document_title: Halloween: The Curse of Michael Myers

question_text: halloween the curse of michael myers paul rudd

text: Halloween: The Curse of Michael Myers

text: Plot[edit]

text: On October 31, 1989, Michael Myers and his niece Jamie Lloyd are abducted from the Haddonfield Police Station. Six years later, on October 30, 1995, Jamie has been impregnated and her baby is born, being taken away by the "Man in Black", the leader of a Druid-like cult. Later, a midwife helps Jamie escape with her baby and is soon killed by Michael by impaling the back of her skull into a protruding sharp metal spike high on the wall. Jamie and her baby flee in a stolen pick-up truck, with Michael in pursuit. Stopping briefly at a deserted bus station, Jamie makes a call to a Haddonfield radio station to warn them that Michael is about to return home, only to be ignored by the radio D.J. Barry Simms.

text: Meanwhile, the retired Dr. Sam Loomis is visited by his friend Dr. Terence Wynn, the chief administrator of Smith's Grove Sanitarium, where Michael had been incarcerated as a boy; Wynn asks Loomis to return to Smith's Grove. They overhear Jamie's plea for help on a local radio station. Michael finds Jamie, and she crashes the truck into an old barn. He kills Jamie by impaling her on a corn thresher and turning it on, disemboweling her, but finds that her baby is not in the truck.

text: Back in Haddonfield, Tommy Doyle, who Laurie Strode babysat in 1978, now lives in a boarding house run by Mrs. Blankenship. The family living in the Myers house across the street are relatives of the Strode family: Kara Strode, her six-year-old son Danny, her teenage brother Tim, caring mother Debra, and abusive father John. Ever since seeing Michael as a child, Tommy has been obsessed with finding the truth behind his motives. He finds Jamie's baby at the bus station, takes him into his care, and names him Steven. Tommy runs into Loomis and tells him about the Strode family living in the Myers house. The two believe Michael has returned to Haddonfield.

text: Michael enters his home and kills Debra. Later, Tommy, Kara, and Danny go to the boarding house, where Tommy reveals that he believes Michael has been inflicted with Thorn, an ancient Druid curse. Long ago, one child from each tribe, chosen to bear the curse of Thorn, must sacrifice its next of kin on the night of Samhain, or Halloween. Tommy believes that Steven will be Michael's final sacrifice. While Tommy goes out to look for Loomis, Mrs. Blankenship reveals to Kara that she was babysitting Michael the night he killed his sister, and that Danny is hearing a voice telling him to kill just like Michael did, indicating Danny also possesses the power of Thorn. Meanwhile, Michael kills John, Tim, Tim's girlfriend Beth, and Barry Simms. After Tommy returns home with Loomis, the Man in Black reveals himself to be Wynn. The cult take Kara, Danny, Steven, and Michael to Smith's Grove. There, Loomis confronts Wynn, who reveals he wants to control and study the power of Thorn. Wynn wants Loomis to join in on his conspiracy, and reveals that Jamie's baby represents a new cycle of Michael's evil that he kept secret from most of the cult who were focused on inflicting the curse onto a new child (Danny) to carry out a new trend of family sacrifices. Loomis calls Wynn out on his scheme and is knocked unconscious.

text: Later, Michael butchers Wynn's team of staff surgeons and Wynn himself during a medical procedure with Danny and Steven sitting in a room next door. Tommy finds and frees Kara, Danny, and Steven; they flee from Michael and hide in a laboratory. Regaining consciousness, Loomis helps Kara and the children escape the hospital. When Michael breaks into the room, Tommy injects him with large quantities of tranquilizers containing a corrosive liquid and beats him unconscious with a lead pipe. As Tommy, Kara, Danny, and Steven leave, Loomis refuses to come with them as he has "a little business to attend to”. Back inside the building, Michael's mask is seen lying on the floor of the lab room and Loomis is heard screaming in the background, leaving the fate of both characters unknown.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Donald Pleasence as Dr. Sam Loomis
Paul Rudd as Tommy Doyle (as Paul Stephen Rudd)
Marianne Hagan as Kara Strode
Devin Gardner as Danny Strode
George P. Wilbur as Michael Myers
A. Michael Lerner as Michael Myers (reshoots)
Mitchell Ryan as Dr. Terence Wynn
J. C. Brandy as Jamie Lloyd
Danielle Harris as Young Jamie Lloyd (archive footage; Producer's Cut only)
Mariah O'Brien as Beth
Keith Bogart as Tim Strode
Kim Darby as Debra Strode
Bradford English as John Strode
Leo Geter as Barry Simms
Susan Swift as Nurse Mary
Alan Echeverria as Dr. Bonham
Janice Knickrehm as Mrs. Blankenship

text: Production[edit]

text: Concept and writing[edit]

text: After the less than enthusiastic response to Halloween 5 which came out only a year after Halloween 4, producer Moustapha Akkad put the series on hold to re-evaluate its potential. Akkad felt Halloween 5 had strayed too far from Halloween 4 and the box office response was much lower than expected. In 1990, screenwriter and long-time Halloween fan Daniel Farrands set out to write the sixth entry in the Halloween series. Farrands gave his horror movie scripts to the producer of Halloween 5, Ramsey Thomas; impressed by his writing, Thomas set a meeting for Farrands with executive producer Moustapha Akkad. Farrands described the meeting:

text:
“

I spent weeks preparing for the meeting and came in with a huge notebook filled with Halloween research – I had the entire series laid out in a timeline, a bio of every character, a "family tree" of the Myers and Strode clans, as well as all of the research I had compiled about the runic symbol (Thorn) that was briefly shown in "Halloween 5." I then laid out how I thought all of this might be explored in Halloween 6.[5]

”

text: Although the producers at the time had already sought to make a sixth Halloween film, a series of complicated legal battles ensued which delayed plans for a sequel; eventually Miramax Films (via its Dimension Films division) bought the rights to the Halloween series.

text: In June 1994, after several screenplays from different writers had been deemed insufficient by Akkad (including one by Scott Spiegel),[6] Farrands was hired to write a new screenplay, as the film had an impending shooting date scheduled for October in Salt Lake City, Utah.[7] Farrands has said his initial intent for the film was to "bridge the later films (4-5) in the series to the earlier films (1-2) while at the same time taking the story into new territory so that the series could expand for future installments."[8] This in part meant expanding on the presence of the "Man in Black" as well as the appearance of the Thorn symbol, both of which appear without explanation at the end of Halloween 5.[9] In beginning the script, Farrands contacted the writers of Halloween 4 and 5 for additional information, but they were unable to provide clear answers, leaving him to "pick up the pieces."[10]

text: Farrands expanded the "Curse of Thorn" plot line, in which Jamie Lloyd is kidnapped by a covert cult who has cursed Michael Myers via the Runic symbol of Thorn, which compels him to kill and also affords him immortality.[11] Farrands had in part based the idea on dialogue present in Halloween II (1981) about the night of Samhain, during which the "veil between the living and the dead is thinnest," the one time of the year during which Myers became "active, and seeks out his bloodline."[12] References to Druidism as well as Myers's grandfather "hearing voices" had also appeared in the 1978 novelization of Halloween by Curtis Richards.[13] While the character of Jamie Lloyd dies early in the film, the initial versions of Farrands' script had her character surviving until the final act, at which point she was ultimately killed by Michael.[14] Other elements of Farrands' working script that ultimately had to be trimmed down included an extension of the Curse of Thorn subplot, which had the entire town of Haddonfield in collusion with the cult, an idea Akkad wanted to use for the series' seventh installment.[15] However, this idea was scrapped in favor of the Halloween H20 script in 1997.[16]

text: According to Farrands, there were around ten different drafts of his script between June 1994 and the October 1994 film shoot, and much of the finale that appears in the theatrical version (including the events at the hospital, as well as the references to the cult using Myers's power as a means of scientific investigation), was not written by him, and had been written and shot in post-production under the supervision of Dimension Films.[17]

text: Allusions and references[edit]

text: Farrands, a long-time fan of the series, sought to incorporate various references and allusions to the previous Halloween films, particularly the original, to play with the "Halloween mythology."[18] These range from situational allusions, such as Tommy Doyle living across the street from the Strode house (a play on the events in the original Halloween, which take place between the Wallace and Doyle residences, which are across the street from one another)[19] to minor references, such as the naming of an address from Halloween II (1981), and the character of Mrs. Blankenship, a name referred to in passing in Halloween III: Season of the Witch (1982).[20] Other references outside the narrative diegeses of the series include the names of characters, such as John and Debra Strode (referencing John Carpenter and Debra Hill),[21] as well as the naming of Danny Strode, a character Farrands has said was modeled after Danny Torrance in The Shining (1980).

text: Farrands also referenced Carpenter's The Fog (1980) with the line referring to a "stomach pounder" (a protein milkshake Tim drinks early in the film),[22] and Beth's murder scene was modeled after a scene from Fred Walton's When a Stranger Calls (1979) (Farrands wrote the scene upon hearing that Walton had been attached to direct the project, though Walton would eventually drop out of the production).[23] Additionally, extended scenes of Kara walking on the college campus and en route to her home were intended to allude to scenes featuring Laurie Strode in the first film,[24] while Danny dropping his pumpkin while walking home alludes to a scene in the first film in which a group of bullies force Tommy to drop his pumpkin outside the elementary school.[25]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Donald Pleasence returned to play Dr. Loomis, in what would be his final film performance; according to Farrands, Pleasence was fond of the script.[26] Danielle Harris, who was seventeen at the time, contacted producer Paul Freeman about reprising her role as Jamie Lloyd, and went so far as completing paperwork to become legally emancipated in order to shoot the film.[14] She was officially cast in the role,[27] but Dimension Films could not come to an agreement over her salary; Harris alleges that Dimension offered her a scaled $1,000 to shoot the part over the course of a week, which was less than the amount of money she had paid for her emancipation.[14] Farrands and Freeman both had wanted Harris for the part, but at that point "had their hands tied."[14]

text: According to Harris, the head of the casting department refused to negotiate her salary, stating that she was a "scale character who dies in the first twenty minutes."[14] This ultimately led to her dropping out of the project.[28] "People automatically assume I wanted some crazy amount of money, or something," Harris commented in 2014, "[but] it's not like I [was] demanding of anything, really... When you've been asked to do something and then they insult you by saying, "You're a piece of shit, you die in the first act—I don't give a fuck that you were in two other Halloween movies, who cares?"... I was in shock."[14] Actress J. C. Brandy was cast as Harris's replacement.[14]

