document_title: Third Battle of Panipat

question_text: who commanded the maratha army in the third battle of panipat

text: Third Battle of Panipat

text: Background[edit]

text: Decline of the Mughal Empire[edit]

text: The decline of the Mughal Empire following the 27-year Mughal-Maratha war (1680–1707) led to rapid territorial gains for the Maratha Empire. Under Peshwa Baji Rao, Gujarat, Malwa and Rajputana came under Maratha control. Finally, in 1737, Baji Rao defeated the Mughals on the outskirts of Delhi and brought much of the former Mughal territories south of Delhi under Maratha control. Baji Rao's son Balaji Baji Rao further increased the territory under Maratha control by invading Punjab in 1758.

text: Raghunathrao's letter to the Peshwa, 4 May 1758[11]

text:
“

Lahore, Multan, Kashmir and other subahs on this side of Attock are under our rule for the most part, and places which have not come under our rule we shall soon bring under us. Ahmad Shah Durrani's son Timur Shah Durrani and Jahan Khan have been pursued by our troops, and their troops completely looted. Both of them have now reached Peshawar with a few broken troops... So Ahmad Shah Durrani has returned to Kandahar with some 12-14 thousand broken troops.. Thus all have risen against Ahmad who has lost control over the region. We have decided to extend our rule up to Kandahar.

”

text: This brought the Marathas into direct confrontation with the Durrani empire of Ahmad Shah Abdali (also known as Ahmad Shah Durrani). In 1759 he raised an army from the Pashtun and Baloch tribes and made several gains against the smaller Maratha garrisons in Punjab. He then joined with his Indian allies—the Rohilla Afghans of the Gangetic Doab—forming a broad coalition against the Marathas.

text: The Marathas, under the command of Sadashivrao Bhau, responded by gathering an army of between 45,000–60,000, which was accompanied by roughly 200,000 non-combatants, a number of whom were pilgrims desirous of making pilgrimages to Hindu holy sites in northern India. The Marathas started their northward journey from Patdur on 14 March 1760. Both sides tried to get the Nawab of Awadh, Shuja-ud-Daulah, into their camp. By late July Shuja-ud-Daulah made the decision to join the Afghan-Rohilla coalition, preferring to join what was perceived as the "army of Islam". This was strategically a major loss for the Marathas, since Shuja provided much-needed finances for the long Afghan stay in North India. It is doubtful whether the Afghan-Rohilla coalition would have the means to continue their conflict with the Marathas without Shuja's support.[citation needed]

text: Rise of the Marathas[edit]

text: Grant Duff, describing the Maratha army:[12]

text:
“

The lofty and spacious tents, lined with silks and broadcloths, were surmounted by large gilded ornaments, conspicuous at a distance... Vast numbers of elephants, flags of all descriptions, the finest horses, magnificently caparisoned ... seemed to be collected from every quarter ... it was an imitation of the more becoming and tasteful array of the Mughuls in the zenith of their glory.

”

text: The Marathas had gained control of a considerable part of India in the intervening period (1707–1757). In 1758 they occupied Delhi, captured Lahore and drove out Timur Shah Durrani,[13] the son and viceroy of the Afghan ruler, Ahmad Shah Abdali. This was the high-water mark of the Maratha expansion, where the boundaries of their empire extended in the north to the Indus and the Himalayas, and in the south nearly to the extremity of the peninsula. This territory was ruled through the Peshwa, who talked of placing his son Vishwasrao on the Mughal throne. However, Delhi still remained under the nominal control of Mughals, key Muslim intellectuals including Shah Waliullah and other Muslim clergy in India who were alarmed at these developments. In desperation they appealed to Ahmad Shah Abdali, the ruler of Afghanistan, to halt the threat.[14]

text: Prelude[edit]

text: Ahmad Shah Durrani (Ahmad Shah Abdali), angered by the news from his son and his allies, was unwilling to allow the Marathas' spread go unchecked. By the end of 1759 Abdali with his Afghan tribes and his Rohilla ally Najib Khan had reached Lahore as well as Delhi and defeated the smaller enemy garrisons. Ahmed Shah, at this point, withdrew his army to Anupshahr, on the frontier of the Rohilla country, where he successfully convinced the Nawab of Oudh Shuja-ud-Daula to join his alliance against the Marathas. The Marathas had earlier helped Safdarjung (father of Shuja) in defeating Rohillas in Farrukhabad.[15]

text: The Marathas under Sadashivrao Bhau (referred to as the Bhau or Bhao in sources) responded to the news of the Afghans' return to North India by raising an army, and they marched North. Bhau's force was bolstered by some Maratha forces under Holkar, Scindia, Gaikwad and Govind Pant Bundele. Suraj Mal (the Jat ruler of Bharatpur) also had joined Bhausaheb initially. This combined army captured the Mughal capital, Delhi, from an Afghan garrison in December 1759.[16] Delhi had been reduced to ashes many times due to previous invasions, and in addition there being acute shortage of supplies in the Maratha camp. Bhau ordered the sacking of the already depopulated city.[17] He is said to have planned to place his nephew and the Peshwa's son, Vishwasrao, on the Mughal throne. The Jats did not support the Marathas. Their withdrawal from the ensuing battle was to play a crucial role in its result. Abdali drew first blood by attacking a small Maratha army led by Dattaji Shinde at Burari Ghat. Dattaji was killed in the battle.[18]

text: Initial Skirmishes[edit]

text: With both sides poised for battle, there followed much maneuvering, with skirmishes between the two armies fought at Karnal and Kunjpura. Kunjpura, on the banks of the Yamuna river 60 miles to the north of Delhi, was stormed by the Marathas and the whole Afghan garrison was killed or enslaved.[19] Marathas achieved a rather easy victory at Kunjpura against an army of 15,000 Afghans posted there. Some of Abadali's best generals were killed. Ahmad Shah was encamped on the left bank of the Yamuna River, which was swollen by rains, and was powerless to aid the garrison. The massacre of the Kunjpura garrison, within sight of the Durrani camp, exasperated Abdali to such an extent that he ordered crossing of the river at all costs.[20] Ahmed Shah and his allies on 17 October 1760, broke up from Shahdara, marching south. Taking a calculated risk, Abdali plunged into the river, followed by his bodyguards and troops. Between 23 and 25 October they were able to cross at Baghpat(a small town about 24 miles up the river), unopposed by the Marathas who were still preoccupied with the sacking of Kunjpura.[21]

text: To counter this Raghunathrao was supposed to go north to handle the situation. Raghunathrao asked for large amount and an army, which was denied by Sadashivrao Bhau, his cousin and Diwan of Peshwa, so he declined to go. Sadashivrao Bhau was there upon made commander in chief of the Maratha Army, under whom the Battle of Panipat was fought.[22]

text: After the Marathas failed to prevent Abdali's forces from crossing the Yamuna River, they set up defensive works in the ground near Panipat, thereby blocking his access back to Afghanistan, just as Abdali's forces blocked theirs to the south. However, on the afternoon of 26th October, Ahmad Shah's advance guard reached Sambalka, about halfway between Sonepat and Panipat, where they encountered the vanguard of the Marathas. A fierce skirmish ensued, in which the Afghans lost 1000 men but drove the Marathas back to their main body, which kept retreating slowly for several days. This led to the partial encirclement of the Maratha army. In skirmishes that followed, Govind Pant Bundele, with 10,000 light cavalry who weren’t formally trained soldiers, was on a foraging mission with about 500 men. They were surprised by an Afghan force near Meerut, and in the ensuing fight, Bundele was killed. This was followed by the loss of a contingent of 2,000 Maratha soldiers who had left Delhi to deliver money and rations to Panipat. This completed the encirclement, as Ahmad Shah had cut off the Maratha army's supply lines.[23]

text: With supplies and stores dwindling, tensions started rising in the Maratha camp. Initially the Marathas had moved in almost 150 pieces of modern long-range, French-made artillery. With a range of several kilometres, these guns were some of the best of the time. The Marathas' plan was to lure the Afghan army to confront them while they had close artillery support.[24]

text: Preliminary moves[edit]

text: During the next two months of the siege, constant skirmishes and duels took place between units from either side. In one of these Najib lost 3,000 of his Rohillas and was very nearly killed himself. Facing a potential stalemate, Abdali decided to seek terms, which Bhau was willing to consider. However, Najib Khan delayed any chance of an agreement with an appeal on religious grounds and sowed doubt about whether the Marathas would honour any agreement.[25]

text: After the Marathas moved from Kunjpura to Panipat, Diler Khan Marwat, with his father Alam Khan Marwat and a force of 2500 Pashtuns, attacked and took control of Kunjpura, where there was a Maratha garrison of 700–800 soldiers. At that time Atai Khan Baluch, son of the Wazir of Abdali, came from Afghanistan with 10,000 cavalry and cut off the supplies to the Marathas.[26] The Marathas at Panipat were surrounded by Abdali in the south, Pashtun Tribes (Yousuf Zai, Afridi, Khattak) in the east, Shuja, Atai Khan and others in the north and other Pashtun tribes (Gandapur, Marwat, Durranis and Kakars) in the west.[27]

