document_title: Alice in Wonderland (2010 film)

question_text: who plays the queen of hearts in alice and wonderland

text: Alice in Wonderland (2010 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Troubled by a strange recurring dream and mourning the loss of her father, 19-year-old Alice Kingsleigh attends a garden party at Lord Ascot's estate. There, she is confronted by an unwanted marriage proposal to Lord Ascot's son, Hamish, and the stifling expectations of the society in which she lives. Unsure of how to proceed, she pursues a rabbit wearing a blue waistcoat and accidentally falls into a large rabbit hole under a tree. She emerges in a forest where she is greeted by the White Rabbit, the Dormouse, the Dodo, the Talking Flowers, and Tweedledum and Tweedledee. They argue over whether Alice is "the right Alice" who must slay the Red Queen's Jabberwocky and restore the White Queen to power, as foretold by Absolem the Caterpillar and his prophetic scroll. The group is then ambushed by the Bandersnatch and a group of playing-card soldiers led by the Knave of Hearts. Alice, Tweedledum and Tweedledee escape into the woods. The Knave steals the Caterpillar's scroll. The Dormouse leaves the others behind with one of the Bandersnatch's eyes in her possession. Tweedledum and Tweedledee are then captured by the Red Queen's Jubjub bird.

text: The Knave informs the Red Queen that Alice threatens her reign, and the soldiers and Bayard the Bloodhound are ordered to find Alice immediately. Meanwhile, the Cheshire Cat guides Alice to the March Hare and the Mad Hatter. The Hatter helps Alice avoid capture by allowing himself to be seized instead. Later, Alice is found by the Bloodhound, but Alice insists upon helping the Hatter. At the Red Queen's citadel and palace, the Red Queen is unaware of Alice's true identity and therefore welcomes her as a guest. Alice learns that the vorpal sword, the only weapon capable of killing the Jabberwocky, is locked inside the den of the Bandersnatch. The Knave attempts to seduce Alice, but she rebuffs him, causing a jealous Red Queen to order that Alice be beheaded. Alice obtains the sword and befriends the Bandersnatch by returning its eye. She then escapes on the back of the grateful Bandersnatch and delivers the sword to the White Queen. The Cheshire Cat saves the Hatter from the executioner, and the Hatter calls for rebellion against the Red Queen. The rebellion is quickly put down by the Jubjub bird, but the resistance flees to the White Queen's castle, and both armies prepare for battle. Absolem advises Alice to fight the Jabberwocky just before completing his transformation into a pupa.

text: On the appointed day, the White Queen and the Red Queen gather their armies on a chessboard-like battlefield and send Alice and the Jabberwocky to decide the battle in single combat. Encouraged by the advice of her late father, Alice fights the Jabberwocky among the ruins surrounding the battlefield and finally jumps from the remains of a spiral staircase onto the Jabberwocky's neck and beheads it. During this fight, a catapult stone kills the Jubjub bird. As punishment for their crimes, the White Queen banishes the Red Queen and the Knave into exile together. The Knave attempts to kill the Red Queen, yet the Hatter protects the Red Queen from his attack. After the Hatter performs a celebration dance called Futterwacken, the White Queen gives Alice a vial of the Jabberwocky's purple blood whose power will bring her whatever she wishes. She decides to rejoin the everyday world after saying farewell to her friends. Back in England, Alice impresses Lord Ascot with her idea of establishing oceanic trade routes to Hong Kong, inspiring him to take her as his apprentice. As the story closes, Alice prepares to set off on a trading ship. A light-blue butterfly with dark vein markings lands on her shoulder, and Alice recognizes him as Absolem.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Mia Wasikowska as Alice Kingsleigh. When creating the character, screenwriter Linda Woolverton researched how young women were expected to behave in the Victorian era and then made her the opposite.[7] Wasikowska read Carroll's books as a child and re-read them to prepare for her role. She also watched Jan Švankmajer's Alice. She said, "When we were kids, my mum would pop it in the VCR player. We would be disturbed, and wouldn't really understand it, but we couldn't look away because it was too intriguing. So I had kept that feeling about Alice, a kind of haunting feeling."[8] Although facing pressures to conform to society's expectations, Alice grows into a stronger-willed and empowered heroine who chooses her own path; Independent columnist Liz Hoggard praised Alice as a role model for girls, describing the character as "stubborn, brave, [and] non-girlie".[7][9] Mairi Ella Challen portrayed Alice as a six-year-old girl.[10]
Johnny Depp as Tarrant Hightopp/Mad Hatter.[11] Wasikowska said that the characters, "both feel like outsiders and feel alone in their separate worlds, and have a special bond and friendship."[12][13] Burton explained that Depp "tried to find a grounding to the character … as opposed to just being mad."[14] Burton also said that, "In a lot of versions it's a very one-note kind of character and you know [Depp's] goal was to try and bring out a human side to the strangeness of the character."[14] The orange hair is an allusion to the mercury poisoning suffered by hatters who used mercury to cure felt; Depp believes that the character "was poisoned … and it was coming out through his hair, through his fingernails and eyes".[15] Depp and Burton decided that the Hatter's clothes, skin, hair, personality and accent would change throughout the film to reflect his emotions.[16] In an interview with Depp, the character was paralleled to "a mood ring, [as] his emotions are very close to the surface".[17] The Hatter is "made up of different people and their extreme sides", with a gentle voice much like the character's creator Lewis Carroll reflecting the lighter personality and with a Scottish Glaswegian accent (which Depp modeled after Gregor Fisher's Rab C. Nesbitt character) reflecting a darker, more dangerous personality.[18] Illusionary dancer David "Elsewhere" Bernal doubled for Depp during the "Futterwacken" sequence near the end of the film.[19]
Helena Bonham Carter as The Red Queen. She is an amalgamation of two Carroll characters: the Red Queen and the Queen of Hearts.[11] Her first name is a play on the word irascible because she is easily irritated, obstreperous, impatient, and quick to anger.[20] Bonham Carter's head was digitally increased to three times its original size on screen.[21][22] The character hates animals, and chooses to use them as servants and furniture.[23] It is implied that the Red Queen beheaded her former husband, the King. The actress took inspiration from her young daughter Nell, a toddler, stating that, "The Red Queen is just like a toddler, because she's got a big head and she's a tyrant."
Anne Hathaway as The White Queen.[11] She was one of few characters that did not require digital manipulation.[24] Hathaway summed up her character with a caption on a magnet of Happy Bunny holding a knife; "Cute but psycho. Things even out."[25] According to Hathaway, "She comes from the same gene pool as the Red Queen. She really likes the dark side, but she's so scared of going too far into it that she's made everything appear very light and happy. But she's living in that place out of fear that she won't be able to control herself."[26] Hathaway described her interpretation of the White Queen as "a punk-rock vegan pacifist", with inspiration drawn from Debbie Harry, Greta Garbo, and the artwork of Dan Flavin.[26] Burton said that the White Queen's appearance was inspired by Nigella Lawson.[27]
Crispin Glover as Ilosovic Stayne/Knave of Hearts.[11] The Knave of Hearts is arrogant and tricky. While he follows the Red Queen's every order, he is the only one capable of calming her dramatic mood swings. Glover said, "The Red Queen has a fair amount of short-tempered reactions to things that people do, and so [the Knave] has to be quite diplomatic." The Red Queen believes that the Knave of Hearts is her lover, but this proves to be false.
Matt Lucas as Tweedledee and Tweedledum. Burton commented on the mixture of animation and Lucas, saying that "It's a weird mixture of things which gives his characters the disturbing quality that they so richly deserve."[28] The characters are portrayed through a combination of CGI and live-action, with Lucas's face digitally composited to a full animated body. While performing the character, Lucas had to wear a teardrop-shaped motion capture suit and walk on stilts. In order to play both characters, Lucas was doubled by Ethan Cohn.
Frances de la Tour as Imogene, Alice's aunt.[29] She is suffering from severe delusions and is constantly awaiting her fictional fiancé whom she believes to be a prince.
Leo Bill as Hamish Ascot, Alice's would-be fiancé.[29]

text: Marton Csokas makes a cameo appearance as Alice's deceased father in the film's opening scene and Alice's mother is played by Lindsay Duncan. Lord and Lady Ascot are played by Tim Pigott-Smith and Geraldine James, respectively. Eleanor Tomlinson and Eleanor Gecks play the Cathaway sisters, who bear a strong resemblance to Tweedledum and Tweedledee. Jemma Powell appears briefly as Alice's sister, Margaret, while Margaret's unfaithful husband Lowell is played by John Hopkins.

