document_title: 2002 in British music charts

question_text: who topped the charts in 2002 with imagine

text: 2002 in British music charts

text: Summary[edit]

text: Charts[edit]

text: January[edit]

text: The first week of the month was the last week at the top for 2001's Christmas chart topper, a modern rendition of "Somethin' Stupid", by Robbie Williams . Returning to the top for one final week was Daniel Bedingfield's debut single, "Gotta Get Thru This". It broke the record for lowest weekly sale for a number one single, selling only 25,500 copies in that week. The single was to decline slightly during 2002, but rapidly after the year's end. The remainder of the month was to be incredibly morbid. Dying in a plane crash in the summer of 2001 at the young age of 22, R'n'B vocalist, Aaliyah hit the top with her posthumous release, "More Than a Woman". She had broken a record in the US, becoming the first artist to make No.1 on the Billboard Hot 100 based solely upon airplay points, with her single "Try Again". Overtaking her was what made this month significant. The youngest Beatle, George Harrison, died in November 2001 after a long struggle with cancer. His No. 1 from 1971, "My Sweet Lord" was re-issued and shot straight to the top of the charts. Though it only remained there a week, it entered the record books, being the first time in UK chart history a posthumous release has taken over from another posthumous release by another artist.

text: Returning to number one after April in 2001, the Stereophonics returned to the top with their third album, Just Enough Education to Perform. Spawning two No. 5 singles, the album remained at the top for 3 weeks in this return, one more week than its original stay. This made its total number of weeks at the top 5. This became their 2nd UK album chart topper, and a 3rd was to follow the following year.

text: February[edit]

text: Spanish performer Enrique Iglesias was next to hit the top with what many see as his UK Breakthrough (though he had two top tens two years prior) with the single release of the ballad "Hero" which stayed at the top for four weeks. He made himself and his father Julio Iglesias the first father/son combination to top the charts separately and as solo artists. His father had hit the top of the UK charts over 20 years prior with his cover version of "Begin The Beguine". The track was taken from his chart topping album Escape which made him the first act to top the single and album charts simultaneously in five years and spawned a No. 3 hit "Escape" and two No. 12 hits by December.

text: Taking over from the Stereophonics were fusion kings, the Chemical Brothers, with their 3rd No. 1 album, Come With Us. Despite having received success on the albums chart throughout their career, they hadn't received a chart topping single early 1997. Topping the charts alongside his only number one single, Enrique's second English album, Escape topped the charts for 2 weeks making him the first Latin Artist to have a number one single and album simultaneously in the UK as well as the first person since the Spice Girls.

text: March[edit]

text: Overtaking the totals of pop phenomena Spice Girls and ABBA, Westlife hit the top for a record 10th time, with their third release from their third album, "World Of Our Own". The album of the same name, became their second consecutive No. 1 album. They now had as many number ones as the queen of pop herself, Madonna. They also were the act to obtain 10 chart toppers the quickest (now 5 acts had achieved 10 or more) with only 35 months between this and their first. However, it could be said this record is unfair, because it was only a few months after that the Beatles managed to achieve 10, but they tended to spend several weeks at the summit, slowing down their release rate, whereas most of Westlife's #1's spent one to two weeks at the top.

text: Taking over was the fastest selling debut single in UK chart history. Winner of the TV talent show, Pop Idol, Will Young had been voted as the winner by over 4 million people in the final. Despite the media suggesting this was unexpected, Young actually won six out of the nine weeks with Gareth Gates the eventually runner-up winning three times. His debut single "Anything is Possible/Evergreen", topped the charts for 3 weeks and sold over 1.1 million copies in its first week of sale, making it the fastest selling debut single in UK chart history. Altogether it sold over 1.7 million copies becoming the 11th biggest selling single in the UK. It is also the second fastest selling single in the UK with only Elton John's "Candle in the Wind" ahead of it. It became the biggest selling single of the year.

text: A 2-week run at the top was next from veteran band The Police. Experiencing massive success in the early 1980s with 5 No. 1 singles, lead singer Sting eventually went solo and became a very successful and highly respected musician, especially in the US. A combination of his greatest hits and the Police's greatest hits was released entitled The Very Best of Sting & The Police. Greatest hits took over from greatest hits when The Essential Barbra Streisand replaced Sting & The Police at the top, however after a week it was knocked off by rock band, Nickelback with their 3rd studio album, Silver Side Up. The album spawned a massive No. 4 hit, "How You Remind Me", which made No. 1 in the US.

text: April[edit]

text: Taking over from the winner of the show, Pop Idol, runner up Gareth Gates scored a No. 1 with his debut single, "Unchained Melody". Incredibly he spent one further week at the summit than Will Young did, becoming the second single of the year to have a four-week run at #1. However, the single itself sold less than Will Young's, selling only 1.3 million copies, but nonetheless it became the 77th million selling single in the UK and the last one until 2004. Overall, it is the 37th biggest selling single in the UK. The more incredible thing about this song is that it is the fourth single to reach the summit 4 times by different artists. First was Jimmy Young in 1955, then a re-issue of The Righteous Brothers in 1990, then the acting duo Robson & Jerome took it the top in 1995 and finally Gareth Gates in 2002. Robson & Jerome's version remains the biggest selling to date.

text: Scoring their sixth UK chart topper Oasis returned to the top of the UK charts with a track similar to their older material, "The Hindu Times". The track was taken off their new album, Heathen Chemistry. It only lasted a week at the summit, following the same fate as every other No. 1 single they had.

text: The top of the albums chart was dominated by a lady with a powerful voice and her 5th UK No. 1 album, Céline Dion with A New Day Has Come. Staying at the top for 4 weeks, she did not hit the top again for the next two years, but continued charting throughout. The album's singles did not fare as well as the album, one making the Top 10, one settling in the Top 20 and one just creeping into the Top 40.

text: May[edit]

text: Having charted since 2000, UK girl group Sugababes (who were now under their second line-up of original members Keisha Buchanan, Mutya Buena and former Atomic Kitten member Heidi Range, who replaced Siobhán Donaghy after her departure the previous year) scored their first UK number one with their 5th single, "Freak like Me". The song was originally performed by Adina Howard in 1995 who took it to No. 33 – the group's version took the lyrics and placed them over an interpolated sample of Gary Numan and Tubeway Army's Are 'Friends' Electric?, itself a UK number one from 1979. After a short spell of 7 days, a third Neighbours star scored a UK No.1. Holly Valance's debut single, "Kiss Kiss" was originally released in Europe written in Turkish. Holly scored a No. 2 hit, "Down Boy" later on in the year and her debut album, Footprints made #9. After releasing 2 further singles, she disappeared from the music scene. With his fifth consecutive Top 10 single and 3rd UK No. 1, Ronan Keating returns to the top of the singles chart with the first release off his new album Destination. "If Tomorrow Never Comes" was originally a hit in the US for Garth Brooks.

text: Continuing the run of one week number ones were Liberty X. The five losers who just failed to make Hear'Say in the talent show Popstars formed Liberty X. Despite scoring only one UK No. 1 single with Just a Little, the group continued successfully into 2003/4 and proved themselves to be more successful than Hear'Say, who disbanded in October of this year. Also, after not releasing a single in the United Kingdom for almost 11 months, Atomic Kitten released their 9th single, titled It's Ok!, peaked at No. 3 on the charts, and eventually went silver. Even bigger success was to follow with their next release. Also scoring big success were S Club Juniors, an 8-piece pre-teen spin off from their already successful predecessors S Club 7 (who saw the departure of band member Paul Cattermole earlier that year). After being chosen from nationwide auditions to support S Club 7 on their arena tour, their debut single One Step Closer sent them straight to number 2, a position they also reached later in the year with their next two releases Automatic High in August and New Direction in October. Despite the split of the remaining six members of S Club 7 the following year, and a name change to S Club 8 they would go on to release two top 20 albums and score 7 top 20 singles before they disbanded in early 2005. Frankie Sandford and Rochelle Wiseman from the group, however, would re-emerge 5 years later in new girl group The Saturdays.

text: Nearly six months after its release, boyband Blue hit the top with their debut album, All Rise. The album had already spawned two number one singles by this point, "Too Close" and "If You Come Back" the previous year. The title track from their album, which was their debut single had also made No. 4 and a fourth single, "Fly by II" reached No. 6 in March of this year. It was only a week before British indie rock band, Doves hit the top with their 2nd album, The Last Broadcast which remained at the top for 2 weeks. It was quickly knocked off by American electronic musician Moby with his 2nd UK No. 1 album, 18. Despite having charted since 1991 he has only received 2 Top 10 hits.

text: On 23 May, the Classical Brits award ceremony took place. The most successful British performers were Sir Colin Davis, Russell Watson and Guy Johnston.

text: June[edit]

text: Consolidating his position as the rapper with the most UK chart toppers, Eminem hit the top for a third time with the first single from his third album, "Without Me". The album spent 5 weeks at the top of the UK charts, becoming the second longest stay of the year and the longest stay until December. The album, The Eminem Show was to become his most successful to date in the UK along with Curtain Call in 2005.

text: Will Young hit the top again with his second single "Light My Fire", a cover of a classic Doors track which only made No. 49 in 1967. He had performed this on the show, Pop Idol, and the performance was praised highly by the general public. The single was successful, topping the charts for 2 weeks.

text: As for the albums chart, first to hit the top was Ronan Keating with his second album, Destination. The album had already spawned a No. 1 single, "If Tomorrow Never Comes". Ronan continued to chart into 2004.

