document_title: Selective Service System

question_text: when do you age out of selective service

text: Selective Service System

text: History[edit]

text: 1917 to 1920[edit]

text: Owing to very slow enlistment following the U.S. declaration of war against Germany on April 6, the Selective Service Act of 1917 (40 Stat. 76) was passed by the 65th United States Congress on May 18, 1917, creating the Selective Service System to raise an army to fight in Europe.[10] The Act gave the President the power to conscript men for military service. All men aged 21 to 30 were required to register for military service for a service period of 12 months. As of mid-November 1917, all registrants were placed in one of five new classifications. Men in Class I were the first to be drafted, and men in lower classifications were deferred. Dependency deferments for registrants who were fathers or husbands were especially widespread.[11] The age limit was later raised in August 1918 to a maximum age of 45. The military draft was discontinued in 1920.

text: 1940 to 1947[edit]

text:
War
Years Active
Number of
Wartime Draftees[12]

World War I
Sept 1917 – Nov 1918
2,810,296

World War II
Nov 1940 – Oct 1946
10,110,104

Korean War
June 1950 – June 1953
1,529,539

Vietnam War
Aug 1964 – Feb 1973
1,857,304

text: The Selective Training and Service Act of 1940 was passed by Congress on September 16, 1940, establishing the first peacetime conscription in United States history.[13] It required all men between the ages of 18 to 64 to register with Selective Service. It originally conscripted all men aged 21 to 35 for a service period of 12 months. In 1941 the military service period was extended to 18 months; later that year the age bracket was increased to include men aged 18 to 37. Following the sneak Japanese air raid attack on Pearl Harbor on Sunday, December 7th, 1941, and the subsequent declarations of war by the United States against the Empire of Japan and then a few days later against Nazi Germany, the service period was subsequently extended in early 1942 to last for the duration of the war plus a six-month service in the Organized Reserves.

text: The Selective Service System created by the 1940 Act was terminated by the Act of March 31, 1947.[14][15]

text: 1948 to 1969[edit]

text: The Selective Service Act of 1948, enacted in June of that year, created a new and separate system, the basis for the modern system.[15] All men 18 years and older had to register with Selective Service. All men between the ages of 19 to 26 were eligible to be drafted for a service requirement of 21 months. This was followed by a commitment for either 12 consecutive months of active service or 36 consecutive months of service in the reserves, with a statutory term of military service set at a minimum of five years total. Conscripts could volunteer for military service in the Regular United States Army for a term of four years or the Organized Reserves for a term of six years. Due to deep postwar budget cuts, only 100,000 conscripts were chosen in 1948. In 1950, the number of conscripts was greatly increased to meet the demands of the Korean War (1950–1953).

text: The outbreak of the Korean War fostered the creation of the Universal Military Training and Service Act of 1951 (Selective Service Act of 1948). This lowered the draft age from 19 to  18 1⁄2, increased active-duty service time from 21 to 24 months, and set the statutory term of military service at a minimum of eight years. Students attending a college or training program full-time could request an exemption, which was extended as long as they were students. A Universal Military Training clause was inserted that would have made all men obligated to perform 12 months of military service and training if the Act was amended by later legislation. Despite successive attempts over the next several years, however, such legislation was never passed.

text: 35th President John F. Kennedy set up Executive Order 11119 (signed on September 10, 1963), granting an exemption from conscription for married men between the ages of 19 and 26. His Vice President and successor as 36th President Lyndon B. Johnson later rescinded the exemption for married men without children by Executive Order 11241 (signed on August 26, 1965 and going into effect on midnight of that date). However, married men with children or other dependents and men married before the Executive Order went into effect were still exempt. 40th President Ronald Reagan revoked both of them with Executive Order 12553 (signed on February 25, 1986).

text: The Military Selective Service Act of 1967 (Selective Service Act of 1948) expanded the ages of conscription to the ages of 18 to 35. It still granted student deferments, but ended them upon either the student's completion of a four-year degree or his 24th birthday, whichever came first.

text: 1969 to 1975[edit]

text: On November 26, 1969, 37th President Richard Nixon signed an amendment to the Military Selective Service Act of 1967 (Selective Service Act of 1948) that established conscription based on random selection (lottery).[16] The first draft lottery was held on December 1, 1969; it determined the order of call for induction during calendar year 1970, for registrants born between January 1, 1944, and December 31, 1950.[17] The second lottery, on July 1, 1970, pertained to men born in 1951. The highest lottery number called for possible induction was 125.[18] The third was on August 5, 1971, pertaining to men born in 1952; the highest lottery number called was 95.[19]

text: In 1971, the Military Selective Service Act (Selective Service Act of 1948) was further amended to make registration compulsory; all men had to register within a period 30 days before and 29 days after their 18th birthday. Registrants were classified 1-A (eligible for military service), 1-AO (Conscientious Objector available for non-combatant military service), and 1-O (Conscientious Objector available for alternate community service). Student deferments were ended, except for divinity students, who received a 2-D Selective Service classification. Men which were not classifiable as eligible for service due to a disqualification were classified 1-N. Men who are incapable of serving for medical or psychological unfitness are classified 4-F. Also, draft board membership requirements were reformed: minimum age of board members was dropped from 30 to 18, members over 65 or who had served on the board for 20 or more years had to retire, and membership had to proportionally reflect the ethnic and cultural makeup of the local community.

text: The fourth and final lottery drawing was held on February 2, 1972, pertaining to men born in 1953, who would have been called to report for induction in 1973. But no new draft orders were issued after 1972.[20] On January 27, 1973, Secretary of Defense Melvin R. Laird announced the creation of an all-volunteer armed forces, negating the need for the military draft.[21]

text: On March 29, 1975, 38th President Gerald R. Ford, whose own son, Steven Ford, had earlier failed to register for the draft as required,[22] signed Proclamation 4360 (Terminating Registration Procedures Under Military Selective Service Act), eliminating the registration requirement for all 18- to 25-year-old male citizens.[23]

text: 1980 to present[edit]

text: On July 2, 1980, 39th President Jimmy Carter signed Proclamation 4771 (Registration Under the Military Selective Service Act) in response to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in the previous year of 1979,[24] retroactively re-establishing the Selective Service registration requirement for all 18- to 26-year-old male citizens born on or after January 1, 1960.[25] As a result, only men born between March 29, 1957, and December 31, 1959, were completely exempt from Selective Service registration.[26]

text: The first registrations after Proclamation 4771 took place at various post offices across the nation on July 21, 1980, for men born in calendar year 1960. Pursuant to the Presidential proclamation, all those men born in 1960 were required to register that week. Men born in 1961 were required to register the following week. Men born in 1962 were required to register during the week beginning January 5, 1981. Men born in 1963 and after were required to register within 30 days after their 18th birthday.[25]

text: In 2014, due to a clerical error at the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation, information about 14,250 men born in the years 1893–97 (in addition to 1993–97) was provided to the Selective Service System. Draft registration notices were then sent to the men.[27]

text: A bill to abolish the Selective Service System was introduced in the United States House of Representatives on February 10, 2016.[28] H.R. 4523 would (a) end draft registration and eliminate the authority of the President to order anyone to register for the draft, (b) abolish the Selective Service System, and (c) effectively repeal the "Solomon Amendments" making registration for the draft a condition of Federal student aid, jobs, and job training. The bill would leave in place, however, laws in some states making registration for the draft a condition of some state benefits.[29] On June 9, 2016, a similar bill was introduced in the United States Senate, called the "Muhammad Ali Voluntary Service Act".[30]

text: On April 27, 2016, the House Armed Services Committee voted to add an amendment[31] to the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017[32] to extend the authority for draft registration to women. On May 12, 2016, the Senate Armed Services Committee voted to add a similar provision to its version of the bill.[33] If the bill including this provision would have been enacted into law, it would authorize (but not require) the President to order young women as well as young men to register with the Selective Service System.[34]

text: Who must register[edit]

text: Under current law, all male US citizens between 18–25 years of age are required to register within 30 days of their 18th birthday. In addition, non-US citizen men between the ages of 18 and 25 (inclusive) living in the United States must register. This includes permanent residents, refugees, asylum seekers, and undocumented immigrants.[2] Foreign men lawfully present in the United States who are non-immigrants, such as international students, visitors, and diplomats, are not required to register.[2] Aliens on lawful non-immigrant status are not required to register so long as they remain in that status. If an alien's non-immigrant status lapses while he is in the United States, he will be required to register.[35] Failure to register as required is grounds for denying a petition for US citizenship. Currently, citizens who are 17 and 3 months old can pre-register so when they turn 18 their information will automatically be added into the system.

text: In the current registration system, a man cannot indicate that he is a conscientious objector (CO) to war when registering, but he can make such a claim when being drafted. Some men choose to write on the registration card "I am a conscientious objector to war" to document their conviction, even though the government will not have such a classification until there is a draft.[36] A number of private organizations have programs for conscientious objectors to file a written record stating their beliefs.[37][38][39][40][41]

text: In 1987, Congress ordered the Selective Service System to put in place a system capable of drafting "persons qualified for practice or employment in a health care occupation" in case such a special-skills draft should be ordered by Congress. In response, the Selective Service published plans for the "Health Care Personnel Delivery System" (HCPDS) in 1989, and has had them ready ever since. The concept underwent a preliminary field exercise in Fiscal Year 1998, followed by a more extensive nationwide readiness exercise in Fiscal Year 1999.[42] The HCPDS plans include women and men age 20–54 in 57 job categories.[43]

text: Women as well as female-to-male transgender individuals who identify as male or have had sexual reassignment surgery are not required to register.[44] Failure to register can cause problems such as denial of Pell Grants, even when registration would not have been allowed.[45]

text: Until their 26th birthday, registered men must notify Selective Service within 10 days of any changes to information regarding his status, such as name, current mailing address, permanent residence address, and "all information concerning his status ... which the classifying authority mails him a request therefor."[4][46]

text: Failure to register[edit]

text: In 1980, men who knew they were required to register and did not do so could face up to five years in prison and/or a fine up to $50,000 if convicted. The potential fine was later increased to $250,000. Despite these possible penalties, government records indicate that from 1980 through 1986 there were only 20 indictments, of which 19 were instigated in part by self-publicized and self-reported non-registration.[47]

text: A principal element for conviction under the Act is proving a violation of the Act was intentional, i.e. knowing and willful. In the opinion of legal experts, this is almost impossible to prove unless there is evidence of a prospective defendant knowing about his obligation to register and intentionally chosing not to do so. Or, for example, when there is evidence the government at any time provided notice to the prospective defendant to register or report for induction, he was given an opportunity to comply, and the prospective defendant chose not to do so.

