document_title: Arthur Fowler

question_text: when did arthur fowler steal the christmas money

text: Arthur Fowler

text: Storylines[edit]

text: Unemployed Arthur lives in Walford with his wife Pauline Fowler (Wendy Richard), their two children Mark Fowler (David Scarboro and Todd Carty) and Michelle Fowler (Susan Tully) and Pauline's mother Lou Beale (Anna Wing). Pauline is pregnant with her third child, and gives birth to a son, Martin Fowler (Jon Peyton Price and James Alexandrou). Arthur's greatest pleasure is gardening and he obtains a spot in the local allotment, which he regularly uses as a foil to escape his nagging wife and his equally nagging mother-in-law. Over the years Arthur finds a steady stream of odd jobs to keep him occupied. He works for Tony Carpenter (Oscar James) as a carpenter's helper, deliveryman and as a road sweeper in the market. For a brief period in 1986, he is also employed by Walford Cleaning Services to clean the local schools. Lou dies in 1988. Arthur initially has a distant relationship with Mark and is unable to keep him in check when he turns to crime in his late teens.

text: Arthur's lack of employment becomes a huge problem for him in 1986 when his daughter, Michelle, announces her engagement to Lofty Holloway (Tom Watt). Desperate to give his daughter a wedding that the family can be proud of, Arthur decides to take money from the Walford residents' Christmas Club savings scheme that he has been running. However, with Christmas fast approaching, Arthur realises that he will have to do something to explain the lack of money in the account to everyone that contributed. Arthur announces to the members that he has withdrawn the money, then stages a fake burglary at his house and tells the police that the Christmas Club money has been stolen. However, Arthur's attempts to make the robbery look legitimate fail, and the police soon realise that Arthur is the culprit. When questioned by the police, he confesses and after his arrest he becomes severely morose, withdrawn and depressed. This culminates in Arthur finally having a nervous breakdown on Christmas Day and smashing his living room in a violent rage. By early 1987, Arthur has become so despondent that he is admitted to hospital. He returns the following spring to stand trial for the theft of the Christmas Club money. Despite Arthur having the whole community behind him, he is sent to prison for 28 days. After his release, he makes things worse by borrowing money from a loan shark.

text: Mark returns in 1990 and announces on Christmas Day the following year that he is HIV positive. Arthur has a difficult time accepting his son's illness and his lack of education concerning HIV leads him to react in trepidation. Mark eventually helps him come to terms with his status, and he and Arthur enjoy a close relationship in the following years. In 1991, Arthur starts his own gardening business and is awarded a contract to maintain the Albert Square gardens. This leads to Arthur being employed by lonely divorcee Christine Hewitt (Elizabeth Power). Christine and Arthur soon become friends and Christine becomes Arthur's assistant. In May, Pauline goes to New Zealand to care for her brother, Kenny (Michael Attwell), who has been in a car accident. In Pauline's absence, Christine becomes a regular visitor to Albert Square and becomes very fond of Arthur. By Christmas, Arthur and Christine embark on an affair. Christine begins to crave more commitment and when he refuses, she gets a job at Kathy Beale's (Gillian Taylforth) café so she can be as close to him. The affair continues until Kathy sees them kissing and forces a confession from Christine. Faced with the threat that Pauline may find out, Arthur begins to cool their romance. Christine, sensing that she is losing Arthur, becomes emotionally erratic and begins to drink heavily, stalks Arthur around the square and attempts to buy the affections of his youngest son, Martin. This only infuriates Arthur.

text: As a last resort Christine threatens to tell Pauline, unless Arthur tells her about their affair. Arthur finally admits the truth to Pauline, but tells her that he wants her and not Christine. Hurt, embarrassed, and angry, Pauline responds by hitting Arthur in the face with a frying pan and then throwing him out of their home.

text: Arthur is forced to move in with his son, Mark, and he spends the rest of the year desperately trying to convince Pauline that it is her he wants. Pauline and Arthur eventually reconcile when he helps her deal with the death of her brother, Pete (Peter Dean). The affair is never allowed to be forgotten, however, particularly when Pauline's relative Nellie Ellis (Elizabeth Kelly) comes to lodge and discovers his escapades.

text: In 1995, Arthur is elected secretary of the allotment committee, and starts raising money to create a new eco-friendly, urban garden, which is named the Flowering Wilderness Fund. Arthur attends a funeral later that year and runs into an old friend, Willy Roper (Michael Tudor-Barnes), who takes a keen interest in Arthur's financial dealings. By the end of the year Arthur has managed to raise twenty thousand pounds for the garden, and this is enough to tempt Willy to crime.

text: Willy was the sole carer of his senile mother, and desperate to get the funds to pay for her placement at a nursing home, he decides to con Arthur into signing the fund money into various accounts, and then leaves Arthur to deal with the consequences when the money is declared missing. For a second time, Arthur is faced with a police investigation and with all the evidence stacked against him, he is soon arrested and ends the year behind bars. This is too much for Arthur, who is unable to face the prospect of serving a prison sentence for a crime he didn't commit, and upon his imprisonment he suffers a mental breakdown and refuses any contact with his family.

text: Not content with putting Arthur in prison, Willy spends the beginning of 1996 trying to woo Pauline in his absence, even taking her on holiday to Jersey. However, this proves to be Willy's undoing, after Mark correctly surmises that his real motive is to put the stolen money in an off-shore account under a false name. The evidence continues to stack up when Pauline discovers counterfeit credit cards on Willy. Willy is eventually arrested and charged, and Arthur is cleared. However, before the family can pass on the good news, they are told that Arthur has been involved in a huge prison riot. Arthur is released the next day, but he had received a nasty blow to the head in the riot, although no one realises the seriousness of his injury until it is too late. A few days after his release in May 1996, Arthur suffers a brain haemorrhage on the allotments, and dies the next day in hospital. Arthur's funeral is delayed pending an inquest, but the jury eventually returns a verdict of accidental death, much to the disgust of Mark and Pauline, who believe that the prison services neglected to seek proper medical help for Arthur. A bench is placed in dedication to his memory in Albert Square; the dedication is entitled "Arthur Fowler: He loved this place". In 2007, after Pauline's death, Dot Cotton (June Brown) buries her ashes at Arthur's grave.

text: In 2015, Martin names his son with Stacey Fowler after his father, though it emerges that he is actually the son of Kush Kazemi.

text: Creation[edit]

text: Arthur Fowler was one of the original twenty-three characters invented by the creators of EastEnders, Tony Holland and Julia Smith. Arthur was a member of the first family of EastEnders, the Beales and Fowlers, and Holland took the inspiration for some of the series' earliest characters from his own London family and background. Arthur's original character outline as written by Smith and Holland appeared in an abridged form in their book, EastEnders: The Inside Story.

text: Bill Treacher was the first actor Holland and Smith had thought of to play the character, in fact, Arthur had almost been invented with him in mind. Both had worked with Treacher before on the popular BBC drama Z-Cars. His qualities as an actor were exactly the ones they wanted for the "very difficult" part of Arthur: "Warmth, directness and an ability to be convincingly ordinary without being dull".[1] Treacher admitted in 2015 that he was initially reluctant to take on the role due to the long hours and the distance from his family, but said, "I rang my agent and said, 'Tell Julia I'll do it'. She said, 'I already have.' As an actor it's hard to get regular work, it's not that sort of career. So you don't turn down a good job."[2]

text: Development[edit]

text: Arthur was initially scripted to be an extremely depressed character, which stemmed from his inability to find employment and provide sufficiently for his family. Arthur's fall into depression was considered to be an extremely risky storyline to portray, as his decline was to take place over a lengthy period of time. His loss of pride (resulting in theft of the residents Christmas club money) and the deterioration of his health as a result, was an important issue that Tony Holland wanted to get right. His character had "to reach the gutter" before he could be put on the "straight and narrow again". The deteriorating situation was to be shown graphically, with "no punches pulled". His eventual harrowing breakdown and destruction of Lou Beale's (Anna Wing) living room was written by Tony Holland and aired on Christmas Day 1986. Holland and Smith initially feared that the audience may not be able to tolerate so much doom and gloom at Christmas, however that same episode went on to pull in 30.1 million viewers,[3] giving the soap its highest ever episode rating, which has yet to be beaten by any other plotline from any other soap in the UK.[1]

text: It was initially decided that Arthur would not go to prison for stealing the Christmas club money, until a legal advisor to the programme suggested that EastEnders would not be portraying a likely outcome. In reality he would probably get twenty-eight days in prison, so that others could be taught a lesson, and so that is what happened on-screen. The episode where Arthur was sent to prison was written by Bill Lyons, and dominated by Arthur's trial. A special court set had to be hired, but it was too large to fit into the regular EastEnders studio at Elstree, and needed an extra studio. The episode cut back and forth between the trial and the regular goings-on in the Square before climaxing with the shock decision of the judge, who told Arthur that, as he had betrayed people's trust he must be seen to be punished, and she sentenced him to twenty-eight days.[4]

text: Arthur being 'sent down' ended up being a favourable outcome for Bill Treacher, as it allowed him time to recuperate. The gruelling schedule of the last two years and the emotional investment that was needed to play such a depressed character for such a lengthy period had taken its toll on him. Treacher said "The breakdown story really got to me. One night I came home, had a drink and just started weeping. I had so many sad letters from people with nervous breakdowns. So many people wanted to end it all."[5]

text: During 1989, Holland and Smith left EastEnders and executive producer Mike Gibbon took control, heralding a new era for the show. Humour became an important element in the storylines during 1989, partly due to media criticism which had been labelling the show as depressing. There featured a greater amount of slapstick and light comedy than had previously been seen, and this led to a certain amount of criticism from some fans and critics, who suggested that the credibility of the show was being stretched. Such storylines included Arthur's unlikely success on a fictional television game show Cat and Mouse. The episode was written by Tony McHale and, despite the criticism, it is considered by EastEnders writer Colin Brake as "one of the funniest and most outrageous episodes" of EastEnders ever aired".[4] The fictional game show even used video game music from past Commodore 64 titles.