text: The producers initially wanted Brian Andrews to reprise his role as Tommy Doyle. However, with Andrews not having an agent, they were unable to contact him.[29] Paul Rudd was cast in the part of Tommy, which marked his first starring role before he appeared in Clueless (1995).[30] The leading female role, Kara, was given to Marianne Hagan; however, Hagan has since stated that Miramax executives Bob and Harvey Weinstein did not favor her for the part, and made aesthetic criticisms about her being "too thin" and her chin being "too pointy".[28] Farrands, however, had wanted Hagan for the part because he felt she possessed an "every-girl" quality of having "lived a little, and had a hard time," and likened her screen presence to that of Jamie Lee Curtis.[31]

text: For the role of Dr. Terence Wynn, Mitchell Ryan was cast, based on his performance in Lethal Weapon (1987); Farrands originally urged the producers to cast Christopher Lee, having had the veteran horror actor in mind when writing the character. This is a reference on Carpenter's initial choice for role of Dr. Loomis during film making of Halloween from 1978 where he was offered that role, but declined due to low pay, only later to regret in later years.[32] Denise Richards also auditioned for the part of Beth, but the studio passed on her, giving the role to Mariah O'Brien.[33] Stunt performer George P. Wilbur, who portrayed Michael in the fourth installment, reprised his role as Michael Myers. However, once reshoots took place, Wilbur was replaced by A. Michael Lerner as director Joe Chapelle found Wilbur to be "too bulky."[34]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Fred Walton (director of When a Stranger Calls and April Fool's Day) was originally attached to direct the film but dropped out.[23][35] Special effects artist John Carl Buechler created the mask for the film, which was based heavily on the mask featured in the poster for Halloween 4: The Return of Michael Myers.[34] Buechler hand-crafted the mask over actor George P. Wilbur's face.[34]

text: Filming began in late October 1994 in Salt Lake City, Utah. Within the first week of shooting, however, the city experienced an early winter snowstorm, which complicated the production.[33][36] As a result, several scenes which were supposed to take place on exterior locations had to be transferred to interiors.[37] The original hospital scenes were shot at the abandoned Old Primary Children's Hospital in The Avenues section of Salt Lake City.[38]

text: Producer Paul Freeman and director Chappelle reportedly rewrote the ending on-set, even from shot-to-shot as production deadlines loomed.[39] Freeman also sent the crew home when crucial scenes needed to be shot; deleted scripted scenes indiscriminately; rewrote dialogue and action sequences; and assumed the responsibility of directing second-unit shots and the supervision of post-production of the original cut. These complications resulted in Dimension Films' parent company (and the film's co-production company) Miramax, taking over the film's production, and ordering many of the reworked sequences to be reshot.[28]

text: Associated producer Malek Akkad explained the film's lack of a cohesive "vision" being the result of director Chappelle "answering" to the visions of the distributor, Dimension Films; Moustapha Akkad's production company, Nightfall Productions; and writer Daniel Farrands.[39] Tensions between what Dimension, Nightfall, and Farrands envisioned for the film resulted in a finished product that had needed "more forethought," according to Akkad.[39]

text: Reshoots[edit]

text: In early 1995, after filming and editing was completed, Halloween: The Curse of Michael Myers was given a test screening in New York City which, as described by actress Marianne Hagan, "consisted primarily of fourteen-year-old boys."[28] During the Q&A afterward, one of the audience members expressed great displeasure at the ending of the film, which entailed a Celtic ritual and the passing on of the "Curse of Thorn" to the Dr. Loomis character. As a result of the audience's disapproval toward the film's finale, the movie was rushed back into production, this time without Donald Pleasence, who died on February 2, 1995.[38] Pleasence had been in ill health during the shooting of the film.[40]

text: Reshoots took place in Los Angeles, California in the summer of 1995.[41] A. Michael Lerner replaced George P. Wilbur in the role of Michael Myers, as the studio executives wanted him to appear less bulky.[34] This resulted in continuity error as the last third of the film features a slimmer Myers.[34] However, Wilbur makes a cameo appearance as a doctor who is killed by Myers in the finale.[34] Some of the additional footage incorporated into the finale of the film was shot at Queen of Angels Hospital in Los Angeles.[38]

text: Post-production[edit]

text: In addition to the re-shoots prompted by the poor test screening, the film also underwent significant editing in post-production, resulting in brisker pacing and a "flashier" cinematic style that favored "blood and guts," but, according to Farrands, ultimately resulted in a "more confusing" movie.[42] According to writer Farrands, the stylized flash cuts prominent in the final theatrical cut of Halloween: The Curse of Michael Myers were not originally intended, and he likened the style of the final product to an "MTV video rather than a Halloween film."[43] Composer Alan Howarth similarly called the final product a "fix job," with numerous elements of the production being in flux both during and after principal photography.[44] In addition to Howarth's score being redone, the film's sound design was also significantly altered from Howarth's original "minimalist" design.[45]

text: Musical score[edit]

text:
Halloween:  The Curse of Michael MyersSoundtrack album by Alan HowarthReleased
August 24, 1995Genre
SoundtrackLength
56:41Label
Varèse Sarabande

text: Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusic

text: The original music score is composed by long-time Halloween contributor Alan Howarth, his work in the series dating back to his collaboration with John Carpenter on Halloween II. However, Howarth's score was redone by music editor Paul Rabjohns[46][47] when the film went through reshoots. A soundtrack album was released by Varèse Sarabande, and is an unusual combination of the music featured in the original cut of the film, as well as that of the final theatrical cut. According to Howarth, he helped re-score the revised cut of the film, incorporating the use of guitar and drums in addition to the original score, which had been more synthesizer and piano-based.[48] Howarth's official score for the film was released on CD October 24, 1995.[47]

text: The music of Alabama-based rock band Brother Cane was featured throughout the movie. The music came from their 1995 release Seeds on Virgin Records. The album's hit single "And Fools Shine On" can be heard when Kara, Tim and Beth arrive at school in their car. The song is also heard during the closing credits. Three other Brother Cane songs (all from the Seeds album) are featured in the film: "Hung on a Rope", "20/20 Faith", and "Horses & Needles". "Disconnected" by the group I Found God is also featured in the film.

text: Track listing

text: All tracks written by Alan Howarth.

text: showTrack listingNo.TitleLength1."Jamie's Escape"4:042."Birth Ceremony"2:503."You Can't Have the Baby"3:374."Empty Stomach"2:585."Watching Mom"4:236."Kara Returns"3:387."Thorn"4:088."Carnival Festival"4:079."It's Raining Red"2:5910."Look Upstairs"6:2511."It's His Game"5:5612."Maximum Security"3:4013."Operating Room"7:56Total length:56:41

text: Release[edit]

text: The film's troubled production resulted in two cuts of the film, which prompted a legal battle between the film's production company, Nightfall, who wanted to release the original cut, and its distributor, Dimension Films, who had incorporated reshoots and additional material.[39] Ultimately, Dimension Films won the dispute, and their cut of the film was officiated for theatrical release.[39]

text: An earlier teaser trailer of the film employed the title Halloween 666: The Origin of Michael Myers, which according to Daniel Farrands, came before an official title had been decided, and that the trailer title was a combination of an earlier script titled The Origin of Michael Myers by another writer, and Farrands' original script titled Halloween 666. At one point, executive producer Moustapha Akkad asked Farrands for a title, who suggested The Curse of Michael Myers due to the troubled production. Although Farrands's comment was in jest, Akkad took the name to heart and decided upon it. Farrands also added that this coincidentally made the subtitles similar to those in The Pink Panther films, which also used Return, Revenge, and Curse subtitles as Halloween's fourth, fifth and sixth films, respectively.[35]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Halloween: The Curse of Michael Myers was released on September 29, 1995 in the United States, and brought in a $7,308,529 opening weekend gross, coming in second to serial killer thriller Seven, being the first film in the series to be on par with Halloween II's opening weekend gross (both Halloween 4 and 5 had earned under $7 million).[49] The film went on to gross a total of $15,116,634 at the U.S. box office, from an estimated $5 million budget.

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The film has a 6% approval rating on the internet review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes.[50] On Metacritic, the film holds a 10/100 based on 13 reviews, signifying as “overwhelming dislike”.

text: Daniel Kimmel of Variety called the film "tired" and "run-of-the-mill",[51] while Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle said the film lacked suspense and said that "not even the presence of the late, gloriously histrionic Donald Pleasence can liven things up," deeming it "bland", "deadening", and "by far the worst in the series."[52]

text: Stephen Holden of The New York Times called the film's script "impossibly convoluted", and wrote that "shock effects are applied with such hamfisted regularity that they quickly backfire."[53] Josh Hartl of The Seattle Times criticized the film's conventionality, writing: "instead of sending up the current glut of serial-killer movies, the filmmakers trot out the old slasher tactics."[54] Jack Mathews of the Los Angeles Times similarly criticized the film's lack of originality, comparing it negatively to its predecessors.[55]

text: Richard Harrington of The Washington Post also criticized the script, writing: "While director Joe Chapelle and writer Daniel Farrands took advantage of a clearance sale at the Horror Cliche Emporium, they forgot to stop in at Plots R Us."[56] The Time Out London film guide deemed the film "A series of competently engineered shock moments jollied along by a jazzed-up version of John Carpenter's original electronic score: slicker than crude oil and just as unattractive."[57]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The film was first released for home media on VHS on October 7, 1996 from Buena Vista Home Entertainment. A DVD followed on October 10, 2000. In January 2010, the film was released for the first time on Blu-ray in Canada from Alliance Films alongside Halloween H20: 20 Years Later and Halloween: Resurrection with no bonus material.[58] The film was released on Blu-ray and again on DVD in the United States on May 10, 2011 by Echo Bridge Home Entertainment, once again with no bonus features.[59]

text: Anchor Bay Entertainment and Shout! Factory once again released the film on Blu-ray on September 23, 2014 as a part of their 14-disc box set containing the entire series. This release also contained extensive bonus features, such as a commentary from writer Daniel Farrands and composer Alan Howarth, interviews with producers Malek Akkad and Paul Freeman, actresses Marian O'Brien, J. C. Brandy, and Danielle Harris, George P. Wilbur, makeup artists John Carl Buechler and Brad Hardin, as well as Howarth, in addition to deleted scenes and archival behind-the-scenes footage and interviews, and a tribute to Donald Pleasence.[60][61] Lionsgate released yet another standalone Blu-ray on September 15, 2015 containing The Producer's Cut, but without any of the bonus features featured on the 14-disc release.[62]

text: While the film was initially released on VHS in Australia with a rating of MA15+, the DVD was not released until October 8, 2014, with no extras.[63]

