document_title: Atacama Desert

question_text: where is atacama desert located in south america

text: Atacama Desert

text: Setting[edit]

text: According to the World Wide Fund for Nature, the Atacama Desert ecoregion occupies a continuous strip for nearly 1,600 km along the narrow coast of the northern third of Chile, from near Arica (18°24'S) southward to near La Serena (29°55'S).[8] The National Geographic Society considers the coastal area of southern Peru to be part of the Atacama Desert[9][10] and also includes the deserts south of the Ica Region in Peru.

text: Peru borders it on the north and the Chilean Matorral ecoregion borders it on the south. To the east lies the less arid Central Andean dry puna ecoregion. The drier portion of this ecoregion is located south of the Loa River between the parallel Sierra Vicuña Mackenna and Cordillera Domeyko. To the north of the Loa lies the Pampa del Tamarugal.

text: The Coastal Cliff of northern Chile west of the Chilean Coast Range is the main topographical feature of the coast.[11] The geomorphology of the Atacama Desert has been characterized as a low-relief bench "similar to a giant uplifted terrace" by Armijo and co-workers.[12] The intermediate depression (or Central Valley) forms a series of endorheic basins in much of Atacama Desert south of latitude 19°30'S. North of this latitude, the intermediate depression drains into the Pacific Ocean.[13]

text: Climate[edit]

text: Although the almost total lack of precipitation is the most prominent characteristic of the Atacama Desert, exceptions may occur. In July 2011, an extreme Antarctic cold front broke through the rain shadow, bringing 80 cm (31 in) of snow to the plateau, stranding residents across the region, particularly in Bolivia, where many drivers became stuck in snow drifts and emergency crews became overtaxed with a large number of rescue calls.[15]

text: In 2012, the altiplano winter brought floods to San Pedro de Atacama.[16][17]

text: On 25 March 2015, heavy rainfall affected the southern part of the Atacama Desert.[18][19] Resulting floods triggered mudflows that affected the cities of Copiapo, Tierra Amarilla, Chanaral, and Diego de Almagro, causing the deaths of more than 100 people.

text: Aridity[edit]

text: The Atacama Desert is commonly known as the driest nonpolar place in the world, especially the surroundings of the abandoned Yungay town[20] (in Antofagasta Region, Chile).[21] The average rainfall is about 15 mm (0.6 in) per year,[22] although some locations, such as Arica and Iquique, receive 1 to 3 mm (0.04 to 0.12 in) in a year.[23] Moreover, some weather stations in the Atacama have never received rain. Periods up to four years have been registered with no rainfall in the central sector, delimited by the cities of Antofagasta, Calama, and Copiapó, in Chile.[1] Evidence suggests that the Atacama may not have had any significant rainfall from 1570 to 1971.[5]

text: The Atacama Desert may be the oldest desert on earth, and has experienced extreme hyperaridity for at least 3 million years, making it the oldest continuously arid region on earth. The long history of aridity raises the possibility that supergene mineralisation, under the appropriate conditions, can form in arid environments, instead of requiring humid conditions.[24] Geological research suggests that in some sections of the Atacama Desert, such as in today's Chile, hyperaridity has persisted for the last 200 million years (since the Triassic), competing only with Africa's Namib Desert for such a title.

text: The Atacama is so arid that many mountains higher than 6,000 m (20,000 ft) are completely free of glaciers. Only the highest peaks (such as Ojos del Salado, Monte Pissis, and Llullaillaco) have some permanent snow coverage.

text: The southern part of the desert, between 25 and 27°S, may have been glacier-free throughout the Quaternary (including during glaciations), though permafrost extends down to an altitude of 4,400 m (14,400 ft) and is continuous above 5,600 m (18,400 ft). Studies by a group of British scientists have suggested that some river beds have been dry for 120,000 years.[25] However, some locations in the Atacama receive a marine fog known locally as the camanchaca, providing sufficient moisture for hypolithic algae, lichens, and even some cacti—the genus Copiapoa is notable among these.

text: Geographically, the aridity of the Atacama is explained by it being situated between two mountain chains (the Andes and the Chilean Coast Range) of sufficient height to prevent moisture advection from either the Pacific or the Atlantic Oceans, a two-sided rain shadow.[7]

text: Comparison to Mars[edit]

text: In a region about 100 km (60 mi) south of Antofagasta, which averages 3,000 m (10,000 ft) in elevation, the soil has been compared to that of Mars. Owing to its otherworldly appearance, the Atacama has been used as a location for filming Mars scenes, most notably in the television series Space Odyssey: Voyage to the Planets.

text: In 2003, a team of researchers published a report in which they duplicated the tests used by the Viking 1 and Viking 2 Mars landers to detect life, and were unable to detect any signs in Atacama Desert soil in the region of Yungay.[27] The region may be unique on Earth in this regard, and is being used by NASA to test instruments for future Mars missions. The team duplicated the Viking tests in Mars-like Earth environments and found that they missed present signs of life in soil samples from Antarctic dry valleys, the Atacama Desert of Chile and Peru, and other locales. However, in 2014, a new hyperarid site was reported, María Elena South, which was much drier than Yungay, and thus, a better Mars-like environment.[28]

text:
Towards Atacama, near the deserted coast, you see a land without men, where there is not a bird, not a beast, nor a tree, nor any vegetation.
“
”

La Araucana by Alonso de Ercilla, 1569[29]

tag: div

text: In 2008, the Phoenix Mars Lander detected perchlorates on the surface of Mars at the same site where water was first discovered.[30] Perchlorates are also found in the Atacama and associated nitrate deposits have contained organics, leading to speculation that signs of life on Mars are not incompatible with perchlorates. The Atacama is also a testing site for the NASA-funded Earth–Mars Cave Detection Program.[31]

text: Flora[edit]

text: In spite of the geographic and climatic conditions of the desert, a rich variety of flora has evolved there. Over 500 species have been gathered within the border of this desert. These species are characterized by their extraordinary ability to adapt to this extreme environment.[32] Most common species are the herbs and flowers such as thyme, llareta, and saltgrass (Distichlis spicata), and where humidity is sufficient, trees such as the chañar (Geoffroea decorticans), the pimiento tree, and the leafy algarrobo (Prosopis chilensis).

text: The llareta is one of the highest-growing wood species in the world. It is found at altitudes between 3,000 and 5,000 m (9,800 and 16,400 ft). Its dense form is similar to a pillow some 3 to 4 m (9.8 to 13.1 ft) thick. It concentrates and retains the heat from the day to cope with low evening temperatures. The growth rate of the llareta has been recently estimated at about 1.5 cm per year, making many llaretas over 3,000 years old. It produces a much-prized resin, which the mining industry once harvested indiscriminately as fuel, making this plant endangered.

text: The desert is also home to cacti, succulents, and other plants that thrive in a dry climate. Cactus species here include the candelabro (Browningia candelaris) and cardon (Echinopsis atacamensis), which can reach a height of 7 m (23 ft) and a diameter of 70 cm (28 in).

text: The Atacama Desert flowering (Spanish: desierto florido) can be seen from September to November in years with sufficient precipitation, as happened in 2015.[18][19]

text: Fauna[edit]

text: The climate of the Atacama Desert limits the number of animals living permanently in this extreme ecosystem. Some parts of the desert are so arid, no plant or animal life can survive. Outside of these extreme areas, sand-colored grasshoppers blend with pebbles on the desert floor, and beetles and their larvae provide a valuable food source in the lomas (hills). Desert wasps and butterflies can be found during the warm and humid season, especially on the lomas. Red scorpions also live in the desert.

text: A unique environment is provided by some lomas, where the fog from the ocean provides enough moisture for seasonal plants and a few animal species. Surprisingly few reptile species inhabit the desert and even fewer amphibian species. Chaunus atacamensis, the Vallenar toad or Atacama toad, lives on the lomas, where it lays eggs in permanent ponds or streams. Iguanas and lava lizards inhabit parts of the desert, while salt flat lizards, Liolaemus, live in the dry areas bordering the ocean.[33] One species, Liolaemus fabiani, is endemic to the Salar de Atacama, the Atacama salt flat.[34]

text: Birds are probably the largest animal group in the Atacama. Humboldt penguins live year-round along the coast, nesting in desert cliffs overlooking the ocean. On salt flats both near the Pacific and inland, Andean flamingos flock to eat algae. Other birds (including species of hummingbirds and sparrows) visit the lomas seasonally to feed on insects, nectar, seeds, and flowers. The lomas help sustain several threatened species, such as the endangered Chilean woodstar.

text: Because of the desert's extreme aridity, only a few specially adapted mammal species live in the Atacama, such as Darwin's leaf-eared mouse. The less arid parts of the desert are inhabited by the South American gray fox and the viscacha (a relative of the chinchilla). Larger animals, such as guanacos and vicuñas, graze in areas where grass grows, mainly because it is seasonally irrigated by melted snow. Vicuñas need to remain near a steady water supply, while guanacos can roam into more arid areas and survive longer without fresh water. Seals and sea lions often gather along the coast.

text: Human presence[edit]

text: The Atacama is sparsely populated, with most towns located along the Pacific coast.[35] In interior areas, oases and some valleys have been populated for millennia and were the location of the most advanced pre-Columbian societies found in Chile.

text: Chinchorro culture[edit]

text: The Chinchorro culture developed in the Atacama Desert area from 7,000 to 1,500 BCE. These peoples were sedentary fishermen inhabiting mostly coastal areas. Their presence is found from today's towns of Ilo, in southern Peru, to Antofagasta in northern Chile. Presence of fresh water in the arid region on the coast facilitated human settlement in these areas. The Chinchorro were famous for their detailed mummification and funerary practices.[36]

text: In later times, the Atacama oases experienced little population growth and urban development. During the 20th century, they have had conflicts over water resources with the coastal cities and the mining industry.

