document_title: Cheesecake

question_text: what is the difference between cheesecake and new york cheesecake

text: Cheesecake

text: History

text: Smooth fresh unripened cheese sweetened with honey must be almost as old as cheese-making itself, and "land of milk and honey"[disambiguation needed] is a deep-rooted proverb. An ancient form of cheesecake may have been a popular dish in ancient Greece even prior to Romans' adoption of it with the conquest of Greece.[2] The earliest attested mention of a cheesecake is by the Greek physician Aegimus (5th century BCE), who wrote a book on the art of making cheesecakes (πλακουντοποιικόν σύγγραμμα—plakountopoiikon suggramma).[3][4] The earliest extant cheesecake recipes are found in Cato the Elder's De Agri Cultura, which includes recipes for two cakes for religious uses: libum and placenta.[5][6] Of the two, placenta is most like most modern cheesecakes, having a crust that is separately prepared and baked.[7]

tag: p

text: A more modern version is found in Forme of Cury, an English cookbook from 1390.[8] On this basis, chef Heston Blumenthal has argued that cheesecake is an English invention.[9]

text: Modern commercial American cream cheese was developed in 1872, when William Lawrence, from Chester, New York, while looking for a way to recreate the soft, French cheese Neufchâtel, accidentally came up with a way of making an "unripened cheese" that is heavier and creamier; other dairymen came up with similar creations independently.[10]

text: Modern cheesecake comes in two different types. Along with the baked cheesecake, some cheesecakes are made with uncooked cream-cheese on a crumbled-biscuit base. This type of cheesecake was invented in the United States.[8]

text: Composition

text: Almost all modern cheesecakes in the United States and Canada use cream cheese; in Italy, cheesecakes use ricotta and mascarpone; Germany, the Netherlands, and Poland use quark. Cheesecakes are most easily baked in a leak-proof springform pan, often paired with a water bath to more evenly distribute the heat.[11] Because of the high density of most cheesecakes, they continue baking for some time after removal from an oven.

text: The early Greeks considered cheesecake a cake. Some modern authors point to the presence of many eggs, the sole source of leavening, as proof that it is a torte. Still others claim that the separate crust, the soft filling, and the absence of flour[12] prove that it is a custard pie.[13]

text: National varieties

text: Cheesecakes can be broadly categorized into two basic types: baked and unbaked. Each comes in a variety of styles determined by region:

text: Africa

text: Asia

text: Asian-style cheesecake flavors include matcha (powdered Japanese green tea), lychee, and mango. Asian-style cheesecakes are also lighter in flavor and are sometimes light and spongy in texture. Compared to its counterparts, Asian cheesecake is also considerably less sweet.

text: Australia

text: Australian cheesecakes are more commonly unbaked.[citation needed] Common flavors include passionfruit, chocolate, raspberry, lemon, caramel, and vanilla.

text: Europe

text:
Swedish cheesecake (Ostkaka)

Bavarian baked cheesecake

Romanian cheesecake

Polish cheesecake (Sernik)

Russian cheesecake (Vatrushka)

New York Cheesecake

Play media

Making a cheesecake

tag: ul

text: North America

text: The United States has several different recipes for cheesecake and this usually depends on the region in which the cake was baked, as well as the cultural background of the person baking it.[16] These cheesecakes are typically baked before serving.

text: Usually, cheesecake is made from cream cheese, eggs, and egg yolks to add a richness and a smooth consistency. It is baked in a special 13 to 15 cm (5.1 to 5.9 in) tall springform pan in many restaurants. Some recipes use cottage cheese and lemon for distinct texture and flavor or add a drizzle of chocolate or strawberry sauce to the basic recipe. A list of some variations of cheesecakes in the US is below:

text:
New York–style cheesecake relies upon heavy cream or sour cream. The typical New York cheesecake is rich and has a dense, smooth, and creamy consistency.[17] Sour cream makes the cheesecake more resilient to freezing and is the method by which most frozen cheesecakes are made. However, a lavish variant uses sour cream as a topping, applied when the cheesecake is cooked. It is mixed with vanilla extract and sugar and replaced in the oven, essentially making the cheesecake twice-baked.
Chicago–style cheesecake is a baked cream-cheese version which is firm on the outside with a soft and creamy texture on the inside. These cheesecakes are often made in a greased cake pan and are relatively fluffy in texture. The crust used with this style of cheesecake is most commonly made from shortbread which is crushed and mixed with sugar and butter. Some frozen cheesecakes are Chicago-style.[18]
Pennsylvania Dutch–style cheesecake uses a slightly tangy type of cheese with larger curds and less water content, called pot or farmer's cheese. It can be found in Amish, Mennonite, Ex-Amish, and German-American communities throughout southern Pennsylvania. It can also be found in Amish communities through the US, and sometimes in other countries with Amish communities such as Canada, Mexico, and Russia. This cheesecake is not very common outside of these communities.
Philadelphia-style cheesecake is lighter in texture, yet richer in flavor than New York–style cheesecake. This cheesecake is rare. New York–style cheesecake is commonly eaten in Philadelphia, where this variant is from. However, it still can be found in specialty bakeries throughout the city.[citation needed]
Farmer cheese cheesecake is the contemporary implementation for the traditional use of baking to preserve fresh cheese and is often baked in a cake form, along with fresh fruit like a tart. This version is very similar to Central and Eastern European recipes that use Quark/Farmer's Cheese. Most communities that make this have a large number of people of Eastern or Central European descent.
Country-style cheesecake uses buttermilk to produce a firm texture while increasing acidity to extend shelf life. This can be found is some rural communities throughout the country. Outside of rural communities, this cheesecake is quite uncommon.

text: Cheesecakes represented as being "New York style" are the most common variety in the United States; the term has considerable prestige. However, increasing distance from New York City itself tends to decrease the accuracy of the label, with cheesecakes made further from the city decreasing in density and richness and increasingly over-sweetened by New York standards. The genuine article is most likely to be found at Jewish-run delicatessens in large urban areas and high-end restaurants that make a point of serving gourmet-quality food.[citation needed]

text: Savory cheesecakes are also made, often for an hors d'oeuvre or served with accompanying salads.

text: South America


document_title: I Fight Dragons

question_text: who wrote the theme song to the goldbergs

root

text: I Fight Dragons

text: History[edit]

text: Cool Is Just a Number (2009–2010)[edit]

text: I Fight Dragons was formed in 2008, with five members all hailing from Chicago. Their first EP Cool Is Just a Number was self-released in 2009. In June, 2009, Mike Mentzer left the band to pursue his own solo career and was replaced by Packy Lundholm, who had played drums on the band's first EP, and has since played lead guitar in the band. On July 25, 2009, I Fight Dragons headlined the Metro in Chicago for the first time.[7]  This show was captured as a Live DVD, and a limited run of 500 numbered and signed copies of the DVD, entitled "Dragon Fight!", were released in January 2010.[8] In August 2009, Dave Midell left the band to pursue humanitarian causes.  Chad Van Dahm was brought in as the new drummer.

text: The band signed with manager J.J. Italiano[9] and with booking agent Gabriel Apodaca of The Agency Group.[10] in September 2009, signing their first major label contract.  I Fight Dragons went on their first National Tour with punk group Whole Wheat Bread and nerdcore-hiphop artist MC Chris in October of that same year. They played 45 US shows from 1 October to 24 November.[11]

text: Welcome to the Breakdown (2010)[edit]

text: I Fight Dragons signed with Photo Finish / Atlantic Records in early 2010,  and went on to appear on the MTV "Too Fast For Love" tour, opening for 3OH!3, Cobra Starship, and Travie McCoy from April–June 2010.[12] In his June, 2010, concert review, Rick Florino described the band as "one of the most unique, uplifting and unforgettable new acts on the scene."[13] World Wrestling Entertainment announced that their song "Money" from their 2009 E.P. Cool Is Just a Number would be used as the theme song for the inaugural Money In The Bank Pay Per View,[14] which helped to boost the band's popularity.

text: On November 27, 2010, I Fight Dragons released their second EP, Welcome to the Breakdown. They indicated that this EP consisted of songs  written for their Photo Finish / Atlantic Records debut album, but which ended up not having a place on the album and so were released as an EP instead.

text: KABOOM! (2011–2012)[edit]

text: KABOOM! was released October 24, 2011. Its third single Save World Get Girl was released May 3, 2012 and was featured on Nintendo Video in late 2012.

text: Kickstarter album and The Near Future (2013–2014)[edit]

text: On January 17, 2013 cRaZie$ was released as the third and final single from KABOOM!. The band was in the studio recording new music for an EP to be released in 2013. The band also released an Internet-only album composed of demos from 2010 and 2011 that were in various stages of development, but for various reasons never made it on KABOOM! titled DEMOlition: Songs That Didn't Make It On KABOOM!. On June 21, 2013 Move was released as a single from DEMOlition and the music video features the four heroines of Phantom Breaker: Battle Grounds.  In April 2013, the band launched "Project Atma", a Kickstarter project to fund their new album,[3] The Near Future.  On June 13, 2014, the band announced that the release date for The Near Future would be September 16, 2014 and released the track "No Strings". On August 28, 2014, the band announced that, due to manufacturing issues of the albums, the release date would be pushed further back.[15] The Near Future was released publicly on December 9, 2014, and hit #5 on the Billboard Vinyl Album Charts the week of its release.[16]  On December 20, I Fight Dragons played an album release show for The Near Future to a capacity crowd at Chicago's Lincoln Hall.[17]

text: Patreon page and Album Adventures (2017-present)[edit]

text: On the August 7, 2017, the band launched their Patreon[18] page that would be used for raising funds for new albums, which they called Album Adventures. This also saw the return of band member Bill Prokopow. The band has yet to release an album funded by the Patreon page.