text: Voice cast[edit]

text:
Michael Sheen as Nivens McTwisp.[11][30] Sheen said the character "is such an iconic character that [he] didn't feel like [he] should break the mold too much."[31] Burton said the quality he wanted most in his clock-watching bunny was a twitchiness, also commenting that "[in] any incarnation of the [White Rabbit] through the years, there's that sort of nervousness of a rabbit."[31]
Alan Rickman as Absolem.[11] Rickman was originally going to have his face composited onto the animated Caterpillar. He was filmed recording his voice in the studio, but the idea was eventually scrapped. The animators did, however, try to give Absolem's face characteristics similar to Rickman's.[22]
Stephen Fry as Chess.[11][32] Burton stated that the character had a creepy quality in addition to tapping into his own hatred of cats.[33][34] The role was intended to be played by Michael Sheen but he changed his role to the White Rabbit due to scheduling conflicts.
Barbara Windsor as Mallymkun.[11] Burton said that he sought after Windsor for the role because he was a fan of her TV show EastEnders. Her voice sealed the deal for her role as the character.[35]
Timothy Spall as Bayard. Although Bayard does not appear in the book, a similar character named The Puppy is likely the inspiration for the character.
Paul Whitehouse as Thackery Earwicket.[11] Burton stated that because Whitehouse is a great comedic actor, a lot of his lines came from improvisation.[36]
Michael Gough as Uilleam.[11] Burton said that Gough was the first person he thought of for the role of Uilleam because he has "a full life quality to his voice".[37] The character only speaks three lines, that Gough recorded in a day. This would be Gough's final acting role; he died a year after its release, aged 94. Gough had previously portrayed the March Hare in the 1966 TV play of the book.
Christopher Lee as Jabberwock. While it only had two lines, Burton said that he felt Lee to be a good match for the iconic character because he is "an iconic guy".[38] For the character, Lee had originally tried to make his voice "burble" (as described in the poem "Jabberwocky"). However, Burton convinced him to use his actual voice, as he found it more intimidating and aggressive.
Imelda Staunton as The Tall Flower Faces. Though there are many flowers that appear around Underland, only one of them speaks and one of them is clearly a caricature of Staunton.[39] Staunton only speaks three lines that are heard very briefly at the beginning of the film.
Jim Carter as The Executioner. The Executioner only speaks one line and appears extremely briefly, though Carter also voiced several other servants to the Red Queen.

text: Frank Welker provided additional voices and vocal effects; including roars of the Jabberwocky and Bandersnatch, squawks for the Jubjub bird, and Bayard barking.[39] Rickman, Windsor, Fry, Gough, Lee, Staunton and Carter each took only a day to record their dialogue.[39]

text: Burton and Bonham Carter's children Billy and Nell made cameo appearances as a boy and baby at the dock in the end of the film.

text: Production[edit]

text: Tim Burton signed with Walt Disney Pictures to direct two films in Disney Digital 3D, which included Alice in Wonderland[40] and his remake of Frankenweenie. Burton developed the story because he never felt an emotional tie to the original book.[41]

text: He explained "the goal is to try to make it an engaging movie where you get some of the psychology and kind of bring a freshness but also keep the classic nature of Alice." On prior versions, Burton said "It was always a girl wandering around from one crazy character to another, and I never really felt any real emotional connection." His goal with the new film is to give the story "some framework of emotional grounding" and "to try and make Alice feel more like a story as opposed to a series of events."[14] Burton focused on the poem "Jabberwocky" as part of his structure,[42] and refers to the described creature by the name of the poem rather than by the name "Jabberwock" used in the poem. Burton also stated that he does not see his version as either a sequel to any existing Alice film nor as a "re-imagining".[41] However, the idea of the climax of the story being Alice's battle with the Queen's champion, the Jabberwocky, was first added in the video game American McGee's Alice, and the landscape, tower, weapons and appearance of Alice in those scenes of the film are very reminiscent of the same scenes in the game.

text:
We wanted somebody who had… it's hard to put into words, but just had a gravity to her, an internal life, something that you could see the wheels turning. It's just a simple kind of power to her that we really liked. Not flamboyant, not very showy, but just somebody that's got a lot of internal life to her. That's why I picked her.

—Burton on casting Mia Wasikowska as Alice[43]

text: This film was originally set to be released in 2009 but was pushed back to March 5, 2010.[44] Principal photography was scheduled for May 2008, but did not begin until September and concluded in three months.[40][45] Scenes set in the Victorian era were shot at Torpoint and Plymouth from September 1 to October 14 (Mia Wasikowska's birthday). Two hundred and fifty local extras were chosen in early August. Locations included Antony House in Torpoint, Charlestown, Cornwall and the Barbican,[46][47] however, no footage from the Barbican was used. Motion capture filming began in early October at Sony Pictures Studios in Culver City, California, though the footage was later discarded.[48][49][50] Filming also took place at Culver Studios.[51] Burton said that he used a combination of live action and animation, without motion capture.[52] He also noted that this was the first time he had filmed on a green screen.[52] Filming of the green screen portions, comprising 90% of the film, was completed after only 40 days.[53] Many of the cast and crew felt nauseated as a result of the long hours surrounded by green, and Burton had lavender lenses fitted into his glasses to counteract the effect.[53] Due to the constant need for digital effects to distort the actors' physical appearances, such as the size of the Red Queen's head or Alice's height, visual effects supervisor Ken Ralston cited the film as being exhausting, saying it was "The biggest show I've ever done, [and] the most creatively involved I've ever been."[54]

text: Sony Pictures Imageworks designed the visual effects sequences.[55] Burton felt 3D was appropriate to the story's environment.[13] Burton and Zanuck chose to film with conventional cameras, and convert the footage into 3D during post-production; Zanuck explained 3D cameras were too expensive and "clumsy" to use, and they felt that there was no difference between converted footage and those shot in the format.[56] James Cameron, who released his 3D film Avatar in December 2009, criticized the choice, stating, "It doesn't make any sense to shoot in 2-D and convert to 3-D".[57]

text: Music[edit]

text: Score[edit]

text:
Alice in Wonderland: An Original Walt Disney Records SoundtrackFilm score by Danny ElfmanReleased
March 2, 2010Genre
Orchestral, Classical, PopLength
50:59Label
Walt Disney

text: Longtime Burton collaborator Danny Elfman's score was released March 2, 2010.[58] It debuted at #89 on the Billboard Top 200 albums chart.[59]

text: Almost Alice[edit]

text: Almost Alice is a collection of various artists' music inspired by the film.[58][60][61] The lead single, "Alice" by Avril Lavigne, premiered on January 27, 2010 on Ryan Seacrest's radio program. Other singles include "Follow Me Down" by 3OH!3, "Her Name Is Alice" by Shinedown, and "Tea Party" by Kerli.[62] The album was released on March 2, 2010.[58]

text: Release[edit]

text: On February 12, 2010, major UK cinema chains, Odeon, Vue, and Cineworld, had planned to boycott the film because of a reduction of the interval between cinema and DVD release from the usual 17 weeks to 12 (possibly to avoid the release of the DVD clashing with the 2010 FIFA World Cup, which was Disney's pretext for cutting short Alice's theatrical run but UK exhibitors protested that Alice would be less threatened by the World Cup than other titles).[63] A week after the announcement, Cineworld, who has a 24% share of UK box office, chose to play the film on more than 150 screens. Cineworld's chief executive Steve Wiener stated, "As leaders in 3D, we did not want the public to miss out on such a visual spectacle. As the success of Avatar has shown, there is currently a huge appetite for the 3D experience".[64] Shortly after, the Vue cinema chain also reached an agreement with Disney, but Odeon had still chosen to boycott in Britain, Ireland, and Italy.[65] On February 25, 2010 Odeon had reached an agreement and decided to show the film on March 5, 2010.[66] The Royal premiere took place at the Odeon Leicester Square in London on February 25, 2010 for the fundraiser The Prince's Foundation for Children and The Arts where the Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall attended. It also did not affect their plans to show the film in Spain, Germany, Portugal, and Austria.[65][67][68] The film was released in the U.S. and UK, in both Disney Digital 3D and IMAX 3D,[45] as well as regular theaters on March 5, 2010.[69]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: On June 22, 2009, the first pictures of the film were released, showing Depp as the Mad Hatter, Hathaway as the White Queen, Bonham Carter as the Red Queen and Lucas as Tweedledee and Tweedledum.[45] A new image of Alice was also released.[70] In July, new photos emerged of Alice holding a white rabbit, the Mad Hatter with a hare, the Red Queen holding a pig, and the White Queen with a mouse.[71]