text: San Pedro de Atacama, at about 2,400 m (8,000 ft) elevation, is like many of the small towns. Before the Inca empire and prior to the arrival of the Spanish, the extremely arid interior was inhabited primarily by the Atacameño tribe. They are noted for building fortified towns called pucarás, one of which is located a few kilometers from San Pedro de Atacama. The town's church was built by the Spanish in 1577.

text: The coastal cities originated in the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries during the time of the Spanish Empire, when they emerged as shipping ports for silver produced in Potosí and other mining centers. During the 19th century, the desert came under control of Bolivia, Chile, and Peru. With the discovery of sodium nitrate deposits and as a result of unclear borders, the area soon became a zone of conflict and resulted in the War of the Pacific. Chile annexed most of the desert, and cities along the coast developed into international ports, hosting many Chilean workers who migrated there.[37][38][39]

text: With the guano and saltpeter booms of the 19th century, the population grew immensely, mostly as a result of immigration from central Chile. In the 20th century, the nitrate industry declined and at the same time, the largely male population of the desert became increasingly problematic for the Chilean state. Miners and mining companies came into conflict, and protests spread throughout the region.

text: Abandoned nitrate mining towns[edit]

text: The desert has rich deposits of copper and other minerals and the world's largest natural supply of sodium nitrate, which was mined on a large scale until the early 1940s. The Atacama border dispute over these resources between Chile and Bolivia began in the 19th century and resulted in the War of the Pacific.[citation needed]

text: The desert is littered with about 170 abandoned nitrate (or "saltpeter") mining towns, almost all of which were shut down decades after the invention of synthetic nitrate in Germany at the turn of the 20th century (see Haber process).[citation needed] The towns include Chacabuco, Humberstone, Santa Laura, Pedro de Valdivia, Puelma, María Elena, and Oficina Anita.[citation needed]

text: The Atacama Desert is rich in metallic mineral resources such as copper, gold, silver and iron, as well as nonmetallic minerals including important deposits of boron, lithium, sodium nitrate, and potassium salts. The Salar de Atacama is where bischofite is extracted.[citation needed] These resources are exploited by various mining companies such as Codelco, Lomas Bayas, Mantos Blancos, and Soquimich.[40][41]

text: Astronomical observatories[edit]

text: Because of its high altitude, nearly nonexistent cloud cover, dry air, and lack of light pollution and radio interference from widely populated cities and towns, this desert is one of the best places in the world to conduct astronomical observations.[43][44] The European Southern Observatory operates two major observatories in the Atacama:

text:
La Silla Observatory
Paranal Observatory, which includes the Very Large Telescope

text: A new radio astronomy telescope, called the Atacama Large Millimeter Array, built by European countries, Japan, the United States, Canada, and Chile in the Llano de Chajnantor Observatory officially opened on 3 October 2011.[45] A number of radio astronomy projects, such as the CBI, the ASTE and the ACT, among others, have been operating in the Chajnantor area since 1999.

text: Other uses[edit]

text: Sports[edit]

text: The Atacama Desert is popular with all-terrain sports enthusiasts. Various championships have taken place here, including the Lower Atacama Rally, Lower Chile Rally, Patagonia-Atacama Rally, and the latter Dakar Rally's editions. The rally was organized by the Amaury Sport Organisation and held in 2009, 2010, 2011, and 2012. The dunes of the desert are ideal rally races located in the outskirts of the city of Copiapó.[46] The 2013 Dakar 15-Day Rally started on 5 January in Lima, Peru, through Chile, Argentina and back to Chile finishing in Santiago.[47] Visitors also use the Atacama Desert sand dunes for sandboarding (Spanish: duna).

text: A week-long foot race called the Atacama Crossing has the competitors cross the various landscapes of the Atacama.[48]

text: An event called Volcano Marathon takes place near the Lascar volcano in the Atacama Desert.[49]

text: Solar car racing[edit]

text: Eighteen solar powered cars were displayed in front of the presidential palace (La Moneda) in Santiago in November 2012.[50] The cars were then raced 1,300 km (810 mi) through the desert from 15–19 November 2012.[51]

text: Tourism[edit]

text: Most people who go to tour the sites in the desert stay in the town of San Pedro de Atacama.[52] The Atacama Desert is in the top three tourist locations in Chile. The specially commissioned ESO hotel is reserved for astronomers.[53]

text: El Tatio Geyser[edit]

text: About 80 geysers occur in a valley about 80 km from the town of San Pedro de Atacama. They are closer to the town of Chiu Chiu.[54]

text: Termas Baños de Puritama[edit]

text: The Baños de Puritama are rock pools which are 37 miles from the geysers.[55]

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
"Icy Penitents by Moonlight"

Valle de la Luna, near San Pedro de Atacama

Laguna Verde

Valley in Atacama

Vista before sunset.

Chajnantor Plateau in the Chilean Andes, home to the ESO/NAOJ/NRAO ALMA

Salt evaporation ponds in the Atacama Desert

Paranal Observatory

Flowering desert

Llamas

Valley of Death

Machuca chapel

text: Protected areas[edit]

text:
Pan de Azúcar National Park
Pampa del Tamarugal National Reserve
La Chimba National Reserve

text: Legends[edit]

text:
Alicanto
Atacama Giant


document_title: Geographic center of the contiguous United States

question_text: what state is in the center of the united states

root

text: Overview[edit]

text: Its position as located in a 1918 survey is located at 39°50′N 98°35′W / 39.833°N 98.583°W / 39.833; -98.583 (Geographic Center of the Contiguous United States), about 2.6 miles (4.2 km) northwest of the center of Lebanon, Kansas, approximately 12 miles (19 km) south of the Kansas-Nebraska border.[1]

tag: p

text: While any measurement of the exact center of a land mass will always be imprecise due to changing shorelines and other factors, the NGS coordinates are recognized in a historical marker in a small park at the intersection of AA Road and K-191. It is accessible by a turn-off from U.S. Route 281.

text: It is distinct from the geographic center of the United States, which reflects the 1959 additions of the states of Alaska and Hawaii, which is located at a point northeast of Belle Fourche, South Dakota.

text: In an unusual technical glitch, a farmstead northeast of Potwin, Kansas, became the default site of 600 million IP addresses (due to their lack of fine granularity) when the Massachusetts-based digital mapping company MaxMind changed the putative geographic center of the contiguous United States from 39.8333333,-98.585522 to 38.0000,-97.0000.[2]

text: Marker[edit]

text: In order to protect the privacy of the private land owner where the point identified by the 1918 survey falls,[3] a proxy marker was erected in 1940 some half a mile away.[4]

text: Its inscription reads:

text:
The GEOGRAPHIC CENTER of the UNITED STATES
LAT. 39°50' LONG. -98°35'
NE 1/4 - SE 1/4 - S32 - T2S - R11W
Located by L.T. Hagadorn of Paulette & Wilson - Engineers and L.A. Beardslee - County Engineer. From data furnished by U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey.
Sponsored by Lebanon Hub Club. Lebanon, Kansas. April 25, 1940

text: An American flag usually flies atop a pole placed on the monument. A covered picnic area and small four-pew chapel are nearby.

text: Method of measurement[edit]

text: In 1918, the Coast and Geodetic Survey found this location by balancing on a point a cardboard cutout shaped like the U.S.[5] This method was accurate to within 20 miles, but while the Geodetic Survey no longer endorses any location as the center of the U.S., the identification of Lebanon, Kansas, has remained.[6][7]


document_title: Partition of Bengal (1905)

question_text: when did the unification of bengal took place

text: Partition of Bengal (1905)

text: Background[edit]

text: The provincial state of Bengal had an area of 189,000 mi2 and a population of nearly 78.5 million. It comprised to West Bengal with a Hindu majority and East Bengal and Assam with a Muslim majority. It included the Hindi-speaking regions of Bihar, the Odia-speaking regions of Odisha as well as the Assamese-speaking region of Assam, making it a huge administrative entity. Moreover, the capital, Calcutta, was also the capital of the entire British India. With the growing efforts of the Indian freedom fighters to secure the independence of India, Lord Curzon decided to address both these problems by partitioning Bengal into two entities, which would result in a Muslim-majority in the eastern half, and a Hindu-majority in the western half. This he hoped would reduce the administrative pressures and divide the population on religious grounds, quelling the Indian Independence Movement.

text: Partition[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: The government announced the idea for partition in January 1904. The idea was opposed by Henry John Stedman Cotton, Chief Commissioner of Assam (1896–1902).

text: The partition was made on 16 October, by Viceroy Curzon. The former province of Bengal was divided into two new provinces "Bengal" (comprising western Bengal as well as the province of Bihar and Orissa) and Eastern Bengal and Assam with Dacca as the capital of the latter.[3] Partition was promoted for administrative reasons since Bengal was geographically as large as France and had a significantly larger population. Curzon stated the eastern region was neglected and under-governed. By splitting the province, an improved administration could be established in the east, where subsequently, the population would benefit from new schools and employment opportunities.

text: The partition was generally supported by the Muslims of East Bengal by both their poor economic conditions in East Bengal and the perceived dominance of the Hindu businessmen and landlords in West Bengal over the governance of Bengal. Most of the factories and mills in Bengal were established in and around Calcutta, while many sources of raw materials for these factories were in East Bengal. Furthermore, most of the educational institutions of the Province were in Calcutta, including the lone university in Bengal.

text: The scars resulting from the partition of Bengal have never completely healed and can still be seen today.

