document_title: List of 24 Hours of Le Mans winners

question_text: who won the 24 hours of lemans race

question_tokens: who won the 24 hours of lemans race

text: List of 24 Hours of Le Mans winners

text: Winners[edit]

text:
Year
Drivers
Team
Car
Tyre
Laps
Distance
Championship

2017
 Timo Bernhard
 Brendon Hartley
 Earl Bamber
 Porsche LMP Team
Porsche 919 Hybrid
M
367
5001.834 km
FIA World Endurance Championship

2016
 Romain Dumas
 Neel Jani
 Marc Lieb
 Porsche Team
Porsche 919 Hybrid
M
384
5233.53 km
FIA World Endurance Championship

2015
 Nico Hülkenberg
 Earl Bamber
 Nick Tandy
 Porsche Team
Porsche 919 Hybrid
M
395
5383.46 km
FIA World Endurance Championship

2014
 Marcel Fässler
 André Lotterer
 Benoît Tréluyer
 Audi Sport Team Joest
Audi R18 e-tron quattro
M
379
5165.39 km
FIA World Endurance Championship

2013
 Tom Kristensen
 Allan McNish
 Loïc Duval
 Audi Sport Team Joest
Audi R18 e-tron quattro
M
348
4742.89 km
FIA World Endurance Championship

2012
 Marcel Fässler
 André Lotterer
 Benoît Tréluyer
 Audi Sport Team Joest
Audi R18 e-tron quattro
M
378
5151.76 km
FIA World Endurance Championship

2011
 Marcel Fässler
 André Lotterer
 Benoît Tréluyer
 Audi Sport Team Joest
Audi R18 TDI
M
355
4838.30 km
Intercontinental Le Mans Cup

2010
 Mike Rockenfeller
 Timo Bernhard
 Romain Dumas
 Audi Sport North America
Audi R15 TDI plus
M
397
5410.71 km

2009
 David Brabham
 Marc Gené
 Alexander Wurz
 Peugeot Sport Total
Peugeot 908 HDi FAP
M
382
5206.28 km

2008
 Tom Kristensen
 Allan McNish
 Rinaldo Capello
 Audi Sport North America
Audi R10 TDI
M
381
5192.65 km

2007
 Frank Biela
 Emanuele Pirro
 Marco Werner
 Audi Sport North America
Audi R10 TDI
M
369
5036.85 km

2006
 Frank Biela
 Emanuele Pirro
 Marco Werner
 Audi Sport Team Joest
Audi R10 TDI
M
380
5187 km

2005
 JJ Lehto
 Marco Werner
 Tom Kristensen
 ADT Champion Racing
Audi R8
M
370
5050.5 km

2004
 Seiji Ara
 Tom Kristensen
 Rinaldo Capello
 Audi Sport Japan Team Goh
Audi R8
M
379
5169.9 km

2003
 Tom Kristensen
 Rinaldo Capello
 Guy Smith
 Team Bentley
Bentley Speed 8
M
377
5146.05 km

2002
 Frank Biela
 Tom Kristensen
 Emanuele Pirro
 Audi Sport Team Joest
Audi R8
M
375
5118.75 km

2001
 Frank Biela
 Tom Kristensen
 Emanuele Pirro
 Audi Sport Team Joest
Audi R8
M
321
4381.65 km

2000
 Frank Biela
 Tom Kristensen
 Emanuele Pirro
 Audi Sport Team Joest
Audi R8
M
368
5007.99 km

1999
 Pierluigi Martini
 Yannick Dalmas
 Joachim Winkelhock
 Team BMW Motorsport
BMW V12 LMR
M
365
4968 km

1998
 Laurent Aïello
 Allan McNish
 Stéphane Ortelli
 Porsche AG
Porsche 911 GT1-98
M
351
4773.18 km

1997
 Michele Alboreto
 Stefan Johansson
 Tom Kristensen
 Joest Racing
TWR Porsche WSC-95
G
361
4909.6 km

1996
 Manuel Reuter
 Davy Jones
 Alexander Wurz
 Joest Racing
TWR Porsche WSC-95
G
354
4814.4 km

1995
 Yannick Dalmas
 JJ Lehto
 Masanori Sekiya
 Kokusai Kaihatsu Racing
McLaren F1 GTR
M
298
4055.8 km

1994
 Yannick Dalmas
 Hurley Haywood
 Mauro Baldi
 Le Mans Porsche Team
Dauer 962 Le Mans
G
344
4678.4 km

1993
 Geoff Brabham
 Christophe Bouchut
 Éric Hélary
 Peugeot Talbot Sport
Peugeot 905 Evo 1B
M
375
5100 km

1992
 Derek Warwick
 Yannick Dalmas
 Mark Blundell
 Peugeot Talbot Sport
Peugeot 905 Evo 1B
M
352
4787.2 km
World Sportscar Championship

1991
 Volker Weidler
 Johnny Herbert
 Bertrand Gachot
 Mazdaspeed Co. Ltd.
Mazda 787B
D
362
4922.81 km
World Sportscar Championship

1990
 John Nielsen
 Price Cobb
 Martin Brundle
 Silk Cut Jaguar
Jaguar XJR-12
G
359
4882.4 km

1989
 Jochen Mass
 Manuel Reuter
 Stanley Dickens
 Team Sauber Mercedes
Sauber C9-Mercedes-Benz
M
389
5265.115 km

1988
 Jan Lammers
 Johnny Dumfries
 Andy Wallace
 Silk Cut Jaguar
Jaguar XJR-9LM
D
394
5332.97 km
World Sports Prototype Championship

1987
 Derek Bell
 Hans-Joachim Stuck
 Al Holbert
 Rothmans Porsche AG
Porsche 962C
D
354
4791.9 km
World Sports Prototype Championship

1986
 Derek Bell
 Hans-Joachim Stuck
 Al Holbert
 Rothmans Porsche AG
Porsche 962C
D
367
4972.731 km
World Sports Prototype Championship

1985
 Klaus Ludwig
 Paolo Barilla
 "John Winter"
 Joest Racing
Porsche 956
D
373
5088.507 km
World Endurance Championship

1984
 Klaus Ludwig
 Henri Pescarolo
 Joest Racing
Porsche 956
D
359
4900.276 km
World Endurance Championship

1983
 Vern Schuppan
 Al Holbert
 Hurley Haywood
 Rothmans Porsche
Porsche 956
D
370
5047.934 km
World Endurance Championship

1982
 Jacky Ickx
 Derek Bell
 Rothmans Porsche System
Porsche 956
D
359
4899.086 km
World Endurance Championship

1981
 Jacky Ickx
 Derek Bell
 Porsche System
Porsche 936
D
354
4825.348 km
World Endurance Championship

1980
 Jean Rondeau
 Jean-Pierre Jaussaud
 Jean Rondeau
Rondeau M379B-Ford Cosworth
G
338
4608.02 km
World Championship for Makes

1979
 Klaus Ludwig
 Bill Whittington
 Don Whittington
 Porsche Kremer Racing
Porsche 935 K3
D
307
4173.93 km

1978
 Jean-Pierre Jaussaud
 Didier Pironi
 Alpine Renault
Renault Alpine A442B
M
369
5044.53 km

1977
 Jacky Ickx
 Hurley Haywood
 Jürgen Barth
 Martini Racing Porsche System
Porsche 936/77
D
342
4671.83 km

1976
 Jacky Ickx
 Gijs van Lennep
 Martini Racing Porsche System
Porsche 936
G
349
4769.923 km

1975
 Jacky Ickx
 Derek Bell
 Gulf Research Racing Co.
Mirage GR8-Ford Cosworth
G
336
4594.577 km

1974
 Henri Pescarolo
 Gérard Larrousse
 Equipe Gitanes
Matra MS670C
G
337
4606.571 km
World Championship for Makes

1973
 Henri Pescarolo
 Gérard Larrousse
 Equipe Matra-Simca Shell
Matra MS670B
G
355
4853.945 km
World Championship for Makes

1972
 Henri Pescarolo
 Graham Hill
 Equipe Matra-Simca Shell
Matra MS670
G
344
4691.343 km
World Championship for Makes

1971
 Helmut Marko
 Gijs van Lennep
 Martini Racing Team
Porsche 917K
F
397
5335.313 km
International Championship for Makes

1970
 Hans Herrmann
 Richard Attwood
 Porsche KG Salzburg
Porsche 917K
G
343
4607.81 km
International Championship for Makes

1969
 Jacky Ickx
 Jackie Oliver
 J.W. Automotive Engineering
Ford GT40 Mk. I
F
372
4997.88 km
International Championship for Makes

1968
 Pedro Rodríguez
 Lucien Bianchi
 J.W. Automotive Engineering
Ford GT40 Mk. I
F
331
4452.88 km
International Championship for Makes

1967
 Dan Gurney
 A. J. Foyt
 Shelby-American Inc.
Ford GT40 Mk. IV
G
388
5232.9 km
International Championship for Sports-Prototypes
International Championship for Sports Cars

1966
 Bruce McLaren
 Chris Amon
 Shelby-American Inc.
Ford GT40 Mk. II
G
360
4843.09 km
International Championship for Sports-Prototypes
International Championship for Sports Cars

1965
 Jochen Rindt
 Masten Gregory
 Ed Hugus
 North American Racing Team
Ferrari 250LM
G
348
4677.11 km
International Championship for GT Manufacturers

1964
 Jean Guichet
 Nino Vaccarella
 SpA Ferrari SEFAC
Ferrari 275P
D
349
4695.31 km
International Championship for GT Manufacturers

1963
 Ludovico Scarfiotti
 Lorenzo Bandini
 SpA Ferrari SEFAC
Ferrari 250P
D
339
4561.71 km
International Championship for GT Manufacturers

1962
 Olivier Gendebien
 Phil Hill
 SpA Ferrari SEFAC
Ferrari 330 TRI/LM Spyder
D
331
4451.255 km
International Championship for GT Manufacturers

1961
 Olivier Gendebien
 Phil Hill
 Scuderia Ferrari
Ferrari 250 TRI/61
D
333
4476.58 km
World Sportscar Championship

1960
 Olivier Gendebien
 Paul Frère
 Scuderia Ferrari
Ferrari 250 TR59/60
D
314
4217.527 km
World Sportscar Championship

1959
 Carroll Shelby
 Roy Salvadori
 David Brown Racing Dept.
Aston Martin DBR1
A
323
4347.9 km
World Sportscar Championship

1958
 Olivier Gendebien
 Phil Hill
 Scuderia Ferrari
Ferrari 250 TR58
E
305
4101.926 km
World Sportscar Championship

1957
 Ron Flockhart
 Ivor Bueb
 Ecurie Ecosse
Jaguar D-Type
D
327
4397.108 km
World Sportscar Championship

1956
 Ron Flockhart
 Ninian Sanderson
 Ecurie Ecosse
Jaguar D-Type
D
300
4034.939 km

1955
 Mike Hawthorn
 Ivor Bueb
 Jaguar Cars Ltd.
Jaguar D-Type
D
307
4135.38 km
World Sportscar Championship

1954
 José Froilán González
 Maurice Trintignant
 Scuderia Ferrari
Ferrari 375 Plus
P
302
4061.15 km
World Sportscar Championship

