document_title: Non-Aligned Movement

question_text: where was the first non aligned summit held

text: Non-Aligned Movement

text: History[edit]

text: Origins and the Cold War[edit]

text: The founding fathers of the Non-Aligned Movement were Josip Broz Tito of Socialist Yugoslavia, Jawaharlal Nehru of India, Sukarno of Indonesia, Gamal Abdul Nasser of Egypt and Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana. Their actions were known as 'The Initiative of Five'.

text: The Non-Aligned Movement as an organization was founded on the Brijuni islands in Yugoslavia in 1956, and was formalized by signing the Declaration of Brijuni on July 19th, 1956. The Declaration was signed by Yugoslavia's president, Josip Broz Tito, India's first prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru and Egypt's second president, Gamal Abdel Nasser. One of the quotations within the Declaration is "Peace can not be achieved with separation, but with the aspiration towards collective security in global terms and expansion of freedom, as well as terminating the domination of one country over another". The Movement advocates a middle course for states in the developing world between the Western and Eastern Blocs during the Cold War. The phrase itself was first used to represent the doctrine by Indian diplomat V. K. Krishna Menon in 1953, at the United Nations.[5][unreliable source?]

text: But it soon after became the name to refer to the participants of the Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries first held in 1961. The term "non-alignment" was established in 1953 at the United Nations. Nehru used the phrase in a 1954 speech in Colombo, Sri Lanka. In this speech, Nehru described the five pillars to be used as a guide for Sino-Indian relations called Panchsheel (five restraints); these principles would later serve as the basis of the Non-Aligned Movement. The five principles were:

text:
Mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty.
Mutual non-aggression.
Mutual non-interference in domestic affairs.
Equality and mutual benefit.
Peaceful co-existence.[citation needed]

text: A significant milestone in the development of the Non-Aligned Movement was the 1955 Bandung Conference, a conference of Asian and African states hosted by Indonesian president Sukarno, who gave a significant contribution to promote this movement. Bringing together Sukarno, U Nu, Nasser, Nehru, Tito, Nkrumah and Menon with the likes of Ho Chi Minh, Zhou Enlai, and Norodom Sihanouk, as well as U Thant and a young Indira Gandhi, the conference adopted a "declaration on promotion of world peace and cooperation", which included Nehru's five principles, and a collective pledge to remain neutral in the Cold War. Six years after Bandung, an initiative of Yugoslav president Josip Broz Tito led to the first Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries, which was held in September 1961 in Belgrade.[6] The term non-aligned movement appears first in the fifth conference in 1976, where participating countries are denoted as members of the movement.[7]

text: At the Lusaka Conference in September 1970, the member nations added as aims of the movement the peaceful resolution of disputes and the abstention from the big power military alliances and pacts. Another added aim was opposition to stationing of military bases in foreign countries.[8]

text: Some members were involved in serious conflicts with other members (e.g. India and Pakistan, Iran and Iraq). The movement fractured from its own internal contradictions when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979. Although the Soviet allies supported the invasion, other members of the movement (particularly predominantly Muslim states) condemned it.

text: Since the end of the Cold War[edit]

text: Because[original research?] the Non-Aligned Movement was formed as an attempt to thwart the Cold War,[8] it has struggled to find relevance since the Cold War ended. After the breakup of Yugoslavia, a founding member, its membership was suspended[9] in 1992 at the regular Ministerial Meeting of the Movement, held in New York during the regular yearly session of the General Assembly of the United Nations.[10][11] The successor states of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia have expressed little interest in membership, though Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina have observer status. In 2004, Malta and Cyprus ceased to be members and joined the European Union. Belarus is the only member of the Movement in Europe. Azerbaijan and Fiji are the most recent entrants, joining in 2011. The applications of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Costa Rica were rejected in 1995 and 1998, respectively.[11]

text: Since the end of the Cold War, the Non-Aligned Movement has been forced to redefine itself and reinvent its purpose in the current world system. A major question has been whether many of its foundational ideologies, principally national independence, territorial integrity, and the struggle against colonialism and imperialism, can be applied to contemporary issues. The movement has emphasised its principles of multilateralism, equality, and mutual non-aggression in attempting to become a stronger voice for the global South, and an instrument that can be utilised to promote the needs of member nations at the international level and strengthen their political leverage when negotiating with developed nations. In its efforts to advance Southern interests, the movement has stressed the importance of cooperation and unity amongst member states,[12] but as in the past, cohesion remains a problem since the size of the organisation and the divergence of agendas and allegiances present the ongoing potential for fragmentation. While agreement on basic principles has been smooth, taking definitive action vis-à-vis particular international issues has been rare, with the movement preferring to assert its criticism or support rather than pass hard-line resolutions.[13]

text: The movement continues to see a role for itself, as in its view, the world's poorest nations remain exploited and marginalised, no longer by opposing superpowers, but rather in a uni-polar world,[14] and it is Western hegemony and neo-colonialism that the movement has really re-aligned itself against. It opposes foreign occupation, interference in internal affairs and aggressive unilateral measures, but it has also shifted to focus on the socio-economic challenges facing member states, especially the inequalities manifested by globalization and the implications of neo-liberal policies. The Non-Aligned Movement has identified economic underdevelopment, poverty, and social injustices as growing threats to peace and security.[15]

text: The 16th NAM summit took place in Tehran, Iran, from 26 to 31 August 2012. According to Mehr News Agency, representatives from over 150 countries were scheduled to attend.[16] Attendance at the highest level includes 27 presidents, 2 kings and emirs, 7 prime ministers, 9 vice presidents, 2 parliament spokesmen and 5 special envoys.[17] At the summit, Iran took over from Egypt as Chair of the Non-Aligned Movement for the period 2012 to 2015.[18]

text: Organizational structure and membership[edit]

text: The movement stems from a desire not to be aligned within a geopolitical/military structure and therefore itself does not have a very strict organizational structure.[2] Some organizational basics were defined at the 1996 Cartagena Document on Methodology[19] The Summit Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned States is "the highest decision making authority". The chairmanship rotates between countries and changes at every summit of heads of state or government to the country organizing the summit.[19]

text: Requirements for membership of the Non-Aligned Movement coincide with the key beliefs of the United Nations. The current requirements are that the candidate country has displayed practices in accordance with the ten "Bandung principles" of 1955:[19]

text:
Respect for fundamental human rights and for the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations.
Respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of all nations.
Recognition of the movements for national independence.
Recognition of the equality of all races and of the equality of all nations, large and small.
Abstention from intervention or interference in the internal affairs of another country.
Respect for the right of each nation to defend itself singly or collectively, in conformity with the Charter of the United Nations.
Refraining from acts or threats of aggression or the use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any country.
Settlement of all international disputes by peaceful means, in conformity with the Charter of the United Nations.
Promotion of mutual interests and co-operation.
Respect for justice and international obligations.

text: Policies and ideology[edit]

text: Secretaries General of the NAM had included such diverse figures as Suharto,[20] militaristic[21] anti-communist, and Nelson Mandela, a democratic socialist and famous anti-apartheid activist. Consisting of many governments with vastly different ideologies, the Non-Aligned Movement is unified by its declared commitment to world peace and security. At the seventh summit held in New Delhi in March 1983, the movement described itself as "history's biggest peace movement".[22] The movement places equal emphasis on disarmament. NAM's commitment to peace pre-dates its formal institutionalisation in 1961. The Brioni meeting between heads of governments of India, Egypt and Yugoslavia in 1956 recognized that there exists a vital link between struggle for peace and endeavours for disarmament.[22]

text: During the 1970s and early 1980s, the NAM also sponsored campaigns for restructuring commercial relations between developed and developing nations, namely the New International Economic Order (NIEO), and its cultural offspring, the New World Information and Communication Order (NWICO). The latter, on its own, sparked a Non-Aligned initiative on cooperation for communications, the Non-Aligned News Agencies Pool, created in 1975 and later converted into the NAM News Network in 2005.

text: The Non-Aligned Movement espouses policies and practices of cooperation, especially those that are multilateral and provide mutual benefit to all those involved. Many of the members of the Non-Aligned Movement are also members of the United Nations. Both organisations have a stated policy of peaceful cooperation, yet the successes the NAM has had with multilateral agreements tend to be ignored by the larger, western and developed nation dominated UN.[23] African concerns about apartheid were linked with Arab-Asian concerns about Palestine[23] and multilateral cooperation in these areas has enjoyed moderate success. The Non-Aligned Movement has played a major role in various ideological conflicts throughout its existence, including extreme opposition to apartheid governments and support of guerrilla movements in various locations, including Rhodesia and South Africa.[4]

text: Current activities and positions[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2017)

text: In recent years the organization has criticized certain aspects of US foreign policy. The 2003 invasion of Iraq and the War on Terrorism, its attempts to stifle Iran and North Korea's nuclear plans, and its other actions have been denounced by some members of the Non-Aligned Movement as attempts to run roughshod over the sovereignty of smaller nations; at the most recent summit, Kim Yong-nam, the head of North Korea's parliament, stated that, "The United States is attempting to deprive other countries of even their legitimate right to peaceful nuclear activities."[24]

text: Since 1961, the organization has supported the discussion of the case of Puerto Rico's self-determination before the United Nations. A resolution on the matter was to be proposed on the XV Summit by the Hostosian National Independence Movement.[needs update][25]

text: Since 1973, the group has supported the discussion of the case of Western Sahara's self-determination before the United Nations.[26] The movement reaffirmed in its last meeting (Sharm El Sheikh 2009) the support to the Self-determination of the Sahrawi people by choosing between any valid option, welcomed the direct conversations between the parties, and remembered the responsibility of the United Nations on the Sahrawi issue.[27]

text: The movement is publicly committed to the tenets of sustainable development and the attainment of the Millennium Development Goals, but it believes that the international community has not created conditions conducive to development and has infringed upon the right to sovereign development by each member state. Issues such as globalization, the debt burden, unfair trade practices, the decline in foreign aid, donor conditionality, and the lack of democracy in international financial decision-making are cited as factors inhibiting development.[28]

text: The movement has been outspoken in its criticism of current UN structures and power dynamics, stating that the organisation has been utilised by powerful states in ways that violate the movement's principles. It has made a number of recommendations that it says would strengthen the representation and power of "non-aligned" states. The proposed UN reforms are also aimed at improving the transparency and democracy of UN decision-making. The UN Security Council is the element it considers the most distorted, undemocratic, and in need of reshaping.[29]

text: The movement has collaborated with other organisations of the developing world –  primarily the Group of 77 –  forming a number of joint committees and releasing statements and documents representing the shared interests of both groups. This dialogue and cooperation can be taken as an effort to increase the global awareness about the organisation and bolster its political clout.[citation needed]

text: The movement accepts the universality of human rights and social justice, but fiercely resists cultural homogenisation.[citation needed] In line with its views on sovereignty, the organisation appeals for the protection of cultural diversity, and the tolerance of the religious, socio-cultural, and historical particularities that define human rights in a specific region.[30][not in citation given]

text:
Committee on Palestine
High-Level Working Group for the Restructuring of the United Nations
Joint Coordinating Committee (chaired by Chairman of G-77 and Chairman of NAM)
Non-Aligned Security Caucus
Standing Ministerial Committee for Economic Cooperation
Task Force on Somalia
Working Group on Disarmament
Working Group on Human Rights
Working Group on Peace-Keeping Operations

text: Summits[edit]

text: The conference of Heads of State or Government of the Non-Aligned Countries, often referred to as Non-Aligned Movement Summit is the main meeting within the movement and are held every few years:[32]

text:
Date
Host country
Host city

1st
1–6 September 1961
 Yugoslavia
Belgrade

2nd
5–10 October 1964
 United Arab Republic
Cairo

3rd
8–10 September 1970
 Zambia
Lusaka

4th
5–9 September 1973
 Algeria
Algiers

5th
16–19 August 1976
 Sri Lanka
Colombo

6th
3–9 September 1979
 Cuba
Havana

7th
7–12 March 1983
 India
New Delhi

8th
1–6 September 1986
 Zimbabwe
Harare

9th
4–7 September 1989
 Yugoslavia
Belgrade

10th
1–6 September 1992
 Indonesia
Jakarta

11th
18–20 October 1995
 Colombia
Cartagena

12th
2–3 September 1998
 South Africa
Durban

13th
20–25 February 2003
 Malaysia
Kuala Lumpur

14th
15–16 September 2006
 Cuba
Havana

15th
11–16 July 2009
 Egypt
Sharm el-Sheikh

16th
26–31 August 2012
 Iran
Tehran

17th
13–18 September 2016
 Venezuela
Porlamar

18th
2019
 Azerbaijan
TBA

text: A variety of ministerial meetings are held between the summit meetings. Some are specialist, such as the meeting on "Inter-Faith Dialogue and Co-operation for Peace", held in Manila, the Philippines, 16–18 March 2010. There is a general Conference of Foreign Ministers every three years. The most recent were in Bali, Indonesia, 23–27 May 2011 and Algiers, Algeria, 26–29 May 2014.

