmas 1973.[4]

text: Scriptwriter Anthony Burgess later recounted the launching of the project in an essay entitled "Telejesus (or Mediachrist)":

text: The notion of making a six-hour television film on the life of Jesus Christ was proposed by an enobled British Jew, with the golden blessing of an American automobile corporation. The project struck some as blasphemous, others as ecumenical. Lord Grade, who was then Sir Lew Grade, presided over a massive press conference in the Holy City, (Rome), and said all that was available to be said — namely, that there would be this film, that Zeffirelli would direct it, and that Burgess would write it. Fired by this announcement, the Romans laid on a great, as it were, First Supper, which the Chief Rabbi of Rome attended, as well as various cricket-playing British ecclesiastics. Sir Lew Grade was made a Cavaliere of the Republic. The Pope was noticeably absent.[5]

text: Both Grade and Zeffirelli insisted their adaptation of Jesus' life should be 'ecumenical', coherent, even to non-believers, and 'acceptable to all denominations'.[6] To ensure the film's accuracy, the producers consulted experts from the Vatican, the Leo Baeck Rabbinical College of London, and the Koranic School at Meknes, Morocco.[7] However, when Zeffirelli asked Rabbi Albert Friedlander to help him create Jesus' Bar Mitzvah scene, the latter replied that such ceremonies were practiced only from the 15th century. The director, however, insisted on including it, and Friedlander tried to teach child actor Lorenzo Monet to read a short portion of the Pentateuch in Hebrew. Monet, however, mumbled it and the director was not satisfied (in the film, boy Jesus reads mostly in English).[8]

text: Principal photography was carried out in Morocco and Tunisia from September 1975 to May 1976. The synagogue scenes were shot with extras from the Jewish community in the island of Djerba.[4] The city of Monastir served as 1st Century Jerusalem.[9] Ernest Borgnine, who portrayed Cornelius the Centurion, recalled that since regulations required hiring local extras—most with poor English—for many of the smaller roles, they had to be dubbed. Zeffirelli decided to avoid recording sound altogether in many parts, and simply send the principal actors to dub their own characters in the studio later.[10] The standing sets of the film were later used by the British comedy troupe Monty Python for their religious satire Life of Brian (1979).[11]

text: There are various reports regarding the size of the miniseries' budget: Presbyterian Survey stated it was $12 million,[12] The Listener cited the figure of £9 million[13] (roughly $16 million),[14] while Third Way stated it cost £11.5 million[15] (roughly $20 million). Other sources give the sum of $18 million.[4][16] In his autobiography, Lew Grade wrote that "in the final accounting, Jesus of Nazareth took $45 million."[17][18]

text: Powell's portrayal of Jesus[edit]

text: The producers at first considered choosing a well-known star, who would draw a large audience, for the role of Christ. The first actor thought of was Dustin Hoffman, and Al Pacino was also a candidate. However, the filmmakers feared that their looks would not match the popular perception of Jesus held by the American public. Eventually, the character's North European appearance in the series was influenced by Warner Sallman's famous Head of Christ: Paul Harvey and Edward J. Blum wrote the show 'put Sallman's imagination in motion'.[19] The Virgin Mary, too, was depicted "without regard to historical or ethnographic accuracy" by the "definitely Caucasian Olivia Hussey."[20]

text: The idea to cast Robert Powell originated with Lew Grade's wife, Kathie Moody, who told her husband the actor had 'wonderful blue eyes' after watching him perform in a BBC television adaptation of Jude the Obscure. Powell came under severe criticism from religious groups for 'living in sin' with his companion, dancer Barbara Lord of Pan's People, while intending to portray Jesus. The couple married shortly before production began.[1]

text: Powell rarely blinks throughout the entire film, mimicking, in this respect, H.B. Warner in 1927's The King of Kings and Max von Sydow in 1965's The Greatest Story Ever Told. This effect was a deliberate decision by Franco Zeffirelli. James Houlden commented that the result was 'a penetrating, unrelenting eye contact with Jesus'.[21] A dark blue eyeliner was applied on set to accentuate Powell's blue eyes.[19] Powell's portrayal has since become an often-used image in popular devotional art, and 'defined the visual image of Christ in the minds of the audience... Perhaps more than any other Jesus film.'[21]

text: For the crucifixion scene, Powell starved himself on a diet of only cheese for 12 days prior to shooting "in order to look worn".[1]

text: Subsequent broadcasts and versions[edit]

text: NBC rebroadcast the series in 1981 and four more times through 1990. It was originally released as a three-tape VHS edition in the early 1980s under the Magnetic Video label. It was released later under the mainstream video label of CBS/FOX in 1986. Another three-tape VHS edition was released by LIVE Home Video in 1992 and again on 22 February 1995. Artisan Entertainment released the DVD version on two discs on 6 December 1999. In the UK, the original 1986 Polygram VHS (four tapes) was fully uncut and featured the full 386-minute version. The 2000 Carlton video (two tapes) featured a heavily abridged print running for 270 minutes. Although the Granada DVD is credited as the unedited print, it runs for 374 minutes and misses out two scenes - a private meeting between Judas Iscariot and Zerah, and the opening betrayal sequence during the Last Supper. This is the version that is broadcast most often.

text: The mini-series is broadcast every Easter and Christmas in many countries, including Greece on ANT1, and in the United States on History Channel and TBN.

text: The Region 1 DVD is the original 1977 broadcast. The Region 2 Carlton DVD released in the UK is substantially cut and runs to 270 minutes. The Dutch DVD release (also Carlton Region 2) has a running time of 365 minutes (the 399-minute running time stated on the cover is a misprint).

text: For Easter 2016, and again in 2018, the UK's Sky Arts channel showed one part a day over the four days of Easter. The version they used was the extended four-part edition, totalling eight hours with advertising.

text: The mini-series ran on NBC as "The Big Event" in two three-hour instalments with limited commercials on Palm Sunday and Easter Sunday. Additional footage was added for a 1979 re-run and broadcast in four two-hour instalments. In the 1980s and 1990, the film was re-broadcast on NBC in three instalments of two- and three-hour episodes, released on VHS and DVD as one complete presentation with one set of credits.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Jesus of Nazareth premiered on the Italian channel RAI 1 on 27 March 1977. It was broadcast in five episodes, one shown every week until 25 April.[22] On Palm Sunday, 3 April 1977 – the date of the airing of the second episode – the Pope endorsed the programme in his public address for the holiday and recommended the faithful to view it.[4] The series enjoyed high ratings: the German Dominican friar and film critic Ambros Eichenberger reported that according to local surveys, 84% of the television owners in the larger cities watched the series.[23] For example, the number of viewers for the third episode, aired on 10 April, was estimated to have been 28.3 million.[24]

text: In the United Kingdom and in the United States, it was broadcast in two parts, albeit in different lengths, by the ITV network in the UK and by NBC in the US. In both countries, the first part was aired on 3 April and the second on Easter, 10 April 1977.[25][26][27] During its original showing in the UK, Jesus of Nazareth had an estimated audience of 21 million viewers.[28]

text: When the first episode was broadcast in the US, it was a major success. The New York Times reported it "swamped all competing programs on Sunday night", with overnight Nielsen ratings of 53% in Los Angeles and 46% in New York City.[29] The miniseries as a whole received a Nielsen rating of 30.8 points,[30] with each point representing approximately 712,000 television-owning homes,[31] and an audience share of 50% nationwide,[27] on both nights.[32] The company calculated that Jesus attracted about 90 million viewers.[16][27][28][33]

text: In West Germany, it was broadcast by ZDF in four episodes on the 19th, 21st, 23rd and 24 March 1978;[34] 40% of the audience have viewed it.[23]

text: Jesus of Nazareth turned into a massive commercial success and one of the most widely marketed and best-known productions about Christ's life.[4][16][21] Lew Grade stated that it made "a net profit of $30 million."[17] Robert Powell's performance as Jesus in particular was widely praised by critics.[35][36][37][38][39]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: Jesus of Nazareth received an Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Special Drama. Additionally, James Farentino, who portrayed the apostle Peter, received a nomination for Outstanding Performance by a Supporting Actor in a Drama Special.[40]

