document_title: Liverpool F.C. in European football

question_text: when did liverpool last won uefa champions league

text: Liverpool F.C. in European football

text: Background[edit]

text: Club competitions between teams from different European countries can trace their origins as far back as 1897, when the Challenge Cup was created for clubs in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, who did not meet under normal circumstances. The Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy, named after entrepreneur and sportsman Thomas Lipton, was established in 1909 and was contested between clubs from Italy, Great Britain, Germany and Switzerland; the competition lasted for two years.[1] The earliest attempt to create a cup for national champion clubs of Europe was made by Swiss club FC Servette. Founded in 1930, the Coupe des Nations featured clubs of ten major European football leagues and was deemed a success. Due to financial reasons, the competition was abandoned.[2]

text: The first continental competition organised by UEFA was the European Cup in 1955. Conceived by Gabriel Hanot, the editor of L'Équipe, as a competition for winners of the European national football leagues, it is considered the most prestigious European football competition.[3][4] When the European Cup was first played, Liverpool were in the Second Division, following relegation from the First Division after the 1953–54 season, and thus were ineligible for the competition.[5] During their time in the Second Division, two further competitions were created: the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup and UEFA Cup Winners' Cup. Established in 1955, the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup was later re-branded as the UEFA Cup when it came under the auspices of UEFA in 1971.[6] Since the 2009–10 season, the competition has been known as the UEFA Europa League.[7] The UEFA Cup Winners' Cup was inaugurated in 1960 for the winners of domestic cup competitions.[6]

text: In 1962 Liverpool were promoted to the First Division. Two years later, they won the Football League championship, thus making their European debut in the 1964–65 European Cup. In the following years, further European competitions were inaugurated. The first, the UEFA Super Cup, was originally a match played between the winners of the European Cup and the Cup Winners' Cup. First established in 1973, it changed formats in 2000; since then, it has been contested between the winners of the Champions League (formerly the European Cup) and the Europa League (formerly the UEFA Cup), following the Cup Winners' Cup amalgamation into the latter.[8] The Intercontinental Cup was a competition for the winners of the European Cup (later, the UEFA Champions League) and the South American equivalent, the Copa Libertadores. Established in 1960, the Intercontinental Cup was jointly organised by UEFA and the Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol (CONMEBOL). It ran until 2004, when the FIFA Club World Cup, which includes the winners of all six confederations' regional championships replaced it.[9]

text: History[edit]

text: First steps in Europe – the Shankly years (1965–74)[edit]

text: Bill Shankly began managing Liverpool in 1959, and it was under him that the team first competed in European competition in 1964–65, qualifying for the European Cup by winning the First Division championship the previous season.[10] The club's first opponents were Knattspyrnufélag Reykjavíkur of Iceland, who they played in the preliminary round. Liverpool won 11–1 on aggregate. The next round, against Belgian club Anderlecht, was the first time in Liverpool's history that they wore their now common all-red strip. The decision was made to change from red shirts, white shorts and socks by Shankly, who wanted his players to make more of a psychological impact on opponents.[11] They beat Anderlecht and progressed to the semi-finals, where they met Italian team Internazionale. Before the first leg at Anfield, Shankly asked two injured players to parade the FA Cup, which Liverpool had won the previous week, to intimidate the Italians.[12] The team won the match 3–1,[13] but Inter won the second leg 3–0, securing a 4–3 aggregate victory. The second leg was controversial; Shankly described it as "a war".[14] He felt that the referee, Jose Maria Ortiz de Mendibel, had shown bias towards Internazionale,[15] and the Liverpool players felt cheated by his decisions.[14] The club's 1964–65 FA Cup victory ensured qualification for the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup the following season, and in that competition, they reached their first European final. Borussia Dortmund, Liverpool's opponents, employed counter-attacking tactics that had paid dividends in previous rounds and did so again, with the West Germans beating Liverpool 2–1 after extra time.[16]

text: In the next four seasons, they competed in the European Cup and Inter-Cities Fairs Cup, but failed to progress past the third round in either competition.[17] A tie against Dutch team Ajax during the 1966–67 European Cup was to prove pivotal in the history of Liverpool in European competition.[18] Ajax beat Liverpool 7–3 on aggregate. However, the style of football that Ajax played – a patient passing game, inspired by Johann Cruyff – convinced Shankly that Liverpool had to replicate this style to be successful in Europe.[19] Liverpool reached the semi-finals of the 1970–71 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup, losing 1–0 on aggregate to Leeds United.[20] They competed in the 1971–72 European Cup Winners' Cup, despite losing the 1971 FA Cup Final, as the FA Cup winners, Arsenal, had also qualified for the European Cup by winning the league championship. Liverpool were eliminated in the second round by Bayern Munich of Germany, losing 3–1 on aggregate.[21]

text: The changes made to Liverpool's tactics came to fruition during the 1972–73 UEFA Cup. The club reached their second European final, where they faced Borussia Mönchengladbach of Germany. Liverpool won the first leg 3–0 as a result of two goals from Kevin Keegan and one from Larry Lloyd. Victory in this first leg meant Liverpool only needed to avoid losing by three or more goals in order to win the final. This influenced their tactics – The Times reported that Liverpool employed a "holding action" against the "attacking Germans".[22] The tactics worked, allowing Mönchengladbach only two goals, granting Liverpool a 3–2 aggregate victory.[23] Liverpool also won the First Division championship that season, and as a result qualified for the 1973–74 European Cup, where they were eliminated in the second round by Red Star Belgrade of Yugoslavia. At the end of that season, Shankly retired.[24]

text: European domination – the Paisley years (1974–83)[edit]

text: Shankly was succeeded by his assistant, Bob Paisley, in 1974.[25] Liverpool competed in the Cup Winners' Cup during Paisley's first season and defeated Strømsgodset of Norway 11–0 at Anfield. This remains the club's largest margin of victory in all matches.[26] They lost in the next round to Hungarian side Ferencváros on the away goals rule. In 1975–76 the club entered the UEFA Cup after a second-place finish in the First Division. Victories over Hibernian (Scotland), Real Sociedad (Spain), Śląsk Wrocław (Poland), Dynamo Dresden (East Germany) and Barcelona (Spain) took Liverpool to their third European final. Crucial to their progress was goalkeeper Ray Clemence, who made two important penalty saves against Hibernian and Dresden, saving Liverpool from elimination on the away goals rule on both occasions.[27] Their opponents in the final were Club Brugge of Belgium. Liverpool recovered from a two-goal deficit to win the first leg at Anfield 3–2, with Ray Kennedy, Jimmy Case, and Keegan scoring a goal each in a span of six minutes. A 1–1 draw at the Jan Breydel Stadion in Bruges meant Liverpool won 4–3 on aggregate, earning their second UEFA Cup.[28]

text: As the 1975–76 league champions, the club entered the 1976–77 European Cup. They defeated Crusaders of Northern Ireland and Trabzonspor of Turkey to reach the quarter-finals, where they faced the runners-up from the previous season, Saint-Étienne. The French team won the first leg 1–0. The second leg at Anfield began well for Liverpool when Keegan scored in the first two minutes. Saint-Étienne equalised to make the score 2–1 on aggregate in their favour. Kennedy scored for Liverpool, but the away goals rule meant they still needed another goal to win the tie. With six minutes remaining, David Fairclough was brought on to replace John Toshack; he immediately scored in front of the Kop, ensuring a 3–2 aggregate victory for Liverpool.[29] In the semi-finals, they defeated FC Zürich of Switzerland 6–1 on aggregate to reach the final, where they met their opponents from the 1973 UEFA Cup Final, Borussia Mönchengladbach. The final was held in Rome, four days after the club had lost the 1977 FA Cup Final to Manchester United. Before the match, Paisley announced that striker Toshack would be fit to start. However, he was not named in the matchday squad. This change upset the Germans' game plan and allowed Keegan to torment his marker, Berti Vogts.[30] Liverpool won 3–1 to become European champions for the first time.[31]