text: The Non-Aligned Movement celebrated its 50th anniversary in Belgrade on 5–6 September 2011.[33][34]

text: Secretary general[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Between summits, the Non-Aligned Movement is run by the secretary general elected at the last summit meeting. The Coordinating Bureau, also based at the UN, is the main instrument for directing the work of the movement's task forces, committees and working groups.

text:
Image
Secretary-General
Country (holding the Presidency)
Party
From
To

Josip Broz Tito
 Yugoslavia
League of Communists of Yugoslavia
1961
1964

Gamal Abdel Nasser
 United Arab Republic
Arab Socialist Union
1964
1970

Kenneth Kaunda
 Zambia
United National Independence Party
1970
1973

Houari Boumediène
 Algeria
Revolutionary Council
1973
1976

William Gopallawa
 Sri Lanka
Independent
1976
1978

Junius Richard Jayewardene
United National Party
1978
1979

Fidel Castro
 Cuba
Communist Party of Cuba
1979
1983

Neelam Sanjiva Reddy
 India
Janata Party
1983

Zail Singh
Indian National Congress
1983
1986

Robert Mugabe
 Zimbabwe
ZANU-PF
1986
1989

Janez Drnovšek
 Yugoslavia
League of Communists of Yugoslavia
1989
1990

Borisav Jović
Socialist Party of Serbia
1990
1991

Stjepan Mesić
Croatian Democratic Union
1991

Branko Kostić
Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro
1991
1992

Dobrica Ćosić
 FR Yugoslavia
Independent
1992

Suharto
 Indonesia
Golkar
1992
1995

Ernesto Samper
 Colombia
Colombian Liberal Party
1995
1998

Andrés Pastrana Arango
Colombian Conservative Party
1998

Nelson Mandela
 South Africa
African National Congress
1998
1999

Thabo Mbeki
1999
2003

Mahathir Mohamad
 Malaysia
United Malays National Organisation
2003

Abdullah Ahmad Badawi
2003
2006

Fidel Castro[35]
 Cuba
Communist Party of Cuba
2006
2008

Raúl Castro
2008
2009

Hosni Mubarak
 Egypt
National Democratic Party
2009
2011

Mohamed Hussein Tantawi
Independent
2011
2012

Mohamed Morsi
Freedom and Justice Party
2012

Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
 Iran
Alliance of Builders of Islamic Iran
2012
2013

Hassan Rouhani
Moderation and Development Party
2013
2016

Nicolás Maduro
 Venezuela
United Socialist Party
2016
present

text: Members, observers and guests[edit]

text: Current members[edit]

text: The following countries are members of the NAM, arranged by continent, showing their year of admission:[1][36]

text: Africa[edit]

text: Currently every African country (except the newly created South Sudan) is a member of the Non-Aligned Movement.

text:
Algeria (1961)
 Angola (1976)
 Benin (1964)
 Botswana (1970)
 Burkina Faso (1973)
 Burundi (1964)
 Cameroon (1964)
 Cape Verde (1976)
 Central African Republic (1964)
 Chad (1964)
 Comoros (1976)
 Democratic Republic of the Congo (1961)
 Djibouti (1983)
 Egypt (1961)
 Equatorial Guinea (1970)
 Eritrea (1995)
 Ethiopia (1961)
 Gabon (1970)
 Gambia (1973)
 Ghana (1961)
 Guinea (1961)
 Guinea-Bissau (1976)
 Côte d'Ivoire (1973)
 Kenya (1964)
 Lesotho (1970)
 Liberia (1964)
 Libya (1964)
 Madagascar (1973)
 Malawi (1964)
 Mali (1961)
 Mauritania (1964)
 Mauritius (1973)
 Morocco (1961)
 Mozambique (1976)
 Namibia (1979)
 Niger (1973)
 Nigeria (1964)
 Republic of the Congo (1964)
 Rwanda (1970)
 São Tomé and Príncipe (1976)
 Senegal (1964)
 Seychelles (1976)
 Sierra Leone (1964)
 Somalia (1961)
 South Africa (1994)
 Sudan (1961)
 Swaziland (1970)
 Tanzania (1964)
 Togo (1964)
 Tunisia (1961)
 Uganda (1964)
 Zambia (1964)
 Zimbabwe (1979)

text: Americas[edit]

text:
Antigua and Barbuda (2006)
 Bahamas (1983)
 Barbados (1983)
 Belize (1976)
 Bolivia (1979)
 Chile (1973)
 Colombia (1983)
 Cuba (1961)
 Dominica (2006)
 Dominican Republic (2000)
 Ecuador (1983)
 Grenada (1979)
 Guatemala (1993)
 Guyana (1970)
 Haiti (2006)
 Honduras (1995)
 Jamaica (1970)
 Nicaragua (1979)
 Panama (1976)
 Peru (1973)
 Saint Kitts and Nevis (2006)
 Saint Lucia (1983)
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (2003)
 Suriname (1983)
 Trinidad and Tobago (1970)
 Venezuela (1989)

text: Asia[edit]

text:
Afghanistan (1961)
 Azerbaijan (2011)
 Bahrain (1973)
 Bangladesh (1973)
 Bhutan (1973)
 Brunei (1993)
 Cambodia (1961)
 India (1961)
 Indonesia (1961)
 Iran (1979)
 Iraq (1961)
 Jordan (1964)
 Kuwait (1964)
 Laos (1964)
 Lebanon (1961)
 Malaysia (1970)
 Maldives (1976)
 Mongolia (1993)
 Myanmar (1961)
   Nepal (1961)
 North Korea (1976)
 Oman (1973)
 Pakistan (1979)
 Palestine (1976)
 Philippines (1993)
 Qatar (1973)
 Saudi Arabia (1961)
 Singapore (1970)
 Sri Lanka (1961)
 Syria (1964)
 Thailand (1993)
 East Timor (2003)
 Turkmenistan (1995)
 United Arab Emirates (1970)
 Uzbekistan (1993)
 Vietnam (1976)
 Yemen (1990) [38]

text: Europe[edit]

text: Belarus (1998)

text: Oceania[edit]

text:
Fiji (2011)
 Papua New Guinea (1993)
 Vanuatu (1983)

text: Former members[edit]

text:
Cyprus (1961–2004)[39][40]
 Malta (1973–2004)[40]
 Yugoslavia (1961–1992)[9][41][42]

text: Observers[edit]

text: The following countries and organizations have observer status (2012):[1]

text: Countries[edit]

text:
Argentina[43]
 Armenia
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
 Brazil
 China
 Costa Rica
 El Salvador
 Kazakhstan
 Kyrgyzstan
 Macedonia
 Mexico
 Montenegro
 Paraguay
 Serbia
 South Sudan
 Tajikistan
 Uruguay

text: Organisations[edit]

text:
African Union
Afro-Asian People's Solidarity Organisation
Arab League
Commonwealth Secretariat
Hostosian National Independence Movement
Kanak and Socialist National Liberation Front
Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
South Centre
United Nations
World Peace Council
International Institute for Non-Aligned Studies

text: Guests[edit]

text: There is no permanent guest status,[44] but often several non-member countries are represented as guests at conferences. In addition, a large number of organisations, both from within the UN system and from outside, are always invited as guests.


document_title: The Good Doctor (TV series)

question_text: who plays the neighbor in the good doctor

root

text: The Good Doctor (TV series)

text: Premise[edit]

text: The series follows Shaun Murphy, a young surgeon with autism and savant syndrome from a small town, Casper, Wyoming, where he had a troubled childhood. He relocates to join the prestigious surgical department at San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital.[2]

tag: p

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Freddie Highmore as Shaun Murphy: A surgical resident with autism and savant syndrome.[3] His savant abilities include near-photographic recall and the ability to note minute details and changes. He is portrayed in flashbacks to his teen years by Graham Verchere.[4]
Nicholas Gonzalez as Neil Melendez: Attending surgeon.[3]
Antonia Thomas as Claire Browne: A resident who forms a special connection with Shaun.[5]
Chuku Modu as Jared Kalu: A resident from a wealthy family.[6]
Beau Garrett as Jessica Preston: A hospital board member who is a friend of Dr. Glassman and whose grandfather founded the hospital.[7]
Irene Keng as Sarah Chen: A resident (appeared only in the pilot)[8][9]
Hill Harper as Marcus Andrews: Chief of surgery.[8]
Richard Schiff as Aaron Glassman: President of the San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital, who has been a mentor and good friend of Shaun since he was 14.[10][11]
Tamlyn Tomita as Allegra Aoki: Chair and Vice President of the foundation that controls the hospital.[12]

tag: ul

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Dylan Kingwell as Steve Murphy: Shaun's younger brother (in flashbacks).[4] He also portrays Evan Gallico, a boy in the present that resembles Shaun's brother and is suffering from stage 4 Osteosarcoma.
Eric Winter as Matt Coyle: A young doctor who charms the hospital's staff, until he gets in an awkward position with one of them.[13]

text: Notable guests[edit]

text:
Jasika Nicole as Carly[14]
Eve Gordon as Nurse Fryday[14]
Paige Spara as Lea, Shaun's neighbor.
Christina Chang as Dr. Audrey Lim
Marsha Thomason as Isabel Andrews: Marcus' wife.[15]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
"Burnt Food"
Seth Gordon
David Shore
September 25, 2017 (2017-09-25)
11.22[16]

On the way to begin his surgical residency at San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital, Dr. Shaun Murphy witnesses an airport sign fall and shatter glass onto a young boy. A doctor is first on the scene and begins applying pressure to the child's neck. Shaun tells him he's pressing on the wrong part of the neck for a child. With his unique ability to visualize the internal body and using improvised methods and tools, Shaun is able to stabilize the boy. On the way to the hospital, Shaun notices that the boy's vitals have changed. Hospital staff are alerted to the arrival of the boy. Shaun tries to tell them about the boy's vitals, stating that he needs an echo-cardiogram. The doctors disagree and begin surgery. While operating, something goes wrong and Claire Browne, a surgical resident, recalls Shaun mentioning an echo. Thanks to Shaun's diagnosis, the boy's life is saved. Meanwhile, in a board meeting at the hospital, Dr. Aaron Glassman, president of the hospital, tries to convince the board to hire Shaun, despite his autism. Flashbacks give us a picture of Shaun's childhood and his motivation for becoming a doctor.

