document_title: Lilo & Stitch

question_text: which island does lilo and stitch take place

text: Lilo & Stitch

text: Plot[edit]

text: Dr. Jumba Jookiba is arrested and put on trial by the Galactic Federation for illegal genetic experimentation, evidenced by his creation "Experiment 626", a small sentient creature with unparalleled intelligence and strength but also a propensity to cause chaos. Jumba is imprisoned while Experiment 626 is sentenced to exile on a desert asteroid. 626 manages to steal a spaceship and activates the hyperdrive, causing its guidance systems to malfunction and randomly set a course for Earth. 626 crash-lands on Kauaʻi, Hawaii only to be knocked unconscious by passing trucks and taken to an animal shelter. The Grand Councilwoman dispatches Jumba and Agent Pleakley, the Council's expert on Earth, to the planet to have 626 captured discreetly.

text: On Kauaʻi, a young woman named Nani has been struggling with caring for her rambunctious, disobedient, and lonely younger sister, Lilo, following the death of their parents. A social worker named Cobra Bubbles expresses increasing concern that Nani is unable to take adequate care of Lilo. To reduce Lilo's grief of not having any friends, Nani decides to let Lilo adopt a dog. At the shelter, Lilo immediately takes a keen interest in Experiment 626, who is impersonating a dog. In spite of Nani's doubts, Lilo names 626 "Stitch" and shows him around the island.

text: That evening, at the restaurant where Nani works, Jumba and Pleakley try but fail to capture Stitch. The resulting chaos is blamed on Stitch, causing Nani to be fired. The next day, Cobra warns Nani that if she does not find another job, Cobra will have to place Lilo with a foster family. However, Stitch's antics, including evading Jumba and Pleakley, ruin Nani's chances of finding work.

text: Nani's boyfriend, David, invites her, Lilo, and Stitch to take a break and enjoy a day of surfing. While Nani, Lilo and Stitch ride a huge wave, Jumba makes one final effort to capture Stitch from underwater, causing Nani to wipe out, and Stitch unintentionally pulls Lilo down with him. Although everyone survives, Cobra witnesses this event and tells Nani that although she means well, Lilo will have to be taken away. Seeing how much trouble he has caused, Stitch runs off.

text: The next morning, the Councilwoman relieves Jumba and Pleakley of their assignment and gives it to the galaxy's militant captain, Gantu, instead, freeing Jumba to pursue Stitch using less covert methods. Meanwhile, David informs Nani of a job opportunity, which Nani rushes to pursue. Stitch, hiding in the nearby woods, encounters Jumba, who chases him back to Lilo and Nani's house. A fight ensues which destroys the house. Cobra arrives to collect Lilo and take her away. As Nani and Cobra argue, Lilo runs away and encounters Stitch, who reveals his alien identity moments before Captain Gantu captures both of them. Stitch manages to escape before Gantu's ship takes off and is confronted by Nani. Before he can explain, Jumba and Pleakley capture Stitch themselves. Nani demands that they help her rescue Lilo, but Jumba insists they only came for Stitch. When Nani breaks down, Stitch reminds Nani about ʻohana, a term for "family" he learned from Lilo, and convinces Jumba to help rescue Lilo. Jumba, Pleakley, Stitch, and Nani give chase in Jumba's spaceship and rescue Lilo.

text: The Grand Councilwoman appears and prepares to take Stitch into custody and retire Gantu for kidnapping Lilo, but Lilo insists that, as Stitch is her pet under local law, he cannot be taken away. Impressed with Stitch's newfound civility and empathy, the Councilwoman decrees that Stitch will live in exile on Earth and be entrusted into the care of Lilo and Nani, and asks Cobra, who is revealed to be a former CIA agent whom she met in 1973, to watch over them. Together, they rebuild the house, and Jumba and Pleakley become members of Lilo and Stitch's family. The film ends with various footage and pictures of Stitch and his new family's life together.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Chris Sanders as Experiment 626/Stitch, a blue koala-like illegal genetic experiment with the ability to create untold chaos. Alex Kupershmidt served as the supervising animator for Stitch.
Daveigh Chase as Lilo Pelekai, an eccentric young Hawaiian girl on the island of Kaua'i who adopts Stitch as her pet dog. Andreas Deja served as the supervising animator for Lilo Pelekai.
Tia Carrere as Nani Pelekai, Lilo's stressed-out older sister and Lilo's legal guardian after the death of her and Lilo's parents in a car accident. Stephane Sainte-Foi served as the supervising animator for Nani Pelekai.
David Ogden Stiers as Dr. Jumba Jookiba, a Kweltikwan mad scientist employed by Galaxy Defense Industries who creates Stitch. Bolhem Bouchiba served as the supervising animator for Dr. Jumba Jookiba.
Kevin McDonald as Agt. Wendell Pleakley, a Plorgonarian Galactic Federation agent who acts as the expert of Earth. Ruben A. Aquino served as the supervising animator for Pleakley.
Ving Rhames as Cobra Bubbles, a former CIA agent once involved in the Roswell UFO incident who is assigned as a social worker for Lilo. Byron Howard served as the supervising animator for Cobra Bubbles.
Kevin Michael Richardson as Captain Gantu, the respected but arrogant Shaelik second-in-command of the Galactic Federation.
Zoe Caldwell as the Grand Councilwoman, the Gray leader of the Galactic Federation.
Jason Scott Lee as David Kawena, Nani's hapless surfer friend. Ruben A. Aquino served as the supervising animator for David.
Miranda Paige Walls as Mertle Edmonds, Lilo's classmate from their hālau hula who despises and derides her.
Amy Hill as Mrs. Hasagawa, an elderly woman who runs a fruit stand.
Susan Hegarty as Rescue Lady, who runs the animal shelter where Lilo adopts Stitch.

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Production of Lilo & Stitch began with then-Disney CEO Michael Eisner deciding that, in the wake of a number of high-profile and large-budget Disney animated features during the mid-1990s, the studio might try its hand at a smaller and less expensive film.[4] The idea was inspired by the production of Dumbo, an economically-made 1941 Walt Disney film produced in the wake of the more expensive Pinocchio and Fantasia. Chris Sanders, a head storyboard artist at Disney Feature Animation, was approached to pitch an idea. Sanders had created the character of Stitch in 1985 for an unsuccessful children's book pitch, and developed a treatment for an animated feature featuring the character.[4] The story line required a remote, non-urban location, so the movie was originally intended to take place in Kansas.[5] Sanders's decision to change the film's setting to the Hawaiian island of Kauaʻi was an important choice in defining the plot more clearly. No other animated feature had ever taken place on any of the Hawaiian islands before.[5] In Sanders's words:

text: Animation has been set so much in ancient, medieval Europe — so many fairy tales find their roots there, that to place it in Hawaiʻi was kind of a big leap. But that choice went to color the entire movie, and rewrite the story for us.

text: Writing[edit]

text: Dean DeBlois, who had co-written Mulan (1998) with Sanders, was brought on to co-write and co-direct Lilo & Stitch, while Disney executive Clark Spencer was assigned to produce. Unlike several previous and concurrent Disney Feature Animation productions, the Lilo & Stitch pre-production team remained relatively small and isolated from upper management until the film went into full production.[6] The character and set designs were based upon Chris Sanders's personal artistic style.[4]

text: While the animation team visited Kauaʻi to research the locale, their tour guide explained the meaning of ʻohana as it applies to extended families. This concept of ʻohana became an important part of the movie. DeBlois recalls:

text: No matter where we went, our tour guide seemed to know somebody. He was really the one who explained to us the Hawaiian concept of ʻohana, a sense of family that extends far beyond your immediate relatives. That idea so influenced the story that it became the foundation theme, the thing that causes Stitch to evolve despite what he was created to do, which is destroy.

text: The island of Kauaʻi had previously been featured in such films as Raiders of the Lost Ark and those from the Jurassic Park trilogy. The Disney animators faced the daunting task of meshing the film's plot, which showed the impoverished and dysfunctional life that many Hawaiians lived during the then-recent economic downturn, with the island's serene beauty. The actors voicing the film's young adults Nani and David, Tia Carrere, a native of Honolulu, and Jason Scott Lee, who was raised in Hawaii, assisted with rewriting the Hawaiian characters' dialogue in the proper colloquial dialect and adding Hawaiian slang.

text: One innovative and unique aspect of the film was its strong focus on the relationship between two sisters, Lilo and Nani. Making the relationship between sisters into a major plot element is very rare in American animated films.[7]:13

text: Design and animation[edit]

text: In a deviation from several decades' worth of Disney features, Sanders and DeBlois chose to use watercolor painted backgrounds for Lilo & Stitch, as opposed to the traditional gouache technique.[4] While watercolors had been used for the early Disney animated shorts, as well as the early Disney features Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937), Pinocchio (1940), and Dumbo (1941), the technique had been largely abandoned by the mid-1940s in favor of less complicated media such as gouache. Sanders preferred that watercolors be used for Lilo & Stitch to evoke both the bright look of a storybook and the art direction of Dumbo, requiring the background artists to be trained in working with the medium.[4] The character designs were based around Sanders's personal drawing style, eschewing the traditional Disney house style.[4] The film's extraterrestrial elements, such as the spaceships, were designed to resemble marine life, such as whales and crabs.[8]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: Teaser trailers for the film parody trailers for other Disney films (three of which Sanders previously worked on) from the Disney Renaissance: Beauty and the Beast, Aladdin, The Little Mermaid  and The Lion King. These are called "Inter-Stitch-als" and are featured on Disney's official site as well as on the film's respective DVD release. The original actors were brought back to reprise their roles and were shocked when asked to act negatively towards Stitch.  The trailers also include the AC/DC song track "Back in Black." In the United Kingdom, Lilo & Stitch trailers and TV ads featured a cover of Elvis' song "Suspicious Minds", performed by Gareth Gates, who became famous on the UK TV program Pop Idol. The marketing campaign presented Stitch as the sort of "Disney Family Black Sheep". As a promotional campaign, comics of Lilo & Stitch were run in Disney Adventures prior to the film's release. The comics detailed events leading up to the film for both title characters, including the creation and escape of Stitch. These events were later contradicted by the sequel Lilo & Stitch 2: Stitch Has a Glitch rendering the comics non-canonical, but is notable to the series as introducing Experiment 625, Reuben, who was made a main character in the subsequent movies and TV series. The comic series has been released as a collective volume titled Comic Zone Volume 1: Lilo & Stitch.