text: By winning the European Cup, they qualified for the European Super Cup and played the winners of the Cup Winners' Cup, German team Hamburg, who had just signed Keegan.[32] Liverpool won the tie 7–1 on aggregate.[33] Liverpool entered the 1977–78 European Cup as champions and received a bye in the first round. They defeated Dynamo Dresden and Portuguese team Benfica in the second round and quarter-finals, respectively. In the semi-final, the club again met Borussia Mönchengladbach, who won the first leg 2–1. Liverpool won the second leg 3–0, progressing to a second successive European Cup final, this time against Club Brugge at Wembley Stadium in London. In the final Kenny Dalglish, who had been signed to replace Keegan, scored the winning goal after receiving the ball from a Graeme Souness pass. The 1–0 victory meant Liverpool became the first British team to retain the European Cup.[34] They faced Anderlecht in the 1978 European Super Cup, but failed to retain the trophy, losing 4–3 on aggregate against the Belgian side.[35] Liverpool were eliminated in the first round of the 1978–79 European Cup by English champions Nottingham Forest. Nottingham Forest won the tie 2–0 on aggregate, and went on to win the competition.[36] Liverpool entered the 1979–80 European Cup as English champions but were again eliminated in the first round, this time beaten 4–2 on aggregate by Dinamo Tbilisi of the Soviet Union.[37]

text: Liverpool participated in the 1980–81 European Cup as English league champions, defeating Finnish champions Oulun Palloseura, Scottish club Aberdeen and CSKA Sofia of Bulgaria to qualify for the semi-finals, where they faced three-time champions Bayern Munich. The first leg at Anfield finished goalless. In the second leg at the Olympiastadion in Munich, Ray Kennedy scored in the 83rd minute and, although the German side equalised, Liverpool went through to the final on the away goals rule.[38] They faced Spanish side Real Madrid in the final, held at the Parc des Princes in Paris. Alan Kennedy scored the only goal to give Liverpool a 1–0 victory, which secured the club's—and Paisley's—third European Cup. As champions of Europe, Liverpool competed in the Intercontinental Cup against South American champions Flamengo of Brazil. Liverpool lost the match 3–0.[39] The club's defence of the European Cup in 1981–82 was ended by CSKA Sofia in the quarter-finals.[40] Another quarter-final exit occurred in the 1982–83 European Cup when Polish club Widzew Łódź eliminated Liverpool 4–3 on aggregate.[41] Paisley retired as manager at the end of the season and was succeeded by his assistant, Joe Fagan.[42]

text: Triumph and tragedy – the Fagan years (1983–85)[edit]

text: Liverpool entered the 1983–84 European Cup as league champions for the fourth time in five seasons. Victories over Odense of Denmark and Spanish champions Athletic Bilbao brought Liverpool to face Portuguese champions Benfica in the quarter-finals.[43] Liverpool won the first leg at Anfield 1–0. In the second leg, their tactic of withdrawing Dalglish into midfield put Benfica's game plan into disarray,[44] leading to a 4–1 match victory and a 5–1 aggregate victory. Their opponents in the semi-finals were Dinamo București of Romania. The tie proved a brutal encounter, characterised by Souness breaking the jaw of the Bucharest captain Lică Movilă, and was won 3–1 on aggregate by Liverpool.[44]

text: Fagan's first season in charge of Liverpool had been a successful one. When they reached their fourth European Cup final, they had already won the Football League Cup and the league championship;[45] victory in the European final against Italian side Roma would complete an unprecedented treble. The final was played at Rome's Stadio Olimpico, and Liverpool went ahead in the 13th minute when Phil Neal scored, though Roma equalised towards the end of the first half. The score remained the same throughout full and extra time; Liverpool won the subsequent penalty shoot-out, with Alan Kennedy scoring the winning penalty after goalkeeper Bruce Grobbelaar had put off Francesco Graziani, causing him to place his penalty over the crossbar.[46] After the game, gangs of Roma fans assaulted Liverpool supporters travelling back to their hotels.[47] Success in the European Cup entitled Liverpool to compete in the 1984 Intercontinental Cup. However, they were unable to beat the winners of the Copa Libertadores, Independiente of Argentina, who claimed a 1–0 victory.[48]

text: Liverpool entered the 1984–85 European Cup as champions, and once again progressed to the final, where their opponents were Juventus of Italy. They aimed to win their fifth European Cup and keep the trophy. The 1985 European Cup Final was held at the Heysel Stadium in Brussels. The choice of venue had been criticised due to the dilapidated state of the stadium, and the club tried to persuade UEFA to change the venue.[49] Before the kick-off, Liverpool fans breached a fence separating the two groups of supporters and charged the Juventus fans. The resulting weight of people caused a retaining wall to collapse, killing 39 people and injuring hundreds more.[50] Despite calls for an abandonment, the match was played, as it was felt that further trouble would be caused otherwise.[51]

text: Juventus won the match 1–0; Michel Platini scored from the penalty spot to give Juventus their first European Cup.[52] UEFA laid the blame for the incident solely on the Liverpool fans: the official UEFA observer stated, "Only the English fans were responsible. Of that there is no doubt".[53] Three days after the final, UEFA banned all English clubs from European competition for an indefinite period. Liverpool were initially given an additional three-year ban.[52] Fagan retired after the 1984–85 season and was succeeded by Dalglish, who took over as player-manager.[54]

text: The ban on English clubs in European competitions ultimately lasted for five years, and even when the ban was lifted in 1990, Liverpool were not re-admitted; they had to serve an extra year. The ban prevented them qualifying for the European Cup in 1986 (as league champions and FA Cup winners), the UEFA Cup in 1987 (as league runners-up), the European Cup in 1988 (as league champions), the European Cup Winners' Cup in 1989 (as FA Cup winners) and the European Cup in 1990 (as league champions).[55]

text: Return to Europe (1991–2004)[edit]

text: Liverpool were allowed to return to European competition in the 1991–92 season, a year later than other English clubs. They qualified for the UEFA Cup as runners-up in the English league. Their manager by this stage was Graeme Souness, who had taken over towards the end of the previous season following Dalglish's resignation.[56]

text: Their first match, in the UEFA Cup, was against Finnish side Kuusyi Lahti, which they won 6–1.[57] A 6–2 aggregate victory set up a tie against Auxerre of France in the second round who they beat 3–2 on aggregate.[58] The club defeated Swarovski Tirol of Austria in the third round 6–0 on aggregate before losing to Genoa (Italy) 4–1 over two legs in the quarter finals.[59]

text: Liverpool's victory over Sunderland in the 1992 FA Cup Final qualified them for the 1992–93 European Cup Winners' Cup, but this campaign was short-lived, as they were eliminated in the second round by Russian side Spartak Moscow.[60] Liverpool finished no higher than sixth in the Premier League during the next two seasons, thus failing to qualify for European competition. In the 1995–96 season, they entered the UEFA Cup, but again progressed no further than the second round, this time losing to Brøndby of Denmark.[61]

text: As runners-up to League champions Manchester United in the 1996 FA Cup Final, Liverpool were able to compete in the 1996–97 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup. This proved the club's most successful campaign since their return to European competition, as they reached the semi-finals, where they were eliminated 3–2 on aggregate by Paris Saint–Germain.[62] In the next two seasons, Liverpool played in the UEFA Cup but were eliminated at an early stage of the competition, by Strasbourg and Celta de Vigo, respectively.[63][64] A seventh-place finish in the 1998–99 FA Premier League meant the club did not qualify for Europe in 1999–2000.[65]