1953
 Tony Rolt
 Duncan Hamilton
 Jaguar Cars Ltd.
Jaguar C-Type
D
304
4088.064 km
World Sportscar Championship

1952
 Hermann Lang
 Fritz Riess
 Daimler-Benz A.G.
Mercedes-Benz W194
C
277
3733.839 km

1951
 Peter Walker
 Peter Whitehead
 Peter Walker
Jaguar XK-120C
D
267
3611.193 km

1950
 Louis Rosier
 Jean-Louis Rosier
 Louis Rosier
Talbot Lago Grand Sport T26
D
256
3465.12 km

1949
 Luigi Chinetti
 Peter Mitchell-Thomson
 Lord Selsdon
Ferrari 166MM
E
235
3178.299 km

1940
to
1948
Races cancelled for World War II and French reconstruction

1939
 Jean-Pierre Wimille
 Pierre Veyron
 Jean-Pierre Wimille
Bugatti Type 57S Tank
D
248
3354.76 km

1938
 Eugène Chaboud
 Jean Trémoulet
 Eugène Chaboud / Jean Trémoulet
Delahaye 135CS
D
235
3180.94 km

1937
 Jean-Pierre Wimille
 Robert Benoist
 Roger Labric
Bugatti Type 57G Tank
D
243
3287.938 km

1936
Race cancelled due to workers strike

1935
 Johnny Hindmarsh
 Luis Fontés
 Arthur W. Fox / Charles Nichol
Lagonda M45R Rapide
D
222
3006.797 km

1934
 Luigi Chinetti
 Philippe Étancelin
 Luigi Chinetti / Philippe Étancelin
Alfa Romeo 8C 2300
E
213
2886.938 km

1933
 Raymond Sommer
 Tazio Nuvolari
 Soc. Anon. Alfa Romeo
Alfa Romeo 8C 2300
E
233
3144.038 km

1932
 Raymond Sommer
 Luigi Chinetti
 Raymond Sommer
Alfa Romeo 8C 2300
E
218
2954.038 km

1931
 Earl Howe
 Henry Birkin
 Earl Howe
Alfa Romeo 8C 2300
D
184
3017.654 km

1930
 Woolf Barnato
 Glen Kidston
 Bentley Motors Ltd.
Bentley Speed Six
D
179
2930.663 km

1929
 Woolf Barnato
 Henry Birkin
 Bentley Motors Ltd.
Bentley Speed Six
D
174
2843.83 km

1928
 Woolf Barnato
 Bernard Rubin
 Bentley Motors Ltd.
Bentley 4½ Litre
D
154
2669.272 km

1927
 Dudley Benjafield
 Sammy Davis
 Bentley Motors Ltd.
Bentley 3 Litre Super Sport
D
137
2369.807 km

1926
 Robert Bloch
 André Rossignol
 No Team Name
Lorraine-Dietrich B3-6
D
147
2552.414 km

1925
 Gérard de Courcelles
 André Rossignol
 No Team Name
Lorraine-Dietrich B3-6
D
129
2233.982 km

1924
 John Duff
 Frank Clement
 Duff & Aldington
Bentley 3 Litre Sport
D
120
2077.341 km

1923
 André Lagache
 René Léonard
 Chenard & Walcker SA
Chenard & Walcker Sport 3-Litre
M
128
2209.536 km

text: Records[edit]

text: Drivers[edit]

text: Most wins[edit]

text:
Rank
Driver
Wins
Years

1
 Tom Kristensen
9
1997, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2008, 2013

2
 Jacky Ickx
6
1969, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1981, 1982

3
 Derek Bell
5
1975, 1981, 1982, 1986, 1987

 Frank Biela
2000, 2001, 2002, 2006, 2007

 Emanuele Pirro
2000, 2001, 2002, 2006, 2007

6
 Olivier Gendebien
4
1958, 1960, 1961, 1962

 Henri Pescarolo
1972, 1973, 1974, 1984

 Yannick Dalmas
1992, 1994, 1995, 1999

text: Most consecutive wins[edit]

text:
Rank
Driver
Consecutive
Wins
Years

1
 Tom Kristensen
6
2000 - 2005

2
 Woolf Barnato
3
1928 - 1930

 Olivier Gendebien
1960 - 1962

 Henri Pescarolo
1972 - 1974

 Jacky Ickx
1975 - 1977

 Emanuele Pirro
2000 - 2002

 Frank Biela
2000 - 2002

 Marco Werner
2005 - 2007

text: Winning drivers per nation[edit]

text:
Rank
Nation
Winning
Drivers

1
 United Kingdom
32

2
 France
29

3
 Germany
19

4
 United States
12[1]

5
 Italy
11[1]

6
 Belgium
5

7
 Australia
4

 New Zealand

9
 Austria
3

10
 Denmark
2

 Japan

 Netherlands

 Sweden

 Switzerland

14
 Argentina
1

 Canada

 Finland

 Mexico

 Spain

text: Total wins per nation[edit]

text:
Rank
Nation
Wins

1
 France
43

2
 United Kingdom
42

3
 Germany
31

4
 United States
18

 Italy

6
 Belgium
13

7
 Denmark
10

8
 New Zealand
5

9
 Austria
4

 Australia

 Switzerland

12
 Netherlands
3

13
 Finland
2

 Japan

 Sweden

16
 Argentina
1

 Canada

 Mexico

 Spain

text: Constructors[edit]

text: Most wins[edit]

text:
Rank
Constructor
Wins
Years

1
 Porsche
19
1970, 1971, 1976, 1977, 1979, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985,
1986, 1987, 1994,[2] 1996, 1997,[3] 1998, 2015, 2016, 2017

2
 Audi
13
2000, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011,
2012, 2013, 2014

3
 Ferrari
9
1949, 1954, 1958, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965

4
 Jaguar
7
1951, 1953, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1988, 1990

5
 Bentley
6
1924, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1930, 2003

6
 Alfa Romeo
4
1931, 1932, 1933, 1934

 Ford [4]
1966, 1967, 1968, 1969

8
 Matra-Simca
3
1972, 1973, 1974

 Peugeot
1992, 1993, 2009

10
 Lorraine-Dietrich
2
1925, 1926

 Bugatti
1937, 1939

 Mercedes-Benz
1952, 1989[5]

13
 Chenard & Walcker
1
1923

 Lagonda
1935

 Delahaye
1938

 Talbot-Lago
1950

 Aston Martin
1959

 Mirage
1975

 Renault-Alpine
1978

 Rondeau
1980

 Mazda
1991

 McLaren
1995

 BMW
1999

text: Most consecutive wins[edit]

text:
Rank
Constructor
Consecutive
Wins
Years

1
 Porsche
7
1981 - 1987

2
 Ferrari
6
1960 - 1965

3
 Audi
5
2004 - 2008

 Audi
2010 - 2014

5
 Bentley
4
1927 - 1930

 Alfa Romeo
1931 - 1934

 Ford
1966 - 1969

8
 Jaguar
3
1955 - 1957

 Matra-Simca
1972 - 1974

 Porsche
1996 - 1998

 Audi
2000 - 2002

 Porsche
2015 - 2017

13
 Lorraine-Dietrich
2
1925 - 1926

 Porsche
1970 - 1971

 Porsche
1976 - 1977

 Peugeot
1992 - 1993

text: By nationality[edit]

text:
Country
Constructors
Total wins

 Germany
4
35

 United Kingdom
6
17

 France
9
15

 Italy
2
13

 United States
1
4

 Japan
1
1

text: Notes[edit]

text:
^ Jump up to: a b Luigi Chinetti won Le Mans initially as an Italian, but later won as an American. His wins are included for both countries.
Jump up ^ The 1994 victory is listed with Porsche, although Dauer Sportwagen was the official constructor of the road car.
Jump up ^ The 1996 and 1997 victories are listed with Porsche, although the car was built by TWR on a modified Jaguar XJR-14 chassis, fitted with a Porsche 962 engine.
Jump up ^ Plus two victories as engine supplier in 1975 and 1980
Jump up ^ The 1989 victory is listed with Mercedes-Benz as it was their project and engine, they merely used Sauber as a chassis builder.


document_title: Term of office

question_text: how long can the president stay in office

root

text: Term of office

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: Being the origin of the Westminster system, aspects of the United Kingdom's system of government are replicated in many other countries.

tag: p

text: Monarch[edit]

text: The monarch serves as head of state until his or her death or abdication.

text: House of Commons[edit]

text: In the United Kingdom Members of Parliament (MPs) in the House of Commons are elected for the duration of the parliament. Following dissolution of the Parliament, a general election is held which consists of simultaneous elections for all seats. For most MPs this means that their terms of office are identical to the duration of the Parliament, though an individual's term may be cut short by death or resignation. An MP elected in a by-election mid-way through a Parliament, regardless of how long they have occupied the seat, is not exempt from facing re-election at the next general election.

text: The Septennial Act 1715 provided that a Parliament expired seven years after it had been summoned; this maximum period was reduced to five years by the Parliament Act 1911. Prior to the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 parliaments had no minimum duration. Parliaments could be dissolved early by the monarch at the Prime Minister's request. Early dissolutions occurred when the make-up of Parliament made forming government impossible (as occurred in 1974), or, more commonly, when the incumbent government reasoned an early general election would improve their re-election chances (e.g. 2001). The Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 mandated that Parliaments should last their full five years. Early dissolution is still possible, but under much more limited circumstances.

text: Because the government and Prime Minister are effectively indirectly elected through the Commons, the terms of Parliaments and MPs do not directly apply to offices of government, though in practice these are affected by changes in Parliament. While, strictly speaking, a Prime Minister whose incumbency spans multiple Parliaments only serves one, unbroken, term of office, some writers may refer to the different Parliaments as separate terms.[1]

text: House of Lords[edit]

text: Hereditary peers and life peers retain membership of the House of Lords for life, though members can resign or be expelled. Lords Spiritual hold membership of the House of Lords until the end of their time as bishops, though a senior bishop may be made a life peer upon the end of their bishopric (e.g. George Carey, made Baron Carey of Clifton the day after he ceased being Archbishop of Canterbury).

text: Devolved administrations[edit]

text: The devolved administrations in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland are variations on the system of government used at Westminster.

text: The office of the leader of the devolved administrations has no numeric term limit imposed upon it. However, in the case of the Scottish Government and the Welsh Assembly Government there are fixed terms for which the legislatures can sit. This is imposed at four years. Elections may be held before this time but only if no administration can be formed, which has not happened yet.

text: Other elected offices[edit]

text: Offices of local government other regional elected officials follow similar rules to the national offices discussed above, with persons elected to fixed terms of a few years.

text: United States[edit]

text: Federal[edit]

text: In the United States, the president of the United States is elected indirectly through the United States Electoral College to a four-year term, with a term limit of two terms (totaling eight years) or a maximum of ten years if the president acted as president for two years or less in a term where another was elected as president, imposed by the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1951.

