document_title: Phi Delta Theta

question_text: in what building on miamis campus did the founding of the fraternity occur

question_tokens: in what building on miamis campus did the founding of the fraternity occur

text: Phi Delta Theta

text: History[edit]

text: Founding[edit]

text: In 1839, Beta Theta Pi was founded at Miami University in Ohio. In protest against the president of the university, members of Beta Theta Pi and another fraternity, Alpha Delta Phi, blocked the entrances of the main educational and administrative building in what became known as the Great Snowball Rebellion of 1848.[6]

text: After the president expelled most of the students involved in the uprising, Phi Delta Theta was formed by six men staying in a dormitory the day after Christmas. Robert Morrison, a senior, proposed to classmate John McMillan Wilson that they form a secret society together; the two subsequently invited juniors Robert Thompson Drake and John Wolfe Lindley and sophomores Ardivan Walker Rodgers and Andrew Watts Rogers to join them. These men are known today as "The Immortal Six." The first meeting was held in Wilson's room at Old North Hall, now called Elliott Hall.[6]

text: During the early meetings, the Founders wrote The Bond of Phi Delta Theta, which is the fundamental law of the fraternity. It has remained unchanged ever since, and it is believed to be the only document of any fraternity of such a nature.[3] Morrison designed the shield form of the badge, with the eye as an emblem, while Wilson suggested the scroll with the Greek letters on it. The first branch of Phi Delta Theta was founded at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio in 1848. Fearing punishment from the university, the activities of the fraternity were sub rosa for its first three years of existence. Phi Delta Theta also took an unusual step, unique among all fraternities, of splitting into two chapters at both Miami and Centre College, so their meetings would be smaller and attract less attention.[7] Eventually, as the organization attracted new individuals into their membership including prominent university officials, members began to openly wear their badges indicating their affiliation.

text: Early years[edit]

text: Phi Delta Theta held its first convention in 1851 in Cincinnati, Ohio when the organization had only four chapters. The event was attended by seven members. Despite the limited number, positive steps were taken for the establishment of new chapters by forming an expansion committee. It was also during the first convention where the chapter at Miami University was designated as the Grand Chapter whose duties were to oversee the overall fraternity operations. Subsequent conventions were held again in Cincinnati five years later; Bloomington, Indiana in 1858; and Danville, Kentucky in 1860. Another convention was held in 1864 in Bloomington during the American Civil War. The Civil War was difficult for all fraternities. Battles put fraternity brother against fraternity brother. Fifty Phis fought on the side of the Confederacy while 231 Phis fought for the Union Army.[8]

text: It was not until the 1868 Indianapolis convention that the first steps in the creation of an overall administration took place. The convention was regarded as the first "National Convention" as permanent convention rules were adopted during this time. Twelve years later, the most important of all Phi Delta Theta conventions took place. The Indianapolis Convention of 1880 established new ritual, insignia, and customs that are still used today.[9] Moreover, the convention saw the creation of the General Council, the governing body of the fraternity, with Walter B. Palmer, Emory-Vanderbilt 1877, and George Banta, Franklin-Indiana 1876, becoming the president and historian, respectively. The convention also called for the organization of groups of chapters into provinces, which were to be headed by province presidents.

text: A housing movement began to form during this time. The movement arose out of necessity because it was pointed out that chapter meetings were being conducted in rented halls. Even though the housing movement had been gaining momentum, it was not until the 1892 convention that a resolution was passed that advocated that all chapters rent or own at least one house.[10] In the last two decades of the 19th century, over 50 chapter houses were acquired.

text: For a brief period a resolution was set forth to allow chapters to initiate women.[11] First proposed in 1869, this was considered a radical idea both from a fraternal standpoint and social one as well since women were not allowed to vote until 1920.[12] Although it was met with strong opposition, the issue would not be settled for several years.

text: During the two decades from 1870 to 1890, the growth of the fraternity was rapid, due principally to the efforts of Palmer and Banta. The two were given the title "Second Founders" for their work.[13] In the 1870s alone, 34 new chapters were established, but this was also a period of uncertainty because of the anti-fraternity sentiment held by many faculty in schools where Phi Delta Theta had chapters.[13] Several chapters became dormant because of this. The fraternity continued steady growth, and by 1889, there were 66 chapters in 27 states.

text: First half of the 20th century[edit]

text: With constant expansion into the western United States, Phi Delta Theta became an international fraternity when the organization's first chapter in Canada was installed at McGill University in Montreal, Quebec on April 5, 1902. By 1918, there were 78 chapters with a membership of 77,000.

text: At the outbreak of World War I, college administrators urged its undergraduate members to stay in school. However, many were eager to enlist. The first Phis to fight in the war were members of the chapters at the University of Toronto and McGill University, the fraternity's only Canadian chapters during that period. By the time the United States entered the war in 1917, over 5000 Phis served in the conflict with 155 of them losing their lives.[14] Because many of the undergraduate Phis put their studies on hold, many chapter houses either had limited occupants or none at all. To prevent losing houses pending the return of Phis from the war, many housing corporations consented to having the houses used as barracks or for YMCA programs.[14]

text: During the 1920s and 1930s, expansion was carefully controlled. Focus was placed on re-activating chapters whose charters were revoked years earlier.

text: World War II exacted a heavy toll on the membership and operations of the fraternity. Many undergraduate members joined the military, and 13 chapters were closed. As active membership declined, most of the Phi Delt houses were used as women's residence halls or became makeshift military quarters. The fraternity tried its best to maintain up-to-date records regarding the status of members engaged in combat.[15] A newsletter, The Fighting Phi News, was sent to members whose contact information was known to the fraternity.

text: Over 14,000 Phis were known to have been in active service during the conflict.[16] Of that number, over 800 were killed or missing in action, the largest loss of any fraternity during the war.[16] An additional 8,000 veterans were initiated into the fraternity in the immediate subsequent years. Fifty Phi generals and admirals served in the United States and Canada during the conflict, the most for any fraternity.[16] Prominent among them were General Edward P. King, leader of the U.S. and Filipino forces in Bataan, Philippines; Admiral Robert L. Ghormley, commander of the Guadalcanal campaign; and Admiral John S. McCain, Sr., commander of carrier task forces in the Pacific. Members of Phi Delta Theta also received every major military decoration in both the United States and British Commonwealth forces, including the Medal of Honor (MOH) awarded to Leon Vance of the Army Air Corps and the Victoria Cross (VC) to Robert Hampton Gray, a Canadian naval aviator. Vance's MOH was the last to be awarded before the D-Day landings, and Gray was both the last military personnel to receive the VC in the war and the last Canadian to lose his life during the war.

text:
But the line will not be broken, because the fraternity's life is continuous, with a mystic cord binding one generation to another.

Hilton U. Brown, past president of the fraternity speaking on the participation of Phis in WWII[17]

tag: div

text: Members of the fraternity also played a crucial role on the homefront. Among those were Elmer Davis, the head of the Office of War Information; Byron Price, the head of the Office of Censorship; and Ted Gamble, the National Director of the War Finance Division.

text: When World War II ended, the fraternity experienced a surge in membership as many veterans attended college under the GI Bill. On December 15, 1945, the groundbreaking of the present-day General Headquarters building took place. One of the features of the headquarters was a permanent war memorial honoring all Phis who lost their lives during WWII and previous wars.

text: Second half of the 20th century[edit]

text: After the end of World War II, the fraternity was confronted with the social changes sweeping college campuses in the United States. Like many fraternities, Phi Delta Theta had a restrictive clause barring membership to African-Americans, Asians, Jews, and Muslims.[18] Specifically the term "white persons of full Aryan blood" was the subject of strong opposition among many members in light of Nazi ideology in the recently fought war, although there had been dissenting voices regarding this long before the clause became controversial among its members.[19] This clause was added to the Code of Phi Delta Theta in 1910. However, by the 1946 convention there was an open discussion regarding this topic. Impassioned sentiment from many alumni as well as undergraduates coupled with the changing demographic of the college scene caused Phi Delta Theta to re-examine its membership. Years of debate followed; however, by 1954, Phi Delta Theta eliminated the clause and became one of the first fraternities to eliminate any restriction based on race, color, or creed.[20] Only a year earlier, Phi Delta Theta had suspended its chapters at Amherst and Williams College for pledging minorities.[21]

text: The 1950s saw a period of rapid growth and an expansion of the internal operations of the fraternity. Twelve new schools were granted chapter status. An important change in leadership also occurred during this time. In 1955, Paul Beam, the executive vice president of the fraternity (the head of the fraternity's daily operations) unexpectedly died. He had succeeded the position from Arthur R. Priest who had served 1923–37. Beam guided the fraternity through eight conventions and through the trials of World War II. Bob Miller, who was Beam's assistant, was eventually chosen to take over by the General Council and assumed the office almost immediately. He would go on to serve for 36 years, which is currently the longest term served in that office.

