document_title: List of Cricket World Cup finals

question_text: when was the most recent year that india won the cricket world cup

text: List of Cricket World Cup finals

text: History[edit]

text: The inaugural ICC Cricket World Cup final was held on 21 June 1975 at Lord's, contested by Australia and the West Indies. A man of the match performance,[11] including a century from West Indian captain Clive Lloyd coming in to bat at number five with his team 50/3,[12] formed the basis of a 149-run fourth-wicket partnership with Rohan Kanhai.[13] Keith Boyce added a quick 34 and the Australians were set a target of 292 to win in a 60-over encounter. In reply, Alan Turner hit 40 from 54 deliveries and Australian captain Ian Chappell scored 62 from 93 balls. Australia "contributed to their own destruction" in an innings with five run outs, and the West Indies were crowned the first cricket world champions, winning by 17 runs.[14] Four years later, the West Indies qualified for the final, this time facing England, hosted at Lord's for the second consecutive tournament. An unbeaten 138 from Viv Richards, and support from Collis King in a 139-run partnership for the fifth wicket,[15] saw the West Indies set England a target of 287 runs to win in 60 overs.[16] A profitable yet slow opening partnership between Mike Brearley and Geoffrey Boycott (the latter taking 17 overs to reach double figures)[17] saw England to 129. However, following Brearley's dismissal, only Graham Gooch and Derek Randall made a "brief assault" on the West Indian bowling,[17] before a batting collapse, Joel Garner taking five wickets in eleven balls.[18] England ended 194 all out, and presented the West Indies with their second consecutive title, winning by 92 runs.[17]

text: Lord's re-hosted the third World Cup final in June 1983, and was West Indies' third consecutive final. On this occasion, they faced India in front of 24,609 spectators.[19] Sunil Gavaskar was dismissed early in the innings for two runs, and only Kris Srikkanth scored more than thirty;[20] Andy Roberts took three wickets for the West Indies leaving India all out for 183.[20] Following the dismissals of Viv Richards, Desmond Haynes and Larry Gomes by Madan Lal for six runs between them, the West Indies collapsed to 140 all out, handing the title to India by 43 runs.[19] India and Pakistan co-hosted the 1987 tournament; the final was held at Eden Gardens in Kolkata between Australia and England, both appearing for the second time and vying for their first title. Australia won the toss and elected to bat first; David Boon scored 75 runs from 125 deliveries, while Mike Veletta made a rapid 45 from 31 deliveries taking Australia to a total of 253/5 by the close of play, this time after 50 overs.[21] In front of around 70,000 spectators, England's middle order of Bill Athey, Mike Gatting and Allan Lamb provided some resistance, but with 17 runs required in the final over to win, England fell short and lost by 7 runs.[22]

text: The 1992 tournament was co-hosted by Australia and New Zealand, with the first ever day/night final being held at the Melbourne Cricket Ground in Australia between England and Pakistan. In their first final appearance, Pakistan won the toss and elected to bat first. Despite two early wickets from Derek Pringle, Pakistani batsmen Imran Khan and Javed Miandad shared a third-wicket partnership of 139. Both Inzamam-ul-Haq and Wasim Akram added over thirty runs each at more than a run-a-ball, leading Pakistan to a total of 249/6 in 50 overs.[23] A crowd of over 87,000 saw man-of-the-match Wasim Akram take three of England's wickets, including that of all-rounder Ian Botham for a duck, after Graeme Hick was "baffled by the googly".[24] England were bowled out for 227, and Pakistan won by 22 runs.[23] India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka hosted the tournament in 1996. Sri Lanka was making their first appearance in the final, and faced 1987 champions Australia in another day/night contest. After winning the toss, Arjuna Ranatunga sent Australia in to bat at the Gaddafi Stadium in Lahore. Captain Mark Taylor and Ricky Ponting added 101 in their second-wicket partnership as Australia completed their 50 overs 241/7.[25] Man of the match Aravinda de Silva's century, assisted by partnerships with Asanka Gurusinha and Ranatunga led Sri Lanka to the total with 22 balls and 7 wickets to spare, and their first win in the final. This was the first time a host won the title, though the final was played in Pakistan. It was also the first time that the team batting second emerged victorious.[25]

text: Australia's "12-year era of World Cup dominance" began with the 1999 tournament,[26] hosted for the fourth time by England. In a "one-sided" final,[27] Shane Warne's four wickets helped to restrict Pakistan to 132 runs, all out with 11 overs yet to bat.[28] A rapid fifty from Adam Gilchrist, and support from Mark Waugh, Ponting and Darren Lehmann, saw Australia reach the total in just over 20 overs, winning by eight wickets.[28] The 2003 tournament had three co-hosts: South Africa, Kenya and Zimbabwe, the final being a day/night match contested between Australia and India at the Wanderers Stadium in Johannesburg. Gilchrist and Matthew Hayden opened the batting, making a century partnership before Ponting and Damien Martin went on to score the highest partnership in any World Cup final with an unbeaten 234.[29] Australia batted out their fifty overs, and ended on the highest score in World Cup final history: 359/2.[30] Player of the tournament Sachin Tendulkar was dismissed in the first over of India's reply but Virender Sehwag and Rahul Dravid combined to score 88 in their fourth wicket partnership. However, following Dravid's dismissal, India's batting collapsed, and they finished on 234 all out with nearly eleven overs remaining, handing Australia a 125-run victory.[30]

text: The 2007 final, held at the Kensington Oval in Barbados, was reduced to 38 overs a side following a two-hour rain delay.[31] Australia's Gilchrist hit the fastest century in a World Cup final at a strike rate of over 143 and his opening stand with Hayden became the largest first-wicket partnership in World Cup history.[29] Australia ended on 281/4, an average of 7.39 runs per over.[32] In reply, Sanath Jayasuriya and Kumar Sangakkara accumulated 116 runs for the second wicket, but with Chamara Silva the only other batsman to score over 20, Sri Lanka capitulated. Despite a revised target, due to a further rain break, calculated using the Duckworth–Lewis method, Sri Lanka scored 215–8 from their allotted overs. With a 53-run victory, Australia won their third consecutive World Cup.[32] Bangladesh, India and Sri Lanka co-hosted the 2011 tournament,[33] with the latter pair meeting in the final in the Wankhede Stadium in Mumbai. Scoring 91 runs in their final 10 overs,[34] Sri Lanka's innings ended on 274/6, Mahela Jayawardene top-scoring with an unbeaten 103.[35] Sehwag was out leg before wicket to Lasith Malinga in the second ball of the Indian innings, Tendulkar soon followed him, but 97 from Gautam Gambhir and an unbeaten 91 from MS Dhoni saw India home with 10 balls to spare. By winning the match, India became the first team to win the finals on home soil.[35]

text: List of finals[edit]

text:
Key to list of finals

The final was played as a day/night game.

The final was decided by the Duckworth–Lewis method.

text:
The "Year" column refers to the year the World Cup was held, and links to the article about that tournament.
The links in the "Result" column point to the article about that tournament's final game.
Links in the "Winners" and "Runners-up" columns point to the articles for the national cricket teams of the countries, not the articles for the countries.

tag: ul

text:
List of finals, along with the host nation and location and result of the final

Year
Winner
Result
Runner-up
Final venue
Host nation(s)[2]
Crowd

1975
 West Indies
291/8 (60 overs)
West Indies won by 17 runs[11]
 Australia
274 all out (58.4 overs)
Lord's, London
England
24,000

1979
 West Indies
286/9 (60 overs)
West Indies won by 92 runs[16]
 England
194 all out (51 overs)
Lord's, London
England
32,000

1983
 India
183 all out (54.4 overs)
India won by 43 runs[20]
 West Indies
140 all out (52 overs)
Lord's, London
England
30,000

1987
 Australia
253/5 (50 overs)
Australia won by 7 runs[21]
 England
246/8 (50 overs)
Eden Gardens, Kolkata, India
India, Pakistan
95,000

1992
 Pakistan
249/6 (50 overs)
Pakistan won by 22 runs[23]
 England
227 all out (49.2 overs)
MCG, Melbourne, Australia
Australia, New Zealand
87,182

1996
 Sri Lanka
245/3 (46.2 overs)
Sri Lanka won by 7 wickets[25]
 Australia
241/7 (50 overs)
Gaddafi Stadium, Lahore, Pakistan
India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka
62,645

1999
 Australia
133/2 (20.1 overs)
Australia won by 8 wickets[28]
 Pakistan
132 all out (39 overs)
Lord's, London
England, Wales, Ireland, Scotland, Netherlands
30,000

2003
 Australia
359/2 (50 overs)
Australia won by 125 runs[30]
 India
234 all out (39.2 overs)
Wanderers, Johannesburg, South Africa
Kenya, South Africa, Zimbabwe
32,827

2007
 Australia
281/4 (38 overs)
Australia won by 53 runs [32]
 Sri Lanka
215/8 (36 overs)
Kensington Oval, Bridgetown
West Indies
28,108

2011
 India
277/4 (48.2 overs)
India won by 6 wickets[35]
 Sri Lanka
274/6 (50 overs)
Wankhede Stadium, Mumbai, India
Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka
65,000

2015
 Australia
186/3 (33.1 overs)
Australia won by 7 wickets
 New Zealand
183 all out (45 overs)
MCG, Melbourne, Australia
Australia, New Zealand
93,013

text: Results by country[edit]

text:
National team
Final appearances
Winners
Runners-up
Years won
Years runners-up

 Australia
7
5
2
1987, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2015
1975, 1996