text: July[edit]

text: Becoming another single to spend 4 weeks at the top, "A Little Less Conversation" ended an ongoing chart battle since 1977. Elvis accumulated 15 chart toppers by 1965, during which the Beatles were enjoying their time as global megastars. They then got a record 17 chart toppers by 1969, when they finally began to fade. Elvis scored a 16th chart topper in 1970, when he revived his career in Las Vegas. Then a single made just before his death was released after his death in May 1977 and went straight to No.1, giving him his 17th UK #1. The two biggest music acts in the UK were neck and neck, and despite numerous posthumous releases, it wasn't until 25 years later that one of them finally took the lead. It was indeed the king of pop, Elvis Presley, who scored his 18th UK No. 1, with a remix of an old hit from a long forgotten movie. "A Little Less Conversation" was remixed by DJ JXL, and used in a Nike World Cup advertisement. As a consequence, it shot straight to the top of the UK charts putting Elvis at the top of the most #1's category.

text: Taking over was Gareth Gates, scoring his second No.1 single this time with an original song, being one of his few singles to have not been cover versions. "Anyone Of Us (Stupid Mistake)" topped the charts for 3 weeks, bettering Will Young by one week once again.

text: Topping the albums chart for the fourth time, Oasis hit the top with their new album, Heathen Chemistry. The album's singles had already received success with "The Hindu Times" becoming their 6th No. 1 and the follow-up single, "Stop Crying Your Heart Out" peaking at #2. The album, however, only spent a week at the top quickly overtaken by the first release in 2 years from the Red Hot Chili Peppers, By the Way. The title track from the album became their highest charting single ever, making #2. This was also their only No. 1 album.

text: August[edit]

text: Hitting the top was Darius Danesh, third in Pop Idol. "Colourblind" spent two weeks at the top, but despite being less successful than the debuts of Gareth or Will, Darius wrote the song himself. The Sugababes hit the top for a second time with their sixth single, "Round Round". Like their first No. 1 single, it only spent a week at the summit. The song was taken from the soundtrack to the hit film, "The Guru". Specialising in Pop/R'N'B with garage influences, all-male act, Blazin' Squad entered at the top of the charts with their massively hyped debut single, "Crossroads". Their success slowly decline throughout their career.

text: Interrupting the Chili's run at the top was US singing legend, Bruce Springsteen hit the top with his 5th No. 1 album, The Rising. His success on the singles chart was fading rapidly since the early 90's, with no Top 10 hits since 1994. Returning to the top for a further 2 weeks were the Chili's with By the Way. Having been a successful band throughout the 80's the 90's was a slightly quieter decade for the group, but the release of Californication turned them around in 2000 and By the Way helped propel them straight to the top. Scoring a 2nd consecutive UK No. 1 album, another collection of the late Eva Cassidy's work was compiled and released. Imagine was not quite as successful as Songbird, only topping the chart for a week, but put her on the way to breaking a chart record the following year.

text: September[edit]

text: Reviving an old number one for the second time to create another one for themselves were girl group Atomic Kitten. This time it was Blondie's 1980 chart topper "The Tide Is High", which they changed slightly to make "The Tide Is High (Get the Feeling)". It topped the charts for three weeks and after this they never saw the top of the charts again in the United Kingdom, however they had managed three number-one singles in the UK throughout their career. They split at the beginning of 2004, releasing a Greatest Hits album. US solo performer, Pink scored her first solo chart topper with a track taken from her second album, Missundaztood. The track was called "Just Like a Pill" and gave P!nk her second UK number one. Her album Missundaztood only peaked at number 2 despite producing several hit singles.

text: Increasing their popularity even further, Coldplay released their second album, and follow up to massive successful Parachutes. A Rush of Blood to the Head became a great success. Containing hits such as "In My Place", "The Scientist" & "Clocks", the album even sustained their popularity in the US and they became one of the few 21st century British acts to achieve fame and popularity in the US. While topping the singles charts with their third and final number one, Atomic Kitten scored a No. 1 album with their 3rd release, Feels So Good. The album spawned two top 3 hits as well as their 3rd chart topper.

text: October[edit]

text: After both having two chart toppers, the two "Pop Idols", Will Young and Gareth Gates joined forces and revived an old Beatles classic, "The Long and Winding Road". It gave them both their third UK chart topper and established both of them as national stars. However, it was from here that Gareth would slowly decline and Will would rise to become an even bigger star. The B-side to this was Gareth's re-working of Elvis' classic No. 2 from 1969, "Suspicious Minds". Will Young's version of Jackie Wilson's" Sweetest Feeling" also appeared on the B-side.

text: The year was proving to be very successful for Elvis in many ways and there was one great album success to still be received. Next to hit the top, but only for a week were three Spanish sisters, Las Ketchup with a holiday novelty song "The Ketchup Song (Asjere)". What was probably considered the tune of 2002 came next and was a duet between US rapper Nelly and Kelly Rowland, a member of Destiny's Child. She was the only one out of the three from her old group experiencing success as a solo artist, but she soon would be overtaken by Beyoncé Knowles. "Dilemma" became a song no-one would ever forget and stayed on top of the charts for 2 weeks. It also topped the charts in the US. Nelly experienced much greater success in his home country compared to the UK.

text: Gathering every No. 1 single Elvis had experienced in both the UK and US, a collection of 30 songs plus "A Little Less Conversation" as a bonus track was released on an album, entitled Elv1s – 30 Number 1 Hits. The king of pop clocked up more sales, staying on top for 2 weeks. He was replaced by Pop Idol Will Young, who scored his first No. 1 album, with 'From Now On'. The album contained his first 3 singles, all of which had topped the chart. The album stayed at the top of the charts for 2 weeks. The album spawned one final hit, which peaked at #2.

text: November[edit]

text: Based in Germany, Spanish producer, DJ Sammy, featuring Yanou and Do on vocals re-worked an old Bryan Adams track from 1985, "Heaven" and took it to the top. Bryan Adams only managed to take the track to #38. Only lasting a week at the summit, the song was quickly overtaken by the boyband that could do no wrong. Celebrating the 50th anniversary of the UK charts, since when they first started back in 1952, the 941st No.1 came from Westlife yet again, with their 11th No. 1 single, "Unbreakable". This gave them more chart toppers than the queen of pop herself, Madonna. Only Elvis Presley, the Beatles and Cliff Richard had received more No. 1 singles than Westlife now. After a week, US superstar, Christina Aguilera returned to the top of the UK charts for the 3rd time promoting a new raunchier image with her first single from her second album, Stripped. "Dirrty" came with an overtly sexual video and despite its massive popularity in the UK, it failed to reach the Top 20 in her US homeland.

text: US rock band, the Foo Fighters scored their first No. 1 album with their fourth release, One By One. All of the band's three previous albums had gone Top 10, two of them going Top 3. However, after a week, the singer David Gray took over from them with his second album, A New Day At Midnight. It stayed on top for a week but was nowhere near as successful as its predecessor, White Ladder. Blue returned to the top of the album chart, again for one week only, with their second release, One Love, which would provide them with three more top 10 hits, including their third and final UK No. 1 the following month. Compiling all of their singles to date, boyband Westlife released Unbreakable – The Greatest Hits – Vol 1 containing their 11 No. 1 singles and other hits. It was quickly knocked off by the biggest selling album of the year, which topped the charts all through December and part of January.

text: December[edit]

text: Twelve months after he hit the top with his debut single, Daniel Bedingfield returned to the top with a slow ballad, "If You're Not The One". It became his 2nd UK No. 1 and was the third release from his debut album, Gotta Get Thru This, which despite producing 5 Top 10 singles and 6 Top 40 hits only managed to make No. 13 in the albums chart. A fourth chart topper confirmed Eminem as the most successful rapper in UK chart history. The song, "Lose Yourself" is taken from the soundtrack to his own film, 8 Mile, which also proved very popular. The song also topped the charts in the US. Boy band Blue returned to the top of the UK charts for the 3rd time collaborating with Elton John to revive an old hit of his, "Sorry Seems To Be The Hardest Word". Amazingly, despite charting for 31 years, this was only Elton's 5th UK No. 1 single. Popstars: The Rivals became the new phenomenon in the world of talent shows and it produced 2 new acts, boyband One True Voice and girl group Girls Aloud. They both released their singles in Christmas week and the girls beat the boys to the top spot, claiming the Christmas number one with their debut single, "Sound of the Underground". The song topped the charts for 4 weeks, and escalated them to great fame. They have had continued success for 6 years releasing 20 top 10 singles and 6 successful albums, but One True Voice quickly disappeared from the music scene after just one more hit.

text: Robbie Williams took the Christmas number one album spot yet again with his fifth No. 1 album, Escapology. The album contained the massive single hit, "Feel" and the soon to be single hits, "Come Undone", "Something Beautiful" and "Sexed Up". The album remained on top for 6 weeks, becoming the longest stay at the top since he himself topped the charts last year in December, when Swing When You're Winning topped the charts for 7 weeks. Amazingly, the album did return to the top the following year almost nine months after it was first released. It became one of the few albums to drop out of the Top 40 and climb back in to reach the top spot again.

text: Classical music[edit]

text: The year produced several new classical works by British composers, including Derek Bourgeois's Symphony No. 9 and Peter Maxwell Davies's Naxos Quartet No. 1. The biggest classical hit of 2002, however, was Tolga Kashif's Queen Symphony, which used themes from works by Queen to create a full-length orchestral work. Patrick Hawes wrote his first film score, for The Incredible Mrs Ritchie, directed by Paul Johansson.

text: Howard Goodall followed up his earlier successful TV series Howard Goodall's Big Bangs with Howard Goodall's Great Dates, in which he focused on significant dates in the history of music.

text: Charts[edit]

text: Number-one singles[edit]

text:
Chart date
(week ending)
Song
Artist(s)
Sales

000000002002-01-05-00005 January
"Somethin' Stupid"
Robbie Williams & Nicole Kidman
68,000

