document_title: Igneous rock

question_text: what igneous rock crystallizes at the earth's surface

question_tokens: what igneous rock crystallizes at the earth 's surface

text: Igneous rock

text: Geological significance

text: Igneous and metamorphic rocks make up 90–95% of the top 16 km of the Earth's crust by volume.[1] Igneous rocks form about 15% of the Earth's current land surface.[note 1] Most of the Earth's oceanic crust is made of igneous rock.

text: Igneous rocks are also geologically important because:

text:
their minerals and global chemistry give information about the composition of the mantle, from which some igneous rocks are extracted, and the temperature and pressure conditions that allowed this extraction, and/or of other pre-existing rock that melted;
their absolute ages can be obtained from various forms of radiometric dating and thus can be compared to adjacent geological strata, allowing a time sequence of events;
their features are usually characteristic of a specific tectonic environment, allowing tectonic reconstitutions (see plate tectonics);
in some special circumstances they host important mineral deposits (ores): for example, tungsten, tin, and uranium are commonly associated with granites and diorites, whereas ores of chromium and platinum are commonly associated with gabbros.

text: Geological setting

text: In terms of modes of occurrence, igneous rocks can be either intrusive (plutonic and hypabyssal) or extrusive (volcanic).

text: Intrusive

text: Intrusive igneous rocks are formed from magma that cools and solidifies within the crust of a planet, surrounded by pre-existing rock (called country rock); the magma cools slowly and, as a result, these rocks are coarse-grained. The mineral grains in such rocks can generally be identified with the naked eye. Intrusive rocks can also be classified according to the shape and size of the intrusive body and its relation to the other formations into which it intrudes. Typical intrusive formations are batholiths, stocks, laccoliths, sills and dikes. When the magma solidifies within the earth's crust, it cools slowly forming coarse textured rocks, such as granite, gabbro, or diorite.

text: The central cores of major mountain ranges consist of intrusive igneous rocks, usually granite. When exposed by erosion, these cores (called batholiths) may occupy huge areas of the Earth's surface.

text: Intrusive igneous rocks that form at depth within the crust are termed plutonic (or abyssal) rocks and are usually coarse-grained. Intrusive igneous rocks that form near the surface are termed subvolcanic or hypabyssal rocks and they are usually medium-grained. Hypabyssal rocks are less common than plutonic or volcanic rocks and often form dikes, sills, laccoliths, lopoliths, or phacoliths.

text: Extrusive

text: Extrusive igneous rocks, also known as volcanic rocks, are formed at the crust's surface as a result of the partial melting of rocks within the mantle and crust. Extrusive igneous rocks cool and solidify quicker than intrusive igneous rocks. They are formed by the cooling of molten magma on the earth's surface. The magma, which is brought to the surface through fissures or volcanic eruptions, solidifies at a faster rate. Hence such rocks are smooth, crystalline and fine-grained. Basalt is a common extrusive igneous rock and forms lava flows, lava sheets and lava plateaus. Some kinds of basalt solidify to form long polygonal columns. The Giant's Causeway in Antrim, Northern Ireland is an example.

text: The molten rock, with or without suspended crystals and gas bubbles, is called magma. It rises because it is less dense than the rock from which it was created. When magma reaches the surface from beneath water or air, it is called lava. Eruptions of volcanoes into air are termed subaerial, whereas those occurring underneath the ocean are termed submarine. Black smokers and mid-ocean ridge basalt are examples of submarine volcanic activity.

text: The volume of extrusive rock erupted annually by volcanoes varies with plate tectonic setting. Extrusive rock is produced in the following proportions:[3]

text:
divergent boundary: 73%
convergent boundary (subduction zone): 15%
hotspot: 12%.

text: Magma that erupts from a volcano behaves according to its viscosity, determined by temperature, composition, crystal content and the amount of silica. High-temperature magma, most of which is basaltic in composition, behaves in a manner similar to thick oil and, as it cools, treacle. Long, thin basalt flows with pahoehoe surfaces are common. Intermediate composition magma, such as andesite, tends to form cinder cones of intermingled ash, tuff and lava, and may have a viscosity similar to thick, cold molasses or even rubber when erupted. Felsic magma, such as rhyolite, is usually erupted at low temperature and is up to 10,000 times as viscous as basalt. Volcanoes with rhyolitic magma commonly erupt explosively, and rhyolitic lava flows are typically of limited extent and have steep margins, because the magma is so viscous.

text: Felsic and intermediate magmas that erupt often do so violently, with explosions driven by the release of dissolved gases—typically water vapour, but also carbon dioxide. Explosively erupted pyroclastic material is called tephra and includes tuff, agglomerate and ignimbrite. Fine volcanic ash is also erupted and forms ash tuff deposits, which can often cover vast areas.

text: Because lava usually cools and crystallizes rapidly, it is usually fine-grained. If the cooling has been so rapid as to prevent the formation of even small crystals after extrusion, the resulting rock may be mostly glass (such as the rock obsidian). If the cooling of the lava happened more slowly, the rock would be coarse-grained.

text: Because the minerals are mostly fine-grained, it is much more difficult to distinguish between the different types of extrusive igneous rocks than between different types of intrusive igneous rocks. Generally, the mineral constituents of fine-grained extrusive igneous rocks can only be determined by examination of thin sections of the rock under a microscope, so only an approximate classification can usually be made in the field.

text: Classification

text: Igneous rocks are classified according to mode of occurrence, texture, mineralogy, chemical composition, and the geometry of the igneous body.

text: The classification of the many types of different igneous rocks can provide us with important information about the conditions under which they formed. Two important variables used for the classification of igneous rocks are particle size, which largely depends on the cooling history, and the mineral composition of the rock. Feldspars, quartz or feldspathoids, olivines, pyroxenes, amphiboles, and micas are all important minerals in the formation of almost all igneous rocks, and they are basic to the classification of these rocks. All other minerals present are regarded as nonessential in almost all igneous rocks and are called accessory minerals. Types of igneous rocks with other essential minerals are very rare, and these rare rocks include those with essential carbonates.

text: In a simplified classification, igneous rock types are separated on the basis of the type of feldspar present, the presence or absence of quartz, and in rocks with no feldspar or quartz, the type of iron or magnesium minerals present. Rocks containing quartz (silica in composition) are silica-oversaturated. Rocks with feldspathoids are silica-undersaturated, because feldspathoids cannot coexist in a stable association with quartz.

text: Igneous rocks that have crystals large enough to be seen by the naked eye are called phaneritic; those with crystals too small to be seen are called aphanitic. Generally speaking, phaneritic implies an intrusive origin; aphanitic an extrusive one.

text: An igneous rock with larger, clearly discernible crystals embedded in a finer-grained matrix is termed porphyry. Porphyritic texture develops when some of the crystals grow to considerable size before the main mass of the magma crystallizes as finer-grained, uniform material.

text: Igneous rocks are classified on the basis of texture and composition. Texture refers to the size, shape, and arrangement of the mineral grains or crystals of which the rock is composed.

text: Texture

text: Texture is an important criterion for the naming of volcanic rocks. The texture of volcanic rocks, including the size, shape, orientation, and distribution of mineral grains and the intergrain relationships, will determine whether the rock is termed a tuff, a pyroclastic lava or a simple lava.

text: However, the texture is only a subordinate part of classifying volcanic rocks, as most often there needs to be chemical information gleaned from rocks with extremely fine-grained groundmass or from airfall tuffs, which may be formed from volcanic ash.

text: Textural criteria are less critical in classifying intrusive rocks where the majority of minerals will be visible to the naked eye or at least using a hand lens, magnifying glass or microscope. Plutonic rocks also tend to be less texturally varied and less prone to gaining structural fabrics. Textural terms can be used to differentiate different intrusive phases of large plutons, for instance porphyritic margins to large intrusive bodies, porphyry stocks and subvolcanic dikes (apophyses). Mineralogical classification is most often used to classify plutonic rocks. Chemical classifications are preferred to classify volcanic rocks, with phenocryst species used as a prefix, e.g. "olivine-bearing picrite" or "orthoclase-phyric rhyolite".

text: see also List of rock textures and Igneous textures

text: Chemical classification and petrology

text: Igneous rocks can be classified according to chemical or mineralogical parameters.

text: Chemical: total alkali-silica content (TAS diagram) for volcanic rock classification used when modal or mineralogic data is unavailable:

text:
felsic igneous rocks containing a high silica content, greater than 63% SiO2 (examples granite and rhyolite),
intermediate igneous rocks containing between 52–63% SiO2 (example andesite and dacite),
mafic igneous rocks have low silica 45–52% and typically high iron – magnesium content (example gabbro and basalt),
ultramafic rock igneous rocks with less than 45% silica (examples picrite, komatiite and peridotite),
alkalic igneous rocks with 5–15% alkali (K2O + Na2O) content or with a molar ratio of alkali to silica greater than 1:6 (examples phonolite and trachyte).

text: Chemical classification also extends to differentiating rocks that are chemically similar according to the TAS diagram, for instance:

text:
Ultrapotassic – rocks containing molar K2O/Na2O >3.
Peralkaline – rocks containing molar (K2O + Na2O)/Al2O3 >1.
Peraluminous – rocks containing molar (K2O + Na2O)/Al2O3 <1.

text: An idealized mineralogy (the normative mineralogy) can be calculated from the chemical composition, and the calculation is useful for rocks too fine-grained or too altered for identification of minerals that crystallized from the melt. For instance, normative quartz classifies a rock as silica-oversaturated; an example is rhyolite. In an older terminology, silica oversaturated rocks were called silicic or acidic where the SiO2 was greater than 66% and the family term quartzolite was applied to the most silicic. A normative feldspathoid classifies a rock as silica-undersaturated; an example is nephelinite.

text: History of classification

text: In 1902, a group of American petrographers proposed that all existing classifications of igneous rocks should be discarded and replaced by a "quantitative" classification based on chemical analysis. They showed how vague, and often unscientific, much of the existing terminology was and argued that as the chemical composition of an igneous rock was its most fundamental characteristic, it should be elevated to prime position.

