document_title: NBA high school draftees

question_text: who was the last nba player drafted out of high school

text: NBA high school draftees

text: History[edit]

text: Early years[edit]

text: In the early years of the NBA draft, a player had to finish his four-year college eligibility to be eligible for selection. Reggie Harding, who had graduated from high school but did not enroll in a college, became the first player drafted out of high school when the Detroit Pistons selected him in the fourth round of the 1962 draft.[3] However, the NBA rules at that time prohibited a high school player to play in the league until one year after his high school class graduated.[4][5] Thus, he spent a year playing in a minor basketball league before he was drafted again in the 1963 draft by the Pistons.[6] He finally entered the league in the 1963–64 season and played four seasons in the NBA and American Basketball Association (ABA).[7]

text: In 1971, the U.S. Supreme Court decision Haywood v. National Basketball Association ruled, 7–2 against the National Basketball Association's requirement that a player must wait four years after high school graduation (which in most cases was spent playing in college) before turning professional.  This ruling allowed players to enter the NBA Draft without four years of college, provided they could give evidence of hardship to the NBA office.[8]

text: In 1974, the NBA's rival, the ABA, drafted high school star Moses Malone. He was immediately signed by the Utah Stars and became the first player to go directly from high school basketball to a professional league.[9] He became an instant success, averaging 18 points and 14 rebounds per game in his rookie season. He played in the ABA until the ABA–NBA merger in 1976. He then played 19 successful seasons with 7 NBA teams. He won the NBA championship, along with the Finals Most Valuable Player Award, with the Philadelphia 76ers in 1983. His other achievements include 3 Most Valuable Player Awards, 12 consecutive All-Star Game selections, 8 All-NBA Team selections and 6 rebounding titles. He has been inducted to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame and was also named in the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History list announced at the league's 50th anniversary in 1996.[10]

text: A year later, two high school players, Darryl Dawkins and Bill Willoughby, applied for hardship and were declared eligible to be selected in the 1975 draft.[11] They had applied and gave evidence of financial hardship to the league, which granted them the right to start earning their living by starting their professional careers earlier.[8] Dawkins was selected 5th by the Philadelphia 76ers while Willoughby was selected 19th by the Atlanta Hawks. Dawkins played 14 seasons and averaged 12 points and 6 rebounds per game. Willoughby played 8 seasons with 6 different teams and averaged only 6 points per game. Neither player reached the level of success that was expected. It is argued that they could have been better players if they had college basketball experience before entering the NBA.[12][13][14]

text: After Dawkins and Willoughby, no high schoolers were drafted for 14 years, though several players entered the league without playing college basketball. One notable player, Shawn Kemp, enrolled in college but never played any games due to personal problems. In 1989, a year after his high school graduation, he was drafted by the Seattle SuperSonics.[15] He played 14 seasons in the NBA and was selected to 6 All-Star Games and 3 All-NBA Teams.[16]

text: In 1995, Kevin Garnett, USA Today's high school basketball player of the year, announced his intentions to forgo college, and declared himself eligible for the 1995 NBA draft. The move was highly controversial; the conventional wisdom at the time was that high-schoolers were neither emotionally nor physically mature enough for the rigors of the NBA game. On draft day, Garnett was selected with the #5 pick in the first round by the Minnesota Timberwolves.  Garnett led the Timberwolves to eight consecutive playoff berths and was a multiple All-Star during his time with the team.  In 2004, the Wolves advanced to the Western Conference Finals before losing to the Lakers; Garnett was named Most Valuable Player that year. After a trade in the 2007 offseason to the Boston Celtics, he was a core player in the Celtics' first NBA title in over 20 years.

text: In 1996, two notable players made the jump from high school to the NBA.  The first was Kobe Bryant, selected by the Charlotte Hornets with the 13th pick of the NBA draft, but traded almost immediately to the Los Angeles Lakers.  The second was Jermaine O'Neal, selected by the Trail Blazers with the 17th pick.  O'Neal was traded in 2000 to the Indiana Pacers (and later to the Miami Heat).  In 1997, another All-Star caliber player, Tracy McGrady, was selected by the Toronto Raptors.  In 1998, three high-schoolers were drafted with Al Harrington and Rashard Lewis experiencing the most success. Darius Miles became the highest high school player selected with the third pick in the 2000, until the following year.

text: In 2001, Kwame Brown (selected by the Washington Wizards) became the first high-schooler to be selected with the number one pick in the draft; since then, LeBron James (2003) and Dwight Howard (2004) have also been selected with the first pick.  Other notable high-schoolers include Tyson Chandler and Eddy Curry (2001); Amar'e Stoudemire (2002); Josh Smith, Sebastian Telfair, J. R. Smith, and Shaun Livingston (2004); Andrew Bynum and Monta Ellis (2005).

text: Many prep-to-pro players like Kevin Garnett, Kobe Bryant, LeBron James, and Tracy Mcgrady went on to become star players in the NBA. Kevin Garnett, Kobe Bryant, LeBron James have all won the league's MVP Award; as well as holding at least one NBA title under their belt, and are widely regarded as future Hall-of-Famers. Dwight Howard, Jermaine O'Neal and Amar'e Stoudemire also became perennial All-Stars in their prime. However, not all high-schoolers were successful. Kwame Brown and Eddy Curry are widely regarded as draft busts, while Jonathan Bender and Darius Miles had their careers cut short by injury. Korleone Young (drafted in 1998) and Leon Smith (drafted in 1999) only played a handful of games in the NBA, while Lenny Cooke and DeAngelo Collins, both of whom declared for the 2002 Draft, went undrafted and never played in the NBA.

text: Beginning 2005, both the NBA and the players' union started to discuss the possibility of implementing a new age limit. The league lobbied for an age minimum of 20 while the union was against an age limit.[17] Finally in July 2005, both sides compromised in the new collective bargaining agreement, requiring that the minimum age for entry into the NBA be 19 and that entrants be at least one year removed from high school.[18] For the first time, teams are also allowed to send players, with two years of NBA experience or less, to the NBA Development League (NBA D-League).[17]

text: The terms of the new agreement ended the practice of drafting high school players, starting in the 2006 Draft. A high school player must wait at least a year to be eligible for selection. However, they are not required to spend that year in college. In 2008, high school star Brandon Jennings decided to skip college and play professional basketball in Italy. After a year, he was eligible for the 2009 draft and was selected 10th by the Milwaukee Bucks.[19] In the 2010 draft, Latavious Williams, who did not qualify academically to go to college, spent a year playing in the NBA D-League before he was drafted in the second round.[20] Emmanuel Mudiay decided to take a route similar to that of Brandon Jennings by skipping college to play professionally in China in 2014 before being selected by the Denver Nuggets at pick 7 a year later. In the 2015 draft, Satnam Singh Bhamara, who did not qualify academically to go to college, went straight to the NBA draft as a post-graduate after being at IMG Academy for five years. He would be taken by the Dallas Mavericks with the 52nd pick in the draft, thus becoming the first high school student to be drafted since the rule changes. In the 2016 draft, one of the Top–10 players that was declared eligible for NCAA play in 2016, Thon Maker, decided to enter the draft instead as a post-graduate from Orangeville Prep in Orangeville, Ontario, Canada due to him originally declaring himself as eligible for college in 2015. Thon would also mark the first player to be drafted directly from a Canadian high school, as well as the second player to enter as a post-graduate. He'd also be the first high schooler to be drafted in the first round since 2005, being drafted by the Milwaukee Bucks with the tenth pick in the draft, thus becoming the first high school lottery pick since 2005. Most recently, in the 2018 draft, Anfernee Simons from the IMG Academy was also drafted in the NBA with the 24th, with Simons being a postgraduate there like Satnam Singh Bhamara was three years prior. In addition to him, Mitchell Robinson took a year off of playing time after high school due to exiting Western Kentucky University early without playing there, which left him drafted as the 36th pick.

text: Some players support the new age limit. Gerald Green called it "a smart move", saying that "[not everybody is] LeBron James ... He came in ready and he dominated the league. There's a lot of players that have to get developed. Me, I've got to get developed. But I guess that age limit, that one year of college experience, can get you more developed and I think that's pretty good."[17] Others, however, strongly criticize the rule. Andrew Bynum said "That's something I'll never understand. Because in no other business can the owner, or a stock trader or a C.E.O. of a company try to protect themselves by putting rules like that."[21] Former Florida Gators and current Oklahoma City Thunder head coach Billy Donovan believed that the rule made high schoolers feel like they were being punished.[22]

text: List[edit]

text: There have been 45 high school draftees in the NBA Draft. Three draftees were selected first overall; Kwame Brown in 2001 NBA draft, LeBron James in 2003 and Dwight Howard in 2004 NBA draft. Two draftees went on to win the Rookie of the Year Award in their first season; LeBron James and 2002 draftee Amar'e Stoudemire.[23] Three draftees went on to win the Most Valuable Player Award; Kevin Garnett in 2004, Kobe Bryant in 2008 and LeBron James in 2009, 2010, 2012, and  2013.[24] Ten draftees have been selected to the All-Star Game while seven draftees have been selected to the All-NBA Team.

text:
Pos.
G
F
C

Position
Guard
Forward
Center

text:
^

Denotes player who has been inducted to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

*

Denotes player who has been selected for at least one All-Star Game and All-NBA Team

+

Denotes player who has been selected for at least one All-Star Game

#

Denotes player who never played in the NBA regular season or playoffs

text:
Draft[a]

Round

Pick

Player

Pos.

