document_title: Geography of the Philippines

question_text: land mass found in the north of the philippines

question_tokens: land mass found in the north of the philippines

text: Geography of the Philippines

text: Physical geography[edit]

text: The Philippine archipelago lies in Southeast Asia in a position that has led to its becoming a cultural crossroads - a place where Malays, Hindus, Arabs, Chinese, Spaniards, Americans, and others had interacted to forge a unique cultural and racial blend. The archipelago numbers some 7,641 islands,[6] and the nation claims an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of 200 nautical miles (370 km) from its shores. The Philippines occupies an area that stretches for 1,850 kilometers (1,150 mi) from about the fifth to the twentieth parallels north latitude. The total land area is 343,448 square kilometers (132,606 sq mi).[5] Only approximately 1,000 of its islands are populated, and fewer than one-half of these are larger than 2.5 square kilometers (1 sq mi). Eleven islands make up 95 percent of the Philippine landmass, and two of these — Luzon and Mindanao — measure 105,000 square kilometers (40,541 sq mi) and 95,000 square kilometers (36,680 sq mi), respectively. They, together with the cluster of islands in Visayas in between them, represent the three principal regions of the archipelago that are identified by the three stars on the Philippine flag. The Philippines is broken up by the sea, which gives it one of the longest coastlines of any nation in the world.

text: Off the coast of eastern Mindanao is the Philippine Trench, which descends to a depth of 10,430 meters (34,220 ft). The Philippines is part of a western Pacific arc system characterized by active volcanoes. Among the most notable peaks are Mount Mayon near Legazpi City, Taal Volcano south of Manila, and Mount Apo in Mindanao. All of the Philippine islands are prone to earthquakes. The northern Luzon highlands, or Cordillera Central, rise to between 2,500 meters (8,200 ft) and 2,750 meters (9,020 ft), and, together with the Sierra Madre in the northeastern portion of Luzon and the mountains of Mindanao, boast rain forests that provide refuge for numerous upland tribal groups. The rain forests also offer prime habitat for more than 500 species of birds, including the Philippine eagle (or monkey-eating eagle), some 1,100 species of orchids, and some 8,500 species of flowering plants.

text: The country's most extensive river systems are the Pulangi River, which flows into the Mindanao River (Rio Grande de Mindanao); the Agusan, in Mindanao which flows north into the Mindanao Sea; the Cagayan in northern Luzon; and the Pampanga, which flows south from east Central Luzon into Manila Bay. Laguna de Bay, east of Manila Bay, is the largest freshwater lake in the Philippines. Several rivers have been harnessed for hydroelectric power.

text: To protect the country's biological resources, the government has taken a first step of preparing a Biodiversity Action Plan to address conservation of threatened species.

text: Topography[edit]

text: The islands are volcanic in origin, being part of the Pacific Ring of Fire, and are mostly mountainous. The highest point in the country is the peak of Mount Apo in Mindanao, which is 2,954 meters (9,692 ft) above sea level. The second highest point can be found on Luzon at Mount Pulog, a peak 2,842 meters (9,324 ft) above sea level.

text: The Philippine Archipelago is geologically part of the Philippine Mobile Belt located between the Philippine Sea Plate, the South China Sea Basin of the Eurasian Plate, and the Sunda Plate. The Philippine Trench (also called the Mindanao Trench) is a submarine trench 1,320 kilometers (820 mi) in length found directly east of the Philippine Mobile Belt and is the result of a collision of tectonic plates. The Philippine Sea Plate is subducting under the Philippine Mobile Belt at the rate of about 16 centimeters (6.3 in) per year. Its deepest point, the Galathea Depth, has a depth of 10,540 meters (34,580 ft). The Philippine Fault System consists of a series of seismic faults that produce several earthquakes per year, most of which are not felt.

text: Many volcanoes in the country are active, the most recent eruption being that of Mount Pinatubo on Luzon in 1991. Mount Mayon is another of the active volcanoes and has the world's most perfectly shaped cone. Mayon has a violent history of 47 eruptions since 1616 and another violent eruption is currently feared. Taal Volcano, also located on Luzon, is one of the Decade Volcanoes.

text: Most of the islands used to be covered by tropical rainforests. However, illegal logging has reduced forest cover to less than 10% of the total land area.

text:
1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

Major geographic features of the Philippines

1

Batanes group of islands

2

Babuyan group of islands

3

Cordillera mountains

4

Cagayan valley

5

Sierra Madre mountains

6

Caraballo mountains

7

Zambales mountains

8

Central Luzon plain

9

Sierra Madre (southern tip)

10

Polillo group of islands

11

Bicol peninsula

12

Mindoro island

13

Romblon group of islands

14

Masbate island

15

Samar island

16

Palawan group of islands

17

Panay island

18

Negros island

19

Cebu island

20

Bohol island

21

Leyte island

22

Zamboanga peninsula

23

Bukidnon-Lanao plateau

24

Davao-Agusan Trough

25

Diwata mountains

26

Cotabato Basin

27

Central Mindanao highlands

28

Pacific Cordillera mountains

29

Tiruray highlands

30

Sulu archipelago

text: Luzon[edit]

text: The Batanes and Babuyan Islands are situated on the northernmost extremity of the Philippines at Luzon Strait facing Taiwan. It contains the northernmost point of land, the islet of Y'Ami in the Batanes Islands, separated from Taiwan by the Bashi Channel (c.80.4672 kilometers (50.0000 mi) wide).

text: This region stretches from Mairaira Point in Pagudpud, Ilocos Norte in the north to Cochinos Point in Mariveles, Bataan in the south. The terrain ranges from coastal plains to rugged mountains bordered by the South China Sea in the west and the Cordillera Central and Zambales mountain ranges in the east. Western Luzon is known for its beaches, surf spots and historic towns.

text: Nestled between the Cordilleras in the east and the Sierra Madre mountain ranges in the west is the Cagayan Valley, also the name of the administrative region which it covers. Through its center runs the country's longest river, the Cagayan, flowing in a northward direction before emptying its waters in the Luzon Strait at the town of Aparri.

text: The Cordilleras and Caraballos, together with the Sierra Madre Range, form the main mountain system in Northern Luzon.

text: The Cordilleras consists of 2, sometimes 3, mountain ranges that are found in northwestern central Luzon. The first, called Caraballo del Sur, forms the nucleus of the system and has its highest peaks in the border between the provinces of Abra, Ilocos Norte and Cagayan. Caraballo Occidentalles, is further divided into 2 ranges, the Cordillera Norte and Cordillera Central.[citation needed] They line the central portions of the Cordillera Administrative Region.

text: The Caraballos (Caraballo de Baler) start where the Sierra Madre and the Cordilleras meet. They are found south of Cagayan Valley, northeast of the Central Luzon Plains.

text: Lying in the eastern portion of Luzon is the longest mountain range in the Philippines, the Sierra Madre, stretching from Quezon province in the south to Cagayan in the north. 80 percent of the mountain range is tropical rainforest, which is diminishing from rampant illegal logging activity. The range serves as the eastern wall of Luzon Island that protects inhabitants from tropical cyclones usually coming from the Pacific Ocean.

text: The largest plain of the nation is situated in the Central Luzon region and produces most of the national rice supply, earning itself the nickname "Rice Bowl of the Philippines". The plains encompass the provinces of Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Tarlac and Pangasinan.

text: South of the Central Luzon plains lies the largest inland freshwater lake in Southeast Asia, the Laguna de Bay. To the east of the lake is a plain that stretches westward to the Manila Bay. Large rivers from bays and mountain springs traverse the plain. In the northern part of the region, that is, Manila and Rizal, most of the plain had been converted into cities and towns, and are thus industrialized. Lying east of the lake is the southern terminus of the Sierra Madre mountain range at northern Quezon province.

text: To the southwest of the Laguna de Bay is the nation's third largest lake, the Taal, bordered to the north by the Tagaytay Ridge, a ridge stretching from southern Cavite to northern Batangas provinces.

text: The Bondoc Peninsula is located in the southeastern part of Quezon Province.

text: Southeast of Laguna de Bay lies the Bicol Peninsula, connected to mainland Luzon by the isthmus of Tayabas. The predominantly flat landscape features several solitary peaks, usually active volcanoes, which include Iriga, Mayon and Bulusan.

text: The peninsula has an irregular coastline that features large bays and gulfs, which include the Lamon Bay, San Miguel Bay, Lagonoy Gulf, and Albay Gulf to the north, and the Tayabas Bay, Ragay Gulf and Sorsogon Bay to the south.

text: Mindoro's coastal plains are characterized by rice and corn fields, rivers, beaches, and extensive open space areas. Most of the population is concentrated on the northern and eastern coast of this island where the city of Calapan and Puerto Galera are located.

text: The Mindoro mountain range begins with Mount Halcon and is further divided into 3. The northwest ends at Calavite Point and is a landmark for ships. The east originates from Lake Naujan and the west follows the Mindoro Strait.

text: The Kalayaan Islands are located to the west of Palawan. Kalayaan is a Filipino word meaning "freedom".

text: Visayas[edit]

text: This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (January 2016)

text: Mindanao[edit]

text: The eastern coast of Mindanao features a long mountain range, the Eastern Pacific Cordillera, which stretches from Bilar Point at Surigao in the north to Cape San Agustin at Davao in the south. Forming its northern portion are the Diwata Mountains (also spelled Diuata), separated from the south by low passes situated at the middle. To the east of the range are narrow strips of lowland that feature several inlets and bays, the most prominent of which include the Lianga and Bislig bays.[7][8]

text: To the west of the Pacific Cordillera lies an extensive lowland, the Davao-Agusan Trough. Its northern portion includes the Agusan Valley which forms the lower river basin of the Agusan River. The river flows in a northward direction and empties into the Iligan Bay. Draining the southern portion of the lowland are several other rivers, which include the Tagum, flowing southward to the Davao Gulf.[7][8]

text: Situated west of the Davao-Agusan Trough is a complex series of mountain ranges called the Central Mindanao Highlands (also known as the Central Cordillera). From these mountains form the headwaters of several rivers which include the Rio Grande de Mindanao, Pulangi, Maridagao and Tagoloan rivers. Several tall mountains, such as Mount Apo, the country's highest are found within the range.[7]

text: The north-central portion of Mindanao is dominated by an extensive highland region, the Bukidnon-Lanao Plateau, which includes the Kitanglad and Kalatungan mountain ranges. Within the plateau lies the country's second largest lake, Lake Lanao situated at an elevation of 2,296 feet, drained by the Agus River flowing northward to its river mouth at Iligan Bay.[7]

text: South of the Bukidnon-Lanao Plateau lies a large depression, the Cotabato Basin, which forms the lower river basin of the country's second largest river system, the Rio Grande de Cagayan (also known as the Mindanao River). Surrounded by three mountain ranges, the basin's only opening to the sea is to the northwest at Illana Bay, where the Mindanao River empties into the ocean.[7][8]

text: To the southeast of the main basin are two large valleys, the Koronadal and Allah valleys.[7]

text: Situated south and west of the Cotabato Basin are a moderately high mountain range, the Tiruray Highlands, which block off the Basin from the southern coastline.[8] South of the highlands are narrow strips of coastlines.[7]

text: At the northwestern tip of Mindanao is the generally mountainous Zamboanga Peninsula. The chain of mountain ranges in this region is called Zamboanga Cordilleras, with the highest elevation at Mount Dapi, which is 2,617 meters (8,586 ft) high.