text: On July 22, 2009, a teaser trailer from the Mad Hatter's point of view was released on IGN but was shortly taken down because Disney claimed that the trailer was not supposed to be out yet. The teaser was also planned to premiere along with a trailer of Robert Zemeckis' film adaptation of A Christmas Carol on July 24, 2009 for G-Force. The following day, the teaser trailer premiered at Comic-Con but the trailer shown was different from the one that leaked. The ComicCon version didn't have the Mad Hatter's dialogue. Instead, it featured "Time to Pretend" by MGMT, and the clips shown were in different order than in the leaked version. The leaked version was originally to be shown to one of the three Facebook groups used to promote the film that had the most members. The groups used to promote the film are "The Loyal Subjects of the Red Queen", "The Loyal Subjects of the White Queen" and "The Disloyal Subjects of the Mad Hatter".[72]

text: Also at ComicCon, props from the film were displayed in an "Alice in Wonderland" exhibit. Costumes featured in the exhibit included the Red Queen's dress, chair, wig, spectacles, and scepter; the White Queen's dress, wig and a small model of her castle; the Mad Hatter's suit, hat, wig, chair and table; Alice's dress and battle armor (to slay the Jabberwocky). Other props included the "DRINK ME" bottles, the keys, an "EAT ME" pastry and stand-in models of the White Rabbit and March Hare.[73]

text: A nighttime party area at the Disney California Adventure theme park was created, called "Mad T Party".

text: Video games[edit]

text: On July 23, 2009, Disney Interactive Studios announced that an Alice in Wonderland video game, developed by French game studio Étranges Libellules, would be released in the same week as the film for the Wii, Nintendo DS, and Microsoft Windows. The soundtrack was composed by video games music composer Richard Jacques.[74] The Wii, DS, and PC versions were released on March 2, 2010.

text: Disney Interactive released in 2013 the game Alice in Wonderland: A New Champion for iOS.[75]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released a three-disc Blu-ray combo pack (which includes the Blu-ray, DVD and a digital copy), single-disc Blu-ray and single-disc DVD on June 1, 2010 in North America and July 1, 2010 in Australia.[76] The DVD release includes three short features about the making of the film, focusing on Burton's vision for Wonderland and the characters of Alice and the Mad Hatter. The Blu-ray version has nine additional featurettes centered on additional characters, special effects and other aspects of the film's production.[77] In some confusion, a small number of copies were put on shelves a week before schedule in smaller stores, but were quickly removed, although a handful of copies were confirmed purchased ahead of schedule.

text: In its first week of release (June 1–6, 2010), it sold 2,095,878 DVD units (equivalent to $35,441,297) and topped the DVD sales chart for two continuous weeks. By May 22, 2011, it had sold 4,313,680 units ($76,413,043). It failed to crack the 2010 top ten DVDs list in terms of units sold, but reached 10th place on that chart in terms of sales revenue.[78][79]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Alice in Wonderland has grossed $334,191,110 in North America and $691,276,000 in other territories for a worldwide total of $1,025,467,110 against a budget of $200 million.[5][80][81] Worldwide, it is currently the thirtieth-highest-grossing film[82] and the second-highest-grossing 2010 film.[83] It is the third-highest-grossing film starring Johnny Depp,[84] the highest-grossing film directed by Tim Burton.[85] The second-highest-grossing film of Anne Hathaway and the second-highest-grossing children's book adaptation (worldwide, as well as in North America and outside North America separately).[86]

text: On its first weekend, the film made $220.1 million worldwide, marking the second-largest opening ever for a movie not released during the summer or the holiday period (behind The Hunger Games), the fourth-largest for a Disney-distributed film and the fourth-largest among 2010 films.[87] It dominated for three consecutive weekends at the worldwide box office.[88][89][90][91] On May 26, 2010, its 85th day of release, it became the sixth film ever to surpass the $1 billion mark and the second film that had been released by Walt Disney Studios that did so.[92][93]

text: In North America, Alice in Wonderland is the forty-fourth-highest-grossing film but out of the top 100 when adjusted for inflation. It is also the second-highest-grossing 2010 film, behind Toy Story 3,[94] the second-highest-grossing film starring Johnny Depp[84] and the highest-grossing film directed by Tim Burton.[85] The film opened on March 5, 2010, on approximately 7,400 screens at 3,728 theaters with $40,804,962 during its first day, $3.9 million of which came from midnight showings,[95] ranking number one and setting a new March opening-day record.[96] Alice earned $116.1 million on its opening weekend, breaking the record for the largest opening weekend in March (previously held by 300),[97] the record for the largest opening weekend during springtime (previously held by Fast and Furious), the largest opening weekend for a non-sequel (previously held by Spider-Man)[98] and the highest one for the non-holiday, non-summer period. However, all of these records were broken by The Hunger Games ($152.5 million) in March 2012.[99][100] Alice made the seventeenth-highest-grossing opening weekend ever[101] and the fifth-largest among 3D films.[102] Opening-weekend grosses originating from 3D showings were $81.3 million (70% of total weekend gross). This broke the record for the largest opening-weekend 3D grosses[103][104] but it was later topped by Marvel's The Avengers ($108 million).[105] It had the largest weekend per-theater average of 2010 ($31,143 per theater) and the largest for a PG-rated film.[106] It broke the IMAX opening-weekend record[107] by earning $12.2 million on 188 IMAX screens, with an average of $64,197 per site. The record was first overtaken by Deathly Hallows – Part 2 ($15.2 million).[104] Alice remained in first place for three consecutive weekends at the North American box office.[108][109] Alice closed in theaters on July 8, 2010 with $334.2 million.

text: Outside North America, Alice is the thirteenth-highest-grossing film,[110] the highest-grossing 2010 film,[111] the fourth-highest-grossing Disney film, the second-highest-grossing film starring Johnny Depp[84] and the highest-grossing film directed by Tim Burton.[85] It began with an estimated $94 million, on top of the weekend box office, and remained at the summit for four consecutive weekends and five in total.[112][113] Japan was the film's highest-grossing country after North America, with $133.7 million, followed by the UK, Ireland and Malta ($64.4 million), and France and the Maghreb region ($45.9 million).[114]

text: Critical reaction[edit]

text: Review aggregate Rotten Tomatoes reports that 52% of critics have given the film a positive review based on 267 reviews; the average score is 5.7/10. The consensus is: "Tim Burton's Alice sacrifices the book's minimal narrative coherence—and much of its heart—but it's an undeniable visual treat".[115] Metacritic rated it 53/100 based on 38 reviews.[116]

text: Todd McCarthy of Variety praised it for its "moments of delight, humor and bedazzlement", but went on to say, "But it also becomes more ordinary as it goes along, building to a generic battle climax similar to any number of others in CGI-heavy movies of the past few years".[117] Michael Rechtshaffen of The Hollywood Reporter said "Burton has delivered a subversively witty, brilliantly cast, whimsically appointed dazzler that also manages to hit all the emotionally satisfying marks", while as well praising its computer-generated imagery (CGI), saying "Ultimately, it's the visual landscape that makes Alice's newest adventure so wondrous, as technology has finally been able to catch up with Burton's endlessly fertile imagination."[118] Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly said, "But Burton's Disneyfied 3-D Alice in Wonderland, written by the girl-power specialist Linda Woolverton, is a strange brew indeed: murky, diffuse, and meandering, set not in a Wonderland that pops with demented life but in a world called Underland that's like a joyless, bombed-out version of Wonderland. It looks like a CGI head trip gone post apocalyptic. In the film's rather humdrum 3-D, the place doesn't dazzle—it droops."[119] Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times awarded the film three out of four stars and wrote in his review that, "Alice plays better as an adult hallucination, which is how Burton rather brilliantly interprets it until a pointless third act flies off the rails."[120] The market research firm CinemaScore found that audiences gave the film an average rating of "A-".[121]

text: Several reviews criticized the decision to turn Alice into a "colonialist entrepreneur" at the end of the film setting sail for China.[122][123][124] Given Britain's role in the First and Second Opium Wars during the Victorian era and the foreign domination of China through "unequal treaties", China expert Kevin Slaten writes, "Not only is it troubling imagery, for a female role model in a Disney movie, but it's also a celebration of the exploitation that China suffered for a century."[125]

text: Game developer American McGee, best known for creating Alice and Alice: Madness Returns, was asked in a 2011 interview about Tim Burton's interpretation of the title character since both versions share almost similar dark and twisted tone of Wonderland. McGee praised the film's visuals and audio but criticized the lack of screen time Alice had compared to the other characters. He felt Alice did not have any purpose in the story and that she was merely used as a "tool".[126]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award