text: Two important programs were developed during this period that would profoundly affect the fraternity's services. Before Beam died, he and several province presidents proposed a leadership convention for undergraduate members. These conventions would cover topics ranging from chapter organization to effective leadership. The first such convention was set up in 1956. At the time, it only involved 16 chapters. From 1956 until 1987, these sessions were held on a regional basis. The gatherings would form the basis of the Leadership College founded in 1987. 1958 was an important year for the fraternity because an educational foundation was created, the main purpose of which was to provide scholarships to deserving students.

text: During the turbulent 1960s, Phi Delta Theta along with other social fraternities dealt with strong anti-fraternity sentiment from people who saw the Greek lettered communities as old world established institutions.[22] This sentiment was not without reason. Although Phi Delta Theta attempted to revise its restrictive membership codes in the wake of World War II, as late as 1961 the national office made headlines by rejecting the pledge of a Jewish student at Lake Forest College.[23] Later that same year the University of Wisconsin banned Phi Delta Theta from campus for barring Jews, African-Americans, and other minorities from membership.[24]

text: Despite an overall decline in fraternity membership during the late 1960s, Phi Delta Theta continued to expand through a carefully controlled process known as "colonization." In 1968, a historic initiation took place when Robert Wise, Academy Award winning director of The Sound of Music and West Side Story, was initiated in the Franklin College chapter. Wise had completed all membership requirements in 1932 but was forced to withdraw from college due to a lack of funds. Roger D. Branigin, the Governor of Indiana at the time and Phi Delt member, presided over the ceremonies. 1969 was an eventful year for the fraternity as Neil Armstrong, a graduate from the Purdue University chapter, became the first man to walk on the moon. During the moon landing, Armstrong carried with him a fraternity badge, which he subsequently donated to the General Headquarters of the fraternity.[25] He also donated a small silk flag of the fraternity, which he carried with him on his Gemini flight in 1966.[25]

text: As war raged in Vietnam, Phis again served in the armed forces. With the emergence of new technology, a significant percentage opted to become fighter pilots. The Vietnam War saw a small dip in the Fraternity's membership; however, by 1972, the fraternity had 140 active chapters with over 128,000 initiates. An important change was made during the 1970s that gave more autonomy to chapters in terms of membership selection. An amendment was passed wherein the unanimous vote rule to allow a college man to become a pledge was changed to allow individual chapters to decide on their own which method best suited their respective chapters.[26] In 1973, the fraternity celebrated its 125th anniversary. The special occasion was marked by the construction of the university gates at Miami University. To date, there are nine buildings on the campus that were either constructed by Phi Delta Theta or named after members.[27]

text: The 1980s saw the fraternity deal with issues such as hazing, rising insurance costs, and maintenance of individual chapter operations. The unofficial theme of the 1980 convention was "Eliminate Hazing." The decade was marked by an increase of lawsuits dealing with hazing and alcohol abuse among many fraternities.[28] To deal with this issue, Phi Delta Theta instituted a comprehensive insurance policy to protect its chapters. During the 1980s, an important aspect of the fraternity was created: Leadership consultants. The consultants, who are recent college graduates, travel to assigned provinces and assist various chapters in many aspects of fraternity life and chapter operations. They also report the status of each visited chapter to the general headquarters.

text: An important leadership change occurred in the beginning of the 1990s when Robert Biggs became the fourth executive vice president of the fraternity after Robert Miller stepped down. During the decade, Phi Delta Theta and many other fraternities experienced a decline in membership.[29] The most important policy to be implemented by the fraternity during the decade was the decision made in 1997 to have all chapter facilities alcohol free by 2000.[30] It was an initiative that was strongly pursued by the 1996–98 General Council. The policy was in response to the growing insurance claims against the fraternity, 53% of which were alcohol-related, and a return to the core values of the organization.[31]

text: Governing bodies[edit]

text: All powers of the fraternity, both legislative and supreme, rests within the General Convention. The convention is a biennial event attended by representatives of undergraduate chapters, alumni chapters, and the various foundations. The purpose of the convention is to discuss and vote on a wide range of issues affecting the fraternity.[32] The convention is held in various cities across North America. It is also during the convention where the General Council is elected.

text: The General Council is the governing body of Phi Delta Theta. Its all-volunteer membership are elected every two years during the fraternity's convention. Their chief responsibility is to act as the executive and administrative board of the fraternity.[32] Their duties include the granting and suspending of charters.

text: The General Headquarters (GHQ) is responsible for the daily operations of the fraternity. Among its many duties, GHQ collects dues, distributes supplies, and tries to maintain up-to-date information about all its members. Unlike other entities within the fraternity, the staff of GHQ are paid for their services. While the main offices of GHQ are held by members of the fraternity, support staff need not be members. The head of GHQ is the executive vice president, who acts as the secretary to the General Council.

text: Educational foundation and programs[edit]

text: Phi Delta Theta and many other fraternities have an educational foundation fund. Part of the Phi Delta Theta foundation's aim is to award scholarships to deserving undergraduate members and those pursuing advanced degrees in various graduate schools. Each year, it provides over $150,000 in scholarships.[33] The foundation is also essential in supporting programs such as the Emerging Leaders Institute, the Leadership Consultant Program, and portions of the General Convention as well as The Scroll, the official magazine of the fraternity. The foundation, which was established in 1962 with only $4,708, has since grown to over $14 million.[33]

text: The Accolade[edit]

text: In 2004, the fraternity began a member development program for undergraduates called The Accolade. It is designed to enhance a member's collegiate and overall fraternity experience. Some of the program's personal development activities include goal-setting, time management, and career development. Although the program is intended for new undergraduate members, it is available to all members, including senior members and alumni. Although Phi Delta Theta is no longer part of the North American Interfraternity Conference, the fraternity was recognized by the conference for "Best Use of a Foundation Grant" for its support of The Accolade.[34]

text: Kleberg Emerging Leaders Institute[edit]

text: The Kleberg Emerging Leaders Institute (Kleberg) is an annual event held at the Fraternity's headquarters during the summer where newly initiated undergraduates are given instruction in leadership classes, as well as participating in programs that help to improve their respective chapters.[35] It is attended by selected undergraduates from every chapter. It is mainly geared toward newly initiated members. The Institute was established after the Leadership College was dissolved. The event was renamed in honor of Tio Kleberg, Texas Tech '69 after a one-million dollar donation in 2012.

text: Philanthropy[edit]

text: For many years, Phi Delta Theta had no official philanthropy. The fraternity, however, was long associated with the Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Association (ALSA) because of Lou Gehrig, an alumnus who died of the disease. Amytrophic Lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a debilitating neuro-muscular disease and has since become known as Lou Gehrig's disease. Although there had always existed a relationship between ALSA and Phi Delta Theta, it was not until November 2002 that the General Council made the partnership official.[36] Undergraduate and alumni chapters from all across North America regularly organize events to raise money for research.

text: Leadership Consultants[edit]

text: Phi Delta Theta, along with other Greek organizations, employ Leadership Consultants (LCs) to assist with undergraduate development. The LCs, formerly known as Traveling Secretaries and Chapter Consultants, help undergraduate chapters identify major problems and challenges. Then, along with chapter leaders, alumni advisors, and university officials, they develop plans and programs for solving them. LCs serve as liaison between the General Fraternity/GHQ and the chapters. The LCs also work to guide chapter members to realize leadership and achieve, more fully, the ideals, objectives, and values of the fraternity.