text: Deleted scenes[edit]

text: Several major elements of the film changed during production. Originally, Stitch was the leader of an intergalactic gang, and Jumba was one of his former cronies summoned by the Intergalactic Council to capture Stitch.[4] Test audience response to early versions of the film resulted in the change of Stitch and Jumba's relationship to that of creation and creator, respectively.[4] The biggest change came to the film's third act, which had Stitch, Nani,  Jumba and Pleakley hijacking a Boeing 747 jet from Lihue Airport and flying it through downtown Honolulu to save Lilo. Following the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center, this sequence was revised so that Stitch instead flew a spaceship through the mountains of Kauaʻi. This revision was done primarily by replacing the CGI model of the 747 with that of Jumba's spaceship, with only a few shots in the sequence fully re-animated.[4] Another scene that was deleted was one of Lilo's attempts to make Stitch into a model citizen by notifying tourists on the beach about the tsunami warning sirens, which she knows are being tested that day. The original version of Jumba attacking Stitch in Lilo's home was found to be too violent by test audiences, and was revised to make it more comedic. There was also a scene in which Lilo introduces Stitch to Pudge the fish, which ultimately leads to the fish's death. Lilo then takes Pudge's body to the same graveyard where her parents were buried, and thus Stitch learns the consequences of his actions and gains a better understanding of mortality. A scene was removed where Nani brings Lilo pizza and then Lilo tells herself a bedtime story about a friendly and stinky bear named Toaster. It was replaced with the scene where Lilo and Nani talk about being family because test audiences had mistaken Nani for Lilo's mother. The trial scene originally had Stitch as the defendant, and Jumba is not present. This was changed because of the film directors thought the Intergalactic Council had to blame him for creating Stitch.

text: Release[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Lilo & Stitch opened in second place with $35.3 million in its first weekend, less than $500,000 behind the film Minority Report. In its second week it fell to third, again behind the Steven Spielberg film coming in second. The film earned $145.8 million in the United States and Canada, and $127.3 million internationally, totaling $273.1 million globally.[1] Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold over 25 million tickets during its original run.[1]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Lilo & Stitch received largely positive reception. Rotten Tomatoes reported that the film has an 86% "Certified Fresh" approval rating based on 145 reviews, with an average score of 7.3/10. The site's consensus reads, "Edgier than traditional Disney fare, Lilo and Stitch explores issues of family while providing a fun and charming story."[9] The film has also earned a score of 73 on Metacritic.[10] Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 3.5 stars out of 4 and wrote "It's one of the most charming feature-length cartoons of recent years—funny, sassy, startling, original and with six songs by Elvis".[11] The film's success spawned a Lilo & Stitch franchise, with three sequel films and three television series.

text: Peter M. Nichols states that through the character of Nani and her struggles, the film appeals to older children better than such attempts by the studio to do so as The Emperor's New Groove, Atlantis: The Lost Empire, and Treasure Planet.[12]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Lilo & Stitch was released on VHS and DVD on December 3, 2002.[13] In 2009, a special 2-disc DVD "Big Wave Edition" was released featuring a making-of documentary, more deleted scenes including the original climax with the plane hijacking, a number of behind-the-scenes featurettes, and some games.[14] The film was released on Blu-ray on June 11, 2013 in a 2-Movie Collection with its sequel Lilo & Stitch 2: Stitch Has a Glitch.[15]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Lilo & Stitch: An Original Walt Disney Records Soundtrack
Soundtrack album by Various artistsReleased
June 11, 2002Recorded
2001-2002Genre
Rock, country rock, popLength
34:47Label
Walt DisneyProducer
Chris Montan (executive)Lilo & Stitch music chronology

Lilo & Stitch(2002)

Lilo & Stitch 2: Island Favorites(2005)Lilo & Stitch 2: Island Favorites2005

Walt Disney Animation Studios chronology

Atlantis: The Lost Empire(2001) Atlantis: The Lost Empire2001

Lilo & Stitch: An Original Walt Disney Records Soundtrack(2002) Lilo & Stitch: An Original Walt Disney Records Soundtrack2002

Treasure Planet(2002) Treasure Planet2002

Singles from Lilo & Stitch

"Can't Help Falling in Love"Released: October 29, 2002

text: Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusic[16]

text: Lilo & Stitch: An Original Walt Disney Records Soundtrack is the soundtrack to Disney's 2002 animated feature Lilo & Stitch. It contains two original songs from the film written by Mark Kealiʻi Hoʻomalu and Alan Silvestri (the film's composer), and performed by Kealiʻi Hoʻomalu and the Kamehameha Schools children's chorus. Also contains five songs by American singer Elvis Presley, and two of his songs re-recorded by American singer Wynonna ("Burning Love"), British singer Gareth Gates ("Suspicious Minds", UK release) and Swedish group A*Teens ("Can't Help Falling in Love"). It was released by Walt Disney Records on June 11, 2002 on Audio CD and Compact Cassette. On June 23, 2003, the soundtrack album was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for sales of 1 million units.[17]

text: Track listing[edit]

text: No.TitlePerformerLength1."Hawaiian Roller Coaster Ride"Mark Kealiʻi Hoʻomalu, The Kamehameha Schools Children's Chorus3:282."Stuck on You"Elvis Presley2:253."Burning Love"Wynonna3:104."Suspicious Minds"Elvis Presley3:235."Heartbreak Hotel"Elvis Presley2:136."(You're the) Devil in Disguise"Elvis Presley2:307."He Mele No Lilo"Mark Kealiʻi Hoʻomalu, The Kamehameha Schools Children's Chorus2:288."Hound Dog"Elvis Presley2:279."Can't Help Falling in Love"A*Teens3:0710."Stitch to the Rescue (score)"Alan Silvestri5:5711."You Can Never Belong (score)"Alan Silvestri3:5612."I'm Lost (score)"Alan Silvestri4:43

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (2002)

Peak position

US Billboard 200

11

US Billboard Top Soundtracks

1

text: Certifications[edit]

text:
Region

Certification
Certified units/Sales

United States (RIAA)[17]

Platinum

1,000,000^

text: Sequels[edit]

text: On August 26, 2003, Disney released a direct-to-video sequel, Stitch! The Movie, which served as the pilot to a television series titled Lilo & Stitch: The Series. This series ran for 65 episodes between September 20, 2003 and July 29, 2006. The series carried on where the film left off and charted Lilo and Stitch's efforts to capture and rehabilitate Jumba's remaining experiments. The series, as well as the original parts of the franchise that focused on Lilo Pelekai and were set in Hawaii, ended with the television film Leroy & Stitch, which aired on June 23, 2006.

text: On August 30, 2005, Lilo & Stitch 2: Stitch Has a Glitch, another direct-to-video sequel to the film, was released. In this film (set between Lilo & Stitch and Stitch! The Movie), Stitch has a glitch because his molecules were never fully charged (this is contrary to an alternate opening, "Stitch's trial", which was seen on the DVD release of Lilo & Stitch). Lilo wants to win the May Day hula contest like her mother did in the 1970s, but Stitch continues to have outbursts. Lilo gets increasingly mad at Stitch as his glitch causes more problems for her and ruins her chances of winning the competition. She thinks Stitch is not cooperating properly, until she finds out that Stitch is dying. The Lilo & Stitch 2: Stitch Has a Glitch DVD also contained a short film, The Origin of Stitch, that served as a bridge between Stitch Has a Glitch and Stitch! The Movie.

text: In March 2008, Disney announced an anime based on the Lilo & Stitch franchise aimed at the Japanese market titled Stitch!. The anime, which ran as a series from October 2008 to March 2011, features a Japanese girl named Yuna Kamihara in place of Lilo, and is set on a fictional island in Okinawa Prefecture instead of Hawaii. This series was produced by Madhouse for its first two seasons, and Shin-Ei Animation for its third season and two post-series specials in 2012 and 2015.

text: In March 2017, a third animated television series based on the franchise titled Stitch & Ai debuted in China. Like with the Stitch! anime, it features a local girl named Wang Ai Ling instead of Lilo, and is set in the Huangshan mountains. Unlike Stitch!, however, this series was originally produced in English in co-operation with American animators (including those who worked on Lilo & Stitch: The Series) and then dubbed into its local language. Stitch & Ai is produced by Anhui Xinhua Media and Panimation Hwakai Media.

text: Video games[edit]

text: There were three official games released in 2002 to coincide with the film: Disney's Lilo & Stitch: Trouble in Paradise for PlayStation and Microsoft Windows, Disney's Lilo & Stitch for Game Boy Advance, and Disney's Stitch: Experiment 626 for PlayStation 2. Stitch is also a summonable character in Kingdom Hearts II and appears along with his homeworld in Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep for the PlayStation Portable. Lilo and Stitch both appear in the Nintendo 3DS game Disney Magical World and its sequel. Stitch is also a playable character in the Disney Infinity series in the second game, Disney Infinity: Marvel Super Heroes, and the series' third and final game, Disney Infinity 3.0. He was also a meet and greet character in Kinect: Disneyland Adventures.


document_title: Asbestos insulating board

question_text: asbestos insulating board (aib) was most widely used as

question_tokens: asbestos insulating board ( aib ) was most widely used as

root

text: Asbestos insulating board

text: This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: Asbestos insulating board, also known as "AIB" or by the trade name "Asbestolux", was an asbestos containing board used in the building trade because of its excellent fire resistance and heat insulating properties. These boards were commonly used in the UK from the 1930s up until production was terminated in 1980. AIB tended to contain 25-40% asbestos, with amosite being the most common form of asbestos used, although a mixture of amosite and chrysotile was also common, and crocidolite was sometimes used in older boards and some marine boards.

tag: p

text: AIB is softer, more porous and less dense than asbestos cement. This and the fact it contains between two and three times more asbestos than cement makes it far more friable and thus a greater health risk if the boards are disturbed or in poor condition.

text:
This material-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

v
t
e

text: Building insulation materialsAsbestosMaterials stubs

tag: ul

text: Articles lacking sources from May 2013All articles lacking sourcesAll stub articles


document_title: Moonwalk (dance)

question_text: what kind of dance did michael jackson do

text: Moonwalk (dance)

text: The moonwalk is a dance move in which the dancer moves backwards while seemingly walking forwards.[1] A popping move, it became popular around the world after Michael Jackson performed the dance move during a performance of "Billie Jean" on Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever on March 25, 1983. This special was broadcast May 16, 1983.[2] It subsequently became his signature move.[3][4]

text: Technique[edit]

text: An illusion is involved in creating the appearance of the dancer gliding backwards. Initially, the front foot is held flat on the ground, while the back foot is in a tiptoe position. The flat front foot remains on the ground but is slid lightly and smoothly backward past the tip-toe back foot. What is now the front foot is lowered flat, while the back foot is raised into the tiptoe position. These steps are repeated over and over creating the illusion that the dancer is being pulled backwards by an unseen force while trying to walk forward. Variations of this move allow moonwalking to appear to glide forward, sideways, or even in a circle.