text: Having finished fourth in the 1999–2000 FA Premier League, Liverpool qualified for the 2000–01 UEFA Cup. Their victory in this competition marked a third win for a club. The entire season was the club's most successful since the 1983–84 season, as they won a cup treble consisting of the UEFA Cup, the FA Cup and the League Cup. Their opponents in the final in Dortmund were Alavés of Spain. The match was tied at 4–4 in extra time when Alavés defender Delfí Geli scored an own goal to give Liverpool victory on the golden goal rule.[66] The performance of Gary McAllister, whose free-kick resulted in the winning goal, was praised as "outstanding" by Trevor Brooking.[67] This was the club's first European trophy since their European Cup victory in 1984.[68] As UEFA Cup winners, Liverpool played in the 2001 UEFA Super Cup against Champions League winners Bayern Munich and won 3–2.[69]

text: In the 2001–02 season, Liverpool returned to the European Cup, now called the UEFA Champions League, for the first time since the Heysel disaster. A 2–0 victory over Roma in the second group stage meant they progressed to the quarter-finals.[70] They faced German club Bayer Leverkusen and won the first leg 1–0. The outlook for the second leg appeared to be to Liverpool's advantage, as their counter-attacking style of play had served them well during away matches throughout the season;[71] however, they lost the second leg 4–2 and were eliminated 4–3 on aggregate.[72]

text: A second-place finish in the 2001–02 FA Premier League entitled Liverpool to participate in the Champions League for a second successive season, but they only finished third in their group and were eliminated from the competition.[73] The third-place finish meant they entered the 2002–03 UEFA Cup. Liverpool beat Dutch team Vitesse Arnhem and Auxerre to set up an all-British tie with Scottish team Celtic. A 1–1 draw in the first leg meant Liverpool would progress to the semi-finals if they did not concede a goal in the second leg at Anfield. However, Celtic scored before half-time and again in the second half to win 3–1 on aggregate.[74]

text: Liverpool entered the UEFA Cup for the 2003–04 season, after Chelsea beat them on the final day of the previous league season to claim the fourth place needed to qualify for the Champions League.[75] Liverpool were eliminated in the fourth round by eventual runners-up Marseille of France. At the end of the season, manager Gérard Houllier was replaced by Rafael Benítez.[76]

text: Renewed European success – the Benítez years (2004–10)[edit]

text: Liverpool had finished fourth in the 2003–04 season, which qualified them to compete in the Champions League in the 2004–05 season. A poor start in the group stages, with two losses in their first five games, had the club facing elimination. A 3–1 victory over Greek side Olympiacos, however, eventually ensured their passage to the knock-out rounds. Liverpool beat Bayer Leverkusen and Juventus to reach the semi-finals, and progressed to the final after they beat Chelsea 1–0 on aggregate; the goal scored by Luis García was referred to as a "ghost goal" by Chelsea manager José Mourinho, as it was unclear whether the ball crossed the goal line.[77] Liverpool's performances in Europe contrasted strongly with their league form, where they struggled to finish in the top-four and thus ensure qualification for the next Champions League season.[78]

text: Liverpool faced six-time European champions Milan in the final at the Atatürk Stadium in Istanbul on 25 May 2005. Trailing 3–0 at half-time, they scored three goals in a six-minute spell in the second half to level the score at 3–3. There were no goals during extra time, so the match was decided by a penalty shoot-out. With the shoot-out score at 3–2, Liverpool goalkeeper Jerzy Dudek saved Andriy Shevchenko's penalty to give Liverpool victory.[79] The nature of Liverpool's comeback victory has led to the match being referred to as the "miracle of Istanbul."[80] As this was the club's fifth European Cup victory, Liverpool were allowed to keep the European Champion Clubs' Cup permanently, and a new trophy was commissioned for the following year's competition.[81] The victory also entitled Liverpool to compete in the 2005 UEFA Super Cup at Stade Louis II, Monaco in August. They defeated UEFA Cup winners CSKA Moscow of Russia 3–1(aet.) to win their third Super Cup.[82] Their success in the Champions League meant Liverpool also qualified for the 2005 FIFA Club World Championship, where they lost 1–0 in the final to Brazilian team São Paulo.[83]

text: A fifth-place finish in the Premier League in 2004–05 meant Liverpool were not guaranteed entry into the Champions League, and faced the prospect of not being able to defend their European title. UEFA eventually ruled that they would be allowed to do so, but would be required to start in the first qualifying round, with no country protection, meaning they could face a team from England in the group stages.[84] This turned out to be the case—Liverpool advanced through three qualifying rounds and were drawn with Chelsea in the group stages. They progressed from their group as winners but were beaten by Benfica in the first knock-out round.[85]

text: In the 2006–07 Champions League, Liverpool progressed from the group stages and beat holders Barcelona, PSV and Chelsea to face Milan in a rematch of the 2005 final.[86] The Liverpool team, which contained only five players from the 2005 final, enjoyed more possession than in 2005,[87] but two goals from Filippo Inzaghi gave Milan their seventh European Cup in a 2–1 win.[88]

text: Liverpool were eliminated from the 2007–08 Champions League in the semi-finals by Chelsea, who they had beaten in the semi-finals in 2005 and 2007. A fourth-place finish in the 2007–08 Premier League secured their entry into the 2008–09 Champions League. Liverpool reached the quarter-finals and again faced Chelsea, but lost 7–5 on aggregate.[89]

text: A second-place finish in the 2008–09 Premier League entitled Liverpool to compete in the 2009–10 UEFA Champions League, but their campaign was short-lived; they finished third in their group, and were eliminated from the competition. They entered the 2009–10 UEFA Europa League, progressing to the semi-finals, where they were eliminated by eventual winners Atlético Madrid of Spain on the away goals rule after the tie finished 2–2 on aggregate.[90]

text: Decline and Resurgence (2010–present)[edit]

text: Rafael Benítez left the club at the end of the 2009–10 season and was replaced by Roy Hodgson.[91] A seventh-place finish in the 2009–10 Premier League meant Liverpool would be competing in the 2010–11 Europa League. They beat Rabotnički of Macedonia and Trabzonspor of Turkey to progress to the group stage, where Liverpool were drawn alongside Napoli, FC Utrecht and Steaua București. They won two games and drew four to finish top of their group with ten points and progress to the round of 32.[92] They were drawn against Sparta Prague in the next round. Before the tie was played, however, Hodgson was replaced by former manager Kenny Dalglish, who initially served as a caretaker manager.[93] A 1–0 aggregate victory ensured progression to the round of 16, in which Liverpool lost 1–0 on aggregate to eventual runners-up Braga.[94] A sixth-place finish in the 2010–11 Premier League meant the club failed to qualify for European competition for the first time since 1999.[95] On the following season, victory in the League Cup final ensured Liverpool a place in the 2012–13 Europa League.[96]

text: Liverpool qualified for the knockout phase of the 2012–13 Europa League after winning their group at the group stage, but were eliminated from the competition at the round of 32 by Zenit Saint Petersburg on the away goals rule after a 0–2 loss away and a 3–1 win at home.[97] A seventh-place finish in the 2012–13 Premier League and a failure to secure qualification via domestic cups meant Liverpool failed to qualify for any European competition in the 2013–14 season. A second-placed finish in the 2013–14 Premier League, ensured Liverpool qualified for the group stage of the 2014–15 Champions League.[98] One win out of six in the group stage meant they were eliminated and entered into the knockout phase of the 2014–15 Europa League.[99] The campaign was short-lived, as Liverpool eliminated by Beşiktaş in the round of 32.[100]