text: Geological occurrence, structure, mineralogical constitution—the hitherto accepted criteria for the discrimination of rock species—were relegated to the background. The completed rock analysis is first to be interpreted in terms of the rock-forming minerals which might be expected to be formed when the magma crystallizes, e.g., quartz feldspars, olivine, akermannite, Feldspathoids, magnetite, corundum, and so on, and the rocks are divided into groups strictly according to the relative proportion of these minerals to one another.[5][6]

text: Mineralogical classification

text: For volcanic rocks, mineralogy is important in classifying and naming lavas. The most important criterion is the phenocryst species, followed by the groundmass mineralogy. Often, where the groundmass is aphanitic, chemical classification must be used to properly identify a volcanic rock.

text: Mineralogic contents – felsic versus mafic

text:
felsic rock, highest content of silicon, with predominance of quartz, alkali feldspar and/or feldspathoids: the felsic minerals; these rocks (e.g., granite, rhyolite) are usually light coloured, and have low density.
mafic rock, lesser content of silicon relative to felsic rocks, with predominance of mafic minerals pyroxenes, olivines and calcic plagioclase; these rocks (example, basalt, gabbro) are usually dark coloured, and have a higher density than felsic rocks.
ultramafic rock, lowest content of silicon, with more than 90% of mafic minerals (e.g., dunite).

text: For intrusive, plutonic and usually phaneritic igneous rocks (where all minerals are visible at least via microscope), the mineralogy is used to classify the rock. This usually occurs on ternary diagrams, where the relative proportions of three minerals are used to classify the rock.

text: The following table is a simple subdivision of igneous rocks according to both their composition and mode of occurrence.

text:
Composition

Mode of occurrence
Felsic
Intermediate
Mafic
Ultramafic

Intrusive
Granite
Diorite
Gabbro
Peridotite

Extrusive
Rhyolite
Andesite
Basalt
Komatiite

text: For a more detailed classification see QAPF diagram.

text: Example of classification

text: Granite is an igneous intrusive rock (crystallized at depth), with felsic composition (rich in silica and predominately quartz plus potassium-rich feldspar plus sodium-rich plagioclase) and phaneritic, subeuhedral texture (minerals are visible to the unaided eye and commonly some of them retain original crystallographic shapes).

text: Magma origination

text: The Earth's crust averages about 35 kilometers thick under the continents, but averages only some 7–10 kilometers beneath the oceans. The continental crust is composed primarily of sedimentary rocks resting on a crystalline basement formed of a great variety of metamorphic and igneous rocks, including granulite and granite. Oceanic crust is composed primarily of basalt and gabbro. Both continental and oceanic crust rest on peridotite of the mantle.

text: Rocks may melt in response to a decrease in pressure, to a change in composition (such as an addition of water), to an increase in temperature, or to a combination of these processes.

text: Other mechanisms, such as melting from a meteorite impact, are less important today, but impacts during the accretion of the Earth led to extensive melting, and the outer several hundred kilometers of our early Earth was probably an ocean of magma. Impacts of large meteorites in the last few hundred million years have been proposed as one mechanism responsible for the extensive basalt magmatism of several large igneous provinces.

text: Decompression

text: Decompression melting occurs because of a decrease in pressure.[7]

text: The solidus temperatures of most rocks (the temperatures below which they are completely solid) increase with increasing pressure in the absence of water. Peridotite at depth in the Earth's mantle may be hotter than its solidus temperature at some shallower level. If such rock rises during the convection of solid mantle, it will cool slightly as it expands in an adiabatic process, but the cooling is only about 0.3 °C per kilometer. Experimental studies of appropriate peridotite samples document that the solidus temperatures increase by 3 °C to 4 °C per kilometer. If the rock rises far enough, it will begin to melt. Melt droplets can coalesce into larger volumes and be intruded upwards. This process of melting from the upward movement of solid mantle is critical in the evolution of the Earth.

text: Decompression melting creates the ocean crust at mid-ocean ridges. It also causes volcanism in intraplate regions, such as Europe, Africa and the Pacific sea floor. There, it is variously attributed either to the rise of mantle plumes (the "Plume hypothesis") or to intraplate extension (the "Plate hypothesis").[8]

text: Effects of water and carbon dioxide

text: The change of rock composition most responsible for the creation of magma is the addition of water. Water lowers the solidus temperature of rocks at a given pressure. For example, at a depth of about 100 kilometers, peridotite begins to melt near 800 °C in the presence of excess water, but near or above about 1,500 °C in the absence of water.[9] Water is driven out of the oceanic lithosphere in subduction zones, and it causes melting in the overlying mantle. Hydrous magmas composed of basalt and andesite are produced directly and indirectly as results of dehydration during the subduction process. Such magmas, and those derived from them, build up island arcs such as those in the Pacific Ring of Fire. These magmas form rocks of the calc-alkaline series, an important part of the continental crust.

text: The addition of carbon dioxide is relatively a much less important cause of magma formation than the addition of water, but genesis of some silica-undersaturated magmas has been attributed to the dominance of carbon dioxide over water in their mantle source regions. In the presence of carbon dioxide, experiments document that the peridotite solidus temperature decreases by about 200 °C in a narrow pressure interval at pressures corresponding to a depth of about 70 km. At greater depths, carbon dioxide can have more effect: at depths to about 200 km, the temperatures of initial melting of a carbonated peridotite composition were determined to be 450 °C to 600 °C lower than for the same composition with no carbon dioxide.[10] Magmas of rock types such as nephelinite, carbonatite, and kimberlite are among those that may be generated following an influx of carbon dioxide into mantle at depths greater than about 70 km.

text: Temperature increase

text: Increase in temperature is the most typical mechanism for formation of magma within continental crust. Such temperature increases can occur because of the upward intrusion of magma from the mantle. Temperatures can also exceed the solidus of a crustal rock in continental crust thickened by compression at a plate boundary. The plate boundary between the Indian and Asian continental masses provides a well-studied example, as the Tibetan Plateau just north of the boundary has crust about 80 kilometers thick, roughly twice the thickness of normal continental crust. Studies of electrical resistivity deduced from magnetotelluric data have detected a layer that appears to contain silicate melt and that stretches for at least 1,000 kilometers within the middle crust along the southern margin of the Tibetan Plateau.[11] Granite and rhyolite are types of igneous rock commonly interpreted as products of the melting of continental crust because of increases in temperature. Temperature increases also may contribute to the melting of lithosphere dragged down in a subduction zone.

text: Magma evolution

text: Most magmas only entirely melt for small parts of their histories. More typically, they are mixes of melt and crystals, and sometimes also of gas bubbles. Melt, crystals, and bubbles usually have different densities, and so they can separate as magmas evolve.

text: As magma cools, minerals typically crystallize from the melt at different temperatures (fractional crystallization). As minerals crystallize, the composition of the residual melt typically changes. If crystals separate from the melt, then the residual melt will differ in composition from the parent magma. For instance, a magma of gabbroic composition can produce a residual melt of granitic composition if early formed crystals are separated from the magma. Gabbro may have a liquidus temperature near 1,200 °C, and the derivative granite-composition melt may have a liquidus temperature as low as about 700 °C. Incompatible elements are concentrated in the last residues of magma during fractional crystallization and in the first melts produced during partial melting: either process can form the magma that crystallizes to pegmatite, a rock type commonly enriched in incompatible elements. Bowen's reaction series is important for understanding the idealised sequence of fractional crystallisation of a magma.

text: Magma composition can be determined by processes other than partial melting and fractional crystallization. For instance, magmas commonly interact with rocks they intrude, both by melting those rocks and by reacting with them. Magmas of different compositions can mix with one another. In rare cases, melts can separate into two immiscible melts of contrasting compositions.

text: There are relatively few minerals that are important in the formation of common igneous rocks, because the magma from which the minerals crystallize is rich in only certain elements: silicon, oxygen, aluminium, sodium, potassium, calcium, iron, and magnesium. These are the elements that combine to form the silicate minerals, which account for over ninety percent of all igneous rocks. The chemistry of igneous rocks is expressed differently for major and minor elements and for trace elements. Contents of major and minor elements are conventionally expressed as weight percent oxides (e.g., 51% SiO2, and 1.50% TiO2). Abundances of trace elements are conventionally expressed as parts per million by weight (e.g., 420 ppm Ni, and 5.1 ppm Sm). The term "trace element" is typically used for elements present in most rocks at abundances less than 100 ppm or so, but some trace elements may be present in some rocks at abundances exceeding 1,000 ppm. The diversity of rock compositions has been defined by a huge mass of analytical data—over 230,000 rock analyses can be accessed on the web through a site sponsored by the U. S. National Science Foundation (see the External Link to EarthChem).

text: Etymology

text: The word "igneous" is derived from the Latin ignis, meaning "of fire". Volcanic rocks are named after Vulcan, the Roman name for the god of fire. Intrusive rocks are also called "plutonic" rocks, named after Pluto, the Roman god of the underworld.


document_title: Reserve currency

question_text: when did the dollar become the reserve currency

root

text: Reserve currency

text: History[edit]

text: Reserve currencies come and go. International currencies in the past have included the Greek drachma, coined in the fifth century B.C., the Roman denari, the Byzantine solidus and Arab dinar of the middle-ages, the Venetian ducato and the Florentine florin of the Renaissance, the seventeenth century Dutch guilder and the French franc.

tag: p

text: The Dutch guilder emerged as a de facto world currency in the 18th century due to unprecedented domination of trade by the Dutch East India Company.[3] However, the development of the modern concept of a reserve currency took place in the mid nineteenth century, with the introduction of national central banks and treasuries and an increasingly integrated global economy. By the 1860s, most industrialised countries had followed the lead of the United Kingdom and put their currency on to the gold standard. At that point the UK was the primary exporter of manufactured goods and services and over 60% of world trade was invoiced in pound sterling. British banks were also expanding overseas, London was the world centre for insurance and commodity markets and British capital was the leading source of foreign investment around the world; sterling soon became the standard currency used for international commercial transactions.[4]

text: Attempts were made in the interwar period to restore the gold standard. The British Gold Standard Act reintroduced the gold bullion standard in 1925,[5] followed by many other countries. This led to relative stability, followed by deflation, but because the onset of the Great Depression and other factors, global trade greatly declined and the gold standard fell. Speculative attacks on the pound forced Britain entirely off the gold standard in 1931.[6][7]

text: After World War II, the international financial system was governed by a formal agreement, the Bretton Woods System. Under this system the United States dollar was placed deliberately as the anchor of the system, with the US government guaranteeing other central banks that they could sell their US dollar reserves at a fixed rate for gold.[8]

text: In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the system suffered setbacks ostensibly due to problems pointed out by the Triffin dilemma—the conflict of economic interests that arises between short-term domestic objectives and long-term international objectives when a national currency also serves as a world reserve currency.

