document_title: Mickey Mouse

question_text: where did the idea for mickey mouse come from

question_tokens: where did the idea for mickey mouse come from

text: Mickey Mouse

text: Origin

text: "I only hope that we never lose sight of one thing – that it was all started by a mouse."

text: Mickey Mouse was created as a replacement for Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, an earlier cartoon character created by the Disney studio for Charles Mintz, a film producer who distributed product through Universal Studios.[4] In the spring of 1928, with the series going strong, Disney asked Mintz for an increase in the budget. But Mintz instead demanded that Walt take a 20 percent budget cut, and as leverage, he reminded Disney that Universal owned the character, and revealed that he had already signed most of Disney's current employees to his new contract. Angrily, Disney refused the deal and returned to produce the final Oswald cartoons he contractually owed Mintz. Disney was dismayed at the betrayal by his staff but determined to restart from scratch. The new Disney Studio initially consisted of animator Ub Iwerks and a loyal apprentice artist, Les Clark, who together with Wilfred Jackson were among the few who remained loyal to Walt. One lesson Disney learned from the experience was to thereafter always make sure that he owned all rights to the characters produced by his company.

text: In the spring of 1928, Disney asked Ub Iwerks to start drawing up new character ideas. Iwerks tried sketches of various animals, such as dogs and cats, but none of these appealed to Disney. A female cow and male horse were also rejected. They would later turn up as Clarabelle Cow and Horace Horsecollar. A male frog was also rejected. It would later show up in Iwerks' own Flip the Frog series.[5] Walt Disney got the inspiration for Mickey Mouse from a tame mouse at his desk at Laugh-O-Gram Studio in Kansas City, Missouri.[6] In 1925, Hugh Harman drew some sketches of mice around a photograph of Walt Disney. These inspired Ub Iwerks to create a new mouse character for Disney.[5] "Mortimer Mouse" had been Disney's original name for the character before his wife, Lillian, convinced him to change it, and ultimately Mickey Mouse came to be.[7][8] The actor Mickey Rooney claimed that, during his Mickey McGuire days, he met cartoonist Walt Disney at the Warner Brothers studio, and that Disney was inspired to name Mickey Mouse after him.[9] This claim, however, has been debunked by Disney historian Jim Korkis, since at the time of Mickey Mouse's development, Disney Studios had been located on Hyperion Avenue for several years, and Walt Disney never kept an office or other working space at Warner Brothers, having no professional relationship with Warner Brothers, as the Alice Comedies and Oswald cartoons were distributed by Universal.[10][11]

text: Design

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text: Throughout the earlier years, Mickey's design bore heavy resemblance to Oswald, save for the ears, nose, and tail.[12][13][14] Ub Iwerks designed Mickey's body out of circles in order to make the character simple to animate. Disney employees John Hench and Marc Davis believed that this design was part of Mickey's success as it made him more dynamic and appealing to audiences.

text: Mickey's circular design is most noticeable in his ears. In animation in the 1940s, Mickey's ears were animated in a more realistic perspective. Later, they were drawn to always appear circular no matter which way Mickey was facing. This made Mickey easily recognizable to audiences and made his ears an unofficial personal trademark. The circular rule later created a dilemma for toy creators who had to recreate a three-dimensional Mickey.

text: In 1938, animator Fred Moore redesigned Mickey's body away from its circular design to a pear-shaped design. Colleague Ward Kimball praised Moore for being the first animator to break from Mickey's "rubber hose, round circle" design. Although Moore himself was nervous at first about changing Mickey, Walt Disney liked the new design and told Moore "that's the way I want Mickey to be drawn from now on."

text: Each of Mickey's hands has only three fingers and a thumb. Disney said that this was both an artistic and financial decision, explaining "Artistically five digits are too many for a mouse. His hand would look like a bunch of bananas. Financially, not having an extra finger in each of 45,000 drawings that make up a six and one-half minute short has saved the Studio millions." In the film The Opry House (1929), Mickey was first given white gloves as a way of contrasting his naturally black hands against his black body. The use of white gloves would prove to be an influential design for cartoon characters, particularly with later Disney characters, but also with non-Disney characters such as Bugs Bunny, Woody Woodpecker, Mighty Mouse, and Mario.

text: Mickey's eyes, as drawn in Plane Crazy and The Gallopin' Gaucho, were large and white with black outlines. In Steamboat Willie, the bottom portion of the black outlines was removed, although the upper edges still contrasted with his head. Mickey's eyes were later re-imagined as only consisting of the small black dots which were originally his pupils, while what were the upper edges of his eyes became a hairline. This is evident only when Mickey blinks. Fred Moore later redesigned the eyes to be small white eyes with pupils and gave his face a Caucasian skin tone instead of plain white. This new Mickey first appeared in 1938 on the cover of a party program, and in animation the following year with the release of The Pointer.[15] Mickey is sometimes given eyebrows as seen in The Simple Things (1953) and in the comic strip, although he does not have eyebrows in his most recent appearances.

text: Some of Mickey's early appearance, particularly the gloves, and facial characteristics, evolved from blackface caricatures used in minstrel shows.[16][17][18][19][20]

text: Besides Mickey's gloves and shoes, he typically wears only a pair of shorts with two large buttons in the front. Before Mickey was seen regularly in color animation, Mickey's shorts were either red or a dull blue-green. With the advent of Mickey's color films, the shorts were always red. When Mickey is not wearing his red shorts, he is often still wearing red clothing such as a red bandmaster coat (The Band Concert, The Mickey Mouse Club), red overalls (Clock Cleaners, Boat Builders), a red cloak (Fantasia, Fun and Fancy Free), a red coat (Squatter's Rights, Mickey's Christmas Carol), or a red shirt (Mickey Down Under, The Simple Things).

text: Animation history

text: Debut (1928)

text: Disney had Ub Iwerks secretly begin animating a new cartoon while still under contract with Universal. The cartoon was co-directed by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks. Iwerks was the main animator for the short and reportedly spent six weeks working on it. In fact, Iwerks was the main animator for every Disney short released in 1928 and 1929. Hugh Harman and Rudolf Ising also assisted Disney during those years. They had already signed their contracts with Charles Mintz, but he was still in the process of forming his new studio and so for the time being they were still employed by Disney. This short would be the last they animated under this somewhat awkward situation.[21]

text: Mickey was first seen in a test screening of the cartoon short Plane Crazy, on May 15, 1928, but it failed to impress the audience and to add insult to injury, Walt could not find a distributor. Though understandably disappointed, Walt went on to produce a second Mickey short, The Gallopin' Gaucho, which was also not released for lack of a distributor.[22]

text: Steamboat Willie was first released on November 18, 1928, in New York. It was co-directed by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks. Iwerks again served as the head animator, assisted by Johnny Cannon, Les Clark, Wilfred Jackson and Dick Lundy. This short was intended as a parody of Buster Keaton's Steamboat Bill, Jr., first released on May 12 of the same year. Although it was the third Mickey cartoon produced, it was the first to find a distributor, and thus is considered by The Disney Company as Mickey's debut. Willie featured changes to Mickey's appearance (in particular, simplifying his eyes to large dots) that established his look for later cartoons and in numerous Walt Disney films.[23][24]

text: The cartoon was not the first cartoon to feature a soundtrack connected to the action. Fleischer Studios, headed by brothers Dave and Max Fleischer, had already released a number of sound cartoons using the DeForest system in the mid-1920s. However, these cartoons did not keep the sound synchronized throughout the film. For Willie, Disney had the sound recorded with a click track that kept the musicians on the beat. This precise timing is apparent during the "Turkey in the Straw" sequence when Mickey's actions exactly match the accompanying instruments. Animation historians have long debated who had served as the composer for the film's original music. This role has been variously attributed to Wilfred Jackson, Carl Stalling and Bert Lewis, but identification remains uncertain. Walt Disney himself was voice actor for both Mickey and Minnie and would remain the source of Mickey's voice through 1946 for theatrical cartoons. Jimmy MacDonald took over the role in 1946, but Walt provided Mickey's voice again from 1955 to 1959 for The Mickey Mouse Club television series on ABC.

text: Audiences at the time of Steamboat Willie's release were reportedly impressed by the use of sound for comedic purposes. Sound films or "talkies" were still considered innovative. The first feature-length movie with dialogue sequences, The Jazz Singer starring Al Jolson, was released on October 6, 1927. Within a year of its success, most United States movie theaters had installed sound film equipment. Walt Disney apparently intended to take advantage of this new trend and, arguably, managed to succeed. Most other cartoon studios were still producing silent products and so were unable to effectively act as competition to Disney. As a result, Mickey would soon become the most prominent animated character of the time. Walt Disney soon worked on adding sound to both Plane Crazy and The Gallopin' Gaucho (which had originally been silent releases) and their new release added to Mickey's success and popularity. A fourth Mickey short, The Barn Dance, was also put into production; however, Mickey does not actually speak until The Karnival Kid in 1929 when his first spoken words were "Hot dogs, Hot dogs!" After Steamboat Willie was released, Mickey became a close competitor to Felix the Cat, and his popularity would grow as he was continuously featured in sound cartoons. By 1929, Felix would lose popularity among theater audiences, and Pat Sullivan decided to produce all future Felix cartoons in sound as a result.[25] Unfortunately, audiences did not respond well to Felix's transition to sound and by 1930, Felix had faded from the screen.[26]

text: Black and white films (1929–1935)

text: In Mickey's early films he was often characterized not as a hero, but as an ineffective young suitor to Minnie Mouse. The Barn Dance (March 14, 1929) is the first time in which Mickey is turned down by Minnie in favor of Pete.