Nationality

Draft team

High school (city)

Ref.

1962

4

29

Reggie Harding

C

 United States

Detroit Pistons

Detroit Eastern High School (Detroit)1[›]

[25]

1975

1

5

Darryl Dawkins

C

 United States

Philadelphia 76ers

Maynard Evans High School (Orlando, Florida)

[26]

1975

2

19

Bill Willoughby

F/C

 United States

Atlanta Hawks

Dwight Morrow High School (Englewood, New Jersey)

[27]

1995

1

5

Kevin Garnett*

F

 United States

Minnesota Timberwolves

Farragut Career Academy (Chicago)

[28]

1996

1

13

Kobe Bryant*

G

 United States

Charlotte Hornets

Lower Merion High School (Ardmore, Pennsylvania)

[29]

1996

1

17

Jermaine O'Neal*

F/C

 United States

Portland Trail Blazers

Eau Claire High School (Columbia, South Carolina)

[30]

1997

1

9

Tracy McGrady^

F

 United States

Toronto Raptors

Mount Zion Christian Academy (Durham, North Carolina)

[31]

1998

1

25

Al Harrington

F

 United States

Indiana Pacers

St. Patrick High School (Elizabeth, New Jersey)

[32]

1998

2

32

Rashard Lewis+

F

 United States

Seattle SuperSonics

Alief Elsik High School (Houston, Texas)

[33]

1998

2

40

Korleone Young

F

 United States

Detroit Pistons

Hargrave Military Academy (Chatham, Virginia)

[34]

1999

1

5

Jonathan Bender

F

 United States

Toronto Raptors

Picayune Memorial High School (Picayune, Mississippi)

[35]

1999

1

25

Leon Smith

C

 United States

Dallas Mavericks

Martin Luther King High School (Chicago)

[36]

2000

1

3

Darius Miles

F

 United States

Los Angeles Clippers

East St. Louis High School (East St. Louis, Illinois)

[37]

2000

1

23

DeShawn Stevenson

G

 United States

Utah Jazz

Washington Union High School (Fresno, California)

[38]

2001

1

1

Kwame Brown

F

 United States

Washington Wizards

Glynn Academy (Brunswick, Georgia)

[39]

2001

1

2

Tyson Chandler*

C

 United States

Los Angeles Clippers

Dominguez High School (Compton, California)

[40]

2001

1

4

Eddy Curry

C

 United States

Chicago Bulls

Thornwood High School (South Holland, Illinois)

[41]

2001

1

8

DeSagana Diop

C

 Senegal

Cleveland Cavaliers

Oak Hill Academy (Mouth of Wilson, Virginia)

[42]

2001

2

46

Ousmane Cisse#

F

 Mali

Denver Nuggets

St. Jude High School (Montgomery, Alabama)

[43]

2002

1

9

Amar'e Stoudemire*

F/C

 United States

Phoenix Suns

Cypress Creek High School (Orlando, Florida)

[44]

2003

1

1

LeBron James*

F

 United States

Cleveland Cavaliers

St. Vincent – St. Mary High School (Akron, Ohio)

[45]

2003

1

23

Travis Outlaw

F

 United States

Portland Trail Blazers

Starkville High School (Starkville, Mississippi)

[46]

2003

1

26

Ndudi Ebi

F

 United Kingdom Nigeria2[›]

Minnesota Timberwolves

Westbury Christian School (Houston, Texas)

[47]

2003

1

27

Kendrick Perkins

C

 United States

Memphis Grizzlies

Clifton J. Ozen High School (Beaumont, Texas)

[48]

2003

2

48

James Lang

C

 United States

New Orleans Hornets

Central Park Christian High School (Birmingham, Alabama)

[49]

2004

1

1

Dwight Howard*

F/C

 United States

Orlando Magic

Southwest Atlanta Christian Academy (Atlanta)

[50]

2004

1

4

Shaun Livingston

G

 United States

Los Angeles Clippers

Peoria High School (Peoria, Illinois)

[51]

2004

1

12

Robert Swift

C

 United States

Seattle SuperSonics

Bakersfield High School (Bakersfield, California)

[52]

2004

1

13

Sebastian Telfair

G

 United States

Portland Trail Blazers

Abraham Lincoln High School (Brooklyn, New York)

[53]

2004

1

15

Al Jefferson

F

 United States

Boston Celtics

Prentiss High School (Prentiss, Mississippi)

[54]

2004

1

17

Josh Smith

F

 United States

Atlanta Hawks

Oak Hill Academy (Mouth of Wilson, Virginia)

[55]

2004

1

18

J. R. Smith

G

 United States

New Orleans Hornets

Saint Benedict's Preparatory School (Newark, New Jersey)

[56]

2004

1

19

Dorell Wright

G/F

 United States

Miami Heat

South Kent Preparatory School (South Kent, Connecticut)

[57][58]

2005

1

6

Martell Webster

G/F

 United States

Portland Trail Blazers

Seattle Preparatory School (Seattle)

[59]

2005

1

10

Andrew Bynum+

C

 United States

Los Angeles Lakers

St. Joseph High School (Metuchen, New Jersey)

[60]

2005

1

18

Gerald Green

F

 United States

Boston Celtics

Gulf Shores Academy (Houston, Texas)

[61]

2005

2

34

C. J. Miles

G

 United States

Utah Jazz

Skyline High School (Dallas)

[62]

2005

2

35

Ricky Sánchez#

F

 Puerto Rico

Portland Trail Blazers

IMG Academy (Bradenton, Florida)

[63]

2005

2

40

Monta Ellis

G

 United States

Golden State Warriors

Lanier High School (Jackson, Mississippi)

[64]

2005

2

45

Louis Williams

G

 United States

Philadelphia 76ers

South Gwinnett High School (Snellville, Georgia)

[65]

2005

2

49

Andray Blatche

F

 United States Philippines3[›]

Washington Wizards

South Kent Preparatory School (South Kent, Connecticut)

[66]

2005

2

56

Amir Johnson

F

 United States

Detroit Pistons

Westchester High School (Los Angeles)

[67]

2015

2

52

Satnam Singh#

C

 India4[›]

Dallas Mavericks

IMG Academy (Bradenton, Florida)

[68]

2016

1

10

Thon Maker

F/C

 Sudan South Sudan Australia5[›]

Milwaukee Bucks

Orangeville District Secondary School (Orangeville, Ontario, Canada)6[›]

[69]

2018

1

24

Anfernee Simons

G

 United States

Portland Trail Blazers

IMG Academy (Bradenton, Florida)

[70]

text:
^ 1: Reggie Harding played and graduated from Detroit Eastern High School in January but he played high school basketball in Nashville, Tennessee prior to the draft.[71][72]
^ 2: While Ndudi Ebi was originally born and raised in London, England, he also holds Nigerian nationality due to his parents being born and raised there.
^ 3: Andray Blatche was born and raised in Syracuse, New York and holds American nationality, but he had become a naturalized Filipino since June 2014 and has officially represented the Philippines since.
^ 4: Satnam Singh officially marks the first ever player to be taken from India in the NBA. He also marks the first time since 2005 after their latest ruling on high school players that someone directly from high school would be taken in the draft, albeit as a postgraduate senior.
^ 5: Thon Maker was born in Wau, Sudan at the time, but Wau has now since become a part of South Sudan instead due to war. Even then, though, he would be raised as an Australian representative.
^ 6: Thon Maker would become the first high schooler to be selected from the nation of Canada instead of somewhere in the United States of America (and second overall high school postgraduate student). Also, while Thon attended classes at Orangeville Prep, he would play basketball games for the Athlete Institute nearby in Mono, Ontario as well.

text: Other players[edit]

text: The following players also played in the NBA or were drafted without playing college basketball; however, these players did not get drafted or join the NBA directly after their high school graduation.

text:
Year[b]

Debut[c]

Player

Pos.

Nationality

High school (city)

Notes

Ref.

