document_title: GEICO advertising campaigns

question_text: who did the voice of the geico gecko in its tv debut

question_tokens: who did the voice of the geico gecko in its tv debut

text: GEICO advertising campaigns

text: Animated advertisements[edit]

text: Animated advertisements were part of the early GEICO Direct ads as well as the "Dumb Things" campaign. The 15-second long commercials, animated by Bill Plympton, featured a curious little man walking up to an object and eventually getting hurt due to his curiosity of the object.[6] One of the commercials, for example, involved him finding a cannon and pressing a button, causing a resulting cannonball to fire out and stick to his face. The original saying in the commercial was "You could still save money on car insurance. Even if you made a few mistakes."; later modified to "We all do dumb things. Paying too much for car insurance doesn't have to be one of them."[7]

text: The Gecko[edit]

text: The company's ads sometimes focus on its reptilian mascot, The Gecko, an anthropomorphic Day Gecko created by The Martin Agency, modified in 2005 to a CGI character by Animation Director David Hulin and his team at Framestore. The gecko first appeared in 1999, during the Screen Actors Guild strike that prevented the use of live actors.[8] The original commercial features the Gecko, voiced by actor Kelsey Grammer, who climbs onto a microphone on a podium and utters "This is my final plea: I am a gecko, not to be confused with GEICO, which could save you hundreds on car insurance. So, STOP CALLING ME!", before licking his eye. Later "wrong number" ads used Dave Kelly as the voice of the gecko. In the subsequent commercials with Jake Wood[9] (which portray him as a representative of the company), the gecko speaks with a British Cockney accent, because it would be unexpected, according to Martin Agency's Steve Bassett. In 2010s commercials, the gecko's accent is more working-class, perhaps in an effort to further "humanize" him.[10] "As computer animation got better and as we got to know the character better, we did a few things," says Steve Bassett, creative director at The Martin Agency. "We wanted to make him a little more guy-next-door. And he looks a lot more real than he's looked before."[8] Chelsea Clinton, daughter of former president Bill Clinton and then-Secretary of State and 2016 Democratic Presidential candidate Hillary Clinton, interviewed the Geico Gecko in April 2013.[11] He had since became GEICO's longest-running mascot, appearing in more than 150 commercials as of 2017.

text: Maxwell the pig[edit]

text: Maxwell is an anthropomorphic talking pig and recurring character in GEICO advertisements. Maxwell debuted in an installment of the Rhetorical Questions campaign as the "little piggy who cried 'wee wee wee' all the way home" (referencing the famous nursery rhyme "This Little Piggy") being driven home by a friend's mother, squealing along the way. While Maxwell was originally intended as a one-time character, the popularity of his debut commercial resulted in him being spun off into his own series of commercials which usually feature him as a tech-savvy, informative pig who is most concerned with his GEICO-related objects.

text: Cavemen[edit]

text: A popular series of well-received advertisements uses cavemen as pitchmen. Also developed by the Martin Agency, the ads center on Neanderthal-like cavemen, no different from modern-day individuals (outside of somewhat prehistoric facial features), encountering either an ad or commercial with the tagline "GEICO: so easy a caveman could do it," followed by their disgust with the supposed stereotype of caveman stupidity. The ads posit a world where cavemen are still alive and active members of society in the present day, behaving and living nothing at all like the stereotypical caveman. The main characters presented in the ads are affluent, educated, and cultured, eating at fancy restaurants, going to exclusive parties, and seeing their therapists (portrayed in the commercials by two-time Oscar-nominated actress Talia Shire). The humor revolves around the relative normality of the cavemen's presence and their reactions to the stereotype represented in the ads, and their attempts at defending themselves from the stereotype.

text: The ads were so successful that the commercial actors are appearing in a successful series of interactive websites written and produced by GEICO's in-house creative team at Caveman's Crib and most recently, iHeartcavemen. A spin-off TV series, titled Cavemen and starring new actors, debuted on ABC in October 2007[12] to overwhelmingly negative critical reaction. It was canceled after only six episodes were aired.

text: Parodies[edit]

text: Another common theme is misdirection, in which the commercial appears to be about an unrelated product (or, in fact, may not even be a commercial), suddenly changing to become a plug for GEICO. The commercials use a variety of fictional characters such as Speed Racer, Chatty Cathy, Jed Clampett, and Bill Dutchess. Other commercials relate to a hair loss doctor who has saved by switching to GEICO, a nature show about a fish, workout with Tony Little, and a soap opera of a couple who are breaking up. Another set of GEICO ads involved a fictional reality show called "Tiny House" in which contestants were forced to live in a half-scale house.

text: An additional commercial theme is the promotion of fictional products. In 2006 parody ads featured such products as long distance phone service, tomato soda, fast-food, a reality TV show, dolls, and even poking fun at the Old Navy commercials – in all cases, the parody portion of the ad ends with "but it won't save you any money on car insurance." After the GEICO slogan is heard, the commercials end with "Why haven't you called GEICO?" Including Wonder Glue.

text: The parody pitch crossed over to the Caveman campaign in 2007, in a 10-second spot that appears to be a talking heads news interview, but features the popular caveman.

text: In response to some of the parody ads, Seth Green and Matthew Senreich wrote a sketch using the character C in a parody of one of the celebrity ads for their second Robot Chicken Star Wars special.

text: MADtv also made a sketch parodying these ads using characters of Elmo (who was performed by Frank Caeti) and Carlos Mencia (who was played by Johnny Sanchez).

text: Actor Scott Whyte has made a series of commercial parodies, calling the company, "Schmeiko", while performing a series of impressions.

text: "I've got good news"[edit]

text: In another ad campaign, a character would be breaking bad news to another (such as a baseball manager replacing a struggling pitcher with a reliever), but then offers helpfully, "I've got good news: I just saved a bunch of money on my car insurance by switching to GEICO!" That news, of course, is of no immediate use at all to the other character(s). Some of the ads were parodies and/or featured celebrities including, for example, Esteban; one featured the popular anime character Speed Racer. The exchange became parodied for a time while the ads were popular. One of the most watched "I've got good news" spots was a soap opera parody featuring television actor Sebastian Siegel.

text: Bland salesman[edit]

text: In another series of ads, a GEICO pitchman is played by actor Jerry Lambert in an extremely bland and understated way, parodying the stereotype of an insurance man, such as reading to a group of uninterested children from a book of fairy tales about insurance, watching a view of cats in the living room where a gecko is standing on the couch, relaxing on a hot tub with a couple, and a flashback about "Honk If You Like". In one segment, he reads a supposed e-mail from a viewer saying it would be "da bomb" (i.e., something good), if the Gecko would do a dance called "The Robot". Cut to the Gecko doing that dance smoothly and gracefully (to the tune of a not-for-public-sale melody called "Sweet World" by a group called Omega Men,[13] which was used in the arcade video game In the Groove 2) and then back to the insurance salesman attempting to do the same dance, seemingly more stiffly than an actual robot would. The newest commercial featuring the GEICO gecko depicts the Gecko receiving a business suit from the salesman, in order to present a more professional appearance, but he declines.

text: "Real service, real savings"[edit]

text: In this campaign, a real GEICO customer would present his/her testimonials, while a celebrity standing next to, or behind, the customer uses his/her signature styles to help get the customer's word across.

text: Some of these celebrities included:

text:
Peter Graves (1926–2010)
Peter Frampton
Burt Bacharach
Little Richard
Mrs. Butterworth
Joan Rivers (1933–2014)
The Pips (1952–1989)
Charo
James Lipton
Michael Winslow
Verne Troyer (1969-2018)
Don LaFontaine (1940–2008)

text: The slogan exclusive to this campaign is "GEICO: Real service, real savings".

text: My Great Rides[edit]

text: In 2007, GEICO also launched a social networking site, My Great Rides, for motorcycle owners. My Great Rides is a place for cycle owners to share stories about trips they have taken on their bikes, as well as post pictures of their motorcycles, and comment on other members' stories and pictures. My Great Rides was taken down on 27 February 2012.[14]

text: GEICO Racing[edit]

text: The number 7 car of the NASCAR Nationwide Series is driven by Mike Wallace and was sponsored by GEICO prior to 2009.[15][16] Commercials involving the race team are of a memorably disdainful young boy, played by actor Eddie Heffernan claiming to be a relative of Mike Wallace and being a better driver.[17] The boy says, "When people see Mike Wallace and the GEICO number 7 doing well, they'll think of saving a bunch of money on car insurance. But when they see me, they'll say, 'There goes Lauren Wallace; the greatest thing to ever climb into a race car.'"[18]

text: The commercials are sometimes presented in an interview fashion, where an unseen narrator speaks to the ambitious go-kart driver. "What do you think of Mike Wallace?" the child is asked, to which he responds, "Whatever, he's out there selling car insurance, I'm out there to win." When questioned on his relation to the NASCAR driver, Lauren shakes his head and concludes, "I didn't say I wouldn't go fishing with the man, all I'm saying is if he comes near me, I'll put him in the wall." To which the narrator questions him, "You don't race in the Busch Series." Lauren replies "Listen, go-kart track, grocery store, those remote controlled boats; when it comes to Mike Wallace the story ends with me putting him in the wall."

text: New ads in this lineup include Lauren referring to himself as being, "100 miles away and ready to strike," and "lightning in a bottle."

text: The success of those ads resulted in the launch of an interactive website written and produced by GEICO's in-house creative team at GEICO Garage. The site includes cameo appearances by Lauren Wallace and drivers Mike Wallace, his daughter Chrissy Wallace, Speed TV's Tommy Kendall, Paul Tracy, Christian Fittipaldi and Max Papis.

text: TRS: The Real Scoop[edit]

text: Introduced in 2 August 2007, this series of ads features an E! True Hollywood Story-type show about famed fictional characters such as Fred Flintstone, Jed Clampett, and even a Cabbage Patch Kid named Ben Winkler claiming to have their cars (the Flintmobile, Jed's 1923 Oldsmobile truck, and a Plymouth Reliant/Dodge Aries, respectively) insured by GEICO, featuring interviews with made-up investigators (however, the Ben Winkler spot does not have an interview). These commercials were voiced over by narrator David O'Brien.

text: "The money you could be saving"[edit]

text: Starting in 2008, GEICO has aired a series of TV ads featuring two paper-banded stacks of U.S. bills with a pair of big, googly eyes on top. Kash, who never says anything, just sits and stares at people (in a manner intended to be unsettling), set to a remix of a Rockwell/Michael Jackson song, "Somebody's Watching Me" by Mysto & Pizzi.