text: Alternate versions[edit]

text: Halloween: The Curse of Michael Myers is notorious among Halloween fans for having multiple versions.[64] The Producer's Cut is the best known; however, a Director's Cut also exists with footage cut by the MPAA. The theatrical version was the only version commercially available—with the Director and Producer's cuts existing as low-quality bootlegs—until the Producer's Cut was included in the official Complete Collection box set released by Scream Factory and Anchor Bay Entertainment in 2014.[65]

text: The Producer's Cut[edit]

text:
[It is] Gothic and creepy, but you kind of lose the intensity of where we've been... I think we could've gone in and given it more intensity and more of a scare [factor].
Writer Farrands on the film's finale in the original cut, which was ultimately re-written and re-shot.[66]

text: The original cut of the film that screened for test audiences prior to the reshoots became known colloquially as The Producer's Cut, and bootlegged copies of it surfaced among film collectors.[67][39] This cut of Halloween: The Curse of Michael Myers features numerous differences, ranging from different scores and musical cues to substantial shifts in plot, particularly regarding the film's conclusion.[68] In a retrospective interview, Farrands noted that the finale in this cut of the film was sufficiently "creepy" and "Gothic," but conceded that it lacked intensity, which is largely what prompted Dimension Films to begin reshoots.[66] The Producer's Cut of the film garnered a cult following, according to writer Farrands: "It's amazing the life that [Halloween: The Curse of Michael Myers] has continued to have because there is this alternate version that has been, kind of in-the-vault all these years."[69]

text: In the finale of The Producer's Cut, Kara is to be used as a human sacrifice for Myers, and awakens at Smith's Grove Sanitarium on a concrete slab, surrounded by the cult's followers. She is ultimately saved by Tommy, who uses runes to stop Michael from pursuing them, and they escape with Jamie's newborn baby; it is implied by Kara in the film that the baby is a product of incest between Jamie and Michael.[68] Later, after telling the others he has got “a little business to attend to”, Loomis walks back into the sanitarium to find a seemingly-defeated Michael lying on the floor of the main hallway. Upon removing the mask, Loomis finds Dr. Wynn, who was forced by Michael to switch outfits so he could escape. With his dying breath, Wynn grabs Loomis's hand and says, "It's your game now, Dr. Loomis." After Wynn dies, the Thorn symbol appears on Loomis's wrist; realizing now that Loomis himself is now to act as the leader of the cult, he screams in terror and despair (this scream is heard as ambient noise in the final frame of the theatrical cut).

text: Another substantial difference in The Producer's Cut is the death of Jamie Lloyd: in it, Jamie does not die at the beginning of the film, and instead survives a knife attack by Michael in the barn. She remains in a coma and is taken to the hospital, where Loomis and Wynn visit her. Midway through the film, a "Gothic" montage occurs, which reveals in fragmented detail the conception of Jamie's child among the cult. After the sequence, an unseen person, later revealed to be Wynn, shoots the unconscious Jamie in the head with a silenced pistol.[70] Additionally, John's death scene in The Producer's Cut was shorter; in the theatrical cut, an additional shot (completed during the reshoots) was incorporated of his head graphically exploding from an electrical power surge.[71] Other various transitional shots throughout The Producer's Cut version were extracted or truncated in the theatrical cut.[68]

text: The Producer's Cut remained officially unreleased for nearly twenty years. It had its first public exhibition on October 27, 2013 at the New Beverly Cinema in Los Angeles.[72] Screenwriter Farrands was present for a short Q&A, in which he stressed that there was still a major push in the works to get this version a proper release. He also said that the studio allowing this version to be screened in public for the first time, and the overwhelmingly positive response, were both huge steps in the right direction.

text: A few select scenes from the Producer's Cut can be seen in the television version of the film. The scenes were re-inserted to increase the running time of the film.[73]


document_title: Waymo

question_text: when was the first google self driving car invented

root

text: Waymo

text: History[edit]

text: Google's self driving car project was formerly led by Sebastian Thrun, former director of the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory and co-inventor of Google Street View. Thrun's team at Stanford created the robotic vehicle Stanley which won the 2005 DARPA Grand Challenge and its US$2 million prize from the United States Department of Defense.[6] The team developing the system consisted of 15 engineers working for Google, including Chris Urmson, Mike Montemerlo, and Anthony Levandowski who had worked on the DARPA Grand and Urban Challenges.[7]

tag: p

text: In October 2010, an attorney for the California Department of Motor Vehicles raised concerns that "[t]he technology is ahead of the law in many areas", citing state laws that "all presume to have a human being operating the vehicle".[6]

text: According to a May 2011 article in The New York Times, policy makers and regulators have argued that new laws will be required if driverless vehicles are to become a reality because "the technology is now advancing so quickly that it is in danger of outstripping existing law, some of which dates back to the era of horse-drawn carriages".[8]

text: Nevada passed a law in June 2011 concerning the operation of autonomous cars in Nevada,[8][9][10] which went into effect on March 1, 2012.[11] A Toyota Prius modified with Google's experimental driverless technology was licensed by the Nevada Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) in May 2012. This was the first license issue in the United States for a self-driven car.[11] License plates issued in Nevada for autonomous cars will have a red background and feature an infinity symbol (∞) on the left side because, according to the DMV Director, "...using the infinity symbol was the best way to represent the 'car of the future'".[12] Nevada's regulations require a person behind the wheel and one in the passenger's seat during tests.

text: In late May 2014, Google revealed a new prototype of its driverless car, which had no steering wheel, gas pedal, or brake pedal, being 100% autonomous.[13][14] and unveiled a fully functioning prototype in December of that year that they planned to test on San Francisco Bay Area roads beginning in 2015.[15]

text: In 2015, Nathaniel Fairfield, Waymo's Principal Engineer, provided "the world's first fully driverless ride on public roads" to an old friend of his, who is legally blind.[16] Steve Mahan, former CEO of the Santa Clara Valley Blind Center, was the recipient of the first self-driving ride on public roads, in Austin, Texas.[2][17] In 2015, the project completed its first driverless ride on public roads, giving a ride to a sole blind man in Austin, Texas.[2][17]

text: It was the first driverless ride that was on a public road and was not accompanied by a test driver or police escort. The car had no steering wheel or floor pedals.[18]

text: In December 2016, the unit was renamed Waymo, and spun off as its own separate division. Waymo is derived from its mission, "a new way forward in mobility".[1]

text: A court filing in Waymo’s ongoing lawsuit against Uber revealed Google has spent over $1.1 Billion on the project between 2009 and 2015, to be compared with the $1 billion acquisition of Cruise Automation by General Motors in March 2016, the same investment by Ford in a joint venture with Argo AI in February 2017, or the $680 million for Otto shelled out by Uber in August 2016.[19]

text: Technology[edit]

text: This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (December 2016)

tag: table

text: The project team has equipped a number of different types of cars with the self-driving equipment, including the Toyota Prius, Audi TT, and Lexus RX450h,[20] Google has also developed their own custom vehicle, which is assembled by Roush Enterprises and uses equipment from Bosch, ZF Lenksysteme, LG, and Continental.[21][22] In May 2016, Google and Fiat Chrysler Automobiles announced an order of 100 Pacifica hybrid minivans to test the technology on.[23]

text: Google's robotic cars have about $150,000 in equipment including a $70,000 LIDAR system.[24] The range finder mounted on the top is a Velodyne 64-beam laser. This laser allows the vehicle to generate a detailed 3D map of its environment. The car then takes these generated maps and combines them with high-resolution maps of the world, producing different types of data models that allow it to drive itself.[25]

text: As of June 2014[update], the system works with a very high definition inch-precision map of the area the vehicle is expected to use, including how high the traffic lights are; in addition to on-board systems, some computation is performed on remote computer farms.[26]

text: Road testing[edit]

text: In August 2016 alone, their cars traveled a "total of 170,000 miles; of those, 126,000 miles were driven autonomously (i.e. the car was fully in control)".[27]

text: As of June 2016[update], Google had test driven their fleet of vehicles, in autonomous mode, a total of 1,725,911 mi (2,777,585 km).[28]

text: Beginning of 2017, Waymo reported to California DMV a total of 636,868 miles covered by the fleet in autonomous mode, and the associated 124 disengagements, for the period from December 1, 2015 through November 30, 2016. [29]

text: In 2012, the test group of vehicles included six Toyota Prius, an Audi TT, and three Lexus RX450h,[20] each accompanied in the driver's seat by one of a dozen drivers with unblemished driving records and in the passenger seat by one of Google's engineers. By May 2015, that fleet consisted solely of 23 Lexus SUVs.[31]

text: Google's vehicles have traversed San Francisco's Lombard Street, famed for its steep hairpin turns, and through city traffic. The vehicles have driven over the Golden Gate Bridge and around Lake Tahoe.[7] The system drives at the speed limit it has stored on its maps and maintains its distance from other vehicles using its system of sensors.[32] The system provides an override that allows a human driver to take control of the car by stepping on the brake or turning the wheel, similar to cruise control systems already found in many cars today.[6][12]

text: On March 28, 2012, Google posted a video showing Steve Mahan, a resident of Morgan Hill, California, being taken on a ride in Google's self-driving Toyota Prius. In the video, Mahan states "Ninety-five percent of my vision is gone, I'm well past legally blind". In the description of the video, it is noted that the carefully programmed route takes him from his home to a drive-through restaurant, then to the dry cleaning shop, and finally back home.[33][34]

text: In August 2012, the team announced that they have completed over 300,000 autonomous-driving miles (500,000 km) accident-free, typically having about a dozen cars on the road at any given time, and are starting to test them with single drivers instead of in pairs.[35] Four U.S. states have passed laws permitting autonomous cars as of December 2013: Nevada, Florida, California, and Michigan.[36] A law proposed in Texas would establish criteria for allowing "autonomous motor vehicles".[37][38]

text: In April 2014, the team announced that their vehicles have now logged nearly 700,000 autonomous miles (1.1 million km).[39]

text: In June 2015, the team announced that their vehicles have now driven over 1,000,000 mi (1,600,000 km), stating that this was "the equivalent of 75 years of typical U.S. adult driving", and that in the process they had encountered 200,000 stop signs, 600,000 traffic lights, and 180 million other vehicles.[40] Google also announced its prototype vehicles were being road tested in Mountain View, California.[41] During testing, the prototypes' speed will not exceed 25 mph (40 km/h) and will have safety drivers aboard the entire time. As a consequence, one of the vehicles was stopped by police for impeding traffic flow.[42]

text: Google has expanded its road-testing to the state of Texas, where regulations do not prohibit cars without pedals and a steering wheel.[43] Bills were introduced by interested parties to similarly change the legislation in California.[44]

text: Google expected the California Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) to release precedent-setting regulations regarding driverless cars in January 2015, allowing the company to give public access to the prototypes. As of October 2016[update], the CA DMV just issued draft regulations so is waiting for public comments.[45][needs update]

text: Crashes[edit]

text: Based on Google's own accident reports, their test cars have been involved in 14 collisions, of which human drivers were at fault 13 times. It was not until 2016 that the car's software caused a crash.