000000002002-01-12-000012 January
"Gotta Get Thru This"
Daniel Bedingfield
27,000

000000002002-01-19-000019 January
"More Than a Woman"
Aaliyah
30,081

000000002002-01-26-000026 January
"My Sweet Lord"
George Harrison
66,567

000000002002-02-02-00002 February
"Hero"
Enrique Iglesias
101,056

000000002002-02-09-00009 February
98,388

000000002002-02-16-000016 February
82,000

000000002002-02-23-000023 February
100,000

000000002002-03-02-00002 March
"World of Our Own"
Westlife
102,000

000000002002-03-09-00009 March
"Anything Is Possible" / "Evergreen"
Will Young
1,108,659

000000002002-03-16-000016 March
377,074

000000002002-03-23-000023 March
100,000

000000002002-03-30-000030 March
"Unchained Melody"
Gareth Gates
850,535

000000002002-04-06-00006 April
228,477

000000002002-04-13-000013 April
102,321

000000002002-04-20-000020 April
83,500

000000002002-04-27-000027 April
"The Hindu Times"
Oasis
116,321

000000002002-05-04-00004 May
"Freak Like Me"
Sugababes
85,500

000000002002-05-11-000011 May
"Kiss Kiss"
Holly Valance
143,408

000000002002-05-18-000018 May
"If Tomorrow Never Comes"
Ronan Keating
147,610

000000002002-05-25-000025 May
"Just a Little"
Liberty X
153,219

000000002002-06-01-00001 June
"Without Me"
Eminem
185,500

000000002002-06-08-00008 June
"Light My Fire"
Will Young
177,000

000000002002-06-15-000015 June
62,000

000000002002-06-22-000022 June
"A Little Less Conversation"
Elvis vs JXL
278,782

000000002002-06-29-000029 June
201,211

000000002002-07-06-00006 July
188,427

000000002002-07-13-000013 July
136,000

000000002002-07-20-000020 July
"Anyone of Us (Stupid Mistake)"
Gareth Gates
241,000

000000002002-07-27-000027 July
105,000

000000002002-08-03-00003 August
67,000

000000002002-08-10-000010 August
"Colourblind"
Darius
111,000

000000002002-08-17-000017 August
62,000

000000002002-08-24-000024 August
"Round Round"
Sugababes
79,000

000000002002-08-31-000031 August
"Crossroads"
Blazin' Squad
53,000

000000002002-09-07-00007 September
"The Tide Is High (Get the Feeling)"
Atomic Kitten
144,000

000000002002-09-14-000014 September
67,000

000000002002-09-21-000021 September
46,000

000000002002-09-28-000028 September
"Just Like a Pill"
Pink
49,000

000000002002-10-05-00005 October
"The Long and Winding Road" /
"Suspicious Minds" / "Sweetest Feeling"
Will Young & Gareth Gates
132,500

000000002002-10-12-000012 October
65,000

000000002002-10-19-000019 October
"The Ketchup Song (Aserejé)"
Las Ketchup
105,000

000000002002-10-26-000026 October
"Dilemma"
Nelly featuring Kelly Rowland
200,000

000000002002-11-02-00002 November
129,000

000000002002-11-09-00009 November
"Heaven"
DJ Sammy & Yanou featuring Do
119,000

000000002002-11-16-000016 November
"Unbreakable"
Westlife
90,000

000000002002-11-23-000023 November
"Dirrty"
Christina Aguilera featuring Redman
74,000

000000002002-11-30-000030 November
47,000

000000002002-12-07-00007 December
"If You're Not the One"
Daniel Bedingfield
74,500

000000002002-12-14-000014 December
"Lose Yourself"
Eminem
91,000

000000002002-12-21-000021 December
"Sorry Seems to Be the Hardest Word"
Blue featuring Elton John
87,000

000000002002-12-28-000028 December
"Sound of the Underground"
Girls Aloud
213,140

text: Number-one albums[edit]

text:
Chart date
(week ending)
Album
Artist
Sales

000000002002-01-05-00005 January
Swing When You're Winning
Robbie Williams
180,000

000000002002-01-12-000012 January
47,000

000000002002-01-19-000019 January
Just Enough Education to Perform
Stereophonics
41,000

000000002002-01-26-000026 January
45,000

000000002002-02-02-00002 February
40,000

000000002002-02-09-00009 February
Come With Us
The Chemical Brothers
49,500

000000002002-02-16-000016 February
Escape
Enrique Iglesias
38,500

000000002002-02-23-000023 February
57,750

000000002002-03-02-00002 March
The Very Best Of
Sting & The Police
38,000

000000002002-03-09-00009 March
59,000

000000002002-03-16-000016 March
The Essential Barbra Streisand
Barbra Streisand
79,167

000000002002-03-23-000023 March
Silver Side Up
Nickelback
38,000

000000002002-03-30-000030 March
39,000

000000002002-04-06-00006 April
A New Day Has Come
Céline Dion
89,000

000000002002-04-13-000013 April
39,000

000000002002-04-20-000020 April
32,000

000000002002-04-27-000027 April
26,500

000000002002-05-04-00004 May
All Rise
Blue
23,917

000000002002-05-11-000011 May
The Last Broadcast
Doves
52,000

000000002002-05-18-000018 May
22,500

000000002002-05-25-000025 May
18
Moby
51,658

000000002002-06-01-00001 June
Destination
Ronan Keating
123,000

000000002002-06-08-00008 June
The Eminem Show
Eminem
228,297

000000002002-06-15-000015 June
87,000

000000002002-06-22-000022 June
59,000

000000002002-06-29-000029 June
47,000

000000002002-07-06-00006 July
44,000

000000002002-07-13-000013 July
Heathen Chemistry
Oasis
230,551

000000002002-07-20-000020 July
By the Way
Red Hot Chili Peppers
134,055

000000002002-07-27-000027 July
72,000

000000002002-08-03-00003 August
56,700

000000002002-08-10-000010 August
The Rising
Bruce Springsteen
57,071

000000002002-08-17-000017 August
By the Way
Red Hot Chili Peppers
36,000

000000002002-08-24-000024 August
31,000

000000002002-08-31-000031 August
Imagine
Eva Cassidy
57,500

000000002002-09-07-00007 September
A Rush of Blood to the Head
Coldplay
273,924

000000002002-09-14-000014 September
108,000

000000002002-09-21-000021 September
Feels So Good
Atomic Kitten
80,000

000000002002-09-28-000028 September
Illumination
Paul Weller
54,000

000000002002-10-05-00005 October
Elv1s – 30 No. 1 Hits
Elvis Presley
134,000

000000002002-10-12-000012 October
99,840

000000002002-10-19-000019 October
From Now On
Will Young
187,350

000000002002-10-26-000026 October
59,000

000000002002-11-02-00002 November
One By One
Foo Fighters
91,471

000000002002-11-09-00009 November
A New Day At Midnight
David Gray
118,000

000000002002-11-16-000016 November
One Love
Blue
117,500

000000002002-11-23-000023 November
Unbreakable - The Greatest Hits Vol. 1
Westlife
188,000

000000002002-11-30-000030 November
Escapology
Robbie Williams
264,104

000000002002-12-07-00007 December
187,000

000000002002-12-14-000014 December
195,000

000000002002-12-21-000021 December
229,000

000000002002-12-28-000028 December
310,000

text: Number-one compilation albums[edit]

text:
Chart date
(week ending)
Album

000000002002-01-05-00005 January
Now 50

000000002002-01-12-000012 January

000000002002-01-19-000019 January
Clubbers Guide to 2002

000000002002-01-26-000026 January

000000002002-02-02-00002 February

000000002002-02-09-00009 February
Best Club Anthems 2002

000000002002-02-16-000016 February
Club Mix 2002

000000002002-02-23-000023 February
Love So Strong

000000002002-03-02-00002 March
School Disco.com – Spring Term

000000002002-03-09-00009 March

000000002002-03-16-000016 March
New Woman 2002

000000002002-03-23-000023 March
Supercharged

000000002002-03-30-000030 March

000000002002-04-06-00006 April
Now 51

000000002002-04-13-000013 April

000000002002-04-20-000020 April
Pop Idol – The Big Band Album

text: Year-end charts[edit]

text: Between 29 December 2001 and 28 December 2002.

text: Best-selling singles[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Artist
Peak
position
Sales[2]

1
"Anything Is Possible"/"Evergreen"
Young, WillWill Young
1
1,783,919

2
"Unchained Melody"
Gates, GarethGareth Gates
1
1,329,740

3
"Hero"
Iglesias, EnriqueEnrique Iglesias
1
689,279

4
"Dilemma"
Nelly featuring Kelly Rowland
1
659,662

5
"A Little Less Conversation"
Elvis vs JXL
1
634,364

6
"Anyone of Us (Stupid Mistake)"
Gates, GarethGareth Gates
1
573,125

7
"Whenever, Wherever"
Shakira
2
554,756

8
"The Ketchup Song (Asereje)"
Ketchup, LasLas Ketchup
1
538,591

9
"Just a Little"
Liberty X
1
487,037

10
"Without Me"
Eminem
1
486,138

11
"If Tomorrow Never Comes"
Keating, RonanRonan Keating
1

12
"How You Remind Me"
Nickelback
4

13
"The Tide Is High (Get the Feeling)"
Atomic Kitten
1

14
"Kiss Kiss"
Valance, HollyHolly Valance
1

15
"The Logical Song"
Scooter
2

16
"Light My Fire"
Young, WillWill Young
1

17
"Sound of the Underground"
Girls Aloud
1

18
"Colourblind"
Darius
1

19
"Heaven"
DJ Sammy & Yanou featuring Do
1

20
"Me Julie"
G, AliAli G and Shaggy
2

21
"Get the Party Started"
Pink
2

22
"The Long and Winding Road"/"Suspicious Minds"
Young, WillWill Young and Gareth Gates/Gareth Gates
1