Category

Recipient

Result

83rd Academy Awards[127]

Best Art Direction

Robert Stromberg  Karen O'Hara

Won

Best Visual Effects

Ken Ralston  David Schaub  Carey Villegas  Sean Phillips

Nominated

Best Costume Design

Colleen Atwood

Won

64th British Academy Film Awards[128]

Best Costume Design

Won

Best Film Music

Danny Elfman

Nominated

Best Production Design

Robert Stromberg  Karen O’Hara

Nominated

Best Special Visual Effects

Ken Ralston  David Schaub  Carey Villegas  Sean Phillips

Nominated

Best Makeup and Hair

Won

68th Golden Globe Awards[129]

Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy

Nominated

Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy

Johnny Depp

Nominated

Best Original Score

Danny Elfman

Nominated

53rd Grammy Awards

Best Score Soundtrack Album For Motion Picture, Television Or Other Visual Media

Nominated

9th Annual Visual Effects Society Awards (VES Awards)[130]

Outstanding Visual Effects in a Visual Effects-Driven Feature Motion Picture

Ken Ralston  Carey Villegas  David Schaub  Tom Peitzman

Nominated

Outstanding Compositing in a Feature Motion Picture (Stolen Tarts)

Lisa Deaner  Orde Stevanoski  Aaron Kupferman Ruben Flores

Nominated

15th Annual Satellite Awards[131]

Best Visual Effects

Ken Ralston  Carey Villegas  David Schaub  Sean Phillips

Won

Best Costume Design

Colleen Atwood

Won

Best Art Direction & Production Design

Robert Stromberg  Stefan Dechant

Nominated

Best Motion Picture, Animated or Mixed Media

Nominated

Best Original Song

Avril Lavigne

Nominated

37th Saturn Awards

Best Fantasy Film

Won

Best Costume

Won

Best Make-Up

Nominated

Best Production Design

Nominated

Best Special Effects

Ken Ralston  Carey Villegas  David Schaub  Tom Peitzman

Nominated

Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards

Best Costume Design

Colleen Atwood

Won

Best Makeup

Jaremy Aiello

Won

Best Visual Effects

Ken Ralston  Carey Villegas  David Schaub  Tom Peitzman

Nominated

Best Art Direction

Robert Stromberg  Karen O'Hara

Nominated

2011 Kids' Choice Awards[132]

Favorite Movie

Nominated

Favorite Movie Actor

Johnny Depp

Won

MTV Movie Awards

Global Superstar

Nominated

Best Movie

Nominated

Best Villain

Helena Bonham Carter

Nominated

National Movie Awards

Best Performance

Nominated

Johnny Depp

Nominated

Best Fantasy

Nominated

People's Choice Awards[133]

Favorite Movie

Nominated

Favorite Drama Movie

Nominated

Teen Choice Awards

Choice Movie: Fantasy

Nominated

Choice Movie Actor: Fantasy

Johnny Depp

Nominated

Choice Movie: Female Scene Stealer

Anne Hathaway

Nominated

Choice Movie Actress: Fantasy

Mia Wasikowska

Nominated

Choice Movie: Female Breakout Star

Nominated

Choice Movie: Fight

Mia Wasikowska vs. The Jabberwock

Won

2010 Scream Awards

Ultimate Scream

Nominated

Best Fantasy Movie

Nominated

Best Director

Tim Burton

Nominated

Best Fantasy Actress

Mia Wasikowska

Nominated

Best Breakout Performance – Female

Nominated

Best Fantasy Actor

Johnny Depp

Nominated

Best Supporting Actress

Anne Hathaway

Won

3-D Top Three

Nominated

AD First Half of the Year Awards[134]

Best Art Direction

Nominated

Best Visual Effects

Won

Best Make Up

Nominated

MTV Fan Music Awards

Best Movie Song

Avril Lavigne

Won

ChartAttack's 16th Annual Year-End Readers' Poll

Best Song

Avril Lavigne

Won

text: Legacy[edit]

text: After the release and success of the movie, Walt Disney Pictures has announced the development of several live-action adaptations of their Animated Classics series.[135][136] Maleficent, Cinderella, The Jungle Book, and Beauty and the Beast have followed to similar box-office results with the latter three also earning critical praise. Disney has also announced the development of live-action adaptations of Christopher Robin,[137] Dumbo,[138] Aladdin,[139] The Lion King,[140] Mulan,[141] Pinocchio,[142] Fantasia,[143] The Sword in the Stone,[144] The Black Cauldron,[145] Peter Pan,[146] The Little Mermaid,[147] Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs,[148] and Lady and the Tramp.[149] The company also has plans for live-action spin-offs of One Hundred and One Dalmatians, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, and Peter Pan along with a live-action prequel to Aladdin.[150][151][152][153]

text: Stage adaptation Walt Disney Theatrical is in early talks with Burton and screenwriter Linda Woolverton to develop the property as a Broadway musical. Woolverton authored the screenplay for Disney's The Lion King and is also the Tony Award-nominated book writer of Beauty and the Beast, Aida, and Lestat. Burton will also render the overall designs for the stage musical. Woolverton will adapt her screenplay for the stage production. Neither a composer nor songwriting team has been chosen yet. Direction and choreography will be done by Rob Ashford.[154][155][156] The musical is aiming to make its world-premiere in London.[157]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: On December 7, 2012, Variety announced the development of a sequel to Alice in Wonderland. Linda Woolverton returned to write a screenplay.[158] On May 31, 2013, James Bobin began talks to direct the sequel under the working title Alice in Wonderland: Into the Looking Glass.[159] Johnny Depp returned as The Hatter, Mia Wasikowska reprised the role of Alice, and Helena Bonham Carter returned as the Red Queen.[160][161][162] Several other cast members from the 2010 film also reprised their roles in the sequel.[163] On November 22, 2013, it was announced that the sequel will be released on May 27, 2016 and that Bobin would direct the film. Rhys Ifans and Sacha Baron Cohen are featured in the film.[161][164][165] On January 21, 2014, the film was again retitled to Alice in Wonderland: Through the Looking Glass.[166] The title was later reworked once again to Alice Through the Looking Glass.


document_title: Home Credit

question_text: when did home credit start its operations in india *

root

text: Home Credit

text:
Home Credit B.V.
Trading name
Home Credit GroupIndustry
Consumer loans and Personal loansFounded
1997 (as Home Credit a.s.)[1]1999 (as Home Credit B.V.)[2]Headquarters
Amsterdam, NetherlandsArea served
Eastern Europe, Central Europe, Asia and United StatesOperating income
€ 3.123 billion (2017)[3]Net income
€ 244 million (2017)[3]Total assets
€ 21.53 billion (2017)[3]Total equity
€ 2.03 billion (2017)[3]Owner
PPF (88.62%)Emma Capital (11.38%)Number of employees
61,207 (2015)[2]Subsidiaries
Home Credit & Finance BankWebsite
www.homecredit.net

tag: table

text: Home Credit B.V. is an international non-bank financial institution founded in 1997 in the Czech Republic and headquartered in Netherlands.[4][5] The company operates in 14 countries and focuses on lending primarily to people with little or no credit history. As of 2016 the company has over 15 million active customers, with two-thirds of them in Asia and 7.3 million in China.[6] Major shareholder of company is PPF, a privately held international financial and investment group owned by Petr Kellner, which controls an 88.62% stake.