text: Rhetorical question campaign[edit]

text: Toward the end of 2009 until mid 2012, GEICO introduced another advertising campaign in which Mike McGlone walks into an empty room and queries the viewer, "Could switching to GEICO really save you 15% or more on car insurance?" After this, he pauses and then asks a rhetorical and/or obvious question which is immediately followed by a scene cut to the subject at hand. Such questions have included (in no particular order):

text: Television[edit]

text:
Is Ed "Too Tall" Jones too tall?: (Cuts to Jones in a doctor's office being measured for his height, even though he is too tall for the maximum length of the measure. The nurse then says, "I'm just gonna guesstimate.")
Does Charlie Daniels play a mean fiddle?: (Cuts to Daniels energetically playing a fiddle in a classy restaurant after taking it from a violinist. Once he finishes, he hands it back and states "That's how you do it, son".)
Does Elmer Fudd have trouble with the letter R?: (Cuts to Elmer hunting and telling the audience to be "vewy quiet" while he's "hunting wabbits", the director correcting his rhotacism to the former's frustration, and eventually stalking off the screen while muttering about how "this diwector is starting to wub (him) the wong way".)
Did The Waltons take way too long to say good night?: (Cuts to the Walton family saying "good night" to each other numerous times.)
Does a ten-pound bag of flour make a really big biscuit?: (Cuts to a child buttering an enormous biscuit on the kitchen counter humming as his mom walks in with a dismayed look upon her face.)
Did the caveman invent fire?: (Cuts to the GEICO caveman sitting in a living room on a couch with a female companion. He looks disdainfully at the camera, then activates the fireplace by remote control before scowling at the camera once more.)
Was Abe Lincoln honest?: (Cuts to an old-style black and white film of Mary Todd Lincoln asking "Does this dress make my backside look big?" After a lengthy pause and deliberation, Lincoln sheepishly responds, saying "Perhaps a ...", interrupted as she gets up and walks out perturbed.)
Is having a snowball fight with pitching great Randy Johnson a bad idea?: (Cuts to Johnson helping a man to his feet, the latter with a hole in the arm of his jacket, in a snowy street. After lamenting the heavily damaged garage door behind them, they agree to go sledding instead.)
Is a bird in the hand worth two in the bush?: (Cuts to an Antiques Roadshow appraiser examining a small statue of a human hand holding a bird. He tells the statue's owner that it is indeed worth at least two in the bush.)
Can fútbol announcer Andrés Cantor make any sport exciting?: (Cuts to Cantor loudly and energetically calling a slow-paced chess match. When one player makes a move, he yells his trademark "GOOAAALLL!" much to the players' annoyance)
Does a former drill sergeant make a terrible therapist?: (Cuts to R. Lee Ermey talking to a man on a psychiatrist's couch, then abruptly yelling at him for crying and then throws a box of tissues at him, calling him a crybaby.)
Do woodchucks chuck wood?: (Cuts to a jovial pair of woodchucks throwing chopped logs into a pond and being admonished by the farmer who chopped them.)
Did the little piggy cry 'wee wee wee' all the way home?? (Cuts to a pig named Maxwell riding in the back seat of an SUV holding pinwheels, yelling "wee wee wee" out the window, before being dropped off at his house by his friend's exasperated mother.) (See section Maxwell the Pig)
Does it take two to tango?: (Cuts to a man and woman dancing the tango while another man tries to dance with them.)
What, do you live under a rock?: (Cuts to a man living underground who moves a rock so he can raise his head above ground to see outside, and then gets excited when he sees a GEICO billboard and invites his friend Rick to move his own rock and take a peek.)
Does the buck stop here?; (The camera zooms out as a deer walks onto the soundstage and stops next to McGlone, who then shrugs his shoulders.)
Do dogs chase cats?: (Cuts to a dog and cat engaged in a Bullitt-style car chase.)
Would Foghorn Leghorn make a really bad book narrator?: (Cuts to a recording studio where Foghorn is reading A Tale of Two Cities – his ad-libbing and talking over the director cause an exasperated Henery Hawk to get up from the control panel and whack him with a club.)
Is the pen mightier than the sword?: (Cuts to a ninja menacingly demonstrating his swordsmanship to his opponent, who countermaneuvers by using a pen to sign for the delivery of his new taser, with which he promptly dispatches the ninja.)
Do people use smartphones to do dumb things?: (Cuts to three office workers using very silly smartphone apps to help celebrate the end of the workweek.)

text: Radio[edit]

text:
Would helium make opera sound less stuffy?: (Cuts to male opera singer singing in a deep voice, then inhaling helium, and continuing in a high-pitched voice.)
Do mimes make even less sense when you can't see them?: (Cuts to a narrator describing a mime pretending to be inside an invisible box.)
Is sneaking out of a really boring meeting while wearing tap shoes a bad idea?: (Cuts to a boring meeting with tap shoes in the background, until the boss catches on.)
Does a rolling stone gather no moss?: (Cuts to the sound of a boulder rolling through various things until it crashes to a stop, with McGlone then saying, "No moss – you're gonna have to trust me on this one.")
Do only dogs hear dog whistles?: (Cuts to the sound of someone breathing in, then blowing in a dog whistle a few times, before being interrupted by several barking dogs.)
If a tree falls in the forest and no one is around, does it make a noise?: (Cuts to the sound of a tree falling and crashing, with McGlone then saying, "Yep.")
Is texting getting way out of hand?: (McGlone then begins to elaborate, but is interrupted and distracted by several incoming texts, ultimately responding to one message with "LOL, UR my BFF.")

text: Short Stories and Tall Tales[edit]

text: Starting in 2010, there have been TV commercials in which a nursery rhyme, being read to the audience from an illustrated book entitled Short Stories and Tall Tales, turns into an ad for GEICO homeowner's and renters insurance:

text:
In one, the cow who jumped over the moon crashes down through someone's roof; luckily, the owner was insured with GEICO.
In another, Jack Be Nimble accidentally knocked over a candlestick onto the shagged carpeting and insured with GEICO because of his flaming pants, his new pants are bought from Banana Republic.
In another, Baa Baa Black Sheep got three bags of wool taken and insured GEICO, but the hooligan down the lane is caught, selling the stolen goods online.
In another, the Itsy Bitsy Spider's home is flooded as a result of a clogged downspout, and his mattress is ruined; thanks to GEICO, he now has a "Sleep Number" bed. His sleep number is 25.
Little Jack Horner sat in a corner on a department and insured GEICO with renters insurance, it turns out Little Jack Horner got his stomach pumped because of eating a 6-month-old Christmas pie.
Little Bo Peep accidentally broke into her apartment and got her sheep stolen.
A burglar breaks into Little Miss Muffet's house and steals her tuffets, which were fortunately insured. The burglar was later caught, given away by a whey stain.
Goldilocks breaks into the home of the Three Bears, eats some porridge, breaks a chair, and steals their laptop. Thanks to GEICO insurance, the Bears are able to replace their things, including a new chair from Crate & Barrel.
After his straw house is blown away by the Big Bad Wolf, the Little Pig is able to build a more elaborate straw house thanks to GEICO homeowner's insurance. The Wolf then gets a job blowing at a wind farm.
Hansel and Gretel broke outside the Gingerbread house and ate the whole roof, then GEICO Homeowners Insurance gets the roof covered for the witch. Hansel and Gretel are sent through the candy cane forest.
An old woman who lived in a shoe buys groceries when burglars broke into her shoe and avoids stolen things with juice press for GEICO Homeowners Insurance, then gets a job for the Mountain Bike Juice Delivery Service.
Mary and her lamb turned out her dress is ruined by an electrical fire and takes a hobby at Bloomingdale's for her new dress and exclusively for little lambs after using GEICO Renters Insurance.
Jack and Jill are about to fetch water from a well until an overflowing kitchen sink sprung a leak, and they use GEICO Homeowners Insurance, and they went to fetch lattes and almond milk instead of just water.

text: Xtranormal[edit]

text: Near the end of 2010, a new advertising campaign began made up of amateurish computer animated advertisements, supposedly made in 15 minutes, created with the computer software program Xtranormal.[19]

text: "Easier Way to Save"[edit]

text: Starting in the summer of 2011, a new series of advertising involved people discovering unusual ways to save money.

text: Television[edit]

text:
A couple teaching their 6-year-old son how to dunk a basketball in order to help him get a scholarship, with him getting stuck on the basket.
A dog and a cockatoo playing A-Ha's "Take on Me" because their owner can't afford to keep downloading music.
A sea captain living as a roommate, rehearsing "Major-General's Song."
A woman turning her daughter's pet fish into her husband's meal.
Robots hired in a daycare center because they "work for free".
Three guinea pigs rowing their boat to produce electricity for their owner's computer.
A couple adopting a black rescue panther who can protect their house.
A man singing a personal ad to the tune of Bonnie Tyler's "Total Eclipse of the Heart" because dating websites cost too much money.
Three middle school girls criticize on what the man is eating, only to watch his weight.
A family forming their own theme park.
Boy Scouts using paintball guns to decorate a couple's living room.
A man adopting a pet possum for his kids, as a cheaper alternative to a puppy.

text: Radio commercials[edit]

text:
A man who tries to cut his wife's hair, while she sleeps, instead of going to the hairstylist.
A man who can only rely on toll-free numbers.
A man consolidating his 5 daughters' weddings into one day.
A woman carpooling with her daughter's school bus.
An umpire who cannot pay for his contacts, using the lost pair of eyeglasses he found.
A man turning his bathroom shower into an amusement attraction, instead of taking his family to an amusement park.
A man using carrier pigeons to send letters because of the high cost of postage stamps.
A man who can't spend money on the Internet for his home, thus using his neighbor's unprotected connection.
A woman who is dreaming of being in Machu Picchu because she cannot buy airline tickets.

text: "Brighter side"[edit]

text: This campaign shows two people in a sticky situation. One of them is not as worried as the other, explaining "I'm looking on the brighter side. I save over 15% on my car insurance by switching to GEICO." Commercials from this campaign include:

text:
A magician feels guilty for sawing his assistant in half.
A woman and her neighbor observe a fallen giant in the middle of her garden.
Two fisherman are being abducted by aliens and fear what the aliens are going to do with them.
Divers have been swallowed by a whale.

text: "Get Happy, Get GEICO"[edit]

text: From early-2012 to early 2013, GEICO had a family of commercials where bluegrass pickers named Ronnie (played by director/musician Alex Harvey) and Jimmy (played by actor/comedian Timothy Ryan Cole) talk about how happy saving money on insurance can make someone do certain things intended to be humorous:

text:
Happier than Gallagher at a Farmer's market: Gallagher runs amok at a farmer's market, smashing watermelons with a huge mallet and laughing maniacally.[20]
Happier than a Bodybuilder Directing Traffic: A smiling bodybuilder is standing in an intersection and directing traffic while striking poses.[21] This was the last commercial from the Get Happy, Get GEICO series to ever come on TV, having last aired on 19 March 2016.[22]
Happier than Christopher Columbus with Speedboats: Christopher Columbus is shown on a speeding motoboat, accompanied by two other boats, while a crew member looks seasick.[23]
Happier than Eddie Money running a travel agency: A family is shown sitting in front of a desk in an office. An excited Eddie Money is then shown behind the desk holding airline tickets, where he begins singing (a cappella), "Two Tickets to Paradise" while the family appears increasingly annoyed.[24]
Happier than a Witch at a Broom Factory: A witch is seen flying around on a broom inside of a broom factory. She lands and demands another broom from one of the employees and begins flying again, laughing and having fun.[25]
Happier than a Slinky on an Escalator: A Slinky is seen stepping backwards on an up escalator. While the Slinky goes backwards, others try to avoid it as they go to work and the slinky says "This is Awesome!"[26]
Happier than an Antelope with Nightvision Goggles: Two antelopes are seen watching a lion through nightvision goggles. The two are secretly laughing at the lion and his poor stealth skills (they incorrectly and sarcastically label the lion as "king of the jungle" – the correct term is "king of beasts").[27]
Happier than Dikembe Mutombo Blocking a Shot: Dikembe Mutombo appears blocking various things that people throw, such as a crumpled piece of paper, a pile of laundry, and a box of cereal. The GEICO Logo then appears and Mutombo knocks off the "G". It's "EICO" now.[28]
Happier than Paul Revere with a Cell phone: Paul Revere who is inside a home in Concord, Massachusetts, notices a bell ringing from a church. As he looks out the window, he calls on his cell phone and warns that the British are coming. Afterwards, he returns to his guests and plays charades.[29]
Happier than Dracula Volunteering at a Blood Drive: At a blood drive, Dracula Actor Frankie Ray asks a man his blood type and what he ate today. The man replies either A or B positive and that he ate Lebanese food. Dracula says that he loves the Lebanese. He then excitedly decides to skip the formalities and "get started". He is then seen following the man out at the end.[30]
Happier than the Pillsbury Doughboy on his way to a Baking Convention: At an airport, the Pillsbury Doughboy is going through airport security, but every time the security guard tries to pat him down, he is easily tickled. He promises to hold it together, but keeps failing. Once he gets on his way, the Doughboy sings along as Ronny and Jimmy continue playing the guitar.[31]
Happier than a Camel on Wednesday/Hump Day[32]: At an office, a camel asks workers what day it is. A woman (originally named Leslie) tells him that it is Hump day. The camel whoops with excitement.[33] This commercial soon received over 22 million views on YouTube and inspired a popular Internet meme. The camel appeared in the pregame show of Super Bowl XLVIII where he was named Caleb. Caleb also appeared with the Gecko in a crossover ad with M&M's.[34]

text: Museum of Modern Insurance[edit]

text: This campaign involves paintings in a museum encouraging their fellow paintings to switch to GEICO.