text: Literature[edit]

text: The Scroll[edit]

text: The Scroll of Phi Delta Theta is the official magazine for members of the fraternity. The award-winning magazine has been published continuously since 1875. It is the second oldest continuously published fraternity magazine behind the official magazine of Beta Theta Pi, which was first published three years before.[37] Members receive lifetime subscriptions to The Scroll. The magazine covers topical issues relating to Phi Delta Theta and the wider fraternity world, news of prominent alumni, alumni club meeting reports, and undergraduate chapter reports. While its focus is Phi Delta Theta, readership is open to non-members. Since its inception, issues have been published 2–4 times a year.

text: The Palladium[edit]

text: The Palladium was the private magazine specifically for members of Phi Delta Theta. Unlike The Scroll, the Palladium was intended to be read by Phis only. The magazine covered topics such as fraternity policy, reports, and minutes to any conventions. It was published only once a year and was a supplement to the winter edition of The Scroll. The first issue was printed in 1894 and the last issue was released in the mid-1960s.

text: Pledge manual[edit]

text: The first three pledge manuals of the fraternity were written by Walter B. Palmer. The idea for the manual was conceived by J. Marshall Mayer (City College of New York, 1884), who at the time was the managing editor of the Scroll. The first pledge manual was printed in 1886 and contained only 56 pages. Since few copies were published and it is the first membership manual of any fraternity, it is regarded as one of the most rare and valuable books of its kind.[38] The 4th–6th editions were authored by Arthur R. Priest. Much of the present-day material is derived from these editions.

text: Role in the fraternity world[edit]

text: Phi Delta Theta has played a major role in the fraternity movement. Chief among these was being a founding member of the North American Interfraternity Conference, which was established in 1910 (an organization that they subsequently left in 2002), and leading the initiative to ban alcohol from Phi Delt houses. Throughout their history, the fraternity became a pioneer in establishing traditions as well as having individual members shape the formation of similar women's organizations. The fraternity has also been the first fraternity to establish itself on over 25 campuses.[39]

text: Historical ties with fraternities[edit]

text: Delta Kappa Epsilon, then Sigma Chi[edit]

text: The Kappa chapter of Delta Kappa Epsilon (DKE) was formed at Miami University after disagreement among Phi Delta Theta members over prohibiting alcohol. Several members left Phi Delta Theta and formed the Kappa chapter in 1852.[40][41] In 1854, two years later, another disagreement in this group led to another break-away. A schism over who would become Poet for the Erodelphian Literary Society led to the founding of Sigma Chi in 1855.[41][42][43]

text: W. W. W. Fraternity, and Delta Tau Delta[edit]

text: Two chapters of W. W. W. Fraternity (also known as Rainbow Fraternity) refused to join with other chapters of their fraternity in merging with Delta Tau Delta in 1885. Instead, the University of Texas chapter merged with the Phi Delta chapter there, and the Southwestern University chapter became a new chapter of Phi Delta Theta.[44]

text: Tau Kappa Epsilon[edit]

text: Started as the Knights of Classic Lore, Tau Kappa Epsilon (TKE) attempted to become the re-activated Illinois Epsilon chapter of Phi Delta Theta at Illinois Wesleyan University. After several failed attempts from 1902 to 1907, the Tekes decided to discontinue attempting to become part of Phi Delta Theta, and instead go it on their own.[45]

text: Phi Kappa Tau[edit]

text: The dorm room in Old North Hall (now Elliott Hall) in which Phi Delta Theta was founded was later home to Phi Kappa Tau founders William H. Shideler and Clinton D. Boyd.[46]

text: Theta Kappa Nu (Lambda Chi Alpha)[edit]

text: Charles Lamkin, a former international president of Phi Delta Theta, was instrumental in the formation of a new national fraternity called Theta Kappa Nu in 1924, and in recruiting some 30 local fraternities to become chapters of Theta Kappa Nu during its first two years. No mention was made in print of his work at the time (obviously a sensitive issue); but he was listed, along with the Four Founders of Theta Kappa Nu, as one of the first five to have a lifetime subscription to the fraternity's magazine.[47] . Having chartered 55 chapters, Theta Kappa Nu merged with Lambda Chi Alpha in 1939.[48]

text: Historical ties with sororities[edit]

text: Phi Delta Theta has the distinction of having close connections with two sororities: Delta Gamma and Delta Zeta.[49] George Banta Sr., a Phi Delt from Franklin-Indiana, was instrumental in expanding the Delta Gamma sorority. For his efforts, he was the only man ever initiated into Delta Gamma.[50] Banta would later perform initiation ceremonies for new members of the sorority, including Lillian Vawter, his fiancée. Guy Potter Benton, a graduate of the Phi Delt chapter at Ohio Wesleyan University, was president of Miami University in 1902 when he helped with the founding of Delta Zeta. Dr. Benton aided in the preparation of a ritual, badge, and colors.[50] He was a great assistance to Delta Zeta and at one point chased down a man who stole the newly formed ritual of the sorority. For his work, Delta Zeta named him the Grand Patron of the sorority and is the only man to ever wear the Delta Zeta badge. To this day, an amiable friendship exists between Phi Delta Theta and these two sororities.[51]

text: Famous firsts[edit]

text: Phi Delta Theta instituted several policies and traditions that are not only still used by the fraternity today, but have also become standard among almost all fraternities, as well as sororities.[27][52]

text:
First fraternity to adopt a pledge pin – adopted by the 1894 convention in Indianapolis, Indiana
First fraternity to adopt an alumnus pin – adopted by the 1894 convention in Indianapolis, Indiana
First fraternity to adopt a pledge manual – authored by Walter B. Palmer in 1886
First fraternity to adopt a National Day of Celebration – adopted by the General Council in 1889
First fraternity to adopt life subscriptions to the fraternity magazine – instituted by William Bates, the first editor of The Scroll in 1875
First national fraternity to expand west of the Mississippi River – a charter was given to Austin College in 1853
First fraternity to have a member walk on the moon – Neil Armstrong

text: Current issues[edit]

text: North American Interfraternity Conference (NIC)[edit]

text: In 2002, Phi Delta Theta, along with Kappa Sigma and Phi Sigma Kappa left the North-American Interfraternity Conference due to ideological differences.[53] Fraternity officials had been concerned of the direction of the conference for six years before leaving. Phi Delta Theta officials believed that the conference had been placing too much emphasis on individual undergraduates through specific programs such as leadership conferences rather than focusing on the fraternity movement as a whole. Phi Sigma Kappa has since re-joined the NIC.[54]

text: Alcohol free housing policy[edit]

text: In 1997, Phi Delta Theta spearheaded the initiative of having alcohol free housing within its chapters by the year 2000.[31] The policy has since been adopted by other fraternities including Theta Chi and Phi Gamma Delta (FIJI), although Theta Chi has discontinued their Alcohol Free Housing Policy as of July 2010.[55] However, unlike Phi Gamma Delta, Phi Delta Theta has no exemption policy allowing chapters that meet certain standards, such as a cumulative GPA higher than 3.0, to have alcohol in the chapter house.

text: Concern and criticism[edit]

text: When Phi Delta Theta announced the inception of an alcohol free housing policy, the announcement was met both by hope and skepticism. While some saw the banning of alcohol in housing facilities as a welcome return to the principles on which the fraternity was founded, others felt the drastic cultural shift would hurt social dynamics. The General Council and GHQ had expected resistance from both alumni and undergraduate members when it was first proposed.[31] Among the most vocal chapters against the policy were the University of Virginia chapter, where a faction split off from Phi Delta Theta and chose to form a separate local fraternity known as the Phi Society, and the University of the South chapter, which formed the Phi Society of 1883 rather than adopt the policy. Phi Delta Theta returned to the University of Virginia one year later and formed a new chapter. Phi Delta Theta has not returned to the University of the South.[56]

text: Alcohol free housing five year progress report[edit]

text: In 2005, the fraternity issued a progress report. Significant improvements have occurred in many areas of fraternity life and operations. Since the implementation of the alcohol free housing policy, the all undergraduate grade point average rose from 2.77 in 2000 to nearly 3.00 in 2005.[57] The insurance premiums of individual members have also gone down as risk management violations have decreased. Perhaps the most telling area is in membership, where Phi Delta Theta showed an increase of new members. In 2004, Phi Delta Theta had 3,102 new members while other fraternities averaged 2,415.[57] In 1990, chapters of Phi Delta Theta were 18% larger than the typical fraternity chapter. In 2004, they were 30% larger.[57] Also, in 2004, Phi Delta Theta was one of only 13 national/international fraternities to show an increase in total undergraduates from the previous year with an increase of 4.2%.[57] The significance of this is highlighted by the fact that Phi Delta Theta had fewer chapters than other fraternities. Competitively, Phi Delta Theta has remained a constant among others. In terms of new members, it ranked ninth in 1990, eighth in 2000, and ninth in 2004.[57] Many alumni members have credited the alcohol free housing policy in continuing this trend.[57]

text: Recent events[edit]

text: Events branch from community service orientation to philanthropy efforts.