2
"Mount Rushmore"
Mike Listo
David Shore
October 2, 2017 (2017-10-02)
10.93[17]

The doctors get a middle-aged woman with abnominal pains, which they intitially diagonise her of a sarcoma. Dr. Neil Melendez assigns Dr. Claire Browne as his number two for the case, punishing Shaun by telling him to do "scut work"; all the work that residents hate doing. On the operating table, the doctors find out the tumor is much bigger than it looked on scans; the tumor has encased all of her arteries. After they run a biopsy, the residents find out that she is suffering from malignant Leiomyosarcoma, making surgery very difficult. Shaun comes up with the idea of cutting off one of her kidneys in order to get a good enough view to successfully remove the mass. To Claire's dismay, Dr. Kalu suggests Shaun's idea to his attending; getting the credit for the idea. Subsequently, on reviewing a young girl's blood work, Shaun suspects the patient has an intestinal volvulus.

3
"Oliver"
John Dahl
Bill Rotko
October 9, 2017 (2017-10-09)
10.69[18]

Shaun and Claire fly to San Francisco Municipal Hospital to get a patient a liver. They can't fly on their way back due to fog and are forced to use a police escort. Problems keep coming one after the other; first, the liver's temperature went above the required maximum, forcing them to have a sudden stop at a local store, where they cool it by submerging it in slush. As they proceed with their journey, Shaun discovers that the liver has a clot. With only two hours of viability left, the duo decide to perform an operation on the way in order to remove the clot and flash the left lobe, to protect it from the ice bath. Back at San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital, Chuck, the recipient of the liver, is discovered to have alcohol in his system; a likelihood that he might be moved to the bottom of the list. Chuck later confesses that he actually took a drink on his daughter's graduation. In order to protect its reputation and the future patients, the hospital decides to move Chuck to the bottom of the list. To their dismay, Shaun and Claire arrive back, only to find out that the liver has to be taken to another patient in another hospital.

4
"Pipes"
Steven DePaul
Thomas L. Moran
October 16, 2017 (2017-10-16)
10.60[19]

Through an ultrasound, an expectant woman's baby is diagnosed with a tumor at his tail bone; the mom has Antiphospholipid syndrome, making surgery a high risk. Dr. Melendez suggests termination of the pregnancy but Shaun interjects by suggesting clotting pre-operatively with an infusion of unfractionated heparin. Things are further complicated when the woman and eventually her husband refuse to terminate the baby. During surgery, there is a complication; a blood clot at the artery in her heart. Dr. Kalu has an idea that they should stop her heart and put her on a bypass machine for the duration of the surgery; that way she won't have an heart attack, which turns out to be successful and the doctors reveal she's carrying a baby boy. With a patient needing a boil lanced, Dr. Melendez assigns Shaun and Dr. Browne on the case, as a punishment for being late. The patient turns out to be a pornographic actress; she doesn't have a boil but a large Bartholin gland abscess and they prep her for surgery the following day. They successfully drain the abscess but discover that she has a Perineal myoma underneath. The fabroid tumor is wrapped around the nerve that facilitates feeling in her genitals. Therefore, the doctors have to remove the tumor but they have to sever the nerve; hence, losing all feeling in her genitals. Shaun comes up the idea of grafting the distal end of the pudendal nerve to the branch of the femoral cutaneous nerve from her inner thigh; this will lead to her losing feeling in her thigh while preserving feeling in her genitals.

5
"Point Three Percent"
Larry Teng
David Hoselton
October 23, 2017 (2017-10-23)
10.39[20]

Shaun notices a young boy with an indubitable resemblance to his deceased brother Steve, forming a bond with him. The boy's name is actually Evan and was brought to the hospital by his parents for reportedly breaking an arm; unbeknownst to Evan, he is in fact suffering from stage 4 Osteosarcoma. Shaun later suspects that he might have been misdiagnosed with cancer but indeed was suffering from Langerhans cell histiocytosis. In order not to give both Evan and his parents false hopes, Shaun decides to lie, attempting to perform a bone marrow arspiration, but he is caught red-handed by the parents. Subsequently, Evan starts coughing out blood, sending him to the OR. While on the operating table, Dr. Neil Mendelez and Dr. Claire Browne discover that the cancer had metastasized, undoubtable proof that he is indeed suffering with terminal cancer. The other doctors are trying to find a prognosis of a 55-year old man, brought to the hospital by his estranged son, with an allergy causing him to have convulsions. Dr. Browne later finds out that the man is suffering from Echinococcus, a cyst form of tapeworms. Saddened by Evan's fate, Shaun reads Evan the final few pages of To Kill a Mockingbird, a book of Steve's that he never finished reading before he died.

6
"Not Fake"
Michael Patrick Jann
Simran Baidwan
October 30, 2017 (2017-10-30)
10.60[21]

Shaun and the rest of the residents are working the graveyard shift when numerous casualties from a wedding bus crash come in. Among the victims are a woman with severe, visible burns, on whom Dr. Kalau tries an experimental procedure, and a young man with a damaged leg who can either have it amputated, or have an artificial bone inserted. The relative newness of the latter procedure causes a conflict between the man's parent and his soon-to-be bride.

7
"22 Steps"
David Straiton
Johanna Lee
November 13, 2017 (2017-11-13)
10.50[22]

Shaun encounters Liam, an autistic patient brought in to San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital. Having to face prejudice from the young man's parents, Dr. Melendez defends him for the first time and acknowledges his exceptional abilities. On Dr. Glassman's directive, Claire continues her therapy sessions in order to curb her guilt over the death of a patient she inadvertently caused. On the other hand, Dr. Kalu gets a 73-year old man with severe chest pains thus needing urgent medical attention and a pacemaker but his desire is to die; in order to give him hope on life, Dr. Kalu does everything he can to have him accept treatment, to no avail in which the latter finally let him sign the DNR.

8
"Apple"
Nestor Carbonell
David Renaud
November 20, 2017 (2017-11-20)
9.97[23]

While shopping at a grocery mart for apples, a robbery takes place. With Shaun's communication limitations, he puts the lives of two customers on a first date at risk, leading to a young woman getting shot. Shaun admits to his neighbor Lea that he made a mistake with someone getting hurt. During surgery, Dr. Lim questions Claire's ability to not let her emotions get the better of her because of a racist patient. This leads to a fight between the two with Dr. Lim ordering Claire to leave the operating room. Claire puts her emotions in check to save the life of the racist patient much to the satisfaction and delight of Dr. Lim.

9
"Intangibles"[24]
Bronwen Hughes
Karen Struck
November 27, 2017 (2017-11-27)
TBD

10
"Sacrifice"[25]
Michael Patrick Jann
Lloyd Gilyard Jr.
December 4, 2017 (2017-12-04)
TBD

tag: table

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In May 2014, CBS Television Studios began development on an American remake of the hit South Korean medical drama Good Doctor with Daniel Dae Kim as producer. Kim explained the appeal of adapting the series as "something that can fit into a recognizable world, with a breadth of characters that can be explored in the long run".[26] The story of a pediatric surgeon with Asperger syndrome was to be set in Boston and projected to air in August 2015.[27][28] However, CBS did not pick up the project and it moved to Sony Pictures Television, with a put pilot commitment from ABC in October 2016. The series is developed by David Shore, who is executive producing alongside Kim, Sebastian Lee, and David Kim.[29] ABC officially ordered the series to pilot in January 2017.[30]

text: On May 11, 2017, ABC ordered the show to series as a co-production with Sony Pictures Television and ABC Studios,[31] and it was officially picked up for a full season of 18 episodes on October 3, 2017.[32]

text: Casting[edit]

text: On February 17, 2017, Antonia Thomas was cast as Dr. Claire Browne, a strong-willed and talented doctor who forms a special connection with Shaun.[5] A week later, Freddie Highmore was cast in the lead role as Dr. Shaun Murphy, a young surgeon with autism; and Nicholas Gonzalez was cast as Dr. Neil Melendez, the boss of the surgical residents at the hospital.[3] The next month, Chuku Modu was cast as resident Dr. Jared Unger;[6] Hill Harper as head of surgery Dr. Horace Andrews; Irene Keng as resident Dr. Elle McLean;[8] and Richard Schiff was cast as Dr. Ira Glassman, President of the San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital and mentor to Shaun.[10] He was shortly followed by Beau Garrett as hospital board member Jessica Preston and a friend of Dr. Glassman.[7] With the series order in May, Modu's character was revealed to have changed to Dr. Jared Kalu; Harper's character changed to Dr. Marcus Andrews; and Schiff's character changed to Dr. Aaron Glassman.[31] In September 2017, Tamlyn Tomita was promoted to the principal cast as Allegra Aoki.[12]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Production on the pilot took place from March 21 to April 6, 2017 in Vancouver, British Columbia.[33][34] Filming for the rest of the season began on July 26, 2017, and is set to conclude on March 1, 2018.[35] The Surrey, British Columbia city hall serves as the fictional San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital in exterior shots.[36]

text: Although The Good Doctor is set in San Jose, California, the real San Jose is rarely seen.[37] In one of those scenes, a helicopter supposedly bound for San Francisco was clearly headed in the wrong direction.[37]

text: Music[edit]

text: Dan Romer serves as the primary composer for the series.[38]

text: Release[edit]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: The Good Doctor began airing on September 25, 2017, on ABC in the United States,[39] and on CTV in Canada.[40] Sky Living acquired the broadcast rights for the United Kingdom and Ireland.[41] Seven Network airs the series in Australia.[42]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: A full length trailer was released for ABC's May 2017 Upfront presentation, which /Film's Ethan Anderton described the concept as feeling like "House meets Rain Man, that just might be enough to make it interesting". However, he questioned "how long can audiences be entranced by both the brilliance of [Highmore's] character's savant skills and the difficulties that come from his autism in the workplace."[43] Daniel Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter felt the trailer was "both kinda progressive and really dated". He added, "Too much felt on-the-nose—especially Hill Harper as the main character's detractor and Richard Schiff as his noble defender", while also commentating that "On-the-nose/premise is how you have to trailer a show like this, and maybe spaced out over 43 minutes it won't grate."[44] Ben Travers and Steve Greene for IndieWire called it "a serious trailer for a serious subject. The first glimpse of Highmore's character hints that they're toeing the line between presenting a thoughtful depiction of his condition and using his perceptive abilities as a kind of secret weapon."[45] The trailer had been viewed over 25.4 million times after a week of its release, including over 22 million views on Facebook.[46]

text: The pilot was screened at ABC's PaleyFest event on September 9, 2017.[47]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"Burnt Food"
September 25, 2017
2.2/9
11.22[16]
2.2
7.86
4.4
19.21[48]

2
"Mount Rushmore"
October 2, 2017
2.2/9
10.93[17]
2.1
7.21
4.3
18.12[49]

3
"Oliver"
October 9, 2017
2.0/7
10.69[18]
2.2
7.53
4.2
18.22[50]

4
"Pipes"
October 16, 2017
2.0/8
10.60[19]
2.1
7.34
4.1
17.96[51]

5
"Point Three Percent"
October 23, 2017
1.8/7
10.39[20]
2.0
7.10
3.8
17.50[52]

6
"Not Fake"
October 30, 2017
1.9/7
10.60[21]
2.0
6.93
3.9
17.51[53]