text: The miniseries was nominated for six British Academy Television Awards: Best Actor, Best Cameraman, Best Single Television Play, Best Editor, Best Costume Design and Best Sound. It won none.[41]

text: Jesus of Nazareth won awards for Best Cinematography to Armando Nannuzzi, Best Costume Design to Lucia Mirisola and Best Production Design, to Mirisola again, from the Italian National Syndicate of Film Journalists.[42]

text: Criticism[edit]

text: Before its initial broadcast, Jesus of Nazareth came under ideological fire from some American Protestant fundamentalists, led by Bob Jones III, president of Bob Jones University in South Carolina, and Dr. Bill Bright, because they felt the TV movie had to have the resurrection of Jesus Christ to be true to the Gospel account. Zeffirelli had told an interviewer from Modern Screen that the film would portray Jesus as "an ordinary man – gentle, fragile, simple". Jones interpreted this as meaning that the portrayal would deny Christ's divine nature. Having never seen the film, Jones denounced it as "blasphemy." Others picked up the cry and 18,000 letters were sent to General Motors, which had provided $3 million of the film's cost. Sacrificing its investment, GM backed out of its sponsorship.[7] Procter and Gamble eventually took it over, buying the U.S. rights for a relatively low price of some $1 million. Their financial support allowed the mini-series to be screened after a simulated resurrection was added at the suggestion of Dr. Ted Baehr, a theologian and media pundit, who was friends with the producer, Vincenzo Labella, and acquainted with the protesters. The scenes showed the empty tomb, with flashbacks to Jesus discussing his death and resurrection.[43]

text: Narrative deviations from the Gospels[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Although the film has been received as generally faithful to the Gospel sources, and more comprehensive than previous film versions, Zeffirelli and his screenwriters found it necessary to take some liberties with the scriptures for purposes of brevity and narrative continuity. Some of these deviations have a basis in time-honoured, extra-Biblical traditions (e.g., that the infant Jesus was visited by three "kings"; the Bible calls them "magi" or "astrologers", yet does not state how many there were). Other deviations were invented for the script:

text:
Perhaps the greatest liberties taken in the screenplay are interpretations of the motivation of Judas Iscariot in betraying Jesus to the authorities prior to his arrest and execution. In contrast to the Gospels – which vilify Judas as a thief who stole from the Disciples’ money purse (John 12:6) and betrayed his Master simply for money (Luke 22:5) – the film portrays Judas as a much-misunderstood political person who, in several scenes, conspires with the Zealots for the sake of Jewish liberation in a way that could be interpreted as honourable, albeit misguided.
The film introduces a number of fictional characters. Of these, Ian Holm's Zerah has the most screen time. (Zerah is used primarily to supply Judas Iscariot with a motive for his treachery: he persuades him that an appearance before the Sanhedrin will offer Jesus an opportunity to prove himself.) Other invented characters include Quintillius, Yehuda and Amos.
In the Bible, the only mention of Jesus in childhood is his trip to the temple in Jerusalem as a 12-year-old. In the film, the boy Jesus is also portrayed at his bar mitzvah, which is interrupted by a raid of Roman soldiers plundering supplies. The boy Jesus is also portrayed as climbing a ladder and looking out over the landscape of Judea after Joseph makes the analogy of a ladder reaching to heaven.
The prostitute and the woman who anoints Jesus' feet with ointment and her hair are combined into one person. The Bible indicates that Mary Magdalene (who is never actually said to be a prostitute) is the woman from whom seven demons were cast out, while the ointment-bearing woman is Mary of Bethany, a sister of Lazarus (John 11:2).
In the film, Nicodemus visits Jesus in the late afternoon, not at night as in John 3:3.
The Apostle Andrew introduces Simon to Jesus as "My brother, Simon Peter." But "Peter" is the name that Jesus later gave to Simon (John 1:42, Matthew 16:18) after he was well acquainted with him, not his original given name. Later in the mini-series, Jesus does give Simon the name of "Peter".
The Apostle Thomas, prior to his calling, is depicted as a servant of Jairus, the synagogue leader whose 12-year-old daughter Jesus raises from the dead. Nowhere in the three gospel accounts of this resurrection is Thomas described as Jairus's servant. This was done in the movie to conveniently introduce Thomas as the doubter when Jesus said Jairus' dead daughter is "only sleeping."
Barabbas is portrayed in the film as a Zealot (political extremist and agitator). The meeting and dialogue between Jesus and Barabbas are made up.
The Parable of the Prodigal Son (Luke 15:11-32) is used as a plot device which simultaneously redeems the disciple Matthew and reconciles him to his bitter enemy, Simon Peter. Although not in the Bible, this has been praised as one of the film’s particularly felicitous innovations. (The Gospels do not record either a conflict or a particular friendship between Matthew and Simon Peter.)
In the film, Pontius Pilate, having convicted Jesus of treason, sentences Him to be crucified. The Gospels record that Pilate acquitted Jesus, but sentenced Him under pressure from the crowd.
The film does not depict Pilate remanding Jesus' case to Herod Antipas and Antipas sending Jesus back to Pilate (Luke 23:6-12).
The Gospels and the film both relate an account of a Roman centurion who petitions Jesus to heal his sick servant. The film, but not the Gospels, presents the same officer (portrayed by Ernest Borgnine) as one of the soldiers standing at the foot of the Cross, where he sympathetically allows Mary to approach her son.
In the Bible Judas is paid 30 pieces of silver for betraying Jesus. Full of remorse, he later gives the silver back to the priests (Matthew 27:3-5). In the film, Judas is given silver coins as an afterthought by Zerah; he does not return them and they are shown lying on the ground under the tree from which he hangs himself.
The film depicts a scene that shows Joseph dying. The Gospels never mention anything about Joseph after the story of Jesus, as a boy, in the Temple.
The healing of the blind beggar scene, where Jesus spat on dirt and rubbed the mud in the blind man's eyes, was set in the Temple; the whole of John 9 places this episode after Jesus had left the Temple, and was "walking along."

text: Quasi-sequel[edit]

text: The success of this miniseries led, in 1985, to a kind of sequel, A.D., which wove a fictional story set in first-century Rome into Biblical and extra-Biblical material based on the Acts of the Apostles.  Although many of the same crew members worked on both series, the only key cast members to return were Tony Vogel, Ian McShane and James Mason, all playing different roles.


document_title: Philippines Campaign (1941–42)

question_text: in december of 1941 who commanded the allied forces in the philippines

question_tokens: in december of 1941 who commanded the allied forces in the philippines

text: Philippines Campaign (1941–42)

text: Background[edit]

text: Japanese plans[edit]

text: Objectives[edit]

text: The Japanese planned to occupy the Philippines as part of their plan for a "Greater East Asia War" in which their Southern Expeditionary Army Group seized sources of raw materials in Malaya and the Netherlands East Indies while the Combined Fleet neutralized the United States Pacific Fleet.

text: The Southern Expeditionary Army was created on 6 November 1941, commanded by Gen. Count Hisaichi Terauchi, who had previously been Minister of War. It was ordered to prepare for war in the event that negotiations with the United States did not succeed in peacefully meeting Japanese objectives. Under Terauchi's command were four corps-equivalent armies, comprising ten divisions and three combined arms brigades, including the 14th Army. Operations against the Philippines and Malaya were to be conducted simultaneously when Imperial General Headquarters ordered.

text: The invasion of the Philippines had three objectives:

text:
To prevent the use of the Philippines as an advance base of operations by American forces
To acquire staging areas and supply bases to enhance operations against the Netherlands East Indies
To secure the lines of communication between occupied areas in the south and the Japanese Home Islands.

text: Invasion forces[edit]

text: Terauchi assigned the Philippines invasion to the 14th Army, under the command of Lt. Gen. Masaharu Homma.[11]:14,20 Air support of ground operations would be provided by the 5th Air Group, under Lt. Gen. Hideyoshi Obata,[11]:21 which was transferred to Formosa from Manchuria. The amphibious invasion would be conducted by the Philippines Force under Vice Admiral Ibō Takahashi, using the Imperial Japanese Navy Third Fleet,[11]:21 supported by the land-based aircraft of 11th Air Fleet of Vice Admiral Nishizo Tsukahara.