text: The last prosecution for non-registration was in January 1986. In interviews published in U.S. News & World Report in May 2016, current and former Selective Service System officials said that in 1988, the Department of Justice and Selective Service agreed to suspend any further prosecutions of non-registrants.[48] No law since 1980 has required anyone to possess, carry, or show a draft card, and routine checks requiring identification virtually never include a request for a draft card.

text:
Year
Total draftees[12]

1917
516,212

1918
2,294,084

1940
18,633

1941
923,842

1942
3,033,361

1943
3,323,970

1944
1,591,942

1945
945,862

1946
183,383

1947
0

1948
20,348

1949
9,781

1950
219,771

1951
551,806

1952
438,479

1953
473,806

1954
253,230

1955
152,777

1956
137,940

1957
138,504

1958
142,246

1959
96,143

1960
86,602

1961
118,586

1962
82,060

1963
119,265

1964
112,386

1965
230,991

1966
382,010

1967
228,263

1968
296,406

1969
283,586

1970
162,746

1971
94,092

1972
49,514

1973
646

text: As an alternative method of encouraging or coercing registration, laws were passed requiring that in order to receive financial aid, federal grants and loans, certain government benefits, eligibility for most federal employment, and (if the person is an immigrant) eligibility for citizenship, a young man had to be registered (or had to have been registered, if they are over 26 but were required to register between 18 and 26) with Selective Service. Those who were required to register, but failed to do so before they turn 26, are no longer allowed to register, and thus may be permanently barred from federal jobs and other benefits, unless they can show to the Selective Service that their failure was not knowing and willful.[7] There is a procedure to provide an "information letter" to the Selective Service for those in these situations, for example recent citizens who entered the US after their 26th birthday.[49]

text: Most states, as well as the District of Columbia, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, and Virgin Islands, have passed laws requiring registration for men 18–25 to be eligible for programs that vary on a per-jurisdiction basis but typically include driver's licenses, state-funded higher education benefits, and state government jobs.[50] Alaska also requires registration to receive an Alaska Permanent Fund dividend.[50] Eight states (Connecticut, Indiana, Nebraska, Oregon, Vermont, Washington, and Wyoming) as well as Puerto Rico have no such requirements, though Indiana does give men 18–25 the option of registering with Selective Service when obtaining a drivers license or an identification card.[50] The Department of Motor Vehicles of 27 states and 2 territories automatically register young men 18–25 with the Selective Service whenever they apply for driver licenses, learner permits, or non-driver identification cards.[51][52]

text: There are some third-party organized efforts to compensate financial aid for those students losing benefits, including the Fund for Education and Training (FEAT) and Student Aid Fund for Non-registrants.[53][54]

text: Alien or dual-national registrant status[edit]

text: Some registrants are not American citizens, or have dual nationality of the U.S. and another country; they fall instead into one of the following categories:

text:
Alien or Dual National: An alien is a person who is not a citizen of the United States. A dual national is a person who is a citizen of the United States and another country. They are defined in four classes.

A registrant who has resided in the United States for less than one year. When two or more periods of U.S. residency are involved which total one year or more, the registrant will be deemed to have resided in the United States for one year and will be ineligible for Class 4-C. In computing the length of such periods, any portion of one day shall be counted as a day. He will be eligible for this class only until he has resided in the United States for one year. To support this claim he must submit his Immigration and Naturalization Service Form 1-151 (Alien Registration Receipt Card), showing his date of entry into the United States. If he has resided in the United States for two or more periods, he must furnish documentation for each period of residence. A registrant who receives this classification will be exempt from military training and service during his first year's residence in the US, but will become liable for service following his cumulative one year residence.
A registrant who left the United States before his Order to Report for Induction was issued and whose order has not been canceled. He may be classified in Class 4-C only for the period he resides outside of the United States. Upon his return to the United States, he must report the date of return and his current address to the Selective Service Area Office.
A registrant who registered at a time required by Selective Service law and thereafter acquired status within one of its groups of persons exempt from registration. He will be eligible for this class only during the period of his exempt status. To support this claim, the registrant must submit documentation from the diplomatic agency of the country of which he is a subject verifying his exempt status.
A registrant, lawfully admitted for permanent residence, as defined in Paragraph (2) of Section 101(a) of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952, as amended (66 Stat. 163, 8 U.S.C. 1101) who, by reason of their occupational status, is subject to adjustment to non-immigrant status under paragraph (15)(A), (15)(E), or (15)(G) or section 101(a). In this case, the person must also have executed a waiver of all rights, privileges, exemptions, and immunities which would otherwise accrue to him as a result of his occupational status. To support this claim, the registrant must submit documentation from the diplomatic agency of the country of which he is a subject verifying his occupational status.

Dual national: The person is a citizen of both the United States and another country at the same time. The country must be one that allows its citizens dual citizenship and the registrant must be able to obtain and produce the proper papers to affirm this status.[55]
Treaty alien: Due to a treaty or international arrangement with the alien's country of origin, the registrant can choose to be ineligible for military training and service in the armed forces of the United States. However, once this exemption is taken, he can never apply for U.S. citizenship and may become inadmissible to reenter the U.S. after leaving[56] unless he already served in the Armed Forces of a foreign country of which the alien was a national.[57] Nevertheless, an alien who establishes clear and convincing evidence of certain factors may still override this kind of bar to naturalization.[58]

tag: ul

text: Legal issues[edit]

text: The Selective Service System is authorized by the Article I, Section 8 of the United States Constitution which says Congress "shall have Power To ... raise and support Armies [and] To provide and maintain a Navy;" The Selective Service Act is the law which established the Selective Service System under these provisions.

text: The act has been challenged in light of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution which prohibits "involuntary servitude".[59] These challenges, however, have not been supported by the courts; as the Supreme Court stated in Butler v. Perry (1916):

text: The amendment was adopted with reference to conditions existing since the foundation of our government, and the term 'involuntary servitude' was intended to cover those forms of compulsory labor akin to African slavery which, in practical operation, would tend to produce like undesirable results. It introduced no novel doctrine with respect of services always treated as exceptional, and certainly was not intended to interdict enforcement of those duties which individuals owe to the state, such as services in the army, militia, on the jury, etc.[60]

text: During the First World War, the Supreme Court ruled in Arver v. United States (1918), also known as the Selective Draft Law Cases, that the draft did not violate the Constitution.[61]

text: Later, during the Vietnam War, a federal appellate court also concluded that the draft was constitutional in Holmes v. United States (1968).[62]

text: Since the reinstatement of draft registration in 1980, the Supreme Court has heard and decided four cases related to the Military Selective Service Act: Rostker v. Goldberg, 453 U.S. 57 (1981), upholding the constitutionality of requiring men but not women to register for the draft; Selective Service v. Minnesota Public Interest Research Group (MPIRG), 468 U.S. 841 (1984), upholding the constitutionality of the "Solomon Amendment", which requires applicants for Federal student aid to certify that they have complied with draft registration, either by having registered or by not being required to register; Wayte v. United States, 470 U.S. 598 (1985), upholding the policies and procedures which the Supreme Court thought the government had used to select the "most vocal" non-registrants for prosecution, after the government refused to comply with discovery orders by the trial court to produce documents and witnesses related to the selection of non-registrants for prosecution; and Elgin v. Department of the Treasury, 567 U.S. ____ (2012), regarding procedures for judicial review of denial of Federal employment for non-registrants.[63]

text: Exemption of women[edit]

text: Selective Service law as it is written now refers specifically to "male persons" in stating who must register and who would be drafted. For women to be required to register with the Selective Service, Congress would have to amend the law, which currently exempts women from registration.[64]

text: The constitutionality of excluding women was decided in 1981 by the United States Supreme Court in Rostker v. Goldberg, with the Court holding that requiring only men to register did not violate the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment.

text: The existence of the combat restrictions clearly indicates the basis for Congress' decision to exempt women from registration. The purpose of registration was to prepare for a draft of combat troops. Since women are excluded from combat, Congress concluded that they would not be needed in the event of a draft, and therefore decided not to register them.[65]

text: At the request of President Bill Clinton, the Department of Defense reviewed the issue in 1994, noting that because women are excluded by policy from front-line combat positions, excluding them from the draft process remains justifiable in DoD's view. Although no conclusions were reached, DoD recognized that policies regarding women need to be reviewed periodically because the role of women in the military continues to expand. The Selective Service System takes the position that it would be able to register and draft women with its existing infrastructure, if given the mission and additional funding.[64]

text: On January 23, 2013, the Pentagon decided to end its policy of excluding women from combat positions. Military and legal analysts speculate that this will open the door for Congress to begin the process to amend the law and remove the exemption from registration requirements.[66][67] In July 2015, a 17-year-old girl in New Jersey sued the Selective Service System for the right to register for the draft.[68]

text: The National Coalition for Men has filed a lawsuit that challenges the legality of requiring only men to register for the military draft.[69][70] The lawsuit was filed against the U.S. Selective Service System in the United States District Court for the Central District of California on April 4, 2013, Case Number 2:13-cv-02391-DSF-MAN.[71] The case was dismissed on July 29, 2013,[72] and the NCFM filed for appeal on June 25, 2014 in the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.[73] Oral argument before a 3-judge panel of the Court of Appeals for the 9th Circuit was held on December 8, 2015.[74] On February 19, 2016, the 9th Circuit reversed the decision of the District Court on the issue of ripeness, and remanded the case for further proceedings on standing and the other issues.[75] Another case challenging the Constitutionality of male-only draft registration, Kyle v. Selective Service System, is pending in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey.[76]

text: Bills have been introduced in Congress or announced as planned to be introduced to require women to register whenever the President orders women to register, to prohibit the President from ordering women to register, and to repeal the Military Selective Service Act and thereby eliminate the authority of the President to order anyone to register.[77][78][79]

text: On June 15, 2016, the United States Senate passed a bill to include women in Selective Service registration.[80] 2016 Democratic candidate for President Hillary Clinton announced her support for the measure.[81]

text: Structure and operation[edit]

text: The Selective Service System is an independent federal agency within the Executive Branch of the federal government of the United States. The Director of the Selective Service System reports directly to the President of the United States.[82]

text: During peacetime, the agency comprises a National Headquarters, three Regional Headquarters and a Data Management Center. Even during peacetime, the agency is also aided by 11,000 volunteers serving on local boards and district appeal boards.[83] During a mobilization (draft), the agency would greatly expand by activating an additional 56 State Headquarters, 400+ Area Offices as well as 40+ Alternative Service Offices.[84]

text: The agency's budget for the 2015–2016 fiscal year was about $23 million. In early 2016, the agency said that if women were required to register, its budget would need to be increased by about $9 million in the first year, and slightly less in subsequent years.[85] This does not include any budget or expenses for enforcing or attempting to enforce the Military Selective Service Act. Costs of investigating, prosecuting, and imprisoning violators would be included in the budget of the Department of Justice[citation needed].