text: The Opry House (March 28, 1929) was the first time in which Mickey wore his white gloves. Mickey wears them in almost all of his subsequent appearances and many other characters followed suit. The three lines on the back of Mickey's gloves represent darts in the gloves' fabric extending from between the digits of the hand, typical of glove design of the era.

text: When the Cat's Away (April 18, 1929), essentially a remake of the Alice Comedy, "Alice Rattled by Rats", was an unusual appearance for Mickey. Although Mickey and Minnie still maintained their anthropomorphic characteristics, they were depicted as the size of regular mice and living with a community many other mice as pests in a home. Mickey and Minnie would later appear the size of regular humans in their own setting. In appearances with real humans, Mickey has been shown to be about two to three feet high.[27] The next Mickey short was also unusual. The Barnyard Battle (April 25, 1929) was the only film to depict Mickey as a soldier and also the first to place him in combat. The Karnival Kid (1929) was the first time Mickey spoke. Before this he had only whistled, laughed, and grunted. His first words were "Hot dogs! Hot dogs!" said while trying to sell hot dogs at a carnival. Mickey's Follies (1929) introduced the song "Minnie's Yoo-Hoo" which would become the theme song for Mickey Mouse films for the next several years. The "Minnie's Yoo-Hoo" song sequence was also later reused with different background animation as its own special short shown only at the commencement of 1930s theater-based Mickey Mouse Clubs.[28][29] Mickey's dog Pluto first appeared as Mickey's pet in The Moose Hunt (1931) after previously appearing as Minnie's dog "Rover" in The Picnic (1930).

text: The Cactus Kid (April 11, 1930) was the last film to be animated by Ub Iwerks at Disney. Shortly before the release of the film, Iwerks left to start his own studio, bankrolled by Disney's then-distributor Pat Powers. Powers and Disney had a falling out over money due Disney from the distribution deal. It was in response to losing the right to distribute Disney's cartoons that Powers made the deal with Iwerks, who had long harbored a desire to head his own studio. The departure is considered a turning point in Mickey's career, as well as that of Walt Disney. Walt lost the man who served as his closest colleague and confidant since 1919. Mickey lost the man responsible for his original design and for the direction or animation of several of the shorts released till this point. Advertising for the early Mickey Mouse cartoons credited them as "A Walt Disney Comic, drawn by Ub Iwerks". Later Disney Company reissues of the early cartoons tend to credit Walt Disney alone.

text: Disney and his remaining staff continued the production of the Mickey series, and he was able to eventually find a number of animators to replace Iwerks. As the Great Depression progressed and Felix the Cat faded from the movie screen, Mickey's popularity would rise, and by 1932 The Mickey Mouse Club would have one million members.[30] At the 5th Academy Awards in 1932, Mickey received his first Academy Award nomination, received for Mickey's Orphans (1931). Walt Disney also received an honorary Academy Award for the creation of Mickey Mouse. Despite being eclipsed by the Silly Symphonies short the Three Little Pigs in 1933, Mickey still maintained great popularity among theater audiences too, until 1935, when polls showed that Popeye was more popular than Mickey.[31][32][33] By 1934, Mickey merchandise had earned $600,000.00 a year.[34] In 1935, Disney began to phase out the Mickey Mouse Clubs, due to administration problems.[35]

text: About this time, story artists at Disney were finding it increasingly difficult to write material for Mickey. As he had developed into a role model for children, they were limited in the types of gags they could make. This led to Mickey taking more of a secondary role in some of his next films allowing for more emphasis on other characters. In Orphan's Benefit (August 11, 1934) Mickey first appeared with Donald Duck who had been introduced earlier that year in the Silly Symphonies series. The tempestuous duck would provide Disney with seemingly endless story ideas and would remain a recurring character in Mickey's cartoons.

text: Color films (1935–1953)

text: Mickey first appeared animated in color in Parade of the Award Nominees in 1932, however, the film strip was created for the 5th Academy Awards ceremony and was not released to the public. Mickey's official first color film came in 1935 with The Band Concert. The Technicolor film process was used in the film production. Here Mickey conducted the William Tell Overture, but the band is swept up by a tornado. It is said that conductor Arturo Toscanini so loved this short that, upon first seeing it, he asked the projectionist to run it again. In 1994, The Band Concert was voted the third-greatest cartoon of all time in a poll of animation professionals. By colorizing and partially redesigning Mickey, Walt would put Mickey back on top once again, and Mickey would reach popularity he never reached before as audiences now gave him more appeal.[36] Also in 1935, Walt would receive a special award from the League of Nations for creating Mickey.

text: However, by 1938, the more manic Donald Duck would surpass the passive Mickey, resulting in a redesign of the mouse between 1938 and 1940 that put Mickey at the peak of his popularity.[36] The second half of the 1930s saw the character Goofy reintroduced as a series regular. Together, Mickey, Donald Duck, and Goofy would go on several adventures together. Several of the films by the comic trio are some of Mickey's most critically acclaimed films, including Mickey's Fire Brigade (1935), Moose Hunters (1937), Clock Cleaners (1937), Lonesome Ghosts (1937), Boat Builders (1938), and Mickey's Trailer (1938). Also during this era, Mickey would star in Brave Little Tailor (1938), an adaptation of The Valiant Little Tailor, which was nominated for an Academy Award.

text: Mickey was redesigned by animator Fred Moore which was first seen in The Pointer (1939). Instead of having solid black eyes, Mickey was given white eyes with pupils, a Caucasian skin colored face, and a pear-shaped body. In the 40's, he changed once more in The Little Whirlwind, where he used his trademark pants for the last time in decades, lost his tail, got more realistic ears that changed with perspective and a different body anatomy. But this change would only last for a short period of time before returning to the one in "The Pointer", with the exception of his pants. In his final theatrical cartoons in the 1950s, he was given eyebrows, which were removed in the more recent cartoons.

text: In 1940 Mickey appeared in his first feature-length film, Fantasia. His screen role as The Sorcerer's Apprentice, set to the symphonic poem of the same name by Paul Dukas, is perhaps the most famous segment of the film and one of Mickey's most iconic roles. The segment features no dialogue at all, only the music. The apprentice (Mickey), not willing to do his chores, puts on the sorcerer's magic hat after the sorcerer goes to bed and casts a spell on a broom, which causes the broom to come to life and perform the most tiring chore—filling up a deep well using two buckets of water. When the well eventually overflows, Mickey finds himself unable to control the broom, leading to a near-flood. After the segment ends, Mickey is seen in silhouette shaking hands with Leopold Stokowski, who conducts all the music heard in Fantasia. Mickey has often been pictured in the red robe and blue sorcerer's hat in merchandising. It was also featured into the climax of Fantasmic!, an attraction at the Disney theme parks.

text: After 1940, Mickey's popularity would decline until his 1955 re-emergence as a daily children's television personality.[37] Despite this, the character continued to appear regularly in animated shorts until 1943 (winning his only competitive Academy Award—with canine companion Pluto—for a short subject, Lend a Paw) and again from 1946 to 1952.

text: The last regular installment of the Mickey Mouse film series came in 1953 with The Simple Things in which Mickey and Pluto go fishing and are pestered by a flock of seagulls.

text: Television and later films

text: In the 1950s, Mickey became more known for his appearances on television, particularly with The Mickey Mouse Club. Many of his theatrical cartoon shorts were rereleased on television series such as Ink & Paint Club, various forms of the Walt Disney anthology television series, and on home video. Mickey returned to theatrical animation in 1983 with Mickey's Christmas Carol, an adaptation of Charles Dickens' A Christmas Carol in which Mickey played Bob Cratchit. This was followed up in 1990 with The Prince and the Pauper.

text: Throughout the decades, Mickey Mouse competed with Warner Bros.' Bugs Bunny for animated popularity. But in 1988, the two rivals finally shared screen time in the Robert Zemeckis Disney/Amblin film Who Framed Roger Rabbit. Disney and Warner signed an agreement stating that each character had the same amount of screen time in the scene.

text: Similar to his animated inclusion into a live-action film on Roger Rabbit, Mickey made a featured cameo appearance in the 1990 television special The Muppets at Walt Disney World where he met Kermit the Frog. The two are established in the story as having been old friends. The Muppets have otherwise spoofed and referenced Mickey over a dozen times since the 1970s. Eventually, The Muppets were purchased by the Walt Disney Company in 2004.

text: His most recent theatrical cartoon short was 2013's Get a Horse! which was preceded by 1995's Runaway Brain, while from 1999 to 2004, he appeared in direct-to-video features like Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas, Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers and the computer-animated Mickey's Twice Upon a Christmas.

text: Many television series have centered on Mickey, such as the ABC shows Mickey Mouse Works (1999–2000), Disney's House of Mouse (2001–2003), Disney Channel's Mickey Mouse Clubhouse (2006–2016), and Mickey and the Roadster Racers (2017–). Prior to all these, Mickey was also featured as an unseen character in the Bonkers episode "You Oughta Be In Toons".

