document_title: Politics of Japan

question_text: which political party has dominated japanese politics since the end of world war ii

text: Politics of Japan

text: Government[edit]

text: The Constitution of Japan defines the Emperor[2] to be "the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people". He performs ceremonial duties and holds no real power. Political power is held mainly by the Prime Minister and other elected members of the Diet. The Imperial Throne is succeeded by a member of the Imperial House as designated by the Imperial Household Law.

text: The chief of the executive branch, the Prime Minister, is appointed by the Emperor as directed by the Diet. He is a member of either house of the Diet and must be a civilian. The Cabinet members are nominated by the Prime Minister, and are also required to be civilian. With the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) in power, it has been convention that the President of the party serves as the Prime Minister.

text: Political parties and elections[edit]

text: Several political parties exist in Japan, however, the politics of Japan have primarily been dominated by the LDP since 1955, with the DPJ playing an important role as opposition several times. LDP was a ruling party during decades since 1955. Despite of existence of multiple parties, other parties were completely ignored. Most of the prime ministers were elected from inner factions of LDP.

text:
e • d Summary of the 30 August 2009 Japanese House of Representatives election results[3][4][5][6]

Alliances and parties
Local constituency vote
PR block vote
Total
seats
+/−

Votes[7]
%
Seats
Votes
%
Seats

(pre-
election)

(last
gen.
election)

Democratic Party (DPJ)
33,475,335
47.43%
221
29,844,799
42.41%
87
308
193
195

Social Democratic Party (SDP)[8]
1,376,739
1.95%
3
3,006,160
4.27%
4
7
0
0

People's New Party (PNP)
730,570
1.04%
3
1,219,767
1.73%
0
3
1
1

New Party Nippon[9]
220,223
0.31%
1
528,171
0.75%
0
1
1
0

New Party Daichi
no district candidates
433,122
0.62%
1
1
0
0

Ruling DPJ–SDP–PNP coalition & parliamentary allies
35,802,866
50.73%
228
35,032,019
49.78%
92
320
193
194

Liberal Democratic Party (LDP)
27,301,982
38.68%
64
18,810,217
26.73%
55
119
181
177

New Komeito Party (NKP)
782,984
1.11%
0
8,054,007
11.45%
21
21
10
10

Japan Renaissance Party
36,650
0.05%
0
58,141
0.08%
0
0
1
0

Opposition LDP–NKP coalition & parliamentary allies
28,121,613
39.84%
64
26,922,365
38.26%
76
140
192
187

Japanese Communist Party (JCP)
2,978,354
4.22%
0
4,943,886
7.03%
9
9
0
0

Your Party (YP)
615,244
0.87%
2
3,005,199
4.27%
3
5
1
5

Others
1,077,543
1.53%
0
466,786[10]
0.66%
0
0
0
0

Independents[11]
1,986,056
2.81%
6
–
6
0
12

Totals
70,581,680
100.00%
300
70,370,255
100.00%
180
480
2*
0

Turnout
69.28%
69.27%
*(vacant seats)

text:
e • d Summary of the 11 July 2010 Japanese House of Councillors election results[12]

Alliances and parties
Prefectural constituency vote
National PR vote
Elected in 2010
Seats
not up
Total seats
+/−[13]

Votes
%
Seats
+/− [13]
Votes
%
Seats
+/− [13]

Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ) Minshutō – 民主党
;now Democratic Party (DP) Minshintō – 民進党
22,756,000.342
38.97%
28
8
18,450,139.059
31.56%
16
2
44
62
106
10

People's New Party (PNP) Kokuminshintō – 国民新党
167,555.000
0.29%
0
2
1,000,036.492
1.71%
0
1
0
3
3
3

New Party Nippon (NPN) Shintō Nippon – 新党日本
no candidate
0
1
1[14]
0

DPJ–PNP Coalition
22,923,555.342
39.25%
28
10
19,450,175.551
33.27%
16
3
44
66
110
13

Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) Jiyū-Minshutō - 自由民主党 : Jimintō – 自民党
19,496,083.000
33.38%
39
14
14,071,671.422
24.07%
12
1
51
33
84
13

New Komeito Party (NKP) Kōmeitō – 公明党
2,265,818.000
3.88%
3
0
7,639,432.739
13.07%
6
2
9
10
19
2

New Renaissance Party (NRP) Shintō Kaikaku – 新党改革
625,431.000
1.07%
0
3
1,172,395.190
2.01%
1
1
1
1
2
4

LDP–NKP—NRP Coalition (Opposition)
22,387,332.000
38.33%
42
11
22,883,529.351
39.15%
19
4
61
44
105
7

Your Party (YP) Minna no Tō – みんなの党
5,977,391.485
10.24%
3
3
7,943,649.369
13.59%
7
7
10
1
11
10

Japanese Communist Party (JCP) Kyōsantō – 共産党
4,256,400.000
7.29%
0
0
3,563,556.590
6.10%
3
1
3
3
6
1

Social Democratic Party (SDP) Shamintō – 社民党
602,684.000
1.03%
0
0
2,242,735.155
3.84%
2
0
2
2
4
0

Sunrise Party of Japan (SPJ) Tachini – たち日
328,475.000
0.56%
0
1
1,232,207.336
2.11%
1
1
1
2
3
0

Happiness Realization Party (HRP) Kōfuku – 幸福
291,810.000
0.50%
0
0
229,026.162
0.39%
0
0
0
1
1
0

Independents[15]
1,314,313.027
2.25%
0
2
—
0
2
2
2

Other parties
318,847.000
0.55%
0
0
908,582.924
1.55%
0
0
0
0
0
0

Total (turnout 57.92%)
58,400,807.899
100.0%
73
1
58,453,432.438
100.0%
48
0
121
121
242
1

text:
e • d Summary of the 16 December 2012 Japanese House of Representatives election results[16]

Alliances and parties
Local constituency vote
PR block vote
Total seats
+/−

Votes[17]
%
Seats
Votes
%
Seats
Total
%
(pre-
election)
(last
election)

Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) Jimintō
25,643,309
43.01
237
16,624,457
27.79
57
294
61.25
176
175

New Komeito Party (NKP) Kōmeitō
885,881
1.49
9
7,116,474
11.90
22
31
6.46
10
10

Prospective LDP–NKP Coalition
26,529,190
44.49
246
23,740,931
39.69
79
325
67.71
186
185

Democratic Party (DPJ) Minshutō
13,598,773
22.81
27
9,268,653
15.49
30
57
11.88
173
251

Restoration Party (JRP) Ishin no Kai
6,942,353
11.64
14
12,262,228
20.50
40
54
11.25
43
—

Your Party (YP) Minna no Tō
2,807,244
4.71
4
5,245,586
8.77
14
18
3.75
10
10

Tomorrow Party (TPJ) Mirai no Tō
2,992,365
5.02
2
3,423,915
5.72
7
9
1.88
52
—

Communist Party (JCP) Kyōsantō
4,700,289
7.88
0
3,689,159
6.17
8
8
1.67
1
1

Social Democratic Party (SDP) Shakai Minshutō
451,762
0.76
1
1,420,790
2.38
1
2
0.42
3
5

People's New Party (PNP) Kokumin Shintō
117,185
0.20
1
70,847
0.12
0
1
0.21
2
2

New Party Daichi (NPD) Shintō Daichi
315,604
0.53
0
346,848
0.58
1
1
0.21
2
0

Happiness Realization Party (HRP) Kōfuku Jitsugentō
102,634
0.17
0
216,150
0.36
0
0
0.00
0
0

Others
62,697
0.11
0
134,781
0.23
0
0
0.00
0
0

Total opposition parties
32,090,906
53.82
49
36,078,957
60.31
101
150
31.25
180
249

Independents
1,006,468
1.69
5
–
5
1.04
4
1

Totals
59,626,564
100.00%
300
59,819,888
100.00%
180
480
100.00
1*
0

Turnout
59.32%
59.31%
*(vacant seats)

text:
e • d Summary of the 14 December 2014 Japanese House of Representatives election results[18][19]

Political Party
Local Constituency Vote
PR Block Vote
Total Seats
+/−

Votes[20]
%
Seats
Votes
%
Seats
Total
%
Before
Last

Government coalition
26,226,838
49.54%
232
24,973,152
46.82%
94
326
68.63%
0
+1

Liberal Democratic Party
LDP
25,461,448
48.1%
223
17,658,916
33.11%
68
291
61.26%
-4
-3

Komeito
NKP
765,390
1.45%
9
7,314,236
13.71%
26
35
7.37%
+4
+4

Democratic Party
DPJ
11,916,849
22.51%
38
9,775,991
18.33%
35
73
15.37%
+10
+16

Innovation Party
JIP
4,319,645
8.16%
11
8,382,699
15.72%
30
41
8.63%
-1
New

Japan Communist Party
JCP
7,040,130
13.3%
1
6,062,962
11.37%
20
21
4.42%
+13
+13

Party for Future Generations
PFG
947,395
1.79%
2
1,414,919
2.65%
0
2
0.42%
-17
New

Social Democratic Party
SDP
419,347
0.79%
1
1,314,441
2.46%
1
2
0.42%
0
0

People's Life Party
PLP
514,575
0.97%
2
1,028,721
1.93%
0
2
0.42%
-3
New

New Renaissance Party
NRP
-
-
-
16,597
0.03%
0
0
0.00%
0
0

Others

43,546
0.08%
0
364,965
0.69%
0
0
0.00%
0
0

Independents

1,511,242
2.85%
8
–
–
–
8
1.68%
-7
+3

Total
52,939,789
100.00%
295
53,334,447
100.00%
180
475
100%
-5[21]
-

text: Policy making[edit]

text: Despite an increasingly unpredictable domestic and international environment, policy making conforms to well established postwar patterns. The close collaboration of the ruling party, the elite bureaucracy and important interest groups often make it difficult to tell who exactly is responsible for specific policy decisions.

text: Policy development in Japan[edit]

text: After a largely informal process within elite circles in which ideas were discussed and developed, steps might be taken to institute more formal policy development. This process often took place in deliberation councils (shingikai). There were about 200 shingikai, each attached to a ministry; their members were both officials and prominent private individuals in business, education, and other fields. The shingikai played a large role in facilitating communication among those who ordinarily might not meet.

text: Given the tendency for real negotiations in Japan to be conducted privately (in the nemawashi, or root binding, process of consensus building), the shingikai often represented a fairly advanced stage in policy formulation in which relatively minor differences could be thrashed out and the resulting decisions couched in language acceptable to all. These bodies were legally established but had no authority to oblige governments to adopt their recommendations. The most important deliberation council during the 1980s was the Provisional Commission for Administrative Reform, established in March 1981 by Prime Minister Suzuki Zenko. The commission had nine members, assisted in their deliberations by six advisers, twenty-one "expert members," and around fifty "councillors" representing a wide range of groups. Its head, Keidanren president Doko Toshio, insisted that government agree to take its recommendations seriously and commit itself to reforming the administrative structure and the tax system.