text: Global currency reserves[edit]

text: Thus the following table is a limited view about the global currency reserves that only deals with allocated reserves:

text:
v
t
e

2017
2016
2015
2014
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1995
1990
1985
1980
1975
1970
1965

US dollar
62.70%
65.34%
65.73%
65.14%
61.24%
61.47%
62.59%
62.14%
62.05%
63.77%
63.87%
65.04%
66.51%
65.51%
65.45%
66.50%
71.51%
71.13%
58.96%
47.14%
56.66%
57.88%
84.61%
84.85%
72.93%

Euro (until 1999 - ECU)
20.15%
19.13%
19.14%
21.20%
24.20%
24.05%
24.40%
25.71%
27.66%
26.21%
26.14%
24.99%
23.89%
24.68%
25.03%
23.65%
19.18%
18.29%
8.53%
11.64%
14.00%
17.46%

Deutsche Mark

15.75%
19.83%
13.74%
12.92%
6.62%
1.94%
0.17%

Japanese yen
4.89%
3.95%
3.75%
3.54%
3.82%
4.09%
3.61%
3.66%
2.90%
3.47%
3.18%
3.46%
3.96%
4.28%
4.42%
4.94%
5.04%
6.06%
6.77%
9.40%
8.69%
3.93%
0.61%

Pound sterling
4.54%
4.34%
4.71%
3.70%
3.98%
4.04%
3.83%
3.94%
4.25%
4.22%
4.82%
4.52%
3.75%
3.49%
2.86%
2.92%
2.70%
2.75%
2.11%
2.39%
2.03%
2.40%
3.42%
11.36%
25.76%

French franc

2.35%
2.71%
0.58%
0.97%
1.16%
0.73%
1.11%

Canadian dollar
2.02%
1.94%
1.77%
1.75%
1.83%
1.42%

Australian dollar
1.69%
1.80%
1.77%
1.59%
1.82%
1.46%

Chinese renminbi
1.23%
1.08%

Swiss franc
0.18%
0.16%
0.27%
0.24%
0.27%
0.21%
0.08%
0.13%
0.12%
0.14%
0.16%
0.17%
0.15%
0.17%
0.23%
0.41%
0.25%
0.27%
0.33%
0.84%
1.40%
2.25%
1.34%
0.61%

Dutch guilder

0.32%
1.15%
0.78%
0.89%
0.66%
0.08%

Other
2.50%
2.37%
2.86%
2.83%
2.84%
3.26%
5.49%
4.43%
3.04%
2.20%
1.83%
1.81%
1.74%
1.87%
2.01%
1.58%
1.31%
1.49%
4.87%
4.89%
2.13%
1.29%
1.58%
0.43%
0.03%

Source: World Currency Composition of Official Foreign Exchange Reserves International Monetary Fund

tag: table

text: The percental composition of currencies of official foreign exchange reserves from 1995 to 2013.[9][10][11]

text:
US dollar

  Euro

  German mark

  French franc

  Pound sterling

  Japanese yen

  Other

text:
v
t
e

tag: ul

text: Theory[edit]

text: Economists debate whether a single reserve currency will always dominate the global economy.[12] Many have recently argued that one currency will almost always dominate due to network externalities (sometimes called "the network effect"), especially in the field of invoicing trade and denominating foreign debt securities, meaning that there are strong incentives to conform to the choice that dominates the marketplace. The argument is that, in the absence of sufficiently large shocks, a currency that dominates the marketplace will not lose much ground to challengers.

text: However, some economists, such as Barry Eichengreen, argue that this is not as true when it comes to the denomination of official reserves because the network externalities are not strong. As long as the currency's market is sufficiently liquid, the benefits of reserve diversification are strong, as it insures against large capital losses. The implication is that the world may well soon begin to move away from a financial system dominated uniquely by the US dollar. In the first half of the 20th century multiple currencies did share the status as primary reserve currencies. Although the British Sterling was the largest currency, both the French franc and the German mark shared large portions of the market until the First World War, after which the mark was replaced by the dollar. Since the Second World War, the dollar has dominated official reserves, but this is likely a reflection of the unusual domination of the American economy during this period, as well as official discouragement of reserve status from the potential rivals, Germany and Japan.

text: The top reserve currency is generally selected by the banking community for the strength and stability of the economy in which it is used. Thus, as a currency becomes less stable, or its economy becomes less dominant, bankers may over time abandon it for a currency issued by a larger or more stable economy. This can take a relatively long time, as recognition is important in determining a reserve currency. For example, it took many years after the United States overtook the United Kingdom as the world's largest economy before the dollar overtook the pound sterling as the dominant global reserve currency.[13] In 1944, when the US dollar was chosen as the world reference currency at Bretton Woods, it was only the second currency in global reserves.[13]

text: The G8 also frequently issues public statements as to exchange rates. In the past due to the Plaza Accord, its predecessor bodies could directly manipulate rates to reverse large trade deficits.

text: Major reserve currencies[edit]

text: United States dollar[edit]

text: The United States dollar is the most widely held currency in the Allocated Reserves today. Throughout the last decade, an average of two thirds of the total Allocated foreign exchange reserves of countries have been in US dollars. For this reason, the US dollar is said to have "reserve-currency status", making it somewhat easier for the United States to run higher trade deficits with greatly postponed economic impact or even postponing a currency crisis. Central bank reserves held in dollar-denominated debt, however, are small compared to private holdings of such debt. In the event that non-United States holders of dollar-denominated assets decided to shift holdings to assets denominated in other currencies, there could be serious consequences for the US economy. Changes of this kind are rare, and typically change takes place gradually over time; the markets involved adjust accordingly.[13]

text: However, the dollar remains the favorite reserve currency because it has stability along with assets such as United States Treasury security that have both scale and liquidity.[14]

text: The US dollar's dominant position in global reserves is challenged occasionally, because of the growing share of unallocated reserves, and because of the doubt regarding dollar stability in the long term.[15][16][17][18][19] However, in the aftermath of the financial crisis, the dollar’s share in the world’s foreign-exchange trades rose slightly from 85% in 2010 to 87% in 2013.[20]

text: The dollar's role as the undisputed reserve currency of the world allows the United States to impose unilateral sanctions against actions performed between other countries, for example the American fine against BNP Paribas for violations of U.S. sanctions that were not laws of France or the other countries involved in the transactions.[21] In 2014 Beijing and Moscow signed a 150 billion yuan central bank liquidity swap line agreement to get around American sanctions on their behaviors.[22]

text: Euro[edit]

text: The euro is currently the second most commonly held reserve currency, comprising about a quarter of allocated holdings. After World War II and the rebuilding of the German economy, the German Deutsche Mark gained the status of the second most important reserve currency after the US dollar. When the euro was introduced on 1 January 1999, replacing the Mark, French franc and ten other European currencies, it inherited the status of a major reserve currency from the Mark. Since then, its contribution to official reserves has risen continually as banks seek to diversify their reserves, and trade in the eurozone continues to expand.[23]

text: Former U.S. Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan said in September 2007 that the euro could replace the U.S. dollar as the world's primary reserve currency. It was "absolutely conceivable that the euro will replace the US dollar as reserve currency, or will be traded as an equally important reserve currency."[24] Econometric analysis by Jeffrey Frankel and Menzie Chinn in 2006 suggested that the euro could replace the U.S. dollar as the major reserve currency by 2020 if either the remaining EU members, including the UK and Denmark, adopted the euro by 2020, or the recent depreciation trend of the dollar persisted into the future.[25][26] In recent years, the euro's share of the worldwide currency reserve basket has continued to increase—albeit at a slower rate than before the beginning of the worldwide credit crunch related recession and Eurozone crisis, which harmed the euro and slowed its adoption.[27] Since 2009, the reserve currency use of the euro has continued to drop, down to 23.9 percent in 2013.[28]

text: Other reserve currencies[edit]

text: Dutch guilder[edit]

text: The Dutch guilder was the de facto reserve currency in Europe in 17th and 18th centuries.[3][29]

text: Pound sterling[edit]

text: The United Kingdom's pound sterling was the primary reserve currency of much of the world in the 19th century and first half of the 20th century.[13] The emergence of the USA as an economic superpower, and the establishment of the U.S. Federal Reserve System in 1913,[30] and U.S. economic dominance from the second half of the 20th century onward, as well as economic weakness in the UK at various times during the second half of the 20th century, resulted in Sterling losing its status as the world's most important reserve currency: in the 1950s 55% of global reserves were still held in sterling; but the share was 10% lower within 20 years.[13][31]

text: Since 2006, with the exception of 2012, Sterling is the third most widely held reserve currency, having seen a resurgence in popularity in recent years, growing from about 2.5% to around 4% of all currency reserves.[32] Analysts said this resurgence was caused by carry-trade investors considering the pound as a stable high-yield proxy to the euro, and by the position of London in world financial affairs.[33]

text: Japanese yen[edit]

text: Japan's yen is part of the International Monetary Fund's (IMF) special drawing rights (SDR) valuation. The SDR currency value is determined daily by the IMF, based on the exchange rates of the currencies making up the basket, as quoted at noon at the London market. The valuation basket is reviewed and adjusted every five years.[34]

text: The SDR Values and yen conversion for government procurement are used by the Japan External Trade Organization for Japan's official procurement in international trade.[35]

text: Swiss franc[edit]

text: The Swiss franc, despite gaining ground among the world's foreign-currency reserves[36] and being often used in denominating foreign loans,[37] cannot be considered as a world reserve currency, since the share of all foreign exchange reserves held in Swiss francs has historically been well below 0.5%. The daily trading market turnover of the franc, however, ranked fifth, or about 3.4%, among all currencies in a 2007 survey by the Bank for International Settlements.[38]

text: Canadian dollar[edit]

text: A number of central banks (and commercial banks) keep Canadian dollars as a reserve currency. In the economy of the Americas, the Canadian dollar plays a similar role to that played by the Australian dollar (AUD) in the Asia-Pacific region. The Canadian dollar (as a regional reserve currency for banking) has been an important part of the British, French and Dutch Caribbean states' economies and finance systems since the 1950s.[39] The Canadian dollar is also held by many central banks in Central America and South America. It is held in Latin America because of remittances and international trade in the region.[39]

text: Because Canada’s primary foreign-trade relationship is with the United States, Canadian consumers, economists, and many businesses primarily define and value the Canadian dollar in terms of the United States dollar. Thus, by observing how the Canadian dollar floats in terms of the US dollar, foreign-exchange economists can indirectly observe internal behaviours and patterns in the US economy that could not be seen by direct observation. Also, because it is considered a petrodollar, the Canadian dollar has only fully evolved into a global reserve currency since the 1970s, when it was floated against all other world currencies.