text: Finishing sixth in the 2014–15 Premier League qualified Liverpool directly to the group stage of the 2015–16 Europa League, where they faced Sion, Bordeaux and for the first time, Russian side Rubin Kazan.[101] During the group stage, manager Brendan Rodgers was replaced by Jürgen Klopp.[102] After winning the group, Liverpool qualified for the knockout phase, beating FC Augsburg in the round of 32 before facing bitter rivals Manchester United in the round of 16, the two clubs' first meeting in Europe.[103][104] Liverpool defeated them 3–1 on aggregate and victory led to a quarter-final tie with Klopp's former team Borussia Dortmund.[105][106] After a 1–1 draw in the first leg at Signal Iduna Park, Dortmund went 3–1 up in the return leg at Anfield with 33 minutes remaining, requiring Liverpool to score three goals due to the Away goals rule. Goals from Philippe Coutinho, Mamadou Sakho and a last minute winner from Dejan Lovren, however, saw Liverpool complete the comeback and qualify for their first European semi-final since 2010.[107] There they faced Villarreal, completing a second comeback after overturning a 1–0 defeat in the first leg at El Madrigal to qualify for the final with a 3–1 aggregate win.[108][109] Liverpool played Sevilla in the final at St. Jakob-Park, Basel, on 18 May, losing 3–1. A 4th place finish in the 2016–17 Premier League qualified Liverpool for the 2017–18 UEFA Champions League and a return to Europe's premier club tournament for only the second time in 8 years during the 2010's.

text: Records[edit]

text:
Most appearances in European competition: Jamie Carragher, 150[110]
Most goals in European competition: Steven Gerrard, 41[111]
First European match: Liverpool 6–0 Knattspyrnufélag Reykjavíkur, European Cup, first round, 17 August 1964[112]
First goal scored in Europe: Gordon Wallace, against KR Reykjavik[113]
Biggest win: Liverpool 11–0 Strømsgodset, in the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, 17 September 1974[112]
Biggest defeat: Liverpool 1–5 Ajax, in the European Cup, 7 December 1966[114]
Highest European home attendance: 55,104, against Barcelona in the 1975–76 UEFA Cup, 14 April 1976[115][116]
Lowest European home attendance: 12,021 against Dundalk in the 1982–83 European Cup[115]

text: By season[edit]

text: Key

text:
P = Played
W = Games won
D = Games drawn
L = Games lost
F = Goals for
A = Goals against
GD = Goal difference
Grp = Group stage

R1 = First round
R2 = Second round
R3 = Third round
R4 = Fourth round
R16 = Round of 16
R32 = Round of 32
QF = Quarter-final
SF = Semi-final

Key to colours:

Gold
Winners

Silver
Runners-up

text:
Liverpool F.C. record in European football by season[117][118][119]

Season
Competition
P
W
D
L
F
A
Round

1964–65
European Cup
9
5
3
1
18
5
R6 !SF

1965–66
European Cup Winners' Cup
9
5
1
3
12
6
Runners-up

1966–67
European Cup
4
1
1
2
6
8
R2

1967–68
Inter-Cities Fairs Cup
6
3
0
3
13
5
R3

1968–69
Inter-Cities Fairs Cup
1
3
0
1
3
3
R1

1969–70
Inter-Cities Fairs Cup
4
3
0
1
17
3
R2

1970–71
Inter-Cities Fairs Cup
10
5
4
1
13
4
R6 !SF

1971–72
European Cup Winners' Cup
4
1
1
2
4
5
R2

1972–73
UEFA Cup
12
8
2
2
17
6
Winners

1973–74
European Cup
4
1
1
2
5
5
R2

1974–75
European Cup Winners' Cup
4
2
2
0
12
1
R2

1975–76
UEFA Cup
12
8
3
1
25
8
Winners

1976–77
European Cup
9
7
0
2
22
5
Winners

1977
European Super Cup
2
1
1
0
7
1
Winners

1977–78
European Cup
7
5
0
2
17
7
Winners

1978
European Super Cup
2
1
0
1
3
4
Runners-up

1978–79
European Cup
2
0
1
1
0
2
R1

1979–80
European Cup
2
1
0
1
2
4
R1

1980–81
European Cup
9
6
3
0
24
4
Winners

1981
Intercontinental Cup
1
0
0
1
0
3
Runners-up

1981–82
European Cup
6
4
1
1
14
6
R5 !QF

1982–83
European Cup
6
4
0
2
13
6
R5 !QF

1983–84
European Cup
9
7
2
0
16
3
Winners

1984
European Super Cup
1
0
0
1
0
2
Runners-up

1984
Intercontinental Cup
1
0
0
1
0
1
Runners-up

1984–85
European Cup
9
6
1
2
18
5
Runners-up

1991–92
UEFA Cup
8
4
0
4
16
8
R5 !QF

1992–93
UEFA Cup Winners' Cup
4
2
0
2
10
8
R2

1995–96
UEFA Cup
4
1
2
1
2
2
R2

1996–97
UEFA Cup Winners' Cup
8
6
1
1
18
9
R6 !SF

1997–98
UEFA Cup
4
1
2
1
4
5
R2

1998–99
UEFA Cup
6
2
2
2
11
5
R3

2000–01
UEFA Cup
13
8
4
1
19
9
Winners

2001
UEFA Super Cup
1
1
0
0
3
2
Winners

2001–02
UEFA Champions League
14
5
7
2
14
11
R5 !QF

2002–03
UEFA Champions League
6
2
2
2
12
8
Grp

2002–03
UEFA Cup
6
4
1
1
6
3
R5 !QF

2003–04
UEFA Cup
8
4
3
1
14
7
R4

2004–05
UEFA Champions League
15
8
3
4
14
11
Winners

2005
UEFA Super Cup
1
1
0
0
3
1
Winners

2005
FIFA Club World Cup
2
1
0
1
3
1
Runners-up

2005–06
UEFA Champions League
14
8
3
3
20
7
R16

2006–07
UEFA Champions League
15
8
4
3
23
12
Runners-up

2007–08
UEFA Champions League
14
8
3
3
34
11
R6 !SF

2008–09
UEFA Champions League
12
7
4
1
22
12
R5 !QF

2009–10
UEFA Champions League
6
2
1
3
5
7
Grp

2009–10
UEFA Europa League
8
5
0
3
14
8
R6 !SF

2010–11
UEFA Europa League
14
7
6
1
16
5
R16

2012–13
UEFA Europa League
12
7
2
3
20
13
R32

2014–15
UEFA Champions League
6
1
2
3
5
9
Grp

2014–15
UEFA Europa League
2
1
0
1
1
1
R32

2015–16
UEFA Europa League
15
6
7
2
19
13
Runners-Up

2017–18
UEFA Champions League
4
2
2
0
9
6

text: By competition[edit]

text:
Liverpool F.C. record in European football by competition[120]

Competition
P
W
D
L
F
A

European Cup/UEFA Champions League
185
102
43
40
331
159

UEFA Cup Winners' Cup
29
16
5
8
57
29

UEFA Cup/UEFA Europa League
124
66
34
24
186
94

Inter-Cities Fairs Cup
22
12
4
6
46
15

UEFA Super Cup
7
4
1
2
16
10

Intercontinental Cup
2
0
0
2
0
4

FIFA Club World Cup
2
1
0
1
3
1

Total
371
201
87
83
639
312

text: By country[edit]

text:
Liverpool F.C. record in Continental football by country[121]

Country[a]
Pld
W
D
L
F
A
GD
Win%

 Argentina
7000100000000000000♠1
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
7000100000000000000♠1
5000000000000000000♠0
7000100000000000000♠1
−1
005000000000000000000♠0.00

 Austria
7000600000000000000♠6
7000400000000000000♠4
7000100000000000000♠1
7000100000000000000♠1
7001130000000000000♠13
7000300000000000000♠3
+10
07001666700000000000♠66.67