text: In 1982, the commission had arrived at several recommendations that by the end of the decade had been actualized. These implementations included tax reform, a policy to limit government growth, the establishment in 1984 of the Management and Coordination Agency to replace the Administrative Management Agency in the Office of the Prime Minister, and privatization of the state-owned railroad and telephone systems. In April 1990, another deliberation council, the Election Systems Research Council, submitted proposals that included the establishment of single-seat constituencies in place of the multiple-seat system.

text: Another significant policy-making institution in the early 1990s were the Liberal Democratic Party's Policy Research Council. It consisted of a number of committees, composed of LDP Diet members, with the committees corresponding to the different executive agencies. Committee members worked closely with their official counterparts, advancing the requests of their constituents, in one of the most effective means through which interest groups could state their case to the bureaucracy through the channel of the ruling party. See also: Industrial policy of Japan; Monetary and fiscal policy of Japan; Mass media and politics in Japan

text: Post-war political developments in Japan[edit]

text: Political parties had begun to revive almost immediately after the occupation began. Left-wing organizations, such as the Japan Socialist Party and the Japanese Communist Party, quickly reestablished themselves, as did various conservative parties. The old Rikken Seiyūkai and Rikken Minseitō came back as, respectively, the Liberal Party (Nihon Jiyūtō) and the Japan Progressive Party (Nihon Shimpotō). The first postwar elections were held in 1948 (women were given the franchise for the first time in 1947), and the Liberal Party's vice president, Yoshida Shigeru (1878–1967), became prime minister.

text: For the 1947 elections, anti-Yoshida forces left the Liberal Party and joined forces with the Progressive Party to establish the new Democratic Party (Minshutō). This divisiveness in conservative ranks gave a plurality to the Japan Socialist Party, which was allowed to form a cabinet, which lasted less than a year. Thereafter, the socialist party steadily declined in its electoral successes. After a short period of Democratic Party administration, Yoshida returned in late 1948 and continued to serve as prime minister until 1954.

text: Even before Japan regained full sovereignty, the government had rehabilitated nearly 80,000 people who had been purged, many of whom returned to their former political and government positions. A debate over limitations on military spending and the sovereignty of the Emperor ensued, contributing to the great reduction in the Liberal Party's majority in the first post-occupation elections (October 1952). After several reorganizations of the armed forces, in 1954 the Japan Self-Defense Forces were established under a civilian director. Cold War realities and the hot war in nearby Korea also contributed significantly to the United States-influenced economic redevelopment, the suppression of communism, and the discouragement of organized labor in Japan during this period.

text: Continual fragmentation of parties and a succession of minority governments led conservative forces to merge the Liberal Party (Jiyūtō) with the Japan Democratic Party (Nihon Minshutō), an offshoot of the earlier Democratic Party, to form the Liberal Democratic Party (Jiyū-Minshutō; LDP) in November 1955, called 1955 System. This party continuously held power from 1955 through 1993, except for short when it was replaced by a new minority government. LDP leadership was drawn from the elite who had seen Japan through the defeat and occupation. It attracted former bureaucrats, local politicians, businessmen, journalists, other professionals, farmers, and university graduates.

text: In October 1955, socialist groups reunited under the Japan Socialist Party, which emerged as the second most powerful political force. It was followed closely in popularity by the Kōmeitō, founded in 1964 as the political arm of the Soka Gakkai (Value Creation Society), until 1991, a lay organization affiliated with the Nichiren Shoshu Buddhist sect. The Komeito emphasized the traditional Japanese beliefs and attracted urban laborers, former rural residents, and women. Like the Japan Socialist Party, it favored the gradual modification and dissolution of the Japan-United States Mutual Security Assistance Pact.

text: Political developments since 1990[edit]

text: The LDP domination lasted until the Diet Lower House elections on 18 July 1993, in which LDP failed to win a majority. A coalition of new parties and existing opposition parties formed a governing majority and elected a new prime minister, Morihiro Hosokawa, in August 1993. His government's major legislative objective was political reform, consisting of a package of new political financing restrictions and major changes in the electoral system. The coalition succeeded in passing landmark political reform legislation in January 1994.

text: In April 1994, Prime Minister Hosokawa resigned. Prime Minister Tsutomu Hata formed the successor coalition government, Japan's first minority government in almost 40 years. Prime Minister Hata resigned less than two months later. Prime Minister Tomiichi Murayama formed the next government in June 1994 with the coalition of Japan Socialist Party (JSP), the LDP, and the small New Party Sakigake. The advent of a coalition containing the JSP and LDP shocked many observers because of their previously fierce rivalry.

text: Prime Minister Murayama served from June 1994 to January 1996. He was succeeded by Prime Minister Ryutaro Hashimoto, who served from January 1996 to July 1998. Prime Minister Hashimoto headed a loose coalition of three parties until the July 1998 Upper House election, when the two smaller parties cut ties with the LDP. Hashimoto resigned due to a poor electoral performance by the LDP in the Upper House elections. He was succeeded as party president of the LDP and prime minister by Keizo Obuchi, who took office on 30 July 1998. The LDP formed a governing coalition with the Liberal Party in January 1999, and Keizo Obuchi remained prime minister. The LDP-Liberal coalition expanded to include the New Komeito Party in October 1999.

text: Political developments since 2000[edit]

text: Prime Minister Obuchi suffered a stroke in April 2000 and was replaced by Yoshirō Mori. After the Liberal Party left the coalition in April 2000, Prime Minister Mori welcomed a Liberal Party splinter group, the New Conservative Party, into the ruling coalition. The three-party coalition made up of the LDP, New Komeito, and the New Conservative Party maintained its majority in the Diet following the June 2000 Lower House elections.

text: After a turbulent year in office in which he saw his approval ratings plummet to the single digits, Prime Minister Mori agreed to hold early elections for the LDP presidency in order to improve his party's chances in crucial July 2001 Upper House elections. On 24 April 2001, riding a wave of grassroots desire for change, maverick politician Junichiro Koizumi defeated former Prime Minister Hashimoto and other party stalwarts on a platform of economic and political reform.

text: Koizumi was elected as Japan's 87th Prime Minister on 26 April 2001. On 11 October 2003, Prime Minister Koizumi dissolved the lower house and he was re-elected as the president of the LDP. Likewise, that year, the LDP won the election, even though it suffered setbacks from the new opposition party, the liberal and social-democratic Democratic Party (DPJ). A similar event occurred during the 2004 Upper House elections as well.

text: In a strong move, on 8 August 2005, Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi called for a snap election to the lower house, as threatened, after LDP stalwarts and opposition DPJ parliamentarians defeated his proposal for a large-scale reform and privatization of Japan Post, which besides being Japan's state-owned postal monopoly is arguably the world's largest financial institution, with nearly 331 trillion yen of assets. The election was scheduled for 11 September 2005, with the LDP achieving a landslide victory under Junichiro Koizumi's leadership.

text: The ruling LDP started losing hold since 2006. No prime minister except Koizumi had good public support. On 26 September 2006, new LDP President Shinzō Abe was elected by a special session of the Diet to succeed Junichiro Koizumi as Prime Minister. He was the Japan's youngest post-World War II prime minister and the first born after the war. On 12 September 2007, Abe surprised Japan by announcing his resignation from office. He was replaced by Yasuo Fukuda, a veteran of LDP.

text: In the meantime, on 4 November 2007, leader of the main opposition party, Ichirō Ozawa announced his resignation from the post of party president, after controversy over an offer to the DPJ to join the ruling coalition in a grand coalition,[22] but has since, with some embarrassment, rescinded his resignation.

text: On 11 January 2008, Prime Minister Yasuo Fukuda forced a bill allowing ships to continue a refueling mission in the Indian Ocean in support of US-led operations in Afghanistan. To do so, PM Fukuda used the LDP's overwhelming majority in the Lower House to ignore a previous "no-vote" of the opposition-controlled Upper House. This was the first time in 50 years that the Lower House voted to ignore the opinion of the Upper House. Fukuda resigned suddenly on 1 September 2008, just a few weeks after reshuffling his cabinet. On 1 September 2008, Fukuda's resignation was designed so that the LDP did not suffer a "power vacuum". It thus caused a leadership election within the LDP, and the winner, Tarō Asō was chosen as the new party president and on 24 September 2008, he was appointed as 92nd Prime Minister after the House of Representatives voted in his favor in the extraordinary session of Diet.[23]

text: Later, on 21 July 2009, Prime Minister Asō dissolved the House of Representatives and elections were held on 30 August.[24] The election results for the House of Representatives were announced on 30 and 31 August 2009. The opposition party DPJ led by Yukio Hatoyama, won a majority by gaining 308 seats (10 seats were won by its allies the Social Democratic Party and the People's New Party). On 16 September 2009, president of DPJ, Hatoyama was elected by the House of Representatives as the 93rd Prime Minister of Japan.

text: Political developments since 2010[edit]

text: On 2 June 2010, Hatoyama resigned due to lack of fulfillments of his policies, both domestically and internationally[25] and soon after, on 8 June, Akihito, Emperor of Japan ceremonially swore in the newly elected DPJ's president, Naoto Kan as prime minister.[26] Kan suffered an early setback in the Japanese House of Councillors election, 2010. In a routine political change in Japan, DPJ’s new president and former finance minister of Naoto Kan’s cabinet, Yoshihiko Noda was cleared and elected by the Diet as 95th prime minister on 30 August 2011. He was officially appointed as prime minister in the attestation ceremony at imperial palace on 2 September 2011.[27]

text: In an undesired move, Noda dissolved the lower house on 16 November 2012 (as he fails to get support outside the Diet on various domestic issues i.e. tax, nuclear energy) and elections were held on 16 December. The results were in the favor of LDP, which won absolute majority in the leadership of former Prime Minister Shinzō Abe.[28] He was appointed as the 96th Prime Minister of Japan on 26 December 2012.[29] With the changing political situation, earlier in November 2014, Prime Minister Abe called for fresh mandate for the Lower House. In an opinion poll the government failed to win the public trust due to bad economic achievements in the two consecutive quarters and on the tax reforms.[30]

text: The election was held on 14 December 2014, and the results were in the favor of LDP and its ally New Komeito. Together they managed to secure a huge majority by winning 325 seats for the Lower House. The opposition, DPJ, could not manage to provide the alternatives to the voters with its policies and programs. "Abenomics", the ambitious self-titled fiscal policy of the current prime minister, managed to attract more voters in this election, many Japanese voters supported the policies. Shinzō Abe was sworn as the 97th prime minister on 24 December 2014 and would like go ahead with his agenda of economic revitalization and structural reforms in Japan.[30]

text: Foreign relations[edit]

text: Japan is a member state of the United Nations and pursues a permanent membership of the Security Council - Japan is one of the "G4 nations" seeking permanent membership. Japan plays an important role in East Asia. The Japanese Constitution prohibits the use of military forces to wage war against other countries. The government maintains a "Self-Defense Force", which include air, land and sea components. Japan's deployment of non-combat troops to Iraq marked the first overseas use of its military since World War II.