 India
3
2
1
1983, 2011,
2003

 West Indies
3
2
1
1975, 1979
1983

 Sri Lanka
3
1
2
1996
2007, 2011

 Pakistan
2
1
1
1992
1999

 England
3
0
3
–
1979, 1987, 1992

 New Zealand
1
0
1
–
2015


document_title: Chariots of Fire

question_text: where were the beach scene from chariots of fire filmed

root

text: Chariots of Fire

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1919, Harold Abrahams (Ben Cross) enters the University of Cambridge, where he experiences anti-Semitism from the staff, but enjoys participating in the Gilbert and Sullivan club. He becomes the first person to ever complete the Trinity Great Court Run – running around the college courtyard in the time it takes for the clock to strike 12. Abrahams achieves an undefeated string of victories in various national running competitions. Although focused on his running, he falls in love with a leading Gilbert and Sullivan soprano, Sybil (Alice Krige).

tag: p

text: Eric Liddell (Ian Charleson), born in China of Scottish missionary parents, is in Scotland. His devout sister Jennie (Cheryl Campbell) disapproves of Liddell's plans to pursue competitive running. But Liddell sees running as a way of glorifying God before returning to China to work as a missionary.

text: When they first race against each other, Liddell beats Abrahams. Abrahams takes it poorly, but Sam Mussabini (Ian Holm), a professional trainer whom he had approached earlier, offers to take him on to improve his technique. This attracts criticism from the Cambridge college masters (John Gielgud and Lindsay Anderson), who allege it is not gentlemanly for an amateur to "play the tradesman" by employing a professional coach. Abrahams dismisses this concern, interpreting it as cover for anti-Semitic and class-based prejudice.

text: When Eric Liddell accidentally misses a church prayer meeting because of his running, his sister Jennie upbraids him and accuses him of no longer caring about God. Eric tells her that though he intends to eventually return to the China mission, he feels divinely inspired when running, and that not to run would be to dishonour God, saying, "I believe that God made me for a purpose. But He also made me fast, and when I run, I feel His pleasure."

text: The two athletes, after years of training and racing, are accepted to represent Great Britain in the 1924 Olympics in Paris. Also accepted are Abrahams' Cambridge friends, Lord Andrew Lindsay (Nigel Havers), Aubrey Montague (Nicholas Farrell), and Henry Stallard (Daniel Gerroll). While boarding the boat to Paris for the Olympics, Liddell learns the news that the heat for his 100-metre race will be on a Sunday. He refuses to run the race – despite strong pressure from the Prince of Wales and the British Olympic committee – because his Christian convictions prevent him from running on the Sabbath.

text: Hope appears when Liddell's teammate Lindsay, having already won a silver medal in the 400 metres hurdles, proposes to yield his place in the 400-metre race on the following Thursday to Liddell, who gratefully agrees. His religious convictions in the face of national athletic pride make headlines around the world.

text: Liddell delivers a sermon at the Paris Church of Scotland that Sunday, and quotes from Isaiah 40, ending with, "But they that wait upon the Lord shall renew their strength; they shall mount up with wings as eagles; they shall run, and not be weary; and they shall walk, and not faint."

text: Abrahams is badly beaten by the heavily favoured United States runners in the 200 metre race. He knows his last chance for a medal will be the 100 metres. He competes in the race, and wins. His coach Sam Mussabini is overcome that the years of dedication and training have paid off with an Olympic gold medal. Now Abrahams can get on with his life and reunite with his girlfriend Sybil, whom he had neglected for the sake of running. Before Liddell's race, the American coach remarks dismissively to his runners that Liddell has little chance of doing well in his now far longer 400 metre race. But one of the American runners, Jackson Scholz, hands Liddell a note of support for his convictions. Liddell defeats the American favourites and wins the gold medal.

text: The British team returns home triumphant. As the film ends, onscreen text explains that Abrahams married Sybil, and became the elder statesman of British athletics. Liddell went on to missionary work in China. All of Scotland mourned his death in 1945 in Japanese-occupied China.

text: Cast [edit]

text:
Ben Cross as Harold Abrahams, a Jewish student at Cambridge University
Ian Charleson as Eric Liddell, the son of Scottish missionaries to China
Nicholas Farrell as Aubrey Montague, a runner and friend of Harold Abrahams
Nigel Havers as Lord Andrew Lindsay, a Cambridge student runner partially based on David Burghley and Douglas Lowe
Ian Holm as Sam Mussabini, Abrahams's running coach
John Gielgud as Master of Trinity College at Cambridge University
Lindsay Anderson as Master of Caius College at Cambridge University
Cheryl Campbell as Jennie Liddell, Eric's devout sister (Janet Lillian "Jenny" Liddell)
Alice Krige as Sybil Gordon, Abrahams' fiancée (his actual fiancée was Sybil Evers)
Struan Rodger as Sandy McGrath, Liddell's friend and running coach
Nigel Davenport as Lord Birkenhead, member of the British Olympic Committee, who counsels the athletes
Patrick Magee as Lord Cadogan, chairman of the British Olympics Committee, who is unsympathetic to Liddell's religious plight
David Yelland as the Prince of Wales, who tries to get Liddell to change his mind about running on Sunday
Peter Egan as the Duke of Sutherland, president of the British Olympic Committee, who is sympathetic to Liddell
Daniel Gerroll as Henry Stallard, a Cambridge student and runner
Dennis Christopher as Charley Paddock, American Olympic runner
Brad Davis as Jackson Scholz, American Olympic runner

text: Historical accuracy[edit]

text: Characters[edit]

text: The film depicts Abrahams as attending Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge with three other Olympic athletes: Henry Stallard, Aubrey Montague, and Lord Andrew Lindsay. Abrahams and Stallard were in fact students there and competed in the 1924 Olympics. Montague also competed in the Olympics as depicted, but he attended Oxford, not Cambridge.[4] Aubrey Montague sent daily letters to his mother about his time at Oxford and the Olympics; these letters were the basis of Montague's narration in the film.

text: The character of Lindsay was based partially on Lord Burghley, a significant figure in the history of British athletics. Although Burghley did attend Cambridge, he was not a contemporary of Harold Abrahams, as Abrahams was an undergraduate from 1919 to 1923 and Burghley was at Cambridge from 1923 to 1927. One scene in the film depicts the Burghley-based "Lindsay" as practising hurdles on his estate with full champagne glasses placed on each hurdle – this was something the wealthy Burghley did, although he used matchboxes instead of champagne glasses.[5] The fictional character of Lindsay was created when Douglas Lowe, who was Britain's third athletics gold medallist in the 1924 Olympics, was not willing to be involved with the film.[6]

text: Another scene in the film recreates the Great Court Run, in which the runners attempt to run around the perimeter of the Great Court at Trinity College, Cambridge in the time it takes the clock to strike 12 at midday. The film shows Abrahams performing the feat for the first time in history. In fact, Abrahams never attempted this race, and at the time of filming the only person on record known to have succeeded was Lord Burghley, in 1927. In Chariots of Fire, Lindsay, who is based on Lord Burghley, runs the Great Court Run with Abrahams in order to spur him on, and crosses the finish line just a moment too late. Since the film's release, the Great Court Run has also been successfully run by Trinity undergraduate Sam Dobin, in October 2007.[7]

text: In the film, Eric Liddell is tripped up by a Frenchman in the 400-metre event of a Scotland–France international athletic meeting. He recovers, makes up a 20-metre deficit, and wins. This was based on fact; the actual race was the 440 yards at a Triangular Contest meet between Scotland, England, and Ireland at Stoke-on-Trent in England in July 1923. His achievement was remarkable as he had already won the 100- and 220-yard events that day.[8] Also unmentioned with regard to Liddell is that it was he who introduced Abrahams to Sam Mussabini.[9] This is alluded to: In the film Abrahams first encounters Mussabini while he is watching Liddell race. The film, however, suggests that Abrahams himself sought Mussabini's assistance.

text: Abrahams and Liddell did race against each other once, but not quite as depicted in the film, which shows Liddell winning the final of the 100 yards against a shattered Abrahams at the 1923 AAA Championship at Stamford Bridge. In fact, they raced only in a heat of the 220 yards, which Liddell won, five yards ahead of Abrahams, who did not progress to the final. In the 100 yards, Abrahams was eliminated in the heats and never raced against Liddell, who won the finals of both races the next day.[10]

text: Abrahams' fiancée is misidentified as Sybil Gordon, a soprano at the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company. In fact, in 1936, Abrahams married Sybil Evers, who sang at the D'Oyly Carte, but they did not meet until 1934.[11] Also, in the film, Sybil is depicted as singing the role of Yum-Yum in The Mikado, but neither Sybil Gordon nor Sybil Evers ever sang that role with D'Oyly Carte,[12][13] although Evers was known for her charm in singing Peep-Bo, one of the two other "little maids from school".[11] Harold Abrahams' love of and heavy involvement with Gilbert and Sullivan, as depicted in the film, is factual.[14]

text: Liddell's sister was several years younger than she was portrayed in the film. Her disapproval of Liddell's track career was creative licence; she actually fully supported his sporting work. Jenny Liddell Somerville cooperated fully with the making of the film and has a brief cameo in the Paris Church of Scotland during Liddell's sermon.[15]

text: At the memorial service for Harold Abrahams, which opens the film, Lord Lindsay mentions that he and Aubrey Montague are the only members of the 1924 Olympic team still alive. However, Montague died in 1948, 30 years before Abrahams' death.