text: One of the big storylines in EastEnders in 1992 was Arthur's infidelity with the lonely divorcée Christine Hewitt (Elizabeth Power).[4] The storyline built up slowly and was conceived by the writer Tony McHale. The audience had witnessed Arthur and his wife Pauline (Wendy Richard) rowing many times, but they were generally seen as the most stable of all couples ever featured in the show, and so the storyline involving Arthur's extramarital affair came as a huge shock to viewers. The British press labelled the storyline "The Bonk Of The Year" and it finally reached its climax on-screen in September 1993. The scripwriters had many conferences about ways in which Pauline would find out about the affair; should she work it out herself or should some third party tell her the truth? In the end it was felt that Arthur should decide to tell her himself, which he did in a shocking episode that saw Pauline turn violent and hit Arthur in the face with a frying pan. This episode (written by Tony McHale and directed by Keith Boak) was chosen by writer Colin Brake as the episode of the year in EastEnders: The First Ten Years.[4]

text: Arthur became one of EastEnders best loved characters, and his reputation as an eternal loser endeared him to viewers. In 1995 audiences were shocked and horrified when Arthur was framed for the embezzlement of the Flowering Wilderness Campaign funds and wrongfully imprisoned. There was a public outcry and a nationwide Free Arthur Fowler campaign was launched. 'Arthur Fowler Is Innocent' T-shirts were produced and a single was even released in the UK singles chart promoting the campaign.[6] Eventually the truth came out and Arthur was released. However, a gash to the head he had sustained in prison led to a brain haemorrhage and Arthur died suddenly in 1996 shortly after his release. Off-screen Bill Treacher had asked to be written out of the series after eleven years playing Arthur, saying: "By the time I finished, even the sound of the theme music was making me feel ill. I felt depressed." Although it was his decision to leave the soap, Treacher was shocked that the show’s bosses chose to kill Arthur off. He has said: "I certainly didn’t ask them to kill him. Oh no, because you never know, you might need to come back and earn a few grand."[5] Treacher also stated in a 2003 interview that he was forced to resign from the show in the end due to the negative effect it was having on his health.[7]


document_title: Fenfluramine/phentermine

question_text: when was fen phen taken off the market

question_tokens: when was fen phen taken off the market

root

text: Fenfluramine/phentermine

text: History[edit]

text: Fenfluramine as a single drug was first introduced in the 1970s, but was not popular because it only temporarily reduced weight.[1] A 1984 study found a weight loss of 7.5 kg on average in 24 weeks, as compared to 4.4 kg under placebo.[4] It sold modestly until the 1990s, when it was combined with phentermine and heavily marketed.[1] A similar drug, aminorex, had caused severe lung damage and "provided reason to worry that similar drugs ... could increase the risk of a rare but often fatal lung disease, pulmonary hypertension."[1] In 1994, Wyeth official Fred Wilson expressed concerns about fenfluramine's labeling containing only four cases of pulmonary hypertension when a total of 41 had been observed, but no action was taken until 1996.[1] In 1995, Wyeth introduced dexfenfluramine (the dextro isomer, marketed as Redux), which it hoped would cause fewer adverse effects. However, the medical officer of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Leo Lutwak, insisted upon a black box warning of pulmonary hypertension risks. After Lutwak refused to approve the drug, the FDA management had someone else sign it and approved the drug with no black box warning for marketing in 1996.[1] European regulators required a major warning of pulmonary hypertension risks.[1]

tag: p

text: In 1996, a paper in the New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) from the Mayo Clinic discussed clinical findings in 24 people who had taken fen-phen. The authors noted that their findings suggested a possible correlation between mitral valve dysfunction and the use of these anorectic agents.[5] Later in 1996, a 30-year-old woman developed heart problems after a month of using it; when she died in February 1997, the Boston Herald devoted a front page article to her.[6] The FDA alerted medical doctors that it had received nine additional reports of the same type, and requested all health care professionals to report any such cases to the agency’s MedWatch program, or to their respective pharmaceutical manufacturers. The FDA subsequently received over a hundred additional reports of valvular heart disease in people taking fen-phen, fenfluramine alone or dexfenfluramine alone.[7] The FDA requested that the manufacturers of fenfluramine and dexfenfluramine stress the potential risk to the heart in the drugs' labeling and in package inserts. As of 1997, the FDA was continuing to receive reports of valvular heart disease in persons who had taken these drugs. This disease typically involves the aortic and mitral valves.

text: After reports of valvular heart disease and pulmonary hypertension, primarily in women who had been undergoing treatment with fen-phen or (dex)fenfluramine, the FDA requested its withdrawal from the market in September 1997.[7]

text: The action was based on findings from doctors who had evaluated people taking these two drugs with echocardiograms, a procedure that can test the functioning of heart valves. The findings indicated that approximately 30 percent of people who had taken the combination up to 24 months had abnormal echocardiograms, even though they had no symptoms. This percentage of abnormal test results was much higher than would be expected from a comparatively sized sample of the population who had not been exposed to either fenfluramine or dexfenfluramine.[5][8] Follow up studies showed that for people who took the combination for 3 months or less, the rate of heart valve complications was less than 3%.[8]

text: Aftermath[edit]

text: Upon the release of the information regarding fen-phen's cardiac risks, the Association of Trial Lawyers of America formed a large trial lawyer group to seek damages from American Home Products, the distributor of fenfluramine and dexfenfluramine.[9]

text: Fen-phen is no longer widely available. In April 2005, American Lawyer magazine ran a cover story on the wave of fen-phen litigation, reporting that more than 50,000 product liability lawsuits had been filed by alleged fen-phen victims. Estimates of total liability ran as high as $14 billion. As of February 2005, Wyeth was still in negotiations with injured parties, offering settlements of $5,000 to $200,000 to some of those who had sued, and stating they might offer more to those who were most seriously injured.[10] One plaintiff's attorney claimed that "the payments [were] not going to be large enough to cover medical expenses."[11] Thousands of injured persons rejected these offers.[10] At the time, Wyeth announced it has set aside $21.1 billion (U.S.) to cover the cost of the lawsuits.[10]

text: Possible uses[edit]

text: Obesity[edit]

text: In 1984, researchers at the University of Rochester Medical Center reported that they had performed a double-blind, controlled clinical trial comparing phentermine alone, fenfluramine alone, a combination of phentermine and fenfluramine, and placebo, for weight loss in humans. Weight loss in those receiving the fen-phen combination was significantly greater (8.4±1.1 kg) than in those receiving placebo (4.4±0.9 kg) and equivalent to that of those receiving fenfluramine (7.5±1.2 kg) or phentermine alone (10.0±1.2 kg). This amounts to an additional weight loss of 4±2 kg over the course of 24 weeks. Adverse effects were less frequent with the combination regimen than with the other active (non-placebo) treatments. The authors felt that combining fenfluramine and phentermine capitalized on their pharmacodynamic differences, resulting in equivalent weight loss, fewer adverse effects, and better appetite control.[4]

text: Addiction[edit]

text: The term fen-phen was coined in 1994 when Pietr Hitzig and Richard B. Rothman reported that this combination could presumptively remit alcohol and cocaine craving. The authors suggested that other combined dopamine and serotonin agonists or precursors might share this therapeutic potential.[12][13] Subsequent experiments in rats supported these preliminary reports.[14][15] In 2006 it was confirmed that the combination of phentermine and the serotonin precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), in place of fenfluramine, significantly decreased alcohol withdrawal seizures in rats.[16]

text: Intramural National Institutes of Health (NIH) double-blind protocols to demonstrate the efficacy of fen-phen in alcohol and cocaine addiction were designed,[17] but never performed.

text: Adverse effects[edit]

text: The findings on fen-phen, specifically fenfluramine, causing valvular heart disease and pulmonary hypertension prompted a renewed interest in the deleterious effects of systemic serotonin. It had already been known for decades that two of the major side-effects of the carcinoid syndrome, in which excessive serotonin is produced endogenously, are valvular disease and pulmonary hypertension. Several centers were able to note a relationship to an excessive activation of the serotonin receptor subtype 5-HT2B.[18][19]


document_title: The Returned (U.S. TV series)

question_text: where is the tv show the returned filmed

text: The Returned (U.S. TV series)

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Kevin Alejandro as Sheriff Tommy Solano
Agnes Bruckner as Deputy Nikki Banks
India Ennenga as Camille Winship
Sandrine Holt as Dr. Julie Han
Dylan Kingwell as Victor
Sophie Lowe as Lena Winship
Mark Pellegrino as Jack Winship
Jeremy Sisto as Peter Lattimore
Mat Vairo as Simon Moran
Mary Elizabeth Winstead as Rowan Blackshaw
Tandi Wright as Claire Winship

tag: ul

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Aaron Douglas as Tony Darrow
Terry Chen as Deputy Mark Bao
Dakota Guppy as Chloe Blackshaw
Keenan Tracey as Ben Lowry
Carl Lumbly as Pastor Leon Wright
Leah Gibson as Lucy McCabe
Chelah Horsdal as Kris
Michelle Forbes as Helen Goddard
Rhys Ward as Adam Darrow
Alexander Calvert as Hunter
Giacomo Baessato as Deputy Shane Slater
Renn Hawkey as Paul Koretsky
Roger Cross as Matt

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Directed by
Teleplay by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
"Camille"
Keith Gordon
Carlton Cuse
March 9, 2015 (2015-03-09)
1.54[3]

The Winship family is shocked when their daughter Camille, killed in a bus accident four years earlier, returns home unharmed, believing it is the same day as the accident. Simon attempts to find his fiancée, Rowan, unaware that he's been dead six years and she is now engaged to another man. Helen Goddard goes to her husband's apartment, 30 years after her death; her husband initially calls local doctor Julie Han but decides, instead, to jump off a local dam. Julie brings home a small boy who refuses to speak, and, improvising, she names him "Victor" when her nosy neighbor questions her. Lucy, a local waitress, is seemingly fatally stabbed while out walking, after arguing with and being sexually assaulted by Jack Winship. In a flashback to the day of the crash, Lena feigns illness to avoid the bus trip, in order to stay home and secretly meet with her boyfriend, and Camille becomes distressed when she "senses" her twin's first sexual encounter. As Camille tries to get the bus to stop, the distracted driver notices Victor standing in the road and swerves, causing the bus to plummet over the cliff edge.