7
"22 Steps"
November 13, 2017
1.9/7
10.50[22]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

8
"Apple"
November 20, 2017
1.8/7
9.97[23]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

9
"Intangibles"
November 27, 2017
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

10
"Sacrifice"
December 4, 2017
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

text: The series premiere earned a 2.2/9 rating in the 18- to 49-year-old demographic, with 11.22 million total viewers, making it the most watched Monday drama debut on ABC in 21 years, since Dangerous Minds in September 1996, and the highest rated Monday drama in the 18–49 demographic in 8.5 years, since Castle in March 2009.[54] Factoring live plus seven-day ratings, the pilot was watched by a total of 19.2 million viewers and set a record for DVR viewers with 7.9 million, surpassing the record of 7.67 million set by the pilot of Designated Survivor in 2016.[55] According to TV Guide Magazine's November 13-26 issue, the October 9 episode attracted 18.2 million viewers beating out both NCIS and The Big Bang Theory for the most viewed primetime show that week. [56]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports a 55% approval rating with an average rating of 5.35/10 based on 38 reviews. The website's consensus reads, "The Good Doctor's heavy-handed bedside manner undermines a solid lead performance, but under all the emotionally manipulative gimmickry, there's still plenty of room to improve."[57] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 53 out of 100 based on 15 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[58]

text: Giving his first impression of the series' pilot for TVLine, Matt Webb Mitovich stated, "The Good Doctor boasts great DNA... [and] has the potential to be a refreshingly thought-provoking hospital drama, based on the buttons pushed in the pilot alone." He enjoyed the "warm dynamic" of Schiff and Highmore, while describing Thomas' character as "our emotional 'in' to Shaun's distinct, distant world". He noted that "it takes a while to build up momentum", but concluded that "the very final scene packs quite a punch, as Dr. Murphy unwittingly puts a colleague on notice".[59]

text: The New York Times television critic, James Poniewozik notes in his Critic's Notebook column, that for the most part the drama is a "hospital melodrama with whiz-bang medical science, a dash of intra-staff romance and shameless sentimentality." Discussing the main characters of Dr. Aaron Glassman (Richard Schiff) and Dr. Shaun Murphy (Freddie Highmore), however, Poniewozik writes that "Mr. Schiff is convincing in the role and Mr. Highmore is striking in his." [60]


document_title: U.S. history of alcohol minimum purchase age by state

question_text: when did the drinking age change to 21 in illinois

text: The alcohol laws of the United States regarding minimum age for purchase have changed over time. The history is given in the table below. Unless otherwise noted, if different alcohol categories have different minimum purchase ages, the age listed below is set at the lowest age given (e.g. if the purchase age is 18 for beer and 21 for wine or spirits, as was the case in several states, the age in the table will read as "18", not "21"). In addition, the purchase age is not necessarily the same as the minimum age for consumption of alcoholic beverages, although they have often been the same.

text: As one can see in the table below, there has been much volatility in the states' drinking ages since the repeal of Prohibition in 1933. Shortly after the ratification of the 21st amendment in December, most states set their purchase ages at 21 since that was the Voting age at the time. Most of these limits remained constant until the early 1970s. From 1969 to 1976, some 30 states lowered their purchase ages, generally to 18. This was primarily because the voting age was lowered from 21 to 18 in 1971 with the 26th amendment. A lot of states started to lower their minimum drinking age in response, most of this occurring in 1972 or 1973.[1][2][3] Twelve states kept their purchase ages at 21 since repeal of Prohibition and never changed them.

text: From 1976 to 1983, several states voluntarily raised their purchase ages to 19 (or, less commonly, 20 or 21), in part to combat drunk driving fatalities.[citation needed] In 1984, Congress passed the National Minimum Drinking Age Act, which required states to raise their ages for purchase and public possession to 21 by October 1986 or lose 10% of their federal highway funds. By mid-1988, all 50 states and the District of Columbia had raised their purchase ages to 21 (but not Puerto Rico, Guam, or the Virgin Islands, see Additional Notes below). South Dakota and Wyoming were the final two states to comply with the age 21 mandate. The current drinking age of 21 remains a point of contention among many Americans, because of it being higher than the age of majority (18 in most states) and higher than the drinking ages of most other countries. The National Minimum Drinking Age Act is also seen as a congressional sidestep of the tenth amendment. Although debates have not been highly publicized, a few states have proposed legislation to lower their drinking age,[4] while Guam has raised its drinking age to 21 in July 2010.[5]

text:
State
Pre-Prohibition
(prior to 1919)
Post-Prohibition
(after 1933)
1970s / 26th Amendment
(adopted in 1971)
1980s /
Drinking Age Act of 1984
21st century

Alabama
Pre 1881:
None
1881:
21 (none with consent of parent)[6]
21
1970:
Lowered to 19[7]
1986:
Raised to 21[8]
21 (no one underage is allowed consumption Section 28-1)

Alaska
 ?
21[7]
1970:
Lowered to 19[9]
1984:
Raised to 21 with grandfather clause (if born before January 1, 1965)[10][11]
21

Arizona
 ?
21[11]
1972:
Lowered to 19[12][13]
1985:
Raised to 21[8]
21

Arkansas
Pre 1925:
None[7]
1925:
21[7]
21
21[14]
21 [8]
21

California
Pre 1891:
Regulated by municipality/county (common age was 16)[15][16][17]
1891:
18 (statewide)[18]
1933:
21[7]
21
21 [8]
21 (except small amounts for religious ceremonies)

Colorado
None[11]
1945:
18: for beer
21: for wine and liquor[7]
18 [19]
Raised to 21 in 1987 [8]
21

Connecticut
 ?
21 [11]
1972:
Lowered to 18[20]
1982:
Raised to 19
1983:
Raised to 20
1985:
Raised to 21[21]
21 (exemptions: (1) a person over age eighteen who is an employee or permit holder under section 30-90a and who possesses alcoholic liquor in the course of such person’s employment or business, (2) a minor who possesses alcoholic liquor on the order of a practicing physician, or (3) a minor who possesses alcoholic liquor while accompanied by a parent, guardian or spouse of the minor, who has attained the age of twenty-one. Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to burden a person’s exercise of religion under section 3 of article first of the Constitution of the state in violation of subsection (a) of section 52-571b.[22]

Delaware
 ?
21 [11]
1972:
Lowered to 20[13]
1984:
Raised to 21[8]
21

District of Columbia
 ?
18: for beer and wine[11]
21: for liquor[23][24]
18: for beer and wine[13][24]
21: for liquor
1986:
Raised to 21 with grandfather clause.[25][26]
21

Florida
 ?
18[7]
1980:
19 [27]
1985:
Raised to 21 with grandfather clause [27]
21 [28]

Georgia
 ?
21 [11]
1972:
Lowered to 18[12]
1984:
Raised to 19[14]
1985:
Raised to 20[14]
1986:
Raised to 21[14]
21

Hawaii
 ?
21[7]
1972:
Lowered to 18[13]
1986:
Raised to 21[8]
21

Idaho
 ?
20: for beer[29][30]
21: for wine and liquor[11][31]
1972:
Lowered to 19 (all)[13][32]
1987:
Raised to 21 in 1987 (Apr 11) with grandfather clause[8][33]
21

Illinois
1872:
Age of majority
(none with written consent of parent)[34]
pre 1961: Age of majority 1961: Raised to 21 [35]
1973:
Lowered to 19: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[36]
1980:
Raised to 21[37]
21

Indiana
 ?
Post-1934:
21[7]
21[14]
21[8]
21

Iowa
 ?
21[7]
1972:
Lowered to 19 in 1972 (Jul 1)
1973:
Lowered to 18 in 1973 (Jul 1)
1978:
Raised to 19 in 1978 (Jul 1)[38]
1986:
Raised to 21 in 1986 (Jul 1) with grandfather clause.[14][38]
21

Kansas
 ?
1949:
18: for beer and wine with less than 4% ABV
21: for liquor[7]
18: for beer and wine with less than 4% ABV[14]
21: for beer and wine with 4% ABV or more[14]
21: for liquor[14][19]
1985:
Raised to 21[8]
21 (However, anyone under 21 may consume cereal malt beverages with parental supervision on their own property)

Kentucky
 ?
1938:
21[7]
21[14]
21[8]
21

Louisiana
 ?
As of 1948:
18[13]
18[19]
1987:
Raised to 21 de jure in 1987,[8]
but de facto age was still 18 until 1995 due to a sale loophole.
1995:
De facto age raised to 21 in 1995 when loophole was closed.[39]
1996:
In 1996, briefly lowered by Louisiana Supreme Court to 18 until it reversed its decision, raising to 21 three months later.[40]
Other exceptions still remain.[41]
21 (Exceptions to state law include:[42]

For an established religious purpose;
When a person under twenty-one years of age is accompanied by a parent, spouse, or legal guardian twenty-one years of age or older;
For medical purposes when purchased as an over the counter medication, or when prescribed or administered by a licensed physician, pharmacist, dentist, nurse, hospital, or medical institution;
In a private residence, which shall include a residential dwelling and up to twenty contiguous acres, on which the dwelling is located, owned by the same person who owns the dwelling;
The sale, handling, transport, or service in dispensing of any alcoholic beverage pursuant to lawful ownership of an establishment or to lawful employment of a person under twenty-one years of age by a duly licensed manufacturer, wholesaler, or retailer of beverage alcohol.)

Maine
 ?
21[7]
1969:
Lowered to 20
1972:
Lowered to 18[12]
1977:
Raised to 20[8][43]
1985:
Raised to 21[8]
21

Maryland
 ?
21[7]
1974:
Lowered to 18: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[44][45]
1982:
Raised to 21 with grandfather clause [8][46]
21 (however anyone can drink when parents, spouses, teachers are present)

Massachusetts
 ?
21 [11]
1973:
Lowered to 18
1979:
Raised to 20 in 1979 (Apr 16)[47][48][49]
Raised to 21 in 1985 [8]
21

Michigan
 ?
21[7]
1972:
Lowered to 18 in 1972 (Jan 1)[50]
1978:
Raised to 19 in 1978 (Dec 3)[51][52]
1978:
Raised to 21 in 1978 (Dec 21), 18 days later.[8]
First state to raise age to 21 since it was lowered
21

Minnesota
 ?
21 [11]
1973:
Lowered to 18 (June 1)
1976:
Raised to 19 (Sept 1)[53]
First state to raise age after lowering.
1986:
Raised to 21[54]
21

Mississippi
 ?
1966:
18: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[7]
(alcohol not legalized until 1966)
18[19]
Raised to 21 in 1986 [8]
21

Missouri
 ?
1945:
21[7]
21
21 [8]
21

Montana
 ?
21 [11]
1971:
Lowered to 19[55]
1973:
Lowered to 18[56][57]
1979:
Raised to 19
1987:
Raised to 21[8][58]
21

Nebraska
 ?
21[59]
1969:
Lowered to 20
1972:
Lowered to 19[59]
1980:
Raised to 20[14]
1985:
Raised to 21[14]
21

Nevada
 ?
1933:
21[7]
21
21[8]
21

New Hampshire
 ?
21[11]
1973:
Lowered to 18[60]
1979:
Raised to 20
1985:
Raised to 21[8][21]
21

New Jersey
Before 1880:
None
Post-1880:
18 (penalties only against businesses)[61][62][63]
21[citation needed]
1973:
Lowered to 18 [12]
1980:
Raised to 19
1983:
Raised to 21[8][64]
21