text: 1924 Olympics[edit]

text: The film takes some liberties with the events at the 1924 Olympics, including the events surrounding Liddell's refusal to race on a Sunday. In the film, he doesn't learn that the 100-metre heat is to be held on the Christian Sabbath until he is boarding the boat to Paris. In fact, the schedule was made public several months in advance. Liddell did however face immense pressure to run on that Sunday and to compete in the 100 metres, getting called before a grilling by the British Olympic Committee, the Prince of Wales, and other grandees;[14] and his refusal to run made headlines around the world.[16] The decision to change races was, even so, made well before embarking to Paris, and Liddell spent the intervening months training for the 400 metres, an event in which he had previously excelled. It is true, nonetheless, that Liddell's success in the Olympic 400m was largely unexpected.

text: The film depicts Lindsay, having already won a medal in the 400-metre hurdles, giving up his place in the 400-metre race for Liddell. In fact Burghley, on whom Lindsay is loosely based, was eliminated in the heats of the 110 hurdles (he would go on to win a gold medal in the 400 hurdles at the 1928 Olympics), and was not entered for the 400 metres.

text: The film reverses the order of Abrahams' 100m and 200m races at the Olympics. In reality, after winning the 100 metres race, Abrahams ran the 200 metres but finished last, Jackson Scholz taking the gold medal. In the film, before his triumph in the 100m, Abrahams is shown losing the 200m and being scolded by Mussabini. And during the following scene in which Abrahams speaks with his friend Montague while receiving a massage from Mussabini, there is a French newspaper clipping showing Scholz and Charlie Paddock with a headline which states that the 200 metres was a triumph for the United States. In the same conversation, Abrahams laments getting "beaten out of sight" in the 200. The film thus has Abrahams overcoming the disappointment of losing the 200 by going on to win the 100, a reversal of the real order.

text: Eric Liddell actually also ran in the 200m race, and finished third, behind Paddock and Scholz. This was the only time in reality that Liddell and Abrahams competed in the same race. Their meeting in the 1923 AAA Championship in the film was fictitious, though Liddell's record win in that race did spur Abrahams to train even harder.[17]

text: Abrahams also won a silver medal as an opening runner for the 4 x 100 metres relay team, not shown in the film. Aubrey Montague placed sixth in the steeplechase, as depicted.[4]

text: Personal inaccuracies at the Olympics[edit]

text: In the film, the 100m bronze medallist is a character called "Tom Watson"; the real medallist was Arthur Porritt of New Zealand, who refused permission for his name to be used in the film, allegedly out of modesty. His wish was accepted by the film's producers, even though his permission was not necessary.[18] However, the brief back-story given for Watson, who is called up to the New Zealand team from the University of Oxford, substantially matches Porritt's history. With the exception of Porritt, all the runners in the 100m final are identified correctly when they line up for inspection by the Prince of Wales.

text: Jackson Scholz is depicted as handing Liddell an inspirational Bible-quotation message before the 400 metres final: "It says in the good Book, 'He that honors me, I will honor.' Good luck."[19] In reality, the note was from members of the British team, and was handed to Liddell before the race by his attending masseur at the team's Paris hotel.[20] For dramatic purposes, screenwriter Welland asked Scholz if he could be depicted handing the note, and Scholz readily agreed, saying "Yes, great, as long as it makes me look good."[14][21]

text: Production[edit]

text: Script and direction[edit]

text: Producer David Puttnam was looking for a story in the mold of A Man for All Seasons (1966), regarding someone who follows his conscience, and felt sports provided clear situations in this sense.[22] He discovered Eric Liddell's story by accident in 1977, when he happened upon a reference book on the Olympics while housebound from the flu in a rented house in Los Angeles.[23][24]

text: Screenwriter Colin Welland, commissioned by Puttnam, did an enormous amount of research for his Academy Award-winning script. Among other things, he took out advertisements in London newspapers seeking memories of the 1924 Olympics, went to the National Film Archives for pictures and footage of the 1924 Olympics, and interviewed everyone involved who was still alive. Welland just missed Abrahams, who died 14 January 1978, but he did attend Abrahams' February 1978 memorial service, which inspired the present-day framing device of the film.[5] Aubrey Montague's son saw Welland's newspaper ad and sent him copies of the letters his father had sent home – which gave Welland something to use as a narrative bridge in the film. Except for changes in the greetings of the letters from "Darling Mummy" to "Dear Mum" and the change from Oxford to Cambridge, all of the readings from Montague's letters are from the originals.[14]

text: Welland's original script also featured, in addition to Eric Liddell and Harold Abrahams, a third protagonist, 1924 Olympic gold medallist Douglas Lowe, who was presented as a privileged aristocratic athlete. However, Lowe refused to have anything to do with the film, and his character was written out and replaced by the fictional character of Lord Andrew Lindsay.[25]

text: Ian Charleson himself wrote Eric Liddell's speech to the post-race workingmen's crowd at the Scotland v. Ireland races. Charleson, who had studied the Bible intensively in preparation for the role, told director Hugh Hudson that he didn't feel the portentous and sanctimonious scripted speech was either authentic or inspiring. Hudson and Welland allowed him to write words he personally found inspirational instead.[26]

text: The film was slightly altered for the U.S. audience. A brief scene depicting a pre-Olympics cricket game between Abrahams, Liddell, Montague, and the rest of the British track team appears shortly after the beginning of the original film. For the American audience, this brief scene was deleted. In the U.S., to avoid the initial G rating, which had been strongly associated with children's films and might have hindered box office sales, a different scene was used – one depicting Abrahams and Montague arriving at a Cambridge railway station and encountering two World War I veterans who use an obscenity – in order to be given a PG rating.[27]

text: Puttnam chose Hugh Hudson, a multiple award-winning advertising and documentary filmmaker who had never helmed a feature film, to direct Chariots of Fire. Hudson and Puttnam had known each other since the 1960s, when Puttnam was an advertising executive and Hudson was making films for ad agencies. In 1977, Hudson had also been second-unit director on the Puttnam-produced film Midnight Express.[28]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Director Hugh Hudson was determined to cast young, unknown actors in all the major roles of the film, and to back them up by using veterans like John Gielgud, Lindsay Anderson, and Ian Holm as their supporting cast. Hudson and producer David Puttnam did months of fruitless searching for the perfect actor to play Eric Liddell. They then saw Scottish stage actor Ian Charleson performing the role of Pierre in the Royal Shakespeare Company's production of Piaf, and knew immediately they had found their man. Unbeknownst to them, Charleson had heard about the film from his father, and desperately wanted to play the part, feeling it would "fit like a kid glove".[29]

text: Ben Cross, who plays Harold Abrahams, was discovered while playing Billy Flynn in Chicago. In addition to having a natural pugnaciousness, he had the desired ability to sing and play the piano.[14][30] Cross was thrilled to be cast, and said he was moved to tears by the film's script.[31]

text: 20th Century Fox, which put up half of the production budget in exchange for distribution rights outside of North America,[32] insisted on having a couple of notable American names in the cast.[24] Thus the small parts of the two American champion runners, Jackson Scholz and Charlie Paddock, were cast with recent headliners: Brad Davis had recently starred in Midnight Express (also produced by Puttnam), and Dennis Christopher had recently starred, as a young bicycle racer, in the popular indie film Breaking Away.[31]

text: All of the actors portraying runners underwent a gruelling three-month training intensive with renowned running coach Tom McNab. This training and isolation of the actors also created a strong bond and sense of camaraderie among them.[31]

text: Music[edit]

text: Although the film is a period piece, set in the 1920s, the Academy Award-winning original soundtrack composed by Vangelis uses a modern 1980s electronic sound, with a strong use of synthesizer and piano among other instruments. This was a bold and significant departure from earlier period films, which employed sweeping orchestral instrumentals. The title theme of the film has become iconic, and has been used in subsequent films and television shows during slow-motion segments.

text: Vangelis, a Greek-born electronic composer who moved to Paris in the late 1960s, had been living in London since 1974.[33] Director Hugh Hudson had collaborated with him on documentaries and commercials, and was also particularly impressed with his 1979 albums Opera Sauvage and China.[34] David Puttnam also greatly admired Vangelis's body of work, having originally selected his compositions for his previous film Midnight Express.[35] Hudson made the choice for Vangelis and for a modern score: "I knew we needed a piece which was anachronistic to the period to give it a feel of modernity. It was a risky idea but we went with it rather than have a period symphonic score."[28] The soundtrack had a personal significance to Vangelis: After composing the iconic theme tune he told Puttnam, "My father is a runner, and this is an anthem to him."[5][33]

text: Hudson originally wanted Vangelis's 1977 tune "L'Enfant",[36] from his Opera Sauvage album, to be the title theme of the film, and the beach running sequence was actually filmed with "L'Enfant" playing on loudspeakers for the runners to pace to. Vangelis finally convinced Hudson he could create a new and better piece for the film's main theme – and when he played the now-iconic "Chariots of Fire" theme for Hudson, it was agreed the new tune was unquestionably better.[37] The "L'Enfant" melody still made it into the film: When the athletes reach Paris and enter the stadium, a brass band marches through the field, and first plays a modified, acoustic performance of the piece.[38] Vangelis's electronic "L'Enfant" track eventually was used prominently in the 1982 film The Year of Living Dangerously.

text: Some pieces of Vangelis's music in the film did not end up on the film's soundtrack album. One of them is the background music to the race Eric Liddell runs in the Scottish highlands. This piece is a version of "Hymne", the original version of which appears on Vangelis's 1979 album, Opéra sauvage. Various versions are also included on Vangelis's compilation albums Themes, Portraits, and Odyssey: The Definitive Collection, though none of these include the version used in the film.

text: Five lively Gilbert and Sullivan tunes also appear in the soundtrack, and serve as jaunty period music which nicely counterpoints Vangelis's modern electronic score. These are: "He is an Englishman" from H.M.S. Pinafore, "Three Little Maids from School Are We" from The Mikado, "With Catlike Tread" from The Pirates of Penzance, "The Soldiers of Our Queen" from Patience, and "There Lived a King" from The Gondoliers.