text: The southern coastline is irregular, featuring two smaller peninsulas, the Sibuguey and Baganian, extending southward to the Moro Gulf.[7]

text: To the north of the Diwata Mountains at northeast Mindanao lie Siargao island and the Dinagat group of islands.[7]

text: Southwest of the Zamboanga Peninsula is the Sulu Archipelago, a chain of islands which comprise the smaller archipelago provinces of Basilan, Sulu, and Tawi-Tawi.[7]

text: Administrative geography[edit]

text: The Philippines is divided into a hierarchy of local government units (LGUs) with the 81 provinces and 38 independent cities as the primary unit. Provinces are further subdivided into component cities and municipalities, both of which consist of barangays, the smallest local government unit.

text: Regions[edit]

text: There are 17 regions comprising the Philippines. Each region, with the exception of the National Capital Region, is further subdivided into component provinces. The National Capital Region is divided into four special districts.

text: Most government offices establish regional offices in a city to serve the constituent provinces. Such cities are designated as "regional centers". The regions themselves do not possess a separate local government, with the exception of the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao.

text: Provinces[edit]

text: Forming the regions, with the exception of the National Capital, are the 81 provinces. Each province has a capital city or municipality.

text: Landlocked and island provinces[edit]

text: Of the 81 provinces of the Philippines, 15 are landlocked, and 16 are island provinces.

text:
Landlocked provinces

Province
Region
Island

Apayao
CAR
Luzon

Abra
CAR
Luzon

Kalinga
CAR
Luzon

Mountain Province
CAR
Luzon

Ifugao
CAR
Luzon

Benguet
CAR
Luzon

Nueva Vizcaya
II
Luzon

Quirino
II
Luzon

Nueva Ecija
III
Luzon

Tarlac
III
Luzon

Laguna [A]
IV-A
Luzon

Rizal [A]
IV-A
Luzon

Bukidnon
X
Mindanao

North Cotabato
XII
Mindanao

Agusan del Sur
XIII
Mindanao

A These provinces have coastlines on Laguna de Bay, a large lake. Since lakes do not allow access to seaborne trade, they are considered to be landlocked.

Island provinces

Province
Region
Island group

Batanes
II
Luzon

Marinduque
IV-B
Luzon

Romblon
IV-B
Luzon

Palawan
IV-B
Luzon

Catanduanes
V
Luzon

Masbate
V
Luzon

Guimaras
VI
Visayas

Cebu
VII
Visayas

Bohol
VII
Visayas

Siquijor
VII
Visayas

Biliran
VIII
Visayas

Camiguin
X
Mindanao

Dinagat Islands
XIII
Mindanao

Basilan
ARMM
Mindanao

Sulu
ARMM
Mindanao

Tawi-Tawi
ARMM
Mindanao

text: Climate[edit]

text: The Philippines has a tropical climate dominated by a rainy season and a dry season, although certain locations have no dry season (meaning, all months have an average rainfall of above 60 mm) and certain higher-altitude areas can have a subtropical climate. The summer monsoon brings heavy rains to most of the archipelago from May to October, whereas the winter monsoon brings relatively cooler and drier air from December to February. Manila and most of the lowland areas are hot and dusty from March to May. Even at this time, however, temperatures rarely rise above 37 °C (98.6 °F). Mean annual sea-level temperatures rarely fall below 27 °C (80.6 °F). Annual rainfall measures as much as 5,000 millimeters (196.9 in) in the mountainous east coast section of the country, but less than 1,000 millimeters (39.4 in) in some of the sheltered valleys.

text: Monsoon rains, although hard and drenching, are not normally associated with high winds and waves. But the Philippines sit astride the typhoon belt, and it suffers an annual onslaught of dangerous storms from July through October. These are especially hazardous for northern and eastern Luzon and the Bicol and Eastern Visayas regions, but Manila gets devastated periodically as well.

text: In the last decade, the Philippines has been hit severely by natural disasters. In 2005 alone, Central Luzon was hit by both a drought, which sharply curtailed hydroelectric power, and by a typhoon that flooded practically all of low-lying Manila's streets. Still more damaging was the 1990 earthquake that devastated a wide area in Luzon, including Baguio and other northern areas. The city of Cebu and nearby areas were struck by a typhoon that killed more than a hundred people, sank vessels, destroyed part of the sugar crop, and cut off water and electricity for several days. The Philippines is prone to about 6-9 storms which make landfall each year, on average. The 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption also damaged much of Central Luzon, the lahar burying towns and farmland, and the ashes affecting global temperatures.

text: Building construction is undertaken with natural disasters in mind. Most rural housing has consisted of nipa huts that are easily damaged but are inexpensive and easy to replace. Most urban buildings are steel and concrete structures designed (not always successfully) to resist both typhoons and earthquakes. Damage is still significant, however, and many people are displaced each year by typhoons, earthquakes, and other natural disasters. In 1987 alone the Department of Social Welfare and Development helped 2.4 million victims of natural disasters.

text: Statistics[edit]

text: CIA Statistics[edit]

text: Unless otherwise indicated, the information below is taken from CIA Factbook information for the Philippines.[9]

text:
Total: 300,000 square kilometres (115,831 sq mi)

Land: 298,170 square kilometres (115,124 sq mi)
Water: 1,830 square kilometres (707 sq mi)

text: 36,289 kilometres (22,549 mi)

text: (measured from claimed archipelagic baselines)

text:
Continental shelf: to depth of exploitation
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nautical miles (370 km)

text: Territorial sea: irregular polygon extending up to 100 nautical miles (190 km; 120 mi) from coastline as defined by 1898 treaty; since late 1970s has also claimed polygonal-shaped area in South China Sea up to 285 nautical miles (528 km; 328 mi) in breadth.

text: Timber, petroleum, nickel, cobalt, silver, gold, salt, and copper.

text:
Arable land: 19%
Permanent crops: 16.67%
Other: 64.33% (2005)

text: 15,500 square kilometers (5,985 sq mi) (2003)

text: The Philippines sit astride typhoon belt and are usually affected by 15 and struck by five to six cyclonic storms per year; landslides; active volcanoes; destructive earthquakes; tsunamis.

text: Uncontrolled deforestation in watershed areas; soil erosion; air and water pollution in Manila; increasing pollution of coastal mangrove swamps which are important fish breeding grounds; severe water pollution that caused the death of one of the country's major rivers, though there are ongoing efforts at resuscitation.[10]

text: Also Typhoon Haiyan in November 2013 caused major problems.

text:
Party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
Signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification

text: In political geography, an enclave is a territory or part of a territory lying wholly within the boundaries of another, and an exclave is one which is politically attached to a larger piece but not actually contiguous with it. Many entities are both enclaves and exclaves, but the two are not synonymous.

text:
Caloocan City is divided in two by Valenzuela City and Quezon City.
In Cotabato province, the municipality of President Roxas is divided in two by Antipas municipality.

text:
In SoCCSKSarGen, Sarangani province is divided by General Santos City or Sarangani Bay.
In Zamboanga Peninsula:

Isabela City is part of this region (although it is the capital of the ARMM province of Basilan), but it is separated from it by Basilan Strait.

Zamboanga del Sur — Zamboanga City, a chartered city, is unofficially part of this province but is separated from it by Zamboanga Sibugay.

text: A quadripoint is a point on the Earth that touches four distinct regions. Such points are often called "four corners", from the corners of the four regions meeting there.

text: Four provinces in Mindanao meet at a point at the summit of Mount Apo: Bukidnon of Northern Mindanao Region, Davao del Norte and Davao del Sur of Davao Region, and Cotabato Province of Soccsksargen

text: Four distinct geographic divisions converging at a single point is not uncommon in the Philippines, and there are other points of convergence between five or more divisions that can be found.

text:
Count
Cities/municipalities
Location

5

Tagkawayan
Labo
San Lorenzo Ruiz
San Vicente
Del Gallego

Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Quezon

5

Cadiz
Sagay
Silay
Talisay
Calatrava

Negros Occidental

5

Batuan
Bilar
Carmen
Dimiao
Valencia

Bohol

5

Alicia
Dagohoy
Pilar
San Miguel
Ubay

Bohol

5

Baungon
Lantapan
Sumilao
Talakag
Malaybalay

Bukidnon

5

Aleosan
Carmen
Kabacan
Pikit
Pagagawan

Cotabato, Maguindanao

5

Tibiao
Barbaza
Madalag
Libacao
Jamindan

Antique, Aklan, Capiz

6

Basey
Marabut
Balangkayan
Llorente
Balangiga
Lawaan

Eastern Samar, Samar

8

Ligao
Legazpi
Tabaco
Guinobatan
Camalig
Daraga
Malilipot
Santo Domingo

Albay (Mayon Volcano crater)

Mayon shared by 8 cities/towns

text: This article appears to contradict the article Extreme points of the Philippines. Please see discussion on the linked talk page. (January 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The island province of Marinduque prides itself as being the geographic center of the Philippines.[11] The Marinduque governor has stated that their claim to be the Geographical Center of the Philippines has received notice and support from the National Mapping and Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA).[12] The Luzon Datum of 1911 in Marinduque is used as point number one for all map makers in the country.[13]

text: The boundaries of the Philippine archipelago are described in Article III of the Treaty of Paris (1898), as comprising an irregular polygon.[14] A box enclosing that polygon would have corners at 20°N 116°E, 20°N 127°E, 4.75°N 127°E, 4.75°N 116°E. The center of this box would lie at 121.5 E, 12.375 N. That point lies roughly in the center of the Tablas Strait between the islands of Tablas and Mindoro.

text: Republic Act No. 9522, "An Act to Define the Baselines of the Territorial Sea of the Philippines",[15] describes an irregular polygon which fits within a box with its center at 121°44'47.45"E 12°46'6.1252"N, a point also roughly in the center of the Tablas Strait.

text: The CIA Factbook locates the Philippines at 13°N 122°E.[9]

text: The extreme points under Philippine control as of 2010[update] are:

text:
Direction
Location
Coordinates

Latitude (N)
Longitude (E)

North
Amianan Island, Batanes
21º7’18.41"
121º56’48.79"

East
Pusan Point, Davao Oriental[a]
7º17’19.80"
126º36’18.26"

South
Frances Reef, Tawi-Tawi
4º24’53.84"
119º14’50.71"

West
Thitu Island[b], Kalayaan, Palawan
11°3’10.19"
114°16’54.66"

a Pusan Point is the easternmost incorporated territory of the Philippines, but the Benham Plateau is the easternmost unincorporated territory of the Philippines.
b Thitu island is the westernmost of all the Spratly Island features controlled by the Philippines as of December 2009[update].

text: The center of a box enclosing these points would be located at 12°46’6.13"N, 120°26’36.46"E. That point is located in the Mindoro Strait, about 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) NNE of Apo Island, in Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro.

text: Largest cities and towns[edit]

text: The following is a list of the most populous cities in the country, with their population according to the 2010 census. Component cities and municipalities of Metro Manila, Metro Cebu and Metro Davao are taken as one to show the extent of urbanization.

text:
[show]

v
t
e

Largest cities in the Philippines
PSA Census August 2015

Rank
Name
Region
Pop.
Rank
Name
Region
Pop.