text: Mickey has recently been announced to star in two films. One is being based on the Magic Kingdom theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort, while the other is a film idea pitched by Walt Disney Animation Studios veteran Burny Mattinson centering on Mickey, Donald, and Goofy.[38]

text: Since June 28, 2013, Disney Channel has been airing new 3-minute Mickey Mouse shorts, with animator Paul Rudish at the helm, incorporating elements of Mickey's late twenties-early thirties look with a contemporary twist.[39]

text: Voice actors

text: A large part of Mickey's screen persona is his famously shy, falsetto voice. From 1928 onward, Mickey was voiced by Walt Disney himself, a task in which Disney took great personal pride. However, by 1946, Disney was becoming too busy with running the studio to do regular voice work which meant he could not do Mickey's voice anymore. It is also speculated that his cigarette habit had damaged his voice over the years. After recording the Mickey and the Beanstalk section of Fun and Fancy Free, Mickey's voice was handed over to veteran Disney musician and actor Jimmy MacDonald. MacDonald voiced Mickey in the remainder of the theatrical shorts, and for various television and publicity projects up until his retirement in the mid-1970s, although Walt voiced Mickey again for the introductions to the original 1955–1959 run of The Mickey Mouse Club TV series, the "Fourth Anniversary Show" episode of the Disneyland TV series that aired on September 11, 1958, and the Disneyland USA at Radio City Music Hall show from 1962.[40] Composer Carl W. Stalling was the very first person to provide lines for Mickey in the 1929 short The Karnival Kid. Clarence Nash voiced Mickey in the 1934 Disney short, The Dognapper; around the time when it was filmed, Walt was traveling in Europe and was unavailable to record his lines for Mickey for the short. Along with Disney, J. Donald Wilson, Joe Twerp, and John Hiestand provided the voice in 1938 broadcasts of The Mickey Mouse Theater of the Air.[41] Stan Freberg voiced Mickey in the Freberg-produced record Mickey Mouse's Birthday Party. Alan Young voiced Mickey in the Disneyland record album An Adaptation of Dickens' Christmas Carol, Performed by The Walt Disney Players in 1974, which it would be the first and only time that Alan Young voices him.[42][43]

text: The 1983 short film Mickey's Christmas Carol marked the theatrical debut of Wayne Allwine as Mickey Mouse, who was the official voice of Mickey from 1977 until his death in 2009.[44] Allwine once recounted something MacDonald had told him about voicing Mickey: "The main piece of advice that Jim gave me about Mickey helped me keep things in perspective. He said, 'Just remember kid, you're only filling in for the boss.' And that's the way he treated doing Mickey for years and years. From Walt, and now from Jimmy."[45] In 1991, Allwine married Russi Taylor, the voice of Minnie Mouse since 1986. Les Perkins did the voice of Mickey in two TV specials, "Down and Out with Donald Duck" and "DTV Valentine" in the mid-1980s. Peter Renaday voiced Mickey in the 1980s Disney albums Yankee Doodle Mickey and Mickey Mouse Splashdance.[46][47] He also provided his voice for The Talking Mickey Mouse toy in 1986.[48][49] Quinton Flynn briefly filled in for Allwine as the voice of Mickey in a few episodes of the first season of Mickey Mouse Works whenever Allwine was unavailable to record.[50]

text: Bret Iwan, a former Hallmark greeting card artist, is the current voice of Mickey. Iwan was originally cast as an understudy for Allwine due to the latter’s declining health; however, Allwine died before Iwan could meet him, and Iwan became the new official voice for Mickey. Iwan’s early recordings in 2009 included work for the Disney Cruise Line, Mickey toys, theme parks, and also the Disney on Ice: Celebrations! ice show.[51] He directly replaced Allwine as Mickey for the Kingdom Hearts video game series and the series Mickey Mouse Clubhouse. His first video game voice-over of Mickey Mouse can be found on Kingdom Hearts: Birth by Sleep, a video game for PlayStation Portable. Iwan also became the first voice actor to portray Mickey during Disney’s rebranding of the character, providing the vocal effects of Mickey in the games Epic Mickey as well as his voice in Epic Mickey 2: The Power of Two and the remake of Castle of Illusion. Despite Iwan being Mickey's primary voice actor, the character's voice is provided by Chris Diamantopoulos in the 2013 animated series,[52] as the producers were looking for a voice closer to Walt Disney’s portrayal of the character in order to match the vintage look of the series.[53]

text: Mickey in comics

text: Mickey first appeared in comics after he had appeared in 15 commercially successful animated shorts and was easily recognized by the public. Walt Disney was approached by King Features Syndicate with the offer to license Mickey and his supporting characters for use in a comic strip. Disney accepted and Mickey made his first comic strip appearance on January 13, 1930. The comical plot was credited to Disney himself, art to Ub Iwerks and inking to Win Smith. The first week or so of the strip featured a loose adaptation of "Plane Crazy". Minnie soon became the first addition to the cast. The strips first released between January 13, 1930, and March 31, 1930, has been occasionally reprinted in comic book form under the collective title "Lost on a Desert Island". Animation historian Jim Korkis notes "After the eighteenth strip, Iwerks left and his inker, Win Smith, continued drawing the gag-a-day format..."[54]

text: In early 1930, after Iwerks' departure, Disney was at first content to continue scripting the Mickey Mouse comic strip, assigning the art to Win Smith. However, Disney's focus had always been in animation and Smith was soon assigned with the scripting as well. Smith was apparently discontent at the prospect of having to script, draw, and ink a series by himself as evidenced by his sudden resignation.

text: Disney then searched for a replacement among the remaining staff of the Studio. He selected Floyd Gottfredson, a recently hired employee. At the time Gottfredson was reportedly eager to work in animation and somewhat reluctant to accept his new assignment. Disney had to assure him the assignment was only temporary and that he would eventually return to animation. Gottfredson accepted and ended up holding this "temporary" assignment from May 5, 1930, to November 15, 1975.

text: Walt Disney's last script for the strip appeared May 17, 1930.[54] Gottfredson's first task was to finish the storyline Disney had started on April 1, 1930. The storyline was completed on September 20, 1930, and later reprinted in comic book form as Mickey Mouse in Death Valley. This early adventure expanded the cast of the strip which to this point only included Mickey and Minnie. Among the characters who had their first comic strip appearances in this story were Clarabelle Cow, Horace Horsecollar, and Black Pete as well as the debuts of corrupted lawyer Sylvester Shyster and Minnie's uncle Mortimer Mouse. The Death Valley narrative was followed by Mr. Slicker and the Egg Robbers, first printed between September 22 and December 26, 1930, which introduced Marcus Mouse and his wife as Minnie's parents.

text: Starting with these two early comic strip stories, Mickey's versions in animation and comics are considered to have diverged from each other. While Disney and his cartoon shorts would continue to focus on comedy, the comic strip effectively combined comedy and adventure. This adventurous version of Mickey would continue to appear in comic strips and later comic books throughout the 20th and into the 21st century.

text: Floyd Gottfredson left his mark with stories such as Mickey Mouse Joins the Foreign Legion (1936) and The Gleam (1942). He also created the Phantom Blot, Eega Beeva, Morty and Ferdie, Captain Churchmouse, and Butch. Besides Gottfredson artists for the strip over the years included Roman Arambula, Rick Hoover, Manuel Gonzales, Carson Van Osten, Jim Engel, Bill Wright, Ted Thwailes and Daan Jippes; writers included Ted Osborne, Merrill De Maris, Bill Walsh, Dick Shaw, Roy Williams, Del Connell, and Floyd Norman.

text: The next artist to leave his mark on the character was Paul Murry in Dell Comics. His first Mickey tale appeared in 1950 but Mickey did not become a specialty until Murry's first serial for Walt Disney's Comics and Stories in 1953 ("The Last Resort"). In the same period, Romano Scarpa in Italy for the magazine Topolino began to revitalize Mickey in stories that brought back the Phantom Blot and Eega Beeva along with new creations such as the Atomo Bleep-Bleep. While the stories at Western Publishing during the Silver Age emphasized Mickey as a detective in the style of Sherlock Holmes, in the modern era several editors and creators have consciously undertaken to depict a more vigorous Mickey in the mold of the classic Gottfredson adventures. This renaissance has been spearheaded by Byron Erickson, David Gerstein, Noel Van Horn, Michael T. Gilbert and César Ferioli.

text: In Europe, Mickey Mouse became the main attraction of a number of comics magazines, the most famous being Topolino in Italy from 1932 on, Le Journal de Mickey in France from 1934 on, Don Miki in Spain and the Greek Miky Maous.

text: Mickey was the main character for the series MM Mickey Mouse Mystery Magazine, published in Italy from 1999 to 2001.

text: In 2006, he appeared in the Italian fantasy comic saga Wizards of Mickey.

text: In 1958, Mickey Mouse was introduced to the Arab world through another comic book called “Sameer”. He became very popular in Egypt and got a comic book with his name. Mickey’s comics in Egypt are licensed by Disney and were published since 1959 by “Dar Al-Hilal” and they were success, however Dar Al-Hilal stopped the publication in 2003 because of problems with Disney. The comics were re-released by "Nahdat Masr" in 2004 and the first issues were sold out in less than 8 hours.[55]

text: Merchandising

text: Since his early years, Mickey Mouse has been licensed by Disney to appear on many different kinds of merchandise. Mickey was produced as plush toys and figurines, and Mickey's image has graced almost everything from T-shirts to lunchboxes. Largely responsible for Disney merchandising in the 1930s was Kay Kamen (1892–1949) who was called a "stickler for quality." Kamen was recognized by The Walt Disney Company as having a significant part in Mickey's rise to stardom and was named a Disney Legend in 1998.[56] At the time of his 80th-anniversary celebration in 2008, Time declared Mickey Mouse one of the world's most recognized characters, even when compared against Santa Claus.[57] Disney officials have stated that 98% of children aged 3–11 around the world are at least aware of the character.[57]

text: Mickey was most famously featured on wrist watches and alarm clocks, typically utilizing his hands as the actual hands on the face of the clock. The first Mickey Mouse watches were manufactured in 1933 by the Ingersoll Watch Company. The seconds were indicated by a turning disk below Mickey. The first Mickey watch was sold at the Century of Progress in Chicago, 1933 for $3.75. Mickey Mouse watches have been sold by other companies and designers throughout the years, including Timex, Elgin, Helbros, Bradley, Lorus, and Gérald Genta[58] The fictional character Robert Langdon from Dan Brown's novels was said to wear a Mickey Mouse watch as a reminder "to stay young at heart."[59]

text: In 1989, Milton Bradley released the electronic talking game titled Mickey Says, with three modes featuring Mickey Mouse as its host. Mickey also appeared in other toys and games, including the Worlds of Wonder released The Talking Mickey Mouse.