text: History[edit]

text: There are many recorded instances of the moonwalk; similar steps are reported as far back as 1932, used by Cab Calloway.[5] In 1985, Calloway said that the move was called "The Buzz" when he and others performed it in the 1930s.[6][7]

text: In 1944, Judy Garland and Margaret O'Brien featured something like the move in their performance of "Under the Bamboo Tree" in Meet Me in St. Louis, though their performance lacks the illusion created by the genuine moonwalk.[8]

text: In the 1950s, Dick Van Dyke performed a similar variation of the moonwalk and camel walk in his comedy routine called "Mailing A Letter On A Windy Corner".

text: In 1955, it was recorded in a performance by tap dancer Bill Bailey. He performs a tap routine, and at the end, backslides into the wings.[9] The French mime artist Marcel Marceau used it throughout his career (from the 1940s through the 1980s), as part of the drama of his mime routines. In Marceau's "Walking Against the Wind" routine, he pretends to be pushed backwards by a gust of wind.[10]

text: In 1958, Mexican dancer-comedian Adalberto Martinez "Resortes" also performed the moonwalk in the film Colegio de Verano (Summer School).

text: In a November 1969 episode of H.R. Pufnstuf, Judy the Frog teaches everyone a new dance called "The Moonwalk", which includes two instances of a stationary moonwalk.[11]

text: 1972 Lucie Arnaz in Here's Lucy Episode 9 of Season 5 "Lucy and Jim Bailey" Lucie does the Moonwalk whilst singing "Fever" with Jim Bailey

text: Choreographer Bob Fosse moonwalks in his role as the Snake in the 1974 film "The Little Prince". [12]

text: It has also a been acknowledged that the professional wrestlers Michael "Pure Sexy" Hayes, Terry Gordy, and Buddy Roberts started doing the moonwalk as their trademark ring entrance by 1979 when they formed a wrestling stable known as The Fabulous Freebirds.[13]

text: James Brown used the move[14] and can be seen performing it in the 1980 film The Blues Brothers. In 1981 in the promotional single and music video Crosseyed and Painless by new wave band Talking Heads, authentic street dancers, picked by David Byrne, are featuring, including Stephen "Skeeter Rabbit" Nichols doing the moonwalk.[15] It reached to 20 on the US dance charts. Another early moonwalker was popper and singer Jeffrey Daniel, who moonwalked in a performance of Shalamar's "A Night To Remember" on Top of the Pops in the UK in 1982[16] and was known to perform backslides in public performances (including weekly Soul Train episodes) as far back as 1974. Michael Jackson was a fan of Jeffrey Daniel's dancing and would eventually seek him out.

text: Also in 1982, Debbie Allen performs a moonwalk during a scene with Gwen Verdon in Season 1, Episode 10 ("Come One, Come All") of the TV series Fame.[17]

text: In Flashdance, the move was used in the B-boy scene, where Rock Steady Crew's Mr. Freeze (Marc Lemberger), with an umbrella prop, mimed the wind blowing him backward as he first walks forward, fighting the wind, then starts moonwalking backwards. Mr. Freeze's version was also shown in the first hip hop movie Wild Style and Malcolm McLaren film clip "Buffalo Gals".[18]

text: Jeffrey Daniel taught Michael Jackson the moonwalk. He saw Jeffrey do the moonwalk dance on Soul Train, so he had his manager call Soul Train to introduce him to the dancer. Jeffrey was touring with Shalamar at the time so Cooley Jackson and Caszper Candidate went to teach Jackson. However, Michael was not able to pick up and master the technique until Jeffrey returned from tour and worked with him.[citation needed] The dance was popularized in 1983 when Jackson performed it during a television special, Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever, on March 25 of that year. Dressed in his signature black trousers, silver socks, silver shirt, black-sequined jacket, sequined glove, and black fedora, Jackson spun around, posed, and began moonwalking. Music critic Ian Inglis later wrote that Jackson encapsulated a long tradition of African-American dance movements in that one performance.[14] The audience cheered Michael's moonwalk. Moonwalking received widespread attention, and from then on, the moonwalk became Jackson's signature move for his song "Billie Jean". Nelson George said that Jackson's rendition "combined Jackie Wilson's athleticism with James Brown's camel walk". Michael Jackson's autobiography was titled Moonwalk, and he also starred in a 1988 film titled Moonwalker.

text: In the 1984 movie Streets of Fire, actor and performer Stoney Jackson executed a moonwalk as the leader of a fictional group, The Sorels, who lip-synced to the Dan Hartman song "I Can Dream About You".

text: Alexei Kovalev has been known for using the moonwalk in his National Hockey League career.[19] He performed the move after scoring a goal on February 7, 2001, and on January 3, 2010. Kovalev moonwalked onto the ice after being named one of the stars of the game and again after scoring in a 2008 celebrity charity soccer game.


document_title: List of Mama's Family characters

question_text: who played leonard oates on mama's family

question_tokens: who played leonard oates on mama 's family

text: List of Mama's Family characters

text: Thelma Harper (Mama)[edit]

text: See Thelma Harper

text: Eunice Harper Higgins[edit]

text: See Eunice Harper Higgins

text: Vinton Harper[edit]

text:
Vinton Harper

First appearance
"Vint and the Kids Move In"

Last appearance
"Bye-bye–Baby!"

Portrayed by
Ken Berry
David Friedman as Young Vint Harper

Information

Aliases
Vinton Ray Harper (birth name)

Gender
Male

Occupation
Locksmith

Family
Thelma Harper (mother)
Carl Harper (father; deceased)
Ellen Jackson (sister)
Eunice Higgins (sister)

Spouse(s)
Mitzi Harper (divorced)
Naomi Oates (current)

Children
Sonja Harper (daughter, with Mitzi)
Vinton "Buzz" Harper, Jr. (son, with Mitzi)
Tiffany Thelma Harper (daughter, with Naomi)

Relatives
Aunt Fran Crowley (aunt)
Ed Higgins (brother-in-law)
Bubba Higgins (nephew)
Billy Joe Higgins (nephew)

text: Vinton Ray Harper, played by actor Ken Berry, was the youngest of the three children of Thelma Harper and her late husband, Carl. Vint was born on March 10. As a child and as an adult, he was often at the mercy of his older sisters, snobbish Ellen and temperamental, tempestuous Eunice.

text: Vint worked as a locksmith at a store called Kwik Keys. Prior to the series' run, Vint and his former wife, Mitzi, had two children, Vinton "Buzz" Harper, Jr. and Sonja Harper. Mitzi had just abandoned Vinton and her family to move to Las Vegas as the series began, finding work there as a cocktail waitress, and Vint and his two children moved in with his mother after being evicted from their house. He soon reconnected with former schoolmate, and his mother's next door neighbor, Naomi Oates. They fell in love after a one-night stand, exacerbating the neighborly rivalry between Thelma and Naomi, and they married in his mother's house. Their plan after marriage had been to move to Arizona to run a trailer park, but their business partner absconded with their money, leaving them destitute with no other alternative but to move into his mother's basement.

text: During the NBC run of the series (1983-1984), Vint was portrayed as clumsy, temperamental and unafraid of confrontation. As a blue-collar worker from the heartland, a few episodes during the NBC run revolved around his family's inability to act with grace and class in public, much to the embarrassment of the more cultured members of the family. This changed during the series' run in syndication (1986-1990), when Vint was portrayed as dumbfounded and naïve, with a peaceable demeanor and a fear of confrontation.

text: Toward the end of the third season, Vint became a member of the Mystic Knights of the Cobras, a fictitious men's order similar to the Shriners and the Elks Club.

text: A running gag throughout the series was that the Vint and Naomi characters were relegated to living in his mother's basement while other family members occupied the rooms upstairs. When the series began running in syndication, Vint's children Buzz and Sonja had moved out of the house and his aunt (Thelma's sister Fran) had recently died. The season three premiere had Vint's nephew Bubba Higgins, the son of Eunice and Ed Higgins, released from juvenile hall to Thelma's custody after his parents had left Raytown for Florida; Bubba was given Fran's spacious room, complete with pink floral wallpaper. A season four episode addressed the unusual living arrangements between the family members as they switched rooms, but Vint and his wife ultimately chose to move back into the basement and remained there without further complaint. In the penultimate episode of the series, Vint and Naomi finally moved out of the basement and into a recreational vehicle parked in his mother's driveway.

text: A recurring theme throughout the fifth season had Vint and his wife planning and attempting to conceive a child, culminating in the announcement at the season finale that Naomi was pregnant. The sixth season saw the family's preparation for the upcoming new addition, and the series ended with Naomi giving birth to a daughter, Tiffany Thelma Harper.

text: Naomi Harper[edit]

text: This television-related article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in-universe style. Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective. (October 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Naomi Harper

First appearance
"Vint and the Kids Move In"

Last appearance
"Bye-bye–Baby!"