text: Mobilization (draft) procedures[edit]

text: The description below is for a general draft under the current Selective Service regulations. Any or all of these procedures could be changed by Congress as part of the same legislation that would authorize inductions, or through separate legislation, so there is no guarantee that this is how any draft would actually work. Different procedures would be followed for a special-skills draft, such as activation of the Health Care Personnel Delivery System (HCPDS).

text:
Congress and the President authorize a draft: The president claims a crisis has occurred which requires more troops than the volunteer military can supply. Congress passes and the President signs legislation which revises the Military Selective Service Act to initiate a draft for military manpower.
The Lottery: A lottery based on birthdays determines the order in which registered men are called up by Selective Service. The first to be called, in a sequence determined by the lottery, will be men whose 20th birthday falls during the calendar year the induction takes place, followed, if needed, by those aged 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 19 and 18 year olds (in that order).
All parts of the Selective Service System are activated: The Agency activates and orders its State Directors and Reserve Force Officers to report for duty.
Physical, mental and moral evaluation of registrants: Registrants with low lottery numbers receive examination orders and are ordered to report for a physical, mental, and moral evaluation at a Military Entrance Processing Station (MEPS) to determine whether they are fit for military service. Once he is notified of the results of the evaluation, a registrant will be given 10 days to file a claim for exemption, postponement, or deferment.
Local and appeal boards activated and induction notices sent: Local and Appeal Boards will begin processing registrant claims/appeals. Those who passed the military evaluation will receive induction orders. An inductee will have 10 days to report to a local Military Entrance Processing Station for induction.
First draftees are inducted: According to current plans, Selective Service must deliver the first inductees to the military within 193 days from the onset of a crisis.[86]

text: Lottery procedures[edit]

text: If the agency were to mobilize and conduct a draft, a lottery would be held in full view of the public. First, all days of the year are placed into a capsule at random. Second, the numbers 1–365 (1–366 for lotteries held with respect to a leap year) are placed into a second capsule. These two capsules are certified for procedure, sealed in a drum, and stored.

text: In the event of a draft, the drums are taken out of storage and inspected to make sure they have not been tampered with. The lottery then takes place, and each date is paired with a number at random. For example, if January 16 is picked from the "date" capsule and the number 59 picked from the "number" capsule, all men of age 20 born on January 16 will be the 59th group to receive induction notices. This process continues until all dates are matched with a number.

text: Should all dates be used, the Selective Service will first conscript men at the age of 20, then 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 19, and 18. Once all dates are paired, the dates will be sent to Selective Service System's Data Management Center.[87]

text: Classifications[edit]

text:
Class
Categories (1948–1975)[88]

1-A
Available for unrestricted military service.

1-A-O
Conscientious objector available for noncombatant military service only.

1-C
Member of the Armed Forces of the United States, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, or the Public Health Service. Enlisted (Enl.): member who volunteered for service. Inducted (Ind.): member who was conscripted into service. Discharged (Dis.): member released after completing service; later changed to Class 4-A. Separated (Sep.): member released before completing service; may be recalled to service if their status has changed.

1-D
Members of a reserve component (Reserves or National Guard), students taking military training (Service Academy, Senior Military College, or ROTC), or accepted Aviation Cadet applicants (1942–1975).

1-D-D
Deferment for certain members of a reserve component or student taking military training.

1-D-E
Exemption of certain members of a reserve component or student taking military training.

1-H
Registrant not currently subject to processing for induction or alternative service.
Note: Within the cessation of registrant processing in 1976, all registrants (except for a few alleged violators of the Military Selective Service Act) were classified 1-H regardless of any previous classification.

1-O
Conscientious objector to all military service. A registrant must establish to the satisfaction of the board that his request for exemption from combatant and noncombatant military training and service in the Armed Forces is based upon moral, ethical or religious beliefs which play a significant role in his life and that his objection to participation in war is not confined to a particular war. The registrant is still required to serve in civilian alternative service.

1-O-S
Conscientious objector to all military service (Separated). A registrant separated from the Armed Forces due to objection to participation in both combatant and noncombatant training and service in the Armed Forces. The registrant is still required to serve in civilian alternative service.

1-S (H)
Student deferred by statute (High School). Induction can be deferred either until graduation or until reaching the age of 20.

1-S (C)
Student deferred by statute (College). Induction can be deferred either to the end of the student's current semester if an undergraduate or until the end of the academic year if a Senior.

1-W
Conscientious objector currently performing assigned alternative service. They must serve for a set period of time equal to their owed national service (currently 24 consecutive months).

1-W-R
(Released) Conscientious objector who satisfactorily completed their service. This was later changed to Class 4-W.

1-Y
Registrant qualified for service only in time of war or national emergency.
Note: The 1-Y classification was abolished December 10, 1971. Local boards were subsequently instructed to reclassify all 1-Y registrants by administrative action.

2-A
Registrant deferred because of essential civilian non-agricultural occupation. Also includes deferments due to full-time study or training in an essential trade or profession at a trade school, community or junior college, or an approved apprenticeship program.

2-B
Registrant deferred because of occupation in a war industry or a trade or profession considered essential to national defense: (Defense contractor or reserved occupation). This exemption was discontinued in 1951.

2-C
Registrant deferred because of agricultural occupation.

2-D
Registrant is a divinity student attending an accredited theological or divinity school to be prepared for the ministry. Deferment lasted either until graduation or until the registrant reached the age of 24. Exemption was created in December 1971. Previously considered part of Class 4-D.

2-S
Registrant deferred because of collegiate study. Deferment lasted either until graduation or until the registrant reached the age of 24. Exemption was discontinued in December 1971.
It previously also deferred graduate students studying medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine, osteopathy and optometry, and graduate students in their fifth year of continuous study toward a doctoral degree. The exemption for graduate and doctoral students was discontinued in 1967.

3-A
Registrant deferred because of hardship to dependents.

3-A-S
Registrant deferred because of hardship to dependents (Separated). Current serving member or registrant undergoing induction separated from military service due to a change in family status. The registrant's deferment can last no longer than six months, after which they may re-file if the hardship continues to exist.

4-A
Registrant who has completed military service.

4-A-A
Registrant who has performed military service for a foreign nation.

4-B
Official deferred by law.

4-C
Alien or dual national.

4-D
Minister of religion, formally ordained by a recognized religion, and serving as a full-time minister with a church and congregation.

4-E
Conscientious objector opposed to both combatant and noncombatant training and service. Alternative service in lieu of induction may still be required. Created in 1948; changed to Class 1-O in 1951.

4-F
Registrant not acceptable for military service. To be eligible for Class 4-F, a registrant must have been found not qualified for service in the Armed Forces by a Military Entrance Processing Station (MEPS) under the established physical, mental, or moral standards. The standards of physical fitness that would be used in a future draft would come from AR 40-501.[89]

4-G
Registrant exempted from service because of the death of a parent or sibling while serving in the Armed Forces or whose parent or sibling has Prisoner of War or Missing In Action status.

4-T
Treaty Alien.

4-W
Conscientious objector who has fully and satisfactorily completed alternative service in lieu of induction.

5-A
Registrant who is over either the age of liability if a deferment had not been taken (currently 26+ years) or (where applicable) the age of liability if a deferment with extended liability had been taken (currently 35+ years).

text: Present[edit]

text: If a draft were authorized by Congress, without any other changes being made in the law, local boards would classify registrants to determine whether they were exempt from military service. According to the Code of Federal Regulations Title 32, Chapter XVI, Sec. 1630.2,[90] men would be sorted into the following categories:

text:
Class
Present categories[88]

1-A
Available for unrestricted military service.

1-A-O
Conscientious objector available for noncombatant military service only.

1-C
Member of the Armed Forces of the United States, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, or the Public Health Service.

1-D-D
Deferment for certain members of a reserve component or student taking military training.

1-D-E
Exemption for certain members of a reserve component or student taking military training.

1-H
Registrant Not Subject to Processing for Induction. Registrant is not subject to processing for induction until a draft is enacted. All current registrants are classified 1-H until they reach the age of exemption, when they then receive the classification of 5-A.

1-O
Conscientious objectors opposed to both combatant & noncombatant military training & service. Fulfills service obligation as a civilian alternative service worker.

1-O-S
Any registrant who has been separated from the Armed Forces (including their reserve components) by reason of conscientious objection to participation in both combatant and noncombatant training and service in the Armed Forces. Fulfills service obligation as a civilian alternative service worker.

1-W
Conscientious objector currently performing assigned alternative service. They must serve for a set period of time equal to their owed national service (currently 24 consecutive months).

2-D
Divinity student; deferred from military service.