text: Fisher-Price has recently produced a line of talking animatronic Mickey dolls including "Dance Star Mickey" (2010)[60] and "Rock Star Mickey" (2011).[61]

text: In total, approximately 40% of Disney's revenues for consumer products are derived from Mickey Mouse merchandise, with revenues peaking in 1997.[57]

text: Mickey at the Disney parks

text: As the official Walt Disney mascot, Mickey has played a central role in the Disney parks since the opening of Disneyland in 1955. As with other characters, Mickey is often portrayed by a non-speaking costumed actor. In this form, he has participated in ceremonies and countless parades. A popular activity with guests is getting to meet and pose for photographs with the mouse. As of the presidency of Barack Obama (who jokingly referred to him as "a world leader who has bigger ears than me")[62] Mickey has met every U.S. President since Harry Truman, with the exception of Lyndon B. Johnson.[14]

text: Mickey also features in several specific attractions at the Disney parks. Mickey's Toontown (Disneyland and Tokyo Disneyland) is a themed land which is a recreation of Mickey's neighborhood. Buildings are built in a cartoon style and guests can visit Mickey or Minnie's houses, Donald Duck's boat, or Goofy's garage. This is a common place to meet the characters.[63]

text: Mickey's PhilharMagic (Magic Kingdom, Tokyo Disneyland, Hong Kong Disneyland) is a 4D film which features Mickey in the familiar role of symphony conductor. At Main Street Cinema several of Mickey's short films are shown on a rotating basis; the sixth film is always Steamboat Willie. Mickey plays a central role in Fantasmic! (Disneyland Resort, Disney's Hollywood Studios) a live nighttime show which famously features Mickey in his role as the Sorcerer's Apprentice. Mickey was also a central character in the now-defunct Mickey Mouse Revue (Magic Kingdom, Tokyo Disneyland) which was an indoor show featuring animatronic characters. Mickey's face currently graces the Mickey's Fun Wheel at Disney California Adventure Park, where a figure of him also stands on top of Silly Symphony Swings.

text: In addition to Mickey's overt presence in the parks, numerous images of him are also subtly included in sometimes unexpected places. This phenomenon is known as "Hidden Mickey", involving hidden images in Disney films, theme parks, and merchandise.

text: Mickey in video games

text: Like many popular characters, Mickey has starred in many video games, including Mickey Mousecapade on the Nintendo Entertainment System, Mickey Mania: The Timeless Adventures of Mickey Mouse, Mickey's Ultimate Challenge, and Disney's Magical Quest on the Super Nintendo Entertainment System, Castle of Illusion Starring Mickey Mouse on the Mega Drive/Genesis, Mickey Mouse: Magic Wands! on the Game Boy, and many others. In the 2000s, the Disney's Magical Quest series were ported to the Game Boy Advance, while Mickey made his sixth generation era debut in Disney's Magical Mirror Starring Mickey Mouse, a Nintendo GameCube title aimed at younger audiences. Mickey plays a major role in the Kingdom Hearts series, as the king of Disney Castle and aide to the protagonist, Sora. King Mickey wields the Keyblade, a weapon in the form of a key that has the power to open any lock and combat darkness. Epic Mickey, featuring a darker version of the Disney universe, was released in 2010 for the Wii. The game is part of an effort by The Walt Disney Company to re-brand the Mickey Mouse character by moving away from his current squeaky clean image and reintroducing the mischievous side of his personality.[3]

text: Awards and honors

text: Mickey Mouse has received ten nominations for the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film. These are Mickey's Orphans (1931), Building a Building (1933), Brave Little Tailor (1938), The Pointer (1939), Lend a Paw (1941), Squatter's Rights (1946), Mickey and the Seal (1948), Mickey's Christmas Carol (1983), Runaway Brain (1995), and Get a Horse! (2013). Among these, Lend a Paw was the only film to actually win the award. Additionally, in 1932 Walt Disney received an honorary Academy Award in recognition of Mickey's creation and popularity.

text: In 1994, four of Mickey's cartoons were included in the book The 50 Greatest Cartoons which listed the greatest cartoons of all time as voted by members of the animation field. The films were The Band Concert (#3), Steamboat Willie (#13), Brave Little Tailor (#26), and Clock Cleaners (#27).

text: On November 18, 1978, in honor of his 50th anniversary, Mickey became the first cartoon character to have a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. The star is located on 6925 Hollywood Blvd.

text: Melbourne (Australia) runs the annual Moomba festival street procession and appointed Mickey Mouse as their King of Moomba (1977).[64]:17–22 Although immensely popular with children, there was controversy with the appointment: some Melburnians wanted a 'home-grown' choice, e.g. Blinky Bill; when it was revealed that Patricia O'Carroll (from Disneyland's Disney on Parade show) was performing the mouse, Australian newspapers reported "Mickey Mouse is really a girl!"[64]:19–20

text: Mickey was the Grand Marshal of the Tournament of Roses Parade on New Year's Day 2005. He was the first cartoon character to receive the honor and only the second fictional character after Kermit the Frog in 1996.

text: Social impact

text: Use in politics

text: In the United States, protest votes are often made in order to indicate dissatisfaction with the slate of candidates presented on a particular ballot or to highlight the inadequacies of a particular voting procedure. Since most states' electoral systems do not provide for blank balloting or a choice of "None of the Above", most protest votes take the form of a clearly non-serious candidate's name entered as a write-in vote. Mickey Mouse is often selected for this purpose.[65][66] As an election supervisor in Georgia observed, "If [Mickey Mouse] doesn’t get votes in our election, it’s a bad election."[67] The earliest known mention of Mickey Mouse as a write-in candidate dates back to the 1932 New York City mayoral elections.[68]

text: Mickey Mouse's name has also been known to appear fraudulently on voter registration lists, such as in the 2008 U.S. Presidential Election.[69][70]

text: Pejorative use of Mickey's name

text: "Mickey Mouse" is a slang expression meaning small-time, amateurish or trivial. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, it also means poor quality or counterfeit. However, in parts of Australia it can mean excellent or very good (rhyming slang for "grouse").[71] Examples of the former two of the three usages include the following:

text:
In The Godfather Part II, Fredo's justification of betraying Michael is that his orders in the family usually were "Send Fredo off to do this, send Fredo off to do that! Let Fredo take care of some Mickey Mouse nightclub somewhere!" as opposed to more meaningful tasks.
In an early episode of the 1978–82 sitcom Mork & Mindy, Mork stated that Pluto was "a Mickey Mouse planet", referring to the future dwarf planet having the same name as Mickey's pet dog Pluto. Actually, the planet was named shortly before the dog was.
In 1984, just after an ice hockey game in which Wayne Gretzky's Edmonton Oilers beat the New Jersey Devils 13–4, Gretzky was quoted as saying to a reporter, "Well, it's time they got their act together, they're ruining the whole league. They had better stop running a Mickey Mouse organization and put somebody on the ice". Reacting to Gretzky's comment, Devils fans wore Mickey Mouse apparel when the Oilers returned to New Jersey.[72]
In the 1993 Warner Bros. film Demolition Man, as Sylvester Stallone's character is fighting the malfunctioning AI of his out-of-control police car, he shouts for the system to "Brake! Brake! Brake now, you Mickey Mouse piece of shit!"[73]
In the 1996 Warner Bros. film Space Jam, Bugs Bunny derogatorily comments on Daffy Duck's idea for the name of their basketball team, asking: "What kind of Mickey Mouse organization would name a team 'The Ducks?'" (This also referenced the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim, an NHL team that was then owned by Disney, as well as the Disney-made "The Mighty Ducks" movie franchise. This was referencing the Disney/Warner Brothers rivalry.)
In the United States armed forces, actions that look good but have little or no practical use (such as the specific manner of making beds in basic training or the polishing of brass fittings on board ship) are commonly referred to as "Mickey Mouse work."[citation needed]
In schools a "Mickey Mouse course", "Mickey Mouse major", or "Mickey Mouse degree" is a class, college major, or degree where very little effort is necessary in order to attain a good grade (especially an A) or one where the subject matter of such a class is not of any importance in the labor market.[74]
Musicians often refer to a film score that directly follows each action on screen as Mickey Mousing (also mickey-mousing and mickeymousing).[75]
Software company Microsoft has been derogatorily called "Mickeysoft".[76]
In the beginning of the 1980s, then-British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher once called the European Parliament a "Mickey Mouse parliament", meaning a discussion club without influence.[77]
In the British sitcom Red Dwarf, in the episode "Quarantine", after the team's substandard equipment nearly cost them their lives, Lister pointed out, "We're a real Mickey Mouse operation, aren't we?" The Cat replied, "Mickey Mouse? We ain't even Betty Boop!"
The combined road course at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway used for the F1 U.S. Grand Prix has been described by Jacques Villeneuve and other competitors as "Mickey Mouse"[78] due to its slow uninteresting corners, and lack of challenging corners.