New Mexico
 ?
1934:
21[7]
21[14]
21[8]
21

New York
21
18[65]
18
1982:
Raised to 19 in 1982 (Dec)
1985:
Raised to 21 in 1985 (Dec)[21][66][67]
21

North Carolina
 ?
18[11]
18: for beer and wine[19]
21: for liquor
1983:
19: for beer and wine
21: for liquor
1986:
Raised to 21 in 1986 (Sep 1)[8][26]
21

North Dakota
 ?
1936:
21[7]
21[14]
21 [68]
21

Ohio
 ?
1935:
18: for 3.2% ABW beer
21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor[69]
18: for 3.2% ABW beer
21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor
1982 (Aug. 19 to Oct. 1):
19: for 3.2% ABW beer[14]
21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor[14]
1982 (From Oct. 1):
19: beer
21: wine and liquor[70]
1988:
21[14]
21 (However, anyone can drink with parents or legal-age spouse)

Oklahoma
 ?
Men:
21
Women:
18: 3.2% ABW beer
21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor[71]
1976:
Lowered to 18 (for 3.2% ABW beer) for both sexes in 1976 (Dec) [72]
Last state to lower the drinking age.
1983:
Raised to 21[11][73]
21

Oregon
 ?
1933:
21[7]
21
21 [8]
21

Pennsylvania
 ?
1935:
21[7]
21
21 [8][52]
21

Rhode Island
 ?
21[11]
1970:
Lowered to 18[12][74]
1980:
Raised to 19
1981:
Raised to 20
1984:
Raised to 21[21]
21

South Carolina
21[75]
1935:
18: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[7]
18: for beer and wine[19]
21: for liquor
1984:
19: for beer and wine[7]
21: for liquor
1986:
Raised to 21[8]
21

South Dakota
 ?
1934:
21 (all)
1939:
Lowered to 18: for 3.2% beer
Raised to 19: for 3.2% beer[76]
1972:
18: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[13]
1984:
19: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[8]
1988:
Raised to 21[58]
21

Tennessee
Pre 1881:
None
1881:
21[77]
21[7]
1964:
Lowered to 18[7]
1979:
Raised to 19
1984:
Raised to 21[8]
21

Texas
Pre 1909:
21
None (with written permission of parent or guardian)
Post 1909:
21[78][79]
21[7]
1973:
Lowered to 18[80]
1981:
Raised to 19[81]
1986:
Raised to 21 in 1986 (Sep 1)[8][26]
21

Utah
 ?
1935:
21[7]
21[14]
21 [8]
21

Vermont
 ?
21[7]
1971:
Lowered to 18[82][83]
1986:
Raised to 21[21][83]
21

Virginia
 ?
21[84]
1974:
Lowered to 18: for beer and wine
(21: for liquor remained)[84]
1981:
Raised to 19 for off-premises consumption
1983:
Raised to 19 (all beer)
1985:
Raised to 21[84]
21

Washington
"Age of majority"
since 1877 [85]
21[citation needed]
21
21 [8]
21

West Virginia
 ?
18: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[11]
1972:
Lowered to 18 (all)[86]
1983:
Raised to 19
(& 21 for non-residents)[8][43]
1986:
Raised to 21[8]
21

Wisconsin
1839–1866:
18: for wine and liquor
None: for beer
Post-1866:
21 (all)[87]
18: for beer
21: for wine and spirits
1957:
21: for residents of bordering states with age limit 21.[88]
1963:
Raised to 21 (off-premises beer sales, remained 18 for on-premises).[88]
1972:
Lowered to 18 (all) in 1972 (Mar)[88]
1977:
Border state restriction lifted.[88]
1984:
Raised to 19
1986:
Raised to 21 (September 1, 1986)[88]
21 (however anyone can drink when parents, spouses, teachers are present)[citation needed]

Wyoming
 ?
21[7]
1973:
Lowered to 19[13]
1988:
Raised to 21 in 1988 (Jul 1)[89][90]
Last state to raise de jure drinking age to 21
21

American Samoa
 ?
 ?
 ?
21?
21 [91]

Northern Mariana Islands
–
–
 ?
21?
21 [92]

Puerto Rico
 ?
18
18
Kept at 18
despite 10% highway funding
penalty under Drinking Age Act.
18 [93]

Virgin Islands
 ?
 ?
 ?
18
18 [94]

Guam
 ?
21?
18
18
Raised to 21 in 2010 [5]

text: Additional notes[edit]

text:
Contrary to popular belief, since the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984, not all states specifically prohibit minors' and young adults' consumption of alcohol in private settings. That is because the federal law is concerned only with purchase and public possession, not private consumption, and contains several exceptions. As of January 1, 2007, 14 states and the District of Columbia ban underage consumption outright, 19 states do not specifically ban underage consumption outright, and 17 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage consumption laws. Federal law explicitly provides for religious, medical, employment and private club possession exceptions; as of 2005, 31 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage possession laws.[41]
In the 1960s the age for buying or drinking beer and wine in the District of Columbia (Washington, D.C.) was 18; the age for hard liquor was 21.[23][24] Residents from Virginia and Maryland would often drive to D.C. to obtain alcohol. In Louisiana, the 1987 law raising the age from 18 to 21 was deliberately written solely to comply with the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 to avoid losing highway funding, while still allowing 18- to 20-year-olds to drink as before. Not only did it still allow 18- to 20-year-olds to consume in private, it contained a major loophole allowing bars and stores to sell alcohol to 18- to 20-year-olds without penalty (despite purchase being technically illegal) which meant that the de facto age was still 18.[39] In other words, the drinking age was 21 only on paper. This loophole was closed in 1995, but in 1996 the Louisiana Supreme Court declared a drinking age of 21 unconstitutional.[39] That briefly lowered the de jure purchase age to 18, causing an uproar which prompted the Louisiana Supreme Court to reverse its decision, raising the age to 21 three months later.[40] Other exceptions still remain to this day, including drinking in a private residence,[41] and Louisiana still has some of the most liberal general alcohol laws of any state.
Some states were "dry" well before national Prohibition was enacted in 1919, in some cases since achieving statehood. Also, some states did not become fully "wet" until several years after the repeal of Prohibition in 1933 (e.g. Mississippi in 1966). Since 1966, all states and territories of the USA have been "wet", but dry counties and towns still exist in some states.


document_title: Fastest propeller-driven aircraft

question_text: what was the fastest propeller plane in ww2

text: Fastest propeller-driven aircraft

text: Propeller versus jet propulsion[edit]

text: Aircraft that use propellers as their prime propulsion device constitute a historically important subset of aircraft, despite inherent limitations to their speed. Aircraft powered by piston engines get virtually all of their thrust from the propeller driven by the engine. A few piston engined aircraft derive some thrust from the engine's exhaust gases, and there are certain hybrid types like the Motorjet that use a piston engine to drive the compressor of a jet engine, which supplies the primary thrust (although some types also have a propeller powered by the piston engine for low speed efficiency). All aircraft prior to World War II (except for a tiny number of early jet aircraft and rocket aircraft) used piston engines to drive propellers, so all Flight airspeed records prior to 1944 were necessarily set by propeller-driven aircraft. Rapid advances in first liquid-fueled rocket engine-powered aircraft - with a 623 mph record set in October 1941 by a German example — and axial-flow jet engine technology during World War II meant that no propeller-driven aircraft would ever again hold an absolute air speed record. Shock wave formation in propeller-driven aircraft at speeds near sonic conditions, impose limits not encountered in jet aircraft.

text: Jet engines, particularly turbojets, are a type of gas turbine configured such that most of the work available results from the thrust of the hot exhaust gases. High bypass turbofans that are used in all modern commercial jetliners, and most modern military aircraft, get most of their thrust from the internal fan, which is powered by a gas turbine; turboprop engines are similar, but use an external propeller rather than an internal fan. The hot exhaust gas from a turboprop engine can give a small amount of thrust, but the propeller is the main source of thrust.

text: Turboprops[edit]

text: The Tupolev Tu-114, a large aircraft with four turboprop engines, has a maximum speed of 870 km/h (540 mph, Mach 0.73).[4] The 11,000 kW (15,000 hp) Kuznetsov NK-12 turboprop engines designed for the Tupolev Tu-95 (and used to power the derivative Tu-114) are the most powerful turboprops ever built and drive large contra-rotating propellers. This engine-propeller combination gives the Tu-114 the official distinction of being the fastest propeller-driven aircraft in the world, a record it has held since 1960.[1][5]

text: Probably the fastest aircraft ever fitted with an operating propeller was the experimental McDonnell XF-88B, which was made by installing an Allison T38 turboshaft engine in the nose of a pure jet-powered XF-88 Voodoo. This unusual aircraft was intended to explore the use of high-speed propellers and achieved supersonic speeds.[6] This aircraft is not considered to be propeller-driven since most of the thrust was provided by two jet engines.

text: An oft-cited contender for the fastest propeller-driven aircraft is the XF-84H Thunderscreech. This aircraft is named in Guinness World Records, 1997, as the fastest in this category with a speed of 1,002 km/h (623 mph, Mach 0.83).[7] While it may have been designed as the fastest propeller-driven aircraft, this goal was not realized due to its inherent instability.[8] This record speed is also inconsistent with data from the National Museum of the United States Air Force, which gives a top speed of 837 km/h (520 mph, Mach 0.70),[9] slower than the Tu-114.

text: Piston engines[edit]

text: The more "traditional" class of propeller-driven aircraft are those powered by piston engines, which include nearly all aircraft from the Wright brothers up through World War II. Today piston engines are used almost exclusively on light, general aviation aircraft. The official speed record for a piston plane is held by a modified Grumman F8F Bearcat, the Rare Bear, with a speed of 850.24 km/h (528.31 mph) on 21 August 1989 at Las Vegas, New Mexico, United States of America.[10][11]

text: The FAI record for the fastest piston-powered aircraft over a long-distance circuit is the 2000-km record of 720.13 km/h (447.47 mph) set on 22 May 1948 by Jacqueline Cochran in a P-51C. (She also holds the 100-km record of 755.67 km/hr, set in December 1947.) Higher speed records exist; some are unofficial and some were officially-timed one-way trips aided by tailwinds. Examples of the latter: a B-29 averaged 725 km/hr from Burbank to Floyd Bennett Field (3957 km in 5.455 hours) on 11 December 1945, and Joe DeBona averaged 904 km/hr from Los Angeles LAX to New York Idlewild (3981 km in 4.405 hours) in a P-51 on 30 March 1954.