text: Unable to continue without supplies or wait for reinforcements any longer, Bhau decided to break the siege. His plan was to pulverise the enemy formations with cannon fire and not to employ his cavalry until the Afghans were thoroughly softened up. With the Afghans broken, he would move camp in a defensive formation towards Delhi, where they were assured supplies.[28]

text: Formations[edit]

text: With the Maratha chiefs pressurizing Sadashiv Rao Bhau, to go to battle rather than perish by starvation, on 13th January, the Marathas left their camp before dawn and marched south towards the Afghan camp in a desperate attempt to break the siege. The two armies came face-to-face around 8:00 a.m.[29]

text: The Maratha lines began a little to the north of Kala Amb. They had thus blocked the northward path of Abdali's troops and at the same time were blocked from heading south—in the direction of Delhi, where they could get badly needed supplies—by those same troops. Bhau, with the Peshwa's son and the royal guard (Huzurat), was in the centre. The left wing consisted of the Gardis under Ibrahim Khan. Holkar and Sindhia were on the extreme right.[30]

text: The Maratha line was formed up some 12 km across, with the artillery in front, protected by infantry, pikemen, musketeers and bowmen. The cavalry was instructed to wait behind the artillery and bayonet-wielding musketeers, ready to be thrown in when control of the battlefield had been fully established. Behind this line was another ring of 30,000 young Maratha soldiers who were not battle-tested, and then the civilians. Many were ordinary men, women and children on their pilgrimage to Hindu holy places and shrines. Behind the civilians was yet another protective infantry line, of young, inexperienced soldiers.[31]

text: On the other side the Afghans formed a somewhat similar line, a few metres to the south of today's Sanauli Road. Their left was being formed by Najib and their right by two brigades of troops. Their left centre was led by two Viziers, Shuja-ud-daulah with 3,000 soldiers and 50–60 cannons and Ahmad Shah's Vizier Shah Wali with a choice body of 19,000 mailed Afghan horsemen.[32] The right centre consisted of 15,000 Rohillas under Hafiz Rahmat and other chiefs of the Rohilla Pathans. Pasand Khan covered the left wing with 5,000 cavalry, Barkurdar Khan and Amir Beg covered the right with 3,000 Rohilla cavalry. Long-range musketeers were also present during the battle. In this order the army of Ahmed Shah moved forward, leaving him at his preferred post in the centre, which was now in the rear of the line, from where he could watch and direct the battle.[33]

text: Battle[edit]

text: Early phases[edit]

text: Before dawn on 14 January 1761, the Maratha troops broke their fast with the last remaining grain in the camp and prepared for combat. They emerged from the trenches, pushing the artillery into position on their prearranged lines, some 2 km from the Afghans. Seeing that the battle was on, Ahmad Shah positioned his 60 smooth-bore cannon and opened fire.[34]

text: The initial attack was led by the Maratha left flank under Ibrahim Khan, who advanced his infantry in formation against the Rohillas and Shah Pasand Khan. The first salvos from the Maratha artillery went over the Afghans' heads and did very little damage. Nevertheless, the first Afghan attack by Najib Khan's Rohillas broken by Maratha bowmen and pikemen, along with a unit of the famed Gardi musketeers stationed close to the artillery positions. The second and subsequent salvos were fired at point-blank range into the Afghan ranks. The resulting carnage sent the Rohillas reeling back to their lines, leaving the battlefield in the hands of Ibrahim for the next three hours, during which the 8,000 Gardi musketeers killed about 12,000 Rohillas.[35]

text: In the second phase, Bhau himself led the charge against the left-of-center Afghan forces, under the Afghan Vizier Shah Wali Khan. The sheer force of the attack nearly broke the Afghan lines, and the Afghan soldiers started to desert their positions in the confusion. Desperately trying to rally his forces, Shah Wali appealed to Shuja ud Daulah for assistance. However, the Nawab did not break from his position, effectively splitting the Afghan force's center. Despite Bhau's success, the over-enthusiasm of the charge, the attack didn't achieve complete success as many of the half-starved Maratha mounts were exhausted.[36]

text: Final phase[edit]

text: The Marathas, under Scindia, attacked Najib. Najib successfully fought a defensive action, however, keeping Scindia's forces at bay. By noon it looked as though Bhau would clinch victory for the Marathas once again. The Afghan left flank still held its own, but the centre was cut in two and the right was almost destroyed. Ahmad Shah had watched the fortunes of the battle from his tent, guarded by the still unbroken forces on his left. He sent his bodyguards to call up his 15,000 reserve troops from his camp and arranged them as a column in front of his cavalry of musketeers (Qizilbash) and 2,000 swivel-mounted shutarnaals or Ushtranaal—cannons—on the backs of camels.[37][page needed]

text: The shaturnals, because of their positioning on camels, could fire an extensive salvo over the heads of their own infantry, at the Maratha cavalry. The Maratha cavalry was unable to withstand the muskets and camel-mounted swivel cannons of the Afghans. They could be fired without the rider having to dismount and were especially effective against fast-moving cavalry. Abdali therefore, sent 500 of his own bodyguards with orders to raise all able-bodied men out of camp and send them to the front. He sent 1,500 more to punish the front-line troops who attempted to flee the battle and kill without mercy any soldier who would not return to the fight. These extra troops, along with 4,000 of his reserve troops, went to support the broken ranks of the Rohillas on the right. The remainder of the reserve, 10,000 strong, were sent to the aid of Shah Wali, still labouring unequally against the Bhau in the centre of the field. These mailed warriors were to charge with the Vizier in close order and at full gallop. Whenever they charged the enemy in front, the chief of the staff and Najib were directed to fall upon either flank.[38]

text: With their own men in the firing line, the Maratha artillery could not respond to the shathurnals and the cavalry charge. Some 7,000 Maratha cavalry and infantry were killed before the hand-to-hand fighting began at around 14:00 hrs. By 16:00 hrs, the tired Maratha infantry began to succumb to the onslaught of attacks from fresh Afghan reserves, protected by armoured leather jackets.[39]

text: Outflanked[edit]

text: Sadashivrao Bhau who had not kept any reserves, seeing his forward lines dwindling, civilians behind and upon seeing Vishwasrao disappear in the midst of the fighting, felt he had no choice but to come down from his elephant and lead the battle.[13]

text: Taking advantage of this, some Afghan soldiers who had been captured by the Marathas earlier during the siege of Kunjpura revolted. The slaves deliberately spread rumours about the defeat of the Marathas. This brought confusion and great consternation to the Maratha soldiers, who thought that the enemy had attacked from the rear. Some Maratha troops, seeing that their general had disappeared from his elephant, panicked and began to flee.[40]

text: Abdali had given a part of his army the task of surrounding and killing the Gardis, who were at the leftmost part of the Maratha army. Bhausaheb had ordered Vitthal Vinchurkar (with 1500 cavalry) and Damaji Gaikwad (with 2500 cavalry) to protect the Gardis. However, after seeing the Gardis fight, they lost their patience and decided to fight the Rohillas themselves. Thus, they broke their position and went all out on the Rohillas. The Rohilla riflemen started accurately firing at the Maratha cavalry, which was equipped only with swords. This gave the Rohillas the opportunity to encircle the Gardis and outflank the Maratha centre while Shah Wali pressed on attacking the front. Thus the Gardis were left defenseless and started falling one by one.[41]

text: Vishwasrao had already been killed by a shot to the head. Bhau and his royal Guard fought till the end, the Maratha leader having three horses shot out from under him. At this stage, Holkar, realising the battle was lost, broke from the Maratha left flank and retreated.[42] The Maratha front lines remained largely intact, with some of their artillery units fighting until sunset. Choosing not to launch a night attack, many Maratha troops escaped that night. Bhau's wife Parvatibai, who was assisting in the administration of the Maratha camp, escaped to Pune with her bodyguard, Janu Bhintada. Some 15,000 soldiers managed to reach Gwalior.[13]

text: Reasons for the outcome[edit]

text: Durrani had both numeric as well as qualitative superiority over Marathas. The combined Afghan army was much larger than that of Marathas. Though the infantry of Marathas was organized along European lines and their army had some of the best French-made guns of the time, their artillery was static and lacked mobility against the fast-moving Afghan forces. The heavy mounted artillery of Afghans proved much better in the battlefield than the light artillery of Marathas.[43][page needed] None of the other Hindu Kings joined forces to fight Abdali. Allies of Abdali, namely, Najib, Shuja and the Rohillas knew North India very well. He was also diplomatic, striking agreements with Hindu leaders, especially the Jats and Rajputs, and former rivals like the Nawab of Awadh, appealing to him in the name of religion.[44]

text: Moreover, the senior Maratha chiefs constantly bickered with one another. Each had ambitions of carving out their independent states and had no interest in fighting against a common enemy.[45] Some of them did not support the idea of a round battle and wanted to fight using guerilla tactics instead of charging the enemy head-on.[citation needed] The Marathas were fighting alone at a place which was 1000 miles away from their capital Pune.[46]