tag: p

text: In 1999, Home Credit a.s. was founded in the Czech Republic and in 1999 company expanded to Slovakia. In 2000s company started to expand to Commonwealth of Independent States countries - Russia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine and Belarus.[2] As of 2007 the company was the second largest consumer lender in Russia.[4] In 2010s company expanded to Asia - China, India, Indonesia, Philippines and Vietnam.[2] In 2010 the company was first foreign company to set up as a consumer finance lender in China.[7] In 2015 company launched its operations in the United States of America through a partnership with Sprint Corporation.[2]


document_title: Maverick (film)

question_text: what river was the movie maverick filmed on

text: Maverick (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In the American Old West, wisecracking gambler Bret Maverick (Mel Gibson) is on his way to a major five-card draw poker tournament. Maverick wants the prize money and to prove he is the best card player of his time. Short $3,000 of the $25,000 tournament entry fee, Maverick travels to the town of Crystal River, intending to collect on debts and win money at card games. He encounters the ill-tempered gambler Angel (Alfred Molina), the young con artist Annabelle Bransford (Jodie Foster), and lawman Marshal Zane Cooper (James Garner).

text: Maverick, Bransford and Cooper journey out of Crystal River together, overcoming runaway stagecoaches and aiding migrant evangelical settlers who have been waylaid by bandits. The settlers offer Maverick a percentage of the money they have collected to start a mission, but Maverick cannot bring himself to accept it. The trio are later cornered by a band of Indians led by Joseph (Graham Greene). His companions are unaware that Joseph and Maverick are good friends; Maverick "sacrifices" himself to allow his companions' escape. Joseph is indebted to Maverick; they scheme to swindle $1,000 from an Russian Archduke that Joseph owes to Maverick.

text: Angel gets word that he needs to stop Maverick from reaching the tournament. He also learns that in Crystal River Maverick conned him. Angel assaults Maverick, leaving him for dead by hanging from a tree but the branch breaks under Maverick's weight, he boards the paddle steamer Lauren Belle and he makes it to the on-board tournament. Angel already is seated for the game and Cooper oversees the security. Maverick learns that Bransford is $4,000 short of the entry fee, and he, $2,000. The Archduke is on board so Maverick cons him for $6,000.

text: By the time of the tournament "break", there are four players remaining: Maverick, Bransford, Angel, and Commodore Duvall (James Coburn), the boat's owner and the tournament organizer. Maverick and Bransford have a tryst, someone chains his door shut and he makes it back from the break just before the game resumes at the 5 A.M. deadline. Bransford is eliminated from the tournament.

text: Maverick protests when the dealer cold decks and is bottom dealing Angel's cards. Unable to switch dealers, Maverick agrees that Angel get a one card off-the-top deal. Duvall and Angel each bet "all in"; Maverick holds back looking at his discard replacement believing that what he needs will with his mental gift materialize. At the reveal, Angel has a straight flush, but Maverick's single card deal of an ace of spades, gives him the game-winning hand, a royal flush. Angel draws his gun and Cooper and Maverick shoot him and his stooges dead.

text: When Maverick is presented the $500,000 grand prize, Cooper escapes the boat with it; Maverick prevents Duvall from shooting Cooper. At a nighttime meeting in the woods, Cooper and Duvall discuss their success: Angel was working for Duvall, and Cooper's job was to steal the money if anyone other than Duvall had won the tournament. Duvall betrays Cooper and prepares to shoot him, but they are interrupted by Maverick, who recovers the money back and leaves a single gun to settle between them their argument. It is unloaded; Cooper beats up Duvall just short of killing him and sets out after Maverick.

text: Cooper finds Maverick relaxing in a tub and threatens to shoot him but the pretense is dropped when they acknowledge they are father and son; they had all along conspired after the $500,000. As Cooper enjoys a bath of his own, Bransford enters and robs the two, having surmised the relationship from their similar mannerisms. After she escapes, Maverick tells Cooper that she only got half the money, the rest being hidden in his boots. He reluctantly admits that retrieving the money back will be fun.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Mel Gibson as Bret Maverick
Jodie Foster as Annabelle Bransford
James Garner as Marshal Zane Cooper
Graham Greene as Joseph
Alfred Molina as Angel
James Coburn as Commodore Duvall
Geoffrey Lewis as Matthew Wicker
Paul L. Smith as The Archduke
Max Perlich as Johnny Hardin

tag: ul

text: There are multiple cameo appearances in the film from Western actors, people who have formerly worked with Donner, Gibson, Foster, or Garner, and other celebrities including Danny Glover (uncredited), Hal Ketchum and Corey Feldman as bank robbers; Read Morgan and Steve Kahan as card dealers; Dub Taylor as a room clerk at the opening game;[5] Art LaFleur and Leo Gordon as poker players at Maverick's first game; Paul Brinegar as the stagecoach driver; Denver Pyle as a cheating old gambler;[5] Robert Fuller, Doug McClure, Henry Darrow, William Smith and Charles Dierkop as riverboat poker players; Dan Hedaya as Twitchy, another Riverboat poker player; William Marshall as a riverboat poker player defeated by Angel; Dennis Fimple as Stuttering, a player beaten by the Commodore; Bert Remsen as an elderly riverboat gambler beaten by Maverick;[5] and Margot Kidder as missionary Margaret Mary in an uncredited appearance.[6]

text: Leo Gordon had played a semi-regular supporting character in seasons one and two of the original Maverick TV show: gambler Big Mike McComb. Gordon also later wrote a few episodes of the show. Margot Kidder had been Garner's co-star in the short-lived western TV series Nichols. Danny Glover's cameo appearance references Donner's Lethal Weapon film series starring Glover and Gibson as cop partners. Their meeting in Maverick sees them share a moment of recognition,[7] and as he leaves, Glover says Roger Murtaugh's catchphrase: "I'm getting too old for this shit."

text: Country singers also cameo including Carlene Carter as a waitress, Waylon Jennings and Kathy Mattea as a gambling couple with concealed guns, Reba McEntire, Clint Black as a sweet-faced gambler thrown overboard for cheating, and Vince Gill and his then-wife Janis Gill as spectators.

text: Production[edit]

text: The steamboat used in the film—dubbed the Lauren Belle—was the Portland, the last remaining sternwheel tugboat in the US; at the time it belonged to the Oregon Maritime Museum in Portland. Over several weeks, the boat was decorated to alter its appearance to resemble a Mississippi-style gambling boat, including the addition of two decorative chimneys.[8] In August 1993, the production requested permission to film scenes of the riverboat along the Columbia River in Washington State. The artificial smoke released by the boat's chimney was considered to violate air-quality laws in Washington and Oregon and required approval for the scenes before their scheduled filming date in September 1993.[9] After filming concluded, the decorations were removed and the boat was returned to its original state.[8]

text: In Five Screenplays with Essays, Goldman describes an earlier version of the script, in which Maverick explains he has a magic ability to call the card he needs out of the deck. Although he is not able to do so successfully, the old hermit he attempts to demonstrate it for tells him that he really does have the magic in him.[10] This scene was shot with Linda Hunt playing the hermit but it was felt it did not work on the context of the rest of the movie and was cut.[11]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The film has received generally favorable reviews.[7] The film garnered a 67% approval rating from 52 critics – an average rating of 6 out of 10 – on the review-aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes, which said, "It isn't terribly deep, but it's witty and undeniably charming, and the cast is obviously having fun."[12]

text: James Berardinelli, from reelviews.net, gave the film three and a half stars out of four. He stated, "The strength of Maverick is the ease with which it switches from comedy to action, and back again....it's refreshing to find something that satisfies expectations."[13] Reviewing it for the Chicago Sun-Times, Roger Ebert gave the film three stars out of a possible four, writing: "The first lighthearted, laugh-oriented family Western in a long time, and one of the nice things about it is, it doesn't feel the need to justify its existence. It acts like it's the most natural thing in the world to be a Western."[5]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film earned $101,631,272 (55.5%) in North America and $81,400,000 (44.5%) elsewhere for a worldwide total of $183,031,272.[4] This gross made it the number 12 highest-grossing film in North America and the number 15 highest-grossing film worldwide of 1994. As of 2013, the film is the number 6 highest grossing Western film in North America.[4]

text: Pre-release tracking showed that the film would open strongly,.[7] During its opening weekend in North America, Maverick earned $17.2 million million from 2,537 theaters – an average of $6,798 per theater – ranking as the number 1 film of the weekend,[4] and took a total of $41.8 million over its first two weeks of release.[7]

text: The movie was a box office success as it grossed over $183 million worldwide.[14][15]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: The soundtrack featured three chart singles: "Renegades, Rebels and Rogues" by Tracy Lawrence,[16] "A Good Run of Bad Luck" by Clint Black (which also appeared on his album No Time to Kill),[17] and "Something Already Gone" by Carlene Carter. Also included on the album was an all-star rendition of "Amazing Grace", from which all royalties were donated to the Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation.[18]


document_title: Probation

question_text: who advocated for supervising probationers and revoking probation if the accused returned to crime

text: Probation

text: History[edit]

text: The concept of probation, from the Latin, probatio, "testing," has historical roots in the practice of judicial reprieve. In English common law, prior to the advent of democratic rule, the courts could temporarily suspend the execution of a sentence to allow a criminal defendant to appeal to the monarch for a pardon.