2
"Simon"
Vincenzo Natali
Raelle Tucker
March 16, 2015 (2015-03-16)
1.08[4]

Camille's family, including her twin sister Lena, attempts to deal with her reintegration into their lives. Rowan, who has begun arrangements to marry Tommy, makes peace with what she believes are visions of Simon, who has finally located her. The police realize Lucy's stabbing matches the modus operandi of a serial killer from seven years ago who was believed dead; bar owner Tony is considered a suspect, and he takes note of the stabbing patterns in the victims' photos. Julie becomes affected by Victor's presence and breaks down in her bathroom, revealing healed wounds resembling those of the murder victims in the police photos.

3
"Julie"
Charles Martin
Raelle Tucker
March 23, 2015 (2015-03-23)
1.05[5]

Her parents discuss moving elsewhere, and in public, Camille pretends to be Lena's cousin, "Alice", in order to be accepted. Meanwhile, Lena develops a wound on her back. Simon gets released to Peter, who explains to him that Simon died and has returned like some others. Simon plans to say goodbye to Rowan, until she shows him Chloe, their child conceived shortly before his death. Lena informs Rowan that Simon had been looking for her, confirming he is alive. Tony goes to his family's cabin and is shocked to find his brother Adam, thought to have been dead for several years. Deputy Nikki Banks visits Julie to tell her of Lucy's murder, which resembles the attack on Julie seven years ago, when she and Nikki were in a relationship. Julie is threatened by her neighbor, Annie, who believes Julie has illegally adopted Victor; when Julie leaves to get food, Victor knocks on Annie's door.

4
"Victor"
Charles Martin
Regina Corrado
March 30, 2015 (2015-03-30)
1.12[6]

Following Annie's death, Nikki forces Julie to release Victor into Peter's care at the shelter, where Victor soon realizes that Peter is one of the two men who burgled his house and shot him, 29 years ago. Tommy uses his home surveillance equipment and sees Rowan and Simon having sex. Rowan introduces Simon to Chloe, who thinks he is an "angel". Rowan makes a painful decision about Tommy. Helen meets with a minister to discuss being returned; she then goes to the shelter. Lena is rushed to hospital for the wound on her back, which has become life-threatening. She later recalls visiting the morgue to view Camille's body, which bore the same wound that killed her in the bus crash.

5
"Tony and Adam"
Jennifer Getzinger
Graham Roland
April 6, 2015 (2015-04-06)
1.05[7]

Seven years ago, Tony sets out to look for his brother Adam. Tony finds his brother after Adam's attacked Julie and is now feeding on her unconscious body. Tony knocks him out, carries him off, and leaves Julie to be found by others who are coming his way. Tony then begins to bury him in the woods. Adam wakes up and starts screaming for their mother, and Tony kills him with the shovel. In the present, Adam realizes that Tony had killed him and then attacks Tony. Tony suggests Adam's "sickness" was caused by their mother. Simon wishes to leave town with Rowan and Chloe, but Rowan throws out his things and, for now, chooses Tommy. Victor disappears from the shelter after telling Peter that he knows his secret: Peter was involved in the killings of Victor and his mother. After seeing a herd of dead deer floating down the river, Helen finds Victor in town and calls him by his real name, Henry. She takes him to dinner and tells him the town is cursed, comparing it to the world at the time of the Biblical flood. She talks of the local dam's breaking 29 years ago, when she died. Victor escapes Helen, only to be found by Peter. A medical examiner suggests all the deer committed suicide. Lena leaves the hospital after sensing Camille drunkenly kissing a guy. Lena tells everyone at the bar that "Alice" is her dead sister, who is now trying to kill her. Camille claims that Lena is heavily medicated. Lena runs off into the woods and stumbles into Adam.

6
"Lucy"
Jennifer Getzinger
Bronwyn Garrity
April 13, 2015 (2015-04-13)
1.05[8]

Lena wakes in Adam's cabin, where he tends to the wound on her back. After seeing him talk to Tony, who previously told her that Adam was dead, she accepts that Adam is "like the others" (returned). Back home, her family worries about her having gone missing, which leads Jack and Claire to fight over Jack's not intervening in Lena's partying at the bar and Claire's constant state of mourning Camille. Peter takes Victor to the grave of his partner who shot Victor and his mother. He begs Victor's forgiveness and offers his gun for revenge. Victor causes Peter to envision his partner pulling the trigger, but the gun misfires, and Peter envisions holding the gun to his own head. Julie talks to Helen about her death in the town flood, only to learn Victor also died and returned. Julie then questions her own existence. Camille tries to seduce Ben, who is repulsed when she admits to not being "Alice". Lucy is declared dead but revives minutes later. She begins to hear voices and later tells Jack about his father's death in a drunken car accident.

7
"Rowan"
Stephen Williams
Gianna Sobol
April 20, 2015 (2015-04-20)
0.87[9]

Lena finds Lucy's necklace in Adam's shed and realizes who he is. She attempts to escape, but is caught and bound by Tony. Adam arrives to release her, saying he has been "healed" since returning. Ben exhumes Camille's grave and finds that her coffin is filled with water but otherwise empty. Tommy interrogates Ben at the station and learns about Camille's return. Before Tommy can reveal the news to the public, Camille, Claire, Peter, and Jack inform the bus victims' parents about the returned. It is revealed that Rowan attempted to kill herself a year ago. She realizes she wasted time mourning Simon, who still tries to get back together with her. She tells him about his suicide, which he wasn't aware of. He tries to take her away, and Tommy shoots him dead, seeing him as a threat.

8
"Claire"
Stephen Williams
Raelle Tucker
April 27, 2015 (2015-04-27)
0.82[10]

It is revealed that Claire and Peter's affair started before the bus crash. Nikki reads a file from 1986 about Henry's (Victor's) death and his reappearing during the year leading up to the bus crash, only to be abandoned, just days before it, near the spot where the driver swerves off the road. Nikki tells Julie, who still keeps Victor around. Lena returns home and relates her captivity to Camille, who tells their parents. Jack confronts Tony, thinking he is the killer, but Peter stops Jack from killing him. With Tony in custody, Julie goes to identify found evidence. Victor, accompanying her, causes Tony to imagine his mother shaming him, and Tony kills himself, as Adam arrives in an attempt to confess. Meanwhile, Rowan and Tommy resume their wedding plans, but Chloe wants her angel back. Simon returns again in the morgue.

9
"Helen"
Deran Sarafian
Graham Roland
May 4, 2015 (2015-05-04)
0.93[11]

In a flashback to 29 years ago, Helen is shown in a mental institution, where she predicts the demise of the town. Subsequently, the dam collapse engulfs the town in a torrential flood, killing many of the town's residents, including Helen. In present day, Helen engages intimately with and kills a dam worker in order to procure information for her plan to blow up the dam. Simon kidnaps Chloe. He decides to return his daughter to Rowan's custody at the place he left Rowan when he committed suicide years ago. Camille struggles with the town's perception of her return. Nikki deepens her investigation into Victor's past. Peter reveals his true identity at the unveiling of the memorial for the children lost in the bus crash.

10
"Peter"
Deran Sarafian
Raelle Tucker
May 11, 2015 (2015-05-11)
0.94[12]

Peter recalls in a flashback, to 29 years ago, that he was killed by gunshot in an accident. Back in the present, Peter intends to leave town after revealing that he, like Camille, had died and come back to life. He is later arrested by Tommy for fraud, identity theft, and accessory to kidnapping. Meanwhile, Lucy claims she's hearing warnings that "Something bad is going to happen" from the people who died 29 years ago. A journalist, Kara (Joanne Kelly), comes looking to speak to Camille but speaks to Peter instead. Kara claims Caldwell is not the only town to have people coming back from the dead, and all the other towns that did ceased to exist. Camille and Lena go swimming in the river as Hunter and Ben apologize for their actions. After getting high on mushrooms, Hunter cuts Camille to prove she's not real. Camille runs off in distress and is found by Ben. They have sex in the woods, which ends up with Ben dead. In the dark, Lena sees Adam lurking behind a tree. Nikki recovers in the hospital as Julie confronts Henry and brings him to his old house, now abandoned. As Tommy and Rowan's wedding proceeds, Simon hitchhikes with Helen, and she tells him to get out of town. They blow a tire, and while grabbing the spare, Simon sees the dynamite Helen carries in the trunk. She knocks him out and goes to Rawlins Lake Dam to plant the dynamite, intending to destroy the town to end the "curse". At the wedding dinner, Lucy gives Rowan a message, "He'll be here soon. When he's here, you need to listen." Lucy implies to Rowan that she is pregnant with Simon's baby. Simon runs back into town but sees a vision of the dam breaking and the water destroying the town. He continues running as the scene fades to black.

tag: table

text: Development[edit]

text: In May 2013, it was revealed that an English-language adaptation of the 2012 series was being developed by Paul Abbott and FremantleMedia, with the working title They Came Back.[13] In September 2013, it was revealed that Abbott was no longer involved with the project, which A&E would develop.[14] In April 2014, A&E ordered 10 episodes for the first season.[15] On March 5, 2015, it was announced Netflix had acquired global rights to the show and would air it internationally each week, via its streaming service, following A&E's airing.[16]

text: Production[edit]

text: The show, set in the fictional Cascades Mountains town of Caldwell,[17] in Caldwell County, Washington, is actually filmed in and around Squamish, British Columbia.[18]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The Returned has received mostly positive responses from critics. Rotten Tomatoes gives it a 66% approval rating, with a rating average of 7.6/10, based on reviews from 29 critics. The site's consensus states: "Though overshadowed by its superior source material, the US version of The Returned retains enough of the creep factor and character drama to appease fans of the genre."[19] Metacritic scored it 67 out of 100, based on 24 "generally favorable" reviews.[20]


document_title: Workweek and weekend

question_text: when did the 5 day work week start

question_tokens: when did the 5 day work week start

text: Workweek and weekend

text: History[edit]

text:
Part of a series on

Organised labour

Labour movement[show]

Timeline

New Unionism
Proletariat

Social Movement Unionism

Socialism
Syndicalism

Anarcho-syndicalism

Labour rights[hide]

Child labour
Eight-hour day

Five-day work week
Annual leave
Collective bargaining
Minimum wage
Occupational safety and health