text: The film also incorporates a major traditional work: "Jerusalem", sung by a British choir at the 1978 funeral of Harold Abrahams. The words, written by William Blake in 1804-8, were set to music by Parry in 1916 as a celebration of England. This hymn has been described as "England's unofficial national anthem",[39] concludes the film and inspired its title.[40] A handful of other traditional anthems and hymns and period-appropriate instrumental ballroom-dance music round out the film's soundtrack.

text: Filming locations[edit]

text: The beach scenes associated with the theme tune were filmed at West Sands, St Andrews. A plaque commemorating the filming can be found there today. The very last scene of the opening titles crosses the 1st and 18th holes of the Old Course at St Andrews Links.[41][42]

text: All of the Cambridge scenes were actually filmed at Hugh Hudson's alma mater Eton College, because Cambridge refused filming rights, fearing depictions of anti-Semitism. The Cambridge administration greatly regretted the decision after the film's enormous success.[14]

text: Liverpool Town Hall was the setting for the scenes depicting the British Embassy in Paris.[14] The Colombes Olympic Stadium in Paris was represented by the Oval Sports Centre, Bebington, Merseyside.[43] The nearby Woodside ferry terminal was used to represent the embarkation scenes set in Dover.[43] The railway station scenes were filmed in York, using locomotives from the National Railway Museum.[14] The scene depicting a performance of The Mikado was filmed in the Royal Court Theatre, Liverpool with members of the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company who were on tour.[44]

text: Revival for the 2012 Olympics[edit]

text: Chariots of Fire became a recurring theme in promotions for the 2012 Summer Olympics in London. The film's theme tune was featured at the opening of the 2012 London New Years fireworks celebrating the Olympics,[45] and the film's iconic beach-running scene and theme tune were used in The Sun's "Let's Make It Great, Britain" Olympic ads.[46] The runners who first tested the new Olympic Park were spurred on by the Chariots of Fire theme tune,[47] and the iconic music was also used to fanfare the carriers of the Olympic flame on parts of its route through the UK.[48][49] The film's theme was also performed by the London Symphony Orchestra, conducted by Simon Rattle, during the Opening Ceremony of the games; the performance was accompanied by a comedy skit by Rowan Atkinson which included the opening beach-running footage from the film.[50] The film's theme tune was also played during each medal ceremony of the 2012 Olympics.

text: Stage adaptation[edit]

text: A stage adaptation of Chariots of Fire was mounted in honour of the 2012 Olympics. The play, Chariots of Fire, which was adapted by playwright Mike Bartlett and included the iconic Vangelis score, ran from 9 May to 16 June 2012 at London's Hampstead Theatre, and transferred to the Gielgud Theatre in the West End on 23 June, where it ran until 5 January 2013.[51] It starred Jack Lowden as Eric Liddell and James McArdle as Harold Abrahams, and Edward Hall directed. Stage designer Miriam Buether transformed each theatre into an Olympic stadium, and composer Jason Carr wrote additional music.[52][53][54] Vangelis also created several new pieces of music for the production.[55][56] The stage version for the London Olympic year was the idea of the film's director, Hugh Hudson, who co-produced the play; he stated, "Issues of faith, of refusal to compromise, standing up for one's beliefs, achieving something for the sake of it, with passion, and not just for fame or financial gain, are even more vital today."[57]

text: Another play, Running for Glory, written by Philip Dart, based on the 1924 Olympics, and focusing on Abrahams and Liddell, toured parts of Britain from 25 February to 1 April 2012. It starred Nicholas Jacobs as Harold Abrahams, and Tom Micklem as Eric Liddell.[58][59]

text: UK cinematic re-release, Blu-ray[edit]

text: As an official part of the London 2012 Festival celebrations, a new digitally re-mastered version of the film screened in 150 cinemas throughout the UK. The re-release began 13 July 2012, two weeks before the opening ceremony of the London Olympics.[60]

text: A Blu-ray of the film was released on 10 July 2012 in North America,[61] and was released 16 July 2012 in the UK.[62] The release includes nearly an hour of special features, a CD sampler, and a 32-page "digibook".[63][64]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Since its release Chariots of Fire has received generally positive reviews from critics. As of 2017 the film holds an 83% "Certified Fresh" rating on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes based on 64 reviews, accompanied by the summary "Decidedly slower and less limber than the Olympic runners at the center of its story, the film nevertheless manages to make effectively stirring use of its spiritual and patriotic themes."[65]

text: For its 2012 re-release, Kate Muir of The Times gave the film five stars, writing: "In a time when drug tests and synthetic fibres have replaced gumption and moral fibre, the tale of two runners competing against each other in the 1924 Olympics has a simple, undiminished power. From the opening scene of pale young men racing barefoot along the beach, full of hope and elation, backed by Vangelis's now famous anthem, the film is utterly compelling."[66]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: Chariots of Fire was very successful at the 54th Academy Awards, winning four of seven nominations. When accepting his Oscar for Best Original Screenplay, Colin Welland famously announced "The British are coming".[67] At the 1981 Cannes Film Festival the film won two awards and competed for the Palme d'Or.[68]

text:
BFI Top 100 British films (1999) – rank 19
Hot 100 No. 1 Hits of 1982 (USA) (8 May) – Vangelis, Chariots of Fire theme

text: American Film Institute recognition

text:
1998: AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies - Nominated
2005: AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores - Nominated
2006: AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers - No. 100
2007: AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) - Nominated
2008: AFI's 10 Top 10 - Nominated Sports Movie

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Award
Category
Recipients and nominees
Result

54th Academy Awards
Academy Award for Best Picture
David Puttnam
Won

Academy Award for Best Director
Hugh Hudson
Nominated

Academy Award for Best Writing (Original Screenplay)
Colin Welland
Won

Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor
Ian Holm
Nominated

Academy Award for Best Film Editing
Terry Rawlings
Nominated

Academy Award for Best Costume Design
Milena Canonero
Won

Academy Award for Best Original Score
Vangelis
Won

American Movie Awards
Best Supporting Actor
Ian Holm
Nominated

35th British Academy Film Awards
BAFTA Award for Best Film
David Puttnam
Won

BAFTA Award for Best Direction
Hugh Hudson
Nominated

BAFTA Award for Best Original Screenplay
Colin Welland
Nominated

BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role
Nigel Havers
Nominated

Ian Holm
Won

BAFTA Award for Best Editing
Terry Rawlings
Nominated

BAFTA Award for Best Costume Design
Milena Canonero
Won

BAFTA Award for Best Cinematography
David Watkin
Nominated

BAFTA Award for Best Film Music
Vangelis
Nominated

BAFTA Award for Best Production Design
Roger Hall
Nominated

BAFTA Award for Best Sound
Clive Winter, Bill Rowe, Jim Shields
Nominated

British Society of Cinematographers

David Watkin
Nominated

1981 Cannes Film Festival
Palme d'Or
Hugh Hudson
Nominated

Prize of the Ecumenical Jury - Special Mention
Won

Best Supporting Actor
Ian Holm
Won

Directors Guild of America Award
Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing – Feature Film
Hugh Hudson
Nominated

39th Golden Globe Awards
Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Film
Hugh Hudson
Won

25th Grammy Awards
Grammy Award for Best Pop Instrumental Performance
Ernie Watts
Won

London Film Critics' Circle
London Film Critics Circle Award for Film of the Year
Hugh Hudson
Won

London Film Critics Circle Award for Screenwriter of the Year
Colin Welland
Won

Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards 1981
Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Foreign Film
Hugh Hudson
2nd place

Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Music
Vangelis
2nd place

National Board of Review Awards 1981
National Board of Review Award for Best Film

Won

National Board of Review: Top Ten Films

Won

1981 New York Film Critics Circle Awards
New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Film

4th place

New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Director
Hugh Hudson
3rd place

New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Cinematography
David Watkin
Won

Toronto International Film Festival
People's Choice Award
Hugh Hudson
Won

tag: table


document_title: The Bachelorette (season 13)

question_text: what season of the bachelorette was dean on

text: The Bachelorette (season 13)

text: Development and production[edit]

text: Casting began during season twelve of The Bachelorette. Lindsay was named as the bachelorette during Jimmy Kimmel Live!.[2]

text: This season's cast includes pro wrestler Kenny Layne.

text: Destinations for this season were South Carolina, Norway, Denmark, Switzerland and Spain, with appearances including actors Mila Kunis and Ashton Kutcher, former NBA player Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, actress and television host Ellen DeGeneres and country singer Russell Dickerson.[3]

text: Contestants[edit]

text: The season began with 31 contestants.

text:
Name

Age

Hometown

Occupation

Outcome

Place

Ref

Bryan Abasolo[4][5]

37

Miami, Florida

Chiropractor

Winner

1

[6]

Peter Kraus [7]

31

Madison, Wisconsin

Business Owner

Runner-Up

2

Eric Bigger[8]

29

Baltimore, Maryland

Personal Trainer

Week 9

3

Dean Unglert[9][5]

26

Aspen, Colorado

Startup Recruiter

Week 8

4

[10]

Adam Gottschalk[11]

27

Dallas, Texas

Real Estate Agent

Week 7

5

[12]

Matthew "Matt" Munson[13]

32

Meriden, Connecticut

Construction Sales Rep

6

Aleksandr "Alex" Bordyukov[14]

28

Grosse Pointe, Michigan

Information Systems Supervisor

Week 6

7

[15]

William "Will" Gaskins[4]