text: As an economic power, Japan is a member of the G8 and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), and has developed relations with ASEAN as a member of "ASEAN plus three" and the East Asia Summit. Japan is a major donor in international aid and development efforts, donating 0.19% of its Gross National Income in 2004.[31]

text: Japan has territorial disputes with Russia over the Kuril Islands (Northern Territories), with South Korea over Liancourt Rocks (known as "Dokdo" in Korea, "Takeshima" in Japan), with China and Taiwan over the Senkaku Islands and with China over the status of Okinotorishima. These disputes are in part about the control of marine and natural resources, such as possible reserves of crude oil and natural gas. Japan has an ongoing dispute with North Korea over its abduction of Japanese citizens and nuclear weapons program.


document_title: Elena Gilbert

question_text: when does elena get changed into a vampire

root

text: Elena Gilbert

text: Casting and portrayal[edit]

text:
When I look in the mirror, I just feel different when I'm Katherine or when I'm Elena. My voice changes a little bit, I think, and even just mentally, I feel like I can get away with a lot more.[1]
“
”

—Dobrev

tag: div

text: On March 9, 2009, it was announced that Bulgarian-born Canadian actress Nina Dobrev, known for her portrayal of Mia Jones on Degrassi: The Next Generation, had joined the cast of The Vampire Diaries as Elena.[2] She was the second cast member to be announced following Steven R. McQueen, who plays Elena's brother Jeremy Gilbert.[3] Steve West Cinema Blend said the vampire brothers' battle over Elena will wreak havoc on the entire town.".[2] Executive producer Kevin Williamson recalled Dobrev auditioning while having the flu, which he described as the "worst audition ever", and they "didn't even look at her a second time". Dobrev went back home to Canada, yet, still wanting the part, she submitted a videotape audition, which saw her cast as Elena Gilbert.[4]

tag: p

text: Dobrev said that after reading the script, she was drawn to Elena because she was "this average girl who was damaged in many ways".[5] Initially, she believed that she would be playing the "bad girl" Elena from the books, but the show wanted to go in a different direction for the character.[4] After researching, Dobrev discovered she would also play Elena's 534-year-old vampire doppelgänger Katherine Pierce whose characteristics are the "complete opposite".[5] Dobrev described this as "one of the rarest, coolest opportunities in television, to play two people on the same medium". She had confessed that she enjoys playing Katherine more than Elena.[5] Dobrev stated that she changes her appearance to distinguish Elena from her doppelgänger, Katherine; "Changing my hair helps me transform," she told Glamour.[6] Additionally, she said "I think I have one of the coolest characters on the show — I get to play two completely different people on opposite sides of the spectrum and I just have so much fun doing it".[4] Dobrev felt that her biggest challenge on The Vampire Diaries was distinguishing Katherine and Elena, and found it "interesting" to create a whole new character.[1] In the novels, Katherine originated from Germany. However, in the television series, she is Bulgarian, as is Dobrev, who can speak the language fluently . Dobrev said, "The writers heard me speaking Bulgarian to my mom on the phone while I was on set one day. One thing led to the other and voila".[7]

text: Development[edit]

text: Characterization[edit]

text: In the books, Elena is considered "one of the popular girls" at her high school and always gets "anything she wants".[8] Executive producer of the television show, Julie Plec, said the Elena from the books was "really kind of selfish". In The Vampire Diaries, Elena's "selfishness" in the books as a human was never explored, because it "didn't ever feel like a characteristic" the show wanted for their heroine.[9] Plec said "We kind of abandoned that queen-bee popular complex that in a lot of ways defined early Elena in the books", while feeling that Elena's actual flaw is her "deep, deep connection to other people".[9] In the books, Elena had blonde hair, but has brown hair in the television show.[10] Describing Elena from the books, Dobrev said she is "one of those mean girls that gets what she wants, popular . . . and she's blonde and blue eyed". Williamson told her that "the angle we wanted to go for was the relatable, nice, girl next door, who the audience roots for".[4] Katherine, on the other hand, is penned as a "conniving, narcissistic, bitch".[4] Describing Elena years later, Dobrev said she evolved from a "younger, naive, sad, young girl" to a "strong woman".[1]

text: Romances[edit]

text: Before The Vampire Diaries, Elena dated Matt Donovan (Zach Roerig), who was unable to move past his feelings for her initially after their break-up.[11] Elena began dating Stefan Salvatore (Paul Wesley), and later discovered he was a vampire.[12] As the episodes progressed, she developed a connection with Stefan's adventurous brother Damon Salvatore (Ian Somerhalder), who consumes human blood, unlike Stefan, who has an animal blood diet.[13] Speaking about the different qualities Stefan and Damon bring to Elena, Dobrev said they have "different qualities that are very appealing", which combined make "the perfect man". She said "Stefan is committed and sweet and protective and loving, and Damon is spontaneous and crazy and fun and exciting".[5]

text: After Elena became a vampire, she became sired to Damon and they slept together. According to Plec during an interview with TVLine, Elena "really believes what she feels is 100 percent genuine and real", and the couple "wants to be together and realizes that they shouldn’t, yet really wants to. So what do they do?"[14] Stefan became heartbroken, feeling angry and betrayed, and lashed out at Damon and Elena.[15] In the season 4 finale, an unsired Elena confirms that she is in love with Damon, and the two kiss passionately. At the end of season 6, the two plan to become human, get married, and have children together, but their dream is abruptly compromised by Kai, who puts Elena into a magical coma. Damon remains entirely devoted to Elena throughout the remaining two seasons as Elena sleeps peacefully. In the season 8 finale, she is revealed to be happily married to Damon. Elena considers Damon to be the love of her life and her soulmate.

text: Transition[edit]

text: Executive producers Julie Plec and Kevin Williamson agreed that in the book series, Elena was turned into a vampire too early, which was around page 200 of The Awakening.[16] Elena's transition into a vampire was planned for two years. Plec said: "That felt obviously too soon, and rushed, and we didn’t want to make a show about a teenage girl who instantly becomes a vampire. But we always knew that her journey would take her there eventually".[16] At the second season's conclusion, Elena was nearly turned into a vampire.[1] Dobrev was happy that she wasn't, because she felt "it would have been too soon", and also didn't think it was something Elena or she wanted.[1]

text: In the show's third season, Elena has a brain hemorrhage which was initially thought to be a concussion, and begins to die.[17] In what was described by the International Business Times as "the moment Vampire Diaries fans have been waiting for", Elena had to choose whether to be driven to Damon or Stefan to say goodbye to. At the time, Klaus was killed, meaning all vampires sprouting from his bloodline also die, which includes Damon and Stefan. She picks to say goodbye to Stefan.[17] However, all these vampires end up surviving when Klaus never really dies. To save her, Doctor Merideth Fell (Torrey DeVitto) fed Elena Damon's blood. Rebekah Mikaelson kills Elena on Wickery Bridge, unaware of the vampire blood in her system. She woke up as a vampire at the end of the season.[17] The Hollywood Reporter interviewed Plec, and described her transition as "monumental changes" which would have Elena in for a "wild ride". Plec said Elena becoming a vampire is "an awakening of a person who is about to go through a lot of changes", and "she is going to evolve as a person and her relationships are going to evolve accordingly".[18] While Stefan was afraid she would hurt someone, Damon thought it was inevitable and wanted to "rip the band-aid off".[18] Plec felt that "She’s, unfortunately, not getting the same advice from the two people she values most in the world. It’s going to make it more difficult for her",[18] while describing the situation as "a whole new Elena and it’s a whole new day. It’s a different dynamic between the three of them especially".[18]

text: Television series[edit]

text: Backstory[edit]

text: Elena Gilbert is born on June 22, 1992 in Mystic Falls, Virginia to John Gilbert (David Anders) and Isobel Flemming (Mia Kirshner) while they were still in highschool. With the help of John's brother Grayson, Isobel and John flee town days later, leaving Grayson and his wife Miranda to adopt Elena as their own. A doctor, Grayson fakes a birth certificate so that it appeared Elena was his daughter with Miranda. The next year, Miranda and Grayson had a child of their own, Jeremy Gilbert. Elena dates her childhood friend Matt Donovan, who was her first love. On 23 May 2009, Elena is picked up by her mother and father after getting in a fight with Matt while attending the party. The three of them later end up in a car accident, with their car driving off a bridge. Stefan Salvatore finds them, and saves Elena, but it was too late to save Grayson and Miranda, who died. It remained unknown for months who saved Elena, and it was considered a miracle that she lived. Her relationship with Matt ended when they broke up.

text: Storyline[edit]

text: Season 1[edit]

text: Elena, still empty after losing her parents, begins to fit back into school. She meets a mysterious new student named Stefan Salvatore. They connect instantly, and begin dating. She meets his older and malevolent brother, Damon. After researching, Elena realizes Stefan was alive in 1953. It is later revealed that he is a 162-year-old vampire. Damon also begins falling for Elena. After she and Stefan slept together, Elena finds a picture of a woman named Katherine Pierce who looks exactly like her. Stefan reveals that it is the woman who made him and Damon feud 145 years ago, and the person who turned them into vampires. He also told her that he is the person that saved her the night of her parents death. At the end of season one, Elena discovers that Grayson and Miranda weren't her biological parents, and that a woman named Isobel and her uncle John, who she grew up hating, were.

text: Season 2[edit]

text: In season two, she learns that she is a Petrova doppelgänger, having an appearance just like Katherine Pierce, which means that she has to be sacrificed to release Klaus' werewolf side. The sacrifice later happens, but Elena is saved, because John sacrificed himself for her after being put under a spell by Bonnie. However, her aunt Jenna is turned into a vampire and, as part of the sacrifice, is killed by Klaus, leaving Elena without a guardian. In the season two finale, while Damon is dying due to a werewolf bite, she forgives him for forcing her to drink his blood and kisses him with the thought that it might be Damon's last day, however Damon gets cured by drinking Klaus' blood.

text: Season 3[edit]

text: In season three, Elena does everything in her power to make Stefan get his humanity back, which was turned off by Klaus as payment for saving Damon from a werewolf bite in the latter part of season two. Meanwhile, she grows closer to Damon while working together on saving Stefan and trying to defeat Klaus, eventually even sharing a kiss. She later admits to Stefan that she has feelings for Damon as well but that she never stopped loving Stefan. While in Denver together, Elena kisses Damon, later telling him that she doesn't know how she feels about him. It is eventually revealed that Elena met Damon the night of her parent's death, though he compelled her to forget. She eventually chooses Stefan in the season finale but before she can tell him, Elena drowns while having vampire blood in her system. During the last moments of season three, she awakens as a vampire in transition.