Trade unions[show]

Trade unions by country
Trade union federations
International comparisons

ITUC
IWA
WFTU

Strike action[show]

Chronological list of strikes

General strike
Secondary action

Sitdown strike
Work-to-rule

Labour parties[show]

Australian
British
Dutch
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List of Labour parties

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Industrial relations
Labour economics
Labour history
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v
t
e

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2013)

text: A continuous seven-day cycle that runs throughout history paying no attention whatsoever to the phases of the moon, having a fixed day of rest, was probably first practiced in Judaism, dated to the 6th century BC at the latest.[3][4]

text: In Ancient Rome, every eight days there was a nundinae. It was a market day, during which children were exempted from school[5] and plebs ceased from work in the field and came to the city to sell the produce of their labor[6][7] or practice religious rites.[citation needed].

text: The French Revolutionary Calendar had ten-day weeks (called décades) and allowed décadi, one out of the ten days, as a leisure day.

text: In cultures with a four-day week, the three Sabbaths derives from the culture's main religious tradition: Friday (Muslim), Saturday (Jewish), and Sunday (Christian).

text: The present-day concept of the relatively longer 'week-end' first arose in the industrial north of Britain in the early part of nineteenth century[1] and was originally a voluntary arrangement between factory owners and workers allowing Saturday afternoon off from 2pm in agreement that staff would be available for work sober and refreshed on Monday morning.[2] The Oxford English Dictionary traces the first use of the term weekend to the British magazine Notes and Queries in 1879.[8]

text: In 1908, the first five-day workweek in the United States was instituted by a New England cotton mill so that Jewish workers would not have to work on the Sabbath from sundown Friday to sundown Saturday.[9] In 1926, Henry Ford began shutting down his automotive factories for all of Saturday and Sunday. In 1929, the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America Union was the first union to demand a five-day workweek and receive it. After that, the rest of the United States slowly followed, but it was not until 1940, when a provision of the 1938 Fair Labor Standards Act mandating a maximum 40-hour workweek went into effect, that the two-day weekend was adopted nationwide.[9]

text: Over the succeeding decades, particularly in the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s, an increasing number of countries adopted either a Friday–Saturday or Saturday–Sunday weekend to harmonize with international markets. A series of workweek reforms in the mid-to-late 2000s and early 2010s brought much of the Arab World in synchronization with the majority of countries around the world, in terms of working hours, the length of the workweek, and the days of the weekend. The International Labour Organization (ILO) currently defines a workweek exceeding 48 hours as excessive. A 2007 study by the ILO found that at least 614.2 million people around the world were working excessive hours.[10]

text: Length[edit]

text: Actual workweek lengths have been falling in the developed world. Every reduction of the length of the workweek has been accompanied by an increase in real per-capita income.[11][verification needed] In the United States, the workweek length reduced slowly from before the Civil War to the turn of the 20th century. A rapid reduction took place from 1900 to 1920, especially between 1913 and 1919, when weekly hours fell by about eight percent.[12] In 1926, Henry Ford standardized on a five-day workweek, instead of the prevalent six days, without reducing employees' pay.[13] Hours worked stabilized at about 49 per week during the 1920s, and during the Great Depression fell below 40.[12] During the Depression, President Herbert Hoover called for a reduction in work hours in lieu of layoffs. Later, President Franklin Roosevelt signed the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, which established a five-day, 40-hour workweek for many workers.[13] The proportion of people working very long weeks has since risen, and the full-time employment of women has increased dramatically.[14]

text: The New Economics Foundation has recommended moving to a 21-hour standard workweek to address problems with unemployment, high carbon emissions, low well-being, entrenched inequalities, overworking, family care, and the general lack of free time.[13][15][16][17][18][19] The Center for Economic and Policy Research states that reducing the length of the work week would slow climate change and have other environmental benefits.[20]

text: Around the world[edit]

text: (Countries listed alphabetically. Some countries have Saturday a normal school day. Some countries appear under the subsections for Muslim countries and the European Union.)

text:
Nation
Typical Hours
per Week
Working week
Typical hours worked
(Maximum per day)

Afghanistan
40
Sunday–Thursday
8

Albania
40
Monday–Friday
8

Algeria
40
Sunday–Thursday
8

Angola
40
Monday–Friday
8

Argentina
40
Monday–Friday
8

Armenia
40
Monday–Friday
8

Azerbaijan
40
Monday–Friday
8

Austria
38.5
Monday–Friday
7.7

Australia
38[21]
Monday–Friday
7.6

Bahrain
40
Sunday–Thursday
8 (6 during Ramadan for Muslim employees)[22]

Bangladesh
40
Government offices and Banks: Sunday-Thursday
Else: Saturday-Thursday

8

Benin
40
Monday–Friday
8

Belarus
40
Monday–Friday
8

Belgium
38
Monday–Friday
7.6

Brazil
44
Monday–Friday
8.5

Brunei Darussalam
40
Monday–Thursday and Saturday
8

Burundi
50
Monday–Friday
10

Bulgaria
40
Monday–Friday
8

Canada
40
Monday–Friday
8

Cameroon
50
Monday–Friday
10

Chile
45
Monday–Friday
9

China
42
Monday–Friday
8

Croatia
40
Monday–Friday
8

Colombia
48
Monday–Friday /
Monday–Saturday

8

Costa Rica
48
Monday–Friday
8

Czech Republic
40
Monday–Friday
8

Denmark
37
Monday–Friday
7.4

Djibouti
40
Saturday–Thursday
6.7

Dominican Republic
40
Monday-Friday
8

Egypt
40 (30 during Ramadan)
Sunday–Thursday
8 (6 during Ramadan)

Ethiopia
40
Monday–Friday
8

Estonia
40
Monday–Friday
8

Equatorial Guinea
48
Monday–Saturday
8

Finland
38
Monday–Friday
8

France
35
Monday–Friday
7

Gabon
40
Monday–Friday
8

Gambia
40
Monday–Friday
8

Germany
40
Monday–Friday
8

Ghana
40
Monday–Friday
8

Greece
40
Monday–Friday
8

Hungary
40
Monday–Friday
8

Hong Kong
40-48
Monday–Saturday
8 (many people work on Saturday either a half-day or full-day)

India
45-60
Government offices and IT industry: Monday-Friday
Else: Monday–Saturday Sometimes: Monday

9 (including 1 hour lunch break) most of the Businesses are open on Saturdays. So often it is Monday-Saturday.

Indonesia
40
Monday–Friday
8, many people work a 6-day week with 7-hour days.

Iran
45
Saturday-Thursday/Saturday-Wednesday
8, (except 5-hours on thursday)

Iraq
40
Sunday–Thursday
8

Ireland
40
Monday–Friday
8

Israel
42
Sunday–Thursday
8.4. Some people have a partial six-day workweek.

Italy
40
Monday–Friday
8

Côte d'Ivoire
40
Monday–Friday
8

Japan
40
Monday–Friday
8

Jordan
45
Sunday–Thursday
9

Kazakhstan
40
Monday–Friday
8

Kuwait
40
Sunday–Thursday
8

Kenya
40
Monday–Friday
8

Lao People’s Democratic Republic
40
Monday–Friday
8

Latvia
40
Monday–Friday
8

Lebanon
40
Monday-Friday
8, Most of the people have a six-day workweek, with Saturday as a partial workday.

Lesotho
40
Monday–Friday
8

Libya
40
Sunday–Thursday
8

Lithuania
40
Monday–Friday
8

Madagascar
40
Monday–Friday
8

Maldives
40
Sunday–Thursday
8

Malawi
40
Monday–Friday
8

Mali
40
Monday–Friday
8

Malta
40
Monday–Friday
8

Mauritania
40
Monday–Friday
8

Malaysia
40
Sunday–Thursday
(Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, and Terengganu)
Monday–Friday
(Except: Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, and Terengganu)
8

Mexico
48
Monday–Saturday
8

Mongolia
40
Monday–Friday
8

Morocco
44
Monday–Friday
8

Mozambique
40
Monday–Friday
8

Nepal
48
Sunday–Friday
7 (5 on Friday and 6 in Winter)

The Netherlands
40
Monday–Friday
8

New Zealand
40
Monday–Friday
8[23]

Nigeria
40
Monday–Friday
8

Norway
37.5
Monday–Friday
7.5

Oman
40 (30 during Ramadan)
Sunday–Thursday
8 (6 during Ramadan)

Pakistan
45 & 54
Monday–Friday
9 (including 1 hour lunch break) most of the Businesses are open on Saturdays. So often it is Monday-Saturday.

Palestine
45[24]
Saturday–Thursday [25]
8

Philippines
40
Monday–Friday
9 (including 1 hour lunch break)

Poland
40
Monday–Friday
8

Portugal
40
Monday–Friday
8

Qatar
40 (25 During Ramadan)
Sunday–Thursday
8 (5 during Ramadan) (Line staff work 48 hours of the week, Saturday-Thursday)

Romania
40
Monday–Friday
8

Russia
40
Monday–Friday
8

Rwanda
40
Monday–Friday
8

Saudi Arabia
40 (30 during Ramadan)
Sunday–Thursday
8 (6 during Ramadan for Muslim employees)[26]

Senegal
40
Monday–Friday
8

Singapore
44
Monday–Friday
9[27]

Slovakia (Slovak Republic)
40
Monday–Friday
8

Spain
40
Monday–Friday
8

Sri Lanka
40
Monday–Friday
8

South Africa
45
Monday–Friday
9[28]

South Korea
40
Monday–Friday
8

Sudan
40
Sunday–Thursday
8

Suriname
39.5
Monday–Friday
8; Monday–Thursday 7:00 – 15:00 / Friday 7:00 – 14.30

Swaziland
40
Monday–Friday
8

Sweden
40
Monday–Friday
8

Switzerland
42
Monday–Friday
8.4

Syria
40
Sunday–Thursday
8

Seychelles
40
Monday–Friday
8

Taiwan
40
Monday–Friday
8; The Labor Standards Act stipulates that a worker shall have one mandatory day off and one flexible rest day in every seven days. See One fixed day off and one flexible rest day policy.