23
"One Step Closer"
S Club Juniors
2

24
"Cheeky Song (Touch My Bum)"
Cheeky Girls, TheThe Cheeky Girls
2

25
"If You're Not the One"
Bedingfield, DanielDaniel Bedingfield
1

26
"Something"
Lasgo
4

27
"Hot in Herre"
Nelly
4

28
"Freak Like Me"
Sugababes
1

29
"Nu Flow"
Big Brovaz
3

30
"Dirrty"
Aguilera, ChristinaChristina Aguilera featuring Redman
1

31
"Round Round"
Sugababes
1

32
"Lose Yourself"
Eminem
1

33
"Like I Love You"
Timberlake, JustinJustin Timberlake
2

34
"Sorry Seems to Be the Hardest Word"
Blue featuring Elton John
1

35
"It's OK!"
Atomic Kitten
3

36
"Complicated"
Lavigne, AvrilAvril Lavigne
3

37
"Addicted to Bass"
Puretone
2

38
"Sacred Trust"/"After You're Gone (I'll Still Be Loving You)"
One True Voice
2

39
"Hero"
Kroeger, ChadChad Kroeger featuring Josey Scott
4

40
"World of Our Own"
Westlife
1

41
"Underneath Your Clothes"
Shakira
3

42
"Just Like a Pill"
Pink
1

43
"The Hindu Times"
Oasis
1

44
"Girlfriend"
NSYNC featuring Nelly
2

45
"One Love"
Blue
3

46
"Escape"
Iglesias, EnriqueEnrique Iglesias
3

47
"4 My People"
Elliott, Missy "Misdemeanour"Missy "Misdemeanour" Elliott featuring Eve
4

48
"Automatic High"
S Club Juniors
2

49
"Insatiable"
Hayes, DarrenDarren Hayes
8

50
"Stop Crying Your Heart Out"
Oasis
2

text: Best-selling albums[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Artist
Peak
position
Sales

1
Escapology
Williams, RobbieRobbie Williams
1

2
Missundaztood
Pink
3

3
Escape
Iglesias, EnriqueEnrique Iglesias
1

4
A Rush of Blood to the Head
Coldplay
1

5
One Love
Blue
1

6
By the Way
Red Hot Chili Peppers
1

7
The Eminem Show
Eminem
1

8
Unbreakable: The Greatest Hits Volume 1
Westlife
1

9
ELV1S: 30 #1 Hits
Presley, ElvisElvis Presley
1

10
Heathen Chemistry
Oasis
1

11
Come Away with Me
Jones, NorahNorah Jones
3[a]

12
Silver Side Up
Nickelback
1

13
A New Day at Midnight
Gray, DavidDavid Gray
1

14
Greatest Hits I, II & III (The Platinum Collection)
Queen
2

15
Fever
Minogue, KylieKylie Minogue
1

16
Let Go
Lavigne, AvrilAvril Lavigne
4[b]

17
Greatest Hits 1970–2002
John, EltonElton John
3

18
From Now On
Young, WillWill Young
1

19
Forty Licks
Rolling Stones, TheThe Rolling Stones
2

20
Feels So Good
Atomic Kitten
1

21
Laundry Service
Shakira
2

22
Nellyville
Nelly
2

23
Destination
Keating, RonanRonan Keating
1

24
Just Enough Education to Perform
Stereophonics
1

25
Angels with Dirty Faces
Sugababes
2

26
All Rise
Blue
1

27
No Angel
Dido
1

28
Read My Lips
Ellis-Bextor, SophieSophie Ellis-Bextor
2

29
Freak of Nature
Anastacia
4

30
What My Heart Wants to Say
Gates, GarethGareth Gates
2

31
Songs in A Minor
Keys, AliciaAlicia Keys
6

32
Thinking It Over
Liberty X
3

33
White Ladder
Gray, DavidDavid Gray
1

34
Nirvana
Nirvana
3

35
Swing When You're Winning
Williams, RobbieRobbie Williams
1

36
The Essential Barbra Streisand
Streisand, BarbraBarbra Streisand}
1

37
Up!
Twain, ShaniaShania Twain
4

38
Ashanti
Ashanti
3

39
A New Day Has Come
Dion, CélineCéline Dion
1

40
Pain Is Love
Ja Rule
3

41
18
Moby
1

42
Imagine
Cassidy, EvaEva Cassidy
1

43
Sentimento
Bocelli, AndreaAndrea Bocelli
7

44
The Very Best of Sting & The Police
Sting and the Police
1

45
The Best of 1990–2000 & B-Sides
U2
2

46
Spin
Hayes, DarrenDarren Hayes
2

47
It Had to Be You: The Great American Songbook
Stewart, RodRod Stewart
8

48
J to tha L-O! The Remixes
Lopez, JenniferJennifer Lopez
4

49
No More Drama
Blige, Mary J.Mary J. Blige
4

50
A Funk Odyssey
Jamiroquai
1

text: Best-selling compilations[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Peak
position

1
Now 53
1

2
Now 51
1

3
Now 52
1

4
Pop Idol: The Big Band Album
1

5
While My Guitar Gently Weeps
3

6
Clubland: The Ride of Your Life
1

7
Clubland II: The Ride of Your Life
1

8
Country Legends
2

9
The Annual 2003
1

10
Fame Academy
2

text: Notes:

text:
Jump up ^ Reached number 1 in 2003
Jump up ^ Reached number 1 in 2003


document_title: Law enforcement jargon

question_text: what does bolo stand for in law enforcement

root

text: Law enforcement jargon

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: Initialisms[edit]

text:
ABH: Actual bodily harm
ARU: Armed Response Unit
ARV: Armed Response Vehicle
B&E: Breaking and entering
BIP: Uda
BOP: Breach of the peace
CAD: Computer Aided Dispatch
D&D: Drunk And Disorderly
DIC: Drunk In Charge (of a vehicle)
DUI: Driving Under Influence (Drugs or Alcohol)(of a vehicle)
DIP: Drunk In Public
GBH: Grievous Bodily Harm
IRTC: Injury Road Traffic Collision
NFA: No Further Action or No Fixed Abode
PCSO: Police Community Support Officer; A civilian uniformed non-warranted officer. Alternatively a Police Custody and Security Officer in Scotland.
PNC: Police National Computer
PWITS: (pronounced peewits) Possession With Intent To Supply[2]
RCU: Road Crime Unit
RTC: Road Traffic Collision
TAG: Tactical Aid Group
TDA: Taking and Driving Away
TFU: Tactical Firearms Unit
VDRS: Vehicle Defects Rectification Scheme[3]
VSS: Victim Support Scheme

tag: ul

text: Acronyms[edit]

text:
ACPO: Association of Chief Police Officers now NPCC
ACRO: ACPO Criminal Records Office
ANPR: Automatic Number-Plate Recognition
CO19: Central Operations Specialist Firearms Command; A unit of the Metropolitan Police Service.
HOCR: Home Office Counting Rules[4]
HOLMES: Home Office Large and Major Enquiry System; a computer system for major incidents
LEO: Law Enforcement Officer
PACE: Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984; Act of parliament providing a core framework of police powers in England and Wales and safeguards around stop and search, arrest, detention, investigation, identification and interviewing detainees
NSPIS: National Strategy for Police Information Systems; a computer system for the management of police resources
NPCC: National Police Chiefs' Council
SOCO: Scenes Of Crime Officer; a forensic crime scene examiner
TWOC: Taken Without Owner's Consent
TPAC: Tactical Pursuit and Containment

text: Abbreviations[edit]

text:
AIO: All In Order
ATT: At This Time
MISPER: Missing person
MOE: Method Of Entry (battering ram)
WOFF: Write off; a vehicle or other property deemed a total loss for insurance purposes
WINQ: Warrant inquiry
Code 99: Tea break, "99" is a brand of Co-op tea. The Co-op is a popular UK supermarket chain
NOK: Next Of Kin
NRRR: No Reply Repeated Ringing (telephone)
NRRK: No Reply Repeated Knocking (residence)
PAAOTCO: Please Ask An Officer To Call On...
POLSA: Police Search Advisor.
POLSTN: Police Station
POLACC: Police Accident (replaced by POLCOL)
POLCOL: Police Collision
U/K: Unknown
VIW: Victim/Informant/Witness

text: Other[edit]

text:
Big Red Key: A type of battering ram.[5][6]
Mistaken Harassment: Where a complainant alleging harassment is mistaken about the behaviour of another person because they have read more into that behaviour than was reasonable.[7]

text: United States[edit]

text: Numerical and alphanumerical codes[edit]

text: The ten-codes are used only for voice communications, usually radio transmissions and denote commonly used phrases; for example 10-16 means domestic disturbance for some agencies. Use of ten-codes is intended for the clear, quick, and concise communication between law enforcement officers.

tag: p

text: The response codes consist of the word "Code" followed by a number; for example "Code 3" means lights and sirens.

text: Numbers and alphanumeric combinations referring to offenses and actions covered by legal codes are often used both as nouns and verbs in both spoken and written communication. Since each state has its own system of law, this usage varies widely by state. For example, in California, if a suspect is 849B'd, it means they are released from custody after being arrested (instead of being booked into county jail) and refers to section 849(b) of the California Penal Code.

text: Subject description initialisms[edit]

text: Three letter abbreviations are commonly used to describe subjects mentioned in incident reports. The first letter denotes apparent race/ethnicity; the most commonly used letters are: A—Asian, B—Black, H—Hispanic, O—Other, W—White. The letters PI are occasionally used to denote Pacific Islander resulting in a four letter abbreviation [1][permanent dead link]. The second letter denotes gender: F—Female, M—Male. The final letter denotes whether the subject is legally an adult: A—Adult, J—Juvenile. Thus the initialism WFJ (or wfj) appearing after a subject's name in a police log would denote a white female juvenile.