text: Season 4[edit]

text: In season four, Elena is faced with the tough decision of whether to die or to feed on human blood so she can fully transition into a vampire. Elena, after realizing Stefan's desperation to keep her alive, decides to complete her transition. Her relationship with Stefan ends, allowing her to begin a proper romance with Damon. Although, it is later revealed there is a sire bond between them. Sometime later whilst searching for the cure for vampirism, Jeremy is fed to the immortal Silas by Katherine. As a result, Damon used the sire bond to convince her to turn off her humanity, due to her incredible grief over losing her brother and the last remaining member of her family. Elena became ruthless without her emotions, going on killing sprees and being very hateful towards her friends. Towards the end of season four, Damon kills Matt in front of Elena to trigger her grief. After revealing that Matt had the Gilbert Ring on, Elena's humanity was switched on and her emotions were focused on hate towards Katherine for killing Jeremy. Season four ended with Bonnie as a ghost after bringing Jeremy back to life and Elena fed Katherine the cure for vampirism in a moment of desperation as she was about to be killed. Elena had chosen Damon as the Salvatore that she loved.

text: Season 5[edit]

text: In season five, Elena starts at Whitmore College and is happy after spending the summer with Damon. There she realises that Silas has taken Stefan's place and that Stefan is in that safe in a river constantly drowning. She and Damon then find the safe, only to find a dead body there meaning that someone opened the safe and Stefan is a Ripper again. However, Qyetsiyah had fried Stefan's brain causing him to suffer amnesia. While trying to bring him back, they almost kiss meaning that she still feels something for him. Qyetsiyah soon brings back Stefan's memories and says that Elena and Stefan were always meant to be as the Universe had to unite the doppelgängers of Silas and Amara. This leaves Damon and Elena questioning their relationship. Later on she is kidnapped and experimented on by Wes Maxfield, and she learns that her father also used to experiment on vampires. Later, when Katherine is about to die as a result of all of her years catching up with her as a result of having the cure in her system, Katherine uses a spell and possesses Elena, a fact that her friends were initially unable to deduce. But once they did, they trapped Katherine and left her with no escape. Stefan stabbed her with the traveller dagger, but ghost Katherine reveals to Bonnie, shortly before trying to cross into the Other Side, that she had injected Dr. Maxfield's enhanced ripper/werewolf virus into Elena's body, infecting Elena. The gang is eventually able to find an antidote. She unfortunately loses trust in Damon, partly because he killed her friend Aaron, so they break up, but realise they cannot survive being apart and get back together. Once Markos and his traveller army begin to take over Mystic Falls, setting an anti-magic barrier around the town, the gang comes up with a plan to take out the travellers by killing them all at the same time, overpowering the anchor to the Other Side AKA Bonnie and creating a possible way out of the now-collapsing Other Side. Elena and Damon drive into the gas-filled Mystic Grill with most of the travellers in it, blowing it up and killing most of the people in it, including Elena and Damon. She wakes up as a ghost and finds her body, sending her to Bonnie, where she passes to the Other Side, and she and many others are able to pass back to the land of the living afterwards. But the spell that allows this is broken before Damon passes back through, and as Bonnie is the anchor, she is a part of the Other Side and shall therefore disappear along with it. This leaves the gang mourning the loss of Damon and Bonnie in the season finale.

text: Season 6[edit]

text: In season six, Elena starts back at Whitmore, and is unable to set foot in her hometown. She is also unable to recover from Damon's death and starts lurking the borders of Mystic Falls in order to grab civilians, drink their blood, then compel them to forget, but as spirit magic no longer works in Mystic Falls, any of her victims who cross into the town remember the ordeal, putting her identity as a vampire at risk when one of her victims, Sarah, comes to town. Elena begs Alaric to compel her to forget that she ever loved Damon, which Alaric is able to do, due to him being an Enhanced Original, with the ability to compel other vampires. She eventually wears him down and asks her friends to never remind her once the compulsion had been done. After a number of failed attempts, Alaric successfully compels her to forget her love for Damon. She however leaves Alaric with some of her reminders of Damon, should she ever need them again. She is told of her former feelings for Damon soon afterwards, but decides to stay the way she is, as she doesn't want to go back to being unhappy again. She starts to date her classmate, Liam. Once Damon comes back to life, Alaric tries to convince Elena to allow him to undo the compulsion, a decision she is reluctant to make. She eventually decides to have him undo it, but Alaric goes back to being human again after crossing into Mystic Falls, causing him to lose his vampire status (he only stayed alive because his once fatal human injuries were healed), meaning he will not be able to do so. She is then left to finally come face-to-face with Damon and see if she'll still feel the same way about him. They eventually rekindle their relationship,Elena takes the cure that Bonnie gave Damon. At Alaric's wedding Kai ruins their wedding and casts a sleeping spell on Elena, linking her life to Bonnie's. She makes a sacrifice to let Bonnie live out her life until it is her turn. She bids goodbye to her friends and loved ones before parting ways but knows that she will see Damon, Stefan and Caroline again one day.

text: Season 7[edit]

text: Elena doesn't make an appearance but is heard calling Damon's name when he visits the Armory vault. It was a way of Sybill, the Siren, luring him into a trap.

text: Season 8[edit]

text: In the final episode, Elena makes an appearance. When a weakened Bonnie dies from the sounding bell, she meets Elena in a dream-like forest. Elena hugs her and wonders if she really has died. Enzo appears and says it isn't her time and takes Bonnie back to the world of the living. When Bonnie wakes up, it was Stefan who resuscitated her. Elena, asleep, is then taken to the Mystic Falls High School by Katherine and places her in the boiler room. Stefan tries to rescue Elena, but Katherine had Kai spell the boiler room, so that Elena can't be taken out of the room. After Bonnie had deflected the hellfire back into the bell, Bonnie passes out. Elena wakes up and wanders the school. Stefan meets up with her. It looks like Bonnie has died, but in fact Elena is still sleeping and Stefan's ghost came to visit her in her dream. He had taken the place of killing Katherine instead of Damon, since Damon is human after Stefan gave him the cure. He came to say goodbye. After a tearful hug and saying goodbye, Stefan goes into afterlife. Elena finally wakes up because Bonnie has broken the spell over her. Elena reunites with Damon and the rest of the gang. Elena gives Caroline the message Stefan whispered into her ear, saying he did hear her voice message and will love her forever. In the epilogue, Elena continued to studying medical school. After finishing her education, she went back to Mystic Falls and lived together with Damon, happily married for a long time. After living out her life, she crosses over to the afterlife where she finally reunites with her parents, Aunt Jenna and Uncle John.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Elena has received mainly positive reviews. Steve West of the Cinema Blend compared the story of The Vampire Diaries and the character of Elena to the popular vampire franchise, Twilight, and its protagonist Bella Swan. West said "Clearly Elena is way hotter than Bella, she has two immortal vampires fighting over her".[2] After she transitioned into a vampire, Carina Adly MacKenzie of Zap2it hoped that the "fierce" and "ripper" side of Elena would emerge when "someone messes with the people she loves".[19] McKenzie noted that when a person becomes a vampire, "their strongest personality traits are heightened", and hoped that wouldn't see Elena's "compassion and selflessness" double into "helping old ladies with their groceries and nursing injured animals back to health".[19] Robyn Ross of TV Guide also hoped that after Elena "has had a taste for blood", she would lose control. Prior to her becoming a vampire, Ross thought she was less fun and "slightly boring", and wanted Elena to follow her instinct and "stop protecting everyone's feelings".[20]

text: Elena's romances with Stefan and Damon have become a popular craze with viewers, who have nicknamed them "Stelena" and "Delena".[21] Andy Swift of the website HollywoodLife praised Elena's relationship with Damon, which was a combination of real love and a sired bond, hoping they would live "happily ever after".[21] Vlada Gelman of TVLine, however, felt that their romance was "over in a rather mature way for a young love triangle" and questioned whether Elena was "ready to jump into a relationship with Damon right away" while Stefan was still in the picture.[22]

text: Merchandising[edit]

text: Tonner Doll Company, Inc. created dolls for Elena and Katherine along with Stefan and Damon, from 1864.[23][24]


document_title: Tour de Pharmacy

question_text: who was edgar wright in tour de pharmacy

text: Tour de Pharmacy

text: Plot[edit]

text: On the first day of the 1982 Tour de France, Italian cyclist JuJu Peppi (Orlando Bloom) accidentally causes a pileup after attempting to grope a female spectator, which causes a massive brawl to break out between all the other cyclists, postponing the race until further notice. Police find evidence of narcotics being used by the cyclists and it is revealed that UCI president Ditmer Klerken (Kevin Bacon) accepted bribes of $50,000 each from a majority of the competitors to forego preliminary drug testing. Although all the cyclists are suspected of doping, the UCI allows the Tour to continue with the five competitors who didn't pay off Klerken: Peppi, American-born Nigerian cyclist Marty Hass (Andy Samberg), who is resented by Nigeria for being the one to represent the country, French cyclist Adrian Baton (Freddie Highmore), who is secretly a woman named Adrianna Baton disguised as a man so she can compete, African-American cyclist Slim Robinson (Daveed Diggs), nephew of Jackie Robinson who wants to break the color barrier in cycling like Jackie did in baseball, and Austrian cyclist Gustav Ditters (John Cena), who had gained a considerable amount of muscle mass from the previous year due to steroids.

text: Before resuming the race, the five agree to take turns at the front so everyone else can draft to conserve their energy before the finish line. However, when the race resumes, no one is willing to ride up front, so the cyclists attempt to go as slowly as possible to conserve their energy. This allows Robinson to enjoy the scenery and he eventually leaves the race with a female spectator to become the first black French dairy farmer. Before the end of the day, Ditters is taunted by a spectator for being unable to go fast. When the race resumes ten days later, an enraged Ditters goes as fast as possible to win the day, much to the shock of observers. Believing he had used enhancements, police raid his apartment and find that he had been doping himself with cheetah's blood, which gets Ditters disqualified. When the race resumes, Peppi dies when he overexerts himself, causing his heart to explode within his chest, and falls off a cliff.