text: Raghunathrao was supposed to go north to handle the situation. Raghunathrao asked for large amount and an army, which was denied by Sadashivrao Bhau, his cousin and Diwan of Peshwa, so he declined to go[47]. Sadashivrao Bhau was there upon made commander in chief of the Maratha Army, under whom the Battle of Panipat was fought. Peshwa's decision to appoint Sadashivrao Bhau as the Supreme Commander instead of Malharrao Holkar or Raghunathrao proved to be an unfortunate one, as Sadashivrao was totally ignorant of the political and military situation in North India.[48]

text: If Holkar had remained in the battlefield, the Maratha defeat would have been delayed but not averted. Ahmad Shah’s superiority in pitched battle could have been negated if the Marathas had conducted their traditional ganimi kava, or guerrilla warfare, as advised by Malharrao Holkar, in Punjab and in north India. Abdali was in no position to maintain his field army in India indefinitely.[49]

text: Massacres after the battle[edit]

text:
The Afghan cavalry and pikemen ran wild through the streets of Panipat, killing tens of thousands of Maratha soldiers and civilians.[6][7] The women and children seeking refuge in streets of Panipat were hounded back in Afghan camps as slaves. Children over 14 were beheaded before their own mothers and sisters. Afghan officers who had lost their kin in battle were permitted to carry out massacres of 'infidel' Hindus the next day also, in Panipat and the surrounding area.[50] They arranged victory mounds of severed heads outside their camps. According to the single best eye-witness chronicle – the bakhar by Shuja-ud-Daula's Diwan Kashi Raj – about 40,000 Maratha prisoners were slaughtered in cold blood the day after the battle.[6][7] According to Mr. Hamilton of Bombay Gazette about half a million Marathi people were present there in Panipat town and he gives a figure of 40,000 prisoners as executed by Afghans.[citation needed]
Many of the fleeing Maratha women jumped into the Panipat wells rather than risk rape and dishonour.[50]

text: All of the prisoners were transported on bullock carts, camels and elephants in bamboo cages.[50]

text: Siyar-ut-Mutakhirin says:[50][full citation needed]

text:
“

The unhappy prisoners were paraded in long lines, given a little parched grain and a drink of water, and beheaded... and the women and children who survived were driven off as slaves – twenty-two thousand, many of them of the highest rank in the land.

”

text: Aftermath[edit]

text: The bodies of Vishwasrao and Bhau were recovered by the Marathas and were cremated according to their custom.[51] Bhau's wife Parvatibai was saved by Holkar, per the directions of Bhau, and eventually returned to Pune.

text: Peshwa Balaji Baji Rao, uninformed about the state of his army, was crossing the Narmada with reinforcements when he heard of the defeat. He returned to Pune and never recovered from the shock of the debacle at Panipat.[13]

text: Jankoji Scindia was taken prisoner and executed at the instigation of Najib. Ibrahim Khan Gardi was tortured and executed by enraged Afghan soldiers.[51] The Marathas never fully recovered from the loss at Panipat, but they remained the predominant military power in India and managed to retake Delhi 10 years later. However, their claim over all of India ended with the three Anglo-Maratha Wars, almost 50 years after Panipat.[52]

text: The Jats under Suraj Mal benefited significantly from not participating in the Battle of Panipat. They provided considerable assistance to the Maratha soldiers and civilians who escaped the fighting. Suraj Mal himself was killed in battle against Najib-ud-Daula in 1763. Suraj Mal died on 25 December 1763 fighting the Rohillas under Najib, the very people against whom he could have helped the Marathas.[citation needed]

text: Ahmad Shah's victory left him, in the short term, the undisputed master of North India. However, his alliance quickly unravelled amidst squabbles between his generals and other princes, the increasing restlessness of his soldiers over pay, the increasing Indian heat and arrival of the news that Marathas had organised another 100,000 men in the south to avenge their loss and rescue captured prisoners.[citation needed]

text: Though Abdali won the battle, he also had heavy casualties on his side and sought peace with the Marathas. Abdali sent a letter to Nanasaheb Peshwa (who was moving towards Delhi, albeit at a very slow pace to join Bhau against Abdali) appealing to the Peshwa that he was not the one who attacked Bhau and was just defending himself. Abdali wrote in his letter to Peshwa on 10 February 1761:[53]

text:
“

There is no reason to have animosity amongst us. Your son Vishwasrao and your brother Sadashivrao died in battle, was unfortunate. Bhau started the battle, so I had to fight back unwillingly. Yet I feel sorry for his death. Please continue your guardianship of Delhi as before, to that I have no opposition. Only let Punjab until Sutlaj remain with us. Reinstate Shah Alam on Delhi's throne as you did before and let there be peace and friendship between us, this is my ardent desire. Grant me that desire.

”

text: These circumstances forced Abdali to leave India at the earliest, never to return again. Before departing, he ordered the Indian chiefs, through a Royal Firman (order) (including Clive of India), to recognise Shah Alam II as Emperor.[54]

text: Ahmad Shah also appointed Najib-ud-Daula as ostensible regent to the Mughal Emperor. In addition, Najib and Munir-ud-daulah agreed to pay to Abdali, on behalf of the Mughal king, an annual tribute of four million rupees.[54] This was to be Ahmad Shah's final major expedition to North India, as he became increasingly preoccupied with the increasingly successful rebellions by the Sikhs.[55][page needed] Abdali, haven't had achieved much from the battle of Panipat, died soon after on 16 October 1772 in Kandahar Province.

text: Shah Shuja was to regret his decision to join the Afghan forces. In time his forces became embroiled in clashes between the orthodox Sunni Afghans and his own Shia followers. He is alleged to have later secretly sent letters to Bhausaheb through his spies regretting his decision to join Abdali.[citation needed]

text: After the Battle of Panipat the services of the Rohillas were rewarded by grants of Shikohabad to Nawab Faiz-ullah Khan and of Jalesar and Firozabad to Nawab Sadullah Khan. Najib Khan proved to be an effective ruler. However, after his death in 1770, the Rohillas were defeated by the British East India Company.[citation needed] Najib died on 30 October 1770.[56]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: The valour displayed by the Marathas was praised by Ahmad Shah Abdali.[57]

text:
“

The Marathas fought with the greatest valour which was beyond the capacity of other races. These dauntless blood-shedders didn't fall short in fighting and doing glorious deeds. But ultimately we won with our superior tactics and with the grace of the Divine Lord.

”

text: The Third Battle of Panipat saw an enormous number of deaths and injuries in a single day of battle. It was the last major battle between indigenous South Asian military powers until the creation of Pakistan and India in 1947.

text: To save their kingdom, the Mughals once again changed sides and welcomed the Afghans to Delhi. The Mughals remained in nominal control over small areas of India, but were never a force again. The empire officially ended in 1857 when its last emperor, Bahadur Shah II, was accused of being involved in the Sepoy Mutiny and exiled.

text: The Marathas' expansion was delayed due to the battle, and infighting soon broke out within the empire. They recovered their position under the next Peshwa Madhavrao I and by 1771 were back in control of the north, finally occupying Delhi. However, after the death of Madhavrao, due to infighting and increasing pressure from the British, their claims to empire only officially ended in 1818 after three wars with the British.

text: Meanwhile, the Sikhs—whose rebellion was the original reason Ahmad invaded—were left largely untouched by the battle. They soon retook Lahore. When Ahmad Shah returned in March 1764 he was forced to break off his siege after only two weeks due to a rebellion in Afghanistan. He returned again in 1767, but was unable to win any decisive battle. With his own troops complaining about not being paid, he eventually lost the region to the Sikhs, who remained in control until 1849 when it was annexed by the British Empire.

text: The battle was referred to in Rudyard Kipling's poem "With Scindia to Delhi".

text:
“

Our hands and scarfs were saffron-dyed for signal of despair,
When we went forth to Paniput to battle with the ~Mlech~,
Ere we came back from Paniput and left a kingdom there.

”

text: It is, however, also remembered as a scene of valour on both sides. Santaji Wagh's corpse was found with over 40 mortal wounds. The bravery of Vishwas Rao, the Peshwa's son, and Sadashiv Bhau was acknowledged even by the Afghans.[58]

text: In Popular Culture[edit]

text: The film Panipat, was announced by director Ashutosh Gowariker. Starring Arjun Kapoor, Sanjay Dutt and Kriti Sanon. Based on the Third Battle of Panipat.


document_title: Big Mouth (TV series)

question_text: who plays jay's pillow in big mouth

question_tokens: who plays jay 's pillow in big mouth

root

text: Big Mouth (TV series)

text: Summary[edit]

text: The series follows 7th grade best friends Nick Birch and Andrew Glouberman as they navigate their way through puberty, masturbation, and sexual arousal. Acting as sex-based shoulder angels are the hormone monsters Maurice, who pesters Andrew and occasionally Nick and Jay, and Connie, who pesters Jessi and occasionally Missy. Throughout the series, the kids interact with people and objects who are personified in one way or another and offer helpful, albeit confusing, advice in their puberty-filled lives including the ghost of Duke Ellington, a French accented Statue of Liberty, a pillow capable of getting pregnant, and even Jessi's own vagina.

tag: p

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Nick Kroll[2] as:

Nick Birch, a preadolescent boy, with a mother named Diane who babies him and father named Elliot who overshares. He also has an older brother Judd and a sister named Leah.
Maurice the Hormone Monster, a wild thing-type monster who follows Andrew around and is responsible for his brooding sexual desires, which frequently occur at inappropriate moments.
Coach Steve, the middle school gym class teacher, who is incompetent and overly talkative, often trying to get his colleagues - or even the students - to hang out (often to no avail). It is heavily implied that the coach may be mentally disabled.
Kroll also voices Lola, Lady Liberty, a ladybug, Joe Walsh, the ghosts of Picasso and Richard Burton, and Sylvester Stallone.