text:
A mountain climber in an "ACHIEVEMENT" motivational picture feels accomplished for climbing the mountain. The cat in the painting beneath says he saved hundreds on car insurance with GEICO, and draws a question mark next to "ACHIEVEMENT".
An excited cat tells a mouse on a teeter-totter that he saved a bunch on car insurance with GEICO, and that they should celebrate. The mouse thinks this is a bad idea. The cat launches the mouse into the air and prepares to eat him, but is beaten to it by an eagle in the motivational picture above.
A teacher asks his student to fill in the blank: "Fifteen Minutes could save you [blank] on car insurance." The student answers 9%, which the teacher says is incorrect and asks his pterodactyls, Steve and Rick, to "go to work," to which the student replies "Not again!".
A painting of Washington crossing the Delaware River notices a cat in front of them, and proceeds to ask the cat to get out of the way, claiming he doesn't want her to scratch the vessel, "for [he is] drifting, uninsured." She tells him that he needs to get insured right "meow," via calling GEICO. Her torso then falls off the painting to reveal a phone keypad, and one of the rowers pushes the buttons with his oar.
Dogs player poker ask for their friend called Rudy/Mr.Tickles, who is in a photo of him and his owner. The owner saved so much money by switching to GEICO that he wanted a photo to commemorate the occasion.
Uncle Sam talks to a family of people wearing "mom jeans".
A little girl asks her mother where babies come from, and in return the mother asks if her daughter knew that GEICO was saving people money for over 75 years. The mother then shouts "DINNER!" before the daughter can ask her question again.
Two 1980s valley girls fall for a band student whose grandparents have been saving money with GEICO for more than 75 years. The photo for the band student is the same photo used for the meme "PTSD Clarinet Boy".

text: "Did You Know?"[edit]

text: From mid-June 2013 to late 2014, a family of TV ads came on where one person reads a GEICO ad, which has the well-known tagline (often with the Gecko in it as well) and a second person says "Everybody knows that." to which the first person says, "Well, did you know ..." followed by an amusing (and fictional) "fact" which is then illustrated in a cutaway scene.[35] Prior to Did You Know Pinocchio Was a Bad Motivational Speaker?, the closing line was temporarily changed to "GEICO: 15 minutes could save you... well, you know."

text:
Did You Know That Some Owls Aren't That Wise?: A female owl is talking to her owl husband about having lunch with her co-worker Meghan, and the husband owl constantly responds "Who?"[36]
Did You Know Old MacDonald Was a Really Bad Speller?: Old MacDonald is a contestant in a spelling bee, and is asked to spell "cow". He spells it "C-O-W, E-I-E-I-O." The buzzer goes off, indicating that he's wrong, and he exclaims, "Dangnabbit" and exits the stage, exasperated (the "Dangnabbit" line would since then evolve into a viral quote).[37]
Did you know the Ancient Pyramids were actually a mistake?: An overseer is monitoring the construction of the Pyramids when he looks at the blueprints and sees that they were supposed to be cubes. He then says, "Uh-oh."[38]
Did you know that when a tree falls in the forest and no one is around, it does make a sound?: An anthropomorphized tree starts to tip, leading the tree to start shouting that it's going to fall. As it falls, the tree screams until it hits the ground. The tree then asks, "A little help?"[39]
Did You Know That Houdini Couldn't Escape from Everything?: Houdini comes up with something stuck in between his fingers and can't escape from them. He says to his mom, "Help, you gotta get me out of this!"[40]
Did You Know There Is an Oldest Trick in the Book?: In the Medieval era, an old man reads to a young apprentice from a large book: "Trick Number One ... Lookest over there." The apprentice looks in the direction indicated, and the old man says, "Ha-ha! Made-est thou look. So end-eth the trick."[41]
Did You Know Auctioneers Make Bad Grocery store Clerks?: A cashier in a grocery store tells a customer what the total of her purchase is, then starts rapidly "auctioning" it, taking bids from the woman and the man in line behind her.[42]
Did You Know Pinocchio Was a Bad Motivational Speaker?: A life-size Pinocchio gives a speech about noticing untapped potential. He points to a select few saying, "You have potential", but his nose grows every time, shocking the audience and indicating that he was lying.[43] An extended version of this commercial was posted on YouTube. In it, Pinocchio begins feeling stressed out from his book failing, ultimately he decides to write a new book.
Did You Know Bad News Doesn't Always Travel Fast?: A boss, personified as a snail, fires one of his employees, Todd. He then says, "Well, gotta run", and slowly crawls away.[44]
Did You Know Game Show Hosts Should Only Host Game Shows?: A game show host delivers the wedding vows at a wedding, but he asks the bride if she takes her husband or a new sports car, at which point the camera cuts to the car being given away as a prize. She dumps her husband for the car right there at the altar.[45]
Did You Know Playing Cards with Kenny Rogers Gets Old Pretty Fast?: Rogers plays poker while singing the lyrics from "The Gambler", which annoys the others.[46] This was the last commercial from the Did You Know? series to ever be played on TV, having last aired on 30 November 2015.[47]
Did You Know Words Really Can Hurt You?: A cowboy breaks up with his girlfriend, and rides off into the sunset, but when the words "The End" appear, he crashes into the "E" in "End" and is knocked off his horse.[48]
Did You Know the Great Wall of China Wasn't Always So Great?: An army of Mongols ride up to a fence-sized Wall of China. After a few moments of contemplation, they simply step over it and proceed on their way.[49]
Did You Know Former Pro Football Player Ickey Woods Will Celebrate Almost Anything?: Woods is seen at a deli counter and does his touchdown dance, the Ickey Shuffle, and yells out, "Gonna get some cold cuts today!" when his number 44 is called.[50]
Did You Know Certain Cartoon Characters Should Never Have an Energy Drink?: A commercial for an energy drink is being filmed, starring the Tasmanian Devil; after drinking the product, he spins out of control and leaves the set. The GEICO ad appears to be over as an entirely different commercial in another room advertises the "Birds of America collection" (50 state bird hand-painted china plate collection). It is then promptly given a "bull in a china shop" treatment when Taz bursts through the wall from the other commercial and demolishes the plates and displays.[51]
Did You Know Genies Can Be Really Literal?: A man finds a genie in a lamp and wishes for "a million bucks", clearly meaning "$1 million". The genie proceeds to grant him a million male deers.[52] This bit was extended into a web series.

text: "It's what you do"[edit]

text: From late 2014 to 2017, a family of commercials featured people doing irrelevant or weird actions, while in the end the long-time endboard narrator says, "If (you're) [. . .], you [. . .]. It's what you do. If you want to save 15% or more on car insurance, you switch to GEICO. It's what you do." When the ads appear in a movie theater before the previews start, the second line would be replaced with, "If you're in the movie theater, you silence your cell phone. It's what you do."

text:
If You're in a Horror Movie, You Make Poor Decisions: Four teenagers representing characters in a generic horror movie are running from a madman near an eerie farmhouse. They argue about whether to hide in the basement or the attic of the house, and when one girl suggests they get into the conveniently running car just behind them, the others call her crazy. Someone else suggests they go into the barn filled with chainsaws, and as they hide there the madman lurking behind them takes off his mask and shakes his head at their stupidity. The advertisement ends with the teenagers running from the madman toward the cemetery.
If You're Salt-N-Pepa, You Tell People to Push It - Salt-N-Pepa sing "Push It" to various people, including a businessman at the entrance doors, a woman on an elevator, a pregnant woman practicing the Lamaze technique, football players pushing against tackling dummies, and a man mowing his front lawn.
If You're a Camel, You Put Up with This All the Time - In reference to the viral "Hump Day" ad, a bunch of people at the zoo quote the ad to the camels, who are annoyed by it. One camel, named Phil, even complains that it is not even Wednesday.
If Something Goes Wrong, You Find a Scapegoat - At a peanut butter factory, the machines act haywire. The boss asks who is to blame, and a worker points to a goat named Rick, who then screams.
If You're a Free Range Chicken, You Roam Free: A chicken travels the world and texts selfie MMS's to its owners while "Ride Away" by Roy Orbison plays.
If You're a Cat, You Ignore People: A guy out in the desert falls into some quicksand, sees a cat and asks it for help, but the cat just stands there.
If You're Dora the Explorer, You Explore: A group of people struggle against harsh polar conditions to travel to the South Pole, but just as they're about to plant their flag to stake their claim, they find that Dora the Explorer and Boots are already there to greet them. The travelers walk away while Dora and Boots do a dance and say, "You did it! Yay!"
If You're a Fisherman, You Tell Tales: A fisherman exaggerates the day he caught a small fish.
If Your Boss Stops By, You Act Like You're Working: In medieval times, a group of armored knights led by an imposing leader enter a room lit only by torches. He's come to check on the progress of his men with their interrogation of a prisoner who is strapped to a large table. The two men sternly reply that the prisoner will tell them everything very shortly as they each hold a sharp, pointy weapon. As soon as the leader and his entourage take off, however, a bunch of other men emerge from their hiding spots and the group resumes their ping-pong match on the table. As it turns out, the prisoner is acting as their net and keeping score the entire time.
If You're the Guy from the Operation Game, You Get Operated On: A patient is rushed into an operating room; he's said to have several foreign objects in his body. The surgeon tries to remove one with tweezers, and a buzzer sounds. The patient turns out to be Cavity Sam.
If You're a Golf Commentator, You Whisper: Commentators are quietly describing the action during a golf tournament, when a kraken suddenly reaches out of the water hazard and grabs the golfer and some other people. The commentators continue to describe the scene, calmly and quietly.
If You're the Band Europe, You Love a Final Countdown: In a company break room, an employee cooks a burrito in a microwave oven; suddenly, the rock band Europe is in the room with him, singing "The Final Countdown" while the timer on the microwave counts down.
If You're Peter Pan, You Stay Young Forever: Peter flies in at a high school reunion that shows people who graduated in 1965 at their 50th class reunion.
If You're a Mom, You Call at the Worst Time – An action movie hero is saving the day when a call from his mother inconveniences him.
If You're a Couple, You Fight Over Directions – Tarzan and Jane are lost. Tarzan is confident about his way, but Jane asks Cheeta for directions.
If You Have Alligator Arms, You Avoid Picking up the Check – A group of people at a Chinese restaurant are given their bill, and a talking alligator suggests he take care of it, but he cannot reach it because of his tiny arms.
If You Sit on Your Phone, You Butt Dial People – A man is about to propose to his girlfriend, but her brother calls her. She answers, but it turns out to be a pocket dial from him at a sporting event.
If You're a Parrot, You Repeat Things – A parrot on a pirate's shoulder repeats everything the pirate said privately to everyone, causing the crew to mutiny against him. The parrot even repeats the voiceover's GEICO slogan "It's What You Do".
If You Want Someone to Leave You Alone, You Pretend Like You're Sleeping – Prince Charming attempts to awaken Sleeping Beauty from her slumber, but fails. After he leaves, Sleeping Beauty reveals she was faking just so she could catch up on her reality television.
If You Taste Something Bad, You Want Someone Else to Try It – Some talking raccoons are rummaging through the garbage, and one of them comes upon something foul and wants the others to taste it as well. This commercial appeared in the 2017 film The Dark Tower.
If You Walk the Walk, You Talk the Talk – A western sheriff confronts the villains and tells them to vamoose, and speaks his every move every time he walks.
If You're a Stuntman, You Cheat Death – A stunt man and the Grim Reaper compete in a 10K, but neither play fair.
If You're Boyz II Men, You'd Make Anything Sound Good – At a pharmacy, the Grammy-winning R&B group sing the possible side effects of a drug.
If You're a Ref, You Way Over-explain Things – A referee yells his order to a waiter at a restaurant.