Quezon City

Manila
1
Quezon City
National Capital Region
2,936,116
11
Parañaque
National Capital Region
665,822

Davao City

Caloocan

2
Manila
National Capital Region
1,780,148
12
Dasmariñas
Calabarzon
659,019

3
Davao City
Davao Region
1,632,991
13
Valenzuela
National Capital Region
620,422

4
Caloocan
National Capital Region
1,583,978
14
Bacoor
Calabarzon
600,609

5
Cebu City
Central Visayas
922,611
15
General Santos
Soccsksargen
594,446

6
Zamboanga City
Zamboanga Peninsula
861,799
16
Las Piñas
National Capital Region
588,894

7
Taguig
National Capital Region
804,915
17
Makati
National Capital Region
582,602

8
Antipolo
Calabarzon
776,386
18
San Jose del Monte
Central Luzon
574,089

9
Pasig
National Capital Region
755,300
19
Bacolod
Western Visayas
561,875

10
Cagayan de Oro
Northern Mindanao
675,950
20
Muntinlupa
National Capital Region
504,509


document_title: Timeline of online dating services

question_text: when did the first online dating service start

root

text: Timeline of online dating services

text: This is a timeline of online dating services that also includes broader events related to technology-assisted dating (not just online dating). Where there are similar services, only major ones or "the first of its kind" are listed.

tag: p

text: Full timeline[edit]

text:
Year (month and date)
Event
Venue

1960
Personal advertisements first appear in British newspapers.
Newspaper

1959
Happy Families Planning Services launches. Started by Jim Harvey and Phil Fialer as a class project at Stanford. Used a questionnaire and an IBM 650 to match 49 men and 49 women.

1963
Ed Lewis at Iowa State University uses a questionnaire and an IBM computer "to optimize the meeting potential at dances".[1]

1964
St. James Computer Dating Service (later to become Com-Pat) launches. Joan Ball started the first commercially run computer generated matchmaking company. The first set of matchups was run in 1964.[2]

1965
Operation Match (part of Compatibility Research Inc.) launches. Started by Jeff Tarr and Vaughan Morrill at Harvard. Used a questionnaire and an IBM 1401 to match students. There was a $3 fee for submitting a questionnaire. "By the fall of sixty-five, six months after the launch, some ninety thousand Operation Match questionnaires had been received, amounting to $270,000 in gross profits, about $1.8 million in today's dollars."[1] In the 1960s there still was no stigma about computer-assisted matching.

1965
Eros (Contact Inc.) launches. Started by David Dewan at MIT. Used a dating questinnaire and Honeywell 200. "In one distribution of questionnaires, he drew eleven thousand responses at $4 each, or $44,000 in gross profits, about $250,000 in today's dollars."[1]

1965
The New York Review of Books personals column makes a comeback. Slater writes:

Classifieds made a comeback in America in the 1960s and 1970s, encouraged by the era's inclination toward individualism and social exhibitionism. "Everybody was letting it all hang out in other ways," said Raymond Shapiro, a business manager for the New York Review of Books, "so suddenly it was okay to display oneself in print. It was very important to be 'self-aware.' So you'd get ads like: 'Astrologer, 27, psychology student, desires to establish non-superficial friendship with sensitive, choicelessly aware persons who are non-self-oriented, deep, and wish to unearth real, personness relationships.' "[1]

Magazine

1968
Data-Mate launches. Questionnaire-based matching service started at MIT.[3]

1970s, early
Phase II is founded. A "computer-dating company" started by James Schur.[1]

1974
Cherry Blossoms' mail-order bride catalog launches. Slater calls Cherry Blossoms "one of the oldest mail-order bride agencies". Started by John Broussard.

1976
Great Expectations is founded. Video dating service started by Jeffrey Ullman.[4][5] The service achieved some notability, but it never overcame stigma. There were also apparently other video dating services like Teledate and Introvision, but it's nearly impossible to find anything about them online.

1980s
messageries roses (pink chat rooms) are launches. Chat rooms for dating (using the Minitel network) started by Marc Simoncini. France.
Rumours of Kingston upon Thames used a Fox pro database Computer Matching System developed in house by Elwyn Jones to generate lists for mailing based on client preferences. Today some 33 years later Elwyn Jones has produced his own online contact service which also uses a similar but much more comprehensive system. This is found at https://www.friends2lovers.co.uk

1984[6]
Matchmaker Electronic Pen-Pal Network launches. A bulletin board system for romance started by Jon Boede and Scott Smith. Matchmaker grew to 14 local BBSs throughout the US. Eventually people lost interest as BBSs lost out to the World Wide Web, and Matchmaker was superseded by Matchmaker.com.

1989
Scanna International launches. Mail-order bride service focusing on Russia and Eastern Europe.

1995
Match.com launches. Started by Gary Kremen.

1997
JDate

2000
eHarmony launches. Online dating service for long-term relationships.

2002
Ashley Madison is founded.

2003
Proxidating launches. Dating service that used Bluetooth to "alert users when a person with a matching profile was within fifty feet".[1]

2004
OkCupid launches.
Web

2006
Badoo launches dating-focused social networking service

2006
SeekingArrangement launches. A sugar daddy/sugar baby site in the US.

2007
Skout launches. A "location-based social networking and dating application and website".

2007
Crazy Blind Date launches. Blind dating service started by Sam Yagan.

2008
GenePartner launches matching service based on "DNA compatibility".[7]

2009
Grindr (initial launch)
App

2011
LikeBright launches. Online dating site by Nick Soman.[8] By 2014 the site shut down.[9]
Web

2012(?)
Highlight launches. Slater calls it a "location-based dating app".
App

2012
Tinder launches.
App

2014 (December)
Bumble, a location-based mobile app that permits only women to start a chat with their matches, launches.[10]

2015
Ashley Madison hack Personal information of Ashley Madison users stolen and released; see Ashley Madison data breach for more.

2015 (November 19)
Match Group, which owns and operates several online dating web sites including OkCupid, Tinder, PlentyOfFish, and Match.com, goes public.

tag: table


document_title: Star Trek: Discovery

question_text: when is the next episode of star trek discovery coming out

text: Star Trek: Discovery

text: Premise[edit]

text: Set roughly ten years before the events of Star Trek: The Original Series,[1] the show sees the united Klingon houses in a war with the United Federation of Planets that involves the crew of the USS Discovery.[2][3]

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text:
Sonequa Martin-Green as Michael Burnham:
A Science Specialist on USS Discovery. Burnham was First Officer of the USS Shenzhou, where she was referred to as "Number One" to honor the character of the same name portrayed by Majel Barrett in the original Star Trek pilot "The Cage".[4][5][6] Burnham is a human who was raised following Vulcan culture and traditions by Sarek,[4][7] and was not made a starship captain, like the protagonists of previous Star Trek series, "to see a character from a different perspective on the starship—one who has different dynamic relationships with a captain, with subordinates, it gave us richer context".[1] Fuller deliberately gave the character a traditionally male name, which he had done with the female leads of his previous series.[8]

Doug Jones as Saru:
First Officer of the USS Discovery, Saru was previously Science Officer of the USS Shenzhou.[9] Saru is the first Kelpien to enter Starfleet. Kelpiens, a new species created for Discovery, were hunted as prey on their home planet and thus evolved the ability to sense the coming of death, giving them a reputation for cowardice.[10] Jones based Saru's walk on that of a supermodel,[7] out of necessity thanks to the boots he had to wear to portray the character's hooved feet, forcing Jones to walk on the balls of his feet.[11] The producers compared Saru to the characters Spock and Data from previous series.[10]

Shazad Latif as Ash Tyler:
Chief of Security of the USS Discovery, Lieutenant Tyler was previously held as a prisoner of war by the Klingons. Latif was originally cast in the role of Kol.[12][13] Latif noted that Tyler's PTSD would be explored in the show as he attempts to return to his Starfleet life, calling Tyler "a very complex and painful and deep character."[13] The character explores these issues with different characters, including Lorca due to their shared military background, and Burnham with whom "there's a chemistry, a relationship".[14]

Anthony Rapp as Paul Stamets:
A science officer specializing in astromycology (the study of fungi in space).[9][15] The character is inspired by a real-life mycologist of the same name.[16] He is the first openly gay character in a Star Trek series, and the showrunners "wanted to roll out that character's sexuality the way people would roll out their sexuality in life." Rapp noted that Hikaru Sulu was portrayed as gay in the film Star Trek Beyond, calling that "a nice nod. But in this case, we actually get to see me with my partner in conversation, in our living quarters, you get to see our relationship over time, treated as any other relationship would be treated".[17]

Mary Wiseman as Sylvia Tilly:
A cadet in her final year at Starfleet Academy, assigned to the Discovery.[18][19] She works under Stamets aboard the Discovery, where she becomes roommates with Burnham.[19] The character was included to represent people "at the very bottom of this ladder" of the Starfleet hierarchy. She is "the most optimistic ... has the biggest heart", and showrunner Aaron Harberts described her as "sort of the soul of our show."[20]

Jason Isaacs as Gabriel Lorca:
Captain of the Discovery,[21] a "brilliant military tactician".[22] Isaacs described the character as "probably more f-d up than any of" the previously seen Star Trek captains.[7] He plays the character with a slight southern U.S. accent, and had initially wanted to ad-lib a catchphrase for the character feeling that all Star Trek captains should have one, coming up with "git'r done" which the writers turned down due to it being widely used and trademarked by Larry the Cable Guy.[23]

tag: ul

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date

1
"The Vulcan Hello"
David Semel
Story by : Bryan Fuller & Alex Kurtzman
Teleplay by : Akiva Goldsman & Bryan Fuller
September 24, 2017 (2017-09-24)[a]

