document_title: Chrysler Town & Country

question_text: where are chrysler town and country vans made

question_tokens: where are chrysler town and country vans made

text: Chrysler Town & Country

text: First generation (1990)[edit]

text:
First generation

Overview

Production
Spring 1989–1990

Model years
1990

Assembly
St. Louis, Missouri, United States

Body and chassis

Body style
3-door minivan

Layout
Transverse front-engine, front-wheel drive

Platform
Chrysler S platform

Related
Dodge Caravan
Plymouth Voyager
Chrysler Voyager (Europe only)

Powertrain

Engine
3.0 L Mitsubishi 6G72 V6 (Until June 1989)
3.3 L EGA V6 (June 1989 onward)

Transmission
4-speed A604 automatic

Dimensions

Wheelbase
119.1 in (3,025 mm)

Length
191.4 in (4,862 mm)

Width
72 in (1,829 mm)

Height
64.8 in (1,646 mm)

text: Originally planned to be introduced as a 1989 model,[4] the Chrysler Town & Country minivan was ultimately introduced as a 1990 model in the Spring 1989. The model was introduced before the 1990 model year Caravans and Voyagers entered production; the Dodge and Plymouth counterparts produced alongside the Town & Country until June 1989 were still 1989 models. Sharing the body of the long-wheelbase (LWB) Grand Voyager/Grand Caravan's Chrysler S platform, the Town & Country was externally distinguished by its chrome waterfall grille, crystal pentastar hood ornament, standard woodgrain applique, grooved lower body cladding (a version of that found on the Caravan ES, slightly extended to compensate for the longer wheelbase), and 15" lace-spoke aluminum wheels.[5] Additionally, Town & Country was only available in two exterior colors, initially in Bright White Clearcoat only; the Black Clearcoat color was added in June 1989.[6]

text: As the Chrysler Corporation's most luxurious minivan, the Town & Country came standard with nearly every feature available on Plymouth and Dodge minivans in addition to some exclusive amenities of its own. This included unique gathered leather seating surfaces and door trim panels, front and rear air conditioning, power windows, power locks, an Infinity sound system, seven-passenger seating, luggage rack, and an electronically controlled four-speed automatic transmission.[7] Models produced before June 1989 came with 3.0 L Mitsubishi 6G72 V6 engines while models produced from June onward received an upgrade to Chrysler's own 3.3 L EGA V6. As all models equipped with the 3.0 L engine were produced during the time period in which the Caravan and Voyager model year was 1989, the United States Environmental Protection Agency lists it as a 1989 model rather than a 1990, despite the VIN indicating otherwise.[8]

text: Ironically, the first-generation Town & Country minivan was released for the final model year of production of the first-generation Chrysler minivans. The Town & Country, Voyager/Grand Voyager, and Caravan/Grand Caravan would all be redesigned for the 1991 model year. Total production was 1,789 units in 1989 and 3,615 in 1990, making this model of the Town & Country as the most obscure of all the Chrysler minivans.[9] The reason for 1990 being the only model year for this bodystyle was because it was an attempt to repurpose an abundance of pre-manufactured bodies previously slated for the Dodge Caravan and Plymouth Voyager.

text: Engines[edit]

text:
3.0 L Mitsubishi 6G72 V6, 142 hp (106 kW), 173 lb·ft (235 N·m) (until June 1989)
3.3 L EGA V6, 150 hp (110 kW), 180 lb·ft (240 N·m) (June 1989 onward)

text: Second generation (1991–1995)[edit]

text:
Second generation

Overview

Production
September 1990-1995

Model years
1991−1995

Assembly
St. Louis, Missouri, United States

Body and chassis

Body style
3-door minivan

Layout
Transverse front-engine, front-wheel drive / all-wheel drive

Platform
Chrysler AS platform

Related
Dodge Caravan
Plymouth Voyager
Chrysler Voyager (Europe only)

Powertrain

Engine
3.3 L EGA V6
3.8 L EGH V6

Transmission
4-speed A604 automatic

Dimensions

Wheelbase
119.3 in (3,030 mm)

Length
192.8 in (4,897 mm)

Width
72 in (1,829 mm)

Height
64.8 in (1,646 mm) (FWD)
65.9 in (1,674 mm) (AWD)

Curb weight
3,955 lb (1,794 kg)

text: Introduced in November 1990, the 1991 through 1995 Town & Country used the Chrysler AS platform. This was the last Town & Country that was derived from the Chrysler K platform. As with the previous generation, the Generation II Town & Country came fully equipped, with no actual trim levels but only additional options — and continuing exclusively in the long-wheelbase (LWB) format.

text: This generation Town & Country shared the Plymouth Voyager's headlight and taillight clusters; the Dodge Caravan had its own. The Town & Country was set apart on the exterior by its chrome (later body colored) waterfall grille, crystal pentastar hood ornament, body colored side mirrors, body side cladding, and unique alloy wheels. The interior of the Town & Country included standard leather seating surfaces, woodgrain dashboard and door trim, as well as a digital instrument cluster.

text: Innovations[edit]

text:
"Quad Command" bucket seating, made standard on the Town & Country (MY1992)
Integrated child safety seats (1991, MY1992), improved design with recliners (1993, MY1994)
Available anti-lock brakes
First driver's side airbag in a minivan (1991),[10] made standard (1991, MY1992)
First minivan to meet 1998 U.S. federal safety standards (1993, MY1994)

text: Engines[edit]

text:
1991–1993: 3.3 L EGA V6, 150 hp (110 kW), 180 lb·ft (240 N·m)
1994–1995: 3.8 L EGH V6, 162 hp (121 kW), 213 lb·ft (289 N·m)

text: Year-to-year changes[edit]

text:
1991: For its second model year as a minivan, the Chrysler Town & Country is completely redesigned with improved aerodynamics and less sharper corners, and had the 250-watt Chrysler Infinity audio system.
1992: The Town & Country was available with all-wheel drive and integrated child safety seats. Now standard were a driver's side airbag (from August 1991 production) and quad command bucket seating. On the exterior, the Town & Country was available with a vinyl woodgrain delete option. If buyers opted for this, the woodgrain siding was replaced by a gold pinstripe along the beltline. New gold web-design alloy wheels were available.
1993: There were several interior revisions. On the exterior, a stainless steel exhaust system and new available wheel designs greeted buyers for 1993.
1994: Launched in November 1993, a redesigned dashboard and instrument panel was new for 1994. All 1994 Town & Country's were given a passenger's side airbag and knee bolsters. Side door guard beams were installed this year, so that they met 1998 federal side impact standards. Also made standard was a 3.8 L V6 engine.
1995: The fob for the standard remote keyless entry had to be pressed twice within five seconds to prevent accidental opening of the liftgate. 1995 would be the last model year for the K-based Town & Country. A completely new cab-forward styled Town & Country would be introduced in early 1995 as a 1996 model.

text: Third generation (1996–2000)[edit]

text:
Third generation

Overview

Production
February 1995–2000

Model years
1996−2000

Assembly
St. Louis, Missouri, United States

Body and chassis

Body style
3-door minivan
4-door minivan

Layout
Transverse front-engine, front-wheel drive / all-wheel drive

Platform
Chrysler NS platform

Related
Chrysler Voyager
Dodge Caravan
Plymouth Voyager

Powertrain

Engine
3.3 L EGA V6
3.8 L EGH V6

Transmission
4-speed 41TE automatic

Dimensions

Wheelbase
113.3 in (2,878 mm) (SWB)
119.3 in (3,030 mm) (LWB)

Length
186.4 in (4,735 mm) (SWB)
199.7 in (5,072 mm) (LWB)

Width
76.8 in (1,951 mm)

Height
68.7 in (1,745 mm)

Curb weight
3,863 lb (1,752 kg)
3,951 lb (1,792 kg)

text: The 1996 redesign used the Chrysler NS platform and included several industry firsts, including a driver's-side sliding door and a seating management system marketed as Easy Out Roller Seats.

text: With Generation III, the Town & Country was able to cover a wider customer base through new designated trim levels. The premium LXi (and later Limited) included amenities such as pre-programmed driver's seat and mirror, standard leather interior, 8-way power adjustable front seats, Infinity sound system with cassette/CD player, and dual driver/passenger climate control to name a few. The entry-level LX model featured fewer amenities in a long-wheelbase (LWB) form. The SX model featured similar content in a short-wheelbase (SWB) form. Both LX and SX models were intended to fill the gap left by the discontinuation of the upscale LE model of the Plymouth Voyager/Grand Voyager which had been discontinued in the US market.[11] Generation III Town & Countries were the first to feature the historic Chrysler blue ribbon emblem (later incorporated into the winged emblem), which dates from the 1930s.

text: Engines included a 3.3 L gasoline-powered engine (8th VIN digit R), a 3.3 L flexible-fuel 3.3 L engine (8th VIN digit G), and a 3.8 L engine (8th VIN digit L). In Canada, Town & Country models came standard with the 3.8 L V6 and were offered only in long-wheelbase (LWB) versions.

text: In 1999, Chrysler presented a concept minivan, the Pacifica using the Town & Country's body shell and bearing resemblance to the Town & Country and the LHS.

text: Generation III examples of the Town & Country with only the passenger side sliding door (vs. both rear sliding doors) were only offered for 1996.

text: Car and Driver included the Town & Country on their Ten Best list for 1996 and 1997.

text: Engines[edit]

text:
1995–2000: 3.3 L EGA V6, 158 hp (118 kW), 203 lb·ft (275 N·m)
1995–1996: 3.8 L EGH V6, 166 hp (124 kW), 227 lb·ft (308 N·m)
1997–2000: 3.8 L EGH V6, 180 hp (130 kW), 240 lb·ft (330 N·m)

text: Year-to-year changes[edit]

text:
1996: The re-designed Generation III Town & Country is introduced in two models: the entry-level LX and the loaded LXi.
1997: Permanent all-wheel drive arrived as an option for 1997 on long-wheelbase minivans, and all-wheel drive models got 4-wheel disc brakes. Front wheel drive minivans gained a new traction control system, which worked at low speeds to prevent wheel slippage. The rear driver's side sliding door was standard on all 1997 Town & Countries. The lineup now included a short-wheelbase SX model and two long-wheelbase models: the LX and LXi. The 3.8 L engine was standard on the LXi and optional on the SX and LX.
1998: Another refreshing occurred for 1998. A new front fascia featured open grille and its "wings"- from 1998. The new front fascia also featured a larger, more aggressive looking bumper with new headlights that offered better illumination. Also, the 3.8 L V6 gained 14 hp (10 kW) for a total of 180 hp (134 kW). Another model, the top-of-the-line Limited, was also available for 1998. Among other features of the Limited, was a new 3rd row bench, that featured higher bucket-like backs on the left and right sides.
1999: The middle bench seat was dropped for 1999, and a child seat was now available in one of the two reclining middle-row buckets. Other additions included a small cargo net between the front seats and 16 in chrome alloy wheels on the Limited.
2000: The short-wheelbase SX was dropped for 2000, leaving only extended wheelbase models, along with new interior and exterior colors. All models seated seven and had sliding doors on both sides. A new Rear Seat Video entertainment system, with a VCR and 6.4 in display screen, was available as a dealer-installed option.

text: Crash test results[edit]

text: The 1996–2000 Dodge Grand Caravan (twin of the Town & Country) received a "Marginal" rating in the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety's 40 mph offset test. The structural performance and restraints were graded "Acceptable", but the foot injuries were very high.

text: In the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) crash tests, it received 4 stars for the driver and front passenger in the frontal-impact. In the side-impact test, it received five stars for the driver, and 3 stars for the rear occupant, and resulted in a fuel leak that could cause a fire hazard.