Tanzania
40
Monday–Friday
9

Togo
40
Monday–Friday
8

Thailand
40
Monday–Friday
8

Trinidad and Tobago
40
Monday–Friday
8

Tunisia
40
Monday–Friday
8

Turkey
45
Monday–Friday
9

Ukraine
40
Monday–Friday
8

United Arab Emirates
40-45 (30 during Ramadan)
Sunday–Thursday (since September 2006[29])
8 to 9 (regular hours minus 2 hours during Ramadan for all employees)[30]

United Kingdom
40
Monday–Friday
8

United States
40[31]
Monday–Friday
8

Uganda
48
Monday–Saturday
8

Vietnam
40[32]
Monday–Friday
8

Yemen
40
Sunday–Thursday
8

Congo, Democratic Republic of
40
Monday–Friday
8

Zambia
40
Monday–Friday
8

Zimbabwe
40
Monday–Friday
8; Most people work half a day on Saturday

text: Australia[edit]

text: In Australia the working week begins on Monday and terminates on Friday. An eight-hour working day is the norm. Working three weekdays a fortnight, for example, would therefore be approximately twenty-four hours (including or excluding traditional breaks tallying up to two hours). Some people work overtime with extra pay on offer for those that do, especially for weekend work. Shops open seven days a week in most states with opening hours from 9am to 5.30pm on weekdays, with some states having two "late night trading" nights on Thursday and Friday, when trading ceases at 9pm. Many supermarkets and low end department stores remain open until midnight and some trade 24/7. Restaurants and cinemas can open at all hours, save for some public holidays. Bars generally trade seven days a week but there are local municipal restrictions concerning trading hours. Banks trade on Monday to Friday, with some branches opening on Saturdays (and in some cases Sundays) in high demand areas. The Post Office (Australia Post) trades Monday to Friday as per retail shops but some retail post offices may trade on Saturdays and Sundays in some shopping centres. A notable exception to the above is South Australia whereby retail establishments are restricted to trading between the hours of 11am-5pm on Sundays.

text: Brazil[edit]

text: As a general rule, Brazil adopts a 44-hour working week, which typically begins on Monday and ends on Friday, with a Saturday-Sunday weekend. Brazilian Law,[33] however, also allows for shorter Monday-to-Friday working hours so employees can work on Saturdays or Sundays, as long as the weekly 44-hour limit is respected and the employee gets at least one weekend day. This is usually the case for malls, supermarkets and shops. The law also grants labor unions the right to negotiate different work weeks, within certain limits, which then become binding for that union's labor category. Overtime is allowed, limited to two extra hours a day, with an increase in pay.

text: Chile[edit]

text: The working week in Chile averages 45 hours, most often worked on a Monday-Friday schedule, but is not uncommon to work on Saturdays. Retail businesses mostly operate Monday through Saturday, with larger establishments being open seven days a week.

text: China (People's Republic)[edit]

text: In China, there is a five-day Monday-Friday working week, prior to which work on Saturday was standard. China began the two-day Saturday–Sunday weekend on May 1, 1995. Most government employees work 5 days a week (including officials and industrial management). Most manufacturing facilities operate on Saturdays as well. However, most shops, museums, cinemas and commercial establishments open on Saturdays, Sundays and holidays. Banks are also open throughout the weekend and on most public holidays.

text: During the period of public holidays, swapped holidays are common between the actual holiday and weekend, so a three-day or seven-day holiday periods are created. The nearby Saturday or Sunday may be changed to a normal working day. For example, on a three-day holiday period, if the actual holiday falls on a Tuesday, Monday will be swapped as a holiday, and citizens are required to work on the previous Saturday.

text: A number of provinces and municipalities across China, including Hebei, Jiangxi and Chongqing, have issued new policies, calling on companies to create 2.5-day weekends. Under the plan, government institutions, state-owned companies, joint-ventures and privately held companies are to be given incentives to allow their workers to take off at noon on Friday before coming back to the office on Monday.[34]

text: Hong Kong SAR[edit]

text: In Hong Kong, a typical working week for local enterprises begins on Monday and ends at 1pm on Saturday, although most employees have alternate Saturdays off. After the introduction of the five-day working week for the majority of government departments in 2006, most multinational enterprises and large local companies followed suit, extended the working day from 9am to 6pm so as to adopt a five-day work week. Despite the aforementioned official hours, many employees work overtime, and in the case of the financial industry in particular, working 12-hour days on a chronic basis is not uncommon.

text: Most commercial establishments in the retail sector such as restaurants, shops and cinemas, as well as public venues such as museums and libraries are open on Saturdays, Sundays and most public holidays. For schools, lessons are not normally held on Saturdays, but students may be required to go school on Saturdays for extra-curricular activities or make-up classes.

text: Colombia[edit]

text: In general, Colombia has a 48-hour working week. Depending on the business, people work five days for max 8 hours per day, typically Monday to Friday, or six days for eight hours a day, Monday to Saturday.[35]

text: European Union members[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2009)

text: In Europe, the standard full-time working week begins on Monday and ends on Saturday. Most retail shops are open for business on Saturday. In Ireland, Italy, Finland, Sweden, the Netherlands and the former socialist states of Europe, large shopping centres open on Sunday. In European countries such as Germany, there are laws regulating shop hours. With exceptions, shops must be closed on Sundays and from midnight until the early morning hours of every day.

text: Austria[edit]

text: The working week is Monday to Friday 8 hours per day. Shops are open on Saturday. By law, almost no shop is open on Sunday. However, exceptions have been made, for example for bakeries, petrol stations and shops at railway stations, especially in the largest cities (Vienna, Graz, Salzburg, Linz).

text: Belgium[edit]

text: The working week is Monday to Friday. Working time must not exceed 8 hours per day and 38 hours per week (on average, annualised). Very few shops are open on Sunday.

text: Bulgaria[edit]

text: The working week is Monday to Friday, eight hours per day, forty hours per week. Most pharmacies, shops, bars, cafés, and restaurants will operate on Saturdays and Sundays.

text: Croatia[edit]

text: The working week is Monday to Friday, seven and a half hours per day (+ 30 minutes lunch break), 37.5 hours per week (or 40 hours per week if lunch breaks are included as working hours). Most pharmacies, shops, bars, cafés, and restaurants are open on Saturday and Sunday.

text: Czech Republic[edit]

text: In the Czech Republic, full-time employment is usually Monday to Friday, eight hours per day and forty hours per week. Many shops and restaurants are open on Saturday and Sunday, but employees still usually work forty hours per week.

text: Denmark[edit]

text: Denmark has an official 37-hour working week, with primary work hours between 6:00 and 18:00, Monday to Friday. In public institutions, a 30-minute lunch break every day is included as per collective agreements, so that the actual required working time is 34.5 hours. In private companies, the 30-minute lunch break is normally not included. The workday is usually 7.5 hours Monday to Thursday and 7 hours on Friday. Some small shops are closed Monday.[36]

text: Estonia[edit]

text: In Estonia, the working week begins on Monday and ends on Friday. Usually a working week is forty hours.

text: Finland[edit]

text: In Finland, the working week begins on Monday and ends on Friday. A full-time job is defined by law as being at least 32 and at most forty hours per week. In retail and restaurant occupations, among others, the weekly hours may be calculated as an average over three to ten weeks, depending on the employment contract. Banks and bureaus are closed on weekends. Most shops are open on Saturdays, while some are closed on Sundays.

text: France[edit]

text: The standard working week is Monday to Friday. Shops are also open on Saturday. Small shops may close on a weekday (generally Monday) to compensate workers for having worked on Saturday. By law, préfets may authorise a small number of specific shops to open on Sunday such as bars, cafés, restaurants, and bakeries, which are traditionally open every day but only during the morning on Sunday. Workers are not obliged to work on Sunday. School children have traditionally taken Wednesday off, or had only a half day, making up the time either with longer days for the rest of the week or sometimes a half day on Saturday. This practice was made much less common under new legislation rolled out over 2013–14.[37]

text: Greece[edit]

text: The standard working week is Monday to Friday. State jobs are from 07:00 until 15:00. Shops are open generally Mondays-Wednesdays from 09:30–15:00 and then from 17:30–21:00 and Tuesday-Thursday-Fridays 09:30-21:00. Saturdays generally 09:00-15:00. It is very rare for a shop to open on Sunday.

text: Hungary[edit]

text: In Hungary the working week begins on Monday and ends on Friday. Full-time employment is usually considered forty hours per week. For office workers, the work day usually begins between 8 and 9 o'clock and ends between 16:00 and 18:00, depending on the contract and lunch time agreements.

text: The forty-hour workweek of public servants includes lunch time. Their work schedule typically consists of 8.5 hours between Monday and Thursday (from 8:00 to 16:30) and 6 hours on Fridays (8:00–14:00).

text: Ireland[edit]

text: Ireland has a working week from Monday to Friday, with core working hours from 09:00 to 17:30. Retail stores are usually open until 21:00 every Thursday. Many grocery stores, especially in urban areas, are open until 21:00 or later, and some supermarkets and convenience stores may open around the clock. Shops are generally open all day Saturday and a shorter day Sunday (usually 10:00–12:00 to 17:00–19:00).

text: Italy[edit]

text: In Italy the 40-hour rule applies: Monday to Friday, 09:00 to 18:00, with a one-hour break for lunch. Sunday is always a holiday; Saturday is seldom a work day at most companies and universities, but it is generally a regular day for elementary, middle, and high schools.

text: In the past, shops had a break from 13:00 to 16:00 and they were generally open until 19:00/20:00. Working times for shops have been changed recently and now are at the owner's discretion; malls are generally open Tuesday to Sunday 09:00 to 20:00, 15:00 to 20:00 on Monday, with no lunchtime closing.[38]

text: Latvia[edit]

text: Latvia has a Monday to Friday working week capped at forty hours.[39] Shops are mostly open on weekends, many large retail chains having full working hours even on Sunday. Private enterprises usually hold hours from 9:00 to 18:00, however government institutions and others may have a shorter working day, ending at 17:00.