text: Discography[edit]

text:
Cool Is Just a Number (2009)
Welcome to the Breakdown (2010)
KABOOM! (2011)
DEMOlition: Songs That Didn't Make It On KABOOM! (2013)
The Near Future (2014)
The Future Imperfect (Bonus Tracks and Demos that didn't make The Near Future) (2014)

text: Timeline

text: In popular culture[edit]

text:
I Fight Dragons wrote the theme song, "Rewind", for the television show The Goldbergs.[19]
Their song "No Kontrol" was featured in commercials for season 14 of Big Brother.[20]
Their song "Money" was the official theme song for WWE's July 2010 Pay-Per-View Money in the Bank.
Their song "Heads Up, Hearts Down" was featured in the series finale of The Hills.[21]
Their song "Disaster Hearts" was featured in a long-form commercial for NCIS.[22]
Their song "Hero" was featured in the credits sequence for Magic: The Gathering – Duels of the Planeswalkers 2014.[23]


document_title: Nissl body

question_text: nissl's granules are present in which part of neuron

question_tokens: nissl 's granules are present in which part of neuron

text: Nissl body

text: A Nissl body, also known as Nissl substance and Nissl material, is a large granular body found in neurons. These granules are of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) with rosettes of free ribosomes, and are the site of protein synthesis.[1] It was named after Franz Nissl, a German neuropathologist who invented the Nissl staining method.[2]

text: Nissl bodies can be demonstrated by a method of selective staining developed by Nissl (Nissl staining), using an aniline stain to label extranuclear RNA granules. This staining method is useful to localize the cell body, as it can be seen in the soma and dendrites of neurons, though not in the axon or axon hillock.[3] Due to RNA's basophilic ("base-loving") properties it is stained blue by this method.

text: Nissl bodies show changes under various physiological conditions and in pathological conditions they may dissolve and disappear (chromatolysis).

text: Function[edit]

text: The functions of Nissl bodies is thought to be the same as that of the rest of the ER and the golgi apparatus: the manufacture and release of proteins and amino acids [2]

text: The ultrastructure of Nissl bodies suggests they are primarily concerned with the synthesis of proteins for intercellular use.[4]


document_title: Supporting characters on Will & Grace

question_text: who played jacks mom on will and grace

question_tokens: who played jacks mom on will and grace

text: Supporting characters on Will & Grace

text: Supporting characters[edit]

text:
Actor
Character
Seasons

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Leigh-Allyn Baker
Ellen

Tom Gallop
Rob

Molly Shannon
Val Bassett

Debbie Reynolds
Bobbi Adler

Steve Paymer
Steve

Gregory Hines
Ben Doucette

Marshall Manesh
Mr. Zamir

Laura Kightlinger
Nurse Sheila

Sydney Pollack
George Truman

Tim Bagley
Larry

Jerry Levine
Joe

Sara Rue
Joyce Adler

Lesley Ann Warren
Tina

Woody Harrelson
Nathan

Leslie Jordan
Beverley Leslie

Blythe Danner
Marilyn Truman

Eileen Brennan
Zandra

Charles C. Stevenson Jr.
Smitty

Rip Torn
Lionel Banks

Harry Connick, Jr.
Dr. Marvin 'Leo' Markus

Minnie Driver
Lorraine Finster

Jamie Kaler
Gary

Emily Rutherfurd
Joanne

Jon Fleming
Russell

Bobby Cannavale
Vince D'Angelo

Alec Baldwin
Malcolm Widmark

Mathew Botuchis
Dave

Bernadette Peters
Gin

tag: table

text: Family members[edit]

text: Grace's family[edit]

text:
Dr. Marvin "Leo" Markus, portrayed by actor and singer Harry Connick, Jr., is a Jewish doctor and Grace's husband from the fifth season. Leo meets Grace Adler in Central Park while she is on her way to be artificially inseminated with gay best friend Will's baby. After Will finds out that Leo and Grace are dating, they have their biggest fight of the entire series, in which Will tells Grace to move out. Thanks to Jack and Karen's meddling, they forgive each other and Will accepts Grace's relationship. In November, 2002, Grace and Leo are married at a spontaneous group ceremony in Central Park, which was supposed to be broadcast on The Today Show. It was later revealed in the storyline that the ceremony was not legal, but the two officially marry at a ceremony soon after. Leo and Grace's relationship was a constant source of tension between Will and Grace, although they eventually achieved a certain accord with each other - Leo even commenting to Will at one point that he considered himself essentially married to both of them due to his ability to accept their close relationship. Leo's true first name is Marvin, as revealed by his mother at their wedding reception. According to The Nation Magazine, this was the first time in television history that a Jewish protagonist character had married inside the faith.[1] Grace immediately realizes she does not know as much about Leo as she expected. Their marriage fails after less than two years, when Leo reveals that he had a one-night stand while working in Cambodia for Doctors Without Borders. Leo admits his affair to Will first. Will then refuses to help Leo break the news to Grace. After Leo comes clean about his affair, Grace briefly considers continuing their marriage, but quickly decides she wants a divorce. Leo reappears during season eight, a little over a year after the divorce in the storyline, in the episode "Love Is in the Airplane." In the episode, he and Grace have a sexual encounter on an airplane after coincidentally ending up on the same flight to London, though Leo was to continue to Thailand. The result is Grace's pregnancy, as discovered in the season eight episode "The Definition of Marriage". A couple of months later Grace meets Leo, with the intention of telling him that she is pregnant with his baby, but he informs her that he is engaged to another woman, Kate. Consequently, Grace decides not to tell Leo about the pregnancy. In the series finale (May 2006) Leo tells a heavily pregnant Grace that he loves her. Leo has a job as a hospital researcher in Rome, Italy, and this is where Grace gives birth. After one year in Rome, Leo and Grace move back to Brooklyn, New York, where they raise their daughter, Laila, together.
Bobbi Adler, Grace's mother, is played by Debbie Reynolds. Bobbi is an actress and singer, although her performances are generally with the Schenectady Players and involve gender changing roles, in plays such as "Death of a Salesperson", "The Music Person" and "Queen Lear". She has a constant desire to meddle in the love lives of her daughters, is the creator of the Adler family "Told you so" dance, and can always be relied upon to have a song for every occasion. She has, in the past, shown a perfect willingness for Will and Grace to get married. It is mentioned in Season 9 episode "Rosario's Quinceañera" that she died.
Martin Adler, Grace's father, played by Alan Arkin and Robert Klein in Season 9[2]. Portrayed by his family as the stereotypical Jewish patriarch, Martin shows genuine affection for Grace, although remarks he has made suggest Joyce is his favorite. He has been known to pinpoint Grace's flaws without looking up from his Kojak and Baretta reruns.
Janet Adler, Grace's older sister, is played by Geena Davis. Janet lives in a van and designs jewelry. Her nickname for Grace is "Smudge". It is once implied that she has difficulties with her mother. In the episode "Lows in the Mid-Eighties", Will asks if Grace has another sister named Janet, to which Bobbi, Joyce, and Grace quickly answer "No!"
Joyce Adler, Grace's younger sister, is played by Sara Rue. It is suggested that Grace and Joyce had a not too friendly relationship growing up, and that Joyce was formerly a binge eater. She is often hostile to Grace, but one word from Will and she tends to giggle and act girlishly; it appears that she, like Grace before her, has a crush on Will.
Laila Markus, Grace and Leo's daughter, is played by Maria Thayer. Laila was conceived by Leo and Grace on an aircraft, during a period where her parents were divorced. She was going to be raised by Will and Grace, but her parents remarried shortly before her birth. She appears on screen only during the series finale.
Warren, played by Jesse Fremont Allis, is the imaginary son of Grace and Leo in a dream that Grace has during the last episode of season 8. Grace and Will raise 'their' son together.

text: Will's family[edit]

text:
Vince D'Angelo, played by Bobby Cannavale. An Italian-American police officer, Vince first met Will after giving Karen a ticket for speeding and they started dating after the subsequent hearing. Vince was friends with Joe and Larry and began Will's first long-term relationship in the series' run. Vince broke up with Will, requesting time alone after repeatedly losing his job. He re-encountered Will in season 8 and, during the funeral of Will's father, they acknowledged their mutual feelings, thus rekindling their romance. In the finale, Will and Vince are shown to raise a son, Ben, together. 11 years later in season 9 it was revealed that this was part of Karen’s dream.
Marilyn Truman, Will's mother, is played by Blythe Danner. A typical WASP, Marilyn regularly drinks, collects Lladró statues and treats them as if they were her children, and put up with her husband's regular affairs until their ultimate separation. She is not a fan of musical theater – once claiming that Les Misérables was unrealistic because "poor people don't sing that much" – but was impressed with Mamma Mia!. She does not like the jokes Grace and Karen make about Will's sexuality, saying, "Is that a gay joke? I don't like that."
George Truman, Will's father, is played by Sydney Pollack. While he and Will have a close loving relationship, of which both Jack and Grace are envious, it is eventually revealed that he had trouble dealing with telling others of his son's sexuality, initially telling his friends Will was married to Grace. He dies in season 8, only days after having a fight with Will in which he admitted he would rather that Will was not gay.
Sam Truman, Will's brother, is played by John Slattery in season one and Steven Weber in season 8. He had a falling-out with Will over comments Will made about his wife, but reconciled after he had a one-night stand with Grace. He eventually divorced his wife and gained full custody of their two children.
Paul Truman, Will's brother, is played by Jon Tenney. Paul never really came to terms with his brother's sexuality and often behaved like a childish bully, belittling and insulting Will.
Peggy Truman, Paul's wife and Will's sister-in-law, is played by Helen Slater. She was only shown in one episode and came off as waspish and suspicious of Grace's friendly behavior towards her own husband.
Tina, George's mistress, is played by Lesley Ann Warren. She began a relationship with George while he was still married to Marilyn, but was dismayed to learn that George was then seeing his ex-wife behind her back. Ultimately she and Marilyn come to an understanding, that they will share George between them without him knowing what is going on. This arrangement apparently ended not long before George's death.
Jordy Truman, Sam's son and Will's nephew, is played by Reed Alexander. Flamboyant Jordan incenses Will, since Marilyn is incredibly accepting of him even though she was not at first accepting of Will. His nickname is Jordy. He is perceived to be gay by the other characters, although he is still a child, because of his flamboyant nature, love of show tunes and musicals, along with his general disposition.
Casey Truman, Sam's daughter and Will's niece, is played by Kyla Dang. Casey was adopted by Sam and his ex-wife.
Ben Truman, Will and Vince's son, is played by Ben Newmark. Appearing only during the series finale, Ben was apparently born from a surrogate mother using Will's sperm.[3] Upon going to college, he meets and later marries Grace's daughter, Laila.