3-A
Hardship deferment; deferred from military service because service would cause hardship upon their families

3-A-S
Hardship deferment; separated from military service because service would cause hardship upon their families

4-A
Registrant who has completed military service; may be recalled to service in time of war or national emergency.

4-B
Official deferred by law.

4-C
Alien or dual national; sometimes exempt from military service.

4-D
Ministers of religion; exempted from military service.

4-F
Registrant not acceptable for military service. This maybe because of learning disabilities, drug abuse or alcoholism, criminal record or mental health problems, being an amputee/tetraplegia, etc.

4-G
Registrant exempted from service because of the death of his parent or sibling while serving in the Armed Forces or whose parent or sibling is in a captured or missing in action status.

4-T
Treaty Alien. Registrant is alien exempt from military service under a treaty between the United States and his country, and has applied to be exempted from liability for training and service in the Armed Forces of the United States.

4-W
Conscientious objector who has satisfactorily completed their alternative service (currently a period of 24 consecutive months).

4-A-A
Registrant who has performed military service for a foreign nation.

text: Directors[edit]

text:
Director[91]
Tenure
Appointed by

1.
Clarence Addison Dykstra
1940-10-15 – 1941-04-01
Franklin D. Roosevelt

2.
Lewis Blaine Hershey
1941-07-31 – 1970-02-15
Franklin D. Roosevelt

Dee Ingold
1970-02-15 – 1970-04-06
(Acting)

3.
Curtis W. Tarr
1970-04-06 – 1972-05-01
Richard Nixon

Byron V. Pepitone
1972-05-01 – 1973-04-01
(Acting)

4.
Byron V. Pepitone
1973-04-02 – 1977-07-31
Richard Nixon

Robert E. Shuck
1977-08-01 – 1979-11-25
(Acting)

5.
Bernard D. Rostker
1979-11-26 – 1981-07-31
Jimmy Carter

James G. Bond
1981-08-01 – 1981-10-30
(Acting)

6.
Thomas K. Turnage
1981-10-30 – 1986-03-23
Ronald Reagan

Wilfred L. Ebel
1986-03-24 – 1987-07-08
(Acting)

Jerry D. Jennings
1987-07-09 – 1987-12-17
(Acting)

7.
Samuel K. Lessey Jr.
1987-12-18 – 1991-03-07
Ronald Reagan

8.
Robert W. Gambino
1991-03-08 – 1994-01-31
George H. W. Bush

G. Huntington Banister
1994-02-01 – 1994-10-06
(Acting)

9.
Gil Coronado
1994-10-07 – 2001-05-23
Bill Clinton

10.
Alfred V. Rascon
2001-05-24 – 2003-01-02
George W. Bush

Lewis C. Brodsky
2003-01-03 – 2004-04-28
(Acting)

Jack Martin
2004-04-29 – 2004-11-28
(Acting)

11.
William A. Chatfield
2004-11-29 – 2009-05-29
George W. Bush

Ernest E. Garcia
2009-05-29 – 2009-12-04
(Acting)

12.
Lawrence Romo
2009-12-04 – 2017-01-20
Barack Obama

Adam J. Copp
2017-01-20 – 2017-04-13
(Acting)

13.
Donald M. Benton
2017-04-13 – present
Donald Trump


document_title: Pulmonary circulation

question_text: where does blood go from the pulmonary artery

root

text: Pulmonary circulation

text: Structure[edit]

text: Deoxygenated blood leaves the heart, goes to the lungs, and then re-enters the heart; Deoxygenated blood leaves through the right ventricle through the pulmonary artery. From the right atrium, the blood is pumped through the tricuspid valve (or right atrioventricular valve), into the right ventricle. Blood is then pumped from the right ventricle through the pulmonary valve and into the main pulmonary artery.

tag: p

text: Lungs[edit]

text: The pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs, where carbon dioxide is released and oxygen is picked up during respiration. Arteries are further divided into very fine capillaries which are extremely thin-walled. The pulmonary vein returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium of the heart.

text: Veins[edit]

text: The oxygenated blood then leaves the lungs through pulmonary veins, which return it to the left heart, completing the pulmonary cycle. This blood then enters the left atrium, which pumps it through the mitral valve into the left ventricle. From the left ventricle, the blood passes through the aortic valve to the aorta. The blood is then distributed to the body through the systemic circulation before returning again to the pulmonary circulation.

text: Arteries[edit]

text: From the right ventricle, blood is pumped through the semilunar pulmonary valve into the left and right main pulmonary arteries (one for each lung), which branch into smaller pulmonary arteries that spread throughout the lungs.

text: Development[edit]

text: The pulmonary circulation loop is virtually bypassed in fetal circulation.  The fetal lungs are collapsed, and blood passes from the right atrium directly into the left atrium through the foramen ovale: an open conduit between the paired atria, or through the ductus arteriosus: a shunt between the pulmonary artery and the aorta. When the lungs expand at birth, the pulmonary pressure drops and blood is drawn from the right atrium into the right ventricle and through the pulmonary circuit. Over the course of several months, the foramen ovale closes, leaving a shallow depression known as the fossa ovalis.

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: A number of medical conditions can affect the pulmonary circulation.

text:
Pulmonary hypertension describes an increase in resistance in the pulmonary arteries
Pulmonary embolus is a blood clot, usually from a deep vein thrombosis that has lodged in the pulmonary vasculature. It can cause difficulty breathing or chest pain, is usually diagnosed through a CT pulmonary angiography or V/Q scan, and is often treated with anticoagulants such as heparin and warfarin.
Cardiac shunt is an unnatural connection between parts of the heart that leads to blood flow that bypasses the lungs.
Vascular resistance
Pulmonary shunt

text: History[edit]

text: The discovery of pulmonary circulation has been attributed to several scientists over the years. In much of modern medical literature, the discovery is credited to English physician William Harvey (1578 - 1657 CE).[3][4] Other sources credit Spanish physician Michael Servetus (c. 1509 - 1553 CE) and Arab physician Ibn al-Nafis (1213 - 1288 CE) with the discovery.[5][2] However, the first descriptions of the cardiovascular system came before these men.

text: The earliest known description of the role of air in circulation was produced in Egypt in 3500 BCE. At this time, Egyptians believed that the heart was the origin of many channels that connected different parts of the body and transported air as well as urine, blood, and the soul.[6] The Edwin Smith Papyrus (1700 BCE), named for American Egyptologist Edwin Smith (1822 - 1906 CE) who purchased the scroll in 1862, provided evidence that Egyptians believed that the heartbeat created a pulse that transported the above substances throughout the body.[7] A second scroll, the Ebers Papyrus (c. 1550 BCE), also emphasized the importance of the heart and its connection to vessels throughout the body and described methods to detect cardiac disease through pulse abnormalities. However, despite their knowledge of the heartbeat, vessels, and pulse, the Egyptians attributed the movement of substances throughout the vessels to air that resided in these channels, rather than to the heart's force.[8] The Egyptians knew that air played an important role in circulation, but they did not yet have a concept for the precise role of the lungs.

text: The next addition to the human understanding of pulmonary circulation came with the Ancient Greeks. The physician Alcmaeon (520 - 450 BCE) proposed that the brain, not the heart, was the connection point for all of the vessels in the body. He believed that the function of these vessels was to bring the spirit (pneuma) and air to the brain.[6][9] Empedocles (492 - 432 BCE), a philosopher, proposed a series of pipes impermeable to blood but continuous with blood vessels which carried the pneuma throughout the body. He proposed that this spirit was internalized with pulmonary respiration.[6] The physician Hippocrates (460 - 370 BCE) developed the view that the liver and spleen produced blood, which traveled to the heart to be cooled by the lungs that surrounded it.[2] Hippocrates described the heart as having two ventricles connected by an interventricular septum. He depicted the heart as the connecting point for all the vessels of the body and proposed that some vessels carried only blood, while others also carried air. These air-carrying vessels were the pulmonary veins, which brought air to the left ventricle, and the pulmonary artery, which carried air to the right ventricle and blood to the lungs. He also proposed two atria of the heart that functioned to capture air. Hippocrates was one of the first to begin to accurately describe the anatomy of the heart and to describe the involvement of the lungs in circulation, but his descriptions of the process of pulmonary circulation and of the functions of the parts of the heart were still largely incorrect.[6]

text: Greek philosopher and scientist Aristotle (384 - 322 BCE) followed Hippocrates and proposed that the heart had three ventricles, rather than two, that all connected to the lungs.[6] The Greek physician Erasistratus (315 - 240 BCE) agreed with Hippocrates and Aristotle that the heart was the origin of all of the vessels in the body but proposed a system in which air was breathed into the lungs and traveled to the left ventricle via pulmonary veins. It was transformed there into the pneuma and distributed throughout the body by arteries, which contained only air.[7] In this system, veins distributed blood throughout the body, and this blood did not circulate, but rather was consumed by the organs.[6]

text: The Greek physician Galen (129 - c. 210 CE) provided the next insights into pulmonary circulation. Though many of his theories, like those of his predecessors, were incorrect, his theory of pulmonary circulation dominated the medical community for hundreds of years after his death.[7] Galen contradicted Erasistratus before him by proposing that arteries carried both air and blood, rather than air alone.[2] He proposed that the liver was the point of origin for all blood vessels and that the heart was not a pumping muscle, but rather an organ which blood passed through.[7] Galen's theory included a new description of pulmonary circulation. In it, air was inhaled into the lungs where it became the pneuma. Pulmonary veins transmitted this pneuma to the left ventricle of the heart to cool the blood simultaneously arriving there. This mixture of pneuma, blood, and cooling produced the vital spirits which could then be transported throughout the body via arteries. Galen also proposed that the heat of the blood arriving in the heart produced noxious vapors which were expelled through the same pulmonary veins that first brought the pneuma.[10] He wrote that the right ventricle played a different role than the left; it transported blood to the lungs where the impurities were vented out so that clean blood could be distributed throughout the body. Though Galen's description of the anatomy of the heart was more complete than those of his predecessors, it included several mistakes. Most notably, Galen believed that blood flowed between the two ventricles of the heart through small, invisible pores in the interventricular septum.[6]