text: Despite bad results in the Euro NCAP crash tests, statistics from the real world indicate that this is not the whole picture. Folksam is a Swedish insurance company that in May 2009 published a report on injuries and survivability of 172 car models. The 1988-95 generation received a real world rating of "Average", and the 1996-00 generation got a rating called "Safest" (at least 30% safer than the average car.)

text: Fourth generation (2001–2007)[edit]

text:
Fourth generation

Overview

Also called
Chrysler Voyager (Europe and SWB from 2001–2004)
Chrysler Grand Voyager (Europe LWB)

Production
2000-July 2007

Model years
2001–2007

Assembly
Windsor, Ontario, Canada (LWB)
St. Louis, Missouri, United States (SWB)
Yangmei, Taoyuan, Taiwan

Body and chassis

Body style
4-door minivan

Layout
Transverse front-engine, front-wheel drive / all-wheel drive

Platform
Chrysler RS platform

Related
Chrysler Pacifica
Chrysler Voyager (USA, 2001–2003)
Dodge Caravan

Powertrain

Engine
3.3 L EGA V6
3.8 L EGH V6

Transmission

4-speed 40TE automatic
4-speed 41TE automatic

Dimensions

Wheelbase
113.3 in (2,878 mm) (SWB)
119.3 in (3,030 mm) (LWB)

Length
189.3 in (4,808 mm) (SWB)
200.5 in (5,093 mm) (LWB)
200.6 in (5,095 mm) (2001–04 LWB)

Width
78.6 in (1,996 mm)

Height
68.8 in (1,748 mm) (SWB)
68.9 in (1,750 mm) (LWB)

Curb weight
3,899 lb (1,769 kg)
4,239 lb (1,923 kg)

text: The Town & Country was redesigned for the 2001 model-year, using the Chrysler RS platform and initially only available in long-wheelbase (LWB) form.[12] Chrysler's short-wheelbase minivan was instead sold under the Voyager nameplate, which had been transferred to the Chrysler brand in mid-2000 from the Plymouth brand. After 2003, however, the Voyager nameplate was dropped altogether, and short-wheelbase(SWB)models once again joined the Town & Country lineup.[12]

text: The fourth generation Town & Country went on sale in January 2000 as a 2001 model.

text: Trim levels for 2001 were carried over from the previous generation.[12] This meant entry-level LX, mid-level LXi, and the range-topping Limited. By 2002, the value-packed eL and eX models had both been added. These models were both value-priced versions of the LX and LXi, respectively, with popular option packages.[13] 2004 saw the addition of an unnamed base short-wheelbase model. LX, LXi, and Limited were the Canadian trim levels, but only the LXi and Limited were sold to consumers, LX restricted to fleet sales.

text: The 2005 Town & Country received a mid-cycle refresh including revised exterior styling and a mildly restyled interior. Most notable, was the introduction of Stow'n Go, a system of second and third row seating that folded completely into under-floor compartments. The addition of Stow'n Go resulted in redesigned 2nd and 3rd row seats, as well as the elimination of all-wheel drive. The Stow'n Go system was prominently featured in this model's marketing campaign. For the remainder of this generation, the Town & Country was available in the short-wheelbase base model, and long-wheelbase LX, Touring, and Limited models.[14] As with the pre-refresh model, only the Touring and Limited were sold to consumers in Canada, the LX being restricted to fleets. A driver's side knee airbag was now standard on all models. The front seat-mounted side airbags of previous years were discontinued in favor of side-curtain airbags for all three rows. These were standard on Limited trim and optional on all other models, however could not be ordered with the moonroof option. Uconnect Bluetooth phone pairing was now available, as well as an overhead rail storage system with three moveable or removable compartments.

text: Engines[edit]

text:
Years
Engine
Power
Torque

2000–2007
3.3 L (3301 cc, 201.5 cu in) EGA V6
180 hp (130 kW) at 5000 rpm
210 lb·ft (278 N·m) at 4000 rpm

3.8 L (3778 cc, 230.5 cu in) EGH V6
215 hp (160 kW) at 5200 rpm
245 lb·ft (332 N·m) at 4000 rpm

text: Some Town & Country models with the 3.3 L V6 from 1998 to 2003, and all models with the 3.3 L V6 from 2004-2007 can use E85 fuel. For more details on these engines see this article.

text: Safety[edit]

text: The 4th generation Town & Country (Grand Voyager, as it is known in Europe))right hand drive (RHD) version performed very poorly in the Euro NCAP car safety tests and achieved the following ratings:[15]

text:
Adult Occupant:

Child Occupant:

Pedestrian:

text: However, it was noted that "The LHD car performed significantly better than the RHD car in the frontal impact, scoring 9 points, giving a potential four star adult occupant rating." [15] Thatcham's New Car Whiplash Ratings (NCWR) organization tested the 4th generation European Grand Voyager for its ability to protect occupants against whiplash injuries with the car achieving an 'Acceptable' rating overall.[16]

text: Security[edit]

text: The Grand Voyager was tested by Thatcham's New Vehicle Security Ratings (NVSR) organisation and achieved the following ratings:[17]

text:
Theft Of:

Theft From:

text: Fifth generation (2008–2016)[edit]

text:
Fifth generation

Overview

Also called
Lancia Voyager/Grand Voyager (Europe)
Chrysler Grand Voyager (Europe 2008–2010, Australia, South Africa, Middle East 2008–present, UK, Ireland 2008–2016, Asia and Russia 2011–2016)

Production
2007–2016

Model years
2008–2016

Assembly
Windsor, Ontario, Canada (Chrysler Canada)
St. Louis, Missouri, United States (2007–2008)

Designer
Ralph Gilles

Body and chassis

Body style
4-door minivan

Layout
Transverse front-engine, front-wheel drive

Platform
Chrysler RT platform

Related
Dodge Grand Caravan
Chrysler Grand Voyager
Volkswagen Routan

Powertrain

Engine
3.3 L V6
3.8 L V6
4.0 L V6
3.6 L V6 (2011–)
2.8 L CRD diesel (Europe and Philippines)

Transmission
4-speed automatic
6-speed automatic

Dimensions

Wheelbase
121.2 in (3,078 mm)

Length
202.5 in (5,144 mm)

Width
76.9 in (1,953 mm)

Height
68.9 in (1,750 mm)

text: 2008 model year[edit]

text: Chrysler debuted the 2008 model year Town & Country went on sale on August 16, 2007 as a 2008 model.

text: Eliminating the short-wheelbase model.

text: The minivans featured styling by Ralph Gilles, a six-speed automatic, a new 4.0 L V6 engine as standard on the Limited model — and a system of second row seats that swiveled to face the third row — marketed as Swivel'n Go seating. A small table, which stored in the bins below the floor, could be positioned between the two rear rows when they were facing each other. Much like its competitors, the Toyota Sienna and Honda Odyssey, the Town & Country now featured power windows on the sliding doors and moved the gear shift from the steering column to the center console, in a higher position. Another new feature of this generation was an available rear overhead console which featured LED map lights as well as halo ambient lighting. A new DVD system was also available, which featured dual screens for the rear passengers. SIRIUS Backseat TV was also offered, which featured three channels of children's programming.

text: A version of this vehicle is sold in several export markets (Australia/South Africa/ Middle East/China/Singapore/Russia) as the Chrysler Grand Voyager . In Europe it is known as the Lancia Voyager from the 2011 model year and up. Before 2011 it was sold as a Chrysler. Since 1991, the model has been sold in the Philippines under the Town and Country nameplate. In the European and Filipino markets, it is equipped with a 2.8L turbodiesel engine and 6-speed transmission as standard.

text: Production at the St. Louis plant ended in late 2008 in a bid to save money, but continues at Windsor Assembly in Ontario, Canada.[18][19]

text: Trim Levels[edit]

text: The Chrysler Town & Country is offered in many distinct trim levels:

text: The LX, from 2008-2010, served as the "base" Town & Country trim level. Standard features included a 3.3L V6 engine, a 4-speed automatic transmission, an A/M-F/M stereo with CD player and a 4-speaker sound system, sixteen-inch (16") black-painted steel wheels with plastic wheel covers, stain-repellent cloth seating surfaces, keyless entry, wood interior trim accents, carpeted floor mats, and Chrysler's Stow 'N' Go fold-in-floor seating system. The trim level, which was discontinued after 2010, was reintroduced for 2015, once again as the "base" Town & Country trim level. For 2015, it included a 3.6L "Pentastar" VVT V6 engine, a 6-speed automatic transmission, seventeen-inch (17") alloy wheels, leather-trimmed seating surfaces, a touch-screen sound system, a 6-speaker sound system, power-sliding rear doors and a power tailgate, a rear-seat DVD entertainment system, and a security system.

text: The Touring has been the "midrange" Town & Country trim level since 2008. From 2008 to 2010, it added the following equipment to the base LX trim level: a 3.8L V6 engine, sixteen-inch (16") alloy wheels, an A/M-F/M stereo with CD/MP3 player and a 6-speaker sound system, a security system, second-row bucket seats, power-sliding rear doors and a power tailgate, and power second-row windows and third-row vent windows. Since 2011, it has included the following features (it was the "base" trim level from 2011 to 2014): a 3.6L "Pentastar" VVT V6 engine, a 6-speed automatic transmission, leather-trimmed seating surfaces, a touch-screen sound system, power-sliding rear doors and a power tailgate, power second-row windows and third-row vent windows, and a rear-seat DVD entertainment system.

text: The S has been the "sporty" Town & Country trim level since 2014. It adds dark-finished alloy wheels, a darkened front grille, darkened front headlamps, and unique leather-trimmed seating surfaces to the midrange Touring trim level.

text: The Touring L has been the "upgraded" Town & Country trim level since 2012. It adds heated front bucket seats, a third-row DVD entertainment system screen, and upgraded eighteen-inch (18") alloy wheels to the midrange Touring trim level.

text: The Limited was the top-of-the-line Town & Country trim level from 2008 to 2014. From 2008 to 2010, it added the following features to the midrange Touring trim level: a 4.0L V6 engine, a 6-speed automatic transmission, a touch-screen sound system with rear DVD entertainment system, leather-trimmed seating surfaces, a 9-speaker premium 506-watt surround-sound system with external amplifier and subwoofer, and chrome wheels. From 2011 to 2014, it added the following features to the midrange Touring trim level: a 9-speaker premium 506-watt surround-sound system with external amplifier and subwoofer, and upgraded interior trim. In 2015, the Limited Platinum replaced the Limited as the top-of-the-line Town & Country Trim level, and the standard upgraded premium surround-sound system was dropped from the standard equipment list.

text: The Limited Platinum has been the top-of-the-line Town & Country trim level since 2015. It adds the following features to the Limited trim level: special alloy wheels, upgraded interior trim, and a 9-speaker premium 506-watt surround-sound system with external amplifier and subwoofer.

text: For 2014, a 30th Anniversary Edition Town & Country was available to celebrate the minivan's 30th anniversary (Chrysler invented the term "minivan" in 1984, and the 2014 Dodge Grand Caravan also received special treatment). It added special alloy wheels, special interior trim, and special '30th Anniversary 1984-2014' emblems to the exterior of the van.

text: For 2016, a 90th Anniversary Edition Town & Country was available to celebrate Chrysler's 90th anniversary (the company was founded in 1926). It added special interior trim and special '90th Anniversary Edition 1926-2016' emblems to the exterior of the van.

text: Engines[edit]

text:
Model
Displacement
Type
Valves
Power
Torque
Power
@ rpm
Torque
@ rpm
Compression
Ratio
Transmission
Fuel economy
(MPG)
Years

3.3 L V6[20]
3,301 cc (201.4 cu in)
OHV
12
175 hp (130 kW)
205 lb·ft (278 N·m)
5,000
4,000
9.3:1
4-speed automatic
17/24
2008–2010