text: The 14th Army had two first-line infantry divisions, the 16th (Susumu Morioka) and 48th Divisions (Yuitsu Tsuchihashi), to invade and conquer Luzon, and the 65th Brigade as a garrison force.[11]:21 The Formosa-based 48th Division, although without combat experience, was considered one of the Japanese Army's best units, was specially trained in amphibious operations, and was given the assignment of the main landing in Lingayen Gulf. The 16th Division, assigned to land at Lamon Bay, was picked as one of the best divisions still available in Japan itself and staged from the Ryukyus and Palau. The 14th Army also had the 4th and 7th Tank Regiments,[11]:24 five field artillery battalions, five anti-aircraft artillery battalions, four antitank companies, and a mortar battalion. An unusually strong group of combat engineer and bridging units was included in the 14th Army's support forces.

text: For the invasion, the Third Fleet was augmented by two destroyer squadrons and a cruiser division of the Second Fleet, and the aircraft carrier Ryūjō from the 1st Air Fleet. The Philippines Force consisted of an aircraft carrier, five heavy cruisers, five light cruisers, 29 destroyers, two seaplane tenders, plus minesweepers and torpedo boats.[11]:22

text: Combined army and navy air strength allocated to support the landings was 541 aircraft. The 11th Kōkūkantai (Air Fleet) consisted of the 21st and 23rd Kōkūsentai (Air Flotillas), a combined strength of 156 G4M "Betty" and G3M "Nell" bombers, 107 A6M Zero fighters, plus seaplanes and reconnaissance planes.[11]:24 Most of these were based at Takao, and approximately a third were sent to Indochina in the last week of November to support operations in Malaya. The Ryujo provided an additional 16 fighters and 18 torpedo planes, and the surface ships had 68 seaplanes for search and observation, totaling 412 naval aircraft. The army's 5th Kikōshidan (Air Group) consisted of two fighter regiments, two light bomber regiments, and a heavy bomber regiment, totaling 192 aircraft: 76 Ki-21 "Sally", Ki-48 "Lily", and Ki-30 "Ann" bombers; 36 Ki-27 "Nate" fighters, and 19 Ki-15 "Babs" and Ki-36 "Ida" observation planes.[11]:24

text: Defenses[edit]

text: USAFFE[edit]

text: From mid-1941, following increased tension between Japan and several other powers, including the United States, Britain and the Netherlands, many countries in South East Asia and the Pacific began to prepare for the possibility of war. By December 1941, the combined defense forces in the Philippines were organized into the US Army Forces in the Far East (USAFFE), which eventually included the Philippine Army's 1st Regular Division, 2nd (Constabulary) Division, and 10 mobilized reserve divisions,[12] and the United States Army's Philippine Department. General Douglas MacArthur was recalled from retirement by the U.S. War Department and named commander of USAFFE on 26 July 1941.[13] MacArthur had retired in 1937 after two years as Military Advisor to the Philippine Commonwealth,[14] and accepted control of the Philippine Army, tasked by the government of the Philippines with reforming an army made up primarily of reservists lacking equipment, training and organization.

text: On 31 July 1941, the Philippine Department had 22,532 troops assigned, approximately half of whom were Filipino.[15] MacArthur recommended the reassignment of the department commander, Maj. Gen. George Grunert in October 1941 and took command himself.[16] The main component of the Department was the U.S. Army Philippine Division, a 10,500-man formation that consisted mostly of Philippine Scouts (PS) combat units.[17] The Philippine Department had been reinforced between August and November 1941 by 8,500 troops of the U.S. Army Air Forces, and by three Army National Guard units, including its only armor, two battalions of M3 light tanks.[3] These units, the 200th Coastal Artillery Regiment (an antiaircraft unit), 192nd Tank Battalion, and 194th Tank Battalion, drew troops from New Mexico, Wisconsin, Illinois, Ohio, Kentucky, Minnesota, Missouri, and California.[18][19][20] After reinforcement, the Department's strength as of 30 November 1941 was 31,095, including 11,988 Philippine Scouts.[21]

text: MacArthur organized USAFFE into four tactical commands.[22] The North Luzon Force, activated 3 December 1941 under Maj. Gen. Jonathan M. Wainwright, defended the most likely sites for amphibious attacks and the central plains of Luzon. Wainwright's forces included the PA 11th, 21st and 31st Infantry Divisions, the U.S. 26th Cavalry Regiment (PS), a battalion of the 45th Infantry (PS), and the 1st Provisional Artillery Group of two batteries of 155 mm guns and one 2.95 inch (75 mm) mountain gun. The Philippine 71st Infantry Division served as a reserve and could be committed only on the authority of MacArthur.[23]

text: The South Luzon Force, activated 13 December 1941 under Brig. Gen. George M. Parker Jr., controlled a zone east and south of Manila. Parker had the PA 41st and 51st Infantry Divisions and the 2nd Provisional Artillery Group of two batteries of the US 86th Field Artillery Regiment (PS).

text: The Visayan–Mindanao Force under Brig. Gen. William F. Sharp comprised the PA 61st, 81st, and 101st Infantry Divisions, reinforced after the start of the war by the newly inducted 73rd and 93rd Infantry Regiments. The 61st Division was located on Panay, the 81st on Cebu and Negros, and the 101st on Mindanao. In January a fourth division, the 102nd, was created on Mindanao from the field artillery regiments of the 61st and 81st Divisions acting as infantry (they had no artillery pieces), and the 103rd Infantry of the 101st Division. The 2nd Infantry of the Philippine Army's 1st Regular Division and the 2nd Battalion of the U.S. 43rd Infantry (Philippine Scouts) were also made a part of the Mindanao Force.

text: USAFFE's Reserve Force, under MacArthur's direct control, was composed of the Philippine Division, the 91st Division (PA), and headquarters units from the PA and Philippine Department, positioned just north of Manila. The 192nd and 194th Tank Battalions formed the separate Provisional Tank Group, also under MacArthur's direct command, at Clark Field/Fort Stotsenburg, where they were positioned as a mobile defense against any attempt by airborne units to seize the field.

text: Four U.S. coastal artillery regiments guarded the entrance to Manila Bay, including Corregidor Island. Across a narrow 3 kilometre (2 mi) strait of water from Bataan on Corregidor was Fort Mills, defended by batteries of the 59th and 60th Coast Artillery Regiments (the latter an anti-aircraft unit), and the 91st and 92nd Coast Artillery Regiments (Philippine Scouts) of the Harbor Defenses of Manila and Subic Bays. The 59th CA acted as a supervisory unit for the batteries of all units positioned on Forts Hughes, Drum, Frank, and Wint.[24]

text: The USAFFE's aviation arm was the Far East Air Force (FEAF) of the U.S. Army Air Forces, commanded by Maj. Gen. Lewis H. Brereton. Previously the Philippine Department Air Force and Air Force USAFFE, the air force was activated on 16 November 1941 and was the largest USAAF combat air organization outside the United States. Its primary combat power in December 1941 consisted of 91 serviceable P-40 Warhawk fighters and 34 B-17 Flying Fortress bombers, with further modern aircraft en route. Tactically the FEAF was part of the Reserve Force, so that it fell under MacArthur's direct command.

text: As of 30 November 1941, the strength of US Army Troops in the Philippines, including Philippine units, was 31,095, consisting of 2,504 officers and 28,591 enlisted (16,643 Americans and 11,957 Philippine Scouts).[25]

text: Mobilization[edit]

text: MacArthur's mobilization plans called for induction of the ten reserve divisions between 1 September and 15 December 1941. The timetable was met on 1 September with the induction of one regiment per division, but slowed as a lack of facilities and equipment hampered training. The second regiments of the divisions were not called up until 1 November, and the third regiments were not organized until after hostilities began. Training was also seriously inhibited by language difficulties between the American cadres and the Filipino troops, and by the many differing dialects (estimated at 70) of the numerous ethnic groups comprising the army. By the outbreak of war, only two-thirds of the army had been mobilized, but additions to the force continued with the induction of the Constabulary and a portion of the regular army, until a force of approximately 130,000 men was reached.