text: Controversies[edit]

text: In 2004, the Alpha Chapter at Miami University was kicked off campus for two years for hazing and misconduct.[58]

text: In 2012, a pledge at Northwestern University was hospitalized with a busted nose fractured in four places as a result of being beaten by fraternity members.[59]

text: In 2013, Emory University voted to ban the fraternity from the campus for four years due to repeated hazing violations and misconduct. Pledges were forced to participate in "fight club", "successfully" consume high amounts of alcohol to prove their masculinity, and sleep on the floor in the fraternity house's basement in only their underwear.[60]

text: In 2015, the chapter at Auburn University was suspended for multiple hazing and alcohol violations.[61]

text: In 2016, the chapter at Middle Tennessee State University was placed on probation for hard drug usage and hazing violations.[62]

text: In 2016, the chapter at the University of Chicago was sued by a former pledge that was hospitalized due to brutal hazing activity.[63]

text: In 2016, the chapter at Baylor University was suspended after its president was charged with sexual assault and rape of a woman who was unconscious at a party the fraternity hosted. The fraternity was cited for providing alcohol to underage students.[64]

text: In 2016, the chapter at Washington State University was suspended for drugging two women in an attempt to take sexual advantage of them, providing alcohol to minors, and hazing violations.[65]

text: In 2017, the chapter at the University of Central Florida was suspended after a former pledge reported to university authorities that he was severely physically and mentally abused by fraternity members.[66]

text: In 2017, the chapter at Louisiana State University was suspended, along with all Greek life at LSU (per university president), after a pledge was rushed to the hospital where he later succumbed to alcohol poisoning and died. Suspected hazing; alcohol abuse in addition to THC was found in his urine.[67]

text: Membership[edit]

text: Membership to Phi Delta Theta is open to all qualified men without concern for race, religion, or ethnicity. Initial membership to the fraternity is contingent upon receiving an invitation to an interested individual by members of an active chapter. A pledge of Phi Delta Theta is called a Phikeia. The typical pledge period lasts a minimum of eight weeks, although occasionally it is shortened or lengthened to fit university requirements or by approval of the General Council.[68] The pledge period is a time where the prospective member learns about the fraternity history, structure, traditions, organization as well as social etiquette. Phi Delta Theta has a strict policy against hazing and does not tolerate chapters who violate the policy.[69] Once initiated, a brother is entitled to all rights and privileges of fraternity membership unless he formally resigns or is expelled.[68]

text: Notable alumni[edit]

text: Members of Phi Delta Theta have held numerous political positions in the United States, including the presidency, vice-presidency, and speakership of the House of Representatives. In Canada, fraternity members have served in many levels of government. Members have won major awards in science and entertainment, and have also gained prominence in areas such as architecture, medicine, and sports. Throughout the years, many prominent members have kept a vested interest in the events and operations of Phi Delta Theta. President Harrison, for example, participated in three Phi Delt banquets during his presidency while Medal of Honor recipient General Frederick Funston was the guest speaker at certain chapter installations.[70][71]

text: By the numbers[edit]

text: The number of members who have either been involved in armed conflict or have achieved prominence in their respective professions have been documented throughout the years.[72] As of November, 2014,[73] the following statistics are the involvement of its members in various fields:

text:
14,000+ (initiated) members served in World War II
8 members have won a Pulitzer Prize

5000+ members served in World War I
9 members have won an Emmy Award

400+ members have played professional football
6 members are enshrined in the MLB Hall of Fame

286 members served in the Spanish–American War
6 members are enshrined in the NFL Hall of Fame

281 members served in the American Civil War
3 members have been NASA astronauts

200+ members have obtained the rank of General or Admiral
3 members have won an Academy Award

117 members have been United States Congressmen
3 members have won a Heisman Trophy

34 members have been state governors
3 members have served as justices of the Supreme Court of the United States

33 members have been United States Senators
2 members have been Canadian Premiers

15 members have stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame
1 member served as President of the United States

9 members have received the Medal of Honor or Victoria Cross
1 member served as Vice President of the United States

1 member has won the Nobel Prize

text: Sports awards named after members[edit]

text:
Grantland Rice Trophy – presented by the Football Writers Association of America to the National Champions of college football
Doak Walker Trophy – presented to College Football's top Running Back by The Southern Methodist University Forum.
John Outland Trophy – first presented in 1946 by the Football Writers Association of America, honoring the nation's outstanding interior lineman
Lou Gehrig Memorial Award – presented to the Major League Baseball player best exemplifying the giving characteristic of Lou Gehrig both on and off the field
The Davis Cup – named after Dwight F. Davis; the largest annual international team competition in tennis; one of the cornerstones of the tennis year, this prestigious event gives players the chance to represent their country in an otherwise individual sport

text: Chapters[edit]

text: Undergraduate chapters[edit]

text: Since 1848, Phi Delta Theta has granted nearly 260 charters across the United States and Canada. Today, there are over 196 chapters and colonies. To be granted a charter, a colony must complete certain requirements set forth by the General Council. Chief among these are recruiting a certain number of members and achieving a respectable cumulative grade point average among its members. Phi Delta Theta also has the longest continuous chapter of any fraternity in the United States, that chapter being the Kentucky Alpha-Delta Chapter at Centre College, which was established in 1850 and is still active today.[74] In 2011, Phi Delta Theta awarded the Outstanding Chapter House of the Year award to the California Delta chapter at the University of Southern California. The largest chapter of Phi Delta Theta is at the University of Florida with, on average, 150 active brothers and over 3300 initiated since the chapter was founded in 1925.

text: Alumni chapters[edit]

text: Currently, Phi Delta Theta has over 100 active alumni clubs. Although all the clubs are currently in North America, alumni clubs have been found all over the world throughout its history. At one point, there were over 165 alumni chapters, some as far away as China. The most Phis to ever assemble on foreign land for an alumni club meeting, before the fraternity became international in 1902, was in Manila, Philippines when 30 Phis gathered in 1899.[75] The alumni club in the Philippines lasted for nearly 40 years.


document_title: Satellite galaxies of the Milky Way

question_text: two possible satellite galaxies of the milky way galaxy are the

root

text: Satellite galaxies of the Milky Way

text: Characteristics[edit]

text: Satellite galaxies that orbit from 1,000 ly (310 pc) of the edge of the disc of the Milky Way Galaxy to the edge of the dark matter halo of the Milky Way at 980×10^3 ly (300 kpc) from the center of the galaxy,[note 1] are generally depleted in hydrogen gas compared to those that orbit more distantly. The reason is the dense hot gas halo of the Milky Way, which strips cold gas from the satellites. Satellites beyond that region still retain copious quantities of gas.[4][5]

tag: p

text: List[edit]

text: The Milky Way's satellite galaxies include the following:[6]

text:
Name
Diameter (kpc)
Distance
(kpc)
Absolute magnitude
Type
Discovered

Large Magellanic Cloud
4
48.5
-18.1
SBm
prehistoric

Sagittarius Dwarf
2.6
20
-13.5
E
1994

Crater II
2.2
117.5
-8.2
dSph
2016 [7]

Small Magellanic Cloud
2
61
-16.8
Irr
prehistoric

Canes Venatici I
2
220
-8.6
dSph
2006

Canis Major Dwarf
1.5
8

Irr
2003

Boötes III
1.0
46

dSph?
2009

Sculptor Dwarf
0.8
90
-11.1
dE3
1937

Draco Dwarf
0.7
80
-8.8
dE0
1954

Hercules
0.7
135
-6.6
dSph
2006

Leo II
0.7
210
-9.8
dE0
1950

Fornax Dwarf
0.6
140
-13.4
dE2
1938

Eridanus II [8]
0.55
366
-7.1
dSph
2015 [9][10]