28

White Plains, New York

Sales Manager

8

Kenny Layne[5][16][17]

35

Orlando, Florida

Professional Wrestler

9

Anthony Battle[7]

26

Chicago, Illinois

Education Software Manager

Week 5

10-11

Josiah Graham[4][18]

28

Plantation, Florida

Prosecuting Attorney

Lee Garrett[16]

30

Jacksonville, Florida

Singer/Songwriter

12

Ignacio "Iggy" Rodriguez[7]

30

Pasadena, California

Consulting Firm CEO

Week 4

13-14

[19]

Jonathan Treece[16][20]

31

New Smyrna Beach, Florida

Tickle Monster

Jack Stone[11]

32

Dallas, Texas

Attorney

15

[21]

Brady Ervin[4]

29

Eden Prairie, Minnesota

Male Model

Week 3

16-18

Kenneth "Diggy" Moreland[7]

31

Chicago, Illinois

Senior Inventory Analyst

Bryce Powers[22]

30

Orlando, Florida

Firefighter

Frederick "Fred" Johnson[5][11]

27

Dallas, Texas

Executive Assistant

19

[23]

Blake Elarbee[24]

31

Marina del Rey, California

Aspiring Drummer

Week 2

20-22

James "Jamey" Kocan[25]

32

Santa Monica, California

Sales Account Executive

Lucas Yancey[25][26]

30

Woodside, California

Whaboom

DeMario Jackson[5][27]

30

Century City, California

Executive Recruiter

23

[28]

Jedidiah Ballard[29]

35

Augusta, Georgia

ER Physician

Week 1

24-31

[30]

Michael Black[7][31]

26

Chicago, Illinois

Former Professional Basketball Player

Robert "Rob" Howard[11][32]

30

Calgary, Canada

Law Student

Grant Hubsher

29

Palm Harbor, Florida

Emergency Medicine Physician

Blake Killpack[33]

29

San Francisco, California

U.S. Marine Veteran

Milton LaCroix[4]

31

North Bay Village, Florida

Hotel Recreation Supervisor

Mohit Sehgal

26

Pacifica, California

Product Manager

Kyle Sherwood[34]

26

Stratford, Connecticut

Marketing Consultant

text: Future appearances[edit]

text: Bachelor in Paradise[edit]

text: Season 4

text: DeMario Jackson was set to appear in the fourth season of Bachelor in Paradise thus became the only cast member of this season has announced.  When production restarted after the misconduct allegations had halted production, Jackson did not return for filming.[35]  Dean Unglert joined the cast on that season after he was eliminated during hometowns,.[36] Diggy Moreland, Matt Munson, Iggy Rodriguez, Jack Stone, Jonathan Treece, Fred Johnson, Blake Elarbee, and Adam Gottschalk would also appear on season 4. When production restarted, Rodriguez was eliminated in week one. Munson quit in week two. Elarbee and Johnson were eliminated in week three. Unglert, Moreland, Stone, and Treece all quit in week four. Gottschalk left Paradise in a relationship with Raven Gates.

text: Season 5

text: Eric Bigger competed in the fifth season of Bachelor in Paradise on his third Bachelor Nation appearance. He was joined by first time returnee Kenny Layne. Layne quit in week three.

text: The Bachelor Winter Games[edit]

text: Unglert would appear again on his third Bachelor Nation franchise appearance in The Bachelor Winter Games, he joined with first-time returnees Eric Bigger, Jamey Kocan and Josiah Graham to compete as Team USA. Bigger and Kocan were eliminated in week one, Graham was eliminated in week three. Unglert was eliminated in week four.

text: Call-out order[edit]

text:
Order

Bachelors

Episode / Week

1301

1302/1303

1303/1304

1304/1305

1305/1306

1306

1307

1308

1309/1310

1310

1[30]

2[23]

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

1

Peter

Bryan

Dean

Alex

Dean

Bryan

Eric

Bryan

Bryan

Bryan

Bryan

2

Josiah

Peter

Peter

Anthony

Bryan

Will

Peter

Dean

Eric

Peter

Peter

3

Bryan

Will

Josiah

Eric

Eric

Kenny

Bryan

Peter

Peter

Eric

4

Kenny

Jack Stone

Bryan

Will

Peter

Dean

Matt

Eric

Dean

5

Rob

Jamey

Bryce

Dean

Adam

Eric

Dean

Adam

6

Iggy

Iggy

Eric

Jonathan

Will

Peter

Adam

Matt

7

Bryce

Eric

Anthony

Peter

Matt

Alex

Alex

8

Will

DeMario

Will

Adam

Alex

Adam

Will

9

Diggy

Jonathan

Jonathan

Bryan

Josiah

Matt

Kenny

10

Kyle

Bryce

Jack Stone

Matt

Anthony

AnthonyJosiah

11

Blake K.

Alex

Matt

Josiah

Kenny

12

Brady

Kenny

Alex

Jack Stone

Lee

Lee

13

Dean

Dean

Adam

Iggy

IggyJonathan

14

Eric

Matt

Kenny

Kenny

15

DeMario

Anthony

Brady

Lee

Jack Stone

16

Blake E.

Brady

Lee

BradyBryceDiggy

17

Fred

Josiah

Iggy

18

Jonathan

Lee

Fred

19

Lee

Diggy

Diggy

Fred

20

Alex

Fred

Blake E.JameyLucas

21

Milton

Adam

22

Adam

Blake E.

23

Matt

Lucas

DeMario

24

Grant

Blake K.GrantJedidiahKyleMichaelMiltonMohitRob

25

Anthony

26

Jamey

27

Jack Stone

28

Mohit

29

Jedidiah

30

Michael

31

Lucas

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleOriginal air dateProd.codeU.S. viewers(millions)1381"Week 1: Season Premiere"May 22, 2017 (2017-05-22)13015.66[37]
Rachel and her dog, Copper arrived at the Westlake Village Inn in Los Angeles. Then, Rachel met up with her fellow The Bachelor contestants from the recently concluded season: Raven Gates, Alexis Waters, Kristina Schulman, Astrid Loch, Whitney Fransway, Jasmine Goode, and Corinne Olympios at the mansion and gave their advice for her. Rachel returned the mansion to greet 31 men as the limos arrived. Bryan spoke in Spanish, calling himself "trouble," and kissed her during the cocktail party, Bryce wore his firefighter uniform and literally swept Rachel off her feet, a group of RCC Marching Tigers band came at the mansion as Blake E. seen playing drums, Fred recognized Rachel and attended the same school holding a school yearbook, Jonathan tickled over Rachel's body, Lee serenaded Rachel with his guitar, Alex hold a vacuum cleaner has reached out through the mansion, Matt wore a penguin costume, Adam brought along his doll, "Adam Jr.", Grant pulled up in an ambulance with sirens sounding, Michael brought brownies and said "the blacker the brownie the sweeter the dude", and Lucas was boisterous and comedic, showcasing his catchphrase, "Whaboom!" Bryan got the first impression rose. At the rose ceremony, Blake K., Grant, Jedidiah, Kyle, Michael, Milton, Mohit, and Rob were eliminated.
1392"Week 2: Celebrity Guests"May 29, 2017 (2017-05-29)13025.68[38]
For the first group date, eight men traveled to a park to compete in a domestic-themed obstacle course to identify "husband material," hosted by franchise fans Ashton Kutcher and Mila Kunis with four obstacle challenges (changing baby diapers, wearing Babybjörn apparel, clogging sink and running with a vacuum cleaner). Lucas won, and used his time alone with Rachel to read her a poem. Dean received the group-date rose. Peter got the first one-on-one date with Rachel; they flew with Rachel's dog Copper to Palm Springs to attend BarkFest by BarkBox. Rachel gave Peter a rose at dinner, and they kissed during a fireworks display. For the second group date, ten men were split into two teams of five to play basketball for Kareem Abdul-Jabbar and a public audience. After the game, a woman named Lexi claimed to have been DeMario's girlfriend, whom he ghosted to become a Bachelorette contestant, which would indicate DeMario lied on his application. Rachel asked DeMario to join the conversation that he claimed the relationship with Lexi wasn't serious and that he did break things off, but Rachel decided that DeMario was not being honest and she eliminated him. The date continued with an after party, where Rachel gave Josiah the group-date rose. Lucas and Blake E., who were acquainted prior to filming, criticized each other to Rachel during the cocktail party. Bryan massaged Rachel, demonstrating spinal adjustment techniques. DeMario arrived at the mansion and asked to speak with Rachel.
1403"Week 3: Ellen DeGeneres & More"June 5, 2017 (2017-06-05)13036.04[39]
Concluded from the previous episode, Rachel talked to DeMario outside the mansion, after heard more confrontation DeMario instructed to leave. In the rose ceremony, Blake E, Jamey, and Lucas were eliminated and then Blake E. and Lucas started their rivalry caused to feud against each other. The first group date involved six men to take part for The Ellen DeGeneres Show where they danced shirtless for the audience and played "Never Have I Ever". Fred kissed Rachel during the date she admitted that she still thinks of him as a little boy that she wanted to give him a rose but he was eliminated. In the end, Alex received the rose. Anthony got the one-on-one date and had went horseback riding at Rodeo Drive in Beverly Hills, she gave him a rose before they kissed and slow danced. Rachel's fellow The Bachelor co-contestants (Alexis Waters, Raven Gates, Jasmine Goode and Corinne Olympios) on the second group date for the eight men. The guys danced on the stripper pole of a party bus and then had to mud wrestle each other at Cowboy Palace Saloon, Bryce defeated Kenny in the final round. Eric got the group-date rose. At the cocktail party, tensions ran high because Bryce and Lee had spoken against Eric to Rachel's friends during the group date, and the week ends in another cliffhanger.
1414"Week 4: Hilton Head Island"June 19, 2017 (2017-06-19)13045.90[40]
This episode's original airing was delayed a week due to the ongoing NBA Finals.