text: Luxembourg[edit]

text: The standard working week in Luxembourg is 40 hours per week with 8 hours per day.[40] Monday through Friday is the standard working week, though many shops and businesses open on Saturdays (though for somewhat restricted hours). Trading on Sundays is extremely restricted and generally limited to grocery stores opening on Sunday mornings.[41] However, shops are allowed to open in Luxembourg City during the first Sunday of the month[42], as well as in Luxembourg City and other larger towns on weekends towards the end of the year (Christmas shopping season)[43]. A few shopping malls located in the north of the country and in border towns (e.g. KNAUF[44], MASSEN[45] and Pall Center Pommerloch[46]) are also allowed to open almost every day of the year.

text: Netherlands[edit]

text: In the Netherlands, the standard working week is Monday to Friday (40 hours).[47] Shops are almost always open on Saturdays and often on Sundays. Coffeeshops have different opening times in every city; for instance, Leiden's coffeeshops are only open from 17:00 until 23:00.

text: Poland[edit]

text: The working week is Monday to Friday; 8 hours per day, 40 hours in total per week. Large malls are open on Saturday and Sunday; many small shops are closed on Sunday. SINCE 11 March 2018 all Malls and shops are close on Sunday trading is banned.

text: Under the new rules, trading will be banned on two Sundays a month.

text: The ban will be stepped up to three Sundays a month in 2019, while in 2020 trading will be prohibited on all Sundays except seven, including those in the run-up to Christmas and Easter.

text: March 11 will be the first Sunday on which trading is banned.

text: Bakeries, confectioners, petrol stations, florists, post offices, train stations and airports will be exempt from the ban.

text: Owners will be able to open their shops as long as they serve customers themselves.

text: Anyone infringing the new rules faces a fine of up to PLN 100,000 (EUR 23,900; USD 29,250). Repeat offenders may face a prison sentence

text: Portugal[edit]

text: The working week is Monday to Friday; 8 hours per day, 40 hours in total per week. Street shops are almost always open on Saturday mornings but shopping centres are typically open every day (including Saturdays and Sundays).

text: Romania[edit]

text: The working week is Monday to Friday; 8 hours per day, 40 hours in total per week. Shops are open on Saturday and Sunday. The weekend begins on Friday, and ends on Monday.

text: Slovakia[edit]

text: The working week is Monday to Friday; 8 hours per day, 40 hours in total per week. Large malls are open on Saturday and Sunday; many small shops are closed on Sunday. All shops are closed on public holidays.

text: Spain[edit]

text: The working week is Monday to Friday; 8 hours per day, 40 hours in total per week. The traditional opening hours are 9:00 to 13:00–14:00 and then 15:00–16:00 to 18:00 for most offices and workplaces. Most shops are open on Saturday mornings and many of the larger shopping malls are open all day Saturday and in some cities like Madrid, they are open most Sundays. Some restaurants, bars, and shops are closed Mondays, as Mondays are commonly a slow business day.[48]

text: Sweden[edit]

text: In Sweden, the standard working week is Monday to Friday, both for offices and industry workers. The standard workday is eight hours, although it may vary greatly between different fields and businesses. Most office workers have flexible working hours and can largely decide themselves on how to divide these over the week. The working week is regulated by Arbetstidslagen (Work time law) to a maximum of 40 hours per week.[49] The 40-hour-week is however easily bypassed by overtime. The law allows a maximum of 200 hours overtime per year.[50] There is however no overseeing government agency; the law is often cited as toothless.[citation needed]

text: Shops are almost always open on Saturdays and often on Sundays, supermarkets and shopping centres, so that employees there have to work. Traditionally, restaurants were closed on Mondays if they were opened during the weekend, but this has in recent years largely fallen out of practice. Many museums do however still remain closed on Mondays.

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: The traditional business working week is from Monday to Friday (35 to 40 hours depending on contract). In retail, and other fields such as healthcare, days off might be taken on any day of the week. Employers can make their employees work every day of a week, although the employer is required to allow each employee breaks of either a continuous period of 24 hours every week or a continuous period of 48 hours every two weeks.

text: Laws for shop opening hours differ between Scotland and the rest of the UK. In England, Wales, and Northern Ireland, many shops and services are open on Saturdays and increasingly so on Sundays as well. In England and Wales, stores' maximum Sunday opening hours vary according to the total floor space of the store.[51] In Scotland, however, there is no restriction in law on shop opening hours on a Sunday.

text: Under the EU Working Time Directive, workers cannot be forced to work for more than 48 hours per week on average. However, the UK allows individuals to opt out if they so choose. Individuals can choose to opt in again after opting out, even if opting out was part of their employment contract. It is illegal to dismiss them or treat them unfairly for so doing – but they may be required to give up to 3 months notice to give the employer time to prepare, depending on what their employment contract says.[52]

text: The minimum holiday entitlement is now 28 days per year, but that can include public holidays, depending on the employee's contract.[53] England & Wales have eight, Scotland has nine, and Northern Ireland has ten permanent public holidays each year.[54][55] The 28 days holiday entitlement means that if the government creates a one-off public holiday in a given year, it is not necessarily a day off and it does not add 1 day to employees' holiday entitlement – unless the employer says otherwise, which some do.

text: Belarus[edit]

text: The working week is Monday to Friday. Working time must not exceed 8 hours per day and 40 hours per week (on average, annualised).

text: India[edit]

text: The standard working week in India for most office jobs begins on Monday and ends on Saturday. The work schedule is 60 hours per week, Sunday being a rest day. However, most government offices and the software industry follow a five-day workweek.[56] All major industries along with services like transport, hospitality, healthcare etc. work in shifts.

text: Central government offices follow a five-day week. State governments follow half-day working on the first, third, and fifth Saturdays of each month and rest on the second and fourth Saturdays, except West Bengal's government which follows a Monday–Friday workweek. There is usually no half working day in the private sector and people work in two or three shifts of 8hours each.

text: Generally establishments other than those having pure desk jobs are open until late evening in most cities, offering more flexibility of time to visitors. Most stores are open for six or seven days a week. Retail shops in malls are open on all days. Doctors are mostly available in morning and evening in their clinics and at hospitals during the day. Doctors usually work twelve hour days, six-days a week. Senior doctors and surgeons work more. Most visiting doctors attached to hospitals visit on all days.

text: Many services are open till 8:00 pm or 9:00 pm. Most restaurants are open on all days. Small eateries open early and bigger ones open around 11:00 am. Most eateries close between 9:00 pm and 11:00 pm. Many highway restaurants called dhabas are open for 24 hours a day. Dhabas are available in large numbers on all major state and national highways; outside city or village limits. Some highway fuel stations are open for 24 hours. Overall India works longer hours in most areas than most of the world and offers more flexibility of time for visitors.

text: Muslim countries[edit]

text: Thursday–Friday weekend[edit]

text: Friday is the Muslim holiday when Jumu'ah prayers take place. Most of the Middle Eastern countries and some other predominantly Muslim countries used to consider Thursday and Friday as their weekend. However, this weekend arrangement is no longer observed by a significant number of Muslim countries (see below).

text: Friday weekend (One day weekend)[edit]

text: Three countries in the Muslim world have Friday as the only weekend day and have a six-day working week.

text:
In Iran, Thursday is half a day of work for most public offices and all schools are closed, but for most jobs, Thursday is a working day.
In Djibouti, many offices also tend to open early – around 7:00 or 8:00, then closing at 13:00 or 14:00, especially during the summer due to the afternoon heat.

text: Friday–Saturday weekend[edit]

text: Following reforms in a number of Arab states in the Persian Gulf in the 2000s and 2010s, the Thursday–Friday weekend was replaced by the Friday–Saturday weekend. This change provided for the Muslim offering of Friday prayers and afforded more work days to coincide with the working calendars of international financial markets.

text:
Algeria (2009)[57]
Afghanistan (2015)
Bahrain (2006)
Bangladesh
Egypt[58]
Iraq (2005–2006)[58]
Jordan (Week of January 8, 2000)[59][60]
Kuwait (2007)
Libya (2005–2006)
Malaysia (only in the states of Johor, Kelantan, Terengganu, and Kedah)
Maldives (2013)
Oman (2013)
Palestine
Qatar
Saudi Arabia (2013)[61][62][63]
Sudan (2008)
Syria (2005–2006)[64]
United Arab Emirates (2006)[29]
Yemen (2013)[65]

text: Saturday–Sunday weekend[edit]

text: Other countries with Muslim-majority populations or significant Muslim populations follow the Saturday–Sunday weekend, such as Indonesia, Lebanon, Turkey, Tunisia and Morocco. While Friday is a working day, a long midday break is given to allow time for worship.

text:
Indonesia On Friday, due to prayer time for Muslims, the lunch break is extended up to 2 hours or more. Shopping malls are always open and very crowded on Saturday and Sunday. Thus, some banks offer weekend banking services, especially for branches located in or near shopping malls.
Lebanon The working week is Monday to Friday; 8 hours per day, 40 hours in total per week. Some institutions, however, also work 4 hours on Saturdays . Large malls are open on Saturday and Sunday; many small shops close on Sunday.
Malaysia (Federal Territories of Kuala Lumpur, Labuan and Putrajaya, Selangor, Perak, Penang, Perlis, Sarawak, Sabah, Pahang, Malacca, Negeri Sembilan except the states of Johor, Kelantan, Terengganu and Kedah, which have a Friday–Saturday weekend)
Mauritania (2014)[66]
Morocco The working week is Monday to Friday, 8 hours per day, 40 hours in total per week.
Pakistan follows the standard international 40-hour working week, from Monday to Friday, with Saturday and Sunday being the weekend.[67] However, in many schools and enterprises, Friday is usually considered a half-day.
Senegal The working week is Monday to Friday, with a large break on Friday afternoon.
Tunisia The working week is Monday to Friday; 8 hours per day, 40 hours in total per week.
Turkey Working above 45 hours is considered overtime, and the employer is required to pay 1.5x the hourly wage per hour.

text: Non-contiguous working week[edit]

text: Brunei Darussalam has a non-contiguous working week, consisting of Monday to Thursday plus Saturday. The days of rest are Friday (for Jumu'ah prayers) and Sunday.

text: Some non-government companies in Brunei adopted the working week of Monday to Friday, while the weekend starts on Saturday until Sunday. Depending on the company rules, employees may be required to work half-day on Saturday.