John Mulaney[2] as Andrew Glouberman, a young Jewish boy, who spends much of his time furtively masturbating.

Mulaney also voices Mint, Grandpa Andrew, Babe the Blue Ox, and a detective.

Jessi Klein[2] as Jessi Glaser, a sarcastic and smart girl. Her father, named Greg, is an unemployed stoner and her mother, named Shannon, is secretly dating another woman. She gets her period for the first time on a school trip to the Statue of Liberty.
Jason Mantzoukas[2] as Jay Bilzerian, a boy who is obsessed with magic and sex. He has sex with a pillow that he made into a sex toy. His mom is mentally ill, his dad is a divorce lawyer, and his two older brothers are named Kurt and Val. He is obsessed with Nick's mother and father and wishes for a loving family.

Mantzoukas also voices the ghost of Socrates and Guy Bilzerian.

Jenny Slate[2] as Missy, a girl who is nerdy and kind. Her father is black and her mother is mexican.
Fred Armisen[2] as Elliot Birch/Ghost of Antonin Scalia/Bus Driver/Stavros
Maya Rudolph[2] as Diane Birch/Connie the Hormone Monstress/Bath Mat/Ghost of Elizabeth Taylor/Ghost of Whitney Houston
Jordan Peele[2] as the Ghost of Duke Ellington/Ghost of Freddie Mercury/Atlanta Claus/DJ/Cyrus/Patrick Ewing

tag: ul

text: Also starring[edit]

text:
Paula Pell as Barbara Glouberman, Andrew's mother and a Jewish wife stereotype.
Richard Kind as Marty Glouberman
Andrew Rannells as Matthew
June Diane Raphael as Devin
Jak Knight as DeVon
Neil Casey as Detective
John Gemberling as Security Guard
Joe Wengert as Caleb
Seth Morris as Greg Glaser
Emily Altman
Jessica Chaffin as Shannon Glaser
Rob Huebel as Mr. Lizer
Kat Dennings as Leah Birch
Jon Gabrus
Kristen Bell as Pam the pillow/Uninterested Girl
Jess Harnell as Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson
Mark Rivers
Heather Lawless as Jenna Bilzerian
Chelsea Peretti as Monica
Mark Duplass as Val Bilzerian/Clerk
Paul Scheer as Kurt Bilzerian
Nathan Fillion as himself
Anna Graves
Kristen Wiig as Jessi's genitalia
Nasim Pedrad as Fatima
Carlos Alazraqui as Gustavo
Alia Shawkat as Roland
Mae Whitman as Tallulah Levine
Zach Woods as Daniel
Jon Hamm as Scallops
Jack McBrayer as Nick's pubic hair #1
Craig Robinson as Nick's pubic hair #2
Jon Daly as Judd Birch
Rosa Salazar as Ms. Benitez
Michaela Watkins as Cantor Dina Reznick
Gil Ozeri
Ashley London

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date

1
"Ejaculation"
Joel Moser
Nick Kroll & Andrew Goldberg & Jennifer Flackett & Mark Levin
September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)

As Andrew falls under the spell of the Hormone Monster, Maury, his buddy Nick becomes obsessed with the lack of changes in his own body. The gang go to the school dance.

2
"Everybody Bleeds"
Bryan Francis
Kelly Galuska
September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)

A field trip goes from awkward to mortifying as Jessi is pressured into being Nick's girlfriend, then gets her first period -- inside the Statue of Liberty.

3
"Am I Gay?"
Mike L. Mayfield
Joe Wengert
September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)

A trailer for a new movie starring The Rock leaves Andrew questioning his sexuality. Jessi and Nick's budding romance turns ugly fast.

4
"Sleepover: A Harrowing Ordeal of Emotional Brutality"
Joel Moser
Jess Dweck & Victor Quinaz
September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)

While the boys head to Jay's for a testosterone-fueled sleepover, Jessi throws a party of her own and gets caught up in mean-girl drama.

5
"Girls Are Horny Too"
Bryan Francis
Emily Altman
September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)

A steamy novel making the rounds at school inspires Jessi to explore her own sexuality -- and leaves the boys totally confused about what girls want.

6
"Pillow Talk"
Mike L. Mayfield
Peter A. Knight
September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)

Nick drags Andrew into the city to visit an old camp crush, but the day doesn't go as planned. Jay embarks on an emotional journey with his pillow.

7
"Requiem for a Wet Dream"
Joel Moser
Duffy Boudreau
September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)

Andrew struggles to keep the Hormone Monster in check as he works with Missy on a science fair project. Jessi and Matthew have fun at Jay's expense.

8
"The Head Push"
Bryan Francis
Emily Altman & Jennifer Flackett & Mark Levin
September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)

When Leah hosts a party for the high school drama crowd, Nick wrestles with a romantic dilemma, and Andrew and Missy witness a disturbing scene.

9
"I Survived Jessi's Bat Mitzvah"
Mike L. Mayfield
Kelly Galuska
September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)

Family blowups, secret liaisons and an unflattering dress make Jessi's bat mitzvah a night to remember.

10
"The Pornscape"
Joel Moser
Gil Ozeri
September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)

Andrew tries to drown his sorrows in a sea of porn, only to become hopelessly addicted. Coach Steve becomes a suspect in a murder spree. Also, Jessi and Jay run away together.

tag: table

text: Reception[edit]

text: Big Mouth has received critical acclaim since its official release. On Rotten Tomatoes, the series has an approval rating of 100% based on 17 reviews, with the critical consensus reading, "Big Mouth's simplistic animation and scatalogical humor belie its finely sketched characters and smart, empathetic approach to the messiness of adolescence."[5] At Metacritic, the show currently holds a rating of 80 out of 100, based on 6 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[6]

text: Vox described the show as sharp, and as jarringly depicting the awkwardness of pubescence, postpubescence and prepubescence.[7]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
Ref.

2018
Annie Award
Best General Audience Television/Broadcast Production
Big Mouth
Nominated


document_title: It (novel)

question_text: who does beverly marsh end up with in the book

text: It (novel)

text: Plot[edit]

text: The novel alternates between two timelines, often mid-chapter. The plot is described here in a linear order.

text: During a heavy rainstorm in Derry, Maine, six-year-old George "Georgie" Denbrough is chasing a paper boat that was given to him by his older brother, Bill, down a gutter. The boat is washed down a storm drain and Georgie peers in, seeing a pair of glowing yellow eyes. Georgie is confronted by a man dressed in a silver clown suit who introduces himself as "Mr. Bob Gray", a.k.a. "Pennywise the Dancing Clown". Pennywise offers Georgie a balloon which he cautiously refuses. The clown then entices Georgie to reach into the drain to retrieve his boat; he then severs Georgie’s arm and leaves him to bleed to death.

text: The following June, Benjamin "Ben" Hanscom, an overweight eleven-year-old boy, is harassed by a gang of bullies led by the feared Henry Bowers. On the last day of school, Ben hides from his tormentors in the Barrens after an altercation with the Bowers Gang. Ben befriends Edward "Eddie" Kaspbrak and William "Bill" Denbrough, Georgie's older brother. The three boys later befriend fellow misfits Richard "Richie" Tozier, Stanley "Stan" Uris, and Beverly "Bev" Marsh, forming the "Losers Club". In July of the same summer, the Losers are joined by Michael "Mike" Hanlon.

text: As the summer draws on, the Losers realize that they've each had an encounter with a seemingly omniscient, prehistoric shape-shifting alien entity which takes the form of whatever they fear the most: Ben as a mummy, Eddie as a leper, Bill as Georgie's ghost, Richie as a werewolf, Stan as two drowned boys, Mike as a flesh eating bird that vaguely resembles Rodan, and Beverly as a fountain of blood spurting from her bathroom sink. Due to the unknown origin of the monster, the Losers refer to the creature as "It" and link It with a series of recent child murders, including that of Edward "Eddie" Corcoran, who is killed by the monster in the form of the Gill-man.

text: The Losers begin to suspect that It has control over Derry due to the number of unsolved disappearances and violent tragedies which go unnoticed or seem to be forgotten by the adults in the town. They begin to investigate It's origins, discovering that It arrived in Derry millions of years ago. The Losers also learned that It awakens every 27 years from a slumber in the town's sewers, usually after a terrible event or tragedy, and feeds for 12–16 months.

text: The Losers decide to put an end to It and Ben makes two silver slugs out of a silver dollar, believing that silver will harm It. The kids go to the house on Neibolt Street where Eddie, Bill, and Richie had previously encountered It. It attacks them in the form of a werewolf. However, Beverly shoots a slug from Bill's slingshot, injuring It, and causing It to flee back to the sewers. Two weeks later, Beverly returns home, but her abusive father attacks her and attempts to rape and kill her, but Beverly escapes. Henry, accompanied by his two closest friends, Victor "Vic" Criss and Reginald "Belch" Huggins, chases the Losers into the sewers with the intention of killing them.