text: Hass and Baton are the only competitors left, but they end up becoming attracted to each other and pause the race to go have sex in the woods. Hass finds out Baton's true identity and agrees to keep it a secret, which inadvertently turns him into a gay sports icon. When they resume the race, they tie their bicycles together to make sure they both win simultaneously. On the final day of the race, BBC reporter Rex Honeycut (James Marsden), who had ridden alongside the competitors for real time interviews during the race, is told that because he had ridden all laps of the race and registered to ride on the Tour, he is eligible to win the Tour de France and makes an attempt to do so. Baton detaches from Hass and jumps at Honeycut, knocking him to the ground so Hass can win the race. Honeycut is shown to have motorized his bicycle to keep up with the cyclists. Baton's true identity is exposed and is sent to 35 years in prison for manslaughter as Honeycut had been accidentally killed during the scuffle.

text: Hass looks set to win the Tour de France until Robinson, who had missed the thrill of cycling, rushes out to the front and wins the race by 73 feet. Robinson relishes being the first African-American to excel at cycling like his uncle did at baseball, while Hass laments that Baton's sacrifice was in vain.

text: Present day interviews are conducted with Hass (Jeff Goldblum), Baton (Julia Ormond), Robinson (Danny Glover), and Ditters (Dolph Lundgren), along with other outside observers including disgraced cyclist Lance Armstrong who insists on remaining anonymous.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Andy Samberg as Marty Hass, Nigerian cyclist

Jeff Goldblum as current-day Marty Hass

Orlando Bloom as JuJu Peppi, Italian cyclist
Freddie Highmore as Adrian Baton, French cyclist

Julia Ormond as current-day Adrian Baton aka Adrianna Baton

Daveed Diggs as Slim Robinson, American cyclist and nephew of Jackie Robinson (fictionally)

Danny Glover as current-day Slim Robinson

John Cena as Gustav Ditters, Austrian cyclist

Dolph Lundgren as current-day Gustav Ditters

James Marsden as Rex Honeycut, a BBC reporter
Will Forte as a French police officer investigating an amphetamine-laced water bottle
Maya Rudolph as Lucy Flerng, editor-in-chief of Cycling Enthusiast Magazine
Kevin Bacon as Ditmer Klerken, former president of UCI
Phylicia Rashad as Victoria Young, an animator
Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje as Olusegun Okorocha, Marty's childhood neighbor
Nathan Fielder as Stu Ruckman, current head of the World Anti-Doping Agency
Jon Hamm as the narrator
Edgar Wright as the British sports commentator
J. J. Abrams as himself
Lance Armstrong as himself
Mike Tyson as himself
Joe Buck as himself
Chris Webber as himself

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: In looking to make a follow up to 7 Days in Hell, Samberg and his crew looked for a sport that could be displayed cheaply while also having comic potential.[5] In researching, the team found "so much strange behavior surrounding the sport," telling Vulture that "...we felt like it was a funny thing to really exaggerate and blow up for comedic purposes."[5] Although much of the cast consists of fans of the sport this was not a prerequisite. Lance Armstrong's role was written in the knowledge that he might not want to be involved, but after being contacted by Samberg, the cyclist agreed to take part.[5]

text: The film's race scenes were shot over the course of four days, and the interviews filmed over a longer period, to accommodate the stars' schedules.[6] To maintain an 80's aesthetic, much of the race footage was shot on Betamax cameras, with "sideline footage" shot on VHS.[6]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Tour de Pharmacy received generally positive reviews, but some criticized Lance Armstrong's appearance.[7][8] The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gave it 91% "fresh" ratings based on 11 reviews.[9] Alan Sepinwall of Uproxx praised the film for its silliness.[7]


document_title: List of Indian states and union territories by GDP per capita

question_text: which state has the highest per capita income in india 2017

text:
States and union  territories of India  ordered by
Area
Population

Abbreviations
Capitals
Child Nutrition
Crime rate
Electricity penetration
Fertility rate
Forest cover
GDP (per capita)
Highest point
HIV awareness
HDI
Home ownership
Household size
Human Trafficking
Institutional delivery
Life expectancy at birth
Literacy rate
Media exposure
Number of Vehicles
Number of voters
Obesity
Open defecation
Origin of name
Places of worship
Poverty
Power capacity
Safe Drinking Water
Safety of Women
School Enrollment Rate
Sex ratio
Suicides
Tax revenues
TV ownership
Toilet availability
Transport network
Underweight people
Unemployment
Vaccination coverage
vte

tag: table

text: This is a list of Indian states and union territories by GRDP per capita. Gross regional domestic product (GRDP) is the state counterpart to a country's gross domestic product (GDP), the most comprehensive measure of national economic activity. The following table gives the latest available nominal GRDP per capita figures for the States and Union Territories of India at current prices in Indian rupees. No data is available for the union territories of Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu, and Lakshadweep.

text:
S. No.

State / Union territory

GRDP per capita(nominal)

Data year

Per capita PPP 1
(2017 INT$)[1]

Comparable country  (PPP)

1

Andaman and Nicobar Islands

₹136,823 (US$1,900)

2016–17[2]

INT$7,700

 Guatemala

2

Andhra Pradesh

₹142,054 (US$2,000)

2017–18[3]

INT$8,000

 Philippines

3

Arunachal Pradesh

₹119,481 (US$1,700)

2016–17[2]

INT$6,730

 Angola

4

Assam

₹67,303 (US$940)

2016–17[2]

INT$3,790

 Tuvalu

5

Bihar

₹38,546 (US$540)

2016–17[4]

INT$2,170

 Mali

6

Chandigarh

₹242,386 (US$3,400)

2015–16[5]

INT$13,640

 South Africa

7

Chhattisgarh

₹92,035 (US$1,300)

2017–18[2]

INT$5,180

 Honduras

8

Delhi

₹329,093 (US$4,600)

2017–18[6]

INT$18,520

 China

9

Goa

₹375,554 (US$5,200)

2016–17[2][5]

INT$21,140

 Bulgaria

10

Gujarat

₹156,527 (US$2,200)

2016–17[7]

INT$8,820

 Armenia

11

Haryana

₹196,982 (US$2,700)

2017–18[8]

INT$11,090

 Ecuador

12

Himachal Pradesh

₹160,719 (US$2,200)

2017–18[2]

INT$9,050

 Jamaica

13

Jammu and Kashmir

₹86,108 (US$1,200)

2017–18[9]

INT$4,850

 Timor-Leste

14

Jharkhand

₹62,816 (US$870)

2015–16[5]

INT$3,540

 Djibouti

15

Karnataka

₹174,551 (US$2,400)

2017–18[2]

INT$9,830

 Georgia

16

Kerala

₹163,475 (US$2,300)

2016–17[2]

INT$9,200

 Jamaica

17

Madhya Pradesh

₹74,590 (US$1,000)

2016–17[2]

INT$4,214

 Cambodia

18

Maharashtra

₹180,596 (US$2,500)

2017–18[10]

INT$10,170

 Georgia

19

Manipur

₹58,501 (US$810)

2016–17[2]

INT$3,300

 Cameroon

20

Meghalaya

₹73,291 (US$1,000)

2016–17[2]

INT$4,130

 Cambodia

21

Mizoram

₹128,998 (US$1,800)

2016-17[2]

INT$7,260

 Laos

22

Nagaland

₹90,168 (US$1,300)

2016–17[2]

INT$5,080

 Timor-Leste

23

Odisha

₹80,991 (US$1,100)

2016–17[2]

INT$5,560

 Honduras

24

Puducherry

₹198,156 (US$2,800)

2017–18[2]

INT$11,150

 Ecuador

25

Punjab

₹142,958 (US$2,000)

2017–18[7]

INT$8,050

 Philippines

26

Rajasthan

₹100,551 (US$1,400)

2017–18[2]

INT$5,660

 Moldova

27

Sikkim

₹297,765 (US$4,100)

2017–18[2]

INT$16,760

 China

28

Tamil Nadu

₹166,934 (US$2,300)

2017–18[2]

INT$9,400

 Paraguay

29

Telangana

₹181,034 (US$2,500)

2017–18[2]

INT$10,200

 Georgia

30

Tripura

₹80,027 (US$1,100)

2015–16[2]

INT$4,500

 Bangladesh

31

Uttar Pradesh

₹55,339 (US$770)

2017–18[2]

INT$3,120

 Tajikistan

32

Uttarakhand

₹177,356 (US$2,500)

2017–18[2]

INT$10,000

 Georgia

33

West Bengal

₹95,562 (US$1,300)

2017–18[2]

INT$5,380

 Pakistan

—
India

₹126,349 (US$1,800)

2017–18[11]

INT$7,174

 Laos

text: ^1  GDP PPP per capita is calcuated from Implied PPP conversion rate from IMF


document_title: List of governors-general of India

question_text: who was the last british governor of india

text: List of governors-general of India

text: The Regulating Act of 1773 created the office with the title of Governor-General of the Presidency of Fort William, or Governor-General of Bengal to be appointed by the Court of Directors of the East India Company (EIC). The Court of Directors assigned a Council of Four (based in India) to assist The Governor General, and decision of council was binding on Governor General during 1773-1784.

text: The Saint Helena Act 1833 (or Government of India Act 1833) re-designated the office with the title of Governor-General of India.

text: After the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the company rule was brought to an end, and the British India along with princely states came under the direct rule of the Crown. The Government of India Act 1858 created the office of Secretary of State for India in 1858 to oversee the affairs of India, which was advised by a new Council of India with 15 members (based in London). The existing Council of Four was formally renamed as the Council of Governor General of India or Executive Council of India. The Council of India was later abolished by Government of India Act 1935.

text: Following the adoption of the Government of India Act of 1858, the Governor-General as representing the Crown became known as the Viceroy. The designation 'Viceroy', although it was most frequently used in ordinary parlance, had no statutory authority, and was never employed by Parliament. Although the Proclamation of 1858 announcing the assumption of the government of India by the Crown referred to Lord Canning as "first Viceroy and Governor-General", none of the Warrants appointing his successors referred to them as 'Viceroys', and the title, which was frequently used in Warrants dealing with precedence and in public notifications, was basically one of ceremony used in connection with the state and social functions of the Sovereign's representative. The Governor-General continued to be the sole representative of the Crown, and the Government of India continued to be vested in the Governor-General-in-Council.[1]

text: From the year 1858 onwards, the appointments of Governor-General of India were made by British Crown at the advice of Secretary of State for India. The office of Governor-General continued to exist as a ceremonial post in each of the new dominions until they adopted republican constitutions in 1950 and 1956 respectively..

text: List of Viceroys and Governor-Generals[edit]

text:
Portrait
Name
(Birth–Death)
Term of office
Notable events
Appointer

Governors of the Presidency of Fort William (Bengal), 1773–1833

Warren Hastings
(1732-1818)
20 October
1773
[nb 1]
1 February
1785

Regulating Act of 1773
Supreme Council Of Bengal
Asiatic Society of Bengal
Stopped Mughal pension to Shah Alam II
Stopped Diarchy in Bengal
New Sanskrit School by Jonathan Deccan
Moved Treasury from Murshidabad to Calcutta
Bengal Gazette- First Indian newspaper published
First Anglo-Maratha War (1775–82)
Second Anglo-Mysore war (1780–84)
First Rohilla War of 1773–1774
Second Rohilla War 1779
Experimentation on land settlements. (1772-five years settlement, changed to 1 year in 1776)
English Translation of Bhagwat Gita[2]

