document_title: Cascading Style Sheets

question_text: when was css first proposed as a standard by the w3c

question_tokens: when was css first proposed as a standard by the w3c

text: Cascading Style Sheets

text: Syntax[edit]

text: CSS has a simple syntax and uses a number of English keywords to specify the names of various style properties.

text: A style sheet consists of a list of rules. Each rule or rule-set consists of one or more selectors, and a declaration block.

text: Selector[edit]

text: In CSS, selectors declare which part of the markup a style applies to by matching tags and attributes in the markup itself.

text: Selectors may apply to:

text:
all elements of a specific type, e.g. the second-level headers h2
elements specified by attribute, in particular:

id: an identifier unique within the document
class: an identifier that can annotate multiple elements in a document

elements depending on how they are placed relative to others in the document tree.

text: Classes and IDs are case-sensitive, start with letters, and can include alphanumeric characters and underscores. A class may apply to any number of instances of any elements. An ID may only be applied to a single element.

text: Pseudo-classes are used in CSS selectors to permit formatting based on information that is not contained in the document tree. One example of a widely used pseudo-class is :hover, which identifies content only when the user "points to" the visible element, usually by holding the mouse cursor over it. It is appended to a selector as in a:hover or #elementid:hover. A pseudo-class classifies document elements, such as :link or :visited, whereas a pseudo-element makes a selection that may consist of partial elements, such as ::first-line or ::first-letter.[5]

text: Selectors may be combined in many ways to achieve great specificity and flexibility.[6] Multiple selectors may be joined in a spaced list to specify elements by location, element type, id, class, or any combination thereof. The order of the selectors is important. For example, div .myClass {color: red;} applies to all elements of class myClass that are inside div elements, whereas .myClass div {color: red;} applies to all div elements that are in elements of class myClass.

text: The following table provides a summary of selector syntax indicating usage and the version of CSS that introduced it.[7]

text:
Pattern
Matches
First defined
in CSS level

E
an element of type E
1

E:link
an E element is the source anchor of a hyperlink of which the target is not yet visited (:link) or already visited (:visited)
1

E:active
an E element during certain user actions
1

E::first-line
the first formatted line of an E element
1

E::first-letter
the first formatted letter of an E element
1

.c
all elements with class="c"
1

#myid
the element with id="myid"
1

E.warning
an E element whose class is "warning" (the document language specifies how class is determined)
1

E#myid
an E element with ID equal to "myid"
1

E F
an F element descendant of an E element
1

*
any element
2

E[foo]
an E element with a "foo" attribute
2

E[foo="bar"]
an E element whose "foo" attribute value is exactly equal to "bar"
2

E[foo~="bar"]
an E element whose "foo" attribute value is a list of whitespace-separated values, one of which is exactly equal to "bar"
2

E[foo|="en"]
an E element whose "foo" attribute has a hyphen-separated list of values beginning (from the left) with "en"
2

E:first-child
an E element, first child of its parent
2

E:lang(fr)
an element of type E in language "fr" (the document language specifies how language is determined)
2

E::before
generated content before an E element's content
2

E::after
generated content after an E element's content
2

E > F
an F element child of an E element
2

E + F
an F element immediately preceded by an E element
2

E[foo^="bar"]
an E element whose "foo" attribute value begins exactly with the string "bar"
3

E[foo$="bar"]
an E element whose "foo" attribute value ends exactly with the string "bar"
3

E[foo*="bar"]
an E element whose "foo" attribute value contains the substring "bar"
3

E:root
an E element, root of the document
3

E:nth-child(n)
an E element, the n-th child of its parent
3

E:nth-last-child(n)
an E element, the n-th child of its parent, counting from the last one
3

E:nth-of-type(n)
an E element, the n-th sibling of its type
3

E:nth-last-of-type(n)
an E element, the n-th sibling of its type, counting from the last one
3

E:last-child
an E element, last child of its parent
3

E:first-of-type
an E element, first sibling of its type
3

E:last-of-type
an E element, last sibling of its type
3

E:only-child
an E element, only child of its parent
3

E:only-of-type
an E element, only sibling of its type
3

E:empty
an E element that has no children (including text nodes)
3

E:target
an E element being the target of the referring URI
3

E:enabled
a user interface element E that is enabled
3

E:disabled
a user interface element E that is disabled
3

E:checked
a user interface element E that is checked (for instance a radio-button or checkbox)
3

E:not(s)
an E element that does not match simple selector s
3

E ~ F
an F element preceded by an E element
3

text: Declaration block[edit]

text: A declaration block consists of a list of declarations in braces. Each declaration itself consists of a property, a colon (:), and a value. If there are multiple declarations in a block, a semi-colon (;) must be inserted to separate each declaration.[8]

text: Properties are specified in the CSS standard. Each property has a set of possible values. Some properties can affect any type of element, and others apply only to particular groups of elements.[9]

text: Values may be keywords, such as "center" or "inherit", or numerical values, such as 200px (200 pixels), 50vw (50 percent of the viewport width) or 80% (80 percent of the window width). Color values can be specified with keywords (e.g. "red"), hexadecimal values (e.g. #FF0000, also abbreviated as #F00), RGB values on a 0 to 255 scale (e.g. rgb(255, 0, 0)), RGBA values that specify both color and alpha transparency (e.g. rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.8)), or HSL or HSLA values (e.g. hsl(000, 100%, 50%), hsla(000, 100%, 50%, 80%)).[10]

text: Use[edit]

text: Before CSS, nearly all presentational attributes of HTML documents were contained within the HTML markup. All font colors, background styles, element alignments, borders and sizes had to be explicitly described, often repeatedly, within the HTML. CSS lets authors move much of that information to another file, the style sheet, resulting in considerably simpler HTML.

text: For example, headings (h1 elements), sub-headings (h2), sub-sub-headings (h3), etc., are defined structurally using HTML. In print and on the screen, choice of font, size, color and emphasis for these elements is presentational.

text: Before CSS, document authors who wanted to assign such typographic characteristics to, say, all h2 headings had to repeat HTML presentational markup for each occurrence of that heading type. This made documents more complex, larger, and more error-prone and difficult to maintain. CSS allows the separation of presentation from structure. CSS can define color, font, text alignment, size, borders, spacing, layout and many other typographic characteristics, and can do so independently for on-screen and printed views. CSS also defines non-visual styles, such as reading speed and emphasis for aural text readers. The W3C has now deprecated the use of all presentational HTML markup.[11]

text: For example, under pre-CSS HTML, a heading element defined with red text would be written as:

text: Using CSS, the same element can be coded using style properties instead of HTML presentational attributes:

text: The advantages of this may not be immediately clear (since the second form is actually more verbose), but the power of CSS becomes more apparent when the style properties are placed in an internal style element or, even better, an external CSS file. For example, suppose the document contains the style element:

text: All h1 elements in the document will then automatically become red without any requiring any explicit code. If the author later wanted to make h1 elements blue instead, this could be done by changing the style element to:

text: rather than by laboriously going through the document and changing the color for each individual h1 element.

text: The styles can also be placed in an external CSS file, as described below, and loaded using syntax similar to:

text: This further decouples the styling from the HTML document, and makes it possible to restyle multiple documents by simply editing a shared external CSS file.

text: Sources[edit]

text: CSS information can be provided from various sources. These sources can be the web browser, the user and the author. The information from the author can be further classified into inline, media type, importance, selector specificity, rule order, inheritance and property definition. CSS style information can be in a separate document or it can be embedded into an HTML document. Multiple style sheets can be imported. Different styles can be applied depending on the output device being used; for example, the screen version can be quite different from the printed version, so that authors can tailor the presentation appropriately for each medium.

text: The style sheet with the highest priority controls the content display. Declarations not set in the highest priority source are passed on to a source of lower priority, such as the user agent style. This process is called cascading.

text: One of the goals of CSS is to allow users greater control over presentation. Someone who finds red italic headings difficult to read may apply a different style sheet. Depending on the browser and the web site, a user may choose from various style sheets provided by the designers, or may remove all added styles and view the site using the browser's default styling, or may override just the red italic heading style without altering other attributes.

text:
CSS priority scheme (highest to lowest)