 Belarus
7000200000000000000♠2
7000200000000000000♠2
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
7000400000000000000♠4
5000000000000000000♠0
+4
7002100000000000000♠100.00

 Belgium
7001130000000000000♠13
7001100000000000000♠10
7000200000000000000♠2
7000100000000000000♠1
7001220000000000000♠22
7000900000000000000♠9
+13
07001769200000000000♠76.92

 Brazil
7000200000000000000♠2
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
7000200000000000000♠2
5000000000000000000♠0
7000400000000000000♠4
−4
005000000000000000000♠0.00

 Bulgaria
7001100000000000000♠10
7000700000000000000♠7
7000100000000000000♠1
7000200000000000000♠2
7001200000000000000♠20
7001100000000000000♠10
+10
07001700000000000000♠70.00

 Costa Rica
7000100000000000000♠1
7000100000000000000♠1
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
7000300000000000000♠3
5000000000000000000♠0
+3
7002100000000000000♠100.00

 Cyprus
7000200000000000000♠2
7000200000000000000♠2
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
7000800000000000000♠8
7000200000000000000♠2
+6
7002100000000000000♠100.00

 Czech Republic
7000400000000000000♠4
7000300000000000000♠3
7000100000000000000♠1
5000000000000000000♠0
7000500000000000000♠5
7000200000000000000♠2
+3
07001750000000000000♠75.00

 Denmark
7000400000000000000♠4
7000200000000000000♠2
7000100000000000000♠1
7000100000000000000♠1
7000600000000000000♠6
7000100000000000000♠1
+5
07001500000000000000♠50.00

 England
7001200000000000000♠20
7000500000000000000♠5
7000900000000000000♠9
7000600000000000000♠6
7001200000000000000♠20
7001200000000000000♠20
+0
07001250000000000000♠25.00

 Finland
7001120000000000000♠12
7000900000000000000♠9
7000200000000000000♠2
7000100000000000000♠1
7001430000000000000♠43
7000700000000000000♠7
+36
07001750000000000000♠75.00

 France
7001260000000000000♠26
7001150000000000000♠15
7000200000000000000♠2
7000900000000000000♠9
7001380000000000000♠38
7001200000000000000♠20
+18
07001576900000000000♠57.69

 Germany
7001420000000000000♠42
7001210000000000000♠21
7001140000000000000♠14
7000700000000000000♠7
7001760000000000000♠76
7001370000000000000♠37
+39
07001500000000000000♠50.00

 Georgia
7000200000000000000♠2
7000100000000000000♠1
5000000000000000000♠0
7000100000000000000♠1
7000200000000000000♠2
7000400000000000000♠4
−2
07001500000000000000♠50.00

 Greece
7000800000000000000♠8
7000600000000000000♠6
7000100000000000000♠1
7000100000000000000♠1
7001180000000000000♠18
7000500000000000000♠5
+13
07001750000000000000♠75.00

 Hungary
7001100000000000000♠10
7000400000000000000♠4
7000400000000000000♠4
7000200000000000000♠2
7000700000000000000♠7
7000400000000000000♠4
+3
07001400000000000000♠40.00

 Iceland
7000200000000000000♠2
7000200000000000000♠2
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
7001110000000000000♠11
7000100000000000000♠1
+10
7002100000000000000♠100.00

 Ireland
7000400000000000000♠4
7000400000000000000♠4
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
7001190000000000000♠19
7000100000000000000♠1
+18
7002100000000000000♠100.00

 Israel
7000200000000000000♠2
7000100000000000000♠1
7000100000000000000♠1
5000000000000000000♠0
7000300000000000000♠3
7000200000000000000♠2
+1
07001500000000000000♠50.00

 Italy
7001250000000000000♠25
7000900000000000000♠9
7000700000000000000♠7
7000900000000000000♠9
7001270000000000000♠27
7001280000000000000♠28
−1
07001360000000000000♠36.00

 Lithuania
7000200000000000000♠2
7000200000000000000♠2
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
7000500000000000000♠5
7000100000000000000♠1
+4
7002100000000000000♠100.00

 Luxembourg
7000200000000000000♠2
7000100000000000000♠1
7000100000000000000♠1
5000000000000000000♠0
7000300000000000000♠3
7000100000000000000♠1
+2
07001500000000000000♠50.00

 Macedonia
7000200000000000000♠2
7000200000000000000♠2
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
7000400000000000000♠4
5000000000000000000♠0
+4
7002100000000000000♠100.00

 Netherlands
7001140000000000000♠14
7000800000000000000♠8
7000500000000000000♠5
7000100000000000000♠1
7001220000000000000♠22
7001120000000000000♠12
+10
07001571400000000000♠57.14

 Northern Ireland
7000200000000000000♠2
7000200000000000000♠2
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
7000700000000000000♠7
5000000000000000000♠0
+7
7002100000000000000♠100.00

 Norway
7000400000000000000♠4
7000300000000000000♠3
7000100000000000000♠1
5000000000000000000♠0
7001160000000000000♠16
7000100000000000000♠1
+15
07001750000000000000♠75.00

 Poland
7000600000000000000♠6
7000500000000000000♠5
5000000000000000000♠0
7000100000000000000♠1
7001130000000000000♠13
7000500000000000000♠5
+8
07001833300000000000♠83.33

 Portugal
7001200000000000000♠20
7000900000000000000♠9
7000500000000000000♠5
7000600000000000000♠6
7001310000000000000♠31
7001190000000000000♠19
+12
07001450000000000000♠45.00

 Romania
7001150000000000000♠15
7001100000000000000♠10
7000400000000000000♠4
7000100000000000000♠1
7001240000000000000♠24
7000900000000000000♠9
+15
07001666700000000000♠66.67

 Russia
7001120000000000000♠12
7000600000000000000♠6
7000200000000000000♠2
7000400000000000000♠4
7001200000000000000♠20
7001140000000000000♠14
+6
07001500000000000000♠50.00

 Scotland
7001140000000000000♠14
7000700000000000000♠7
7000400000000000000♠4
7000300000000000000♠3
7001180000000000000♠18
7000900000000000000♠9
+9
07001500000000000000♠50.00

 Serbia
7000200000000000000♠2
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
7000200000000000000♠2
7000200000000000000♠2
7000400000000000000♠4
−2
005000000000000000000♠0.00

 Slovakia
7000200000000000000♠2
7000200000000000000♠2
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
7000800000000000000♠8
5000000000000000000♠0
+8
7002100000000000000♠100.00

 Slovenia
7000200000000000000♠2
7000100000000000000♠1
7000100000000000000♠1
5000000000000000000♠0
7000400000000000000♠4
7000100000000000000♠1
+3
07001500000000000000♠50.00

 Spain
7001380000000000000♠38
7001150000000000000♠15
7001110000000000000♠11
7001120000000000000♠12
7001460000000000000♠46
7001380000000000000♠38
+8
07001394700000000000♠39.47

 Sweden
7000200000000000000♠2
7000200000000000000♠2
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
7000400000000000000♠4
7000100000000000000♠1
+3
7002100000000000000♠100.00

  Switzerland
7001130000000000000♠13
7000600000000000000♠6
7000500000000000000♠5
7000200000000000000♠2
7001290000000000000♠29
7001180000000000000♠18
+11
07001461500000000000♠46.15

 Turkey
7001120000000000000♠12
7000600000000000000♠6
7000200000000000000♠2
7000400000000000000♠4
7001220000000000000♠22
7001110000000000000♠11
+11
07001500000000000000♠50.00

 Ukraine
7000200000000000000♠2
7000200000000000000♠2
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
7000300000000000000♠3
7000100000000000000♠1
+2
7002100000000000000♠100.00