text: The narrative changes and "It" informs the reader that it existed originally in a void between our universe and others in a dimension known as the Macroverse, boasting of It's superiority to anything on Earth. It also explains that it chooses to prey on children because their fears are easier to interpret in a physical form. It expresses its own fear that It might not be the only eternal being in existence. It suspects there might be Another, and that the children could be the agents of this Other. This might explain their power and unprecedented ability to harm It.

text: Back in the sewers, It attacks the three bullies in the form of Frankenstein's monster, ripping Vic's head off and mutilating Belch's face. Henry, driven insane from seeing his friends killed, chases after the Losers and gets lost. He eventually washes out of the sewers into a nearby river and is blamed for all of the child murders. Meanwhile, Bill discovers the "Ritual of Chüd", allowing him to enter the Macroverse to confront It and discover It's true form; a mass of destructive orange lights referred to as the "Deadlights". During the ritual, Bill also encounters "The Turtle", an ancient being, possibly more ancient than It, that created the universe while vomiting after a stomach-ache. The Turtle explains that It can only be defeated during a battle of wills. Through it Bill also learns of yet another being: the Final Other. This Other is a force beyond the universe, the creator of the Turtle, and maybe even It. With the help of The Turtle, Bill is able to defeat It and send it back to its slumber. After the battle, the Losers get lost in the sewers until Beverly has sex with all the boys to connect childhood and adulthood while bringing unity back to the group.[6] The Losers swear a blood oath to return to Derry, should It return in the future.

text: In July 1984, at the annual Derry carnival, three youths brutally attack a gay man named Adrian Mellon and throw him off a bridge. The boys are arrested and charged with murder when Mellon's mutilated corpse is found. One of the boys claims that he saw a clown dressed in a silver suit kill Mellon underneath the bridge. Adrian's boyfriend, the other victim in the attack, had also noticed the clown but the prosecutors convince him not to mention it during the trial.

text: When a string of child murders occurs in Derry once again, an adult Mike Hanlon, now the town's librarian and the only one of the Losers to remain in Derry, calls up the six former members of the Losers Club, all now in their thirties, and reminds them of their childhood promise to return should the killings start again. Bill Denbrough is now a successful horror writer living in England with his actress wife, Audra. Beverly Marsh is a fashion designer in Chicago, and is married to an abusive man named Tom Rogan. Eddie Kaspbrak has moved to New York City, where he runs a limousine rental company and has married a hysterical, codependent woman similar to his controlling mother. Richie Tozier lives in Los Angeles and works as a disc jockey. Ben Hanscom is now thin and a successful architect, living in Nebraska. Stan Uris is a wealthy accountant residing in Atlanta, Georgia.

text: Prior to Mike's phone calls, the Losers had buried the horror of their encounters with It. However, all but Stan reluctantly agree to return to Derry. After Mike's phone call, Stan is so terrified of facing It again that he slits his wrists in the bathtub, writing "IT" on the wall in his own blood. Tom refuses to let Beverly go and tries to beat her, but she lashes out at him before fleeing, causing him serious injury. The five return to Derry with only the slightest awareness of why they are doing so, remembering only the absolute terror and their promise to return.

text: The Losers meet for lunch, where Mike reminds them that It awakens once roughly every 27 years for 12–16 months at a time, feeding on children before going into slumber again. The group decides to kill It once and for all. At Mike's suggestion, each person explores different parts of Derry to help restore their memories. While exploring, Eddie, Richie, Beverly, and Ben are faced with manifestations of It (Eddie as Belch Huggins in leper form, Richie as a Paul Bunyan statue, Beverly as the witch from Hansel & Gretel, and Ben in the form of Dracula). Bill finds his childhood Schwinn, "Silver", and brings it to Mike's.

text: Three other people are also converging on the town: Audra, who is worried about Bill; Tom, who plans to kill Beverly; and Henry Bowers, who has escaped from Juniper Hill Mental Asylum with help from It. Mike and Henry have a violent confrontation at the library. Mike is nearly killed but Henry escapes, severely injured. Henry is driven to the hotel where It instructs him to kill the rest of the Losers. Henry attacks Eddie, breaking his arm once again, but in the fight, Henry is killed.

text: It appears to Tom and orders him to capture Audra. Tom brings Audra to It's lair. Upon seeing It's true form, Audra becomes catatonic and Tom drops dead from shock. Bill, Ben, Beverly, Richie, and Eddie learn that Mike is near death and realize they are being forced into another confrontation with It. They descend into the sewers and use their strength as a group to "send energy" to a hospitalized Mike, who fights off a nurse that is under the control of It. They reach It's lair and find It has taken the form of a giant spider. Bill and Richie enter It's mind through the Ritual of Chüd. Bill is initially dismayed to learn that the Turtle is now dead and almost loses to despair. But with Richie's help, the two of them manage to injure It. Eddie helps successfully bring Bill and Richie back from the Ritual, but in the process It rips off Eddie's arm, killing him. It runs away to tend to its injuries, but Bill, Richie, and Ben chase after It and find that It has laid eggs. Ben stays behind to destroy the eggs, while Bill and Richie head toward their final confrontation with It. Bill fights his way inside its body, locates It's heart and destroys it. As It writhes in the clear throes of death, Bill hears the voice of the Other complimenting him on his victory. The group meets up to head out of its lair, and although they try to bring Audra and Eddie's bodies with them, they are forced to leave Eddie behind. They make it to the surface and realize that the scars on their hands from when they were children have disappeared, indicating that their ordeal is finally over.

text: During the Ritual, the worst storm in Maine's history sweeps through Derry, destroying most of the buildings as the downtown area collapses. Mike concludes that Derry is finally dying. Richie returns to LA, Ben and Beverly leave town together, and while Mike is in the hospital, Bill stays in Mike's house to look after Audra in hopes she will snap out of her catatonic state. The Losers gradually begin to forget about It, Derry, and each other. Mike's memory of his friends and events with It also begins to fade, as well as his Derry memoir and journal, much to his relief, and he considers starting a new life elsewhere. Before Bill leaves Derry, he takes Audra, still catatonic, for a ride on Silver, rushing through downtown Derry like he did as a kid. Audra awakens from her catatonia with no recollection of what happened upon arriving in Maine and she and Bill kiss.

text: Characters[edit]

text: This section  possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (April 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The Losers Club[edit]

text: The Losers Club is a group of seven eleven-year-old misfit children who are united by their unhappy lives. They share the same misery and torment from being the victims of a gang of local bullies led by the increasingly sociopathic Henry Bowers and band together as they struggle to overcome It. The seven children find themselves caught up in a nefarious situation, which they cannot quite comprehend but against which they must fight.

text: Pennywise/It[edit]

text: Described as a mysterious, prehistoric entity from beyond time and space, It is a monster of unknown origin that preys on Derry's children and humans every twenty-seven years, stating It finds the fear in children akin to "salt(ing) the meat". Among It's powers is shapeshifting into a form that induces fear while killing the victim, normally assuming the form of a middle-aged man dressed in a clown costume, calling itself "Pennywise the Dancing Clown" and occasionally Bob or Robert Gray, modeled after Bozo, Clarabell and Ronald McDonald.

text: It can also manipulate people and use them as pawns in doing its bidding, either by assuming a form most familiar to them, promising them their desires or through subliminal influence. Because of this control over what happens in Derry, many of the child murders It commits are never solved; the adults of Derry act as though either nothing is happening or they have forgotten about It. It's true form as perceived by the human eye is that of a giant spider that houses its essence: writhing orange lights (termed "Deadlights"). Looking directly into the lights can either kill a person or drive them insane.

text: Both It's awakening and its return to hibernation mark the greatest instances of violence during its time awake. In one example, It caused the disappearance of over three hundred settlers from Derry Township in 1740–43. In 1957, It awoke during a great storm which flooded part of the city, whereupon It went on a feeding spree, starting by killing Georgie Denbrough. However, the Losers Club forced It to return to an early hibernation when it was heavily wounded by the young Bill Denbrough in the first Ritual of Chüd. As the story opens, It has awakened approximately 27 years later and is first seen when three bullies beat up a homosexual couple, Adrian Mellon and Don Hagarty. It kills Adrian after the bullies throw him off of a bridge.

text: When the adult members of the Losers Club gather, It recognizes them as a threat and resolves to drive them away both through illusions and by seeking help from Henry Bowers, the Losers' long-time childhood bully. Bill, Richie, Beverly, Eddie, and Ben manage to confront It's spider form after It arranges to have Audra in its possession. It is finally killed in the second Ritual of Chüd, and an enormous storm damages the downtown part of Derry to symbolize It's death. In the novel Dreamcatcher, when Mr. Gray tries to put a worm in Derry's water by use of the Standpipe, It is no longer there due to the 1985 flood. In its place is a memorial featuring a cast-bronze statue of two children and a plaque underneath, dedicated to the victims of the 1985 flood and of It. The plaque has been vandalized with graffiti reading, "PENNYWISE LIVES".