Priority
CSS source type
Description

1
Importance
The ‘!important’ annotation overwrites the previous priority types

2
Inline
A style applied to an HTML element via HTML ‘style’ attribute

3
Media Type
A property definition applies to all media types, unless a media specific CSS is defined

4
User defined
Most browsers have the accessibility feature: a user defined CSS

5
Selector specificity
A specific contextual selector (#heading p) overwrites generic definition

6
Rule order
Last rule declaration has a higher priority

7
Parent inheritance
If a property is not specified, it is inherited from a parent element

8
CSS property definition in HTML document
CSS rule or CSS inline style overwrites a default browser value

9
Browser default
The lowest priority: browser default value is determined by W3C initial value specifications

text: Specificity[edit]

text: Specificity refers to the relative weights of various rules.[12] It determines which styles apply to an element when more than one rule could apply. Based on specification, a simple selector (e.g. H1) has a specificity of 1, class selectors have a specificity of 1,0, and ID selectors a specificity of 1,0,0. Because the specificity values do not carry over as in the decimal system, commas are used to separate the "digits"[13] (a CSS rule having 11 elements and 11 classes would have a specificity of 11,11, not 121).

text: Thus the following rules selectors result in the indicated specificity:

text:
Selectors
Specificity

H1 {color: white;}
0, 0, 0, 1

P EM {color: green;}
0, 0, 0, 2

.grape {color: red;}
0, 0, 1, 0

P.bright {color: blue;}
0, 0, 1, 1

P.bright EM.dark {color: yellow;}
0, 0, 2, 2

#id218 {color: brown;}
0, 1, 0, 0

style=" "
1, 0, 0, 0

text: Example[edit]

text: Consider this HTML fragment:

text: In the above example, the declaration in the style attribute overrides the one in the <style> element because it has a higher specificity.

text: Inheritance[edit]

text: Inheritance is a key feature in CSS; it relies on the ancestor-descendant relationship to operate. Inheritance is the mechanism by which properties are applied not only to a specified element, but also to its descendants.[12] Inheritance relies on the document tree, which is the hierarchy of XHTML elements in a page based on nesting. Descendant elements may inherit CSS property values from any ancestor element enclosing them. In general, descendant elements inherit text-related properties, but box-related properties are not inherited. Properties that can be inherited are color, font, letter-spacing, line-height, list-style, text-align, text-indent, text-transform, visibility, white-space and word-spacing. Properties that cannot be inherited are background, border, display, float and clear, height, and width, margin, min- and max-height and -width, outline, overflow, padding, position, text-decoration, vertical-align and z-index.

text: Inheritance can be used to avoid declaring certain properties over and over again in a style sheet, allowing for shorter CSS.

text: Inheritance in CSS is not the same as inheritance in class-based programming languages, where it is possible to define class B as "like class A, but with modifications".[14] With CSS, it is possible to style an element with "class A, but with modifications". However, it is not possible to define a CSS class B like that, which could then be used to style multiple elements without having to repeat the modifications.

text: Example[edit]

text: Given the following style sheet:

text: Suppose there is an h1 element with an emphasizing element (em) inside:

text: If no color is assigned to the em element, the emphasized word "illustrate" inherits the color of the parent element, h1. The style sheet h1 has the color pink, hence, the em element is likewise pink.

text: Whitespace[edit]

text: Whitespace between properties and selectors is ignored. This code snippet:

text: is functionally equivalent to this one:

text: One common way to format CSS for readability is to indent each property and give it its own line.

text: Positioning[edit]

text: CSS 2.1 defines three positioning schemes:

text: Position property[edit]

text: There are four possible values of the position property. If an item is positioned in any way other than static, then the further properties top, bottom, left, and right are used to specify offsets and positions.

text: Float and clear[edit]

text: The float property may have one of three values. Absolutely positioned or fixed items cannot be floated. Other elements normally flow around floated items, unless they are prevented from doing so by their clear property.

text: History[edit]

text: CSS was first proposed by Håkon Wium Lie on October 10, 1994.[17] At the time, Lie was working with Tim Berners-Lee at CERN.[18] Several other style sheet languages for the web were proposed around the same time, and discussions on public mailing lists and inside World Wide Web Consortium resulted in the first W3C CSS Recommendation (CSS1)[19] being released in 1996. In particular, Bert Bos' proposal was influential; he became co-author of CSS1 and is regarded as co-creator of CSS.[20]

text: Style sheets have existed in one form or another since the beginnings of Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) in the 1980s, and CSS was developed to provide style sheets for the web.[21] One requirement for a web style sheet language was for style sheets to come from different sources on the web. Therefore, existing style sheet languages like DSSSL and FOSI were not suitable. CSS, on the other hand, let a document's style be influenced by multiple style sheets by way of "cascading" styles.[21]

text: As HTML grew, it came to encompass a wider variety of stylistic capabilities to meet the demands of web developers. This evolution gave the designer more control over site appearance, at the cost of more complex HTML. Variations in web browser implementations, such as ViolaWWW and WorldWideWeb,[22] made consistent site appearance difficult, and users had less control over how web content was displayed. The browser/editor developed by Tim Berners-Lee had style sheets that were hard-coded into the program. The style sheets could therefore not be linked to documents on the web.[23] Robert Cailliau, also of CERN, wanted to separate the structure from the presentation so that different style sheets could describe different presentation for printing, screen-based presentations, and editors.[22]

text: Improving web presentation capabilities was a topic of interest to many in the web community and nine different style sheet languages were proposed on the www-style mailing list.[21] Of these nine proposals, two were especially influential on what became CSS: Cascading HTML Style Sheets[17] and Stream-based Style Sheet Proposal (SSP).[20][24] Two browsers served as testbeds for the initial proposals; Lie worked with Yves Lafon to implement CSS in Dave Raggett's Arena browser.[25][26][27] Bert Bos implemented his own SSP proposal in the Argo browser.[20] Thereafter, Lie and Bos worked together to develop the CSS standard (the 'H' was removed from the name because these style sheets could also be applied to other markup languages besides HTML).[18]

text: Lie's proposal was presented at the "Mosaic and the Web" conference (later called WWW2) in Chicago, Illinois in 1994, and again with Bert Bos in 1995.[18] Around this time the W3C was already being established, and took an interest in the development of CSS. It organized a workshop toward that end chaired by Steven Pemberton. This resulted in W3C adding work on CSS to the deliverables of the HTML editorial review board (ERB). Lie and Bos were the primary technical staff on this aspect of the project, with additional members, including Thomas Reardon of Microsoft, participating as well. In August 1996 Netscape Communication Corporation presented an alternative style sheet language called JavaScript Style Sheets (JSSS).[18] The spec was never finished and is deprecated.[28] By the end of 1996, CSS was ready to become official, and the CSS level 1 Recommendation was published in December.

text: Development of HTML, CSS, and the DOM had all been taking place in one group, the HTML Editorial Review Board (ERB). Early in 1997, the ERB was split into three working groups: HTML Working group, chaired by Dan Connolly of W3C; DOM Working group, chaired by Lauren Wood of SoftQuad; and CSS Working group, chaired by Chris Lilley of W3C.

text: The CSS Working Group began tackling issues that had not been addressed with CSS level 1, resulting in the creation of CSS level 2 on November 4, 1997. It was published as a W3C Recommendation on May 12, 1998. CSS level 3, which was started in 1998, is still under development as of 2014.

text: In 2005 the CSS Working Groups decided to enforce the requirements for standards more strictly. This meant that already published standards like CSS 2.1, CSS 3 Selectors and CSS 3 Text were pulled back from Candidate Recommendation to Working Draft level.

text: Difficulty with adoption[edit]

text: The CSS 1 specification was completed in 1996. Microsoft's Internet Explorer 3[18] was released in that year, featuring some limited support for CSS. IE 4 and Netscape 4.x added more support, but it was typically incomplete and had many bugs that prevented CSS from being usefully adopted. It was more than three years before any web browser achieved near-full implementation of the specification. Internet Explorer 5.0 for the Macintosh, shipped in March 2000, was the first browser to have full (better than 99 percent) CSS 1 support,[29] surpassing Opera, which had been the leader since its introduction of CSS support 15 months earlier. Other browsers followed soon afterwards, and many of them additionally implemented parts of CSS 2.

text: However, even when later 'version 5' browsers began to offer a fairly full implementation of CSS, they were still incorrect in certain areas and were fraught with inconsistencies, bugs and other quirks. The inconsistencies and variation in feature support made it difficult for designers to achieve a consistent appearance across browsers and platforms, leading to the use of workarounds such as CSS hacks and filters.