2
"Battle at the Binary Stars"
Adam Kane
Story by : Bryan Fuller
Teleplay by : Gretchen J. Berg & Aaron Harberts
September 24, 2017 (2017-09-24)

3
"Context Is for Kings"
Akiva Goldsman
Story by : Bryan Fuller & Gretchen J. Berg & Aaron Harberts
Teleplay by : Gretchen J. Berg & Aaron Harberts & Craig Sweeny
October 1, 2017 (2017-10-01)

4
"The Butcher's Knife Cares Not for the Lamb's Cry"
Olatunde Osunsanmi
Jesse Alexander & Aron Eli Coleite
October 8, 2017 (2017-10-08)

5
"Choose Your Pain"
Lee Rose
Story by : Gretchen J. Berg & Aaron Harberts & Kemp Powers
Teleplay by : Kemp Powers
October 15, 2017 (2017-10-15)

6
"Lethe"
Douglas Aarniokoski
Joe Menosky & Ted Sullivan
October 22, 2017 (2017-10-22)

7
"Magic to Make the Sanest Man Go Mad"
David M. Barrett
Aron Eli Coleite & Jesse Alexander
October 29, 2017 (2017-10-29)

8
"Si Vis Pacem, Para Bellum"
John S. Scott
Kirsten Beyer
November 5, 2017 (2017-11-05)

9
"Into the Forest I Go"[26]
TBA
TBA
November 12, 2017 (2017-11-12)

text: Jump up ^ The first episode had a special premiere on CBS alongside its release on CBS All Access.[24][25]

tag: ol

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: On November 2, 2015, CBS announced a new Star Trek television series to premiere in January 2017, "on the heels" of the original series' 50th anniversary in 2016. It is the first Star Trek series since Star Trek: Enterprise concluded in 2005, and the first show to be developed specifically for the CBS All Access on demand service. Alex Kurtzman, co-writer of the films Star Trek and Star Trek Into Darkness, and Heather Kadin were set as executive producers on the series, which is "not related" to the 2016 film Star Trek Beyond.[27][28] The January 2017 date was the earliest that CBS could release a new Star Trek series after an agreement the company made when it split with Viacom in 2005.[29] Showtime, Netflix, and Amazon Video all offered "a lot of money" for the rights to release the series,[30] but after heavily investing in the new All Access service, CBS believed that a returning Star Trek could be "the franchise that really puts All Access on the map" and could earn more money in the long run.[29][30]

text: In January 2016, CBS president Glenn Geller revealed that he and the CBS network were not involved in the production of the series, saying, "It really is for All Access. While the network will be broadcasting the pilot, I actually can't answer any creative questions about it."[31] The next month, Bryan Fuller, who began his career writing for the series Star Trek: Deep Space Nine and Star Trek: Voyager, was announced as the new series' showrunner and co-creator alongside Kurtzman.[32][33] Nicholas Meyer, writer and director of Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan and Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country, also joined the series as a writer and consulting producer.[34] In March, Rod Roddenberry, the son of Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry, and Trevor Roth of Roddenberry Entertainment also joined the series, as executive producers.[35] Fuller said that working with people previously involved with Star Trek was "really about making sure that we maintain authenticity", and said that Meyer—who is widely considered to have made the best Star Trek film in The Wrath of Khan—brings "a clarity and a cleanliness to the storytelling. An ability to ground science-fiction in a relatable way, and also making sure that we're telling character stories."[36] Fuller had publicly called for Star Trek to return to television for years, particularly because of its impact on minority groups, as he explained, "I couldn't stop thinking about how many black people were inspired by seeing Nichelle Nichols on the bridge of a ship. I couldn't stop thinking about how many Asian people were inspired by seeing George Takei and feeling that gave them hope for their place in the future. I wanted to be part of that representation for a new era."[37] When Fuller first met with CBS about the series, the company did not have a plan for what the new show would be.[38] He proposed an anthology series with each season being a standalone, serialized show set in a different era, beginning with a prequel to the original series, then stories set during the original series, during Star Trek: The Next Generation, and then "beyond to a time in Trek that's never been seen before". Fuller compared this to what American Horror Story did for horror, and described the proposal as a platform for "a universe of Trek shows". CBS instead suggested a single serialized show to see how that performed first, and he began further developing the concept of a prequel to the original series.[37]

text: Fuller announced in June 2016 that the first season would consist of 13 episodes,[38] though he would prefer to produce 10 episodes a season.[6] A month later, Fuller announced the series' title to be Star Trek: Discovery,[39] and revealed that it would be set in the "Prime Timeline" (which includes the previous Star Trek series, but not the modern reboot films) to keep the concurrent series and films separate, so "we don't have to track anything [happening in the films] and they don't have to track what we're doing".[40][6] Also in July, CBS Studios International licensed the series to Netflix for release outside the United States and Canada,[33] a "blockbuster" deal that paid for the show's entire budget (around US$6–7 million per episode).[41][42] During pre-production on the series, Fuller and CBS continued to disagree on the direction of the show, which was starting to overrun its per-episode budget, and was falling behind schedule due to Fuller supervising all aspects of the series as well as another new show, American Gods. This caused frustration among CBS executives who felt Fuller should be focused on having Discovery ready for release by the January 2017 premiere date.[37] By August 2016, Fuller had hired Gretchen J. Berg and Aaron Harberts, who he had worked with on Pushing Daisies, to serve as co-showrunners with him.[6][42] A month later, he and Kurtzman asked CBS to delay the series' release so they could meet the high expectations for it, and the studio pushed the series premiere back to May 2017."[43] At the end of October, CBS asked Fuller to step down as showrunner,[37] and announced a restructuring of the production: Berg and Harberts were made sole showrunners, working from a broad story arc and overall mythology established by Fuller; Kurtzman and Fuller would continue as executive producers, but with Fuller moving his attention fully to American Gods; and Akiva Goldsman would join the series in a supporting producer role, similar to the role he held on Fringe alongside Kurtzman. CBS reiterated that they were "extremely happy with [Fuller's] creative direction" for the series,[42] though some elements of the series that came directly from Fuller were dropped, including some designs and "more heavily allegorical and complex story" points.[37] Fuller later confirmed that he was no longer involved with the series, but expressed interest in returning for future seasons.[44]

text: With production set to finally begin in January, "a lot of careful deliberation [was] continuing to go into making Discovery special, from the choice of directors, to set design, to the special effects."[45] Ted Sullivan also joined the series to serve as supervising writing producer.[46][47] At CBS's 2017 upfront presentation, CBS Interactive president Marc DeBevoise confirmed a "fall" release date for the series, and announced that the episode order for the first season had been expanded to 15 episodes.[48][49] In June, CBS announced a new premiere date of September 24, 2017, with the season airing through November 2017, and then beginning again in January 2018. This break gave more time to complete post-production on the second half of the season.[24] Also that month, Kurtzman said that he and Fuller had discussed future seasons before the latter's departure, and promised that "what's there in terms of story and certainly in terms of set-up, character, big ideas, the big movement of the season, that's all stuff that Bryan and I talked about" and would not be altered.[50] Goldsman said in August that the producers wanted "a hybridized [anthology] approach. I don't think we're looking for an endless, continuing nine or 10 year story. We're looking at arcs which will have characters that we know and characters that we don't know."[8] Kurtzman added that the success of Discovery could lead to other new Star Trek series that could potentially use the anthology format.[51] By the end of August, Berg and Harberts had developed a "road map" for a second season, and "the beginnings of one" for a third. It was also revealed that an average episode of the first season had ultimately cost US$8–8.5 million each, making it one of the most expensive television series ever and exceeding the original Netflix deal, though CBS still considered the series to be paid for already due to the number of new All Access subscribers that the show was expected to draw.[52] After the series' premiere, Kurtzman said that the producers wanted to avoid announcing release dates and having to delay those for any future seasons, due to the external pressure that caused with the first season, but that he hoped a second season would be available in early 2019.[53] The second season was officially ordered a month later in October 2017.[54]

text: Writing[edit]

text:
"The defining factor of Roddenberry's vision is the optimistic view of the future ... Once you lose that, you lose the essence of what Star Trek is. That being said… Star Trek has always been a mirror to the time it reflected and [the topical question now] is how do you preserve and protect what Starfleet is in the weight of a challenge like war and the things that have to be done in war."

—Executive producer Alex Kurtzman on the balance between classic Star Trek and new elements in Discovery[55]

tag: div

text: The series' writers are based in Los Angeles,[56] and include "fans who all have very different relationships to Trek," which Kurtzman said is "a healthy thing and it's a good thing".[50] Fuller wanted to differentiate the series from the previous 700+ episodes of Star Trek by taking advantage of the streaming format of All Access and telling a single story arc across the entire first season. He and Kurtzman developed this story from "so many elements of Star Trek", taking certain episodes of the original series and using their "DNA" to find "the spirit of what Star Trek offers, both in terms of high-concept science fiction storytelling and really wonderful metaphors for the human condition".[38] Berg said that the series' writers "are so in love with" The Original Series, The Next Generation, and the family aspect of those series, while Harberts added that Meyer's Star Trek films were an especial influence on Discovery because "his storytelling is complex and intellectual and yet there's a lot of room for character voices".[57]

text: The titular ship was named after Discovery One from 2001: A Space Odyssey, NASA's Space Shuttle Discovery, and "the sense of discovery ... what [that] means to Star Trek audiences who have been promised a future by Gene Roddenberry where we come together as a planet and seek new worlds and new alien races to explore and understand and collaborate with".[58] Fuller saw the series as a bridge between Enterprise and the original series—which are set around 150 years apart—but set much closer to the latter to allow the series to "play with all the iconography of those ships and those uniforms".[59] In May 2017, Sullivan described the series as "a genuine prequel" to the original series,[60] with Goldsman later adding that there were many classic Star Trek elements that fans among the writers wished to include in the series, but couldn't because they were included in the original series as something being discovered by Starfleet for the first time then.[61] The choice to feature a single serlialized story throughout the first season was inspired by the general change in television to tell more realistic and serialized stories rather than the "new destination-based adventure each week" format mostly used in previous Star Trek series. Fuller had been one of several writers during the 1990s pushing for Deep Space Nine and Voyager to move towards this style.[62] Also inspired by modern, "peak television" series such as Game of Thrones was a willingness to kill off major characters for dramatic reasons, though the writers wanted to avoid doing so gratuitously or for "shock value".[63]