text: The Canadian dollar, since 2013, is ranked 5th among foreign currency reserves in the world.[40]

text: Chinese yuan[edit]

text: Chinese yuan officially became a world reserve currency on November 30, 2015. It represents 10.92% of the IMF's Special Drawing Rights currency basket.[41][42] This makes Chinese yuan the third reserve currency after the US dollar and Euro.[41]

text: Calls for an alternative reserve currency[edit]

text: A report released by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development in 2010, called for abandoning the U.S. dollar as the single major reserve currency. The report states that the new reserve system should not be based on a single currency or even multiple national currencies but instead permit the emission of international liquidity to create a more stable global financial system.[43][44][45]

text: Countries such as Russia and the People's Republic of China, central banks, and economic analysts and groups, such as the Gulf Cooperation Council, have expressed a desire to see an independent new currency replace the dollar as the reserve currency.

text: On 10 July 2009, Russian President Medvedev proposed a new 'world currency' at the G8 meeting in London as an alternative reserve currency to replace the dollar.[46]

text: China, Russia, India, Turkey, Brazil, Venezuela and other oil-producing countries have recently agreed "to transact all of their mutual trade and investment in their own currencies" effectively minimizing the need, at least in the short term, for a global reserve currency.[47] Nevertheless, at the beginning of the 21st century, gold and crude oil were still priced in dollars, which helps export inflation and has brought complaints about OPEC's policies of managing oil quotas to maintain dollar price stability.[48]

text: Special drawing rights[edit]

text: Some have proposed the use of the International Monetary Fund's (IMF) special drawing rights (SDRs) as a reserve.

text: China has proposed using SDRs, calculated daily from a basket of U.S. dollar, euro, Japanese yen and British pounds, for international payments.[49]

text: On 3 September 2009, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) issued a report calling for a new reserve currency based on the SDR, managed by a new global reserve bank.[50] The IMF released a report in February 2011, stating that using SDRs "could help stabilize the global financial system."[51]


document_title: Cosmic Calendar

question_text: if we compress the entire history of the universe into one year life on earth appeared

text: Cosmic Calendar

text: The Cosmic Year[edit]

text: The Cosmic Calendar shows the time-scale relationship of the universe and all events on Earth as plotted along a single 12-month, 365-day, year:

text: Cosmology[edit]

text:
Date
Gya
Event

1 Jan
13.8
Big Bang, as seen through cosmic background radiation

14 Jan
13.1
Oldest known Gamma Ray Burst

22 Jan
12.85
First galaxies form[4]

16 Mar
11
Milky Way Galaxy formed

12 May
8.8
Milky Way Galaxy disk formed

2 Sep
4.57
formation of the Solar System

6 Sep
4.4
Oldest rocks known on Earth

text: Date in year calculated from formula

text: T(days) = 365 days * 0.100/13.797 ( 1- T_Gya/13.797 )

text: Evolution of life on Earth[edit]

text:
Date
Gya
Event

14 Sep
4.1
"Remains of biotic life" found in 4.1 billion-year-old rocks in Western Australia.[5][6]

21 Sep
3.8
First Life (Prokaryotes)[7][8][9]

30 Sep
3.4
Photosynthesis

29 Oct
2.4
Oxygenation of Atmosphere

9 Nov
2
Complex Cells (Eukaryotes)

5 Dec
0.8
First Multicellular Life[10]

7 Dec
0.67
Simple Animals

14 Dec
0.55
Arthropods (ancestors of insects, arachnids)

17 Dec
0.5
Fish and Proto-amphibians

20 Dec
0.45
Land Plants

21 Dec
0.4
Insects and Seeds

22 Dec
0.36
Amphibians

23 Dec
0.3
Reptiles

24 Dec
0.25
Permian-Triassic Extinction Event, 90% of Species Die Out

25 Dec
0.23
Dinosaurs

26 Dec
0.2
Mammals

27 Dec
0.15
Birds

28 Dec
0.13
Flowers

30 Dec, 06:24
0.065
Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, Non-avian Dinosaurs Die Out[11]

text: Human evolution[edit]

text:
Date / time
mya
Event

30 Dec
65
Primates

31 Dec, 06:05
15
Apes

31 Dec, 14:24
12.3
Hominids

31 Dec, 22:24
2.5
Primitive Humans and Stone Tools

31 Dec, 23:44
0.4
Domestication of Fire

31 Dec, 23:52
0.2
Anatomically Modern Humans

31 Dec, 23:55
0.11
Beginning of Most Recent Glacial Period

31 Dec, 23:58
0.035
Sculpture and Painting

31 Dec, 23:59:32
0.012
Agriculture

text: History begins[edit]

text:
Date / time
kya
Event

31 Dec, 23:59:33
12.0
End of the Ice Age

31 Dec, 23:59:41
8.3
Flooding of Doggerland

31 Dec, 23:59:46
6.0
Chalcolithic

31 Dec, 23:59:47
5.5
Early Bronze Age; Proto-writing; Building of Stonehenge Cursus

31 Dec, 23:59:48
5.0
First Dynasty of Egypt, Early Dynastic Period in Sumer, Beginning of Indus Valley Civilisation

31 Dec, 23:59:49
4.5
Alphabet, Akkadian Empire, Wheel

31 Dec, 23:59:51
4.0
Code of Hammurabi, Middle Kingdom of Egypt

31 Dec, 23:59:52
3.5
Late Bronze Age to Early Iron Age; Minoan eruption

31 Dec, 23:59:53
3.0
Iron Age; Beginning of Classical Antiquity

31 Dec, 23:59:54
2.5
Buddha, Mahavira, Zoroaster, Confucius, Qin Dynasty, Classical Greece, Ashokan Empire, Vedas Completed, Euclidean geometry, Archimedean Physics, Roman Republic

31 Dec, 23:59:55
2.0
Ptolemaic astronomy, Roman Empire, Christ, Invention of Numeral 0, Gupta Empire

31 Dec, 23:59:56
1.5
Muhammad, Maya civilization, Song Dynasty, Rise of Byzantine Empire

31 Dec, 23:59:58
1.0
Mongol Empire, Maratha Empire, Crusades, Christopher Columbus Voyages to the Americas, Renaissance in Europe, Classical Music to the Time of Johann Sebastian Bach

text: The current second[edit]

text:
Date / time
kya
Event

31 Dec, 23:59:59
0.5
Modern History; the last 437.5 years before present.


document_title: My Grandmother Asked Me to Tell You She's Sorry

question_text: where does my grandmother asked me to tell you shes sorry take place

text: Plot summary[edit]

text: The story takes place in Sweden and follows Elsa, a 7 year old who knows she is different from other children her age. She has a habit of correcting others' grammar, is smart for her age, and is especially close with her grandmother (Granny). When Granny passes, Elsa slowly discovers more about her grandmother's past identities, as well as the lives of people affected by her grandmother.

text: The UK edition was published by Sceptre, an imprint of Hodder & Stoughton, In 2015 (ISBN 9781444775839), with the title My Grandmother Sends Her Regards and Apologises.[2]

text: Film and TV adaptations[edit]

text: The northern European based Nordisk Film acquired the rights for this book for development in May of 2018.[3]

text: Audiobook[edit]

text: An audio version of this book was released in 2015 by Simon & Schuster, Inc. It was read by Joan Walker .[4]


document_title: Luka Modrić

question_text: who did luka modric play for in england

question_tokens: who did luka modric play for in england

text: Luka Modrić

text: Early life[edit]

text: Luka Modrić was born on 9 September 1985 and was raised in the hamlet of Modrići[5] which is a part of Zaton Obrovački, a village situated on the southern slopes of the mountain Velebit, over 40 kilometers north of the city of Zadar in SR Croatia, then a republic within SFR Yugoslavia.[6][7][8] He is the oldest child of aeromechanic Stipe Modrić from Modrići and textile worker Radojka Dopuđ from Kruševo near Obrovac.[5][9][10][11] His childhood coincided with the Croatian War of Independence—in 1991, when the war escalated, his family were forced to flee the area.[6] His father joined the Croatian Army.[6] Modrić's grandfather Luka and six other elderly civilians were executed by Croatian Serb rebels who were part of the police of SAO Krajina in December 1991 in the village of Jesenice,[6][8][12][13] and their house was burned to the ground.[14] Modrić became a refugee and lived with his family in the Hotel Kolovare for seven years; he later moved to the Hotel Iž, both in Zadar.[6][15][16] In those years, thousands of bombs fell on the city and football was a way to escape the reality of war.[8] He recalls it as a tough time for the family and something which shaped him as a person,[17][18][19] but also said he was mostly unaware of the war because he befriended many other children and their parents did not let it affect their childhood.[10] In these difficult circumstances, Modrić began playing football, mostly at the hotel parking lot.[8] In 1992, he simultaneously entered the primary school and a sporting academy, the latter paid for with the little money the family had, sometimes helped by Modrić's uncle.[6][15][10] As a boy he was inspired to play football by Zvonimir Boban and Francesco Totti.[20]

text: Club career[edit]

text: Early years[edit]