text: Other claimants[edit]

text: The 1903 Wright Flyer did 48 km/h (30 mph) during its first flight; the Bleriot XI reached 75 km/h (47 mph) in 1909. Fabric-covered biplanes of the World War I era and shortly after could do up to 320 km/h (200 mph). In 1925 U.S. Army Lt. Cyrus K. Bettis flying a Curtiss R3C won the Pulitzer Trophy Race with a speed of 400.6 km/h (248.9 mph).[12]

text: Speeds of all-metal monoplanes of the 1930s jumped into the 700 km/h (430 mph) range with the Macchi M.C.72 reaching a top speed of 709 km/h (441 mph), still the record for piston-powered seaplanes.[13] The Messerschmitt Me 209 V1 set a world speed record of almost 756 km/h (470 mph) on 26 April 1939,[14] and the Republic XP-47J (a variant of the P-47 Thunderbolt) is claimed to have reached 813 km/h (505 mph) in testing[citation needed]. A prototype of the successor to the Supermarine Spitfire, the Supermarine Spiteful F.16 (RB518), reached 494 mph (795 km/h). The fastest German propeller driven aircraft to see combat in WWII was the twin-DB 603-powered Dornier Do 335 "Pfeil" which had a top speed of 763 km/h (474 mph).[15]

text: During the 1950s two unorthodox United States Navy fighter prototypes married turboprop engines with a "tailsitting design", the Convair XFY "Pogo" and the Lockheed XFV. Maximum design speeds of 980 km/h (610 mph) at 4,600 m (15,100 ft) and 930 km/h (580 mph) respectively have been quoted. The Lockheed XFV was fitted with a less powerful engine than it was designed for and had makeshift non-retractable landing gear for horizontal takeoff and landing;[16] the Convair's landing gear supported it in a vertical position. It was usually flown with the cockpit open, since the ejection seat was thought unreliable.[17] These aircraft had "compromised in-flight speed" because of the conflicting demands of vertical and horizontal flight.[18]


document_title: List of most Billboard Hot 100 Top 10 hits by artist

question_text: who has had the most top 10 hits

question_tokens: who has had the most top 10 hits

text: This article's factual accuracy is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced. (February 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The following is a comprehensive list featuring the artists with the most Top 10 singles on the Billboard Hot 100 Chart, and includes the names of the singles and their peak position on the chart. This list is based on Billboard's Greatest Of All Time lists, and was compiled from the chart's Aug. 5, 1958 inception, through to the chart dated Oct. 10, 2015. All items listed below are from the Hot 100 era.

text: Elvis leads the list for male entertainers. Madonna leads the list of female artists of Top 10 Hot 100 hits, with a total of 38. She and the Beatles, who last reached the region with reunion single "Free As A Bird" in 1995, were tied with 34, until Madonna notched her 35th with "Die Another Day" in 2002. She scored her 38th and most recent Top 10 with "Give Me All Your Luvin'" (featuring Nicki Minaj and M.I.A.) in 2012.[1] Had The Jackson /The Jacksons singles counted, Michael Jackson would then have an additional eleven more Billboard Hot 100 Top 10 hits as a lead vocalist, making his total of 40 Top 10 Hot 100 singles.

text: Most Billboard Hot 100 top ten hits by artist[edit]

text:
Elvis has scored 38 top 10 hits during his career span of 1956 to 1977, the year of his death. 33 of these entries reached the top 5. He also holds the record for most cumulative weeks at number one with 80.

Madonna tied the record with Elvis Presley for most Top 10 hits on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart with 38. 28 of these hits reached the top 5.

The Beatles hold second place with 34 Top 10 hits in the US. 30 of these have reached the top 5. They have scored more top ten hits than any other band. They additionally hold the record for most number ones on the same chart with 20.

Rihanna has 31 Top hits. She is the youngest artist to appear on this list.

Michael Jackson has 29 Top 10 Hits as a solo artist.

The legendary Stevie Wonder holds fifth place with 28 Top 10 hits, including Superstition, Sir Duke and I Wish .

Mariah Carey, ties with Elton John and Janet Jackson for sixth place, with 27.

Whitney Houston ties with The Rolling Stones and Paul McCartney in seventh with 23 Top 10 hits.

text:
Number of
singles
Artist
Singles with
peak position
Source

38

Elvis

"Heartbreak Hotel" (#1)
"I Want You, I Need You, I Love" (#1)
"Don't Be Cruel" (#1)
"Hound Dog" (#1)
"Love Me Tender" (#1)
"Love Me" (#2)
"Too Much" (#1)
"All Shook Up" (#1)
"(Let Me Be Your) Teddy Bear" (#1)
"Jailhouse Rock" (#1)
"Don't" (#1)
"I Beg Of You" (#8)
"Wear My Ring Around Your Neck" (#2)
"Hard Headed Woman" (#1)
"One Night" (#4)
"I Got Stung" (#8)
"(Now and Then There's) a Fool Such as I" (#2)
"I Need Your Love Tonight" (#4)
"A Big Hunk o' Love" (#1)
"Stuck on You" (#1)
"It's Now or Never" (#1)
"Are You Lonesome Tonight?" (#1)
"Surrender" (#1)
"I Feel So Bad" (#5)
"Little Sister" (#5)
"(Marie's the Name) His Latest Flame" (#4)
"Can't Help Falling in Love" (#2)
"Good Luck Charm" (#1)
"She's Not You" (#5)
"Return to Sender" (#2)
"(You're the) Devil in Disguise" (#5)
"Bossa Nova Baby" (#8)
"Crying in the Chapel" (#3)
"In the Ghetto" (#3)
"Suspicious Minds" (#1)
"Don't Cry Daddy" (#6)
"The Wonder of You" (#9)
"Burning Love" (#2)

[2]

38

Madonna

"Lucky Star" (#4)
"Borderline" (#10)
"Like a Virgin" (#1)
"Material Girl" (#2)
"Crazy for You" (#1)
"Angel" (#5)
"Dress You Up" (#5)
"Live to Tell" (#1)
"Papa Don't Preach" (#1)
"True Blue" (#3)
"Open Your Heart" (#1)
"La Isla Bonita" (#4)
"Who's That Girl" (#1)
"Causing a Commotion" (#2)
"Like a Prayer" (#1)
"Express Yourself" (#2)
"Cherish" (#2)
"Keep It Together" (#8)
"Vogue" (#1)
"Hanky Panky" (#10)
"Justify My Love" (#1)
"Rescue Me" (#9)
"This Used to Be My Playground" (#1)
"Erotica" (#3)
"Deeper and Deeper" (#7)
"I'll Remember" (#2)
"Secret" (#3)
"Take a Bow" (#1)
"You'll See" (#6)
"Don't Cry For Me Argentina" (#8)
"Frozen" (#2)
"Ray of Light" (#5)
"Music" (#1)
"Don't Tell Me" (#4)
"Die Another Day" (#8)
"Hung Up" (#7)
"4 Minutes" (#3) (featuring Justin Timberlake)
"Give Me All Your Luvin'" (#10) (featuring M.I.A. and Nicki Minaj)

[3]

34

The Beatles

"Love Me Do" (#1)
"P.S. I Love You" (#10)
"She Loves You" (#1)
"I Want To Hold Your Hand" (#1)
"Please Please Me" (#3)
"Twist and Shout" (#2)
"Can't Buy Me Love" (#1)
"Do You Want To Know A Secret" (#2)
"A Hard Day's Night" (#1)
"I Feel Fine" (#1)
"She's a Woman" (#4)
"Eight Days A Week" (#1)
"Ticket To Ride" (#1)
"Help!" (#1)
"Yesterday" (#1)
"We Can Work It Out" (#1)
"Day Tripper" (#5)
"Nowhere Man" (#3)
"Paperback Writer" (#1)
"Yellow Submarine" (#2)
"Penny Lane" (#1)
"Strawberry Fields Forever" (#8)
"All You Need Is Love" (#1)
"Hello, Goodbye" (#1)
"Lady Madonna" (#4)
"Hey Jude" (#1)
"Get Back" (#1)
"The Ballad of John and Yoko" (#8)
"Something" (#3)
"Come Together" (#1)
"Let It Be" (#1)
"The Long and Winding Road" (#1)
"Got To Get You Into My Life" (#7)
"Free As A Bird" (#6)

[4][5]

31

Rihanna

"Pon De Replay" (#2)
"SOS" (#1)
"Unfaithful" (#6)
"Break It Off" (#9)
"Umbrella" (#1)
"Hate That I Love You" (#7)
"Don't Stop The Music" (#3)
"Take A Bow" (#1)
"Disturbia" (#1)
"Live Your Life" (T.I. featuring Rihanna) (#1)
"Run This Town" (Jay-Z featuring Rihanna and Kanye West) (#2)
"Russian Roulette" (#9)
"Hard" (#8)
"Rude Boy" (#1)
"Love The Way You Lie" (Eminem featuring Rihanna) (#1)
"Only Girl (In The World)" (#1)
"What's My Name?" (#1)
"S&M" (#1)
"Cheers (Drink To That)" (#7)
"We Found Love" (#1)
"Take Care" (Drake featuring Rihanna) (#7)
"Where Have You Been" (#5)
"Diamonds" (#1)
"Stay" (#3)
"The Monster" (Eminem featuring Rihanna) (#1)
"FourFiveSeconds" (#4)
"Work" (#1)
"This Is What You Came For" (Calvin Harris featuring Rihanna) (#3)
"Needed Me" (#7)
"Love on the Brain" (#5)
"Wild Thoughts" (DJ Khaled featuring Bryson Tiller and Rihanna) (#2)

29

Michael Jackson

"Got to Be There" (#4)
"Rockin' Robin" (#2)
"Ben" (#1)
"Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough" (#1)
"Rock with You" (#1)
"Off the Wall" (#10)
"She's Out of My Life" (#10)
"The Girl Is Mine" (with Paul McCartney) (#2)
"Billie Jean" (#1)
"Beat It" (#1)
"Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'" (#5)
"Human Nature" (#7)
"Say Say Say" (with Paul McCartney) (#1)
"P.Y.T. (Pretty Young Thing)" (#10)
"Thriller" (#4)
"I Just Can't Stop Loving You" (with Siedah Garrett) (#1)
"Bad" (#1)
"The Way You Make Me Feel" (#1)
"Man in the Mirror" (#1)
"Dirty Diana" (#1)
"Smooth Criminal" (#7)
"Black or White" (#1)
"Remember The Time" (#3)
"In the Closet" (#6)
"Will You Be There" (#7)
"Scream" (with Janet Jackson) (#5)
"You Are Not Alone" (#1)
"You Rock My World" (#10)
"Love Never Felt So Good" (with Justin Timberlake) (#9)

[6]

28

Stevie Wonder

"Fingertips - Parts 1 & 2" (#1)
"Uptight (Everything's Alright)" (#3)
"Blowin' In The Wind" (#9)
"A Place In The Sun" (#9)
"I Was Made To Love Her" (#2)
"Shoo-Be-Doo-Be-Doo-Da-Day" (#9)
"For Once In My Life" (#2)
"My Cherie Amour" (#4)
"Yester-Me, Yester-You, Yesterday" (#7)
"Signed, Sealed, Delivered I'm Yours" (#3)
"Heaven Help Us All" (#9)
"If You Really Love Me" (#8)
"Superstition" (#1)
"You Are The Sunshine Of My Life" (#1)
"Higher Ground" (#4)
"Living For The City" (#8)
"You Haven't Done Nothin'" (#1)
"Boogie On Reggae Woman" (#3)
"I Wish" (#1)
"Sir Duke" (#1)
"Send One Your Love" (#4)
"Master Blaster (Jammin')" (#5)
"That Girl" (#4)
"Ebony and Ivory" (with Paul McCartney) (#1)
"I Just Called To Say I Love You" (#1)
"Part-Time Lover" (#1)
"That's What Friends Are For" (Dionne Warwick and Friends) (#1)
"Go Home" (#10)

[7]

27

Elton John

"Your Song" (#8)
"Rocket Man" (#6)
"Honky Cat" (#8)
"Crocodile Rock" (#1)
"Daniel" (#2)
"Goodbye Yellow Brick Road" (#2)
"Bennie and the Jets" (#1)
"Don't Let The Sun Go Down On Me" (#2)
"The Bitch Is Back" (#4)
"Lucy In The Sky With Diamonds" (#1)
"Philadelphia Freedom" (#1)
"Someone Saved My Life Tonight" (#4)
"Island Girl" (#1)
"Don't Go Breaking My Heart" (#1)
"Sorry Seems To Be The Hardest Word" (#6)
"Mama Can't Buy You Love" (#9)
"Little Jeannie" (#3)
"I Guess That's Why They Call It The Blues" (#4)
"Sad Songs (Say So Much)" (#5)
"Nikita" (#7)
"That's What Friends Are For" (Dionne Warwick and Friends) (#1)
"Candle In The Wind" (#6)
"I Don't Wanna Go On With You Like That" (#2)
"Don't Let The Sun Go Down On Me" (with George Michael) (#1)
"The One" (#9)
"Can You Feel The Love Tonight" (#4)
"Candle In The Wind 1997 / Something About The Way You Look Tonight" (#1)