text: Problems with browsers' patchy adoption of CSS, along with errata in the original specification, led the W3C to revise the CSS 2 standard into CSS 2.1, which moved nearer to a working snapshot of current CSS support in HTML browsers. Some CSS 2 properties that no browser successfully implemented were dropped, and in a few cases, defined behaviors were changed to bring the standard into line with the predominant existing implementations. CSS 2.1 became a Candidate Recommendation on February 25, 2004, but CSS 2.1 was pulled back to Working Draft status on June 13, 2005,[30] and only returned to Candidate Recommendation status on July 19, 2007.[31]

text: In addition to these problems, the .css extension was used by a software product used to convert PowerPoint files into Compact Slide Show files,[32] so some web servers served all .css[33] as mime type application/x-pointplus[34] rather than text/css.

text: Variations[edit]

text: CSS has various levels and profiles. Each level of CSS builds upon the last, typically adding new features and typically denoted as CSS 1, CSS 2, CSS 3, and CSS 4. Profiles are typically a subset of one or more levels of CSS built for a particular device or user interface. Currently there are profiles for mobile devices, printers, and television sets. Profiles should not be confused with media types, which were added in CSS 2.

text: CSS 1[edit]

text: The first CSS specification to become an official W3C Recommendation is CSS level 1, published on December 17, 1996. Håkon Wium Lie and Bert Bos are credited as the original developers.[35][36] Among its capabilities are support for

text:
Font properties such as typeface and emphasis
Color of text, backgrounds, and other elements
Text attributes such as spacing between words, letters, and lines of text
Alignment of text, images, tables and other elements
Margin, border, padding, and positioning for most elements
Unique identification and generic classification of groups of attributes

text: The W3C no longer maintains the CSS 1 Recommendation.[37]

text: CSS 2[edit]

text: CSS level 2 specification was developed by the W3C and published as a recommendation in May 1998. A superset of CSS 1, CSS 2 includes a number of new capabilities like absolute, relative, and fixed positioning of elements and z-index, the concept of media types, support for aural style sheets (which were later replaced by the CSS 3 speech modules)[38] and bidirectional text, and new font properties such as shadows.

text: The W3C no longer maintains the CSS 2 recommendation.[39]

text: CSS 2.1[edit]

text: CSS level 2 revision 1, often referred to as "CSS 2.1", fixes errors in CSS 2, removes poorly supported or not fully interoperable features and adds already implemented browser extensions to the specification. To comply with the W3C Process for standardizing technical specifications, CSS 2.1 went back and forth between Working Draft status and Candidate Recommendation status for many years. CSS 2.1 first became a Candidate Recommendation on February 25, 2004, but it was reverted to a Working Draft on June 13, 2005 for further review. It returned to Candidate Recommendation on 19 July 2007 and then updated twice in 2009. However, because changes and clarifications were made, it again went back to Last Call Working Draft on 7 December 2010.

text: CSS 2.1 went to Proposed Recommendation on 12 April 2011.[40] After being reviewed by the W3C Advisory Committee, it was finally published as a W3C Recommendation on 7 June 2011.[41]

text: CSS 2.1 was planned as the first and final revision of level 2—but low priority work on CSS 2.2 began in 2015.

text: CSS 3[edit]

text: Unlike CSS 2, which is a large single specification defining various features, CSS 3 is divided into several separate documents called "modules". Each module adds new capabilities or extends features defined in CSS 2, preserving backward compatibility. Work on CSS level 3 started around the time of publication of the original CSS 2 recommendation. The earliest CSS 3 drafts were published in June 1999.[42]

text: Due to the modularization, different modules have different stability and statuses.[43] As of June 2012, there are over fifty CSS modules published from the CSS Working Group.,[42] and four of these have been published as formal recommendations:

text:
2012-06-19: Media Queries
2011-09-29: Namespaces
2011-09-29: Selectors Level 3
2011-06-07: Color

text: Some modules have Candidate Recommendation (CR) status and are considered moderately stable. At CR stage, implementations are advised to drop vendor prefixes.[44]

text:
Summary of main module-specifications[45]

Module
Specification title
Status
Date

css3-background
CSS Backgrounds and Borders Module Level 3
Candidate Rec.
000000002014-09-01-0000Sep 2014

css3-box
CSS basic box model
Working Draft,
000000002007-08-01-0000Aug 2007

css-cascade-3
CSS Cascading and Inheritance Level 3
Candidate Rec.
000000002016-05-01-0000May 2016

css3-color
CSS Color Module Level 3
Recommendation
000000002011-06-01-0000Jun 2011

css3-content
CSS3 Generated and Replaced Content Module
Working Draft
000000002016-06-01-0000Jun 2016

css-fonts-3
CSS Fonts Module Level 3
Candidate Rec.
000000002013-10-01-0000Oct 2013

css3-gcpm
CSS Generated Content for Paged Media Module
Working Draft
000000002014-05-01-0000May 2014

css3-layout
CSS Template Layout Module
Note
000000002015-03-01-0000Mar 2015

css3-mediaqueries
Media Queries
Recommendation
000000002012-06-01-0000Jun 2012

css3-multicol
Multi-column Layout
Candidate Rec.
000000002011-04-01-0000Apr 2011

css3-page
CSS Paged Media Module Level 3
Working Draft
000000002013-03-01-0000Mar 2013

css3-selectors
Selectors Level 3
Recommendation
000000002011-09-01-0000Sep 2011

css3-ui
CSS Basic User Interface Module Level 3 (CSS3 UI)
Working Draft
000000002015-07-01-0000Jul 2015

text: CSS 4[edit]

text: There is no single, integrated CSS4 specification,[46] because it is split into separate modules. However, there are "level 4" modules.[47]

text: Because CSS3 split the CSS language's definition into modules, the modules have been allowed to level independently. Most modules are level 3—they build on things from CSS 2.1. A few level-4 modules exist (such as Image Values,[48][49] Backgrounds & Borders,[50] or Selectors),[51] which build on the functionality of a preceding level-3 module. Other modules defining entirely new functionality, such as Flexbox, have been designated as "level 1".[52]

text: The CSS Working Group sometimes publishes “Snapshots”, a collection of whole modules and parts of other drafts that are considered stable, interoperably implemented and hence ready to use. So far, four such best current practices document have been published as Notes, in 2007,[53] 2010,[54] 2015.[55] and 2017.[56]

text: Browser support[edit]

text: Each web browser uses a layout engine to render web pages, and support for CSS functionality is not consistent between them. Because browsers do not parse CSS perfectly, multiple coding techniques have been developed to target specific browsers with workarounds (commonly known as CSS hacks or CSS filters). Adoption of new functionality in CSS can be hindered by lack of support in major browsers. For example, Internet Explorer was slow to add support for many CSS 3 features, which slowed adoption of those features and damaged the browser's reputation among developers.[57] In order to ensure a consistent experience for their users, web developers often test their sites across multiple operating systems, browsers, and browser versions, increasing development time and complexity. Tools such as BrowserStack have been built to reduce the complexity of maintaining these environments.

text: In addition to these testing tools, many sites maintain lists of browser support for specific CSS properties, including CanIUse and the Mozilla Developer Network. Additionally, the CSS 3 defines feature queries, which provide an @supports directive that will allow developers to target browsers with support for certain functionality directly within their CSS.[58] CSS that is not supported by older browsers can also sometimes be patched in using Javascript polyfills, which are pieces of Javascript code designed to make browsers behave consistently. These workarounds—and the need to support fallback functionality—can add complexity to development projects, and consequently, companies frequently define a list of browser versions that they will and will not support.

text: As websites adopt newer code standards that are incompatible with older browsers, these browsers can be cut off from accessing many of the resources on the web (sometimes intentionally).[59] Many of the most popular sites on the internet are not just visually degraded on older browsers due to poor CSS support, but do not work at all, in large part due to the evolution of Javascript and other web technologies.