text: "Unskippable" freeze frames[edit]

text: Debuted in 2015, these ads employ a satire of the technique of frame freezing, by showing live actors attempting to mimic a freeze-frame, often in awkward positions and sometimes assisted by intentionally visible stunt tools, such as suspension cords when paused in mid-air. The premise is that when viewing ads on sites like YouTube, usually a viewer cannot skip the ad until 5 seconds in then the commercial announcer saying "You can't skip this GEICO ad because it's already over" then the commercial announcer saying the GEICO slogan. If a user watches the entire video, events turn disastrous.

text:
Family: At the dinner table, a mother tells her family that they can "thank the savings". During the freeze-frame, the family dog starts eating from the father's plate.
High Five: Two friends celebrate saving money by performing a jumping high-five. During the freeze-frame, the stunt wires become visible and one of the actors' feet catches fire.
Cleaning Crew: A janitor mishears a businessman saying "savings". He loses control of the vacuum cleaner which runs over the cord and causes the electricity to short out.
Elevator: Two businessmen shake hands in an elevator. A woman enters the elevator asking to get off at the second floor, but the men are in a freeze-frame so she must press the button herself.

text:
Preceded by
The Epic Split feat. Jean-Claude Van Damme and Sorry, I Spent It on Myself
Cannes Lions Film Grand Prix Winner
2015
Succeeded by
Love freebies? Get them legally aka Shoplifters

text: Fast Forward[edit]

text: Debuted in 2016, these ads show the beginning portion of a 45–90-second ad before a blue screen disclaimer appears telling the viewers that the ad is being fast forward to the end portion so that they can get to their video faster. If an extended version of the ad or just the regular 15-second ad is shown on sites like YouTube, the viewer is usually welcome to skip the ad when 5 seconds have been used.

text:
Forest: In the lodge in the forest, two brothers were sawing a log when they were talking about savings from GEICO until a disclaimer appears skipping to one of the brothers hugging a bear thinking that "he's my brother".
Hike: Two hikers were walking a mountain telling that GEICO has been around for a very long time until a disclaimer appears skipping to the hikers being taken by an eagle while one of them holds a saxophone claiming that "not everyone likes smooth jazz!"
Lake: Two fishermen were talking in the canoe in the lake talking about 24/7 claims from GEICO until a disclaimer appears skipping to the fishermen being hung as plaques in a fish's house calling each other "gullible".
Going up: Almost similar to the "Unskippable" version of "Elevator", two women and a man discuss about their savings from GEICO until a disclaimer appears skipping two bald women coming out from the elevator leaving the man behind and declaring that they are "taking the stairs" next time.

text: Surprising[edit]

text: Debuted in 2016, these ads depict celebrities or historical figures in outlandish situations.

text: TV[edit]

text:
Playing Marco Polo with Marco Polo: Two kids play Marco Polo in their pool to the confusion of the historical Marco Polo, who eventually joins them in playing.
Ice-T at a Lemonade Stand: The famous American rapper runs a lemonade stand with two young boys but gets frustrated when customers repeatedly ask "Is that Ice T (iced tea) and yells that it's lemonade.
A Sumo Wrestler Figure skating: A Sumo Wrestler skates around and does some silly moves, including his signature "Flying Dutchman" only to get an applause from the crowd.
Tiki Barber Running a Barber Shop: Another barber says football plays before giving a buzzer to Tiki Barber, who sprints to each client and shaves a large part of their hair off. Once Tiki is done, he starts to celebrate and a person waiting leaves when he asks "Who's next?"
Ordering a Getaway Car with an App: A group of robbers escape with valuables but get upset when they find out their getaway car they ordered on a rideshare app is late. One remains optimistic and comments on how the driver's name, Randy, is trustworthy, but when the car comes, the police catch up to them.
Caesar on a Caesar Salad: A man portraying as Julius Caesar stands on top of a Caesar salad on the table in a restaurant.
Runway models on a runway: A group of notorious models delay a flight to hold a fashion show on an airport runway.
The Running of the Bulldogs: A runner trips in the Running of the Bulls race and faces imminent danger from...bulldogs.
A Triangle solo: An orchestra is performing Bach's Brandenburg Concerto No. 3 in G major, when the trianglist begins stealing the spotlight. (Side note: None of the Brandenburg Concertos call for a triangle.)
Casual Fridays at Buckingham Palace - A British royal guard slacker takes the place of a formal royal guard.
Randy Jackson Judging a Dog Show - The ex-American Idol judge gives his trademark critiques to a dog show.
Washington Crossing the Delaware Turnpike - The general holds up traffic by having his men drag his boat across the turnpike.
Manatees in Novelty Tees - A family at an aquarium visits the manatee exhibit, and sees that all the manatees are wearing T-shirts with slogans on them like "Come at Me, Bro" and "I'm with Stupid".

text: Radio[edit]

text: A Computer with a Virus: A computer suddenly comes down with a (literal) virus, admitting he ate

text: spoiled Oysters Rockefeller.

text:
A Really Charming Snake Charmer:
A Fortune Bank Teller: A man goes to the bank, but the teller is a gypsy woman who tells him his future.
Supermarket Beatboxing: A bored supermarket employee, told cleanup is needed in one of the aisles, begins beatboxing the announcement, and then continues the beatboxing with various other announcements (such as informing shoppers of a parked minivan with its headlights on). The spot won the Westwood One Sports Sounds Awards Media Choice Award for best commercial heard during the radio network's coverage of Super Bowl LII. [53]
The Wicked Witch of the West on the Water Slide:
An Emotional Rollercoaster:

text: Great Answer[edit]

text: These ads show a person seemingly in trouble, until they state that switching to GEICO could save you money on car insurance; at which point this unrelated answer is accepted as a great answer.

text:
Courtroom: A defendant in court is accused of robbing a safe. The prosecution has fingerprint evidence, photo evidence, and even a Twitter post using #JustRobbedTheSafe. The defendant's response is to tell everyone that switching to GEICO could save them money on car insurance, at which point he is dismissed.
Undercover: An undercover agent, wearing a disguise, is caught. When forced to explain himself, he says that you can save money on car insurance, at which point the people he was spying on let him go.
Meteor: After it is discovered that a meteor is heading toward earth, one of the people in the room tells everybody that switching to GEICO could save them money.
Adrift and Hungry: There are three men in a lifeboat, starving when one of them notices cheese on one of the men's beard. The man simply mentions that switching to GEICO could save them money. At the end, a fish jumps into their raft and they fight over it.
He-Man vs. Skeletor: He-Man and his posse are about to defeat Skeletor, until Skeletor tells them they should switch to GEICO and makes his escape.

text: Radio[edit]

text:
Painting: A man is showing a woman his new painting and asks for her opinion. Instead, she tells him that switching to GEICO could save money on car insurance.
Call-in Show: A woman is hosting a talk radio show, until the guy she once dated calls in asking why she never called back, so she says switching to GEICO could save hundreds on car insurance.
Trivia Contest: The question being asked is "What color is the White House?" When the contestant does not know the answer to this simple question, he says that switching to GEICO could save money on car insurance.
Love Advice:

text: Take a Closer Look[edit]

text: Since late 2016, a series of TV ads shows two people talking about GEICO, and one of them saying he/she should "take a closer look" at it; the camera then focuses on an inanimate object or animal in the background, which starts talking about the insurance company.

text: Plate: In this ad, painted figures on a decorative plate – a woman on a balcony and a man with a guitar in the garden below – talk about GEICO, and then the man plays music while the woman goes back inside.

text: Cuckoo clock: In this ad, moving figures on a cuckoo clock talk about GEICO and also about the futility of their repetitive actions.[54]

text: RV: Three bumper stickers on the back of a recreational vehicle talk about GEICO, and the one shaped like a moose is shocked to learn that he's not a real moose.

text:
Pigeon: A group of pigeons on a telephone wire talk about GEICO saying they have umbrella coverage, which gets one pigeon to say a person below them will wish he had an umbrella and to "fire at will." He later becomes frustrated at how none of the other pigeons understand that "fire at will" is a saying.
Fleas: Two fleas (actually two humans in badly-made flea suits) play badminton on a golden retriever until a disagreement results in the loss of a shuttlecock.

text: You Had One Job[edit]

text: Since 2017 on ESPN, the VO's tagline: "You had one job, brought to you by GEICO" and referee Shaun Irving blows his whistle to do jobs right.

text: Expect more[edit]

text: Since 2017, there have been ads in which one person is talking to another person about switching to GEICO and during each cut, the one who switched to GEICO gets more stuff.

text:
Bro - Two "bros" working out in the gym, who keep using "bro-" words ("broheem", "Teddy Brosevelt", etc.), the one who switched to GEICO keeps gaining more muscles.
Sandcastle - Two dads are building sandcastles. Every time it cuts back to the dad who switched to GEICO, his sandcastle gets bigger and more elaborate until it becomes an actual sand-mansion complete with a sand-fountain and sand-butler.
Christmas lights - Two guys putting up Christmas lights discuss switching to GEICO, the one who switched to GEICO's house becomes more and more elaborate, to the point where it is seen from space.
Still-life drawing - At a painting class, a man and a woman discuss switching to GEICO, while the woman's drawing becomes more detailed, and at the end, even comes to life.

text: We Interrupt Your Life[edit]

text: Since 2018, the announcer proclaims interrupting your life for multiple GEICO ads at the end of each ad and proclaims "We interrupt this message to bring you our logo."

text: Count on GEICO[edit]

text: Since 2017, there has been a new campaign in which humorous situations are presented as spokesman Steve Tom says, "As long as [such and such], you can count on GEICO saving folk money."

text:
As Long As Sloths are Slow...: A three-toed sloth is playing Pictionary with a group of humans. Of course, he only draws a single line, due to his speed, leaving the contestants to guess random things.
As Long As People Misplace Their Keys...: A space captain is about to fight a huge battle, but he ends up not being able to find his keys.
As Long As GPS Can Still Get You Lost...: Two Emperor penguins separate from the Great Penguin Migration and use an unreliable mapping app on their phone.
As Long As Hecklers Love to Heckle...: At a jousting tournament, an audience member makes fun of one of the competitors, much to the delight of everyone else in the audience.
As Long as People Talk Baby Talk to Dogs...: McGruff the Crime Dog wants to be taken seriously in a police precinct, but the others act very condescending towards him.
As Long as Evil Villains Reveal Their Plans...: Four villains were prepared for their demises, but first they do presentations on their plans.
As Long as Stuff Gets Lost in the Couch...: A couple looks for things that have been lost in their sofa cushions, including Full House star Dave Coulier.

text: A GEICO Commercial?[edit]

text: Since 2018, there has been a new campaign that breaks the fourth wall revealing the actors are actually in an advertisement for GEICO, as revealed by spokesman David Ebert.

text:
Weekend Gardening
Shopping Trip
Tea Time
Couple in the Park
Family Dinner
Vending Machine


document_title: List of Star Wars filming locations

question_text: where was return of the jedi forest scene filmed

root

text: List of Star Wars filming locations

text: Maps[edit]

text:
Eyjafjallajökull

     Reynisfjara

Mount Etna

Palace of Caserta

Hardangerjøkulen

Seville

Grindelwald

Balbianello

Skellig Michael

Locations in continental Europe

Tozeur

Nefta

Matmata

Ksar Ouled Soltane

Ksar Hadada

Ajim

Locations in Tunisia

Ealing Studios

Leavesden Studios

Shepperton Studios

Whippendell Woods

Studios & locations in the UK

tag: table

text: Location filming[edit]

text:
Image
Location
Country
Episode
Setting
Notes

Ksar Hadada, Ghoumrassen
Tunisia
I
Tatooine: Mos Espa slave quarters
[1]