text: Supported by his family, he participated in representative camps and trained in NK Zadar.[6][10] He was under tutelage of coach Domagoj Bašić and the head of the youth academy, Tomislav Bašić.[6] Tomislav Bašić, considered by Modrić as his "sporting father",[13][16] said Modrić's father made him wooden shin guards because they had little money.[6][17][19] However, Modrić later denied the story.[8] Due to being considered too young and light, he was not signed by Croatian powerhouse Hajduk Split, the most representative team in the region of Dalmatia.[6][10][21] After displaying some talent, including at youth tournament in Italy,[13] Tomislav Bašić arranged Modrić's move to Dinamo Zagreb when Modrić was a 16-year-old in late 2001.[6][8][22] After a season with Dinamo Zagreb's youth side, Modrić was loaned in 2003 to Zrinjski Mostar in the Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina.[6][13] During this period, he established his versatile style of play and became Bosnian and Herzegovinian League Player of the Year at age 18.[23] Modrić later said, "[S]omeone who can play in the Bosnian league can play anywhere," referring to its physical nature.[23] The following year, he was loaned to Croatian side Inter Zaprešić. He spent one season there, helping the team to achieve second position in the Croatian First Football League[24][13] and a place in the preliminary round of the UEFA Cup. He also won the Croatian Football Hope of the Year award in 2004.[23] He returned to Dinamo Zagreb in 2005.[23]

text: Dinamo Zagreb[edit]

text: In the 2005–06 season, Modrić signed a ten-year contract (his first long-term contract) with Dinamo Zagreb.[23] With the contract's earnings, he bought a flat in Zadar for his family.[8][13] He secured a place in Dinamo's first team, contributing 7 goals in 31 matches to help win the league.[25] In the 2006–07 season, Dinamo again won the league, with Modrić making a similar contribution.[25] He was the main provider for striker Eduardo,[23] which helped Modrić win the Prva HNL Player of the Year award.[2] The following season, Modrić led Dinamo's attempt to qualify for the 2007–08 UEFA Cup. In the final play-off stage, Modrić converted a penalty in the second and away fixture against AFC Ajax; the game finished 1–1 after regular time. Dinamo won the game and play-off with a score of 3–2 after extra time with two goals from teammate Mario Mandžukić.[26] However, Dinamo Zagreb failed to advance beyond the group stage. At his last home game with the club at Maksimir Stadium, Modrić was given a standing ovation and fans held up supportive banners.[27][28] He finished his four-year tenure at Dinamo with a tally of over 31 goals and 29 assists in four league seasons,[29][13] contributing most notably in the 2007–08 season when Dinamo won the second Croatian Cup and became champions by a 28-point margin.[30] Modrić was courted by Barcelona, Arsenal and Chelsea, but decided to wait.[31][13][32]

text: Tottenham Hotspur[edit]

text: 2008–09 season[edit]

text: Modrić agreed to transfer terms with Tottenham Hotspur on 26 April 2008. He was the first of many summer signings for head coach Juande Ramos, and was also the Premier League's first summer transfer.[33] Club chairman Daniel Levy promptly flew to Zagreb,[34] and after signing a six-year contract, Tottenham confirmed the fee paid was £16.5 million, equalling the club's record fee set by Darren Bent's move in 2007.[35] Modrić made his competitive Premier League debut on 16 August in a 2–1 defeat to Middlesbrough at the Riverside Stadium in Spurs' first match of the 2008–09 season.[36]

text: Modrić had a slow start at Tottenham; he suffered from a knee injury early in his tenure and was labelled as a light-weight for the Premier League by sections of the media,[22][18] as well as Arsenal manager Arsène Wenger.[37] Reflecting on that, Modrić said that such "critics push you forward to show people they are wrong. Maybe I look lightweight but I am a really strong person mentally and physically, and I never had any problems with my size".[22] This coincided with his poor form, leading to concerns both for himself and Croatia national team head coach Slaven Bilić.[38] Modrić spent his early days at a position of number 10, before being shifted to the left wing to play alongside Wilson Palacios.[37] Spurs teammate Tom Huddlestone later said, "[H]is versatility was probably a blessing and a curse, he was that good that he had to play out of position for a bit."[37]

text: After the appointment of manager Harry Redknapp, Modrić was given a more familiar role as a central- or left-sided midfielder, allowing him to have more influence on the team and use his footballing talent more productively, for example in a 4–4 draw with arch-rivals Arsenal on 29 October.[39] Redknapp recognised Modrić's value to his side and planned to shape his new team around the Croatian playmaker.[40] He scored his first competitive goal at Tottenham in a 2–2 draw against Spartak Moscow during the UEFA Cup group stages on 18 December 2008.[41] He scored his first Premier League goals against Newcastle United in an away defeat on 21 December, a home win in the third round of the FA Cup against Wigan Athletic on 2 January 2009, and in an away defeat against Manchester United on 25 April 2009.[42] Using Modrić in his former position from Dinamo days made him more effective with performances against Stoke City,[43] Hull City,[44] and most notably on 21 March when he scored the only goal in a win against Chelsea.[45]

text: 2009–10 season[edit]

text: Before the 2009–10 season, Redknapp said of Modrić, "[He's] a hell of a player and a manager's dream, so I am told. He trains like a demon and never complains, will work with and without the ball on the field and can beat a defender with a trick or with a pass. He could get into any team in the top four".[46] On 29 August 2009, during Tottenham's 2–1 win over Birmingham City, Modrić was taken off injured with a suspected calf injury.[47] The following day, it was confirmed Modrić had sustained a fracture to his right fibula and was expected to be out for six weeks.[48] He returned on 28 December in the London derby against West Ham United, which Spurs won 2–0 with an 11th-minute goal scored by Modrić using the leg he broke.[49] He again scored in a home win against Everton on 28 February 2010,[50] and in an away defeat against Burnley on 9 May.[51]

text: On 30 May 2010, Modrić was awarded a new six-year contract that ran until 2016; upon signing, he said, "Tottenham Hotspur gave me my chance in the Premier League and I want to go on to achieve great success here with them. Yes, there have been enquiries from other big clubs, but I have no interest in going anywhere. Last season's top-four finish was an indication of where we are as a Club and I feel I can continue to improve and go on to achieve everything I want to at Spurs."[52]

text: 2010–11 season[edit]

text: On 11 September 2010, Modrić scored his first goal of the 2010–11 season in a 1–1 away draw at West Bromwich Albion.[53] On 28 November, in a home match against Liverpool, Modrić scored one goal that was later credited as an own-goal by Liverpool's defender. After a draw against Manchester United at White Hart Lane in January 2011, Redknapp praised Modrić, saying, "He was unbelievable. Magnificent. He's an amazing footballer, the little man takes the ball in the tightest areas with people around him, wriggling out of situations. He could play in any team in the world."[54] Modrić also scored in Tottenham's 3–2 victory over Stoke City on 9 April,[55] and converted a penalty at Anfield on 15 May in a 2–0 victory over Liverpool.[56]

text: Modrić helped Tottenham reach their first involvement in the UEFA Champions League. In the first match, against Inter Milan at the San Siro on 20 October, he exited the game early because of an injury; Spurs lost 4–3, despite the tremendous efforts of Gareth Bale.[57] On the return match at home, on 2 November, Modrić was given too much space to move and dictate the tempo of the game. He created and assisted for the first goal by Rafael van der Vaart in a 3–1 victory.[58][59] In the next match, against Werder Bremen, Modrić scored the second goal.[60] After a scoreless draw against A.C. Milan,[61] Spurs were eliminated from the competition in the quarter-finals by Real Madrid.[62]

text: Modrić played 32 Premier League games in the 2010–11 season, scoring three goals, recording two assists and making the highest average number of passes per game for Spurs, with 62.5, at an accuracy rate of 87.4%.[63] At the end of the season, Modrić was voted the Tottenham Hotspur F.C. Player of the Year. Sir Alex Ferguson, the manager of Manchester United, said he would have chosen Modrić as his Player of the Year for that season.[64]

text: 2011–12 season[edit]

text:
"I spent four great years there with a lot of emotions, with a lot of love from the club and the fans. I enjoyed every moment with Tottenham. But in one moment you feel you need to take a step forward, to go to a higher level. I think it was the right time for me to go, but I will always be thankful to Tottenham for everything they did for me. I became a better player there and they pushed me to this level where I am at the moment."

—Luka Modrić reflecting on negotiations with Chelsea and move to Real Madrid in February 2014.[22]

tag: div

text: In mid-2011, Modrić was heavily pursued by Tottenham's London rivals Chelsea, who made a first bid of £22 million, which they increased to £27 million, both of which were rejected by Spurs chairman Daniel Levy.[65][66] After the failed bids, Modrić announced he would welcome a move across London and that he had a "gentleman's agreement" with Levy that the club would entertain offers from a "big club".[67] Speculation continued throughout the summer transfer window, culminating in Modrić refusing to play in Tottenham's opening match against Manchester United, which ended in a 3–0 loss.[68] Modrić said his "head was not in the right place" as he continued to force a move to Chelsea.[69] On the final day of the transfer window, Chelsea made an offer of £40 million that was again rejected.[70]

text: After failing to secure a transfer, Spurs manager Harry Redknapp told Modrić to focus on his playing and named him as a starter.[71] On 18 September, he scored his first goal of the season for Tottenham with a shot from 25 yd (23 m) in a 4–0 home win against Liverpool.[72] On 14 January 2012, Modrić scored the only goal in a home draw with Wolverhampton Wanderers.[73] On 31 January in a 3–1 win against Wigan Athletic, he assisted for the first goal with a crossfield pass and scored the second from 20 yd (18 m).[74] For the third time that season, he was included in "Team of the Week".[75] Modrić scored his last goal for Tottenham on 2 May in a 1–4 away win against Bolton Wanderers with a powerful volley from 25 yd (23 m).[76]

text: Real Madrid[edit]

text: 2012–13 season[edit]