text: Parodies and criticism

text: Mickey Mouse's global fame has made him both a symbol of The Walt Disney Company and of the United States itself. For this reason, Mickey has been used frequently in anti-American satire, such as the infamous underground cartoon "Mickey Mouse in Vietnam" (1969). There have been numerous parodies of Mickey Mouse, such as the 2-page parody "Mickey Rodent" by Will Elder (published in Mad #19, 1955) in which the mouse walks around unshaven and jails Donald Duck out of jealousy over the duck's larger popularity.[79] The grotesque Rat Fink character was created by Ed "Big Daddy" Roth over his hatred of Mickey Mouse. In The Simpsons Movie, Bart Simpson puts a black bra on his head to mimic Mickey Mouse and says: "I'm the mascot of an evil corporation!"[80] On the Comedy Central series South Park, Mickey is depicted as the sadistic, greedy, foul-mouthed boss of The Walt Disney Company, only interested in money. He also appears briefly with Donald Duck in the comic Squeak the Mouse by the Italian cartoonist Massimo Mattioli.

text: In the 1969 parody novel Bored of the Rings, Mickey Mouse is satirized as Dickey Dragon.

text: Legal issues

text: Like all major Disney characters, Mickey Mouse is not only copyrighted but also trademarked, which lasts in perpetuity as long as it continues to be used commercially by its owner. So, whether or not a particular Disney cartoon goes into the public domain, the characters themselves may not be used as trademarks without authorization.

text: Because of the Copyright Term Extension Act of the United States (sometimes called the 'Mickey Mouse Protection Act' because of extensive lobbying by the Disney corporation) and similar legislation within the European Union and other jurisdictions where copyright terms have been extended, works such as the early Mickey Mouse cartoons will remain under copyright until at least 2023. However, some copyright scholars argue that Disney's copyright on the earliest version of the character may be invalid due to ambiguity in the copyright notice for Steamboat Willie.[81]

text: The Walt Disney Company has become well known for protecting its trademark on the Mickey Mouse character—whose likeness is closely associated with the company—with particular zeal. In 1989, Disney threatened legal action against three daycare centers in Florida for having Mickey Mouse and other Disney characters painted on their walls. The characters were removed, and rival Universal Studios replaced them with Universal cartoon characters.[82]

text: Walt Disney Productions v. Air Pirates

text: In 1971, a group of underground cartoonists calling themselves the Air Pirates, after a group of villains from early Mickey Mouse films, produced a comic called Air Pirates Funnies. In the first issue, cartoonist Dan O'Neill depicted Mickey and Minnie Mouse engaging in explicit sexual behavior and consuming drugs. As O'Neill explained, "The air pirates were…some sort of bizarre concept to steal the air, pirate the air, steal the media….Since we were cartoonists, the logical thing was Disney."[83] Rather than change the appearance or name of the character, which O'Neill felt would dilute the parody, the mouse depicted in Air Pirates Funnies looks like and is named "Mickey Mouse". Disney sued for copyright infringement, and after a series of appeals, O'Neill eventually lost and was ordered to pay Disney $1.9 million. The outcome of the case remains controversial among free-speech advocates. New York Law School professor Edward Samuels said, "[The Air Pirates] set parody back twenty years."[84][better source needed]

text: Censorship

text: In 1930, The German Board of Film Censors prohibited any presentations of the Mickey Mouse cartoon The Barnyard Battle (1929). The animated short, which features the mouse as a kepi-wearing soldier fighting cat enemies in German-style helmets, was viewed by censors as a negative portrayal of Germany.[85] It was claimed by the board that the film would "reawaken the latest anti-German feeling existing abroad since the War".[86] The Barnyard Battle incident did not incite wider anti-Mickey sentiment in Germany in 1930; however, after Adolf Hitler came to power several years later, the Nazi regime unambiguously propagandized against Disney. A mid-1930s German newspaper article read:

text: "Mickey Mouse is the most miserable ideal ever revealed...Healthy emotions tell every independent young man and every honorable youth that the dirty and filth-covered vermin, the greatest bacteria carrier in the animal kingdom, cannot be the ideal type of animal...Away with Jewish brutalization of the people! Down with Mickey Mouse! Wear the Swastika Cross!"[87][88][89]

text: American cartoonist and writer Art Spiegelman would later use this quote on the opening page of the second volume of his graphic novel Maus.

text: In 1935 Romanian authorities also banned Mickey Mouse films from cinemas, purportedly fearing that children would be "scared to see a ten-foot mouse in the movie theatre".[90] In 1938, based on the Ministry of Popular Culture's recommendation that a reform was necessary "to raise children in the firm and imperialist spirit of the Fascist revolution," the Italian Government banned foreign children's literature[91] except Mickey; Disney characters were exempted from the decree for the "acknowledged artistic merit" of Disney's work.[92] Actually, Mussolini's children were fond of Mickey Mouse, so they managed to delay his ban as long as possible.[93] In 1942, after Italy declared war on the United States, fascism immediately forced Italian publishers to stop printing any Disney stories. Mickey's stories were replaced by the adventures of Tuffolino, a new human character created by Federico Pedrocchi (script) and Pier Lorenzo De Vita (art). After the downfall of Italy's fascist government in 1945, the ban was removed.

text: Filmography

text: Mickey has been announced to star in two films. One is a live-action/CGI hybrid film based on the Magic Kingdom theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort,[94] while the other is a film idea pitched by Walt Disney Animation Studios veteran Burny Mattinson centering on Mickey, Donald, and Goofy.[38]

text: Selected short films

text:
Steamboat Willie (1928)
Plane Crazy (1929)
The Karnival Kid (1929)
Mickey's Orphans (1931)
Building a Building (1933)
The Mad Doctor (1933)
The Band Concert (1935)

Thru the Mirror (1936)
Moving Day (1936)
Clock Cleaners (1937)
Lonesome Ghosts (1937)
Brave Little Tailor (1938)
The Pointer (1939)
The Nifty Nineties (1941)
Lend a Paw (1941)

Symphony Hour (1942)
Squatter's Rights (1946)
Mickey and the Seal (1948)
The Simple Things (1953)
Mickey's Christmas Carol (1983)
Runaway Brain (1995)
Get a Horse! (2013)

text: Full-length films

text:
Hollywood Party (cameo, 1934)
Fantasia (1940)
Fun and Fancy Free (1947)
Who Framed Roger Rabbit (cameo, 1988)
A Goofy Movie (cameo, 1995)
Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas (1999)
Fantasia 2000 (1999)
Mickey's House of Villains (2002)
Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers (2004)
Mickey's Twice Upon a Christmas (2004)

text: Television series

text:
The Mickey Mouse Club (1955–1959; 1977–1979; 1989–1994)
Mickey Mouse Works (1999–2000)
Disney's House of Mouse (2001–2003)
Mickey Mouse Clubhouse (2006–2016)
Mickey Mouse (2013–present)
Mickey and the Roadster Racers (2017–present)[95]


document_title: Emperor of Mexico

question_text: who was proclaimed the first emperor of mexico

root

text: Emperor of Mexico

text: This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text:
Emperor of Mexico

Imperial

Imperial Coat of arms

Maximilian I

Details

Style
His Imperial Majesty

First monarch
Agustín I

Last monarch
Maximilian I

Formation
19 May 1822

Abolition
15 May 1867

Residence
Chapultepec Castle

Appointer
Hereditary

text: The Emperor of Mexico (Spanish: Emperador de México) was the head of state and ruler of Mexico on two non-consecutive occasions in the 19th century.

tag: p

text: With the Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire from Spain in 1821, Mexico became an independent monarchy—the First Mexican Empire (1822–1823). The monarchy was soon replaced by the First Republic of Mexico. Mexico briefly reverted into a monarchy in the 1860s, during the Second Mexican Empire (1864–1867).

text: In both instances of Empire, the reigning Emperor was forcibly deposed and then executed.

text: Mexican Empire (1822–1823)[edit]

text:
Name
Lifespan
Reign start
Reign end
Notes
Family
Image

Agustín I
(1783-09-27)27 September 1783 – 19 July 1824(1824-07-19) (aged 40)
19 May 1822
19 March 1823

Iturbide

text: Mexican Empire (1864–1867)[edit]

text:
Name
Lifespan
Reign start
Reign end
Notes
Family
Image

Maximilian I
(1832-07-06)6 July 1832 – 19 June 1867(1867-06-19) (aged 34)
10 April 1864
15 May 1867

Habsburg-Lorraine


document_title: List of tallest buildings

question_text: top 10 highest building in the world 2018

text: List of tallest buildings

text: Ranking criteria and alternatives

text: The international non-profit organization Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH) was formed in 1969 and announces the title of "The World's Tallest Building" and sets the standards by which buildings are measured. It maintains a list of the 100 tallest completed buildings in the world.[3] The organization currently ranks Burj Khalifa in Dubai as the tallest at 828 m (2,717 ft).[3] The CTBUH only recognizes buildings that are complete however, and some buildings included within the lists in this article are not considered finished by the CTBUH.

text: In 1996, as a response to the dispute as to whether the Petronas Towers or the Sears Tower was taller,[4] the council listed and ranked buildings in four categories:

text:
height to structural or architectural top;
height to floor of highest occupied floor;
height to top of roof (removed as category in November 2009);[5] and
height to top of any part of the building.

tag: ul

text: Spires are considered integral parts of the architectural design of buildings, to which changes would substantially change the appearance and design of the building, whereas antennas may be added or removed without such consequences. The Petronas Towers, with their spires, are thus ranked higher than the Willis Tower (formerly the Sears Tower) with its antennas, despite the Petronas Towers' lower roofs and lower highest point.