Concluded from previous episode as the cocktail party continues, Lee stirs up more drama with the other contestants, especially Kenny. During Rachel and Kenny's one-on-one time, Lee interrupts twice and angered Kenny. Then, Kenny and Lee later get into a loud argument, which Rachel overhears. Rachel becomes frustrated by the drama overshadowing her time with the guys, but continues to the rose ceremony where Brady, Bryce, and Diggy are eliminated. The remaining contestants go to Hilton Head Island in South Carolina, where Dean is selected for a one-on-one date. Rachel and Dean enjoy a picnic on a park and take a ride on Goodyear Blimp to get an overview of Hilton Head Island. At dinner, Dean opens up about his family about his mother had passed away when he was a teenager and receives a rose from Rachel. For the group date, Rachel and the contestants go on a booze cruise and then they later participate in a spelling bee, Chris called Rachel to be the fourth judge alongside three youngsters. Josiah emerging as the winner, outlasted Will. Later that evening, Iggy warns Rachel about Josiah on his attitude. Lee tells Rachel about the fight with Kenny and she later confronts Kenny about Lee's words. After his time with Rachel, Kenny pulls Lee aside to speak. The episode ends in another cliffhanger.
1425"Week 5: Part 1"June 26, 2017 (2017-06-26)13055.39[41]
Concluded from the previous episode, Kenny and Lee get into another argument and at the end of the group date, Bryan receives the rose. Jack gets a one-on-one date at Bluffton where they have to shuck clams, go dancing with locals and walk around the city. At dinner, Rachel does not feel a connection with Jack and sends him home. During the rose ceremony, Jonathan and Iggy are eliminated and Rachel and the remaining men have announced to travel to Oslo, Norway. In Norway, Bryan receives a one-on-one date with Rachel to ride a tram in the city and they go rappelling down the Holmenkollen Ski Jump. At dinner, Bryan opens up about his youth past like how he loves his mom so much and he receives a rose. The nine men are selected to go on a group date, where they play handball against local players. Will impresses Rachel during the game and opens up to her that evening, he receives the group date rose. Lee and Kenny go on a two-on-one date. They take a helicopter ride through Hobøl in the Norwegian forest. Rachel goes back and forth between the two men about their side of the story. Rachel tells Kenny that Lee claimed he threw him out of a van and Kenny confronts Lee after his time with Rachel.
1436"Week 5: Part 2"June 27, 2017 (2017-06-27)13064.51[42]
As the two-on-one date continues in Norway, Kenny confronts Lee about his lies. Rachel returns to the forest and sends Lee home, but does not give the rose to Kenny. Before getting into the helicopter to leave, Kenny goes back to Lee to say his final words. At the end of the night, Rachel and Kenny spend time together and she gives him the rose. At the rose ceremony in Losby Gods Manor, Josiah and Anthony are sent home. The remaining group goes to Denmark as Eric got on his one-on-one date. The two explore Copenhagen to have a sightseeing on a canal boat and go to the famous Tivoli Gardens. Eric opens up about his relationship with his mom and receives a rose from Rachel. On the group date, the men row an ancient Longship in Roskilde and have playing traditional Viking games. During the final round of the game, Kenny and Adam face off, where both men get superficial cuts. At the cocktail party after the group date, Kenny misses his daughter and is unsure about continuing on the show. Rachel understands Kenny's dilemma and the two mutually agree for Kenny to return home. Peter receives the group date rose. Will got on his one-on-one date with Rachel to ride a boat around Øresund strait from Helsingør, and arrive at Helsingborg, Sweden while they give a tour the city. They arrived at Carlsberg Museum in Copenhagen, Rachel is surprised by Will's lack of intimacy and his relationship history, so she sends him home. At the rose ceremony, Alex is sent home.
1447"Week 6: Switzerland"July 10, 2017 (2017-07-10)13075.68[43]
The six remaining men travel to Geneva, Switzerland. Rachel reveals there will be three one-on-one dates, one group date, and no rose ceremony. Bryan goes on first one-on-one date with Rachel. The two drive on a Bentley around Geneva, purchase Breitling watches, and explore the city. At dinner, they discuss about on Bryan's past relationship and he receives a rose. Dean is selected for the next one-on-one-date. Rachel and Dean attend a church service and walk around the city. Rachel hopes Dean will reveal another side to him, but during the day he remains very goofy and brushes it off, much to Rachel's frustration. Dean finally opens up at dinner about his insecurities about Rachel meeting his family. Rachel appreciates Dean opening up and he receives a rose. Peter goes on the final one-on-one date, ride on a helicopter from Montreux and landed at Swiss Alps where they ride a dog sled. Peter discusses his doubts about this experience and at dinner, opens up about his past relationships. Rachel questions if he is ready for marriage and Peter receives a rose at the end of the date. Matt, Adam, and Eric go on the group date while they ride a boat around Lake Geneva and strolled their day at Château De Coudrée in Sciez, France on the French–Swiss border. At the turn of the events, Matt is the first bachelor to be eliminated. During dinner, Adam and Eric discuss their respective possible hometown dates with Rachel. Eric receives the rose and Adam is eliminated.
1458"Week 7: Hometown Dates"July 17, 2017 (2017-07-17)13086.21[44]
Rachel first visits Eric's hometown of Baltimore, Maryland. They play basketball at the park when his cousin and best friend Ralph came, things are quite well for Eric. Then, Rachel meets Eric's friends and family. Rachel discusses the hardships of being on TV and the first black bachelorette with his family as Eric has never brought a girl home before, Rachel becomes concerned with his readiness to be married. Rachel then goes to Miami, Florida to visit Bryan and his family. He takes her around to small local spots and authentic Spanish bars in Latino community enclave. When Rachel meets his family, Bryan's mom becomes overprotective about Bryan, intimidating Rachel. The next hometown date is Milan, Italy, to meet Peter and his family. At first, Peter takes Rachel around some local markets in the city and she meets his friends. Later that night, Rachel meets his family and expresses her concern about Peter's interest in marriage to his mother. Rachel then heads to Aspen, Colorado to meet Dean and his family and they ride on an ATV to a cross countryside. Dean hasn't spoken to his Sikh convert father in two years and felt very estranged, this is the first time his entire family has been together in a long time. Tensions rise as Dean and his father talk one-on-one, discussing their hardships over his mother's death. The rose ceremony in Rachel's hometown of Dallas where Dean was sent home.
1469"Week 8: Spain"July 24, 2017 (2017-07-24)13096.43[45]
The three remaining guys are in Dallas to meet Rachel's family, because her sister was unable to leave the country that she is pregnant. Peter went to a store looking a shirt for Rachel's nephew and bought it as a present, Peter discussed to Rachel's mother about on a potential future with Rachel shows that has few certain plans together. Eric traveled to Reunion Tower to give a look of the view of Dallas from the tower and have their lunch together, while speaking to Rachel's family that Eric has really never fell in love prior to the show. Bryan went to a bar and has intrigued over Rachel's friends about Rachel's The Bachelor application, but Rachel's family raises concerns over his sincerity, especially Rachel's sister. All three men traveled to La Rioja, Spain to have their own overnight dates with Rachel, Eric's date takes on a helicopter ride to Gaztelugatxe island in Basque Country to explore monastery where they ring a bell many times and have a dinner together, only Eric received the fantasy suite invitation card. Peter involved visiting the wine cellar and he and Rachel met Vitorino, the winemaker, and had give a tour and gave their keys down below the cellar, then the winemaker and his family had stomping grapes on a vineyard. It ends with a cliffhanger.
14710"The Men Tell All"July 31, 2017 (2017-07-31)N/A5.76[46]
Eighteen of the thirty-one eliminated guys sat down for the audience. Several of the contestants spoke of their lives after the competition. They cover stories about DeMario's girlfriend that has not getting along since his elimination, Kenny took on a hot seat about what happened on his fight with Lee and gave an apology to make peace with Lee. Then, he had felt little compressed about he missed his daughter during the show as his daughter Makenzi brought over at the stage holding a rose to him and surprised that would be going to Disneyland for his birthday. Lee came on through against racism on his tweets from his Twitter account, stated that he isn't making much humorous with his issues. Dean told about on his heartbreak during the show and hopes to find his better life to move on that he is going to be part for Bachelor in Paradise. Rachel later joins to the men and she discusses about sad breakups and fun memories including DeMario's harsh comment about his girlfriend, Dean gives a standing ovation to make his sincerity for love. Then, bloopers is shown including Chris talked to Rachel seeing strangers walking during the Denmark date.
14811"Week 9: Season 13 Finale"August 7, 2017 (2017-08-07)13107.57[47]
For the first time ever, the season finale will give in each story between these three remaining guys. Unlike previous season finales there would be no After the Final Rose. Concluded from the previous episode prior to The Men Tell All, Peter gets his time with Rachel and have dinner together and he receives the fantasy suite invitation. Bryan's date involved horseback riding at the vineyard in the Spanish countryside and enjoyed a leisure day together. As soon Bryan got his fantasy suite invitation, he feels that he is having a strong chemistry with Rachel that are having enjoyed their time. At the rose ceremony, Eric was eliminated, leaving Bryan and Peter in the final two. Eric speaks Rachel for the first time since his devastated breakup felt that his time with Rachel was deeply hard and made a lot of characteristics. Over the final dates, Bryan took on a hot air balloon overlooking La Rioja, stated to think of starting their memories began in the first night and they opened a present of Spanish dictionary for themselves. Peter went to the infamous Monastery of Nuestra Señora de Valvanera in Anguiano where they met a monk to tell on a certain future like marriage, etc. When Peter became mere frustrated, he is not ready to propose but still wants to continue on a relationship with Rachel and said a teary goodbye to him that felt blindsided. Peter talked to Rachel about on his life after an emotional breakup that he isn't going to make in love once more. Bryan proposed to Rachel with some Spanish words and Rachel accepts the proposal. As the engaged couple are seen in public for the first time, Bryan proposes to Rachel for a second time to the audience and the relationship became very close to start their new lives together. Chris gives a pre-honeymoon surprise to them at La Rioja.