text: The most crucial equipment shortfalls were in rifles and divisional light artillery. MacArthur requested 84,500 M1 Garand rifles to replace the World War I M1917 Enfields equipping the PA, of which there were adequate numbers, but the War Department denied the request because of production difficulties. The divisions had only 20% of their artillery requirements, and while plans had been approved to significantly reduce this gap, the arrangements came too late to be implemented before war isolated the Philippines.[26]

text: By contrast, the Philippine Division was adequately manned, equipped, and trained. MacArthur received immediate approval to modernize it by reorganizing it as a mobile "triangular" division. Increasing the authorized size of the Philippine Scouts was not politically viable (because of resentments within the less-well-paid Philippine Army), so MacArthur's plan also provided for freeing up Philippine Scouts to round out other units. The transfer of the American 34th Infantry from the 8th Infantry Division in the United States to the Philippine Division, accompanied by two field artillery battalions to create a pair of complete regimental combat teams, was actually underway when war broke out. The deployment ended with the troops still in the United States, where they were sent to defend Hawaii instead.

text: Other defense forces[edit]

text: The United States Asiatic Fleet and 16th Naval District, based at Manila, provided the naval defenses for the Philippines. Commanded by Admiral Thomas C. Hart, the surface combatants of the Asiatic Fleet were the heavy cruiser USS Houston, the light cruiser USS Marblehead, and 13 World War I-era destroyers.[27] Its primary striking power lay in the 23 modern submarines assigned to the Asiatic Fleet. Submarine Squadron (SUBRON) Two consisted of 6 Salmon class submarines, and SUBRON Five of 11 Porpoise and Sargo class submarines. In September 1941, naval patrol forces in the Philippines were augmented by the arrival of the six PT boats of Motor Torpedo Boat Squadron Three. Likewise, the China Yangtze Patrol gunboats also became part of the Philippine naval defenses: USS Asheville (sunk south of Java 3 March 1942), USS Mindanao (lost 2 May 1942), USS Luzon (scuttled 6 May 1942 but salvaged by the Japanese), USS Oahu (sunk 5 May 1942), and USS Quail (scuttled 5 May 1942). In December 1941, the naval forces were augmented by the schooner USS Lanikai.

text: The U.S. 4th Marine Regiment, stationed in Shanghai, China, since the late 1920s, had anticipated a withdrawal from China during the summer of 1941. As personnel were routinely transferred back to the United States or separated from the service, the regimental commander, Col. Samuel L. Howard, arranged unofficially for all replacements to be placed in the 1st Special Defense Battalion, based at Cavite. When the 4th Marines arrived in the Philippines on 30 November 1941, it incorporated the Marines at Cavite and Olongapo Naval Stations into its understrength ranks.[28] An initial plan to divide the 4th into two regiments, mixing each with a battalion of Philippine Constabulary, was discarded after Howard showed reluctance, and the 4th was stationed on Corregidor to augment the defenses there, with details detached to Bataan to protect USAFFE headquarters.

text: Additionally the Coast and Geodetic Survey a paramilitary survey force operated in Manila with the ship USC&GSS Pathfinder (1899–1941).

text: Far East Air Force controversy[edit]

text: After news reached the Philippines that an attack on Pearl Harbor was in progress at around 03:00 am local time on 8 December 1941,[29] FEAF interceptors had already conducted an air search for incoming aircraft reported shortly after midnight, but these had been Japanese scout planes reporting weather conditions.[30][31]

text: At 05:00 am FEAF commander Gen. Brereton reported to USAFFE headquarters where he attempted to see MacArthur without success. He recommended to MacArthur's chief of staff, Brig. Gen. Richard Sutherland, that FEAF launch bombing missions against Formosa in accordance with Rainbow 5 war plan directives from which an attack was likely to come. Gen. Breteron was further made aware of an attack against the USS William B. Preston at Davao Bay.[32] Authorization was withheld, but shortly afterward, in response to a telegram from General George C. Marshall instructing MacArthur to implement Rainbow 5, Brereton was ordered to have a strike in readiness for later approval.[31][33]

text: Through a series of disputed discussions and decisions, authorization for the first raid was not approved until 10:15 am local time for an attack just before sunset, with a follow-up raid at dawn the next day. In the meantime, Japanese plans to attack Clark and Iba Fields using land-based naval bombers and Zero fighters were delayed six hours by fog at its Formosa bases, so that only a small scale Japanese Army mission attacked targets in the northern tip of Luzon. At 08:00 am, Brereton received a telephone call from Gen. Henry H. Arnold warning him not to allow his aircraft to be attacked while still on the ground. FEAF launched three squadron-sized fighter patrols and all of its serviceable bombers on Luzon between 08:00 and 08:30 am as a precautionary move.[34] After MacArthur gave Brereton the authorization he sought at 10:15 am, the bombers were ordered to land and prepare for the afternoon raid on Formosa. All three pursuit squadrons began to run short on fuel and broke off their patrols at the same time.

text: The 20th Pursuit Squadron's Curtiss P-40B interceptors patrolled the area while the bombers landed at Clark Field between 10:30 and 10:45, then dispersed to their revetments for servicing.[31] The 17th Pursuit Squadron, based at Nichols Field, also landed at Clark and had its aircraft refueled while its pilots ate lunch, then put its pilots on alert shortly after 11:00.[35] All but two of the Clark Field B-17s were on the ground.[36]

text: At 11:27 am and 11:29 am, the radar post at Iba Field detected two incoming raids while the closest was still 130 miles out. It alerted FEAF headquarters and the command post at Clark Field, a warning that reached only the pursuit group commander, Major Orrin L. Grover, who apparently became confused by multiple and conflicting reports.[31][33] The 3rd Pursuit Squadron took off from Iba at 11:45 with instructions to intercept the western force, which was thought to have Manila as its target, but dust problems during its takeoff resulted in the fragmentation of its flights. Two flights of the 21st Pursuit Squadron (PS) at Nichols Field, six P-40Es, took off at 11:45, led by 1st Lt. William Dyess. They started for Clark but were diverted to Manila Bay as a second line of defense if the 3rd PS failed to intercept its force. The 21st's third flight, taking off five minutes later, headed toward Clark, although engine problems with its brand-new P-40Es reduced its numbers by two. The 17th Pursuit Squadron took off at 12:15 pm from Clark, ordered to patrol Bataan and Manila Bay, while the 34th PS at Del Carmen never received its orders to protect Clark Field and did not launch.[37] The 20th PS, dispersed at Clark, was ready to take off but did not receive orders from group headquarters. Instead a line chief saw the incoming formation of Japanese bombers and the section commander, 1st Lt. Joseph H. Moore,[38] ordered the scramble himself.

text: Even though tracked by radar and with three U.S. pursuit squadrons in the air, when Japanese bombers of the 11th Kōkūkantai attacked Clark Field at 12:40 pm,[39] they achieved tactical surprise. Two squadrons of B-17s were dispersed on the ground. Most of the P-40s of the 20th PS were preparing to taxi and were struck by the first wave of 27 Japanese twin-engine Mitsubishi G3M "Nell" bombers; only four of the 20th PS P-40Bs managed to take off as the bombs were falling.

text: A second bomber attack (26 Mitsubishi G4M "Betty" bombers) followed closely, then escorting Zero fighters strafed the field for 30 minutes, destroying 12 of the 17 American heavy bombers present and seriously damaging three others. Two damaged B-17s were made flyable and taken to Mindanao, where one was destroyed in a ground collision.[40]

text: A near-simultaneous attack on the auxiliary field at Iba to the northwest by 54 "Betty" bombers was also successful: all but four of the 3rd Pursuit Squadron's P-40s, short on fuel and caught in their landing pattern, were destroyed in combat or from lack of fuel.[41] Twelve P-40s from the 20th (four), 21st (two), and 3rd (six) Squadrons attacked the strafers but with little success, losing at least four of their own.