East India
Company

(1773–1858)

John Macpherson
(acting)
(1745–1821)
1 February
1785
12 September
1786

Charles Cornwallis
The Marquess Cornwallis [nb 2]
(1738–1805)
12 September
1786
28 October
1793

Established lower courts and appellate courts
Permanent Settlement in Bihar and Bengal in 1793
3rd Mysore war
Introduction of Cornwallis Code
Introduction of Civil Services in India

John Shore
(1751–1834)
28 October
1793
18 March
1798

Policy of Non-intervention
Charter Act of 1793
Battle of Kharda between Nizam and Marathas (1795)

Alured Clarke
(acting)
(1744–1832)
18 March
1798
18 May
1798

Richard Wellesley, Earl of Mornington [nb 3]
(1760–1842)
18 May
1798
30 July
1805

Introduction of Subsidiary Alliance
Fourth Anglo Mysore War 1799
Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803–05)
Fort William College at Calcutta
Formation of Madras Presidency in 1801

The Marquess Cornwallis
(1738–1805)
30 July
1805
5 October
1805

Sir George Barlow, Bt
(acting)
(1762–1847)
10 October
1805
31 July
1807

Sepoy mutiny at Vellore

The Lord Minto
(1751–1814)
31 July
1807
4 October
1813

Charter Act of 1813
Treaty of Amritsar, 1809 with Ranjit Singh

Francis Rawdon-Hastings, The Earl of Moira [nb 4]
(1754–1826)
4 October
1813
9 January
1823

Ended the policy of Non-intervention
Third Anglo-Maratha War (1816-1818)
1816,Treaty of Sagauli with Nepal
Creation of Bombay Presidency in 1818
Establishment of Ryotwari System in Madras and
Mahalwari System in Central India,Punjab And Western UP.

John Adam
(acting)
(1779–1825)
9 January
1823
1 August
1823

Licensing Regulations

The Lord Amherst[nb 5]
(1773–1857)
1 August
1823
13 March
1828

First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–26)
Treaty of Yandabo, 1826

William Butterworth Bayley
(acting)
(1782–1860)
13 March
1828
4 July
1828

Governors-General of India, 1833–1858

Lord William Bentinck
(1774–1839)
4 July
1828
20 March
1835

First Governor General of India
Bengal Sati Regulation, 1829
Charter Act, 1833
Saint Helena Act 1833
English Education Act 1835
Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata

East India
Company

(1773–1858)

Charles Metcalfe, Bt
(acting)
(1785–1846)
20 March
1835
4 March
1836

Repealed 1823 Licensing Regulations

The Lord Auckland[nb 6]
(1784–1849)
4 March
1836
28 February
1842

The Lord Ellenborough
(1790–1871)
28 February
1842
June
1844

William Wilberforce Bird
(acting)
(1784–1857)
June
1844
23 July
1844

Henry Hardinge[nb 7]
(1785–1856)
23 July
1844
12 January
1848

The First Anglo-Sikh War (1845–46)
The Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848–49)
Treaty of Lahore

The Earl of Dalhousie[nb 8]
(1812–1860)
12 January
1848
28 February
1856

Doctrine of Lapse
Charles Wood Despatch
Second Anglo-Burmese War (1852)
First Railway line connecting Bombay and Thane
First telegraph Line was laid between Diamond Harbour to Calcutta.
Post Office Act, 1854
Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act, 1856
Established Public Works Department
Engineering College was established at Roorkee

Governors-General and Viceroys of India, 1858–1947

The Viscount Canning[nb 9]
(1812–1862)
28 February
1856
21 March
1862

University of Bombay, Calcutta and Madras were set up in 1858
The revolt of 1857
The Government of India Act, 1858
Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act, 1856

Victoria

(1837–1901)

The Earl of Elgin
(1811–1863)
21 March
1862
20 November
1863

Robert Napier
(acting)
(1810–1890)
21 November
1863
2 December
1863

William Denison
(acting)
(1804–1871)
2 December
1863
12 January
1864

Sir John Lawrence, Bt
(1811–1879)
12 January
1864
12 January
1869

Bhutan War
Establishment of Shimla as India's summer capital in 1863

The Earl of Mayo
(1822–1872)
12 January
1869
8 February
1872

Assassinated by a Pathan Sher Ali Afridi

Started the Census.

Sir John Strachey
(acting)
(1823–1907)
9 February
1872
23 February
1872

The Lord Napier
(acting)
(1819–1898)
24 February
1872
3 May
1872

The Lord Northbrook
(1826–1904)
3 May
1872
12 April
1876

The Lord Lytton
(1831–1891)
12 April
1876
8 June
1880

Vernacular Press Act
Second Anglo-Afghan War
The Indians Act (1878)[3]

The Marquess of Ripon
(1827–1909)
8 June
1880
13 December
1884

First Factory Act (1881)
Repeal of the Vernacular Press Act (1882)
Ilbert Bill

The Earl of Dufferin
(1826–1902)
13 December
1884
10 December
1888

Formation of Indian National Congress
Third Anglo-Burmese War

The Marquess of Lansdowne
(1845–1927)
10 December
1888
11 October
1894

The Earl of Elgin
(1849–1917)
11 October
1894
6 January
1899

The Lord Curzon of Kedleston[nb 10]
(1859–1925)
6 January
1899
18 November
1905

Partition of Bengal (1905)
Second Delhi Darbar (1903)

The Earl of Minto
(1845–1914)
18 November
1905
23 November
1910

Edward VII

(1901–1910)

The Lord Hardinge of Penshurst
(1858–1944)
23 November
1910
4 April
1916

George V

(1910–1936)

The Lord Chelmsford
(1868–1933)
4 April
1916
2 April
1921

The Earl of Reading
(1860–1935)
2 April
1921
3 April
1926

The Lord Irwin
(1881–1959)
3 April
1926
18 April
1931

The Earl of Willingdon
(1866–1941)
18 April
1931
18 April
1936

The Marquess of Linlithgow
(1887–1952)
18 April
1936
1 October
1943

Edward VIII

(1936)

The Viscount Wavell
(1883–1950)
1 October
1943
21 February
1947

George VI

(1936–1952)

The Viscount Mountbatten of Burma
(1900–1979)
21 February
1947
15 August
1947

Governors-General of the Dominion of India, 1947–1950

The Viscount Mountbatten of Burma[nb 11]
(1900–1979)
15 August
1947
21 June
1948

George VI

(1936–1952)

C. Rajagopalachari
(1878–1972)
21 June
1948
26 January
1950

text:
Jump up ^ Originally joined on 28 April 1772
Jump up ^ Earl Cornwallis from 1762; created Marquess Cornwallis in 1792.
Jump up ^ Created Marquess Wellesley in 1799.
Jump up ^ Created Marquess of Hastings in 1816
Jump up ^ Created Earl Amherst in 1826.
Jump up ^ Created Earl of Auckland in 1839.
Jump up ^ Created Viscount Hardinge in 1846.
Jump up ^ Created Marquess of Dalhousie in 1849.
Jump up ^ Created Earl Canning in 1859.
Jump up ^ The Lord Ampthill was acting Governor-General in 1904
Jump up ^ Created Earl Mountbatten of Burma on 28 October 1947.

tag: ol


document_title: All Eyez on Me (film)

question_text: who plays 2pac mom in all eyez on me

question_tokens: who plays 2pac mom in all eyez on me

text: All Eyez on Me (film)

text: Plot

text: At the Clinton Correctional Facility in 1995, a documentary filmmaker shows up with his crew and equipment to sit down with Tupac Shakur.

text: In 1971, Tupac's mother, Afeni Shakur, is released from prison along with her fellow Black Panther Party following her acquittal of several charges. She is pregnant with Tupac and voices her complaints to a reporter over the unfair treatment of black individuals in the country from not only society, but the system sworn to protect its citizens.

text: From an early age, Tupac is taught about black pride, and is witness to multiple injustices in his neighborhood. His stepfather, Mutulu, is a revolutionary who has influenced Afeni, who in turn influences her son and Tupac's sister Set. Mutulu is wanted by the FBI for a robbery of an armored truck, and the murder of two officers and a guard. FBI agents follow Afeni and her children. Mutulu is eventually caught during a raid when cops burst into the Shakurs' apartment, with cops violently pinning Tupac and his sister to the ground.

text: As Tupac gets older, he distances himself more and more from his mother's ideals and behavior. He attends the Baltimore School for the Arts, where he becomes close friends with Jada Pinkett.

text: Tupac's music career begins when he joins Digital Underground for their hit "Same Song". Under his manager, Leila Steinberg, he begins to have hip-hop albums produced. Although his music becomes popular, he gets into hot water with record producers for songs like "Brenda's Got a Baby", which is about a young girl who is raped by her cousin, has a baby on the bathroom floor, turns to prostitution and selling drugs for money, and how she is ultimately murdered on the streets. Tupac argues that the song comes from real stories in the streets of the impoverished and how nobody is willing to help people like the subject of the song.

text: Tupac also begins acting in movies such as Juice, as well as collaborating with other artists like Biggie Smalls, both performing to excited crowds at venues. He generates as much praise as he does controversy in what he does outside of music, such as donating money to poor black citizens.

text: Outside of his performances, Tupac has run-ins with officers when he is caught jaywalking, and is beaten by two officers. On another occasion, he and one of his friends catch two white men assaulting a black man. When they try to intervene, one man pulls a gun on Tupac. He goes back to his limo and gets his own gun. It soon reveals that the two men were off-duty cops, and Tupac is arrested for shooting at them.

text: Tupac becomes involved with a dealer named Nigel, and they do business together in music. When things go awry, Tupac and Nigel have a quarrel. Nigel's guys want to retaliate against Tupac, but Nigel says that nobody touches Tupac unless he says so. The other guys appear to go against Nigel's orders.

text: In 1993, Tupac meets a young woman named Briana, and she is with Tupac along with other men in a hotel room one night. Briana barges into his room hours later crying and screaming, indicating that the other men raped her. Tupac is later on trial for rape and harassment charges.

text: On November 30, 1994, Tupac is attacked by three men in the lobby of Quad Recording Studios. Tupac is shot five times before the men flee. Biggie and other guys in Tupac's entourage rush to him before he is taken to the hospital. When Biggie tries to visit Tupac, he is turned down for not being a family member. Tupac checks himself out of the hospital early against doctors' orders.