text: Code violations[edit]

text: *Note: Names for offenses vary by jurisdiction; accordingly, several acronyms may mean the same thing

text:
ADW: Assault with a Deadly Weapon
B&E: Breaking and Entering
BFW: Bond Forfeiture Warrant
DIP: Drunk In Public
DOC: Department of Corrections
DUI: Driving Under the Influence [of alcohol or drugs]
DWI: Driving While Intoxicated
DWS: Driving While Suspended
DWLS / DWLR: Driving While License Suspended / Revoked
DUS: Driving Under Suspension
FTA: Failure to Appear
GTA: Grand Theft Auto
HS: Health and Safety Code
LFA: Larceny from Automobile
MIC/MIP: Minor in Consumption/Possession [of alcohol]
PC: Penal Code
PI: Public Intoxication
UDAA: Unlawfully Driving Away an Automobile[8]
UUMV: Unauthorized Use of a Motor Vehicle
VC: Vehicle Code
WI: Welfare & Institutions Code
Fel.: Felony
Misd.: Misdemeanor
Inf.: Infraction

text: Initialisms describing situations[edit]

text:
ATL: Attempt To Locate
BOLO: Be On Lookout (pronounced as Bo-Low)
DB: Dead Body
DID: Driver in Ditch
DOA: Dead On Arrival
DRT: Dead, Right There
EDP: Emotionally Disturbed Person
GOA: Gone On Arrival
IFO: In Front Of
LKA: Last Known Address
LNU: Last Name Unknown
PNB: Pulseless Non-Breather
QOA: Quiet On Arrival
UTL: Unable To Locate

text: Slang terms for police misconduct[edit]

text:
Alley court: Unlawfully endeavouring to force a prisoner to make a confession.[9]
Testilying: Police perjury.[10]

text: Miscellaneous abbreviations and descriptive terms[edit]

text:
Adam Henry (AH, i.e., "Asshole"): Ignorant individual slang [see HUA]
AKA: Also Known As (Person has assumed name, aliases)
APB: All Points Bulletin
APC: All Points County
AVL: Automatic Vehicle Location; allows dispatch to see exactly where a given patrol car is [11]
BOLO: Similar to APB, Be On The Look Out [for]
CDS: Controlled or Dangerous Substance (Narcotics)
CJ: County Jail
Civvies: term describing non-uniform clothing used in undercover operations
CompStat: method of tracking criminal activity and subsequent enforcement
Condition: problem or concern in need of police attention
DA: District Attorney
DL: Driver's License
DOC: Department of Corrections
DOB: Date Of Birth
DOJ: Department of Justice
DV: Domestic Violence
EC: Emergency Contact
ETOH: Intoxicated (Ethyl Alcohol)
FD: Fire Department
FTO: Field Training Officer
GAT: Illegal firearm
GOA: Gone On Arrival
GSW: Gunshot wound
HBO: Handled By Officer
House mouse: A police officer who seldom leaves the police station
HP: Highway Patrol
HUA: Ignorant slang [see AH or "Adam Henry"]
KA: Known Associate
LEDS/LEADS: Law Enforcement (Agencies) Data System
LUDS: Local Usage Details. A detailed record of calls made and received from a particular phone number.
MDT: Mobile Data Terminal, referring to in-car computer systems.
MHO: Mental Health Officer
MUTT: An extremely unsavory character
MVA: Motor Vehicle Accident
NAT: Necessary Action Taken
NORP: Normal, Ordinary, Responsible Person
OLN: Operator's License Number
PA: Prosecuting Attorney
PC: Probable Cause — legal standard of proof that is greater than reasonable suspicion
PD: Police Department or Police Headquarters
PMVA: Pedestrian Motor Vehicle Accident
PR: Person (or Party) Reporting (used by LAPD and various others)
PUKE: A pejorative for an inmate of the county jail or state prison
RDO: Regular Day Off
Responsible (RESP): Alleged perpetrator of a violation
RO: Registered Owner
RP: Reporting Person/Party
SA: State's Attorney
Skell: Unsavory character, particularly in the sense of being unwashed, dirty, or smelly (term often used by NY Police Officers)
SKELL GEL: Anti bacterial lotion used by Officers after contact with skell(s)
SNEU: Street Narcotics Enforcement Unit
SO: Sheriff's Office
SOC: Social Security Number
SOR: Sex Offender Registration/Registrant
SRO: School Resource Officer
TUNE UP: Beating administered to prisoner
UTL: Unable To Locate
WOOD SHAMPOO: Using less than lethal force to gain compliance

text: Miscellaneous acronyms[edit]

text:
AFIS: Automated fingerprint identification system
CODIS: Combined DNA Index System
UNSUB: Unknown Subject (of an investigation)
IAFIS: Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System
NCIC: National Crime Information Center
SWAT: A police department's special weapons and tactics unit
VIN: Vehicle Identification Number

text: Miscellaneous abbreviations[edit]

text:
B&R: Booked and released (from county jail)
BKD: Booked (into county jail)
BLK: Street block
BTWN: Between
BUS: Ambulance
COMPL: Complainant
Copy: Affirmative
DESC: Description
JUV: Juvenile
K9: (or K-9), handler-and-canine unit
MOD: Model (of vehicle, for example)
M/N: Model Number (of article, for example)
P&P: Probation and Parole
PROP: Property
PERP: Perpetrator
R&I: Records and Information
REG: Vehicle registration
RELD/RLSD: Released
RPTS: Reports (verb)
SER: Serial number
S/N: Serial number
S/H: Station house
SUSP: Suspect
S/V: Suspect Vehicle
TKN: Taken
TANGO: Thank You
UNK: Unknown
UTL: Unable To Locate
VEH: Vehicle
VIC: Victim
V/C: Victim / Complainant
WARR: Warrant

text: Popular culture[edit]

text: Law enforcement jargon is heavily used in police procedurals and similar shows. CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, a television series about forensic scientists, uses many acronyms such as AFIS, CODIS and DB.

text: Some shows, like "Adam-12" and CSI will use the criminal code, for where the show is based, to describe a crime. This would be understood by people from that state or others in the know, but would be nonsense for others.

text: The numeric code 187 from the California Penal Code section dealing with murder has been featured in numerous songs, including the gangsta rap song Deep Cover by Dr. Dre and the alternative hip hop-ska punk song April 29, 1992 (Miami) by Sublime. It also serves as the title of the movie One Eight Seven. A police drama show called "Detroit 1-8-7" aired in the U.S. on the ABC network in 2010 - 2011, which made no sense because 187 does not denote murder under Michigan law.


document_title: Morning View

question_text: where is the incubus morning view picture from

text: Morning View

text: Background and recording[edit]

text: To record the album, the band lived in Malibu, California, near a street called "Morning View Drive". Former bassist Alex Katunich (aka "Dirk Lance") noted that the band had previously "tried to do that for at least the writing portion of Make Yourself, but we didn't have enough clout at the time. When we were getting ready to write this one, we knew that we needed to get into a more creative place. The idea was to not feel as if you were driving [somewhere] to work on a record. You could just get up and it was a natural extension of your day."[2]

text: Vocalist Brandon Boyd stated that the band "needed quick access to the beach because we're kinda spoiled brats sometimes. We need that outlet. At least I do. It's nice to write music all day and be like, 'I'm going to take a break, see you guys in two hours.'"[2]

text: Out of the 30 songs the band sketched out for the album, 13 ended up on the final release.

text: Album title[edit]

text: Former bassist Alex Katunich (aka "Dirk Lance") stated that the album's title comes from "the name of the street the house was on where we recorded the album."[2] Boyd notes that "every time we'd pull into the street we had the view of the ocean and Pacific Coast Highway. I got a big creative boner every time I'd show up to the house. Every time we'd pull up, DJ Kilmore would be like, 'Ah, Morning View. It's time to rock!'"[2]

text: Music[edit]

text: Morning View features a variety of styles: ambience, aggression, and groove. It has an overall softer sound than previous albums, especially apparent on songs like "Echo" and "Are You In?"; however, Incubus's heavier side is still evident on tracks like "Have You Ever" and "Under My Umbrella." Regarding the album's sound, guitarist Mike Einziger notes that it:

text: "would've been really easy for us to try to replicate certain songs that did well on our last record, which we didn't do. We didn't do anything even remotely close to that. We put pressure on ourselves to make a good record because if none of us were happy with it, we'll all be miserable for the next two years while we're on tour."[2]

text: The final song, "Aqueous Transmission", employs the use of Chinese instruments such as the pipa and is accompanied by a Japanese orchestra. The pipa used on the recording was given to Mike Einziger from Steve Vai."[3] "Aqueous Transmission" is 7 minutes and 46 seconds long, with the last minute consisting of frogs croaking outside the studio in Malibu. Boyd jokingly said that the purpose of the song was to make "the listener pee in his/her pants" from relaxation.

text: The album also contains an acoustic ballad in the vein of "Drive" - "Mexico", complete with strings.

text: Touring and promotion[edit]

text: Morning View boasted a total of five singles beginning with the euphoric "Wish You Were Here" released on August 21, 2001. Despite the filming of an alternative music video, as the banned original version conjured images of the September 11 attacks, "Wish You Were Here" gained significant rotation and charted well.

text: Its follow up, "Nice to Know You," and third single, "Warning," both gained substantial airplay as well. The moody "Are You In?" had a video exclusive to Europe due to its sensual nature. It gained little attention in comparison to its predecessors as did the final single, "Circles." Five years after the album's release, an official video for latter was released on December 3, 2006 on Sony BMG Musicbox.