text: United States[edit]

text: Probation first developed in the United States when John Augustus, a Boston cobbler, persuaded a judge in the Boston Police Court in 1841 to give him custody of a convicted offender, a "drunkard," for a brief period and then helped the man to appear rehabilitated by the time of sentencing. Even earlier, the practice of suspending a sentence was used as early as 1830 in Boston, Massachusetts, and became widespread in U.S. courts, although there was no statutory provision for such a practice. At first, judges, most notably Peter Oxenbridge Thatcher of Boston, used "release on recognizance" or bail and simply refrained from taking any further action. In 1878 the mayor of Boston had hired a former police officer, the ironically named "Captain Savage," to become what many recognize as the first official probation officer. By the mid-19th century, however, many Federal Courts were using a judicial reprieve to suspend sentence, and this posed a legal question. In 1916, the United States Supreme Court, in the Killets Decision, held that a Federal Judge (Killets) was without power to suspend a sentence indefinitely. This decision led to the passing of the National Probation Act of 1925, thereby, allowing courts to suspend the imposition of incarceration and place an offender on probation. Probation developed from the efforts of a philanthropist, John Augustus, who looked for ways to rehabilitate the behavior of criminals.[6][7]

text: Massachusetts developed the first statewide probation system in 1878,[8] and by 1920, 21 other states had followed suit. With the passage of the National Probation Act on March 5, 1925, signed by President Calvin Coolidge, the U.S. Federal Probation Service was established. On the state level, pursuant to the Crime Control and Consent Act of 1936, a group of states entered into an agreement wherein they would supervise probationers and parolees who reside in each other's jurisdictions on each other's behalf. Known as the Interstate Compact For the Supervision of Parolees and Probationers, this agreement was originally signed by 25 states in 1937. By 1951, all the states in the United States of America had a working probation system and ratified the Interstate Compact Agreement. In 1959, the new states of Alaska and Hawaii, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and the territories of the Virgin Islands, Guam, and American Samoa ratified the act as well.

text: Arming and increased authority[edit]

text: In the United States, most probation agencies have armed officers. In 39 states, territories and federal probation, such arming is either mandated or optional. Arming is allowed in an increasing number of jurisdictions.[9]

text: Probation officers are peace officers who possess limited police powers.

text: Types of supervision[edit]

text: Intensive probation, home detention, GPS monitoring, Computer Management These are highly intrusive forms of probation in which the offender is very closely monitored. It is common for violent criminals, higher-ranking gang members, habitual offenders, and sex offenders to be supervised at this level. Some jurisdictions require offenders under such supervision to waive their constitutional rights under the Fourth Amendment regarding search and seizure, and such probationers may be subject to unannounced home or workplace visits, surveillance, and the use of electronic monitoring or satellite tracking. Under terms of this kind of probation, a client may not change their living address and must stay at the address that is known to probation. GPS monitoring and home detention are common in juvenile cases, even if the underlying delinquency is minor.[10] Some types of supervision may entail installing some form of monitoring software and/or conducting computer searches to ascertain what an offender is doing online. Cybercrime specialist in corrections, Art Bowker, noted “This is an area more and more community corrections officers are going to have to get up to speed on, learning how to enforce conditions that restrict and/or monitor cyber offenders' computer and internet use.”[11] Bowker, also observed "The use of social media is taking off in the field of community corrections." [12]

text: Standard supervision Offenders under standard supervision are generally required to report to an officer, most commonly between biweekly and quarterly, and are subject to any other conditions as may have been ordered, such as alcohol/drug treatment, community service, and so on.

text: Unsupervised probation does not involve direct supervision by an officer or probation department. The probationer is expected to complete any conditions of the order with no involvement of a probation officer, and perhaps within a period shorter than that of the sentence itself. For example, given one year of unsupervised probation, a probationer might be required to have completed community service, paid court costs or fines, etc., within the first six months. For the remaining six months, he or she may be required merely to refrain from unlawful behavior. Probationers are allowed to go to their workplace, educational institution, or place of worship. Such probationers may be asked to meet with an officer at the onset or near the end of the probationary period, or not at all. If terms are not completed, an officer may file a petition to revoke probation.

text: Informal supervision is supervised or unsupervised probation without having been convicted of the offense. As with other forms of probation, search clauses or drug testing may be included. At the end of the informal period, the case is dismissed. This is usually offered as part of a plea bargain or pre-trial diversion, and may requires the supervisee to waive Fourth Amendment rights for the duration. Informal probation can also require the supervisee to enter a plea of "Guilty", pending the completion of the terms set forth in the agreement, at which time the charge is typically dismissed.

text: Shock probation is a program that gives a sentencing judge the power to reconsider an original jail sentence. The judge may recall the inmate from jail and put him or her on probation within the community instead. The courts have a theory that a short term in jail may “shock” a criminal into changing their behavior. Shock probation can be used only between a specific period of 30–120 days after the original sentence, and is not available in all states.[13]

text: Decision to grant probation[edit]

text: Community corrections officials are the main factors that help decide whether a criminal is granted probation or not. They are the ones who determine whether the offender is a serious risk to public safety. These officials are also the ones who make recommendations to the court on what action to take. The correction officials first go through an investigations process during the pretrial period. They assess the offenders background and history to determine if he or she can be released safely back into the community. The officers then write a report on the offender. This is an extremely important piece of information that the courts use to determine if the offender shall be put on probation instead of going to jail. After the offender is found guilty, the probation officer puts together a pre-sentence investigation report (PSI). Courts base their sentencing on it. Finally, courts make their decision whether to imprison the convict or to let him or her off on probation. If a court decides to grant a person probation, it must then determine how to impose the sentence based on the seriousness of the crime, recidivism, circumstances of the convict, and the recommendations from the corrections officials.[13]

text: Probation violations[edit]

text: A probation officer may imprison a probationer and petition the court for a violation of probation. The court will request that the defendant appear at a show cause hearing at which the prosecutor must demonstrate by a preponderance of the evidence that the defendant committed a probation violation.[14] If the defendant pleads guilty to a probation violation, or is found guilty of a probation violation after the hearing, the officer or prosecutor may request that additional conditions of probation be imposed, that the duration be extended, or that a period of incarceration be ordered, possibly followed by a return to probation.[4] There is no law that specifies when probation violation proceedings must be commenced, although probation violation proceedings are near certain following the defendant's conviction of a subsequent offense, or failure to report to the probation officer as ordered.

text: If a violation is found, the severity of the penalties may depend upon the facts of the original offense, the facts of the violation, and the probationer's criminal history. For example, if an offender is on probation for a gang-related offense, subsequent "association with known criminals" may be viewed as a more serious violation than if the person were on probation for driving a car with a suspended license; the reverse may be true if the initial offense were for driving under the influence. Similarly, penalties for violation may be greater if a subsequent offense is of greater severity (such as a felony, following a misdemeanor), or if the original offense and subsequent offense are of the same type (such as a battery following an assault, or retail theft following retail theft).

text: Probation revocation[edit]

text: When a probation violation is extremely severe, or after multiple lesser violations, a probation revocation hearing could be scheduled. A judge at the hearing will consider reports from the probation officer, and if probation is revoked, the probationer will often be incarcerated in jail or prison. However, the term of incarceration might be reduced from the original potential sentence for the alleged crime(s). It is possible that an innocent defendant would choose to accept a deferred sentence rather than incur the risk of going to trial. In such a case, a probation revocation can result in conviction of the original criminal charges and a permanent record of conviction.