[8]

Mariah Carey

"Vision Of Love" (#1)
"Love Takes Time" (#1)
"Someday" (#1)
"I Don't Wanna Cry" (#1)
"Emotions" (#1)
"Can't Let Go" (#2)
"Make It Happen" (#5)
"I'll Be There" (#1)
"Dreamlover" (#1)
"Hero" (#1)
"Without You" / "Never Forget You" (#3)
"Endless Love" (#2)
"Fantasy" (#1)
"One Sweet Day" (#1)
"Always Be My Baby" (#1)
"Honey" (#1)
"My All" (#1)
"I Still Believe" (#4)
"Heartbreaker" (#1)
"Thank God I Found You" (#1)
"Loverboy" (#2)
"I Know What You Want" (Busta Rhymes featuring Mariah Carey) (#3)
"We Belong Together" (#1)
"Shake It Off" (#3)
"Don't Forget About Us" (#1)
"Touch My Body" (#1)
"Obsessed" (#7)

[9]

Janet Jackson

"What Have You Done For Me Lately" (#4)
"Nasty" (#3)
"When I Think Of You" (#1)
"Control" (#5)
"Let's Wait Awhile" (#2)
"Miss You Much" (#1)
"Rhythm Nation" (#2)
"Escapade" (#1)
"Alright" (#4)
"Come Back To Me" (#2)
"Black Cat" (#1)
"Love Will Never Do (Without You)" (#1)
"The Best Things In Life Are Free" (with Luther Vandross) (#10)
"That's The Way Love Goes" (#1)
"If" (#4)
"Again" (#1)
"Because Of Love" (#10)
"Any Time, Any Place" (#2)
"You Want This" (#8)
"Scream" (with Michael Jackson) (#5)
"Runaway" (#3)
"Together Again" (#1)
"I Get Lonely" (#3)
"What's It Gonna Be?!" (Busta Rhymes featuring Janet Jackson) (#3)
"Doesn't Really Matter" (#1)
"All For You" (#1)
"Someone To Call My Lover" (#3)

[10][11]

23

The Rolling Stones

"Time Is On My Side" (#6)
"The Last Time" (#9)
"(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction" (#1)
"Get Off Of My Cloud" (#1)
"As Tears Go By" (#6)
"19th Nervous Breakdown" (#2)
"Paint It, Black" (#1)
"Mother's Little Helper" (#8)
"Have You Seen Your Mother, Baby, Standing In The Shadow?" (#9)
"Ruby Tuesday" (#1)
"Jumpin' Jack Flash" (#3)
"Honky Tonky Women" (#1)
"Brown Sugar" (#1)
"Tumbling Dice" (#7)
"Angie" (#1)
"Fool To Cry" (#10)
"Miss You" (#1)
"Beast Of Burden" (#8)
"Emotional Rescue" (#3)
"Start Me Up" (#2)
"Undercover Of The Night" (#9)
"Harlem Shuffle" (#5)
"Mixed Emotions" (#5)

[12]

Whitney Houston

"You Give Good Love" (#3)
"Saving All My Love For You" (#1)
"How Will I Know" (#1)
"Greatest Love Of All" (#1)
"I Wanna Dance With Somebody (Who Loves Me)" (#1)
"Didn't We Almost Have It All" (#1)
"So Emotional" (#1)
"Where Do Broken Hearts Go" (#1)
"Love Will Save The Day" (#9)
"One Moment In Time" (#5)
"I'm Your Baby Tonight" (#1)
"All The Man That I Need" (#1)
"Miracle" (#9)
"I Will Always Love You" (#1)
"I'm Every Woman" (#4)
"I Have Nothing" (#4)
"Exhale (Shoop Shoop)" (#1)
"Count On Me" (with CeCe Winans) (#8)
"I Believe In You And Me" (#4)
"Heartbreak Hotel" (#2)
"It's Not Right But It's Okay" (#4)
"My Love Is Your Love" (#4)
"The Star Spangled Banner" (2001 reissue) (#6)

[13]

Paul McCartney

"Another Day" (#5)
"Uncle Albert/Admiral Halsey" (with Linda McCartney) (#1)
"Hi, Hi, Hi" (#10)
"My Love" (#1)
"Live and Let Die" (#2)
"Helen Wheels" (#10)
"Jet" (#7)
"Band on the Run" (#1)
"Junior's Farm" (#3)
"Listen to What the Man Said" (#1)
"Silly Love Songs" (#1)
"Let 'Em In" (#3)
"Maybe I'm Amazed" (#10)
"With a Little Luck" (#1)
"Goodnight Tonight" (#5)
"Coming Up" (#1)
"Ebony and Ivory" (with Stevie Wonder) (#1)
"Take It Away" (#10)
"The Girl Is Mine" (with Michael Jackson) (#2)
"Say Say Say" (with Michael Jackson) (#1)
"No More Lonely Nights" (#6)
"Spies Like Us" (#7)
"FourFiveSeconds" (with Rihanna and Kanye West) (#4)

22

Taylor Swift

"Change (#10)
"Love Story (#4)
"You Belong With Me" (#2)
"Fearless" (#9)
"Jump Then Fall" (#10)
"Today Was a Fairytale" (#2)
"Mine" (#3)
"Back to December" (#6)
"Speak Now" (#8)
"If This Was a Movie" (#10)
"We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together" (#1)
"Begin Again" (#7)
"I Knew You Were Trouble" (#2)
"Red" (#6)
"Shake It Off" (#1)
"Blank Space" (#1)
"Style" (#6)
"Bad Blood" (featuring Kendrick Lamar) (#1)
"Wildest Dreams" (#5)
"I Don't Wanna Live Forever" (with ZAYN) (#2)
"Look What You Made Me Do" (#1)
"...Ready for It?" (#4)

21

Chicago

. "Make Me Smile" (#9)
. "25 or 6 to 4" (#4)
. "Does Anybody Really Know What Time It Is?"
. "Beginnings" (#7)
. "Colour My World" (#7)
. "Saturday in the Park" (#3)
. "Feelin' Stronger Every Day" (#10)
. "Just You 'n' Me" (#4)
. "(I've Been) Searchin' So Long" (#9)
. "Call On me" (#6)
. "Old Days" (#5)
. "If You Leave Me Now" (#1)
. "Baby, What a Big Surprise" (#4)
. "Hard To Say I'm Sorry" (#1)
. "Hard Habit to Break" (#3)
. "You're the Inspiration" (#3)
. "Will You Still Love Me?" (#3)
. "I Don't Wanna Live Without Your Love" (#3)
. "Look Away" (#1)
. "You're Not Alone" (#10)
. "What Kind of Man Would I Be?" (#5)

Jay-Z

"I'll Be" (Foxy Brown featuring Jay Z) (#7)
"Heartbreaker" (Mariah Carey featuring Jay Z) (#1)
"Fiesta" (Remix) (R. Kelly featuring Jay-Z and Boo & Gotti) (#6)
"Izzo (H.O.V.A.)" (#8)
"03 Bonnie & Clyde" (with Beyonce (#4)
"Excuse Me Miss" (#8)
"Crazy In Love" (Beyonce featuring Jay Z) (#1)
"Frontin' (Pharrell featuring Jay Z) (#5)
"Change Clothes" (featuring Pharrell Williams) (#10)
"Dirt Off Your Shoulder" (#5)
"Show Me What You Got" (#8)
"Deja Vu" (Beyonce featuring Jay Z) (#4)
"Umbrella" (Rihanna featuring Jay Z) (#1)
"Swagga Like Us" (with T.I. featuring Lil Wayne and Kanye West) (#5)
"Run This Town" (featuring Rihanna and Kanye West) (#4)
"Empire State of Mind" (featuring Alicia Keys) (#1)
"Young Forever" (featuring Mr. Hudson) (#4)
"Niggas In Paris" (with Kanye West) (#5)
"Suit & Tie" (Justin Timberlake featuring Jay Z) (#3)
"Holy Grail" (featuring Justin Timberlake) (#4)
"Drunk In Love" (Beyonce featuring Jay Z) (#2)

20

The Supremes

"Where Did Our Love Go" (#1)
"Baby Love" (#1)
"Come See About Me" (#1)
"Stop! In the Name of Love" (#1)
"Back In My Arms Again" (#1)
"I Hear a Symphony" (#1)
"My World Is Empty Without You" (#5)
"Love Is Like an Itching in My Heart" (#9)
"You Can't Hurry Love" (#1)
"You Keep Me Hanging On" (#1)
"Love Is Here and Now You're Gone" (#1)
"The Happening" (#1)
"Reflections" (#2)
"In and Out of Love" (#9)
"Love Child" (#1)
"I'm Gonna Make You Love Me" (#2)
"I'm Living in Shame" (#10)
"Someday We'll Be Together" (#1)
"Up the Ladder to the Roof" (#10)
"Stoned Love" (#7)

Drake

"Change (#2)
"Forever" (#8)
"Find Your Love" (#5)
"Right Above It" (Lil Wayne featuring Drake) (#6)
"Whats My Name" (Rihanna featuring Drake) (#1)J
"I'm On One (DJ Khaled featuring Drake, Rick Ross and Lil Wayne) (#10)
"She Will" (Lil Wayne featuring Drake) (#3)
"Make Me Proud" (featuring Nicki Minaj) (#9)
"Take Care" (featuring Rihanna) (#7)
"Fuckin' Problems" (ASAP Rocky featuring Drake, 2 Chainz and Kendrick Lamar) (#8)
"Started from the Bottom" (#6)
"Love Me" (Lil Wayne featuring Drake & Future) (#9)
"Hold On, We're Going Home" (featuring Majid Jordan (#4)
"Hotline Bling" (#2)
"Work" (Rihanna featuring Drake) (#1)
"Summer Sixteen" (#6)
"One Dance" (featuring WizKid & Kyla (#1)
"Fake Love" (#8)
"Portland" (#9) (featuring Quavo and Travis Scott) (#9)
"Passionfruit" (#8)

Lil Wayne

"Soldier" (Destiny's Child featuring T.I. & Lil Wayne) (#3)
"You" (Lloyd featuring Lil Wayne) (#9)
"Lollipop" (featuring Static Major (#1)
"A Milli" (#6)
"Swagga Like Us" (Jay-Z & T.I. featuring Kanye West & Lil Wayne) (#1)
"Can't Believe It" (T-Pain featuring Lil Wayne) (#7)
"Got Money" (featuring T-Pain
"Let It Rock" (Kevin Rudolf featuring Lil Wayne) (#5)
"Down (Jay Sean featuring Lil Wayne) (#1)
"Forever (Drake feat Kanye West, Lil Wayne & Eminem (#8)
"Right Above It" (featuring Drake) (#6)
"6 Foot 7 Foot" (featuring Corey Gunz) (#9)
"Look at Me Now" (Chris Brown featuring Lil Wayne & Busta Rhymes (#6)
"I'm on One" (DJ Khaled featuring Drake, Rick Ross and Lil Wayne
"How to Love" (#5)
"She Will (#3)
"Strange Clouds (B.o.B. featuring Lil Wayne) (#7)
"Love Me" (featuring Drake & Future (#9)
"Loyal" (Chris Brown featuring Lil Wayne, French Montana, Tyga) (#9)
"I'm the One" (DJ Khaled featuring Justin Bieber, Chance the Rapper, Quavo & Lil Wayne) (#1)


document_title: Queen of the Damned

question_text: who sang lestat's songs in queen of the damned

question_tokens: who sang lestat 's songs in queen of the damned

text: Queen of the Damned

text: Plot[edit]

text: The vampire Lestat is awakened from decades of slumber by the sound of a heavy metal band and proceeds to take over as their lead singer. Achieving international success, Lestat, having revealed the existence of vampires, taunts the others of his kind during an interview for promoting his first and only live concert.