text: Karen's family[edit]

text:
Stanley "Stan" Walker, Karen's third husband (little is known about her first two), is a mostly unseen character. He is an obese man, and has worn a toupee since his teens. Stan has two children from a previous marriage to a woman named Kathy. Karen fell in love with him in the 1980s but they didn't marry until 1995. Stan was jailed for tax evasion in season four, and began an affair with a cafeteria worker named Lorraine (played by Minnie Driver), and – after his release in season five – continued the affair, ultimately separating from Karen because of it. He is reported to have died at the end of season five but, at the end of season seven, he reveals to Will that he had faked his own death and is hiding out with the aid of the government. He and Karen reconcile in season 8, but subsequently faced marital difficulties and divorce. Stan's popularity with fast food establishments leads to Pizza Hut taking out a full-page ad in the New York Times to congratulate him on his release from prison; Taco Bell also organize a flyover at his funeral. It is revealed in the series finale that Stan's riches were actually borrowed and that he had no real money of his own.
Mason Walker, Stan's son, is another unseen character. He is known to Karen as "the fat one". During one episode, Karen visits Mason during a swim try-out. She cheers and applauds and has a conversation with him until, at the end, she realizes she has been conversing with the wrong boy and not Mason after all.
Olivia Walker, Stan's daughter, is played by Hallee Hirsh. Although she has had fun times with Karen, such as sticking food to the floor to see how long Mason will spend trying to eat it, she also has problems with her stepmother.
Lois Whitley, Karen's mother, played by Suzanne Pleshette. A con artist who used Karen in her early schemes. They had been estranged for several years when they reconciled in season 4, with the help of Jack.
Virginia "Ginny" Delaney, Karen's sister, played by Bernadette Peters. In 1963, as a child, she was injured in a brutal game of Twister played with Karen.
Barry, Karen's cousin, is played by Dan Futterman. Originally a gay bookish homebody, Karen had Will and Jack bring him out of his shell to become an attractive person whom both Will and Jack fall for.
Sylvia Walker, Karen's mother-in-law, is played by Ellen Albertini Dow. She is a woman that 'strikes fear in her heart-facsimile'. A seemingly kind, but homophobic old woman, Sylvia appears in one episode to accompany Will and Jack to a club. In the beginning neither Will nor Jack wanted to babysit Sylvia, known as "Syl". She had been dumped on them by Karen, who then ditched her. Karen and Syl have a caustic relationship.
Sumner, Karen's nephew, is played by Paul Satterfield. Karen tries to keep him from dating Grace in season 3.

text: Rosario Inez Consuela Yolanda Salazar[edit]

text: Karen Walker's put-upon but faithful maid portrayed by actress Shelley Morrison. In 1985, Rosario met Karen Walker at a club, while working as a cigarette lady, and went to work for her as a maid, which was where she was working when the series began in 1998. Rosario and Karen are very close, but their relationship is love-hate. They are notorious for swapping insults. Rosario is just as feisty as Karen, and is one of the few people who manage to go head-to-head with her. A native of El Salvador, Rosario was a school teacher who received a bachelor's degree in clinical psychology from the University of Texas and who almost got a master's degree. She also attended business school. At some point, she moved to the Bronx, presumably while studying business; however, Karen makes a comment that she bought Rosario from Rosario's parents. While there, she also performed with a then-unknown Jennifer Lopez, including a production of "Tea for Two" at the Shalom Retirement Center. At one point, she was also paid to tape pornographic videos for Tommy Lee. Although she had been mentioned by Karen since the pilot episode, Rosario's first appearance was in the season 1 finale. Due to Karen's patronizing tone, we're made to think that Rosario doesn't speak English well. Rosario actually speaks English fluently, albeit with a thick accent, but is an illegal alien. To keep her in the country, Karen has her marry Jack McFarland, her gay friend, to get a green card. The marriage was later terminated at the end of season 2 when Rosario asked for a divorce in order to pursue other romantic interests. However, she maintained a close relationship with Jack (often echoing hers with Karen) and claimed to still think of him as family. In the series finale, Rosario was shown to have lived with Karen and Jack in the years after the show ended, growing older with them and possibly still working for them despite being in a wheelchair (though she states that she is only in the wheelchair due to a sprained ankle).

text: Jack's family[edit]

text:
Judith McFarland, Jack's mother, is played by Veronica Cartwright. Despite the obvious clues, Judith did not learn about Jack's sexuality until he was 30. She was impregnated with Jack while at a swinger's costume and pool party.
Daniel McFarland, Jack's stepfather, is played by Beau Bridges. Daniel always had trouble relating to Jack, due to his own athleticism and Jack's lack thereof. Despite Jack's statements to the contrary, Daniel is shown to be a caring man who is at least recently trying to reconnect with Jack.
Joe Black, Jack's biological father. Never portrayed on screen, Joe was revealed to have attended a swingers costumed pool party during the 60s, where he was dressed as Richard Nixon. During the party he impregnated Judith, who was dressed as the rear end of a horse. He dies several years before Jack discovers that Daniel McFarland is not his biological father.
Elliott, Jack's son, is played by Michael Angarano. Shortly after learning of his biological father's death, Jack meets Elliott – his biological son created from sperm Jack donated at the age of 17. He is described by Will as, "Polite, sweet, and kind" which, he says, is the reason Karen initially dislikes him. His relationship with Jack is shown to be very close - Jack noting in one episode that he wants to avoid being the kind of father he had as he always regretted the fact that they never really connected. However, they have a brief rift when Elliott prepares to leave for college during the last season.
Bonnie, Elliott's mother, is played by Rosie O'Donnell. Initially, Bonnie did not want Jack to be included in Elliott's life. Bonnie was a lesbian, but was not open about her sexuality to Elliott. She felt jealous that Jack found it easy to be open with Elliott about his sexuality when she did not feel she could be.

text: Friends[edit]

text:
Rob and Ellen, Will and Grace's close friends, are played by Tom Gallop and Leigh-Allyn Baker. Ellen and Grace were best friends since college, as were Rob and Will, and the two couples regularly played charades and other games during dinner parties. Grace also sleeps with Rob in season one when they were both going through break-ups and felt emotionally vulnerable, a fact that didn't come up until Rob and Ellen's wedding some years later. The couple did get married, however, and have since had three children, the youngest named Roman (which is the name of Debra Messing's real-life son, born in 2004). Rob and Ellen want to separate, so that they could begin dating other people, and they announce their separation at a dinner date with Will and Grace. Grace makes them realize that they had worked at their marriage and they should remain together; and also keenly reminded them that no one else would have them. Rob and Ellen decided to give their marriage another chance.
Joe and Larry are Will, Jack and Grace's close friends, and are played by Jerry Levine and Tim Bagley. A gay couple, once party animals, Joe and Larry adopted a baby girl called Hannah in season three. Karen occasionally refers to them as "Mo and Mary", with "Mo" being a play on the word "Homo".
Val Bassett, a neighbor of Will and Grace, is played by Molly Shannon. Slightly unstable, and alcoholic, Val originally befriends only Will, until Grace eventually discovers some common interests with her. Both of them still consider her unstable, as does Jack, who found her as an uninvited guest in his bedroom. When Grace accidentally attends an AA meeting, she is seen there by Val, who coerces her to stay. Grace pretends to be an alcoholic for the "free food and therapy".
Beverley Leslie, played by Leslie Jordan, is an effeminate and very short "frenemy" of Karen's. Having a wealthy spouse, as Karen does, Karen and Beverley routinely find themselves traveling in the same society circle of the wealthy and elite. Their relationship is that of friends and enemies. Beverley's wife's name is Crystal and is considerably older than he is. His marriage seems to be held together purely out of his love of Crystal's money. Karen, Will, Grace, and Jack see Beverley as a closeted gay man. He is often seen with a younger attractive man named Benji who appears to be his lover, but Beverley tries to pass him off as a "business associate". When Beverley appears on screen he often catches the other characters by surprise. Sometimes his appearance comes after a character says something that could be comically associated with him. For instance, whilst discussing a dessert, Jack says, "I want something small and fruity, with ladyfingers," and Beverley enters. Beverley and Karen often trade insults, as Karen enjoys ridiculing him for his height. Whenever he appears on screen he can usually be heard saying 'Well, Well, Well' in an effeminate way. Crystal later dies and Beverley inherits the fortune. Some years later Karen's husband Stan loses his fortune, putting Karen's extravagant lifestyle in jeopardy. Beverley presumably spends several more years with Benji after Crystal's death, and then begins seeing a reluctant Jack, who only dated Beverley to support Karen's excessive spending habits, as she had done for him for so many years. During the series finale Beverley is swept off a balcony by a strong gust of wind and dies, leaving his estate in his will to Jack.
Rory, Toby, and Josh are friends of Jack who are never seen, but mentioned in various episodes. Early in Season 3 Rory is mentioned as being into Asian men. In Season 4 Josh, Toby and Jack watch a video of Will freezing up on camera talking about Stanley Walker, but Josh and Toby leave before Will gets home.

text: Love interests[edit]

text: Grace[edit]

text:
Nathan, played by Woody Harrelson. Nathan is Grace's neighbor in season 3, who becomes her boyfriend. They appear to be a good match, but early in Season 4 he abruptly proposes to her during sex and she becomes distraught at the unromantic nature of his proposal, forcing him to take it back and ask again in a more romantic way. For several days they are awkward around each other and, fearing that their relationship is over, Grace proposes to Nathan who reluctantly refuses and breaks up with her.
Ben Doucette, played by Gregory Hines, is introduced in mid-season 2. Grace sues him after he violates her contract of employment, firing her without reimbursement for expenses she incurred while decorating his house. Although at first he played Grace and Will, who was representing her, he eventually gave her the money voluntarily and hired Will to work at his renowned law firm. Grace and he disliked each other for the rest of the season, until the season finale when Ben showed her his more humane face, when Will invited him to dine with them. They then started a happy, semi-monogamous relationship that lasted for roughly six months, until they broke up early in Season 3 when they realized that they were not in love.
Josh, played by Corey Parker. A sweet, romantic New Age-y man whom Grace dates in season 2. Grace often has issues with him being far too affectionate and nice, to the point of being obnoxious. The two broke up because Jack confessed that he had slept with him.
Nick, played by Edward Burns. A greetings-card writer who falls for Grace when he meets her one Valentine's Day in season 7, after her divorce from Leo. Nick is the first guy Grace starts dating after her divorce with Leo. They decide to break up when he has to go out of the country to work on a screenplay he wrote.
Tom Cassidy, played by Eric Stoltz. An old friend of Grace's, now married, with whom she reunited briefly at the end of season 7. He asks her to help design his and his wife's hotel, yet she still feels chemistry with him and kisses him. She nearly takes it further, but feels guilty and breaks it off with him at the beginning of season 8.
Danny, played by Tom Verica, Grace's long-term boyfriend from roughly 1995–1998, whom she nearly marries in the pilot episode. She realizes, after Will advised her against the marriage, that Danny was too immature for her, and practically leaves him at the altar. They reunite at the end of season 1, much to Will's dismay. Yet again Grace decides that she does not love him and, after roughly a week (one episode), Grace breaks up with him off-screen.
Mark, played by Ken Marino, is another of Grace's partners in Season 3, "Three's a Crowd, Six is a Freakshow". She dumps him because he has 6 toes, although the actual 6th toe was not seen in the episode.