—[d]

1946

Tony Kappen

G

 United States

Forest Hills High School (Queens, New York)

Played in the ABL before making his BAA debut
The first player to play in the BAA/NBA without any college experience
Made his BAA debut at the age of 27

[73][74][75]

—[d]

1946

Connie Simmons

F/C

 United States

Flushing High School (Flushing, New York)5[›]

The second player to play in the BAA/NBA without any college experience
Made his BAA debut at the age of 21

[76][77]

—[d]

1948

Joe Graboski

F/C

 United States

Tuley High School (Chicago)

The third and final player to play in the BAA before its merger as the NBA
Made his BAA debut at the age of 18

[78][79]

1960

1969

Connie Hawkins^

F/C

 United States

Boys High School (Brooklyn, New York)

Was permanently banned by the NBA due to a point shaving scandal in college, but was later reinstated in 1969
Attended University of Iowa
Played in the ABL and the ABA, as well as with the Harlem Globetrotters, before making his NBA debut

[80][81][82]

1974

1976

Moses Malone^

F/C

 United States

Petersburg High School (Petersburg, Virginia)

Drafted by the Utah Stars in the 1974 ABA Draft
Played in the ABA before the ABA–NBA merger

[83]

1988

1989

Shawn Kemp*

F/C

 United States

Concord High School (Elkhart, Indiana)

Attended University of Kentucky and Trinity Valley Community College
Drafted by the Seattle SuperSonics in the 1989 NBA draft (1st round, 17th pick)

[84][85]

1986

1992

Lloyd Daniels

G

 United States

Andrew Jackson High School (Queens, New York)

Attended Mt. San Antonio College
Played in various minor basketball leagues before making his NBA debut

[86][87][88]

1993

1996

Thomas Hamilton

C

 United States

Martin Luther King High School (Chicago)

Attended University of Pittsburgh
Declared for the 1994 NBA draft but went undrafted

[89][90]

1996

2000

Stephen Jackson

F

 United States

Oak Hill Academy (Mouth of Wilson, Virginia)

Attended Butler Community College
Drafted by the Phoenix Suns in the 1997 NBA draft (2nd round, 43rd pick)

[91][92]

2001

2015

Marcelo Huertas

G

 Brazil Italy

Coppell High School (Coppell, Texas)

Was born in Brazil and played for the Esporte Clube Pinheiros before moving to the U.S.A. around 2000.
Played senior year in Coppell High School before beginning his professional international career.
Went undrafted in the 2005 NBA draft.
Played in Brazil, Spain, and Italy before making his NBA debut in 2015.

[93]

2004

2005

Jackie Butler

F/C

 United States

Coastal Christian Academy (Virginia Beach, Virginia)

Initially committed to Mississippi State University and, later on, the University of Tennessee
Declared for the 2004 NBA draft but went undrafted
Played in the CBA before making his NBA debut

[94][95][96]

2008

2009

Brandon Jennings

G

 United States

Oak Hill Academy (Mouth of Wilson, Virginia)

Initially committed to the University of Southern California and, later on, the University of Arizona
Played in the Italian league in the 2008–09 season
Drafted by the Milwaukee Bucks in the 2009 NBA draft (1st round, 10th pick)

[97][98]

2009

Latavious Williams#

F

 United States

Christian Life Center Academy (Humble, Texas)

Initially committed to the University of Memphis
Played in the NBA D-League in the 2009–10 season
Drafted by the Miami Heat in the 2010 NBA draft (2nd round, 43rd pick)

[99][100]

2010

2011

Enes Kanter

F/C

 Turkey

Stoneridge Preparatory School (Simi Valley, California)

Previously played in both youth squads and professionally in Turkey
Moved to the United States in 2009 and played basketball in his senior year of high school
Attended the University of Kentucky, but was barred from playing due to his previous time spent in Turkey
Drafted by the Utah Jazz in the 2011 NBA draft (1st round, 3rd pick)

2010

2011

Jeremy Tyler

C

 United States

San Diego High School (San Diego)

Initially committed to the University of Louisville
Left high school after his junior year in 2009
Played in the Israeli league in the 2009–10 season
Played in the Japanese league in the 2010–11 season
Drafted by the Charlotte Bobcats in the 2011 NBA draft (2nd round, 39th pick)

[101][102]

2012

2013

Ricky Ledo

G

 United States

South Kent High School (South Kent, Connecticut)

Attended Providence College
Drafted by the Dallas Mavericks in the 2013 NBA draft (2nd round, 43rd pick)

2013

2015

Cristiano Felício

C

 Brazil

CCSE Prep Academy (Sacramento)

Was born in Brazil and played professionally there before moving in his senior year.
Tried to get a scholarship for the University of Oregon, but was deemed ineligible.
Returned to playing professionally in Brazil.

2014

2015

Emmanuel Mudiay

PG

 Democratic Republic of the Congo United States

Prime Prep Academy (Dallas)

Initially committed to Southern Methodist University
Played in the Chinese professional league in the 2014–15 season
Drafted by the Denver Nuggets in the 2015 NBA draft (1st round, 7th pick)

2014

2016

Georgios Papagiannis

C

 Greece

Westtown School (West Chester, Pennsylvania)

Was born in Greece and played professionally for Peristeri at 14 before moving in his freshman year
Went to Westtown as a junior before moving back to Greece
Played professionally for the Panathinaikos while also attending the American School in Athens, Greece
Drafted by the Phoenix Suns and traded to the Sacramento Kings in the 2016 NBA draft (1st round, 13th pick)

2017

2018

Mitchell Robinson

C

 United States

Chalmette High School (Chalmette, Louisiana)

Initially committed to and briefly attended Western Kentucky University
Decided to sit out on professional competition and instead trained on his own
Drafted by the New York Knicks in the 2018 NBA draft (2nd round, 36th pick)

text: Controversy[edit]

text: Despite the success of some high school players drafted, the entry of high school players into the NBA remains controversial. Critics say that high school players are not mentally and physically mature or prepared enough to handle the pressure of professional play. Thus, they are more likely to fail.[14][103] Instead, they believe that colleges are useful at filtering out players who can dominate against weak competition in high school, but cannot succeed at a higher level of play. They also think that the influx of high schoolers bypassing colleges in favor of the NBA has caused collegiate game to deteriorate. Universities are wary of spending time recruiting as many players that are motivated financially to turn pro fresh out of high school.[103][104]

text: On the other hand, proponents argue that there is no valid reason to exclude high school players. Michael McCann, writer of law article "Illegal Defense: The Irrational Economics of Banning High School Players from the NBA Draft", contends that players drafted straight out of high school can do as well as any other players in the NBA. The article finds that "on average, these [high school] players perform better in every major statistical category than does the average NBA player".[105] Others instead believe that the problem was due to the lack of established farm system in basketball until recently. In other major sports, such as baseball and hockey, it is common for young players to develop in their minor league systems.[103]


document_title: Winnipeg Jets

question_text: when was the last time the winnipeg jets were in the stanley cup playoffs

root

text: Winnipeg Jets

text: History[edit]

text: Original Winnipeg Jets (1972–1996)[edit]

text: On December 27, 1971, Winnipeg was granted one of the founding franchises in the World Hockey Association (WHA). By 1979, the vast majority of the WHA's teams had folded, but the Jets were still going strong and they were absorbed into the NHL along with the Quebec Nordiques, Edmonton Oilers and Hartford Whalers as part of the WHA–NHL merger. Team owner Barry Shenkarow sold the team to American businessmen Steven Gluckstern and Richard Burke. Burke and Gluckstern originally planned to move the team to Minnesota (which had lost the North Stars to Dallas in 1993), but eventually reached an agreement with Phoenix businessman Jerry Colangelo that would see the team move to Arizona and become the Phoenix Coyotes. The original Winnipeg Jets played their last game on April 28, 1996.

tag: p

text: Atlanta Thrashers (1999–2011)[edit]

text: The city of Atlanta was awarded an NHL expansion franchise, named the Atlanta Thrashers, on June 25, 1997. It was the second NHL franchise for Atlanta (their first being the Atlanta Flames, established in 1972, who departed for Calgary in 1980 to become the Calgary Flames). The Thrashers began play in the 1999–2000 season.

text: In their 12 years, the Thrashers qualified for the Stanley Cup playoffs only once, during the 2006–07 season, and never won a playoff game. Partially due to their lack of playoff success, the team had difficulty drawing fans to attend their games in their final seasons.[8]

text: Winnipeg Jets (2011–present)[edit]

text: Although they moved for financial reasons, the Coyotes have never been profitable in Arizona. Mounting losses eventually compelled the franchise to file for bankruptcy after the 2008-09 season. The team was taken over by the league before the next season began. As early as October 2009, there were rumours that True North Sports & Entertainment, the company that owns both Winnipeg's Bell MTS Place (then known as MTS Centre) and the American Hockey League (AHL)'s Manitoba Moose and is chaired by Mark Chipman, had been invited to bid on the city's former franchise.[9] TNSE submitted a series of bids for the Coyotes, which were taken seriously enough that the league drew up a tentative schedule with Winnipeg in place of Phoenix. The NHL shelved the bid after securing a large subsidy from the Coyotes' municipal government. In contrast to aggressive, public bids by Jim Balsillie (who had unsuccessfully attempted to use bankruptcy laws to skirt NHL rules and move the Coyotes to Hamilton), True North's low-key approach was praised by NHL commissioner Gary Bettman and other owners, raising their profile when the question of the Thrashers' relocation came up.[10]

text: On May 20, 2011, the Winnipeg Sun confirmed that an agreement in principle had been reached for True North to purchase the Thrashers,[11] while Winnipeg Mayor Sam Katz announced that he was confident that the Thrashers' relocation to Winnipeg would soon be officially announced.[12] On May 31, 2011, at a press conference at the MTS Centre, Bettman confirmed that the Atlanta Thrashers had been sold to True North and would relocate to Winnipeg for the 2011–12 season, pending the approval of the sale and relocation by the NHL's Board of Governors,[13] which came at their June 21, 2011, meeting.[14] The reported purchase price was $170 million, with $60 million going to the NHL as a relocation fee.[12] After the announcement, True North made preparations to move the Moose franchise to St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador.[15]