text: As of July 2015[update], Google's 23 self-driving cars have been involved in 14 minor collisions on public roads,[31] but Google maintains that, in all cases other than the February 2016 incident, the vehicle itself was not at fault because the cars were either being manually driven or the driver of another vehicle was at fault.[46][47][48]

text: In June 2015, Google founder Sergey Brin confirmed that there had been 12 collisions as of that date, eight of which involved being rear-ended at a stop sign or traffic light, two in which the vehicle was side-swiped by another driver, one of which involved another driver rolling through a stop sign, and one where a Google employee was manually driving the car.[49] In July 2015, three Google employees suffered minor injuries when the self-driving car they were riding in was rear-ended by a car whose driver failed to brake at a traffic light. This was the first time that a self-driving car collision resulted in injuries.[50]

text: On February 14, 2016 a Google self-driving car attempted to avoid sandbags blocking its path. During the maneuver it struck a bus. Google addressed the crash, saying "In this case, we clearly bear some responsibility, because if our car hadn't moved there wouldn't have been a collision".[51][52] Some incomplete video footage of the crash is available.[53] Google characterized the crash as a misunderstanding and a learning experience.[54] The company also stated "This type of misunderstanding happens between human drivers on the road every day".[55]

text: Additionally, Google maintains monthly reports that include any traffic incidents that their self-driving cars have been involved in.[56]

text: Google is required by the California DMV to report the number of incidents during testing where the human driver took control. Some of these incidents are not reported by Google when simulations indicate the car should have coped on its own. There is some controversy concerning this distinction between driver-initiated disengagements that Google reports and those that it does not report.[57]

text: Limitations[edit]

text: As of 28 August 2014[update], according to Computer World Google's self-driving cars were in fact unable to use about 99% of US roads.[58] As of the same date, the latest prototype had not been tested in heavy rain or snow due to safety concerns.[59] Because the cars rely primarily on pre-programmed route data, they do not obey temporary traffic lights and, in some situations, revert to a slower "extra cautious" mode in complex unmapped intersections. The vehicle has difficulty identifying when objects, such as trash and light debris, are harmless, causing the vehicle to veer unnecessarily. Additionally, the lidar technology cannot spot some potholes or discern when humans, such as a police officer, are signaling the car to stop.[60] Google projects plan on having these issues fixed by 2020.[61]

text: Commercialization[edit]

text: In 2012, Google founder Sergey Brin stated that Google Self-Driving car will be available for the general public in 2017,[62] and in 2014 this schedule was updated by project director Chris Urmson to indicate a possible release from 2017 to 2020.[63] Google has partnered with suppliers including Bosch, ZF Lenksysteme, LG, Continental, and Roush, and has contacted manufacturers including General Motors, Ford, Toyota (including Lexus), Daimler and Volkswagen.[22]

text: In August 2013, news reports surfaced about Robo-Taxi, a proposed driverless vehicle taxicab service from Google.[64] These reports re-appeared again in early 2014,[65] following the granting of a patent to Google for an advertising fee funded transportation service which included autonomous vehicles as a method of transport.[66] Paid Google consultant Larry Burns says self-driving, taxi-like vehicles "should be viewed as a new form of public transportation".[67]

text: In a December 2016 blog post, CEO John Krafcik stated:[68] "We can see our technology being useful in personal vehicles, ridesharing, logistics, or solving last mile problems for public transport" but also that "Our next step as Waymo will be to let people use our vehicles to do everyday things like run errands, commute to work, or get safely home after a night on the town". Temporary use of vehicles is known as Transportation as a Service.

text: Legislation[edit]

text: Legislation has been passed in four U.S. states and Washington, D.C. allowing driverless cars. The state of Nevada passed a law on June 29, 2011, permitting the operation of autonomous cars in Nevada, after Google had been lobbying in that state for robotic car laws.[8][9] The Nevada law went into effect on March 1, 2012, and the Nevada Department of Motor Vehicles issued the first license for an autonomous car in May 2012, to a Toyota Prius modified with Google's experimental driverless technology.[11] In April 2012, Florida became the second state to allow the testing of autonomous cars on public roads,[69] and California became the third when Governor Jerry Brown signed the bill into law at Google Headquarters in Mountain View.[70] In December 2013, Michigan became the fourth state to allow testing of driverless cars on public roads.[71] In July 2014, the city of Coeur d'Alene, Idaho adopted a robotics ordinance that includes provisions to allow for self-driving cars.[72]

text: In December 2015, the California Department of Motor Vehicles issued long-anticipated proposed regulations governing autonomous vehicles,[73] and invited public comments on the draft regulations at meetings in Sacramento on January 28, 2016, and in Los Angeles on February 2, 2016.[74] If adopted, the regulations would require self-driving cars to have a steering wheel and pedals, and a human driver onboard who holds an "autonomous vehicle operator certificate."[75] They would also hold the occupant responsible for accidents and violations of traffic laws, regardless of whether or not they were at the wheel.[76] The DMV summarized its perspective by stating, "Given the potential risks associated with deployment of such a new technology, [we believe] that manufacturers need to obtain more experience in testing driverless vehicles on public roads prior to making this technology available to the general public".[77] Lobbying by project manager Chris Urmson from Google in the US Senate is underway to change this.[78]

text: Waymo LLC v. Uber Technologies, Inc. et al.[edit]

text: In February 2017, Waymo sued Uber and its subsidiary self-driving trucking company, Otto, for allegedly stealing Waymo's trade secrets and infringing upon its patents. The company claimed that three ex-Google employees including Anthony Levandowski stole trade secrets and joined Uber. The infringement is related to Waymo's proprietary LiDAR technology.[79][80]


document_title: List of all-time Major League Baseball win–loss records

question_text: what mlb team has lost the most games

question_tokens: what mlb team has lost the most games

text: The following is a listing of all 30 current Major League Baseball (MLB) teams ranked by win–loss record percentage, accurate as of the end of the 2016 Major League Baseball season. The records do not count wins and losses recorded by a team's playing time in the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players (NAPBP). Counting MLB statistics, the New York Yankees have the highest win–loss record percentage, with .569. The Tampa Bay Rays have the lowest win–loss record percentage, with .462. The San Francisco Giants and Tampa Bay Rays have recorded the most and least overall wins, with 10,951 and 1,420, respectively. The Chicago Cubs lead the association with the most played games, with 21,060. Conversely, the Rays have played the least overall games, with 3,076.

text: Regular season[edit]

text: Best win–loss record in division

text:
Rank
Team
Won
Lost
Draw
Pct.
First MLB Season
Total Games
Division

1
New York Yankees
10,084
7,648
88
.569
1903
17,820
AL East

2
San Francisco Giants
11,001
9,415
163
.538
1883
20,529
NL West

3
Los Angeles Dodgers
10,672
9,633
139
.526
1883
20,444
NL West

4
St. Louis Cardinals
10,657
9,839
151
.520
1882
20,647
NL Central

5
Boston Red Sox
9,317
8,707
83
.517
1901
18,107
AL East

6
Chicago Cubs
10,711
10,188
161
.513
1876
21,060
NL Central

7
Cleveland Indians
9,191
8,837
91
.510
1901
18,119
AL Central

8
Detroit Tigers
9,171
8,881
93
.508
1901
18,145
AL Central

9
Cincinnati Reds
10,389
10,117
139
.507
1882
20,645
NL Central

10
Pittsburgh Pirates
10,319
10,146
140
.504
1882
20,605
NL Central

11
Chicago White Sox
9,082
8,931
103
.504
1901
18,116
AL Central

12
Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim
4,477
4,465
3
.501
1961
8,945
AL West

13
Atlanta Braves
10,438
10,432
154
.500
1876
21,024
NL East

14
Toronto Blue Jays
3,167
3,188
3
.498
1977
6,358
AL East

15
Houston Astros
4,290
4,491
5
.489
1962
8,786
AL West

16
Arizona Diamondbacks
1,503
1,575
0
.488
1998
3,078
NL West

17
Oakland Athletics
8,759
9,235
87
.487
1901
18,081
AL West

18
Kansas City Royals
3,704
3,933
2
.485
1969
7,639
AL Central

19
Washington Nationals
3,705
3,935
4
.485
1969
7,644
NL East

20
New York Mets
4,215
4,555
8
.481
1962
8,778
NL East

21
Minnesota Twins
8,639
9,381
109
.479
1901
18,129
AL Central

22
Texas Rangers
4,277
4,649
6
.479
1961
8,932
AL West

23
Baltimore Orioles
8,592
9,418
110
.477
1901
18,120
AL East

24
Milwaukee Brewers
3,642
4,001
4
.477
1969
7,647
NL Central

25
Philadelphia Phillies
9,598
10,741
115
.472
1883
20,454
NL East

26
Seattle Mariners
2,984
3,371
2
.470
1977
6,357
AL West

27
Miami Marlins
1,793
2,026
0
.469
1993
3,819
NL East

28
Colorado Rockies
1,784
2,042
0
.466
1993
3,826
NL West

29
San Diego Padres
3,540
4,110
2
.463
1969
7,652
NL West

30
Tampa Bay Rays
1,420
1,656
0
.462
1998
3,076
AL East

text: World Series[edit]

text: The following world series listing is accurate through the end of the 2016 World Series. The New York Yankees have the most world series wins (134), most world series games played (225). The Toronto Blue Jays have the highest world series winning percentage (.667). The Seattle Mariners and Washington Nationals have not played world series their franchise history. expect of two teams, the Colorado Rockies and Houston Astros have the lowest world series winning percentage (.000).

text:
Best win–loss record in division

Team active in world series

text:
Rank
Team
Won
Lost
Pct.
Last World Series
appearance
Total Games
Division

1
Toronto Blue Jays
8
4
.667
1993
12
AL East

2
Boston Red Sox
45
28
.616
2013
74
AL East

3
Miami Marlins
8
5
.615
2003
13
NL East

4
New York Yankees
134
90
.598
2009
225
AL East

5
Arizona Diamondbacks
4
3
.571
2001
7
NL West

5
Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim
4
3
.571
2002
7
AL West