Sextans Dwarf Spheroidal
0.5
90
-9.3
dE3
1990

Carina Dwarf Spheroidal
0.5
100
-9.1
dE3
1977

Leo I
0.5
250
-12.0
dE3
1950

Ursa Minor Dwarf
0.4
60
-8.8
dE4
1954

Indus II
0.36
214
-4.3
dSph?
2015 [11]

Leo T
0.34
420
-8.0
dSph/dIrr
2006

Aquarius II
0.32
108
-4.2
dSph
2016 [12]

Boötes I
0.30
60
-6.3
dSph
2006

Canes Venatici II
0.30
155
-4.9
dSph
2006

Leo IV
0.30
160
-5.8
dSph
2006

Tucana IV
0.25
48
-3.5
dSph
2015 [11]

Columba I
0.21
182
-4.5
dSph
2015 [11]

Ursa Major II Dwarf
0.20
30

dG D
2006

Grus II
0.19
53
-3.9
dSph
2015 [11]

Cetus III
0.18
251
-2.4
dSph?
2017 [13]

Coma Berenices
0.14
42
-4.1
dSph
2006

Hydra II
0.14
128
-4.8
dSph
2015 [14]

Reticulum III
0.13
92
-3.3
dSph
2015 [11]

Pisces II
0.12
180
-5.0
dSph
2010

Pegasus III
0.11
215
-3.4
dSph
2015 [15][16]

Boötes II
0.10
42
-2.7
dSph
2007

Tucana III
0.09
25
-2.4
dSph
2015 [11]

Virgo
0.09
91
-0.3
dSph?
2016 [13]

Horologium II
0.09
78
-2.6
dSph
2015 [17]

Sagittarius II
0.08
67
-5.2
dSph
2015 [18]

Leo V
0.08
180
-5.2
dSph
2007

Triangulum II
0.07
30
-1.8
dSph
2015

Segue 2
0.07
35
-2.5
dSph
2007

Segue 1
0.06
23
-1.5
dSph
2007

Crater/Laevens I
0.06
145

GC[19]
2014 [20][21]

Draco II
0.04
20
-2.9
dSph
2015 [18]

Tucana V
0.03
55
-1.6
dSph
2015 [11]

Cetus II
0.03
30
0.0
dSph?
2015 [11]

Reticulum II
-
30
-3.6
dSph
2015 [9][10]

Tucana II
-
70
-3.9
dSph
2015 [9][10]

Pisces I
-
80

dSph?
2009

DES
-
82

GC
2016 [22]

Eridanus III
-
90
-2.4
dSph?
2015 [9][10] [a]

Horologium I
-
100
-3.5
dSph?
2015 [9][10] [a]

Kim 2/Indus I
-
100

GC
2015 [9][10]

Phoenix II
-
100
-3.7
dSph?
2015 [9][10] [a]

Ursa Major I Dwarf
-
100
-5.5
dG D
2005

Pictoris
-
115
-3.7
dSph?
2015 [9][10] [a]

Grus I
-
120
-3.4
dSph
2015 [9]

Carina II (dwarf galaxy)
0.182
36
-4.5
dSph
2018 [23]

Carina III (dwarf galaxy)
0.06
28
-2.4
GC?
2018 [23]

tag: table

text: Map with Clickable Regions[edit]

text: Streams[edit]

text: The Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy is currently in the process of being consumed by the Milky Way and is expected to pass through it within the next 100 million years. The Sagittarius Stream is a stream of stars in polar orbit around the Milky Way leeched from the Sagittarius Dwarf. The Virgo Stellar Stream is a stream of stars that is believed to have once been an orbiting dwarf galaxy that has been completely distended by the Milky Way's gravity.


document_title: The End of the World (Skeeter Davis song)

question_text: skeeter davis end of the world in movies

text: Background[edit]

text: "The End of the World" was written by Arthur Kent and Sylvia Dee; the latter drew on her sorrow from her father's death.

text: Davis recorded her version on June 8, 1962, at the RCA Studios in Nashville, produced by Chet Atkins, and featuring Floyd Cramer.[1] Released by RCA Records in December 1962, "The End of the World" peaked in March 1963 at No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 (behind "Our Day Will Come" by Ruby & the Romantics), No. 2 on the Billboard country singles,[2] No. 1 on Billboard's easy listening, and No. 4 on Billboard's rhythm and blues.[3] It is the first, and, to date, only time that a song cracked the Top 10 on all four Billboard charts.[4] Billboard ranked the record as the No. 3 song of 1963.

text: In the Skeeter Davis version, after she sings the whole song through in the key of B-flat, the song modulates up by a half step to the key of B, where Skeeter speaks the first two lines of the final stanza, before singing the rest of the stanza, ending the song.

text: Davis's recording of "The End of the World" was played at Atkins's funeral in an instrumental by Marty Stuart, and at Davis's own funeral at the Ryman Auditorium. Her version has been featured in several TV shows, video games and films including Girl, Interrupted, Riding in Cars with Boys, Daltry Calhoun, ''An American Affair'', The Boat That Rocked, Mad Men,[5] Under the Dome and Fallout 4 in addition to the TV spot for Wayward Pines season 2, and opening credits of the BYU TV series Granite Flats.

text: Chart performance[edit]

text:
Chart (1963)
Peak
position

Australian Kent Music Report
32

U.K. Singles Chart[6]
18

U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles
2

U.S. Billboard Hot 100
2

U.S. Billboard Hot Black Singles
4

U.S. Billboard Easy Listening
1[7]

text: The Carpenters version[edit]

text:
"The End of the World"

Single by The Carpenters

from the album Live in Japan

B-side
"Sing" (live with the Kyoto Children's Choir)

Released
March 5, 1975

Format
Cassette

Recorded
June 4–9, 1975

Genre
Country

Length
2:04

Label
A&M/King Records, Universal

Songwriter(s)
Arthur Kent, Sylvia Dee

Producer(s)
Richard Carpenter

The Carpenters singles chronology

"Only Yesterday"
(1975)
"The End of the World"
(1975)
"Solitaire"
(1976)

"Only Yesterday"
(1975)
"The End of the World"
(1975)
"Solitaire"
(1976)

text: In 1975, American pop music duo Carpenters released a cover of "The End of the World" as a promotional single from their live album Live in Japan. It was recorded at the Festival Hall, Osaka, Japan.

text: Sonia version[edit]

text:
"End of the World"

Single by Sonia

from the album Everybody Knows

B-side
"Can't Help the Way That I Feel"

Released
August 1990

Format
CD Single
7" Single
12" Single

Recorded
1990

Genre
Pop

Length
3:36

Label
Chrysalis

Songwriter(s)
Arthur Kent, Sylvia Dee

Producer(s)
Stock, Aitken & Waterman

Sonia singles chronology

"You've Got a Friend"
(1990)
"End of the World"
(1990)
"Only Fools (Never Fall in Love)"
(1991)

"You've Got a Friend"
(1990)
"End of the World"
(1990)
"Only Fools (Never Fall in Love)"
(1991)

text: In 1990, British singer Sonia covered "End of the World". The fifth and final single from her debut album, Everybody Knows, it reached number 18 in the UK,[8] the same chart position as the original.[6] The single's B-side "Can't Help the Way That I Feel" also appeared on Sonia's debut album. This was her final single with Stock Aitken Waterman.

text: Formats and track listings[edit]

tag: ol

text:
"End of the World"
"Can't Help the Way That I Feel"
"Counting Every Minute" (Tick Tock Remix)