document_title: List of Presidents of the United States

question_text: who is the last president of the united states of america

text: List of Presidents of the United States

text: Presidents

text:
Unaffiliated (2)       Federalist (1)       Democratic-Republican (4)       Democratic (15)       Whig (4)       Republican (19)       National Union (2)

Presidency[a]
President
Prior office[b]
Party[c]
Term[d]
Vice President

1
April 30, 1789
[e]
–
March 4, 1797

George Washington
1732–1799
(Lived: 67 years)
[3][4][5]
Commander-in-Chief
of the
Continental Army
(1775–1783)

Unaffiliated
[2]
(1788–89)
1
(1789)
John Adams
[f][g]

(1792)
2
(1793)

2
March 4, 1797
–
March 4, 1801

John Adams
1735–1826
(Lived: 90 years)
[6][7][8]
1st
Vice President of the United States

Federalist
(1796)
3
(1797)
Thomas Jefferson
[h]

3
March 4, 1801
–
March 4, 1809

Thomas Jefferson
1743–1826
(Lived: 83 years)
[9][10][11]
2nd
Vice President of the United States

Democratic-
Republican
(1800)
4
(1801)
Aaron Burr
March 4, 1801 – March 4, 1805

(1804)
5
(1805)
George Clinton
March 4, 1805 – March 4, 1809

4
March 4, 1809
–
March 4, 1817

James Madison
1751–1836
(Lived: 85 years)
[12][13][14]
5th
United States Secretary of State
(1801–1809)

Democratic-
Republican
(1808)
6
(1809)
George Clinton
March 4, 1809 – April 20, 1812
(Died in office)

Office vacant
(Balance of Clinton's term)

(1812)
7
(1813)
Elbridge Gerry
March 4, 1813 – November 23, 1814
(Died in office)

Office vacant
(Balance of Gerry's term)

5
March 4, 1817
–
March 4, 1825

James Monroe
1758–1831
(Lived: 73 years)
[15][16][17]
7th
United States Secretary of State
(1811–1817)

Democratic-
Republican
(1816)
8
(1817)
Daniel D. Tompkins

(1820)
9
(1821)

6
March 4, 1825
–
March 4, 1829

John Quincy Adams
1767–1848
(Lived: 80 years)
[18][19][20]
8th
United States Secretary of State
(1817–1825)

Democratic-
Republican
(1824)
10
(1825)
John C. Calhoun

7
March 4, 1829
–
March 4, 1837

Andrew Jackson
1767–1845
(Lived: 78 years)
[21][22][23]
U.S. Senator (Class 2) from Tennessee
(1797–1798 & 1823–1825)

Democratic
(1828)
11
(1829)
John C. Calhoun
[i]
March 4, 1829 – December 28, 1832
(Resigned from office)

Office vacant
(Balance of Calhoun's term)

(1832)
12
(1833)
Martin Van Buren
March 4, 1833 – March 4, 1837

8
March 4, 1837
–
March 4, 1841

Martin Van Buren
1782–1862
(Lived: 79 years)
[24][25][26]
8th
Vice President of the United States

Democratic
(1836)
13
(1837)
Richard M. Johnson

9
March 4, 1841
–
April 4, 1841
(Died in office)

William Henry Harrison
1773–1841
(Lived: 68 years)
[27][28][29]
United States Minister to Colombia
(1828–1829)

Whig
(1840)
14
(1841)
(1841)
[j]
John Tyler
(Succeeded to presidency)

10
April 4, 1841
[k]
–
March 4, 1845

John Tyler
1790–1862
(Lived: 71 years)
[30][31][32]
10th
Vice President of the United States

Whig
April 4, 1841 – September 13, 1841
Office vacant

Unaffiliated
September 13, 1841 – March 4, 1845
[l]

11
March 4, 1845
–
March 4, 1849

James K. Polk
1795–1849
(Lived: 53 years)
[33][34][35]
9th
Governor of Tennessee
(1839–1841)

Democratic
(1844)
15
(1845)
George M. Dallas

12

March 4, 1849
–
July 9, 1850
(Died in office)

Zachary Taylor
1784–1850
(Lived: 65 years)
[36][37][38]
Major General of the 1st Infantry Regiment
United States Army
(1846–1849)
(No prior elected office)

Whig
(1848)
16
(1849)
(1850)
[j]
Millard Fillmore
(Succeeded to presidency)

13
July 9, 1850
[m]
–
March 4, 1853

Millard Fillmore
1800–1874
(Lived: 74 years)
[39][40][41]
12th
Vice President of the United States

Whig
Office vacant

14
March 4, 1853
–
March 4, 1857

Franklin Pierce
1804–1869
(Lived: 64 years)
[42][43][44]
Brigadier General of the 9th Infantry
United States Army
(1847–1848)

Democratic
(1852)
17
(1853)
William R. King
March 4 – April 18, 1853
(Died in office)

Office vacant
(Balance of King's term)

15
March 4, 1857
–
March 4, 1861

James Buchanan
1791–1868
(Lived: 77 years)
[45][46][47]
United States Minister to the
Court of St James's
(1853–1856)

Democratic
(1856)
18
(1857)
John C. Breckinridge

16
March 4, 1861
–
April 15, 1865
(Died in office)

Abraham Lincoln
1809–1865
(Lived: 56 years)
[48][49][50]
U.S. Representative for Illinois' 7th District
(1847–1849)

Republican
(National Union)
[n]
(1860)
19
(1861)
Hannibal Hamlin
March 4, 1861 – March 4, 1865

(1864)
20
(1865)
(1865)
[j]
Andrew Johnson
March 4 – April 15, 1865
(Succeeded to presidency)

17
April 15, 1865
–
March 4, 1869

Andrew Johnson
1808–1875
(Lived: 66 years)
[51][52][53]
16th
Vice President of the United States

National Union
April 15, 1865 – c. 1868
Office vacant

Democratic
c. 1868 – March 4, 1869
[o]

18

March 4, 1869
–
March 4, 1877

Ulysses S. Grant
1822–1885
(Lived: 63 years)
[54][55][56]
Commanding General of the U.S. Army
(1864–1869)
(No prior elected office)

Republican
(1868)
21
(1869)
Schuyler Colfax
March 4, 1869 – March 4, 1873

(1872)
22
(1873)
Henry Wilson
March 4, 1873 – November 22, 1875
(Died in office)

Office vacant
(Balance of Wilson's term)

19
March 4, 1877
–
March 4, 1881

Rutherford B. Hayes
1822–1893
(Lived: 70 years)
[57][58][59]
29th & 32nd
Governor of Ohio
(1868–1872 & 1876–1877)

Republican
(1876)
23
(1877)
William A. Wheeler

20
March 4, 1881
–
September 19, 1881
(Died in office)

James A. Garfield
1831–1881
(Lived: 49 years)
[60][61][62]
U.S. Representative for Ohio's 19th District
(1863–1881)

Republican
(1880)
24
(1881)
(1881)
[j]
Chester A. Arthur
(Succeeded to presidency)

21
September 19, 1881
[p]
–
March 4, 1885

Chester A. Arthur
1829–1886
(Lived: 57 years)
[63][64][65]
20th
Vice President of the United States

Republican
Office vacant

22
March 4, 1885
–
March 4, 1889

Grover Cleveland
1837–1908
(Lived: 71 years)
[66][67]
28th
Governor of New York
(1883–1885)

Democratic
(1884)
25
(1885)
Thomas A. Hendricks
March 4 – November 25, 1885
(Died in office)

Office vacant
(Balance of Hendricks' term)

23
March 4, 1889
–
March 4, 1893

Benjamin Harrison
1833–1901
(Lived: 67 years)
[68][69][70]
U.S. Senator (Class 1) from Indiana
(1881–1887)

Republican
(1888)
26
(1889)
Levi P. Morton

24
March 4, 1893
–
March 4, 1897

Grover Cleveland
1837–1908
(Lived: 71 years)
[66][67]
22nd
President of the United States
(1885–1889)

Democratic
(1892)
27
(1893)
Adlai Stevenson

25
March 4, 1897
–
September 14, 1901
(Died in office)

William McKinley
1843–1901
(Lived: 58 years)
[71][72][73]
39th
Governor of Ohio
(1892–1896)