Ksar Ouled Soltane
Tunisia
I
Tatooine: Mos Espa slave quarters
30 km south of Tataouine[1]

Onk Jemal, Tozeur 33°59′39″N 7°50′34″E / 33.994030°N 7.842748°E / 33.994030; 7.842748
Tunisia
I
Tatooine: Mos Espa street set
Location of the lightsaber duel between Qui-Gon Jinn & Darth Maul; Mos Espa;[1]

Palace of Caserta
Italy
I, II
Naboo Royal Palace
[2]

Whippendell Woods, Cassiobury Park, Watford
UK
I
Naboo forest scene
First meeting of Qui-Gon Jinn and Obi-Wan Kenobi with Jar Jar Binks.[3][4]

Plaza de España in Seville
Spain
II
Naboo: City of Theed
[5]

Villa del Balbianello
Italy
II
Naboo lakeside
Used for Anakin and Padmé's wedding scene overlooking Lake Como [6]

Matmata
Tunisia
II, IV
Tatooine: Lars Homestead
Used for courtyard shots and Lars dinner scene. The homestead also featured in Attack of the Clones[1][7]

Phang Nga Bay, near Phuket
Thailand
III
Kashyyyk
Aerial footage of limestone karst mountains which was later composited into the film for the approach over the Battle of Kashyyyk [8]

Guilin
China
III
Kashyyyk
Footage of limestone karst mountains which was later composited into the film for the backdrop of Kashyyyk[9]

Mount Etna
Italy
III
Mustafar
The volcano erupted during filming of Episode III and Lucasfilm sent camera crews to shoot several angles of the eruption; footage was later composited into the background of the scenes set on Mustafar including the lightsaber duel of Obi-Wan Kenobi and Anakin Skywalker.[10][11]

Grindelwald
Switzerland
III
Alderaan
Footage of mountain scenery which was later composited into the film for the backdrop of the planet Alderaan[12]

Chott el Djerid, near Nefta 33°50′34″N 7°46′45″E / 33.842850°N 7.779055°E / 33.842850; 7.779055
Tunisia
IV
Tatooine desert and Lars homestead
Area west of Nefta: chott used for the Lars homestead[1]

La Grande Dune, near Nefta
Tunisia
IV
Tatooine desert
Sand dunes west of Nefta used to film the landing area of the escape pod of C-3PO and R2-D2[1][13][14]

Tikal
Guatemala
IV
Yavin IV Rebel Base
Exterior panoramic shots over the Yavin IV jungle towards the Massassi Temple[15][16]

RAF Cardington, Bedfordshire
UK
IV, R1
Yavin IV Rebel Base
Interior of disused WWII airship sheds were used for the Rebel Base hangar scenes inside the Massassi Temple on the Fourth Moon of Yavin IV; Shed 1 was used in Ep.IV and Shed 2 was used for Rogue One.[17][18]

Death Valley National Park
United States
IV
Tatooine desert

Several Tatooine scenes:[15][19]

Mesquite Flat Sand Dunes - scene where R2D2 goes his separate way after he and C3P0 crash their escape pod on Tatooine (spliced with footage shot in Tunisia)
Artists Palette & Golden Canyon - Canyon where R2D2 is abducted by Jawas (spliced with footage shot at Sidi Bouhlel, Tunisia)
Artist's Drive - Where the miniature Sandcrawler was filmed for the shot of R2D2 being carried up to it by Jawas
Desolation Canyon - Canyon where Tusken Raiders mount Bantha before Luke Skywalker is attacked (spliced with Sidi Bouhlel footage)
Dante's View - panoramic establishing shot of Mos Eisley (spliced with Sidi Bouhlel footage of Luke and Obi-Wan standing on rocky outcrop)

Ajim, Island of Djerba
Tunisia
IV
Tatooine: Mos Eisley Spaceport
Scenes shot in the town include the exterior of the Mos Eisley Cantina. An old mosque outside the town (33°44′27″N 10°44′05″E / 33.740855°N 10.734859°E / 33.740855; 10.734859) was used for exterior shots of Obi-Wan Kenobi's house.[1]

Sidi Jemour, Island of Djerba
Tunisia
IV
Tatooine: Tosche Station
Location for the deleted exterior scenes with Luke and Biggs Darklighter; also used as a backdrop in the Special Edition for the scene showing Luke's landspeeder heading towards Mos Eisley[1][20]

Shubiel Gorge, Sidi Bouhlel (or Sidi Bou Helal), near Tozeur 34°02′11″N 8°16′49″E / 34.036255°N 8.280333°E / 34.036255; 8.280333
Tunisia
IV
Tatooine canyon

Several Tatooine scenes:[13][21]

Canyon where R2D2 is abducted by Jawas (spliced with footage shot at Death Valley, USA)
Canyon where Tusken Raiders attack Luke Skywalker (spliced with Death Valley footage)
Scene of wrecked Sandcrawler after attack by Imperial stormtroopers
Also features in The Phantom Menace.[1]

Hardangerjøkulen Glacier
Norway
V
Hoth
Exterior scenes during the battle of Hoth[22]

Twenty-Mule Team Canyon, Death Valley, California
USA
VI
Tatooine: Road to Jabba's Palace
Two Tatooine scenes:

C-3P0 and R2D2 walk up to the Palace of Jabba the Hutt on Tatooine.
"Lost scene" of Luke Skywalker working on a new lightsaber in a cave overlooking the Millennium Falcon and his X-wing, followed by R2D2 and C3PO starting their trek to Jabba's palace.

Buttercup Valley, Yuma Desert
United States
VI
Tatooine exteriors

Location used for the Great Pit of Carkoon scene [23][24]
Additional footage for the special edition of A New Hope of stormtroopers finding evidence of droids was shot here and cut in with original shots from La Grande Dune, Tunisia [25][26]

Del Norte County, CA
USA
VI
Endor
Forest scenes on the moon of Endor

Rub' al Khali
UAE
VII
Jakku
Desert scenes on the planet Jakku[27][28]

Derwentwater, Cumbria
UK
VII
Takodana
Lakeside setting of Maz Kanata's Castle on Takodana; some Lakeland Fells in the background are altered with CGI[29][28]

Thirlmere, Cumbria
UK
VII
Takodana
Low-level X-Wing flight sequences over Takodana; the background was apparently flipped horizontally[29][28]

Puzzlewood, Forest of Dean
UK
VII
Takodana
Forest scenes on the surface of Takodana[30][28]

RAF Greenham Common, Berkshire
UK
VII
D'Qar
Disused missile silos formed the backdrop for the Resistance Base[31][28]

Eyjafjallajökull
Iceland
VII
Starkiller Base
Snow scenes on the surface of Starkiller Base[28]

Skellig Michael
Ireland
VII
Ahch-To: Luke's refuge
Final scenes: Rey meeting Luke Skywalker for the first time[28]

Canary Wharf
UK
R1
Imperial Base
London's Canary Wharf tube station was used as the setting for the Imperial security complex on Scarif. The Norman Foster-designed station's escalators and glass safety doors are particularly noticeable in the film. [32]

Laamu Atoll
Maldives
R1
Planet Scarif
The Laamu Atoll makes up 82 of the 1,192 Maldivian islands. The atoll's Gan, which is one of the Maldives' largest islands, stood in for planet Scarif. [32]

Reynisfjara
Iceland
R1
Planet Eadu
A 20-minute drive from Vík í Mýrdal, Reynisfjara served as the setting for the planet Eadu. [32]

Wadi Rum
Jordan
R1
Planet Jedha
Wadi Rum is a popular desert location, also used in The Martian. This location earned the Royal Film Commission – Jordan the Location Managers Guild Award for best Film Commission in 2017. [33]

Bovingdon Airfield, Hertfordshire
UK
R1
Scarif
Battle scenes on the surface of Scarif[34]

text: Studios[edit]

text:
Image
Location
Country
Episode
Setting
Notes

Ealing Studios
UK
II

Elstree Studios
UK
II, III, R1, IV, V, VI

The largest Stage 6 was built specifically for The Empire Strikes Back in 1979 (since demolished)

Leavesden Studios
UK
I

Pinewood Studios
UK
R1, VII

Shepperton Studios
UK
III, IV
Yavin
Stage H was used for the final awards ceremony at the end of Episode IV

Fox Studios, Sydney
Australia
II, III


document_title: List of Wimbledon gentlemen's singles champions

question_text: last player to win back to back wimbledon

text: History[edit]

text: The Wimbledon Championships are played in the last week of June and the first week of July, and has been chronologically the third of the four Grand Slam tournaments of the tennis season since 1987.[2] The event was not held from 1915 to 1918 because of World War I and again from 1940 to 1945 because of World War II.[4]

tag: p

text: The Gentlemen's Singles' rules have undergone several changes since the first edition. From 1878 until 1921, the event started with a knockout phase, the All Comers' Singles, whose winner then faced the defending champion in a challenge round. The All Comers' winner was automatically awarded the title six times (1879, 1887, 1891, 1895, 1907, 1908) in the absence of the previous year's champion. The challenge round system was abolished with the 1922 edition.[5] Since the first championships, all matches have been played at the best-of-five sets. Between 1877 and 1883, the winner of the next game at five games – all took the set in every match except the All Comers' final, and the challenge round, which were won with six games and a two games advantage. All sets were decided in this advantage format from 1884 to 1970.[5] The lingering death best of 12 points tie-break was introduced in 1971 for the first four sets, played at eight games all until 1978 and at six games all since 1979.[5][6][7]

text: Since 1949, the Gentlemen's Singles champion has received a miniature replica of the event's trophy, a silver-gilt cup created in 1887 with the engraved inscription: "The All England Lawn Tennis Club Single Handed Champion of the World".[8] New singles champions are traditionally elected honorary members of the AELTC by the club's committee.[c][9] In 2017, the Gentlemen's Singles winner received prize money of £2,220,000.[10]

text: In the Amateur Era, William Renshaw (1881–1886, 1889) holds the record for the most titles in the Gentlemen's Singles, winning Wimbledon seven times. Renshaw's wins, however, came within the challenge round format, and he won the event only twice after going through a complete draw. Renshaw also holds the record for most consecutive titles with six from (1881 to 1886). The record for most consecutive and most wins post challenge round during the Amateur Era is Fred Perry (1934–1936).[4]

text: In the Open Era, since the inclusion of professional tennis players in 1968, Roger Federer (2003–2007, 2009, 2012, 2017) holds the record for the most Gentlemen's Singles titles with eight. Björn Borg (1976–1980) and Roger Federer (2003–2007) co-hold the record for most consecutive victories with five.[4]

text: This event was won without losing a single set in the entire tournament during the Open Era twice, in 1976 by Björn Borg and in 2017 by Roger Federer.

text: Roger Federer is the only player in history, in both the Amateur and Open Era, to reach the Wimbledon Gentlemen's Singles Final eleven times. He has won on eight occasions and lost on three.

text: Champions[edit]

text:
Regular competition

All Comers' winner, Challenge round winner ‡

Defending champion, Challenge round winner †

All Comers' winner, no Challenge round ◊

text: Amateur era[edit]

text:
Year[d]
Country
Champion
Country
Runner-up
Score in the final[4]