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (1990)
Peak
Position

Australian Singles Chart[9]
153

Irish Singles Chart
18

UK Singles Chart
18

text: Other versions[edit]

text: A No. 2 hit in Sweden in September 1966 via a local cover by Mike Wallace & the Caretakers, "The End of the World" has also been remade by a number of other artists including Jessica Andersson, Anika (as B-side to her single "Yang Yang" and on her album Anika), Eddy Arnold, Best Coast, Debby Boone, Brilliant, Carola (in Finnish as "Maailmain"), Chantal Pary (in French "Le jour se lèvera), the Carpenters, Rivers Cuomo, Bobby Darin, Lana Del Rey, Barbara Dickson, Dion, Mary Duff, Allison Durbin, Judith Durham, Exposé, Agnetha Fältskog, Rosie Flores, Emi Fujita, Girls, Nina Gordon, Herman's Hermits (as the B-side of "I'm Henery the Eighth, I Am"), Grethe & Jørgen Ingmann (released on the b-side to Eurovision Song Contest winner song 1963; Dansevise), Satoko Ishimine, Joni James, Cyndi Lauper, Brenda Lee, Vic Dana, Lobo, Julie London, Claudine Longet, Loretta Lynn, Al Martino, Johnny Mathis, Anne Mattila (in Finnish as "Maailmain"), Imelda May, Maywood, John Cougar Mellencamp, Anita Meyer, the Mills Brothers, Ronnie Milsap, Dorothy Moore, Mud, Anne Murray, Leigh Nash, Nomeansno, Patti Page, Helen Shapiro, Anne Shelton, Vonda Shepard, Nancy Sinatra, Sonia, the Tokens, Twiggy, Twinkle, the Vanguards, Bobby Vinton, Jeff Walker, Dottie West, Lena Zavaroni, and Tracy Huang (黃鶯鶯). In 2009 Susan Boyle remade "The End of the World" for her debut album, I Dreamed a Dream.

text: A cover version by Allison Paige peaked at number 72 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart in May 2000.[10]

text: The Brazilian band Roupa Nova made a cover version in Portuguese, in 1997, named "O Sonho Acabou".

text: There have been three Cantonese versions covered by three different Hong Kong singers, namely "長相思" by Pauline Chan (陳寶珠) in 1968, "含羞草" by Annabelle Lui (雷安娜) in 1987 and "冬戀" by Danny Chan (陳百強) in 1988.

text: For the Mandarin version, the first one "打不動你的心" was covered by Hong Kong veteran female singer Rebecca Pan (潘迪華) in 1965 while the second one "後會無期" by another Hong Kong female singer G.E.M. Tang (鄧紫棋) in 2014. Subsequently, there was the third one titled "星夢之光", lyrics written by an SNH48 member, Wu Yanwen (吳燕文), and performed by SNH48 themselves in 2015.

text: Cyndi Lauper covered the song in 2016, the cover is part of the album Detour.

text: Appearances in media[edit]

text: The song was used as the opening and closing theme for the political thriller radio drama Pandemic, produced by BBC Radio 4.[11] It was also used in the 1999 drama film Girl, Interrupted, as well as in the Stephen King/Steven Spielberg CBS TV series Under the Dome season one episode five, "Blue on Blue." An abbreviated version of the song is the theme music for the TV series Granite Flats. The song was used for the main title and credit sequences in the 2008 film An American Affair. The song appears on the in-game radio in the video game Fallout 4.[12] In episode 8 ("End of the World") of the 2015 TV series The Man in the High Castle, an American singer performs the song in Japanese. The song was also used in the second part of the 2015 Japanese dark fantasy action horror film Attack on Titan. The song appears in the episode of Lost, What Kate Did. The song appears in an episode of the TV series Wayward Pines, Season 2, Episode 9, "Walcott Prep". The song also makes an appearance at the end of Season 3, episode 7, of HBO's The Leftovers. The song appears at the end of episode 12 of the third season of Mad Men; "The Grown-Ups".


document_title: The Goldbergs (2013 TV series)

question_text: who plays adam's girlfriend on the goldbergs

question_tokens: who plays adam 's girlfriend on the goldbergs

text: The Goldbergs (2013 TV series)

text: Premise[edit]

text: The Goldbergs is set in the 1980s in Jenkintown, Pennsylvania. The show is loosely based on the showrunner's childhood, during which he videotaped events, many of which are reenacted throughout the program. It shows the reality of the '80s through a young boy's eyes.[6]

text: The series stars Jeff Garlin as patriarch Murray and Wendi McLendon-Covey as matriarch Beverly. Their two older children are Erica (Hayley Orrantia) and Barry (Troy Gentile). The youngest child, Adam (Sean Giambrone), documents his family life with his video camera. Beverly's father, Albert "Pops" Solomon (George Segal), is frequently around to provide advice or to help out his grandchildren (often behind his daughter's back).

text: The present-day "Adult Adam" (Patton Oswalt) narrates every episode as taking place in "1980-something".

text: Many references to real-life Philadelphia-area businesses are made, including the Wawa Inc. convenience store chain, Gimbel's department store, Willow Grove Park Mall, and Kremp's Florist of Willow Grove, Pennsylvania.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text:
Character
Portrayed by
Seasons

1
2
3
4
5

Beverly Goldberg (née Solomon)
Wendi McLendon-Covey
Main

Adam Fredrick Goldberg
Sean Giambrone
Main

Murray Christian Goldberg
Jeff Garlin
Main

Barry Norman Goldberg
Troy Gentile
Main

Erica Dorothy Goldberg
Hayley Orrantia
Main

Albert "Pops" Solomon
George Segal
Main

Lainey Lewis
AJ Michalka
Recurring
Main
Recurring

'Madman' Geoff Schwartz
Sam Lerner

Recurring
Main

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Wendi McLendon-Covey as Beverly Goldberg (née Solomon),[3] the overprotective matriarch of the Goldbergs. She frequently injects herself into her children's lives, often to their embarrassment, and is supremely confident in their abilities.
Sean Giambrone as Adam Fredrick Goldberg,[3] the pop-culture obsessed youngest child of the Goldbergs. Smart and geeky, he often films his family's activities on a VHS camcorder. He often ends up having to use his middle initial to distinguish himself from another Adam Goldberg who attends the same school and is also an aspiring filmmaker.

Patton Oswalt voices the adult Adam Goldberg,[7] who narrates the show from the present day.

Jeff Garlin as Murray Goldberg,[3] the gruff, somewhat asocial patriarch of the Goldbergs. Unlike Beverly, he is realistic about his children's abilities and believes she smothers them too much. Despite his apathetic tendencies at home, he values hard work and has held various full time positions since his teenage years. Though he does not always show affection for his children, calling them morons when they make mistakes or behave in silly ways, he truly cares about them and wants them to learn how to fend for themselves. He runs his father-in-law's furniture business, loves sports, and is often seen lounging in front of his TV in his white briefs.
Troy Gentile as Barry Norman Goldberg,[3] the overconfident, slightly dim-witted middle child of the Goldbergs. Though seemingly untalented in every way (except in ice hockey and wrestling, at which he excels), he remains highly self-assured while trying to become popular in high school. He is determined to dominate everything he does, including sports; loves rap music; and is the leader of a crew called the Jenkintown Posse (abbreviated JTP, which fellow members repeat whenever the initials are spoken).
Hayley Orrantia as Erica Dorothy Goldberg,[3] the somewhat bad-tempered oldest child of the Goldbergs. Smart and musically gifted but rebellious, she is popular in school and dominant over her younger brothers. As of the fifth season, Erica has left for college at DC. School of the Arts. "Erica" is based on Adam's real-life brother, Eric Goldberg.[8]
George Segal as Albert "Pops" Solomon,[3] Beverly's laid-back widower father. Though an elderly man with a number of comic eccentricities, he acts much younger than his age and often gives sage advice to his grandchildren. Adam considers him his best friend. He once owned a successful furniture store called Ottoman Empire that allowed him to retire comfortably, and he now lets his son-in-law Murray run the business.
AJ Michalka as Lainey Lewis (Season 3–4; recurring 1–2, 5-present),[9] Erica's best friend and one of the most popular girls at school, whom Barry has had a lifelong crush on. To the surprise of many, Lainey kisses Barry at a party in the first-season finale, the two slowly grow closer together in season two, and eventually become an unlikely couple. Following the fourth season, she has gone to attend fashion school in Savannah, Georgia and ended her relationship with Barry. In season 5, she returns to Jenkintown after dropping out along with Erica to start a band. In the final seconds of the season finale she and Barry agree to wed.
Sam Lerner as 'Madman' Geoff Schwartz (Season 5-present; recurring 2-4),[10] one of Barry's best friends. The nickname "Madman" is a form of ironic humor, given how well-behaved the character is, especially compared to Barry. He is infatuated with Erica and makes many futile attempts to win her affections. At the end of the third season, he begins dating Evelyn Silver just as Erica realizes she reciprocates Geoff's feelings. He later breaks up with Evey to be with Erica.