text: The Vice President serves four-year terms. U.S. Representatives serve two-year terms. U.S. Senators serve six-year terms.

text: Federal judges have different terms in office. Article I judges; such as those that sit on the United States bankruptcy courts, United States Tax Court, and United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces, and certain other federal courts and other forms of adjudicative bodies serve limited terms: The Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces for 15 years, bankruptcy courts for 14. However, the majority of the federal judiciary; Article III judges, such as those of the Supreme Court, courts of appeal, and federal district courts; serve for life.

text: State and territories[edit]

text: The terms of office for officials in state governments varies according to the provisions of state constitutions and state law.

text: The term for state governors is four years in all states but Vermont and New Hampshire; the Vermont and New Hampshire governors serve for two years.

text: The National Conference of State Legislatures reported in January 2007 that among state legislatures [1]:

text:
44 states had terms of office for the lower house of the state legislature (often termed the state House of Representatives) at two years. Five (Alabama, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, and North Dakota) had terms of office at four years. (The Nebraska Legislature is an exception and has a unicameral legislature with members elected for four years.)
37 states had terms of office for the upper house of the state legislature (often termed the state Senate) at four years. Twelve (Arizona, Connecticut, Georgia, Idaho, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, North Carolina, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Vermont) had terms of office at two years.

tag: ul

text: Among territories of the United States:

text:
In the American Samoa Fono, members of the House serve two-year terms while members of the Senate serve six-year terms.
Members of both chambers of the Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico have four-year terms.
Members of both chambers of the Northern Mariana Islands Commonwealth Legislature have two-year terms.
The Legislature of Guam and Legislature of the Virgin Islands are unicameral and Senators have two-year terms.

text: Members of Council of the District of Columbia serve a four-year term.

text: Canada[edit]

text: As a former British territory following the Westminster System, there are many similarities with the United Kingdom, although with some variations based on local customs, the federal system of government and the absentee monarch.

text: Monarch[edit]

text: Being a Commonwealth realm, Canada shares a monarch with the United Kingdom and 14 other countries, who serves as head of state of all 16 realms until their death or abdication.

text: Viceroys[edit]

text: The Governor General is appointed by the monarch as his/her personal representative on the advice of the Prime Minister, and serves for an indefinite term, though the normal convention is 5 years. Similarly, the Lieutenant Governors, who represent the monarch at the provincial level, are appointed by the Governor General on the advice of the Prime Minister (usually also with consultation of the relevant provincial premier), and generally also serve 5 year terms by convention. The territories have Commissioners, who are not representatives of the monarch, but are instead appointed by and represent the Governor-in-Council (i.e. the federal cabinet), and conventionally serve for about 5 years.

text: House of Commons[edit]

text: Similar to the United Kingdom, MPs serve for the duration of the Parliament. They may resign before the end of a Parliament or be elected in by-elections during the middle of a Parliament.

text: Under the Constitution Act, 1867, a Parliament may last for a maximum of 5 years from the most recent election before expiring, although all Parliaments to date have been dissolved before they could expire. Bill C-16, introduced in the 39th Parliament, provided for fixed election dates every 4 years on the third Monday in October, beginning in 2009. However, the Prime Minister may still advise the Governor General to dissolve Parliament at any time.

text: As in the United Kingdom, the cabinet and head of government are indirectly elected based on the composition of the House of Commons, they are not technically affected by the terms of legislators or Parliaments. In practice however, the terms of government office holders are affected by changes in the House of Commons, and those who serve for multiple consecutive Parliaments are generally considered to have served a single term. The term of a government generally ends when it is defeated on a confidence matter or the governing party fails to gain enough seats in a general election.

text: Senate[edit]

text: Senators are appointed to the Canadian Senate to represent a province by the Governor General of Canada on the advice of the Prime Minister, and serve until the mandatory retirement age of 75. Senators appointed before the passage of the British North America Act, 1965 served for life. Senators may also resign from office or be expelled from the Senate.

text: Provincial and Territorial Legislatures[edit]

text: Provincial legislatures and the legislature of the Yukon function very similarly to the federal House of Commons. MLAs (called MPPs in Ontario, MNAs in Quebec, and MHAs in Newfoundland and Labrador) serve for the duration of the legislature, though they may resign before the legislature is dissolved or be elected in by-elections between general elections. The legislatures of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut operate using a consensus model, but are similar otherwise. The premiers and their cabinets are selected in the same way as in the House of Commons, and like at the federal level, the term of a provincial government can be ended by defeat in a general election or the loss of the legislature's confidence.

text: All provincial legislatures except that of Nova Scotia have fixed-term election legislation in place, as does the legislature of the Northwest Territories. Premiers may also advise Lieutenant Governors to dissolve legislatures at any time before the prescribed election date.

text: Terms of office by country[edit]

text:
Heads of state

Upper houses

Lower houses and heads of government

Legend

Not applicable
Varies
Until removed

<3
3
4
5
6
7
>7

tag: table

text: Numbers in years unless stated otherwise. Note that some countries where fixed-term elections are uncommon, the legislature is almost always dissolved earlier than its expiry date. "Until removed from office" refers to offices that don't have fixed terms; in these cases, the officeholder(s) may serve indefinitely until death, abdication, resignation, retirement, or forcible removal from office (such as impeachment).

text: In cases where the head of government is a different person from the head of state, its term of office is identical to the chamber that elected it (the legislature if it is unicameral, or most usually the lower house if it is bicameral), unless it doesn't survive a vote of no confidence.

text:
Country
Head of state
Members of the upper house*
Members of the lower (or sole) house

 Afghanistan
5
3, 4 and 5
5

 Albania
5
N/A
4

 Algeria
5
N/A
5

 Andorra
Until removed from office (Bishop of Urgel); 5 (President of France)
N/A
4

 Angola
5
N/A
5

 Antigua and Barbuda
Until removed from office
5
5

 Argentina
4
6
4

 Armenia
5
N/A
5

 Australia
Until removed from office
6
3

 Austria
6
4 to 6
5

 Azerbaijan
5
N/A
5

 Bahamas
Until removed from office
5
5

 Bahrain
Until removed from office
N/A
4

 Bangladesh
5
N/A
5

 Barbados
Until removed from office
5
5

 Belarus
5
4
4

 Belgium
Until removed from office
5
4

 Benin
5
N/A
5

 Bhutan
Until removed from office
5
5

 Bolivia
5
5
5

 Bosnia and Herzegovina
4
4
4

 Botswana
5
N/A
5

 Brazil
4
8
4

 Bulgaria
5
N/A
4

 Burkina Faso
5
N/A
5

 Burundi
5
5
5

 Brunei
Until removed from office
N/A
Until removed from office

 Cambodia
Until removed from office
6
5

 Cameroon
7
N/A
5

 Canada
Until removed from office
Until removed from office
5

 Cape Verde
5
N/A
5

 Central African Republic
5
N/A
5

 Chad
5
N/A
4

 Chile
4
8
4

 China
5
N/A
5

 Colombia
4
4
4

 Congo
7
6
5

 Comoros
5
N/A
5

 Ivory Coast
5
N/A
5

 Costa Rica
4
N/A
4

 Croatia
5
N/A
4

 Cuba
5
N/A
5

 Cyprus
5
N/A
5

 Czech Republic
5
6
4

 Democratic Republic of the Congo
5
5
4

 Denmark
Until removed from office
N/A
4

 Djibouti
6
N/A
5

 Dominica
5
N/A
5

 Dominican Republic
4
4
4

 Ecuador
4
N/A
4

 Egypt
4
N/A
5

 El Salvador
5
N/A
3

 Equatorial Guinea
5
N/A
5

 Estonia
5
N/A
4

 Ethiopia
6
N/A
5

 Fiji
5
5
5

 Finland
6
N/A
4

 France
5
6
5

 Gabon
7
6
5

 Gambia
5
N/A
5

 Georgia
5
N/A
4

 Germany
5
4 to 5
4

 Ghana
4
N/A
4

 Greece
5
N/A
4

 Grenada
Until removed from office
5
5

 Guatemala
4
N/A
4

 Guinea
5
N/A
5

 Guinea-Bissau
5
N/A
5

 Guyana
5
N/A
5

 Haiti
5
6
4

 Honduras
4
N/A
4

 Hungary
5
N/A
4

 Iceland
4
N/A
4

 India
5
6
5

 Indonesia
5
5
5

 Iran
4
N/A
4

 Iraq
4
N/A
4

 Ireland
7
5
5

 Israel
7
N/A
4

 Italy[2]
7
5
5

 Jamaica
Until removed from office
5
5

 Japan
Until removed from office
6
4

 Jordan
Until removed from office
4
4

 Kazakhstan
5
6
5

 Kenya
5
5
5

 Kiribati
4
N/A
4

 Kuwait
Until removed from office
N/A
4

 Kyrgyzstan
6
N/A
5

 Laos
5
N/A
5

 Latvia
4
N/A
4

 Lebanon
4
N/A
4

 Lesotho
Until removed from office
5
5

 Liberia
6
9
6

 Liechtenstein
Until removed from office
N/A
4

 Lithuania
5
N/A
4

 Luxembourg
Until removed from office
N/A
5

 Macedonia
5
N/A
4

 Madagascar
5
4
4

 Malawi
5
N/A
5

 Malaysia
5
3
5

 Maldives
5
N/A
5

 Mali
5
N/A
5

 Malta
5
N/A
5

 Marshall Islands
4
N/A
4

 Mauritania
5
N/A
5

 Mauritius
5
N/A
5

 Mexico
6
6
3

 F.S. Micronesia
4
N/A
2, 4

 Monaco
Until removed from office
N/A
5

 Mongolia
4
N/A
4

 Moldova
4
N/A
4

 Montenegro
5
N/A
4

 Morocco
Until removed from office
N/A
5

 Mozambique
5
N/A
5

 Myanmar
5
5
5

 Namibia
5
N/A
5

 Nauru
4
N/A
3

   Nepal
5
6
5

 Netherlands
Until removed from office
4
4

 New Zealand
Until removed from office
N/A
3

 Nicaragua
5
N/A
5

 Nigeria
4
4
4

 Niger
4
4
4

 North Korea
5
N/A
5

 Norway
Until removed from office
N/A
4

 Oman
Until removed from office
4
4

 Pakistan
5
6
5

 Palau
4
4
4

 Palestine
4
N/A
4

 Panama
5
N/A
5

 Papua New Guinea
Until removed from office
N/A
5

 Paraguay
5
5*
5

 Peru
5
N/A
5

 Philippines
6
6
3

 Poland
5
4
4

 Portugal
5
N/A
4

 Qatar
Until removed from office
N/A
N/A

 Romania
5
4
4

 Russia
6
N/A
5

 Rwanda
7
N/A
5

 Saint Kitts and Nevis
Until removed from office
N/A
5

 Saint Lucia
Until removed from office
N/A
5

 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Until removed from office
N/A
5

 Samoa
Until removed from office
N/A
5

 San Marino
0.5 (6 months)
N/A
5

 São Tomé and Príncipe
5
N/A
4

 Senegal
5
5
5

 Serbia
5
N/A
4

 Seychelles
5
N/A
5

 Sierra Leone
5
N/A
5

 Singapore
6
N/A
5

 Slovakia
5
N/A
4

 Slovenia
5
5
4

 Solomon Islands
Until removed from office
N/A
4

 Somalia
4
N/A
4

 South Africa
5
5
5

 South Korea
5
N/A
4

 South Sudan
5
?
?