text: Will[edit]

text:
Barry, played by Dan Futterman. Karen sets up her hopeless cousin Barry with Will, shortly after he comes out. Will and Jack soon undertake a Pygmalion-esque attempt at turning Barry into a more confident gay man, ending when Will falls for Barry though Barry wants to play around before settling down.
James Hanson, played by Taye Diggs. Will meets James at a Manhattan theater and the two have an immediate connection. He later runs into James while on a trip to Los Angeles. James has recently discovered he is going to be deported back to Canada. Grace agreed to marry James so that he can acquire a green card in order to remain in the United States, thus giving James and Will's relationship a chance. However, Will soon discovers James was not who he thought he was, as James began showing himself to be self-centered. Will requests that Grace annul their marriage.
Matthew, played by Patrick Dempsey, is a sports reporter Will meets at a Banana Republic store while trying to help Jack woo him. Jack and Matt have little in common and Will instead finds himself in a relationship with him. They date for a while but Matt's refusal to come out leads to their break-up.
Scott, played by Branden Williams, is Will's 23-year-old date in two episodes in season 3, and works at a local video rental shop. Although they get along well together, Will feels self-conscious about dating Scott, who is quite a bit younger than he is. Will agrees to break it off with Scott if Grace agrees to dump Nathan. Grace agrees and Will breaks up with Scott, though Grace keeps on seeing Nathan.
Diane, played by Mira Sorvino & Lisa Borgnes, is a woman with whom Will has a drunken one-night stand in order to convince himself he was a 100% gay after leaving Grace. She is also one of Leo's exes. Both of these facts make Grace very jealous. Diane states that Will is much better in bed than Leo. Diane was shown briefly (though she had no lines) in the season 3 episode titled "Lows In the Mid-Eighties", but was played by a writer's assistant, Lisa Borgnes.
Claire, played by Megyn Price, is Will's high school friend and girlfriend, the first of the only two women Will has ever dated, the second being Grace. She lives in Paris and asks Will to donate sperm so that she can have a baby, but Will realizes that if he was going to donate sperm he wanted to donate it to Grace.
Michael, played by Chris Potter, is a mostly unseen character and is Will's lover of seven years. When the sitcom first appeared, he and Michael had recently broken up. Michael appears in the episode "Hey La, Hey La, My Ex-Boyfriend's Back", which aired on March 14, 2000. He is mentioned occasionally by Will and Grace, and more than once Will refers to him as the love of his life. In the early seasons of the show Will has a hard time letting him go.

text: Karen[edit]

text:
Lyle Finster, played by John Cleese. Lyle is the father of Stan's mistress, Lorraine. He becomes Karen's fourth husband for about 20 minutes until the couple realize how little they had in common outside of the bedroom.
Scott Woolley, played by Jeff Goldblum. Wooley is the man who lost to Karen for Student Body President and has spent his life hatching schemes to ruin her. Sadly, his schemes are often poorly thought out and eventually Grace realises that he doesn't hate Karen, he loves her. However, his attempts to woo her are as misguided as his previous ones. Woolley also has a dreadful sense of word-play (i.e. "The Scotty Mammoth", "Beam me up, Woolley"). He also changes his first name when using an alias, whereas most people change their last names.
Lionel Banks, played by Rip Torn. Banks is a bachelor who falls for Karen, under her alias Anastasia Beaverhausen, while Stan is in jail and tempts her into having an affair.
Malcolm Widmark, played by Alec Baldwin. Widmark is a government agent who helps Stan fake his death. He has a brief relationship with Karen before she reconciles with Stan, and Widmark goes on a government mission to Sri Lanka.

text: Jack[edit]

text:
Stuart Lamarack, played by Dave Foley, is a client of Will's who becomes Jack's longest relationship, until Jack cheats on him.
Jack has countless short-term lovers over the course of the series (and presumably long before and after), although most are never mentioned by name, or mentioned at all; it is constantly assumed, and not always stated, that he has multiple boyfriends in every episode. Due to Jack's promiscuity, and his habit of forgetting his boyfriends' names, it would be literally impossible to list all of his love interests over the course of the show. Will jokes that if he was to avoid every man that Jack has ever slept with, "That would leave me with...women!", Grace jokes that if everyone stopped working for every man that broke his heart "The city would shut down". Jack also comments that he goes on thousands of dates a year.

text: Other supporting characters[edit]

text:
Lorraine Finster, played by Minnie Driver, is Stan's mistress. She is a slutty prison cafeteria worker (and, it is implied, prostitute) who instantly forms a hatred of Karen. She was Karen's stepdaughter very briefly (for about 20 minutes) when Lyle, her father, marries Karen. Lorraine was unable to attend the wedding due to an aggressive strain of herpes that kept her from flying. According to the episode "The Accidental Tsuris" she was raised as a girl, despite being genetically male or perhaps a hermaphrodite. It is implied she was estranged from her father for several years and may have been born out of wedlock.
Harlin Polk, played by Gary Grubbs, is a major client of Will's in season one who ultimately fires him.
Mrs. Freeman, played by Jo Marie Payton, is an executive assistant at Doucette & Stein, her most commonly uttered phrase is "Mm-hmm" which is often said with sass.
Zandra Zoggin, played by Eileen Brennan, is Jack's crusty acting coach and a chain-smoking former Hollywood star. After Jack takes over her class, Zandra loses her interest in life and ends up in an actor's retirement village.
Dr. Jay Markus, played by Tom Skerritt, is Leo's father and Grace's eventual father-in-law. She meets him during brunch, thinking he is one of Leo's "old friends".
Eleanor Markus, played by Judith Ivey, is Leo's mother and a noted author of three books on theatre; she meets Grace during brunch alongside her husband. She also is the first to tell her new daughter-in-law her son's actual name, Marvin.
Mr. Stein, played by Gene Wilder, is the senior partner at Will's firm, an eccentric man who takes a liking to Will. He refers to Will as "Gay Will," but without at first realising that Will is actually gay. He and Karen are attracted to each other, but nothing comes of it. He is away from the office for some time prior to season 5 due to a mental breakdown and subsequent incarceration in a mental facility; having been referred to in the company letter-head as running "The London Office" in his absence.
Margot, played by Lily Tomlin, is a senior partner at Will's firm, who apparently takes over after Mr. Stein. She is also quite eccentric and sarcastic. She promotes Will to partner.
Dorleen, played by Parker Posey, is Jack's bitchy, chain-smoking boss during his brief tenure at Barneys New York.
Mr. Zamir, played by Marshall Manesh, is an obnoxious tenant in Will and Grace's building, with a tendency to take off his shirt and to steal Will and Grace's newspapers.
Benji, played by Brian A. Setzer, is Beverley Leslie's "business associate" and boytoy.
Joanne, played by Emily Rutherfurd, is a student of Zandra's acting class who becomes a devoted follower of Jack and his "McFarland method".
Russell, played by Jon Fleming, is a handsome, muscular student of Zandra's acting class who is often asked by Jack to take his shirt off when Jack is teaching the "McFarland method".
Julius, played by Neil Vipond, is Bobbi Adler's close friend and a pianist.
Gary, played by Jamie Kaler, is Will's coworker at Doucette and Stein.
Nurse Sheila, played by Laura Kightlinger, is a rather creepy nurse who works at the sperm bank (where Will visits, intending to donate sperm to his high-school friend Claire). She openly admits she is a whore in season 4 (when Will and Grace are planning to have a baby together), and thereafter seems to appear whenever Will goes into a hospital. She is pregnant in season 8 and attends birth-classes alongside Grace. Her brother, a doctor played by guest-star Jack Black (Kightlinger's real-life former boyfriend), claims he would be "tappin' that big time" if they weren't related.
Dave, played by Mathew Botuchis, is the only openly straight worker at OutTV, the gay network where Jack works in the last seasons. Jack is unimpressed with his heterosexuality and instead refers to him as Elizabeth.
Jamie, played by John Ducey, is the station manager at OutTV.
Tim, played by Mark Harelik, is a member of Senior Management at OutTV.
Jimmy, played by Sam Pancake, is a colleague of Jack's at OutTV.
Smitty, played by Charles C. Stevenson Jr, is a bartender who regularly serves Karen at different establishments. She has been known to call other bartenders "Smitty", even when they tell her it isn't their name. If Karen is depressed Smitty will tell her a tragic story about his own life, which she will laugh at thinking it is a joke.