 Wales
7000200000000000000♠2
7000200000000000000♠2
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
7000600000000000000♠6
5000000000000000000♠0
+6
7002100000000000000♠100.00

text: Honours[edit]

text:
Liverpool F.C. honours in European competition

Honour
No.
Years

European Cup/UEFA Champions League
5
1977, 1978, 1981, 1984, 2005

UEFA Cup/UEFA Europa League
3
1973, 1976, 2001

UEFA Super Cup
3
1977, 2001, 2005

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ The table excludes former nations such as East Germany and the Soviet Union.


document_title: Supreme Head of the Church of England

question_text: who declared the english monarch supreme head of the church

root

text: Supreme Head of the Church of England

text: The Supreme Head of the Church of England was a title created in 1531[1] for King Henry VIII of England, who was responsible for the foundation of the English Protestant church that broke away from the authority of the Roman Catholic Church after the Pope excommunicated Henry in 1533 over his divorce from Catherine of Aragon. The Act of Supremacy of 1534 confirmed the King's status as having supremacy over the church and required the nobility to swear an oath recognising Henry's supremacy.[1] By 1536, Henry had broken with Rome, seized the church's assets in England and declared the Church of England as the established church with himself as its head. Henry's daughter, Queen Mary I, a staunch Catholic, attempted to restore the English church's allegiance to the Pope and repealed the Act of Supremacy in 1555.[2] Her half-sister, the Protestant Elizabeth I, took the throne in 1558 and the next year, Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy of 1559 that restored the original act.[3] The new Oath of Supremacy that nobles were required to swear gave the Queen's title as Supreme Governor of the church rather than Supreme Head, to avoid the charge that the monarchy was claiming divinity or usurping Christ, whom the Bible explicitly identifies as Head of the Church.

tag: p

text: Anglicanism portal

tag: ul


document_title: The Outsiders (film)

question_text: who does rob lowe play in the outsiders

question_tokens: who does rob lowe play in the outsiders

text: The Outsiders (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In Tulsa, Oklahoma, greasers are a gang of tough, low-income working-class teens. They include Ponyboy Curtis  and his two older brothers, Sodapop and Darrel, as well as Johnny Cade, Dallas Winston, Two-Bit Matthews, and Steve Randle. Their rivalry is with the Socs (Sochyz), a gang of wealthier kids from the other side of town. Two Socs, Bob Sheldon and Randy Anderson, confront Johnny, Ponyboy, and Two-Bit, who are talking to the Socs' girlfriends, Cherry and Marcia, at a drive-in theater. The girls defuse the situation by going home with their boyfriends, but later that night, Ponyboy and Johnny are attacked by Bob, Randy, and three other Socs. The Socs try to drown Ponyboy in a park fountain, but Johnny pulls out his switchblade and stabs Bob to death.

text: Because murderers in Oklahoma face the death penalty for their crimes, Dallas advises Ponyboy and Johnny to go on the run.  They hitch a ride on a cargo train and hide out in an abandoned church in Windrixville. Both boys cut their hair and Ponyboy bleaches his with peroxide in order to mask their identities. To pass time, the boys play poker and Ponyboy reads Gone with the Wind and quotes the Robert Frost poem "Nothing Gold Can Stay". After a few days, Dallas arrives with news that Cherry has offered to support the boys in court, that he told the police that Johnny and Pony were in Texas, and gives Ponyboy a note from Sodapop. The three leave the church to get a bite to eat, then return to find the church on fire.  When Ponyboy and Johnny discover that children are inside the burning church, they run inside to rescue them, with Dallas in tow.  Ponyboy and Dallas recover quickly from the ordeal, but Johnny is very badly burned and has a broken back. The boys are praised for their heroism, but Johnny is charged with manslaughter for killing Bob, while Ponyboy may be sent to a boys' home.

text: Bob's death has sparked calls from the Socs for a "rumble."  Randy seeks out Ponyboy and reveals that he does not intend to participate in the rumble.  Both boys come away from their talk with the understanding that, despite their socioeconomic differences, greasers and Socs all have their moments of humanity and vulnerability.

text: The greasers win the rumble. Dallas drives Ponyboy to the hospital to visit Johnny. Johnny is unimpressed by the victory, and dies after telling Ponyboy to "stay gold," referring to the Frost poem. Unable to bear Johnny's death, Dallas wanders through the hospital, pointing an unloaded gun at hospital staff. He then robs a grocery store with the same gun, but he is shot and wounded by the owner as he flees. Pursued by the police, Dallas is surrounded in a park and the police kill him after he repeatedly refuses to drop his unloaded gun. Ponyboy is eventually cleared of wrongdoing in Bob's death and allowed to stay with his brothers. Turning the pages of Johnny's copy of Gone with the Wind, Ponyboy finds a letter from Johnny saying that saving the children was worth sacrificing his own life. The story ends with Ponyboy writing a school report about his experiences.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
C. Thomas Howell as Ponyboy Curtis
Matt Dillon as Dallas "Dally" Winston
Ralph Macchio as Johnny Cade
Patrick Swayze as Darrel "Darry" Curtis
Rob Lowe as Sodapop Curtis
Emilio Estevez as Keith "Two-Bit" Mathews
Tom Cruise as Steve Randle
Glenn Withrow as Tim Shepard
Diane Lane as Sherri "Cherry" Valance
Leif Garrett as Robert "Bob" Sheldon
Darren Dalton as Randy Anderson
Michelle Meyrink as Marcia
Tom Waits as Buck Merrill

text: Production[edit]

text: Francis Ford Coppola had not intended to make a film about teen angst until Jo Ellen Misakian, a school librarian from Lone Star Elementary School in Fresno, California, wrote to him on behalf of her seventh and eighth grade students about adapting The Outsiders.[4] When Coppola read the book, he was moved not only to adapt and direct it, but to follow it the next year by adapting Hinton's novel Rumble Fish. The latter film's cast also included Matt Dillon, Diane Lane, and Glenn Withrow.

text: The film was shot on location in Tulsa, Oklahoma.[5] Coppola filmed The Outsiders and Rumble Fish back-to-back in 1982—a newspaper, used to show a story about the three greasers saving the kids in The Outsiders, includes a real story from 1982 regarding the death of a man hit by a train in Boston.[6] He wrote the screenplay for the latter while on days off from shooting the former. Many of the same locations were used in both films, as were many of the same cast and crew members. The credits are shown at the beginning of the film in the style normally found in a published play.

text: Coppola's craving for realism almost led to disaster during the church-burning scene. He pressed for "more fire", and the small, controlled blaze accidentally triggered a much larger, uncontrolled fire, which a downpour doused.[7]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes has a rating of 64% based on 39 reviews, with an average rating of 6.1/10. The site's consensus reads, "The cracks continue to show in Coppola's directorial style, but The Outsiders remains a blustery, weird, and fun adaptation of the classic novel."[1] Roger Ebert awarded the film two and a half out of four stars, citing problems with Coppola's vision, "the characters wind up like pictures, framed and hanging on the screen."[8]

text: Authors Janet Hirshenson and Jane Jenkins, in a 2007 book, wrote that the film's realistic portrayal of poor teenagers "created a new kind of filmmaking, especially about teenagers — a more naturalistic look at how young people talk, act, and experience the world. This movie was one of the few Hollywood offerings to deal realistically with kids from the wrong side of the tracks, and to portray honestly children whose parents had abused, neglected, or otherwise failed them."[9]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: The Outsiders was nominated for four Young Artist Awards, given annually since 1978 by the Young Artist Foundation. C. Thomas Howell won for "Best Young Motion Picture Actor in a Feature Film". Diane Lane was nominated for "Best Young Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture". The film was nominated for "Best Family Feature Motion Picture".[10] Francis Ford Coppola was nominated for the Golden Prize at the 13th Moscow International Film Festival.[11]

text: "The Complete Novel" re-release[edit]

text: In September 2005, Coppola re-released the film on DVD, including 22 minutes of additional footage and new music, as a 2-disc set called The Outsiders: The Complete Novel. Coppola re-inserted some deleted scenes to make the film more faithful to the book. At the beginning of the film, he added scenes where Ponyboy gets stalked and jumped, the gang talks about going to the movies, Sodapop and Ponyboy talking in their room and Dally, Pony and Johnny bum around before going to the movies. In the end, Coppola added the scenes taking place in court, Mr. Syme talking to Ponyboy, and Sodapop, Ponyboy and Darry in the park. Also, much of the original score was replaced with music popular in the 1960s as well as new music composed by Michael Seifert and Dave Padrutt. The film was re-rated by the MPAA as PG-13 for "violence, teen drinking and smoking, and some sexual references".[12]

text: Disc 2 of the DVD includes some special features, featuring behind-the-scenes interviews with the cast & crew, readings from the novel, additional deleted scenes, original theatrical trailer, and an NBC News Today segment from 1983 talking about how The Outsiders has inspired teenagers across the world.