text: Once finished with the recording of their new album, Incubus began touring with Hundred Reasons in Europe from June until the first week of July. They were also invited to play Moby's Area:One Festival alongside the likes of Outkast, The Roots, Paul Oakenfold, Carl Cox, and Nelly Furtado. In August, the band performed their first shows in Australia and Japan before returning to the US for their long-awaited headlining tour; joining their long-time friends from California, Hoobastank and Phantom Planet, Incubus embarked on the Honda Civic Tour which kept ticket prices low through sponsorship and saw the band give away cars to fans.[4] Amidst touring, Incubus was still experiencing commercial milestones for their previous album. They continued to headline throughout the remainder of the year.

text: In January 2002, the band toured Europe with 311 and Hoobastank. Incubus played on the Late Show with David Letterman on February 14, 2002. For the remainder of February and March, the group performed throughout Japan and Australia–where they also shot the video for "Warning"–before returning to the US. Incubus embarked on a headlining touring on August 31 with their last concert for Morning View taking place on November 2. This would also be their last show with bassist Alex Katunich who left the Incubus soon later due to personal reasons.

text: Reception[edit]

text:
Professional ratings

Aggregate scores

Source
Rating

Metacritic
62/100[5]

Review scores

Source
Rating

AllMusic
[6]

Blender
[7]

Entertainment Weekly
B[8]

Los Angeles Times
[9]

NME
4/10[10]

Q
[11]

Rolling Stone
[12]

Slant Magazine
[13]

USA Today
[14]

The Village Voice
C+[15]

tag: table

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The album received generally positive reviews, with a Metacritic score of 62, based on 10 reviews.[5] Q stated that "even at their most acerbic or delicately downplayed extremes, Incubus are compelling",[11] while CDNow noted that Incubus "has begun to grow up a bit."[5]

text: Commercial success[edit]

text: Topping all previous Incubus records, Morning View debuted on the Billboard 200 at #2 with 266,000 copies sold in its first week. By December 2001, the album was certified platinum and still ranked #38 on the Top 200. Many of its singles would remain on the charts throughout the following year. After heavy touring and single rotation, Morning View would be the 40th best selling album of 2002.

text: The album is certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America.[16]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: In 2005, Morning View was ranked number 374 in Rock Hard magazine's book of The 500 Greatest Rock & Metal Albums of All Time.[17]

text: On March 1, Einziger, along with Scott Litt, Dave Holdredge, and Rick Will, were nominated for a Grammy in the "Best Engineered Album (Non Classical)" category, for their work on Morning View. [18]

text: Track listing[edit]

text: All lyrics written by Brandon Boyd and all music written by Mike Einziger, Alex Katunich, Chris Kilmore, and José Pasillas.

text:
No.
Title
Length

1.
"Nice to Know You"
4:43

2.
"Circles"
4:09

3.
"Wish You Were Here"
3:32

4.
"Just a Phase"
5:33

5.
"11am"
4:16

6.
"Blood on the Ground"
4:36

7.
"Mexico"
4:22

8.
"Warning"
4:42

9.
"Echo"
3:36

10.
"Have You Ever"
3:16

11.
"Are You In?"
4:26

12.
"Under My Umbrella"
3:33

13.
"Aqueous Transmission"
7:46

Total length:
58:29

text:
[show]Best Buy Exclusive Limited Edition Bonus CD

No.
Title
Length

1.
"The Warmth" (Live in New York City 9/16/01)

2.
"Wish You Were Here" (Live in New York City 9/16/01)

text:
[show]Australian Bonus CD

No.
Title
Length

1.
"Pardon Me" (Live in Denver)

2.
"Favorite Things" (Live in Denver)

3.
"Clean" (Live Acoustic)

4.
"Drive" (Acoustic)

text:
[show]Unreleased Tracks

No.
Title
Length

1.
"Anything" (Later released on Monuments and Melodies)
3:32

2.
"Little Kitten, Big Litter Box" (Unreleased song written for Morning View)

3.
"I Dream of Fiji" (Unreleased song written for Morning View)

4.
"Police Car" (Unreleased song written for Morning View)

5.
"Puzzle" (Unreleased song written for Morning View')

text: Charts[edit]

text: Album

text:
Year
Chart
First week sales
Albums sold (to date)
Position

2001
Billboard 200
266,000
3.6 million
2

text: Singles

text:
Year
Single
Chart
Position

2001
"Wish You Were Here"
Modern Rock Tracks
2

Mainstream Rock Tracks
4

Billboard Hot 100
60

Adult Top 40
36

2002
"Nice To Know You"
Modern Rock Tracks
9

Mainstream Rock Tracks
9

"Warning"
Modern Rock Charts
3

Mainstream Rock Tracks
27

"Circles"
Mainstream Rock Tracks
31

text: Personnel[edit]

text:
Brandon Boyd – lead vocals
Mike Einziger – lead guitar, pipa on "Aqueous Transmission"
Dirk Lance – bass
Chris Kilmore – turntables
José Pasillas – drums


document_title: Third Punic War

question_text: who brought the third punic war to a successful conclusion

text: Third Punic War

text: Background[edit]

text: In the years between the Second and Third Punic War, Rome was engaged in the conquest of the Hellenistic empires to the east (see Macedonian Wars, Illyrian Wars, and the Roman–Seleucid War) and ruthlessly suppressing the Hispanian peoples in the west, although they had been essential to the Roman success in the Second Punic War. Carthage, stripped of allies and territory (Sicily, Sardinia, Hispania), was suffering under a huge indemnity of 200 silver talents to be paid every year for 50 years.

text: According to Appian the senator Cato the Elder usually finished his speeches on any subject in the Senate with the phrase ceterum censeo Carthaginem esse delendam, which means "Moreover, I am of the opinion that Carthage ought to be destroyed". Cicero put a similar statement in the mouth of Cato in his dialogue De Senectute.[6] He was opposed by the senator Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica Corculum, who favoured a different course that would not destroy Carthage, and who usually prevailed in the debates.

text: The peace treaty at the end of the Second Punic War required that all border disputes involving Carthage be arbitrated by the Roman Senate and required Carthage to get explicit Roman approval before going to war. As a result, in the 50 intervening years between the Second and Third Punic War, Carthage had to take all border disputes with Rome's ally Numidia to the Roman Senate, where they were decided almost exclusively in Numidian favour.

text: In 151 BC, the Carthaginian debt to Rome was fully repaid, meaning that, in Punic eyes, the treaty was now expired,[7][8]  though not so according to the Romans, who instead viewed the treaty as a permanent declaration of Carthaginian subordination to Rome akin to the Roman treaties with its Italian allies.  Moreover, the retirement of the indemnity removed one of the main incentives the Romans had to keep the peace with Carthage – there were no further payments that might be interrupted.

text: The Romans had other reasons to conquer Carthage and her remaining territories.[8][9][10]   By the middle of the 2nd century BC, the population of the city of Rome was about 400,000 and rising.  Feeding the growing populace was becoming a major challenge.  The farmlands surrounding Carthage represented the most productive, most accessible and perhaps the most easily obtainable agricultural lands not yet under Roman control.[citation needed]

text: Course of the war[edit]

text: In 151 BC Numidia launched another border raid on Carthaginian soil, besieging the Punic town of Oroscopa, and Carthage launched a large military expedition (25,000 soldiers) to repel the Numidian invaders.  As a result, Carthage suffered a military defeat and was charged with another fifty year debt to Numidia. Immediately thereafter, however, Rome showed displeasure with Carthage's decision to wage war against its neighbour without Roman consent, and told Carthage that in order to avoid a war it had to “satisfy the Roman People.”

text: In 149 BC, Rome declared war against Carthage. The Carthaginians made a series of attempts to appease Rome, and received a promise that if three hundred children of well-born Carthaginians were sent as hostages to Rome the Carthaginians would keep the rights to their land and self-government. Even after this was done the allied Punic city of Utica defected to Rome, and a Roman army of 80,000 men gathered there.[1] The consuls then demanded that Carthage hand over all weapons and armor. After those had been handed over, Rome additionally demanded that the Carthaginians move at least 16 kilometres inland, while the city was to be burned. When the Carthaginians learned of this, they abandoned negotiations and the city was immediately besieged, beginning the Third Punic War.

text: After the main Roman expedition landed at Utica, consuls Manius Manilius and Lucius Marcius Censorius launched a two-pronged attack on Carthage, but were eventually repulsed by the army of the Carthaginian Generals Hasdrubal the Boeotarch and Himilco Phameas. Censorius lost more than 500 men when they were surprised by the Carthaginian cavalry while collecting timber around the Lake of Tunis.[11] A worse disaster fell upon the Romans when their fleet was set ablaze by fire ships which the Carthaginians released upwind.[12] Manilius was replaced by consul Calpurnius Piso Caesonius in 149 after a severe defeat of the Roman army at Nepheris, a Carthaginian stronghold south of the city. Scipio Aemilianus's intervention saved four cohorts trapped in a ravine.[13] Nepheris eventually fell to Scipio in the winter of 147-146.[14] In the autumn of 148, Piso was beaten back while attempting to storm the city of Aspis, near Cape Bon. Undeterred, he laid siege to the town of Hippagreta in the north, but his army was unable to defeat the Punics there before winter and had to retreat.[15] When news of these setbacks reached Rome, he was replaced as consul by Scipio Aemilianus.[16]

text: The Carthaginians endured the siege, starting 149 BC to the spring of 146 BC, when Scipio Aemilianus successfully assaulted the city. Though the Punic citizens offered a strong resistance, they were gradually pushed back by the overwhelming Roman military force and destroyed.