7
Chicago White Sox
17
13
.567
2005
30
AL Central

8
Oakland Athletics
41
34
.547
1990
75
AL West

9
Baltimore Orioles
21
18
.538
1983
39
AL East

10
Kansas City Royals
13
12
.520
2015
25
AL Central

11
Cincinnati Reds
26
25
.510
1990
51
NL Central

12
San Francisco Giants
57
57
.500
2014
116
NL West

13
St. Louis Cardinals
58
60
.492
2013
118
NL Central

14
Pittsburgh Pirates
23
24
.489
1979
47
NL Central

15
Minnesota Twins
19
21
.475
1991
40
AL Central

16
Cleveland Indians
17
20
.459
2016
37
AL Central

17
Atlanta Braves
24
29
.453
1999
53
NL East

18
New York Mets
13
16
.448
2015
29
NL East

19
Los Angeles Dodgers
45
60
.429
1988
105
NL West

19
Milwaukee Brewers
3
4
.429
1982
7
NL Central

21
Detroit Tigers
27
37
.422
2012
65
AL Central

22
Chicago Cubs
23
36
.390
2016
60
NL Central

23
Philadelphia Phillies
14
23
.378
2009
37
NL East

24
Texas Rangers
4
8
.333
2011
12
AL West

25
Tampa Bay Rays
1
4
.200
2008
5
AL East

26
San Diego Padres
1
8
.111
1998
9
NL West

27
Colorado Rockies
0
4
.000
2007
4
NL West

27
Houston Astros
0
4
.000
2005
4
AL West

29
Seattle Mariners
0
0
–
never (franchise began 1977)
0
AL West

29
Washington Nationals
0
0
–
never (franchise began 1969)
0
NL East

text: * including a tied game (1907 World Series game 1 (Tigers vs. Cubs), 1912 World Series game 2 (Giants vs. Red Sox) and 1922 World Series game 2 (Giants vs. Yankees).)


document_title: The pot calling the kettle black

question_text: where did pot calling the kettle black come from

text: The pot calling the kettle black

text: Origin[edit]

text: The earliest appearance of the idiom is in Thomas Shelton's 1620 translation of the Spanish novel Don Quixote. The protagonist is growing increasingly restive under the criticisms of his servant Sancho Panza, of which one is that "You are like what is said that the frying-pan said to the kettle, 'Avant, black-browes'."[1] The Spanish text at this point reads: Dijo la sartén a la caldera, Quítate allá ojinegra (Said the pan to the pot, get out of there black-eyes).[2] It is identified as a proverb (refrán) in the text, functioning as a retort to the person who criticises another of the same defect that he plainly has. Among several variations, the one where the pan addresses the pot as culinegra (black-arse) makes clear that they are dirtied in common by contact with the cooking fire.[3]

text: This version was also recorded in England soon afterwards as "The pot calls the pan burnt-arse" in John Clarke's collection of proverbs, Paroemiologia Anglo-Latina (1639).[4] A nearer approach to the present wording is provided by William Penn in his collection Some Fruits of Solitude in Reflections and Maxims (1682):

text: Apart from the final example in this passage, there is not a strict accord between the behaviour of the critic and the person censured.

text: An alternative modern interpretation,[6][7] far removed from the original intention, argues that while the pot is sooty (being placed on a fire), the kettle is shiny (being placed on coals only); hence, when the pot accuses the kettle of being black, it is the pot's own sooty reflection that it sees: the pot accuses the kettle of a fault that only the pot has, rather than one that they share. The point is illustrated by a poem that appeared anonymously in an early issue of St. Nicholas Magazine from 1876:

text:
“

"Oho!" said the pot to the kettle;"You are dirty and ugly and black!Sure no one would think you were metal,Except when you're given a crack."
"Not so! not so!" kettle said to the pot;"'Tis your own dirty image you see;For I am so clean – without blemish or blot – That your blackness is mirrored in me."[8]

”

text: Similar themes in antiquity[edit]

text:
In ancient Greece, mention of 'the Snake and the Crab' signified much the same, where the critic censures its own behaviour in another. The first instance of this is in a drinking song (skolion) dating from the late 6th or early 5th century BCE.[9] The fable ascribed to Aesop concerns a mother crab and its young, where the mother tells the child to walk straight and is asked in return to demonstrate how that is done.[10]
The same theme differently expressed occurs in the Aramaic version of the story of Ahiqar, dating from about 500 BCE. 'The bramble sent to the pomegranate tree saying, "Wherefore the multitude of thy thorns to him that toucheth thy fruit?" The pomegranate tree answered and said to the bramble, "Thou art all thorns to him that toucheth thee".[11]
In Matthew 7:3-5, it is criticism of a less significant failing by those who are worse that is the target of the Sermon on the Mount: "Why do you look at the speck of sawdust in your brother's eye and pay no attention to the plank in your own eye?"

tag: ul


document_title: Distilled beverage

question_text: where does the term spirits for alcohol come from

text: Distilled beverage

text: Nomenclature[edit]

text: The term spirit refers to a distilled beverage that contains no added sugar and has at least 20% alcohol by volume (ABV).

text: Distilled beverages bottled with added sugar and added flavorings, such as Grand Marnier, Frangelico, and American schnapps, are known instead as liqueurs.

text: Distilled beverages generally have an alcohol concentration higher than 30%. Beer and wine, which are not distilled beverages, are limited to a maximum alcohol content of about 20% ABV, as most yeasts cannot reproduce when the concentration of alcohol is above this level; as a consequence, fermentation ceases at that point.

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The origin of "liquor" and its close relative "liquid" was the Latin verb liquere, meaning "to be fluid". According to the Oxford English Dictionary, an early use of the word in the English language, meaning simply "a liquid", can be dated to 1225. The first use the OED mentions of its meaning "a liquid for drinking" occurred in the 14th century. Its use as a term for "an intoxicating alcoholic drink" appeared in the 16th century.

text: The term "spirit" in reference to alcohol stems from Middle Eastern alchemy. These alchemists were more concerned with medical elixirs than with transmuting lead into gold. The vapor given off and collected during an alchemical process (as with distillation of alcohol) was called a spirit of the original material.

text: History of distillation[edit]

text: Precursors[edit]

text: Distillation was known in the ancient Indian subcontinent, evident from baked clay retorts and receivers found at Taxila and Charsadda in modern Pakistan, dating back to the early centuries of the Common Era. These "Gandhara stills" were only capable of producing very weak liquor, as there was no efficient means of collecting the vapors at low heat.[5]

text: The Chinese may have independently developed the process in the early centuries of the Common Era, during the Eastern Han dynasty.[6] Distilled water was described in the 2nd century AD by Alexander of Aphrodisias.[7] Alchemists in Roman Egypt were using a distillation alembic or still device in the 3rd century.

text: Freeze distillation involves freezing the alcoholic beverage and then removing the ice. The freezing technique had limitations in geography and implementation limiting how widely this method was put to use.

text: True distillation[edit]

text: The medieval Arabs used the distillation process extensively, and there is evidence that they distilled alcohol. Al-Kindi unambiguously described the distillation of wine in the 9th century.[8][9][10] The process later spread to Italy,[8][5] where later evidence of the distillation of alcohol comes from the School of Salerno in southern Italy during the 12th century.[11][12]

text: In China, archaeological evidence indicates that the true distillation of alcohol began during the 12th century Jin or Southern Song dynasties.[6] A still has been found at an archaeological site in Qinglong, Hebei, dating to the 12th century.[6] In India, the true distillation of alcohol was introduced from the Middle East, and was in wide use in the Delhi Sultanate by the 14th century.[5]

text: Fractional distillation was developed by Taddeo Alderotti in the 13th century.[13] The production method was written in code, suggesting that it was being kept secret.

text: In 1437, "burned water" (brandy) was mentioned in the records of the County of Katzenelnbogen in Germany.[14] It was served in a tall, narrow glass called a Goderulffe.

text: Claims upon the origin of specific beverages are controversial, often invoking national pride, but they are plausible after the 12th century AD, when Irish whiskey and German brandy became available. These spirits would have had a much lower alcohol content (about 40% ABV) than the alchemists' pure distillations, and they were likely first thought of as medicinal elixirs. Consumption of distilled beverages rose dramatically in Europe in and after the mid-14th century, when distilled liquors were commonly used as remedies for the Black Death. Around 1400, methods to distill spirits from wheat, barley, and rye beers, a cheaper option than grapes, were discovered. Thus began the "national" drinks of Europe: jenever (Belgium and the Netherlands), gin (England), Schnaps (Germany), grappa (Italy), borovička (Slovakia), horilka (Ukraine), akvavit/snaps (Scandinavia), vodka (Poland and Russia), ouzo (Greece), rakia (the Balkans), and poitín (Ireland). The actual names emerged only in the 16th century, but the drinks were well known prior to then.

text: Government regulation[edit]

text: It is legal to distill beverage alcohol as a hobby for personal use in some countries, including New Zealand and the Netherlands.[citation needed]

text: In the United States, is illegal to distill beverage alcohol without a license. In some parts of the U.S., it is also illegal to sell a still without a license. However, all states allow unlicensed individuals to make their own beer, and some also allow unlicensed individuals to make their own wine (although making beer and wine is also prohibited in some local jurisdictions).

text: Microdistilling[edit]

text: Microdistilling (also known as craft distilling) as a trend began to develop in the United States following the emergence and immense popularity of microbrewing and craft beer in the last decades of the 20th century.