text: The character has been named by several outlets as one of the scariest clowns in film or pop culture.[7][8][9][10]

text: The Bowers Gang[edit]

text: The Bowers Gang is a group of seven twelve-year-old neighborhood bullies who attend the same school as and are the worst enemies of the Losers Club after It. The gang is led by the crazed and mischievous Henry Bowers, while also being co-led by Henry's two best friends and sidekicks, the smarter and more moral Victor "Vic" Criss and the unusually larger, stronger, and more slow-witted Reginald "Belch" Huggins. Although the fates of three of them (Peter Gordon, Steve "Moose" Sadler, Gard Jagermeyer) were never made official, it is stated in the novel that the remaining child murders during the summer of 1958 after that of minor character Jimmy Cullum were of all of Henry's friends, creating the assumption that they were attacked and killed by It (possibly as means to worsen Henry's sociopathism).

text: Other characters[edit]

text: 25th Anniversary Special Edition[edit]

text: On December 13, 2011, Cemetery Dance published a special limited edition of It for the 25th anniversary of the novel (ISBN 978-1-58767-270-5) in three editions: an unsigned limited gift edition of 2,750, a signed limited edition of 750, and a signed and lettered limited edition of 52. All three editions are oversized hardcovers, housed in a slipcase or traycase, and feature premium binding materials. This anniversary edition features a new dust jacket illustration by Glen Orbik, as well as numerous interior illustrations by Alan M. Clark and Erin Wells. The book also contains a new afterword by Stephen King discussing his reasons for writing the novel.[11]

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: In 1990, the novel was adapted into a television miniseries starring Tim Curry as Pennywise the Clown,[12] John Ritter as Ben Hanscom, Harry Anderson as Richie Tozier, Richard Masur as Stan Uris, Tim Reid as Mike Hanlon, Annette O'Toole as Beverly Marsh, Richard Thomas as Bill Denbrough, Olivia Hussey as Audra Phillips, Dennis Christopher as Eddie Kaspbrak, and Michael Cole as Henry Bowers. The younger versions of the characters were played by Brandon Crane (Ben), Seth Green (Richie), Ben Heller (Stan), Marlon Taylor (Mike), Emily Perkins (Beverly), Jonathan Brandis (Bill), Adam Faraizl (Eddie), and Jarred Blancard (Henry). The miniseries was directed by Tommy Lee Wallace and scripted by Wallace and Lawrence D. Cohen.

text: The first of a two-part feature film adaptation, It, was released on September 8, 2017.[13] It is directed by Andy Muschietti, with a screenplay by Chase Palmer, Cary Fukunaga and Gary Dauberman. Instead of a dual narrative, the first film is solely an adaptation of the section that features the characters as children, though the setting has been updated to the late 1980s. It stars Bill Skarsgård as Pennywise and Jaeden Lieberher as Bill Denbrough. Supporting roles are played by Finn Wolfhard as Richie Tozier, Sophia Lillis as Bevery Marsh, Jack Dylan Grazer as Eddie Kaspbrak, Wyatt Oleff as Stanley Uris, Chosen Jacobs as Mike Hanlon, Jeremy Ray Taylor as Ben Hanscom, Owen Teague as Patrick Hockstetter, Nicholas Hamilton as Henry Bowers, Logan Thompson as Vic Criss and Jake Sim as Belch Huggins.

text: The second film, yet to be produced, will adapt the "adult" section and update the setting to the 2010s. It will star James McAvoy (Bill), Bill Hader (Richie), Jessica Chastain (Beverly), James Ransone (Eddie), Andy Bean (Stan), Isaiah Mustafa (Mike), and Jay Ryan (Ben). Skarsgård will reprise the role of Pennywise and the younger actors are set to return as well.


document_title: 2018 FIFA World Cup disciplinary record

question_text: who got the most cards in the world cup 2018

text: 2018 FIFA World Cup disciplinary record

text: Disciplinary statistics[edit]

text:
Total number of yellow cards: 219
Average yellow cards per match: 3.42
Total number of red cards: 4
Average red cards per match: 0.06
First yellow card of the tournament:Aleksandr Golovin for Russia against Saudi Arabia
First red card of the tournament:Carlos Sánchez Moreno for Colombia against Japan
Fastest yellow card from kick off: 1st minute
Fastest yellow card after coming on as a substitute: 1st minute
Latest yellow card in a match without extra time: 90+8th minute  Aleksandar Prijović for Serbia against Costa Rica, Cédric Soares for Portugal against Iran
Latest yellow card in a match with extra time: 118th minute
Fastest dismissal from kick off: 3rd minute
Latest dismissal in a match without extra time: 90+4th minute
Shortest time difference between two yellow cards given to the same player: 9 minutes  Igor Smolnikov for Russia against Uruguay (booked in the 27th minute and again in the 36th minute)
Most yellow cards (team): 15  Croatia
Most red cards (team): 1  Colombia, Germany, Russia, Switzerland
Fewest yellow cards (team): 1  Saudi Arabia
Most yellow cards (player): 3  Sebastian Larsson
Most red cards (player): 1  Jérôme Boateng, Michael Lang, Carlos Sánchez Moreno, Igor Smolnikov
Most yellow cards (match): 8  Belgium vs Panama, France vs Argentina, Colombia vs England
Most red cards (match): 1  Colombia vs Japan, Germany vs Sweden, Uruguay vs Russia, Sweden vs Switzerland
Fewest yellow cards (match): 0  Argentina vs Iceland, Uruguay vs Saudi Arabia
Most cards in one match: 8 yellow cards  Belgium vs Panama, France vs Argentina, Colombia vs England

text: Sanctions[edit]

text: By match[edit]