1877
 BRI[e]
Gore, SpencerSpencer Gore
 BRI
Marshall, WilliamWilliam Marshall
6–1, 6–2, 6–4

1878
 BRI
Hadow, FrankFrank Hadow ‡
 BRI
Gore, SpencerSpencer Gore
7–5, 6–1, 9–7

1879
 BRI
Hartley, JohnJohn Hartley ◊
 BRI
St. Leger Goold, VereVere St. Leger Goold
6–2, 6–4, 6–2

1880
 BRI
Hartley, JohnJohn Hartley †
 BRI
Lawford, HerbertHerbert Lawford
6–3, 6–2, 2–6, 6–3

1881
 BRI
Renshaw, WilliamWilliam Renshaw ‡
 BRI
Hartley, JohnJohn Hartley
6–0, 6–1, 6–1

1882
 BRI
Renshaw, WilliamWilliam Renshaw †
 BRI
Renshaw, ErnestErnest Renshaw
6–1, 2–6, 4–6, 6–2, 6–2

1883
 BRI
Renshaw, WilliamWilliam Renshaw †
 BRI
Renshaw, ErnestErnest Renshaw
2–6, 6–3, 6–3, 4–6, 6–3

1884
 BRI
Renshaw, WilliamWilliam Renshaw †
 BRI
Lawford, HerbertHerbert Lawford
6–0, 6–4, 9–7

1885
 BRI
Renshaw, WilliamWilliam Renshaw †
 BRI
Lawford, HerbertHerbert Lawford
7–5, 6–2, 4–6, 7–5

1886
 BRI
Renshaw, WilliamWilliam Renshaw †
 BRI
Lawford, HerbertHerbert Lawford
6–0, 5–7, 6–3, 6–4

1887
 BRI
Lawford, HerbertHerbert Lawford ◊
 BRI
Renshaw, ErnestErnest Renshaw
1–6, 6–3, 3–6, 6–4, 6–4

1888
 BRI
Renshaw, ErnestErnest Renshaw ‡
 BRI
Lawford, HerbertHerbert Lawford
6–3, 7–5, 6–0

1889
 BRI
Renshaw, WilliamWilliam Renshaw ‡
 BRI
Renshaw, ErnestErnest Renshaw
6–4, 6–1, 3–6, 6–0

1890
 BRI
Hamilton, WilloughbyWilloughby Hamilton ‡
 BRI
Renshaw, WilliamWilliam Renshaw
6–8, 6–2, 3–6, 6–1, 6–1

1891
 BRI
Baddeley, WilfredWilfred Baddeley ◊
 BRI
Pim, JoshuaJoshua Pim
6–4, 1–6, 7–5, 6–0

1892
 BRI
Baddeley, WilfredWilfred Baddeley †
 BRI
Pim, JoshuaJoshua Pim
4–6, 6–3, 6–3, 6–2

1893
 BRI
Pim, JoshuaJoshua Pim ‡
 BRI
Baddeley, WilfredWilfred Baddeley
3–6, 6–1, 6–3, 6–2

1894
 BRI
Pim, JoshuaJoshua Pim †
 BRI
Baddeley, WilfredWilfred Baddeley
10–8, 6–2, 8–6

1895
 BRI
Baddeley, WilfredWilfred Baddeley ◊
 BRI
Eaves, WilberforceWilberforce Eaves
4–6, 2–6, 8–6, 6–2, 6–3

1896
 BRI
Mahony, HaroldHarold Mahony ‡
 BRI
Baddeley, WilfredWilfred Baddeley
6–2, 6–8, 5–7, 8–6, 6–3

1897
 BRI
Doherty, ReginaldReginald Doherty ‡
 BRI
Mahony, HaroldHarold Mahony
6–4, 6–4, 6–3

1898
 BRI
Doherty, ReginaldReginald Doherty †
 BRI
Doherty, LaurenceLaurence Doherty
6–3, 6–3, 2–6, 5–7, 6–1

1899
 BRI
Doherty, ReginaldReginald Doherty †
 BRI
Gore, ArthurArthur Gore
1–6, 4–6, 6–3, 6–3, 6–3

1900
 BRI
Doherty, ReginaldReginald Doherty †
 BRI
Smith, SydneySydney Smith
6–8, 6–3, 6–1, 6–2

1901
 BRI
Gore, ArthurArthur Gore ‡
 BRI
Doherty, ReginaldReginald Doherty
4–6, 7–5, 6–4, 6–4

1902
 BRI
Doherty, LaurenceLaurence Doherty ‡
 BRI
Gore, ArthurArthur Gore
6–4, 6–3, 3–6, 6–0

1903
 BRI
Doherty, LaurenceLaurence Doherty †
 BRI
Riseley, FrankFrank Riseley
7–5, 6–3, 6–0

1904
 BRI
Doherty, LaurenceLaurence Doherty †
 BRI
Riseley, FrankFrank Riseley
6–1, 7–5, 8–6

1905
 BRI
Doherty, LaurenceLaurence Doherty †
 AUS
Brookes, NormanNorman Brookes
8–6, 6–2, 6–4

1906
 BRI
Doherty, LaurenceLaurence Doherty †
 BRI
Riseley, FrankFrank Riseley
6–4, 4–6, 6–2, 6–3

1907
 AUS
Brookes, NormanNorman Brookes ◊
 BRI
Gore, ArthurArthur Gore
6–4, 6–2, 6–2

1908
 BRI
Gore, ArthurArthur Gore ◊
 BRI
Barrett, Herbert RoperHerbert Roper Barrett
6–3, 6–2, 4–6, 3–6, 6–4

1909
 BRI
Gore, ArthurArthur Gore †
 BRI
Ritchie, MajorMajor Ritchie
6–8, 1–6, 6–2, 6–2, 6–2

1910
 NZL
Wilding, AnthonyAnthony Wilding ‡
 BRI
Gore, ArthurArthur Gore
6–4, 7–5, 4–6, 6–2

1911
 NZL
Wilding, AnthonyAnthony Wilding †
 BRI
Barrett, Herbert RoperHerbert Roper Barrett
6–4, 4–6, 2–6, 6–2, retired[f]

1912
 NZL
Wilding, AnthonyAnthony Wilding †
 BRI
Gore, ArthurArthur Gore
6–4, 6–4, 4–6, 6–4

1913
 NZL
Wilding, AnthonyAnthony Wilding †
 USA
McLoughlin, MauriceMaurice McLoughlin
8–6, 6–3, 10–8

1914
 AUS
Brookes, NormanNorman Brookes ‡
 NZL
Wilding, AnthonyAnthony Wilding
6–4, 6–4, 7–5

1915
No competition (due to World War I)

1916

1917

1918

1919
 AUS
Patterson, GeraldGerald Patterson ‡
 AUS
Brookes, NormanNorman Brookes
6–3, 7–5, 6–2

1920
 USA
Tilden, BillBill Tilden ‡
 AUS
Patterson, GeraldGerald Patterson
2–6, 6–3, 6–2, 6–4

1921
 USA
Tilden, BillBill Tilden †
 SAF
Norton, BrianBrian Norton
4–6, 2–6, 6–1, 6–0, 7–5

1922
 AUS
Patterson, GeraldGerald Patterson
 BRI
Lycett, RandolphRandolph Lycett
6–3, 6–4, 6–2

1923
 USA
Johnston, BillBill Johnston
 USA
Hunter, FrancisFrancis Hunter
6–0, 6–3, 6–1

1924
 FRA
Borotra, JeanJean Borotra
 FRA
Lacoste, RenéRené Lacoste
6–1, 3–6, 6–1, 3–6, 6–4

1925
 FRA
Lacoste, RenéRené Lacoste
 FRA
Borotra, JeanJean Borotra
6–3, 6–3, 4–6, 8–6

1926
 FRA
Borotra, JeanJean Borotra
 USA
Kinsey, HowardHoward Kinsey
8–6, 6–1, 6–3

1927
 FRA
Cochet, HenriHenri Cochet
 FRA
Borotra, JeanJean Borotra
4–6, 4–6, 6–3, 6–4, 7–5

1928
 FRA
Lacoste, RenéRené Lacoste
 FRA
Cochet, HenriHenri Cochet
6–1, 4–6, 6–4, 6–2

1929
 FRA
Cochet, HenriHenri Cochet
 FRA
Borotra, JeanJean Borotra
6–4, 6–3, 6–4

1930
 USA
Tilden, BillBill Tilden
 USA
Allison, WilmerWilmer Allison
6–3, 9–7, 6–4

1931
 USA
Wood, SidneySidney Wood
 USA
Shields, FrankFrank Shields
walkover[h]

1932
 USA
Vines, EllsworthEllsworth Vines
 GBR
Austin, BunnyBunny Austin
6–4, 6–2, 6–0

1933
 AUS
Crawford, JackJack Crawford
 USA
Vines, EllsworthEllsworth Vines
4–6, 11–9, 6–2, 2–6, 6–4

1934
 GBR
Perry, FredFred Perry
 AUS
Crawford, JackJack Crawford
6–3, 6–0, 7–5

1935
 GBR
Perry, FredFred Perry
 GER
Cramm, Gottfried vonGottfried von Cramm
6–2, 6–4, 6–4

1936
 GBR
Perry, FredFred Perry
 GER
Cramm, Gottfried vonGottfried von Cramm
6–1, 6–1, 6–0

1937
 USA
Budge, DonDon Budge
 GER
Cramm, Gottfried vonGottfried von Cramm
6–3, 6–4, 6–2

1938
 USA
Budge, DonDon Budge
 GBR
Austin, BunnyBunny Austin
6–1, 6–0, 6–3

1939
 USA
Riggs, BobbyBobby Riggs
 USA
Cooke, ElwoodElwood Cooke
2–6, 8–6, 3–6, 6–3, 6–2

1940
No competition (due to World War II)

1941

1942

1943

1944

1945

1946
 FRA
Petra, YvonYvon Petra
 AUS
Brown, GeoffGeoff Brown
6–2, 6–4, 7–9, 5–7, 6–4

1947
 USA
Kramer, JackJack Kramer
 USA
Brown, TomTom Brown
6–1, 6–3, 6–2

1948
 USA
Falkenburg, BobBob Falkenburg
 AUS
Bromwich, JohnJohn Bromwich
7–5, 0–6, 6–2, 3–6, 7–5

1949
 USA
Schroeder, TedTed Schroeder
 TCH
Drobný, JaroslavJaroslav Drobný
3–6, 6–0, 6–3, 4–6, 6–4

1950
 USA
Patty, BudgeBudge Patty
 AUS
Sedgman, FrankFrank Sedgman
6–1, 8–10, 6–2, 6–3

1951
 USA
Savitt, DickDick Savitt
 AUS
McGregor, KenKen McGregor
6–4, 6–4, 6–4

1952
 AUS
Sedgman, FrankFrank Sedgman
 EGY
Drobný, JaroslavJaroslav Drobný
4–6, 6–2, 6–3, 6–2

1953
 USA
Seixas, VicVic Seixas
 DEN
Nielsen, KurtKurt Nielsen
9–7, 6–3, 6–4

1954
 EGY
Drobný, JaroslavJaroslav Drobný
 AUS
Rosewall, KenKen Rosewall
13–11, 4–6, 6–2, 9–7

1955
 USA
Trabert, TonyTony Trabert
 DEN
Nielsen, KurtKurt Nielsen
6–3, 7–5, 6–1

1956
 AUS
Hoad, LewLew Hoad
 AUS
Rosewall, KenKen Rosewall
6–2, 4–6, 7–5, 6–4

1957
 AUS
Hoad, LewLew Hoad
 AUS
Cooper, AshleyAshley Cooper
6–2, 6–1, 6–2

1958
 AUS
Cooper, AshleyAshley Cooper
 AUS
Fraser, NealeNeale Fraser
3–6, 6–3, 6–4, 13–11

1959
 USA[j]
Olmedo, AlexAlex Olmedo
 AUS
Laver, RodRod Laver
6–4, 6–3, 6–4

1960
 AUS
Fraser, NealeNeale Fraser
 AUS
Laver, RodRod Laver
6–4, 3–6, 9–7, 7–5

1961
 AUS
Laver, RodRod Laver
 USA
McKinley, ChuckChuck McKinley
6–3, 6–1, 6–4

1962
 AUS
Laver, RodRod Laver
 AUS
Mulligan, MartinMartin Mulligan
6–2, 6–2, 6–1

1963
 USA
McKinley, ChuckChuck McKinley
 AUS
Stolle, FredFred Stolle
9–7, 6–1, 6–4

1964
 AUS
Emerson, RoyRoy Emerson
 AUS
Stolle, FredFred Stolle
6–4, 12–10, 4–6, 6–3

1965
 AUS
Emerson, RoyRoy Emerson
 AUS
Stolle, FredFred Stolle
6–2, 6–4, 6–4

1966
 ESP
Santana, ManuelManuel Santana
 USA
Ralston, DennisDennis Ralston
6–4, 11–9, 6–4

1967
 AUS
Newcombe, JohnJohn Newcombe
 FRG
Bungert, WilhelmWilhelm Bungert
6–3, 6–1, 6–1

text: Open era[edit]

text:
Year[d]
Country
Champion
Country
Runner-up
Score in the final[4]