text: Jesse Reeves, a researcher for the paranormal studies group Talamasca, is intrigued by Lestat's lyrics after hearing one of his songs play on TV and tells the rest of the group her theory that he really is a vampire. Her mentor, David Talbot, takes her aside and tells her they know what he is and that a vampire called Marius made him. David also shows her Lestat's journal that he recovered and gives it to Jesse for her to read. In the journal, Lestat recalls how he was turned into a vampire by Marius and how he awoke Akasha, the first vampire, with his music. Unsatisfied with what she read, Jesse tracks Lestat down to a London vampire club called The Admiral's Arms, where he saves her from three vampires and confronts her about Marius.

text: In Los Angeles, Lestat is visited by Marius, who warns him that the other vampires will not tolerate his flamboyant public profile. Marius also reveals that Akasha has awaken due to Lestat's new music and begs him to cancel his concert, which he refuses. Meanwhile, Akasha, who is searching for Lestat, arrives at The Admiral's Arms. After the vampires reveal their plan to kill Lestat at his concert, Akasha torches the club and kills all the vampires inside. Jesse arrives at Los Angeles and gives Lestat his journal back. She then asks him to show her what being a vampire is like. Lestat scoffs at the idea, but Jesse convinces him to spend his last moments before the concert with her. The two spend some time together and Jesse later asks Lestat to turn her, telling him she wants to be with him and that she wants to know everything he does. Lestat angrily refuses, showing her what it's like for a vampire to feed on a human, then leaves.

text: While performing at his concert in Death Valley, a group of vampires attack Lestat. With Marius' help, they both fend off most of the vampires until Akasha bursts through the stage and takes Lestat with her. Akasha brings Lestat to her new home, where the two vampires mutually feed on one another, during which time Lestat becomes spellbound by Akasha and is forced to obey her, and Akasha proclaims Lestat her new king. After the concert, Jesse is taken to the home of her aunt, Maharet, who later reveals herself to be one of the Ancient Vampires. Knowing Akasha's plan to take over the world, the Ancient Vampires discuss their plans to destroy the Queen by drinking from her and draining her of her blood. However, they believe that whoever drinks the Queen's last drop will not survive.

text: Empowered by Akasha's blood, Lestat and the Queen confront the Ancient Vampires. When they refuse to join her, Akasha then commands Lestat to kill Jesse, as The Queen sees her both as an enemy, due to being Maharet's descendant, and as food, with Akasha making an example out of her for those who dare disobey her command. Lestat ostensibly obeys, but after drinking Jesse's blood, comes to his senses and is released from Akasha's power. He angrily requests for his "crown" and Akasha openly gives him her arm to feed on. Lestat then turns on her and begins to drain Akasha's blood. With the help of the Ancients, Akasha's power diminishes. Maharet is the last to drink Akasha's blood, killing Akasha. Lestat goes to Jesse and, cradling her in his arms, gives her his blood as Maharet turns into a marble statue and "sleeps", becoming the new Queen of the Damned.

text: Lestat and Jesse, who is now a vampire, visits David and return Lestat's journal. When asked by David what it is like, Jesse jokingly offers to turn him into a vampire and bids David goodbye. The film closes with Lestat and Jesse walking hand in hand, among mortals, into the night.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Aaliyah as Akasha
Stuart Townsend as Lestat de Lioncourt
Marguerite Moreau as Jesse Reeves

Richael Tanner as young Jesse

Vincent Perez as Marius de Romanus
Paul McGann as David Talbot
Lena Olin as Maharet
Christian Manon as Mael
Claudia Black as Pandora
Bruce Spence as Khayman
Matthew Newton as Armand
Tiriel Mora as Roger
Megan Dorman as Maudy
Johnathan Devoy as James
Robert Farnham as Alex
Conrad Standish as T.C.
Andrew L. Urban as Himself
Jonathan Davis as Ticket scalper
Nathan Hill as Attacking Vampire

text: Development[edit]

text: Warner Bros. had acquired the film rights to several of Anne Rice's novels—the first three Vampire Chronicles and The Mayfair Witches trilogy[2]—after a 1988 takeover of Lorimar Productions. An eventual adaptation of Interview with the Vampire (directed by Neil Jordan and produced by David Geffen) was released in 1994, although not without controversy, particularly over fan reaction to the casting of Tom Cruise as Lestat, an objection initially shared by Anne Rice, which she recanted after seeing the finished film.

text: After the commercial and critical success of Interview, Neil Jordan began initial development of the novel's sequel, The Vampire Lestat, although this went nowhere.

text: As the rights to the novels would revert to Anne Rice at the end of 2000, initial story meetings to adapt one or both of the remaining Vampire Chronicles began in 1998. The decision was made early to substantially rewrite the plot, and to base most of the movie on the third book: The Vampire Lestat was considered too broad and episodic for a two-hour feature film, although the novel's setup of Lestat's awakening and career as a rock star was used. It was also decided to focus on Lestat as the primary character, and the back story of Akasha and the Story of the Twins were omitted, despite these being virtually central to the plot of the novel.[3]

text: Displeased with the lack of progress, and more particularly with the studio's lack of consultation with her over the script development, author Anne Rice wrote a critical reply to a fan's question about the film in 1998:[4]

text: "The key factor is that the entire vampire contract terminates in the year 2000. All the properties revert to me at that time, unless production commences—principal photography that is—before then. I don't think it is possible for Warner Bros. to develop anything in that amount of time."

text: "They have not been receptive to me or to my ideas at all."

text: "Not very long ago, less than a year ago in fact, I begged the executives there to let me write a script for THE VAMPIRE LESTAT for union scale (the Writers Guild won't let you write it for free) and a deferred payment not due until release of the picture. They simply weren't interested. It was very painful for me, as I had been talking to a new director they'd hired and we were both excited about the idea.

text: "I felt snubbed and hurt and have not bothered to approach them since. The young director is supposed to be developing THE QUEEN OF THE DAMNED which I think is a bad idea, and basically a doomed project.

text: During 1999, the script was developed by TV screenwriter Scott Abbott and Australian writer/director Michael Petroni. Another Australian, Michael Rymer, was confirmed to direct. Rymer suggested the film be shot in his home city of Melbourne, which would save considerably on production costs.

text: The first actor cast was R&B singer Aaliyah (who had made her film and acting debut in Romeo Must Die) as Akasha, the eponymous Queen of the Damned. Jenna Dewan and Foxy Brown were rumored to have been considered for the role of Akasha in addition to Aaliyah. The search for an actor to play Lestat took much longer—the idea of Tom Cruise reprising the role was considered but dismissed—although front runners included Wes Bentley, Josh Hartnett and Heath Ledger. Irish actor Stuart Townsend assumed the role in 2000, and the final cast included Vincent Perez as Marius, Paul McGann as David Talbot, Lena Olin as Maharet and Marguerite Moreau as Jesse Reeves. Australian actors included Claudia Black as Pandora and Matthew Newton as Armand.

text: Production[edit]

text: With a large cast of international and Australian actors, Queen of the Damned began principal photography on October 2, 2000, in a former biscuit factory, converted into a studio in the Melbourne suburb of St. Albans. Location filming took place around the city of Melbourne, although some filming was done in Los Angeles. For the scenes of Lestat's concert in Death Valley, over 3000 goths were recruited from Melbourne nightclubs and on the internet, then driven on a fleet of buses to a quarry in Werribee to act as extras.

text: Soundtracks[edit]

text: The songs for Lestat's band were written and performed by Jonathan Davis, of the band Korn, and Richard Gibbs, although Davis's contractual commitments to Sony BMG meant that his vocals could not appear on the soundtrack album. Instead, the vocals were re-recorded by other musicians for the soundtrack release: Wayne Static of Static-X ("Not Meant for Me"), David Draiman of Disturbed ("Forsaken"), Chester Bennington of Linkin Park ("System"), Marilyn Manson ("Redeemer"), and Jay Gordon of Orgy ("Slept So Long"). During the end credits "Not Meant For Me" is played. It is Jonathan Davis' version although the credits credit it as the Wayne Static version from the album.

text: Davis also made a small cameo in the film; when Jesse arrives in Los Angeles, a scalper (Jonathan Davis) attempts to sell her tickets to Lestat’s show.

text: The soundtrack also contains other songs featured in the film: "Body Crumbles" by Dry Cell, "Cold" by Static-X, "Dead Cell" by Papa Roach, "Excess" by Tricky, "Headstrong" by Earshot, "Penetrate" by Godhead, "Down With the Sickness" by Disturbed, "Change (In the House of Flies)" by Deftones and "Before I'm Dead" by Kidneythieves.

text: The score for the film was also composed by Gibbs and Davis. Both the metal soundtrack and score were released as albums in 2002.

text: Frank Fitzpatrick and Rich Dickerson were the Music Supervisors for the film and the soundtrack album.[5]

text: The original studio recording of "Careless" was written and produced by Davis and Gibbs, during the Queen of the Damned sessions, all vocals by Davis, keyboards by Gibbs, guitars by Munky, Head, and Davis, and drums by Vinnie Colaiuta.

text: Release[edit]

text: Author's reaction[edit]

text: By July 2001, author Anne Rice had mellowed her previous stance on the film, much as she had with Interview. When asked about the film's progress, she answered:[6]

text: "Everything I hear about the movie is good. Warner Bros. is extremely enthusiastic. They are working very hard to make it perfect. I have no real news. Let me repeat what I mentioned in a recent message. I met Stuart Townsend, the young man who is playing Lestat and he was absolutely charming. He had Lestat's excellent speaking voice and his feline grace. I cannot wait to see him in the film."

text: By late 2001, Rice had seen the completed film and was sufficiently satisfied to allow her name to be used on promotional material,[7] although she later became disillusioned about it and dismissed the film in 2003, stating that a television series format would be more suited to her work.[8]

text: On her Facebook page, any time the subject is brought up, she repeatedly comments that the Queen of the Damned film is not something she can understand or embrace, that she encouraged them not to make the film, and that it hurt her to see her work "mutilated" the way it was.[9]

text: Public and critical reaction[edit]

text: Queen of the Damned was released on February 22, 2002 in the United States and Canada.

text: The film received negative reviews from film critics, with several reviewers such as Roger Ebert describing it as "goofy" or "damned". The film has an approval "rotten" rating of 17% at Rotten Tomatoes, with the site's consensus calling the film "A muddled and campy MTV-styled vampire movie with lots of eye candy and bad accents."[10] Despite negative reviews, Queen of the Damned nonetheless topped the box office in the weeks following its release.[11][12][13] The film grossed $45.5 million on a $35 million budget.[1]

text: Allan Menzies[edit]

text: In December 2002, Allan Menzies from West Lothian in Scotland murdered one of his friends. He claimed in court that it was Aaliyah's character "Queen Akasha" from the film that told him to do it.[14]