text: The Far East Air Force lost fully half its planes in the 45-minute attack, and was all but destroyed over the next few days, including a number of the surviving B-17s lost to takeoff crashes of other planes.[31] The 24th Pursuit Group flew its last interception on 10 December, losing 11 of the 40 or so P-40s it sent up, and the surviving P-35s of the 34th PS were destroyed on the ground at Del Carmen.[42] That night FEAF combat strength had been reduced to 12 operable B-17s, 22 P-40s, and 8 P-35s.[43] Fighter strength fluctuated daily until 24 December, when USAFFE ordered all its forces into Bataan. Until then P-40s and P-35s were cobbled together from spare parts taken from wrecked airplanes, and still crated P-40Es were assembled at the Philippine Air Depot. Clark Field was abandoned as a bomber field on 11 December after being used as a staging base for a handful of B-17 missions.[44] Between 17 December and 20, the 14 surviving B-17s were withdrawn to Australia. Every other aircraft of the FEAF was destroyed or captured.[45]

text: No formal investigation took place regarding this failure as occurred in the aftermath of Pearl Harbor. After the war, Brereton and Sutherland in effect blamed each other for FEAF being surprised on the ground, and MacArthur released a statement claiming that he had no knowledge of any recommendation to attack Formosa with B-17s.[31] Walter D. Edmunds summarized the disaster as: "in the Philippines the personnel of our armed forces almost without exception failed to assess accurately the weight, speed, and efficiency of the Japanese Air Force." He quoted Maj. Gen. Emmitt O'Donnell, then a major in charge of the B-17s sent to Mindanao, as concluding that the first day was a "disorganized business" and that no one was "really at fault" because no one was "geared for war."[46]

text: Invasion[edit]

text: Initial landings[edit]

text: The 14th Army began its invasion with a landing on Batan Island (not to be confused with Bataan Peninsula), 120 miles (190 km) off the north coast of Luzon, on 8 December 1941, by selected naval infantry units. Landings on Camiguin Island and at Vigan, Aparri, and Gonzaga in northern Luzon followed two days later.

text: Two B-17s attacked the Japanese ships offloading at Gonzaga. Other B-17s with fighter escort attacked the landings at Vigan. In this last coordinated action of the Far East Air Force, U.S. planes damaged two Japanese transports, the cruiser Naka, and the destroyer Murasame, and sank one minesweeper.[47]

text: Early on the morning of 12 December, the Japanese landed 2,500 men of the 16th Division at Legazpi on southern Luzon, 150 miles (240 km) from the nearest American and Philippine forces. The attack on Mindanao followed on 19 December, using elements of the 16th Army temporarily attached to the invasion force to permit the 14th Army to use all its troops on Luzon.

text: Meanwhile, Admiral Thomas C. Hart withdrew most of his U.S. Asiatic Fleet from Philippine waters following Japanese air strikes that inflicted heavy damage on U.S. naval facilities at Cavite on 10 December. Only submarines were left to contest Japanese naval superiority, and the commanders of these, conditioned by pre-war doctrine that held the fleet submarine to be a scouting vessel more vulnerable to air and anti-submarine attack than it actually was, proved unequal to the task.

text: In a book – A Different Kind of Victory: A Biography of Admiral Thomas C. Hart (Naval Institute Press, 1981) written by James Leutze:

text: "He had 27 subs submerged in Manila Bay,...[48] it was Washington, not the Asiatic Fleet Commander that directed the fleet to withdraw from Manila.[49]... Hart was directed by Washington to send US Navy surface forces and submarines southeast toward Australia.[50]... Douglas MacArthur and Henry Stimson (United States Secretary of War) feuding with Admiral Hart over lack of US Navy submarine action. MacArthur asked Admiral Hart: "What in the world is the matter with your submarines?"[51]... MacArthur complained that Hart's inactivity allowed Japan's navy freedom of action.[52]... According to Stimson, MacArthur felt that Hart's ships and submarines were ineffectual, but because Admiral Hart had lost his courage. Admiral Hart's reaction to MacArthur's brickbats: "He (MacArthur) is inclined to cut my throat and perhaps the Navy in general."[53]"

text: Main attack[edit]

text: The main attack began early on the morning of 22 December as 43,110 men of the 48th Division and one regiment of the 16th Division, supported by artillery and approximately 90 tanks, landed at three points along the east coast of Lingayen Gulf. A few B-17s flying from Australia attacked the invasion fleet, and U.S. submarines harassed it from the adjacent waters, but with little effect.

text: General Wainwright's poorly trained and equipped 11th and 71st Divisions (PA) could neither repel the landings nor pin the enemy on the beaches. The remaining Japanese units of the divisions landed farther south along the gulf. The 26th Cavalry (PS), advancing to meet them, put up a strong fight at Rosario, but was forced to withdraw after taking heavy casualties and with no hope of sufficient reinforcements. By nightfall, 23 December, the Japanese had moved ten miles (16 km) into the interior.

text: The next day, 7,000 men of the 16th Division hit the beaches at three locations along the shore of Lamon Bay in southern Luzon, where they found General Parker's forces dispersed, and without artillery protecting the eastern coast, unable to offer serious resistance. They immediately consolidated their positions and began the drive north toward Manila where they would link up with the forces advancing south toward the capital for the final victory.

text: Withdrawal into Bataan[edit]

text: The U.S. Philippine Division moved into the field in reaction to reports of airborne drops near Clark Field, and when this proved false, were deployed to cover the withdrawal of troops into Bataan and to resist Japanese advances in the Subic Bay area.

text: On 24 December, MacArthur invoked the pre-war war plan WPO-3 (War Plan Orange 3), which called for use of five delaying positions in central Luzon while forces withdrew into Bataan. This was carried out in part by the 26th Cavalry Regiment.[54] He relieved General Parker of his command of South Luzon Force and had him begin preparing defensive positions on Bataan, using units as they arrived; both the military headquarters and the Philippines government were moved there. Nine days of feverish movement of supplies into Bataan, primarily by barge from Manila, began in an attempt to feed an anticipated force of 43,000 troops for six months. (Ultimately 80,000 troops and 26,000 refugees flooded Bataan.) Nevertheless, substantial forces remained in other areas for several months.

text: Units of both defense forces were maneuvered to hold open the escape routes into Bataan, in particular San Fernando, the steel bridges at Calumpit over the deep Pampanga River at the north end of Manila Bay, and Plaridel north of Manila. The South Luzon Force, despite its inexperience and equivocating orders to withdraw and hold, successfully executed "leapfrogging" retrograde techniques and crossed the bridges by 1 January. Japanese air commanders rejected appeals by the 48th Division to bomb the bridges to trap the retreating forces,[55] which were subsequently demolished by Philippine Scout engineers on 1 January.

text: The Japanese realized the full extent of MacArthur's plan on 30 December and ordered the 48th Division to press forward and seal off Bataan. In a series of actions between 2 and 4 January, the 11th and 21st Divisions of the Philippine Army, the 26th Cavalry (PS) and the American M3 Stuart tanks of the Provisional Tank Group held open the road from San Fernando to Dinalupihan at the neck of the peninsula for the retreating forces of the South Luzon Force, then made good their own escape. Despite 50% losses in the 194th Tank Battalion during the retreat, the Stuarts and a supporting battery of 75mm SPM halftracks repeatedly stopped Japanese thrusts and were the final units to enter Bataan.

text: On 30 December, the American 31st Infantry moved to the vicinity of Zigzag Pass to cover the flanks of troops withdrawing from central and southern Luzon, while other units of the Philippine Division organized positions at Bataan. The 31st Infantry then moved to a defensive position on the west side of the Olongapo-Manila road, near Layac Junction—at the neck of Bataan Peninsula—on 5 January 1942. The junction was given up on 6 January, but the withdrawal to Bataan was successful.

text: Battle of Bataan[edit]

text: From 7 to 14 January 1942, the Japanese concentrated on reconnaissance and preparations for an attack on the Main Battle Line from Abucay to Mount Natib to Mauban. At the same time, in a critical mistake, they also relieved the 48th Division, responsible for much of the success of Japanese operations, with the much less-capable 65th Brigade, intended as a garrison force. The Japanese 5th Air group was withdrawn from operations on 5 January in preparation for movement with the 48th Division to the Netherlands East Indies.[56] U.S. and Filipino forces repelled night attacks near Abucay, and elements of the U.S. Philippine Division counterattacked on 16 January. This failed, and the division withdrew to the Reserve Battle Line from Casa Pilar to Bagac in the center of the peninsula on 26 January.