text: Until 1996, the world's tallest building was defined by the height to the top of the tallest architectural element, including spires but not antennae. This led to a rivalry between the Bank of Manhattan Building and the Chrysler Building. The Bank of Manhattan Building employed only a short spire and was 282.5 m (927 ft) tall and had a much higher top occupied floor (the second category in the 1996 criteria for tallest building). In contrast, the Chrysler Building employed a very large 38.1 m (125 ft) spire secretly assembled inside the building to claim the title of world's tallest building with a total height of 318.9 m (1,046 ft), although it had a lower top occupied floor and a shorter height when both buildings' spires were excluded.

text: Upset by Chrysler's victory, Shreve & Lamb, the consulting architects of the Bank of Manhattan Building, wrote a newspaper article claiming that their building was actually the tallest, since it contained the world's highest usable floor. They pointed out that the observation deck in the Bank of Manhattan Building was nearly 30 m (100 ft) above the top floor in the Chrysler Building, whose surpassing spire was strictly ornamental and inaccessible.[6]

text: At present, the Burj Khalifa tops the list by some margin, regardless of which criterion is applied.[7][8]

text: Tallest buildings in the world (350 m+)

text: As of 2018, this list includes all 56 buildings (completed and architecturally topped out) which reach a height of 350 metres (1,148 ft) or more, as assessed by their highest architectural feature. Of these, 27 (48%) are in China. Six of the last seven buildings to have held the record as 'tallest building' are still found in the list, with the exception being the North Tower of the original World Trade Center after its destruction in the September 11 attacks of 2001. If the twin towers were still standing today they would occupy numbers 24 and 25 on the list (or 23 and 24 since it can be assumed One World Trade Center would have never been built).

text:
bold

Denotes building that is or was once the tallest in the world

text:
Rank

Building[A]

City

Country

Height (m)[3]

Height (ft)

Floors

Built

1
Burj Khalifa
Dubai
 United Arab Emirates
828 m
2,717 ft
163
2010

2
Shanghai Tower
Shanghai
 China
632 m[9]
2,073 ft
128
2015

3
Abraj Al-Bait Clock Tower
Mecca
 Saudi Arabia
601 m[10]
1,971 ft
120
2012

4
Ping An Finance Centre
Shenzhen
 China
599 m
1,965 ft
115
2017

5
Lotte World Tower
Seoul
 South Korea
554.5 m
1,819 ft
123
2016

6
One World Trade Center
New York City
 United States
541.3 m
1,776 ft
104
2014

7
Guangzhou CTF Finance Centre
Guangzhou
 China
530 m[11]
1,739 ft
111
2016

Tianjin CTF Finance Centre
Tianjin
 China
530 m
1,739 ft
98
2018

9
China Zun
Beijing
 China
528 m
1,732 ft
108
2018

10
Taipei 101
Taipei
 Taiwan
508 m[12]
1,667 ft
101
2004

11
Shanghai World Financial Center
Shanghai
 China
492 m
1,614 ft
101
2008

12
International Commerce Centre
Hong Kong
 China (SAR)
484 m
1,588 ft
118
2010

13
Lakhta Center[13]
St. Petersburg
 Russia
462 m
1,516 ft
86
2018

14
Landmark 81
Ho Chi Minh City
 Vietnam
461.2 m
1,513 ft
81
2018

15
Changsha IFS Tower T1
Changsha
 China
452.1 m
1,483 ft
88
2017

16
Petronas Tower 1
Kuala Lumpur
 Malaysia
451.9 m
1,483 ft
88
1998

Petronas Tower 2
Kuala Lumpur
 Malaysia
451.9 m
1,483 ft
88
1998

18
Zifeng Tower
Nanjing
 China
450 m
1,476 ft
89
2010

Suzhou IFS
Suzhou
 China
450 m
1,476 ft
92
2017

20
The Exchange 106
Kuala Lumpur
 Malaysia
445.5 m
1,461 ft
96
2018

21
Willis Tower (formerly the Sears Tower)
Chicago
 United States
442.1 m
1,450 ft
108
1974

22
KK100
Shenzhen
 China
442 m
1,449 ft
100
2011

23
Guangzhou International Finance Center
Guangzhou
 China
440 m
1,440 ft
103
2010

24
Wuhan Center
Wuhan
 China
438 m
1,437 ft
88
2016[B]

25
432 Park Avenue
New York City
 United States
425.5 m
1,396 ft
88
2015

26
Marina 101
Dubai
 United Arab Emirates
425 m
1,394 ft
101
2015[B]

27
Trump International Hotel and Tower[14]
Chicago
 United States
423.2 m
1,388 ft
98
2009

28
Jin Mao Tower
Shanghai
 China
421 m
1,380 ft
88
1999

29
Princess Tower
Dubai
 United Arab Emirates
414 m
1,358 ft[15]
101
2012

30
Al Hamra Tower
Kuwait City
 Kuwait
413 m
1,354 ft
80
2011

31
Two International Finance Centre
Hong Kong
 China (SAR)
412 m
1,352 ft
88
2003

32
China Resources Headquarters
Shenzhen
 China
392.5 m
1,288 ft
67
2017

33
23 Marina
Dubai
 United Arab Emirates
392.4 m
1,287 ft
89
2012

34
CITIC Plaza
Guangzhou
 China
390.2 m
1,280 ft
80
1996

35
Shum Yip Upperhills Tower 1
Shenzhen
 China
388.1 m
1,273 ft
80
2017

36
30 Hudson Yards
New York City
 United States
386.6 m
1,268 ft
73
2018

37
Capital Market Authority Headquarters
Riyadh
 Saudi Arabia
385 m
1,263 ft
77
2016

38
Shun Hing Square
Shenzhen
 China
384 m
1,260 ft
69
1996

39
Eton Place Dalian Tower 1
Dalian
 China
383 m
1,257 ft
81
2015

40
Logan Century Center 1
Nanning
 China
381.3 m
1,251 ft
82
2017

41
Burj Mohammed bin Rashid
Abu Dhabi
 United Arab Emirates
381 m
1,251 ft
88
2014

42
Empire State Building
New York City
 United States
381 m
1,250 ft
102
1931

43
Elite Residence
Dubai
 United Arab Emirates
381 m
1,248 ft
87
2012

44
Central Plaza
Hong Kong
 China (SAR)
373.9 m
1,226 ft
78
1992

45
Federation Tower (East Tower)[16]
Moscow
 Russia
373.7 m
1,226 ft
95
2016

46
The Address the BLVD
Dubai
 United Arab Emirates
368 m
1,207 ft
72
2017

47
Bank of China Tower
Hong Kong
 China (SAR)
367 m
1,205 ft
70
1990

48
Bank of America Tower
New York City
 United States
365.8 m
1,200 ft
54
2009

49
Almas Tower
Dubai
 United Arab Emirates
363 m
1,191 ft
68
2009

50
Gevora Hotel
Dubai
 United Arab Emirates
356.3 m
1,169 ft
75
2017

51
JW Marriott Marquis Dubai Tower 1
Dubai
 United Arab Emirates
355 m
1,166 ft
82
2012

JW Marriott Marquis Dubai Tower 2
Dubai
 United Arab Emirates
355 m
1,166 ft
82
2012

53
Emirates Office Tower
Dubai
 United Arab Emirates
355 m
1,163 ft
54
2000

54
Raffles City Chongqing T3N[17]
Chongqing
 China
354.5 m
1,163 ft
79
2018

55
OKO Tower - South Tower
Moscow
 Russia
354 m
1,160 ft
85
2015

56
The Marina Torch
Dubai
 United Arab Emirates
352 m
1,155 ft
86
2011

57
Forum 66 Tower 1
Shenyang
 China
350.6 m
1,150 ft
68
2015

58
The Pinnacle
Guangzhou
 China
350.3 m
1,149 ft
60
2012

59
Hanking Center
Shenzhen
 China
350 m
1,148 ft
73
2017

Xi An Glory International Financial Center[18]
Xi'an
 China
350 m
1,148 ft
75
2017

text: Gallery

text:
Burj Khalifa in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, is the world's tallest building.

Shanghai Tower in Shanghai, China, is the 2nd tallest building.

The Abraj Al-Bait Towers in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, is the 3rd tallest building.

Ping An Finance Centre, in Guangdong, China, is the 4th tallest building.

Lotte World Tower in Seoul, South Korea, is the 5th tallest building.

One World Trade Center in New York City, is the 6th tallest building and the tallest in the Western Hemisphere.

CTF Finance Centre in Guangzhou, China, is the tied 7th tallest building.

China Zun in Beijing, China, is the tied 9th tallest building.

Taipei 101 in Taipei, Taiwan, was the world's tallest building from 2004 to 2010; it is now 10th.

The Shanghai World Financial Center is the 11th tallest building.

The Petronas Twin Towers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, were the tallest buildings from 1998 to 2004, and are still the tallest twin buildings.