text: Season ticket sales began June 1, 2011, with Manitoba Moose season ticket holders having priority. The team sought to sell 13,000 season tickets in an effort to prove its viability.[16] Within the first three and a half hours, the new franchise sold 1,870 packages to Moose season ticket holders.[17] Season tickets opened to the general public on June 4 and sold out in 17 minutes.[18] Once the "Drive to 13,000" was completed, True North started a season ticket waiting list, which was shut down after 8,000 people signed up in two hours.[19] In July 2011, tickets for October 9 home opener against the Montreal Canadiens were listed for an average price of $1,711 on Stubhub, with an average selling price of $713.[20]

text: True North said the team's name would not be announced until after the successful completion of the season ticket drive at the earliest.[21] The team was not to be named the Thrashers, since True North did not acquire the name in the transaction, and the rights to that name and the Thrashers logo were retained by the ownership group in Atlanta.[22]

text: There was considerable support in Winnipeg to reuse "Winnipeg Jets", the name of the city's original WHA and NHL franchise, though rumours spread that True North preferred "Manitoba Moose". "Whiteout" and "Falcons" were also considered, but the latter was quickly rejected in deference to Atlanta, which has another professional sports team by that name.[23][24][25] True North kept their selection secret until the 2011 NHL Entry Draft in St. Paul, Minnesota, on June 24, when Chipman introduced General Manager Kevin Cheveldayoff to "make our first pick, on behalf of the Winnipeg Jets."[26]

text: Before the franchise relocation was officially completed, True North bought out the remaining years of General Manager Rick Dudley's contract on June 4, 2011.[27] Thrashers President Don Waddell, who had been with the franchise since its inception, had earlier announced he would not be moving with the team.[22] Kevin Cheveldayoff, a former GM of the Chicago Wolves and former assistant GM of the Chicago Blackhawks, was hired to replace Dudley four days later.[28] On June 12, 2011, Cheveldayoff had Thrashers Head Coach Craig Ramsay reinterview for his position, then formally dismissed him as head coach eight days later.[29][30] Claude Noel, who had been the head coach of the Manitoba Moose, was named head coach four days later; the other finalist for the job had been Chicago Blackhawks Assistant Coach Mike Haviland.[31] Charlie Huddy, Pascal Vincent and Wade Flaherty, formerly of the Dallas Stars and Blackhawks, were named Noel's assistant coaches.

text: The Jets made their formal regular season debut on October 9, 2011, when a sellout crowd at the MTS Centre saw the visiting Montreal Canadiens defeat the Jets 5–1, with Nik Antropov scoring the first-ever Jets goal.[32] This debut featured a concert by Bachman–Turner Overdrive where Randy Bachman sang "We Just Got Back The Jets" in place of the title refrain of "You Ain't Seen Nothing Yet".[33] Other highlights on the first Jets schedule included a home-and-home set with the Phoenix Coyotes, Winnipeg's previous NHL franchise (including a December 1 game in Winnipeg, the Coyotes' first regular season appearance in Winnipeg since vacating the city), as well as a December 17 home game against the Anaheim Ducks, which was former Jet Teemu Selänne's first playing appearance in Winnipeg since being traded from the Jets in February 1996.[34]

text: During the summer of 2012, the Jets added Perry Pearn to their coaching staff. They also named former Thrasher Assistant General Manager Larry Simmons as assistant general manager.[35][36] As the Jets inherited the Thrashers' position in the Southeast Division since the 2011–12 season, the NHL and National Hockey League Players' Association (NHLPA) were prompted to consider realignment of teams. Beginning in 2013–14, the Jets moved to the Western Conference and play in the new-look, seven-team Central Division.[37][38]

text: The Jets fired Noel and Pearn in January 2014, with the former being replaced by veteran coach Paul Maurice.[39] On April 9, 2015, the Jets clinched their first Stanley Cup playoff appearance since relocating to Winnipeg following a 1–0 shootout loss to the Colorado Avalanche. They clinched the spot after the Calgary Flames defeated the Los Angeles Kings later in the night.[40] Finishing the season in the second wild card spot, they played the top-seeded Anaheim Ducks in the first round. In the first playoff series that involved a team from Winnipeg since the 1996 playoffs, the Ducks swept the Jets in four games.

text: The season following their first playoff run was a disappointment, as the Jets finished 25th overall, well out of the playoffs. Management was forced to deal with expiring contracts of two star players, electing to sign Dustin Byfuglien to a five-year extension while trading team captain Andrew Ladd to the Chicago Blackhawks at the NHL trade deadline. Despite finishing with the sixth worst record in the league, the Jets managed to win the second overall pick in the 2016 NHL Entry Draft through the draft lottery, which they used to select Finnish prospect Patrik Laine.[41][42] Later that summer, the team appointed Blake Wheeler as their new captain.

text: In the 2017–18 season, the Jets clinched their second playoff spot since relocating from Atlanta. On March 25, 2018, the Jets beat the Nashville Predators 5–4 in a shootout, and clinched a spot in the 2018 Stanley Cup playoffs.[43] On April 11, 2018, the Jets won the first playoff game in the history of the Atlanta/Winnipeg franchise when they defeated the Minnesota Wild 3–2.[44] On April 20, 2018, the Jets won their first playoff series in franchise history (and the first series victory in 31 years for the city) with a 5–0 victory over the Minnesota Wild in game 5 of the First Round series, winning the series 4–1.[45] On May 10, 2018, the Jets made further franchise history by advancing to the Western Conference Finals for the first time, defeating the Nashville Predators 4 games to 3; Nashville were the defending holders of the Campbell Bowl Trophy from the previous season and holders of the President's Trophy for most points in the league during the 2017-18 NHL season. [46] This would also mark the first time that either iteration of the Winnipeg Jets had advanced beyond the second round of the playoffs. Facing the Vegas Golden Knights in the Western Conference Finals, the Jets defeated the Golden Knights in the first game of the series 4–2.[47] However, the Jets went on to lose the Western Conference Finals, with the Golden Knights defeating the Jets in the following four games in the series.[48]

text: Team information[edit]

text: Jerseys[edit]

text: No new logo and colours for the Jets accompanied the team's nickname announcement at the 2011 NHL Entry Draft (draft pick Mark Scheifele was presented with a generic black and silver NHL jersey and cap),[50] but True North confirmed that they were in the process of conceiving a logo and colour scheme for the Jets, with True North's chairman, Mark Chipman, stating that the previous Jets' blue and red colours would be incorporated.[51] The Jets unveiled their new logos and colours on July 22, 2011, three days before the team had scheduled to release them (this after team merchandise containers were broken into and a crude picture of a Jets' T-shirt made the rounds on the internet).[52][53]

text: While blue and silver are the main colour palette, the insignias are a dramatic departure from the previous Jets' logos and pay homage to the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF), particularly Winnipeg's 17 Wing; the primary logo is patterned after the roundels used by the RCAF and includes a silhouette of a McDonnell Douglas CF-18 Hornet.[53] (Red is a secondary part of the colour scheme due to a maple leaf, the incorporation of which came with the permission of the Toronto Maple Leafs.)[53] Game uniforms for the new Jets were unveiled in September at 17 Wing;[1][54] the team did not introduce a third jersey for its inaugural season due to a limited timetable.[52][53] The team has, thus far, opted not to introduce a third jersey.

text: The logo was designed by Reebok, the NHL and designer Linda Lynch.[55] Reebok's lead uniform and team identity designers, Dominique Fillion and Linda Lynch, have been associated with the identity design,[56] although True North has not revealed specific design credits.[57]

text: Mascot[edit]

text: True North announced they had "recalled" their former Moose mascot, Mick E. Moose, from the AHL. Mick E. had spent the past 15 seasons with the Manitoba Moose of the International and American hockey leagues, entertaining fans at Moose games and community events. Slight modifications to the costume were made, including a new vintage leather aviator helmet.[58][59] Since the start of the 2015–16 season, Mick E. Moose has served as mascot for both the Jets and the Manitoba Moose. A fan favourite, he also averages over 100 community appearances per season in Winnipeg and rural Manitoba.[59]

text: Traditions[edit]

text: National anthem[edit]

text: Beginning in 2011, during the singing of "O Canada", when the line "The True North strong and free" is sung, fans commonly yell "True North."[60] Jennifer Hanson sang the anthems at home games until 1996 and again in 2016 during the Heritage Classic Alumni Game.[citation needed] Since 2011, Stacey Nattrass sings the anthems at home games.[61]

text: Winnipeg Whiteout[edit]

text: The Winnipeg Whiteout is a hockey tradition that dates back to 1987 when fans of the original Jets franchise were asked to wear white clothing to home playoff games, creating a very intimidating effect and atmosphere.[62] It was created as a response to the "C of Red" created by fans of the Calgary Flames, whom the Jets were facing in the first round of the 1987 Stanley Cup playoffs.[63][64] The Jets eliminated the Flames in six games, and fans wore white for every home playoff game thereafter. Fans coined it the "Whiteout."

text: Fans of the former Jets AHL affiliate, the St. John's IceCaps, also continued this tradition, as did fans of the continuing franchise in Glendale, the Arizona Coyotes. It is referred to as the "Ice Cap's Whiteout"[65] and "Coyotes Whiteout,"[66] respectively by IceCaps and Coyotes fans. The Whiteout was also used, during the Canada vs Russia Gold Medal game, at the 1999 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships, hosted by the city of Winnipeg.[67] During the 2009 Calder Cup playoffs between the Manitoba Moose and the Hershey Bears, fans were asked to wear white for Game 6 of the Calder Cup Finals.[68]

text: The Winnipeg Jets resurrected this tradition when they qualified for the 2015 Stanley Cup playoffs.[69] The tradition was also used in the 2018 Stanley Cup playoffs.