text: The next developments in the human understanding of pulmonary circulation did not come until centuries later. Persian polymath Avicenna (c. 980 - 1037 CE) wrote a medical encyclopedia entitled The Canon of Medicine. In this book, he translated and compiled contemporary medical knowledge and added some new information of his own.[11] However, Avicenna's description of pulmonary circulation reflected the incorrect views of Galen.[2] The arab physician, Ibn al-Nafis, wrote the Commentary on Anatomy in Avicenna's Canon in 1242 in which he provided the first known accurate description of pulmonary circulation as it is known today. Ibn al-Nafis made two key improvements on Galen's ideas of pulmonary circulation. First, he disproved the existence of the pores in the interventricular septum that Galen had believed to allow blood flow between the left and right ventricles. Second, he followed that the only way for blood to get from the right to the left ventricle in the absence of interventricular pores was pulmonary circulation. He also described the anatomy of the lungs in clear, correct detail, which his predecessors had not.[11] However, like Aristotle and Galen, al-Nafis still believed that the vital spirit was formed in the left ventricle from a mixture of blood and air. Despite the enormity of Ibn al-Nafis's improvements on the theories of pulmonary circulation that preceded him, his commentary on The Canon was not widely known to Western scholars until the manuscript was discovered in Berlin, Germany, in 1924. As a result, Ibn al-Nafis was not widely credited with the discovery of pulmonary circulation in Western medical literature until recently.[2][11]

text: It took several hundred years for European scientists and physicians to reach the same conclusions that al-Nafis had. Italian polymath Leonardo da Vinci (1452 - 1519 CE) was one of the first to propose that the heart was just a muscle, rather than a vessel of spirits and air, but he ascribed to Galen's ideas of circulation and defended the existence of interventricular pores.[6] The Flemish physician Andreas Vesalius (1514 - 1564 CE) published corrections to Galen's view of circulatory anatomy, questioning the existence of interventricular pores, in his book De humani corporis fabrica libri septem in 1543.[10] Michael Servetus after him was the first European physician to accurately describe pulmonary circulation. His assertions matched those of al-Nafis, and though he has been frequently credited with making the discovery on his own, it is likely that he had access to Ibn al-Nafis's work while writing his own texts. Servetus published his findings in Christianismi Restituto (1553), a theological work that was criticized and ignored by many Christian factions at the time.[2] Italian physician Realdo Colombo (c. 1515 - 1559 CE) published a book, De re anatomica libri XV, in 1559 that accurately described pulmonary circulation as well. It is still debated among historians as to whether or not Colombo reached his conclusions on his own or if he based his work on those of al-Nafis and Servetus.[2][6] Finally, William Harvey provided the most complete and accurate description of pulmonary circulation of any of the European physicians in his treatise Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus in 1628.[5]


document_title: Blood culture

question_text: what is the liquid in blood culture bottles

text: Blood culture

text: History[edit]

text: Blood cultures were pioneered in the early 20th century.

text: Purposes[edit]

text: When a patient shows signs or symptoms of a systemic infection, results from a blood culture can verify that an infection is present, and they can identify the type (or types) of microorganism that is responsible for the infection. For example, blood tests can identify the causative organisms in severe pneumonia, puerperal fever, pelvic inflammatory disease, neonatal epiglottitis, sepsis, and fever of unknown origin (FUO). However, negative growths do not exclude infection.

text: Risks[edit]

text: The usual risks of venipuncture and the occurrence of false positive results approximately 3%+ of the time, can lead to inappropriate treatment.[1]

text: Method[edit]

text: A minimum of 10 ml of blood is taken through venipuncture and injected into two or more "blood bottles" with specific media for aerobic and anaerobic organisms. A common medium used for anaerobes is thioglycollate broth.

text: The blood is collected using aseptic technique. This requires that both the tops of the culture bottles and the venipuncture site of the patient are cleaned prior to collection by swabbing with 70% isopropyl alcohol (povidone and left to dry before venipuncture).[2]

text: To maximise the diagnostic yield of blood cultures, multiple sets of cultures (each set consisting of aerobic and anaerobic vials filled with 3–10 mL) may be ordered by medical staff. A common protocol used in US hospitals includes the following:

text:
Set 1 = left antecubital fossa at 0 minutes
Set 2 = right antecubital fossa at 30 minutes
Set 3 = left or right antecubital fossa at 90 minutes

text: Ordering multiple sets of cultures increases the probability of discovering a pathogenic organism in the blood and reduces the probability of having a positive culture due to skin contaminants.

text: After inoculating the culture vials, advisably with new needles and not the ones used for venipuncture, the vials are sent to the clinical pathology microbiology department. Here the bottles are entered into a blood culture machine, which incubates the specimens at body temperature. The blood culture instrument reports positive blood cultures (cultures with bacteria present, thus indicating the patient is "bacteremic"). Most cultures are monitored for five days, after which negative vials are removed.

text: If a vial is positive, a microbiologist will perform a Gram stain on the blood for a rapid, general identification of the bacteria, which the microbiologist will report to the attending physician of the bacteremic patient. The blood is also subcultured or "subbed" onto agar plates to isolate the pathogenic organism for culture and susceptibility testing, which takes up to three days. This culture and sensitivity (C&S) process identifies the species of bacteria. Antibiotic sensitivities are then assessed on the bacterial isolate to inform clinicians with respect to appropriate antibiotics for treatment.

text: [3] Some guidelines for infective endocarditis recommend taking up to six sets of blood for culture (around 60 ml).


document_title: The Lego Batman Movie

question_text: who plays harley quinn in the batman lego movie

text: The Lego Batman Movie

text: Plot[edit]

text: Within the Lego Universe, Batman continues to protect Gotham City and fight crime. During his latest mission to stop the Joker from destroying the city, he hurts his arch-rival's feelings by telling him he is not as important in his life as he thinks he is, leading Joker to seek the ultimate revenge on him. The following day, Batman's alter ego, Bruce Wayne, attends the city's winter gala, which is celebrating both the retirement of Commissioner Gordon and the ascension of his daughter Barbara as the city's new police commissioner, only to be infuriated by Barbara's plans to restructure the police to function without the need of Batman. Without warning, Joker crashes the party with the city's other villains, all of whom surrender, with the exception of Harley Quinn, who disappears during the confusion.

text: Suspecting his arch-rival is up to something, Batman plots to steal Superman's Phantom Zone Projector, a device that can banish anyone to the Phantom Zone which houses some of the most dangerous villains in the Lego multiverse. Just as he plans his heist of the device, Alfred intervenes and advises him to take charge of Dick Grayson, whom Bruce unwittingly adopted as his ward during the gala. Reluctantly agreeing to do so, Batman fosters Dick as Robin, whereupon the pair successfully recover the Projector from the Fortress of Solitude, and break into Arkham Asylum to send Joker to the Phantom Zone. Suspecting that the Joker wanted to be sent there, Barbara locks up Batman and Robin for their reckless actions.

text: While the Projector is being seized as evidence, Harley steals it back as part of Joker's plan and frees him, allowing him to return to Gotham with all the villains he had recruited in the Phantom Zone. Realizing that the city does need him, Barbara releases Batman and Robin and teams up with them and Alfred to stop the Joker. Although Batman finds himself able to trust and rely on his new team upon reaching Wayne Island, he chooses to send them away rather than losing them like his parents. Upon facing him alone, Joker believes that Batman is incapable of change and zaps him to the Phantom Zone before stealing the Batcave's stash of confiscated bombs. Arriving in the Phantom Zone, Batman witnesses the harm his selfishness has caused to everyone and slowly accepts his greatest fear. Making a deal with the Zone's gatekeeper Phyllis, a talking Lego brick, to be allowed back to Gotham in order to retrieve the Zone's escaped prisoners, Batman arrives in time to save his teammates, apologizing to them for his actions, and requesting their help to stop Joker.

text: Realizing that Joker plans to use the explosives he took to destroy the city's Energy Facility, thus causing the city to come apart and be destroyed, Batman turns Barbara into Batgirl, before he, his team, and Gotham City's other villains, who felt neglected by Joker, manage to successfully send the escaped villains back to the Phantom Zone. However, the group fail to stop Joker's bombs going off as the explosion begins to tear the city apart at the plates beneath it. Knowing this was his fault, Batman reluctantly convinces Joker that he is the true reason for being the hero he is before they, their friends and allies, and the city's inhabitants, chain-link themselves together and pull the plates back together, saving the city.

text: With the city saved, Batman prepares to be taken back into the Phantom Zone to fulfill his bargain only to be rejected by Phyllis who chooses to let him remain after seeing how much he had changed in order to save everyone. Batman allows Joker and the rest of his rogues gallery to temporarily escape with the confidence that whenever they return, they will be no match for his new alliance with Robin, Batgirl, and Alfred.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Will Arnett as Bruce Wayne / Batman
Zach Galifianakis as The Joker[9]
Michael Cera as Richard "Dick" Grayson / Robin[10]
Rosario Dawson as Barbara Gordon / Batgirl[11]
Ralph Fiennes as Alfred Pennyworth[12]
Jenny Slate as Harley Quinn[13]
Siri as Batcomputer (referred to as “'Puter” in the film)
Héctor Elizondo as Commissioner James Gordon[14]
Lauren White as Chief O'Hara, Medusa
Mariah Carey as Mayor McCaskill[15][16]
Eddie Izzard as Lord Voldemort[17]
Seth Green as King Kong[17]
Jemaine Clement as Sauron[17]
Billy Dee Williams as Two-Face[18][19]
Riki Lindhome as Poison Ivy,[20] Wicked Witch of the West
Conan O'Brien as Riddler[20]
Jason Mantzoukas as Scarecrow[20]
Zoë Kravitz as Catwoman[20]
Kate Micucci as Clayface[20]
Doug Benson as Bane[20]
David Burrows as Anchorman Phil, Mr. Freeze
Matt Villa as Killer Croc
John Venzon as Penguin
Laura Kightlinger as Reporter Pippa, Orca
Todd Hansen as Captain Dale
Chris McKay as Pilot Bill
Richard Cheese as Himself (archive recording)
Channing Tatum as Superman[20]
Ellie Kemper as Phyllis[17]
Jonah Hill as Hal Jordan / Green Lantern[20]
Adam DeVine as Barry Allen / Flash[20]
Darren Boyd as Dalek #1
Tim Whitnall as Dalek #2
Steve Kynman as Dalek #3
Brent Musburger as Reporter #1
Ralph Garman as Reporter #2
Chris Hardwick as Reporter #3[21]
Nigel Pilkington as Egghead (uncredited)