text: The director also removed three scenes that were in the theatrical version in order to improve pacing. Those scenes being: Ponyboy and Johnny looking at their silhouettes in the lake and talking about their hair, attempting to catch a rabbit, and playing poker. They can be found on the second disc as additional scenes along with other deleted scenes that were filmed but not put into the movie. In addition, Swayze, Macchio, Lane, and Howell gathered at Coppola's estate to watch the re-release, and their commentary is included on the DVD. Dillon and Lowe provided separate commentary.

text: A Blu-ray edition of The Outsiders: The Complete Novel was released in Region 1 on June 3, 2014.[13]

text: Music[edit]

text: The original film score was composed by the director's father, Carmine Coppola; the main theme, "Stay Gold", was sung by Stevie Wonder. The original soundtrack included one rock song, Them's "Gloria".

text: Sequel TV series[edit]

text: A television series based on the characters of the novel and film aired in 1990. It consists of a different cast playing the same characters. It picks up right after the events of the film's ending but lasted only one season.


document_title: Kylo Ren

question_text: where did the name kylo ren come from

question_tokens: where did the name kylo ren come from

text: Kylo Ren

text: Concept and creation[edit]

text: After Lucasfilm was acquired by The Walt Disney Company in 2012, the script for The Force Awakens was written by Lawrence Kasdan, J. J. Abrams and Michael Arndt, with no direct participation from Star Wars creator George Lucas. According to director Abrams, the First Order is inspired by ODESSA, a theoretical network of SS officers who fled to Argentina following World War II.[4]

text: Driver's casting in the film in an unnamed role was first announced on April 29, 2014.[5] Kylo Ren was first seen, but still not named, in the 88-second The Force Awakens teaser trailer released by Lucasfilm on November 28, 2014,[6][7] wielding a jagged red lightsaber with a crossguard.[8][9][10] The name Kylo Ren was revealed by Entertainment Weekly in a Lucasfilm-designed Topps-style trading card mockup in December 2014.[11][12] A May 2015 Vanity Fair photo shoot by Annie Leibovitz confirmed that Driver would be portraying Kylo.[13]

text: In an interview with Time, The Force Awakens costume designer Michael Kaplan said that Abrams requested that Ren's mask be designed to be memorable for a child. After numerous attempts to gain Abrams' approval, the final design was selected. Kaplan said:

text: I don't know if it was the kind of spaghetti type lines on it or what, but the next time J.J. came by that was what we presented to him and he loved it. Also the silver in those lines kind of reflects and changes color with the action. You know, if he's standing in front of fire you see that, so it almost brings you into the mask.[14]

text: Abrams told Entertainment Weekly in August 2015, "The movie explains the origins of the mask and where it's from, but the design was meant to be a nod to the Vader mask."[15]

text: According to other cast members, Driver is a method actor, which meant that he sometimes stayed in character on set as Ren and left his mask on between scenes.[16] Driver explained that his goal was "to forget you're in Star Wars and treat it like any other job that's filled with moments and problems", because from the perspective of the characters living within the film's universe, "Darth Vader is real".[16]

text: Ren's character arc shares similarities with that of the Star Wars expanded universe character Jacen Solo, the son of Han Solo and Princess Leia who threatens the galaxy as a fallen Jedi.[17][18][19][20] Additionally, critics have noted a resemblance between Ren's character design and that of Revan, the protagonist of Knights of the Old Republic.[21][22]

text: Character[edit]

text: Abrams told Empire in August 2015, "Kylo Ren is not a Sith. He works under Supreme Leader Snoke, who is a powerful figure on the Dark Side of the Force."[4] Abrams had previously told Entertainment Weekly that the character, "came to the name Kylo Ren when he joined a group called the Knights of Ren."[15] Robbie Collin of The Telegraph described Ren as "a hot-headed, radicalised Dark Side jihadi, whose red lightsaber splutters and crackles as violently as his temper".[23] Abrams noted, "The lightsaber is something that he built himself, and is as dangerous and as fierce and as ragged as the character."[15] The Telegraph also explains that Ren's wild and erratic temper and "angsty" instability make him dangerous.[24] Melissa Leon of The Daily Beast describes Ren's use of the Force as "formidable", citing his ability to stop a blaster shot mid-air, immobilize victims and probe their minds against their will.[25]

text: Kasdan told Entertainment Weekly in August 2015, "I've written four Star Wars movies now, and there's never been a character quite like the one that Adam plays. I think you're going to see something that's brand new to the saga," noting that the character is "full of emotion".[15] Abrams explained, "I think that what makes Ren so unique is that he isn't as fully formed as when we meet a character such as Darth Vader ... He is not your prototypical mustache-twirling bad guy. He is a little bit more complex than that."[15] Driver said in December 2015 that, despite the visual similarities to Darth Vader, Ren is "unlike any villain the franchise has seen before".[26] He explained:

text: I feel there's a recklessness about him that's maybe not normally associated with the Dark Side. You normally think of order, and structure, and full commitment and no hesitation ... he's just a little bit more unpolished. It's in his costume, in his lightsaber—how you kind of get the sense that it could just not work at any moment; that it could just blow up. That’s kind of like a big metaphor for him.[26]

text: Appearances[edit]

text: The Force Awakens (2015)[edit]

text: Kylo Ren first appears in The Force Awakens as the commander of the First Order, a sinister regime that has risen from the remains of the old Galactic Empire. After arriving at Jakku to retrieve a map containing the coordinates for the location of Luke Skywalker, Ren kills an old vicar known as Lor San Tekka and captures Resistance pilot Poe Dameron, who has also been sent to recover the map by General Leia Organa. Ren soon learns that the pilot had entrusted his astromech droid, BB-8, with the map. Poe flees with the help of rogue stormtrooper Finn, who later finds BB-8, and the scavenger Rey. Finn, Rey, and BB-8 escape Jakku in the Millennium Falcon, and are soon intercepted by the ship's former owner, Han Solo, and his co-pilot Chewbacca.

text: It is revealed that Ren is the son of Han and Leia, and was once one of Luke's Jedi pupils. He was drawn to the dark side of the Force by the First Order's Supreme Leader Snoke. He then helped to destroy his uncle Luke's new Jedi Academy. However, Ren still feels the pull of the light side of the Force and seeks the strength to overcome this weakness from his grandfather Darth Vader, whose burnt helmet is in Ren's possession. Arriving at the Maz Kanata castle, Ren captures Rey, who he senses has seen the map. While interrogating her with the Force, he realizes that she is strong with the Force herself, though unaware of it. Rey finds herself able to experience Ren's emotions and confronts him on his fear that he will never be as powerful as Vader. She later uses the "Jedi mind trick" to compel her stormtrooper guard to let her escape. Han arrives at the First Order's battle station, Starkiller Base, as part of the Resistance's plan to destroy it.