text: Guest stars playing one-time characters[edit]

text:
Shohreh Aghdashloo, as Pam, an incompetent Iranian hired by Grace who she then fires upon realizing Pam is Jewish and thus she 'doesn't owe (her) anything'.
Rosanna Arquette, as Julie, a masseuse who lives in the same building as Leo and Grace.
Orson Bean, as Professor Joseph Dudley, a gay former literature professor of Will and Grace.
Jason Biggs, as Baby Glenn, a former local celebrity and a guest at Will's auction.
Roscoe Lee Browne, as Linus, owner of a landmark gay bookstore about to be turned into a gym.
Jack Black (uncredited), as Dr. Isaac Hershberg. He examines Karen and is also the brother of the occasionally seen nurse Sheila, played by show writer and Black's girlfriend at the time, Laura Kightlinger.
Richard Chamberlain, as Clyde, an elderly man who Will brings to game night, much to Grace's chagrin
Glenn Close, as Fannie Lieber (a play on celebrity photographer Annie Leibovitz), a noted photographer who takes Will and Grace's picture.
Joan Collins, as Helena Barnes, a designer with whom Grace competes for a job, and a nemesis of Karen's.
Macaulay Culkin, as Jason Towne, a lawyer representing Karen in her divorce from Stan.
Tim Curry, as Marion Finster, Lyle Finster's brother.
Matt Damon, as Owen, Jack's heterosexual rival, pretending to be gay to vie for a spot in the Manhattan Gay Men's Chorus.
Kristin Davis, as Nadine, Vince's straight female friend – the same as Grace is to Will.
Ellen DeGeneres, as Sister Louise, a nun to whom Will sells Grace's uncle's old car.
Michael Douglas, as Gavin Hatch, a somewhat closeted gay police detective who becomes attracted to Will and has issues with seeing food stuck in people's teeth.
Christine Ebersole, as Candy Pruitt, another of Karen's rivals.
Edie Falco, as Deirdre, one of a pair of lesbian real-estate "flippers".
Victor Garber, as Peter Bovington, a former actor now working as a doorman.
Andy García, as Milo, a restaurateur, and lover of Karen's, who fails to phone Karen after their date and is confronted by Grace.
Sara Gilbert, as Cheryl who, like Will, is a Barry Manilow fanatic, a.k.a. "fanilow".
Seth Green, as Randall Finn, a former child star.
Clark Gregg, as Cameron, Jack's wealthy boyfriend who becomes Grace's client.
Neil Patrick Harris, as Bill, the leader of a group of so-called "former" lesbians and gays.
Alex Kapp Horner, as Alice Robinson, one of Grace's former classmates.
Peter Jacobson, as Paul Budnik, an overbearing guy who Will dates but is more fond of his dog.
Kathryn Joosten, as the owner to a cabin Grace finds money in.
Stacy Keach, as Wendell Schacter, a former colleague of Jack's who usurps his acting class.

Piper Laurie, as Sharon Timmers, the best friend of Professor Joseph Dudley.
Michele Lee, as Lucille, one of the lesbians who ended up dancing with both Will & Jack.
Hal Linden, as Alan Mills, an elderly gay man who befriends Will and bestows expensive gifts upon him.
Natasha Lyonne, as Gillian, Grace's intern who decides to turn into the spitting image of Karen.
Madonna, as Liz, Karen's roommate.
Lee Majors, as Burt Wolfe, a friend of Grace's father.
Camryn Manheim, as Psychic Sue.
Jason Marsden, as Kim, a friend of Leo's.
Dylan McDermott, as Tom, a boyfriend of Will's who is very closely attached to his elderly mother.
Michael McDonald, as a Don, a student in a cooking class Will takes and dates his brother.
Julian McMahon, guy in an elevator who Grace flirts with.
Demi Moore, as Sissy, Jack's former babysitter.
Nick Offerman, as a plumber that Karen has sex with on Thanksgiving when Stan asks her to be sexually active while he is still in jail.
Offerman appeared in season 9 as Jackson Boudreaux, a celebrity chef who meets Will and Grace at a cooking class, and begins a sexual relationship with both of them.
Sharon Osbourne, as a bartender in No Sex N' in the City.
Peter Paige, as a gay Immigration and Naturalization Service officer whom Jack tries to convince his marriage with Rosario is real.
Scott Patterson, as Grace's former high school crush in "Das Boob".
Sara Paxton, as Melanie, the head cheerleader at Elliot's school.
Luke Perry, as Aaron, a "hot gay nerd" bird-watcher on whom Jack develops a crush.
Jeremy Piven, as Nicholas, Grace's ex. who asks Grace if she wants to join him in a threesome with his current lover.
Chita Rivera, as Lenore, one of the lesbians who ended up dancing with Will & Jack.
Brandon Routh, as Sebastian, a stud whom Alan Mills replaces Will with, after the two have a falling out over Will's misinterpretation of their relationship.
Chloë Sevigny, as Monet, a wealthy bisexual real-estate agent who falls for Will.
Nicollette Sheridan, as Dr. Danielle Morty, a fellow doctor who wanted Leo sexually.
Jamie-Lynn Sigler, as Ro, Vince's lesbian sister.
Britney Spears, as Amber Louise, a conservative Christian and a "hardcore lesbian" as she describes herself, and a co-host to Jack on his talk show.
Wendie Jo Sperber, as April, Grace's short-lived housekeeper.
Sharon Stone, as Georgia Keller, Will and Grace's therapist.
Larry Sullivan, as Robert, Will's ballet dancing boyfriend on the holiday episode "Jingle Balls".
Wanda Sykes, as Cricket, a woman Karen offers to pay to deliver a child for her.
Tamlyn Tomita, as Naomi, half of the couple that takes Will and Grace out all night.
Rip Torn, as Lionel Banks, a man with whom Karen almost cheats on Stan with during his incarceration.
Stuart Townsend, as Edward, Karen's pansexual pastry chef, who ends up "sexing" Will, Karen, and Rosario.
Tracey Ullman, as Anne, the instructor of a couples cooking class that Will, Jack, and Jack's boyfriend Stuart attend.
Steve Valentine, as Kai, half of the couple that takes Will and Grace out all night.
Steven Weber, as Will's brother Sam.

text: Guest stars playing themselves[edit]

text:
Kevin Bacon
Candice Bergen
Sandra Bernhard
Cher
Katie Couric
John Edward
Jennifer Lopez

Rudy Galindo
Hall & Oates
Deborah Harry
Janet Jackson
Elton John
James Earl Jones

Matt Lauer
Stone Phillips
Josh Lucas
Patti LuPone
Barry Manilow
Martina Navratilova

Bebe Neuwirth
Al Roker
George Takei
Rip Taylor


document_title: List of Southwest Airlines destinations

question_text: where does southwest airlines fly in new york

text: List of Southwest Airlines destinations

text: Destinations[edit]

text: Southwest does not use the "hub and spoke" system of other major airlines, preferring the "point-to-point" system. It has large operations in certain airports. An average of 80 percent of Southwest passengers are local passengers— only 20 percent of all passengers are connecting passengers. This is higher than most airlines, where many passengers connect in hub cities. However, at Southwest's focus cities, the percentage of connecting passengers can reach 30 percent.[3] Recent numbers indicate that the number of connecting passengers is steadily rising.[4]

text: As part of its effort to control costs, Southwest sometimes uses secondary airports in cities with high costs. Secondary airports have lower costs and may be more convenient to travelers than major airports. Some examples include:

text:
Chicago, Illinois: Southwest uses Midway International Airport instead of O'Hare International Airport.
Dallas, Texas: Southwest uses Dallas Love Field instead of Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport.
Houston, Texas: Southwest uses William P. Hobby Airport instead of George Bush Intercontinental Airport.
Miami/Fort Lauderdale, Florida: Southwest uses Fort Lauderdale–Hollywood International Airport instead of Miami International Airport.
New York City, New York: Southwest uses Newark Liberty International Airport, LaGuardia Airport and Long Island MacArthur Airport airports instead of John F. Kennedy International Airport.

text: AirTran cities acquired by Southwest[edit]

text: Through Southwest's acquisition of AirTran Airways, Southwest opened a focus city in Atlanta and acquired additional slots at Washington–National and New York–LaGuardia. In addition, Southwest added service to the following destinations.[5]

text:
Aruba
Atlanta, Georgia
Cancún, Mexico
Charlotte, North Carolina
Des Moines, Iowa
Grand Rapids, Michigan
Memphis, Tennessee
Mexico City, Mexico
Montego Bay, Jamaica

Nassau, Bahamas
Pensacola, Florida
Portland, Maine
Punta Cana, Dominican Republic
Richmond, Virginia
Rochester, New York
San José del Cabo, Mexico
San Juan, Puerto Rico
Wichita, Kansas

text: International service[edit]

text: Southwest began planning international service when it acquired AirTran, which already served international destinations. Southwest's first approach to international service came on April 19, 2012 when it signed a contract with the Amadeus IT Group to launch an international reservation system. This agreement gave the airline the capability to begin flying to destinations outside of the United States.[6]

text: Southwest debuted the international reservation system on January 27, 2014 when its first international flights went on sale. This was followed by the first international flights which began on July 1, 2014 to Aruba (AUA), Montego Bay, Jamaica (MBJ) and Nassau, Bahamas (NAS).

text: Southwest built a 5 gate international terminal at William P. Hobby Airport that opened in 2015. Southwest also built a 5 gate international terminal in Fort Lauderdale that opened in 2017.[7]

text: Hawaii service[edit]

text: On October 11, 2017, Southwest announced they would add service to Hawaii beginning in 2018, pending government approval. The airline announced that the flights to Hawaii will be operated from four California cities: Oakland, San Diego, San Jose, and Sacramento, utilizing their Boeing 737-800 and 737 MAX 8 aircraft. As announced Southwest Airlines will begin service to the following destinations: Honolulu (Daniel K. Inouye International Airport), Kahului (Kahului Airport), Kailua-Kona (Kona International Airport), Lihue (Lihue Airport).[8]

text: Chart[edit]

text: As of  June 2018[update], this is a list of destinations that Southwest Airlines serves.

text:
Operating Base

Focus city

Future destination

Terminated destination

text:
Country (State/Province)

City

Airport

City Count

Begin

End

Refs

Aruba
Oranjestad
Queen Beatrix International Airport
85
2014
Present

Bahamas
Nassau
Lynden Pindling International Airport
86
2014
Present

Belize
Belize City
Philip S. W. Goldson International Airport
93
2015
Present

Cayman Islands
George Town
Owen Roberts International Airport
97
2017
Present
[9]

Costa Rica
Liberia
Daniel Oduber Quirós International Airport
94
2015
Present

Costa Rica
San José
Juan Santamaría International Airport
91
2015
Present

Cuba
Havana
José Martí International Airport
96
2016
Present

Cuba
Santa Clara
Abel Santamaría Airport
—
2016
2017
[10]

Cuba
Varadero
Juan Gualberto Gómez Airport
—
2016
2017
[10]

Dominican Republic
Punta Cana
Punta Cana International Airport
89
2014
Present

Jamaica
Montego Bay
Sangster International Airport
84
2014
Present

Mexico (Baja California Sur)
San José del Cabo
Los Cabos International Airport
88
2014
Present