text: Limitations[edit]

text: Some noted limitations of the current capabilities of CSS include:

text: Resolved limitations[edit]

text: Advantages[edit]

text: CSS frameworks[edit]

text: CSS frameworks are pre-prepared libraries that are meant to allow for easier, more standards-compliant styling of web pages using the Cascading Style Sheets language. CSS frameworks include Foundation, Blueprint, Bootstrap, Cascade Framework and Materialize. Like programming and scripting language libraries, CSS frameworks are usually incorporated as external .css sheets referenced in the HTML <head>. They provide a number of ready-made options for designing and laying out the web page. Although many of these frameworks have been published, some authors use them mostly for rapid prototyping, or for learning from, and prefer to 'handcraft' CSS that is appropriate to each published site without the design, maintenance and download overhead of having many unused features in the site's styling.[73]

text: CSS authoring methodologies[edit]

text: As the size of CSS resources used in a project increases, the development team needs to decide on a common methodology to keep them organized. The goals are ease of development, ease of collaboration during development and performance of the deployed stylesheets in the browser. Popular methodologies include OOCSS - object oriented CSS, ACSS - atomic CSS, oCSS - organic Cascade Style Sheet, SMACSS - scalable and modular architecture for CSS and BEM - block, element, modifier.[74]


document_title: My Fair Lady (film)

question_text: who sang eliza doolittle in my fair lady

root

text: My Fair Lady (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In Edwardian London, Professor Henry Higgins (Rex Harrison), a scholar of phonetics, believes that the accent and tone of one's voice determines a person's prospects in society. In Covent Garden one evening, he boasts to a new acquaintance, Colonel Hugh Pickering (Wilfrid Hyde-White), himself an expert in phonetics, that he could teach any person to speak in a way that he could pass them off as a duke or duchess at an embassy ball. Higgins selects as an example a young flower seller, Eliza Doolittle (Audrey Hepburn), who has a strong Cockney accent. Eliza's ambition is to work in a flower shop, but her thick accent makes her unsuitable. Having come from India to meet Higgins, Pickering is invited to stay with the professor. The following morning, Eliza shows up at Higgins' home, seeking lessons. Pickering is intrigued and offers to cover all expenses, should the experiment be successful.

tag: p

text: Eliza's father, Alfred P. Doolittle (Stanley Holloway), a dustman, shows up three days later, ostensibly to protect his daughter's virtue, but in reality simply to extract some money from Higgins, and is bought off with £5. Higgins is impressed by the man's honesty, his natural gift for language, and especially his brazen lack of morals. Higgins recommends Alfred to a wealthy American who is interested in morality. Eliza goes through many forms of speech training, such as speaking with marbles in her mouth, enduring Higgins' harsh approach to teaching and his treatment of her personally. She makes little progress, but just as she, Higgins, and Pickering are about to give up, Eliza finally "gets it"; she instantly begins to speak with an impeccable upper class accent.

text: As a test, Higgins takes her to Ascot Racecourse, where she makes a good impression initially, only to shock everyone by a sudden lapse into vulgar Cockney while cheering on a horse. Higgins, who dislikes the pretentiousness of the upper class, partly conceals a grin behind his hand. He next has Eliza pose as a mysterious lady at an embassy ball where she dances with a foreign prince. At the ball is Zoltan Karpathy (Theodore Bikel), a Hungarian phonetics expert trained by Higgins. After a brief conversation with Eliza, he certifies that she is not only Hungarian, but of royal blood, declaring her to be a Princess.

text: After all the effort she has put in, however, Eliza's actions are barely acknowledged, with all the praise going to Higgins. This, and his callous treatment towards her afterwards, especially his indifference to her future, causes her to throw Higgins' slippers at him, and to walk out on him, leaving him mystified by her ingratitude. Accompanied by Freddy Eynsford-Hill (Jeremy Brett), a young man she met at Ascot and who is charmed by her, Eliza makes an attempt to return to her old life, but finds that she no longer fits in. She meets her father, who has been left a large fortune by the wealthy American to whom Higgins had recommended him, and is resigned to marrying Eliza's stepmother. Alfred feels that Higgins has ruined him, since he is now bound by morals and responsibility. Eliza kindly refuses an invitation to the wedding and eventually ends up visiting Higgins' mother (Gladys Cooper), who is outraged at her son's behaviour.

text: The next day, Higgins finds Eliza gone and searches for her, eventually finding her at his mother's house. Higgins attempts to talk Eliza into coming back to him. He becomes angered when Eliza announces that she is going to marry Freddy and become Karpathy's assistant. He makes his way home, stubbornly predicting that she will come crawling back. However, he comes to the realization that he has "grown accustomed to her face." Henry returns to his study to lament his loneliness. As he listens to Eliza's recorded voice, she reappears in the doorway behind him, turning off the recording and saying in her old Cockney accent, "I washed my hands and face before I come I did."  Higgins looks surprised then pleased before asking for his slippers once more as Eliza smiles on behind him, leaving the audience to decide what happens next.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Audrey Hepburn as Eliza Doolittle
Marni Nixon as Eliza's singing voice (uncredited)
Rex Harrison as Professor Henry Higgins
Stanley Holloway as Alfred P. Doolittle
Wilfrid Hyde-White as Colonel Hugh Pickering
Gladys Cooper as Mrs. Higgins
Jeremy Brett as Freddy Eynsford-Hill
Bill Shirley as Freddy's singing voice (uncredited)
Theodore Bikel as Zoltan Karpathy
Mona Washbourne as Mrs. Pearce, Higgins' housekeeper
Isobel Elsom as Mrs. Eynsford-Hill
John Holland as the Butler

tag: ul

text: Uncredited Cast

text:
Henry Daniell as the British Ambassador (in his last film role)
Baroness Rothschild as the Queen of Transylvania
Buddy Bryant as Prince Gregor of Transylvania
Charles Fredericks as the King in Eliza's fantasy
Lillian Kemble-Cooper as female Ambassador (in yellow dress) at Ball
Queenie Leonard as Cockney bystander
Moyna MacGill as Lady Boxington
Alan Napier as gentleman escorting Eliza to the Queen
Betty Blythe as Lady at Ball
Marjorie Bennett as Cockney with pipe
Marni Nixon as Waiter from bar (Get Me to the Church on Time)

text: Musical numbers[edit]

text:
"Overture" – played by orchestra.
"Why Can't the English Learn to Speak?" – performed by Rex Harrison, Wilfrid Hyde-White and Audrey Hepburn.
"Wouldn't It Be Loverly?" – performed by Audrey Hepburn (dubbed by Marni Nixon) and chorus.
"An Ordinary Man" – performed by Rex Harrison.
"With a Little Bit of Luck" – performed by Stanley Holloway, John Alderson, John McLiam, and chorus.
"Just You Wait" – sung by Audrey Hepburn (partially dubbed by Marni Nixon) and Charles Fredericks.
"Servants Chorus" – sung by Mona Washbourne and chorus.
"The Rain in Spain" – performed by Rex Harrison, Wilfrid Hyde-White, and Audrey Hepburn (partially dubbed by Marni Nixon).
"I Could Have Danced All Night" – performed by Audrey Hepburn (mostly dubbed by Marni Nixon), Mona Washbourne and chorus.
"Ascot Gavotte" – sung by chorus.
"Ascot Gavotte (Reprise)" – sung by chorus.
"On the Street Where You Live" – sung by Jeremy Brett (dubbed by Bill Shirley).
"Intermission" – played by orchestra.
"Transylvanian March" – played by orchestra.
"Embassy Waltz" – played by orchestra.
"You Did It" – performed by Rex Harrison, Wilfrid Hyde-White, and chorus.
"Just You Wait (Reprise)" – sung by Audrey Hepburn.
"On the Street Where You Live" (reprise) – sung by Jeremy Brett (dubbed by Bill Shirley).
"Show Me" – sung by Audrey Hepburn (dubbed by Marni Nixon) and Jeremy Brett (dubbed by Bill Shirley).
"Wouldn't It Be Loverly" (reprise) – sung by Audrey Hepburn (dubbed by Marni Nixon) and chorus.
"Get Me to the Church on Time" – performed by Stanley Holloway, John Alderson, John McLiam, and chorus.
"A Hymn to Him (Why Can't A Woman Be More Like a Man?)" – performed by Rex Harrison and Wilfrid Hyde-White.
"Without You" – sung by Audrey Hepburn (dubbed by Marni Nixon) and Rex Harrison.
"I've Grown Accustomed to Her Face" – performed by Rex Harrison.
"Finale" – played by orchestra.

tag: ol

text: Production[edit]

text: The head of CBS, William S. Paley, put up the money for the original Broadway production in exchange for the rights to the cast album (through Columbia Records). When Warner bought the film rights in February 1962 for the then-unprecedented sum of $5 million, it was agreed that the rights to the film would revert to CBS seven years following release.[4]

text: Order of musical numbers[edit]

text: The order of the songs in the show was followed faithfully, except for "With a Little Bit of Luck". The song is listed as being the third musical number in the play; in the film it is the fourth. Onstage, the song is split into two parts sung in two different scenes. Part of the song is sung by Doolittle and his cronies just after Eliza gives him part of her earnings, immediately before she makes the decision to go to Higgins's house to ask for speech lessons. The second half of the song is sung by Doolittle just after he discovers that Eliza is now living with Higgins. In the film, the entire song is sung in one scene that takes place just after Higgins has sung "I'm an Ordinary Man". However, the song does have a dialogue scene (Doolittle's conversation with Eliza's landlady) between verses.