text: On 27 August 2012, Real Madrid announced they had agreed on a deal with Tottenham for an approximate £30 million transfer fee.[77] Modrić signed a five-year contract with the Spanish club.[77][78] Two days later, he made his Real Madrid debut against Barcelona in the second leg final of the 2012 Supercopa de España at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, replacing Mesut Özil in the 83rd minute. Madrid won the match, giving Modrić his first trophy with the club 36 hours after his signing was announced.[79] Despite his positive debut, Modrić at first struggled to settle into the team under manager José Mourinho because of his lack of pre-season training, which he missed as a result of his ongoing transfer negotiations.[22] The presence of veteran midfielder Xabi Alonso and Sami Khedira in defensive midfield, and Özil in offensive midfield, usually kept Modrić out of the starting lineup, limiting him to substitute appearances. He mostly played out-of-position for his first few months at the club. He played his first UEFA Champions League game for Real Madrid in a group match against Manchester City on 18 September, which Madrid won 3–2. On 3 November, Modrić scored his first goal for Real Madrid in the last minute of their 4–0 victory over Real Zaragoza in La Liga.[80] On 17 November, Modrić assisted a Karim Benzema goal, which was eventually ruled an own goal by Jon Aurtenetxe Borde, with a 50 m (55 yd) cross-field pass. It was the first goal in a 5–1 victory over Athletic Bilbao.[81] His most notable match that year was on 4 December, when he assisted for the first two goals of Cristiano Ronaldo and José Callejón with cross-field passes in a 4–1 victory over Ajax in the group stage of the Champions League.[82][83][84]

text: Modrić started in Real Madrid's home game against their league rivals Barcelona on 2 March 2013; from a corner kick he assisted Sergio Ramos to score the winning goal in the 82nd minute, giving Real a victory in El Clásico. On 5 March, Modrić came on as a second-half substitute during the decisive Champions League knockout leg against ten-man Manchester United at Old Trafford. With Madrid behind by a goal, Modrić equalised with a long-range shot from 25 yd (23 m) out and played a key role in the rest of the game, which Real Madrid won 2–1, advancing them to the quarter-finals 3–2 on aggregate.[85][86][87] This game is often seen as the turning point in Modrić's career in Real Madrid.[22] On 16 March, he replicated this performance against Mallorca, giving Real Madrid the lead with a long range volley from 30 yd (27 m); Real Madrid won the game 5–2.[88] Modrić played as a starter in both Champions League semi-final games against Borussia Dortmund. In the first leg on 24 April, he played in the attacking midfield position where he did not influence the game and the team lost 4–1. On 30 April, in the second leg 2–0 victory, Modrić played as the deep-lying playmaker, making passes to the attackers and creating several chances; he was among the best-rated players that night.[89][90][91] From March 2013, Modrić's form and influence in the midfield continued to improve, distinguishing himself as a player with most passes completed in his team. On 8 May, he assisted from the corner for the first goal and scored the fourth goal in a 6–2 victory over Málaga.[92]

text: 2013–14 season[edit]

text:
"He's the head of midfield in a complicated environment. Every day in Madrid pressure is coming at you from all sides. Modrić not only withstands the pressure but has grown among it to be Madrid's best player, with [Cristiano] Ronaldo."

—Predrag Mijatović praises Modrić's rising performance and significance for the team in January 2014.[93]

text: With the arrival of new manager Carlo Ancelotti, Modrić became one of the most frequent starters in the team, being partnered in midfield with Alonso to provide a balance of defence and attack.[94][95] He was consistently the team's most efficient passer, averaging 90% accuracy in La Liga, and also having the most ball recoveries among the squad.[22][37][94] He scored his first goal of the season in the last Champions League group game against Copenhagen, making it his fifth goal for the club, all five of which were scored from the outside the box.[96] Modrić scored his first goal of the Spanish league season in a 3–0 away win against Getafe, which marked his sixth goal outside of the box.[97] Modrić was on the pitch when Real Madrid won the 2013–14 Copa del Rey, defeating Barcelona 2–1 in the final.[98]

text: In the first leg of the Champions League quarter-finals, Modrić intercepted the ball and assisted Cristiano Ronaldo for the third goal in Real Madrid's 3–0 home victory against Borussia Dortmund. The goal was ultimately decisive because Real went on to lose 2–0 in the second leg, but progressed with a marginal aggregate score of 3–2. In his 100th game for the club,[99] Modrić assisted for the first goal in the second leg 4–0 victory over Bayern Munich in the Champions League semi-final, helping Real Madrid reach the final for the first time in 12 years.[100] He was included in UEFA's Team of the Week for both legs of the semi-final.[101][102] On 24 May, in the final, Modrić again assisted from a corner for teammate Sergio Ramos, who scored a 93rd minute equalizer against local rivals Atlético Madrid. Real won 4–1 in extra time, marking the club's tenth Champions League title, locally known as la Décima ("the tenth").[103] He was included in the UEFA Champions League Team of the Season[104] and received the LFP award for the "Best Midfielder" of the Spanish first league of that season.[105]

text: 2014–15 season[edit]

text: In November 2014, Modrić signed a new contract to stay at Real Madrid until 2018.[106] With the departure of Alonso he was partnered with newly arrived Toni Kroos.[107] Real Madrid began the season by winning the UEFA Super Cup over Sevilla[108] Modrić assisted twice for Bale, first against Real Sociedad in La Liga,[109] and second against Basel in the Champions League.[110][111] In the 2–0 away win against Villarreal, Modrić scored his seventh goal from outside of the box.[112]

text: In late November, Modrić sustained a thigh injury during an international match against Italy, because of which he did not play for three months.[113] He returned in early March 2015, starting in seven games and proving his form.[114] On 21 April, in the 3–1 home win against Malaga, he strained ligaments in his right knee, because of which he did not play until May.[115][116][117] With his injury, Real Madrid's 22-game winning run in the season came to an end. His absence and the lack of a quality substitute were seen as the main cause of Real Madrid's failure to win matches in La Liga and the Champions League.[118] Ancelotti said, "Modrić has missed most of the year and this has hurt us".[119] Modrić's influence on the game was recognized and he was selected by professional players in the FIFA World XI.[120]

text: 2015–16 season[edit]

text: Ancelotti was replaced by Rafael Benítez, under whom Modrić continued to be a key midfield player.[121][122] Modrić began the season assisting in September, November and December, and scoring in the 3–4 away win against Shakhtar Donetsk in the Champions League group stage.[123] He sustained a muscular groin injury during an international game in October, initially suggesting an absence of two-to-three weeks,[124] but by 20 October had recovered in time for the game against Paris Saint-Germain.[125]

text: With the arrival of new manager Zinedine Zidane in January 2016,[126] the relationship between them was noted in the media, with Modrić described as "master of the game",[121][127] and the crucial "connector" of the defence and attack.[128] It was seen in the first three games, wins against Deportivo de La Coruña and Sporting de Gijón, and a draw against Real Betis, in which Modrić was praised for creating chances, his positioning and overall performance and influence on the game.[121][128][129] On 7 February, Modrić scored a winning goal from outside the box in a 1–2 away win against Granada.[130]

text: He was a regular in the starting lineup when the team won the 2015–16 Champions League in the final against Atlético Madrid.[131] He was included in both Champions League,[132] and La Liga's team of the season.[133] For the second time received the LFP award for the "Best Midfielder" of the Spanish first league.[134] He was for the second time included in the FIFA World XI, and first in the UEFA Team of the Year.[135][136]

text: 2016–17 season[edit]

text: On 18 October 2016, Modrić signed a new contract with Real Madrid, keeping him at the club until 2020.[137] Due to injury of a left knee sustained in mid-September he missed eight games until early November.[138] On 18 December, with the team he won the 2016 FIFA Club World Cup and received the Silver Ball award for his performance.[139] On 12 March 2017, in a 2–1 win over Betis, Modrić played his 200th game for Real Madrid.[140]

text: He was a regular starter when Madrid won the 2016–17 La Liga,[141][142] and the 2016–17 UEFA Champions League where he provided the assist for Ronaldo's second goal in the final against Juventus.[143] He was included in Champions League team of the season.[144] Modrić became the first Croatian to win the Champions League competition three times.[145] He received the UEFA Club Football award for Best Midfielder of the Champions League season.[146] He was for the third time included in the FIFA World XI.[147] In the competition for the UEFA Men's Player of the Year Award he came fourth,[148] while for 2017 Ballon d'Or as fifth.[149]

text: 2017–18 season[edit]

text: With the departure of James Rodríguez to Bayern Munich, Modrić inherited the jersey with the coveted number 10, replacing his number 19 jersey, for the new season.[150] In December, with the team he won the 2017 FIFA Club World Cup and received the Golden Ball award for his performance.[151] His first goal of the season came in a 7–1 win over Deportivo, on 21 January.[152] Modrić was a regular starter when Madrid won the 2017–18 UEFA Champions League in the final against Liverpool, their third consecutive title,[153] and he was for the third consecutive time included in Champions League team of the season.[154]

text: International career[edit]

text: Modrić began his international career at youth level, playing for the Croatian under-17, under-19 and under-21 teams.[23] He made his full international debut for Croatia on 1 March 2006 in a friendly match against Argentina in Basel, which Croatia won 3–2.[23]

text: 2006 World Cup[edit]

text: Modrić made two appearances at the 2006 FIFA World Cup finals as a substitute in the group fixtures against Japan[155] and Australia.[156] With the appointment of new manager Slaven Bilić, Modrić earned greater recognition at international level; he scored his first goal in Croatia's 2–0 friendly win over Italy on 16 August 2006 in Livorno.[157]

text: Euro 2008[edit]

text: Modrić's performances ensured a regular place in the international side; he gave a successful showing in Croatia's UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying campaign, which included home and away victories against England.[158][159] As a young midfielder, much was expected of Modrić; he was often dubbed "the Croatian Cruyff".[32][160] Modrić scored Croatia's first goal of Euro 2008, converting a penalty in the fourth minute of their 1–0 victory against Austria on 8 June 2008.[161] It was the fastest penalty ever awarded and scored in European Championship history.[162] He continued to impress at the tournament and was named UEFA Man of the Match in Croatia's next game when they defeated one of the pre-tournament favourites and eventual finalists Germany.[163] In the quarter-final against Turkey, Modrić took advantage of a mistake by veteran Turkish goalkeeper Rüştü Reçber, and crossed to teammate Ivan Klasnić for the first goal of the game with one minute of extra time remaining, but Semih Şentürk equalised for Turkey almost immediately. In the ensuing penalty shootout, Modrić's kick was off-target and he failed to score the first penalty and Turkey won the shootout 3–1.[164] At the end of the competition, Modrić was included in the UEFA Team of the Tournament, becoming only the second Croatian to achieve this honour after Davor Šuker.[165]

text: Euro 2012[edit]