text: Production[edit]

text: After the success of The Lego Movie, Warner Bros. gave the green light to further multiple Lego movies being produced, including The Lego Batman Movie; Chris McKay, who co-directed The Lego Movie, was brought on board to direct the film, marking this as his solo directorial debut.[23] In an interview about his work on the film, McKay stated that working on the film was "a very mixed blessing" owing partly to the film's hectic time schedule for its production, remarking that the two and half years allocated to the film made it difficult to fit in everything that he wanted for the movie, considering his earlier work on The Lego Movie.[23][24] His work on The Lego Batman Movie was influenced by the comedy portrayed in both The Naked Gun and Airplane! film series, with his pitch for the film to the studios being described as like "Jerry Maguire as directed by Michael Mann".[24] His proposal to combine all the Batman eras featured in the comic book series and various media formats, including movies and comic series, despite a couple of issues - the total inconsistency inherent to such a task, and Lego rejecting some of the characters he proposed to include in the film - was based on his desire of how to portray Robin within the film's setting. In an interview regarding his version of the superhero duo, McKay stated:[24]

text: "I was thinking that we were basically taking the Burt Ward Robin and sticking him in the Batmobile with the Zack Snyder/Ben Affleck Batman, or the Frank Miller Batman. And putting these two different energies together. Somebody who’s like the grumpiest, dark grittiest, broodiest Batman with the most positive, indefatigable kid."

text: The film was announced in October 2014, along with news that Will Arnett would be reprising his role as Batman,[22] and later in the month Animal Logic, who had worked on The Lego Movie, were in talks to produce additional movies in the franchise, including The Lego Batman Movie. [25] On July 16, 2015, The Hollywood Reporter reported that Arnett's Arrested Development co-star Michael Cera was set to voice Robin, while Dan Lin, Roy Lee, Phil Lord and Christopher Miller were announced as producers.[10] Additional casting announcements were made over the course of the year: Zach Galifianakis was revealed to be assigned the role of Joker, on August 12;[9] the signing on of Rosario Dawson to voice Barbara Gordon, was announced on October 16;[11] and the casting of Ralph Fiennes as the voice of Alfred Pennyworth, on November 3.[12] On November 9, 2015, Deadline.com incorrectly reported that Mariah Carey, who had been hired as part of the film's cast, would be voicing Commissioner Gordon; The Hollywood Reporter later revealed this to be falsely claimed, stating that she was instead voicing the character of Mayor McCaskill.[15][26] In July 2016, it was revealed Jenny Slate would voice Harley Quinn in the movie,[13] while later that year on November 30, it was announced that Billy Dee Williams would reprise his role of Harvey Dent from Tim Burton's Batman film.[18] On February 2, 2017, one week before the film's release, it was revealed that Héctor Elizondo was voicing Commissioner Gordon,[14] while on February 3, it was announced that Conan O'Brien, Riki Lindhome, and Zoë Kravitz, were amongst a number of actors hired into the cast to round out the voices for the various villians included in the film.[27]

text: Batman and pop culture references[edit]

text: As part of its production, the movie was designed to make numerous references to previous Batman movies, cartoons and comics. These include: the 1940s Batman serials; the films Batman (1966), Batman (1989), Batman Returns (1992), Batman Forever (1995), Batman & Robin (1997), Batman Begins (2005), The Dark Knight (2008), The Dark Knight Rises (2012), Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016), and Suicide Squad (2016); the television shows Batman (1960s), Batman: The Animated Series (1990s), Batman Beyond (2000s), and The Batman (2000s); and the comics Detective Comics #27 (Batman's introductory story), The Dark Knight Returns, and Gotham by Gaslight.[28] Other references include previous costumes worn by Batman and Robin, and the various Batmobiles used. In most cases, their appearances in the movie are done in a Lego style, with the exception being footage from a live-action shot of Adam West's depiction of Batman in the 1960s Batman show and a picture of Batman's suit from Batman and Robin. Climactic events from past Batman films including the Joker have been mentioned, including "the one with the parade and the Prince music" (1989's Batman) and "the two boats" (The Dark Knight).[28]

text: Alongside Joker, the main antagonist of the film's story, and Superman, who features heavily and has notable links to the Christopher Reeve films Superman (1978) and its sequel Superman II (1980), many other DC characters, both villains associated with Batman and other DC superheroes, feature in the film. The film's villains who have been featured in Batman comics, films and cartoons include: Man-Bat; Captain Boomerang; Egghead; Crazy Quilt; Eraser; Polka-Dot Man; Mime; Tarantula; King Tut, from the 1960s series; Killer Moth; March Harriet; Zodiac Master; the Mutant Leader from The Dark Knight Returns; Doctor Phosphorus; Magpie; Calculator; Hugo Strange; an unidentified version of Red Hood; the Kabuki Twins from The Batman; Gentleman Ghost; Clock King; Calendar Man; Kite Man; Catman; Zebra-Man; and a variation of Condiment King from Batman: The Animated Series.[28] The other DC heroes who feature, both from the Justice League and Super Friends, include: Wonder Woman; Aquaman; Cyborg; Green Arrow; Black Canary; Hawkman; Hawkgirl; Martian Manhunter; Apache Chief; Black Vulcan; El Dorado; Samurai; Wonder Dog; the Wonder Twins; and Gleek. Although not part of the DC franchise, Iron Man from Marvel Comics is referenced in the movie as part of a small joke about Batman's password for entering the Batcave in reference to the famous rivalry between DC and Marvel.[28]

text: The film also features characters from other notable franchises and movie series, with them following the same narrative of The Lego Movie in that they came from worlds that co-exist alongside others of the Lego Universe, which are made up of Lego playsets of the various media franchises. These additional characters include: Medusa; the Creature from the Black Lagoon; Dracula; King Kong; the Daleks from Doctor Who; the Wicked Witch of the West and her flying monkeys from The Wizard of Oz; the Kraken from Clash of the Titans; Agent Smith and his clones from The Matrix; the great white shark from Jaws; Voldemort from Harry Potter; the Eye of Sauron from The Lord of the Rings; the Tyrannosaurus and Velociraptors from Jurassic Park; and the Gremlins.[28][29] The way in which the Gremlins attack a plane references The Twilight Zone episode "Nightmare at 20,000 Feet".[30]

text: The film also includes Batman watching the scene from Jerry Maguire where Tom Cruise says "You complete me"; this line had previously been quoted by The Joker in The Dark Knight.[28] When Batman discusses possible team names, he mentions "Fox Force Five," which was the name of a failed television pilot mentioned in Pulp Fiction.[31] The film's use of Cutting Crew's "(I Just) Died in Your Arms" is a nod to the romantic comedy Never Been Kissed.[31] The film's other references include Gleaming the Cube and Gymkata.[30]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
The Lego Batman Movie: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack

Soundtrack album by Lorne Balfe, various artists

Released
February 3, 2017

Recorded
2016
Trackdown Studios (Sydney)

Genre
Film soundtrack, film score

Label
WaterTower Music

Lorne Balfe chronology

Skylanders Imaginators
(2016)Skylanders Imaginators2016
The Lego Batman Movie
(2017)
Ghost in the Shell
(2017)Ghost in the Shell2017

tag: table

text: The film's original score was composed by Lorne Balfe and features Red Hot Chili Peppers' drummer Chad Smith.[32][33] The soundtrack was released on February 3, 2017, on CD and for digital download, while the vinyl version was released on May 19, 2017.[citation needed]

text:
Disc 1

No.
Title
Performer(s)
Length

1.
"Who's the (Bat) Man"
Patrick Stump
3:04

2.
"Forever"
DNCE
3:49

3.
"(I Just) Died in Your Arms"
Cutting Crew
4:36

4.
"Invincible"
Kirsten Arian
2:59

5.
"One"
Harry Nilsson
2:22

6.
"Heroes (We Could Be)" (Hard Rock Sofa and Skidka Remix)
Alesso feat. Tove Lo
6:35

7.
"Man in the Mirror"
Alex Aiono
3:48

8.
"Friends Are Family"
Oh, Hush! feat. Will Arnett and Jeff Lewis
2:25

9.
"I Found You"
Fraser Murray
3:34

10.
"Forever"
Justin Tranter
3:49

11.
"Man in the Mirror"
Richard Cheese & Lounge Against the Machine
1:49

12.
"Everything Is Awesome"
Richard Cheese & Lounge Against the Machine
2:03

text:
Disc 2

No.
Title
Performer(s)
Length

1.
"Black"
Lorne Balfe
7:32

2.
"Your Greatest Enemy"
Lorne Balfe
2:42

3.
"The Arrival of Robin"
Lorne Balfe
2:52

4.
"Joker Crashes the Party"
Lorne Balfe
1:33

5.
"No Seat Belts Required"
Lorne Balfe
2:18

6.
"To Cage the Joker"
Lorne Balfe
1:59

7.
"The Phantom Zone"
Lorne Balfe
3:37

8.
"Open for Business"
Lorne Balfe
1:09

9.
"Chaos in Gotham"
Lorne Balfe
3:20

10.
"Lava Attack"
Lorne Balfe
7:40

11.
"For Your Own Good"
Lorne Balfe
1:45

12.
"Joker Manor"
Lorne Balfe
2:29

13.
"Batman's in the Zone"
Lorne Balfe
4:40

14.
"The Babs Signal"
Lorne Balfe
2:25

15.
"Battle Royale"
Lorne Balfe
4:54

16.
"A Long Farewell"
Lorne Balfe
2:49

text: Release[edit]