text: Fuller said the series could "push the content envelope since it won't be constrained by broadcast standards", but "it's still Star Trek. It will probably be slightly more graphic content ... I imagine we're going to shoot scenes a couple of ways and see what feels more authentic in the editing room."[1] Harberts ultimately described the series as a "hard PG-13", saying the series could include "some violent things or [a] tiny bit of language" but they still wanted the show to be for families and to "honor what the franchise is."[64] On using time travel in the series, a plot device used in at least two episodes of every previous live-action Star Trek season, Fuller said that it had not yet been used for any episode by the end of August 2016, and, "You never know when you want to pull out that device but I am not anticipating an over-reliance on time travel to tell this season's stories."[6] The series' writers also chose to ignore Gene Roddenberry's longstanding rule that Starfleet crew members not have any significant conflict with one another or be depicted negatively (a rule that Roddenberry himself did not always strictly follow). Harberts explained, "We're trying to do stories that are complicated, with characters with strong points of view and strong passions. People have to make mistakes—mistakes are still going to be made in the future. We're still going to argue in the future ... the thing we're taking from Roddenberry is how we solve those conflicts."[62] Because of the show's position as a prequel to the original series, the producers felt it was more important for Discovery to build towards Roddenberry's ideals, and to show that "you can't simply be accepting and tolerant without working for it, and so this show is about that struggle."[61]

text: Casting[edit]

text: By June 2016, Fuller had met with several actors, and said that "we want to carry on what Star Trek does best, which is being progressive. So it's fascinating to look at all of these roles through a colorblind prism and a gender-blind prism".[38] A month later, Kadin clarified that the series would feature minority, female, and LGBTQ characters.[65] In August, Fuller said the series would feature "about seven" lead characters,[66] and would star a lieutenant commander, rather than a starship captain like previous Star Trek series, to be played by a non-white actress. He said the series would also include more alien characters than other Star Trek series, and would feature at least one openly gay character. Fuller, who is gay himself, had been determined to see this happen since receiving hate mail while working on Voyager when a character on that show was rumored to be coming out as gay.[1] By this time, Fuller had discussed the series' casting with Mae Jemison, the first black woman in space (who made a cameo appearance in an episode of The Next Generation).[1][67]

text: Fuller anticipated casting announcements in October 2016,[6] but none had been made by the end of that month. The majority of the series main characters were believed to have been cast by then, but no actress had been cast for the series' lead role. This was a source of "some internal stress" at CBS.[42] Several African American and Latina actresses were being looked at for the role, with CBS "not seeking a huge star and [preferring] a fresh face for the part."[68] In October, the cast was believed to include "a female admiral, a male Klingon captain, a male admiral, a male adviser and a British male doctor", with one of those male leads played by an openly gay actor.[69] The next month, Doug Jones and Anthony Rapp were revealed to be cast, as Science Officers Saru and Stamets, respectively.[9] The former is a Kelpien, an alien race created for the series,[10] while the latter is the first Star Trek character to be conceived and announced as gay.[9] Sonequa Martin-Green was cast in the lead role in December,[70] which was officially confirmed in April 2017, with the character's name revealed to be Michael Burnham.[5] Also in December, Shazad Latif was cast as the Klingon Kol.[71] In March 2017, Jason Isaacs was cast as Captain Lorca of the USS Discovery,[21] and Mary Wiseman joined as Tilly, a cadet.[18] At the end of April, Latif was revealed to have been recast to the role of Starfleet Lieutenant Tyler.[12]

text: Design[edit]

text: Mark Worthington and Todd Cherniawsky served as initial production designers for the series;[72] Gersha Phillips and Suttirat Anne Larlarb designed the costumes;[3][73] veteran Star Trek designer John Eaves designed starships, along with Scott Schneider;[74][75] and Glenn Hetrick and Neville Page of Alchemy Studios provided prosthetics, props, and armor.[3][76] Page previously served as the concept and creature designer on the three "Kelvin Timeline" Star Trek films.[77] The series also employed seven art directors, over nine illustrators, more than thirty-five set designers, and over four hundred and fifty painters, carpenters, sculptors, model makers, welders, set dressers, and prop builders.[75]

text: Fuller said on the general approach to design on the show, "we're producing the show in 2016. We have to update the style of the effects, the style of the sets, the style of the makeup ... all of the other series have been produced [at a time that] isn't as sophisticated as we are now with what we can do production-wise, we're going to be reestablishing an entire look for the series" and for Star Trek moving forward.[1] Fuller had wanted the series' uniforms to reflect the primary colors of the original series, but this was discarded after his departure.[37] However, Fuller's designs for the Klingons, which he "really, really wanted" to redesign, were retained.[8][2] 3D Systems' "cutting edge" 3D printing techniques were widely used in the making of the series.[3][77] For the prosthetics, Page and Hetrick took detailed laser scans of the actors so they could simulate make-up and prosthetics in a virtual environment before creating the practical version.[78] Fabric for the Starfleet uniforms seen in the series were custom-dyed in Switzerland; the costumes were cut and assembled in Toronto by Phillips and her department. The main uniforms seen in the series are a navy blue specifically mixed for the show, with gold or silver embellishments depending on the division of the officer. Medical officers wear a "hospital white" variant, also custom-dyed in Switzerland, while the captain's uniform is the standard navy blue but with additional gold piping on the shoulders.[79] Starfleet insignia badges were molded from silicon bronze, and then polished and plated by a jeweler to create custom colors for the series, based on the division of the officer wearing the uniform: gold for command, silver for sciences and medical, and copper for operations. Props such as tricorders and hand scanners, communicators, and phasers were produced with 3D printing and heavily inspired by their designs in the original Star Trek series.[79]

text: The design of the USS Discovery is based on an unused Ralph McQuarrie design for the USS Enterprise from the unproduced film Star Trek: Planet of the Titans, which Fuller had noted in July 2016 was "to a point that we can't legally comment on it until [our legal team] figures out some things".[40] McQuarrie's designs were based on the concepts created by Ken Adam to feature a vessel with a flattened secondary hull.[80][81] Fuller wanted "something distinct about what our Star Trek was going to look" like, and after seeing McQuarrie's design "saw sort of harder lines of a ship and started talking about race cars and Lamborghinis in the '70s and James Bond cars and started working on the designs, taking those inspirations and coming up with something completely unique to us."[82] The design for the Discovery went through several revisions and refinements before the final version was approved in December 2016.[83] The sickbay on the Discovery was inspired by that of the Enterprise from the original series.[84] Other Federation starships created for the show include the USS Shenzhou and the USS Europa.[85][86] Sets for the Discovery's interiors were described as a "tangle of corridors and rooms",[52] and were designed to match with the exterior design of the ship, so "the rooms [could believably] fit inside the house", but there was some artistic license taken in places. The graphics used for the Starfleet computer systems were designed to be believably more advanced than modern technology, but to also "honor the look and feel" of the designs used in previous series. The initial colors allowed for the graphics were mostly restricted to blues, with the intention of these becoming more colorful the closer the series gets to the time period of the original series.[75]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Star Trek: Discovery is filmed at Pinewood Toronto Studios,[87] with Vincenzo Natali serving as producing director for the series.[38] Some of the series' sets took over six weeks to create,[85] and new sets were being built up until the end of production of the season.[88] Discovery took advantage of multiple soundstages at the studio, including the largest soundstage in North America.[52] Some episodes for the show were filmed solely on existing sets, making them bottle episodes, though Harberts said the series would not do anything "as bottle-y as 'everyone is stuck in the mess hall!'"[88]

text: For the visual scope of the series, Kurtzman felt that the show had to "justify being on a premium cable service".[89] The showrunners were particularly inspired by Star Trek: The Motion Picture and its "wider scope", with Harberts explaining that the series is shot in a 2:1 aspect ratio which "just lends itself to a very lyrical way of telling the story." He added that some of the series' visuals were influenced by the modern Star Trek films from J. J. Abrams.[57] Some of these influences, per Goldsman, are "the ability to be creative cinematically…the intimate discourse, the humanistic storytelling with the giant canvas that is Star Trek. A more kinetic camera, a more dynamic way of existing, a much greater use of practical sets so when you’re running down a corridor, you’re running down a corridor. A sense of rhythm…there is a sense of litheness, a kind of fluidity in the characterizations."[90] The producers worked closely with pilot director David Semel to make the series look as cinematic as possible, including filming the bridge of Starfleet's ships in such a way as "not to shoot in a sort of proscenium box…to be able to get the camera into spaces where, you know, to shoot it in interesting ways, which is a combination of choreographing a scene to motivate the camera moving, and also lighting."[55] The cinematographers for the series wanted to emphasize on set sourcing, with lighting built in wherever it would naturally appear to help create a more realistic feel, and distance the series from the "stage" feel of the original series.[88] The lighting could also be controlled to create completely different situations, such as the lighting of a Starfleet red alert.[75] Harberts said that the cinematographers wanted the series to have a "Rembrandt texture".[88]

text: Visual effects[edit]

text: Visual effects producers were hired to begin work on the series during the initial writing period, with Fuller explaining that the series would require such things as "digital augmentation on certain alien species" and "the transporter beams". He said, "We're trying to cultivate distinct looks for all of those things that are unique to our version of Star Trek and carry through the themes we love seeing in fifty years of Star Trek, but doing a slightly different approach."[38] Pixomondo is the primary visual effects vendor for the series,[86] with Spin VFX also working on the show.[91] Kurtzman noted that the series utilizes multiple CG environments which take several months to properly render.[55] The shuttle bay of the Discovery is completely computer-generated, with actors performing in front of a green screen for scenes in that environment; using the digital set is more expensive than any other set created for the series, including the practically-built ones.[92]

text: Music[edit]

text: The first teaser for the series featured music composed by Fil Eisler, which he "threw together as an audition" within three weeks.[65] Before production on the series began, Charles Henri Avelange had also composed and recorded music for the series, which he described as "a showcase for CBS".[93] In July 2017, Jeff Russo was announced as composer for the series.[7] Russo recorded the series' score with a 60-piece orchestra.[89] The show's main theme incorporates elements from the original Star Trek theme.[61]

text: Release[edit]

text: The first episode of Star Trek: Discovery aired in a "preview broadcast" on CBS in the United States on September 24, as well as being made available with the second episode on CBS All Access. Subsequent first-run episodes, making up the first chapter of the season, will be streamed weekly on All Access through November 12. The second chapter will begin streaming January 2018.[24][25][94]