 Spain
Until removed from office
4
4

 Sri Lanka
5
N/A
5

 Sudan
5
6
6

 Suriname
5
N/A
5

 Swaziland
Until removed from office
5
5

 Sweden
Until removed from office
N/A
4

  Switzerland
4
4
4

 Syria
7
N/A
4

 Taiwan
4
N/A
4

 Tajikistan
7
5
5

 Tanzania
5
N/A
5

 Thailand
Until removed from office
6
4

 Timor-Leste
5
N/A
5

 Togo
5
N/A
5

 Tonga
Until removed from office
N/A
5

 Trinidad and Tobago
5
5
5

 Tunisia
5
N/A
5

 Turkey
5
N/A
4

 Turkmenistan
5
N/A
5

 Tuvalu
Until removed from office
N/A
4

 Uganda
5
N/A
5

 Ukraine
5
N/A
4

 United Arab Emirates
Until removed from office
Until removed from office
5

 United Kingdom
Until removed from office
Until removed from office
5

 United States
4
6
2

 Uruguay
5
5
5

 Uzbekistan
7
5
5

 Vanuatu
5
N/A
4

  Vatican City
Until removed from office
N/A
Until removed from office

 Venezuela
6
N/A
5

 Vietnam
5
N/A
5

 Yemen
7
N/A
6

 Zambia
5
N/A
5

 Zimbabwe
5
5
5

text: *Excludes senators for life.


document_title: Amy Barnes

question_text: when do we find out who killed amy barnes

text: Amy Barnes

text: Casting[edit]

text: In 2005 executive producer David Hanson created the Barnes family which included Amy. Actress Ashley Slanina-Davies was looking for work as an extra at the time, but her audition secured her the regular role of Amy.[2] She made her first appearance in November 2005. In 2009 Slanina-Davies admitted she was committed to the serial, stating she "would be at a loss" without the role.[2] In 2010, it was announced that Slanina-Davies would leave later in the year. This was confirmed at the same time as Garnon Davies (Elliot Bevan), Glen Wallace (Malachy Fisher) and John Pickard (Dominic Reilly) announced their departures. A spokesperson for the serial stated: "We're all sad to be losing yet more friends from the cast [...] Nothing's been firmed up yet storyline-wise but one thing's for sure, they'll all be memorable exits."[3] In late 2010 it was revealed that Davies was still filming with Hollyoaks and would remain in the serial in 2011.[4]

text: Character development[edit]

text: Characterisation[edit]

text:
“
Ah, the much-maligned, long-suffering Amy Barnes! When will she get a break?! [...] She's seen some dramas - and then some! Mum to Leah and Lucas, she gave birth to both of them on the kitchen floor and suffered in an abusive relationship with Lucas' dad Ste. Her mum went mad and her sister Sarah was killed in a tragic skydiving incident (yes, you did read that right) - and let's not forget how she and the kids almost died in the Il Gnosh fire...
”

— A writer from E4.com describes Amy's tenure. (2012).[5][6]

text: BBC America have branded Amy as the "Bad Seed" of the Barnes sisters. They also add: "She's not mean-spirited, but she's known for trouble-making."[7] In her later years she transformed into a single and more confident woman. She is described on the show's official website as not "afraid to stick up for herself".[6]

text: Relationship with Ste Hay[edit]

text: In 2007 after Amy resumes her relationship with Ste Hay (Kieron Richardson) and they move into their own flat, Ste became increasingly violent and started to hit Amy, which was the start of a domestic abuse storyline. Slanina-Davies conducted extensive research into the plot[2] During an interview with LINC Online she stated: "I research pretty much everything I’m involved in. It's important to be realistic because there’ll be people out there watching who are hoping to relate to your character. I think if you didn’t research properly you’d only end up alienating the people you want to try and empathise with."[2] One segment of the storyline saw Ste cutting off her ponytail. In real life Slanina-Davies had cut her hair short to raise money for charity of this she stated: "When I had my hair cut short in Hollyoaks I did that to raise money for CLIC Sargant, which is a charity helping children with cancer and leukaemia."[2]

text: At this time, Amy fell pregnant, but was unsure whether to keep the baby. Slanina-Davies stated that she loved portraying pregnancy in the serial and commented on Amy's dilemma of abortion stating: "I have absolutely no opinion on whether Amy should keep her baby, because I think it's a woman's right to choose."[8] Speaking about 2008 as a whole for Ste and Amy, producer Bryan Kirkwood stated: "I'm really proud of the way Kieron Richardson has portrayed Ste, dare I say sympathetically, so we can understand but not condone his behaviour. He and Ashley [Slanina Davies] are delivering brilliant performances as two young kids portray the reality of so many 16- and 17-year-olds as they struggle to make a life for themselves and repeat the mistakes of their parents. It's a very real situation and some of their scenes still to come are downright shocking. It's set to become a very big story as the year progresses."[9] Ste later takes a violent outburst to far and a spokesperson for the serial described it as "the final straw" for Amy.[10] She is later shown leaving Ste after finally realising she needs to accept help from those closest to her.[10] Slanina-Davies and Richardson then fronted a charity campaign called "Expect Respect" in order to combat domestic violence. At the time Slanina-Davies released a statement reading: "Domestic abuse takes many forms, it can be physical, sexual or mental. In Hollyoaks, my character Amy faced this in her relationship with Ste and I know from this storyline why it can be difficult to leave an abusive relationship."[11]

text: Il Gnosh fire[edit]

text: In 2010 Amy was involved in a special week of episodes dubbed "fire week".[12] Amy was described as battling to save her two children Leah Barnes (Jessica Croft-Lane) and Lucas Hay (Jude Hawley) in the blaze with executive producer Paul Marquess stating: "I will say is that it will be shocking."[12] In early 2011 Marquess revealed that Amy would be staying in the show permanently and be involved in a serious storyline in which Leanne Holiday (Jessica Forrest) would do some "terrible things" to Amy.[13] Executive producer Gareth Phillips later revealed that there was never any plans for Amy to leave.[14] They filmed alternative endings to confuse viewers and added they had been "mischievous" in doing so. He said it made the serial more exciting and that they had lots of storylines for Amy and Lee because they "make a great pairing".[14]

text: Departure and returns[edit]

text: Amy was written out of the series in 2012. Series producer Emma Smithwick told Digital Spy's Kilkelly that Amy often did not "care for herself and her own wellbeing" because she was too busy helping Ste and her children.[15] Smithwick and her colleagues had wondered what would happen if Amy was no longer in the show. They wanted explore Ste's character without having the stability that Amy provides him. But Smithwick noted that she "loves" Amy and the decision was just "dictated by story".[15] The storyline played out when Amy "goes on a wild night out", gets drunk and kisses Ste. Richardson told a writer from Inside Soap that "when Ste comes to her rescue, Amy's emotions are all over the place after splitting up with Ally. So after Ste shows her a little kindness, she gets the wrong idea and goes in for a snog."[16] Amy is "mortified" by her actions and has to rethink her life in Hollyoaks. She decides to move away to study taking Leah and Lucas with her. Richardson explained that his character has done everything for his family and to not have Amy and the children in his life is a "massive thing to get used to."[16] Amy made her final on-screen appearance during the episode broadcast on 8 August 2012.[17]

text: Amy returned in February 2013 for two episodes and the scenes will feature Ste, Brendan, Leah and Lucas. Slanina-Davies filmed the scenes in December 2012.[18] In October 2014, Digital Spy's Sophie Dainty announced that Amy would feature in episodes airing later that month.[19] Further storyline developments were announced seeing Ste's abusive stepfather Terry Hay (Conor Ryan) befriending Amy.[20] In April 2016 it was announced that Slanina-Davies had reprised her role for a guest appearance. The character returns to Hollyoaks as part of Ste's topical storyline focusing on homelessness.[21]

text: The following month it was announced that Slanina-Davies had agreed to return to the show on a permanent basis. Duncan James was cast to play Amy's new love interest Ryan Knight. Writer planned to pitch Ryan, a "professional, stable and aspirational" man against Amy's ex-partner Ste. Of her return the actress stated "I couldn't be more excited to bring Amy back to Hollyoaks [...] I think Amy might find herself stuck between a rock and a hard place with those two!"[22]

text: Death[edit]

text: In January 2017, it was announced that the show planned to kill Amy off. Kilkelly from Digital Spy reported that Amy's partner Ryan would return home and find her dead in a "devastating" and "dark" storyline. He added that the storyline would create dramatic scenes involving Amy's relatives.[1] Slanina-Davies made her final appearance as Amy on 29 March 2017, where her body was discovered by Ryan and her father Mike Barnes (Tony Hirst).

text: Storylines[edit]

text: Amy first appears being dragged to her sister Sarah Barnes' (Loui Batley) swimming training, where she is bored and jealous of Sarah's success. Amy befriends Michaela McQueen (Hollie-Jay Bowes), Jamie "Fletch" Fletcher (Sam Darbyshire) and Josh Ashworth (Sonny Flood) and begins a relationship with Ste Hay (Kieron Richardson). Ste manipulates Amy into sleeping with him, resulting in their eventual break-up. On her 15th birthday, Amy meets a boy called Billy, who she has a one-night stand. Michaela supports Amy upon Amy discovering her pregnancy. Amy and Ste reunite and he takes her joyriding, which leads to a crash, culminating in Ste fleeing and Amy is partially injured. Amy dumps Ste to date Josh despite her father Mike Barnes (Tony Hirst) disapproving of them. They decide to flee Hollyoaks together however, after weeks, the couple decide to return home. Josh attacks Mike with a house brick, which ends Josh's relationship with Amy. She develops labour and delivers her daughter, Leah Barnes (Ela-May Demircan) on her kitchen floor, to the surprise of Sarah and Mike. Amy's mother Kathy Barnes (Sarah Jane Buckley) decides to raise Leah as her own child, ashamed of her daughter's underage pregnancy. However, Amy grows close to Leah and decides she wants to be her mother. Kathy kidnaps Leah and is eventually sectioned.

text: Ste returns to Hollyoaks following a stint in a young offenders' institute. Mike is angry, but Amy lies that he is Leah's father and they eventually move into their own flat. Ste begins to steal to help fund the family, but begins lying that Leah has leukaemia for money. An angry Amy decides to leave Ste, but agrees to continue lying until they have enough money to support them. After the secret is revealed, Ste ultimately assaults Amy and she is rejected by her family. Ste's violent outbursts continue, with him cutting off her long ponytail on an occasion. After Amy is threatened by Ste again, she lies that she is pregnant. After admitting her lie, he apologises, seeing what he has caused. Soon after, Amy unearths her actual pregnancy and dumps Ste once again after he attacks her.