text: Aftermath[edit]

text: Many Carthaginians died from starvation during the later part of the siege, while many others died in the final six days of fighting. When the war ended, the remaining 50,000 Carthaginians, a small part of the original pre-war population, were sold into slavery by the victors.[4] Carthage was systematically burned for 17 days; the city's walls and buildings were utterly destroyed. The remaining Carthaginian territories were annexed by Rome and reconstituted to become the Roman province of Africa.

text: The notion that Roman forces then sowed the city with salt to ensure that nothing would grow there again is almost certainly a 19th-century invention.[17] Contemporary accounts show that the land surrounding Carthage was declared ager publicus and that it was shared between local farmers, and Roman and Italian ones. North Africa soon became a vital source of grain for the Romans.  Roman Carthage was the main hub transporting these supplies to the capital.

text: Numerous significant Punic cities, such as those in Mauretania, were taken over and rebuilt by the Romans. Examples of these rebuilt cities are Volubilis, Chellah and Mogador. Volubilis, for example, was an important Roman town situated near the westernmost border of Roman conquests. It was built on the site of the previous Punic settlement, but that settlement overlies an earlier neolithic habitation.[18] Utica, the Punic city which changed loyalties at the beginning of the siege, became the capital of the Roman province of Africa.[1]

text: A century later, the site of Carthage was rebuilt as a Roman city by Julius Caesar, and would later become one of the main cities of Roman Africa by the time of the Empire.

text:
Ruins of Carthage

Ruins of Carthage

Ruins of Carthage


document_title: Turn on, tune in, drop out

question_text: who said tune in turn on drop out

question_tokens: who said tune in turn on drop out

text: Turn on, tune in, drop out

text: "Turn on, tune in, drop out" is a counterculture-era phrase popularized by Timothy Leary in 1966. In 1967 Leary spoke at the Human Be-In, a gathering of 30,000 hippies in Golden Gate Park in San Francisco and phrased the famous words, "Turn on, tune in, drop out". It was also the title of his spoken word album Turn On, Tune In, Drop Out recorded in 1966. On this lengthy album one can hear Leary speaking in a monotone, soft-spoken voice on his views about the world and humanity and describing nature, Indian symbols, "the meaning of inner life", the LSD experience, peace and many other issues.

text: In a 1988 interview with Neil Strauss, Leary stated that slogan was "given to him" by Marshall McLuhan during a lunch in New York City. Leary added that McLuhan "was very much interested in ideas and marketing, and he started singing something like, 'Psychedelics hit the spot / Five hundred micrograms, that's a lot,' to the tune of a Pepsi commercial of the time. Then he started going, 'Tune in, turn on, and drop out.'"[1] The phrase was used by Leary in a speech he delivered at the opening of a press conference in New York City on September 19, 1966. It urged people to embrace cultural changes through the use of psychedelics by detaching themselves from the existing conventions and hierarchies in society. It was also the motto of his League for Spiritual Discovery.[2] The phrase was derided by more conservative critics.[who?]

text: In his speech, Leary stated:

text: Like every great religion of the past we seek to find the divinity within and to express this revelation in a life of glorification and the worship of God. These ancient goals we define in the metaphor of the present — turn on, tune in, drop out.[3]

text: Leary later explained in his 1983 autobiography Flashbacks:

text: "Turn on" meant go within to activate your neural and genetic equipment. Become sensitive to the many and various levels of consciousness and the specific triggers that engage them. Drugs were one way to accomplish this end. "Tune in" meant interact harmoniously with the world around you – externalize, materialize, express your new internal perspectives. "Drop out" suggested an active, selective, graceful process of detachment from involuntary or unconscious commitments. "Drop Out" meant self-reliance, a discovery of one's singularity, a commitment to mobility, choice, and change. Unhappily my explanations of this sequence of personal development were often misinterpreted to mean "Get stoned and abandon all constructive activity".[4]

text: Turn on, tune in, drop out is also the title of a book (ISBN 1-57951-009-4) of essays by Timothy Leary, covering topics ranging from religion, education, and politics to Aldous Huxley, neurology, and psychedelic drugs.

text: Leary later (during the February 1967 salon known as the Houseboat Summit) announced his agreement with a new ordering of the phrase as he said, "I would agree to change the slogan to 'Drop out. Turn on. Drop in.'"[5]

text: During his last decade, Leary proclaimed that the "PC is the LSD of the 1990s" — "turn on, boot up, jack in" reworked the existing phrase to suggest joining the cyberdelic counterculture.[6]

text: The phrase was referenced in several songs of the time. Psychedelic rock band Strawberry Alarm Clock parodies the quote in their 1967 song "Incense and Peppermints", singing "Turn on, tune in, turn your eyes around" in one of the lines. Gil Scott-Heron criticised the concept in his 1970 poem and song The Revolution Will Not Be Televised, with the line "You will not be able to plug in, turn on and cop-out".

text: The lyrics, "Turn on, tune in, drop out" are included verbatim in several songs:

text:
"Turn On, Tune In" by Threshold
"DI-1-9026" on the album Nail by Scraping Foetus Off the Wheel
"Drop Out" by Infected Mushroom
"Ever Increasing Circles" on the compilation album Wake Up and Smell the... Carcass by the band Carcass
"Turn On Tune In Drop Out" by Cracker
"Turn on, Tune in, Stay inert" in "Flash Delerium" by MGMT
"Turn On / Tune In / Drop Out" on The Fugs' album Tenderness Junction
"Tune In, Drop Out" in "Trigger Hippie" by Morcheeba

text: The CSI episode title "Turn On, Tune In, Drop Dead" also parodies the quote, with the episode focusing on how two victims who are supposedly dead get up and walk away.

text: A variation of the quote ("Tune in, Turn on, Talknet") was used in the 1980s and early 1990s for NBC Radio's Talknet nighttime programming block of call-in advice shows.

text: Another variation, "Turn On, Tune In, Cop Out", was the title of a 1993 single by the band 'Freak Power'- the name itself being a reference to the hippie culture.


document_title: Caddo

question_text: where did the caddo tribe in arkansas live

text: Caddo

text: Government and civic institutions[edit]

text: The Caddo Nation was previously known as the Caddo Tribe of Oklahoma. The tribal constitution provides for election of an eight-person council, with a chairperson, that is based in Binger, Oklahoma.[2]

text: The tribe operates its own housing authority and issues its own tribal vehicle tags. It also operates an administrative center, dance grounds, several community centers, the Caddo Nation Heritage Museum, and an active NAGPRA office, located south of Binger.[3] As of 2012, 5,757 people are enrolled in the nation, with 3,044 living within the state of Oklahoma.[3] Individuals are required to document at least 1/16 Caddo ancestry in order to enroll as citizens.

text: In July 2016, Tamara M. Francis was re-elected as the Chairman of the Caddo Nation. Chairman Tamara Francis is the daughter of the first elected female Chairman, Mary Pat Francis. She is the fourth elected female leader of the Caddo Nation. The council consists of:

text:
Chairman: Tamara M. Francis
Vice-Chairman: Carol D. Ross
Acting Secretary: Philip Martin
Treasurer: Marilyn McDonald
Oklahoma City Representative: Jennifer Wilson
Binger Representative; Marilyn Threlkeld
Fort Cobb Representative Maureen Owings.

text: The tribe has several programs to invigorate Caddo culture. It sponsors a summer culture camp for children.[4] The Hasinai Society[5] and Caddo Culture Club[6] both teach and perform Caddo songs and dances to keep the tradition alive and pass it on to the next generations. The Kiwat Hasinay Foundation is dedicated to preserving and increasing use of the Caddo language.[7]

text: Pre-contact history[edit]

text: Archaeology[edit]

text: The Caddo are thought to be an extension of Woodland period peoples, the Fourche Maline and Mossy Grove cultures, whose members were living in the area of Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas between 200 BCE and 800 CE.[8] The Wichita and Pawnee are related to the Caddo, as both tribes speak Caddoan languages.

text: By 800 CE, this society had begun to coalesce into the Caddoan Mississippian culture. Some villages began to gain prominence as ritual centers. Leaders directed the construction of major earthworks, serving as temple mounds and platforms for residences of the elite. The flat-topped mounds were arranged around leveled, large, open plazas, which were usually kept swept clean and were often used for ceremonial occasions. As complex religious and social ideas developed, some people and family lineages gained prominence over others.[8] By 1000 CE, a society that is defined by archaeologists as "Caddoan" had emerged. By 1200, the many villages, hamlets, and farmsteads established throughout the Caddo world had developed extensive maize agriculture, producing a surplus that allowed for greater density of settlement.[8] In these villages, artisans and craftsmen developed specialties. The artistic skills and earthwork mound-building of the Caddoan Mississippians flourished during the 12th and 13th centuries.[9]

text: The Spiro Mounds, near the Arkansas River in present-day southeastern Oklahoma, were some of the most elaborate mounds in the United States. They were made by Mississippian ancestors of the historic Caddo and Wichita tribes, in what is considered the westernmost point of the Mississippian culture.[10] The Caddo were farmers and enjoyed good growing conditions most of the time. The Piney Woods, the geographic area where they lived, was affected by the Great Drought from 1276–1299 CE, which covered an area extending to present-day California and disrupted many Native American cultures.[11]

text: Archeological evidence has confirmed that the cultural continuity is unbroken from prehistory to the present among these peoples. The Caddoan Mississippian people were the direct ancestors of the historic Caddo people and related Caddo-language speakers who encountered the first Europeans, as well as of the modern Caddo Nation of Oklahoma.[12]

text: Oral history[edit]