Portrayed by
Dorothy Lyman

Information

Nickname(s)
"Skeeter"

Aliases
Naomi Oates

Occupation
Cashier at Food Circus
Assistant Manager at Food Circus

Spouse(s)
Vinton Harper,
Leonard Oates (ex-husband),
Tommy Ray/Lee (ex-husband)

Children
Tiffany Thelma Harper (daughter)
Vinton Harper Jr. AKA Buzz (step-son)
Sonja Harper (step-daughter)

Relatives
Thelma Harper (mother-in-law),
Bubba Higgins (nephew),
Ellen Jackson (sister-in-law),
Eunice Higgins (sister-in-law),
Ed Higgins (brother-in-law)

text: Naomi Harper (formerly Oates), played by actress-director Dorothy Lyman, was the second wife of Vinton Harper and the bane of Thelma Harper's existence. Thelma thinks that Naomi is a floozy; but Vint adores her and calls her "Skeeter". At first, Naomi was Thelma's neighbor, always complaining about the sap from Thelma's tree dripping on her car, but later she becomes family. Naomi is a very amorous, touchy-feely woman, who's often seen openly showing her love and affection towards Vint by rubbing and feeling all over him. She almost always either wears the color yellow and/or off-the-shoulder dresses and blouses.

text: She met Vint, an old schoolmate, after he moved in with his mother, and the two hit it off. They even shared a night together, which infuriated Thelma.

text: In fact, her wedding ceremony was almost ruined by the over-the-top antics of her hateful sister-in-law, Eunice Harper Higgins. Eunice begged both Vint and Naomi to let her sing. Naomi reluctantly agreed, basically to keep Eunice quiet. However, the straw broke for Eunice when Naomi showed her a ring that her mother had given Vint. It turned out to be a sapphire ring that had belonged to her father, which she had coveted for some time. Naomi tied the ring around her neck (it was the something old, something borrowed and something blue, her dress was the something new).

text: This led to Eunice going off on every single member of her family, particularly her mother, leading Ed, Eunice's long-suffering husband, to carry her out of the house. During this argument, Naomi wasn't spared Eunice's tongue-lashing and neither was Vinton. She called her younger brother, "Tinker Bell" and referred to Naomi as a "recycled bride". This set the stage for animosity between Eunice and Naomi.

text: At first, Naomi, with Vint and her new family, was set to move to Arizona to run a trailer park, but her so-called "partner" ran off with the money she had made selling her house.

text: Naomi worked as a cashier at Food Circus, a local grocery store in Raytown, and continued to do so, even after her marriage. She later was promoted to Assistant Manager. She worked under three managers, Mr. Frank Palmer (who hired Thelma Harper as head of customer relations), Mr. Carruthers and Mr. Archie Woods, who sexually harassed Naomi.

text: She had been married two previous times, most notably to Leonard Oates (played by Jerry Reed), but despite that, Vint is her soul-mate and the love of her life. She and Vint remain a solid couple, even though neighbor Iola Boylen makes no secret of her lifelong crush on Vint.

text: Although she established a bond between her and her two stepchildren, (from Vint's first marriage) Vinton "Buzz" Harper, Jr. and Sonja Harper; she had her own child by Vint, Tiffany Thelma Harper, who was named in part after her grandmother. After years of living in the basement of the Harper home, they purchased a trailer and lived in the backyard, out of the house, but never out of Thelma's shadow.

text: The character of Naomi underwent a change after the series went to first-run syndication. Naomi became less assertive and more dumb. During the run on NBC, Naomi was not shown to be a pushover and quite often stood up to Mama. Indeed, at one point she sued Mama. This side of Naomi was dropped when the series entered syndication.

text: There is also a continuity error with how many prior times Naomi has been married. Most say Vinton was her third marriage but several instances (such as in the episode regarding the chili cook-off), Naomi names four prior ex-husbands so that would make Vinton her fifth. Naomi says she married Tommy Lee when she was 17, then names Rick, Leonard and George as her other husbands. It was Leonard (played by Jerry Reed) who had the last name of Oates.

text: Naomi boasts about her cooking, but it's really canned food with a few added ingredients. Her "Famous International Stew" is canned stew, canned peas, canned Mexican corn, canned sauerkraut and SpaghettiOs. Another time is when Mama, Iola and Naomi competed in a chili cookoff, Naomi's ingredients consisted of canned chili, Beer Nuts, beef jerky, and Fritos. Despite having limited cooking skills, Naomi briefly worked as a caterer with disastrous results.

text: Vinton "Buzz" Harper, Jr.[edit]

text: Vinton Harper Jr. , better known by his nickname, "Buzz", played by actor Eric Brown, was the youngest of the two children of Vinton Harper and his first wife, Mitzi. Right after Mitzi had run off to Las Vegas to work in show business, (in actuality, she worked at a bar as a cocktail waitress) he, along with his father and his sister, Sonja Harper moved in with his grandmother, Thelma Harper, after they were evicted from their house. He shared a very good relationship with his grandmother and great-aunt Fran Crowley.

text: The reason for this is that he didn't constantly drive his grandmother crazy as Sonja was often wont to do, and as his father had to his mother when he was Buzz's age. He found favor with Aunt Fran because they shared a bathroom and at least, he was extremely neat and orderly, unlike Sonja. Buzz was that he was extremely obedient, patient and was always willing to do the right thing. Although he could be head-strong, like most of his family, he was never outright mean.

text: This didn't please Sonja, who like her aunts before her, felt that he was overshadowing her.

text: Buzz also seemed to have a close bond with his grandmother. One example was when she was lining up help to clean the attic. After everyone else gave some ridiculous and even some not-so-subtle excuses for not wanting to doing so, Buzz said that he had no excuse and therefore would help her. "You've got no imagination, Buzz" his grandmother said, "but I love you."

text: Together the two shared stories from her earlier days when his dad and aunts were children, and even though they never got the attic (where Buzz slept) cleaned up, both enjoyed the day. As it turned out, it was a surprise for Thelma, who received a freezer that she had coveted for a long time as a birthday present, and everyone had pitched in.

text: Another sore spot with Sonja was that even though she was older, she perceived Buzz to be favored by his father. In fact, he told his father, after he had told them that he was planning to remarry, that no matter what situations that he dragged them into, that they were his for the dragging. In his mind, other fathers would have given up on them and dumped them, but his father never did, and that was good enough for him.

text: Buzz and Sonja were on the receiving end of their sharp-tongued aunt, Eunice Harper Higgins's ire when she told them to "go soak their heads in Clearasil!!" This occurred at Vint and Naomi's wedding.

text: After two years of living with his grandmother, he and Sonja moved to an unknown location and did not appear in the syndicated episodes. The only mention of Buzz and Sonja was in the first syndicated episode, when Thelma lamented that they could not attend Fran's funeral. They did establish a bond with their father's second wife, Naomi Harper, however. In fact, Buzz outright said that he liked Naomi.

text: Ellen Harper[edit]

text: This television-related section describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in-universe style. Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective. (October 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Ellen Harper Jackson

First appearance
The Carol Burnett Show
(November 22, 1975)

Last appearance
Episode: "Best Medicine"
(July 1986)

Portrayed by
Betty White

Information

Aliases
Mary Ellen Harper (birth name)

Gender
Female

Occupation
Socialite

Family
Carl Harper (father; deceased)
Thelma Harper (mother)
Eunice Higgins
Vinton Harper

Spouse(s)
Bruce Jackson (divorced)

Children
Mary Beth Jackson
Debbie Jackson (daughters with Bruce; mentioned on The Carol Burnett Show)

Relatives
Fran Crowley (maternal aunt; deceased)
Bubba Higgins (nephew)
Sonja Harper (niece)
(Tiffany Thelma Harper) (niece)
Buzz Harper (nephew)
Billy Joe Higgins (nephew)

text: Ellen Jackson (née Mary Ellen Harper), who made sporadic appearances in the sketch comedy, The Family, and its spin-off sitcom, Mama's Family, was played by Betty White.

text: Ellen was born on June 30 in Raytown and is the oldest of Carl Harper and Thelma Crowley Harper's three children. Even as a child, her snobbish tendencies asserted themselves. Typically, she prefers not to associate with anyone in her family unless it benefits her in some way. She was married to an often spoken of but never seen husband named Bruce Jackson, whom she later divorced. Her ability to do anything well irritated her resentful younger sister, Eunice, to no end. This, added to the fact that Ellen was Carl and Thelma's clear favorite, added to the explosive rivalry between the two sisters. Ellen later learned of Bruce's infidelity from Eunice, who gleefully exposed it to her face the night before Vint and Naomi's wedding. Ellen's relationship with her brother Vinton "Vint" Harper tends to be amicable, although like the rest of the family, she usually dismisses him for being a bit dim.

text: Shortly after her divorce from Bruce Jackson, Ellen began to date a much younger man named Glenn, to which Thelma vehemently objected. She later began seeing Alvin Tutweiler, mayor of Raytown. Ellen saw him as the ticket back into the high society that she missed since her divorce. When confronted on this conniving by her mother, she flippantly replied: "it worked for Nancy Reagan." Ellen was clearly resentful towards her mother when she decided to run against her boyfriend for mayor. Despite Ellen's conniving, Thelma won the Mayor's race. However, Thelma realized that she couldn't run Raytown, so she relinquished the Mayor's office back to Tutweiler.

text: When the show went into syndication, it was presumed that Ellen still lived in Raytown as she was frequently mentioned but seen in only one episode after the second season. Betty White was, by this time, starring in The Golden Girls.

text: Despite being her mother's favorite, Ellen (like her siblings) isn't spared Thelma's criticism, insults or wrath. When Fran died and Ellen did not attend her funeral, this caused a huge rift in Thelma and Ellen's relationship, and Thelma threatened to not speak to her again. Afterwards, Ellen made an attempt to mend fences with her mother by showing up with a peace offering, but Thelma remained unmoved and ordered her out of the house. Thelma let go of her animosity when she soon after learned that Ellen had been checked into the hospital for surgery (in reality, she had a mere fanny tuck). It was there that Thelma admitted to Ellen that she had always favored her the best of her three kids. That was the last appearance for Ellen's character in the series.

text: Ellen was chosen as Raytown Country Club's Woman of the Year, and was embarrassed when Thelma, Vint, and Naomi showed up at the awards ceremony. She has also dated a successful businessman named Glenn, who was so young that Thelma observed "She's old enough to have lived two of his lives."

text: However, in "The Family" sketches on the Carol Burnett Show, Ellen has no qualms about snapping back at her mother, when she is annoyed with her. In those sketches, she was also near gleeful whenever she got something that Eunice wanted, like a Tiffany lampshade or a box of fine china. She also tended to rub it into Eunice's face that she was favored, and Eunice was not.

text: In The Family sketches, her husband's name was Arthur and they had two spoiled daughters, named Mary Beth and Debbie.

text: Ed Higgins[edit]

text: Ed Higgins is a character in "The Family" sketches on The Carol Burnett Show and, to a lesser extent, on the sitcom spinoff Mama's Family. In both cases, he was played by Harvey Korman.

text: Among other things, Ed is a fiercely ill-tempered, slovenly, unsuccessful buffoon in The Family sketches. In his appearances on Mama's Family, however, the intensity of the character is toned down and he is more of an affable, buffoonish dolt. Ed is the owner of Central Hardware store in Raytown. He was married to the most trying of women, Eunice Harper Higgins. They eloped, much against her mother Thelma Harper's wishes, and that set up years of contention. In his wife's eyes, he was an inconsiderate, worthless goon. At the hardware store, he had an assistant named Mickey Hart (Tim Conway). Mickey was only seen on The Carol Burnett Show.