1968
 AUS
Laver, RodRod Laver
 AUS
Roche, TonyTony Roche
6–3, 6–4, 6–2

1969
 AUS
Laver, RodRod Laver
 AUS
Newcombe, JohnJohn Newcombe
6–4, 5–7, 6–4, 6–4

1970
 AUS
Newcombe, JohnJohn Newcombe
 AUS
Rosewall, KenKen Rosewall
5–7, 6–3, 6–2, 3–6, 6–1

1971
 AUS
Newcombe, JohnJohn Newcombe
 USA
Smith, StanStan Smith
6–3, 5–7, 2–6, 6–4, 6–4

1972
 USA
Smith, StanStan Smith
 ROM
Năstase, IlieIlie Năstase
4–6, 6–3, 6–3, 4–6, 7–5

1973
 TCH
Kodeš, JanJan Kodeš
 URS
Metreveli, AlexAlex Metreveli
6–1, 9–8(7–5), 6–3

1974
 USA
Connors, JimmyJimmy Connors
 AUS
Rosewall, KenKen Rosewall
6–1, 6–1, 6–4

1975
 USA
Ashe, ArthurArthur Ashe
 USA
Connors, JimmyJimmy Connors
6–1, 6–1, 5–7, 6–4

1976
 SWE
Borg, BjörnBjörn Borg
 ROM
Năstase, IlieIlie Năstase
6–4, 6–2, 9–7

1977
 SWE
Borg, BjörnBjörn Borg
 USA
Connors, JimmyJimmy Connors
3–6, 6–2, 6–1, 5–7, 6–4

1978
 SWE
Borg, BjörnBjörn Borg
 USA
Connors, JimmyJimmy Connors
6–2, 6–2, 6–3

1979
 SWE
Borg, BjörnBjörn Borg
 USA
Tanner, RoscoeRoscoe Tanner
6–7(4–7), 6–1, 3–6, 6–3, 6–4

1980
 SWE
Borg, BjörnBjörn Borg
 USA
McEnroe, JohnJohn McEnroe
1–6, 7–5, 6–3, 6–7(16–18), 8–6

1981
 USA
McEnroe, JohnJohn McEnroe
 SWE
Borg, BjörnBjörn Borg
4–6, 7–6(7–1), 7–6(7–4), 6–4

1982
 USA
Connors, JimmyJimmy Connors
 USA
McEnroe, JohnJohn McEnroe
3–6, 6–3, 6–7(2–7), 7–6(7–5), 6–4

1983
 USA
McEnroe, JohnJohn McEnroe
 NZL
Lewis, ChrisChris Lewis
6–2, 6–2, 6–2

1984
 USA
McEnroe, JohnJohn McEnroe
 USA
Connors, JimmyJimmy Connors
6–1, 6–1, 6–2

1985
 FRG
Becker, BorisBoris Becker
 USA[n]
Curren, KevinKevin Curren
6–3, 6–7(4–7), 7–6(7–3), 6–4

1986
 FRG
Becker, BorisBoris Becker
 TCH
Lendl, IvanIvan Lendl
6–4, 6–3, 7–5

1987
 AUS
Cash, PatPat Cash
 TCH
Lendl, IvanIvan Lendl
7–6(7–5), 6–2, 7–5

1988
 SWE
Edberg, StefanStefan Edberg
 FRG
Becker, BorisBoris Becker
4–6, 7–6(7–2), 6–4, 6–2

1989
 FRG
Becker, BorisBoris Becker
 SWE
Edberg, StefanStefan Edberg
6–0, 7–6(7–1), 6–4

1990
 SWE
Edberg, StefanStefan Edberg
 FRG
Becker, BorisBoris Becker
6–2, 6–2, 3–6, 3–6, 6–4

1991
 GER
Stich, MichaelMichael Stich
 GER
Becker, BorisBoris Becker
6–4, 7–6(7–4), 6–4

1992
 USA
Agassi, AndreAndre Agassi
 CRO
Ivanišević, GoranGoran Ivanišević
6–7(8–10), 6–4, 6–4, 1–6, 6–4

1993
 USA
Sampras, PetePete Sampras
 USA
Courier, JimJim Courier
7–6(7–3), 7–6(8–6), 3–6, 6–3

1994
 USA
Sampras, PetePete Sampras
 CRO
Ivanišević, GoranGoran Ivanišević
7–6(7–2), 7–6(7–5), 6–0

1995
 USA
Sampras, PetePete Sampras
 GER
Becker, BorisBoris Becker
6–7(5–7), 6–2, 6–4, 6–2

1996
 NED
Krajicek, RichardRichard Krajicek
 USA
Washington, MaliVaiMaliVai Washington
6–3, 6–4, 6–3

1997
 USA
Sampras, PetePete Sampras
 FRA
Pioline, CédricCédric Pioline
6–4, 6–2, 6–4

1998
 USA
Sampras, PetePete Sampras
 CRO
Ivanišević, GoranGoran Ivanišević
6–7(2–7), 7–6(11–9), 6–4, 3–6, 6–2

1999
 USA
Sampras, PetePete Sampras
 USA
Agassi, AndreAndre Agassi
6–3, 6–4, 7–5

2000
 USA
Sampras, PetePete Sampras
 AUS
Rafter, PatrickPatrick Rafter
6–7(10–12), 7–6(7–5), 6–4, 6–2

2001
 CRO
Ivanišević, GoranGoran Ivanišević
 AUS
Rafter, PatrickPatrick Rafter
6–3, 3–6, 6–3, 2–6, 9–7

2002
 AUS
Hewitt, LleytonLleyton Hewitt
 ARG
Nalbandian, DavidDavid Nalbandian
6–1, 6–3, 6–2

2003
  SUI
Federer, RogerRoger Federer
 AUS
Philippoussis, MarkMark Philippoussis
7–6(7–5), 6–2, 7–6(7–3)

2004
  SUI
Federer, RogerRoger Federer
 USA
Roddick, AndyAndy Roddick
4–6, 7–5, 7–6(7–3), 6–4

2005
  SUI
Federer, RogerRoger Federer
 USA
Roddick, AndyAndy Roddick
6–2, 7–6(7–2), 6–4

2006
  SUI
Federer, RogerRoger Federer
 ESP
Nadal, RafaelRafael Nadal
6–0, 7–6(7–5), 6–7(2–7), 6–3

2007
  SUI
Federer, RogerRoger Federer
 ESP
Nadal, RafaelRafael Nadal
7–6(9–7), 4–6, 7–6(7–3), 2–6, 6–2

2008
 ESP
Nadal, RafaelRafael Nadal
  SUI
Federer, RogerRoger Federer
6–4, 6–4, 6–7(5–7), 6–7(8–10), 9–7

2009
  SUI
Federer, RogerRoger Federer
 USA
Roddick, AndyAndy Roddick
5–7, 7–6(8–6), 7–6(7–5), 3–6, 16–14

2010
 ESP
Nadal, RafaelRafael Nadal
 CZE
Berdych, TomášTomáš Berdych
6–3, 7–5, 6–4

2011
 SRB
Djokovic, NovakNovak Djokovic
 ESP
Nadal, RafaelRafael Nadal
6–4, 6–1, 1–6, 6–3

2012
  SUI
Federer, RogerRoger Federer
 GBR
Murray, AndyAndy Murray
4–6, 7–5, 6–3, 6–4

2013
 GBR
Murray, AndyAndy Murray
 SRB
Djokovic, NovakNovak Djokovic
6–4, 7–5, 6–4

2014
 SRB
Djokovic, NovakNovak Djokovic
  SUI
Federer, RogerRoger Federer
6–7(7–9), 6–4, 7–6(7–4), 5–7, 6–4

2015
 SRB
Djokovic, NovakNovak Djokovic
  SUI
Federer, RogerRoger Federer
7–6(7–1), 6–7(10–12), 6–4, 6–3

2016
 GBR
Murray, AndyAndy Murray
 CAN
Raonic, MilosMilos Raonic
6–4, 7–6(7–3), 7–6(7–2)

2017
  SUI
Federer, RogerRoger Federer
 CRO
Čilić, MarinMarin Čilić
6–3, 6–1, 6–4

text: Statistics[edit]

text: Multiple Champions[edit]

text: Title defended in the challenge round

text:
Player
Open Era
Amateur Era
All-time
Years

 Federer, RogerRoger Federer (SUI)
8
0
8
2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012, 2017

 Renshaw, WilliamWilliam Renshaw (BRI)
0
7
7
1881, 1882, 1883, 1884, 1885, 1886, 1889

 Sampras, PetePete Sampras (USA)
7
0
7
1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000

 Doherty, LaurenceLaurence Doherty (BRI)
0
5
5
1902, 1903, 1904, 1905, 1906

 Borg, BjörnBjörn Borg (SWE)
5
0
5
1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980

 Doherty, ReginaldReginald Doherty (BRI)
0
4
4
1897, 1898, 1899, 1900

 Wilding, AnthonyAnthony Wilding (NZL)
0
4
4
1910, 1911, 1912, 1913

 Laver, RodRod Laver (AUS)
2
2
4
1961, 1962, 1968, 1969

 Baddeley, WilfredWilfred Baddeley (BRI)
0
3
3
1891, 1892, 1895

 Gore, ArthurArthur Gore (BRI)
0
3
3
1901, 1908, 1909

 Tilden, BillBill Tilden (USA)
0
3
3
1920, 1921, 1930

 Perry, FredFred Perry (GBR)
0
3
3
1934, 1935, 1936

 Newcombe, JohnJohn Newcombe (AUS)
2
1
3
1967, 1970, 1971

 McEnroe, JohnJohn McEnroe (USA)
3
0
3
1981, 1983, 1984

 Becker, BorisBoris Becker (GER)
3
0
3
1985, 1986, 1989

 Djokovic, NovakNovak Djokovic (SRB)
3
0
3
2011, 2014, 2015

 Hartley, JohnJohn Hartley (BRI)
0
2
2
1879, 1880

 Pim, JoshuaJoshua Pim (BRI)
0
2
2
1893, 1894

 Brookes, NormanNorman Brookes (AUS)
0
2
2
1907, 1914

 Patterson, GeraldGerald Patterson (AUS)
0
2
2
1919, 1922

 Borotra, JeanJean Borotra (FRA)
0
2
2
1924, 1926

 Lacoste, RenéRené Lacoste (FRA)
0
2
2
1925, 1928

 Cochet, HenriHenri Cochet (FRA)
0
2
2
1927, 1929

 Budge, DonDon Budge (USA)
0
2
2
1937, 1938

 Hoad, LewLew Hoad (AUS)
0
2
2
1956, 1957

 Emerson, RoyRoy Emerson (AUS)
0
2
2
1964, 1965

 Connors, JimmyJimmy Connors (USA)
2
0
2
1974, 1982

 Edberg, StefanStefan Edberg (SWE)
2
0
2
1988, 1990

 Nadal, RafaelRafael Nadal (ESP)
2
0
2
2008, 2010

 Murray, AndyAndy Murray (GBR)
2
0
2
2013, 2016

text: Champions by country[edit]

text:
Country
Amateur Era
Open Era
All-time
First title
Last title

 United Kingdom (UK)[e][k]
35
2
37
1877
2016

 United States (USA)
18
15
33
1920
2000

 Australia (AUS)
15
6
21
1907
2002

  Switzerland (SUI)
0
8
8
2003
2017

 France (FRA)
7
0
7
1924
1946

 Sweden (SWE)
0
7
7
1976
1990

 Germany (GER)[l]
0
4
4
1985
1991

 New Zealand (NZL)
4
0
4
1910
1913

 Serbia (SRB)
0
3
3
2011
2015

 Spain (ESP)
1
2
3
1966
2010

 Croatia (CRO)
0
1
1
2001
2001

 Czechoslovakia (TCH) ¤[m]
0
1
1
1973
1973

 Egypt (EGY)
1
0
1
1954
1954

 Netherlands (NED)
0
1
1
1996
1996

text: Former country ¤


document_title: Power loom

question_text: who invented the mechanical loom which was powered by a horse or a water wheel

text: Power loom

text: Shuttle looms[edit]

text: The main components of the loom are the warp beam, heddles, harnesses, shuttle, reed, and takeup roll. In the loom, yarn processing includes shedding, picking, battening and taking-up operations.