text: After Han plants explosives to destroy the base, he confronts Ren, calling him by his real name, Ben, and implores him to abandon the dark side, warning him that Snoke will kill him once he accomplishes his goal to seize control of the galaxy. Ren refuses and kills his father, enraging Chewbacca, Han's copilot, who fires, injuring Ren. As Finn and Rey flee the damaged base, a badly injured Ren follows and confronts them. Finn fights Ren with Luke's recovered lightsaber, but Ren overpowers and severely wounds him. Rey then takes up the lightsaber and, using the Force, begins to overcome Ren, as well as striking him on the face with the lightsaber, leaving Ren with a scar on the right side of his face. Before the duel is finished, they are separated by a seismic fissure created by the collapsing base. Rey and the others escape as Snoke orders General Hux to evacuate the base and bring Ren to him to complete his training.

text: The Last Jedi (2017)[edit]

text: Ren's inner conflict continues into The Last Jedi, specifically through his conversations with Rey, with whom he connects through the Force. Rey believes that his conflict will ultimately bring him back to the light side, and when Supreme Leader Snoke orders him to kill Rey and fully succumb to the dark side, Ren kills Snoke instead. Rey hopes that the murder of Snoke is enough to bring Ren back to the Resistance but Ren instead hopes to form an entire new order with Rey, separate from the legacies created by Snoke and Luke. When Rey refuses, Ren furiously declares himself Supreme Leader of the First Order and orders the death of Luke and the defeat of the Resistance. Ren's personal conflict with Luke overshadows the battle with the Resistance, but Luke is revealed to be simply a vision projected from the real Luke on Ahch-To, serving as a distraction which allows the Resistance to escape from the First Order. When Luke vanishes, Ren invades the Resistance base on Crait but the Resistance has already evacuated; he shares a final look with Rey through the Force before Rey closes the door to the Millennium Falcon and escapes with the Resistance.

text: Related works and promotional material[edit]

text: Kylo Ren is a point of view character in the 2015 novelization of The Force Awakens by Alan Dean Foster.[27]

text: He is a playable character in the 2015 Force Awakens add-on to the Disney Infinity 3.0 video game, with an Infinity character figurine available separately.[28][29][30][31] He is also a character in the strategy video game Star Wars: Force Arena.[32]

text: Hasbro has released a 3 3⁄4-inch (9.5 cm) Kylo Ren action figure,[33] and a 6-inch (15 cm) figure in their Black Series line.[34] He is also featured in the Lego Star Wars playsets Kylo Ren's Command Shuttle (2015)[35][36] and Battle on Takodana (2016),[37][38] as well as a Lego Buildable Figure.[39] The Lego version of Kylo also appears in the 2016 short form animated series Lego Star Wars: The Resistance Rises.[40][41][42][43]

text: In January 2016, Driver reprised the role for a Star Wars/Undercover Boss sketch on Saturday Night Live, with Kylo Ren disguising himself as a radar technician named "Matt" to determine what the Starkiller Base employees really think of him.[44]

text: Star Wars Battlefront II (2017)[edit]

text: Kylo Ren appears in Star Wars Battlefront II, voiced by Matthew Wood and Roger Craig Smith, masked and unmasked respectively. In the game, Kylo interrogates Del Meeko about Lor San Tekka's location (who possess the map to Luke Skywalker) using his Force abilities. When Del finally relents and reveals the map and Lor San Tekka's location, Kylo leaves him for Hask, Del's former comrade in Inferno Squad.[45]

text: Novels[edit]

text: In the 2017 Chuck Wendig novel Star Wars: Aftermath: Empire's End, Ben Solo is stated as having been born on the planet Chandrila on the same day as a peace treaty is signed between the remnants of the Empire and the New Galactic Republic.[46] Kylo Ren is additionally mentioned in the 2017 novel Star Wars: Phasma.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Both the character of Kylo Ren and Driver's performance have been positively received. Many complimented Ren's conflicted nature and depth, as well as his costume design, and noted there were many places the character could be taken in future installments.[47][48][49] Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian praised the character and the actor alike, saying, "He is gorgeously cruel, spiteful and capricious – and unlike the Vader of old, he is given to petulant temper tantrums, with his lightsaber drawn."[50] Terri Schwartz of IGN also called Driver's performance "spectacular", noting that "his performance adds great depth to a character who could have come off as one-dimensional, and the implications of his arc leave a viewer with plenty to think about after they leave the theater." [51] Collin wrote, "To describe Kylo Ren as this film's Vader would be accurate in a sense ... But it would also be to undersell the deep ingenuity with which this astonishing character has been crafted by Abrams, Kasdan and Arndt, and also the wells of emotional tumult Driver invests in him."[23] Comparing the character to the one-note Vader of the 1977 film, Leon calls Ren "a living battleground between darkness and light, making him a far more resonant and familiar portrayal of that struggle than we've ever seen in Star Wars ... [which] makes him a far more interesting villain."[25] Abrams told Entertainment Weekly, "it was a great joy to work with Adam Driver on this role, because he threw himself into it in a deep and remarkable way."[15] Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter noted, "Ren is given a pronounced inferiority complex, a clever bad guy twist that could be taken to interesting places both in the writing and performance."[52] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone wrote, "The bald-faced attempt to clone Vader, one of the greatest badasses in film history, is clankingly obvious, but Driver, masked and unmasked, gives him hypnotic and haunting contours."[53] Kyle Buchanan of Vulture.com was underwhelmed by the reveal of Driver under the mask.[54] Leon, however, argued:

text: But that face—that of a normal, vulnerable young man—is the most subversively terrifying thing about J. J. Abrams' reimagining of A New Hope. Rather than pure evil, Ren is something far more familiar: He is human. Just like the real-life young men with minds clouded by fear, hate, and anger who commit unspeakable acts in our world every day ... all the visual cues that leave the character open to criticisms of not being "evil" enough—are all signs of Ren's struggle between the Dark Side and the Light.[25]

text: Driver won a 2016 Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor for his portrayal.[55]

text: Family tree[edit]

text:
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[hide]

v
t
e

Skywalker family tree

Aika
Lars[a]

Cliegg
Lars[b]

Shmi
Skywalker[c]

Jobal
Naberrie[d]

Ruwee
Naberrie[d]

Beru
Whitesun[e]

Owen
Lars[f]

Anakin
Skywalker[g][h]

Padmé
Amidala[i]

Bail
Organa[j][k]

Breha
Organa[l]

Luke
Skywalker[m][n]

Leia
Organa[o]

Han
Solo[p]

Ben
Solo[p][q]

References:

Jump up ^ Hidalgo, Pablo (2016). Star Wars Character Encyclopedia: Updated and Expanded.
Jump up ^ "Databank: Cliegg Lars". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Databank: Shmi Skywalker Lars". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 3, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Attack of the Clones (2002) and Revenge of the Sith (2005)
Jump up ^ "Databank: Beru Lars". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Databank: Owen Lars". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Databank: Anakin Skywalker". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Databank: Darth Vader". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Databank: Padmé Amidala". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ Adopted father of Leia Organa, as established in Revenge of the Sith (2005).
Jump up ^ "Databank: Bail Organa". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ Adopted mother of Leia Organa, as established in Revenge of the Sith (2005).
Jump up ^ "Databank: Luke Skywalker". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ In the alternate Star Wars expanded universe (Legends), Luke is married to Mara Jade and has a son, Ben Skywalker.
Jump up ^ "Databank: Princess Leia Organa". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b The Force Awakens. 2015.
Jump up ^ In the alternate Star Wars expanded universe (Legends) continuity, Han and Leia have three children: Jaina, Jacen and Anakin Solo.

tag: table