text: Season-by-season record[edit]

text: For the full season-by-season history, see List of Winnipeg Jets seasons

text: Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, OT = Overtime losses, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against

text:
Season
GP
W
L
OTL
Pts
GF
GA
Finish
Playoffs

2013–14
82
37
35
10
84
227
237
7th, Central
Did not qualify

2014–15
82
43
26
13
99
230
210
5th, Central
Lost in First Round, 0–4 (Ducks)

2015–16
82
35
39
8
78
215
239
7th, Central
Did not qualify

2016–17
82
40
35
7
87
249
256
5th, Central
Did not qualify

2017–18
82
52
20
10
114
277
218
2nd, Central
Lost in Conference Finals, 1–4 (Golden Knights)

tag: table

text: Players and personnel[edit]

text: Current roster[edit]

text:
view
talk
edit

tag: ul

text: Updated April 17, 2018[70][71]

text:
#
Nat
Player
Pos
S/G
Age
Acquired
Birthplace

7001400000000000000♠40
Finland !
Armia, JoelJoel Armia
7.0 !RW
R
24
2015
Pori, Finland

7001330000000000000♠33
United States !
Byfuglien, DustinDustin Byfuglien (A)
2.0 !D
R
33
2010
Minneapolis, Minnesota

7000700000000000000♠7
Canada !
Chiarot, BenBen Chiarot
2.0 !D
L
28
2010
Hamilton, Ontario

7001810000000000000♠81
United States !
Connor, KyleKyle Connor
6.0 !LW
L
21
2015
Clinton Township, Michigan

7000900000000000000♠9
United States !
Copp, AndrewAndrew Copp
4.0 !C
L
23
2013
Ann Arbor, Michigan

7001560000000000000♠56
Slovakia !
Dano, MarkoMarko Dano
4.3 !C/RW
L
23
2016
Eisenstadt, Austria

7001270000000000000♠27
Denmark !
Ehlers, NikolajNikolaj Ehlers
6.0 !LW
L
22
2014
Aalborg, Denmark

7001390000000000000♠39
Sweden !
Enstrom, TobiasTobias Enstrom
2.0 !D
L
33
2003
Nordingrå, Sweden

7001370000000000000♠37
United States !
Hellebuyck, ConnorConnor Hellebuyck
1.0 !G
L
25
2012
Commerce, Michigan

7001150000000000000♠15
United States !
Hendricks, MattMatt Hendricks
6.0 !LW
L
36
2017
Blaine, Minnesota

7001340000000000000♠34
Canada !
Hutchinson, MichaelMichael Hutchinson
1.0 !G
R
28
2013
Barrie, Ontario

7000500000000000000♠5
Russia !
Kulikov, DmitryDmitry Kulikov
2.0 !D
L
27
2017
Lipetsk, Soviet Union

7001290000000000000♠29
Finland !
Laine, PatrikPatrik Laine
7.0 !RW
R
20
2016
Tampere, Finland

7001180000000000000♠18
Canada !
Little, BryanBryan Little
4.0 !C
R
30
2006
Edmonton, Alberta

7001170000000000000♠17
Canada !
Lowry, AdamAdam Lowry
4.0 !C
L
25
2011
St. Louis, Missouri

7001350000000000000♠35
Canada !
Mason, SteveSteve Mason
1.0 !G
R
30
2017
Oakville, Ontario

7001160000000000000♠16
Canada !
Matthias, ShawnShawn Matthias
4.0 !C
L
30
2016
Mississauga, Ontario

7001440000000000000♠44
Canada !
Morrissey, JoshJosh Morrissey
2.0 !D
L
23
2013
Calgary, Alberta

7001700000000000000♠70
Canada !
Morrow, JoeJoe Morrow
2.0 !D
L
25
2018
Edmonton, Alberta

7001570000000000000♠57
Canada !
Myers, TylerTyler Myers
2.0 !D
R
28
2015
Houston, Texas

7001850000000000000♠85
Canada !
Perreault, MathieuMathieu Perreault
6.0 !LW
L
30
2014
Drummondville, Quebec

7000300000000000000♠3
United States !
Poolman, TuckerTucker Poolman
2.0 !D
R
24
2013
East Grand Forks, Minnesota

7001520000000000000♠52
United States !
Roslovic, JackJack Roslovic
4.0 !C
R
21
2015
Columbus, Ohio

7001550000000000000♠55
Canada !
Scheifele, MarkMark Scheifele (A)
4.0 !C
R
25
2011
Kitchener, Ontario

7001250000000000000♠25
United States !
Stastny, PaulPaul Stastny
4.0 !C
L
32
2018
Quebec City, Quebec

7001130000000000000♠13
Canada !
Tanev, BrandonBrandon Tanev
6.0 !LW
L
26
2016
Toronto, Ontario

7000800000000000000♠8
United States !
Trouba, JacobJacob Trouba
2.0 !D
R
24
2012
Rochester, Michigan

7001260000000000000♠26
United States !
Wheeler, BlakeBlake Wheeler (C)
7.0 !RW
R
31
2011
Robbinsdale, Minnesota

text: Team captains[edit]

text: Note: This list does not include captains from the Atlanta Thrashers.

text:
Andrew Ladd, 2011–2016
Blake Wheeler, 2016–present

text: Head coaches[edit]

text: Note: This list does not include head coaches from the Atlanta Thrashers.

text:
Name
Nat.
Tenure
Regular season
Playoffs

G
W
L
T
OTL
Pct
G
W
L
Pct

Claude Noel

2011–2014
177
80
79
—
18
.503
—
—
—
—

Paul Maurice

2014–present
281
188
132
—
43
.746
16
8
8
.500

text: Team and league honours[edit]

text: Retired numbers[edit]

text: The previous Winnipeg Jets organization retired the jersey numbers of two players, while their successors, the Arizona Coyotes, have retired the numbers of players who played for the former Jets as well. These numbers have not been officially retired by the current franchise.

text: Upon relocation of the team in 2011, Evander Kane sought (and received) permission from Bobby Hull to wear number 9; the number had been retired by the previous Jets franchise. Kane had worn the number 9 during his time with the Thrashers, and the Jets organization encouraged him to keep the number. The Jets traded Kane to the Buffalo Sabres in February 2015.[72]

text: Number 25, retired by the original Jets in honour of Thomas Steen, was attributed to Paul Stastny, a close friend of Steen's son, Alex. Stastny has chosen the number partly because of Steen. Zach Redmond wore the number during his time with the team.

text: Bryan Little switched from number 10, which he wore in Atlanta, to number 18 out of respect for Dale Hawerchuk, who had worn number 10 with the original Jets.

text: Number 11 has not been issued since the death of Rick Rypien prior to the 2011-12 season. The Jets still wear stickers bearing the number on their helmets to this day.

text: Number 37 was not issued by the Atlanta/Winnipeg franchise between 2003 and 2016 following the death of player Dan Snyder in 2003.[73] Goaltender Connor Hellebuyck has worn the number since 2016, with the blessing of the Snyder family.[74]

text: The NHL retired Wayne Gretzky's No. 99 for all its member teams at the 2000 NHL All-Star Game.[75]

text: Winnipeg Jets Hall of Fame[edit]

text: In July 15, 2016, the Jets announced the creation of the Winnipeg Jets Hall of Fame, to honour the impact and accomplishments of the team's hockey legends and celebrate the rich history of professional hockey in the city.[76] The inaugural inductees were the "HOT Line" consisting of Anders Hedberg, Bobby Hull and Ulf Nilsson, and they were inducted on October 19, 2016.[77] Dale Hawerchuk was honoured on November 14, 2017. [78]

text:
Number
Player
Position
Seasons Played
Inducted

9
Bobby Hull
LW
1972–1980
2016

10
Dale Hawerchuk
C
1981-1990
2017

14
Ulf Nilsson
C
1974–1978
2016

15
Anders Hedberg
RW
1974–1978
2016

text: Franchise scoring leaders[edit]

text: These are the top-ten point, goal, and assist scorers in franchise history. Figures are updated after each completed NHL regular season.

text: These records include those accrued during the team's time as the Atlanta Thrashers.