text: The instrumental "Busker Sequence", which opens the play immediately after the Overture, is the only musical number from the play omitted in the film version. However, there are several measures from this piece that can be heard as we see Eliza in the rain, making her way through the cars and carriages in Covent Garden.

text: All of the songs in the film were performed near complete; however, there were some verse omissions, as there sometimes are in film versions of Broadway musicals. For example, in the song "With a Little Bit of Luck", the verse "He does not have a Tuppence in his pocket", which was sung with a chorus, was omitted, due to space and its length. The original verse in "Show Me" was used instead.

text: The stanzas of "You Did It" that came after Higgins says "she is a Princess" were originally written for the Broadway version, but Harrison hated the lyrics, and refused to perform the song unless and until those lyrics were omitted, which they were in most Broadway versions. However, Cukor insisted that the omitted lyrics be restored for the film version or he would not direct at all, causing Harrison to oblige. The omitted lyrics end with the words "Hungarian Rhapsody" followed by the servants shouting "Bravo" three times, to the strains of Liszt's "Hungarian Rhapsody" before the servants sing "Congratulations, Professor Higgins".[5]

text: Dubbing[edit]

text: Hepburn's singing was judged inadequate, and she was dubbed by Marni Nixon,[6] who sang all songs except "Just You Wait", where Hepburn's voice was left undubbed during the harsh-toned chorus of the song and Nixon sang the melodic bridge section. Some of Hepburn's original vocal performances for the film were released in the 1990s, affording audiences an opportunity to judge whether the dubbing was necessary. Less well known is the dubbing of Jeremy Brett's songs (as Freddy) by Bill Shirley.[7]

text: Harrison declined to pre-record his musical numbers for the film, explaining that he had never talked his way through the songs the same way twice and thus could not convincingly lip-sync to a playback during filming (as musical stars had, according to Jack L. Warner, been doing for years. "We even dubbed Rin-Tin-Tin"[8]). George Groves decided to use a wireless microphone, the first such use during filming of a motion picture.[9] The sound department earned an Academy Award for its efforts.

text: Intermission[edit]

text: One of the few differences in structure between the stage version and the film is the placement of the intermission. In the stage play, the intermission comes after  the embassy ball where Eliza dances with Karpathy. In the film, the intermission comes before the ball, as Eliza, Higgins, and Pickering are seen departing for the embassy.

text: Art direction[edit]

text: Gene Allen, Cecil Beaton, and George James Hopkins won an Academy Award for Best Production Design for art direction of the film. Beaton's inspiration for the library in Higgins' home, where much of the action takes place, was a room at the Château de Groussay, Montfort-l'Amaury, in France, which had been decorated opulently by its owner Carlos de Beistegui.[citation needed] Hats were created by Parisian milliner Paulette[fr] at Beaton's request.

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Original Columbia Records LP
All tracks played by the Warner Bros. Studio Orchestra conducted by André Previn. Between brackets the singers.

"Overture"
"Why Can't the English Learn to Speak?" (Rex Harrison, Audrey Hepburn, Wilfrid Hyde-White)
"Wouldn't It Be Loverly?" (Marni Nixon (for Hepburn))
"I'm an Ordinary Man" (Harrison)
"With a Little Bit of Luck" (Stanley Holloway)
"Just You Wait" (Hepburn, Nixon)
"The Rain in Spain" (Harrison, Hepburn, Nixon, Hyde-White)
"I Could Have Danced All Night" (Nixon, Hepburn(one line))
"Ascot Gavotte"
"On the Street Where You Live" (Bill Shirley (for Jeremy Brett))
"You Did It" (Harrison, Hyde-White) (without the choir "Congratulations")
"Show Me" (Nixon, Shirley)
"Get Me to the Church on Time" (Holloway)
"A Hymn to Him (Why Can't a Woman Be More Like a Man?)" (Harrison, Hyde-White)
"Without You" (Nixon, Harrison)
"I've Grown Accustomed to Her Face" (Harrison)

Previously unreleased on LP, included on the CD
"The Flower Market"
"Servants' Chorus"
"Ascot Gavotte (Reprise)"
"Intermission"
"The Transylvanian March"
"The Embassy Waltz"
"You Did It" (Harrison, Hyde-White) (with the servant's final choir "Congratulations")
"Just You Wait (Reprise)" (Audrey Hepburn)
"On the Street Where You Live (Reprise)" (Shirley)
"The Flowermarket" (containing the reprise of "Wouldn't It Be Loverly?") (Nixon)
"End Titles"
"Exit Music"

tag: table

text: Reception[edit]

text: With a production budget of $17 million, My Fair Lady was the most expensive film shot in the United States up to that time.[10] The film was re-released in 1971 and earned North American rentals of $2 million. It was re-released again in 1994 after a thorough restoration.[11]

text: My Fair Lady currently holds a 96% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 46 reviews, with an average rating of 8.1/10. The consensus states: "George Cukor's elegant, colorful adaptation of the beloved stage play is elevated to new heights thanks to winning performances by Audrey Hepburn and Rex Harrison."[12] Chicago Sun-Times critic Roger Ebert gave the film four stars out of four, and, in 2006, he put it on his "Great Movies" list, praising Hepburn's performance, and calling the film "the best and most unlikely of musicals."[13]

text: Awards and honors[edit]

text: Academy Awards: 1964[edit]

text: My Fair Lady won eight Oscars:[3][14]

text:
Academy Award for Best Picture – Jack L. Warner
Academy Award for Best Director – George Cukor
Academy Award for Best Actor – Rex Harrison
Academy Award for Best Cinematography – Harry Stradling
Academy Award for Best Sound – George R. Groves, Warner Brothers Studio
Academy Award for Best Adaptation or Treatment Score – André Previn
Academy Award for Best Art Direction – Gene Allen, Cecil Beaton, and George James Hopkins
Academy Award for Best Costume Design – Cecil Beaton
Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay – Alan Jay Lerner - Nominated
Academy Award for Best Film Editing – William Ziegler - Nominated
Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor – Stanley Holloway - Nominated
Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress – Gladys Cooper - Nominated

text: Golden Globe Awards[edit]

text: My Fair Lady won three Golden Globes:

text:
Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy
Golden Globe Award for Best Director – Motion Picture – George Cukor
Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy – Rex Harrison

text: BAFTA Awards[edit]

text: My Fair Lady won the BAFTA Award for Best Film from any source

text: Restoration[edit]

text: The film was restored in 1994 by James C. Katz and Robert A. Harris, who had restored Spartacus three years earlier. The restoration was commissioned and financed by CBS, to which the film rights reverted from Warner Bros. in 1971.[15] CBS would later hire Harris to lend his expertise to a new 4K restoration of the film for a 2015 Blu-ray release, working from 8K scans of the original camera negative and other surviving 65mm elements.[16]

text: Planned remake[edit]

text: A new film of the musical was planned in 2008 with a screenplay by Emma Thompson but the project did not materialize. Keira Knightley, Carey Mulligan, and Colin Firth were among those in consideration for the lead roles.[17][18][19]


document_title: Goodbye, Farewell and Amen

question_text: how many viewers watched the last episode of mash

text: Goodbye, Farewell and Amen

text: Plot[edit]

text: This article's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: As peace negotiations continue during the Korean War, Hawkeye Pierce is being treated by Dr. Sidney Freedman at a mental hospital. Sidney is trying to get Hawkeye to release repressed memories of an outing most of the 4077th staff attended at a beach near Incheon which appears to have led to a nervous breakdown.[1] Hawkeye first remembers the trip home as having a party-like atmosphere with him calling for a bottle of whiskey to be passed to a person who "can't wait" to drink it. He next recalls that the person in question was actually a soldier who needed the bottle. Eventually he remembers that the bottle did not contain whiskey, but plasma, and the soldier was severely wounded. Hawkeye was actually yelling impatiently that "this guy can't wait".