text: Flammability[edit]

text: Liquor that contains 40% ABV (80 US proof) will catch fire if heated to about 26 °C (79 °F) and if an ignition source is applied to it. This temperature is called its flash point.[15] The flash point of pure alcohol is 16.6 °C (61.9 °F), less than average room temperature.[16]

text: The flash points of alcohol concentrations from 10% ABV to 96% ABV are:[17]

text:
10% – 49 °C (120 °F) – ethanol-based water solution
12.5% – about 52 °C (126 °F) – wine[18]
20% – 36 °C (97 °F) – fortified wine
30% – 29 °C (84 °F)
40% – 26 °C (79 °F) – typical vodka, whisky or brandy
50% – 24 °C (75 °F) – strong whisky, bottled in bond whisky
60% – 22 °C (72 °F) – normal tsikoudia (called mesoraki or middle raki), barrel proof whisky
70% – 21 °C (70 °F) – some absinthe, slivovitz
80% – 20 °C (68 °F)
90% or more – 17 °C (63 °F) – neutral grain spirit

text: Serving[edit]

text: Distilled beverages can be served:

text:
Neat — at room temperature without any additional ingredient(s)[19]
Up — shaken or stirred with ice, strained, and served in a stemmed glass.
Down — shaken or stirred with ice, strained, and served in a rocks glass.
On the rocks — over ice cubes
Blended or frozen — blended with ice
With a simple mixer, such as club soda, tonic water, juice, or cola
As an ingredient of a cocktail
As an ingredient of a shooter
With water
With water poured over sugar (as with absinthe)

text: Alcohol consumption by country[edit]

text: The World Health Organization measures and publishes alcohol consumption patterns in different countries. The WHO measures alcohol consumed by persons 15 years of age or older and reports it on the basis of liters of pure alcohol consumed per capita in a given year in a country.[20]

text: Health effects[edit]

text: Short-term effects[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Distilled spirits contain ethyl alcohol, the same chemical that is present in beer and wine and as such, spirit consumption has short-term psychological and physiological effects on the user. Different concentrations of alcohol in the human body have different effects on a person. The effects of alcohol depend on the amount an individual has drunk, the percentage of alcohol in the spirits and the timespan that the consumption took place, the amount of food eaten and whether an individual has taken other prescription, over-the-counter or street drugs, among other factors. Drinking enough to cause a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.03%-0.12% typically causes an overall improvement in mood and possible euphoria, increased self-confidence, and sociability, decreased anxiety, a flushed, red appearance in the face and impaired judgment and fine muscle coordination. A BAC of 0.09% to 0.25% causes lethargy, sedation, balance problems and blurred vision. A BAC from 0.18% to 0.30% causes profound confusion, impaired speech (e.g., slurred speech), staggering, dizziness and vomiting. A BAC from 0.25% to 0.40% causes stupor, unconsciousness, anterograde amnesia, vomiting, and respiratory depression (potentially life-threatening). Death may occur due to inhalation of vomit (pulmonary aspiration) while unconscious. A BAC from 0.35% to 0.80% causes a coma (unconsciousness), life-threatening respiratory depression and possibly fatal alcohol poisoning. As with all alcoholic beverages, driving under the influence, operating an aircraft or heavy machinery increases the risk of an accident; as such many countries have penalties for drunk driving.

text: Long-term effects[edit]

text: The main active ingredient of distilled spirits is alcohol, and therefore, the health effects of alcohol apply to spirits. Drinking small quantities of alcohol (less than one drink per day for women and 2 drinks per day for men) is associated with a decreased risk of heart disease, stroke, diabetes mellitus, and early death.[21] Drinking more than this amount; however, increases the risk of heart disease, high blood pressure, atrial fibrillation, and stroke.[21] The risk is greater in younger people due to binge drinking which may result in violence or accidents.[21] About 3.3 million deaths (5.9% of all deaths) are believed to be due to alcohol each year.[22]

text: Alcoholism, also known as "alcohol use disorder", is a broad term for any drinking of alcohol that results in problems.[23] It was previously divided into two types: alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence.[24][25] In a medica[clarification needed]l context, alcoholism is said to exist when two or more of the following conditions is present: a person drinks large amounts over a long time period, has difficulty cutting down, acquiring and drinking alcohol takes up a great deal of time, alcohol is strongly desired, usage results in not fulfilling responsibilities, usage results in social problems, usage results in health problems, usage results in risky situations, withdrawal occurs when stopping, and alcohol tolerance has occurred with use.[25] Alcoholism reduces a person's life expectancy by around ten years[26] and alcohol use is the third-leading cause of early death in the United States.[21] No professional medical association recommends that people who are nondrinkers should start drinking wine.[21][27]

text: While lower quality evidence suggests a cardioprotective effect, no controlled studies have been completed on the effect of alcohol on the risk of developing heart disease or stroke. Excessive consumption of alcohol can cause liver cirrhosis and alcoholism.[28] The American Heart Association "cautions people NOT to start drinking ... if they do not already drink alcohol. Consult your doctor on the benefits and risks of consuming alcohol in moderation."[29]


document_title: Ossification

question_text: when do the bones of the sternum become completely ossified

text: Ossification

text: Timetable for human ossification[edit]

text:
Time period[2]
Bones affected[2]

Third month of fetal development
Ossification in long bones beginning

Fourth month
Most primary ossification centers have appeared in the diaphyses of bone.

Birth to 5 years
Secondary ossification centers appear in the epiphyses

5 years to 12 years in females, 5 to 14 years in males
Ossification is spreading rapidly from the ossification centers and various bones are becoming ossified

17 to 20 years
Bone of upper limbs and scapulae becoming completely ossified

18 to 23 years
Bone of the lower limbs and os coxae become completely ossified

23 to 25 years
Bone of the sternum, clavicles, and vertebrae become completely ossified

By 25 years
Nearly all bones are completely ossified

text: Intramembranous ossification[edit]

text: Intramembranous ossification forms the flat bones of the skull, clavicle and mandible.

text: Endochondral ossification[edit]

text: Endochondral ossification is the formation of long bones and other bones. This requires a hyaline cartilage precursor. There are two centres of ossification for endochondral ossification.

text: The primary centre

text: In long bones, bone tissue first appears in the diaphysis (middle of shaft). Chondrocytes multiply and form trebeculae. Cartilage is progressively eroded and replaced by hardened bone, extending towards the epiphysis. A perichondrium layer surrounding the cartilage forms the periosteum, which generates osteogenic cells that then go on to make a collar that encircles the outside of the bone and remodels the medullary cavity on the inside.

text: The nutrient artery enters via the nutrient foramen from a small opening in the diaphysis. It invades the primary centre of ossification, bringing osteogenic cells (osteoblasts on the outside, osteoclasts on the inside.) The canal of the nutrient foramen is directed away from more active end of bone when one end grows more than the other. When bone grows at same rate at both ends, the nutrient artery is perpendicular to the bone.

text: Most other bones (e.g. vertebrae) also have primary ossification centres, and bone is laid down in a similar manner.

text: Secondary centres

text: The secondary centres generally appear at the epiphysis. Secondary ossification mostly occurs after birth (except for distal femur and proximal tibia which occurs during 9th month of fetal development). The epiphyseal arteries and osteogenic cells invade the epiphysis, depositing osteoblasts and osteoclasts which erode the cartilage and build bone. This occurs at both ends of long bones but only one end of digits and ribs.

text: Evolution[edit]

text: Several hypotheses have been proposed for how bone evolved as a structural element in vertebrates. One hypothesis is that bone developed from tissues that evolved to store minerals. Specifically, calcium-based minerals were stored in cartilage and bone was an exaptation development from this calcified cartilage.[3] However, other possibilities include bony tissue evolving as an osmotic barrier, or as a protective structure.


document_title: Seville Cathedral

question_text: who is buried in the cathedral of sevilla

text: Seville Cathedral

text: Construction and history[edit]

text: Almohad mosque (1172–1248)[edit]

text: The Almohad caliph Abu Yaqub Yusuf ordered the construction of a new grand mosque for the city on 1172 on the south end of the city. The new mosque was dedicated in 1182, but was not completed until 1198. It supplanted the one built between 829 and 830 by Umar Ibn Adabbas on the site of the present-day collegiate church of Divino Salvador as the main prayer hall in the city. Larger and closer to the city's alcázar, the mosque was designed by the renowned architect Ahmad ben Basso as a 113 x 135 m rectangular building with a surface of over 15,000 m², including a minaret and ablutions courtyard. Its prayer hall consisted of seventeen aisles oriented southward, perpendicular to its Qibla wall, in the manner of many mosques of Al-Andalus, including the mosque of Ibn Adabbas.[4][5]

text: "Christianized mosque" (1248–1434)[edit]

text: Shortly after Seville's conquest by Ferdinand III, Yaqub Yusuf's mosque was converted into the city's cathedral. Its orientation was changed and its spaces partitioned and adorned to suit Christian worship practices. The internal space was gradually divided into chapels by constructing walls in the bays along the northern and southern walls. Almost the entire eastern half of the cathedral was occupied by the royal chapel that would hold the bodies of Ferdinand, his wife and Alfonso the Wise.[5]

text: Gothic cathedral (1434–1506, 1511–1517)[edit]

text: Seville Cathedral was built to demonstrate the city's wealth, as it had become a major trading center in the years after the Reconquista in 1248. In July 1401, city leaders decided to build a new cathedral to replace the grand mosque that served as the cathedral until then. According to local oral tradition, the members of the cathedral chapter said: "Hagamos una Iglesia tan hermosa y tan grandiosa que los que la vieren labrada nos tengan por locos" ("Let us build a church so beautiful and so grand that those who see it finished will take us for mad").[6] The actual entry from 8 July 1401, recorded among others by Juan Cean Bermudes in 1801 but now lost, proposed building "una tal y tan buena, que no haya otra su igual" ("one so good that none will be its equal).[7] Construction continued until 1506. The clergy of the parish offered half their stipends to pay for architects, artists, stained glass artisans, masons, carvers, craftsman and labourers and other expenses.[8] Several factors, including royal resistance to the temporary relocation of the royal chapel delayed the start of construction until 1434. On that year, king John II of Castille allowed the temporary transportation of the royal bodies to the cathedral's cloister for storage.[9]

text: Five years after construction ended, in 1511, the crossing lantern, or cimborrio, collapsed and work on the cathedral recommenced. The crossing again collapsed in 1888, and work on the dome continued until at least 1903.[10] The 1888 collapse occurred due to an earthquake and resulted in the destruction of "every precious object below" the dome at that time.[11]

text: Description[edit]

text: The interior has the longest nave of any cathedral in Spain. The central nave rises to a height of 42 meters. In the main body of the cathedral, the most noticeable features are the great boxlike choir loft, which fills the central portion of the nave, and the vast Gothic retablo of carved scenes from the life of Christ. This altarpiece was the lifetime work of a single craftsman, Pierre Dancart.

text: The builders preserved some elements from the ancient mosque. The mosque's sahn, that is, the courtyard for ablutions for the faithful to conduct their ritual cleansing before entering the prayer hall is known today as the Patio de los Naranjos. It contains a fountain and orange trees. However, the most well known is its minaret, which was converted into a bell tower known as La Giralda, and is now the city's most well-known symbol.