text: The film's main premiere was conducted in Dublin, Ireland on January 29, 2017,[4] whereupon it went into general release from 8 February; it was released in Denmark on 9 February, and in the United States the day after.[34] Its overall release saw movie theatres displaying the film in 3D, RealD 3D, Dolby Cinema and IMAX, though the latter format was restricted to 2D for North America, while international countries were able to view it in IMAX 3D.[35]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: The first teaser trailer for The Lego Batman Movie was released on March 24, 2016, and features the song "Black and Yellow" by Wiz Khalifa.[36] It was attached to showings of Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice in theatres. A second teaser trailer was released on March 28, 2016, and features references to all live action iterations of Batman, from the 1960's Batman TV series to Batman v Superman. A third trailer was released on July 23, 2016.[37] A fourth trailer was released on November 4, 2016.[38][39] A Story Pack for the toys-to-life video game Lego Dimensions based on The Lego Batman Movie was released on February 10, 2017, alongside the film. The pack adds a six-level story campaign adapting the events of the film, and includes playable figures of Robin and Batgirl, a driveable Batwing, and a constructible gateway model based on the Batcomputer. A Fun Pack including Excalibur Batman and his Bionic Steed was also released the same day.[40]

text: On January 14, 2017, at the North American International Auto Show in Detroit, Chevrolet unveiled a life-sized Lego Batmobile inspired by the design featured in the film, constructed from around 350,000 Lego pieces. As a related promotion, a Bat-Signal (alternating between Batman's emblem and the Chevrolet logo) was projected on the Renaissance Center over the weekend, and Chevrolet released a new television commercial tying into the film, featuring the Batmobile as a crossover with its ongoing "Real People, Not Actors" campaign.[41][42]

text: Warner Bros. released several promotional tie-ins on the week of the movie's release. LEGO billboard versions of several TV shows were shown outside of the studio lot, that took 300 hours to make out of 10,000 bricks.[43] The Big Bang Theory included a LEGO version of the opening sequence in the episode "The Locomotion Reverberation" that first aired on CBS. In addition, the network aired two LEGO commercials featuring Batman and the cast.[44]

text: The CW featured LEGO end cards for Supergirl, The Flash, DC's Legends of Tomorrow and Arrow respectively on the week of the movie's release. All four DC shows also include a special variant of the Berlanti Productions logo that featured Batman's cameo and a new recording from Greg Berlanti's real-life father who says "Batman move your head" instead of the usual "Greg move your head". In addition, the network aired two commercials where Batman interacts with the characters from each show.[45]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The Lego Batman Movie was released on Digital HD on May 19, 2017. The release included the theatrical short film The Master: A Lego Ninjago Short, as well as four new short films: Dark Hoser, Batman is Just Not That Into You, Cooking with Alfred and Movie Sound Effects: How Do They Do That?.[46] The Lego Batman Movie was released on DVD, Blu-ray (2D and 3D), and Ultra HD Blu-ray by Warner Bros. Home Entertainment on June 13, 2017.[46] The film debuted at No. 3 on the NPD VideoScan overall disc sales chart.[47]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The Lego Batman Movie grossed $175.8 million in the United States and Canada and $136.2 million in other territories for a worldwide gross of $312 million, against a production budget of $80 million.[7]

text: In the United States and Canada, The Lego Batman Movie opened alongside two other sequels, Fifty Shades Darker and John Wick: Chapter 2, and was projected to gross around $60 million in its opening weekend.[48] It earned $2.2 million from Thursday night previews and $15 million on Friday.[49] It went on to open with $53 million, finishing first at the box office.[50] In its second weekend, the film grossed $32.7 million (a drop of 38.4%), again topping the box office;[51][52] with the additional President's Day holiday on Monday, it made a total of $42.7 million for the weekend.[53] In its third weekend of release, the film dropped to second at the box office, behind newcomer Get Out, grossing $19.2 million (a drop of 41.2%).[54]

text: Outside North America the film was simultaneously released in 61 countries, and was expected to gross around $40 million over its first three days.[48] It ended up grossing $37 million in its opening weekend, including $9.3 million in the United Kingdom, $2.6 million in Mexico, $2.3 million in Germany and $2.2 million in Russia.[55]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 91% based on 259 reviews, with an average rating of 7.5/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "The Lego Batman Movie continues its block-buster franchise's winning streak with another round of dizzyingly funny – and beautifully animated – family-friendly mayhem."[56] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 75 out of 100, based on 48 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[57] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale.[58]

text: Mike Ryan of Uproxx gave the film a positive review, praising its comedy, and saying: "The LEGO Batman Movie isn’t the same experience as watching The LEGO Movie, but I also don’t think it's trying to be. It’s trying to be a fun superhero movie with clever callbacks to previous Batman films (every single Batman movie all the way back to the 1940s serials are referenced) that can, at least, provide DC superhero fans with a taste of fun amidst all the doom and gloom. (That can either be a reference to 'the real world' or the current DC Cinematic Universe films, you can choose either one you want or both.) And at that, The LEGO Batman Movie succeeds."[59] Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a "B+" and wrote, "LEGO Batman revs so fast and moves so frenetically that it becomes a little exhausting by the end. It flirts with being too much of a good thing. But rarely has corporate brainwashing been so much fun and gone down with such a delightful aftertaste."[60] Justin Chang of the Los Angeles Times was positive in his review, saying, "In its best moments, this gag-a-minute Bat-roast serves as a reminder that, in the right hands, a sharp comic scalpel can be an instrument of revelation as well as ridicule."[61] Michael O'Sullivan of The Washington Post praised the film for its heart, humor and action which, "snap together, with a satisfying click."[62]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
List of Accolades

Award / Film Festival
Category
Recipient(s)
Result

Golden Trailer Awards 2017[63]
Best Animation/Family
The Lego Batman Movie
Won

Most Original Trailer
Nominated

Heartland Film Festival 2017[64]
Truly Moving Picture Award
Chris McKay
Won

2017 MTV Movie & TV Awards[65]
Best Comedic Performance
Will Arnett
Nominated

2017 Teen Choice Awards[66]
Choice Movie: Comedy Actor
Will Arnett


document_title: Superior vena cava

question_text: where does the superior vena cava return blood from

text: Superior vena cava

text: Structure and Course of superior vena cava[edit]

text: It is formed by the left and right brachiocephalic veins (also referred to as the innominate veins), which also receive blood from the upper limbs, eyes and neck, behind the lower border of the first right costal cartilage. It passes vertically downwards behind first intercostal space and receives azygos vein just before it pierces the fibrous pericardium opposite right second costal cartilage and its lower part is intrapericardial. And then, it ends in the upper and posterior part of the sinus venarum of the right atrium, at the upper right front portion of the heart. It is also known as the cranial vena cava in other animals.

text: No valve divides the superior vena cava from the right atrium.  As a result, the (right) atrial and (right) ventricular contractions are conducted up into the internal jugular vein and, through the sternocleidomastoid muscle, can be seen as the jugular venous pressure.

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: Superior vena cava obstruction refers to a partial or complete obstruction of the superior vena cava, typically in the context of cancer such as a cancer of the lung, metastatic cancer, or lymphoma. Obstruction can lead to enlarged veins in the head and neck, and may also cause breathlessness, cough, chest pain, and difficulty swallowing. Pemberton's sign may be positive. Tumours causing obstruction may be treated with chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy to reduce their effects, and corticosteroids may also be given.[2]

text: In tricuspid valve regurgitation, these pulsations are very strong.[clarification needed]

text: Additional images[edit]

text:
Diagram showing completion of development of the parietal veins.

Front view of heart and lungs.

Heart seen from above.

Superior vena cava

Transverse section of thorax, showing relations of pulmonary artery.

The arch of the aorta and its branches.

The brachiocephalic veins, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, azygos vein, and their tributaries.


document_title: Indian Women's Kabaddi Team

question_text: india won first women's kabaddi world cup

question_tokens: india won first women 's kabaddi world cup

text: Indian Women's Kabaddi Team

text: World Cup[edit]

text:
Year
India's position
Last match played by India
Winner
Runner-up

2012
Winner
India vs. Iran (Final match)
25 – 19

India

Iran

2013
Winner
India vs. New Zealand (Final match)
49 – 21

India

New Zealand

2014
Winner
India vs. New Zealand (Final match)
36 – 27

India

New Zealand[1]

text: Asian Games[edit]

text:
Year
Host

Final

Third place

Gold
Score
Silver
Bronze
Bronze

2010
Guangzhou

India
28–14

Thailand

Iran

Bangladesh

2014
Incheon

India
30–21

Iran

Thailand

Bangladesh

text: South Asian Games[edit]

text:
Year
Winner
Runner-up
3rd Place
Reference

2010

India

Bangladesh

Nepal

Sri Lanka


document_title: Aurora Teagarden

question_text: when is the next aurora teagarden movie coming out

text: Aurora Teagarden

text: Aurora Teagarden Series[edit]

text:
Real Murders (1990)[1]
A Bone to Pick (1992)[2]
Three Bedrooms, One Corpse (1994)[3]
The Julius House (1995)[4]
Dead Over Heels (1996)[5]

"Deeply Dead" in Murder, They Wrote (1997)[6]

A Fool And His Honey (1999)[7]
Last Scene Alive (2002)[8]
Poppy Done to Death (2003)[9]
All the Little Liars (2016) [10]
Sleep Like a Baby (2017) [11]

tag: ol

text: Real Murders[edit]

text: Local crime buffs meet monthly in the small town of Lawrenceton, Washington to analyze famous murder cases, and in Real Murders they get all too close a look as one of their members is bludgeoned in exactly the same manner as the crime to be discussed that night. Aurora "Roe" Teagarden, the 4'11" librarian, is not only a member of the club, a suspect in the murder but also a potential victim as other murders follow - each mimicking a famous crime. Roe must work quickly to discover which of her fellow sleuths is the killer. Could it be the police detective whose sudden romantic interest in Roe leaves her skin tingling, the new mystery writer in town who says he's bored with just writing or one of the other 12 members of the Real Murders Club?