text: Ed was asked by his brother in-law's soon-to-be wife, Naomi Harper to give her away at her wedding. This earned him the wrath of Eunice, who wanted to sing at the wedding but was turned down by almost everyone in the family.

text: During the wedding, Eunice decided to destroy the festivities, by railing and ranting at every member of her family, because once again, she was overshadowed by them.

text: However, it is possible Ed has some relief from Eunice in the form of prostitutes. We know this from the episode where Thelma and Eunice are in jail together, with a prostitute who sets them both straight (briefly). When Ed comes to bail the women out, he and the prostitute recognize each other suggestively.

text: The couple, for all their contention, had a son, Bubba. They ultimately abandoned Bubba while he was in juvenile hall, moving to Florida without telling him. Neither Ed or Eunice appeared in any syndicated episodes.

text: Bubba Higgins[edit]

text:
Bubba Higgins

First appearance
"Farewell Frannie"

Last appearance
"Bye Bye Baby"

Created by
Dick Clair

Portrayed by
Allan Kayser

Information

Occupation
College student

Family
Eunice Higgins (mother)
Ed Higgins (father)
Billy Joe Higgins (brother)

Relatives
Thelma Harper, neé Crowley (grandmother)
Carl Harper (grandfather; deceased)
Vint Harper (uncle)
Naomi Harper (aunt)
Vinton "Buzz" Harper, Jr. (cousin)
Sonja Harper (cousin)
Tiffany Thelma Harper (cousin)
Ellen Jackson (aunt)
Bruce Jackson (former uncle)
Fran Crowley (great-aunt; deceased)

text: Bubba Higgins is a fictional character in the television situation comedy, Mama's Family. He was played by Allan Kayser.

text: Bubba Higgins was the son of Ed and Eunice Higgins. Some time prior to his first appearance, he had stolen a car, and was sent to juvenile hall.

text: He was released early on good behavior, only to return home and find that it was locked up. During Fran's wake, Bubba was told that his parents had basically left him in Raytown while they went off to Florida. This characteristically selfish act of Eunice's was enough to incur the wrath of her mother, Thelma Harper, who swore that she would kill Eunice for leaving Bubba in Raytown and also later for missing her own son's high school graduation.

text: Bubba was quite a contrast from his cousin, Vinton "Buzz" Harper, Jr.. Whereas Buzz was patient and easy to get along with, Bubba was a lot like his mother. He wasn't as selfish as she was, but he was temperamental and stubborn. He was also very girl-crazy, something that his grandmother couldn't understand. One time, she found a porno magazine in his bedroom, and she formed MOP (Mothers Opposing Pornography) to quash that.

text: Bubba's two best friends were Dwayne and T-Boy. Thelma thoroughly disliked the two from the outset, and often forbade Bubba from hanging out with them, but he usually wound up doing so and angering her in the process.

text: When he first arrived, he didn't win any favor with his uncle Vinton and aunt Naomi Harper, when he got the prized bedroom that was left open when Thelma's sister, Fran Crowley, died. Thelma had indeed promised him his own room. They had wanted that room, and were angered that Bubba got it, promise or no promise. They remained, under protest, in the basement.

text: Bubba nearly caused a serious breach in his relationship with his grandmother, when he came home drunk on a few beers. It hurt Thelma to see Bubba drunk and it reminded her all too clearly of the first time Eunice drank. During a mother-daughter banquet, where Eunice and Thelma were supposed to sing "MOTHER," they instead got into a violent argument about all the things that her mother had thought she had done and wrecked. That was why Thelma was so strident against drinking. Iola had told Bubba, Vint and Naomi the story the day after Bubba's drinking incident and he tearfully apologized to Thelma, telling her she was the last person in the world he ever wanted to hurt. Thelma happily accepted and Bubba swore off drinking.

text: Although he regularly drives his family crazy, they truly love Bubba. He got through his probation, and started to attend junior college. By this time, he did break away from Dwayne and T-Boy. He was also instrumental in saving his grandmother's home, when he discovered that the house was a former brothel that the founder of Raytown had died in it. This made the house a Raytown historical landmark.

text: Aunt Fran Crowley[edit]

text:
Frances Marie Crowley

First appearance
"Vint and the Kids Move In" (January 1983)

Last appearance
"A Grave Mistake" (April 1984)

Created by
Dick Clair

Portrayed by
Rue McClanahan

Information

Nickname(s)
"Aunt Fran" (nickname)
"Fran" (nickname)
"Frannie" (nickname)

Occupation
Newspaper reporter
Freelance writer

Title
Miss Crowley

Family
Grandma Crowley (mother; deceased)
Grandpa Crowley (father; deceased)
Thelma Harper (sister)
Clyde Crowley (brother; lives in Amarillo, Texas)
Ellen Jackson (niece)
Eunice Higgins (niece)
Ed Higgins (nephew-in-law)
Vint Harper (nephew)
Naomi Harper (niece-in-law)
Sonja Harper (great-niece)
Buzz Harper (great-nephew)
Bubba Higgins (great-nephew)
Billy Joe Higgins (great-nephew)
Tiffany Thelma Harper (great-niece)

Relatives
Ina (aunt; deceased)
Gert Corey (cousin)
Don (uncle)
Lorraine (aunt)
Leroy (cousin; deceased)

text: Frances Marie Crowley, commonly known as "Aunt Fran", is a fictional character on the television series, Mama's Family. She was portrayed by Rue McClanahan during the show's first two seasons.

text: Fran is the uptight spinster younger sister of acid-tongued Thelma Harper. At first, she was the only one living with Thelma, until the arrival of her nephew, Vinton Harper and his children, Vinton "Buzz" Harper, Jr. and Sonja Harper. She was a reporter for one of Raytown's newspapers, "The Bugle". She was also a budding author, and had her own writing studio, which had been yanked from her by Thelma who needed the room for Sonja. (The room had originally belonged to Ellen Harper and Eunice Harper Higgins, Vinton's older sisters.)

text: At times, Fran had felt that her privacy had been invaded because of Vint and his family moving in, namely because Sonja had read her manuscript. Another particular cross was that she had to share a bathroom with the kids. At least Buzz kept his things in an orderly fashion and for this won favor from Fran, while Sonja was more messy and unorganized and therefore more frustrating to Fran.

text: Fran often stood up to her opinionated sister, although at times she would let her hair down and have some fun. She showed this side of herself when she indulged in some wine at the wedding preparations for Vint and Naomi Oates. Also, when she chaperoned Sonja's slumber party when Thelma was out of town.

text: However, after two seasons, (and because Rue McClanahan and Betty White, who played Ellen, had joined the cast of The Golden Girls since the NBC cancellation), Fran died as a result of swallowing a toothpick in the ladies room at the local bar and grill, The Bigger Jigger. Her room eventually went to her great-nephew, Bubba Higgins, which caused Vint and Naomi great consternation, since they had been angling for that room. McClanahan was actually unhappy with the role.[2]

text: Frances Crowley's Last Will and Testament[edit]

text: After Fran's funeral in "Farewell Frannie", it was later revealed in "Where There's a Will" that she left a last will and testament and Thelma contacted the executor of Fran's last will and testament, Larwin P. Finstadler. According to Finstadler, Aunt Fran was worth an estimated $35,000 dollars through six bank accounts, stock and land holdings.

text:
10% of her estate is set aside for her favorite charity, the Ray of Hope Home for Wayward Girls. ($3,500)
To her sister Thelma Harper, she is bequeathed half of the remainder of her estate. ($15,750)
To her nephew Vint Harper and niece-in-law Naomi Harper, they are bequeathed half of the remainder of her estate. ($15,750)

text: There is one stipulation that Thelma must fill out Fran's one final wish: which is to not lose her temper for a period of 2 weeks. If she failed, which she did, the entire estate would go to the Ray of Hope Home for Wayward Girls.

text: Iola Boylen[edit]

text:
Iola Lucille Boylen

First appearance
"Farewell, Frannie"

Last appearance
"Bye Bye Baby"

Portrayed by
Beverly Archer

Information

Nickname(s)
Miss Boylen

Gender
Female

Title
Miss Boylen

Family
Tommy Boylen (unknown relative)

Verne Boylen (brother)

Relatives
Vernilia Boylen (cousin)
Vernette Boylen (niece)

text: Iola Lucille Boylen, born on July 7 in Raytown a character on Mama's Family, was played by Beverly Archer during the series' syndicated run (1986-1990).

text: During the NBC years (1983-1984), there was no mention of Iola by name; however, various references to the Boylen family were made, including a "Tommy Boylen" and "Ms. Boylen," the latter who appeared briefly as a neighbor living across the street from Thelma Harper and her family. After Iola's introduction in season three, she was portrayed as having lived across the street from and knowing the Harper family for all of her life. With the exception of her niece, Vernette (played by Penelope Sudrow), the rest of her family members and the inside of her home were unseen. References were made throughout the series to her father and morbidly obese and disabled mother, Mr. and Mrs. Boylen, her brother Verne, and her cousin Vernelia, who worked at an adoption agency in the neighboring town of Hinckley. Thelma's daughter Ellen had limited interaction with Iola in the syndicated version of the series, and through flashbacks, it is revealed that Thelma's daughter Eunice disliked her. Thelma's grandson Bubba always referred to her as "Miss Boylen," and Iola's catchphrase was a friendly "Knock, knock!" whenever she entered the Harpers' house, usually around dinner time.

text: Iola would often be the only other person whom Thelma would spend time with, outside of her family. They would often be involved in civic work together, most notably the Church Ladies' League (CLL). Although the two women were best friends, multiple episodes and story lines would depict conflicts that would arise between the two when fighting over the same things (e.g., a position as president of the CLL; a rose-growing contest; a chili cook-off; a winning lottery ticket, etc.). When first introduced, the character of Iola seemed to be an antagonist for Mama, but this role was quickly dropped and most episodes depicted Iola as a second banana to Thelma in her schemes throughout the series' run.

text: From the character's introduction at the beginning of season three until the middle of season four, the Iola character was infatuated with Vinton, a crush that was revealed to have existed since they were children. Her open flirtatiousness around Vinton and her disdain of Naomi led to an acrimonious and somewhat formal relationship between the two women. However, after a season four episode ("I Do, I Don't") in which various characters fantasized about married life with the objects of their affections, Iola's attitude towards Vinton changed from that point forward in the series. With Iola no longer displaying any overt interest in Vinton, relations between her and Naomi greatly improved, with episodes in seasons five and six depicting the two women spending time together at the theater and the mall.