text: CBS Studios International licensed the series to Bell Media for broadcast in Canada, and to Netflix for another 188 countries.[33] In Canada, the premiere was simulcast with CBS on September 24, 2017, on both the CTV Television Network and on the specialty channel Space before being streamed on CraveTV; it was also broadcast in French on the specialty channel Z.[33] Subsequent episodes will be released through Space, Z, and CraveTV,[33] with Space airing each episode 30 minutes before it's streamed on All Access.[95][96] In the other countries, Netflix will release each episode of the series for streaming within 24 hours of its U.S. debut.[33] This agreement also saw Bell Media and Netflix acquire all previous Star Trek series to stream in their entirety, and to broadcast on Bell Media television channels.[33]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: The first full trailer for the series was released in May 2017.[97] Forbes's Merrill Barr noted that the trailer was a good sign for many who believed the series would never be released following the many production setbacks and delays, saying, "Having a legitimate trailer that can be watched over and over again brings signs of hope, particularly for fans that have been waiting over a year for this moment. Star Trek: Discovery is real, and now we have proof."[98] Chris Harnick of E! News described the trailer as "gorgeous" and "truly cinematic", and because of the appearances of Sarek and the Klingons in the footage, "this is the Star Trek you know and love."[99] Aja Romano at Vox called the trailer's visuals "sumptuous" and "modern, but still very much in keeping with the aesthetic of previous Trek series". She continued, "What gets short shrift in this trailer is the series' overarching plot ... In any case, seeing the Klingons in all their combative glory feels a bit like coming home for Trek fans."[100] Also in May, McFarlane Toys signed a toy license deal with CBS to produce "figures, role play weapons and accessories" for Discovery. CBS Consumer Products senior vice president Veronica Hart explained that McFarlane was chosen as the first licensee for the series because of its "commitment to quality and dedication to fans". The deal will also see the company "create merchandise from the entire Star Trek universe, ranging from the classic Star Trek: The Original Series to its popular movie franchise." The first merchandise produced under the deal are set for release in mid-2018.[101]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Ratings and viewership[edit]

text: According to Nielsen Media Research, the CBS broadcast of the first episode was watched by a "decent" audience of 9.5 million viewers.[102][103] The premiere of the series led to record subscriptions for All Access, with the service having its biggest day of signups, as well as its biggest week and month of signups thanks to the series.[104] According to "app analytics specialist" App Annie, the premiere of the series also caused the number of downloads of the All Access mobile app to more than double, with revenue from the app for CBS doubling compared to the average in-app revenue during the previous 30 days.[105]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an 83% approval rating for the first season, with an average rating of 7.13/10 based on 51 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "Although it takes an episode to achieve liftoff, Star Trek: Discovery delivers a solid franchise installment for the next generation—boldly led by the charismatic Sonequa Martin-Green."[106] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 72 out of 100 based on 20 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[107]

text: Other media[edit]

text: After Trek[edit]

text: By July 2016, CBS was working on an aftershow companion series to Discovery similar in format to AMC's Talking Dead, a companion to The Walking Dead. The show would air live after each episode of Discovery, and would feature "guests, celebrity Trekkies, former Star Trek actors, along with cast members and crew" from Discovery.[108] The companion series was confirmed in 2017, with the title After Trek and host Matt Mira. It is produced by Embassy Row in association with Roddenberry Entertainment.[109]

text: Publishing[edit]

text: In September 2016, Discovery writer Kirsten Beyer announced that CBS was working with IDW and Simon & Schuster to produce more content revolving around the setting of the series, starting with at least one novel and a comic series tied to the television show. Beyer, the writer of many Star Trek: Voyager novels, explained that she would work with fellow Star Trek novelist David Mack and Star Trek comic writer Mike Johnson to ensure that all three media "are coming from the same place". The release of the books and comics was set to coincide with the series' premiere.[110] Mack described writing around the continuity of Discovery as "tricky to get right", as the time period "is light on detail and almost unique within the Star Trek continuity. That made it a challenge to represent that era faithfully while also staying true to the new elements being introduced" in the new series.[111]

text: In August 2017, Beyer explained the series' writers' intentions for the additional content, saying, "We want to be able to take the story opportunities that we're just frankly not going to have time to cover in the show, and go as deep into those into the various formats as we can. It's not that you have to read these stories to understand everything, but the story will be incredibly enhanced if you do." Regarding whether this content would be considered canonical, Beyer said that the stories of the comics and novels are briefed back to the show's writing staff so "the stories we created get integrated into their brains", but she also said, "Because of the collaborative nature of this process, we're able to go farther, take bigger risks. The danger is that, in the future, somebody will come upon with an amazing story idea that would be incompatible with what we've already established and just like always, the series is going to take priority. But the hope is that we can carve out these places that are safe and that we can continue to protect because as much as possible we want this to be one integrated universe…we're doing what we can to make sure these stories all fit together moving forward."[112]

text: Novels[edit]

text: The first tie-in to the show is Desperate Hours, a prequel set a year before Discovery and a year after "The Cage". Written by Mack, the novel was released on September 26, and follows Burnham as she serves aboard the Shenzhou. Fuller had asked for a book to be written based on that premise, and Mack had worked with the Discovery writers to stay "in the loop throughout the season with all the scripts and the story development. There were a few false starts, but eventually it allowed us to collaboratively create this story". Mack hinted that the USS Enterprise could also appear in the novel. The second Discovery novel is being written by Dayton Ward, is set 10 years before the show, and is intended to be released in early 2018.[112]

text: Comics[edit]

text: In July 2017, IDW announced the first tie-in comic series, also titled Star Trek: Discovery, to be written by Johnson and Beyer with art by Tony Shasteen, who previously worked with Johnson on the comic Star Trek: Boldly Go. IDW described the comic as "Klingon-centric", and set the first issue for release on October 25.[113] Johnson compared working with Beyer on the comic to his work on the Star Trek: Countdown comic, a tie-in to the 2009 Star Trek film that he wrote with Kurtzman and Roberto Orci, saying that her position as a staff writer on the Discovery show "means we have all the inside access that we need. So the story in the comic will really matter and not just feel like a one-off. It is actually able to expand the story you guys are going to see in the show itself."[114]

text: In August, it was clarified that the first comic would be a four-issue miniseries focused on T'Kuvma and his followers, and that IDW intended to create a series of comic miniseries based on different aspects of the series to create "targeted stories on some different subjects". Johnson stated that they were "building out the characters in the Klingon world with these comics, and we can't wait to show you." He added that discussions were being held regarding the subject of the next miniseries. IDW editor Sarah Gaydos said, "The access we're getting to the show to create these comics that are integral to fleshing out the backstories of the characters is unheard of, and I do a lot of licensed comics."[112]

text: Star Trek Timelines[edit]

text: In late 2017, "hours" of Discovery-based content will be added to the role playing video game Star Trek Timelines, including Michael Burnham and Saru as new crew members for the game and new ships from the show, both Federation and otherwise. A month long "Mega-Event" based on the series will also take place.[115]


document_title: Pro Football Hall of Fame Game

question_text: who's playing in the 2017 nfl hall of fame game

question_tokens: who 's playing in the 2017 nfl hall of fame game

text: Pro Football Hall of Fame Game

text: Team selection[edit]

text: The two teams that play in the Pro Football Hall of Fame Game are typically selected by the league in advance of the remainder of the preseason schedule. The participants are usually announced around the time that the new Hall of Fame members are announced, which coincides with Super Bowl week. Often if a particularly notable player will be entering the Hall of Fame that year a team they were strongly associated with may be selected to play in the game to help maximize attendance and publicity of the game itself. Since 1971, the opponents for each game have traditionally included one AFC team and one NFC team. In 2009, as recognition of the 50th anniversary of the American Football League, the game paired two AFC teams who were part of the "original eight" franchises of the AFL, the Tennessee Titans (dressed as their previous incarnation, the Houston Oilers) and the Buffalo Bills, whose owner, Ralph Wilson, was inducted into the Hall that year. An all-NFC matchup was scheduled for 2011,[1] but it was canceled due to the 2011 NFL lockout; the following year, another intra-conference matchup of two NFC teams took its place. Since 2012, both competing teams in the game has had at least one prominent alumnus being inducted into the Hall that year.

text: Because this game and the Hall of Fame's induction ceremonies are scheduled on the weekend before the league's regular four-week exhibition season begins, both teams end up playing five exhibition games instead of the normal four, and unlike the Canadian Football League, the league does not remove an exhibition game from another week.

text: Expansion clubs[edit]

text: The last four expansion teams to have been added to the league each played in the Hall of Fame Game as their first game. In 1995, expansion clubs Jacksonville and Carolina played one another, and in 2002, Houston was one of the participants. When the Cleveland Browns returned to the league with a rebooted roster in 1999, they too played in the Hall of Fame Game. (The Baltimore Ravens, while officially considered as being established in 1996, did not play in the Hall of Fame Game that year, nor have they played at any time in their existence.)

text: Scheduling[edit]

text: Prior to the AFL-NFL merger, the Hall of Fame Game was played in August or September, in some cases at the end of the preseason. In 1970, it was moved to the beginning of the preseason. Prior to 2002, it was not uncommon for the game to be played in July. Since 2002, when the league permanently moved the start of the season to the weekend after Labor Day, the game has always been played in early August.

text: The 2011 game was originally scheduled between the St. Louis Rams and the Chicago Bears, but the game was canceled due to an ongoing labor dispute that had disrupted nearly all league activity during the 2011 offseason. The two clubs had set a deadline of July 22 to ratify a resolution in enough time to prepare for the game. The league and players did not ratify the agreement until July 25, forcing cancellation of the game.

text: The 2016 edition, which was scheduled to be played between the Green Bay Packers and the Indianapolis Colts, was canceled due to unsafe playing conditions. Mike Silver of NFL.com reported that on the morning of game day, the logos at midfield and the end zones had been painted using paint which was not intended for use on artificial turf. When it was apparent the paint wasn't drying fast enough, the field was heated to speed up the drying process, but this caused the turf's rubber to melt. These issues led to unfavorable play conditions. The affected areas were described as being slick and "like cement," making it impossible to get decent footing. Stadium officials attempted to address this by applying a solvent, reportedly paint thinner, to the turf. A Packers employee noticed a label warning that this substance could result in burns when exposed to skin, and alerted others to the discovery. When officially cancelling the game, both the league and the Players Association cited safety concerns.[2][3][4]

text: Both teams were told at 6:40 p.m.--an hour and 20 minutes before kickoff--that the game was going to be canceled. However, fans in the stadium only learned of the pending cancellation via social media. No official announcement was made until just before the scheduled 8 p.m. kickoff.[5]

text: On December 28, 2016, the NFL announced that the 2017 edition of the game would be played on Thursday, August 3, 2017. The scheduling change makes the Hall of Fame Game the first event of the Hall of Fame Weekend. On February 23, 2017, it was announced the 2017 edition will be played between the Dallas Cowboys and the Arizona Cardinals.[6]

text: Television and radio[edit]

text: Unlike the majority of NFL preseason games, which air on local networks, the Hall of Fame Game airs nationwide. From 1999 to 2005, the game was held on Monday night, televised as part of ABC's Monday Night Football package. It had previously been held typically on Saturday afternoons, except from 1963 to 1965 on Sunday afternoons, televised as part of ABC's Wide World of Sports package (still using the MNF crew). In 1998, the game was put in the MNF package, and played on a Saturday night, which served as a test run for the move to Monday night. Starting in 2006, it was moved to Sunday night, coinciding with the new NBC Sunday Night Football[7] television package. The 2007 game was telecast on NFL Network as NBC was intending to televise the China Bowl game in Beijing, China (a game which was postponed to 2009 and later canceled). The Hall of Fame Game has since bounced between both networks. The 2012 game aired on NFL Network due to NBC's coverage of the Summer Olympics. After a two-year absence, the game returned to NBC in 2013 and remained on the network until 2015. The 2016 game was scheduled to air on ESPN as it was to be played two days into the 2016 Summer Olympics but the game was canceled due to field conditions, it returned to NBC in 2017 and will remain on the network until 2019.