3.6 L V6[21]
3,600 cc (220 cu in)
DOHC
24
283 hp (211 kW)
260 lb·ft (353 N·m)
6,400
4,400
10.0:1
6-speed 62TE automatic
17/25
2011–present

3.8 L V6[20]
3,778 cc (230.5 cu in)
OHV
12
197 hp (147 kW)
230 lb·ft (312 N·m)
5,200
4,000
9.6:1
16/23
2008–2010

4.0 L V6[20]
3,952 cc (241.2 cu in)
SOHC
24
251 hp (187 kW)
259 lb·ft (351 N·m)
6,000
4,100
10.2:1
17/25

text: Both the 3.8 L and 4.0 L engines were paired with Chrysler's 62TE 6-speed automatic transmission with variable line pressure (VLP) technology (See Ultradrive#62TE). This transmission is standard with the new (2011 on) 3.6 litre V6 engine.

text: Safety[edit]

text: In the NHTSA's New Car Assessment Program crash testing, the 2010 Chrysler Town & Country achieved a five star (top safety) rating in several categories.[22]

text:
Frontal Impact - Driver and Passenger:

Side Impact Driver:

Side Impact Rear Passenger:

Rollover:

text:
IIHS:[23][not in citation given]

Moderate overlap frontal offset
Good

Small overlap frontal offset
Poor

Side impact
Good

Roof strength (2012–present models)
Good

text: Environmental impact[edit]

text: The 2.8 CRD 163 hp 6-speed automatic drive train was also tested by EcoTest and was given a rating of 45 out of 100 for environmental friendliness and  star rating.[24]

text: Volkswagen Routan[edit]

text: Beginning with Generation V, Volkswagen began marketing the Routan, a rebadged variant of the Chrysler RT platform minivan with revised styling and content, for the Canadian, American and Mexican markets.

text: The Routan is manufactured at Windsor Assembly alongside the Grand Caravan, debuted in 2008 at the Chicago Auto Show and with sales beginning in autumn of 2008, and features neither Chrysler's Stow'n Go nor Swivel'n Go seating systems, but however, features the Easy Out Roller Seats.

text: 2010 recall[edit]

text: On June 3, 2010 Chrysler recalled 284,831 MY 2008 and 2009 Town & Country vehicles due to an improperly routed wiring harness inside the sliding door. A similar recall also affected 15,902 MY 2010 Volkswagen Routan vehicles.

text: 2011 model year[edit]

text: 2011 Chrysler Town & Country (2010-)[edit]

text: The Dodge Grand Caravan and Chrysler Town & Country received mid-cycle refreshes for the 2011 model year. Changes included restyled exterior and interior with all-new wing logo, standard SafetyTec (including Blind Spot Monitoring and Rear Cross Path Detection), improvement to the Stow n Go seating and storage system, a one-touch fold down feature for easier access to the third row, a new super center console and technology, a dual DVD system that can play different media at the same time, SIRIUS Backseat TV which offers three channels of childrens programming, FLO TV featuring 20 channels of live programming, Pentastar V6 (283 hp) engine replacing previous 3.8-liter and 3.3-liter V-6 engines, six-speed automatic transmission, a new fuel economizer mode, a new instrument panel and instrument cluster, new Chrysler Brand steering wheel with integrated controls that allow the driver to operate the radio, cruise control, hands-free phone and other vehicle functions while keeping their hands on the wheel; upgraded cloth and leather seating materials; new soft touch door trim, new heating and cooling control system. Other changes included retuned suspension with a larger front sway bar and new rear sway bar, increased rear roll center height, new spring rates, new steering gear, new front static camber setting, and lowered ride height; extra sound insulation, acoustic glass, new LED ambient lighting and center console, and new fog lights.

text: Canada models arrived in dealerships in the fourth quarter 2010.[25]

text: Production[edit]

text: The 2011 Chrysler Town & Country minivan was built at Chrysler Group LLC's Windsor Assembly Plant Windsor, Ontario, Canada starting on October 1, 2010.

text: 2012 changes[edit]

text: For 2012, leather seating and a DVD rear-seat entertainment system were made standard on all Town & Country trim levels.[26] Cloth seating remained optional on the Touring trim in Canada, and standard on the Touring trim in Mexico. In Mexico, the "L" suffix on the Touring-L trim stood for leather.

text: Lancia Voyager (2011-)[edit]

text: The Lancia Voyager is a version of Chrysler Town & Country for European market, as a replacement of Lancia Phedra. Changes include removal of chrome bodyside molding. The vehicle went on sale in October 2011 across Europe.

text: Early Italy model includes Gold trim level, a choice of 2 engines (283 hp 3.6L Pentastar petrol, 163 hp 2.8L diesel), 6-speed automatic transmission, a choice of 4 body colours (Brilliant Black, Carbon Grey, Silver, Stone White), a choice of two interior colours (Black/Grey and Beige), ParkSense assisted parking system with the optional ParkView rear view camera integration, 17" diamond-cut alloy wheels, black roof racks, seats upholstered in high quality leather, audio controls on the steering wheel and gear lever knob, also leather-covered, ESP, 6 airbags, cruise control, fog lights, automatic headlights, active pedestrian protection, automatic three-zone climate control, 6-speaker radio with CD player, U-Connect hands-free system with I-pod/Mp3 system, heated door mirrors, side doors and tailgate with electric control.[27]

text: It remains the Chrysler Grand Voyager in the United Kingdom, Ireland, South Africa, Australia, Asia, and Russia.

text: 2013 model year[edit]

text: 2013 Chrysler Town & Country update[edit]

text: Changes for the 2013 model year included optional Blu-Ray rear seat dual-screen DVD system, sharper-resolution rear-seat DVD screens for all models, a HDMI input for video game systems, two rear-seat USB ports for charging cell phones or MP3 players, standard Trailer Sway Damping, standard power folding mirrors on Limited and optional on Touring L models, new standard leather seating surfaces on Touring models, a new 17-inch alloy wheel design for Touring L models.

text: Early US models include Chrysler Town & Country Touring, Town & Country Touring L and Town & Country Limited.[28]

text: 2013 Town & Country S[edit]

text: The Town & Country S was unveiled in 2012 Los Angeles International Auto Show.[29] The model came equipped with a black chrome grille combined with black-background Chrysler Winged badges front and rear, a black rear fascia step pad, 'S' model badging, 17-inch aluminum wheels with polished face and black-painted pockets and blacked-out headlight bezels (delayed availability), Black Torino leather seats with an 'S' logo embroidered in the seat backs and black Ballistic cloth seat inserts, grey stitching at seats and door armrests, Piano Black gloss appliques at the instrument panel and on the spokes of the black leather-wrapped steering wheel, Chrysler Winged badge on the wheel matches the black background-look of the exterior badging, a black headliner and upper consoles, black center console and an 'S' logo in the instrument cluster, dual-screen Blu-Ray DVD system (HDMI input, two USB recharging ports, a 12v outlet and a 115v two-prong outlet), a performance suspension, and a choice of 4 body colors (Brilliant Black, Deep Cherry Red, Stone White or Billet Silver).

text: 2013 Town & Country Tanya Moss edition[edit]

text: This van was a limited (150 units) version of 2013 Chrysler Town & Country for Mexico market, designed in collaboration with Mexican jewelry designer Tanya Moss.[30][31]

text: Production[edit]

text: The 2013 Chrysler Town & Country minivan was built at Chrysler Group LLC's Windsor Assembly Plant in Windsor, Ontario, Canada.

text: 2014 model year[edit]

text: Daytime running lamps are now a standard feature on US models. Previously, they were only standard on Canadian and European models; US models required dealer activation.

text: 2014 Chrysler Town & Country 30th Anniversary Edition, Town & Country S[edit]

text: The "30th Anniversary Edition" was a modified version of the Touring-L trim, commemorating 30th anniversary of Chrysler Town & Country. This trim level came equipped with 17-inch aluminum wheels with polished faces and painted satin carbon pockets, '30th Anniversary' badging, Black Alcantara seat inserts with Nappa seat bolsters, Piano Black steering wheel bezels and instrument panel trim, third-row power folding seats, touchscreen radio with 30th Anniversary splash screen, 30th Anniversary logo on the key fob, rear back up camera, choice of 8 body colours (exclusive Granite Crystal Pearl Coat, Billet Silver Metallic Clear Coat, Brilliant Black Crystal Pearl Coat, Cashmere Pearl Coat, Deep Cherry Red Pearl Coat, Bright White Clear Coat, True Blue Pearl Coat, Maximum Steel Metallic Clear Coat).[32][33][34]

text: The Town & Country S was carried over for the 2014 model year, which included a black chrome grille combined with black-background Chrysler Winged badges front and rear, a black rear fascia step pad, 'S' model badging, 17-inch aluminum wheels with polished face and black-painted pockets and blacked-out headlight bezels, Black Torino leather seats with an 'S' logo embroidered in the seat backs, black Ballistic cloth seat inserts, grey stitching; grey stitching at door armrests, piano black gloss appliques on the instrument panel and on the spokes of the black leather-wrapped steering wheel, Chrysler Winged badge on the wheel matches the black background-look of the exterior badging, a black headliner and upper consoles, black center console, an 'S' logo in the instrument cluster, dual-screen Blu-Ray system (HDMI input, two USB recharging ports, a 12-volt outlet and a 115v two-prong outlet, wireless headphones), and a performance suspension.

text: The 2014 Chrysler Town & Country was available in eight exterior colors: Billet Silver Metallic Clear Coat, Brilliant Black Crystal Clear Coat, Bright White Pearl Coat, Cashmere Pearl Coat, Deep Cherry Crystal Pearl Coat, Maximum Steel Pearl Coat, Mocha Java Pearl Coat, True Blue Pearl Coat and Sapphire Crystal Metallic Clear Coat.[35]

text: Production[edit]

text: 2014 Chrysler Town & Country was built in Chrysler Group LLC's (now FCA US LLC) Windsor Assembly Plant in Windsor, Ontario, Canada.

text: 2015 model year[edit]

text: For 2015, the LX model was reintroduced, now nearly identical to the Touring except for the lack of front fog lights and EVIC. Also introduced was a new Premium trim level for the Canadian market, including Alcantara and Nappa Leather faced seats, heated front and 2nd-row seats, and a heated steering wheel as standard equipment.

text: The Limited was succeeded as the highest level trim by the Limited Platinum, which is near identical to the previous Limited save for a few changes. The Limited still continued production, although with a few standard features removed or made optional (such as HID headlamps) due to the Limited Platinum.

text: Production[edit]

text: 2015 Chrysler Town & Country was built in FCA Canada Inc's Windsor Assembly Plant in Windsor, Ontario, Canada.

text: 2016 model year[edit]

text: All 2016 models are carryover from the 2015 model year.

text: Projector headlamps are now standard across all trim levels in the US except for fleet vehicles; halogen projector headlamps replaced the reflector headlamps used in previous model years, HID headlamps are optional on Touring-L and Limited, and are standard on Limited Platinum. The reflector headlamps are retained on the Dodge Caravan. Last year for the Chrysler Town & Country.

text: Town & Country 90th Anniversary Edition[edit]

text: The 90th Anniversary Edition is a variant of the Touring-L commemorating the 90th anniversary of the Chrysler company, adding several optional features as standard features including heated second row seats, a heated steering wheel, and a power sunroof. Distinguishing features are special badging, a 90th Anniversary Edition radio splash screen, and special floor mats. This model went on sale alongside the 200 90th Anniversary Edition, based on the 200 Limited, and 300 90th Anniversary Edition based on the 300 Limited.

text: Production[edit]

text: 2016 Chrysler Town & Country was built at FCA Canada Inc's Windsor Assembly Plant in Windsor, Ontario, Canada.