text: *  – current Jets player

text: Note: Pos = Position; GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; P/G = Points per game

text:
Points

Player
Pos
GP
G
A
Pts
P/G

Ilya Kovalchuk
LW
594
328
287
615
1.04

Blake Wheeler*
RW
557
172
323
495
0.89

Bryan Little*
C
754
200
275
475
0.63

Vyacheslav Kozlov
LW
537
145
271
416
0.77

Dustin Byfuglien*
D/RW
567
118
267
385
0.68

Tobias Enstrom*
D
719
54
254
308
0.43

Andrew Ladd
LW
429
139
166
305
0.71

Mark Scheifele*
C
366
113
174
287
0.78

Marian Hossa
RW
222
108
140
248
1.11

Evander Kane
LW
361
109
113
222
0.61

Goals

Player
Pos
G

Ilya Kovalchuk
LW
328

Bryan Little*
C
200

Blake Wheeler*
RW
172

Vyacheslav Kozlov
C
145

Andrew Ladd
LW
139

Dustin Byfuglien*
D/RW
118

Mark Scheifele*
C
113

Evander Kane
LW
109

Marian Hossa
LW
108

Patrik Laine*
RW
80

Assists

Player
Pos
A

Blake Wheeler*
RW
323

Ilya Kovalchuk
LW
287

Bryan Little*
C
275

Vyacheslav Kozlov
LW
271

Dustin Byfuglien*
D/RW
267

Tobias Enstrom*
D
254

Mark Scheifele*
C
174

Andrew Ladd
LW
166

Marian Hossa
RW
140

Marc Savard
C
133

text: Single-season leaders[edit]

text:
Most goals in a season: Ilya Kovalchuk, 52 (2005–06, 2007–08)
Most assists in a season: Marc Savard, 69 (2005–06)
Most points in a season: Marian Hossa, 100 (2006–07)
Most penalty minutes in a season: Jeff Odgers, 226 (2000–01)
Most goals in a season, defenceman: Dustin Byfuglien, 20 (2010–11, 2013–14)
Most points in a season, defenceman: Dustin Byfuglien, 56 (2013–14)
Most goals in a season, rookie: Patrik Laine, 36 (2016–17)
Most assists in a season, rookie: Dany Heatley, 41 (2001–02)
Most points in a season, rookie: Dany Heatley, 67 (2001–02)
Most wins in a season: Connor Hellebuyck, 44 (2017–18)
Most shutouts in a season: Connor Hellebuyck, 6 (2017–18)

text: Broadcasters[edit]

text: Bell Media holds regional television and radio rights to the Jets, under a 10-year deal that began in the inaugural season.[79] Winnipeg Jets games not televised nationally by national broadcast partner Rogers Media are broadcast by TSN3, and are available in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Nunavut, the Northwest Territories (shared with the Calgary Flames and Edmonton Oilers outside of Manitoba), and parts of Northwestern Ontario (shared with the Toronto Maple Leafs).[80]

text: Regional Jets games were previously carried by TSN Jets, a part-time multiplex channel of TSN exclusive to the Jets' market. The channel was a premium add-on priced at $9.95 CDN per month during the NHL season, but was carried as a free preview for the beginning of its inaugural season. Despite the fee, representatives from both MTS and Shaw Cable stated that "thousands" of their customers had subscribed to the Jets channel.[81] In August 2014, TSN announced that it would split its singular national feed into 4 regional channels on August 25, 2014;[82] on August 18, 2014, TSN officially confirmed the Jets subscription channel had been discontinued, and that the broadcasts would move to TSN3.[80]

text: Radio broadcasts are carried by local sports talk station CFRW, TSN Radio 1290. Dennis Beyak serves as the primary play-by-play voice of the Jets, calling all games televised on TSN3, joined by colour commentators Ray Ferraro, Jamie McLennan and Dave Poulin on a rotating basis, and rinkside reporter Sara Orlesky. Paul Edmonds, formerly the voice of the Winnipeg Goldeyes American Association team, calls Jets games on radio, joined by former Manitoba Moose broadcaster Brian Munz on colour. Until 2017, colour commentary duties were handled on television by former NHLer and Neepawa, Manitoba native Shane Hnidy; in August 2017, it was announced that he would move to AT&T SportsNet Rocky Mountain to become colour commentator for the Vegas Golden Knights.[83]


document_title: Anglo-Saxon Christianity

question_text: who became the first anglo saxon christian king

text: Anglo-Saxon Christianity

text: Gregorian mission[edit]

text: Christianisation of the Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms began in AD 597, influenced by Celtic Christianity from the north-west and by the Roman church from the south-east, gradually replacing Anglo-Saxon polytheism which had been introduced to what is now England over the course of the 5th and 6th centuries with the arrival of the Anglo-Saxons. The first Archbishop of Canterbury, Augustine took office in 597 AD. In 601, he baptized the first Christian Anglo-Saxon king, Æthelberht of Kent. The last pagan Anglo-Saxon/Jutish king, Arwald, died in 686.

text: Æthelberht of Kent's wife Bertha, daughter of Charibert, one of the Merovingian kings of the Franks, had brought a chaplain (Liudhard) with her. Bertha had restored a church from Roman times to the east of Canterbury and dedicated it to Saint Martin of Tours, the patronal saint for the Merovingian royal family. Æthelberht himself, though a pagan, allowed his wife to worship her God. Probably under influence of his wife, Æthelberht asked Pope Gregory I to send missionaries, and in 596 the Pope dispatched Augustine, together with a party of monks.

text: Augustine had served as praepositus (prior) of the monastery of Saint Andrew in Rome, founded by Gregory. His party lost heart on the way and Augustine went back to Rome from Provence and asked his superiors to abandon the mission project. The pope, however, commanded and encouraged continuation, and Augustine and his followers landed on the Island of Thanet in the spring of 597.

text: Æthelberht permitted the missionaries to settle and preach in his town of Canterbury. By the end of the year he himself had converted, and Augustine received consecration as a bishop at Arles. At Christmas 10,000 of the king's subjects underwent baptism.

text: Augustine sent a report of his success to Pope Gregory with certain questions concerning his work. In 601 Mellitus, Justus and others brought the pope's replies, with the pallium for Augustine and a present of sacred vessels, vestments, relics, books, and the like. Gregory directed the new archbishop to ordain as soon as possible twelve suffragan bishops and to send a bishop to York, who should also have twelve suffragans. Augustine did not carry out this papal plan, nor did he establish the primatial see at London as Gregory intended, as the Londoners remained heathen. Augustine did consecrate Mellitus as bishop of London and Justus as bishop of Rochester.

text: Pope Gregory issued more practicable mandates concerning heathen temples and usages: he desired that native temples be Christianized and asked Augustine to Christianize pagan practices, so far as possible, into dedication ceremonies or feasts of martyrs, since "he who would climb to a lofty height must go up by steps, not leaps" (letter of Gregory to Mellitus, in Bede, i, 30).

text: Augustine reconsecrated and rebuilt an old church at Canterbury as his cathedral and founded a monastery in connection with it. He also restored a church and founded the monastery of St. Peter and St. Paul outside the walls. He died before completing the monastery, but now lies buried in the Church of St. Peter and St. Paul.

text: In 616 Æthelberht of Kent died. The kingdom of Kent and the associated Anglo-Saxon kingdoms which Kent had had influence over relapsed into heathenism for several decades.

text: Synod of Whitby (664)[edit]

text: The Synod of Whitby in 664 forms a significant watershed in that King Oswiu of Northumbria decided to follow Roman rather than Celtic practices. The spokesman of the dominant faction was St. Wilfrid, who had been much impressed by the power and lavish life style of the Roman Church in comparison with the austerity and subservience to local rulers of the Celtic Church. Using subsidiary arguments about Easter and the tonsure, Wilfrid established the model of the Church as not ultimately answerable to the local king but to the Archbishop and to the Pope. It became a tradition for each Archbishop of Canterbury to receive the pallium from the Pope in Rome. This issue was to be frequently revisited until the Reformation.

text: Anglo-Saxon mission on the Continent[edit]

text: The Anglo-Saxon mission on the continent took off in the 8th century, assisting the Christianisation of practically all of the Frankish Empire by AD 800.

text: The Benedictine Movement[edit]

text: The Benedictine reform was led by St. Dunstan over the latter half of the 10th century. It sought to revive church piety by replacing secular canons- often under the direct influence of local landowners, and often their relatives- with celibate monks, answerable to the ecclesiastical hierarchy and ultimately to the Pope. This deeply split England, bringing it to the point of civil war, with the East Anglian nobility (such as Athelstan Half-King, Byrhtnoth) supporting Dunstan and the Wessex aristocracy (Ordgar, Æthelmær the Stout) supporting the secularists These factions mobilsed around King Eadwig (anti-Dunstan) and his brother King Edgar (pro). On the death of Edgar, his son Edward the Martyr was assassinated by the anti-Dunstan faction and their candidate, the young king Æthelred was placed on the throne. However this "most terrible deed since the English came from over the sea" provoked such a revulsion that the secularists climbed down, although Dunstan was effectively retired.

text: This split fatally weakened the country in the face of renewed Viking attacks.

text: Diocesan organisation[edit]


document_title: Automobile air conditioning

question_text: when did air conditioning get put in cars

text: Automobile air conditioning

text: History[edit]

text: A company in New York City in the United States first offered installation of air conditioning for cars in 1933. Most of their customers operated limousines and luxury cars.[1]

text: In 1939, Packard became the first automobile manufacturer to offer an air conditioning unit in its cars.[2] These were manufactured by Bishop and Babcock Co, of Cleveland, Ohio. The "Bishop and Babcock Weather Conditioner" also incorporated a heater. Cars ordered with the new "Weather Conditioner" were shipped from Packard's East Grand Boulevard facility to the B&B factory where the conversion was performed. Once complete, the car was shipped to a local dealer where the customer would take delivery.