text: Westwood One owns national radio rights; it is the only preseason game to air on a nationwide network. Each team's radio network is also allowed to broadcast the games (albeit usually with fewer affiliates since exhibition games are traditionally much lower priority to non-sports and non-flagship stations).

text: In 2007 and 2008, the game was broadcast live in both Ireland and the United Kingdom by Sky Sports. It was not shown in 2009 because of a dispute between Sky Sports and the NFL over TV rights. ESPN America (formerly North American Sports Network) broadcasts the game in the rest of Europe.

text: From 1998 to 2005, the Global Television Network aired the game in Canada, simulcasting ABC; upon the move to Sunday night in 2006, the CTV Television Network aired the game until 2010. With CTV airing the 2012 Summer Olympics, TSN broadcast the Hall of Fame Game in 2012. Azteca 7 aired Spanish-language coverage of the Hall of Fame Game in Mexico from 1998 to 2005; the Game moved to Canal 5 in 2006 and aired on that station until 2010. Due to the cancellation of the 2011 Hall of Fame Game and Televisa's Summer Olympics coverage, the Hall of Fame Game moved to Televisa Deportes in 2012 and then to Galavision in 2013.

text: Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium is part of the Cleveland market, and is also within 75 miles of numerous other television markets in northeast Ohio and western Pennsylvania. As such, the NBC affiliates (and before them, the ABC affiliates) are within league requirements to blackout the game in the rare event the game does not sell out. Because the stadium only holds 22,375 fans (less than half the NFL's minimum requirements for its stadiums) and the Hall of Fame induction ceremonies bring large numbers of outside fans to Canton, the game has, to date, always sold out (several NFL teams, as well as the Super Bowl, have similarly enjoyed long sellout streaks).

text: Game history[edit]

text:
Date
Away team
Away score
Home team
Home score
Recap

August 11, 1962
New York Giants
21
St. Louis Cardinals
21
Recap

September 8, 1963
Cleveland Browns
7
Pittsburgh Steelers
16
Recap

September 6, 1964
Baltimore Colts
48
Pittsburgh Steelers
17
Recap

September 12, 1965
Detroit Lions
3
Washington Redskins
20
Recap

August 5, 1967
Cleveland Browns
13
Philadelphia Eagles
28
Recap

August 3, 1968
Dallas Cowboys
24
Chicago Bears
30
Recap

September 13, 1969
Green Bay Packers
38
Atlanta Falcons
24
Recap

August 8, 1970
New Orleans Saints
14
Minnesota Vikings
13
Recap

July 31, 1971
Houston Oilers
6
Los Angeles Rams
17
Recap

July 29, 1972
Kansas City Chiefs
23
New York Giants
17
Recap

July 28, 1973
San Francisco 49ers
20
New England Patriots
7
Recap

July 27, 1974
Buffalo Bills
13
St. Louis Cardinals
21
Recap

August 2, 1975
Washington Redskins
17
Cincinnati Bengals
9
Recap

July 24, 1976
Denver Broncos
10
Detroit Lions
7
Recap

July 30, 1977
Chicago Bears
20
New York Jets
6
Recap

July 29, 1978
Miami Dolphins
3
Philadelphia Eagles
17
Recap

July 28, 1979
Dallas Cowboys
13
Oakland Raiders
20
Recap

August 2, 1980
San Diego Chargers
0
Green Bay Packers
0
Recap [A]

August 1, 1981
Atlanta Falcons
10
Cleveland Browns
24
Recap

August 7, 1982
Baltimore Colts
14
Minnesota Vikings
30
Recap

July 30, 1983
New Orleans Saints
14
Pittsburgh Steelers
27
Recap

July 28, 1984
Seattle Seahawks
38
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
0
Recap

August 3, 1985
New York Giants
21
Houston Oilers
20
Recap

August 2, 1986
New England Patriots
21
St. Louis Cardinals
16
Recap

August 8, 1987
San Francisco 49ers
20
Kansas City Chiefs
7
Recap

July 30, 1988
Cincinnati Bengals
14
Los Angeles Rams
7
Recap

August 5, 1989
Washington Redskins
31
Buffalo Bills
6
Recap

August 4, 1990
Cleveland Browns
0
Chicago Bears
13
Recap

July 27, 1991
Detroit Lions
14
Denver Broncos
3
Recap

August 1, 1992
New York Jets
41
Philadelphia Eagles
14
Recap

July 31, 1993
Green Bay Packers
3
Los Angeles Raiders
19
Recap

July 30, 1994
San Diego Chargers
17
Atlanta Falcons
21
Recap

July 29, 1995
Carolina Panthers
20
Jacksonville Jaguars
14
Recap

July 27, 1996
Indianapolis Colts
10
New Orleans Saints
3
Recap

July 26, 1997
Minnesota Vikings
28
Seattle Seahawks
26
Recap

August 1, 1998
Pittsburgh Steelers
6
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
30
Recap

August 9, 1999
Dallas Cowboys
17
Cleveland Browns
20
Recap

July 31, 2000
New England Patriots
20
San Francisco 49ers
0
Recap

August 6, 2001
St. Louis Rams
17
Miami Dolphins
10
Recap

August 5, 2002
Houston Texans
17
New York Giants
34
Recap

August 4, 2003
Kansas City Chiefs
9
Green Bay Packers
0
Recap[B]

August 9, 2004
Denver Broncos
17
Washington Redskins
20
Recap

August 8, 2005
Chicago Bears
27
Miami Dolphins
24
Recap

August 6, 2006
Oakland Raiders
16
Philadelphia Eagles
10
Recap

August 5, 2007
New Orleans Saints
7
Pittsburgh Steelers
20
Recap

August 3, 2008
Indianapolis Colts
16
Washington Redskins
30
Recap

August 9, 2009
Buffalo Bills
18
Tennessee Titans
21
Recap

August 8, 2010
Dallas Cowboys
16
Cincinnati Bengals
7
Recap

August 7, 2011
Canceled due to 2011 NFL lockout
Ref.

August 5, 2012
Arizona Cardinals
10
New Orleans Saints
17
Recap

August 4, 2013
Miami Dolphins
20
Dallas Cowboys
24
Recap

August 3, 2014
New York Giants
17
Buffalo Bills
13
Recap

August 9, 2015
Pittsburgh Steelers
3
Minnesota Vikings
14
Recap

August 7, 2016
Canceled due to poor field conditions
Ref.

August 3, 2017
Dallas Cowboys
20
Arizona Cardinals
18
Recap

text: Standings[edit]

text:
Team
W
L
T
PCT
Last appearance

Washington Redskins
5
0
0
1.000
2008

Chicago Bears
4
0
0
1.000
2005

Oakland/Los Angeles Raiders
3
0
0
1.000
2006

Carolina Panthers
1
0
0
1.000
1995

Minnesota Vikings
3
1
0
.750
2015

Pittsburgh Steelers
3
3
0
.500
2015

New England Patriots
2
1
0
.667
2000

San Francisco 49ers
2
1
0
.667
2000

Los Angeles/St. Louis Rams
2
1
0
.667
2001

Kansas City Chiefs
2
1
0
.667
2003

New York Giants
3
1
1
.625
2014

Dallas Cowboys
3
3
0
.500
2017

Indianapolis/Baltimore Colts
2
2
0
.500
2008

Philadelphia Eagles
2
2
0
.500
2006

New York Jets
1
1
0
.500
1992

Seattle Seahawks
1
1
0
.500
1997

Tampa Bay Buccaneers
1
1
0
.500
1998

Cleveland Browns
2
3
0
.400
1999

New Orleans Saints
2
3
0
.400
2012

Green Bay Packers
1
2
1
.375
2003

Cincinnati Bengals
1
2
0
.333
2010

Atlanta Falcons
1
2
0
.333
1994

Denver Broncos
1
2
0
.333
2004

Detroit Lions
1
2
0
.333
1991

Tennessee Titans/Houston Oilers
1
2
0
.333
2009

Arizona/St. Louis Cardinals
1
3
1
.300
2017

Los Angeles/San Diego Chargers
0
1
1
.250
1994

Baltimore Ravens
0
0
0
–
N/A

Houston Texans
0
1
0
.000
2002

Jacksonville Jaguars
0
1
0
.000
1995

Buffalo Bills
0
4
0
.000
2014

Miami Dolphins
0
4
0
.000
2013

text: Most appearances – 6: Pittsburgh Steelers (1963, 1964, 1983, 1998, 2007, and 2015) and Dallas Cowboys (1968, 1979, 1999, 2010, 2013, and 2017)

text: Most wins – 5: Washington Redskins (1965, 1975, 1989, 2004, and 2008)

text: Longest active drought without Hall of Fame Game appearance – 26 seasons: Detroit Lions (last appearance – 1991); 25 seasons: New York Jets (last appearance – 1992); 23 seasons: Atlanta Falcons and Los Angeles Chargers (last appearance – 1994); 22 seasons: Carolina Panthers and Jacksonville Jaguars (last appearance – 1995)

text: Active teams to have never made a Hall of Fame Game appearance – Baltimore Ravens

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Game ended with 5:29 remaining in the fourth quarter due to severe lightning.
Jump up ^ Game ended with 5:49 remaining in the third quarter due to severe lightning.