text: Given below is the proclamation of partition:

text: "The Governor-General is pleased to constitute the territories at present under the administration of the Chief Commissioner of Assam to be for the purposes of the Indian Councils Act 1861... a province to which the provisions of that Act touching the making of laws and regulations for the peace and good order of the presidencies of Fort St. George and Bombay shall be applicable and to direct that the said province shall be called and known as the province of Eastern Bengal and Assam.... The Governor-General in Council is pleased to specify the sixteenth day of October, 1905 as the period at which the said provisions shall take effect and 15th as the number of councilors whom the Lieutenant-Governor may nominate for his assistance in making laws and regulations. The Governor-General in Council is further pleased to declare and appoint that upon the constitution of the said province of Eastern Bengal and Assam, the districts of Dacca, Mymensingh, Faridpur, Backergunge, Tippera, Noakhali, Chittagong, the Chittagong Hill Tracts, Rajashahi, Dinajpur, Jalpaiguri, Rangpur, Bogra, Pabna, and Malda which now form part of the Bengal Division of the Presidency of Fort William shall cease to be subject to or included within the limits of that Division, and shall thenceforth be subject to and included within the limits of the Lieutenant-Governorship of the province of Eastern Bengal and Assam."

text: The reason behind the partition that was officially announced was that the Bengal province was too large to be administered by a single governor and so it would be partitioned on administrative purpose. The real reason behind the partition was political and not administrative. East Bengal was dominated by the Muslims and West Bengal by the Hindus. Partition was yet another part of the divide and rule policy. The following excerpts from Curzon's letter of 2 February 1905 to St. John Brodrick, Secretary of State for India, give an idea of his aims in partitioning Bengal:

text: "Calcutta is the centre from which the Congress Party is manipulated throughout the whole of Bengal, and indeed the whole of India. Its best wire pullers and its most frothy orators all reside here. The perfection of their machinery, and the tyranny which it enables them to exercise are truly remarkable. They dominate public opinion in Calcutta; they affect the High Court; they frighten the local Government, and they are sometimes not without serious influence on the Government of India. The whole of their activity is directed to creating an agency so powerful that they may one day be able to force a weak government to give them what they desire. Any measure in consequence that would divide the Bengali-speaking population; that would permit independent centres of activity and influence to grow up; that would dethrone Calcutta from its place as the center of successful intrigue, or that would weaken the influence of the lawyer class, who have the entire organisation in their hands, is intensely and hotly resented by them. The outcry will be loud and very fierce, but as a native gentleman said to me – 'my countrymen always howl until a thing is settled; then they accept it'."

text: Political crisis[edit]

text: Partition sparked an extremely major political crisis along religious lines. Hindu resistance exploded as the Indian National Congress began the Swadeshi movement that included boycotting British goods and public institutions, meetings and processions, forming committees, propaganda through press, and diplomatic pressure. Hitherto untouched sections of Indian society participated in these movements, providing base for later movements. Richness of the movement extended to culture, science and literature. Masses were educated for a bolder form of politics and colonial hegemony was undermined. The Muslims in East Bengal hoped that a separate region would give them more control over education and employment, hence, they opposed those movements.[4] Rabindranath Tagore wrote Banglar Mati Banglar Jol as a rallying cry for proponents of annulment of Partition.[5]

text: Opposition to the partition was supported by Henry John Stedman Cotton who had been Chief Commissioner of Assam, but Curzon was not to be moved. Later, Cotton, now Liberal MP for Nottingham East coordinated the successful campaign to oust the first lieutenant- governor of East Bengal, Sir Bampfylde Fuller.

text: Re-unification[edit]

text: Due to these political protests, the two parts of Bengal were reunited on 12 December 1911. A new partition which divided the province on linguistic, rather than religious grounds followed, with the Hindi, Oriya and Assamese areas separated to form separate administrative units: Bihar and Orissa Province was created to the west, and Assam Province to the east. The administrative capital of British India was moved from Calcutta to New Delhi as well.

text: Aftermath[edit]

text: In 1909, separate elections were established for Muslims and Hindus. Before this, many members of both communities had advocated national solidarity of all Bengalis. With separate electorates, distinctive political communities developed, with their own political agendas. Muslims, too, dominated the Legislature, due to their overall numerical strength of roughly twenty two to twenty eight million. Nationally, Hindus and Muslims began to demand the creation of two independent states, one to be formed in majority Hindu and one in majority Muslim areas.[6]

text: In 1947, Bengal was partitioned for the second time, solely on religious grounds, as part of the Partition of India following the formation of the nations India and Pakistan.[7] In 1955, East Bengal became East Pakistan, and in 1971 became the independent state of Bangladesh after a successful war of independence with West Pakistan.[8]

text: Significance[edit]

text: The partition left a significant impact on the people of Bengal as well as the political scene of the Indian subcontinent. This event also created a sense of political awareness among the Muslims of East Bengal. To mollify the people of East Bengal, Lord Curzon declared that a university as a center of excellence would be established in Dacca (which would later be named as University of Dhaka) and formed a committee in this regard consisting Khwaja Salimullah, A. K. Fazlul Huq and others. The decision was severely criticised by some Hindu leaders in West Bengal. The most significant impact of this event was greater communal dissonance between the Hindus and Muslims of Bengal.


document_title: List of best Major League Baseball season win-loss records

question_text: what's the best record in major league baseball history

question_tokens: what 's the best record in major league baseball history

text: Season records[edit]

text: The following teams finished the season with a .700 winning percentage or higher.

text: Since the season was expanded to 162 games in 1961, only two teams have managed a winning percentage greater than .700 (which requires 114 wins). These two are the 1998 New York Yankees and the 2001 Seattle Mariners.

text:
NL = National League
AL = American League
AA = American Association

tag: ul

text:
Season
Franchise
League
Wins
Losses
Pct.
Finish

1906
Chicago Cubs
NL
116
36
.763
Lost 1906 World Series

1902
Pittsburgh Pirates
NL
103
36
.741
National League Champions

1886
Chicago White Stockings
NL
90
34
.726
Lost 1886 World Series

1909
Pittsburgh Pirates
NL
110
42
.724
Won 1909 World Series

1954
Cleveland Indians
AL
111
43
.721
Lost 1954 World Series

2001
Seattle Mariners
AL
116
46
.716
Lost 2001 ALCS

1927
New York Yankees
AL
110
44
.714
Won 1927 World Series

1886
Detroit Wolverines
NL
87
36
.707
2nd place in National League

1897
Boston Beaneaters
NL
93
39
.705
Lost 1897 Temple Cup

1907
Chicago Cubs
NL
107
45
.704
Won 1907 World Series

1931
Philadelphia Athletics
AL
107
45
.704
Lost 1931 World Series

1998
New York Yankees
AL
114
48
.704
Won 1998 World Series

1887
St. Louis Browns
AA
95
40
.704
Lost 1887 World Series

1939
New York Yankees
AL
106
45
.702
Won 1939 World Series

text: Other teams[edit]

text: Prior to 1886, teams played .700 ball or better over shorter schedules, where there is much less of the "evening out" effect of a lengthier season.

text: For example, the Chicago White Stockings won the National League's first pennant in 1876 with a 52-14 record (.788), and won the 1880 NL pennant with a 67-17 record (.798), which stands as the overall percentage record between the National or the American League. The White Stockings' 1880 record would project to a record of 129-33 under the modern schedule of 162 games, while Pythagorean expectation based on the White Stockings' results (538 runs scored, 317 runs allowed) and a 162-game schedule would translate to a record of 120-42.

text: The all-time best single season record belongs to the Cincinnati Red Stockings, who posted baseball's only perfect record at 67-0 (57-0 against National Association of Base Ball Players clubs) in 1869. Their record would stretch to 81-0 across the 1870 season before losing 8-7 in eleven innings to the Brooklyn Atlantics in Brooklyn on June 14.[1][2]

text: The second-best record belongs to the 1875 Boston Red Stockings of the National Association, who finished with a record of 71-8 (.899), but the status of the National Association as a major league has long been disputed. The Red Stockings record would project to 146-16 under the modern schedule of 162 games, while Pythagorean expectation based on the Red Stockings results (831 runs scored, 343 runs allowed) and the modern 162-game schedule would translate to a record of 138-24.

text: The National Association folded at the end of 1875, and the Red Stockings, who had won the last four pennants, joined the National League for 1876, being renamed the Red Caps. The team went 39-31 for a fourth-place finish in 1876 before winning the 1877 and 1878 pennants with records of 42-18 and 41-19.

text: The third-best record belongs to the St. Louis Maroons of the 1884 Union Association, who finished with a record of 94-19 (.832), but the Union Association was quite lopsided in talent distribution (team owner Henry Lucas was also league president, an obvious conflict-of-interest situation which is now banned, and bought all the best available players for his franchise), generally disorganized (six teams played close to full schedules, another four teams folded and one relocated during the course of the season), and poorly scheduled. The Maroons' record would project to 135-27 under the modern schedule of 162 games, while Pythagorean expectation based on the Maroons' results (887 runs scored, 429 runs allowed) and a 162-game schedule would translate to a record of 131-31, but these results are of questionable merit.

text: The Union Association folded at the end of 1884, and the Maroons joined the National League for 1885. Playing against stiffer competition, they went 36-72 in 1885, and 43-79 in 1886, finishing in last and sixth in both seasons. In 1887, the Maroons relocated to Indianapolis and became the Indianapolis Hoosiers, playing three more seasons below .500 before folding.