text: Packard fully warranted and supported this conversion, and marketed it well. However, it was not commercially successful for a number of reasons:

text:
The main evaporator and blower system took up half of the trunk space (though this became less of a problem as trunks became larger in the post-war period).
It was superseded by more efficient systems in the post-war years.
It had no temperature thermostat or shut-off mechanism other than switching the blower off. (Cold air would still sometimes enter the car with any movement as the drive belt was continuously connected to the compressor—later systems would use electrically operated clutches to remedy this problem.)
The several feet of plumbing going back and forth between the engine compartment and trunk proved unreliable in service.
The price, at US $274 ($4,692.12 in 2014 US dollars), was unaffordable to most people in post-depression/pre-war America.

text: The option was discontinued after 1941.[3]

text: Chrysler Airtemp[edit]

text: The 1953 Chrysler Imperial was one of the first production cars in twelve years to offer modern automobile air conditioning as an option, following tentative experiments by Packard in 1940 and Cadillac in 1941.[4] Walter Chrysler had seen to the invention of Airtemp air conditioning in the 1930s for the Chrysler Building, and had offered it on cars in 1941-42, and again in 1951-52.

text: The Airtemp was more advanced than rival automobile air conditioners by 1953. It was operated by a single switch on the dashboard marked with low, medium, and high positions. As the highest capacity unit available at that time, the system was capable of quickly cooling the passenger compartment and also reducing humidity, dust, pollen, and tobacco smoke. The system drew in more outside air than contemporary systems; thus, reducing the staleness associated with automotive air conditioning at the time. Instead of plastic tubes mounted on the rear window package shelf as on GM cars, small ducts directed cool air toward the ceiling of the car where it filtered down around the passengers instead of blowing directly on them, a feature that modern cars have lost.[4]

text: Cadillac, Buick, and Oldsmobile added air conditioning as an option on some of their models in the 1953 model year.[5] All of these Frigidaire systems used separate engine and trunk mounted components.[6][7]

text: Nash integrated system[edit]

text: In 1954, the Nash Ambassador was the first American automobile to have a front-end, fully integrated heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning system.[8][9] The Nash-Kelvinator corporation used its experience in refrigeration to introduce the automobile industry's first compact and affordable, single-unit heating and air conditioning system optional for its Nash models.[10] This was the first mass market system with controls on the dash and an electric clutch.[11] This system was also compact and serviceable with all of its components installed under the hood or in the cowl area.[12]

text: Combining heating, cooling, and ventilating, the new air conditioning system for the Nash cars was called the "All-Weather Eye".[13] This followed the marketing name of "Weather Eye" for Nash's fresh-air automotive heating and ventilating system that was first used in 1938.[12] With a single thermostatic control, the Nash passenger compartment air cooling option was "a good and remarkably inexpensive" system.[14] The system had cold air for passengers enter through dash-mounted vents.[15] Nash's exclusive "remarkable advance" was not only the "sophisticated" unified system, but also its $345 price that beat all other systems.[16]

text: Most competing systems used a separate heating system and an engine-mounted compressor, driven by the engine crankshaft via a belt, with an evaporator in the car's trunk to deliver cold air through the rear parcel shelf and overhead vents. General Motors made a front-mounted air conditioning system optional in 1954 on Pontiacs with a straight-eight engine that added separate controls and air distribution. The alternative layout pioneered by Nash "became established practice and continues to form the basis of the modern and more sophisticated automatic climate control systems."[17]

text: Growth in demand[edit]

text: Air-conditioning for automobiles came into wide use from the late twentieth century. Although air conditioners use significant power; the drag of a car with closed windows is less than if the windows are open to cool the occupants. There has been much debate on the effect of air conditioning on the fuel efficiency of a vehicle. Factors such as wind resistance, aerodynamics and engine power and weight must be considered, to find the true difference between using the air conditioning system and not using it, when estimating the actual fuel mileage. Other factors can affect the engine, and an overall engine heat increase can affect the cooling system of the vehicle.

text: The innovation was adopted quickly and new features to air conditioning like the Cadillac Comfort Control which was a completely automatic heating and cooling system set by dial thermostat was introduced as an industry first in the 1964 model year.[18] By 1960 about 20% of all cars in the U.S. had air-conditioning, with the percentage increasing to 80% in the warm areas of the Southwest.[19] American Motors made air conditioning standard equipment on all AMC Ambassadors starting with the 1968 model year, a first in the mass market, with a base price starting at $2,671.[20][21] By 1969, 54% of domestic automobiles were equipped with air conditioning, with the feature needed not only for passenger comfort, but also to increase the car's resale value.[22]

text: Evaporative cooling[edit]

text: A car cooler is an automobile evaporative cooler, sometimes referred to as a swamp cooler.[23][24] Most are aftermarket relatively inexpensive accessories consisting of an external window-mounted metal cylinder without moving parts, but internal under dashboard or center floor units with an electric fan are available.[25][26] It was an early type of automobile air conditioner[27] and is not used in modern cars relying on refrigerative systems to cool the interior.

text: To cool the air it used latent heat (in other words, cooling by water evaporation).[28] Water inside the device evaporates and in the process transfers heat from the surrounding air. The cool moisture-laden air is then directed to the inside of the car.[28][29] The evaporate "cooling" effect decreases with humidity because the air already saturated with water. Therefore, the lower humidity, such as in dry desert regions, the better the system works. Car coolers were popular, especially among summer tourists visiting or crossing the southwestern United States states of California, Arizona, Texas, New Mexico, and Nevada.[26]

text: Operating principles[edit]

text: In the refrigeration cycle, heat is transported from the passenger compartment to the environment. A refrigerator is an example of such a system, as it transports the heat out of the interior and into its environment (i.e. the great outdoors).

text: Circulating refrigerant gas vapor (which also carries the compressor lubricant oil across the system along with it) from the evaporator enters the gas compressor in the engine bay, usually an axial piston pump compressor, and is compressed to a higher pressure, resulting in a higher temperature as well. The hot, compressed refrigerant vapor is now at a temperature and pressure at which it can be condensed and is routed through a condenser, usually in front of the car's radiator. Here the refrigerant is cooled by air flowing across the condenser coils (originating from the vehicle's movement or from a fan, often the same fan of the cooling radiator if the condenser is mounted on it, automatically turned on when the vehicle is stationary or moving at low speeds) and condensed into a liquid. Thus, the circulating refrigerant rejects heat from the system and the heat is carried away by the air.

text: The condensed and pressurized liquid refrigerant is next routed through the receiver-drier, that is, a one way desiccant and filter cartridge that both dehydrates the refrigerant and compressor lubricant oil mixture in order to remove any residual water content (which would become ice inside the expansion valve and therefore clog it) that the vacuum done prior to the charging process didn't manage to remove from the system, and filters it in order to remove any solid particles carried by the mixture, and then through a thermal expansion valve where it undergoes an abrupt reduction in pressure. That pressure reduction results in flash evaporation of a part of the liquid refrigerant, lowering its temperature. The cold refrigerant is then routed through the evaporator coil in the passenger compartment.

text: The air, often after being filtered by a cabin air filter, is blowed by an adjustable speed electric powered centrifugal fan across the evaporator, causing the liquid part of the cold refrigerant mixture to evaporate as well, further lowering the temperature. The warm air is therefore cooled, and also deprived of any humidity (which condenses on the evaporator coils and is drained outside of the vehicle) in the process. It is then passed through an heater matrix, inside of which the engine's coolant circulates, where it can be reheated to a certain degree or even a certain temperature selected by the user and then delivered inside the vehicle's cabin through a set of adjustable vents. Another way of adjusting the desired air temperature, this time by working on the system's cooling capacity, is precisely regulating the centrifugal fan speed so that only the strictly required volumetric flow rate of air is cooled by the evaporator. The user is also given the option to close the vehicle's external air flaps, in order to achieve even faster and stronger cooling by recirculating the already cooled air inside the cabin to the evaporator.

text: To complete the refrigeration cycle, the refrigerant vapor is routed back into the compressor.

text: The warmer is the air that reaches the evaporator, the higher is the pressure of the vapor mixture discharged from it and therefore the higher is the load placed on the compressor and therefore on the engine to keep the refrigerant flowing through the system.

text: The compressor can be driven by the car's engine (e.g. via a belt, often the serpentine belt, and an electromagnetically actuated clutch; an electronically actuated variable displacement compressor can also be always directly driven by a belt without the need of any clutch and magnet at all) or by an electric motor.

text: Power consumption[edit]

text: In a modern automobile, the A/C system will use around 4 horsepower (3 kW) of the engine's power, thus increasing fuel consumption of the vehicle.[30]


document_title: Coombs test

question_text: what happens if indirect coombs test is positive

text: Coombs test

text: Mechanism[edit]

text: The two Coombs tests are based on the fact that anti-human antibodies, which are produced by immunizing non-human species with human serum, will bind to human antibodies, commonly IgG or IgM. Animal anti-human antibodies will also bind to human antibodies that may be fixed onto antigens on the surface of red blood cells (also referred to as RBCs), and in the appropriate test tube conditions this can lead to agglutination of RBCs. The phenomenon of agglutination of RBCs is important here, because the resulting clumping of RBCs can be visualised; when clumping is seen the test is positive and when clumping is not seen the test is negative.