text: A Bone to Pick[edit]

text: Having inherited a large estate from a member of the now defunct Real Murders Club, Aurora "Roe" Teagarden, the 4'11" librarian, is mystified by a mere acquaintance's gift of money, jewelry, and a two bedroom house with a skull in the window seat. Did the old lady kill someone and leave Roe to solve the mystery or was she being framed? Roe must figure it all out before her ex-boyfriend Arthur, the police detective, and her new love interest Aubrey, the episcopal priest, figure out what she's up to.

text: Three Bedrooms, One Corpse[edit]

text: This article's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions. (April 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: While Aurora "Roe" Teagarden searches for her piece of the American dream, she decides to test the waters of the family business - real estate sales. Only thing is there's a naked dead body in the first house she shows. When a second body shows up in another home, Roe realizes there's more to real estate than she thought. She finds herself attracted to the prime suspect, a business man who recently moved into town.

text: The Julius House[edit]

text: Ever since she got a sizable inheritance from an acquaintance, "Roe" has wanted to buy a house, her mother, Aida Teagarden, her real estate agent. Against Aida's advice, Ro finds what she believes is the perfect house in the country, five miles outside of Lawrenceton. It is the infamous Julius house where the whole family disappearing without a trace four years ago.

text: TV Film Adaptation[edit]

text: On June 4, 2014, author Charlaine Harris announced on her Facebook page that the Aurora Teagarden books would be adapted into a series of two-hour films, starring Candace Cameron Bure.[12]

text: The first film, based on the second book A Bone To Pick, premiered on April 4, 2015, on the Hallmark Movies and Mysteries Channel.[13] The second film, based on the first book Real Murders, premiered on July 26, 2015, on the same channel.[14] A third film is based on the third book Three Bedrooms, One Corpse and premiered on June 12, 2016, on the Hallmark Movies and Mysteries Channel.[15] The fourth film: The Julius House premiered on October 16, 2016, on the Hallmark Movies and Mysteries Channel. The fifth movie in the Hallmark Movies & Mysteries, “Dead Over Heels: An Aurora Teagarden Mystery,” premiered Sunday, March 19, 2017.

text: Films in Order

text: 1. A Bone to Pick: An Aurora Teagarden Mystery, April 4, 2015

text: 2. Real Murders: An Aurora Teagarden Mystery, July 26, 2015

text: 3. Three Bedrooms, One Corpse: An Aurora Teagarden Mystery, June 12, 2016

text: 4. The Julius House: An Aurora Teagarden Mystery, October 16, 2016

text: 5. Dead Over Heels: An Aurora Teagarden Mystery, March 19, 2017

text: 6. A Bundle of Trouble: An Aurora Teagarden Mystery, May 21, 2017 - Based on the novel: A Fool & His Honey: An Aurora Teagarden Mystery

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ hardback ISBN 0-8027-5769-3, reprint 2007, paperback ISBN 978-042521871-6, 1992, UK paperback, ISBN 0-373-26104-7, 1991, paperback ISBN 0-7927-0752-4.
Jump up ^ hardback ISBN 0-8027-1245-2, reprint 2008, paperback, ISBN 978-0-425-21979-9, 1992, UK paperback ISBN 0-373-26136-5.
Jump up ^ hardback ISBN 0-684-19643-3, reprint 2008, ISBN 978-0-425-22052-8, 1995, UK paperback ISBN 0-373-26177-2.
Jump up ^ hardback ISBN 0-684-19640-9, 1996, UK paperback ISBN 0-373-26217-5.
Jump up ^ hardback ISBN 0-684-80429-8, reprint 2008, paperback, ISBN 978-0-425-22303-1, 1998, UK paperback ISBN 0-373-26260-4.
Jump up ^ ISBN 1-57297-194-0.
Jump up ^ hardback ISBN 0-312-20306-3, 2001, UK paperback ISBN 0-373-26384-8.
Jump up ^ hardback ISBN 0-312-26246-9, reprint 2006, paperback, 978-0778323648, 2003, UK paperback ISBN 0-373-26476-3.
Jump up ^ hardback ISBN 0-312-27764-4, 2004, UK paperback ISBN 0-373-26504-2.
Jump up ^ hardback ISBN 9781250090034, 2016
Jump up ^ hardback ISBN 9781250090065, 2017
Jump up ^ "Charlaine Harris on Facebook". Retrieved July 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ "An Aurora Teagarden Mystery: A Bone to Pick on IMDB". Retrieved July 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Hallmark Movies and Mysteries on Facebook". Retrieved July 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ "An Aurora Teagarden Mystery: Three Bedrooms, One Corpse on IMDB". Retrieved June 12, 2016.


document_title: Wizards of Waverly Place (soundtrack)

question_text: wizards of waverly place the movie theme song

text: Wizards of Waverly Place (soundtrack)

text: Background[edit]

text: In an interview with Disney Channel's commercial-segment, Disney 365, Selena Gomez discussed her interpretations of the songs on the soundtrack saying: "Disappear is more of a romantic song. It's basically talking about how a girl likes a guy and they [she] don't want him to disappear, and then Magical is about casting a spell on a guy and this song, Magic, ties into Wizards of Waverly Place: The Movie".[5] Although recorded for the episode, "Make It Happen" doesn't appear on the album, for an unknown reason.

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusic[3]

text: In response to the soundtrack, Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic recognized Wizards for its "teen revamps of boomer classics that parents can enjoy too". He also stated that the album is "agreeable" and that Selena Gomez "inevitably stands out from the pack". However, Erlewine said: "the dang-awful version of America's "You Can Do Magic" by Drew Seeley is sunk by its hyper-claustrophobic rhythms, the biggest rearrangement of a tune here and easily the worst cut."[3]

text: Singles[edit]

text: "Magic" by Selena Gomez is a digital single on the iTunes Store. The song was released on July 21, 2009 as part of the Radio Disney iTunes Pass.[6] "Magic" premiered on Radio Disney and a music video to Disney Channel on July 24. The song's music video has Gomez singing into a microphone with bright and flamboyant background, as well as including clips from Wizards of Waverly Place: The Movie.[4][7] "Magic" debuted at no. 61 in the Billboard Hot 100 with 42,000 downloads.[8]

text: Track listing[edit]

text: Standard Edition[1]No.TitleWriter(s)Recording Artist(s)Length1."Disappear" Selena Gomez3:392."Magical" Selena Gomez2:543."Magic*" (Originally by Pilot)David Paton, William LyallSelena Gomez2:494."Strange Magic" (Originally by Electric Light Orchestra) Steve Rushton3:205."Magic**" (Originally by The Cars)Ric OcasekHonor Society3:516."Every Little Thing She Does Is Magic" (Originally by The Police)StingMitchel Musso3:447."Magic Carpet Ride" (Originally by Steppenwolf) KSM2:578."Magic***" (Originally by Olivia Newton-John)John FarrarMeaghan Martin4:089."You Can Do Magic" (Originally by America)Russ BallardDrew Seeley3:3310."Some Call It Magic"Matthew Gerrard, Robbie Nevil, Raven-SymoneRaven-Symoné3:1311."Do You Believe in Magic" (Originally by The Lovin' Spoonful)John SebastianAly & AJ2:1312."Everything Is Not What It Seems" (Theme Song)Bradley Hamilton, John Adair, Ryan Elder, Stephen HamptonSelena Gomez0:51

text: Bonus track (Mexican Edition)[9]No.TitleRecording Artist(s)Length13."Nada Es Aquí Lo Que Es" (Everything Is Not What It Seems) (Spanish Version)Romina Marroquín Payró0:50

text: Bonus track (Greek Edition)No.TitleLength13."Min Pisteveis Panta Oti Deis (Don't Believe In What You See)" (Everything Is Not What It Seems) (Greek Version)0:50

text: Bonus content[edit]

text: Bonus content for the physical CD for Wizards of Waverly Place includes exclusive behind-the-scenes interviews with Gomez and also the new music video for "Magic".[1]

text: Charts and sales[edit]

text: The album debuted at #24 on the Billboard 200, selling 18,000 units in its first week. It has sold 105,000 copies in the U.S. to date.[10]

text:
Charts (2009)

PeakPosition

U.S. Billboard 200[11]

24

U.S. Top Soundtracks[12]

4

U.S. Kid Albums

3

Mexican Albums Top 100[13]

32

Norway Albums Top 40[14]

27

UK Soundtracks Albums

1

text: International release[edit]

text: The soundtrack was released in the UK on October 5, 2009, although not stocked up in most of the UK, and in Mexico released on August 14, 2009.

text: Personnel[edit]

text:
John Adair - Producer
Michael Bruno (member of Honor Society) - Vocals, guitar
Kate Cabebe  (member of KSM) - Drums
Katie Cecil  (member of KSM) - Vocals, guitar
Shelby Cobra (member of KSM) - Vocals
Ryan Elder - Producer
John Fields - Producer, engineer, mixing
Steve Gerdes - Art direction
Matthew Gerrard - Producer, mixing
Selena Gomez - Vocals
Paul David Hager - Mixing
Steve Hampton - Producer
Daniel James - Mixing
Andrew Lee (member of Honor Society) - Vocals, keyboard, bass
Jon Lind - A&R
Brian Malouf - Executive producer, mixing
Stephen Marcussen - Mastering
Meaghan Jette Martin - Vocals
Dani Markman - A&R

William J. McAuley III - Producer, engineer
Sophia Melon (member of KSM) - Vocals, bass
Aly (member of 78violet) - Vocals
AJ (member of 78violet) - Vocals
Mitchel Musso - Vocals
Alexander Noyes (member of Honor Society) - Drums
Shae Padilla (member of KSM) - Guitar
Jason Pennock - Mixing
Jason Rosen (member of Honor Society) - Vocals, guitar, keyboard
Steve Rushton - Vocals
Curt Schneider - Producer
Drew Seeley - Vocals
Raven-Symoné - Vocals
Anabel Sinn - Design
Louie Teran - Mastering
Kent Verderico - Mixing
Steve Vincent - Music executive
Trey Vittetoe - Producer