text: Ste begins anger management and Amy gives birth to Lucas Hay (William Hall). She resumes her previous relationship with Josh, later becoming engaged. However, she suffers from post-natal depression and leaves to stay with her grandmother for several months, whilst there she ends her relationship with Josh once more, eventually returning at Sarah's funeral.[23] Ste tries to help Amy with the depression and she eventually warms to her children again. Amy and Ste become friends and she moves back in with him to be a proper mother to Leah and Lucas. Amy initially believes that Zoe Carpenter (Zoë Lister) has murdered her sister Sarah, along with Lydia Hart's (Lydia Kelly) help she tries to expose her. Zoe later exposes Lydia as Sarah's killer and she reconciles with Zoe. She begins life as a student and starts dating Olly Larkin (Oliver Watton), who tries to force her into having sex until Ste saves her.

text: Amy becomes friends with fellow students Jem Costello (Helen Russell-Clarke) and Lee Hunter (Alex Carter). Lee and Amy begin having feelings for each other, despite his fiancée Leanne Holiday (Jessica Forrest). Leanne's jealousy continues until Lee eventually admits his feelings for Amy and they decide to be together. Amy discovers Ste and Brendan Brady's (Emmett J. Scanlan) relationship and is angry when she realises Brendan is abusing Ste. Brendan threatens Amy numerous times for her to keep her mouth shut. Gabby Sharpe (Phina Oruche) asks Amy to babysit for her, a fire is started in Il Gnosh downstairs by Dominic Reilly (John Pickard). Amy, Leah and Lucas are trapped upstairs, Amy almost dies until she is saved by Steph Roach (Carley Stenson), who later dies in the fire. Amy recovers in hospital and tells Ste she thinks Brendan caused the fire. Ste doesn't believe Brendan started it at first, but he then hears a voice mail from Amy saying she's scared because Brendan threatened her, which was on the night the fire started, Brendan then threatened Amy once again in hospital. Frightened, Amy tells Lee she is being transferred to a hospital in Manchester to be near Mike and they share an emotional goodbye. Lee later finds a letter from Amy explaining that they cannot be together, unaware that it was actually Leanne who wrote it.

text: Amy ruins Lee and Leanne's wedding when she learns Leanne forged the letter. Amy discovers that Rae Wilson (Alice Barlow) is pregnant with Ste's child. Amy convinces Brendan to end his affair with Ste. Amy tells Bombhead (Lee Otway) that her near death in the fire and losing Lee took a burden on her life. She got a job as a teaching assistant at Hollyoaks High School, and befiends Pete Hamill (Peter Mitchell). Amy, Leah, Lucas and Lee successfully audition for a sausage advert campaign. She clashes with Leanne, when she leaves her Leanne twists her ankle. Amy is arrested after Leanne claims Amy assaulted her. The police decide to take the complaint no further.

text: Leanne starts vandalising Amy's sausage posters placed around the village. Leanne follows Amy and Lee to the filming of a new advert. She attempts to ruin the set by pushing Lee down a ski slope and later climbs into bed with him. Leanne tries to convince Ste that Amy is mentally ill like Kathy. After an argument with Amy, Leanne is found injured at the bottom of the SU bar stairs. She accuses Amy of assault and she is charged. Ruby Button (Anna Shaffer) then bullies and taunts Amy in the classroom. Amy then cries due to being bullied by Ruby, forcing Pete to make Amy take leave. Amy is faced wirth a prison sentence and repeatedly argues with Leanne in public. She later breaks down and ends her relationship with Lee over trust issues. Leanne drops the charges and Amy reconciles with Lee. He buys Amy a new car and Dodger Savage (Danny Mac) agrees to give her driving lessons. She soon finds herself attracted to Dodger. She drunkenly has sex with Dodger, but insists it is a one-night stand. She reconciles with Lee, he later finds out she slept with Dodger. They break up after Lee broadcasts details of their personal life over student radio. Amy realises Lee loves her and proposes to him.

text: Lee gets a job offer in New York and Amy decides to go with him, taking her kids with her. Ste says no, making Lee quit his job in New York. Amy then has a go at Ste, saying everything she has ever wanted has been ruined by him. Amy then tells Lee to go to New York because it's his dream, but decides not to go with him, staying in Chester. A couple of days later, serial killer Silas Blissett (Jeff Rawle) puts a pawn chess piece into her flat and becomes one of his targets, making Lynsey Nolan (Karen Hassan) guess who his next victim will be however it is later revealed did not intend to kill Amy. Amy takes waitress job at "College Coffee". She begins a relationship with Ally Gorman (Dan O'Connor). They argue when she kisses Dodger but he forgives her. She then suspects him visiting lapdancing clubs, but he claims it is to protect the girls from danger. Ally kisses Ash Kane (Holly Weston) and they separate. Amy gets drunk and tries to kiss Ste. He tells her that they spend too much time together. She decides to leave with Lucas and Leah to study in Manchester.

text: Amy returns when Kevin Foster (Elliot Balchin) tells her that Ste is back together with Brendan. She argues with Ste and he becomes violent grabbing her arm. Amy takes Leah and Lucas home with her not wanting Brendan around them. When Brendan is arrested she returns to visit Ste. She later lets Ste look after his children more often but bans him when he becomes addicted to drugs. In 2014, Amy returns and lets Ste see his kids. When she finds out Ste is with drugs, she bans him. Amy and Mike return to the village in search of Ste. Amy leaves when she discovers Ste has had a drugs relapse.

text: In August 2016, Ste goes to Amy's home and punches Ryan Knight (Duncan James) when he sees him playing with Leah, not realising he is Amy's fiancée. Following this, Amy returns to live in the village with Ryan, Leah and Lucas, engaging in a custody battle with Ste and his boyfriend Harry Thompson (Parry Glasspool). Due to Ste's past convictions and addictions, Amy and Ryan are granted full custody, with Ste only being allowed visits supervised by Amy or Ryan. Following an argument on New Year's Eve 2016, Ryan has sex with Mercedes McQueen (Jennifer Metcalfe), which is filmed by Mercedes' cousin Goldie McQueen (Chelsee Healey). Ryan is desperate to keep this from Amy, however at their engagement party in January 2017, Harry inadvertently gives Amy Goldie's mobile phone, and she shows the footage of Ryan and Mercedes kissing to everybody. She then dumps Ryan and cancels the engagement. Ste later persuades Amy to reconcile with Ryan and organise the wedding, which is held in March 2017, and Ryan and Amy successfully get married. Ryan then asks Amy to move to America with him with Leah and Lucas, which she is reluctant to do at first because of Ste. However, an argument between Ste and Harry at the wedding reception leads to Amy's dress getting ruined, she agrees to leave for America with Ryan and the children. Leah and Lucas accidentally reveal this to Ste, who organises a quick custody hearing, where Ryan and Amy are granted to move to America with the children, devastating Ste.

text: That same night, Amy is murdered by an unknown assailant. Mike and Ryan return home to find Amy lying lifeless on the floor. The whole village is shocked and saddened by the death of the young wife and mother. There are five suspects: Ste, Harry, Ryan, James Nightingale (Gregory Finnegan), and DS Gavin Armstrong (Andrew Hayden-Smith). Ste is the prime suspect because of Amy taking Leah and Lucas away from him. Harry's motive is that he would do anything for Ste. It does not seem at first that Ryan has a motive, but later on it is revealed Ryan had cheated on Amy that night with a man named Kyle Kelly (Adam Rickitt). James did not know Amy personally, but he hates Ste for ruining his relationship with John Paul McQueen (James Sutton) and it is possible he wanted to frame Ste for the murder as revenge. DS Armstrong had stalked several young, blonde attractive women around the village and it is later revealed Amy was one of them. Ste is arrested and charged with the murder. Ste suffered a blackout at the time of Amy's murder, so he cannot defend his whereabouts. During Ste's trial, he discovers Harry accidentally murdered Amy during an altercation when Harry tried to stop her taking the kids to America. In a 8 September 2017 flashback, Harry argues with Amy and she falls and hits her head. Harry flees the scene without calling for help. However, it is revealed in another flashback that Amy was actually still alive after Harry left and another person had killed her. On 10 October 2017, it is revealed that it was Ryan who killed Amy. As seen in a flashback, Ryan arrives home and Amy confronts him about cheating on her with a man. She tells Ryan he left his phone on and she got a voicemail in which she heard everything. She threatens to tell the whole village he is gay and Ryan murders her in a fit of rage.

text: In 2018 when Ste found out that Ryan killed Amy, he never forgive him for what he has done and making his ex-boyfriend Harry in jail and their break. He also mentioned that he used to abused her.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Amy was nominated for "Best Couple" for her relationship with Josh, at the 2007 Inside Soap Awards.[24] Soap opera reporting website Holy Soap have described Amy stating: "Amy seemed like the nice girl but was the first to go off the rails after her parents' break-up."[25] They recall Amy's most memorable moment as being: "A drunk and angry Ste lashed out at Amy and she became a battered spouse."[25] Cancer charity CLIC Sargent have branded Amy a "troubled teenager".[26] In 2008 the British Government produced a report detailing how Soap Opera's help educate children about sex. They used Amy as an example. They said she could help parents talk about the realities of having a child at a young age.[27] Tess Larnacraft from TV Buzz said that the publication's staff could not feel sorry for Amy when she sleeps with Dodger. She also opined that Amy would be better off having a relationship with Dodger, instead of Lee.[28] Daniel Kilkelly from Digital Spy branded Amy a "fan favourite".[22]


document_title: Ice Age: Collision Course

question_text: who plays the weasel in ice age collision course

text: Ice Age: Collision Course

text: Plot[edit]

text: Scrat, trying to bury his acorn, accidentally activates an abandoned alien ship that takes him into deep space, where he unwittingly sends several asteroids en route to a collision with Earth. Meanwhile, Manny is worried about the upcoming marriage between Peaches and her fiancé, Julian. Diego and his wife Shira want to start a family, but their fierce appearance tends to scare kids. Sid is dumped by his girlfriend, Francine, just as he is about to propose to her, and he laments his solitude. During Manny and Ellie's wedding anniversary party (which Manny had forgotten prior to the event), some of the asteroids strike the place and The Herd barely escape with their lives. Meanwhile, at the underground cavern, Buck returns a dinosaur egg back to its rightful owner after it was stolen by a trio of dromaeosaurs[7] named Gavin, Gertie, and Roger. Buck discovers an ancient stone pillar and takes it to the surface, where he meets Manny and the others.

text: Buck explains to The Herd that according to the pillar, the asteroids had caused several extinctions in the past and with a massive one still incoming, he believes that the only place they could find a clue to stop it is on the site of the impact of the previous ones, as according to its engravings, they always fall at the same place. However, the three dromaeosaurs overhear their conversation, and Gavin and Gertie decide to stop them, believing that they could be safe from the impact, as they can fly, thus not only getting their revenge on Buck, but also killing all mammals and securing domination over Earth for their species. Roger is reluctant, but Gavin and Gertie strong-arm him into cooperating.