text: Iola was depicted as mobile, having the ability to drive a car and the church van, which were both never seen. As a home economics major, she was frequently portrayed as an excellent cook, baker, gardener, housekeeper, and sewer of clothes, drapes, and slipcovers. However, she was also a frequent maker of handicrafts that ranged from the impractical to the ridiculous; she would bestow these unwanted items regularly upon the Harper family, much to their chagrin. It was never explained if Iola ever had a job outside of her house, or if she was a full-time caregiver for her parents; in several episodes, Iola alluded to selling her handicrafts at events, and one episode had her almost getting a job as an inventor.

text: In every episode in which Iola appeared, her character wore pink gingham shirtwaist dresses. However, depending on the plot lines, she would also change from her everyday dress into pink overalls (when working in the garden), black gingham shirtwaist dresses (while in mourning for characters who had died, including her cat), and during dream sequences, a pink off-the-shoulder dress (in the style of Naomi) and a vixen dress (in film-noir femme-fatale style).

text: Lloyd Meechum[edit]

text: Rev. Lloyd Meechum was played by Earl Boen.

text: Lloyd Meechum is the reverend for the unnamed church Thelma Harper and her family attend. He is married to the often overbearing Alberta Meechum and has a grandson named Eugene. Reverend Meechum officiated at the wedding of Vinton "Vint" Harper and Naomi Harper as well as at Fran Crowley's funeral.

text: An incident with Eugene that warranted him the most time on the show. One Sunday in church, Eugene carved initials into the pews; and ran up and down, screaming and throwing paper airplanes at the choir. While the Harpers' behavior wasn't sterling, Mrs. Meechum was not willing to control Eugene's behavior. Then, while the Meechums were visiting shut-ins, the Harpers were saddled with Eugene.

text: Eugene doctored Thelma's stew with a bottle of hot sauce; locked Vint and his nephew, Bubba Higgins in the garage; and tormented Naomi, Thelma and Iola. There was no respite for the Harpers, since Lloyd was injured in the hospital.

text: Eugene tied up Thelma, and it took Lloyd and Alberta to untie the thoroughly livid Thelma. While she held Eugene down, Lloyd spanked him for kicking his sore leg.

text: Alberta Meechum[edit]

text: Alberta Meechum was played by Anne Haney.

text: Alberta is the catty, judgmental, and gossipy wife of the reverend Lloyd Meechum. As a church leader, she was well known in her parish. She was a former president of the Church Ladies League, or the CLL. She was also stuck-up by virtue of her strong position in the church. This allowed her to somewhat control her husband. Because of her nature, she was considered Thelma Harper's nemesis.

text: When Thelma made an attempt at an unprecedented second term as president of the Church Ladies League, the conniving Alberta, presumably in retaliation for Thelma helping her husband punish their grandson, did everything in her power to stop her, by putting up Iola as a candidate, and nearly destroying Thelma and Iola's friendship. As it turned out, neither of them won, both defeated by Lolly Perdue, the only member of the CLL big enough to separate the two squabbling combatants.

text: Alvin Tutweiler[edit]

text: Alvin Tutweiler is a fictional character in the television series Mama's Family. He was played by Alan Oppenheimer.

text: Tutweiler was the mayor of the fictitious community of Raytown, where Thelma Harper lived for many years. Despite his often pompous ways and tendency to rub his constituents the wrong way, he was a somewhat decent mayor.

text: He had met Ellen Harper not long after she had divorced her husband, Bruce Jackson, and the two bonded. To the snobbish and very conniving Ellen, she saw him as a step to becoming possibly the first lady of the state. Her claim to this was "it worked for Nancy Reagan!"

text: As always, trouble began when, during a senior citizen's group meeting at Thelma's house, she challenged the usually unopposed Mayor in his next election. This was a shock to Ellen, who refused to have any part of it, and fought her own family to try to stop it. Obviously her heart was set for Alvin to win, but in the end, despite Ellen's machinations, Thelma defeated him by a shocking landslide.

text: However, she discovered that campaigning for mayor, and actually running a city are two very different things, and Thelma realized that she couldn't run Raytown, so she resigned and handed the reins of the city back to Alvin, who remained mayor all during the rest of the show's run.

text: Another time where the mayor made things tough for Thelma was when he was about to demolish the neighborhood she lived in to put in another landfill. Making Raytown distinguished by having two landfills! However, her neighborhood (and her house in particular) was a former house of ill-repute where the founder of Raytown, James A. Ray, had died. It was located at Number One Old Decatur Road, and although the street system had changed, the house that she lived in was purchased back when it was Number One Old Decatur Road, and so the house was saved, to Tutweiler's chagrin, by making it a historical landmark. The neighbors were furious about this because they were hoping for a ton of money, and also to be rid of Thelma as a neighbor.


document_title: Rick Allen (drummer)

question_text: when did the drummer from def leppard lose his arm

text: Rick Allen (drummer)

text: Early life[edit]

text: Allen started playing drums at the age of 9. He performed in bands called Grad, Smokey Blue, Rampant, and the Johnny Kalendar Band.[3] When Allen was 14, his mother replied on his behalf to an ad placed by a band called "Def Leppard" looking for a drummer to replace Tony Kenning ("Leppard loses skins" was the ad's headline). Later, on 1 November 1978, his fifteenth birthday, Allen joined the band. In 1979, he dropped out of school (other band members left their jobs around the same time) to concentrate on a career in music. In September 1979, they opened for Sammy Hagar at London's Hammersmith Odeon. Subsequently, Def Leppard played shows as a support act for AC/DC during October and November 1979. Allen celebrated his 16th birthday with a performance at the Hammersmith Odeon. On 14 March 1980, the band released their first album, On Through the Night. Since their first album, Allen still continues to record and tour with the band.

text: Accident and recovery[edit]

text:
"What I've experienced through losing my arm, I wouldn't change. The human spirit is so strong."

Rick Allen[4]

tag: div

text: On the afternoon of 31 December 1984, Allen was involved in a car accident with his girlfriend Miriam Barendsen in the English countryside a few miles west of Sheffield.[5] While trying to pass another car at a high speed, he lost control of his Corvette C4, which hit a dry stone wall and entered a field. He was thrown from the car because his seatbelt had been improperly fastened, causing his left arm to be severed, while his girlfriend suffered head injuries, resulting in grade 2 concussion and brain swelling, she also suffered neck and spine injuries from severe whiplash. Doctors initially reattached Allen's arm, but because of an infection, it had to be re-amputated. His right shoulder was also severely broken in the accident.[6][7]

text: Allen initially had doubts about continuing to play with the band, but was encouraged by the other members to continue. Allen, along with a few engineers, started to design a drum set to assist his drumming.[8] At the time, he was still able to play some drum rhythms with one hand and use his left leg, typically for hi-hat pedals in common drum kits, to play the snare drum. Then-Status Quo drummer Jeff Rich helped and encouraged Allen during his convalescence, and designed an electronic kit Allen could play using only one arm. The Ludwig acoustic drum kit he used on earlier albums High 'n' Dry and Pyromania was later given away by Def Leppard's one-time management. Electronic drum manufacturer Simmons created a kit to their specifications, and Allen made his post-accident debut in 1986 at the Monsters of Rock festival at Castle Donington.

text: Gear[edit]

text: Allen has used custom-manufactured cable routing by Whirlwind. He uses four electronic pedals for his left foot to play the pieces he used to play with his left arm, which from left to right trigger sounds of a closing hi-hat, bass drum, snare drum, and a tom drum.[9] He is ranked No. 7 on the UK website Gigwise in The Greatest Drummers of All Time list.[10]

text: On 16 October 2009, Yamaha announced the addition of Rick Allen to their artist roster.[11] Allen plays Yamaha Oak Custom drums with a matching subkick.[12]

text: Along with Yamaha Oak Custom drums, Allen also uses Remo drumheads (usually he has coated ambassadors on his drums and a clear powerstroke 3 on his bass drum), Zildjian cymbals (mostly K customs and A customs), and a LP rock cowbell for Rock of Ages.

text: Rick Allen had used Vater drumsticks and Zildjian drumsticks from the 1980s until 1994. In 1995 up to the present[when?], he uses Easton Ahead drumsticks.[citation needed]

text: Raven Drum Foundation[edit]

text: Allen and his wife Lauren Monroe are the co-founders of The Raven Drum Foundation, a charity located in Malibu, California, with a mission to serve, educate, and empower veterans and people in crisis.[13] The Raven Drum Foundation commonly works to help individuals and communities in crisis through healing arts programs, drum circle events, and collaborative partnerships. Allen described the foundations involvement with Camp Kilpatrick in 2009:

text: Rhythm is such a big part of their culture and their own way of communicating, so we were able to go in there and design a program around them. It developed into drum council, which is an ongoing program that we provided for the camp. We had tremendous success.[14]

text: One Hand Drum Company[edit]

text: The One Hand Drum Company was created by Allen to assist in providing awareness and funding for his Raven Drum Foundation. Currently, the primary focus of the One Hand Drum Company is promoting StikRick, a drawing by Rick of a one-armed drummer that he sometimes uses with his autograph. The StikRick site sells T-shirts, hats, and other items with the StikRick drawing along with a "Life Is Great!! Be A Rockstar!!" slogan. Proceeds from the One Hand Drum Company go to support the Raven Drum Foundation charity.[15]

text: Side projects[edit]

text: In May and June 2000, Allen played two shows with the Mark Mason Project, featuring guitarist Mark Englert previously of Dramarama. Allen has written music with his wife Lauren as well as played on her albums.[16] In November 2004, Allen collaborated with Krishna Das in the recording of a CD entitled All One.