text: In the 2010 World Cup qualifiers, Modrić scored three goals, against Kazakhstan,[166] Andorra[167] and Ukraine;[168] matching Ivica Olić, Ivan Rakitić and Eduardo da Silva. The team failed to qualify by being one point behind Ukraine. After appearing in all of their UEFA Euro 2012 qualifier matches and scoring a goal against Israel,[169] Modrić started in all three of Croatia group stage matches against Republic of Ireland, Italy and Spain, but the team failed to progress. His most notable performance was against Spain; he led the team game and manager Bilić relied on Modrić to resist Spain's football quality on the pitch. The most memorable moment of the game came when Modrić picked the ball on the halfway line skipping Spain's midfield trio, rushing down on the right to reach the penalty area where he evaded a defender, and crossed from 18 yd (16 m) to Ivan Rakitić, but Iker Casillas saved this attempt.[170][171] Because Croatia did not pass the group stage, Modrić was not included in the Team of the Tournament, but The Daily Telegraph included him in the best eleven until the semi-finals,[172] and his play was well received by critics.[173][174]

text: 2014 World Cup[edit]

text: After the playoffs, Modrić with the Croatian team qualified for the 2014 World Cup. They entered Group A with Brazil, Mexico and Cameroon. Croatia played the opening game against Brazil, which they lost 3–1,[175] and Modrić sustained a minor foot injury.[176][177] In the second game, Croatia won 4-0 against Cameroon,[178] but did not progress to the knockout stage after losing 3–1 to Mexico,[179] despite the great expectations from the Croatian press and public.[180]

text: Euro 2016[edit]

text: In the Euro 2016 qualifying rounds, Modrić scored his first goals for Croatia in three years, the first against Malta on his 29th birthday with a long-range shot,[181] and then he scored a penalty against Azerbaijan.[182] On 3 March 2015, for the first time Modrić served as captain of the national team, in an away draw against Azerbaijan.[183] In the tournament proper, Modrić scored the game-winning goal in Croatia's opening group-stage match against Turkey, a volley from 25 metres (28 yards).[184] In doing so, he became the first Croatian to score at the finals of two separate European Championships, having previously scored against Austria in the 2008 edition.[185] He was named Man of the Match.[184] Modrić was forced to miss the crucial fixture against Spain on 21 June, as a result of a minor muscle injury.[186][187]

text: 2018 World Cup[edit]

text: In Croatia's 2018 World Cup qualifying campaign, Modrić scored a penalty against Greece in the second qualifying round, enabling his team to qualify for the World Cup. Croatia were placed in Group D, along with Argentina, Iceland, and Nigeria. During the 2018 FIFA World Cup, Modrić, along with Rakitić and Mandžukić were referred to as Croatia's second Golden Generation.[188][189] In Croatia's opening and a winning match against Nigeria, Modrić again successfully executed a penalty kick and was named Man of the Match.[190][191] He once again scored in his team's subsequent 3–0 win over Argentina, with a long-range shot from 25 yd (23 m),[192] and was named Man of the Match for the second consecutive match.[193][194] Having also played against Iceland, his good performances in the first round of the tournament saw him ranked by FourFourTwo, The Daily Telegraph and ESPN as the best player of the group stage.[195][196][197]

text: In the round of 16 against Denmark on 1 July, with the score tied at 1–1, Modrić created a goalscoring opportunity for Ante Rebić in the second half of extra-time, who was brought down in the penalty area; Modrić proceeded to take the penalty, but his strike was saved by Kasper Schmeichel. However, Modrić managed to score his spot-kick during the ensuing penalty shoot-out, and Croatia advanced to the next round following a 3–2 victory on penalties.[198][199][200] In the quarter-finals against hosts Russia on 7 July, Modrić provided an assist in extra-time for Domagoj Vida from a corner kick, and once again scored in the victorious penalty shoot-out following a 2–2 draw; he was named Man of the Match for the third time in the tournament.[201][202] In the semi-final against England on 11 July, Croatia advanced to the World Cup final for the first time in their history following a 2–1 victory in extra-time.[203] It was reported two days before the final match that Modrić ran the most miles out of any player and was third by created chances, as well had most dribbles per game and completed passes in the opponent's half in his team.[204] Although Croatia was beaten 4–2 by France in the final on 15 July,[205] Modrić was awarded the Golden Ball, being proclaimed the best player in the tournament.[206]

text: Player profile[edit]

text: Style of play[edit]

text:
"Not only is he a very hard worker, he has a good brain and he provided some calmness and composure to the midfield. His passing was neat and his contribution was outstanding. He was not only winning the ball, he was passing well. We thought that he was very influential. He did not just work hard, he made the other people play well around him".

–Gérard Houllier, UEFA Technical Team[163]

text: A diminutive midfielder, Modrić is described as a quick and creative playmaker, with great vision, who is able to change the course of the game with a deft pass, or with a solo, long-range effort.[207] He is able to play with both feet and combines this with his swift, offensive positioning off the ball.[208] He is noted for his ability to pass the ball accurately across long or short distances, even with the outside of his boot, as well as his ball control, first touch, positional play,[209] and his ability to retain possession[37] and set the tempo of the game.[210][211][212] A former attacking midfielder,[213] he is also noted for his passing range and dribbling skills,[214] and is considered as a master of the "pre-assist".[37] He is often referred to as the Midfield Maestro ("Midfield Master")[215][216] for his mastery of footballing fundamentals, tactical strategy, and precision in execution.[210][217] His tactical vision and strategic planning has had him compared to a conductor of an orchestra,[218][119] a "puppet master",[219] and a "midfield magician".[220] When arrived at Real Madrid he was nicknamed by the Spanish media as El Pájaro ("the bird"),[221] while in the dressing room was simply called "Lukita".[222]

text: Position[edit]

text: Modrić's complex game has brought him consistent success in the clubs for which he has played. Initially a trequartista or attacking midfielder at Dinamo Zagreb and in his early career at Tottenham, in the 2010–11 season he flourished in a central midfield role as a deep-lying playmaker (regista) who conducts the attack and creates chances for teammates.[223] Although a central midfielder, Modrić is also a hard-working player who has been seen to adopt a defensive midfield role in addition to playmaking, tracking back to win the ball from the opposition and prepare for a counter-attack, making him one of the most versatile players in the world, capable of playing in several midfield positions.[208][213] According to Jonathan Wilson, in a 4–2–3–1 system Modrić is a third type of a holding midfielder, being "neither entirely destructive or creative", but a "carrier" who is "capable of making late runs or carrying the ball at his feet", but in his case "with a hint of regista".[224]

text: The switch to a more deep-lying position reduced his number of assists and goals, as well as his shot per game count (1.2), although his game was no longer based on being a goal threat; despite this, he had the second-highest count of key passes per game (2.06) in the team, as well as a very high pass accuracy rate (87%), with the highest passes per game count (62.5) in the team, the most long balls per game (5.6), the most successful dribbles (2.2), interceptions (2.5), and the highest tackle (1.9) count per game among others, high statistics which placed him amongst the top midfielders of the Premier League.[223][225] By the 2011–12 season statistically he was among the top-rated central and all-round midfielders across the top five leagues, alongside players like Xabi Alonso, Andrea Pirlo, Bastian Schweinsteiger and Xavi.[226][227]

text: Upon Modrić's arrival to Real Madrid, his midfield position was described as numbers six (defensive), eight (central) or ten (attacking), depending on the tactics,[228] and his role was described as the second deep-lying pivot alongside Xabi Alonso in the 2012–13 season, a classic deep-lying playmaker whose creativity was needed to dictate his team's play and unlock the opposing defence.[229][230] In the first half of the 2013–14 season, during which he formed an effective central midfield partnership with Alonso and Angel di Maria, Modrić made more tackles (56) than any other Real Madrid player in La Liga, with an average number of 2.86 tackles per league game, as well as making the most completed passes (878) in the opposition half of the pitch among Real Madrid players, with the highest passing accuracy in the league (90%), which was also the highest of any midfielder in Europe's top five leagues who have made five or more assists during the season.[22] In the 2014–15 season, with the arrival of Toni Kroos, Real Madrid no longer had an effective and natural ball-winner alongside their playmakers in midfield, while the team possessed many attackers; therefore, in addition to producing the highest count of passes (60.7–64.7) and key passes per game (0.8–1.2) within the team, both Modrić and Kroos had more defensive responsibility to set the rhythm of the team's gameplay in midfield and orchestrate counterattacks.[231][232] Modrić's average passing accuracy during the season was between 91.6–92%, while his highest completion rate in a single match occurred in October against Barcelona when completed 100% of his 42 attempted passes.[233] For all of 2014, Modrić's dribble attempts (75) at a success rate of 76% were second in Europe's top five leagues.[234]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Modrić is widely regarded as one of most well-rounded and effective midfielders in the world.[231][235][236][237][238][239] According to Jonathan Wilson, what sets apart Modrić from old-school playmakers (number ten) like Juan Román Riquelme is the universality due to increased defensive responsibility, a quality which was insisted by Valeriy Lobanovskyi and Arrigo Sacchi that should make a modern footballer.[240][241]

text: Modrić's skill in the game was recognized early by Dragan Stojković (Piksi), who stated, "I saw a small blond boy who played exactly like I would. Ideas he was showing then on the terrain were fascinating".[242] Piksi considered him, along with Xavi and Andrés Iniesta, as the most intelligent player.[242] Johan Cruyff said Modrić's quality and influence on the game depend on the freedom he gets.[243] Paul Scholes, who played several times against Modrić, said in an interview with the Manchester Evening News in 2011, "Of the three (Samir Nasri and Wesley Sneijder), Modrić, has been the one I have been most impressed with, [and] whenever we played Tottenham, he was the one who stood out".[244] In 2014, Zinedine Zidane included Modrić in his best XI currently playing the game.[245] Andriy Shevchenko has stated that he considers Modrić to be one of the greatest midfielders to ever play.[246] In 2018, Robert Prosinečki, with whom Ivan Rakitić agreed, considered Modrić as the best Croatian player in the history.[34][247][248]

text: José Mourinho said he wanted Modrić in Real Madrid because of his influence on the game, tactical level and because he has "that artistic sense".[228] In 2012, Carlo Ancelotti praised Modrić's technique and versatility as a midfield player, stating, "Modric is an outstanding player and in my opinion one of the best midfielders in the world right now, because he can play in more than one position".[249][250] Alex Ferguson regarded him highly as a player while he played in the Premier League, saying it is fair to compare him to Paul Scholes because both are intelligent footballers with good passing consistencies, control of the game, fairplay,[251] and wanted to sign him.[34][252] Slaven Bilić said Modrić "is a player who makes others better, they all benefit from him being in the team. He's not selfish, he's playing for the team ... he's a complete player; good in defence, good in offence—it looks like he was born with the ball at his feet".[37] Others managers who have praised Modrić's game include Pep Guardiola[253] and Sven-Göran Eriksson.[254]