text: The 14th Army renewed its attacks on 23 January with an attempted amphibious landing behind the lines by a battalion of the 16th Division, then with general attacks beginning 27 January along the battle line. The amphibious landing was disrupted by a PT boat and contained in brutally dense jungle by ad hoc units made up of U.S. Army Air Corps troops, naval personnel, and Philippine Constabulary. The pocket was then slowly forced back to the cliffs, with high casualties on both sides. Landings to reinforce the surviving pocket on 26 January and 2 February were severely disrupted by air attacks from the few remaining FEAF P-40s, then trapped and eventually annihilated on 13 February.

text: A penetration in the I Corps line was stopped and broken up into several pockets. General Homma on 8 February ordered the suspension of offensive operations in order to reorganize his forces. This could not be carried out immediately, because the 16th Division remained engaged trying to extricate a pocketed battalion of its 20th Infantry. With further losses, the remnants of the battalion, 378 officers and men, were extricated on 15 February. On 22 February, the 14th Army line withdrew a few miles to the north and USAFFE forces re-occupied the abandoned positions. The result of the "Battle of the Points" and "Battle of the Pockets" was total destruction of all three battalions of the Japanese 20th Infantry and a clear USAFFE victory.

text: For several weeks, the Japanese, deterred by heavy losses and reduced to a single brigade, conducted siege operations while waiting refitting and reinforcement. Both armies engaged in patrols and limited local attacks. Because of the worsening Allied position in the Asia-Pacific region, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt ordered MacArthur to relocate to Australia, as Supreme Allied Commander South West Pacific Area. (MacArthur's famous speech regarding the Philippines, in which he said "I came out of Bataan and I shall return" was made at Terowie, South Australia on 20 March.) Wainwright officially assumed control of what was now termed United States Forces in the Philippines (USFIP) on 23 March. During this period, elements of the U.S. Philippine Division were shifted to assist in the defense of other sectors.

text: Beginning 28 March, a new wave of Japanese air and artillery attacks hit Allied forces who were severely weakened by malnutrition, sickness and prolonged fighting. On 3 April, the Japanese began to break through along Mount Samat, estimating that the offensive would require a month to end the campaign. The U.S. Philippine Division, no longer operating as a coordinated unit and exhausted by five days of nearly continuous combat, was unable to counterattack effectively against heavy Japanese assaults. On 8 April, the U.S. 57th Infantry Regiment (PS) and the 31st Division PA were overrun near the Alangan River. The U.S. 45th Infantry Regiment (PS), under orders to reach Mariveles and evacuate to Corregidor, finally surrendered on 10 April 1942. Only 300 men of the U.S. 31st Infantry successfully reached Corregidor.

text: Battle of Corregidor[edit]

text: Corregidor was a U.S. Army Coast Artillery position defending the entrance to Manila Bay. It was armed by both older seacoast disappearing gun batteries of the 59th and 91st Coast Artillery Regiments (the latter a Philippine Scouts unit), a mine field of approximately 35 groups of controlled mines[57] and an anti-aircraft unit, the 60th CA. The latter was posted on the higher elevations of Corregidor and was able to respond successfully to the Japanese air attacks, downing many fighters and bombers. The older stationary batteries with fixed mortars, and immense cannons, for defense from attack by sea, were easily put out of commission by Japanese bombers. The American soldiers and Filipino Scouts defended the small fortress until they had little left to wage a defense.

text: Early in 1942, the Japanese air command installed oxygen in its bombers to fly higher than the range of the Corregidor anti-aircraft batteries, and after that time, heavier bombardment began.

text: In December 1941, Philippines President Manuel L. Quezon, General MacArthur, other high-ranking military officers and diplomats and families escaped the bombardment of Manila and were housed in Corregidor's Malinta Tunnel. Prior to their arrival, Malinta's laterals had served as high command headquarters, hospital and storage of food and arms. In March 1942, several U.S. Navy submarines arrived on the north side of Corregidor. The Navy brought in mail, orders, and weaponry. They took away with them the high American and Filipino government officers, gold and silver and other important records. Those who were unable to escape by submarine were eventually military POWs of Japan or placed in civilian concentration camps in Manila and other locations.

text: Corregidor was defended by 11,000 personnel, comprising the units mentioned above that were stationed on Corregidor, the U.S. 4th Marine Regiment, and U.S. Navy personnel deployed as infantry. Some were able to get to Corregidor from the Bataan Peninsula when the Japanese overwhelmed the units there. The Japanese began their final assault on Corregidor with an artillery barrage on 1 May. On the night of 5–6 May, two battalions of the Japanese 61st Infantry Regiment landed at the northeast end of the island. Despite strong resistance, the Japanese established a beachhead that was soon reinforced by tanks and artillery. The defenders were quickly pushed back toward the stronghold of Malinta Hill.

text: Late on 6 May, Wainwright asked Homma for terms of surrender. Homma insisted that surrender include all Allied forces in the Philippines. Believing that the lives of all those on Corregidor would be endangered, Wainwright accepted. On 8 May, he sent a message to Sharp, ordering him to surrender the Visayan-Mindanao Force. Sharp complied, but many individuals carried on the fight as guerrillas. Few unit commanders were so hard pressed as to be forced to surrender and none had any desire to surrender. Gen. Sharp's decision to surrender involved many factors. Major Larry S. Schmidt, in a 1982 master's degree thesis, said Gen. Sharp's decision to surrender was based on two reasons. According to Schmidt, the first was that the Japanese were capable of executing the 10,000 survivors of Corregidor. The second, he said, was because Sharp now knew his forces would not be reinforced by the United States as had been previously thought.[58]

text: Aftermath[edit]

text: The defeat was the beginning of three and a half years of harsh treatment for the Allied survivors, including atrocities like the Bataan Death March and the misery of Japanese prison camps, and the "Hell Ships" on which American and Allied men were sent to Japan to be used as labor in mines and factories. Thousands were crowded into the holds of Japanese ships, without water, food, or sufficient ventilation.[59] The Japanese did not mark "POW" on the decks of these vessels,[59][60] and some were attacked and sunk by Allied aircraft and submarines.[61] For example, on 7 September 1944 SS Shinyō Maru was sunk by USS Paddle with losses of 668 POWs; only 82 POWs survived.[62] Although the campaign was a victory to the Japanese, it was also a military setback as it took a longer time than anticipated to defeat the Filipinos and Americans. This required forces that would have been used to attack Borneo and Java to be diverted to the battle in the Philippines,[63] and also slowed the advance on New Guinea and the Solomon Islands.[64]

text: The Allied and the Philippine Commonwealth forces began the campaign to recapture the Philippines in 1944, with landings on the island of Leyte.

text: On 29 January 1945, US and Philippine forces liberated POWs in the Raid at Cabanatuan.

text: Importance[edit]

text: The defense of the Philippines was the longest resistance to the Japanese Imperial Army in the initial stages of World War II. After the Battle of Abucay the Japanese started to withdraw from Bataan, and resumed their attack in April, thus allowing MacArthur forty precious days for the preparation of Australia as an operational base.[65] Philippine-American resistance against the Japanese up to the fall of Bataan on April 9, 1942, lasted 105 days (3 months and 2 days).[66]

text: USAFFE order of battle, 3 December 1941; casualty reports[edit]

text: United States Army Forces Far East[edit]

text:
Philippine Constabulary

1st PC Regiment
2nd PC Regiment
3rd PC Regiment. ABMC lists 3 dead
4th PC Regiment

HQ Philippine Dept
Headquarters-Harbor Defenses
Philippine Division {PS-Philippine Scouts} {As of July 31, 1941 Division numbered 10,743}