document_title: Bank holiday

question_text: when was new year's day made a bank holiday

question_tokens: when was new year 's day made a bank holiday

text: Bank holiday

text: History[edit]

text: Until 1834, the Bank of England observed about 33 saints' days and religious festivals as holidays, but in that year this was reduced to four: 1 May (May Day), 1 November (All Saints' Day), Good Friday and Christmas Day. In 1871, the first legislation relating to bank holidays was passed when Liberal politician and banker Sir John Lubbock introduced the Bank Holidays Act 1871, which specified the days in the table below.[3] Under the Act, no person was compelled to make any payment or to do any act upon a bank holiday which he would not be compelled to do or make on Christmas Day or Good Friday, and the making of a payment or the doing of an act on the following day was equivalent to doing it on the holiday.[4] People were so grateful that some called the first Bank Holidays St Lubbock's Days for a while.[5] Scotland was treated separately because of its separate traditions: for example, New Year is a more important holiday there.[citation needed]

text:
Bank holidays 1871

England, Wales and Ireland
Scotland

New Year's Day

Easter Monday
Good Friday

Whit Monday
First Monday in May

First Monday in August
First Monday in August

Boxing Day/St Stephen's Day
Christmas Day

text: The Act did not include Good Friday and Christmas Day as bank holidays in England, Wales, or Ireland because they were already recognised as common law holidays: they had been customary holidays since time immemorial.[3]

text: In 1903, the Bank Holiday (Ireland) Act added 17 March, Saint Patrick's Day, as a bank holiday for Ireland only.[6] New Year's Day did not become a bank holiday in England until 1 January 1974.

text: In the United Kingdom[edit]

text: Banking and Financial Dealings Act 1971[edit]

text: Commencing in 1965, experimentally, the August Bank Holiday weekend was observed at the end of August "to give a lead in extending British holidays over a longer summer period".[7] Each year's date was announced in Parliament on an ad-hoc basis, to the despair of the calendar and diary publishing trade.[8] The rule seems to have been to select the weekend of the last Saturday in August, so that in 1968[9] and 1969[10] Bank Holiday Monday actually fell in September.

text: A century after the 1871 Act, the Banking and Financial Dealings Act 1971, which currently regulates bank holidays in the UK, was passed.[11] The majority of the current bank holidays were specified in the 1971 Act: however New Year's Day and May Day were not introduced throughout the whole of the UK until 1974 and 1978 respectively.[12] The date of the August bank holiday was changed from the first Monday in August to the last Monday in August, and the Whitsun bank holiday (Whit Monday) was replaced by the Late Spring Bank Holiday, fixed as the last Monday in May.[13] In 1978 the first Monday in May in the rest of the UK, and the final Monday of May in Scotland, were designated as bank holidays.[14]

text: In January 2007, the St Andrew's Day Bank Holiday (Scotland) Act 2007 was given royal assent, making 30 November (or the nearest Monday if a weekend) a bank holiday in Scotland.[15]

text: Royal proclamation[edit]

text: Under the Banking and Financial Dealings Act 1971, bank holidays are proclaimed each year by the legal device of a royal proclamation. Royal proclamation is also used to move bank holidays that would otherwise fall on a weekend. In this way, public holidays are not 'lost' in years when they coincide with weekends. These deferred bank holiday days are termed a 'bank holiday in lieu' of the typical anniversary date. In the legislation they are known as 'substitute days'. The movement of the St Andrew's Day Scottish holiday to the nearest Monday when 30 November is a weekend day is statutory and does not require a proclamation.

text: In Scotland[edit]

text: A number of differences apply in Scotland relative to the rest of the United Kingdom. For example, Easter Monday is not a bank holiday. Also, although they share the same name, the Summer Bank Holiday falls on the first Monday of August in Scotland, as opposed to the last Monday in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland. Despite this, it is custom and practice to follow the rest of the UK and banks close on the last Monday and not the first.

text: Bank holidays do not, however, assume the same importance in Scotland as they do elsewhere. Whereas they have effectively become public holidays elsewhere in the United Kingdom, in Scotland there remains a tradition of public holidays based on local tradition and determined by local authorities (for example, the Glasgow Fair and the Dundee Fortnight). In 1996, Scottish banks made the business decision to harmonise their own holidays with the rest of the United Kingdom, with the result that 'bank holidays' in Scotland are neither public holidays nor the days on which banks are closed.

text: Campaigns for extra bank holidays[edit]

text: The number of holidays in the UK is relatively small compared to many other European countries. However, direct comparison is inaccurate since the 'substitute day' scheme of deferment does not apply in most European countries, where holidays that coincide with a weekend (29% of fixed-date holidays) are 'lost'. In fact, the average number of non-weekend holidays in such countries is only marginally higher (and in some cases lower) than the UK. Worth mentioning is that public holidays in Europe which fall on Thursday or Tuesday typically become "puente" or "bridge" four-day or even six-day extended holiday weekends as people tend to use one or two days from their holiday entitlement to take off Monday and/or Friday.

text: There have been calls for more bank holidays.[16] Among the most notable dates absent from the existing list are the feast days of patron saints; 23 April (St George's Day and widely regarded[17] as the birthday of William Shakespeare) in England and 1 March (St David's Day) in Wales are not currently recognised. 17 March (St Patrick's Day) is a public holiday in Northern Ireland and, since 2008, 30 November (St Andrew's Day) is a bank holiday in Scotland. St Piran's Day (patron saint of Cornwall) on 5 March is already given as an unofficial day off to many government and other workers in the county, and there are renewed calls for the government to recognise this as an official bank holiday there.[18][19]

text: Proposed move of May Day Bank Holiday (England and Wales)[edit]

text: After the election of the Coalition Government in May 2010, the Department of Culture, Media and Sport launched a pre-consultation in 2011 which included the suggestion of moving the May Day Bank Holiday to October, to be a "UK Day" or "Trafalgar Day" (21 October) or to St David's Day and St George's Day.[20]

text: It is suggested that a move from the May bank holiday to a St Piran's Day bank holiday in Cornwall, on 5 March, would benefit the Cornish economy by £20–35 million.[21]

text: 1968 Emergency Bank Holiday[edit]

text: During the sterling crisis of 1968, Prime Minister Harold Wilson convened a meeting of the privy council in the early hours of 14 March to declare 15 March a non-statutory bank holiday. This allowed the UK government to close the London gold market to stem the losses being suffered by the British pound.[22] It was this meeting that triggered the resignation of Foreign Secretary George Brown.

text: UK Bank Holiday sales[edit]

text: In the UK every bank holiday retailers display large sales to entice people to shop on their bank holiday days off. Sales can reach up to 70% off across certain stores. Customers will normally wait for these sales to purchase their home electronics and furniture.[citation needed] The sales are on every year but the bank holiday sales dates can change from year to year. In the UK Argos, Currys and Amazon are the largest retailers that not only have the biggest sales but also see the most revenue over these days.[citation needed]

text: Boxing Day[edit]

text: Boxing Day is a holiday celebrated in Britain, Australia, New Zealand, Canada and other Commonwealth countries. Boxing Day originated in England in the middle of the nineteenth century under Queen Victoria. For years in which the holiday falls on a weekend, the celebration is moved to make sure workers still get a day off (except in Canada, where it remains 26 Dec.) In the UK it is classed as a Bank Holiday.

text: List of current holidays in the United Kingdom, Ireland and the Isle of Man[edit]

text:
Current bank and public holidays

Date
Name
England and Wales[23] (8)
Scotland[23] (9)
Northern Ireland[24](10)
Republic of Ireland[25] (9)
Isle of Man[26] (10)

1 January[1]
New Year's Day
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y

2 January[1]
2 January

Y

17 March[1]
St Patrick's Day

Y
Y

The Friday before Easter Sunday
Good Friday
Y
Y
Y

Y

The Monday after Easter Sunday
Easter Monday
Y

Y
Y
Y

First Monday in May[2][3]
Early May Bank Holiday
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y

Last Monday in May[4][5]
Spring Bank Holiday / Late May Bank Holiday
Y
Y
Y

Y

First Monday in June
June Bank Holiday

Y

First Friday in June
TT Bank Holiday

Y

5 July
Tynwald Day

Y

12 July[1]
The Twelfth (Battle of the Boyne)

Y

First Monday in August
Summer Bank Holiday

Y

Y

Last Monday in August
Late Summer Bank Holiday / August Bank Holiday
Y

Y

Y

Last Monday in October
October Bank Holiday

Y

30 November[1]
St Andrew's Day

Y

25 December[1]
Christmas Day
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y

26 December[1]
Boxing Day / St Stephen's Day
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y

text:
In the past, additional one-off bank holidays have included: (i) Wednesday 14 November 1973, to celebrate the Wedding of Princess Anne and Captain Mark Phillips at Westminster Abbey; (ii) Tuesday 7 June 1977, to celebrate The Queen’s Silver Jubilee; (iii) Wednesday 29 July 1981, to celebrate the Wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer at St. Paul's Cathedral;
[27] (iv) Friday 31 December 1999, to enable people to prepare for the festivities to mark the arrival of the new millennium;[6] (v) Monday 3 June 2002 to celebrate The Queen's Golden Jubilee (Spring Bank Holiday was moved to Tuesday 4 June 2002);[28] (vi) Friday 29 April 2011, to celebrate the Wedding of Prince William and Kate Middleton; (vii) Tuesday 5 June 2012, to celebrate The Queen's Diamond Jubilee

text:
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g When the stated date falls on a Saturday or Sunday, the following Monday is normally designated a public holiday instead. When Christmas Day falls on a Saturday (and thus 26 December on a Sunday), Monday 27 December and Tuesday 28 December are the designated substitute public holidays.

Jump up ^ In 1995 this holiday was moved to 8 May – to commemorate the 50th anniversary of VE Day.

Jump up ^ In 2011 an additional public holiday was declared to ensure that most people would have a chance to celebrate the Wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton, making a four-day weekend as May day was on the following Monday."Royal Wedding: Prince William and Kate set date". BBC. 23 November 2010. Archived from the original on 24 November 2010. Retrieved 23 November 2010.

Jump up ^ In 2002 this holiday was moved to 4 June. This caused it to follow an extra bank holiday on 3 June, making a four-day weekend to celebrate the Golden Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II.

Jump up ^ In 2012 this holiday was moved to 4 June. It was then followed by an extra holiday on 5 June, making a four-day weekend to celebrate the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II.

Jump up ^ House of Commons Hansard Written Answers for 3 June 1998, Hansard, 3 June 1998, retrieved 28 January 2012 .

text: In Australia[edit]

text: Public holidays are not generally known as "bank holidays" in Australia, although in the state of Victoria, where all statutory holidays, their substitutes, and Saturdays are legally defined as "bank holidays".[29]

text: In two other states there are two particular public holidays, for specific occupations only, which are officially known as "Bank Holiday":

text:
in New South Wales has a "Bank Holiday" on the first Monday in August – for bank employees only.
in Tasmania, Easter Tuesday is a holiday for bank and government employees only.

text: In Hong Kong[edit]

text: In Hong Kong, the term "bank holiday" is used colloquially to refer to public holidays.

text: In India[edit]

text: In India, 15 of the public holidays are bank holidays.

text: In Ireland[edit]

text: In Ireland, "bank holiday" is a colloquial term, sometimes used incorrectly for what are officially "public holidays". A bank holiday in Ireland are only days in which Bank employees are off, e.g. Good Friday is a Bank Holiday, but not a Public Holiday.