text: Total sales[edit]

text:
Calendar Year
United States
Canada
Total

2007[36]
138,151
1,531
139,682

2008[37]
118,563
4,865
123,428

2009[38]
84,558
3,165
87,723

2010[39]
112,275
4,175
116,450

2011[40]
94,320
4,536
98,856

2012[41]
111,744
3,991[42]
115,735

2013[43]
122,288
8,425
130,713

2014[44]
138,040
8,944
146,984

2015[45]
93,848
9,001[46]
102,849

2016[47]
59,071
2,910[48]
61,981

2017
418[49]
5[50]
423
1,124.824

text: Trim levels[edit]

text: 1990-1995 models came in a single unnamed trim level, from hereon referred to as "base."

text: Current[edit]

text:
Limited – 1999–2016
Limited Platinum – 2015–2016 (US only)
Premium – 2015–2016 (Canada only)
Touring-L – 2011–2016
Touring – 2004–2016
LX – 1996-2010; 2015–2016 (known from 2015 on as LI in Mexico)
S – 2013–2016 (US and Canada only)

text: (these current trim levels exclude Pacifica)

text: Former[edit]

text:
Base – 1989–1995; 2004–2007 (unavailable for 1996, replaced by SX for model years 1997–1999, Voyager for model years 2001–2003)
LXi – 1996–2003
SX – 1997–1999
eX – 2001–2004
eL – 2002–2003

text: Special Edition Trims[edit]

text:
Touring Platinum Series – 2004–2007
Walter P. Chrysler Signature Series – 2005–2010
25th Anniversary Edition – 2009
Touring Signature Series – 2006–2007
Spring Special Edition – 2006–2007
Tanya Moss Limited Edition – 2013 (Mexico only; special paint color and badging, total production 150 units)
30th Anniversary Edition – 2014
90th Anniversary Edition – 2016

text: Seating innovation[edit]

text: Chrysler has regularly innovated new seating systems for their minivans, to enhance interior flexibility.

text: Quad command[edit]

text: Introduced in 1990 for the 1991 model year, Chrysler marketed 2nd row "captains chairs" as a substitute to the "partial bench" 2nd row seat.

text: Integrated child safety seats[edit]

text: In 1991 introduced a second row bench seat integrating two child booster seats. These seats have continued as an available option through Generation 5.

text: Easy-Out Roller Seats[edit]

text: In 1995, Chrysler introduced a system of seats to simplify installation, removal, and re-positioning— marketed as Easy-Out Roller Seats. When installed, the seats are latched to floor-mounted strikers. When unlatched, eight rollers lift each seat, allowing it to be rolled fore and aft. Tracks have locator depressions for rollers, thus enabling simple installation. Ergonomic levers at the seatbacks release the floor latches single-handedly without tools and raise the seats onto the rollers in a single motion. Additionally, seatbacks were designed to fold forward. Seat roller tracks are permanently attached to the floor and seat stanchions are aligned, fascillitating the longitiudinal rolling of the seats. Bench seat stanchions were moved inboard to reduce bending stress in the seat frames, allowing them to be lighter.

text: When configured as two- and three-person benches (available through Generation IV), the Easy Out Roller Seats could be unwieldy. Beginning in 2000, second- and third-row seats became available in a 'quad' configuration — bucket or captain chairs in the second row and a third-row three-person 50/50 split "bench" — with each section weighing under 50 lbs. The Easy-out system remained in use through Generation V — where certain models featured a two-person bench and the under-floor compartments from the Stow'n Go system.

text: The Volkswagen Routan, a rebadged nameplate variant of the Chrysler minivans, uses the Easy Out Roller Seats on its second-row seating.

text: Stow'n Go seating[edit]

text: In 2005, Chrysler introduced a system of second- and third-row seating that folded completely into under-floor compartments — marketed as Stow 'n Go seating and exclusively available on long-wheelbase models.

text: In a development program costing $400 million,[51] engineers used an erector set to initially help visualize the complex interaction of the design[52] and redesigned underfloor components to accommodate the system — including the spare tire well, fuel tank, exhaust system, parking brake cables, rear climate control lines, and the rear suspension.[52] Even so, the new seating system precluded incorporation of an AWD system, effectively ending that option for the Chrysler minivans.

text: The system in turn creates a combined volume of 12 cubic feet (340 L) of under floor storage when second row seats are deployed. With both rows folded, the vans have a flat load floor and a maximum cargo volume of 160.7 cubic feet (4,550 L).[51][53]

text: The Stow 'n Go system received Popular Science magazine's "Best of What's New" for 2005 award.[54]

text: The Stow 'n Go system is not offered on the Volkswagen Routan, a rebadged nameplate variant of the Chrysler minivans.

text: It has been announced that the Stow 'n Go seating and storage system in the Town & Country and Dodge Grand Caravan will be improved, revised and renamed "Super Stow 'n Go" for the 2011 model year.

text: Swivel 'n Go[edit]

text: Chrysler introduced a seating system in 2008, marketed as Swivel'n Go. In the system, the two second row seats swivel to face the third row. A detachable table can be placed between the second and third row seats. Swivel'n Go is available with Stow 'n Go seating after 2008 models. The Swivel 'n Go system is offered on the Dodge Caravan, but not the Volkswagen Routan, a rebadged nameplate variant of the Chrysler minivans.

text: These Swivel 'n Go Seats were manufactured by Intier Corp. a division of Magna. The tracks, risers and swivel mechanisms are assembled by Camslide, a division of Intier. The swivel mechanism was designed by and is produced by Toyo Seat USA Corp.

text: The system is noted for its high strength[citation needed]. The entire load of the seat in the event of a crash is transferred through the swivel mechanism, which is almost twice as strong as the minimum government requirement.[citation needed]

text: The swivel mechanism includes bumpers that stabilize the seat while in the lock position. When rotated the seat come off these bumpers to allow easy rotation.

text: The seat is not meant to be left in an unlocked position or swiveled with the occupant in it, although this will not damage swivel mechanism.

text: Swivel 'n Go was dropped from the 2011 line of Chrysler and Dodge minivans due to a lack of consumer interest.[55]

text: Minivan production[edit]

text: Chrysler Town & Country and Dodge Grand Caravan minivans with Stow 'n Go & Swivel 'n Go seats are built in Windsor, Ontario.

text: Two plants have had the task of building the Town & Country, with Saint Louis Assembly building it from 1989 to 2001, and Windsor from 2001 to the present. As of May 2006, Windsor Assembly will be the lead producer of the RT, but will not fully take over until 2009 when they phase out current production of the Pacifica (CS). Saint Louis Assembly minivan plant was closed in October 2008 making Windsor the sole producer of the Chrysler Town & Country and Dodge Grand Caravan.

text: Taiwanese-market Town & Country minivans were assembled in Yangmei, Taiwan under license by the China Motor Corporation, starting with the 2006 model year. They are similar to the North American model, with minor variations for the local market. The most obvious difference is the front bumper, taillights, and headlights, which are shared with the European market Chrysler Grand Voyager. In 2008, production ended and the production line was relocated to China where Soueast continued to assemble it under the Chrysler Grand Voyager and Dodge Grand Caravan nameplates until late 2010.

text: From 1991 to 2007 Chrysler Voyager/Grand Voyager cars were assembled in Austria and sold out in Europe and in many other global markets. Since 2008 the European-Version is also produced in Ontario, although diesel engines are still available, and the trim is also different. From the outside the cars look very similar to the North American Town & Country Model, but are sold as the Chrysler Grand Voyager.

text: The Town & Country is also marketed in Mexico, Venezuela, and from 2011 on, in Brazil, as it was previously sold there rebadged as the Chrysler Caravan.

text: Town & Country Plug-in hybrid[edit]

text: In September 2008, Chrysler unveiled a plug-in hybrid version of the Town & Country along with similarly engineered 4-door Jeep Wrangler and a purely electric sports car. The Town & Country prototype had an all-electric range of 40-mile (64 km) before gasoline starts.[56] However, in November 2009 Fiat SpA disbanded Chrysler's ENVI electric car division and dropped these models from future product plans.[57]

text: A two-year demonstration program with 25 flexible-fuel plug-in minivans began in April 2012. The first Town and Country were delivered in Auburn Hills, Michigan and Charlotte, North Carolina. The US$26-million demonstration project is partially financed by a US$10 million grant from the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). The plug-in hybrid minivans are equipped with an E85-compatible 3.6-liter Pentastar engine mated to a front-wheel-drive, with two-mode hybrid transmission. The plug-in hybrid is powered by a liquid-cooled 12.1 KWh lithium-ion battery that delivers a total output of 290 horsepower. The total vehicle range is 700 mi (1,100 km).[58][59]

text: A plug-in hybrid version of the next-generation Chrysler minivan will be launched in the U.S. in 2016.[60]