Mexico (Federal District)
Mexico City
Mexico City International Airport
90
2014
Present

Mexico (Jalisco)
Puerto Vallarta
Lic. Gustavo Díaz Ordaz International Airport
92
2015
Present

Mexico (Quintana Roo)
Cancún
Cancún International Airport
87
2014
Present

Turks and Caicos Islands
Providenciales
Providenciales International Airport
99
2017
Present
[11]

United States (Alabama)
Birmingham
Birmingham-Shuttlesworth International Airport
25
1987
Present

United States (Arizona)
Phoenix
Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport
16
1982
Present

United States (Arizona)
Tucson
Tucson International Airport
43
1994
Present

United States (Arkansas)
Little Rock
Little Rock National Airport
20
1984
Present

United States (California)
Burbank
Hollywood Burbank Airport
29
1990
Present

United States (California)
Long Beach
Long Beach Airport
95
2016
Present

United States (California)
Los Angeles
Los Angeles International Airport
19
1982
Present

United States (California)
Oakland
Oakland International Airport
28
1989
Present

United States (California)
Ontario
Ontario International Airport
23
1985
Present

United States (California)
Orange County
John Wayne Airport
37
1994
Present

United States (California)
Sacramento
Sacramento International Airport
31
1991
Present

United States (California)
San Diego
San Diego International Airport
17
1982
Present

United States (California)
San Francisco
San Francisco International Airport
63
1982, 2007
2001, Present

United States (California)
San José
San Jose International Airport
35
1993
Present

United States (Colorado)
Denver
Denver International Airport
61
2006
Present

United States (Colorado)
Denver
Stapleton International Airport
—
1983
1986
[12]

United States (Connecticut)
Hartford
Bradley International Airport
53
1999
Present

United States (Florida)
Fort Lauderdale
Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood International Airport
45
1996
Present

United States (Florida)
Fort Myers
Southwest Florida International Airport
60
2005
Present

United States (Florida)
Jacksonville
Jacksonville International Airport
49
1997
Present

United States (Florida)
Key West
Key West International Airport
—
2012
2014
[13]

United States (Florida)
Orlando
Orlando International Airport
47
1996
Present

United States (Florida)
Palm Beach
Palm Beach International Airport
56
2001
Present

United States (Florida)
Panama City
Northwest Florida Beaches International Airport
68
2010
Present

United States (Florida)
Pensacola
Pensacola International Airport
82
2013
Present

United States (Florida)
Tampa
Tampa International Airport
46
1996
Present

United States (Georgia)
Atlanta
Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport
72
2012
Present

United States (Hawaii)
Honolulu
Daniel K. Inouye International Airport
—
2018
Future
[14]

United States (Hawaii)
Kahului
Kahului Airport
—
2018
Future
[15]

United States (Hawaii)
Kailua-Kona
Kona International Airport
—
2018
Future
[16]

United States (Hawaii)
Lihue
Lihue Airport
—
2018
Future
[17]

United States (Idaho)
Boise
Boise Airport
41
1994
Present

United States (Illinois)
Chicago
Chicago Midway International Airport
21
1985
Present

United States (Indiana)
Indianapolis
Indianapolis International Airport
27
1989
Present

United States (Iowa)
Des Moines
Des Moines International Airport
74
2012
Present

United States (Kansas)
Wichita
Wichita Eisenhower National Airport
79
2013
Present

United States (Kentucky)
Covington/Cincinnati
Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport
98
2017
Present
[18]

United States (Kentucky)
Louisville
Louisville International Airport
34
1993
Present

United States (Louisiana)
New Orleans
Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport
11
1979
Present

United States (Maine)
Portland
Portland International Jetport
78
2013
Present

United States (Maryland)
Baltimore/Washington, D.C.
Baltimore-Washington International Airport
36
1993
Present

United States (Massachusetts)
Boston
Logan International Airport
66
2009
Present

United States (Michigan)
Detroit
Coleman A. Young International Airport
—
1988
1993
[12]

United States (Michigan)
Detroit
Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport
26
1987
Present

United States (Michigan)
Flint
Bishop International Airport
—
2013
2018
[19]

United States (Michigan)
Grand Rapids
Gerald R. Ford International Airport
80
2013
Present

United States (Minnesota)
Minneapolis/St. Paul
Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport
64
2009
Present

United States (Mississippi)
Jackson
Jackson International Airport
—
1997
2014
[13]

United States (Missouri)
Branson
Branson Airport
—
2013
2014
[13]

United States (Missouri)
Kansas City
Kansas City International Airport
18
1982
Present

United States (Missouri)
St. Louis
Lambert-Saint Louis International Airport
22
1985
Present

United States (Nebraska)
Omaha
Eppley Airfield
44
1995
Present

United States (Nevada)
Las Vegas
McCarran International Airport
15
1982
Present

United States (Nevada)
Reno/Tahoe
Reno-Tahoe International Airport
30
1990
Present

United States (New Hampshire)
Manchester
Manchester-Boston Regional Airport
50
1998
Present

United States (New Jersey)
Newark
Newark Liberty International Airport
71
2011
Present

United States (New Mexico)
Albuquerque
Albuquerque International Sunport
14
1980
Present

United States (New York)
Albany
Albany International Airport
54
2000
Present

United States (New York)
Buffalo
Buffalo Niagara International Airport
55
2000
Present

United States (New York)
Long Island/Islip
Long Island MacArthur Airport
51
1999
Present

United States (New York)
New York City
LaGuardia Airport
65
2009
Present

United States (New York)
Rochester
Greater Rochester International Airport
77
2013
Present

United States (North Carolina)
Charlotte
Charlotte/Douglas International Airport
75
2013
Present

United States (North Carolina)
Raleigh-Durham
Raleigh-Durham International Airport
52
1999
Present

United States (Ohio)
Akron/Canton
Akron-Canton Regional Airport
—
2012
2017

United States (Ohio)
Cleveland
Cleveland Hopkins International Airport
32
1992
Present

United States (Ohio)
Columbus
John Glenn Columbus International Airport
33
1992
Present

United States (Ohio)
Dayton
Dayton International Airport
—
2012
2017

United States (Oklahoma)
Oklahoma City
Will Rogers World Airport
12
1980
Present

United States (Oklahoma)
Tulsa
Tulsa International Airport
13
1980
Present

United States (Oregon)
Portland
Portland International Airport
38
1994
Present

United States (Pennsylvania)
Philadelphia
Philadelphia International Airport
58
2004
Present

United States (Pennsylvania)
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh International Airport
59
2005
Present

United States (Puerto Rico)
San Juan
Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport
76
2013
Present

United States (Rhode Island)
Providence
T. F. Green Airport
48
1996
Present

United States (South Carolina)
Charleston
Charleston International Airport
70
2011
Present

United States (South Carolina)
Greenville/Spartanburg
Greenville-Spartanburg International Airport
69
2011
Present

United States (Tennessee)
Memphis
Memphis International Airport
81
2013
Present

United States (Tennessee)
Nashville
Nashville International Airport
24
1986
Present

United States (Texas)
Amarillo
Rick Husband Amarillo International Airport
10
1978
Present

United States (Texas)
Austin
Austin-Bergstrom International Airport
9
1977
Present

United States (Texas)
Beaumont/Port Arthur
Jack Brooks Regional Airport
—
1979
1980
[12]

United States (Texas)
Corpus Christi
Corpus Christi International Airport
5
1977
Present

United States (Texas)
Dallas
Dallas Love Field
1
1971
Present

United States (Texas)
El Paso
El Paso International Airport
8
1977
Present

United States (Texas)
Harlingen/South Padre Island
Valley International Airport
4
1975
Present

United States (Texas)
Houston
William P. Hobby Airport
3
1971
Present

United States (Texas)
Houston
George Bush Intercontinental Airport
—
1971, 1980
1972, 2005
[12]

United States (Texas)
Lubbock
Lubbock Preston Smith International Airport
6
1977
Present

United States (Texas)
Midland/Odessa
Midland International Airport
7
1977
Present

United States (Texas)
San Antonio
San Antonio International Airport
2
1971
Present

United States (Utah)
Salt Lake City
Salt Lake City International Airport
42
1994
Present

United States (Virginia)
Norfolk
Norfolk International Airport
57
2001
Present

United States (Virginia)
Richmond
Richmond International Airport
83
2013
Present

United States (Virginia)
Washington, D.C./Arlington
Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport
73
2012
Present

United States (Virginia)
Dulles
Washington Dulles International Airport
62
2006
Present

United States (Washington)
Everett
Paine Field
—
2018
Future
[20]

United States (Washington)
Seattle/Tacoma
Seattle–Tacoma International Airport
39
1994
Present

United States (Washington)
Spokane
Spokane International Airport
40
1994
Present

United States (Wisconsin)
Milwaukee
General Mitchell International Airport
67
2009
Present

United States (Wyoming)
Jackson Hole
Jackson Hole Airport
—
1985
1986


document_title: History of the United States public debt

question_text: when was the last time the united states had a surplus

text: Early history[edit]

text: Except for about a year during 1835–1836, the United States has continuously had a fluctuating public debt since its Constitution went into effect on March 4, 1789. During the American Revolution, the Continental Congress, under the Articles of Confederation, amassed huge war debts, but lacked the power to repay these obligations through taxation or duties on imports.[1][2]

text: On the founding of the United States, the financial affairs of the new federation were in disarray, exacerbated by an economic crisis in urban commercial centers.[3] In 1790, Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton pushed for Congress to pass a financial plan, called the First Report on the Public Credit,[4] a controversial part of which involved the federal government assuming state debts incurred during the Revolutionary War.[5] Northern states had accumulated a huge amount of debt during the war, amounting to $21.5 million, and wanted the federal government to assume their burden. The Southern states, which had lower or no debts, whose citizens would effectively pay a portion of this debt if the federal government assumed it, were disinclined to accept the proposal. Some states, including Virginia, had already paid off almost half of their debts, and felt that their taxpayers should not be assessed again to bail out the less provident, and further argued that the plan was beyond the constitutional power of the new government. James Madison, then a representative from Virginia, led a group of legislators from the South in blocking the provision and prevent the plan from gaining approval. Jefferson supported Madison[6] The plan was finally adopted as part of the Compromise of 1790, as the Funding Act of 1790. The compromise meant that the state debts were all picked up by the federal Treasury, and the permanent national capital would be located in the South, along the Virginia-Maryland border in what became the District of Colombia.