document_title: Beverly Hills Chihuahua 2

question_text: who plays papi jr in beverly hills chihuahua 2

text: Beverly Hills Chihuahua 2

text: Plot[edit]

text: Just married, Papi (voiced by George Lopez) and Chloe (voiced by Odette Yustman)[5] are trying to keep up with their five puppies Papi Jr, Lala, Rosa, Ali and Pep (voiced by Zachary Gordon, Madison Pettis, Chantilly Spalan, Delaney Jones and Emily Osment) running around the house, creating problem after problem. However, Papi shows a soft side for the pups and occasionally tells them of their ancient ancestors the Chihuahua Warriors often creating another problem. Aunt Viv (Susan Blakely), Chloe's owner, is in the rain forest for the next 6 months with her niece, Rachel (Erin Cahill) searching for plants for medical research. During this time Sam (Marcus Coloma), Papi's owner and Rachel's boyfriend, is caring for the whole chihuahua family. Sam takes Chloe, Papi and the puppies back home to meet his parents, Mr. and Mrs. Cortez (Castulo Guerra and Lupe Ontiveros).

text: Sam finds out that his family is struggling to pay the mortgage on their house and the bank plans to take their home and sell it. Chloe and the rest of the dogs decide to compete in a dog show in order to win a large cash prize. Delgado, an old friend, also comes to the home and tells Chloe that he needs her help with a secret mission. The mission really is Delgado trying to tell his two sons the truth about why he left them as puppies, but he can't bring himself to do it. Later on, Papi had initially won the dog show, but because of the lack of breed papers, he is disqualified, and the dogs lose to an arrogant and vain French poodle named Appoline (Bridgit Mendler). After hearing that Delgado has sons in Los Angeles, the puppies set off to find them. In trying to help, the puppies get caught up in a bank robbery.

text: Meanwhile, Chloe, Papi, Pedro (Papi's adopted brother) and Delgado are in a frenzy trying to find the puppies when they appear running across the television screen at the site of the bank robbery. They all run out to the bank to begin searching for the puppies. The puppies happen to crawl into the duffel bags of the crooks and end up at Hoffman's Bread Factory. Pedro finds a mask with the scent of bread on it which leads them to the factory. They foil the robbery then return home to find that they have been awarded more than enough money to save their house and Rachel and Aunt Viv have returned. Delgado also goes back into the police force with his two sons, that now found out the truth on why Delgado left them as pups. Rachel accepts Sam's marriage proposal and the family celebrates.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Phill Lewis as Mr. McKibble
Marcus Coloma as Sam Cortez
Erin Cahill as Rachel Ashe
Susan Blakely as Vivian 'Viv' Ashe
Lupe Ontiveros as Mrs. Cortez (Ontiveros' last film role)
Castulo Guerra as Mr. Cortez
Elaine Hendrix as Colleen Mansfield (Appoline's owner)
Brian Stepanek as the Banker
French Stewart as Beverly Hills Dog Show Commentator/Dog Show Judge #2

text: Voices[edit]

text:
George Lopez as Papi
Odette Yustman as Chloe, Papi's wife. Yustman replaced Drew Barrymore as the voice of Chloe.
Miguel Ferrer as Delgado. Ferrer replaced Andy Garcia as the voice of Delgado
Ernie Hudson as Pedro
Zachary Gordon as Papi Jr.
Chantilly Spalan as Rosa
Emily Osment as Pep
Madison Pettis as Lala
Rachel Ramos as Ali
Tom Kenny as Sebastian
Loretta Devine as Delta
Bridgit Mendler as Marie Appoline Bouvier
Alyssa Milano as Biminy

text: Music[edit]

text: This Is My Paradise[edit]

text:
"This Is My Paradise"

Promotional single by Bridgit Mendler

Released
January 11, 2011[6]

Genre
Pop

Length
3:45

Label
Walt Disney

Songwriter(s)
Bridgit Mendler

Producer(s)
Chen Neeman

text: "This is My Paradise is a song performed by American pop recording artist Bridgit Mendler. The song was created by Mendler and producer by Chen Neeman and release as a promotional single on January 11, 2011.

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Sweets Lyrics commented that the song is about summer and the beach, despite it being winter in the United States when it was released.[7] Disney Dreaming said the song was light and fun.[8]

text: Track listing[edit]

text: U.S. digital download[6]

text: "This Is My Paradise" – 3:19

tag: ol

text: Music video[edit]

text: The video of the song was recorded in Beverly Hills, California in November 2010 and directed by Alex Zamm. On December 17, 2010 photos of the scenes, the recording, and the backstage were released. The video was released on December 19 by Disney Channel, and on December 20, it was released on YouTube.[8] The video begins with Mendler traveling in an old red and white kombi, leaving Beverly Hills and going to Baja California, Mexico. She sings and writes on the road. After finding her friends, Mendler walks on the beach and plays guitar. They camp by the sun.

text: Chart performance[edit]

text:
Chart (2012)
Peak
position

US Kid Digital Songs (Billboard)[9]
1


document_title: Ring finger

question_text: what hand does the groom wear his ring

question_tokens: what hand does the groom wear his ring

text: Ring finger

text: Etymology[edit]

text:
The origin of the selection of the fourth finger as the ring finger is not definitively known. According to László A. Magyar, the names of the ring finger in many languages reflect an ancient belief that it is a magical finger. It is named after magic or rings, or called nameless (for example, in Chinese: 無名指, unnamed finger).[1]
In Sanskrit and other languages like Finnish or Russian, the ring finger is called respectively - "Anamika", "Nimetön" and "Безымянный" ("nameless"). In Arabic and Hebrew, the ring finger is called respectively - bansur (meaning "victory") - and kmitsa (meaning "taking a handful").

text: In anatomy, the ring finger is called digitus medicinalis, the fourth finger, digitus annularis, digitus quartus, or digitus IV. It may also be referred to as the third finger,[2] excluding the thumb. In Latin, the word anulus means "ring", digitus means "finger", and quartus means "fourth".

text: History[edit]

text: Before medical science discovered how the circulatory system functioned, people believed that a vein ran directly from the fourth finger on the left hand to the heart.[3] Because of the hand–heart connection, they chose the descriptive name vena amoris, Latin for the vein of love, for this particular vein.[4]

text: Based upon this name, their contemporaries, purported experts in the field of matrimonial etiquette, wrote that it would only be fitting that the wedding ring be worn on this finger.[citation needed] By wearing the ring on the fourth finger of the left hand, a married couple symbolically declares their eternal love for each other.

text: In Britain, only women tended to wear a wedding ring until the 1st and 2nd World Wars, when married male soldiers started to wear rings to remind them of their partner.

text: Contemporary customs[edit]

text: Western customs[edit]

text: In Western cultures, a wedding ring is traditionally worn on the fourth finger, commonly called the ring finger in western culture. This developed from the Roman "anulus pronubis" when a man would give a ring to the woman at their betrothal ceremony. Blessing the wedding ring and putting it on the bride's finger dates from the 11th century. In medieval Europe, during the Christian wedding ceremony the ring was placed in sequence on the thumb, index, middle, and ring fingers of the left hand. The ring was then left on the ring finger. In a few European countries, the ring is worn on the left hand prior to marriage, then transferred to the right during the ceremony. For example, a Greek Orthodox bride wears the ring on the left hand prior to the ceremony, then moves it to the right hand after the wedding. In England, the 1549 Prayer Book declared "the ring shall be placed on the left hand". By the 17th and 18th centuries the ring could be found on any finger after the ceremony — even on the thumb.

text: The wedding ring is generally worn on the ring finger of the left hand in the former British Empire, certain parts of Western Europe, certain parts of Catholic Central and Eastern Europe (and some not so), Mexico and Bolivia. These include: Australia, Botswana, Canada, Egypt, Ireland, New Zealand, South Africa, the UK, and the US; France, Italy, Portugal, Sweden,  Finland, Catalonia and Valencia (not the rest of Spain); Czech Republic, Slovakia, Switzerland, Croatia, Slovenia, and Romania.

text: The wedding ring is worn on the ring finger of the right hand in some Orthodox and a small number of Catholic European countries, some Protestant Western European, as well as some Central and South American Catholic countries.[5] In Eastern Europe, these include:  Bulgaria, Greece, Georgia, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Russia, Serbia and Ukraine.  In Central or Western Europe, these include: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Netherlands [if not Catholic], Norway, and (Catholic) Spain (except in Catalonia and Valencia). In Central or South America, these include: Colombia, Cuba, Peru, Venezuela.

text: The ring is worn on the right hand until the actual wedding day, when it is moved to the left hand in Turkey, Lebanon, and Syria as well as in Romania and Brazil.

text: Non-Western customs[edit]

text: In Sinhala and Tamil culture, the groom wears the wedding ring on his right hand and bride wears it on her left hand ring finger. This can be seen in countries like Sri Lanka where there is a rich Sinhala and Tamil cultural influence in the society.[6]

text: A wedding ring is not a traditional part of the religious Muslim wedding and wedding rings are not included in most Islamic countries, However, if a wedding ring is worn in an Islamic country, it may be worn on either the left (such is the custom in Iran) or the right ring finger (as in Jordan).  As opposed to the wedding ring, use of a ring to denote betrothal or engagement is quite prevalent in Muslim countries, especially those in West and South Asia. Muslim engagement rings are typically worn on the right finger by men, and the left finger by women.

text: In a traditional Jewish wedding ceremony, the wedding ring is placed on the bride's righthand index finger[7], but other traditions place it on the middle finger or the thumb, most commonly in recent times.[8] Today, the ring usually is moved to the left hand ring finger after the ceremony. Some Jewish grooms have adopted wearing a wedding ring.

text: Rings are not traditional in an Indian wedding. However, in modern society it is becoming a practice to wear rings for engagements and not for actual marriage. Though the left hand is considered inauspicious for religious activities, a ring (not to be called wedding ring) is still worn on the left hand. Men generally wear the rings on the right hand and the women on the left hands.