text: In September 2012 Chrysler temporarily suspended the demonstration program. All 109 Dodge Ram 1500 Plug-in Hybrids and 23 Chrysler Town & Country plug-in hybrids deployed by the program were recalled due to damage sustained by three separate pickup trucks when their 12.9 kWh battery packs overheated. The carmaker plans to upgrade the battery packs with cells that use a different lithium-ion chemistry before the vehicles go back on service. Chrysler explained that no one was injured from any of the incidents, and the vehicles were not occupied at the time, nor any of the minivans were involved in any incident, but they were withdrawn as a precaution. The demonstration is a program jointly funded by Chrysler and the U.S. Department of Energy that includes the first-ever factory-produced vehicles capable of reverse power flow. The experimental system would allow fleet operators to use their plug-in hybrids to supply electricity for a building during a power outage, reduce power usage when electric rates are high or even sell electricity back to their utility company.[61] The company reported that the demonstration fleet had collectively accumulated 1.3 million miles (2.1 million km) before the vehicles were recalled. Chrysler also reported that the plug-in pickups delivered peak average fuel economy of 37.4 mpg‑US (6.29 L/100 km; 44.9 mpg‑imp), while the plug-in hybrid minivans delivered 55.0 mpg‑US (4.28 L/100 km; 66.1 mpg‑imp).[61]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ "Chrysler LLC Celebrates 25th Anniversary of the Minivan". Autonew24h.com. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Can 2017 Pacifica minivan re-energize Chrysler?". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved 2016-01-11.
Jump up ^ Priddle, Alisa (December 5, 2015). "2017 Chrysler minivan coming; Dodge not leaving yet". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved December 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ Early sales material for the model referring to it as a 1989 model, retrieved on 2014-12-13.
Jump up ^ "1990 Chrysler Showroom Brochure" pg. 20-21, retrieved on 2011–06–18.
Jump up ^ "1990 Chrysler Showroom Brochure" pg. 30, retrieved on 2011–06–18.
Jump up ^ Chrysler Sales Material "1990 Chrysler Sales Brochure", published by the Chrysler Motors Corporation
Jump up ^ "Fuel Economy of the 1989 Chrysler Town and Country", retrieved on 2015-04-17.
Jump up ^ Wilson, Gerard (June 2013). "Chrysler Cars and Production Numbers, United States". Allpar. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "NewsLibrary.com - newspaper archive, clipping service - newspapers and other news sources". Nl.newsbank.com. 1991-01-18. Retrieved 2012-01-13.
Jump up ^ Yates, Brock (1996). The Critical Path: Inventing an Automobile and Reinventing a Corporation "Showtime in St.Louis" p.210. Little, Brown.
^ Jump up to: a b c "2001-2004 Chrysler Town & Country" Archived October 20, 2010, at the Wayback Machine., retrieved on 2011–08–22.
Jump up ^ "2002 Chrysler Town & Country", retrieved on 2011–08–22.
Jump up ^ "2005 Chrysler Town & Country" Archived July 30, 2011, at the Wayback Machine., retrieved on 2011–08–22.
^ Jump up to: a b "For safer cars | Chrysler Voyager". Euro NCAP. Retrieved 2010-03-15.
Jump up ^ "Safety | New Car Whiplash Ratings | Car Search | Thatcham MIRRC". Thatcham.org. Archived from the original on July 28, 2011. Retrieved 2011-08-08.
Jump up ^ "New Vehicle Security Ratings | Car Search | Car Results | Thatcham MIRRC". Thatcham.org. Archived from the original on August 2, 2011. Retrieved 2011-08-08.
Jump up ^ Volkmann, Kelsey (2009-05-06). "Chrysler to close Fenton truck plant by September".
Jump up ^ "Chrysler Group LLC Celebrates Production Launch of the New 2011 Dodge Grand Caravan and Chrysler Town & Country at Windsor (Canada) Assembly Plant" (Press release). Chrysler Group LLC. 18 January 2011. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Preliminary Specifications (North America)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 20, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-26.
Jump up ^ "Chrysler Pentastars Engines - Specifications". Pentastars. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Portal for 2010 Chrysler minivan US NCAP safety ratings". NHTSA www.Safercar.gov. Archived from the original on May 22, 2010. Retrieved June 23, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Vehicle details". Iihs.org.
Jump up ^ "EcoTest" (PDF). Ecotest.eu. Retrieved 2010-03-15. [dead link]
Jump up ^ "New 2011 Chrysler Town & Country: Exquisite Innovation Drives Families Safely to Their Destination". Chrysler (Press release). September 14, 2010. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "2012 Chrysler Town & Country". Edmunds.com. Retrieved 2012-01-01.
Jump up ^ Sabatini, Jeff (20 October 2011). "How do you say "Chrysler minivan" in Italian? "Lancia Voyager"". Autoblog.com. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "2013 Chrysler Town & Country Raises The Bar Again In The Minivan Segment". Chrysler (Press release). September 1, 2012. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Chrysler Town & Country S Joins the "S" Family of Chrysler Models and Brings Cool, Modern Design to the Minivan". Chrysler (Press release). November 26, 2012. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ Chrysler launches Mexican-inspired luxury minivan for first time in history with Tanya Moss Archived October 15, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Intro to Designer Tanya Moss". Focusofnewyork.com. 20 June 2013. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Chrysler Town & Country 30th Anniversary Edition". Blog.chrysler.com. 3 September 2013. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Ramey, Jay (2 September 2013). "Chrysler to release 30th Anniversary Edition minivans". Autoweek.com. Archived from the original on February 23, 2014. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "2014 Town & Country" (PDF). Retrieved 26 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "2014 Chrysler Town & Country Features 30th Anniversary Edition and "S" Model". Chrysler (Press release). September 1, 2013. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Total Chrysler LLC December 2007 Sales Up 1 Percent on the Strength of Retail". CheersandGears.com. 2008-01-03. Retrieved 2009-01-05.
Jump up ^ "December 2008 Sales: Chrysler LLC". CheersandGears.com. 2009-01-05. Retrieved 2009-01-05.
Jump up ^ "Chrysler Group LLC December 2009 Sales". CheersandGears.com. 2010-01-05. Retrieved 2010-01-05.
Jump up ^ Oldsmoboi  (2009-11-04). "December 2010 Sales: Chrysler - Cheers & Gears Forums". Cheersandgears.com. Retrieved 2011-01-04.
Jump up ^ "Chrysler Sales Shoot Up 37% (26% for 2011)". Allpar.com. 2012-01-04. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
Jump up ^ "Chrysler Group LLC Reports December 2012 U.S. Sales Increased 10 Percent" (Press release). Chrysler Group LLC. 2013-01-03. Retrieved 2013-01-04.
Jump up ^ "Chrysler Canada Finishes Year With Best Sales Since 2000". Chrysler (Press release). January 3, 2014. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Chrysler Group LLC Reports December 2013 U.S. Sales Increased 6 Percent" (Press release). Chrysler Group LLC. 2014-01-03. Retrieved 2014-01-06.
Jump up ^ "FCA US LLC Reports December 2014 U.S. Sales Increased 20 Percent" (PDF) (Press release). FCA US LLC. 2015-01-05. Retrieved 2015-01-07.
Jump up ^ "FCA US LLC Reports December 2015 U.S. Sales Increased 13 Percent" (PDF) (Press release). FCA US LLC. 2016-01-05. Retrieved 2016-01-07.
Jump up ^ http://media.fcanorthamerica.com/newsrelease.do?id=17227&mid=1
Jump up ^ "FCA US Reports 2016 December and Full-year U.S. Sales" (Press release). FCA North America. 4 January 2017. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "FCA Canada December and Full-year 2016 Sales" (Press release). FCA North America. 4 January 2017. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
Jump up ^ FCA USA (FCA US Reports April 2017 Sales)
Jump up ^ FCA Canada (FCA Canada Reports March 2017 Sales)
^ Jump up to: a b "Chrysler extends leadership in Mideast minivan segment with 'Stow 'n Go'". Ameinfo.com. Archived from the original on March 25, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Chrysler. "Chrysler Group Brings Minivan Segment's Only Stow 'n Go Seating And Storage System to Market in Just 18 Months". PR Newswire (Press release). Retrieved March 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ http://www.media.chrysler.com/newsrelease.do?id=129
Jump up ^ "Stow 'n Go Minivan Technology Awarded Popular Science Magazine's "Best of What's New" for 2005". Autointell.com. 17 November 2004. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Swivel 'n . . . gone". Automotive News. 29 November 2010. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Burgess, Scott (September 23, 2008). "Chrysler plans to sell electric car in 2010". The Detroit News. Retrieved 2008-09-24. [dead link]
Jump up ^ Kevin Krolicki (2009-11-06). "Chrysler dismantles electric car plans under Fiat". Reuters. Retrieved 2009-11-17.
Jump up ^ King, Danny (18 April 2012). "Chrysler delivers first plug-in minivans in $26m demonstration project". Autoblog Green. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
Jump up ^ Roush, Matt (18 April 2012). "Chrysler Group Sends More Plug-In Hybrid Chrysler Minivans To Duke Energy". CBS Detroit. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
Jump up ^ Larry P. Vellequette (2014-10-06). "Hybrid Chrysler minivan will hit market in '15, a year early". Automotive News. Retrieved 2014-11-16.
^ Jump up to: a b Voelcker, John (24 September 2012). "Chrysler Yanks Plug-In Hybrid Test Fleet Off Roads, Will Replace Batteries". Green Car Reports. Retrieved 27 January 2013.


document_title: List of Governors of Akwa Ibom State

question_text: the first military governor of akwa ibom state

root

text: List of Governors of Akwa Ibom State

text:
This is a list of administrators and governors of Akwa Ibom State.
Akwa Ibom State was formed in 1987 when it was split from Cross River State.

tag: p

text:
Name

Title

Took Office

Left Office

Party

Notes

Tunde Ogbeha

Administrator

28 September 1987

30 July 1988

{Military}

Godwin Abbe

Administrator

31 July 1988

5 September 1990

{Military}

Idongesit Nkanga

Administrator

5 September 1990

2 January 1992

{Military}

Akpan Isemin

Governor

2 January 1992

18 November 1993

NRC

Yakubu Bako

Administrator

15 December 1993

21 August 1996

{Military}

Joseph Adeusi

Administrator

21 August 1996

9 August 1998

{Military}

John Ebiye

Administrator

9 August 1998

29 May 1999

{Military}

Victor Attah

Governor

29 May 1999

29 May 2007

PDP

Godswill Akpabio

Governor

29 May 2007

29 May 2015

PDP

Udom Gabriel Emmanuel

Governor

29 May 2015

Incumbent

PDP

tag: table


document_title: Peru at the FIFA World Cup

question_text: when was the last time peru was in the world cup

text: Peru at the FIFA World Cup

text: History[edit]

text: Finals[edit]

text: As one of the 13 national sides that accepted the invitation to the inaugural World Cup, Peru was placed in Group 3 with Romania and hosts Uruguay.[1] With a mere 300 spectators, Peru's match against Romania holds the record of lowest attendance in a World Cup game.[2] Peru lost (1–3) in a violent game where, in the second half, a fight broke out and a Peruvian became the first player sent off in a World Cup.[A] A few days later, Peru and Uruguay played the inaugural match in the Estadio Centenario in Montevideo. The Peruvians were lauded by the spectators for their defense and the impressive ability of forward José María Lavalle. Peru lost (0-1) to the eventual champions, who defeated their subsequent opponents by scoring at least 4 goals per game.[1]

text: The Peruvian squad next qualified for the Mexico 1970 World Cup, where they were placed in Group 4 with West Germany, Bulgaria, and Morocco.[6] Playing their first game two days after the 1970 Ancash earthquake, the team quickly conceded two goals to Bulgaria. However, as Brian Glanville stated, "the elusive dribbling of Cubillas, the powerful breaks from the back four of Héctor Chumpitaz, the running of [Hugo] Sotil and [Alberto] Gallardo, turned the tide." Peru eventually won 3–2.[7] After defeating Morocco (3–0) and losing to West Germany (1–3), the team finished second in the group and advanced to the quarterfinals.[6] Facing Rivellino, Tostão, Jairzinho and Pelé, Peru was beaten by Brazil (2–4) in "a spectacular and effervescent game, a game in which both sides delighted in attack and scorned caution,"[8] and where both teams displayed "a feast of open play and goals."[9]

text: In the Argentina 1978 World Cup, Peru was placed in Group 4 with Scotland, Iran, and the Netherlands.[10] With a midfield identified "as the best in the world" by Argentine sports magazine El Gráfico,[11] Peru advanced to the second round as group leaders after defeating Scotland (3–1), drawing with the Netherlands (0–0), and beating Iran (4–1).[12] The second round was divided into two groups, and Peru's results placed it in Group B with Poland, Brazil, and Argentina. After losing to Brazil (0–3) and Poland (0–1), Peru was practically out of contention despite having one more game to play against Argentina.[13] This last match proved controversial because the Peruvians lost by a margin (0–6) that allowed Argentina to reach the final instead of Brazil. Rumors circulated that the match had been fixed,[B] but nothing was ever proven.[15]

text: Peru participated in the Spain 1982 World Cup as part of Group 1 with Italy, Poland, and Cameroon.[16] Prior to the competition, Peru embarked on a practice tour that included victories against Hungary (1–2) in Budapest and France (0–1) in Paris, a tie with Algeria (1–1) in Algiers, and, upon returning home, a victory over Romania (2–0). In the World Cup finals, Peru's opening match against Cameroon ended in a scoreless draw. Against Italy, Peru "put on a mix of solid defending and spectacular attacking" that resulted in a draw (1–1) against the eventual champions.[17] Peru only needed another draw to advance in the tournament, and it managed to maintain a scoreless first half against Poland, but a "mixup in the midfield" and a "tired defense" during the second half led to Peru's defeat (1–5) and early elimination.[18]

text: Qualifiers[edit]

text: Teams were invited to participate at the 1930 World Cup, so there was no qualifying tournaments. Peru did not enter or withdrew from the qualifying rounds in 1934, 1938, 1950 and 1954. Peru failed to qualify in 1958, 1962 and 1966.