Willis Tower, formerly Sears Tower, in Chicago, United States, was the tallest building from 1974 to 1998.

text: Alternative measurements

text: Height to pinnacle (highest point)

text: This measurement disregards distinctions between architectural and non-architectural extensions, and simply measures to the highest point. This measurement is useful for air traffic obstacle determinations, and is also a wholly objective measure. However, this measurement includes extensions that are easily added, removed, and modified from a building and are independent of the overall structure.

text: This measurement only recently came into use, when the Petronas Towers passed the Sears Tower (now called Willis Tower) in height. The former was considered taller because its spires were considered architectural, while the latter's antennae were not. This led to the split of definitions, with the Sears Tower claiming the lead in this and the height-to-roof (now highest occupied floor) categories, and with the Petronas claiming the lead in the architectural height category.

text:
bold

†Denotes building with pinnacle height higher than architectural

text:
Rank

Building

City

Country

Height

Floors

Built

1
Burj Khalifa†
Dubai
 United Arab Emirates
829.8 m
2,722 ft
163
2010

2
Shanghai Tower
Shanghai
 China
632 m
2,073 ft
128
2015

3
Abraj Al-Bait Towers
Mecca
 Saudi Arabia
601 m[10]
1,971 ft
120
2012

4
Ping An Finance Center
Shenzhen
 China
599 m
1,965 ft
115
2016

5
Lotte World Tower†
Seoul
 South Korea
555.7 m
1,823 ft
123
2016

6
One World Trade Center†
New York City
 United States
546.2 m
1,792 ft
104
2014

7
CTF Finance Centre
Guangzhou
 China
530 m[11]
1,739 ft
111
2016

7
Tianjin CTF Finance Centre
Tianjin
 China
530 m
1,739 ft
98
2017

9
China Zun
Beijing
 China
528 m
1,732 ft
108
2018

10
Willis Tower†
Chicago
 United States
527 m
1,729 ft
108
1974

11
Taipei 101
Taipei
 Taiwan
508 m
1,667 ft
101
2004

12
Shanghai World Financial Center†
Shanghai
 China
494.3 m
1,622 ft
101
2008

13
International Commerce Centre
Hong Kong
 China
484 m
1,588 ft
118
2010

14
Lakhta Center[19]
St. Petersburg
 Russia
462 m
1,516 ft
86
2018

15
Landmark 81
Ho Chi Minh City
 Vietnam
461.2 m
1,513 ft
81
2018

16
John Hancock Center†
Chicago
 United States
456.9 m
1,499 ft
100
1969

17
Changsha IFS Tower T1
Changsha
 China
452 m
1,483 ft
94
2017

18
Petronas Tower 1
Kuala Lumpur
 Malaysia
451.9 m
1,483 ft
88
1998

18
Petronas Tower 2
Kuala Lumpur
 Malaysia
451.9 m
1,483 ft
88
1998

20
Zifeng Tower
Nanjing
 China
450 m
1,476 ft
89
2009

21
Suzhou IFS
Suzhou
 China
450 m
1,476 ft
98
2017

22
The Exchange 106
Kuala Lumpur
 Malaysia
445.5 m
1,461 ft
96
2018

23
Empire State Building†
New York City
 United States
443.2 m
1,454 ft
102
1931

24
Kingkey 100
Shenzhen
 China
442 m
1,449 ft
100
2011

25
Guangzhou International Finance Center
Guangzhou
 China
438.6 m
1,445 ft
103
2009

26
Wuhan Center
Wuhan
 China
438 m
1,437 ft
88
2017

27
432 Park Avenue
New York City
 United States
425.5 m
1,396 ft
85
2015

28
Marina 101
Dubai
 United Arab Emirates
425 m
1,394 ft
101
2017

29
Trump International Hotel and Tower
Chicago
 United States
423.2 m
1,388 ft
96
2009

30
Jin Mao Tower
Shanghai
 China
421 m
1,381 ft
88
1998

31
Princess Tower†
Dubai
 United Arab Emirates
414 m
1,358 ft[15]
101
2012

32
Al Hamra Tower
Kuwait City
 Kuwait
412.6 m
1,354 ft
80
2010

33
Two International Finance Centre
Hong Kong
 China
412 m
1,352 ft
88
2003

text: Height to occupied floor

text: This height is measured from the level of the lowest, significant, open-air, pedestrian entrance to the highest occupied floor within the building.

text:
Rank

Building

City

Country

Height

Floors

Built

1
Burj Khalifa
Dubai
 United Arab Emirates
584.5 m (1,918 ft)
163
2010

2
Shanghai Tower
Shanghai
 China
583.4 m (1,914 ft)
128
2015

3
Ping An Finance Center
Shenzhen
 China
562.2 m (1,844 ft)
115
2016

4
China Zun
Beijing
 China
515 m (1,690 ft)
108
2018

5
Lotte World Tower
Seoul
 South Korea
497.6 m (1,633 ft)
123
2016

6
CTF Finance Centre
Guangzhou
 China
495.5 m (1,626 ft)
111
2016

7
Abraj Al-Bait Towers
Mecca
 Saudi Arabia
494.4 m (1,622 ft)
120
2012

8
Shanghai World Financial Center
Shanghai
 China
474 m (1,555 ft)
101
2008

9
International Commerce Centre
Hong Kong
 China
468.8 m (1,538 ft)
118
2010

10
Tianjin CTF Finance Centre
Tianjin
 China
439.4 m (1,442 ft)
98
2017

11
Taipei 101
Taipei
 Taiwan
438 m (1,437 ft)
101
2004

12
Changsha IFS Tower T1
Changsha
 China
437.1 m (1,434 ft)
94
2017

13
KK100
Shenzhen
 China
427.1 m (1,401 ft)
100
2011

14
Guangzhou International Finance Center
Guangzhou
 China
415.1 m (1,362 ft)
103
2010

15
Willis Tower
Chicago
 United States
412.7 m (1,354 ft)
108
1974

16
Suzhou IFS
Suzhou
 China
406.4 m (1,333 ft)
98
2017

text: Buildings under construction

text: This is a list of buildings taller than 350 metres that are currently under construction. More than half of the buildings are located in China.

text:
Building

Planned architectural height

Floors

Planned completion

Country

City

Remarks

Jeddah Tower
1,000 m (3,300 ft)
167+
2020
 Saudi Arabia
Jeddah
[20]

KL118
644 m (2,113 ft)
118
2024
 Malaysia
Kuala Lumpur

Rama IX Super Tower
615 m (2,018 ft)
118
2021
 Thailand
Bangkok
[21]

Baoneng Shenyang Global Financial Center
568 m (1,864 ft)
114
2018
 China
Shenyang

Skyfame Center Landmark Tower
528 m (1,732 ft)
108
2021
 China
Nanning
[22]

Evergrande IFC 1
518 m (1,699 ft)
112
2021
 China
Hefei
[23]

Central Park Tower
472 m (1,549 ft)
99
2020
 United States
New York City

Chengdu Greenland Tower
468 m (1,535 ft)
116
2018
 China
Chengdu

Corporate Avenue 1
468 m (1,535 ft)
99
2019
 China
Chongqing
[24]

Riverview Plaza
436 m (1,430 ft)
73
2018
 China
Wuhan

111 West 57th Street
435.3 m (1,428 ft)
82
2018
 United States
New York City

Akhmat Tower
435 m (1,427 ft)
100
2020
 Russia
Grozny

Diamond Tower
432 m (1,417 ft)
93
2019
 Saudi Arabia
Jeddah
[25]

Chongqing Tall Tower
431 m (1,414 ft)
101
?
 China
Chongqing
[26]

Haikou Tower
428 m (1,404 ft)
94
2020
 China
Haikou

Shandong IFC
428 m (1,404 ft)
86
2022
 China
Jinan
[27]

One Vanderbilt
427 m (1,401 ft)
58
2021
 United States
New York City
[28]

Dongguan International Trade Center 1
427 m (1,401 ft)
88
2019
 China
Dongguan

Haeundae LCT The Sharp Landmark Tower
411.6 m (1,350 ft)
101
2019
 South Korea
Busan

Dongfeng Plaza Landmark Tower
407 m (1,335 ft)
100
2020
 China
Kunming
[29]

Guangxi China Resources Tower
402.7 m (1,321 ft)
85
2019
 China
Nanning

Guiyang Financial Center Tower 1
401 m (1,316 ft)
79
2021
 China
Guiyang
[30]

La Maison by HDS
386.5 m (1,268 ft)
105
2021
 United Arab Emirates
Dubai
[31]

Abu Dhabi Plaza
382 m (1,253 ft)
75
2019
 Kazakhstan
Astana

Guiyang World Trade Center Landmark Tower
380 m (1,250 ft)
?
2021
 China
Guiyang
[32]

Shenzhen Center
375.6 m (1,232 ft)
80
2019
 China
Shenzhen

Fairmont Kuala Lumpur Tower 1
370 m (1,210 ft)
78
2019
 Malaysia
Kuala Lumpur
[33]

Coronation Square Tower 1
370 m (1,210 ft)
78
?
 Malaysia
Johor Bahru
[34]

Xujiahui Center Tower 1
370 m (1,210 ft)
70
?
 China
Shanghai
[35]

Hai Tian Center Tower 2
369 m (1,211 ft)
72
2021
 China
Qingdao
[36]

Golden Eagle Tiandi Tower A
368 m (1,207 ft)
76
2018
 China
Nanjing

Guiyang Financial Center Tower 2
367 m (1,204 ft)
72
2021
 China
Guiyang
[37]

45 Broad Street
365.8 m (1,200 ft)
68
2021
 United States
New York City

VietinBank Business Center Office Tower
363.2 m (1,192 ft)
70
2018
 Vietnam
Hanoi

Wanda Vista
362.9 m (1,191 ft)
93
2020
 United States
Chicago

Three Sixty West Tower B
361.2 m (1,185 ft)[38]
90
?
 India
Mumbai

Greenland Group Suzhou Center
358 m (1,175 ft)
75
2018
 China
Suzhou
[39]

Il Primo Tower 1
356 m (1,168 ft)
88
2021
 United Arab Emirates
Dubai
[40]

S Residence by Immo
356 m (1,168 ft)
80
2020
 United Arab Emirates
Dubai
[41]

Raffles City Chongqing T4N
354.5 m (1,163 ft)
79
2019
 China
Chongqing
[17]