text: The following day, Tupac's sentence is declared in his trial. He is found not guilty of rape, but is found guilty of illegal touching, and is thus sentenced to eighteen months in prison.

text: While in prison, Tupac hears Biggie's song "Who Shot Ya?", and interprets it as a diss track bragging about Biggie's alleged involvement in his shooting. Tupac encounters Mutulu in there, who encourages him to work after he gets out. Mutulu later murders another inmate by stabbing him to death. Tupac is also assaulted by two guards while in prison.

text: Following his release, Tupac signs to Death Row Records under Suge Knight, who also collaborates with other artists, like Dr. Dre and Snoop Dogg. Tupac and Dre work on the hit song "California Love". He releases the track "Hit Em Up" as a response to "Who Shot Ya?" in which Tupac brags about supposedly having an affair with Biggie's wife Faith Evans.

text: In Tupac's final months, he decides to part ways with Death Row Records to start his own company to produce more music, movies, and TV shows. Suge reminds Tupac that he is still in debt from other business dealings. Later, however, Suge offers Tupac a chance to become partners, with Suge taking over the West Coast part of Death Row, and Tupac taking over the East Coast. Tupac agrees to it.

text: On September 7, 1996, Tupac, Suge, and the rest of their group are leaving the Mike Tyson vs. Bruce Seldon boxing match at the MGM Grand Las Vegas. One of the Death Row guys alerts Tupac and Suge to a gang member that jumped him and stole his chain. Tupac and company confront the gang member, and Tupac attacks him, knocking him to the ground. Suge and his guys start assaulting the man as Tupac is pulled off of him. Tupac stops by his hotel to change his clothes. He tells Kidada about the situation. She tries to go with him, but Tupac assures her he will only be gone for an hour.

text: Tupac and Suge drive from the hotel with the rest of his guys following them. At the intersection of Flamingo Road and Koval Lane, a Cadillac pulls alongside Tupac's BMW and Tupac is shot multiple times before the Cadillac flees the scene.

text: The ending text states that six days later, Tupac was pronounced dead. To this day, his murder remains unsolved. By the age of 25, he released 15 albums, seven posthumous albums, 713 songs, and seven movies.

text: Cast

text:
Demetrius Shipp Jr. as Tupac Shakur[5][6]
Danai Gurira as Afeni Shakur,[7] Tupac’s mother, a political activist and member of the Black Panther Party.
Lauren Cohan as Leila Steinberg,[8] Tupac’s mentor.
Jamie Hector as Mutulu Shakur,[9] Tupac’s stepfather.
Annie Ilonzeh as Kidada Jones,[10] engaged to Tupac at the time of his death.
Jamal Woolard as The Notorious B.I.G.,[5][6] Tupac’s former friend turned rival.
Kat Graham as Jada Pinkett,[11] a friend of Tupac from the Baltimore School for the Arts.
Dominic L. Santana as Suge Knight,[12] a record producer.
Grace Gibson as Faith Evans,[13] Biggie Smalls’s wife and singer.
Lian Amado as Angie Martinez, radio personality, rapper, and actress.
Stefon Washington as Puff Daddy
Chris Clarke as Shock G[14][15] the lead vocalist for the hip hop group Digital Underground.
Money-B as himself,[16] member of Digital Underground.
Clifton Powell as Floyd,[17] inmate at Clinton Correctional Facility.
Johnell Young as Ray Luv,[17] Tupac’s friend.
Jermel Howard as Mopreme Shakur
Azad Arnaud as Daz Dillinger
Jarrett Ellis as Snoop Dogg[18]
Keith Robinson as Atron Gregory,[19] TNT Records founder.
Rayan Lawrence as Treach[20]
James Hatter III as Yaki Kadafi
Jermaine Carter as Hussein Fatal
E.D.I. Mean as himself
Young Noble as himself
DeRay Davis as Legs
Harold House Moore as Dr. Dre
Hill Harper as Journalist[21]
Cory Hardrict as Nigel aka Haitian Jack[22]
Phil Armijo as Johnny "J"

text: Production

text: Development

text: On February 10, 2011, it was announced that Morgan Creek Productions had developed and would finance and produce the rap legend Tupac Amaru Shakur's biopic titled Tupac, which would follow his life from growing up to his death.[23] Antoine Fuqua was attached as the director of the film, and the script was from Steven Bagatourian, Stephen J. Rivele, and Christopher Wilkinson.[23] James G. Robinson and David C. Robinson would produce the film along with Program Pictures' L.T. Hutton, and Tupac's mother Afeni Shakur as executive producer, with production scheduled to begin that summer. On September 19, 2013, Emmett/Furla/Oasis Films came on board to co-finance and co-produce the $45 million budgeted film along with Morgan Creek.[24] Ed Gonzalez and Jeremy Haft were writing the latest draft of the film.[24] On February 12, 2014, John Singleton again signed on to rewrite, direct and produce the film.[25] On April 16, 2014, Open Road Films acquired the United States distribution rights to the film.[26] Gonzalez, Haft, and Singleton wrote the latest draft of the script for the film, about Tupac's life from his growing up in East Harlem to becoming a legendary songwriter and hip-hop artist, to his death in Las Vegas at the age of 25.[26] On April 7, 2015, it was revealed that Singleton exited the film due to some major creative differences, while Carl Franklin was being eyed to hold the direction duties.[27] On October 28, 2015, The Hollywood Reporter reported that Emmett/Furla/Oasis had sued Morgan Creek over $10 million for breaking the companies co-production agreement signed in September 2013.[28] In the agreement, terms were not to exceed the production budget above $30 million, mutual approval for the lead actor's selection, filming schedule, and distribution and sales agreements.[28] Randall Emmett and George Furla also claimed that they all first signed a distribution deal with Open Road, which Morgan Creek rejected, and then Morgan Creek inked a new deal with Open Road without mutual approval.[28]

text: Casting

text: On November 30, 2015, it was reported that music director Benny Boom would be directing the film now replacing Franklin.[29] Early-December 2015, the film's title was confirmed to be All Eyez On Me[30] On December 24, 2015, newcomer Demetrius Shipp, Jr. was cast in the film to play the role of Tupac. Jamal Woolard also joined the film to play the role of The Notorious B.I.G., Tupac's former friend turned rival, reprising the role Woolard portrayed in the 2009 film Notorious.[5][6] On January 11, 2016, Danai Gurira was added to the film's cast to play Tupac's mother Afeni Shakur, a political activist and member of the Black Panthers.[7] Following Gurira's casting, Variety reported on the next day that Kat Graham had signed on to play Jada Pinkett, a friend of Tupac from the Baltimore School for the Arts.[11] It was revealed later that Dominic L. Santana had been cast as record producer Suge Knight.[12]

text: On January 13, Jamie Hector signed on to star as Mutulu Shakur, Tupac's stepfather.[9] On January 15, Lauren Cohan joined the film's cast to play the role of Leila Steinberg, a key figure in Tupac's life as his mentor.[8] Money B would appear in the film as himself, Tupac's coworker at Digital Underground,[16] Clifton Powell as Floyd, inmate at Clinton Correctional Facility, and Johnell Young as a Tupac's close friend, Ray Luv.[17] On January 19, TheWrap confirmed that Grace Gibson was cast in the film to play Biggie Smalls' wife, Faith Evans, who was reportedly in an adulterous affair with Shakur.[13] On January 22, 2016, Keith Robinson was cast as Atron Gregory, TNT Records founder who first helped Tupac becoming a dancer and then a solo artist.[19] Annie Ilonzeh was added to the cast in February 2016 to play the role of Kidada Jones, engaged to Tupac at the time of his death.[10]

text: Filming

text: Principal photography on the film began in mid-December 2015 in Atlanta, Georgia.[5][6][31] Filming wrapped on April 12, 2016, in Las Vegas, Nevada.[32][33]

text: Marketing

text: On June 16, 2016, on what would have been Shakur's 45th birthday, a teaser trailer for the film was released.[34] On September 13, 2016, the 20th anniversary of Shakur's death, a second teaser trailer was released.[35] It was announced that the film will be released on June 16, 2017. On February 10, 2017, a third teaser trailer was released, confirming Summit, Morgan Creek, Program Pictures, and Codeblack Films as producers and distributors.[36] On April 6, 2017, a fourth trailer was released.

text: No official soundtrack album was released to accompany the movie's release.

text: Reception

text: Box office

text: All Eyez on Me grossed $44.8 million in the United States and Canada and $10 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $54.8 million, against a production budget of $40 million.[3]

text: In North America, All Eyez on Me was released on June 16, 2017, alongside Rough Night, 47 Meters Down and Cars 3, and was originally projected to gross $17–20 million from 2,471 theaters in its opening weekend.[37] It made $12.8 million on Friday (including $3.1 million from Thursday night previews), increasing weekend estimates to $31 million. It ended up debuting to $26.4 million, finishing 3rd at the box office behind Cars 3 ($53.7 million) and Wonder Woman ($41.3 million). Deadline.com attributed the film's success to the release corresponding with Tupac's birthday, as well as audience interest on the subject matter following the success of Straight Outta Compton in 2015.[2]

text: Despite its surprising opening weekend success, the film experienced a historic drop in its second weekend, dropping 78% to $5.8 million, the 16th largest such decline in history.[38] In its third weekend the film was pulled from 1,213 theaters and dropped another 68.6% to $1.8 million, finishing 11th at the box office.[39]

text: Critical response

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 18% based on 79 reviews, with an average rating of 4.3/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Despite Demetrius Shipp Jr.'s fine lead performance, All Eyez on Me is mostly a surface-skimming, by-the-numbers biopic of a larger-than-life icon."[40] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating, the film has a weighted average score of 38 out of 100, based on 21 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[41] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale.[2]

text: Glenn Kenny of The New York Times gave the film a negative review, saying: "Almost all the dialogue is that flat-footed. It’s a stark contrast to the almost always vivid power of Shakur’s own words, which could be profoundly empathetic and pettily profane."[42] Owen Gleiberman of Variety wrote: "Comprehensive but sketchy, richly atmospheric but often under-dramatized, it is not, in the end, a very good movie (there are a few scenes, like Tupac’s initial meeting with Ted Field of Interscope Records, that are embarrassingly bad). Yet it’s highly worth seeing because in its volatility and hunger, and the desperation of its violence, it captures something about the space in which Tupac Shakur lived: a place that wanted to be all about pride and power, but was really about flying over the abyss."[43]

text: Historical accuracy

text: On her Twitter account, Jada Pinkett Smith stated that the film contained many inaccuracies about her relationship with Tupac and why he left for Los Angeles. Smith claimed that Tupac never read the poem he read to her character in the film and that she had no knowledge that it even existed until it was published in his book. She also stated that she never attended one of Tupac's shows at his request and that there was no backstage argument. She did, however, praise the performances of Shipp and Graham.[44] Both Sean Combs and Suge Knight gave blessings to the film, praising their respective portrayals.[45]