text: Controversies[edit]

text: Lee Garrett's racist tweets[edit]

text: The show came under fire for casting Lee Garrett, who had tweeted many racist comments, for their first ever black lead's season.  Garrett's tweets consisted of comparing Black Lives Matter to a terrorist group, comparing the NAACP to the Ku Klux Klan, and called feminists ugly.[48]


document_title: List of deepest mines

question_text: which is the deepest mine in south africa

text: List of deepest mines

text: This is a list of the deepest mines by maximum operating depth.[1],[2]

text:
Number
Name of mine
Depth
Location

1
Mponeng Gold Mine
4.0 km
 South Africa
Gold mine

2
TauTona Gold Mine
3.9 km
 South Africa
Gold mine

3
Savuka Gold Mine
3.7 km
 South Africa
Gold mine

4
Driefontein, Gauteng
3.4 km
 South Africa
Gold mine

5
Kusasalethu mine
3.27 km
 South Africa
Gold mine

6
Moab Khotsong mine
3.05 km
 South Africa
Gold mine

7
South Deep mine
2.99 km
 South Africa
Gold mine

8
Kidd Mine
2.92 km
 Canada
Copper/Zinc mine

9
Great Noligwa Gold Mine
2.6 km
 South Africa
Gold mine

10
Creighton Mine
2.5 km
 Canada
Nickel mine


document_title: Alcohol laws of New York

question_text: when did drinking age change to 21 in ny

text: Alcohol laws of New York

text: State Liquor Authority[edit]

text: The New York State Liquor Authority (NYSLA) and its agency arm, the Division of Alcoholic Beverage Control (DABC), were established under New York State Law in 1934 to "regulate and control the manufacture and distribution within the state of alcoholic beverages for the purpose of fostering and promoting temperance in their consumption and respect for and obedience to law." The SLA is also authorized by statute to "determine whether public convenience and advantage will be promoted by the issuance of licenses to traffic in alcoholic beverages … and to carry out the increase or decrease in the number thereof and the location of premises licensed … in the public interest."[1]

text: For consumption on-premises[edit]

text: In New York, for the purposes of state law, there are only four hours out of each day of the week (with the exception of Sunday) in which alcohol may not be served: 4:00 a.m. to 8:00 a.m. This was designed to accommodate New York City nightlife as well as late night workers statewide in general.  Some upstate areas such as Buffalo, Albany, and Saratoga Springs retain the 4am closing time although individual counties are free to set an earlier "last call." In Binghamton, this is at 3:00 a.m.; in Syracuse, Plattsburgh, Oneonta, and Rochester, bars close at 2:00 a.m.; and Elmira, Geneva, and Ithaca, have some of the earliest closing times in the state at 1 a.m.  For a complete list of closing hours by county, see http://www.sla.ny.gov/provisions-for-county-closing-hours.

text: B.Y.O. Policy[edit]

text: The SLA does not permit establishments to allow patrons to "B.Y.O.B." if the establishment does not have a license or permit to sell alcoholic beverages.[2] The only exception to this rule is that establishments with fewer than 20 seats can permit B.Y.O.B.[3][4] However, the SLA does not have authority to take any direct action against an establishment that is not licensed with the SLA, unless the establishment is then or will be in the future applying for a liquor license.[3]

text: Research[edit]

text: Research has been conducted into the association between closing times and crime in New York. Counties with later closing times tend to have greater rates of violent crime (except gun violence), but not non-violent crime.[5] This was true even after adjusting for socio-demographic factors.

text: For consumption off-premises[edit]

text: Only liquor stores may obtain a license to sell liquor for off-premises consumption. Grocery and drug stores may obtain a license to sell beer alone or beer and "wine products", such as wine coolers (but not wine).[6] Minors visiting a liquor store must be accompanied by an adult at all times; a violation can lead to the owner or manager being charged with second-degree unlawfully dealing with a minor, a Class B misdemeanor.

text: Until the mid-2000s, sales of beer for off-premises consumption were prohibited statewide before noon on Sundays, a remnant of a royal decree during the Colonial era, and between 3–6 a.m. any day. Changes to the law made in the last years of Governor George Pataki's administration loosened those restrictions, and now beer sales are only prohibited from 3–8 a.m. Sundays. Counties are free to adjust those hours in either direction, all the way to midnight and noon, and allow 24-hour beer sales on other days of the week.[7]

text: The law also changed for liquor stores. They may now open on Sundays. (although not before noon) They must still remain closed on Christmas, all day.[7]

text: A few years after those changes, Governor David Paterson sought to allow supermarkets to sell wine as well. He argued that the increase in excise taxes collected would help the state close its budget deficit. The proposed law aroused so much opposition from liquor store owners that it was never voted on by either house of the New York State Legislature.

text: Ownership restrictions[edit]

text: A provision unique to New York requires that every license to sell wine or spirits at retail for off-premises consumption be held by a single individual who lives within a few miles of the store and holds no other such licenses in the state. It was intended to prevent any chain liquor stores from doing business in the state, and none have ever done so.  However, some proprietors open other stores in the names of their family members while maintaining complete control over the other establishments.  Collaboration isn't only limited to families, for example, Premier Group in western New York has three locations each individually owned and operated.

text: Dry communities[edit]

text: There are no dry counties in New York as they are not allowed to make that decision. However, individual cities and towns may. In the case of towns, the decision would also be binding on any villages within them, or the parts of villages within them. Cities and towns may become totally dry, forbidding any on- or off-premises alcohol sales, or partially dry by forbidding one or the other or applying those prohibitions only to beer or to wine and spirits.[8]

text: Currently there are 8 dry towns in the state, all in lightly populated rural areas upstate:[9]

text:
Caneadea in Allegany County
Clymer in Chautauqua
Lapeer in Cortland County.
Orwell in Oswego County
Fremont and Jasper in Steuben County
Berkshire in Tioga County
Argyle in Washington County

text: Ten towns forbid on-premises consumption but allow off-premises; four allow both only at a hotel open year-round. Seventeen disallow only special on-premises consumption. The town of Spencer in Tioga County allows only off-premises and special on-premises consumption. Williamson, in Wayne County, bans on-premises sale of beer at race tracks, outdoor athletic fields and sports stadia where admission is charged.  In all, there are 39 partially dry towns.[9]

text: Drinking age[edit]

text: In response to the National Minimum Drinking Age Act in 1984, which reduced by up to 10% the federal highway funding of any state which did not have a minimum purchasing age of 21, the New York Legislature raised the drinking age from 19 to 21, effective December 1, 1985. (The drinking age had been 18 for many years before the first raise on December 4th, 1982, to 19.) Persons under 21 are prohibited from purchasing alcohol or possessing alcohol with the intent to consume, unless the alcohol was given to that person by their parent or legal guardian. There is no law prohibiting where people under 21 may possess or consume alcohol that was given to them by their parents.[10] Persons under 21 are prohibited from having a blood alcohol level of 0.02% or higher while driving.[11][12]

text: Drunk driving[edit]

text: Like every other state in the United States, driving under the influence is a crime in New York, and is subject to a great number of regulations outside of the state's alcohol laws. New York's maximum blood alcohol level for driving is 0.08% for persons over the age of 21 and there is a "zero tolerance" policy for persons under 21.  Minors caught with any alcohol in the blood (defined legally as 0.02% or more, presumably to avoid false positives) are subject to license revocation for 6 months or more.  Other penalties for drunken driving include fines, license suspension/revocation, and possible imprisonment, and in some cases the implementation of an ignition interlock device.  A lesser charge, driving with ability impaired (DWAI), may apply when a driver's BAC exceeds 0.05%.[13]

text: Research[edit]

text: Research suggests that misdemeanor drunk driving offenses, but not felony drunk driving offenses, are related to county-based closing times for on-premises licensed venues.[14] Requirements for ignition interlock device's for first-time DWI offending introduced with Leandra's Law might explain why there was no relationship between alcohol availability and felony drunk driving offenses.

text: Public intoxication[edit]

text: New York State has no law against being intoxicated from alcohol in public, but there is a law prohibiting other substances. Any person found under the influence of a substance other than alcohol in public who is endangering themselves and others is guilty under the New York State Penal Code. This also applies to those found under the influence and bothering others or damaging public or private property.[citation needed]

text: Drinking in public was outlawed in New York City by Ed Koch in 1979.[15] The law was originally pitched as targeting antisocial derelicts congregating in parks and on sidewalks, with Frederick E. Samuel, one of the measure's proponents in the New York City Council, stating "We do not recklessly expect the police to give a summons to a Con Ed worker having a beer with his lunch".[15] By the end of the year similar laws had spread to municipalities in Westchester County.[16] In March 2016, drinking in public in Manhattan was decriminalized. [17]


document_title: Van Wyk

question_text: where does the surname van wyk come from

text: Van Wyk

text: van Wyk is a common Afrikaans surname, derived from the Dutch Van Wijk. Notable people with the surname include:

text:
Abraham Erasmus van Wyk (born 1952), South African taxonomist
Arnold van Wyk (1916–1983), South African composer
Christopher van Wyk (1957–2014), South African writer
Coenie van Wyk (born 1988), South African rugby union player
Diaan van Wyk (born 1981), South African cricketer
Hermanus van Wyk (1835–1905), Namibian tribal chief
Inke van Wyk (born 1971), South African field hockey player
Jason van Wyk (born 1990), South African composer and record producer
Juandre van Wyk (born 1989), South African cricketer
Kruger van Wyk (born 1980), New Zealand cricketer
Lenert van Wyk (born 1989), South African cricketer
Morne van Wyk (born 1979), South African cricketer
N. P. van Wyk Louw (1906–1970), South African poet and playwright
Ruben Van Wyk (born 1976), Namibian footballer

text: Surname listThis page lists people with the surname van Wyk. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link.