text: As The Herd travels to the crash site, they discover that the asteroids have electro-magnetic properties. Buck theorizes that if a huge quantity of smaller asteroids should be gathered and launched into orbit, they could attract the main asteroid as well and prevent it from falling on Earth. After facing several obstacles and the interference of the dromaeosaurs, The Herd arrives at "Geotopia", a community of immortal animals formed inside one of the asteroids that have fallen long ago, where Sid meets Brooke, a female ground sloth who falls in love with him. However, Shangri Llama, the leader of Geotopia, refuses to cooperate with Buck's plan to send the city's crystals into space in order to prevent the imminent impact, as they are the key to the residents' longevity. Sid inadvertently destroys the entire city when he attempts to remove one of the crystals to present Brooke with, immediately aging them to their real ages and revealing their true crone-like appearances.

text: Once Brooke convinces the Geotopians that preventing the asteroid's fall is more important than their lost youth, they and The Herd help with Buck's plan, which is to fill up a geyser with the crystals so that the pressure launches them into space to draw the asteroid away. The dromaeosaurs attempt to intervene, but Buck convinces Roger that they will not be able to survive the asteroid, and he in turn convinces Gavin and Gertie to help. The plan works, and the asteroid is pulled back into space. The Herd then departs back home, including Sid, who parts ways from Brooke, but just after they leave, an asteroid piece falls inside a hot spring, giving it rejuvenating properties and making the Geotopians and Sid's grandmother, who stayed behind with them, regain their youth. After The Herd returns, Manny reconciles with Julian, Peaches and Julian celebrate their wedding, Diego and Shira become heroes to the kids who were scared of them before, and a rejuvenated Brooke appears during the ceremony to reunite with Sid.

text: In the film's epilogue, Scrat keeps struggling to control the alien ship until it crashes on Mars, destroying all life on the planet.

text: In a mid-credits scene, Scrat finds his acorn, but gets beaten by some doors.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Ray Romano as Manny, a woolly mammoth and the leader of The Herd[8]
John Leguizamo as Sid, a ground sloth and the founder of The Herd[8]
Denis Leary as Diego, a saber tooth tiger and the member of The Herd[8]
Adam DeVine as Julian, a woolly mammoth and Peaches's fiancé[1][9]
Jesse Tyler Ferguson as Shangri Llama, a yoga-loving llama and the spiritual leader of Geotopia[1]
Max Greenfield as Roger, a freaky and cowardly dromaeosaur[7] and Gavin's son[1][10]
Jessie J as Brooke, a ground sloth who is a resident of Geotopia and the love interest of Sid[1][11]
Nick Offerman as Gavin, a handsome dromaeosaur[7] and the father of Roger and Gertie[1]
Keke Palmer as Peaches, a young female woolly mammoth – Manny and Ellie's daughter[12]
Josh Peck as Eddie, a opossum and a brother of Ellie
Simon Pegg as Buck, a one-eyed weasel and a dinosaur hunter who reunites with The Herd to warn them of the coming asteroid.

Pegg also voices Pythagoras Buck and Robo Buck who exist in his mind alongside with Neil deBuck Weasel[13]

Seann William Scott as Crash, a opossum and the other brother of Ellie
Wanda Sykes as Granny, an aging ground sloth and Sid's grandmother[14]
Jennifer Lopez as Shira, a female saber tooth tiger – Diego's wife and former first mate pirate[8]
Queen Latifah as Ellie, a female woolly mammoth – Manny's wife[8]
Stephanie Beatriz as Gertie, a dromaeosaur[7] and Gavin's daughter[1][15]

text: Supporting[edit]

text:
Neil deGrasse Tyson as Neil deBuck Weasel, a weasel astronomer who exists in Buck's mind alongside with Pythagoras Buck and Robo Buck[1]
Lilly Singh as Bubbles and Misty, a pair of "minicorns" who reside in Geotopia
Michael Strahan as Teddy, a fearless rabbit and a resident of Geotopia[1][16]
Melissa Rauch as Francine, a ground sloth who has a close relationship with Sid as she is his former girlfriend[1][17]
Chris Wedge as Scrat, a saber tooth squirrel[8]

text: Production[edit]

text: The concept of Collision Course was deeply rooted in a scene from the first Ice Age film where Manny and his friends are walking through an ice cave and they spot a spaceship that's encased in ice, an item that inspired this film in the series.[18] As with the third film, which was also inspired by the ice cave scene in which The Herd comes across a dinosaur that was incased in ice, the team went back to the first film to search for a possible inspiration for this next installment.[19] The characters were first hand-drawn on animation software, complete with color and animated clips of the characters doing specific actions. They were then sent to be hand-sculpted with clay, and ultimately scanned into CGI software and animated around the model.[18]

text: The "Figaro's Aria" sequence which involved Buck saving an egg from a trio of dromaeosaurs proved to be one of the most challenging sequences for Blue Sky Studios' animators, as it involved a continuous uninterrupted shot that ran for around two minutes long. It was one of the first scenes put into production but also one of the last to exit production due to its time-consuming and difficult structure, as the team would only be able to produce three or four seconds of footage a week.

text: The recording session took place in Los Angeles, California since most of the actors live there while the studio is based in New York City. Director Mike and co-director Galen T. Chu would take turns travelling to L.A. to head the recording sessions.[20] In the film, Simon Pegg sang a rendition of "Pigaro".[20] Jesse Tyler Ferguson was offered the role after the producers saw his performance in Modern Family. It is his first time working in an animated film.[21] Ferguson blew out his voice on the first day of the recording session because he did a lot of yelling. He then took a few days off and came back later to finish his part.[21] He admitted that he struggled the first time he heard his voice come out of his character's mouth. As a result, he decided to stop watching interviews of himself on television because he found them to be "too weird".[21]

text: A promotional poster, shown in June 2015, at the Licensing Expo, revealed the film's full title: Ice Age: Collision Course.[22]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Ice Age: Collision Course

Film score by John Debney

Released
July 19, 2016

Recorded
2016

Genre
Score

Label
Varèse Sarabande

John Debney film scores chronology

Mother's Day
(2016)Mother's Day2016
Ice Age: Collision Course
(2016)
Hacksaw Ridge
(2016)Hacksaw Ridge2016

text: Track listing[edit]

text: The film was composed by John Debney, who replaced John Powell from the previous three films due to Powell being busy with other projects.[6] However, most Powell's score from the third was included in the film, along with David Newman's score from the first film.

text: Release[edit]

text: Initially the film was scheduled for release on July 15, 2016.[23] However, the release was delayed to July 22,[24] to avoid competition with the Ghostbusters reboot that was also scheduled for July 15. An extended sneak peek of the movie in the form of a short film called Cosmic Scrat-tastrophe was attached to theatrical showings of Blue Sky Studio's The Peanuts Movie on November 6, 2015.[25] The teaser poster of the film was revealed on November 6, 2015 with the words "Bring Scrat Home" spoofing The Martian.[26] The short film was released later on November 9, 2015, on 20th Century Fox's official YouTube page.[27]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Ice Age: Collision Course was released by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment on DVD, Blu-ray, Blu-ray 3D, 4K Blu-ray and digital download on October 11, 2016. Special features include a new short film titled Scrat: Spaced Out,[28] which is primarily made up of Scrat's scenes from the film, with a few unique scenes at the end.

text: Cosmic Scrat-tastrophe[edit]

text: Cosmic Scrat-tastrophe is a five-minute short film, with the majority of its footage, minus the closing scene, taken from the beginning of Ice Age: Collision Course.[29][30] Directed by Michael Thurmeier and Galen Chu, the short premiered on November 6, 2015, along with the film The Peanuts Movie.[25] In the short, Scrat, trying to bury his acorn, accidentally activates an abandoned alien ship that takes him into deep space, where he unwittingly sends several asteroids en route to a collision with Earth.

text: Scrat: Spaced Out[edit]

text: Scrat: Spaced Out is a 15-minute short film that compiles all Scrat's scenes from Ice Age: Collision Course with a few unique scenes at the end.[31] The short was included on the film's home media releases.[28]

text: Following the events of Ice Age: Collision Course, Scrat is heading back to Earth in the saucer. An acorn-shaped ship appears and pulls the acorn, with Scrat holding onto it. In the ship, three alien squirrels (A.K.A Scratzons) are surprised by finding Scrat, and blast him away from the acorn. Scrat tries to take it back with a tractor beam in a nearby saucer, but the alien leader pulls it back with another tractor beam. Being pulled to both sides, the nutrogen inside the acorn snaps, creating a massive explosion, which destroys the ship and creates a black hole sucking everything nearby into it. Scrat jumps out of the saucer, knocks the Scratzon alien leader into the black hole while trying to save the acorn, but gets pulled in the hole nonetheless. He emerges in space along with the acorn, only for the black hole appearing again, snatching the acorn and leaving Scrat alone again.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Ice Age: Collision Course grossed $64 million in North America and $344 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $408 million, against a budget of $105 million.[5] In terms of total earnings, its biggest markets outside of North America were China ($66 million) (with the country being also its largest territory overall), France ($26.3 million), Brazil ($25 million), Germany ($24.7 million) and Mexico ($22.2 million).[32]

text: In the United States and Canada Ice Age: Collision Course opened on July 22, 2016, alongside Star Trek Beyond and Lights Out, and was projected to gross $30–35 million in its opening weekend.[33] It made $850,000 from Thursday night previews and $7.8 million on its first day.[34] It had a $21 million debut in its opening weekend, finishing fourth at the box office. The film finished its theatrical run with a domestic gross of $64 million. Produced on a budget of $105 million, the film became the lowest-grossing film of the franchise as well as Blue Sky's lowest-grossing film.[35]

text: The film began its international theatrical run two weeks prior to its North American release, earning $18 million from seven markets on about 5,286 screens.[36] In its second weekend, it added $32.2 million from 25 countries. As a result, it only topped the international box office for a non-Chinese film but also helped Fox pass the $2 billion mark internationally, making this the eighth consecutive calendar year Fox has surpassed this milestone, and the 10th time in the studio's history.[37] The film came in third place overall, behind the two Chinese films Cold War 2 and Big Fish & Begonia.[38][39] By its third weekend, after grossing another $53.5 million from 15,132 screens in a total 51 markets, it finally topped the international box office and became the biggest grosser of the weekend.[40]