text: Giralda[edit]

text: The Giralda is the bell tower of the Cathedral of Seville. Its height is 343 feet (105 m), and its square base is 23 feet (7.0 m) above sea level and 44 feet (13 m) long per side. The Giralda is the former minaret of the mosque that stood on the site under Muslim rule, and was built to resemble the minaret of the Koutoubia Mosque in Marrakech, Morocco. It was converted into a bell tower for the cathedral after the Reconquista,[12] although the topmost section dates from the Renaissance. It was registered in 1987 as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. The tower is 104.5 m in height and was one of the most important symbols in the medieval city. Construction began in 1184 under the direction of architect Ben Ahmad Baso. According to the chronicler Ibn Sahib al-Salah, the works were completed on 10 March 1198, with the placement of four gilt bronze balls in the top section of the tower. After a strong earthquake in 1365, the spheres were missing. In the 16th century the belfry was added by the architect Hernán Ruiz the Younger; the statue on its top, called "El Giraldillo", was installed in 1568 to represent the triumph of the Christian faith.

text: Doors[edit]

text: Seville Cathedral has fifteen doors on its four facades. The major doors are:

text: West facade[edit]

text: The Door of Baptism, on the left side, was built in the 15th century and decorated with a scene depicting the baptism of Jesus, created by the workshop of Lorenzo Mercadante of Britain. It is of Gothic style with a pointed archivolt decorated with tracery. It contains sculptures of the brothers Saint Isidore and Saint Leander and the sisters Saints Justa and Rufina, by Lorenzo Mecadante, also a series of angels and prophets by the artisan Pedro Millán. The Main Door or Door of Assumption, in the center of the west facade, is well-preserved and elaborately decorated. Cardinal Cienfuegos y Jovellanos commissioned the artist Ricardo Bellver to carve the relief of the Assumption over the door; it was executed between 1877 and 1898.

text: The Door of Saint Michael or Door of the Nativity, has sculptures representing the birth of Jesus by Pedro Millan. It was built in the 15th century and is decorated with terracotta sculptures of Saint Laurean, Saint Hermengild and the Four Evangelists. Today, this door is used for the Holy Week processions.

text: South facade[edit]

text: The Door of Saint Cristopher or De la Lonja (1887–1895) of the south transept, was designed by Adolfo Fernandez Casanova and completed in 1917; it was originally designed by the architect Demetrio de los Rios in 1866. A replica of the "Giraldillo" stands in front of its gate.

text: North facade[edit]

text: The Door of the Conception (1895–1927), (Puerta de la Concepción) opens onto the Court of the Oranges (Patio de los Naranjos) and is kept closed except on festival days. It was designed by Demetrio de los Rios and finished by Adolfo Fernandez Casanova in 1895. It was built in the Gothic style to harmonize with the rest of the building.

text: The Door of the Lizard (Puerta del Lagarto) leads from the Court of the Oranges; it is named for the stuffed crocodile hanging from the ceiling.

text: The Door of the Sanctuary (Puerta del Sagrario) provides access to the sanctuary. Designed by Pedro Sanchez Falconete in the last third of the 17th century, it is framed by Corinthian columns with a sculpture on top representing King Ferdinand III of Castile next to the Saints Isidore, Leander, Justa and Rufina.

text: Door of Forgiveness (Puerta del Perdón) This door gives access to the Patio de los Naranjos (Patio of the Oranges) from Calle Alemanes and therefore is not really a door of the cathedral. It belonged to the ancient mosque and retains its horseshoe arch shape from that time. In the early 16th century it was adorned with terracotta sculptures by the sculptor Miguel Perrin, highlighting the great relief of the Purification on the entrance arch. The plaster ornaments were made by Bartolomé López.

text: East facade[edit]

text: The Door of Sticks or the Adoration of the Magi (Puerta de Palos or Puerta de la Adoración de los Magos) decorated with sculptures by Lope Marin in 1548, has a relief of the Adoration of the Magi at the top, executed by Miguel Perrin in 1520. The name "Palos" or "Sticks" is due to the wooden railing which separates that area from the rest of the building.

text: Door of the Bells (Puerta de las Campanillas) so named because at the time of its construction the bells to call the workers were rung there. The Renaissance sculptures and the relief on the tympanum representing Christ's Entry into Jerusalem were made by Lope Marin in 1548.

text:
Door of the Baptism.

Main Door or Door of Assumption.

Door of Saint Miguel.

Door of the Prince.

Door of Conception.

Door of Palos.

Detail of Door of Palos.

Door of Forgiveness.

text: Chapels[edit]

text: The cathedral has 80 chapels, in which 500 masses were said daily as reported in 1896.[13] The baptistery Chapel of Saint Anthony contains the painting of The Vision of St. Anthony (1656) by Bartolomé Esteban Murillo. In November 1874, it was discovered that thieves had cut out the portion depicting Saint Anthony. Then, in January 1875, a Spanish immigrant attempted to sell the same fragment to a New York City art gallery. The man stated it was a complete original by Murillo, Saint Anthony being one of the artist's favorite subjects. The owner of the gallery, Hermann Schaus, negotiated a price of $250 and contacted the Spanish consulate. Upon securing the sale, Schaus sent it to the Spanish Consulate, which shipped it to Seville via Havana and Cadiz.[14]

text: Organ[edit]

text: The cathedral originally hosted a pair of historic instruments: a Gospel organ by the renowned innovator Jordi Bosch, finished in 1793, and an Epistle organ by Valentín and José Valentín Verdalonga, finished in 1831.[15][16] Neither survived the 1888 earthquake. They were replaced in 1901–1903 with twin organs by Aquilino Amezua. These were converted to electrical control in 1973 and are now played from a single four-manual console on the floor between them. The organ was then reworked by Gerhard Grenzing in 1996, adding some more traditional Baroque capabilities to this romantic-symphonic instrument.[15]

text: Timeline[edit]

text:
1184 – Construction of the Almohad mosque begun (Harvey 260)
1198 – Completion of the mosque (Montiel 12) (Harvey 260)
1248 – Conquest of Seville by Ferdinand III, the mosque Christianized (Montiel 14)
1356 and 1362 – Two earthquakes destroy minaret, replaced by bell gable (Montiel 12)
1401 – (8 July- Harvey 230) Decision made to replace former mosque (Montiel 15)
1402 – Nave begun- SW corner (Harvey 260)
1432 – Nave completed, east end started (Harvey 260)
1466 – Demolition of Royal Chapel authorized by Juan II of Castile (Montiel 15)
1467 – East end completed, vaults begun. Anchors added. (Harvey 260)
1475 – Stalls begun (Harvey 260)
1478 – Stalls completed (Harvey 260)
1481 – Doorways in high altar completed (Montiel 16)
1482 – Retablo (altarpiece) begun (Harvey 260)
1498 – Vaults completed, lantern begun (Harvey 260)*
1506 – Main dome (lantern) completed (Montiel 16) (Harvey 260)
1511 – Lantern collapses, rebuilding begins (Montiel 16) (Harvey 260)
1515 – New choir vaults completed (Montiel 16)*
1517 – New transept vaults completed (Montiel 16)*
1519 – Lantern rebuilding completed (Harvey 260)
1526 – Retablo Mayor completed (Harvey 260)
1551 – Capilla Real begun (Harvey 260)
1558 – Belfry replaces bell gable (Montiel 12)
1568 – Giralda, top stages (Harvey 260)
1575 – Capilla Real completed (Harvey 260)
1593 – Chapterhouse (Sala Capitular) completed
1793 – Epistle organ finished
1831 – Gospel organ finished
1888 – Main dome and vaults collapse (Montiel 16)
1934 – Eduard Torres, priest and long-time choirmaster, dies
1995 – Infanta Elena of Spain, the elder daughter of King Juan Carlos and Queen Sofía, married Jaime de Maricharlar in the Cathedral.

text: Burials[edit]

text:
Christopher Columbus
Ferdinand Columbus
Fernando III of Castile
Elisabeth of Hohenstaufen
Alfonso X of Castile
Pedro I of Castile


document_title: List of Chief Ministers of Madhya Pradesh

question_text: who is the chief minister of m. p

question_tokens: who is the chief minister of m. p

text:
Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh
(मध्य प्रदेश के मुख्यमंत्री)

Incumbent
Shivraj Singh Chouhan
since 29 November 2005

Appointer
Governor of Madhya Pradesh

Inaugural holder
Ravishankar Shukla

Formation
1 November 1956

text: The Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh (MP), a central Indian state, is the head of the Government of Madhya Pradesh. As per the Constitution of India, the governor is the state's de jure head, but de facto executive authority rests with the chief minister. Following elections to the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly, the governor usually invites the party (or coalition) with a majority of seats to form the government. The governor appoints the chief minister, whose council of ministers are collectively responsible to the assembly. Given that he has the confidence of the assembly, the chief minister's term is for five years and is subject to no term limits.[1]

text: The first Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh was Ravishankar Shukla, who took office on 1 November 1956. Including him, 12 out of the 18 MP chief ministers have belonged to the Indian National Congress. The longest-serving chief minister is current incumbent Shivraj Singh Chouhan of the Bharatiya Janata Party, who has served since 2005.

text: Chief Ministers of Madhya Pradesh[edit]

text:
Colour key for parties

  Bharatiya Janata Party
  Indian National Congress
  Janata Party
  N/A (President's rule)

text:
No
Name
Term of office
Party[a]
Days in office

1
Ravishankar Shukla
MLA for Saraipali
1 November 1956
31 December 1956
Indian National Congress

61 days

2
Bhagwantrao Mandloi
MLA for Khandwa
1 January 1957
30 January 1957
30 days

3
Kailash Nath Katju
MLA for Jaora
31 January 1957
14 March 1957
43 days

14 March 1957
11 March 1962
1823 days [Total 1866 days]

4
Bhagwantrao Mandloi
MLA for Khandwa
12 March 1962
29 September 1963
567 days

5
Dwarka Prasad Mishra
MLA for katangi
30 September 1963
8 March 1967
1256 days

9 March 1967
29 July 1967
143 days [Total 1399 days]

6
Govind Narayan Singh
MLA for Rampur-Baghelan
30 July 1967
12 March 1969
Samyukta Vidhayak Dal

592 days

7
Nareshchandra Singh
MLA for Pussore
13 March 1969
25 March 1969
Indian National Congress

13 days

8
Shyama Charan Shukla
MLA for Rajim
26 March 1969
28 January 1972
1038 days

9
Prakash Chandra Sethi
MLA for Ujjain Uttar
29 January 1972
22 March 1972
54 days

23 March 1972
22 December 1975
1004 days [Total 1058 days]

(8)
Shyama Charan Shukla [2]
MLA for Rajim
23 December 1975
29 April 1977
494 days