text: For the 1970 CONMEBOL qualifying tournament, Peru eliminated Bolivia and Argentina. The game between Peru and Bolivia in La Paz is infamous for being fixed by Argentina in favor of Bolivia. Match referee Sergio Chechelev annulled a valid goal from Peru without any justification, allowing Bolivia to win 2-1. Years later, Chechelev admitted that Argentina had paid him to favor Bolivia.[19] Against Argentina in Buenos Aires, the last game of the group, Peru managed a 2-2 draw, preventing Argentina's intervention from succeeding in the end. This is the only time Argentina has failed to advance in World Cup qualifying.[20]

text: Peru was eliminated by Chile in 1974. In 1978 and 1982, Peru finished at the top of their group and advanced to the finals. Peru had two wins and two draws in both three-team groups, eliminating Chile and Ecuador in 1978 and Uruguay and Columbia in 1982.[21][22]

text: Peru almost qualified for Mexico 1986. Peru was placed in Group 1 with Argentina, Colombia and Venezuela. Peru's last two matches were against Argentina. Peru beat Argentina 1-0 in Lima on 23 June 1985. In a rematch seven days later in Buenos Aires, Peru led 2-1 but Diego Maradona inspired his team to a 2-2 draw sending Argentina into the World Cup finals which they would win. A win would have put Peru directly into the finals, however, they still had a chance to qualify through the CONMEBOL playoff. Peru lost 2-5 aggregate to Chile in the first round.

text: Peru was grouped for the 1990 World Cup qualification along with Bolivia and Uruguay. Peru lost all their games with only two goals scored, one by José del Solar and the other by Andres Gonzales. Julio César Uribe was considered one of the best players of the team at that time.

text: The campaign to reach France 1998 was settled only on goal difference, as they finished even on points with Chile. The qualifying system had changed and now all teams were to face each other, and Peru had been able to maintain the 4th spot until the next-to-last match when they faced Chile at Santiago. Peru lost 4-0.

text: The preliminaries for Korea/Japan 2002 were difficult, as the team finished eighth in the group with just four wins in eighteen matches. The fact that they only managed to score 14 goals demonstrated how far the attack had fallen since the days of Cubillas. Particularly low points of the qualifying tournament included a 3-0 loss at Venezuela and defeats in over half of their home matches to Uruguay, Ecuador, Argentina, Colombia and Brazil.

text: During the years of 2004 and 2005, Peru participated in the qualifier for the Germany 2006 World Cup. Peru this time hit the ground hard as conflicts with the team's management soon showed poor results in the games that were to follow. Paulo Autuori managed the squad, but was not able to achieve popularity due to a disastrous campaign that led Peru into 8th place just above Bolivia and Venezuela. Freddy Ternero also momentarily managed the squad, but was dismissed due to problems with the FPF.

text: The South Africa 2010 qualifiers, beginning in 2007, resulted in another set of problems for the Peruvian team. In their first four games, the team only achieved two ties, both at home, and two losses. Controversies between the FPF and the IPD (Peruvian Sports Institute) caused problems outside of the field for the national team. Also a scandal shook the team as it was discovered, with informational support of prominent figures such as Jaime Bayly, that several of the players had been partying during the time they were supposedly "concentrating" for a match against Brazil. Since then, Claudio Pizarro (SV Werder Bremen), Jefferson Farfán (Schalke 04), Andrés Mendoza (Diyarbakırspor) and Santiago Acasiete (UD Almería), important figures in the team, were never considered again for the national team by coach José del Solar. The 2008 season resulted with 3 losses, including 6-0 loss against Uruguay, 2 draws against Argentina and Colombia, and only 1 game won against Venezuela. In 2009 la blanquirroj couldn't revert the situation, being the first team eliminated, at the 14th round. They only won 2 matches during this year, against Uruguay and Bolivia.

text: Match records[edit]

text: Finals[edit]

text:
FIFA World Cup History

Year
Round
Score
Result
Scorers

1930
Round 1
 Peru 1 – 3  Romania
Lost
Souza Ferreira  75'

Round 1
 Peru 0 – 1  Uruguay
Lost

1970
Round 1
 Peru 3 – 2  Bulgaria
Won
Gallardo  50'
Chumpitaz  55'
Cubillas  73'

Round 1
 Peru 3 – 0  Morocco
Won
Cubillas  65'  75'
Challe  67'

Round 1
 Peru 1 – 3  Germany
Lost
Cubillas  44'

Quarterfinals
 Peru 2 – 4  Brazil
Lost
Gallardo  28'
Cubillas  70'

1978
Round 1
 Peru 3 – 1  Scotland
Won
Cueto  43'
Cubillas  70'  76'

Round 1
 Peru 0 – 0  Netherlands
Drawn

Round 1
 Peru 4 – 1  Iran
Won
Velásquez  2'
Cubillas  36' (pen.)  39' (pen.)  79'

Round 2
 Peru 0 – 3  Brazil
Lost

Round 2
 Peru 0 – 1  Poland
Lost

Round 2
 Peru 0 – 6  Argentina
Lost

1982
Round 1
 Peru 0 – 0  Cameroon
Drawn

Round 1
 Peru 1 – 1  Italy
Drawn
Díaz  83'

Round 1
 Peru 1 – 5  Poland
Lost
La Rosa  83'

text: Qualifiers[edit]

text:
FIFA World Cup Qualification History[show]

Year
Round
H/A
Score
Result

1958
Group 1
H
 Peru 1 – 1  Brazil
Drawn

Group 1
A
 Peru 0 – 1  Brazil
Lost

1962
Group 3
A
 Peru 0 – 1  Colombia
Lost

Group 3
H
 Peru 1 – 1  Colombia
Drawn

1966
Group 1
H
 Peru 1 – 0  Venezuela
Won

Group 1
A
 Peru 6 – 3  Venezuela
Won

Group 1
H
 Peru 0 – 1  Uruguay
Lost

Group 1
A
 Peru 1 – 2  Uruguay
Lost

1970
Group 1
H
 Peru 1 – 0  Argentina
Won

Group 1
A
 Peru 1 – 2  Bolivia
Lost

Group 1
H
 Peru 3 – 0  Bolivia
Won

Group 1
A
 Peru 2 – 2  Argentina
Drawn

1974
Group 3
H
 Peru 2 – 0  Chile
Won

Group 3
A
 Peru 0 – 2  Chile
Lost

Play Off
N
 Peru 1 – 2  Chile
Lost

1978
Group 3
A
 Peru 1 – 1  Ecuador
Drawn

Group 3
A
 Peru 1 – 1  Chile
Drawn

Group 3
H
 Peru 4 – 0  Ecuador
Won

Group 3
H
 Peru 2 – 0  Chile
Won

Final Round
A
 Peru 0 – 1  Brazil
Lost

Final Round
H
 Peru 5 – 0  Bolivia
Won

1982
Group 2
A
 Peru 1 – 1  Colombia
Drawn

Group 2
H
 Peru 2 – 0  Colombia
Won

Group 2
A
 Peru 2 – 1  Uruguay
Won

Group 2
H
 Peru 0 – 0  Uruguay
Drawn

1986
Group 1
A
 Peru 0 – 1  Colombia
Lost

Group 1
A
 Peru 1 – 0  Venezuela
Won

Group 1
H
 Peru 0 – 0  Colombia
Drawn

Group 1
H
 Peru 4 – 1  Venezuela
Won

Group 1
H
 Peru 1 – 0  Argentina
Won

Group 1
A
 Peru 2 – 2  Argentina
Drawn

Play Off
A
 Peru 2 – 4  Chile
Lost

Play Off
H
 Peru 0 – 1  Chile
Lost

1990
Group 1
A
 Peru 1 – 2  Bolivia
Lost

Group 1
H
 Peru 0 – 2  Uruguay
Lost

Group 1
H
 Peru 1 – 2  Bolivia
Lost

Group 1
A
 Peru 0 – 2  Uruguay
Lost

1994
Group 1
H
 Peru 0 – 1  Argentina
Lost

Group 1
H
 Peru 0 – 1  Colombia
Lost

Group 1
A
 Peru 1 – 2  Paraguay
Lost

Group 1
A
 Peru 1 – 2  Argentina
Lost

Group 1
A
 Peru 0 – 4  Colombia
Lost

Group 1
H
 Peru 2 – 2  Paraguay
Drawn

1998

A
 Peru 1 – 4  Ecuador
Lost

H
 Peru 1 – 1  Colombia
Drawn

H
 Peru 0 – 0  Argentina
Drawn

A
 Peru 0 – 0  Bolivia
Drawn

H
 Peru 4 – 1  Venezuela
Won

A
 Peru 0 – 2  Uruguay
Lost

H
 Peru 2 – 1  Chile
Won

A
 Peru 1 – 2  Paraguay
Lost

H
 Peru 1 – 1  Ecuador
Drawn

A
 Peru 1 – 0  Colombia
Won

A
 Peru 0 – 2  Argentina
Lost

H
 Peru 2 – 1  Bolivia
Won

A
 Peru 3 – 0  Venezuela
Won

H
 Peru 2 – 1  Uruguay
Won

A
 Peru 0 – 4  Chile
Lost

H
 Peru 1 – 0  Paraguay
Won

2002

H
 Peru 2 – 0  Paraguay
Won

A
 Peru 1 – 1  Chile
Drawn

H
 Peru 0 – 1  Brazil
Lost

A
 Peru 1 – 2  Ecuador
Lost

H
 Peru 0 – 1  Colombia
Lost

A
 Peru 0 – 0  Uruguay
Drawn

H
 Peru 1 – 0  Venezuela
Won

H
 Peru 1 – 2  Argentina
Lost

A
 Peru 0 – 1  Bolivia
Lost

A
 Peru 1 – 5  Paraguay
Lost

H
 Peru 3 – 1  Chile
Won

A
 Peru 1 – 1  Brazil
Drawn

H
 Peru 1 – 2  Ecuador
Lost

A
 Peru 1 – 0  Colombia
Won

H
 Peru 0 – 2  Uruguay
Lost

A
 Peru 0 – 3  Venezuela
Lost

A
 Peru 0 – 2  Argentina
Lost

H
 Peru 1 – 1  Bolivia
Drawn

2006

H
 Peru 4 – 1  Paraguay
Won

A
 Peru 1 – 2  Chile
Lost

H
 Peru 1 – 1  Brazil
Drawn

A
 Peru 0 – 0  Ecuador
Drawn

H
 Peru 0 – 2  Colombia
Lost

A
 Peru 3 – 1  Uruguay
Won

H
 Peru 0 – 0  Venezuela
Drawn

H
 Peru 1 – 3  Argentina
Lost

A
 Peru 0 – 1  Bolivia
Lost

A
 Peru 1 – 1  Paraguay
Drawn

H
 Peru 2 – 1  Chile
Won

A
 Peru 0 – 1  Brazil
Lost

H
 Peru 2 – 2  Ecuador
Drawn

A
 Peru 0 – 5  Colombia
Lost

H
 Peru 0 – 0  Uruguay
Drawn

A
 Peru 1 – 4  Venezuela
Lost

A
 Peru 0 – 2  Argentina
Lost

H
 Peru 4 – 1  Bolivia
Won

2010

H
 Peru 0 – 0  Paraguay
Drawn

A
 Peru 0 – 2  Chile
Lost

H
 Peru 1 – 1  Brazil
Drawn

A
 Peru 1 – 5  Ecuador
Lost

H
 Peru 1 – 1  Colombia
Drawn

A
 Peru 0 – 6  Uruguay
Lost

H
 Peru 1 – 0  Venezuela
Won

H
 Peru 1 – 1  Argentina
Drawn

A
 Peru 0 – 3  Bolivia
Lost

A
 Peru 0 – 1  Paraguay
Lost

H
 Peru 1 – 3  Chile
Lost

A
 Peru 0 – 3  Brazil
Lost

H
 Peru 1 – 2  Ecuador
Lost

A
 Peru 0 – 1  Colombia
Lost

H
 Peru 1 – 0  Uruguay
Won

A
 Peru 1 – 3  Venezuela
Lost

A
 Peru 1 – 2  Argentina
Lost

H
 Peru 1 – 0  Bolivia
Won

2014

H
 Peru 2 – 0  Paraguay
Won

A
 Peru 2 – 4  Chile
Lost

A
 Peru 0 – 2  Ecuador
Lost

H
 Peru 0 – 1  Colombia
Lost

A
 Peru 2 – 4  Uruguay
Lost

H
 Peru 2 – 1  Venezuela
Won

H
 Peru 1 – 1  Argentina
Drawn

A
 Peru 1 – 1  Bolivia
Drawn

A
 Peru 0 – 1  Paraguay
Lost

H
 Peru 1 – 0  Chile
Won

H
 Peru 1 – 0  Ecuador
Won

A
 Peru 0 – 2  Colombia
Lost

H
 Peru 1 – 2  Uruguay
Lost

A
 Peru 2 – 3  Venezuela
Lost

A
 Peru 1 – 3  Argentina
Lost

H
 Peru 1 – 1  Bolivia
Drawn

2018

A
 Peru 0 – 2  Colombia
Lost

H
 Peru 3 – 4  Chile
Lost

H
 Peru 1 – 0  Paraguay
Won

A
 Peru 0 – 3  Brazil
Lost

H
 Peru 2 – 2  Venezuela
Drawn

A
 Peru 0 – 1  Uruguay
Lost

A
 Peru 3 – 0  Bolivia
Won

H
 Peru 2 – 1  Ecuador
Won

H
 Peru 2 – 2  Argentina
Drawn

A
 Peru 1 – 2  Chile
Lost

A
 Peru 4 – 1  Paraguay
Won

H
 Peru 0 – 2  Brazil
Lost

A
 Peru 2 – 2  Venezuela
Drawn

H
 Peru 2 – 1  Uruguay
Won

H
 Peru 2 – 1  Bolivia
Won

A
 Peru 2 – 1  Ecuador
Won

A
 Peru 0 – 0  Argentina
Drawn

H
 Peru 1 – 1  Colombia
Drawn

text: Summary[edit]