text: It recorded the biggest opening of all time for Fox in Argentina ($3.77 million), where its debut is also the third-biggest of all time behind Furious 7 and Captain America: Civil War; Colombia ($2.18 million), Central America ($2.2 million), and Uruguay ($620,618); the second-biggest in Mexico ($8.4 million), behind Ice Age: Continental Drift; Peru, Chile, and Ecuador; the biggest opening among the series in Brazil ($4.5 million) and the biggest non-holiday animated opening ever in India ($1.66 million).[37][40] Elsewhere, it had No. 1 openings in Russia ($5.9 million), Italy ($4.5 million), Germany ($4.2 million), Austria ($893,350), and Switzerland ($514,789) and No. 5 in Australia ($3.1 million).[36][40] In France, it opened amidst the 2016 Nice attack and delivered an opening weekend of $7.1 million. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, it debuted in second place with $5.2 million, behind Ghostbusters which also opened the same weekend.[40] In China, it opened on Tuesday, August 23, alongside Jason Bourne and delivered a six-day opening of $42.7 million and a Friday to Sunday debut of $23.1 million. The debut makes it the top non-local animated opening in the country this year and is also the franchise's best debut.[41][42][43] It has so far grossed a total of $63.6 million there.[44]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 15% based on 109 reviews and an average rating of 4.1/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Unoriginal and unfunny, Ice Age: Collision Course offers further proof that not even the healthiest box office receipts can keep a franchise from slouching toward creative extinction."[45] Rotten Tomatoes also ranks it as the worst-reviewed film in the Ice Age franchise.[46] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 34 out of 100 based on 27 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[47] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.[48]

text: Katie Walsh of Los Angeles Times wrote, "Collision Course is simply a perfunctory, watered-down entry in the series that feels like it should have been released on home video."[49] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film one out of four stars, saying, "The fifth entry in the Ice Age series is a loud, lazy, laugh-starved cash grab that cynically exploits its target audience (I use the term advisedly) by serving them scraps and calling it yummy."[50]

text: Owen Gleiberman of Variety wrote, "The long-running series returns to form with an infectious chatterbox comedy about the end of the world as we know it."[2]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: On the possibility of a potential sequel, in June 2016, Galen T. Chu, co-director of the film, stated that there were some ideas for the sixth installment.[20]


document_title: United States Marine Corps rank insignia

question_text: what is the highest rank in the marine corp

text: Commissioned officers[edit]

text: Commissioned officers are distinguished from other officers by their commission, which is the formal written authority, issued in the name of the President of the United States, that confers the rank and authority of a Marine Officer. Commissioned officers carry the "special trust and confidence" of the President of the United States.[1] Commissioned officer ranks are further subdivided into general officers, field-grade officers, and company-grade officers. The highest billets in the Marine Corps, the Commandant of the Marine Corps and the Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps are, by statute, four-star ranks, as the Marine Corps is a separate naval service under the Department of the Navy.[2]

text:
Officer
Company-grade officers
Field-grade officers
General officers

Title
(Abbreviation)
Second lieutenant
(2ndLt)
First lieutenant
(1stLt)
Captain
(Capt)
Major
(Maj)
Lieutenant colonel
(LtCol)
Colonel
(Col)
Brigadier general
(BGen)
Major general
(MajGen)
Lieutenant general
(LtGen)
General
(Gen)

US DoD Pay Grade
O-1
O-2
O-3
O-4
O-5
O-6
O-7
O-8
O-9
O-10

NATO Code
OF-1
OF-2
OF-3
OF-4
OF-5
OF-6
OF-7
OF-8
OF-9

Insignia

Marine Service Uniform Insignia

text: "Tombstone promotions" [edit]

text: The Act of Congress of March 4, 1925, allowed officers in the Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard to be promoted one grade upon retirement if they had been specially commended for performance of duty in actual combat. Combat citation promotions were colloquially known as "tombstone promotions" because they conferred all the perks and prestige of the higher rank including the loftier title on their tombstones but no additional retirement pay. The Act of Congress of February 23, 1942, enabled tombstone promotions to three- and four-star grades. Tombstone promotions were subsequently restricted to citations issued before January 1, 1947, and finally eliminated altogether effective November 1, 1959. The practice was terminated in an effort to encourage senior officer retirements prior to the effective date of the change to relieve an overstrength in the senior ranks.

text: Any officer who actually served in a grade while on active duty receives precedence on the retirement list over any tombstone officer holding the same retired grade. Tombstone officers rank among each other according to the dates of their highest active duty grade.[3]

text: Warrant officers[edit]

text: Warrant Officers provide leadership and training in specialized fields and skills. Unlike other nations' militaries (which rank warrant officers as Staff NCO equivalents), the United States military confers warrants and commissions on its Warrant Officers and classifies them into a separate category senior to all enlisted grades of rank (including officer candidates), cadets, and midshipmen. As Warrant Officers are officer-level technical specialists they generally do not exercise command outside of their specialty. Warrant officers come primarily from the Staff Non-Commissioned Officer (SNCO) ranks.

text: A Chief Warrant Officer, CWO2–CWO5, serving in the MOS 0306 "Infantry Weapons Officer" carries a special title, "Marine Gunner," which does not replace his rank. A Marine Gunner replaces the Chief Warrant Officer insignia on the left collar with a bursting bomb insignia. Other warrant officers are sometimes informally referred to as "Gunner."

text:
Warrant Officers

Infantry Weapons Officer
"Marine Gunner"
Warrant Officer
(WO)
Chief Warrant Officer-2
(CWO2)
Chief Warrant Officer-3
(CWO3)
Chief Warrant Officer-4
(CWO4)
Chief Warrant Officer-5
(CWO5)

US DoD Pay Grade
W-1
W-2
W-3
W-4
W-5

NATO Code
WO-1
WO-2
WO-3
WO-4
WO-5

text: Enlisted[edit]

text: Enlisted Marines with paygrades of E-4 and E-5 are non-commissioned officers (NCOs) while those at E-6 and higher are Staff Noncommissioned Officers (SNCOs).[4] The E-8 and E-9 levels each have two ranks per pay grade, each with different responsibilities. Gunnery Sergeants (E-7) indicate on their annual evaluations (called "fitness reports") their preferred promotional track: Master Sergeant or First Sergeant. The First Sergeant and Sergeant Major ranks are command-oriented Senior Enlisted Advisors, with Marines of these ranks serving as the senior enlisted Marines in a unit, charged to assist the commanding officer in matters of discipline, administration, and the morale and welfare of the unit. Master Sergeants and Master Gunnery Sergeants provide technical leadership as occupational specialists in their specific MOS. First Sergeants typically serve as the senior enlisted Marine in a company, battery, or other unit at similar echelon, while Sergeants Major serve the same role in battalions, squadrons, or larger units.[5]

text: The Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps is a billet and with it carries a special rank insignia, conferred on the senior enlisted Marine of the entire Marine Corps, personally selected by the Commandant of the Marine Corps.[6] It and the Marine Gunner are the only billets which rate modified rank insignia in place of the traditional rank insignia.[citation needed]

text:
Enlisted
Junior enlisted
Non-commissioned officers (NCOs)
Staff non-commissioned officers (SNCOs)

Title
(Abbreviation)
Private
(Pvt)
Private first class
(PFC)
Lance corporal
(LCpl)
Corporal
(Cpl)
Sergeant
(Sgt)
Staff sergeant
(SSgt)
Gunnery sergeant
(GySgt)
Master sergeant
(MSgt)
First sergeant
(1stSgt)
Master gunnery sergeant
(MGySgt)
Sergeant major
(SgtMaj)
Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps
(SMMC)

US DoD Pay Grade
E-1
E-2
E-3
E-4
E-5
E-6
E-7
E-8
E-9

NATO Code
OR-1
OR-2
OR-3
OR-4
OR-5
OR-6
OR-7
OR-8
OR-9

Insignia
no insignia

text: Different styles of rank insignia are worn on different Marine uniforms:

text: The gold stripes on red flash are worn on the Dress Blue uniform coat, green stripes on red flash are worn on the Service uniform coat; the rank insignia are worn on the upper sleeve of both blouses. The khaki uniforms use green stripes on khaki flash, and again are worn on the upper sleeves of both long and short-sleeved service blouses. Utility uniform rank insignia are black metal pins and are worn on the collars, or black embroidered insignia sewn into patches of material when wearing a flak. Musicians in the United States Marine Band wear insignia with lyre in the center as opposed to the crossed rifles, to denote their lack of a combat mission; full-service Marines who are attached to the 10 field bands of the Operating Forces and Supporting Establishment continue to wear their normal rank insignia.[7]

text: Forms of address[edit]

text: Marines address all enlisted personnel by rank, and all commissioned officers with "sir" or "ma'am". Warrant officers, regardless of rank, are addressed just as commissioned officers are, but may also be addressed as "Warrant Officer" or "Gunner", although the latter is sometimes considered improper unless the officer is an Infantry Weapons Officer (MOS 0306). During recruit training, recruits are indoctrinated to address all superiors as "sir" or "ma'am". Addressing a commissioned officer (or any rank) as "Mister" has long been considered a grievous insult towards the individual. The most junior ranks between pay grades E-1 and E-3 (privates, privates first class, and lance corporals) are commonly referred to by their last name only, using their rank only in a formal situation. "Marine" is also a common form of address for junior Marines.

text: During recruit training, recruits are not Marines until they graduate, and must address all Marines who have completed recruit training, including instructors, as "sir" or "ma'am". Incoming recruits must also refer to themselves in the third person (i.e., "this recruit"), and their rank is replaced with the word "Recruit". This continues until the last week of bootcamp, when recruits must pass the final, grueling test of the "Crucible" in order to earn both their Eagle, Globe, and Anchor and the title of "Marine." Likewise, during officer training, officer candidates are not yet commissioned Marine officers, and must refer to themselves as "this candidate" or "the candidate", even though some officer candidates may hold an enlisted rank. During Officer Candidate School, each candidate is referred to as "candidate" and not "Marine." Unlike their enlisted counterparts, officer candidates refer to enlisted Marines, including their instructors, by their full and proper rank; only commissioned officers are addressed as "sir" or "ma'am".

text: To reinforce the leadership responsibility of the rank or to show an extra measure of respect, it is common to add the words "of Marines" after the rank itself; i.e. "Corporal of Marines" and "Sergeant of Marines." This verbiage comes straight from the USMC noncommissioned officer promotion warrants.

text: Informally, some enlisted ranks have commonly used nicknames, though they are not official and may be improper for use in formal situations. The acceptability of nickname use by juniors is at the discretion of the individual rank holder. A gunnery sergeant is typically called "Gunny" and occasionally "Guns", or very rarely, “Gunther”. A master sergeant is commonly called "Top", and a master gunnery sergeant is "Master Gunny" or "Master Guns", or, very rarely, “Master Gunther”. Differing from the Army and Air Force, all ranks containing "sergeant" are always addressed by their full rank and never shortened to simply "Sergeant" or "Sarge". A private first class is usually referred to as a PFC, instead of simply "private"; similarly, Lance Corporal is not shortened to "Corporal". Senior officers may informally address junior officers by their first name. Marines of the same rank may also address each other by their first names when among peers only and never in the presence of junior or senior Marines.