–
Vacant[b]
(President's rule)
29 April 1977
25 June 1977
N/A

57 days

10
Kailash Chandra Joshi
MLA for Bagli
26 June 1977
17 January 1978
Janata Party

206 days

11
Virendra Kumar Saklecha
MLA for Jawad
18 January 1978
19 January 1980
732 days

12
Sunderlal Patwa
MLA for Mandsaur
20 January 1980
17 February 1980
29 days

–
Vacant[b]
(President's rule)
18 February 1980
8 June 1980
N/A

111 days

13
Arjun Singh
MLA for Churhat
8 June 1980
10 March 1985
Indian National Congress

1736 days

11 March 1985
12 March 1985
2 days

14
Motilal Vora
MLA for Durg
13 March 1985
13 February 1988
1068 days

(13)
Arjun Singh [2]
MLA for Churhat
14 February 1988
24 January 1989
345 days [Total 2083 days]

(14)
Motilal Vora
MLA for Durg
25 January 1989
8 December 1989
318 days [Total 1386 days]

(8)
Shyama Charan Shukla [3]
9 December 1989
4 March 1990
86 days [Total 1618 days]

(12)
Sunderlal Patwa [2]
MLA for Bhojpur
5 March 1990
15 December 1992
Bharatiya Janata Party

1017 days [Total 1046 days]

–
Vacant[b]
(President's rule)
16 December 1992
6 December 1993
N/A

355 days

15
Digvijaya Singh
MLA for Raghogarh
7 December 1993
1 December 1998
Indian National Congress

1820 days

1 December 1998
8 December 2003
1834 days [Total 3654 days]

16
Uma Bharti
MLA for Malhara
8 December 2003
23 August 2004
Bhartiya Janata Party

260 days

17
Babulal Gaur
MLA for Govindpura
23 August 2004
29 November 2005
464 days

18
Shivraj Singh Chauhan
MLA of Budhni, Vidisha
29 November 2005
12 December 2008
4584 days

13 December 2008
12 December 2013

13 December 2013
Incumbent

text:
Jump up ^ This column only names the chief minister's party. The state government he heads may be a complex coalition of several parties and independents; these are not listed here.
^ Jump up to: a b c When President's rule is in force in a state, its council of ministers stands dissolved. The office of chief minister thus lies vacant. At times, the legislative assembly also stands dissolved.[2]

tag: ol


document_title: Works of mercy

question_text: where do the corporal works of mercy come from

text: Works of mercy

text: In the Catholic Church[edit]

text: Based on Jesus' doctrine of the sheep and the goats, the corporal and spiritual works of mercy are a means of grace as good deeds[5] and their omission is a reason for damnation.[6] Because the Messianic Age will be a time of mercy,[7] and because the church believes this age began at Jesus' coming[8] and believes Jesus obeyed every mitzvah and fulfilled the Scriptures,[9] Catholics perform the works of mercy.[10]

text: In particular cases, a given individual will not be obligated or even competent to perform four of the spiritual works of mercy, namely: instructing the ignorant, counseling the doubtful, admonishing sinners, and comforting the afflicted. These works may require a definitely superior level of authority or knowledge or an extraordinary amount of tact. The other works of mercy, however, are considered to be an obligation of all faithful to practise unconditionally.[11] In an address on the 2016 World Day of Prayer for Creation, Pope Francis suggested "care for creation" as a new work of mercy, describing it as a "complement" to the existing works. Francis characterized this new work as having both corporal and spiritual components. Corporally, it involves "daily gestures which break with the logic of violence, exploitation and selfishness". Spiritually, it involves contemplating each part of creation to find what God is teaching us through them.[12][13][14][15][16][17] This pronouncement extensively quoted the encyclical Laudato si', and Cardinal Peter Turkson, who helped write the encyclical, clarified that the addition of this work of mercy was part of Francis' intention for Laudato si'.[14][16]

text: Corporal Works of Mercy[edit]

text: Corporal works of mercy are those that tend to the bodily needs of other creatures. They come from Isaiah 58[18] and the mitzvah of hospitality.[19] The seventh work of mercy comes from the Book of Tobit[20] and from the mitzvah of burial,[21] although it was not added to the list until the Middle Ages.[22]

text: The works include:

text:
To feed the hungry.
To give water to the thirsty.
To clothe the naked.
To shelter the homeless.
To visit the sick.
To visit the imprisoned, or ransom the captive.[23]
To bury the dead.[24]

text: Spiritual Works of Mercy[edit]

text: Just as the corporal works of mercy are directed towards relieving corporeal suffering, the aim of the spiritual works of mercy is to relieve spiritual suffering. The first four come from Ezekiel 33,[25] the fifth comes from the mitzvah of forgiving others before receiving forgiveness from God,[26] the sixth comes from Deuteronomy 15,[27] and the seventh comes from Maccabees 2.[28]

text: The works include:

text:
To instruct the ignorant.
To counsel the doubtful.
To admonish the sinners.
To bear patiently those who wrong us.
To forgive offenses.
To comfort the afflicted.
To pray for the living and the dead.[24]

text: Representation in art[edit]

text: The Corporal works of mercy are an important subject of Christian iconography. In some representations of the Middle Ages, the seven works were allegorically juxtaposed with the seven deadly sins (avarice, anger, envy, laziness, unchastity, intemperance, pride). The pictorial representation of the works of mercy began in the 12th century.

text: The Master of Alkmaar painted the polyptych of the Seven works of mercy (ca. 1504) for the Church of Saint Lawrence in Alkmaar, Netherlands. His series of wooden panel paintings show the works of mercy, with Jesus in the background viewing each, in this order: feed the hungry, give drink to the thirsty, clothe the naked, bury the dead, shelter the traveler, comfort the sick, and ransom the captive.

text: The painting of the Seven Works of Mercy by Frans II Francken (1605) represents the acts not as a picture cycle, but in one single composition.

text: A major work of the iconography of mercy is the altarpiece of Caravaggio (1606/07) in Naples, which was commissioned by the Confraternità del Pio Monte della Misericordia for their church. This charity brotherhood was founded in 1601 in Naples. The artist painted the Seven Works of Mercy in one single composition. Regarding the sharp contrasts of the painting’s chiaroscuro, the art historian Ralf van Bühren explains the bright light as a metaphor for mercy, which "helps the audience to explore mercy in their own lives".[29]

text: In Methodism[edit]

text: In Methodist teaching, doing merciful acts is a prudential means of grace.[30] Along with works of piety, they are necessary for the believer to move on to Christian perfection.[31] In this sense, the Methodist concern for people at the margins is closely related to its worship.[32] As such, these beliefs have helped create the emphasis of the social gospel in the Methodist Church.[33]

text:
Doing Good[30]
Visiting the Sick and Prisoners[30]
Feeding and Clothing People[30]
Earning, Saving, Giving All One Can[30]
Opposition to Slavery[30]


document_title: Beni Hasan

question_text: who was buried in the rock-cut tombs at beni-hasan

text: Beni Hasan

text: Cemetery[edit]

text: Provincial governors in the Middle Kingdom continued to be buried in decorated rock-cut tombs in their local cemeteries, carried over from the First Intermediate Period, at sites such as Beni Hasan.[4] There is evidence of a re-organization of the system of government during the 12th Dynasty. During the First Intermediate Period and for some of the Middle Kingdom period it was common for Nomarchs (someone who oversees/controls a government specified area) to be hereditary positions; the elite did not depend on the king to legitimize their power as much as they had in the Old Kingdom. In the 12th Dynasty the power of the Nomarchs began to be curtailed, and provincial governors were appointed or at least confirmed by the king.

text: There are 39 ancient tombs here of Middle Kingdom (ca. 21st to 19th centuries BC) nomarchs of the Oryx nome, who governed from Hebenu. Due to the quality of, and distance to the cliffs in the west, these tombs were constructed on the east bank. There is a spatial distribution in this cemetery (there are two cemeteries here: the upper range and the lower necropolis) associated with the different levels of resources available to the deceased; the most important people were buried near the top of the cliff.[5] In the lower cemetery there are 888 shaft tombs, dating to the Middle Kingdom, that were excavated by John Garstang; for the most part these tombs shared a similar general design which included a small chamber or recess at the foot of the shaft (facing south) to receive the coffin and the funeral deposits.[6]

text: In the upper cemetery members of the elite class built striking tombs to represent their social and political positions as the rulers and officials of the Oryx Nome, which is the 16th Nome of Upper Egypt. At this site, the provincial high elite were buried in large and elaborately decorated tombs carved into the limestone cliffs near the provincial capital, located in the upper cemetery area. These tombs lie in a row on a north-south axis. There is a slight break in the natural rock terrace, on to which they open, that divides the thirty-nine high status tombs into two groups.[7] The basic design of these elite tombs was an outer court and a rock-cut pillared room (sometimes referred to as the chapel) in which there was a shaft that led to the burial chamber.

text: Some of the larger tombs have biographical inscriptions and were painted with scenes of daily life and warfare. They are famous for the quality of their paintings. Nowadays, many of these scenes are in poor condition, though in the 19th century copies were made of several of them.[8]

text: Notable tombs[edit]

text: Four out of the 39 tombs are accessible to the public. Notable tombs are:

text:
Tomb 2 – Amenemhat, known as Ameny, nomarch under Senusret I (accessible).
Tomb 3 – Khnumhotep II, notable for the depiction of caravans of Semitic traders (accessible).
Tomb 4 – Khnumhotep IV, nomarch during the late 12th Dynasty (closed).
Tomb 13 – Khnumhotep, royal scribe during the 12th Dynasty (closed).
Tomb 14 – Khnumhotep I, nomarch under Amenemhat I (closed).
Tomb 15 – Baqet III, notable for the depiction of wrestling techniques (accessible).
Tomb 17 – Khety, nomarch during the 11th Dynasty, son of Baqet; notable for depiction of what may be ball games (accessible).
Tomb 21 – Nakht, nomarch during the 12th Dynasty (closed).
Tomb 23 – Netjernakht, overseer of the Eastern Desert during the 12th dynasty (closed).
Tomb 27 – Ramushenty, nomarch during the 11th Dynasty (closed).
Tomb 29 – Baqet I, nomarch during the 11th Dynasty (closed).
Tomb 33 – Baqet II, nomarch during the 11th Dynasty (closed).

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Banes and Malek (2000) p. 120
Jump up ^ Robins (1997) p. 8
Jump up ^ Banes and Malek (2000) p. 128
Jump up ^ Robins (1997) p. 101
Jump up ^ Richards (2005) p. 80
Jump up ^ Garstang (1907) p. 45
Jump up ^ Kamrin (1999) p. 25
Jump up ^ Bard (2008) p. 189