text:
Day

Home

Score

Away

Round

Referee

Total cards

Group stage

Day 01

Russia
5–0
 Saudi Arabia

Group A

 Néstor Pitana
2
2
0
0

Day 02

Egypt
0–1
 Uruguay

Group A

 Björn Kuipers
2
2
0
0

Day 02

Morocco
0–1
 Iran

Group B

 Cüneyt Çakır
4
4
0
0

Day 02

Portugal
3–3
 Spain

Group B

 Gianluca Rocchi
2
2
0
0

Day 03

France
2–1
 Australia

Group C

 Andrés Cunha
4
4
0
0

Day 03

Argentina
1–1
 Iceland

Group D

 Szymon Marciniak
0
0
0
0

Day 03

Peru
0–1
 Denmark

Group C

 Bakary Gassama
3
3
0
0

Day 03

Croatia
2–0
 Nigeria

Group D

 Sandro Ricci
3
3
0
0

Day 04

Costa Rica
0–1
 Serbia

Group E

 Malang Diedhiou
4
4
0
0

Day 04

Germany
0–1
 Mexico

Group F

 Alireza Faghani
4
4
0
0

Day 04

Brazil
1–1
  Switzerland

Group E

 César Arturo Ramos
4
4
0
0

Day 05

Sweden
1–0
 South Korea

Group F

 Joel Aguilar
3
3
0
0

Day 05

Belgium
3–0
 Panama

Group G

 Janny Sikazwe
8
8
0
0

Day 05

Tunisia
1–2
 England

Group G

 Wilmar Roldán
1
1
0
0

Day 06

Colombia
1–2
 Japan

Group H

 Damir Skomina
4
3
0
1

Day 06

Poland
1–2
 Senegal

Group H

 Nawaf Shukralla
3
3
0
0

Day 06

Russia
3–1
 Egypt

Group A

 Enrique Cáceres
2
2
0
0

Day 07

Portugal
1–0
 Morocco

Group B

 Mark Geiger
2
2
0
0

Day 07

Uruguay
1–0
 Saudi Arabia

Group A

 Clément Turpin
0
0
0
0

Day 07

Iran
0–1
 Spain

Group B

 Andrés Cunha
2
2
0
0

Day 08

Denmark
1–1
 Australia

Group C

 Antonio Mateu Lahoz
2
2
0
0

Day 08

France
1–0
 Peru

Group C

 Mohammed Abdulla Hassan Mohamed
4
4
0
0

Day 08

Argentina
0–3
 Croatia

Group D

 Ravshan Irmatov
7
7
0
0

Day 09

Brazil
2–0
 Costa Rica

Group E

 Björn Kuipers
3
3
0
0

Day 09

Nigeria
2–0
 Iceland

Group D

 Matthew Conger
1
1
0
0

Day 09

Serbia
1–2
  Switzerland

Group E

 Felix Brych
5
5
0
0

Day 10

Belgium
5–2
 Tunisia

Group G

 Jair Marrufo
1
1
0
0

Day 10

South Korea
1–2
 Mexico

Group F

 Milorad Mažić
4
4
0
0

Day 10

Germany
2–1
 Sweden

Group F

 Szymon Marciniak
3
2
1
0

Day 11

England
6–1
 Panama

Group G

 Gehad Grisha
4
4
0
0

Day 11

Japan
2–2
 Senegal

Group H

 Gianluca Rocchi
5
5
0
0

Day 11

Poland
0–3
 Colombia

Group H

 César Arturo Ramos
2
2
0
0

Day 12

Uruguay
3–0
 Russia

Group A

 Malang Diedhiou
3
2
1
0

Day 12

Saudi Arabia
2–1
 Egypt

Group A

 Wilmar Roldán
2
2
0
0

Day 12

Iran
1–1
 Portugal

Group B

 Enrique Cáceres
6
6
0
0

Day 12

Spain
2–2
 Morocco

Group B

 Ravshan Irmatov
6
6
0
0

Day 13

Denmark
0–0
 France

Group C

 Sandro Ricci
1
1
0
0

Day 13

Australia
0–2
 Peru

Group C

 Sergei Karasev
6
6
0
0

Day 13

Nigeria
1–2
 Argentina

Group D

 Cüneyt Çakır
5
5
0
0

Day 13

Iceland
1–2
 Croatia

Group D

 Antonio Mateu Lahoz
5
5
0
0

Day 14

South Korea
2–0
 Germany

Group F

 Mark Geiger
4
4
0
0

Day 14

Mexico
0–3
 Sweden

Group F

 Néstor Pitana
5
5
0
0

Day 14

Serbia
0–2
 Brazil

Group E

 Alireza Faghani
3
3
0
0

Day 14

Switzerland
2–2
 Costa Rica

Group E

 Clément Turpin
6
6
0
0

Day 15

Japan
0–1
 Poland

Group H

 Janny Sikazwe
1
1
0
0

Day 15

Senegal
0–1
 Colombia

Group H

 Milorad Mažić
2
2
0
0

Day 15

England
0–1
 Belgium

Group G

 Damir Skomina
2
2
0
0

Day 15

Panama
1–2
 Tunisia

Group G

 Nawaf Shukralla
6
6
0
0

Knockout stage

Day 16

France
4–3
 Argentina

Round of 16

 Alireza Faghani
8
8
0
0

Day 16

Uruguay
2–1
 Portugal

Round of 16

 César Arturo Ramos
1
1
0
0

Day 17

Spain
1–1 aet(3–4 p)
 Russia

Round of 16

 Björn Kuipers
3
3
0
0

Day 17

Croatia
1–1 aet(3–2 p)
 Denmark

Round of 16

 Néstor Pitana
1
1
0
0

Day 18

Brazil
2–0
 Mexico

Round of 16

 Gianluca Rocchi
6
6
0
0

Day 18

Belgium
3–2
 Japan

Round of 16

 Malang Diedhiou
1
1
0
0

Day 19

Sweden
1–0
  Switzerland

Round of 16

 Damir Skomina
4
3
0
1

Day 19

Colombia
1–1 aet(3–4 p)
 England

Round of 16

 Mark Geiger
8
8
0
0

Day 20

Uruguay
0–2
 France

Quarter-finals

 Néstor Pitana
4
4
0
0

Day 20

Brazil
1–2
 Belgium

Quarter-finals

 Milorad Mažić
4
4
0
0

Day 21

Sweden
0–2
 England

Quarter-finals

 Björn Kuipers
3
3
0
0

Day 21

Russia
2–2 aet(3–4 p)
 Croatia

Quarter-finals

 Sandro Ricci
5
5
0
0

Day 22

France
1–0
 Belgium

Semi-finals

 Andrés Cunha
5
5
0
0

Day 23

Croatia
2–1 aet
 England

Semi-finals

 Cüneyt Çakır
3
3
0
0

Day 24

Belgium
2–0
 England

Third place play-off

 Alireza Faghani
3
3
0
0

Day 25

France
4–2
 Croatia

Final

 Néstor Pitana
3
3
0
0

text: Source: [3]

text: By referee[edit]

text:
Referee

Country

Matches

PKs awarded

Damir Skomina
 Slovenia
3
2
0
8
1

Malang Diedhiou
 Senegal
3
0
1
7
0

Szymon Marciniak
 Poland
2
0
1
2
1

Alireza Faghani
 Iran
4
0
0
18
1

Néstor Pitana
 Argentina
5
0
0
15
3

Mark Geiger
 United States
3
0
0
14
1

Ravshan Irmatov
 Uzbekistan
2
0
0
13
0

Gianluca Rocchi
 Italy
3
0
0
13
1

Cüneyt Çakır
 Turkey
3
0
0
12
1

Andrés Cunha
 Uruguay
3
0
0
11
2

Björn Kuipers
 Netherlands
4
0
0
11
1

Milorad Mažić
 Serbia
3
0
0
10
1

Sandro Ricci
 Brazil
3
0
0
9
1

Nawaf Shukralla
 Bahrain
2
0
0
9
0

Janny Sikazwe
 Zambia
2
0
0
9
0

Enrique Cáceres
 Paraguay
2
0
0
8
3

Antonio Mateu Lahoz
 Spain
2
0
0
7
2

César Arturo Ramos
 Mexico
3
0
0
7
0

Sergei Karasev
 Russia
1
0
0
6
0

Clément Turpin
 France
2
0
0
6
1

Felix Brych
 Germany
1
0
0
5
0

Mohammed Abdulla Hassan Mohamed
 United Arab Emirates
1
0
0
4
0

Gehad Grisha
 Egypt
1
0
0
4
2

Joel Aguilar
 El Salvador
1
0
0
3
1

Bakary Gassama
 Gambia
1
0
0
3
1

Wilmar Roldán
 Colombia
2
0
0
3
3

Matthew Conger
 New Zealand
1
0
0
1
1

Jair Marrufo
 United States
1
0
0
1
1

text: By team[edit]

text:
Team

Red cards

Players suspended for World Cup matches

 Colombia
1
0
9

Carlos Sánchez Moreno vs Japan (GS) (denying a goal by handling)

Carlos Sánchez Moreno vs Poland (GS)

  Switzerland
1
0
9

Michael Lang vs Sweden (R16) (denying a goalscoring chance)

Stephan Lichtsteiner and Fabian Schär vs Sweden (R16)[note 1]

 Russia
0
1
6

Igor Smolnikov vs Uruguay (GS)

Igor Smolnikov vs Spain (R16)

 Germany
0
1
2

Jérôme Boateng vs Sweden (GS)

Jérôme Boateng vs South Korea (GS)

 Croatia
0
0
15

 France
0
0
12

Blaise Matuidi vs Uruguay (QF)

 Argentina
0
0
11

 Belgium
0
0
11

Thomas Meunier vs France (SF)

 Panama
0
0
11

Armando Cooper and Michael Amir Murillo vs Tunisia (GS)

 South Korea
0
0
10

 Mexico
0
0
9

Héctor Moreno vs Brazil (R16)

 Serbia
0
0
9

 England
0
0
8

 Morocco
0
0
8

 Sweden
0
0
8

Sebastian Larsson vs Switzerland (R16)Mikael Lustig vs England (QF)

 Australia
0
0
7

 Brazil
0
0
7

Casemiro vs Belgium (QF)

 Iran
0
0
7

 Portugal
0
0
7

 Costa Rica
0
0
6

 Denmark
0
0
6

Yussuf Poulsen vs France (GS)

 Senegal
0
0
6

 Egypt
0
0
5

 Japan
0
0
5

 Peru
0
0
5

 Nigeria
0
0
4

 Tunisia
0
0
4

 Iceland
0
0
3

 Poland
0
0
3

 Uruguay
0
0
3

 Spain
0
0
2

 Saudi Arabia
0
0
1

text: By player[edit]

text:
Name

Team

Suspended for match(es):

Carlos Sánchez Moreno

 Colombia
1
0
1
vs Poland (GS)

Michael Lang

  Switzerland
1
0
0
[note 1]

Jérôme Boateng

 Germany
0
1
0
vs South Korea (GS)

Igor Smolnikov

 Russia
0
1
0
vs Spain (R16)

Sebastian Larsson

 Sweden
0
0
3
vs Switzerland (R16)

Toby Alderweireld

 Belgium
0
0
2

Éver Banega

 Argentina
0
0
2

Wílmar Barrios

 Colombia
0
0
2

Valon Behrami

  Switzerland
0
0
2

Rodrigo Bentancur

 Uruguay
0
0
2

 Casemiro

 Brazil
0
0
2
vs Belgium (QF)

Armando Cooper

 Panama
0
0
2
vs Tunisia (GS)

Karim El Ahmadi

 Morocco
0
0
2

Yury Gazinsky

 Russia
0
0
2

Lucas Hernández

 France
0
0
2

Héctor Herrera

 Mexico
0
0
2

Mathias Jørgensen

 Denmark
0
0
2

Jung Woo-young

 South Korea
0
0
2

N'Golo Kanté

 France
0
0
2

Stephan Lichtsteiner

  Switzerland
0
0
2
vs Sweden (R16)

Mikael Lustig

 Sweden
0
0
2
vs England (QF)

Harry Maguire

 England
0
0
2

Mario Mandžukić

 Croatia
0
0
2

Javier Mascherano

 Argentina
0
0
2

Nemanja Matić

 Serbia
0
0
2

Blaise Matuidi

 France
0
0
2
vs Uruguay (QF)

Kylian Mbappé

 France
0
0
2

Thomas Meunier

 Belgium
0
0
2
vs France (SF)

Aleksandar Mitrović

 Serbia
0
0
2

Héctor Moreno

 Mexico
0
0
2
vs Brazil (R16)