document_title: Tonsillolith

question_text: why does white stuff come out of my throat

text: Tonsillolith

text: Signs and symptoms[edit]

text: Tonsilloliths may produce no symptoms, or they may be associated with bad breath, or produce pain when swallowing.[4]

text: Tonsilloliths occur more frequently in teens than in adults or young children. Many small tonsil stones do not cause any noticeable symptoms. Even when they are large, some tonsil stones are only discovered incidentally on X-rays or CAT scans.

text: Other symptoms include a metallic taste, throat closing or tightening, coughing fits, and choking.

text: Larger tonsilloliths may cause multiple symptoms, including recurrent halitosis, which frequently accompanies a tonsil infection, sore throat, white debris, a bad taste in the back of the throat, difficulty swallowing, ear ache, and tonsil swelling.[5] A medical study conducted in 2007 found an association between tonsilloliths and bad breath in patients with a certain type of recurrent tonsillitis. Among those with bad breath, 75% of the subjects had tonsilloliths, while only 6% of subjects with normal halitometry values (normal breath) had tonsilloliths. A foreign body sensation may also exist in the back of the throat. The condition may also be an asymptomatic condition, with detection upon palpating a hard intratonsillar or submucosal mass.

text:
A tonsillolith protrudes from the tonsil

Large tonsillolith half exposed on tonsil

Closeup of a tonsillolith

text: Classification[edit]

text: Tonsilloliths or tonsil stones are calcifications that form in the crypts of the palatal tonsils. They are also known to form in the throat and on the roof of the mouth. Tonsils are filled with crevices where bacteria and other materials, including dead cells and mucus, can become trapped. When this occurs, the debris can become concentrated in white formations that occur in the pockets.[5] Tonsilloliths are formed when this trapped debris accumulates and are expressed from the tonsil. They are generally soft, sometimes rubbery. This tends to occur most often in people who suffer from chronic inflammation in their tonsils or repeated bouts of tonsillitis.[5] They are often associated with post-nasal drip.

text: Giant[edit]

text: Much rarer than the typical tonsil stones are giant tonsilloliths. Giant tonsilloliths may often be mistaken for other oral maladies, including peritonsillar abscess, and tumours of the tonsil.[6]

text: Pathophysiology[edit]

text: The mechanism by which these calculi form is subject to debate,[1] though they appear to result from the accumulation of material retained within the crypts, along with the growth of bacteria and fungi – sometimes in association with persistent chronic purulent tonsillitis.

text: Recently, an association between biofilms and tonsilloliths was shown. Central to the biofilm concept is the assumption that bacteria form a three dimensional structure, dormant bacteria being in the center to serve as a constant nidus of infection. This impermeable structure renders the biofilm immune to antibiotic treatment. By use of confocal microscopy and microelectrodes, biofilms similar to dental biofilms were shown to be present in the tonsillolith, with oxygen respiration at the outer layer of tonsillolith, denitrification toward the middle, and acidification toward the bottom.[7]

text: Diagnosis[edit]

text: Diagnosis is usually made upon inspection. Differential diagnosis of tonsilloliths includes foreign body, calcified granuloma, malignancy, an enlarged temporal styloid process or rarely, isolated bone which is usually derived from embryonic rests originating from the branchial arches.[8]

text: Tonsilloliths are difficult to diagnose in the absence of clear manifestations, and often constitute casual findings of routine radiological studies.

text: Imaging diagnostic techniques can identify a radiopaque mass that may be mistaken for foreign bodies, displaced teeth or calcified blood vessels. Computed tomography (CT) may reveal nonspecific calcified images in the tonsillar zone. The differential diagnosis must be established with acute and chronic tonsillitis, tonsillar hypertrophy, peritonsillar abscesses, foreign bodies, phlebolites, ectopic bone or cartilage, lymph nodes, granulomatous lesions or calcification of the stylohyoid ligament in the context of Eagle syndrome (elongated styloid process).[9]

text: Treatment[edit]

text: Often, no treatment is needed, as few stones produce symptoms.[5]

text: Some people are able to remove tonsil stones using the tip of the tongue. Oral irrigators are also simple yet effective and will thoroughly clean the tonsil crypts. Most electric oral irrigators are unsuitable for tonsil stone removal because they are too powerful and are likely to cause discomfort and rupture the tonsils, which could result in further complications such as infection. Irrigators that connect directly to the sink tap via a threaded attachment or otherwise are suitable for tonsil stone removal and everyday washing of the tonsils because they can jet water at low pressure levels that the user can adjust by simply turning the sink tap, allowing for a continuous range of pressures to suit each user's specific requirements.[5]

text: More simply still, gargling with warm, salty water may help alleviate the discomfort of tonsillitis, which often accompanies tonsil stones. Vigorous gargling each morning can also keep the tonsil crypts clear of all but the most persistent tonsilloliths.[5]

text: Anti-inflammatory[edit]

text: Nimesulide is prescribed as an oral mouthwash.

text: Curettage[edit]

text: Larger tonsil stones may require removal by curettage (scooping) or otherwise, although thorough irrigation will still be required afterwards to effectively wash out smaller pieces. Larger lesions may require local excision, although these treatments may not completely help the bad breath issues that are often associated with this condition.

text: Laser[edit]

text: Another option is to decrease the surface area (crypts, crevices, etc.) of the tonsils via laser resurfacing. The procedure is called laser cryptolysis. It can be performed using a local anesthetic. A scanned carbon dioxide laser selectively vaporizes and smooths the surface of the tonsils. This technique flattens the edges of the crypts and crevices that collect the debris, preventing trapped material from forming stones.

text: Surgery[edit]

text: Tonsillectomy may be indicated if bad breath due to tonsillar stones persists despite other measures.[10]

text: At-home remedies[edit]

text: Home intervention may be used to help dislodge or remove the stones and provide temporary comfort. Several methods have been used, including using a toothbrush or spoon to gently probe and squeeze the tonsil, or small flashlight, Q-tip, chopstick with tapered end, oral irrigator, gargling with warm salt water, and even specialized devices for the sole purpose of removing the invasive stones.[5][not in citation given]

text: Epidemiology[edit]

text: Tonsilloliths or tonsillar concretions occur in up to 10% of the population, frequently due to episodes of tonsillitis.[11] While small concretions in the tonsils are common, true tonsilloliths or stones are rare.[1] They commonly occur in young adults and are rare in children.[1]


document_title: List of countries by total renewable water resources

question_text: who has the most water in the world

question_tokens: who has the most water in the world

text: This is a list of countries by total renewable water resources mostly based on The World Factbook.[1] This entry provides the long-term average water availability for a country in cubic kilometers of precipitation, recharged ground water, and surface inflows from surrounding countries. [2]

text: According to the Index Mundi’s data Greenland ranked number 1 and Iceland ranked number 2 in renewable internal freshwater resources per capita with 10,662,190.00 cubic meters and 519,264.70 cubic meters, respectively. Renewable internal freshwater resources flows refer to internal renewable resources (internal river flows and groundwater from rainfall) in the country. Renewable internal freshwater resources per capita are calculated using the World Bank's population estimates. [3]