Republican
(1896)
28
(1897)
Garret Hobart
March 4, 1897 – November 21, 1899
(Died in office)

Office vacant
(Balance of Hobart's term)

(1900)
29
(1901)
(1901)
[j]
Theodore Roosevelt
March 4 – September 14, 1901
(Succeeded to presidency)

26
September 14, 1901
–
March 4, 1909

Theodore Roosevelt
1858–1919
(Lived: 60 years)
[74][75][76]
25th
Vice President of the United States

Republican
Office vacant
September 14, 1901 – March 4, 1905

(1904)
30
(1905)
Charles W. Fairbanks
March 4, 1905 – March 4, 1909

27
March 4, 1909
–
March 4, 1913

William Howard Taft
1857–1930
(Lived: 72 years)
[77][78][79]
42nd
United States Secretary of War
(1904–1908)

Republican
(1908)
31
(1909)
James S. Sherman
March 4, 1909 – October 30, 1912
(Died in office)

Office vacant
(Balance of Sherman's term)

28
March 4, 1913
–
March 4, 1921

Woodrow Wilson
1856–1924
(Lived: 67 years)
[80][81][82]
34th
Governor of New Jersey
(1911–1913)

Democratic
(1912)
32
(1913)
Thomas R. Marshall

(1916)
33
(1917)

29
March 4, 1921
–
August 2, 1923
(Died in office)

Warren G. Harding
1865–1923
(Lived: 57 years)
[83][84][85]
U.S. Senator (Class 3) from Ohio
(1915–1921)

Republican
(1920)
34
(1921)
(1923)
[j]
Calvin Coolidge
(Succeeded to presidency)

30
August 2, 1923
[q]
–
March 4, 1929

Calvin Coolidge
1872–1933
(Lived: 60 years)
[86][87][88]
29th
Vice President of the United States

Republican
Office vacant
August 2, 1923 – March 4, 1925

(1924)
35
(1925)
Charles G. Dawes
March 4, 1925 – March 4, 1929

31

March 4, 1929
–
March 4, 1933

Herbert Hoover
1874–1964
(Lived: 90 years)
[89][90][91]
3rd
United States Secretary of Commerce
(1921–1928)
(No prior elected office)

Republican
(1928)
36
(1929)
Charles Curtis

32
March 4, 1933
–
April 12, 1945
(Died in office)

Franklin D. Roosevelt
1882–1945
(Lived: 63 years)
[92][93][94]
44th
Governor of New York
(1929–1932)

Democratic
(1932)
37
(1933)
John N. Garner
March 4, 1933 – January 20, 1941
[r]

(1936)
38
(1937)

(1940)
39
(1941)
Henry A. Wallace
January 20, 1941 – January 20, 1945

(1944)
40
(1945)
(1945)
[j]
Harry S. Truman
January 20 – April 12, 1945
(Succeeded to presidency)

33
April 12, 1945
–
January 20, 1953

Harry S. Truman
1884–1972
(Lived: 88 years)
[95][96][97]
34th
Vice President of the United States

Democratic
Office vacant
April 12, 1945 – January 20, 1949

(1948)
41
(1949)
Alben W. Barkley
January 20, 1949 – January 20, 1953

34

January 20, 1953
–
January 20, 1961

Dwight D. Eisenhower
1890–1969
(Lived: 78 years)
[98][99][100]
Supreme Allied Commander Europe
(1949–1952)
(No prior elected office)

Republican
(1952)
42
(1953)
Richard Nixon

(1956)
43
(1957)

35
January 20, 1961
–
November 22, 1963
(Died in office)

John F. Kennedy
1917–1963
(Lived: 46 years)
[101][102][103]
U.S. Senator (Class 1) from Massachusetts
(1953–1960)

Democratic
(1960)
44
(1961)
(1963)
[j]
Lyndon B. Johnson
(Succeeded to presidency)

36
November 22, 1963
–
January 20, 1969

Lyndon B. Johnson
1908–1973
(Lived: 64 years)
[104][105]
37th
Vice President of the United States

Democratic
Office vacant
November 22, 1963 – January 20, 1965

(1964)
45
(1965)
Hubert Humphrey
January 20, 1965 – January 20, 1969

37
January 20, 1969
–
August 9, 1974
(Resigned from office)

Richard Nixon
1913–1994
(Lived: 81 years)
[106][107][108]
36th
Vice President of the United States
(1953–1961)

Republican
(1968)
46
(1969)
Spiro Agnew
January 20, 1969 – October 10, 1973
(Resigned from office)

(1972)
47
(1973)
(1974)
[j]

Office vacant
October 10 – December 6, 1973

Gerald Ford
December 6, 1973 – August 9, 1974
(Succeeded to presidency)

38
August 9, 1974
–
January 20, 1977

Gerald Ford
1913–2006
(Lived: 93 years)
[109][110][111]
40th
Vice President of the United States

Republican
Office vacant
August 9 – December 19, 1974

Nelson Rockefeller
December 19, 1974 – January 20, 1977

39
January 20, 1977
–
January 20, 1981

Jimmy Carter
Born 1924
(93 years old)
[112][113][114]
76th
Governor of Georgia
(1971–1975)

Democratic
(1976)
48
(1977)
Walter Mondale

40
January 20, 1981
–
January 20, 1989

Ronald Reagan
1911–2004
(Lived: 93 years)
[115][116][117]
33rd
Governor of California
(1967–1975)

Republican
(1980)
49
(1981)
George H. W. Bush

(1984)
50
(1985)

41
January 20, 1989
–
January 20, 1993

George H. W. Bush
Born 1924
(93 years old)
[118][119][120]
43rd
Vice President of the United States

Republican
(1988)
51
(1989)
Dan Quayle

42
January 20, 1993
–
January 20, 2001

Bill Clinton
Born 1946
(71 years old)
[121][122][123]
40th & 42nd
Governor of Arkansas
(1979–1981 & 1983–1992)

Democratic
(1992)
52
(1993)
Al Gore

(1996)
53
(1997)

43
January 20, 2001
–
January 20, 2009

George W. Bush
Born 1946
(71 years old)
[124][125]
46th
Governor of Texas
(1995–2000)

Republican
(2000)
54
(2001)
Dick Cheney

(2004)
55
(2005)

44
January 20, 2009
–
January 20, 2017

Barack Obama
Born 1961
(56 years old)
[126][127]
U.S. Senator (Class 3) from Illinois
(2005–2008)

Democratic
(2008)
56
(2009)
Joe Biden

(2012)
57
(2013)

45
January 20, 2017
–
Incumbent

Donald Trump
Born 1946
(71 years old)
[128][129]
Chairman of
The Trump Organization
(1971–2017)
(No prior elected office)

Republican
(2016)
58
(2017)
Mike Pence

text: Subsequent public office

text: Four presidents held other high U.S. federal offices after leaving the presidency.

text:
President
Presidency[a]
Subsequent service

John Quincy Adams
6
1825–1829
U.S. Representative from Massachusetts (1831–1848)

Andrew Johnson
17
1865–1869
U.S. Senator from Tennessee (1875)

Grover Cleveland
22
1885–1889
24th President of the United States (1893–1897)

William Howard Taft
27
1909–1913
10th Chief Justice of the United States (1921–1930)

text: Several presidents campaigned unsuccessfully for other U.S. state or federal elective offices after leaving the presidency.

text:
President
Presidency[a]
Office sought unsuccessfully

John Quincy Adams
6
1825–1829
Governor of Massachusetts (1833)

Martin Van Buren
8
1837–1841
President of the United States (1844)

President of the United States (1848)

Millard Fillmore
13
1850–1853
President of the United States (1856)

Andrew Johnson
17
1865–1869
U.S. Senator from Tennessee (1870)

U.S. Representative from Tennessee (1872)

Ulysses S. Grant
18
1869–1877
President of the United States (1880)

Theodore Roosevelt
26
1901–1909
President of the United States (1912)

Herbert Hoover
31
1929–1933
President of the United States (1940)

text: Additionally, one former president, John Tyler, served in the government of the Confederate States during the American Civil War. Tyler served in the Provisional Confederate Congress from 1861 to 1862. He was elected to the Confederate House of Representatives in November 1861, but died before he could take his seat.