tag: ul

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Troy Winbush as Puchinski, a police officer who sometimes runs afoul of the Goldbergs' craziness, and often sympathises with Beverly.
Cedric Yarbrough as Vic, Murray's friend and co-worker from Canada.
Ben Zelevansky as Dale, the manager of the arcade frequented by Adam, Barry, and Pops. (season 1)
Natalie Alyn Lind as Dana Caldwell, Adam's classmate who becomes his girlfriend. In the season 2 finale, it is revealed Dana may be moving to Seattle. The season 3 premiere confirms she is now living in Seattle. Adam and Dana continue a long-distance relationship, but it ends when the two realize how different they have become. "Dana"'s real-life name is Amanda Caldwell; it was changed due to early legal concerns about the show's autobiographical quality.[11] (season 1-3; guest season 4)
Jackson Odell as Ari Caldwell, a popular student, a friend of Erica and Lexi, and Dana's older brother. (season 1-2)
Virginia Gardner as Lexi Bloom, Barry's crush. (season 1, mentioned season 4)
Kathryn Leigh Scott as Miriam Ferguson, one of Pops' lovers. (season 1)
Jennifer Irwin as Virginia Kremp, Chad's mother, neighbor to the Goldbergs.
Jacob Hopkins as Chad Kremp, Virginia's youngest son and a close friend of Adam.
Tyler Stokes as Drew Kremp, Chad's older brother and Erica's ex-boyfriend. (season 1 and 3)
Dan Fogler as Marvin Goldberg, Murray's carefree, unreliable younger brother. He moves in with the family near the end of season four, living in their basement.
Tim Meadows as Jonathan "Andre" Glascott, a disenchanted teacher who also delivers pizza and gives guitar lessons for extra money. He serves as the school's hapless guidance counselor.
Barbara Alyn Woods as Mrs. Caldwell, Dana and Ari's mother. Woods is the real-life mother of Natalie Alyn Lind, who portrays Dana. (season 1)
Stephanie Katherine Grant as Emmy "Muscles" Mirsky, a girl in the neighborhood with whom Adam likes to spend time. Because they grew up together, she and Adam treat each other like siblings, and she behaves like "one of the guys" in the company of Adam and friends.
Kenny Ridwan as Dave Kim, an awkward classmate and friend of Adam's, who is always addressed by both his first and last names, even by his own mother.
Cooper Roth (season 1) and Zayne Emory (season 2-3) as J. C. Spink, a bully who torments Adam. The original film producer who inspired the character portrays a school bus driver.
Mason Cook as Tyler Stansfield, a puny but fierce classmate of Adam.
Dustin Ybarra as Nitrous, a university student who occasionally interacts with Beverly. Usually Beverly has to make a demand of Nitrous, which he will agree to, but only after trying to coerce her into showing him her breasts or giving him $1 million. (season 1 and 3)
Bryan Callen as Rick Mellor, the high school's no-nonsense gym teacher and coach.
Joey Luthman as Roger McFadden, a nerdy classmate of Barry's. (season 1)
Stephen Tobolowsky as Principal Earl Ball, the principal of the Goldberg children's high school. Beverly frequently confronts him when she knows something has gone wrong in her children's classes or school activities. (season 2-present)
Ana Gasteyer as Susan Cinoman, a music teacher at the Goldberg children's high school and love interest of Rick Mellor. (season 2-present)
Noah Munck as 'Naked' Rob Smith, one of Barry's best friends who goes shirtless at any opportunity. (season 2-present)
Matt Bush as 'Ladies' Man' Andy Cogan, one of Barry's best friends who is frequently teased for his short stature. (season 2-present)
Nathan Gamble as Garry Ball, the Principal's rebellious son and Adam's only cool friend. (season 2-3)
Dan Bakkedahl as Mr. Woodburn, Adam's lonely and depressed science teacher. (season 2)
Suzy Nakamura as Mrs. Kim, Dave Kim's mother and the owner of a Chinese restaurant frequented by the Goldbergs. (season 2)
Rob Huebel as John Calabasas, an opportunistic businessman with several careers. (season 2-3)
Judd Hirsch as Ben "Pop Pop" Goldberg, Murray's cantankerous, opinionated father. He frequently fights with Murray, with whom he has trouble communicating, and he views Pops as a rival. (seasons 3-present; Pop Pop first appeared in one season 2 episode, and was portrayed by Paul Sorvino)
Allie Grant as Evelyn "Evey" Silver, a girl Beverly tries to set up Barry with. Erica is deeply disturbed by this, because Evey is eerily similar to Beverly. She later becomes Geoff Schwartz's girlfriend. (season 2-present)
David Koechner as Bill Lewis, Lainey's father who is raising her as a single parent. To Murray's dismay, Bill is a major fan of the Dallas Cowboys, starting a rivalry between the two. Bill and Murray eventually become good friends as they discover that, outside of football, they have a lot in common. (season 2-present)
Nate Hartley as Dan, a nerdy punching bag, who is always in the wrong place at the wrong time. (season 2-present)
Charlie DePew as Anthony Balsamo, a popular, good-looking student and Lainey's ex-boyfriend. (season 2-3)
Sam Kindseth as David Sirota, Adam's goofy friend and classmate. In the present he is an American political commentator and radio host. (season 2-3)
Michaela Watkins as Ms. Taraborelli, a socially awkward Spanish and sex education teacher. (season 2)
Christopher Avila as Raji Mitra, an intelligent student Beverly hires to tutor Lainey. (season 3)
Sean Marquette as Johnny Atkins, a ponytailed, saxophone-playing troublemaker who, much like Barry Goldberg, has a high opinion of himself. He is always seen wearing a Rush tour t-shirt. In addition to saxophone, he also plays the drums. Erica dated him briefly. (season 3-present)
Niko Guardado as Rubén Amaro, Jr., a highly popular student and champion athlete. In adulthood, he will become a major league baseball player and General Manager of Philadelphia Phillies. (season 3-present)
Alex Jennings as Carla Mann, a vaguely popular student and friend of Erica and Lainey who is a bit of a troublemaker. She is also an on-off girlfriend of Johnny Atkins. (season 3-present)
Froy Gutierrez as Benjamin "Handsome Ben" Bauman, a highly popular student whom Adam sees as his rival, though Ben is always friendly to him.
Quincy Fouse as Taz Money, a popular friend of Adam. (season 3)
Lucky: Lucky is an actual dog introduced in season 3 as the Goldberg family pet.
Shayne Topp as Matt Bradley; a punk rocker-turned-Deadhead who becomes the newest member of the JTP, over Barry's initial objections. Adult Adam's voice-over later confides that Matt would become Barry's closest friend after high school. (season 4-present)
Rowan Blanchard as Jackie Geary, Adam's girlfriend who shares his love of science fiction. (season 4-present).[12]
Alison Rich as Valley Erica, Erica's Valley girl roommate at college; the two have the same first name, but decidedly different personalities. (season 5)
Ken Lerner as Lou Schwartz, Geoff's father. (season 5)
Mindy Sterling as Linda Schwartz, Geoff's mother. (season 5)

text: Notable guest stars[edit]

text:
Brec Bassinger as Zoe McIntosh, a girl Adam had a crush on. (season 1, episode 1 and season 4, episode 3)
Tom Cavanagh as Charles Kremp, Chad's father. (season 1, episode 8)
Martin Starr as Andre, the local video store clerk who bans Murray after an excessively late rental. (season 1)
Thomas Lennon as Taun-Taun Todd, a Star Wars fan that Erica and Adam meet while waiting in line to see Return of the Jedi. (season 1, episode 22)
David Spade as Gus, a sketchy manufacturer of fake IDs. (season 2, episode 1)
Charlie Sheen as the man in the police station, reprising his iconic role from Ferris Bueller's Day Off. (season 2, episode 14)
Nick Swardson as Rick, a sketchy black market toy dealer. (season 2, episode 15)[13]
Chuck Norris as himself (voice only), who is heard from offscreen reading a letter to Barry. (season 3)
Weird Al Yankovic as himself. (season 3, episode 15)
Chad Coleman as Leon, a manager of Spencer's Gifts store. (season 4)
Martin Kove as Master John, reprising his role as Cobra Kai dojo sensei. (season 4)
Ilan Mitchell-Smith as Mr. Connelly, the science teacher in the fifth-season premiere episode "Weird Science." Mitchell-Smith portrayed Wyatt Donnelly in the film Weird Science.
Bill Goldberg as Nick Mellor, Coach Mellor's brutish brother. (Season 5)
Mike Quick as Coach Fast, an assistant football coach at William Penn. (Season 5)
Rick Moranis as Dark Helmet (voice only), reprising his role from the movie Spaceballs. (Season 5)

text: Cameos from real-life counterparts[edit]

text:
"Handsome" Ben Beauman and "Regular" Amy Gross as Double Dare Producers
Jackie Geary as Jackie's mother
Chad Kremp as a deli worker (season 1), and as his father (season 4)
JC Spink as Joe the Bus Driver
R. D. Robb as a photographer
Michael C. Levy and Michael Z. Levy as Computer Technicians
Rubén Amaro Jr. as Rubén Amaro Sr.
Beverly Goldberg, Essie Karp, Virginia Kremp, and Linda Schwartz as a group of elderly friends that Beverly longs to be like
The real-life members of JTP (Barry Goldberg, Matt Bradley, Andy Cogan, Geoff Schwartz, and Rob Smith) all appear at the end of the episode "Hail Barry"