text: The assumption issue[edit]

text: Historian Max M. Edling has explained how assumption worked. It was the critical issue; the location of the capital was a bargaining ploy. Hamilton proposed that the federal Treasury take over and pay off all the debt that states had incurred to pay for the American Revolution. The Treasury would issue bonds that rich people would buy, thereby giving the rich a tangible stake in the success of the national government. Hamilton proposed to pay off the new bonds with revenue from a new tariff on imports. Jefferson originally approved the scheme, but Madison had turned him around by arguing that federal control of debt would consolidate too much power in the national government. Edling points out that after its passage in 1790, the assumption was accepted. Madison did try to pay speculators below 100%, but they were paid the face value of the state debts they held regardless of how little they paid for them. When Jefferson became president he continued the system. The credit of the U.S. was solidly established at home and abroad, and Hamilton was successful in signing up many of the bondholders in his new Federalist Party. Good credit allowed Jefferson's Treasury Secretary Albert Gallatin to borrow in Europe to finance the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, as well as to borrow to finance the War of 1812.[7]

text: The Southern states extracted a major concession from Hamilton in the recalculation of their debt under the fiscal plan.[8] For example, in the case of Virginia, a zero-sum arrangement was contrived, in which Virginia paid $3.4 million to the federal government, and received exactly that amount in federal compensation.[9] The revision of Virginia’s debt, coupled with Potomac residence issue, ultimately netted it over $13 million.[10] Another result of federal assumption of state debts was to give the federal government much more power by placing the country's most serious financial obligation in the hands of the federal government rather than the state governments. The federal government was able to avoid competing in interest with the States.

text: The debts of the federal government on January 1, 1791 amounted to $75,463,476.52, of which about $40 million was domestic debt, $12 million was foreign debt, and $18.3 million were state debts assumed by the federal government, of the $21.5 million that had been authorized.[11]

text: 1790s to 1910[edit]

text: To reduce the debt, from 1796 to 1811 there were 14 budget surpluses and 2 deficits. There was a sharp increase in the debt as a result of the War of 1812. In the 20 years following that war, there were 18 surpluses. The United States actually paid off its debt entirely in January 1835, only to begin accruing debt anew by 1836 (the debt on January 1, 1836 was $37,000).[12][13]

text: Another sharp increase in the debt occurred as a result of the Civil War. The debt was just $65 million in 1860, but passed $1 billion in 1863 and reached $2.7 billion by the end of the war. During the following 47 years, there were 36 surpluses and 11 deficits. During this period 55% of the national debt was paid off.

text: World War I and Great Depression[edit]

text: Debt increased again during World War I (1914–1918), reaching $25.5 billion at its conclusion. Approximately $17 billion in debt was raised through the selling of Liberty Bonds to the general public to finance the U.S.'s military effort. The war was followed by 11 consecutive surpluses that saw the debt reduced by 36% by the end of the 1920s.[14]

text: Warren G. Harding was elected president in 1920 and believed the federal government should be fiscally managed in a way similar to private sector businesses. He had campaigned in 1920 on the slogan, "Less government in business and more business in government."[15] Under Harding, federal spending declined from $6.3 billion in 1920 to $5 billion in 1921 and $3.3 billion in 1922. Over the course of the 1920s, under the leadership of Calvin Coolidge, the national debt was reduced by one third.[16] The decrease was even greater when the growth in GDP and inflation is taken into account.

text: Debt held by the public was $15.05 billion or 16.5% of GDP in 1930. When Franklin D. Roosevelt took office in 1933, the public debt was almost $20 billion, 20% of GDP. Decreased tax revenues and spending on social programs during the Great Depression increased the debt and by 1936, the public debt had increased to $33.7 billion, approximately 40% of GDP.[17] During its first term, the Roosevelt administration ran large annual deficits of between 2 and 5% of GDP. By 1939, the debt held by the public had increased to $39.65 billion or 43% of GDP. The buildup and involvement in World War II during the presidencies of F.D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman led to the largest increase in public debt. Public debt rose over 100% of GDP to pay for the mobilization before and during the war. Public debt was $251.43 billion or 112% of GDP at the conclusion of the war in 1945 and was $260 billion in 1950.

text: After World War II[edit]

text: The public debt fell rapidly after the end of World War II under the presidency of Harry S. Truman, as the U.S. and the rest of the world experienced a post-war economic expansion. Unlike previous wars, the Korean War (1950–53) was largely financed by taxation and did not lead to an increase in the public debt.[18]

text: Growth rates in Western countries began to slow in the mid-1960s. Beginning in the mid-1970s and afterwards, U.S. national debt began to increase faster than GDP.[19][20]

text: The public debt reached a post-World War II low of 24.6% in 1974.[14][21] In that year, the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 reformed the budget process to allow Congress to challenge the president's budget more easily, and, as a consequence, deficits became increasingly difficult to control.[22] National debt held by the public increased from its postwar low of 24.6% of GDP in 1974 to 26.2% in 1980.[23]

text: Debt held by the public relative to GDP rose rapidly again in the 1980s. President Ronald Reagan's economic policies lowered tax rates (Reagan slashed the top income tax rate from 70% to 28%, although bills passed in 1982 and 1984 later partially reversed those tax cuts.)[22][24] and increased military spending, while congressional Democrats blocked cuts to social programs.[20][22][24][22] As a result, debt as a share of GDP increased from 26.2% in 1980 to 40.9% in 1988,[23] and it continued to rise during the presidency of George H. W. Bush, reaching 48.3% of GDP in 1992.[14][25]

text: Debt held by the public reached a high of 49.5% of GDP at the beginning of President Clinton's first term. However, it fell to 34.5% of GDP by the end of Clinton's presidency due in part to decreased military spending, increased taxes (in 1990, 1993 and 1997), and increased tax revenue resulting from the 1990s boom.[14][21][26][27][28] The budget controls instituted in the 1990s successfully restrained fiscal action by the Congress and the President and together with economic growth contributed to the budget surpluses at the end of the decade.[29] The surpluses led to a decline in the public debt from about 43% of GDP in 1998 to about 33% by 2001.[29]

text: In the early 21st century, debt held by the public relative to GDP rose again due in part to the Bush tax cuts and increased military spending caused by the wars in the Middle East and a new entitlement Medicare D program. During the presidency of George W. Bush, debt held by the public increased from $3.339 trillion in September 2001 to $6.369 trillion by the end of 2008.[30][31] In the aftermath of the global financial crisis of 2007–08 and related significant revenue declines and spending increases, debt held by the public increased to $11.917 trillion by the end of July 2013, under the presidency of Barack Obama.[30][32]

text: 2011 credit rating downgrade[edit]

text: On August 5, 2011, the United States debt-ceiling crisis of 2011, the credit rating agency Standard & Poor's downgraded the rating of the federal government from AAA to AA+. It was the first time the U.S. had been downgraded since it was originally given a AAA rating on its debt by Moody's in 1917.[33] BBC News reported that Standard & Poor's had "lost confidence" in the ability of the U.S. government to make decisions.[34]

text: Changes in debt by political affiliation[edit]

text: The President proposes a national budget to Congress, which has final say over the document but rarely appropriates more than what the President requests.[35]

text: Economist Mike Kimel has noted that the former Democratic Presidents (Bill Clinton, Jimmy Carter, Lyndon B. Johnson, John F. Kennedy, and Harry S. Truman) all reduced public debt as a share of GDP, while the last four Republican Presidents (George W. Bush, George H. W. Bush, Ronald Reagan and Gerald Ford) all oversaw an increase in the country's indebtedness.[36] Economic historian J. Bradford DeLong, observed a contrast not so much between Republicans and Democrats but between Democrats and "old-style Republicans (Eisenhower and Nixon)" on one hand (decreasing debt) and "new-style Republicans" on the other (increasing debt).[37][38] David Stockman, former director of the Office of Management and Budget, blamed the "ideological tax-cutters" of the Reagan administration for the increase of national debt during the 1980s.[39] Former Treasury official Bruce Bartlett attributed the increase in the national debt since the 1980s to the policy of "starve the beast".[40][41] While noting that George H.W. Bush's budget deal in 1990 was one of the reasons for improvement of the fiscal situation in 1990s, Bartlett was highly critical of George W. Bush for creating budget deficits by reducing tax rates and increasing spending in the early 2000s.[42][43]

text: Causes of recent changes in debt[edit]

text: Public debt is the cumulative result of budget deficits; that is, government spending exceeding revenues.

text: 2001 vs. 2009[edit]

text: According to the Congressional Budget Office, the United States last had a budget surplus during fiscal year 2001. From fiscal years 2001 to 2009, spending increased by 6.5% of gross domestic product (from 18.2% to 24.7%) while taxes declined by 4.7% of GDP (from 19.5% to 14.8%). Spending increases (expressed as percentage of GDP) were in the following areas: Medicare and Medicaid (1.7%), defense (1.6%), income security such as unemployment benefits and food stamps (1.4%), Social Security (0.6%) and all other categories (1.2%). Revenue reductions were individual income taxes (−3.3%), payroll taxes (−0.5%), corporate income taxes (−0.5%) and other (−0.4%).