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Modrić married Vanja Bosnić in May 2010 in the Croatian capital Zagreb after four years of dating. His teammate at the time, Vedran Ćorluka, was his best man.[255] Their son, Ivano, was born on 6 June 2010.[256][257] Their daughter, Ema, was born on 25 April 2013.[257][258] Their second daughter, Sofia, was born on 2 October 2017.[259] Modrić generally lives a quiet family life.[22][260]

text: Legal issues[edit]

text: In March 2018, in an embezzlement and tax evasion trial against the former Dinamo Zagreb executive, Zdravko Mamić, Modrić was called as a witness.[261] Throughout the mid-late 2000s, Modrić signed multiple contracts with Mamić to play at Dinamo Zagreb. Modrić annexed most of his Tottenham  transfer fee to Mamić because he was the broker of the move and gave Modrić financial backing early on in his career.[262][263][264][265] Despite stating in 2017 that he signed the annex clause of the contract ten years prior, in his testimony he stated that he signed it in 2004, a date of his first contract. Modrić was charged with perjury for stating that he annexed his fee at an earlier date than he allegedly had.[261] Facing the judge, he said, "I came here to state my defence and tell the truth, like every time so far. My conscience is clear".[263][266] The Croatian Football Federation stood behind Modrić, but a part of the Croatian public, frustrated with the corruption in Croatian football, perceived the alleged perjury as a defence of Mamić and became critical of Modrić.[263][267][268][269]

text: Career statistics[edit]

text: Club[edit]

text:
Club

Season

League

Cup[a]

Europe[b]

Total

Division

Apps

Goals

Apps

Goals

Apps

Goals

Apps

Goals

Zrinjski Mostar (loan)

2003–04

Bosnian Premier League

22
8
0
0
0
0
22
8

Inter Zaprešić (loan)

2004–05

Prva HNL

18
4
0
0
0
0
18
4

Dinamo Zagreb

2004–05

7
0
1
0
0
0
8
0

2005–06

32
7
1
0
0
0
33
7

2006–07

30
6
8
2
6
0
44
8

2007–08

25
13
8
1
10
3
43
17

Total

94
26
18
3
16
3
128
32

Tottenham Hotspur

2008–09

Premier League

34
3
6
1
4
1
44
5

2009–10

25
3
7
0
0
0
32
3

2010–11

32
3
2
0
9
1
43
4

2011–12

36
4
2
0
2
1
40
5

Total

127
13
17
1
15
3
159
17

Real Madrid

2012–13

La Liga

33
3
9
0
11
1
53
4

2013–14

34
1
6
0
11
1
51
2

2014–15

16
1
2
0
7
0
25
1

2015–16

32
2
0
0
12
1
44
3

2016–17

25
1
2
0
14
0
41
1

2017–18

26
1
3
0
14
1
43
2

Total

166
9
22
0
69
4
257
13

Career total

427
60
57
4
100
10
584
74

text: International[edit]

text:
Croatia[25]

Year
Apps
Goals

2006
12
2

2007
10
1

2008
11
3

2009
3
1

2010
8
0

2011
9
1

2012
9
0

2013
10
0

2014
11
2

2015
4
0

2016
8
1

2017
8
1

2018
10
2

Total
113
14

text: International goals[edit]

text:
International goals by date, venue, cap, opponent, score, result and competition

No.

Date

Venue

Opponent

Score

Result

Competition

1

16 August 2006
Stadio Armando Picchi, Livorno, Italy
 Italy
2–0
2–0
Friendly

2

7 October 2006
Stadion Maksimir, Zagreb, Croatia
 Andorra
7–0
7–0
UEFA Euro 2008 qualification

3

7 February 2007
Stadion Kantrida, Rijeka, Croatia
 Norway
2–0
2–1
Friendly

4

8 June 2008
Ernst-Happel-Stadion, Vienna, Austria
 Austria
1–0
1–0
UEFA Euro 2008

5

6 September 2008
Stadion Maksimir, Zagreb, Croatia
 Kazakhstan
2–0
3–0
2010 FIFA World Cup qualification

6

15 October 2008
Stadion Maksimir, Zagreb, Croatia
 Andorra
3–0
4–0

7

6 June 2009
Stadion Maksimir, Zagreb, Croatia
 Ukraine
2–2
2–2

8

6 September 2011
Stadion Maksimir, Zagreb, Croatia
 Israel
1–1
3–1
UEFA Euro 2012 qualification

9

9 September 2014
Stadion Maksimir, Zagreb, Croatia
 Malta
1–0
2–0
UEFA Euro 2016 qualification

10

13 October 2014
Stadion Gradski vrt, Osijek, Croatia
 Azerbaijan
5–0
6–0

11

12 June 2016
Parc des Princes, Paris, France
 Turkey
1–0
1–0
UEFA Euro 2016

12

9 November 2017
Stadion Maksimir, Zagreb, Croatia
 Greece
1–0
4–1
2018 FIFA World Cup qualification

13

16 June 2018
Kaliningrad Stadium, Kaliningrad, Russia
 Nigeria
2–0
2–0
2018 FIFA World Cup

14

21 June 2018
Nizhny Novgorod Stadium, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
 Argentina
2–0
3–0

text: Honours[edit]

text: Club[edit]

text: Dinamo Zagreb[2]

text:
Croatian First League: 2005–06, 2006–07, 2007–08
Croatian Cup: 2006–07, 2007–08
Croatian Super Cup: 2006

text: Real Madrid[2]

text:
La Liga: 2016–17
Copa del Rey: 2013–14
Supercopa de España: 2012, 2017
UEFA Champions League: 2013–14, 2015–16, 2016–17, 2017–18
UEFA Super Cup: 2014, 2016, 2017
FIFA Club World Cup: 2014, 2016, 2017

text: International[edit]

text: Croatia

text: FIFA World Cup runner-up: 2018[205]

text: Individual[edit]

text:
Bosnian Premier League Player of the Year: 2003
Croatian Football Hope of the Year: 2004
HNL’s Footballer of the Year: 2007
Prva HNL Player of the Year: 2007
SN Yellow Shirt Award: 2007–08
Croatian Footballer of the Year: 2007, 2008, 2011, 2014, 2016, 2017
Football Oscar for Best Croatian Player: 2013,[271] 2014,[272] 2015,[273] 2016,[274] 2017,[275] 2018[276]
HNS Trophy for Best Croatian Player: 2018[277]
UEFA Euro Team of the Tournament: 2008
Tottenham Hotspur Player of the Year: 2010–11
UEFA Champions League Team of the Season: 2013–14, 2015–16, 2016–17, 2017–18[104][132][144][154]
La Liga's Best Midfielder: 2013–14, 2015–16[278][134]
FIFA FIFPro World XI: 2015, 2016, 2017[120][135][147]
FIFA FIFPro World XI 2nd team: 2014[279]
La Liga's Team of the Season: 2015–16[133]
UEFA La Liga Team of the Season: 2015–16[280]
Facebook FA La Liga Best Midfielder: 2016[281]
FIFA Club World Cup Silver Ball: 2016[139]
UEFA Team of the Year: 2016,[136] 2017[282]
ESPN Midfielder of the Year: 2016,[283] 2017[284]
UEFA Champions League Awards Best Midfielder: 2017[146]
IFFHS World's Best Playmaker Bronze Award: 2017[285]
IFFHS Men's World Team: 2017[286]
FIFA Club World Cup Golden Ball: 2017[151]
FIFA World Cup Golden Ball: 2018[206]


document_title: She Walks in Beauty

question_text: who was she walks in beauty written about

text: She Walks in Beauty

text:
She Walks in Beauty

She walks in beauty, like the night
Of cloudless climes and starry skies;
And all that's best of dark and bright
Meet in her aspect and her eyes:
Thus mellow'd to that tender light
Which heaven to gaudy day denies.

One shade the more, one ray the less,
Had half impaired the nameless grace
Which waves in every raven tress,
Or softly lightens o'er her face;
Where thoughts serenely sweet express
How pure, how dear their dwelling-place.

And on that cheek, and o'er that brow,
So soft, so calm, yet eloquent,
The smiles that win, the tints that glow,
But tell of days in goodness spent,
A mind at peace with all below,
A heart whose love is innocent!

text: "She Walks in Beauty" is a short lyrical poem in iambic tetrameter written in 1813 by Lord Byron, and is one of his most famous works.

text: It is said to have been inspired by an event in Byron's life; while at a ball, Byron met best friend Robert Wilmot, Mrs. Anne Beatrix Wilmot. She was in mourning, wearing a black dress set with spangle she was striking and he adored her and soon fell in love and she became his wife , as in the opening lines;

text:
“
She walks in beauty, like the night
Of cloudless climes and starry skies
”

text: He was struck by her unusual beauty, and the next morning the poem was written.[1]

text: It is thought that she was the first inspiration for his unfinished epic poem about Goethe, a personal hero of his. In this unpublished work, which Byron referred to in his letters as his magnum opus, he switches the gender of Goethe and gives him the same description of his cousin. This idea would have truly put Byron on the avant-garde.

text: Cultural references[edit]

text: The first two verses are cited in the novel The Philadelphian by Richard P. Powell. The poem is also referenced in a House of Night book, where Nathan, in his reminiscences of Byron, suggests (without any justification) that the subject of the poem may have been Byron's half-sister, Augusta Leigh.[2]

text: The poem has inspired various composers over time, including Roger Quilter, Gerald Finzi, Isaac Nathan, Connor J. Koppin and Chanticleer Men's Chorus Conductor/Composer Eric Barnum.