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
Nielsen ratings

First aired
Last aired
Rank
Viewers
(in millions)

1
23
September 24, 2013 (2013-09-24)
May 13, 2014 (2014-05-13)
76
6.20[14]

2
24
September 24, 2014 (2014-09-24)
May 13, 2015 (2015-05-13)
57
8.37[15]

3
24
September 23, 2015 (2015-09-23)
May 18, 2016 (2016-05-18)
57
7.62[16]

4
24
September 21, 2016 (2016-09-21)
May 17, 2017 (2017-05-17)
54
6.97[17]

5
22
September 27, 2017 (2017-09-27)
May 16, 2018 (2018-05-16)
66
6.26[18]

text: Production[edit]

text: Casting[edit]

text: The project originally received a script commitment from Fox in August 2011. After Adam Goldberg's previous show, Breaking In, was canceled, he did not want to wait for another pilot season to arrive and moved it to ABC, who agreed to immediately produce it.[19][20] On January 11, 2013, Wendi McLendon-Covey was cast as the pilot's lead;[21] later, Jeff Garlin and George Segal joined the cast.[22][23]

text: Filming[edit]

text: The pilot episode was directed by Seth Gordon. On May 10, 2013, ABC picked up the show to series to air in the 2013–14 American television season.[24] It was later picked up for a full season order on November 1, 2013.[25] The program is filmed on a series of stages at Sony Pictures Studios.

text: Music[edit]

text: The show's theme song, "Rewind," was written at Goldberg's request by I Fight Dragons, his favorite band, specifically for the show.[26] A soundtrack, featuring songs performed on the show by the cast members, was released on December 6, 2017.[27]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The Goldbergs pilot received mixed reviews, averaging a score of 52% on Metacritic based on reviews from 26 critics.[28]

text: Tim Goodman of The Hollywood Reporter called it "one of the rare freshman comedies to deliver", giving credit to the show's "outstanding writing" and "strong cast".[29] David Wiegand of the San Francisco Chronicle wrote, "you'll immediately like everyone in the family and the jokes derive from credible situations".[30]

text: Hank Stuever of The Washington Post said the show was "obnoxiously loud".[31] David Hinckley of The New York Daily News said the show is "just awful".[32] Tierney Bricker of E! News gave a more positive review, saying that the show is "like Modern Family mixed with A Christmas Story".[33]

text: The Goldbergs was included in TV Guide's 2013 Top Twenty "Best Shows of the Year",[34] along with The Hollywood Reporter[35] and Today.[36] In addition, SpoilerTV awarded The Goldbergs with the honor of Best Comedy of 2013–2014.[37]

text: The second season had a Rotten Tomatoes score of 100% fresh with five reviews,[38] and there were many calls from both critics and the public to renew the show for a third season.[citation needed] The show continued to be well received, with Entertainment Weekly calling the season two premiere "the best of any family comedy on TV in the way it eschews dysfunction for its more appropriate, real-world term: love".[39]

text: After the series was renewed for season 3, ABC network chief Paul Lee stated that both he and ABC believed that the show will be around for "a long time".[40]

text: Nielsen ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Timeslot (ET)
# Ep.
Premiered
Ended
TV Season
Rank
Viewers
(in millions)
Nielsen Rating (18-49)

Date
Premiere Viewers
(in millions)
Premiere 18-49
rating/share
Date
Finale Viewers
(in millions)
Finale 18-49
rating/share

1
Tuesday 9:00 pm
23

September 24, 2013

8.94[41]
3.1/8[41]

May 13, 2014

4.26[42]
1.5/5[42]
2013–2014
#76[43]
6.20[43]
N/A

2
Wednesday 8:30 pm
24

September 24, 2014

7.31[44]
2.4/6[44]

May 13, 2015

6.70[45]
2.0/7[45]
2014–2015
#57[46]
8.34[46]
2.8[46]

3
24

September 23, 2015

7.62[47]
2.4/8[47]

May 18, 2016

6.39[48]
1.9/7[48]
2015–2016
#57[16]
7.62[16]
2.5[16]

4
Wednesday 8:00 pm
24

September 21, 2016

6.90[49]
2.0/8[49]

May 17, 2017

5.27[50]
1.4/6[50]
2016–2017
#54[17]
6.97[17]
2.1[17]

5
22

September 27, 2017

6.20[51]
1.8/7[51]

May 16, 2018

5.09[52]
1.2/6[52]
2017–2018
#66[53]
6.26[53]
1.8[53]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: The Goldbergs originally premiered on ABC on 24 September 2013.[54] The pilot was made available on Hulu and ABC.com before it premiered on television.[55]

text: In Australia, the show airs on the Seven Network. It has been broadcast in the United Kingdom on E4 since 20 April 2015, in Ireland on RTÉ2 since 19 October 2015 and in Turkey on DiziSmart since 2015. In France, the series began broadcasting since 17 October 2015 on Comedie+.

text: The show has been broadcasting on Neox TV channel in Spain since May 8, 2016 (2016-05-08). In India, the series is aired on Star World. In Germany, the series is aired on the Disney Channel since February 16, 2016.[56] In Portugal, the series is aired on Fox Comedy, while in Italy on Italia Uno, Mediaset.

text: Syndication[edit]

text: The show went into syndication in September 2017 and began airing on local stations on September 11, Nick at Nite on September 18, Pop on September 24, and will also begin to air on TV Land.

text: Schooled[edit]

text: In November 2016, it was first reported that ABC was developing a spinoff that would centre around recurring character Rick Mellor, played by Bryan Callen.[57] On January 10, 2017, Wendi McClendon-Covey's character was reported as appearing in the script in a guest appearance.[58] The script was ordered to pilot on February 2, 2017.[59].

text: On March 16, 2017, it was confirmed that Nia Long had been cast as the female lead in the role of Lucy Winston. At the same time it was confirmed that Tim Meadows would reprise his recurring role from The Goldbergs as Andre Glascott. Jay Chandrasekhar was also confirmed to direct.[60]

text: On May 17, 2017, ABC passed on the spin-off,[61] despite it reportedly testing very well - going as far to test better than the pilot of the original series.[62] At the same time, Adam F. Goldberg revealed the title of the failed spin-off - "Schooled".[63]

text: On January 8, 2018, it was announced that the pilot would air as a special episode of The Goldbergs on January 24, 2018, under the episode title The Goldbergs: 1990-Something. Along with Nia Long as Lucy Winston and Tim Meadows as teacher-turned-principal Andre Glascott (who is also revealed to be Lucy's brother), the pilot also starred Rachel Crow as Lucy's rebellious teenage daughter Felicia, and Summer Parker as Felicia's bubbly younger sister Gigi, with Octavia Spencer narrating as the present-day Felicia.

text: After the pilot aired, Goldberg had expressed hope that the airing would prompt discussions with ABC that could lead to the series being picked up for the 2018–19 TV season.[62] Three months later, on April 16, 2018, it was announced that ABC had officially picked up the spinoff, Schooled, for a 13-episode season slated to air in 2018. It was also announced that AJ Michalka would reprise her role as Lainey Lewis from The Goldbergs in the new show, but Nia Long will not return to the spinoff due to being a regular cast member on the CBS drama series NCIS: Los Angeles.[64]