text: Israel[edit]

text: In Israel, the standard workweek is 42 hours as prescribed by law. The typical workweek is five days, Sunday to Thursday, with 8.4 hours a day as the standard, with anything beyond that considered overtime. A minority of jobs operate on a partial six-day Sunday-Friday workweek. [68] Many Israelis work overtime hours, with a maximum of 12 overtime hours a week permitted by law. Most offices and businesses run on a five-day week, though many stores, post offices, banks, and schools are open and public transportation runs six days a week. Almost all businesses are closed during Saturday, and most public services except for emergency services, including almost all public transport, are unavailable on Saturdays. However, some shops, restaurants, cafes, places of entertainment, and factories are open on Saturdays, and a few bus and share taxi lines are active.[69][70][71] Employees who work Saturdays, particularly service industry workers, public sector workers, and pilots, are compensated with alternative days off.[72] In 2014, the average workweek was 45.8 hours for men and 37.1 hours for women.[73]

text: Japan[edit]

text: The standard business office working week in Japan begins on Monday and ends on Friday, 40 hours per week. This system became common between 1980 and 2000. Before then, most workers in Japan worked full-time from Monday to Friday and a half day on Saturday, 45–48 hours per week. Public schools and facilities (excluding city offices) are generally open on Saturdays for half a day.[74]

text: Mexico[edit]

text: Mexico has a 48-hour work week (8 hours × 6 days),[75] it is a custom in most industries and trades to work half day on Saturday. Most public employees work Monday to Friday as well in some office companies. Shops and retailers open on Saturday and Sunday in most large cities.

text: Mongolia[edit]

text: Mongolia has a Monday to Friday working week, with a normal maximum time of 40 hours. Most shops are also open on weekends, many large retail chains having full opening hours even on Sunday. Private enterprises conduct business from 9:00 to 18:00, and government institutions may have full working hours.

text: Nepal[edit]

text: Nepal follows the ancient Vedic calendar, which has the resting day on Saturday and the first day of the working week on Sunday.[76] Schools in Nepal are off on Saturdays, so it is common for pupils to go to school from Sunday to Friday.

text: In November 2012, the home ministry proposed a two-day holiday per week plan for all government offices except at those providing essential services like electricity, water, and telecommunications.[77] This proposal followed a previous proposal by the Nepali government, i.e. Load-shedding Reduction Work Plan 2069 BS, for a five working day plan for government offices as part of efforts to address the problem of load-shedding. The proposal has been discussed in the Administration Committee; it is not yet clear whether the plan includes private offices and educational institutions.

text: New Zealand[edit]

text: In New Zealand the working week is typically Monday to Friday 8:30 to 17:00, but it is not uncommon for many industries (especially construction) to work a half day on Saturday, normally from 8:00 or 9:00 to about 13:00. Supermarkets, malls, independent retailers, and increasingly, banks, remain open seven days a week.

text: Russia[edit]

text: In Russia the common working week begins on Monday and ends on Friday with 8 hours per day.

text: Federal law defines a working week duration of 5 or 6 days with no more than 40 hours worked. In all cases Sunday is a holiday. With a 5-day working week the employer chooses which day of the week will be the second day off. Usually this is a Saturday, but in some organizations (mostly government), it is Monday. Government offices can thereby offer Saturday service to people with a normal working schedule.

text: There are non-working public holidays in Russia; all of them fall on a fixed date. By law, if such a holiday coincides with an ordinary day off, the next work day becomes a day off. An official public holiday cannot replace a regular day off. Each year the government can modify working weeks near public holidays in order to optimize the labor schedule. For example, if a five-day week has a public holiday on Tuesday or Thursday, the calendar is rearranged to provide a reasonable working week.

text: Exceptions include occupations such as transit workers, shop assistants, and security guards. In many cases independent schemes are used. For example, the service industry often uses the X-through-Y scheme (Russian: X через Y) when every worker uses X days for work and the next Y days for rest.

text: Soviet Union[edit]

text: In the Soviet Union the standard working week was 41 hours: 8 hours, 12 min. Monday to Friday. Before the mid-1960s there was a 42-hour 6-day standard working week: 7 hours Monday to Friday and 6 hours on Saturday.

text: Singapore[edit]

text: In Singapore the common working week is 5-day work week, which runs from Monday to Friday beginning 8:30 a.m. and end at 5 p.m. – 6 p.m. Some companies work a half day on Saturdays. Shops, supermarkets and malls are open seven days a week and on most public holidays.

text: South Africa[edit]

text: In South Africa the working week traditionally was Monday to Friday with a half-day on Saturday and Sunday a public holiday. However, since 2013 there have been changes to the working week concept based on more than one variation. The week can be 5 days of work, or more. The maximum number of hours someone can work in a week remains 45.[78]

text: Thailand[edit]

text: In Thailand the working week is Monday to Saturday for a maximum of 44 to 48 hours per week (Saturday can be a half or full day).[citation needed]

text: However, government offices and some private companies have modernised through enacting the American and European standard of working Monday through Friday.[citation needed]

text: Currently, 50% of the luxury beach resorts in Phuket have a five-day working week. Of the remaining 50%, 23% have taken steps to reform their 6-day workweek through such measures as reducing the working week from 6 days to 5.5 days.[citation needed]

text: United States[edit]

text: The standard working week in the United States begins on Monday and ends on Friday, 40 hours per week, with Saturday and Sunday being weekend days. However, in practice, only 42% of employees work 40-hour weeks. The average workweek for full-time employees is 47 hours.[79] Most stores are open for business on Saturday and often on Sunday as well, except in a few places where prohibited by law (see Blue law). Increasingly, employers are offering compressed work schedules to employees. Some government and corporate employees now work a 9/80 work schedule (80 hours over 9 days during a two-week period)—commonly 9 hour days Monday to Thursday, 8 hours on one Friday, and off the following Friday. Jobs in healthcare, law enforcement, transportation, retail, and other service positions commonly require employees to work on the weekend or to do shift work.[80]

text: Vietnam[edit]

text: Vietnam has a standard 48-hour six-day workweek. Monday to Friday are full workdays and Saturday is a partial day. Work typically begins at 8:00 AM and lasts until 5:00 PM from Monday to Friday and until 12:00 PM on Saturdays. This includes a one-hour lunch break. Government offices and banks follow a five-day workweek from Monday to Friday..[81][82]


document_title: U. Srinivas

question_text: who is the childhood prodigy who mastered the mandolin

text: U. Srinivas

text: Early life and background[edit]

text: Srinivas was born 28 February 1969, in Palakollu in Andhra Pradesh.[8] At the age of five, he picked up his father U. Satyanarayana's mandolin, after he heard it being played at a concert he attended with his father.[9] Upon realizing the talent of his son, his father, who had studied classical music, bought him a new mandolin,[9] and started teaching him. Guitarist Vasu Rao, introduced seven-year-old Srinivas to western music in 1976.[10] Soon, Satyanarayana's guru, Rudraraju Subbaraju, (disciple of Chembai Vaidyanatha Bhagavathar) who had also taught Srinivas' father and Vasu Rao, recognized the astounding potential in the child Srinivas and started teaching him.[10] Since Rudraraju Subbaraju did not know how to play the mandolin, he would just sing pieces from the Carnatic classical repertoire, and U. Srinivas, all of six, would play them on the mandolin, thus developing a phenomenal style of playing entirely his own, and astonishingly, on an instrument that had never been played in the rigorous and difficult Carnatic style before. Soon, the family moved to Chennai, the mecca of Carnatic music, where most Carnatic musicians live.[11] When Srinivas gave his first performance it led to him being compared to the world's greatest prodigies: "Some of you have heard or read about exceptionally gifted children, our own Mandolin Srinivas, Sir Yehudi Menuhin, Beethoven, Sir Isaac Newton, Picasso, Madam Curie, the list is endless."[12]

text: At a very young age he was internationally viewed as the successor to Pandit Ravi Shankar[2]

text: Career[edit]

text: He made his debut public Carnatic concert performance in 1978 during the Thyagaraja Aradhana festival at Gudivada in Andhra Pradesh. Thereafter, at age eleven, in 1981, he gave his first public concert in Chennai at the Indian Fine Arts Society during the December Music Season, and never looked back. The skeptics were convinced and soon mesmerized, connoisseurs fell in love with him, and patrons of the arts could not have enough of him. At age eleven, a star was born, who was both revered and adored.[1][10][13] He started off playing the acoustic mandolin, but he later switched to the electric mandolin as he felt it allowed the playing of lengthy, sustained notes - the quintessential component in classical Indian music - in addition to making them clearly audible.[9] George Harrison's favorite piece of Indian music was Mandolin Ecstasy. "It was, like, my dad's favourite album of all time," says (Dhani) Harrison. "U Srinivas is 27 now and still making music. He plays an electric five-string mandolin, he's fantastic...." [14]

text: Over his career, he toured across the world, and collaborated with John McLaughlin, Michael Nyman, and Michael Brook.[15]

text:
"Collaborating with him(U.Srinivas) was one of the greatest experiences of my life, and I have played with the greatest"