Michael Amir Murillo

 Panama
0
0
2
vs Tunisia (GS)

M'Baye Niang

 Senegal
0
0
2

Nicolás Otamendi

 Argentina
0
0
2

Yussuf Poulsen

 Denmark
0
0
2
vs France (GS)

Ante Rebić

 Croatia
0
0
2

Cristiano Ronaldo

 Portugal
0
0
2

Ferjani Sassi

 Tunisia
0
0
2

Fabian Schär

  Switzerland
0
0
2
vs Sweden (R16)

Jan Vertonghen

 Belgium
0
0
2

Šime Vrsaljko

 Croatia
0
0
2

Kyle Walker

 England
0
0
2

Johnny Acosta

 Costa Rica
0
0
1

Marcos Acuña

 Argentina
0
0
1

Taisir Al-Jassim

 Saudi Arabia
0
0
1

Edson Álvarez

 Mexico
0
0
1

Vahid Amiri

 Iran
0
0
1

Nordin Amrabat

 Morocco
0
0
1

Karim Ansarifard

 Iran
0
0
1

Pedro Aquino

 Peru
0
0
1

Santiago Arias

 Colombia
0
0
1

Daniel Arzani

 Australia
0
0
1

Ricardo Ávila

 Panama
0
0
1

Sardar Azmoun

 Iran
0
0
1

Carlos Bacca

 Colombia
0
0
1

Anice Badri

 Tunisia
0
0
1

Leon Balogun

 Nigeria
0
0
1

Édgar Yoel Bárcenas

 Panama
0
0
1

Jan Bednarek

 Poland
0
0
1

Aziz Behich

 Australia
0
0
1

Medhi Benatia

 Morocco
0
0
1

Mbark Boussoufa

 Morocco
0
0
1

Marcelo Brozović

 Croatia
0
0
1

Sergio Busquets

 Spain
0
0
1

Francisco Calvo

 Costa Rica
0
0
1

Joel Campbell

 Costa Rica
0
0
1

Cédric Soares

 Portugal
0
0
1

Ghailene Chaalali

 Tunisia
0
0
1

Viktor Claesson

 Sweden
0
0
1

Vedran Ćorluka

 Croatia
0
0
1

Philippe Coutinho

 Brazil
0
0
1

Juan Cuadrado

 Colombia
0
0
1

Manuel da Costa

 Morocco
0
0
1

Erick Davis

 Panama
0
0
1

Kevin De Bruyne

 Belgium
0
0
1

Thomas Delaney

 Denmark
0
0
1

Leander Dendoncker

 Belgium
0
0
1

Omid Ebrahimi

 Iran
0
0
1

Albin Ekdal

 Sweden
0
0
1

Fidel Escobar

 Panama
0
0
1

 Fagner Conserva Lemos

 Brazil
0
0
1

Radamel Falcao

 Colombia
0
0
1

Ahmed Fathy

 Egypt
0
0
1

Bruno Fernandes

 Portugal
0
0
1

 Fernandinho

 Brazil
0
0
1

Filipe Luís

 Brazil
0
0
1

Alfreð Finnbogason

 Iceland
0
0
1

Ali Gabr

 Egypt
0
0
1

Jesús Gallardo

 Mexico
0
0
1

Cristian Gamboa

 Costa Rica
0
0
1

Olivier Giroud

 France
0
0
1

Aníbal Godoy

 Panama
0
0
1

Aleksandr Golovin

 Russia
0
0
1

Gabriel Gómez

 Panama
0
0
1

Jacek Góralski

 Poland
0
0
1

Andrés Guardado

 Mexico
0
0
1

Raphaël Guerreiro

 Portugal
0
0
1

Paolo Guerrero

 Peru
0
0
1

Idrissa Gueye

 Senegal
0
0
1

John Guidetti

 Sweden
0
0
1

David Guzmán

 Costa Rica
0
0
1

Ehsan Hajsafi

 Iran
0
0
1

Achraf Hakimi

 Morocco
0
0
1

Emil Hallfreðsson

 Iceland
0
0
1

Eden Hazard

 Belgium
0
0
1

Makoto Hasebe

 Japan
0
0
1

Ahmed Hegazi

 Egypt
0
0
1

Jordan Henderson

 England
0
0
1

Mats Hummels

 Germany
0
0
1

Paolo Hurtado

 Peru
0
0
1

Hwang Hee-chan

 South Korea
0
0
1

Brian Idowu

 Nigeria
0
0
1

Takashi Inui

 Japan
0
0
1

Branislav Ivanović

 Serbia
0
0
1

Alireza Jahanbakhsh

 Iran
0
0
1

Mile Jedinak

 Australia
0
0
1

Tin Jedvaj

 Croatia
0
0
1

Eiji Kawashima

 Japan
0
0
1

Kim Shin-wook

 South Korea
0
0
1

Kim Young-gwon

 South Korea
0
0
1

Grzegorz Krychowiak

 Poland
0
0
1

Ilya Kutepov

 Russia
0
0
1

Miguel Layún

 Mexico
0
0
1

Mathew Leckie

 Australia
0
0
1

Lee Jae-sung

 South Korea
0
0
1

Lee Seung-woo

 South Korea
0
0
1

Lee Yong

 South Korea
0
0
1

Jesse Lingard

 England
0
0
1

Adem Ljajić

 Serbia
0
0
1

Ruben Loftus-Cheek

 England
0
0
1

Dejan Lovren

 Croatia
0
0
1

Tomoaki Makino

 Japan
0
0
1

Gabriel Mercado

 Argentina
0
0
1

Lionel Messi

 Argentina
0
0
1

John Obi Mikel

 Nigeria
0
0
1

Mark Milligan

 Australia
0
0
1

Sergej Milinković-Savić

 Serbia
0
0
1

Luka Milivojević

 Serbia
0
0
1

Johan Mojica

 Colombia
0
0
1

Moon Seon-min

 South Korea
0
0
1

Sam Morsy

 Egypt
0
0
1

Thomas Müller

 Germany
0
0
1

 Munir Mohand Mohamedi

 Morocco
0
0
1

Cheikh N'Doye

 Senegal
0
0
1

 Neymar

 Brazil
0
0
1

Benjamin Pavard

 France
0
0
1

Gerard Piqué

 Spain
0
0
1

Josip Pivarić

 Croatia
0
0
1

Marko Pjaca

 Croatia
0
0
1

Paul Pogba

 France
0
0
1

Aleksandar Prijović

 Serbia
0
0
1

Ricardo Quaresma

 Portugal
0
0
1

Ivan Rakitić

 Croatia
0
0
1

Josh Risdon

 Australia
0
0
1

Cristian Rodríguez

 Uruguay
0
0
1

James Rodríguez

 Colombia
0
0
1

Tom Rogic

 Australia
0
0
1

Marcos Rojo

 Argentina
0
0
1

Youssouf Sabaly

 Senegal
0
0
1

Birkir Már Sævarsson

 Iceland
0
0
1

Carlos Salcedo

 Mexico
0
0
1

Salif Sané

 Senegal
0
0
1

Xherdan Shaqiri

  Switzerland
0
0
1

Masoud Shojaei

 Iran
0
0
1

Gaku Shibasaki

 Japan
0
0
1

Adrien Silva

 Portugal
0
0
1

Pione Sisto

 Denmark
0
0
1

Fyodor Smolov

 Russia
0
0
1

Son Heung-min

 South Korea
0
0
1

John Stones

 England
0
0
1

Ivan Strinić

 Croatia
0
0
1

Nicolás Tagliafico

 Argentina
0
0
1

Renato Tapia

 Peru
0
0
1

Youri Tielemans

 Belgium
0
0
1

Luis Tejada

 Panama
0
0
1

Corentin Tolisso

 France
0
0
1

 Trézéguet

 Egypt
0
0
1

William Troost-Ekong

 Nigeria
0
0
1

Domagoj Vida

 Croatia
0
0
1

Kendall Waston

 Costa Rica
0
0
1

Axel Witsel

 Belgium
0
0
1

Granit Xhaka

  Switzerland
0
0
1

Yoshimar Yotún

 Peru
0
0
1

Denis Zakaria

  Switzerland
0
0
1

Roman Zobnin

 Russia
0
0
1

text: Source: [3]

text: Notes[edit]

text: ^ Jump up to: a b As Lang was sent off in Switzerland's last match of the tournament, he will serve a suspension during the next competitive game of Switzerland (vs Iceland in 2018–19 UEFA Nations League).

tag: ol


document_title: Quiroz

question_text: where does the last name quiroz come from

text: Quiroz

text: Quirós or Quiroz, originally a toponym referring to Quirós in Asturias, may refer to:

text:
Clarita de Quiroz, Scottish singer/songwriter and model of Dutch, Irish, Filipino, Spanish descent from Edzell
David Quiróz (born 1982), Ecuadorian footballer
Fernando Quiroz, retired Argentine football midfielder
Francisco Quiroz (1957–1993), former WBA Lightweight champion
Guillermo Quiróz (born 1981), Major League Baseball catcher
Pamela Anne Quiroz (born 1960), American sociologist
Roberto Quiroz, Ecuadorian tennis player
Sergio Quiróz, Mexican footballer