text:
SN
Country
Total renewable
water resources
(km³)
Date of
Information

1
 Brazil
8,233
2011

2
 Russia
4,508
2011

3
 United States
3,069
2011

4
 Canada
2,902
2011

5
 China
2,840
2011

6
 Colombia
2,132
2011

—
 European Union
2,057.76
2011

7
 Indonesia
2,019
2011

8
 Peru
1,913
2011

9
 India
1,911
2011

10
 Congo, Democratic Republic of the
1,283
2011

11
 Venezuela
1,233
2011

12
 Bangladesh
1,227
2011

13
 Myanmar
1,168
2011

14
 Chile
922
2011

15
 Vietnam
884.1
2011

16
 Congo, Republic of the
832
2011

17
 Argentina
814
2011

18
 Papua New Guinea
801
2011

19
 Malaysia
622.5
2011

20
 Bolivia
580
2011

21
 Australia
492
2011

22
 Philippines
479
2011

23
 Cambodia
476.1
2011

24
 Thailand
457.2
2011

25
 Mexico
438.6
2011

26
 Japan
430
2011

27
 Norway
424.4
2011

28
 Ecuador
382
2011

29
 Paraguay
337
2011

30
 Madagascar
336
2011

31
 New Zealand
333.5
2011

32
 Laos
327
2011

33
 Nigeria
286.2
2011

34
 Cameroon
285.5
2011

35
 Pakistan
246.8
2011

36
 Guyana
241
2011

37
 Guinea
232
2011

38
 Mozambique
226
2011

39
 Romania
217.1
2011

40
 Liberia
211.9
2011

41
 Turkey
211.6
2011

42
 France
211
2011

43
   Nepal
210.2
2011

44
 Nicaragua
196.6
2011

45
 Italy
191.3
2011

46
 Sweden
174
2011

47
 Iceland
170
2011

48
 Gabon
164
2011

49
 Serbia
162.2
2011*

50
 Sierra Leone
160
2011

51
 Germany
154
2011

52
 Angola
148
2011

53
 Panama
148
2011

54
 United Kingdom
147
2011

55
 Central African Republic
144.4
2011

56
 Ukraine
139.6
2011

57
 Ethiopia
139
2011

58
 Iran
137
2011

59
 Uruguay
122
2011

60
 Suriname
122
2011

61
 Costa Rica
112.4
2011

62
 Spain
111.5
2011

63
 Guatemala
111.3
2011

64
 Finland
110
2011

65
 Zambia
107.5
2011

66
 Turkmenistan
105.5
2011

67
 Croatia
105.2
2011

68
 Hungary
104
2011

69
 Mali
100
2011

70
 Tanzania
96.27
2011

71
 Honduras
95.93
2011

72
 Netherlands
91
2011

73
 Iraq
89.86
2011

74
 Cote d'Ivoire
81.14
2011

75
 Austria
78
2011

76
 Azerbaijan
77.7
2011

77
 Korea, North
77.15
2011

78
 Greece
74.25
2011

79
 Portugal
69.7
2011

80
 Korea, South
68.7
2011

81
 Taiwan
67
2011

82
 Kazakhstan
66
2011

83
 Uganda
65.33
2011

84
 Sudan
64.5
2011

85
 Poland
63.33
2011

86
 Georgia
61.6
2011

87
 Belarus
58
2011

88
 Egypt
57.3
2011

89
  Switzerland
53.5
2011

90
 Ghana
53.2
2011

91
 Sri Lanka
52.8
2011

92
 Ireland
52
2011

93
 South Africa
51.4
2011

94
 Slovakia
50.1
2011

95
 Uzbekistan
48.87
2011

96
 Solomon Islands
44.7
2011

97
 Albania
43
2011

98
 Chad
41.7
2011

99
 Senegal
38.8
2011

100
 Cuba
38.12
2011

101
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
37.5
2011

102
 Latvia
35.45
2011

103
 Mongolia
34.8
2011

104
 Bhutan
34.68
2011

105
 Niger
33.65
2011

106
 Slovenia
31.87
2011

107
 Guinea-Bissau
31
2011

108
 Morocco
30.7
2011

109
 Kenya
29
2011

110
 Fiji
28.55
2011

111
 Benin
26.39
2011

112
 Equatorial Guinea
26
2011

113
 El Salvador
25.23
2011

114
 Lithuania
24.9
2011

115
 Afghanistan
24.77
2011

116
 Kyrgyzstan
23.62
2011

117
 Tajikistan
21.91
2011

118
 Bulgaria
21.3
2011

119
 Dominican Republic
21
2011

120
 Zimbabwe
20
2011

121
 Belize
18.55
2011

122
 Belgium
18.3
2011

123
 Namibia
17.72
2011

124
 Somalia
17.28
2011

125
 Malawi
16.8
2011

126
 Syria
14.7
2011

127
 Togo
14.7
2011

128
 Haiti
14.03
2011

129
 Czech Republic
13.15
2011

130
 Estonia
12.81
2011

131
 Burundi
12.54
2011

132
 Burkina Faso
12.5
2011

133
 Botswana
12.24
2011

134
 Algeria
11.67
2011

135
 Moldova
11.65
2011

136
 Mauritania
11.4
2011

137
 Rwanda
9.5
2011

138
 Jamaica
9.4
2011

139
 Brunei
8.5
2011

140
 Gambia
8
2011

141
 Armenia
7.77
2011

142
 Macedonia
6.4
2011

143
 Eritrea
6.3
2011

144
 Denmark
6
2011

145
 Tunisia
4.6
2011

146
 Lebanon
4.51
2011

147
 Swaziland
4.5
2011

148
 Trinidad and Tobago
3.84
2011

149
 Luxembourg
3.1
2011

150
 Lesotho
3.02
2011

151
 Mauritius
2.75
2011

152
 Saudi Arabia
2.4
2011

153
 Yemen
2.1
2011

154
 Israel
1.78
2011

155
 Oman
1.4
2011

156
 Comoros
1.2
2011

157
 Jordan
0.94
2011

158
 Cyprus
0.78
2011

159
 Libya
0.7
2011

160
 Singapore
0.6
2011

161
 Cape Verde
0.3
2011

162
 Djibouti
0.3
2011

163
 United Arab Emirates
0.15
2011

164
 Bahrain
0.12
2011

165
 Barbados
0.08
2011

166
 Qatar
0.06
2011

167
 Antigua and Barbuda
0.05
2011

168
 Malta
0.05
2011

169
 Maldives
0.03
2011

170
 Bahamas
0.02
2011

171
 Kuwait
0.02
2011

172
 Saint Kitts and Nevis
0.02
2011


question_text: united states attorney for the district of south dakota

text:
Department of Justice
U.S. Attorney for the
District of South Dakota

Seal of the United States Department of Justice

Department overview

Department executive

Ron A. Parsons Jr., United States Attorney

Website
www.justice.gov/usao-sd

text: The United States Attorney for the District of South Dakota is the United States Attorney responsible for representing the federal government in the United States District Court for the District of South Dakota. By statute, the U.S. Attorney is responsible for prosecuting both federal crimes and all serious crimes committed by adults in the District of South Dakota. Therefore, the U.S. Attorney for the South Dakota serves as both the federal prosecutor (as in the other 92 U.S. Attorneys' offices) and as the local district attorney. The United States Attorney is Ron A. Parsons Jr.

text: List of U.S. Attorneys for the District of South Dakota[edit]

text:
No.
Name
Term of Office
Political Party
Law school graduated from
President

31
William F. Clayton
1969-1977
Republican
University of South Dakota School of Law
Richard Nixon

32
David V. Vrooman
1977-1980
Democrat
University of South Dakota School of Law
Jimmy Carter

33
James H. Reynolds
1980-1981
Democrat
University of Iowa College of Law
Jimmy Carter

34
Philip N. Hogen
1981-1991
Republican
University of South Dakota School of Law
Ronald Reagan

35
Kevin Schieffer (Not confirmed by Senate)
1991-1993
Republican
Georgetown Law Center
George H.W. Bush

36
Karen Schreier
1993-1999
Democrat
St. Louis University School of Law
Bill Clinton

37
Ted McBride
1999-2001
Democrat
University of South Dakota School of Law
Bill Clinton

38
James E. McMahon[1]
2002-2005
Republican
University of South Dakota School of Law
George W. Bush

39
Marty Jackley
2006-2009
Republican
University of South Dakota School of Law
George W. Bush

40
Brendan Johnson
2009-2015
Democrat
University of Virginia School of Law
Barack Obama

41
Randy Seiler
2015-2017
Democrat
University of South Dakota School of Law
Barack Obama

42
Ron A. Parsons Jr.
2018-present
Republican
University of South Dakota School of Law
Donald Trump


document_title: Zihuatanejo

question_text: where did red meat andy in shawshank redemption

text: Zihuatanejo

text: History[edit]

text: Pre-colonial era[edit]

text: The first human inhabitants of the region were nomadic tribes with a hunting and gathering culture.[4] By the 15th century, the area was inhabited by groups called the Chumbia, the Panteca and the Coixcas. These groups mined salt in what is now Ixtapa. The two main settlements in the area were Cihuatlán, which is near the modern Zihuatanejo, and Petatlán. These two settlements along with much of the surrounding area was part of a pre-Hispanic dominion called Cuitlatepan. It extended from the Atoyac River along the coast and inland to the borders of what are now the states of Michoacán and Mexico State. Little remains of these two settlements, mostly because they were abandoned by most of the local inhabitants after being conquered by the Aztecs.[1][4]

text: The area had always been sparsely populated before the colonial era. There are some myths and legends related to the place. There is a story that states that Zihuatanejo was a sanctuary dedicated to the goddess Cihuatéotl, who was of Olmec origin. She was considered to be the mother of the human race and the goddess of women who died in childbirth and of warriors who died in battle.[4] In modern Zihuatanejo, there is an area called "La Madera" to the east of the port that may have been a shrine or sanctuary due to the significant number of pre-Hispanic clay figures that have been found. It is thought that this was dedicated to her. The area also appears to have been a sanctuary for the burial of important persons.[1] In pre-Hispanic times, Purépecha kings used this area as a recreational area.

text: Just south of the Zihuatanejo Airport there is a large archeological site at La Soledad De Maciel and the small town of La Chole. While artifacts have been found there since the 1930s, excavations were only started between 2000 and 2010. The site was occupied from 3000 BCE to the early 600s CE when it was destroyed by a tsunami. It was occupied by three different cultures and was an important trading city for both Teotihuacan and the Olmec. At its height it had a large population with the site possibly covering a 10 km2 area. Only a small part of the site has been excavated because most of it is owned by the local farmers who grow fruit trees, vegetables, coconuts for copra and tobacco that they roll into cigars. The Mexican government is in the process of buying back the site but it will be a slow process. Still, what has been uncovered is worth seeing. [7]

text: Cuitlatepan was conquered by the Aztecs under Ahuizotl in 1497. It was renamed Cihuatlán and turned into a tributary province.

text: Colonial era[edit]

text: The Spanish arrived in the 1520s. The first Spaniard to arrive here is said to have been Gonzalo de Umbria, sent by Hernán Cortés to explore the area to see if there was any gold. The conquest caused the native peoples to mostly abandon the area, and it is not known where they went. Those left to provide tribute were known in the Mexican highlands for their cotton shawls and decorated conch shells.[1][4] The oldest document with Zihuatanejo’s name is called the Matricula de Tributos (Record of Tribute). Today the local dialect has been lost and the only trace of the native population is a small archaeological site that was explored by INAH in the 1990s.