—John McLaughlin, speaking with The Times of India[2]

tag: div

text: He was the first musician to use the electric mandolin in Carnatic music: he modified the electric western instrument, using five single strings instead of the traditional four doubled strings to suit the Carnatic pitch, raga system, and especially gamakas, or nuanced oscillations.[16] After initial reluctance, he found wide acceptance and critical acclaim in the following decades. Starting in 1982, he performed regularly during the December season of the prestigious Madras Music Academy, performing there every year except in 2002 - December 23 of each year was a reserved slot for U. Srinivas - the highest accolade.[10][17][18] Srinivas stormed the world music scene at age thirteen at the Berlin Jazz Festival. Initially booked to play a half-hour concert after Miles Davis, Srinivas so enthralled the audience in Berlin that he won a standing ovation, and had to play for another hour.[19] "He's got it in him. He's fantastic,"[20] raved the legendary Don Cherry at the time. Guitarist John McLaughlin first heard a tape of this concert by the thirteen-year-old prodigy, and was left very impressed.[21] He played at the Olympic Arts Festival, Barcelona in 1992[17] and in 1995 recorded a successful fusion album with Michael Brook.[22] When John McLaughlin revived his group Shakti, and renamed it Remember Shakti, in 1997, he asked Srinivas to join the group and tour the world with it, along with other celebrated Indian musicians Zakir Hussain, Shankar Mahadevan, and V. Selvaganesh. Srinivas, of course, was the undisputed superstar of the group.[23][24][17] Srinivas toured extensively across the world, in his own right, as a prodigy and leading star from the classical Indian music firmament, receiving thunderous applause and appreciation wherever he performed - he played in Australia, Southeast Asia, Southwest Asia, and extensively and frequently across the United States and Canada.[1] Soon, the mandolin became synonymous with Srinivas and he started being called Mandolin Srinivas. Thus, Srinivas stands as a trailblazer and pioneer, who introduced and adapted an unlikely western instrument, the mandolin, at age six, and made it suitable for performing in the rigorous Carnatic style of music, in the same manner that the violin had been introduced into Carnatic classical music some two hundred years before.[1][25]

text: His gifted younger brother, U. Rajesh,[26] has studied with Srinivas for some twenty-seven years, and is also an accomplished mandolin player, who has often accompanied him at concerts over the last twenty years.[27][22] He also plays jazz and western music, and played the mandolin in the John Mclaughlin album 'Floating Point' which received a Grammy nomination in the Best Contemporary Jazz Album Category in 2008.[18] Srinivas and Rajesh have together composed music as well, and, besides Carnatic music, they have extensively worked on the fusion of Carnatic and western music. They also played with the Johannesburg Philharmonic Orchestra, with French electric bass player Dominique Di Piazza, pianist Anil Srinivasan and Stephen Devassy, a pianist from Kerala. In 2008, they collaborated again with John Mclaughlin for the album Samjanitha, which also featured Zakir Hussain, Sivamani, and George Brook.[18] Srinivas compared Carnatic music to the Sanskrit language, "It's the basis, from which spring so many other languages. Carnatic music is here to stay with us and all other music that we play is based on that."[18]

text: Over the years, Srinivas recorded over 137 albums, in diverse genres from Carnatic music solos to jugalbandis with Hindustani musicians, and world music.[11] He performed with Western artists such as John McLaughlin, Michael Brook, Trey Gunn, Nigel Kennedy, Nana Vasconcelos, and Michael Nyman, as well as with Hindustani music artists such as Hariprasad Chaurasia and Zakir Hussain, besides Carnatic artists like Vikku Vinayakram and V. Selvaganesh.[10][25] U. Srinivas started a music school called the Srinivas Institute of World Music (SIOWM) in Chennai,[28] where, since he was barely eighteen, he taught a number of students gratis.[29] Srinivas has trained almost a hundred students worldwide, many of whom have studied with him and U. Rajesh for as long as ten years. U. Rajesh continues teaching their students at the SIOWM.[9][18]

text: Instrument[edit]

text: Srinivas' first mandolin belonged to his father, a clarinetist. That instrument was a 'standard' Western mandolin; however, he made modifications to suit his playing style over the course of his musical career.

text: Srinivas started out on the acoustic mandolin, but neither the size nor plucking required of the acoustic mandolin was suited for long, sustained notes. He then switched to the electric mandolin, which was better suited for sustained notes and musical ornamentations.

text: Unlike a typical mandolin's eight strings, tuned to GG-DD-AA-EE, Srinivas generally used only five strings tuned to CGCGC. Copies of this style of mandolin are available in India, and several other Indian mandolin players have used instruments just like it (including Suresh Kumar, Raghavendra, and his brother, U.Rajesh).[30]

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Srinivas married U. Sree, daughter of a vigilance officer from Andhra Pradesh, and veena player, in 1994.[5][5] The couple had a son, Sai Krishna (also known as Naani Krissh) is a director who made his directorial debut with Opperah (2017), and were divorced in 2012.[10] After their divorce U. Sree received custody of their son.[5]

text: U.Srinivas was an ardent devotee of the Paramacharya of Kanchi. He was also a follower and devotee of Sri Sathya Sai Baba and had performed before him on several occasions.[31][10]

text: Illness and death[edit]

text: A non-smoker and vegetarian all his life,[32] Srinivas had undergone a liver transplant on 11 September 2014 and was recovering when complications arose on the evening of 18 September. He died at 9.30AM on 19 September 2014, due to liver failure at Apollo Hospital, Chennai.[33] He is survived by his parents, sisters, brother Mandolin U. Rajesh, his former wife and a son.[10]

text: Awards and achievements[edit]

text: Some of the awards that Mandolin U. Srinivas received:

text:
Padma Shri in 1998, given by Government of India[34]
Sangeet Natak Akademi Award in 2010, given by Sangeet Natak Akademi[35]
Sangeet Ratna
Sanatan Sangeet Puraskar from Sangeet Sanskriti
Titled ′Asthana Vidwan′ (at age 15), of the Tamil Nadu in July 1984, Kanchi Kamakoti Peetam on 1 October 1990, at Sringeri, at Kalahasti temple, at Mantralayam Raghavendra Matha in 2006, Pillayarpatti Temple on 27 August 1995
Raja-Lakshmi Award for 1985 from Sri Raja-Lakshmi Foundation, Chennai
T. Chowdiah Memorial National Award, Mysore, Karnataka in 1992
Sangeetha Bala Bhaskara by Sangeetha Kalanidhi M.S. Subbulakshmi in 1995
Sangeetha Choodamani Award in 1985
National Citizen's Award, 1991 by President of India
Special TTK Award and Best Artist Award by the Madras Music Academy in 1983 and 1993 respectively
Rajiv Gandhi National Integration Award
Madhya Pradesh Government Award, in 2004 by the Government of Madhya Pradesh
Maharajapuram Santhanam Award, in 2010
Lifetime Achievement Award, in 2014 by Mahindra Finance on January 17, 2015

text: Discography[edit]

text: He recorded a CD of Carnatic compositions by Ilaiyaraaja called Ilaiyaraaja's Classics in Mandolin. In 2008, U Srinivas released ' Samjanitha ' featuring Debashish Bhattacharya (Lap Steel Guitar), John McLaughlin, Zakir Hussain, Sivamani, Vikku Vinaykram, Dominique Piazza Michael Brook, U Rajesh and others.

text: Partial discography:

text:
Mandolin - Master U. Srinivas (Magnasound, 1986)
Mandolin Ecstasy (Oriental, 1986)
Magic Mandolin (Chhanda Dhara, 1989)
Music on Mandolin (Super Cassette, 1990)
Double Mandolin (The Master Company, 1991)
Modern Mandolin Maestro (GlobeStyle, 1991)
Trio Mandolin (Koel, 1992)
Mandolin Duets (EMI, 1994)
Prodigy (Koel, 1994)
Rama Sreerama (Real World Records, 1994)
Dream, with Michael Brook (Real World/Virgin/EMI, 1995)
Dawn Raga (Womad, 1996)
Marvels on Mandolin (Magnasound, 1996)
Mandolin (Geethanjali, 1998)
Mystic Raptures (Music Today, 2000)
Remember Shakti: The Believer, with Shakti (Verve/Universal, 2000)
Mandolin Magic (Dunya, 2001)
Gamanashrama (Charsur, 2003)
Sangam: Michael Nyman Meets Indian Masters (WEA, 2003)
Om Nama Shivaya (Sea, 2004)
Five Star (Saregama 2004)
Mandolin Melodies: South Indian Classical Music (Felmay, 2005)
Ragasangamam (Music Today, 2006)
Sahavaadhan (Living 2006)
Samjanitha (Dreyfus Records, 2008)
Chinnanchiru Kiliye (Music Today, 2011)
Sangeet Santaj Vol. 1 & 2 (Music Today, 2011)
Ru-Ba-Ru: A Unique Confluence of Sarangi & Mandolin (Music Today, 2011)
Dikshitar Masterpieces (Music Today, 2011)

text: For the Sangeetha Music label, U. Srinivas recorded the following albums:

text:
Mokshamugalada
Nadasudharasa
Double Mandolin
Meenakshi Memudam
Pancharatna Kritis –Trio Mandolin
Magnetic Mandolin
Naada Brahmaanandam (Double Mandolin)
Naanu Palimpa
Vaathapi on Mandolin
Endaro Mahanubhavulu
Enduko Dayaradura
Gaana Sampoornam
Mandolin Ganamrutham

text: Bibliography[edit]

text:
Lavezzoli, Peter (2006). The Dawn of Indian Music in the West. A&C Black. ISBN 978-0-8264-1815-9.
Broughton, Simon; Ellingham, Mark (2000). World Music: Latin and North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific. Rough Guides. ISBN 978-1-85828-636-5.


document_title: File:Grease car race LA river.jpg

question_text: where was the race scene in grease filmed

text: File:Grease car race LA river.jpg

text:
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Non-free media information and use rationale true for Los Angeles River

Description

A screenshot of the car race in the LA River culvert from the film Grease

Source

http://www.wmanthony.com/news/labels/Biscuit%20Company%20Lofts.html

Article

Los Angeles River

Portion used

all

Low resolution?

yes (area of this image is equivalent to a film poster at 300x400)

Purpose of use

The canalized L.A. River culvert has been used in numerous films and television shows as a location for car chases, races, the dumping of dead bodies, etc. (During most of the year the river is a trickle and the culvert is almost completely dry.) The scene from Grease is a particualrly well-known and notable example, and serves in the article to illustrate this use of the river culvert as a shooting location for films and television.

Replaceable?

any image which serves this purpose will necessarily be non-free

Fair useFair use of copyrighted material in the context of Los Angeles River//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grease_car_race_LA_river.jpg

text: Licensing:[edit]

text:
This image is a screenshot from a copyrighted film, and the copyright for it is most likely owned by the studio which produced the film, and possibly also by any actors appearing in the screenshot. It is believed that the use of a limited number of low-resolution screenshots

for critical commentary and discussion of the film and its contents
on the English-language Wikipedia, hosted on servers in the United States by the non-profit Wikimedia Foundation,

qualifies as fair use under the Copyright law of the United States. Any other uses of this image, on Wikipedia or elsewhere, may be copyright infringement. See Wikipedia:Non-free content for more information.

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text:
Grease (film)
Los Angeles River

text: Metadata

text: Software usedAdobe Photoshop CS WindowsFile change date and time21:15, 12 August 2006Color spacesRGBShow extended details

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