text: Common clinical uses of the Coombs test include the preparation of blood for transfusion in cross-matching, atypical antibodies in the blood plasma of pregnant women as part of antenatal care, and detection of antibodies for the diagnosis of immune-mediated haemolytic anemias.

text: Coombs tests are performed using RBCs or serum (direct or indirect, respectively) from venous whole blood samples which are taken from patients by venipuncture. The venous blood is taken to a laboratory (or blood bank), where trained scientific technical staff do the Coombs tests. The clinical significance of the result is assessed by the physician who requested the Coombs test, perhaps with assistance from a laboratory-based hematologist.

text: Direct Coombs test[edit]

text: The direct Coombs test (also known as the direct antiglobulin test or DAT) is used to detect if antibodies or complement system factors have bound to RBCs surface antigens in vivo. The DAT is not currently required for pre-transfusion testing but may be included by some laboratories.[medical citation needed][clarification needed]

text: Examples of diseases that give a positive direct Coombs test[edit]

text: The direct Coombs test is used clinically when immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (antibody-mediated destruction of RBCs) is suspected. A positive Coombs test indicates that an immune mechanism is attacking the patient's own RBCs. This mechanism could be autoimmunity, alloimmunity or a drug-induced immune-mediated mechanism.

text: Examples of alloimmune hemolysis[edit]

text:
Hemolytic disease of the newborn (also known as HDN or erythroblastosis fetalis)

Rh D hemolytic disease of the newborn (also known as Rh disease)
ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn (the direct Coombs test may only be weakly positive)
Anti-Kell hemolytic disease of the newborn
Rh c hemolytic disease of the newborn
Rh E hemolytic disease of the newborn
Other blood group incompatibility (RhC, Rhe, Kidd, Duffy, MN, P and others)

Alloimmune hemolytic transfusion reactions

text: Examples of autoimmune hemolysis/immunohemolytic hemolysis[edit]

text:
Warm antibody autoimmune hemolytic anemia

Idiopathic
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Evans' syndrome (antiplatelet antibodies and hemolytic antibodies)

Cold antibody immunohemolytic anemia

Idiopathic cold hemagglutinin syndrome
Waldenström's macroglobulinemia
Infectious mononucleosis
Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria (rare)

text: Drug-induced immune-mediated hemolysis[edit]

text:
Methyldopa (IgG mediated type II hypersensitivity)
Penicillin (high dose)
Quinidine (IgM mediated activation of classical complement pathway and Membrane attack complex, MAC)

text: (A memory device to remember that the DAT tests the RBCs and is used to test infants for haemolytic disease of the newborn is: Rh Disease; R = RBCs, D = DAT.)

text: Laboratory method[edit]

text: The patient's RBCs are washed (removing the patient's own serum) and then centrifuged with antihuman globulin (also known as Coombs reagent). If immunoglobulin or complement factors have been fixed on to the RBC surface in-vivo, the antihuman globulin will agglutinate the RBCs and the direct Coombs test will be positive. (A visual representation of a positive direct Coombs test is shown in the upper half of the schematic).

text: Indirect Coombs test[edit]

text: The indirect Coombs test (also known as the indirect antiglobulin test or IAT) is used to detect in-vitro antibody-antigen reactions. It is used to detect very low concentrations of antibodies present in a patient's plasma/serum prior to a blood transfusion. In antenatal care, the IAT is used to screen pregnant women for antibodies that may cause hemolytic disease of the newborn. The IAT can also be used for compatibility testing, antibody identification, RBC phenotyping, and titration studies.

text: Examples of clinical uses of the indirect Coombs test[edit]

text: Blood transfusion preparation[edit]

text: The indirect Coombs test is used to screen for antibodies in the preparation of blood for blood transfusion. The donor's and recipient's blood must be ABO and Rh D compatible. Donor blood for transfusion is also screened for infections in separate processes.

text: Antibody screening

text: A blood sample from the recipient and a blood sample from every unit of donor blood are screened for antibodies with the indirect Coombs test. Each sample is incubated against a wide range of RBCs that together exhibit a full range of surface antigens (i.e. blood types).

text: Cross matching

text: The indirect Coombs test is used to test a sample of the recipient's serum for antibodies against a sample of the blood donor's RBCs. This is sometimes called cross-matching blood.

text: Antenatal antibody screening[edit]

text: The indirect Coombs test is used to screen pregnant women for IgG antibodies that are likely to pass through the placenta into the fetal blood and cause haemolytic disease of the newborn.

text: Laboratory method[edit]

text: The IAT is a two-stage test. (A cross match is shown visually in the lower half of the schematic as an example of an indirect Coombs test).

text: First stage[edit]

text: Washed test red blood cells (RBCs) are incubated with a known human serum. If the serum contains antibodies to antigens on the RBC surface, the antibodies will bind onto the surface of the RBCs.

text: Second stage[edit]

text: The RBCs are washed three or four times with isotonic saline solution and then incubated with antihuman globulin. If antibodies have bound to RBC surface antigens in the first stage, RBCs will agglutinate when incubated with the antihuman globulin (also known Coombs reagent) in this stage, and the indirect Coombs test will be positive.

text: Titrations[edit]

text: By diluting a serum containing antibodies the quantity of the antibody in the serum can be gauged. This is done by using doubling dilutions of the serum and finding the maximum dilution of test serum that is able to produce agglutination of relevant RBCs.

text: Coombs reagent[edit]

text: Coombs reagent (also known as Coombs antiglobulin or antihuman globulin) is used in both the direct Coombs test and the indirect Coombs test. Coombs reagent is antihuman globulin. It is made by injecting human globulin into animals, which produce polyclonal antibodies specific for human immunoglobulins and human complement system factors. More specific Coombs reagents or monoclonal antibodies can be used.

text: Enhancement media[edit]

text: Both IgM and IgG antibodies bind strongly with their antigens. IgG antibodies are most reactive at 37 °C. IgM antibodies are easily detected in saline at room temperature as IgM antibodies are able to bridge between RBC’s owing to their large size, efficiently creating what is seen as agglutination. IgG antibodies are smaller and require assistance to bridge well enough to form a visual agglutination reaction. Reagents used to enhance IgG detection are referred to as potentiators. RBCs have a net negative charge called zeta potential which causes them to have a natural repulsion for one another. Potentiators reduce the zeta potential of RBC membranes. Common potentiators include low ionic strength solution (LISS), albumin, polyethylene glycol (PEG), and proteolytic enzymes.

text: History[edit]

text: The Coombs test was first described in 1945 by Cambridge immunologists Robin Coombs (after whom it is named), Arthur Mourant and Rob Race.[2] Historically, it was done in test tubes. Today, it is commonly done using microarray and gel technology.


document_title: Area codes 847 and 224

question_text: where is the 847 area code located in the united states

text: Area codes 847 and 224

text: Area codes 847 and 224 are Illinois area codes covering northeastern Illinois and many northern suburbs of Chicago. They serve most of Lake County, the northern part of Cook County, the northern part of Kane County, and a small part of McHenry County.

text: The main area code, 847, was created on January 20, 1996, in a three-way split from area code 708. Within only five years, however, 847 was already close to exhaustion due to the explosive growth of the Chicago suburbs and the proliferation of cell phones and pagers. On January 5, 2002, area code 224 overlaid the 847 NPA and 10-digit dialing was implemented.

text: The area code is mentioned in The Art of the Steal by Frank Abagnale, regarding a 900 phone call scam. He stated that the 847 area code used to be a "premium" phone call area code in the North American Numbering Plan.

text: Communities included[edit]

text:
Algonquin
Antioch
Arlington Heights
Bannockburn
Barrington
Barrington Hills
Beach Park
Buffalo Grove
Burlington
Carpentersville
Cary
Channel Lake
Deerfield
Deer Park
Des Plaines
East Dundee
Elgin
Elk Grove Village
Evanston
Forest Lake
Fox Lake
Fox Lake Hills
Fox River Grove
Gages Lake
Gilberts
Glencoe

Glenview
Golf
Grandwood Park
Grayslake
Great Lakes, Illinois
Green Oaks
Gurnee
Hainesville
Hampshire
Hawthorn Woods
Highland Park
Highwood
Hoffman Estates
Huntley
Indian Creek
Ingleside
Island Lake
Inverness
Kenilworth
Kildeer
Knollwood
Lake Barrington
Lake Bluff
Lake Catherine
Lake Forest
Lake in the Hills
Lake Villa

Lake Zurich
Libertyville
Lincolnshire
Lincolnwood
Lindenhurst
Long Grove
Long Lake
Mettawa
Morton Grove
Mount Prospect
Mundelein
Niles
North Barrington
Northbrook
North Chicago
Oakwood Hills
Old Mill Creek
Palatine
Park City
Park Ridge
Pingree Grove
Port Barrington
Prairie View
Prospect Heights
Riverwoods
Rolling Meadows

Rondout
Rosemont
Round Lake
Round Lake Beach
Round Lake Heights
Round Lake Park
Schaumburg
Skokie
Sleepy Hollow
South Barrington
South Elgin
Third Lake
Tower Lakes
Trout Valley
Venetian Village
Vernon Hills
Volo
Wadsworth
Wauconda
Waukegan
West Dundee
Wheeling
Wilmette
Winnetka
Winthrop Harbor
Zion