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Allen was married to his first wife Stacey from 1991 to 2000; they had a daughter in 1997. In 1995, Allen was arrested for spousal abuse. He pleaded guilty to the charge and was sentenced on 6 August 1996 to attend Alcoholics Anonymous meetings, sought counselling, and served 30 days on a graffiti-removal work crew.[17] They divorced in 2000.

text: Allen got married on 10 October 2003 to Lauren Monroe. On 1 December 2010, Monroe gave birth to a daughter.


document_title: Jewish population by country

question_text: what is the jewish population of the uk

question_tokens: what is the jewish population of the uk

text: Jewish population by country

text: Recent trends[edit]

text: Recent Jewish population dynamics are characterized by continued steady increase in the Israeli Jewish population and flat or declining numbers in other countries (the diaspora). The Jewish population of Israel increased from the country's inception in 1948 to 6,135,000 in 2014[11] while the population of the diaspora has dropped from 10.5 to 8.1 million over the same period.[4] Current Israeli Jewish demographics are characterized by a relatively high fertility rate of 3 children per woman and a stable age distribution.[12] The overall growth rate of Jews in Israel is 1.7% annually.[13] The diaspora countries, by contrast, have low Jewish birth rates, an increasingly elderly age composition, and a negative balance of people leaving Judaism versus those joining.[4]

text: Immigration trends also favor Israel ahead of diaspora countries. The Jewish state has a positive immigration balance (called aliyah in Hebrew). Israel saw its Jewish numbers significantly buoyed by a million-strong wave of Jewish immigrants from the former Soviet Union in the 1990s[14] and immigration growth has been steady in the low tens of thousands since then.[15] In the rest of the world, only the United States, Canada, Australia, and Germany have had a positive recent Jewish migration balance outside of Israel. In general, the English-speaking world has seen its share of the diaspora increase since the Holocaust and the foundation of Israel, while historic Jewish populations in Eastern Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East have significantly declined or disappeared.[16]

text: France continues to be home to the world's third largest Jewish community, around 500,000,[17][18] but has shown an increasingly negative trend. Emigration loss to Israel amongst French Jews reached the tens of thousands between 2014 and 2017 following a wave of antisemitic attacks.[19][20]

text: Debate over United States numbers[edit]

text: The number of Jews in the United States has been the subject of much debate because of questions over counting methodology. In 2012, Sheskin and Dashefsky put forward a figure of 6.72 million based on a mixture of local surveys, informed local estimates, and US census data. They qualified their estimate with a concern over double counting and suggested the real figure may lie between 6 and 6.4 million.[21] Drawing on their work, the Steinhardt Social Research Institute released their own estimate of 6.8 million Jews in the United States in 2013.[22] These figures are in contrast to Israeli demographer Sergio DellaPergola's number of 5,425,000, also in 2012.[5] He has called high estimates “implausible” and “unreliable” although he revised the United States Jewish number upward to 5.7 million in subsequent years.[2][5] This controversy followed a similar debate in 2001 when the National Jewish Population Survey released a United States Jewish estimate as low as 5.2 million only to have serious methodological errors suggested in their survey.[5] In sum, a confidence interval of a million or more people is likely to persist in reporting on the number of Jewish Americans.

text: Countries and territories[edit]

text: This article needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (April 2018)

text: Below is a list of Jewish populations in the world by country or territory. Unless otherwise indicated, core and enlarged population numbers are taken from DellaPergola's chapter "World Jewish Population" of the American Jewish Year Book of 2014.[3] Where other credible sources present competing numbers, they are presented with a range and citation. DellaPergola's population figures are primarily based on national censuses combined with trend analysis. He has described the "core Jewish population" in the diaspora as "all persons who, when asked in a socio-demographic survey, identify themselves as Jews; or who are identified as Jews by a respondent in the same household, and do not have another monotheistic religion."[3] DellaPergola defined the "enlarged Jewish population" by adding those "persons who state they are partly Jewish", "non-Jews who have Jewish parents", and "non-Jewish members of Jewish households" to the "core Jewish population."[3]

text: The American Jewish Year Book numbers are reproduced with explanatory notes by country in the online Jewish Virtual Library.[23] The library is a comprehensive non-governmental website covering topics about U.S.-Israel relations and the Jewish people. A number of tiny countries whose Jewish populations are not listed in DellaPergola are provided here from the Virtual Library. For European countries, further information is provided by the Institute for Jewish Policy Research, including an interactive map of core and enlarged Jewish population that generally corresponds to DellaPergola's figures.[24]

text: Country populations used to deduce the "Population per Jewish Person" column in the table are taken from the CIA World Factbook, with most estimates current as of July 2014.[25]

text: Table[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2018)

text:
Country or Territory
Core Jewish Population
Population per Jewish Person
Enlarged Jewish Population

World
14,511,000[1]
505
20,000,000

 Israel[a]
6,589,000[1]
1.32
6,956,000

 United States
5,700,000[26]
53
7,282,000

 France
465,000
139
600,000

 Canada
385,000
90
550,000

 United Kingdom
269,568
220
370,000

 Russia
186,000
766
500,000

 Argentina
181,300 - 230,000[27]
238
330,000

 Germany
99,695
832
250,000

 Australia
112,500
213
135,000

 Brazil
95,000 [28]
2,133
150,000

 South Africa
70,000
691
80,000 - 92,000[29]

 Ukraine
63,000
703
400,000

 Hungary
47,900
207
150,000

 Mexico
40,000 - 67,476[30]
3,007
50,000 - 67,476

 Spain
30,000
900
50,000[31][32][33]

 Belgium
30,000
348
40,000

 Netherlands
29,900
563
45,000

 Italy
28,000
2,171
45,000[34][35] [36]

 Poland[b]
8,000[40][41]
4,750
12,000 - 100,000[39]

 Switzerland
19,000
424
25,000

 Chile
18,500
939
25,000

 Turkey
17,200
4,801
21,000

 Sweden
15,000
648
20,000

 Uruguay
12,000[42] - 17,200
278
25,000

 Belarus
11,500
835
25,000

 Panama
10,000
361
11,000

 Romania
9,400
2,312
20,000

 Austria
9,000
914
20,000

 Iran
8,756[43]
9,186
12,000

 Azerbaijan
9,100[44]
1,113
16,000

 Venezuela
8,000
3,608
12,000

 New Zealand
6,867[45]
655
10,000[46]

 Denmark
6,400
870
8,500

 Morocco
6,000[47]
13,745
6,500

 Latvia
5,600
387
12,000

 Hong Kong
5,000[48]
1,422
5,000

 India
5,000
247,269
7,000

 Greece
4,500
2,398
6,000

 Colombia
4,500
10,277
5,200

 Czech Republic
3,900
2,725
15,000

 Uzbekistan
3,800
7,613
8,000

 Moldova
3,700
968
7,500

 Kazakhstan
3,100
5,790
6,500

 Lithuania
2,900
1,209
6,500

 Georgia
2,800
1,763
6,000

 Slovakia
2,600
2,093
4,500

 Singapore
2,500[49]
18,557
500

 Costa Rica
2,500
1,902
3,000

 China
2,500
542,277
3,000

 Bulgaria
2,000
3,462
6,000

 Estonia
2,000
629
3,400

 Peru
1,900
15,867
3,000

 Croatia
1,700
2,629
3,000

 Ireland
2,000[50]
3,020
2,400

 Puerto Rico
1,500
2,431
2,500

 Uganda
1,500 [51]
23,089
2,500

 Japan
300[52]
422,240
no data

 Serbia
1,400
5,149
2,800

 Finland
1,300
4,052
1,800

 Norway
770[53]
6,828
1400[54]

 Paraguay
900
7,448
1,500

 Guatemala
900
16,274
1,500

 Tunisia
900
12,153
1,100

 Ecuador
290
26,090
300

 Luxembourg
600
867
900

 Portugal
600
18,022
1,000

 Gibraltar
600
48
800

 Cuba
500
22,094
1,500

 United States Virgin Islands
500
208
700

 Bolivia
500
21,262
900

 Bosnia and Herzegovina
500
7,742
1,000

 Kyrgyzstan
500
11,208
1,000

 Zimbabwe
400
34,430
600

 Armenia
300 - 500[55]
10,200
300 - 500

 Bahamas
300
1,070
400

 Vietnam
300[56]
311,403
300

 Kenya
300
150,033
700

 Pakistan
200[57] - 1500[58]
980,870
1500

 Lebanon
200[59][60]
29,415
200

 Jamaica
200
14,650
400

 Netherlands Antilles
200
1,525
400

 Suriname
200
2,865
400

 Turkmenistan
200
25,860
400

 Thailand
200
338,705
300

 French Polynesia
120[61]
1,533
120

 Macedonia
260
20,910
360

 South Korea
150
490,400
200

 Philippines
100
1,076,680
200

 Dominican Republic
260
103,497
200

 El Salvador
100
61,255
200

 Cyprus
100
11,724
200

 Malta
100
4,126
1000

 Slovenia
100
19,882
200

 Taiwan
100
233,600
200

 Ethiopia
100
966,334
1,000

 Botswana
100
21,558
200

 Democratic Republic of the Congo
100
774,337
200

 Namibia
100
21,984
200

 Nigeria
100
1,771,558
200

 United Arab Emirates
100
91,570
500

 Iceland
100
3,325
250

 Yemen
40[62] - 50
289,467
300

 Martinique
90[63]
4,289
90

 Fiji
60[64]
15,050
60

 New Caledonia
50[65]
5,340
50

 Albania
40 - 50[66]
75,500
40 - 50

 Egypt
18[67]
5,259,277
40 - 50

 Bahrain
36[68]
36,500
36

Liechtenstein
26[69]
1,467
30

text: Remnant and vanished populations[edit]

text: The above table represents Jews that number at least a few dozen per country. Reports exist of Jewish communities remaining in other territories in the low single digits that are on the verge of disappearing, particularly in the Muslim world, as their reaction to the birth of Israel in 1948 was the retaliatory persecution of Jews in nearly all Muslim lands; these are often of historical interest as they represent the remnant of much larger Jewish populations. For example, Egypt had a Jewish community of 80,000 in the early 20th century that numbered fewer than 40 as of 2014, mainly because of the forced expulsion movements to Israel and other countries at that time.[70] Afghanistan may have only one Jew left, Zablon Simintov, despite a 2,000 year history of Jewish presence.[71] In Syria, another ancient Jewish community saw mass exodus at the end of the 20th century and numbered fewer than 20 in the midst of the Syrian Civil War.[72] The size of the Jewish community in Indonesia has been variously given as 65, 100, or 18 at most over the last 50 years.[73][74]

text: Core Jewish population[edit]

text: According to the Jewish Data Bank (Table 4),[75] the 10 countries as of 2013[update] with the largest core Jewish populations were:

text:
Country
Core Jewish
population
% of
total

1
Israel
6,014,300
43.4%

2
United States
5,425,000
39.2%

3
France
478,000
3.5%

4
Canada
380,000
2.7%

5
United Kingdom
290,000
2.1%

6
Russian Federation
190,000
1.4%

7
Argentina
181,500
1.3%

8
Germany
118,000
0.9%

9
Australia
112,500
0.8%

10
Brazil
95,200
0.7%


document_title: The 100 (novel series)

question_text: who does clark end up with in the 100 book

text: The 100 (novel series)

text: Plot[edit]

text: The 100[edit]

text: The series is set three centuries after a thermonuclear apocalypse, wherein the only known survivors of the human race live in a space colony consisting of spaceships joined together in orbit around the Earth and governed by The Chancellor, who leads its legislative council. Resources are so scarce that all crimes, no matter how small, are punishable by death, unless the perpetrator is under 18 years of age.