text: [[Category:Afrikaans-

text: language surnames]]

text: SurnamesSurnames of Dutch origin

text: Articles with short descriptionAll set index articles


document_title: National Football League Cheerleading

question_text: what nfl teams don't have cheerleaders 2017

question_tokens: what nfl teams do n 't have cheerleaders 2017

text: National Football League Cheerleading

text: Cheerleader competitions[edit]

text: The first "Battle of the NFL Cheerleaders" was held in 1979 in Hollywood, Florida. Two cheerleaders from each cheerleading team compete against other mini-teams in various athletic events. The events include kayaking, 100 yard dash, obstacle courses, and other events. The Minnesota Vikings Cheerleaders took home the title in 1979. In 1980, it was held in Atlantic City, New Jersey and the Washington Redskinettes were the champions. The winners were Shiona Baum and Jeannie Fritz, and each received a car as the grand prize. The competition was resurrected in 2006 by the NFL Network, and was called NFL Cheerleader Playoffs. The playoffs were taped between July 17 and July 21, 2006 at Six Flags New England in Agawam, Massachusetts. Two-person teams of cheerleaders from 25 of the NFL's 32 teams participated in a four-event series of competitions. The first two events tested the cheerleaders' athletic abilities in events like the 100-yard dash, kayaking, tandem cycling, and the obstacle course. The third event was a trivia challenge called "Know Your NFL." The final competition was a one-minute dance routine, similar to what they normally perform on NFL sidelines. The San Diego Chargers team (Casie and Shantel) defeated the Atlanta Falcons and St. Louis Rams squads to win the overall championship. The 3 teams finished in a three-way tie, with 210 points. The Chargers were declared the winners based on winning the dance competition.

text: Teams[edit]

text: Listed by name, with corresponding NFL football team.

text:
Current or Last Name
Year Established and Former Names
NFL Team

Arizona Cardinals Cheerleaders
1964–1987 St. Louis Cardinals Cheerleaders
1988–1993 Phoenix Cardinals Cheerleaders
1994–present Arizona Cardinals Cheerleaders
Arizona Cardinals

Atlanta Falcons Cheerleaders
1969–1976 The Falconettes
1976–present Atlanta Falcons Cheerleaders
Atlanta Falcons

Baltimore Ravens Cheerleaders
1998–present
Baltimore Ravens

Buffalo Jills
1960–1965 Buffalo Bills Cheerleaders
1966–2013 Buffalo Jills
Buffalo Bills

Carolina Topcats
1995–present
Carolina Panthers

Chicago Honey Bears
1976–1985[1]
Chicago Bears

Cincinnati Ben–Gals
1976–present[2]
Cincinnati Bengals

Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders
1962–1971 CowBelles & Beaux
1972–present Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders[3]
Dallas Cowboys

Denver Broncos Cheerleaders
1971–1976 Bronco Belles
1977–1980 Pony Express
1993–present Denver Broncos Cheerleaders
Denver Broncos

Detroit Lions Cheerleaders
1963-1974[4]
2016–present Detroit Lions Cheerleaders[5]
Detroit Lions

Green Bay Packers Cheerleaders
1957–1961 Packerettes
1961–1972 Golden Girls
1973–1977 Packerettes[6][7]
1977–1986 Sideliners[8]
1987–2006 University of Wisconsin–Green Bay cheerleaders
2007–present UWGB and St. Norbert College cheerleaders
Green Bay Packers

Houston Texans Cheerleaders
2002–present
Houston Texans

Indianapolis Colts Cheerleaders
1954–1983 Baltimore Colts Cheerleaders
1984–present Indianapolis Colts Cheerleaders
Indianapolis Colts

Jacksonville ROAR
1995–present
Jacksonville Jaguars

Kansas City Chiefs Cheerleaders
1964 Chiefs Cheerleaders
1971-85 Chiefettes
1986–present Chiefs Cheerleaders[9]
Kansas City Chiefs

Los Angeles Charger Girls
1960s–70s Chargettes
1990–2016 San Diego Charger Girls
2017–present Los Angeles Charger Girls[10]
Los Angeles Chargers

Los Angeles Rams Cheerleaders
1974–1994 Embraceable Ewes
1995–2015 St. Louis Rams Cheerleaders
2016–present Los Angeles Rams Cheerleaders
Los Angeles Rams

Miami Dolphins Cheerleaders[11]
1966–1977 Dolphin Dolls
1978–1983 Dolphins Starbrites
1984–present Miami Dolphins Cheerleaders
Miami Dolphins

Minnesota Vikings Cheerleaders
1961–1963 Vi-Queens
1964-1665, 1967–1983 The Parkettes (St. Louis Park High School)
1966 Edina High School and Mpls Roosevelt High School
1984–present Minnesota Vikings Cheerleaders
Minnesota Vikings

New England Patriots Cheerleaders
1977–present
New England Patriots

New Orleans Saintsations
1967 Louisiannes/Saints Dancers
1968 Mademoiselles
1971 Mam’selles
1975–78 Bonnies Amies
1978 Angels
1987–present Saintsations
New Orleans Saints

New York Jets Flight Crew
2006 Jets Flag Crew
2007–present Jets Flight Crew
New York Jets

Oakland Raiderettes
1961–present[12]
Oakland Raiders

Philadelphia Eagles Cheerleaders
1948–1970s Eaglettes
1970s Liberty Belles
1980s–present The Eagles Cheerleaders
Philadelphia Eagles

Pittsburgh Steelerettes
1960–1969[13]
Pittsburgh Steelers

San Francisco Gold Rush
1979–present[14]
San Francisco 49ers

Seattle Sea Gals
1976–present[15]
Seattle Seahawks

Tampa Bay Buccaneers Cheerleaders
1976–1998 SwashBucklers
1999–present Tampa Bay Buccaneers Cheerleaders[16]
Tampa Bay Buccaneers

Tennessee Titans Cheerleaders
1975–1997 The Derrick Dolls
1998–present Tennessee Titans Cheerleaders
Tennessee Titans

Washington Redskins Cheerleaders
1962 Redskinettes
1963–present Washington Redskins Cheerleaders[17][18]
Washington Redskins

text: Teams without cheerleaders[edit]

text: As of 2016, six teams do not have cheerleading squads: Buffalo Bills, Chicago Bears, Cleveland Browns, Green Bay Packers, New York Giants, and the Pittsburgh Steelers. The Packers do, however, use a collegiate squad to cheer at home games.[19] Super Bowl XLV between the Steelers and the Packers in February 2011 was the first time a Super Bowl featured no cheerleaders. The Browns and the Giants are the only NFL teams that have never had cheerleaders, while the other aforementioned teams have had cheer squads in the past. However, there are reports that the Browns did have cheerleaders in 1971, but no records exist.[20]

text: The Buffalo Bills endorsed the officially independent Buffalo Jills from 1966 to 2013; when several cheerleaders sued both the Bills and the Bills organizations, the Jills suspended operations.[21]

text: Teams of "unofficial" cheerleaders began emerging in 2010 for NFL teams that don't have their own dance squad. These unofficial cheerleaders aren't sanctioned by the NFL or any franchise in the NFL and therefore are not allowed to perform at games, represent the football team at any outside functions, or use any of the team's branding or trademarked colors on their uniforms. The teams are sponsored by local businesses, and the cheerleaders perform prior to the game, at tailgate parties, and other local events. Some also attend the local NFL games in uniform, and sit together in their block of season ticket seats. Their audition process, costuming, and choreography are very similar to official NFL cheer teams. Some also produce an annual swimsuit calendar, just like the legitimate cheerleaders. All of the independent teams hope at some point to be embraced by the NFL as "official" cheerleaders of their local teams.

text:
The Detroit Pride Cheerleaders were the first independent professional team, put together in August 2010 to support the Lions.[22] However, as the squad was not officially recognized by the Lions, it could not use the Lions' logos nor colors.[23] In 2016, the Lions started an official cheerleading squad.
The Gotham City Cheerleaders were organized in August 2011 to support all New York sports, but are most closely associated with the Giants. The team has also been known as the New York Unofficials, the Unofficial Dancers of the New York Giants, and the Gotham’s Team Blue Army Dancers.[24]
The Cleveland Spirit Cheerleaders were created in September 2012 to support the Browns as a test team to attract fan interest.[23] This cheer team was created by the same people responsible for the Detroit Pride.[25]

text: Pro Bowl[edit]

text: A top honor for an NFL Cheerleader is to be selected as a Pro Bowl Cheerleader. The group is composed of an all-star cheerleader (one from each NFL cheer team) that represents her NFL team at the Pro Bowl in Hawaii. The Pro Bowl Cheerleaders were founded in 1992 and directed by Jay Howarth and Angela King-Twitero. Each year, one squad member from every NFL team is chosen to participate in the collective Pro Bowl cheerleading squad.[26]