text:
[hide]Peru's FIFA World Cup record

FIFA World Cup

FIFA World Cup qualification

Top scorer(s) (goals)
Manager

Year
Round
Pos
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA

 1930
Round 1
10th
2
0
0
2
1
4
Qualified as invitees
Souza Ferreira (1)
 Bru

 1934
Withdrew
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

 1938
Did not enter
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

 1950
Withdrew
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

 1954
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

 1958
Did not qualify
2
0
1
1
1
2
Terry (1)
 Orth

 1962
2
0
1
1
1
2
Delgado (1)
 Calderón

 1966
4
2
0
2
8
6
León (3)
 Calderón

 1970
Quarterfinals
7th
4
2
0
2
9
9
4
2
1
1
7
4
Cubillas (6)
 Didi

 1974
Did not qualify
3
1
0
2
3
4
Sotil (2)
 Scarone

 1978
Round 2
8th
6
2
1
3
7
12
6
3
2
1
13
3
Cubillas (5)
 Calderón

 1982
Round 1
20th
3
0
2
1
2
6
4
2
2
0
5
2
La Rosa (3)
 Tim

 1986
Did not qualify
8
3
2
3
10
9
Navarro (3)
 Challe

 1990
4
0
0
4
2
8
del Solar, González (1)
 Pepe

 1994
6
0
1
5
4
12
Soto, Muchotrigo,
Palacios, del Solar (1)
 Popović

 1998
16
7
4
5
19
20
Palacios (6)
 Oblitas

 2002
18
4
4
10
14
25
Pajuelo, Palacios,
Pizarro, Solano (2)
 Maturana,
 Uribe

 2006
18
4
6
8
20
28
Farfán (7)
 Autuori,
 Ternero

 2010
18
3
4
11
11
34
Fano (3)
 del Solar

 2014
16
4
3
9
17
26
Farfán (5)
 Markarián

 2018
Qualified via play-off
18
7
5
6
27
26
Flores, Guerrero (5)
 Gareca

 2022
To be determined
–
–
–
–
–
–

Total
Quarterfinals
5/17
15
4
3
8
19
31
147
42
36
69
162
211


document_title: Nicole Fox

question_text: where is nicole from america's next top model

question_tokens: where is nicole from america 's next top model

text: Nicole Fox

text: Biography[edit]

text: Fox graduated from Monarch High School.[2] As of 2009, she was a sophomore student at University of Colorado at Boulder majoring in studio arts. She wanted to be an artist, journalist and model.[3]

text: America's Next Top Model[edit]

text: Fox was the eleventh girl selected as one of the 14 finalists to compete in Cycle 13: the "Petite Edition" of America's Next Top Model, a cycle that was specially created for models who are 5'7" and under. Fox stood at 5'7", the maximum height for the entry.[3] A couple of months before Fox tried out for the show, she met a photographer at an art gallery in Denver. He encouraged her to try out for the show because he knew Allison Harvard the runner up in both Cycles 12 and 17 (the "All Stars Edition") was also an artist like Fox. With his encouragement, she tried out for America's Next Top Model.[4]

text: Throughout the competition, Fox won two reward challenges and received three first call-outs. She never placed below fifth (just like Cycle 11 winner McKey Sullivan) and was one of the strongest girls of her cycle. At the final judging, Fox was lauded for her high-fashion photographs and her successful mastery of her body proportion, in spite of her unconventional runway walk in the Maui fashion show. In the end,[3] she was chosen as the thirteenth winner of America's Next Top Model, beating runner-up Laura Kirkpatrick, who was considered another favorite of the judges. Fox became the third winner to have never appeared in the bottom two during her time on Top Model. This record was preceded by winners Jaslene Gonzalez and McKey Sullivan from Cycles 8 and 11 respectively, and was succeeded by Krista White, Sophie Sumner, Jourdan Miller and India Gants from Cycles 14, 18 the "British Invasion", 20 "Guys & Girls" and 23 respectively. Fox also became the first America's Next Top Model winner to have also never even appeared in the bottom three. This was succeeded by Cycle 20 winner Jourdan Miller.

text: Kirkpatrick said she believed Fox won because of the strength of her photos: "Every time with the judges, she could do no wrong in front of them. They really saw her as perfect."[5] Fox said of her win:[6]

text:
“
Sometimes I didn't think I was going to survive the journey, like I remember during casting week I went home and I cried because I was like "What have I got myself into? I can't deal with this!" And I didn't think it would be okay to be that dorky girl but I'm a dork and I'm America's Next Top Model!
”

text: Fox received a $100,000 contract with CoverGirl cosmetics, a representation contract with Wilhelmina Models and was featured on the cover of Seventeen, as well as a six-page spread in the magazine.[2] Tyra Banks, retired supermodel and host of America's Next Top Model, said to Fox following her win, "You are a star. You have IT!"[2] Her sister, Alexandra Fox, said of her sister: "She's definitely glad she did it, but she wouldn't repeat it. You're on camera 24 hours a day, and you can't have a single conversation without worrying about how it will be edited."[3]

text: Modeling career[edit]

text: Fox is currently signed with Paragon Models in Mexico City and Wilhelmina Models.

text: Print work[edit]

text: Fox received a six-page spread in Seventeen magazine as the winner of "America's Next Top Model" and an ad for Cover Girl Lash Blast Mascara. Fox has also modeled for Illiterate Magazine, in which she had a spread, and been featured on AOL.com, More Magazine and in OK! Magazine. Fox was featured in Wild Fox Couture's 2010 fall collection lookbook along with models Rachel Ballinger and Daria Plyushko. Fox also appeared in online ads for Spirit Hoods and in a campaign for Heritage 1981's Spring 2010 collection—which is a sister brand of Forever 21,[7] and ads for Steve Madden Spring Collection. She will be in the campaign for Nicole Richie's "House of Harlow 1960 Spring 2011" fashion line. In January 2010, a news story circulated reporting that Fox would be the face of Alexander McQueen's new spring/summer collection, but this rumor was revealed to be false and has been debunked by both McQueen and Fox.[8]

text: Acting[edit]

text: Fox starred as Ashley in the indie teen drama Ashley, directed by Dean Ronalds and produced by Trick Candle Productions and Ronalds Brothers Productions. The film was released in the US in 2013. Fox portrayed a model on the television soap opera The Bold and the Beautiful in December 2011. Fox can also be spotted in the Avengers Dr. Pepper commercial as Stan Lee's assistant.[9][10]

text: In 2012, Fox was chosen by director Brett Leonard for the PopFictionLife FragFilm "The Other Country", starring Christian country band Burlap to Cashmere". Fox plays Melanie, a concert goer who catches the eye of Burlap's lead guitarist, Johnny.

text: In 2014, Fox starred in Redlands which was favorably reviewed in The Washington Post as "artfully evocative — of alienation, the constraints on ambition and the danger of unexpressed anger."[11] Her performance as an aspiring model in "Redlands" was lauded in El Mundo as "a diamond in the rough: she knows how to communicate her emotions through her eyes, she has a suggestive voice, an impressive physique, and she isn’t afraid of taking risks."[12]

text: In 2014, Fox starred in Girlhouse as Mia, a beautiful young model who lives in a house that streams content to an X-rated website.

text: Filmography[edit]

text:
Film and televisions

YearUK u
Title
Role
Notes

2011
Almighty Thor
Redhead Norn
TV film

2011-12
Bold and the Beautiful, TheThe Bold and the Beautiful
Forrester Model
Recurring role

2012
Unwritten Rules, TheThe Unwritten Rules
Miranda
"Merry Christmas"

2012
Other Country: Starring Burlap to Cashmere, TheThe Other Country: Starring Burlap to Cashmere
Melanie

2013
Players
Stephanie
Video short

2013
Ashley
Ashley Collins

2014
Redlands
Vienna

2014
Last Survivors, TheThe Last Survivors
Brooke

2014
Girl House
Mia

2015
Tag
Prissy Girl

2015
Hero of the Underworld
Holly

2015
Ideal
Model
Short film

2016
Paradise Club
Tulsa

2016
Ouroboros
Hannah
Short film, post-production


document_title: Satyagraha

question_text: when did first formulation of satyagraha in india as political movement occur

text: Satyagraha

text: Origin and meaning of name[edit]

text:
The term originated in a competition in the news-sheet Indian Opinion in South Africa in 1906.[2] Mr. Maganlal Gandhi, grandson of an uncle of Gandhi, came up with the word "Sadagraha" and won the prize. Subsequently, to make it clearer, Gandhi changed it to Satyagraha. "Satyagraha" is a tatpuruṣaya compound of the Sanskrit words satya (meaning "truth") and agraha ("polite insistence", or "holding firmly to"). Satya is derived from the word “sat”, which means “being”. Nothing is or exists in reality except Truth. In the context of satyagraha, Truth therefore includes a) Truth in speech, as opposed to falsehood, b) what is real, as opposed to nonexistent (asat) and c) good as opposed to evil, or bad.  This was critical to Gandhi’s understanding of and faith in nonviolence: "The world rests upon the bedrock of satya or truth. Asatya, meaning untruth, also means nonexistent, and satya or truth also means that which is. If untruth does not so much as exist, its victory is out of the question. And truth being that which is, can never be destroyed. This is the doctrine of satyagraha in a nutshell." [5]
For Gandhi, satyagraha went far beyond mere "passive resistance" and became strength in practising non-violent methods.[6] In his words:

text: Truth (satya) implies love, and firmness (agraha) engenders and therefore serves as a synonym for force. I thus began to call the Indian movement Satyagraha, that is to say, the Force which is born of Truth and Love or non-violence, and gave up the use of the phrase “passive resistance”, in connection with it, so much so that even in English writing we often avoided it and used instead the word “satyagraha” itself or some other equivalent English phrase.[7]

text: In September 1935, a letter to P. K. Rao, Servants of India Society, Gandhi disputed the proposition that his idea of Civil Disobedience was adapted from the writings of Thoreau.