document_title: List of Game of Thrones episodes

question_text: when did the last game of thrones episode air

text: List of Game of Thrones episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2011)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S. viewers(millions)11"Winter Is Coming"Tim Van PattenDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissApril 17, 2011 (2011-04-17)2.22[19]
22"The Kingsroad"Tim Van PattenDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissApril 24, 2011 (2011-04-24)2.20[20]
33"Lord Snow"Brian KirkDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissMay 1, 2011 (2011-05-01)2.44[21]
44"Cripples, Bastards, and Broken Things"Brian KirkBryan CogmanMay 8, 2011 (2011-05-08)2.45[22]
55"The Wolf and the Lion"Brian KirkDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissMay 15, 2011 (2011-05-15)2.58[23]
66"A Golden Crown"Daniel MinahanStory by : David Benioff & D. B. Weiss Teleplay by : Jane Espenson and David Benioff & D. B. WeissMay 22, 2011 (2011-05-22)2.44[24]
77"You Win or You Die"Daniel MinahanDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissMay 29, 2011 (2011-05-29)2.40[25]
88"The Pointy End"Daniel MinahanGeorge R. R. MartinJune 5, 2011 (2011-06-05)2.72[26]
99"Baelor"Alan TaylorDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissJune 12, 2011 (2011-06-12)2.66[27]
1010"Fire and Blood"Alan TaylorDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissJune 19, 2011 (2011-06-19)3.04[28]

text: Season 2 (2012)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S. viewers(millions)111"The North Remembers"Alan TaylorDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissApril 1, 2012 (2012-04-01)3.86[29]
122"The Night Lands"Alan TaylorDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissApril 8, 2012 (2012-04-08)3.76[30]
133"What Is Dead May Never Die"Alik SakharovBryan CogmanApril 15, 2012 (2012-04-15)3.77[31]
144"Garden of Bones"David PetrarcaVanessa TaylorApril 22, 2012 (2012-04-22)3.65[32]
155"The Ghost of Harrenhal"David PetrarcaDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissApril 29, 2012 (2012-04-29)3.90[33]
166"The Old Gods and the New"David NutterVanessa TaylorMay 6, 2012 (2012-05-06)3.88[34]
177"A Man Without Honor"David NutterDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissMay 13, 2012 (2012-05-13)3.69[35]
188"The Prince of Winterfell"Alan TaylorDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissMay 20, 2012 (2012-05-20)3.86[36]
199"Blackwater"Neil MarshallGeorge R. R. MartinMay 27, 2012 (2012-05-27)3.38[37]
2010"Valar Morghulis"Alan TaylorDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissJune 3, 2012 (2012-06-03)4.20[38]

text: Season 3 (2013)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S. viewers(millions)211"Valar Dohaeris"Daniel MinahanDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissMarch 31, 2013 (2013-03-31)4.37[39]
222"Dark Wings, Dark Words"Daniel MinahanVanessa TaylorApril 7, 2013 (2013-04-07)4.27[40]
233"Walk of Punishment"David BenioffDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissApril 14, 2013 (2013-04-14)4.72[41]
244"And Now His Watch Is Ended"Alex GravesDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissApril 21, 2013 (2013-04-21)4.87[42]
255"Kissed by Fire"Alex GravesBryan CogmanApril 28, 2013 (2013-04-28)5.35[43]
266"The Climb"Alik SakharovDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissMay 5, 2013 (2013-05-05)5.50[44]
277"The Bear and the Maiden Fair"Michelle MacLarenGeorge R. R. MartinMay 12, 2013 (2013-05-12)4.84[45]
288"Second Sons"Michelle MacLarenDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissMay 19, 2013 (2013-05-19)5.13[46]
299"The Rains of Castamere"David NutterDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissJune 2, 2013 (2013-06-02)5.22[47]
3010"Mhysa"David NutterDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissJune 9, 2013 (2013-06-09)5.39[48]

text: Season 4 (2014)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S. viewers(millions)311"Two Swords"D. B. WeissDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissApril 6, 2014 (2014-04-06)6.64[49]
322"The Lion and the Rose"Alex GravesGeorge R. R. MartinApril 13, 2014 (2014-04-13)6.31[50]
333"Breaker of Chains"Alex GravesDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissApril 20, 2014 (2014-04-20)6.59[51]
344"Oathkeeper"Michelle MacLarenBryan CogmanApril 27, 2014 (2014-04-27)6.95[52]
355"First of His Name"Michelle MacLarenDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissMay 4, 2014 (2014-05-04)7.16[53]
366"The Laws of Gods and Men"Alik SakharovBryan CogmanMay 11, 2014 (2014-05-11)6.40[54]
377"Mockingbird"Alik SakharovDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissMay 18, 2014 (2014-05-18)7.20[55]
388"The Mountain and the Viper"Alex GravesDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissJune 1, 2014 (2014-06-01)7.17[56]
399"The Watchers on the Wall"Neil MarshallDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissJune 8, 2014 (2014-06-08)6.95[57]
4010"The Children"Alex GravesDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissJune 15, 2014 (2014-06-15)7.09[58]

text: Season 5 (2015)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S. viewers(millions)411"The Wars to Come"Michael SlovisDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissApril 12, 2015 (2015-04-12)8.00[59]
422"The House of Black and White"Michael SlovisDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissApril 19, 2015 (2015-04-19)6.81[60]
433"High Sparrow"Mark MylodDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissApril 26, 2015 (2015-04-26)6.71[61]
444"Sons of the Harpy"Mark MylodDave HillMay 3, 2015 (2015-05-03)6.82[62]
455"Kill the Boy"Jeremy PodeswaBryan CogmanMay 10, 2015 (2015-05-10)6.56[63]
466"Unbowed, Unbent, Unbroken"Jeremy PodeswaBryan CogmanMay 17, 2015 (2015-05-17)6.24[64]
477"The Gift"Miguel SapochnikDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissMay 24, 2015 (2015-05-24)5.40[65]
488"Hardhome"Miguel SapochnikDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissMay 31, 2015 (2015-05-31)7.01[66]
499"The Dance of Dragons"David NutterDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissJune 7, 2015 (2015-06-07)7.14[67]
5010"Mother's Mercy"David NutterDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissJune 14, 2015 (2015-06-14)8.11[68]

text: Season 6 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S. viewers(millions)511"The Red Woman"Jeremy PodeswaDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissApril 24, 2016 (2016-04-24)7.94[69]
522"Home"Jeremy PodeswaDave HillMay 1, 2016 (2016-05-01)7.29[70]
533"Oathbreaker"Daniel SackheimDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissMay 8, 2016 (2016-05-08)7.28[71]
544"Book of the Stranger"Daniel SackheimDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissMay 15, 2016 (2016-05-15)7.82[72]
555"The Door"Jack BenderDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissMay 22, 2016 (2016-05-22)7.89[73]
566"Blood of My Blood"Jack BenderBryan CogmanMay 29, 2016 (2016-05-29)6.71[74]
577"The Broken Man"Mark MylodBryan CogmanJune 5, 2016 (2016-06-05)7.80[75]
588"No One"Mark MylodDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissJune 12, 2016 (2016-06-12)7.60[76]
599"Battle of the Bastards"Miguel SapochnikDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissJune 19, 2016 (2016-06-19)7.66[77]
6010"The Winds of Winter"Miguel SapochnikDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissJune 26, 2016 (2016-06-26)8.89[78]

text: Season 7 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S. viewers(millions)611"Dragonstone"Jeremy PodeswaDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissJuly 16, 2017 (2017-07-16)10.11[79]
622"Stormborn"Mark MylodBryan CogmanJuly 23, 2017 (2017-07-23)9.27[80]
633"The Queen's Justice"Mark MylodDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissJuly 30, 2017 (2017-07-30)9.25[81]
644"The Spoils of War"Matt ShakmanDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissAugust 6, 2017 (2017-08-06)10.17[82]
655"Eastwatch"Matt ShakmanDave HillAugust 13, 2017 (2017-08-13)10.72[83]
666"Beyond the Wall"Alan TaylorDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissAugust 20, 2017 (2017-08-20)10.24[84]
677"The Dragon and the Wolf"Jeremy PodeswaDavid Benioff & D. B. WeissAugust 27, 2017 (2017-08-27)12.07[85]

text: Season 8[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected by [86][87]Written by [88]Original air date [12]U.S. viewers(millions)681TBADavid NutterDave Hill2019 (2019)TBD
692TBADavid NutterBryan Cogman2019 (2019)TBD
703TBAMiguel SapochnikDavid Benioff & D. B. Weiss2019 (2019)TBD
714TBADavid NutterDavid Benioff & D. B. Weiss2019 (2019)TBD
725TBAMiguel SapochnikDavid Benioff & D. B. Weiss2019 (2019)TBD
736TBADavid Benioff & D. B. WeissDavid Benioff & D. B. Weiss2019 (2019)TBD

text: Home media releases[edit]

text:
Season

Episodes

DVD release date

Region 1

Region 2

Region 4

1

10

March 6, 2012[89]

March 5, 2012[90]

August 10, 2012[91]

2

10

February 19, 2013[92]

March 4, 2013[93]

March 6, 2013[94]

3

10

February 18, 2014[95]

February 17, 2014[96]

February 19, 2014[97]

4

10

February 17, 2015[98]

February 16, 2015[99]

February 18, 2015[100]

5

10

March 15, 2016[101]

March 14, 2016[102]

March 16, 2016[103]

6

10

November 15, 2016[104]

November 14, 2016[105]

November 16, 2016[106]

7

7

December 12, 2017[107]

December 11, 2017[108]

December 11, 2017[109]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: The first season averaged 2.5 million viewers for its first Sunday-night screenings and a gross audience (including repeats and on-demand viewings) of 9.3 million viewers per episode.[110] For its second season, the series had an average gross audience of 11.6 million viewers.[111] The third season was seen by 14.2 million viewers, making Game of Thrones the second-most-viewed HBO series (after The Sopranos).[112][113] For the fourth season, HBO said that its average gross audience of 18.4 million viewers (later adjusted to 18.6 million) had passed The Sopranos for the record.[114][115] By the sixth season the average per-episode gross viewing figure had increased to over 25 million, with nearly 40 percent of viewers watching on HBO digital platforms.[116] In 2016, a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that Game of Thrones was "much more popular in cities than in the countryside, probably the only show involving zombies that is".[117]  By season seven, average viewer numbers had increased to over 30 million per episode across all platforms.[118]

text: The series set records on pay-television channels in the United Kingdom (with a 2016 average audience of more than five million on all platforms)[119] and Australia (with a cumulative average audience of 1.2 million).[120]