Post Service Command {PS}. ABMC lists 175 dead
1st Philippine Coast Artillery. ABMC lists 1 dead
12th Medical Battalion {PS}. ABMC lists 121 dead
12th Medical Regiment {PS}. ABMC lists 13 dead
12th Military Police Company {PS}. ABMC lists 40 dead
12th Ordnance Company {PS}. ABMC lists 45 dead
12th Quartermaster Battalion HQ {PS}. ABMC lists 3 dead
12th Quartermaster Battalion {PS}. ABMC lists 70 dead
12th Quartermaster Regiment (United States) (PS). ABMC lists 90 dead
12th Signal COmpany {PS}. ABMC lists 77 dead
14th Engineer Regiment {PS}. ABMC lists 324 dead
14th Engineer Battalion {PS}. ABMC lists 4 dead
17th Ordnance Company {US Army}. ABMC lists 45 dead
23rd Field Artillery (PS) {Btry A}. ABMC lists 159 dead+ 1 dead {1st Battalion}
24th Field Artillery {PS}. ABMC lists 309 dead
26th Cavalry Regiment (PS). ABMC lists 301 dead
31st Infantry {US Army}. ABMC lists 936 dead
43rd Infantry(PS). ABMC lists 31 dead
45th Infantry(PS). ABMC lists 1,039 dead
47th Infantry(PS). ABMC lists 1 dead
47th Motor Transport Company (PS).ABMC lists 1 dead
57th Infantry(PS).ABMC lists 983 dead
59th Coast Artillery {US Army}.{Corregidor} ABMC lists 329 dead+1 {Col Paul Bunker}
60th Coast Artillery (United States).{Corregidor} ABMC lists 390 dead
71st Medical Battalion (PS). ABMC lists 0 dead
74th Quartermaster Bakery Co (PS). ABMC lists 17 dead
75th Ordnance Depot Company {US Army}. ABMC lists 3 dead
75th Ordnance Company {US Army}. ABMC lists 35 dead
86th Field Artillery (PS). ABMC lists 169 total (8 Dead for Regiment + 161 dead for Battalion)
88th Field Artillery {PS}. ABMC lists 186 dead
91st Coast Artillery {PS}. ABMC lists 202 dead
92nd Coast Artillery {PS}.{Corregidor} ABMC lists 200 dead
200th Coast Artillery {US Army}- ABMC lists 373 dead
202nd Philippine Engineer Battalion {US Army}. ABMC lists 9 dead
252nd Signal Construction Company {PS}. ABMC lists 44 dead
515th Coast Artillery Regiment.{US Army} ABMC lists 207 dead
808th MP Company {US Army} – ABMC lists 90 dead

Provisional Tank Group: under the command of BG James Weaver.[67][68][69]

17th Ordnance Battalion (one Company) ABMC lists 45 dead
192nd Tank Battalion – ABMC lists 189 dead[70]+ HQ Co 192nd Tank Battalion -ABMC lists 2 dead. {Note-192nd Tank Battalion article reports 328 did not survive the war}
194th Tank Battalion – (less Company B). ABMC lists 183 dead

Far East Air Force commanded by Maj. Gen. Lewis H. Brereton; also commanded by Brig General Harold Huston George {Killed in flying accident Australia 30 April 1942}
5th Air Base Group
V Bomber Command

19th Bomb Group (Heavy) (Headquarters, Clark Field) ABMC lists 3 dead; HQ Squadron 19th BG ABMC list 103 dead;

14th Bomb Squadron (Del Monte Field, 5 December 8 B-17) ABMC lists 13 dead
28th Bomb Squadron (Clark Field, 8 B-17) ABMC lists 93 dead
30th Bomb Squadron (Clark Field, 9 B-17) ABMC lists 110 dead
93rd Bomb Squadron (Del Monte Field, 5 December 8 B-17) ABMC lists 116 dead
440th Ordnance Squadron ABMC Lists 68 dead

27th Bomb Group (Light) Headquarters ABMC lists 3 dead

2nd Observation Squadron (Nichols Field, 21 various aircraft) ABMC lists 71 dead
16th Bomb Squadron (Fort William McKinley) ABMC lists 72 Dead
17th Bomb Squadron (San Fernando Field) ABMC Lists 62 dead
91st Bomb Squadron(San Marceleno Field-B-18) ABMC lists 76 dead
48th Material Squadron ABMC lists 53 dead+ 19 also listed dead when the 48th Squadron was part of V Air Base Group
454th Ordnance Squadron ABMC lists 71 dead

text: Note: ground echelon of the 27th Bomb Group at Bataan fought as 2nd Battalion (27th Bombardment Group) Provisional Infantry Regiment (Air Corp).

text:
V Interceptor Command

19th Air Base Group ABMC list 1 died
20th Air Base Group ABMC list 1 dead

Tow Target Detachment
5th Communications Detachment. ABMC lists 0 dead
5th Weather Detachment ABMC lists 0 Dead
Chemical Warfare Det,

4th Chemical Company (Aviation). ABMC lists 33 dead
5th Chemical Detachment (Company-Aviation) ABMC lists 2 dead

19th Air Base Squadron. ABMC lists 79 dead
27th Material Squadron. ABMC lists 75 dead
28th Material Squadron. ABMC lists 92 dead
47th Material Squadron.
803d Engineering Detachment (Battalion-Aviation). ABMC lists 232 dead
809th Engineering Detachment
409th Signal/Communications Detachment (Company-Aviation) ABMC lists 29 dead
429th Maintenance Detachment

24th Pursuit Group (Headquarters, Clark Field). Colonel Orrin l. Grover. HQ Squadron ABMC lists 112 dead

3rd Pursuit Squadron (Iba Field, 18 P-40E) ABMC lists 0 dead
17th Pursuit Squadron (Nichols Field, 18 P-40E) ABMC Lists 0 dead
20th Pursuit Squadron (Clark Field, 18 P-40B) ABMC Lists 96 dead

35th Pursuit Group (headquarters en route to Philippines) ABMC lists 5 dead

21st Pursuit Squadron (attached 24th PG, Nichols Field, 18 P-40E received 7 December) ABMC lists 89 dead
34th Pursuit Squadron (attached 24th PG, Del Carmen Field, 18 P-35A received 7 December) ABMC lists 0 dead

Philippine Aircraft Warning Detachment
6th Pursuit Squadron, Philippine Army Air Corps (Batangas Field, 12 P-26) ABMC lists 1 dead

text: Philippine Army[edit]

text:
HQ Philippine Army:
11th Division

HQ 11th Division: ABMC lists 1 dead
HQ Com 11th Division: ABMC lists 1 dead
11th Field Artillery Regt: ABMC lists 1 dead
11th Infantry Regiment: ABMC lists 4 dead
12th Infantry Regiment: ABMC lists 2 dead
13th Infantry Regiment: ABMC lists 1 dead

21st Division

21st Engr Battalion: ABMC lists 2 dead
21st Field Artillery Regiment: ABMC lists 3 dead
21st Infantry Regiment: ABMC lists 3 dead
22nd Infantry Regiment: ABMC lists 3 dead

31st Division

31st Engr Battalion: ABMC lists 1 dead
31st Field Artillery Regt: ABMC lists 2 dead
31st Infantry Regiment: ABMC lists 6 dead
32nd Infantry Regiment: ABMC lists 3 dead

41st Division: Commanding general Vicente Lim {ABMC listed dead}

41st Engr Battalion: ABMC lists 1 dead
41st Infantry Regiment: ABMC Lists 6 dead
42nd Infantry Regiment: ABMC lists 4 dead

51st Division

51st Field Artillery Regiment: ABMC lists 4 dead
51st Infantry Regiment: ABMC lists 4 dead
52nd Infantry Regiment: ABMC lists 4 dead
53rd Infantry Regiment: ABMC lists 4 dead

61st Division

HQ 61st Division: ABMC Lists 1 dead
61st Field Artillery Regiment: ABMC lists 4 dead
61st Infantry Regiment: ABMC lists 1 dead
62nd Infantry Regiment: ABMC lists 4 dead
63rd Infantry Regiment: ABMC Lists 1 dead

71st Division

71st Field Artillery Regt: ABMC Lists 1 dead
71st Infantry Regiment: ABMC lists 2 dead
72nd Infantry Regiment: ABMC lists 6 dead
73rd Infantry Regiment: ABMC lists 3 dead
75th Infantry Regiment: ABMC lists 1 dead
71st Quartermaster Co: ABMC lists 1 dead