text: Finally, Marines consider it a grievous insult to be called a "soldier", as soldier is an army-specific appellation, except in the Marine Corps nom de guerre "Soldier(s) of the Sea" or its variation "Sea Soldier(s)" and in the highly generic sense of referring to any member of the military, especially those members performing ground combat missions such as Navy SEALs and Air Force special operations and Security Forces personnel. Additionally, while Marines often are collectively called "troops", it is never appropriate to address Marines individually or collectively as either a "troop" or "trooper(s)", as these terms are only properly used by the Army (originally in cavalry units but in modern use extended to armor and airborne or air assault units) and US state police forces; the proper term is always Marine. When writing journalistic or scholarly references to the Marine Corps, its elements, and individual Marines, the correct attribution is Marine(s).

text: Traditions[edit]

text: Marines have multiple traditions surrounding their rank insignia. When Marines are promoted, the promoting officer at the ceremony may give the promotee the opportunity to select one or two individuals present (such as a mentor or family member) to pin the new rank on the collar of the utility uniform. It is customary for the newly promoted Marine to hand down the old insignia from his or her former rank to a junior who shows leadership potential. It is considered an honor to be promoted with chevrons previously worn by a mentor. At annual rifle or pistol qualification, shooters who achieve expert scores sometimes remove their rank insignia from their shooting shoulder and give it to their Combat Marksmanship Coach to show appreciation for their assistance during the practice days. The coach may then pin the rank to his or her assault pack. A coach's assault pack may display many insignia of a variety of ranks.


document_title: Independence Day (United States)

question_text: which u.s. president was born on the forth of july

text: Independence Day (United States)

text: Background

text: During the American Revolution, the legal separation of the Thirteen Colonies from Great Britain in 1776 actually occurred on July 2, when the Second Continental Congress voted to approve a resolution of independence that had been proposed in June by Richard Henry Lee of Virginia declaring the United States independent from Great Britain rule.[5][6] After voting for independence, Congress turned its attention to the Declaration of Independence, a statement explaining this decision, which had been prepared by a Committee of Five, with Thomas Jefferson as its principal author. Congress debated and revised the wording of the Declaration, finally approving it two days later on July 4. A day earlier, John Adams had written to his wife Abigail:

text: The second day of July, 1776, will be the most memorable epoch in the history of America. I am apt to believe that it will be celebrated by succeeding generations as the great anniversary festival. It ought to be commemorated as the day of deliverance, by solemn acts of devotion to God Almighty. It ought to be solemnized with pomp and parade, with shows, games, sports, guns, bells, bonfires, and illuminations, from one end of this continent to the other, from this time forward forever more.[7]

text: Adams's prediction was off by two days. From the outset, Americans celebrated independence on July 4, the date shown on the much-publicized Declaration of Independence, rather than on July 2, the date the resolution of independence was approved in a closed session of Congress.[8]

text: Historians have long disputed whether members of Congress signed the Declaration of Independence on July 4, even though Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, and Benjamin Franklin all later wrote that they had signed it on that day. Most historians have concluded that the Declaration was signed nearly a month after its adoption, on August 2, 1776, and not on July 4 as is commonly believed.[9][10][11][12][13]

text: Coincidentally, both John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, the only signers of the Declaration of Independence later to serve as Presidents of the United States, died on the same day: July 4, 1826, which was the 50th anniversary of the Declaration. Although not a signer of the Declaration of Independence, James Monroe, another Founding Father who was elected as President, also died on July 4, 1831. He was the third President in a row who died on the anniversary of independence. Calvin Coolidge, the 30th President, was born on July 4, 1872; so far he is the only U.S. President to have been born on Independence Day.

text: Observance

text:
In 1777, thirteen gunshots were fired in salute, once at morning and once again as evening fell, on July 4 in Bristol, Rhode Island. Philadelphia celebrated the first anniversary in a manner a modern American would find familiar: an official dinner for the Continental Congress, toasts, 13-gun salutes, speeches, prayers, music, parades, troop reviews, and fireworks. Ships in port were decked with red, white, and blue bunting.[14]
In 1778, from his headquarters at Ross Hall, near New Brunswick, New Jersey, General George Washington marked July 4 with a double ration of rum for his soldiers and an artillery salute (feu de joie). Across the Atlantic Ocean, ambassadors John Adams and Benjamin Franklin held a dinner for their fellow Americans in Paris, France.[15]

text:
In 1779, July 4 fell on a Sunday. The holiday was celebrated on Monday, July 5.[15]
In 1781, the Massachusetts General Court became the first state legislature to recognize July 4 as a state celebration.[15]
In 1783, Moravians in Salem, North Carolina, held a celebration of July 4 with a challenging music program assembled by Johann Friedrich Peter. This work was titled The Psalm of Joy. This is recognized as the first recorded celebration[clarification needed] and is still celebrated there today.[16]
In 1870, the U.S. Congress made Independence Day an unpaid holiday for federal employees.[17]
In 1938, Congress changed Independence Day to a paid federal holiday.[18]

text: Customs

text: Independence Day is a national holiday marked by patriotic displays. Similar to other summer-themed events, Independence Day celebrations often take place outdoors. Independence Day is a federal holiday, so all non-essential federal institutions (such as the postal service and federal courts) are closed on that day. Many politicians make it a point on this day to appear at a public event to praise the nation's heritage, laws, history, society, and people.

text: Families often celebrate Independence Day by hosting or attending a picnic or barbecue; many take advantage of the day off and, in some years, a long weekend to gather with relatives or friends. Decorations (e.g., streamers, balloons, and clothing) are generally colored red, white, and blue, the colors of the American flag. Parades are often held in the morning, before family get-togethers, while fireworks displays occur in the evening after dark at such places as parks, fairgrounds, or town squares.

text: The night before the Fourth was once the focal point of celebrations, marked by raucous gatherings often incorporating bonfires as their centerpiece. In New England, towns competed to build towering pyramids, assembled from barrels and casks. They were lit at nightfall, to usher in the celebration. The highest were in Salem, Massachusetts (on Gallows Hill, the famous site of the execution of 13 women and 6 men for witchcraft in 1692 during the Salem witch trials), where the tradition of celebratory bonfires had persisted, with pyramids composed of as many as forty tiers of barrels. These made the tallest bonfires ever recorded. The custom flourished in the 19th and 20th centuries, and is still practiced in some New England towns.[19]

text: Independence Day fireworks are often accompanied by patriotic songs such as the national anthem "The Star-Spangled Banner", "God Bless America", "America the Beautiful," "My Country, 'Tis of Thee," "This Land Is Your Land," "Stars and Stripes Forever," and, regionally, "Yankee Doodle" in northeastern states and "Dixie" in southern states. Some of the lyrics recall images of the Revolutionary War or the War of 1812.

text: Firework shows are held in many states, and many fireworks are sold for personal use or as an alternative to a public show. Safety concerns have led some states to ban fireworks or limit the sizes and types allowed. In addition, local and regional weather conditions may dictate whether the sale or use of fireworks in an area will be allowed. Some local or regional firework sales are limited or prohibited because of dry weather or other specific concerns. On these occasions the public may be prohibited from purchasing or discharging fireworks, but professional displays (such as those at sports events) may still take place, if certain safety precautions have been taken.

text: A salute of one gun for each state in the United States, called a "salute to the union," is fired on Independence Day at noon by any capable military base.[20]

text: In 2009, New York City had the largest fireworks display in the country, with more than 22 tons of pyrotechnics exploded.[21] It generally holds displays in the East River. Other major displays are in Chicago on Lake Michigan; in San Diego over Mission Bay; in Boston on the Charles River; in St. Louis on the Mississippi River; in San Francisco over the San Francisco Bay; and on the National Mall in Washington, D.C.

text: During the annual Windsor-Detroit International Freedom Festival, Detroit, Michigan hosts one of the world's largest fireworks displays, over the Detroit River, to celebrate Independence Day in conjunction with Windsor, Ontario's celebration of Canada Day.

text: The first week of July is typically one of the busiest United States travel periods of the year, as many people use what is often a three-day holiday weekend for extended vacation trips.[22]

text: Celebration gallery

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In addition to a fireworks show, Miami, Florida lights one of its tallest buildings with the patriotic red, white and blue color scheme on Independence Day

New York City's fireworks display, shown above over the East Village, is sponsored by Macy's and is the largest[21] in the country

Play media

Patriotic trailer shown in theaters celebrating July 4, 1940

A festively decorated Independence day cake.

Lakes are a popular destination for Fourth of July celebrations in the midwest.

text: Notable celebrations

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Held since 1785, the Bristol Fourth of July Parade in Bristol, Rhode Island is the oldest continuous Independence Day celebration in the United States.
Since 1868, Seward, Nebraska has held a celebration on the same town square. In 1979 Seward was designated "America's Official Fourth of July City-Small Town USA" by resolution of Congress. Seward has also been proclaimed "Nebraska's Official Fourth of July City" by Governor James Exon in proclamation. Seward is a town of 6,000 but swells to 40,000+ during the July 4 celebrations.[23]
Since 1912, the Rebild Society, a Danish-American friendship organization, has held a July 4 weekend festival that serves as a homecoming for Danish-Americans in the Rebild municipality of Denmark.[24]
Since 1959, the International Freedom Festival is jointly held in Detroit, Michigan and Windsor, Ontario during the last week of June each year as a mutual celebration of Independence Day and Canada Day (July 1). It culminates in a large fireworks display over the Detroit River.
The famous Macy's fireworks display usually held over the East River in New York City has been televised nationwide on NBC since 1976. In 2009, the fireworks display was returned to the Hudson River for the first time since 2000 to commemorate the 400th anniversary of Henry Hudson's exploration of that river.[25]
The Boston Pops Orchestra has hosted a music and fireworks show over the Charles River Esplanade called the "Boston Pops Fireworks Spectacular" annually since 1973.[26] The event was broadcast nationally from 1991 until 2002 on A&E, and since 2002 by CBS and its Boston station WBZ-TV. WBZ/1030 and WBZ-TV broadcast the entire event locally, and from 2002 through 2012, CBS broadcast the final hour of the concert nationally in primetime. The national broadcast was put on hiatus beginning in 2013, which Pops executive producer David G. Mugar believed was the result of decreasing viewership caused by NBC's encore presentation of the Macy's fireworks.[27][28] The national broadcast will be revived for 2016, and expanded to two hours.[29]
On the Capitol lawn in Washington, D.C., A Capitol Fourth, a free concert broadcast live by PBS, NPR and the American Forces Network, precedes the fireworks and attracts over half a million people annually.

text: Other countries

text: The Philippines celebrates July 4 as its Republic Day to commemorate that day in 1946 when it ceased to be a U.S. territory and the United States officially recognized Philippine Independence.[30] July 4 was intentionally chosen by the United States because it corresponds to its Independence Day, and this day was observed in the Philippines as Independence Day until 1962. In 1964, the name of the July 4 holiday was changed to Republic Day. In Rwanda, July 4 is an official holiday known as Liberation Day, commemorating the end of the 1994 Rwandan Genocide in which the U.S. government also played a role. Rebild National Park in Denmark is said to hold the largest July 4 celebrations outside of the United States.[31]