text: Caddo oral history of their creation story says the tribe emerged from an underground cave, called Chahkanina or "the place of crying," located at the confluence of the Red River of the South and Mississippi River in northern present-day Louisiana. Their leader, named Moon, instructed the people not to look back. An old Caddo man carried with him a drum, a pipe, and fire, all of which have continued to be important religious items to the people. His wife carried corn and pumpkin seeds. As people and accompanying animals emerged, the wolf looked back. The exit from the underground closed to the remaining people and animals.[13]

text: The Caddo peoples moved west along the Red River, which they called Bah'hatteno in Caddo.[14] A Caddo woman, Zacado, instructed the tribe in hunting, fishing, home construction, and making clothing. Caddo religion focuses on Kadhi háyuh, translating to "Lord Above" or "Lord of the Sky." In early times, the people were led by priests, including a head priest, the xinesi, who could commune with spirits residing near Caddo temples.[13] A cycle of ceremonies developed around important periods of corn cultivation. Tobacco was and is used ceremonially. Early priests drank a purifying sacrament made of wild olive leaves.[15]

text: Territory[edit]

text: Centuries before extensive European contact, some of the Caddo territory was invaded by migrating Dhegihan-speaking peoples, Osage, Ponca, Omaha, and Kaw, who moved west beginning about 1200 due to years of warfare with the Iroquois in the Ohio River area of present-day Kentucky. The Iroquois took control of hunting grounds in the area. The Osage particularly fought the Caddo, pushed them out of some former territory, and became dominant in the region of present-day Missouri, Arkansas, and eastern Kansas. These tribes had become settled in their new territory west of the Mississippi prior to mid-18th-century European contact.[16]

text: Most of the Caddo historically lived in the Piney Woods ecoregion of the United States, divided among the state regions of East Texas, southern Arkansas, western Louisiana, and southeastern Oklahoma. This region extends up to the foothills of the Ozarks. The Piney Woods are a dense forest of deciduous and pinophyta flora covering rolling hills, steep river valleys, and intermittent wetlands called "bayous". Caddo people primarily settled near the Caddo River.

text: When they first encountered Europeans and Africans, the Caddo tribes organized themselves in three confederacies: the Natchitoches, Hasinai, and Kadohadacho. They were loosely affiliated with other neighboring tribes including the Yowani a Choctaw band. The Natchitoches lived in now northern Louisiana, the Haisinai lived in East Texas, and the Kadohadacho lived near the border of Texas, Oklahoma, and Arkansas.[17]

text: The Caddo people had a diet based on cultivated crops, particularly maize (corn), but also sunflower, pumpkins, and squash. These foods held cultural significance, as did wild turkeys. They hunted and gathered wild plants, as well.

text: Post-contact history[edit]

text: The Caddo first encountered Europeans and Africans in 1541 when the Spanish Hernando de Soto Expedition came through their lands.[18] De Soto's force had a violent clash with one band of Caddo Indians, the Tula people, near present-day Caddo Gap, Arkansas. This historic event has been marked by the modern town with a monument.

text: French explorers in the early 18th century encountered the Natchitoche in northern Louisiana. They were followed by fur traders from outposts along the Gulf Coast, and later by missionaries from France and Spain, who also traveled among the people. The Europeans carried infections such as smallpox and measles, because these were endemic in their societies. As the Caddo peoples had no acquired immunity to such new diseases, they suffered epidemics with high fatalities that decimated the tribal populations. Influenza and malaria also devastated the Caddo.[16]

text: French traders built forts with trading posts near Caddo villages. These stations attracted more French and other European settlers. Among such settlements are the present-day communities of Elysian Fields and Nacogdoches, Texas, and Natchitoches, Louisiana. In the latter two towns, early explorers and settlers kept the original Caddo names of the villages.

text: Having given way over years before the power of the former Ohio Valley tribes, the later Caddo negotiated for peace with the waves of Spanish, French, and finally Anglo-American settlers. After the 1803 Louisiana Purchase, by which the United States took over the former French colonial territory west of the Mississippi River, the US government sought to ally with the Caddo peoples. During the War of 1812, American generals such as William Henry Harrison, William Clark, and Andrew Jackson crushed pro-British uprisings among other Southeast Indians, in particular the Creeks. Due to the Caddo's neutrality and their importance as a source of information for the Louisiana Territory government, they were left alone. In the 1830s, the federal government embarked on a program of Indian removal of tribes from the Southeast in order to enable European-American settlement, as new migrants pressed from the east.[19]

text: In 1835 the Kadohadacho, the northernmost Caddo confederacy, signed a treaty with the US to relocate to independent Mexico (in the area of present-day East Texas). Then lightly settled by Mexican colonists, this area was being rapidly transformed by greatly increased immigration of European Americans. In 1836, the Anglo-Americans declared independence from Mexico and established the Republic of Texas, an independent nation.[14] The name "Texas" is derived from the Hasinai word táysha, meaning "friend".[20]

text: On December 29, 1845, Texas was admitted to the US as a state. At that time, the federal government forced the relocation of both the Hasinai and the Kadohadacho as well as remnants of allied Delaware (Lenape) and Yowani onto the Brazos Reservation. Pressures increased on the Brazos Reservation Indians to remove north, culminating in a violent attack on December 26, 1858 on a Caddo encampment just off the reservation. This vigilante group led by Captain Peter Garland was a vigilante force from Erath County. The Caddo group was led by Choctaw Tom who was a Yowani Choctaw married to a Hasinai woman, who was killed in this fight along with twenty-seven other Indians.[21] In 1859, many of the Caddo were relocated again to Indian Territory north of Texas, in present-day Oklahoma. After the Civil War, the Caddo were concentrated on a reservation located between the Washita and Canadian rivers in Indian Territory.[14]

text: In the late 19th century, the Caddo took up the Ghost Dance religion, which was widespread among American Indian nations in the West. John Wilson, a Caddo-Lenape medicine man who spoke only Caddo, was an influential leader in the Ghost Dance. In 1880, Wilson became a peyote roadman. The tribe had known the Half Moon peyote ceremony, but Wilson introduced the Big Moon ceremony to them.[22] The Caddo tribe remains very active in the Native American Church today.

text: Late 19th century to present[edit]

text: Congress passed the Dawes Act to promote assimilation of tribes in Indian Territory. It authorized distribution of tribal communal landholdings into allotments for individual households in order for them to establish subsistence family farms along the European-American model. Any tribal lands remaining after such allotments were to be declared "surplus" and sold, including to non-Native Americans. The allotment system was intended to extinguish tribal Native American land claims to enable admission of Oklahoma as a state and assimilate Native Americans into the majority culture. At the same time, tribal governments were to be ended. The territory had already been settled by numerous European Americans outside the tribal territories.

text: The Caddo vigorously opposed allotment. Whitebread, a Caddo leader, said, "because of their peaceful lives and friendship to the white man, and through their ignorance were not consulted, and have been ignored and stuck away in a corner and allowed to exist by sufferance."[14] Tribal governments were dismantled at this time, and Native Americans were expected to act as state and US citizens. After some period, the adverse effects of these changes were recognized. The Caddo and other Native American peoples suffered greatly from the disruption of the loss of their lands and breakup of their traditional cultures.

text: Under the federal Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 and the Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act of 1936, the Caddo restored their tribal government. They adopted a written constitution and a process of electing officials. They organized in 1938 as the Caddo Indian Tribe of Oklahoma. They ratified their constitution on 17 January 1938.[2] In 1976, they drafted a new constitution, which continues elected representative government. During the 20th century, Caddo leaders such as Melford Williams, Harry Guy, Hubert Halfmoon, and Vernon Hunter have helped shape the tribe.[14]

text: In a special election on 29 June 2002, the tribe adopted six amendments to the constitution. Tribal enrollment is open to individuals with a documented minimum of 1/16 degree Caddo blood quantum.[24]

text: 21st-century tribal issues[edit]

text: Sometimes, severe disagreements have developed among factions of the tribe that have not been resolved in elections. In August 2013, a group led by Philip Smith attempted to recall Brenda Shemayme Edwards, the chairman of the Tribal Council. This faction conducted a new election, but the victor stepped down, and Edwards refused to leave office. In October 2013, Smith and his supporters broke into the Caddo Nation headquarters. They chained the front doors from the inside and blocked off the entrance to the administration building. The opposition called the Bureau of Indian Affairs Police.[25]

text: Operation of the tribe was split between two factions. The Court of Indian Offenses, which had been overseeing issues for a year because of the internal conflict, in October 2014 ordered a new election for all positions.[26][27]

text: In the January 2015 elections, all the top tribal positions were won by women: Tamara Michele Francis as chair, Carol D. Ross as vice chair, Jennifer Reeder as secretary, and Wildena G. Moffer as treasurer.[28]

text: In July 2016, Tamara M. Francis was re-elected as the Chairman of the Caddo Nation. The Council consists of Chairman Francis, Vice Chairman Carol D. Ross, Acting Secretary Philip Martin, Treasurer Marilyn McDonald, Oklahoma City Representative Jennifer Wilson, Binger Representative Marilyn Threlkeld, Fort Cobb Representative Maureen Owings.

text: (Chairman Francis is the daughter of the first elected female Chairman, Mary Pat Francis. She is the fourth elected female leader of the Caddo Nation)

text:
John Wilson (1840-1901), Caddo peyote roadman

Sho-e-tat (Little Boy) or George Washington (1816-1883), Louisiana Caddo leader

A stirrup dance by the Caddo Culture Club, Caddo National Complex, Binger, 2008

Caddo dancers, members of the Caddo Cultural Club, Binger, Oklahoma, 2008

text: Notable Caddo[edit]

text:
T. C. Cannon, Kiowa-Caddo artist
LaRue Parker, former tribal chairperson
Jeri Redcorn, Caddo-Potawatomi potter
John Wilson, peyote roadman