text: The 2009 spending level was the highest relative to GDP in 40 years, while the tax receipts were the lowest relative to GDP in 40 years. The next highest spending year was 1985 (22.8%), while the next lowest tax year was 2004 (16.1%).[44]

text: 2001 vs. 2011[edit]

text: In June 2012, the Congressional Budget Office summarized the cause of change between its January 2001 estimate of a $5.6 trillion cumulative surplus between 2002 and 2011 and the actual $6.1 trillion cumulative deficit that occurred, an unfavorable "turnaround" or debt increase of $11.7 trillion. Tax rate cuts and slower-than-expected growth reduced revenues by $6.1 trillion and spending was $5.6 trillion higher. Of this total, the CBO attributes 72% to legislated tax rate cuts and spending increases and 27% to economic and technical factors. Of the latter, 56% occurred from 2009 to 2011.[45][46]

text: The difference between the projected and actual debt in 2011, the budget office said, could be attributed largely to:

text:
$3.5 trillion – Economic changes (including lower than expected tax revenues and higher safety net spending due to recession)
$1.6 trillion – Bush Tax Cuts (EGTRRA and JGTRRA), primarily tax rate cuts but also some smaller spending increases
$1.5 trillion – Increased non-defense discretionary spending
$1.4 trillion – Wars in Afghanistan and Iraq
$1.4 trillion – Incremental interest due to higher debt balances
$0.9 trillion – Obama stimulus and tax cuts (ARRA and Tax Act of 2010)[46]

text: The U.S. budget situation has deteriorated significantly since 2001, when the CBO forecast average annual surpluses of approximately $850 billion from 2009–2012. The average deficit forecast in each of those years as of June 2009 was approximately $1,215 billion. The New York Times analyzed this roughly $2 trillion "swing", separating the causes into four major categories along with their share:

text:
Recessions or the business cycle (37%);
Policies enacted by President Bush (33%);
Policies enacted by President Bush and supported or extended by President Obama (20%); and
New policies from President Obama (10%).

text: Several other articles and experts explained the causes of change in the debt position.[47][48][49]

text: 2008 vs. 2009[edit]

text: In October 2009, the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) gave the reasons for the higher budget deficit in 2009 ($1,410 billion, i.e. $1.41 trillion) over that of 2008 ($460 billion). The major changes included: declines in tax receipt of $320 billion due to the effects of the recession and another $100 billion due to tax rate cuts in the stimulus bill (the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act or ARRA); $245 billion for the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) and other bailout efforts; $100 billion in additional spending for ARRA; and another $185 billion due to increases in primary budget categories such as Medicare, Medicaid, unemployment insurance, Social Security, and Defense – including the war effort in Afghanistan and Iraq. This was the highest budget deficit relative to GDP (9.9%) since 1945.[50] The national debt increased by $1.9 trillion during FY2009, versus the $1.0 trillion increase during 2008.[51]

text: The Obama Administration also made four significant accounting changes to more accurately report total federal government spending. The four changes were:

text:
Account for the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan ("overseas military contingencies") in the budget, rather than through supplemental appropriations
Assume the Alternative Minimum Tax is indexed for inflation;
Account for the full costs of Medicare reimbursements
Anticipate inevitable expenditures for natural disaster relief

tag: ol

text: Obama administration officials predicted that these changes will make the debt over ten years look $2.7 trillion larger than it would otherwise appear.[52]

text: Historical debt levels[edit]

text: Gross federal debt[edit]

text: This table lists the U.S. federal debt as a percentage of gross domestic product, or GDP, each year since World War II.[53] The gross federal debt shown below reached 102.7% of GDP at the end of 2012, the most recent figure available; it was the highest percentage since 1945 and the first yearly percentage figure to go over 100% since then. (The gross federal debt in the table includes intra-government debt – that is, money owed by one branch of the federal government to another. When this latter amount is subtracted, the remaining quantity is known as the public debt.)

text:
Congressional session
Years
President
President's party
Debt-to-GDP ratio at start of period
Debt-to-GDP ratio at end of period
Change in debt (in billions of dollars)
Change in debt-to-GDP ratio
(in percentage points)

77–78
1941–1945
Roosevelt
Democratic
50.4%
117.5%
+203
+67.1

79–80
1945–1949
Roosevelt, Truman
Democratic
117.5%
93.1%
-8
-24.4

81–82
1949–1953
Truman
Democratic
93.1%
71.4%
+13
-21.7

83–84
1953–1957
Eisenhower
Republican
71.4%
60.4%
+6
-11.0

85–86
1957–1961
Eisenhower
Republican
60.4%
55.2%
+20
-5.2

87–88
1961–1965
Kennedy, Johnson
Democratic
55.2%
46.9%
+30
-8.3

89–90
1965–1969
Johnson
Democratic
46.9%
38.6%
+43
-8.3

91–92
1969–1973
Nixon
Republican
38.6%
35.6%
+101
-3.0

93–94
1973–1977
Nixon, Ford
Republican
35.6%
35.8%
+177
+0.2

95–96
1977–1981
Carter
Democratic
35.8%
32.5%
+288
-3.3

97–98
1981–1985
Reagan
Republican
32.5%
43.8%
+823
+11.3

99–100
1985–1989
Reagan
Republican
43.8%
53.1%
+1,050
+9.3

101–102
1989–1993
Bush Sr.
Republican
53.1%
66.1%
+1,483
+13.0

103–104
1993–1997
Clinton
Democratic
66.1%
65.4%
+1,018
-0.7

105–106
1997–2001
Clinton
Democratic
65.4%
56.4%
+401
-9.0

107–108
2001–2005
Bush
Republican
56.4%
63.5%
+2,135
+7.1

109–110
2005–2009
Bush
Republican
63.5%
84.2%
+3,971
+20.7

111–112
2009–2013
Obama
Democratic
84.2%
102.7%
+6,061
+18.5

text: (Source: CBO Historical Budget Page and Whitehouse FY 2012 Budget – Table 7.1 Federal Debt at the End of Year PDF, Excel, Senate.gov)

text: Notes:

text:
Some of the debt included in this chart for each presidential administration may include debt added under the next presidential administration.[54]
For net jobs changes over the corresponding periods, see: Jobs created during U.S. presidential terms.

text: Publicly held debt[edit]

text: Publicly held debt is the gross debt minus intra-governmental obligations (such as the money that the government owes to the two Social Security Trust Funds, the Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance program, and the Social Security Disability Insurance program).[55]

text: Federal spending, federal debt and GDP[edit]

text: The table below shows annual federal spending, gross federal debt and gross domestic product for specific fiscal years.[56] The government fiscal year runs from October 1 of the previous calendar year to September 30 of the year shown.

text:
Fiscal year
Federal spending
Federal debt
Gross domestic product
Inflation adjuster[57]

Billions[58]
Adjusted[59]
Change
Billions[60]
Adjusted[61]
Change
Billions[62]
Adjusted[63]
Change

1977
$409
$1,040

$705
$1,795

$1,974
$5,019

0.39

1978
$459
$1,093
5.1%
$776
$1,850
3.1%
$2,217
$5,285
5.3%
0.42

1979
$504
$1,107
1.3%
$829
$1,821
−1.5%
$2,501
$5,494
4.0%
0.46

1980
$591
$1,175
6.1%
$909
$1,808
−0.8%
$2,727
$5,422
−1.3%
0.50

1981
$678
$1,219
3.8%
$994
$1,787
−1.1%
$3,055
$5,492
1.3%
0.56

1982
$746
$1,252
2.6%
$1,137
$1,908
6.8%
$3,228
$5,417
−1.4%
0.60

1983
$808
$1,294
3.4%
$1,371
$2,195
15.0%
$3,441
$5,510
1.7%
0.62

1984
$852
$1,300
0.4%
$1,564
$2,386
8.7%
$3,840
$5,858
6.3%
0.66

1985
$946
$1,396
7.4%
$1,817
$2,680
12.3%
$4,142
$6,108
4.3%
0.68

1986
$990
$1,426
2.1%
$2,120
$3,052
13.9%
$4,412
$6,352
4.0%
0.69

1987
$1,004
$1,406
−1.4%
$2,345
$3,283
7.6%
$4,647
$6,506
2.4%
0.71

1988
$1,065
$1,447
2.9%
$2,601
$3,534
7.7%
$5,009
$6,806
4.6%
0.74

1989
$1,144
$1,499
3.6%
$2,867
$3,757
6.3%
$5,401
$7,077
4.0%
0.76

1990
$1,253
$1,590
6.1%
$3,206
$4,067
8.3%
$5,735
$7,277
2.8%
0.79

1991
$1,324
$1,610
1.3%
$3,598
$4,374
7.5%
$5,935
$7,215
−0.8%
0.82

1992
$1,382
$1,624
0.9%
$4,001
$4,703
7.5%
$6,240
$7,334
1.7%
0.85

1993
$1,410
$1,615
−0.5%
$4,351
$4,987
6.0%
$6,576
$7,536
2.8%
0.87

1994
$1,462
$1,642
1.7%
$4,643
$5,216
4.6%
$6,961
$7,820
3.8%
0.89

1995
$1,516
$1,662
1.2%
$4,920
$5,395
3.4%
$7,326
$8,033
2.7%
0.91

1996
$1,561
$1,673
0.7%
$5,181
$5,554
3.0%
$7,694
$8,248
2.7%
0.93

1997
$1,601
$1,684
0.7%
$5,369
$5,647
1.7%
$8,182
$8,606
4.3%
0.95

1998
$1,653
$1,721
2.2%
$5,478
$5,704
1.0%
$8,628
$8,985
4.4%
0.96

1999
$1,702
$1,746
1.5%
$5,605
$5,750
0.8%
$9,125
$9,361
4.2%
0.97

2000
$1,789
$1,789
2.5%
$5,628
$5,628
−2.1%
$9,710
$9,710
3.7%
1.00

2001
$1,863
$1,821
1.8%
$5,769
$5,638
0.2%
$10,058
$9,829
1.2%
1.02

2002
$2,011
$1,929
6.0%
$6,198
$5,945
5.5%
$10,377
$9,954
1.3%
1.04

2003
$2,160
$2,018
4.6%
$6,760
$6,316
6.2%
$10,809
$10,099
1.4%
1.07

2004
$2,293
$2,082
3.2%
$7,354
$6,677
5.7%
$11,500
$10,441
3.4%
1.10

2005
$2,472
$2,165
4.0%
$7,905
$6,923
3.7%
$12,238
$10,717
2.6%
1.14

2006
$2,655
$2,249
3.9%
$8,451
$7,158
3.4%
$13,016
$11,024
2.9%
1.18

2007
$2,730
$2,263
0.6%
$8,951
$7,419
3.6%
$13,668
$11,329
2.8%
1.21

2008
$2,931
$2,366
4.6%
$9,654
$7,793
5.0%
$14,312
$11,553
0%
1.24

2009*
$3,107
$2,452
3.6%
$10,413
$8,218
5.5%
$14,097
$11,529
2.6%
1.27

2010*
$3,091
$2,392
−2.4%
$11,875
$9,247
12.5%
$14,508
$11,297
−2.0%
1.29

text: Note: The values for the years 2009, and 2010 represent estimates from the source material.