81st Division-Brig Gen Guy O. Fort {KIA}

81st Division: ABMC lists 5 dead
81st Engr Batt.: ABMC lists 1 dead
81st Field Artillery Regt: ABMC lists 2 dead
82nd Infantry Regiment: ABMC lists 2 dead
83rd Infantry Regiment: ABMC lists 1 dead

91st Division

HQ 91st Division: ABMC lists 1 dead
91st Field Artillery Regiment: ABMC lists 5 dead
91st Infantry Regiment: ABMC lists 2 dead
92nd Infantry Regiment: ABMC lists 5 dead
93rd Infantry Regiment: ABMC lists 1 dead

101st Division

ABMC lists 1 with Division;
101st Engr Battalion; ABMC Lists 1 dead;
101st Field Artillery Regt; ABMC lists 1 dead;
101st Inf Regt; ABMC lists 7 dead;
102nd Inf Regt; ABMC lists 0 dead;
103rd Inf Regt; ABMC lists 3 dead

text: Harbor Defense: For Strength in November 1941 see [2] Note: Harbor defenses included units listed above:

text:
HQ and HQ Battery;

59th Air Defense Artillery Regiment; See above for casualty listings
60th Coast Artillery; See above for casualty listings
91st Coast Artillery {PS}; See above for casualty listings
92nd Coast Artillery {PS}; See above for casualty listings

USAMP Harrison
Station Hospital
Chemical Warfare Det.

text: United States Navy[edit]

text: Admiral Thomas C. Hart–United States Asiatic Fleet and 16th Naval District,

text:
1 heavy cruiser-USS Houston (CA-30)-for fate-see below
2 light cruisers:

USS Boise (CL-47)
USS Marblehead (CL-12)

13 destroyers:

Destroyer Squadron 29-Captain H.V. Wiley

USS Black Hawk (AD-9)
USS Paul Jones (DD-230)

Destroyer Division 50-Commander P.H. Talbot

USS John D. Ford (DD-228)
USS Peary (DD-226)
USS Pillsbury (DD-227)
USS Pope (DD-225)

Destroyer Division 57-Commander E.M. Crouch

USS Alden (DD-211)
USS Edsall (DD-219)
USS John D. Edwards (DD-216)
USS Whipple (DD-217)

Destroyer Division 58-Commander T.H. Binford

USS Barker (DD-213)
USS Bulmer (DD-222)
USS Parrott (DD-218)
USS Stewart (DD-224)

USS Whippoorwill (AM-35)
US Submarines at Manila/Mariveles Naval Section Base;Cavite, Philippines; consisted of

Submarine Squadron 2 consisted of 12 Salmon-class submarines and
Submarine Squadron 5 of 11 Porpoise and Sargo-class submarines.
Submarine Squadron 21 of 4 Porpoise and Sargo-class submarines + submarine tender USS Holland (AS-3)

USS Perch (SS-176)
USS Permit (SS-178)
USS Pickerel (SS-177)
USS Pike (SS-173)
USS Porpoise (SS-172)
USS S-36 (SS-141)
USS S-37 (SS-142)
USS S-38 (SS-143)
USS S-39 (SS-144)
USS S-40 (SS-145)
USS S-41 (SS-146)
USS Salmon (SS-182)
USS Sargo (SS-188)
USS Saury (SS-189)
USS Sculpin (SS-191)
USS Seadragon (SS-194)
USS Seal (SS-183)
USS Sealion (SS-195)
USS Searaven (SS-196)
USS Seawolf (SS-197)
USS Shark (SS-174)
USS Snapper (SS-185)
USS Spearfish (SS-190)
USS Stingray (SS-186)
USS Sturgeon (SS-187)
USS Swordfish (SS-193)
USS Tarpon (SS-175)

PT Boat Squadron 3-for fate see below
China Yangtze Patrol: Rear Admiral Glassford-for fate see below-5 out of six ships lost:

USS Tulsa (PG-22)

Patrol Wing 10-Cavite Naval Base, Luzon, Philippines.

VP-101
VP-102
USS Childs (DD-241)
USS William B. Preston (DD-344)
USS Heron (AM-10)

In December 1941, naval forces were augmented by the following:

schooner USS Lanikai.
Station Cast US Navy Code breaking on the Japanese military; excavated to Australia 1942

Navy losses:

Cruiser USS Houston (CA-30) (lost 1 March 1942, 368 survived of 1,061 crew),
PT Boat Motor Torpedo Boat Squadron Three 6 PT boats (PT-31, PT-32, PT-33, PT-34, PT-35, PT-41)—all lost 6 December 1941 – March 1942.
USS Bittern (AM-36) scuttled 10 December 1941
USS Edsall (DD-219) escaped to Australia; sunk 1 March 1942
USS Canopus (AS-9) scuttled 10 April 1942 {548 crew served with 4th Marine Regiment-212 KIA/MIA}
USS Genesee (AT-55) scuttled 5 May 1942 but salvaged by the Japanese; sunk on 5 November 1944
USS Finch (AM-9) ran out of fuel and abandoned March, sunk by Japanese on 9 April 1942; salvaged as IJN Patrol Boat 103, sunk in 1945.
USS Langley (CV-1);escaped to Dutch East Indies and Australia; lost 8 May 1942.
USS New York (ACR-2) scuttled December 1941
USC&GSS Pathfinder (1899–1941) beached 30 January 1942
USS Peary (DD-226) escaped to Australia; sunk 19 February 1942
{{USS|Perch (SS-176)]] escaped to Australia; scuttled 3 March 1942 {6 out of 54 crew did not survive the war}
USS Pickerel (SS-177) escaped to Australia; lost with all hands 3 April 1943
USS Pigeon (ASR-6) sunk 4 May 1942.
USS Pillsbury (DD-227) escaped to Dutch East Indies; Sunk 2 March 1942
USS Pope (DD-225) escaped to Dutch East Indies; sunk 1 March 1942
USS Quail (AM-15) scuttled 5 May 1942.
USS S-36 (SS-141) scuttled 21 January 1942
USS S-39 (SS-144) run aground abandoned 13 August 1942
USS Sealion (SS-195) scuttled 25 December 1941 after damage 10 December 1941; 5 crewman lost in war[71]
USS Stewart (DD-224) escaped to Java and scuttled 2 March 1942; salvaged as IJN Patrol Boat 102, sunk in 1946
In addition 2 district patrol craft YP-16 and YP-17 and about 70 miscellaneous district craft were lost in the Philippines in 1942. (See listing in List of United States Navy losses in World War II)
China Yangtze Patrol-five of six vessels lost:

USS Asheville (PG-21) lost 3 March 1942; 159 crew lost
USS Luzon (PG-47) scuttled 6 May 1942 but salvaged by the Japanese-sunk in the Philippines by USS Narwhal (SS-167) on 3 March 1944;
USS Mindanao (PR-8) lost 2 May 1942;
USS Oahu (PR-6) sunk 5 May 1942;
USS Wake (PR-3) captured 8 December 1941

text: United States Marine Corps[edit]

text:
4th Marine Regiment (Commander Colonel Samuel L. Howard) stationed at Corregidor; consisted of 142 different organizations:

USMC: 72 officers; 1,368 enlisted
USN: 37 officers; 848 enlisted
USAAC/PA: 111 officers; 1,455 enlisted

text: 4th Marines Casualties were 315 killed/15 MIA/357 WIA in the Philippine Campaign.[3] 105 Marines were captured on Bataan and 1,283 captured on Corregidor of whom 490 didn't survive. [4]

text: Miscellaneous[edit]

text: Harbor Defenses, 15 April 1942 (Maj. Gen. George F. Moore):

text:
US Army: 5,012
US Navy: 2,158
USMC: 1,617
Philippine Scouts: 1,298
Philippine Army: 1,818
Philippine Navy: 400
US Civilians: 343
Civilians (other): 2,082
Army Nurse Corps, Navy Nurse Corps: 78 ("Angels of Bataan")