Agricultural Development Center Tower 1
350 m (1,150 ft)
?
?
 China
Harbin
[42]

text: List by continent

text: The following list shows the tallest completed buildings located in each continent listed by greatest to least height (click on name of continent for continent-specific list):

text:
Continent

Building

Height

Floor count

Completed

Country

City

Asia
Burj Khalifa
828 m (2,717 ft)
160
2010
 United Arab Emirates
Dubai

North America
One World Trade Center
541.3 m (1,776 ft)
104
2014
 United States
New York City

Europe
Lakhta Center
462 m (1,516 ft)
86
2018
 Russia
St. Petersburg

Oceania
Q1
323 m (1,060 ft)
78
2005
 Australia
Gold Coast

South America
Gran Torre Santiago[43]
300 m (980 ft)
64
2012
 Chile
Santiago

Africa
Carlton Centre
225.5 m (740 ft)
50
1973
 South Africa
Johannesburg

Antarctica
Long Duration Balloon (LDB) Payload Preparation Buildings[44]
15 m (49 ft)
-
2005[45]
 Antarctica
McMurdo Station


document_title: Ordinance (India)

question_text: when can an ordinance be issued by the president

text: Ordinance (India)

text: Ordinances are temporary laws that are promulgated by the President of India on the recommendation of the Union Cabinet. They can only be issued when Parliament is not in session. They enable the Indian government to take immediate legislative action. Ordinances cease to operate either if Parliament does not approve of them within six weeks of reassembly, or if disapproving resolutions are passed by both Houses. It is also mandatory for a session of Parliament to be held within six months of passing an ordinance.[1]

text: List of Central Government Ordinances since 2003[edit]

text:
Year
Number
Title of Ordinance
Ref.

2003
1
Customs (Tariff) Amendment Ordinance, 2003
[2]

2003
2
Taxation Laws (Amendment) Ordinance, 2003
[3]

2003
3
National Tax Tribunal Ordinance, 2003
[4]

2003
4
Prevention of Terrorism (Amendment) Ordinance, 2003
[5]

2003
5
Representation of the People (Amendment) Ordinance, 2003
[6]

2003
6
Delimitation (Amendment) Ordinance, 2003
[7]

2003
7
Indian Telegraph (Amendment) Ordinance, 2003
[8]

2003
8
Indian Medicine Central Council (Amendment) Ordinance, 2003
[9]

2004
1
Prevention of Terrorism (Repeal) Ordinance, 2004
[10]

2004
2
Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Ordinance, 2004
[11]

2004
3
Banking Regulation (Amendment) and Miscellaneous Provisions Ordinance, 2004
[12]

2004
4
Securities Laws (Amendment) Ordinance, 2004
[13]

2004
5
Enforcement of Security Interest and Recovery of Debts Laws (Amendment) Ordinance, 2004
[14]

2004
6
National Commission for Minority Educational Institutions Ordinance, 2004
[15]

2004
7
Patents (Amendment) Ordinance, 2004
[16]

2004
8
Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority Ordinance, 2004
[17]

2005
1
Central Excise Laws (Amendment and Validation) Ordinance, 2005
[18]

2005
2
Citizenship (Amendment) Ordinance, 2005
[19]

2005
3
Manipur University Ordinance, 2005
[20]

2005
4
Taxation Laws (Amendment) Ordinance, 2005
[21]

2006
1
National Commission for Minority Educational Institutions (Amendment) Ordinance, 2006
[22]

2006
2
National Council for Teacher Education (Amendment and Validation) Ordinance, 2006
[23]

2006
3
Indian Telegraph (Amendment) Ordinance, 2006
[24]

2007
1
Banking Regulation (Amendment) Ordinance, 2007
[25]

2007
2
National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (Amendment) Ordinance, 2007
[26]

2007
3
National Tax Tribunal (Amendment) Ordinance, 2007
[27]

2007
4
Sports Broadcasting Signals (Mandatory Sharing with Prasar Bharati) Ordinance, 2007
[28]

2007
5
State Bank of India (Amendment) Ordinance, 2007
[29]

2007
6
National Capital Territory of Delhi Law (Special Provisions) Ordinance, 2007
[30]

2007
7
National Capital Territory of Delhi Law (Special Provisions) Second Ordinance, 2007
[31]

2007
8
Payment of Bonus (Amendment) Ordinance, 2007
[32]

2008
1
Delimitation (Amendment) Ordinance, 2008
[33]

2008
2
Railways (Amendment) Ordinance, 2008
[34]

2008
3
Forward contracts (Regulation) Amendment Ordinance, 2008
[35]

2008
4
Sugar Development Fund (Amendment) Ordinance, 2008
[36]

2008
5
Prasar Bharti (Broadcasting Corporation of India) Amendment Ordinance, 2008
[37]

2008
6
Food Safety and Standards (Amendment) Ordinance, 2008
[38]

2008
7
Employee's State Insurance (Amendment) Ordinance, 2008
[39]

2008
8
Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (Amendment) Ordinance, 2008
[40]

2009
1
High Court and Supreme Court Judges (Salaries and Conditions of Service) Amendment Ordinance, 2009
[41]

2009
2
Cental Industrial Security Force (Amendment) Ordinance, 2009
[42]

2009
3
Central Universities Ordinance 2009
[43]

2009
4
Meghalaya Appropriation (Vote on Account) Ordinance, 2009
[44]

2009
5
Meghalaya Appropriation Ordinance, 2008
[45]

2009
6
Competition (Amendment) Ordinance, 2009
[46]

2009
7
Jharkhand Contingency Fund (Amendment) Ordinance, 2009
[47]

2009
8
Central Universities (Amendment) Ordinance, 2009
[48]

2009
9
Essential Commodities (Amendment And Validation) Ordinance, 2009
[49]

2010
1
Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains (Amendment & Validation) Ordinance, 2010
[50]

2010
2
Indian Medical Council (Amendment) Ordinance, 2010
[51]

2010
3
Securities and Insurance Laws (Amendment and Validation) Ordinance, 2010
[52]

2010
4
Enemy Property (Amendment and Validation) Ordinance, 2010
[53]

2011
1
Indian Medical Council (Amendment) Ordinance, 2011
[54]

2011
2
Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design and Manufacturing, Kancheepuram Ordinance, 2011
[55]

2011
3
Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Amendment Ordinance, 2011
[56]

2012
1
All-India Institute of Medical Sciences (Amendment) Ordinance, 2012
[57]

2013
1
Securities and Exchange Board of India (Amendment) Ordinance, 2013
[58]

2013
2
Readjustment of Representation of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Ordinance, 2013
[59]

2013
3
Criminal Law (Amendment) Ordinance, 2013
[60]

2013
4
Indian Medical Council (Amendment) Ordinance, 2013
[61]

2013
5
Securities and Exchange Board of India (Amendment) Second Ordinance, 2013
[62]

2013
6
Readjustment of Representation of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies (Second) Ordinance, 2013
[63]

2013
7
National Food Security Ordinance, 2013
[64]

2013
8
Securities Laws (Amendment) Ordinance, 2013
[65]

2013
9
Securities Laws (Amendment) Second Ordinance, 2013
[66]

2013
10
Readjustment of Representation of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies (Third) Ordinance, 2013
[67]

2013
11
Indian Medical Council (Amendment) Second Ordinance, 2013
[68]

2014
1
Scheduled Castes And The Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Amendment Ordinance, 2014
[69]

2014
2
Securities Laws (Amendment) Odinance, 2014
[70]

2014
3
Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (Amendment) Ordinance, 2014
[71]

2014
4
Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation (Amendment) Ordinance, 2014
[72]

2014
5
Coal Mines (Special Provisions) Ordinance, 2014
[73]

2014
6
Textile Undertakings (Nationalisation) Laws (Amendment and Validation) Ordinance, 2014
[74]

2014
7
Coal Mines (Special Provisions) Second Ordinance, 2014
[75]

2014
8
Insruance Laws (Amendment) Ordinance, 2014
[76]

2014
9
Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency In Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement (Amendment) Ordinance , 2014
[77]

2015
1
Citizenship (Amendment) Ordinance, 2015
[78]

2015
2
Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Ordinance, 2015
[79]

2015
3
Mines And Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Ordinance, 2015
[80]

2015
4
Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement (Amendment) Ordinance, 2015
[81]

2015
5
Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement (Amendment) Second Ordinance, 2015
[82]

2015
6
Negotiable Instruments (Amendment) Ordinance, 2015
[83]

2015
7
Negotiable Instruments (Amendment) Second Ordinance, 2015
[84]

2015
8
Commercial Courts, Commercial Division and Commercial Appellate Division of High Courts Ordinance, 2015
[85]

2015
9
Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Ordinance, 2015
[86]

2016
1
Enemy Property (Amendment and Validation) Ordinance, 2016
[87]

2016
2
Uttarakhand Appropriation (Vote on Account) Ordinance, 2016
[88]

2016
3
Enemy Property (Amendment and Validation) Second Ordinance, 2016
[89]

2016
4
Indian Medical Council (Amendment) Ordinance, 2016
[90]

2016
5
Dentists (Amendment) Ordinance, 2016
[91]

2016
6
Enemy Property (Amendment and Validation) Third Ordinance, 2016
[92]

2016
7
Enemy Property (Amendment and Validation) Fourth Ordinance, 2016
[93]

2016
8
Enemy Property (Amendment and Validation) Fifth Ordinance, 2016[94]
[95]

2016
9
Payment of Wages (Amendment) Ordinance, 2016
[96]

2016
10
Specified Bank Notes (Cessation of Liabilities) Ordinance, 2016
[97]

2017
11
Goods and Services Tax (Compensation to States) Ordinance, 2017
[98]