text: Further on, Hawkeye recalls that they picked up some refugees and wounded soldiers farther up the road as an enemy patrol was coming. The bus had to hide off the road and the occupants were forced to remain quiet. Before Hawkeye tells more, he lashes out at two of his fellow patients for getting into a loud argument. Hawkeye says they were screaming like chickens, and jokes about chickens taking the bus. Using that as a clue, Sidney digs deeper and Hawkeye remembers a refugee woman who was carrying a chicken that would not stop clucking.

text: Hawkeye insists that he is perfectly fine, but Freedman reminds him that after returning to the 4077th, Hawkeye had accused an anesthesiologist of trying to smother a patient, and then drove a Jeep through a wall in the officers' club and ordered a double bourbon. After more questioning, Hawkeye remembers telling the refugee to make the chicken be quiet, and then that the woman had killed the chicken to silence it. Hawkeye then breaks down sobbing as he remembers that the refugee woman was not carrying a chicken, but her infant child, and had smothered her baby to death to silence it as Hawkeye had insisted. Hawkeye is initially angry at Sidney for making him remember, but Sidney tells him, "You had to get it out in the open. Now we're halfway home." Hawkeye initially believes he will be sent home to Maine, but after more sessions, Sidney informs him he must go back to the 4077th and promises to check in on him.

text: Back at the 4077th, the camp is helping to shelter some of the North Korean and Chinese troops surrendering in the final days of the war. Charles Winchester, who is suffering from diarrhea, possibly dysentery, encounters a group of Chinese soldiers on a motorcycle when he is forced to relieve himself in a local creek after the camp's latrine is destroyed by a runaway tank. The soldiers surrender to him and reveal themselves to be musicians. Winchester brings the soldiers back to camp along with the motorcycle, which B.J. Hunnicutt decides to take for himself and paint yellow. As Winchester is trying to listen to music (Mozart, Clarinet Quintet in A, K. 581), the Chinese musicians annoy him with their own playing. When Winchester tells them to stop, they recognize the name Mozart and one of the musicians begins playing the same piece to which Winchester was listening. An impressed Winchester decides to teach them how to play it properly, eventually forming a bond with the Chinese POWs.

text: Winchester is also distressed over the future of his career after the end of the war. He tells Margaret Houlihan that he has applied to be chief of thoracic surgery at Mercy Hospital in Boston, which he regards as "the finest in New England", but has been notified by a friend that another, less surgically qualified, but more politically connected surgeon might get the position, instead. Margaret decides to assist Winchester in his application, as a friend of her father's is the chief of staff at Mercy Hospital. Winchester receives a letter days later that tells him the good news. However, he is told by Klinger that Margaret assisted him, and angry that he did not get it through his own efforts, storms off, and is curt and rude to Houlihan.

text: Klinger has fallen in love with Soon-Lee Han, a local Korean refugee at the camp. Soon-Lee has been searching for her parents, who have gone missing, and has been told they are in Chorwon nearby. Chorwon, however, is the site of ongoing fighting and Klinger does not want Soon-Lee going there. Eventually, he finds out that she has left and chases after her, hoping that she will come back. After she initially refuses, he declares his feelings for her and takes her back to camp.

text: B.J. Hunnicutt has received discharge papers and is excited about going home to finally see his daughter, Erin, whom he has not seen since she was born. Col. Potter is initially unhappy about being without two of his surgeons as Hawkeye has not yet left the mental hospital. However, the colonel agrees after B.J. tells him that he knows of a surgeon who will take his place.

text: Almost immediately thereafter, the camp is attacked with mortars. Several POWs, locked in a makeshift pen in the compound, are stuck in the line of fire and Father Mulcahy goes to let them out. A mortar explodes directly in front of him and knocks him out. B.J. examines Mulcahy and finds that he is suffering from tinnitus and could potentially lose his hearing. Mulcahy, knowing that deafness could result in him being discharged, demands B.J. keep it a secret from the camp, as he does not want to abandon the local orphans for whom he has been caring.

text: The mortar attacks continue and Potter, believing it is because of the abandoned tank that destroyed the latrine and remains in the compound, calls I Corps headquarters, demanding answers. He is told that the tank has to stay at the 4077th until the unit to which it belonged comes back and claims it. Klinger decides to help by draping a tent over the tank so the North Koreans will not see it, but it proves only to be a temporary fix, as the enemy knows the tank is still there and continues to attack.

text: As B.J. is leaving the camp by helicopter, Klinger opens that day's mail and informs Potter that B.J.'s discharge was rescinded. Potter decides to ignore this, telling Klinger to put any mail on his desk and that he will look at it later. Hawkeye returns shortly thereafter to find a new batch of wounded in the camp and that his roommate and best friend has gone home. Potter calls headquarters while operating and asks where the new surgeon is. The mortar attacks on the 4077th resume worse than before. As everyone is pinned down in the operating room (OR), Hawkeye decides to run out to move the tank. He turns it around, before hitting the OR tent, smashing through the newly built latrine, and finally running the tank into the camp garbage dump, deflecting the shelling away from the hospital. Potter is not amused by this and decides that Hawkeye needs to see Sidney again.

text: That night, an incendiary bomb attack sparks a fire in the nearby forest and the 4077th is in its path, forcing the camp to evacuate and move operations ("bug out"). Once the new camp is set up, Potter's replacement surgeon arrives. To his surprise, it is B.J., who tells Potter that he got about "a third of the way home" before word of his recall to the 4077th got to him in Guam. He apologizes to Hawkeye for not leaving him a note, as he was so rushed the day he left, but Hawkeye brushes it off.

text: Sidney arrives at the new camp site in the middle of a celebration, as the 4077th decides to throw a party in absentia for B.J.'s daughter, who is turning two. A two-year-old orphan girl is picked to take the place of Erin Hunnicutt and B.J. is touched. Hawkeye, however, is saddened and walks off. Sidney follows him, telling him that his tank stunt was the most sensible thing to do, that he should not be afraid of his job anymore, that he is overthinking things, and that his failures might make him a better doctor.

text: A POW exchange takes place later that day, which includes the five Chinese musicians. Winchester tries to keep them with him, but is turned away by a soldier. As the truck taking them leaves, the musicians bid farewell to Winchester by playing the Mozart piece correctly. Moments later, an announcement is relayed to the camp: a ceasefire has been agreed to and, at 10:00 that evening, the United States' involvement in the Korean War will come to an end. Almost on cue, a new batch of wounded arrives at the camp. Potter informs the doctors that this is to be the last set of wounded operated on at the new camp, as headquarters has ordered them back to their original site at Uijeongbu.

text: Once they return, a new batch of wounded arrives at the compound on top of the one they were working on and Winchester is dispatched to perform triage outside. He discovers that one of the deceased patients is one of the Chinese musicians. Winchester also learns that everyone else in the truck carrying the POWs was killed in an attack. Winchester, still in disbelief, returns to the Swamp and listens to his Mozart record, but after a few seconds, he pulls it out of the player and smashes it to bits in anger.

text: As he is finished operating, Hawkeye's next patient is a young girl who was apparently wounded in a round of shelling. With Sidney observing, Hawkeye hesitates in performing the operation. Although Potter offers to switch with him, Hawkeye decides to operate on the little girl himself. With Hawkeye now apparently back to normal, Sidney decides to depart the 4077th for the last time and Hawkeye thanks him for his treatment. As Sidney leaves, he echoes a statement he made to the doctors in one of his first visits years earlier: "Ladies and gentlemen, take my advice. Pull down your pants and slide on the ice." Once Sidney is out of the OR, the announcement of the ceasefire and the end of the shelling comes over the radio. The doctors pause in wonder at the new peace, then continue operating on the remaining wounded.

text: The camp spends its last night together at a party in the mess tent. Colonel Potter decides to have everyone talk about what they will be doing after the war. Potter is heading home to his wife Mildred in Hannibal, Missouri, where he will still practice medicine part-time. Hawkeye says that he originally wanted to work in a city hospital, but instead everything that has happened to him has changed his mind and that he plans to open a practice in his hometown of Crabapple Cove, Maine. B.J. jokes that he has run off with somebody at the airport bar in Guam, but is really headed back to San Francisco to be reunited with his family. Winchester tells the camp of his new position at Mercy Hospital, but because of the deaths of the Chinese musicians he helped teach, the music that he loved and sought out as a refuge is to remain a reminder of the horrors of war. Margaret was offered two positions abroad through her father's influence, but has decided to refuse them and take a job in America working in a hospital. Mulcahy has decided to begin working with the deaf and hard-of-hearing, having been inspired by his accident. Klinger surprises everyone by announcing that, after years of trying to receive a section-eight discharge and go home, he is staying in Korea to marry Soon-Lee, who will not leave the country until she finds her parents.