text: The statement that I had derived my idea of civil disobedience from the writings of Thoreau is wrong. The resistance to authority in South Africa was well advanced before I got the essay of Thoreau on civil disobedience. But the movement was then known as passive resistance. As it was incomplete, I had coined the word satyagraha for the Gujarati readers. When I saw the title of Thoreau’s great essay, I began the use of his phrase to explain our struggle to the English readers. But I found that even civil disobedience failed to convey the full meaning of the struggle. I therefore adopted the phrase civil resistance. Non-violence was always an integral part of our struggle."[8]

text: Gandhi described it as follows:

text: I have also called it love-force or soul-force. In the application of satyagraha, I discovered in the earliest stages that pursuit of truth did not admit of violence being inflicted on one’s opponent but that he must be weaned from error by patience and compassion. For what appears to be truth to the one may appear to be error to the other. And patience means self-suffering. So the doctrine came to mean vindication of truth, not by infliction of suffering on the opponent, but on oneself.[9]

text: Contrast to "passive resistance"[edit]

text: Gandhi distinguished between satyagraha and passive resistance in the following letter:

text: "I have drawn the distinction between passive resistance as understood and practised in the West and satyagraha before I had evolved the doctrine of the latter to its full logical and spiritual extent. I often used “passive resistance” and “satyagraha” as synonymous terms: but as the doctrine of satyagraha developed, the expression “passive resistance” ceases even to be synonymous, as passive resistance has admitted of violence as in the case of the suffragettes and has been universally acknowledged to be a weapon of the weak. Moreover, passive resistance does not necessarily involve complete adherence to truth under every circumstance. Therefore it is different from satyagraha in three essentials: Satyagraha is a weapon of the strong; it admits of no violence under any circumstance whatsoever; and it ever insists upon truth."[10]

text: Ahimsa and satyagraha[edit]

text: It is important to note the intrinsic connection between ahimsa and satyagraha. Satyagraha is sometimes used to refer to the whole principle of nonviolence, where it is essentially the same as ahimsa, and sometimes used in a “marked” meaning to refer specifically to direct action that is largely obstructive, for example in the form of civil disobedience.

text: Gandhi says:

text: It is perhaps clear from the foregoing, that without ahimsa it is not possible to seek and find Truth. Ahimsa and Truth are so intertwined that it is practically impossible to disentangle and separate them. They are like the two sides of a coin, or rather of a smooth unstamped metallic disk. Nevertheless, ahimsa is the means; Truth is the end. Means to be means must always be within our reach, and so ahimsa is our supreme duty.[11]

text: Defining success[edit]

text: Assessing the extent to which Gandhi's ideas of satyagraha were or were not successful in the Indian independence struggle is a complex task. Judith Brown has suggested that "this is a political strategy and technique which, for its outcomes, depends of historical specificities."[12] The view taken by Gandhi differs from the idea that the goal in any conflict is necessarily to defeat the opponent or frustrate the opponent’s objectives, or to meet one’s own objectives despite the efforts of the opponent to obstruct these. In satyagraha, by contrast, “The Satyagrahi’s object is to convert, not to coerce, the wrong-doer.”[13] The opponent must be converted, at least as far as to stop obstructing the just end, for this cooperation to take place. There are cases, to be sure, when an opponent, for e.g. a dictator, has to be unseated and one cannot wait to convert him. The satyagrahi would count this a partial success.

text: Means and ends[edit]

text: The theory of satyagraha sees means and ends as inseparable. The means used to obtain an end are wrapped up in and attached to that end. Therefore, it is contradictory to try to use unjust means to obtain justice or to try to use violence to obtain peace. As Gandhi wrote: “They say, 'means are, after all, means'. I would say, 'means are, after all, everything'. As the means so the end...”[14]

text: Gandhi used an example to explain this:

text: If I want to deprive you of your watch, I shall certainly have to fight for it; if I want to buy your watch, I shall have to pay for it; and if I want a gift, I shall have to plead for it; and, according to the means I employ, the watch is stolen property, my own property, or a donation.[15]

text: Gandhi rejected the idea that injustice should, or even could, be fought against “by any means necessary” – if you use violent, coercive, unjust means, whatever ends you produce will necessarily embed that injustice. To those who preached violence and called nonviolent actionists cowards, he replied: “I do believe that, where there is only a choice between cowardice and violence, I would advise violence....I would rather have India resort to arms in order to defend her honour than that she should, in a cowardly manner, become or remain a helpless witness to her own dishonour....But I believe that nonviolence is infinitely superior to violence, forgiveness is more manly than punishment.”[16]

text: Satyagraha versus duragraha[edit]

text: The essence of satyagraha is that it seeks to eliminate antagonisms without harming the antagonists themselves, as opposed to violent resistance, which is meant to cause harm to the antagonist. A satyagrahi therefore does not seek to end or destroy the relationship with the antagonist, but instead seeks to transform or “purify” it to a higher level. A euphemism sometimes used for satyagraha is that it is a “silent force” or a “soul force” (a term also used by Martin Luther King Jr. during his famous “I Have a Dream” speech). It arms the individual with moral power rather than physical power. Satyagraha is also termed a “universal force,” as it essentially “makes no distinction between kinsmen and strangers, young and old, man and woman, friend and foe.”[17]

text: Gandhi contrasted satyagraha (holding on to truth) with “duragraha” (holding on by force), as in protest meant more to harass than enlighten opponents.  He wrote: “There must be no impatience, no barbarity, no insolence, no undue pressure. If we want to cultivate a true spirit of democracy, we cannot afford to be intolerant. Intolerance betrays want of faith in one's cause.”[18]

text: Civil disobedience and non-cooperation as practised under satyagraha are based on the “law of suffering”,[19] a doctrine that the endurance of suffering is a means to an end. This end usually implies a moral upliftment or progress of an individual or society. Therefore, the non-cooperation of satyagraha is in fact a means to secure the cooperation of the opponent that is consistent with truth and justice.

text: In large-scale conflict[edit]

text: When using satyagraha in a large-scale political conflict involving civil disobedience, Gandhi believed that the satyagrahis must undergo training to ensure discipline.  He wrote that it is “only when people have proved their active loyalty by obeying the many laws of the State that they acquire the right of Civil Disobedience.”[20]

text: He therefore made part of the discipline that satyagrahis:

text:
Appreciate the other laws of the State and obey them voluntarily
Tolerate these laws, even when they are inconvenient
Be willing to undergo suffering, loss of property, and to endure the suffering that might be inflicted on family and friends[20]

tag: ol

text: This obedience has to be not merely grudging, but extraordinary:

text: ...an honest, respectable man will not suddenly take to stealing whether there is a law against stealing or not, but this very man will not feel any remorse for failure to observe the rule about carrying headlights on bicycles after dark.... But he would observe any obligatory rule of this kind, if only to escape the inconvenience of facing a prosecution for a breach of the rule. Such compliance is not, however, the willing and spontaneous obedience that is required of a Satyagrahi.[21]

text: Principles[edit]

text: Gandhi envisioned satyagraha as not only a tactic to be used in acute political struggle, but as a universal solvent for injustice and harm.

text: He founded the Sabarmati Ashram to teach satyagraha.  He asked satyagrahis to follow the following principles (Yamas described in Yoga Sutra):[22]

text:
Nonviolence (ahimsa)
Truth – this includes honesty, but goes beyond it to mean living fully in accord with and in devotion to that which is true
Not stealing
Non-possession (not the same as poverty)
Body-labor or bread-labor
Control of the palate
Fearlessness
Equal respect for all religions
Economic strategy such as boycott of exported goods (swadeshi)

text: On another occasion, he listed these rules as “essential for every Satyagrahi in India”:

text:
Must have a living faith in God
Must be leading a chaste life, and be willing to die or lose all his possessions
Must be a habitual khadi weaver and spinner
Must abstain from alcohol and other intoxicants

text: Rules for satyagraha campaigns[edit]

text: Gandhi proposed a series of rules for satyagrahis to follow in a resistance campaign:[17]

text:
Harbour no anger.
Suffer the anger of the opponent.
Never retaliate to assaults or punishment; but do not submit, out of fear of punishment or assault, to an order given in anger.
Voluntarily submit to arrest or confiscation of your own property.
If you are a trustee of property, defend that property (non-violently) from confiscation with your life.
Do not curse or swear.
Do not insult the opponent.
Neither salute nor insult the flag of your opponent or your opponent’s leaders.
If anyone attempts to insult or assault your opponent, defend your opponent (non-violently) with your life.
As a prisoner, behave courteously and obey prison regulations (except any that are contrary to self-respect).
As a prisoner, do not ask for special favourable treatment.
As a prisoner, do not fast in an attempt to gain conveniences whose deprivation does not involve any injury to your self-respect.
Joyfully obey the orders of the leaders of the civil disobedience action.

text: American Civil Rights Movement[edit]

text: Satyagraha theory also influenced many other movements of nonviolence and civil resistance. For example, Martin Luther King Jr. wrote in his autobiography about Gandhi's influence on his developing ideas regarding the Civil Rights Movement in the United States:

text: Like most people, I had heard of Gandhi, but I had never studied him seriously. As I read I became deeply fascinated by his campaigns of nonviolent resistance. I was particularly moved by his Salt March to the Sea and his numerous fasts. The whole concept of Satyagraha (Satya is truth which equals love, and agraha is force; Satyagraha, therefore, means truth force or love force) was profoundly significant to me. As I delved deeper into the philosophy of Gandhi, my skepticism concerning the power of love gradually diminished, and I came to see for the first time its potency in the area of social reform. ... It was in this Gandhian emphasis on love and nonviolence that I discovered the method for social reform that I had been seeking.[23]

text: Satyagraha in relation to genocide[edit]

text: In view of the Nazi persecution of the Jews in Germany, Gandhi offered satyagraha as a method of combating oppression and genocide, stating:

text: If I were a Jew and were born in Germany and earned my livelihood there, I would claim Germany as my home even as the tallest Gentile German might, and challenge him to shoot me or cast me in the dungeon; I would refuse to be expelled or to submit to discriminating treatment. And for doing this I should not wait for the fellow Jews to join me in civil resistance, but would have confidence that in the end the rest were bound to follow my example. If one Jew or all the Jews were to accept the prescription here offered, he or they cannot be worse off than now. And suffering voluntarily undergone will bring them an inner strength and joy [...] the calculated violence of Hitler may even result in a general massacre of the Jews by way of his first answer to the declaration of such hostilities. But if the Jewish mind could be prepared for voluntary suffering, even the massacre I have imagined could be turned into a day of thanksgiving and joy that Jehovah had wrought deliverance of the race even at the hands of the tyrant. For to the God-fearing, death has no terror.[24]

text: When Gandhi was criticized for these statements, he responded in another article entitled “Some Questions Answered”:

text: Friends have sent me two newspaper cuttings criticizing my appeal to the Jews. The two critics suggest that in presenting non-violence to the Jews as a remedy against the wrong done to them, I have suggested nothing new... What I have pleaded for is renunciation of violence of the heart and consequent active exercise of the force generated by the great renunciation.”[25]

text: In a similar vein, anticipating a possible attack on India by Japan during World War II, Gandhi recommended satyagraha as a means of national defense (what is now sometimes called "Civilian Based Defense (CBD) or "social defence"):

text: ...there should be unadulterated non-violent non-cooperation, and if the whole of India responded and unanimously offered it, I should show that, without shedding a single drop of blood, Japanese arms – or any combination of arms – can be sterilized. That involves the determination of India not to give quarter on any point whatsoever and to be ready to risk loss of several million lives. But I would consider that cost very cheap and victory won at that cost glorious. That India may not be ready to pay that price may be true. I hope it is not true, but some such price must be paid by any country that wants to retain its independence. After all, the sacrifice made by the Russians and the Chinese is enormous, and they are ready to risk all. The same could be said of the other countries also, whether aggressors or defenders. The cost is enormous. Therefore, in the non-violent technique I am asking India to risk no more than other countries are risking and which India would have to risk even if she offered armed resistance.[26]