text: The Spanish used the bay as a point of departure to explore the Pacific coast as well as a port for the first ships to sail to the Philippines, the Florida, the Espiritu Santo and the Santiago. These ships were ordered built by Hernán Cortés and offered to the Spanish king Carlos V. According to the chronicles written by Bernal Díaz del Castillo, the ships were constructed here using Spanish carpenters and local wood. They left Zihuatanejo Bay on 31 October 1527 with Captain Alvaro de Saavedra y Cerón. Only the Florida made it to the Asian islands, and neither the captain nor crew ever returned to Mexico.[1]

text: The Ixtapa area was given to Anton Sanchez as an encomienda, with nearby Pochutla and Tamaloca as part of this arrangement. With the disappearance of the native population, fields and forests were worked by Spaniards, leaving little in the way of the colonial system which was prevalent in other parts of Mexico. The Spanish raised chocolate, cotton, vanilla and corn here; however the main export was tropical woods such as cedar, oak, walnut and others. Much of this was exported to Europe. Some gold was found here, mostly in an area in the Sierra Madre del Sur mountains in an area called Real de Guadalupe and areas north of the current municipality. During the colonial period, the Spanish galleons of Manila brought coconut trees to the area, which still flourish. They were the basis of the economy of the coast for some time. Few, if any, vestiges of the haciendas of the area remain, mostly because lasting constructions such as stone mansions or aqueducts were never built, as they were in other parts of Mexico. These haciendas were generally owned by foreigners, such as the Inguarán company of France or by creoles.[1]

text: The town now known as Zihuatanejo was a fishing village, surrounded by large haciendas. Between 1680 and 1740 there are indications that the port was used for contraband trade; that is, for trade of arriving Asian products between New Spain and Peru, an interregional trade which had been forbidden.[8] In the second half of the 16th century, the original Spanish shipyards at Zacatula burned. Unable to reconstruct them, new ones were built at Zihuatanejo. The surrounding haciendas occasionally used the bay as a port to ship wood and minerals. The bay was visited during the colonial period by many pirates.[1]

text: Independence and post-colonial era[edit]

text: The municipality was spared involvement in the Mexican War of Independence, except for its use by José María Morelos y Pavón as a logistic port in 1811. Morelos created the province of Tecpan, which included Zihuatanejo.

text: However, the municipality did suffer consequences during the Mexican Revolution. Generally, it was sympathetic to the rebel cause and many joined, such as brothers Alfredo, Leonel, Hector and Homero Lopez. Because of its sympathies, various bands associated with the different forces fighting against the Porfirio Diaz government (and each other) came through here, as well as federal forces. These led to a certain amount of sacking, pillaging and vandalism.[1]

text: In 1823, with the first republic, Zihuatanejo was separated from Tecpan and became part of the district of Acapulco. When the state of Guerrero was created, Zihuatanejo was part of the municipality of La Unión and Petatlán.[1][4]

text: 20th century[edit]

text: In 1926, a group called the "vidalistas" attacked the town which led to a secret agreement with the government to free a number of the compatriots.[4]

text: In 1952, there was a strike by workers on coconut plantations from Acapulco to Zihuatanejo. Strikers blocked the highways of the town. In 1953, the town gained municipality status.[1] In the 1970s, the area changed radically when the federal government decided to develop the Zihuatanejo-Ixtapa area into a tourist attraction. This caused the population to increase dramatically, especially in the 1980s and today the main economic base is tourism.[1]

text: Tourism in Zihuatanejo was negatively impacted by some events in the 2000s. In May 2008, bull sharks gathered in large numbers along the coast for unknown reasons; two surfers were killed and a third was injured. The attacks occurred during a three-week period causing a "Jaws-like mania" and the construction of lifeguard towers and the establishment of a shark patrol for the beaches of Zihuatanejo and north.[9] It was a rare phenomenon that subsided after the sharks dispersed.[10]

text: On 20 February 2009, a group of men in a pickup truck threw explosive devices at the installations of the Secretariat of Public Safety of the municipality of Zihuatanejo, resulting in five persons injured. The attack occurred at 7:45 pm near the municipal docks. At the time of the attack, the 56th Infantry Battalion had been stationed in Zihuatanejo, mostly to interdict the traffic in arms, drugs and stolen vehicles.[11] The grenade attack on the security headquarters was followed by a highway ambush that killed four policemen.[10] Kidnapping of Mexican citizens has been a problem here as well. In one instance four kidnapping victims were rescued by elements of the Mexican military and police, killing one suspect in the process.[12]

text: The town and its bay[edit]

text: Town center[edit]

text: The fishing town and resort of Zihuatanejo spreads out around the Bay of Zihuatanejo and inland toward the Sierra Madre del Sur mountains.[3] The town is the seat of government for the municipality and the principal community in the region.[13] Since the 1970s, it has been developed in conjunction with nearby Ixtapa, but conserving its traditional Mexican feel.[2] The downtown is called "El Centro" and is located on the north end of the bay.[3] The centro still has its narrow streets paved with stones or bricks.[13][14] The town also has a long-standing community of Swiss and Italian immigrants.[15]

text: The heart of Zihuatanejo is the waterfront walkway Paseo del Pescador (Fisherman’s Path), also called the malecón.[3] This tree-lined pedestrian walkway goes along the municipal beach between the archeological museum and the fishing pier.[16] It is lined with restaurants offering seafood and many other dishes, as well as a variety of stores selling rugs, arts and crafts and souvenirs, and a small shell market. In the evening, this area fills with people socializing.[16]

text: Instead of a traditional plaza, the center is a basketball court which is in front of the beach and serves as a point of reference.[3][16] It is surrounded by benches and shade trees. Next to this are the gazebo and the Casa de la Cultura. These venues host music, concerts, cultural presentations, art shows.[16] The main thoroughfare for cars is Juan Alvarez, a block behind the malecón. Sections of several of the main streets are designated pedestrian zones.[3] The main church of the town, the Parish of Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe, is located nearby.[1]

text: Zihuatanejo's oldest building was part of the Ingrana family hacienda, which was a coconut plantation. Today, the building houses "Restaurant Coconuts", but was the storage facility for the plantation when it was built about 150 years ago. The plantation remained in the family until the Mexican Revolution, when this particular building was confiscated and turned into a field hospital and the rest of the plantation was divided into smaller units. The current restaurant opened in 1979 after restoring this building. Much of the timber in the bar area is original.[17] The gallery of Restaurant Coconuts has a collection of Works done by Guerrero native Nicolás de Jesús.[6]

text: The Mercado de Artesanías (Crafts Market) has 250 shops, which sell a wide variety of crafts. These include those local work done with seashells, coral and snailshells. The market also has silver from Taxco and lacquered objects from Olinalá, Guerrero, and ceramics and bark paper paintings from the central valleys region of Oaxaca.[6] The town center has its own beach, called the "municipal beach", but it is not recommended for swimming. Due to its proximity to the port, there is constant maritime traffic in this part of the bay.[2]

text: The town hosts an annual festival called the Annual Zihua Sail Fest, which raises funds for the education of disadvantaged children in Zihuatanejo. The five-day event takes place in February with more than 100 boats, some from as far away as Alaska coming into the bay. Events include cocktail parties, concerts, auctions and sailboat races, chili cook offs and street fairs. In 2009, the event raised $640,000 pesos, along with a matching grant and a donation of $20,000 USD by the Rotary Club.[18]

text: Another festival is the Zihuatanejo International Guitar Festival which is held in March; it is a week-long event held at multiple locations every night, with a children's show as well as a free public show at the main plaza. The Zihua Guitar Fest brings guitarists from all over the world such as Canadian artist Adrian Raso, South Africa's Margarets Daughter, Nashville's Eric McFadden and Texas based Los Pistoleros to name a few. This festival prides itself in drawing tourism to the area which helps support the many small family-owned businesses. This festival began in 2004 and has been a big hit for locals as well as tourists.[19]

text: The port[edit]

text: The port is mainly used by fishermen who arrive to the docks every morning with their catch,[14] "pangas" and other boats that ferry passengers to places like Las Gatas beach, and fishing charters. There is also a cruise ship greet and rest area for passenger who visit the town.[16] Sport fishing is a major draw to this part of Zihuatanejo. In February 2001, Sport Fishing Magazine rated the Zihuatanejo area second worldwide for sailfishing, based on the number of strikes per day and other factors.[20] Yearly, on the first weekend of May, Zihuatanejo hosts the International Sailfish Tournament. The event brings hundreds of fishermen and boats into town in the hopes of winning one of the many prizes offered for largest sailfish, marlin and dorado.[16]

text: Fish that can be caught here include roosterfish, jacks, snook, grouper and small tuna close to shore between Wamaluli Point and Morro de Pampanoa, but they are not the main attraction here. Most of the sport fishing occurs offshore, about five miles out. Billfish of one of the major attractions. Sport fishing operations exists here using boats such as super pangas and luxury cruisers. Sailfish and marlin can be had, catch and release. The seas can be very choppy near the shore but calm farther out. Most visitors come for these two fish, which are available year round. Blue and black marlin are available much of the year, with February and March being the best months. Several huge fish have been caught here such as the 1,100-pound (500 kg) black marlin caught just a 1⁄4-mile (0.4 km) offshore. Other fish include skipjack tuna and yellowfin tuna.[21]

text: Cruises[edit]

text: Cruises often stop at Zihuatanejo, the city having become a major cruise stop and a major attraction for its beaches. The city is also famous for its catamaran tours of both Zihuatanejo and Ixtapa bay where snorkeling, spinnaker flying, and sunset cruises are offered.