text: The next morning, Father Mulcahy presides over Klinger and Soon-Lee's wedding with Potter as the best man and Margaret as the matron of honor. After the wedding, the camp starts to be disassembled and various members remove their hometown signs from the camp signpost. Father Mulcahy leaves for the 8063rd, with B.J. continuing to protect the secret of Mulcahy's hearing loss until the time he leaves. Winchester and Margaret are to leave in the same jeep, but Winchester cannot get on because it is overloaded with Margaret's belongings. Margaret, still upset at Winchester for his ingratitude, decides to disembark, but Winchester tells her to stay and orders Sgt. Rizzo to find him another ride. Winchester makes peace with Margaret and allows her to keep one of his treasured poetry books. She then says goodbye to B.J., Potter, and Hawkeye, who gives her a long, passionate kiss.

text: After Margaret leaves, the Swamp is struck down as its occupants sarcastically mock its demise. Winchester leaves in a garbage truck, the last vehicle Rizzo has, but not before telling Potter that he hopes to guide his charges in the way Potter guided him and the rest of the camp. He then bids farewell to his tentmates, telling Hawkeye and B.J. that they showed him "what going home is all about". Winchester then boards the garbage truck, commenting, "what better way to leave a garbage dump", and leaves.

text: The next to leave is the colonel, who rides out of camp one last time on his beloved horse Sophie. Once he reaches the 8063rd, he boards a waiting jeep to head towards his flight home, and donates Sophie to the orphanage for the children. Before he goes, he tells B.J. and Hawkeye that he was glad that they all worked together and that he will miss the good laughs they all shared, appreciating them because Hawkeye and B.J. always managed to give him joy when he needed it the most. After Potter climbs onto Sophie, Hawkeye and B.J. offer Potter a salute in appreciation of him. The colonel rides off into the distance, leaving the two Swampmates as the last people at the camp.

text: A chopper then arrives at the helipad to take Hawkeye to his next stop. B.J. offers him a ride on the motorcycle he claimed from the Chinese musicians and takes him up the hill to the helipad. While there, Hawkeye and B.J. have one final conversation. Hawkeye says that he will never be able to "shake" B.J., and the two tell each other that things at home will remind them of each other. The two embrace and say they will miss each other, and Hawkeye boards the chopper.

text: Earlier, Hawkeye had been irritated with B.J. for his apparent inability to say "goodbye" as the two would probably never see each other again. Just before B.J. rides off for the last time, he says to Hawkeye that though he will try to find him once they get back to the states, he left Hawkeye a note just in case. The chopper takes off and as it gains altitude, Hawkeye sees that B.J. has arranged a large number of stones to read "GOODBYE" on the helipad. Upon seeing that, he smiles, knowing that B.J. was capable of saying goodbye after all, and the chopper flies away from what is left of the 4077th for the last time. The original theme song "Suicide is Painless" (from the 1970 film) is then played in its entirety.

text: Cultural reaction and impact[edit]

text: The anticipation before the airing of Goodbye, Farewell and Amen was almost unprecedented, especially for a regular television series (in contrast to awards shows, sporting events, or special events). Interest from advertisers prompted CBS, the network broadcasting M*A*S*H, to sell 30-second commercial blocks for $450,000 (equal to $1,105,680 today) each—costlier than even for NBC's airing of the Super Bowl of that year.[2][3]

text: On the night the episode aired, large areas of California (particularly the San Francisco Bay Area) suffered power outages due to unusually stormy winter weather, which prevented many viewers from watching the series finale. Three weeks later, on March 21, KPIX, the CBS affiliate in San Francisco, reaired the episode.[citation needed]

text: Reaction and aftermath[edit]

text: In the United States, the episode drew 105.97 million total viewers[4] and a total audience of 121.6 million,[5] more than both Super Bowl XVII and the Roots miniseries.  The episode surpassed the single-episode ratings record that had been set by the Dallas episode that resolved the "Who Shot J.R.?" cliffhanger. From 1983 until 2010, Goodbye, Farewell and Amen remained the most watched television broadcast in American history,[2] passed only in total viewership (but not in ratings or share) in February 2010 by Super Bowl XLIV. It still stands as the most-watched finale of any television series,[4] as well as the most-watched episode.[6]

text: As M*A*S*H was one of the most successful shows in TV history, in order not to completely lose the franchise, CBS quickly created a new series, AfterMASH, that followed the postwar adventures of Colonel Potter, Max Klinger, and Father Mulcahy in a stateside hospital. Despite wide popularity in its premiere episodes, script problems and constant character changes led to a sharp decline in viewers, and the show was cancelled by CBS after only two seasons.  Another would be spin-off, W*A*L*T*E*R, was a pilot made in 1984 that was never picked up. It starred Gary Burghoff, who reprised his M*A*S*H character.

text: Goodbye, Farewell and Amen was not initially included in the syndication package for M*A*S*H's final season. However, in 1992, the episode made its syndication premiere in time for its 10th anniversary. Local stations aired it as a part of a Movie of the Week.[citation needed]

text: When M*A*S*H was shown on FX and Hallmark Channel, they aired Goodbye, Farewell and Amen occasionally. Hallmark Channel showed it twice a year, February and August, before dropping M*A*S*H from its schedule. TV Land and MeTV have also shown the episode sporadically, including a Veterans Day broadcast on November 11, 2015.  In Canada, the cable channel History Television shows the episode in its entirety annually on the Labor Day holiday.

text: In 2011, the TV Guide Network special TV's Most Unforgettable Finales ranked this finale as the best.[citation needed]


document_title: Peep and the Big Wide World

question_text: who narrates peep and the big wide world

text: Peep and the Big Wide World

text: Overview[edit]

text: Viewers follow Peep, Chirp, and Quack as they investigate and explore the world around them. Following the 9-minute animated segment, there is a 2-minute live-action segment with children exploring and demonstrating the same topic presented in the animated segment. Animation consists of bright colors and simple shapes.

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
26
April 12, 2004 (2004-04-12)
May 17, 2004 (2004-05-17)

2
13
May 2, 2005 (2005-05-02)
May 18, 2005 (2005-05-18)

3
10
April 16, 2007 (2007-04-16)
September 14, 2007 (2007-09-14)

4
6
January 31, 2010 (2010-01-31)
July 17, 2010 (2010-07-17)

5
5
October 10, 2011 (2011-10-10)
October 14, 2011 (2011-10-14)

text: Characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Peep (Voiced by Scott Beaudin): A male, yellow chicken who is very curious. The show's title is derived from his name. Peep is female in the original short film.
Chirp (Voiced by Amanda Soha): A female, red robin who is also curious, and attempts frequently to fly, with unsatisfying results. She is Peep's friend. Chirp is male in the original short film.
Quack (Voiced by Jamie Watson): A male, blue duck who wears a white sailor's hat. He frequently boasts about himself and ducks as a whole, and unwittingly makes many discoveries. Quack is purple in the original short film and is now referred to as blue, but is still quite purple.
The Narrator (Voiced by Joan Cusack): The Narrator tells the episode's story, although the characters rarely have any interaction with her. In the episodes "Dry Duck Part 1" the birds did have a short interaction with her and in "Quack Quiets the Universe" she and Quack interact as well.

text: Minor[edit]

text:
Ant (Voiced by Robert Tinkler): A busy male ant who appears in some episodes.
Beaver Boy (Voiced by Tessa Marshall): A young naïve male beaver lives in an adjoining pond to Quack's. He appears in several episodes.
Beaver Mom: Beaver Boy's workaholic mother.
Beaver Dad (Voiced by Phillip Williams): Beaver Boy's businesslike father.
Dragonfly (Voiced by Catherine Disher): A quiet dragonfly.
Fish: Cohabitants of Quack's pond.
Hoot (Voiced by Corinne Conley): A menacing, but kind purple female owl who lives in the Deep Dark Woods.
Nellie (Voiced by Marium Carvell): A red female dog who acts as a seemingly maternal figure for the birds.
Newton (Voiced by Colin Fox): An old, male, dark-green turtle who lives under an apple tree.
Quack #2 (Voiced by Megan Mullally): An annoying pink female duck who has her own pond, built by Quack, Peep, Chirp, Beaver Boy and his parents.
Rabbit (Voiced by Jayne Eastwood): An excitable and somewhat distracted rabbit.
Robin (Voiced by Holly Hunter): An adult robin.
Skunk (Voiced by Adrian Truss): A rather deadpan skunk who lives near Quack's pond.
Bat (Voiced by Ron Rubin): A shy bat.
Squeak (Voiced by Kathleen Laskey): An anxious pink, female mouse who lives under a brick and always worries about what could go wrong.
Tom ( voiced by Matthew Knight): A sly, male blue-and-black kitten who often tries to eat Peep, Chirp, and Quack. He is the sole antagonist.