text:
Shedding. Shedding is the raising of the warp yarns to form a loop through which the filling yarn, carried by shuttle, can be inserted. The shed is the vertical space between the raised and unraised warp yarns. On the modern loom, simple and intricate shedding operations are performed automatically by the heddle or heald frame, also known as a harness. This is a rectangular frame to which a series of wires, called heddles or healds, are attached. The yarns are passed through the eye holes of the heddles, which hang vertically from the harnesses. The weave pattern determines which harness controls which warp yarns, and the number of harnesses used depends on the complexity of the weave. Two common methods of controlling the heddles are dobbies and a Jacquard Head.
Picking. As the harnesses raise the heddles or healds, which raise the warp yarns, the shed is created. The filling yarn is inserted through the shed by a small carrier device called a shuttle. The shuttle is normally pointed at each end to allow passage through the shed. In a traditional shuttle loom, the filling yarn is wound onto a quill, which in turn is mounted in the shuttle. The filling yarn emerges through a hole in the shuttle as it moves across the loom. A single crossing of the shuttle from one side of the loom to the other is known as a pick. As the shuttle moves back and forth across the shed, it weaves an edge, or selvage, on each side of the fabric to prevent the fabric from unraveling.
Battening. As the shuttle moves across the loom laying down the fill yarn, it also passes through openings in another frame called a reed (which resembles a comb). With each picking operation, the reed presses or battens each filling yarn against the portion of the fabric that has already been formed. The point where the fabric is formed is called the fell. Conventional shuttle looms can operate at speeds of about 150 to 160 picks per minute.

tag: ul

text: With each weaving operation, the newly constructed fabric must be wound on a cloth beam. This process is called taking up. At the same time, the warp yarns must be let off or released from the warp beams. To become fully automatic, a loom needs a filling stop motion which will break the loom, if the weft thread breaks.

text: Operation[edit]

text: Operation of weaving in a textile mill is undertaken by a specially trained operator known as a weaver. Weavers are expected to uphold high industry standards and are tasked with monitoring anywhere from ten, to as many as thirty separate looms at any one time.  During their operating shift, weavers will first utilize a wax pencil or crayon to sign their initials onto the cloth to mark a shift change, and then walk along the cloth side (front) of the looms they tend, gently touching the fabric as it comes from the reed. This is done to feel for any broken "picks" or filler thread. Should broken picks be detected, the weaver will disable the machine and undertake to correct the error, typically by replacing the bobbin of filler thread in as little time as possible. They are trained that, ideally, no machine should stop working for more than one minute, with faster turn around times being preferred.

text: Once the weaver has made their circuit of the front of the machines, they will then circle around to the back. At this point they will gently stroke their hand over the raised metal "tells" on the back of the machine.  These tells, located over a special metal circuit, are held up by the tension of the thread coming from the warp. Should the warp thread be broken, the tells will drop and cause the machine to stop working. However, it is possible for them to become stuck in the upward position, and by doing so create problems in the weaving. By gently touching the tells, then, it is possible for the weaver to find tells which have become stuck in the up position, and correct the error. As with pick breaks, the weavers are trained to keep the machines running as much as possible; with speedy knot tying and correction being stressed. In this situation, they are expected to take less than a minute, with the mean ideal being ten to thirty seconds, to correct a break.  The weaver also watches for warps that are about to run out, or problems in the warp itself which were not detected in the slashing process. Typically, weavers can expect to make several dozen circuits of their machines a night, with most of their time spent ensuring the quality of the cloth and the company standards of production.

text: History[edit]

text: The first ideas for an automatic loom were developed in 1678 by M. de Gennes in Paris and by Vaucanson in 1745, but these designs were never developed and were forgotten.  In 1785 Edmund Cartwright patented a power loom which used water power to speed up the weaving process, the predecessor to the modern power loom. His ideas were licensed first by Grimshaw, of Manchester who built a small steam-powered weaving factory in Manchester in 1790, but the factory burnt down. Cartwright's was not a commercially successful machine; his looms had to be stopped to dress the warp. Over the next decades, Cartwright's ideas were modified into a reliable automatic loom.

text: These designs preceded John Kay's invention of the flying shuttle and they passed the shuttle through the shed using levers. With the increased speed of weaving, weavers were able to use more thread than spinners could produce.[1]

text: A series of inventors incrementally improved all aspects of the three principle processes and the ancillary processes.

text:
Grimshaw 1790 Manchester- dressing the warp
Austin 1789, 1790 -dressing the warp,  200 looms produced for Monteith of Pollockshaws 1800
Thomas Johnson, 1803, Bredbury- dressing frame: Factory for 200 Steam Looms on Manchester 1806, and two factories at Stockport 1809. One at Westhoughton, Lancashire 1809.
William Radcliffe of Stockport 1802- improved take up mechanism
John Todd of Burnley 1803- a heald roller and new shedding arrangements, the healds were corded to treadles actuated by cams on the second shaft.
William Horrocks of Stockport 1803- The frame was still wooden but the lathe was pendant from the frame and operated by cams on the first shaft, the shedding was operated by cams on the second shaft, the take up motion was copied from Radcliffe.
Peter Marsland 1806- improvements to the lathe motion to counteract poor picking
William Cotton 1810- improvements to the letting off motion
William Horrocks 1813 -Horrocks Loom Modifications to the lathe motion- improving on Marsland
Peter Ewart 1813 -a use of pneumatics
Joseph and Peter Taylor 1815 -double beat foot lathe for heavy cloths
Paul Moody 1815- produces the first power loom in North America. Exporting a UK loom would have been illegal.
John Capron and Sons 1820- installed the first power looms for woolens in North America at Uxbridge, Massachusetts.
William Horrocks 1821 -a system to wet the warp and weft during use, improving the effectiveness of the sizing
Richard Roberts 1830, Roberts Loom, These improvements were a geared take up wheel and tappets to operate multiple heddles[2]
Stanford, Pritchard and Wilkinson- patented a method to stop on the break of weft or warp. It was not used.
William Dickinson of Blackburn Blackburn Loom the modern overpick loom

text: There now appear a series of useful improvements that are contained in patents for useless devices

text:
Hornby, Kenworthy and Bullough of Blackburn 1834- the vibrating or fly reed
John Ramsbottom and Richard Holt of Todmorden 1834- a new automatic weft stopping motion
James Bullough of Blackburn 1835- improved automatic weft stopping motion and taking up and letting off arrangements
Andrew Parkinson 1836- improved stretcher (temple).
William Kenworthy and James Bullough 1841- trough and roller temple (became the standard), A simple stop-motion.[3]

text: At this point the loom has become automatic except for refilling weft pirns. The Cartwight loom weaver could work one loom at 120-130 picks per minute- with a Kenworthy and Bullough's Lancashire Loom, a weaver can run four or more looms working at 220-260 picks per minute- thus giving eight (or more) times more throughput.

text: Looms and the Manchester context[edit]

text: The development of the power loom in and around Manchester was not a coincidence. Manchester had been a centre for Fustians by 1620 and acted as a hub for other Lancashire towns, so developing a communication network with them. It was an established point of export using the meandering River Mersey, and by 1800 it had a thriving canal network, with links to the Ashton Canal, Rochdale Canal the Peak Forest Canal and Manchester Bolton & Bury Canal. The fustian trade gave the towns a skilled workforce that was used to the complicated Dutch looms, and was perhaps accustomed to industrial discipline. While Manchester became a spinning town, the towns around were weaving towns producing cloth by the putting out system. The business was dominated by a few families, who had the capital needed to invest in new mills and to buy hundreds of looms. Mills were built along the new canals, so immediately had access to their markets. Spinning developed first and, until 1830, the handloom was still more important economically than the power loom when the roles reversed.[4] Because of the economic growth of Manchester, a new industry of precision machine tool engineering was born and here were the skills needed to build the precision mechanisms of a loom.

text: Adoption[edit]

text:
Number of Looms in UK[5]

Year
1803
1820
1829
1833
1857

Looms
2,400
14,650
55,500
100,000
250,000

text: Draper's strategy was to standardise on a couple of models which it mass-produced. The lighter E-model of 1909 was joined in the 1930 by the heavier X-model. Continuous fibre machines, say for rayon, which was more break-prone, needed a specialist loom. This was provided by the purchase of the Stafford Loom Co. in 1932, and using their patents a third loom the XD, was added to the range. Because of their mass production techniques they were reluctant and slow to retool for new technologies such as shuttleless looms.[6]

text: Decline and reinvention[edit]

text: Originally, power looms used a shuttle to throw the weft across, but in 1927 the faster and more efficient shuttleless loom came into use. Sulzer Brothers, a Swiss company had the exclusive rights to shuttleless looms in 1942, and licensed the American production to Warner & Swasey. Draper licensed the slower rapier loom. Today, advances in technology have produced a variety of looms designed to maximise production for specific types of material. The most common of these are Sulzer shuttleless weaving machines, rapier looms, air-jet looms and water-jet looms.[7]

text: Social and economic implications[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2009)

text:
Power looms reduced demand for skilled handweavers, initially causing reduced wages and unemployment. Protests followed their introduction. For example, in 1816 two thousand rioting Calton weavers tried to destroy power loom mills and stoned the workers.[8]
In the longer term, by making cloth more affordable the power loom increased demand and stimulated exports, causing a growth in industrial employment, albeit low-paid.[9]
The power loom also opened up opportunities for women mill workers.[10]
A darker side of the power loom's impact was the growth of employment of children in power loom mills.[11]

text: Dangers[edit]

text: When operated by a skilled and attentive weaver, looms are not dangerous by themselves. However, there are a number of inherent dangers in the machines, to which inattentive or poorly trained weavers can fall victim. The most obvious is the moving reed, the frames which hold the heddles and the "pinch" or "sand" roll utilized to keep the cloth tight as it passes over the front of the machine and onto the doff roll. The most common injury in weaving is pinched fingers from distracted or bored workers, though this is not the only such injury found. There are numerous accounts of weavers with long hair getting it tangled in the warp itself and having their scalp pulled away from the skull, or large chunks of hair pulled off.[12] As a result of this, it has become industry standard for companies to require weavers to either keep hair up and tied, or to keep their hair short so as not to allow it to become tangled. Also, due to possible pinch points on the front of machines, loose, baggy clothing is prohibited. One complication for weavers, in the terms of safety, is the loud nature in which weave mills operate. Because of this, it is nearly impossible to hear a person calling for help when entangled, and has led OSHA to outline specific guidelines[13] for companies to mitigate the chance of such circumstances from happening. However, even with such guidelines in place, injuries in textile production, due to the machines themselves, are still commonplace.