text: The 100 begins with Clarke Griffin, a former medical student, being arrested for a crime committed by her parents: conducting illegal experiments on children under threat of the corrupt Vice Chancellor Rhodes. Clarke confides in her best friend Wells, The Chancellor's son. Despite swearing secrecy to Clarke, Wells tells his father, hoping to save the Griffins from Rhodes. His plan backfires, the Griffins are arrested, and his relationship with Clarke disintegrates. Two years later, the Colony decides to send 100 of its teenage prisoners to investigate whether or not Earth is habitable. Among the 100 are Clarke, Wells, Octavia Blake, her older brother Bellamy Blake, and Clarke's friend, Thalia.

text: The group crashes somewhere on the East Coast in the former United States. Once there, the 100 struggle to survive in a world very different from the past Earth. Clarke tends to the wounded, and Bellamy gradually develops a romantic interest in her. It is revealed that Octavia had become a drug addict while in prison. A few days later, someone sets fire to the camp, killing Thalia. As the survivors investigate, they discover a farm not too far from the site, leading them to the realization that they are not alone.

text: The 100: Day 21[edit]

text: Twenty-one days after they land on Earth, the 100 continue to face recurring attacks from an unknown enemy. Octavia has been missing since the fire. Wells tries to maintain morale, while Bellamy tries to find his sister. The 100 find an Earthborn girl, Sasha Walgrove, and hold her hostage. Sasha tells them that they have landed in the former state of Virginia, and that there are people from the Colony who arrived before the 100. Bellamy believes that Sasha's people are responsible for Octavia's disappearance and demands that Sasha reveal their location. Wells and Sasha bond, and Sasha helps Wells find food for the surviving colonists.

text: In space, the people of the Colony fight to get into their drop ships as the space station's life support begins to fail; Clarke and Wells' friends, Glass and Luke, are among the people desperately trying to get to Earth. However, they find themselves at the mercy of Vice Chancellor Rhodes, who is willing to kill to get into one of the dropships.

text: Sasha leads Clarke and Bellamy to a colony beneath the ruins of Mount Weather Emergency Operations Center. There, they meet her father, Max Walgrove, who is the leader of the colony. Octavia is at Mount Weather, having been rescued by Max and his people from a group of renegades. These renegades are responsible for the attacks on the 100. Max and his people promise that they will continue helping the 100, and will provide further support once the rest of the Colony arrives. At this point, they find dropships from the Colony falling from the sky.

text: Wells eventually realizes that there is something familiar about Bellamy and Octavia; ultimately, he discovers that their mother was Melinda Blake, the woman his father had loved before marrying Wells' mother for the sake of his career. This discovery leads Wells and Bellamy to realize that they are paternal half-brothers.

text: The 100: Homecoming[edit]

text: After the dropships crash, Clarke, Bellamy, and Wells lead a rescue party to the crash site, allowing Clarke and Wells to reunite with Glass and Luke. Clarke ponders leaving the camp to search for her parents. The Chancellor, still in coma, remains trapped in the Colony above Earth. Vice Chancellor Rhodes takes control over the community on Earth, planning to force Luke to execute Bellamy, as a warning to anyone attempting to challenge him.

text: With Sasha's help, Clarke and Wells escape with the wounded Bellamy. In addition, Glass and Luke flee the camp to escape Vice Chancellor Rhodes. One of Rhodes' men kills Sasha when she tries to get more supplies. Rhodes plans to attack Mount Weather to recapture Bellamy, Clarke, and Wells. As Mount Weather prepares for Rhodes' attack, some of the Colonists revolt and join their benefactors against Rhodes. Clarke, Bellamy, and Wells are captured during the initial exchange, but another faction of Earthborns defeat and capture Rhodes before he can execute Bellamy. Later, more colonists from other dropships arrive, and one of the arrivals informs Wells that his father was still in a coma, with only a few hours of oxygen left when their dropship departed.

text: Before Sasha's funeral, Clarke reunites with her parents at Mount Weather. She reconciles with Wells but will not resume their past relationship because she is romantically involved with Bellamy.

text: The 100: Rebellion[edit]

text: A fourth novel, Rebellion, was released on December 6, 2016.[4] A month after the previous novel, Bellamy begins showing signs of what Clarke thinks is paranoia when he obsesses over small details in the woods. However, a group of self-proclaimed "Protectors" infiltrates their camp and abducts several of its inhabitants, including Wells and Octavia. As Clarke and Bellamy organize a rescue team to take their new enemy down, their relationship is put to the ultimate test when Bellamy doesn't think Clarke trusts him.

text: Eventually, the rescue team and prisoners are able to take the Protectors down as a team effort and in the aftermath, Clarke and Bellamy make up and with her parents' blessing, he asks her to marry him.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Publisher Weekly commented that Morgan's flair for the dramatic in The 100 "can be forced, but it's easy to be drawn in".[6] In addition, Booklist calls The 100 "dark and riveting", blending "science fiction, romance, and characters' shadow sides with a mostly engrossing plotline.[7] The 100 reached #13 on The New York Times' Young Adult Best Seller List.[8]

text: Kirkus Reviews commented Day 21 is "faster paced than" its predecessor.[9]

text: Television adaptation[edit]

text: On May 9, 2013, The CW Television Network announced that the pilot was officially ordered to series for the 2013–14 American television season. The series is developed by Jason Rothenberg, and premiered on March 19, 2014. In March 2016, The CW renewed the series for a fourth season, which premiered February 1, 2017.[10]


document_title: Young, Dumb and Living Off Mum

question_text: who won young dumb and living off mum series 3

text: Young, Dumb and Living Off Mum

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Series 1 (2009)[edit]

text: Series 1 was first broadcast in July 2009. A total of eight contestants took part in the series; Danielle Tucker, Dina Massey, Dogan Peri, Jay Tronica, Nicola Hitchen, Orion Nurse, Rachel Hyde and Sean Owens. Sean has also previously appeared in Grange Hill and Hollyoaks. All of the contestants lived in a house, in Lewisham, South East London, for a total of four weeks.[4] Danielle, Dina and Dogan made it to the final of the show, which was eventually won by Danielle. Her prize was a trip for two around the world.

text:
Episode 1
Episode 2
Episode 3
Episode 4
Episode 5
Episode 6

Danielle Tucker
Bottom 4
Bottom 4
Bottom 3
Safe
Safe
Winner
(Episode 6)

Dogan Peri
Bottom 4
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Runner-Up
(Episode 6)

Dina Massey
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Runner-Up
(Episode 6)

Sean Evans
Safe
Safe
Bottom 3
Safe
Eliminated
(Episode 5)

Nicola Hitchen
Bottom 4
Bottom 4
Safe
Eliminated
(Episode 4)

Rachel Hyde
Safe
Bottom 4
Eliminated
(Episode 3)

Jay Tronica
Safe
Eliminated
(Episode 2)

Orion Nurse
Eliminated
(Episode 1)

text: Series 2 (2010)[edit]

text: Series 2 started on Sunday 25 July and followed a new group of contestants. The format of the show remains unchanged from the previous series. This series originally had 8 contestants but a replacement contestant, Duane Johns, was added during the second week.

text: Chloe was removed from the house for a violent outburst at the night time. Due to this behaviour she couldn't stay in the house, as she would cause more friction between fellow housemates.

text: Harri had walked, as she couldn't take it. Being told once by Chloe, that she cannot sleep in the same bed as Marc, she then eventually gave way later on and packed her bags and booked a taxi back home.

text:
Episode 1
Episode 2
Episode 3
Episode 4
Episode 5
Episode 6

Levi Gardiner
Safe
Safe
Bottom 3
Safe
Safe
Winner
(Episode 6)

Coran Davies
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Runner-Up
(Episode 6)

Danielle Stott
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Bottom 2
Runner-Up
(Episode 6)

Adam Jackson-Gane
Safe
Safe
Safe
Bottom 2
Eliminated
(Episode 5)

Iman Fares
Safe
Bottom 3
Bottom 3
Eliminated
(Episode 4)

Duane Johns
N/A
Bottom 3
Eliminated
(Episode 3)

Marc Campfield
Safe
Eliminated
(Episode 2)

Harri Nagel
Walked
(Episode 1)

Chloe Duncalf
Removed
(Episode 1)

text: Series 3 (2011)[edit]

text: Filming for series 3 began on 20 March and ended on 12 April 2011. It began airing on 14 August 2011 and follows the same format as the previous series'. Just like the previous series', the series is made up of eight contestants; Jack Woodman, Ryan Lee Cox, Tom Latham, Enzo Salerno, Gracie Dudley, Sophie Simpson, Jade Franklin and Ruby-Jo Leverto aid she was planning to walk after the elimination in Episode 1 after she had been told she was eliminated. Enzo was also considering walking in Episode 2, which was the main reason for his elimination despite arguably having shown the largest attempt in the house to grow up. Tom and Jack attempted to leave at the beginning of Episode 3, yet without any money or a place to go they stayed in the house. After losing her money in Episode 4 Gracie was considering walking, yet eventually decided to stay. In Episode 6 Ruby Jo,Tom & Ryan had to renovate a family home wherein the occupants have certain difficulties in life. Ryan Cox eventually won the series and Ruby Jo has decided to re-enter the competition after her experiences during her stay.

text:
Episode 1
Episode 2
Episode 3
Episode 4
Episode 5
Episode 6

Ryan Cox
Bottom 3
Safe
Bottom 3
Safe
Safe
Winner
(Episode 6)

Ruby-Jo Leverton
Safe
Bottom 3
Bottom 3
Safe
Safe
Runner-Up
(Episode 6)

Tom Latham
Safe
Safe
Safe
Bottom 3
Bottom 2
Runner-Up
(Episode 6)

Jack Woodman
Safe
Bottom 3
Safe
Bottom 3
Eliminated
(Episode 5)

Gracie Dudley
Bottom 3
Safe
Safe
Eliminated
(Episode 4)

Jade Franklin
Safe
Safe
Eliminated
(Episode 3)

Enzo Salerno
Safe
Eliminated
(Episode 2)

Sophie Simpson
Eliminated
(Episode 1)