text: Music composition[edit]

text: Music for Peep and the Big Wide World is composed by Terry Tompkins and Steve D'Angelo, from Eggplant. The opening theme is performed by Taj Mahal.[4]


document_title: Party leaders of the United States Senate

question_text: what is the majority political party in the senate now

text: Current floor leaders[edit]

text: The Senate is currently composed of 51 Republicans, 47 Democrats, and 2 independents, both of whom caucus with the Democrats.

text: The current leaders are long-time Senators Mitch McConnell (R) from Kentucky and Chuck Schumer (D) from New York. The current Assistant Leaders/Whips are long-time Senators John Cornyn (R) from Texas and Dick Durbin (D) from Illinois.

text: History[edit]

text: The Democrats began the practice of electing floor leaders in 1920 while they were in the minority. John W. Kern was a Democratic Senator from Indiana. While the title was not official, he is considered[by whom?] to be the first Senate party leader from 1913 through 1917 (and in turn, the first Senate Democratic Leader), while serving concurrently as Chairman of the Senate Democratic Caucus. In 1925 the majority (at the time) Republicans also adopted this language when Charles Curtis became the first (official) Majority Leader[citation needed], although his immediate predecessor Henry Cabot Lodge is considered the first (unofficial) Senate Majority Leader.

text: The Constitution designates the Vice President of the United States as President of the United States Senate. The Constitution also calls for a President pro tempore to serve as the leader of the body when the President of the Senate (the Vice President) is absent. In practice, neither the Vice President nor the President pro tempore—customarily the most senior (longest-serving) Senator in the majority party—actually presides over the Senate on a daily basis; that task is given to junior Senators of the majority party. Since the Vice President may be of a different party than the majority and is not a member subject to discipline, the rules of procedure of the Senate give the presiding officer very little power and none beyond the presiding role. For these reasons, it is the Majority Leader who, in practice, manages the Senate. This is in contrast to the House of Representatives where the elected Speaker of the House has a great deal of discretionary power and generally presides over votes on bills.[citation needed]

text: List of party leaders[edit]

text: The Democratic Party first selected a leader in 1920. The Republican Party first formally designated a leader in 1925.

text:
Cong-
ress
Dates
Democratic Whip
Democratic Leader
Majority
Republican Leader
Republican Whip

63rd
May 28, 1913 –
March 4, 1915
J. Hamilton Lewis
None
Democratic
← Majority
None
None

64th
March 4, 1915 –
December 6, 1915

December 6, 1915 –
December 13, 1915
James Wadsworth

December 13, 1915 –
March 4, 1917
Charles Curtis

65th
March 4, 1917 –
March 4, 1919

66th
March 4, 1919 –
April 27, 1920
Peter Gerry
Republican
Majority →
Henry Cabot Lodge
Unofficial

April 27, 1920 –
March 4, 1921
Oscar Underwood

67th
March 4, 1921 –
March 4, 1923

68th
March 4, 1923 –
December 3, 1923

December 3, 1923 –
November 9, 1924
Joseph Taylor Robinson

November 9, 1924 –
March 4, 1925
Charles Curtis
Acting
Wesley Jones
Acting

69th
March 4, 1925 –
March 4, 1927
Charles Curtis
Wesley Jones

70th
March 4, 1927 –
March 4, 1929

71st
March 4, 1929 –
March 4, 1931
Morris Sheppard
James E. Watson
Simeon Fess

72nd
March 4, 1931 –
March 4, 1933

73rd
March 4, 1933 –
January 3, 1935
J. Hamilton Lewis
Democratic
← Majority
Charles L. McNary
Felix Hebert

74th
January 3, 1935 –
January 3, 1937
None[Note 1]

75th
January 3, 1937 –
July 14, 1937

July 22, 1937 –
January 3, 1939
Alben W. Barkley

76th
January 3, 1939 –
April 9, 1939

April 9, 1939 –
January 3, 1940
Sherman Minton

January 3, 1940 –
January 3, 1941
Warren Austin
Acting

77th
January 3, 1941 –
January 3, 1943
J. Lister Hill
Charles L. McNary

78th
January 3, 1943 –
February 25, 1944
Kenneth Wherry

February 25, 1944 –
January 3, 1945
Wallace H. White Jr.
Acting

79th
January 3, 1945 –
January 3, 1947
Wallace H. White Jr.

80th
January 3, 1947 –
January 3, 1949
Scott W. Lucas
Republican
Majority →

81st
January 3, 1949 –
January 3, 1951
Francis Myers
Scott W. Lucas
Democratic
← Majority
Kenneth S. Wherry
Leverett Saltonstall

82nd
January 3, 1951 –
January 3, 1952
Lyndon B. Johnson
Ernest McFarland

January 3, 1952 –
January 3, 1953
Styles Bridges

83rd
January 3, 1953 –
July 31, 1953
Earle Clements
Lyndon B. Johnson
Republican
Majority →
Robert A. Taft

August 3, 1953 –
January 3, 1955
William F. Knowland

84th
January 3, 1955 –
January 3, 1957
Democratic
← Majority

85th
January 3, 1957 –
January 3, 1959
Mike Mansfield
Everett Dirksen

86th
January 3, 1959 –
January 3, 1961
Everett Dirksen
Thomas Kuchel

87th
January 3, 1961 –
January 3, 1963
Hubert Humphrey
Mike Mansfield

88th
January 3, 1963 –
January 3, 1965

89th
January 3, 1965 –
January 3, 1967
Russell B. Long

90th
January 3, 1967 –
January 3, 1969

91st
January 3, 1969 –
September 7, 1969
Ted Kennedy
Hugh Scott

September 24, 1969 –
January 3, 1971
Hugh Scott
Robert Griffin

92nd
January 3, 1971 –
January 3, 1973
Robert Byrd

93rd
January 3, 1973 –
January 3, 1975

94th
January 3, 1975 –
January 3, 1977

95th
January 3, 1977 –
January 3, 1979
Alan Cranston
Robert Byrd
Howard Baker
Ted Stevens

96th
January 3, 1979 –
November 1, 1979

November 1, 1979 –
March 5, 1980
Ted Stevens
Acting

March 5, 1980 –
January 3, 1981
Howard Baker

97th
January 3, 1981 –
January 3, 1983
Republican
Majority →

98th
January 3, 1983 –
January 3, 1985

99th
January 3, 1985 –
January 3, 1987
Bob Dole
Alan Simpson

100th
January 3, 1987 –
January 3, 1989
Democratic
← Majority

101st
January 3, 1989 –
January 3, 1991
George Mitchell

102nd
January 3, 1991 –
January 3, 1993
Wendell H. Ford

103rd
January 3, 1993 –
January 3, 1995

104th
January 3, 1995 –
June 12, 1996
Tom Daschle
Republican
Majority →
Trent Lott

June 12, 1996 –
January 3, 1997
Trent Lott
Don Nickles

105th
January 3, 1997 –
January 3, 1999

106th
January 3, 1999 –
January 3, 2001
Harry Reid

107th
January 3, 2001 –
January 20, 2001
Democratic
← Majority

January 20, 2001 –
June 6, 2001
Republican
Majority →

June 6, 2001 –
January 3, 2003[Note 2]
Democratic
← Majority

108th
January 3, 2003 –
January 3, 2005
Republican
Majority →
Bill Frist
Mitch McConnell

109th
January 3, 2005 –
January 3, 2007
Dick Durbin
Harry Reid

110th
January 3, 2007 –
December 18, 2007
Democratic
← Majority
Mitch McConnell
Trent Lott

December 19, 2007 –
January 3, 2009
Jon Kyl

111th
January 3, 2009 –
January 3, 2011

112th
January 3, 2011 –
January 3, 2013

113th
January 3, 2013 –
January 3, 2015
John Cornyn

114th
January 3, 2015 –
January 3, 2017
Republican
Majority →

115th
January 3, 2017 –
January 3, 2019
Chuck Schumer

Cong-
ress
Dates
Democratic Whip
Democratic Leader
Majority
Republican Leader
Republican Whip