text: Museum of Archeology[edit]

text: The Museo Arqueológico de la Costa Grande (Archeological Museum of the Costa Grande) is located at the southern end of the municipal beach and the Paseo de los Pescadores. It has six rooms that document the history, archeology and culture of this part of the Guerrero coast. Many of the artifacts are from as far away as the Olmec and Toltec civilizations, as both explored this area.[6][22] Room one of the museum displays artifacts from settlements established on the coasts of Jalisco, Nayarit, Colima and Guerrero. Room two houses ceramics and carvings from the area of Cerro de la Madera, in Zihuatanejo, among others. Room three features the Tierras Prietas site, the cultivation of food plants and use of natural resources such as the bajareque technique of walls made of interwoven branches and clay. Room 4 covers aspects of village life and cultural exchange from 200 to 750 A.C.; the introduction of ball games and new pottery techniques. Room five contains pieces from the Aztec period from 1487 to the 1520s, when the province of Cihuatlan was established, and tribute was paid to the Aztecs by the local population in shells, chocolate, basketry and textiles. Room six covers the colonial period and search for a maritime route to the west during the 16th and 17th centuries. During this time the ports of Zihuatanejo and Acapulco were important points of reference for Spanish and other navigators.[5]

text: The bay and its beaches[edit]

text: The town of Zihuatanejo's main attraction is its bay, which is well-protected from open ocean. It is a favorite place to moor boats from small private ones to large yachts during the winter months.[2][13] The bay’s width varies from between 950 to 1,750 meters (1,040 to 1,910 yards) in width and averages 18 meters (59 feet) deep.[1] It is mostly surrounded by beaches, most of which have gentle waves.[22] On land the bay is surrounded by the foothills of the Sierra Madre mountains. Development of this area has caused some environmental problems. The town’s five water treatment plants can no longer keep up with demand, with some untreated wastewater and sediment flowing into the bay. There has also been some wholesale destruction of the hills right on the bay to create development space, and there is concern about damage to the local coral reef. Some development projects, such as a dock for cruise ships and Punta del Mar (a complex of hotels, villas, pools and a marina) have been delayed due to the need for environmental impact studies.[23]

text: The ring of beaches of Zihuatanejo Bay begins with the Municipal Beach which is in front of the town center and next to the port. From there, there is a cement and sand walkway that leads to Playa Madera (Wood Beach).[3][22] It is a 2-kilometer (1.2 mi) stretch of light-colored sand between the municipal beach and Playa La Ropa.[2] The waves here are gentle with the occasional wave.[2][24] This beach contains a number of bay-view restaurants, bungalows, condominiums and hotels, as well as a walkway that extends the length of the beach. Part of the beach is covered in pebbles.[24]

text: Moving away from the town center along the bay, the next beach is called Playa La Ropa (Clothes Beach). The name Playa La Ropa (Clothes Beach) refers to the sinking of a merchant ship near the bay during colonial times. Its cargo of fine silks, belts, cloaks and fabrics from Bombay washed up in this beach.[6] This beach is about 1.2 km (0.75 mi) long[25] and considered the best for swimming as there is little wave action.[2] During the winter months, many sailboats moor here. Just behind the beach, the land rises suddenly into cliffs, which are dotted with hotels, large residences and guest houses.

text: A number of these hotels sponsor the local turtle conservation campaign, setting up fenced-off areas in which turtle eggs found along the beach are gathered and protected during incubation from August through December. After hatching, the baby turtles are kept in tubs and released periodically into the ocean at sunset. These hotels invites guest to help with the release.

text: The beach contains a very small fenced estuary which is home to several crocodiles. They have lived here for years and are well-fed by the local restaurants, although they are still wild creatures.[25]

text: In a parking lot at the end of La Ropa Beach, one of the parking spaces has become a place of reverence for the Virgin of Guadalupe. According to local reports, an image of the virgin appeared on the bole of a plum tree on 27 November 2006. This is considered by many to be a miracle, especially as it occurred shortly before the Virgin's feast day of 12 December. The tree has a base constructed around it with stairs allowing visitors to see the image more easily. There are places to deposit candles and offerings and flowers have been planted around the tree. On 12 December, a mass and candlelit vigil is held here.[26]

text: Playa Las Gatas (Cats Beach) is on the opposite side of the bay from town,[22] is accessible only by boat as there are no paved roads that lead to here and a small, poorly defined, rocky footpath leading from Playa La Ropa. Las Gatas was originally named for a small cat shark that used to inhabit these waters.[27] It is located at the entrance to the bay at a place called Punta del Rey (King’s Point). This leaves the area open to ocean breezes. Wave action is stronger, but not as strong as those beaches that face the open ocean as there is a coral reef and a man-made stone barrier in front of it.[2] According to legend, Purépecha chief Calzontzin had a stone barrier built here to keep the waves down and the sea creatures out, creating a kind of swimming pool.[22] Las Gatas is the most popular snorkeling beach in Zihuatanejo. Gear can be rented at Carlo Scuba, along with PADI instruction and certification. Colorful tropical fish can be seen along the man-made breakwater, as well as the abundant coral and sea urchins. At the far end of the beach surfing is possible and a path leads to the lighthouse on the point of the bay.[27]

text: The municipality[edit]

text: The town of Zihuatanejo is the seat of the municipality of Zihuatanejo de Azueta and as such is the governmental authority for approximately 416 communities, with a total population of 104,609 as of 2005,[28] and an area of 1,921.5 km2 (741.9 sq mi).[1] There are small indigenous communities in the municipality which speak Nahuatl and Tlapaneco. Population increase for the period of 1995-2000 was 1.85 percent, with a population density of just under fifty people per square km.[1] The greatest population increase was seen in the 1980s when the municipality jumped from 25,751 to 63,366 residents.[1] The municipality borders the municipalities of Coyuca de Catalán, Coahuayutla de José María Izazaga, Petatlán and La Unión de Isidoro Montes de Oca, as well as the Pacific Ocean. Altitude varies from between 0 and 1,000 meters (0 and 3,281 feet) above sea level. Much of the municipality (70%) is rugged terrain with the rest being semi-flat or flat. Major peaks here are the Sierra de la Cuchara and the Cumbre de la Peatada. Major rivers here include the Verde and the Ixtapa. There are also a number of small streams such as the Real, Pantla, Zapote and Lagunillas.[1]

text: The climate is warm and mostly moist, with an average temperature of 26 °C (78.8 °F). The rainy season is from June to September. Land wildlife mostly consists of small mammals, bats, and lizards. The bay contains fish such as red snapper, bass other fish and sea turtles.[1] Because of the climate’s temperature and humidity, the beaches of Zihuatanejo are apt for the incubation of various sea turtles eggs such as the leatherback, hawksbill and Olive Ridley. The annual program for the collection and protection of turtle eggs starts at the beginning of June and lasts until the end of December. 31 December is celebrated with a massive baby turtle release along the coasts north and south of Zihuatanejo bay. The program consists of twenty one incubation corrals, along thirty-two kilometers (20 mi) of beaches. These corrals protect the dozens of turtle eggs collected each day during this time period by government staff and trained volunteers. After birth, they are kept here until they grow large enough to avoid most natural predators and increase their chances of survival.[29]

text: The most important economic activity for the municipality is tourism, with the major attractions being the beaches. Most international visitors come between November and December and most Mexican tourists come in December, April, July and August. Seventy-one percent of the municipality's population is engaged in the commercial and tourism sector of the economy.[1] Outside of Zihuatanejo Bay, some of most important beaches include Quieta Beach, Majahua Beach, Playa Larga and others.[1][22] Prior to the 1970s, economic activity was based on fishing and agriculture.[2] At that time, the federal government decided to make a planned resort at Ixtapa, just north of the municipal seat of Zihuatanejo, constructed on what was once a coconut plantation and mangrove estuary.[13] It is a complete tourist center with a hotel strip three kilometers (1.9 mi) long, white sands, shopping centers, restaurants, nightclubs, golf courses, residences.[2][6]

text: To the south of Zihuatanejo Bay, there are a number of beaches and a lagoon on the way to the regional airport.[2] Playa Larga (Long Beach), Playa Blanca (White Beach) and Las Pozas (The Wells) are parts of the same long stretch of white sand that runs from Zihuatanejo Bay, past the airport and down to Barra de Potosí.[30] Total length of these beaches in about fifteen kilometers (9.3 mi).[13] Swimming is strongly not encouraged off any of these beaches as they face open ocean and have heavy undertows riptides and current. Behind the beaches are coconut groves, small huts and mango trees. Cacti grow on the hillsides, sometimes down to the beach itself. Actitivies that are recommended for this area include whale watching from December to February and dolphin watching all year round, both of which can be done from the beach. There is horseback riding on the beaches and into the adjoining hills. The beach is dotted with open-air restaurants with roofs thatched with palm fronds, tree branches and flower. Volleyball net and soccer posts are set up in front of many of the restaurants as well.[6][30]

text: On the southern end of these beaches is the village of Barra de Potosí. There is a lagoon here, called Laguna de Potosí and islets called Morros de Potosí. The lagoon area has a large mangrove estuary filled with bird wildlife. Birdwatching, kayaking and fishing are popular here.[13][14][31] The lagoon opens to the ocean and the beaches contain many “enramadas,” palm-thatched outdoor restaurants. Many of these enramadas are decorated with colorful paper or plastic cutouts, especially during the Christmas season. The Morros de Potosí are offshore and is a popular place for snorkeling, with Redbilled Tropicbirds, Brown Boobies and Brown Pelicans nesting on the rocks.[31] In the winter season the bay hosts humpback whales, mother/calf pairs and some males are seen leaping from the water. There is a Whale Study Project, Whales of Mexico, that takes place in the winter as well.

text: Inland there are a couple of attractions. La Vainilla is an ecological park located 8 km (5 mi) from the town of Zihuatanejo on the hilly terrain of the foothills of the Sierra Madre. It covers approximately 344 hectares (850 acres), and contains 428 species of plants. These are distributed in three plant communities; bosque tropical subcaducifolio (semi-evergreen seasonal forest), bosque tropical caducifolio (deciduous seasonal forest) and bosque en galleria (gallery forest), with the first type most prevalent.[32] There is also one small archeological site named Tierras Prietas.[1]

text: Aside from tourism, fishing continues to be a way of life for a large number of families, bringing in seafood such as shark, clams, oysters, red snapper, bass and mugil. The increasing popularity of the area as a sportfishing destination has given new impetus to their livelihood, and traditional fishing is being supplemented with fish farms. The fish caught and produced mainly goes to local, regional and state markets.[1][13] As in the past, much of the forest area here is still exploited for timber. Timber area covers 13,835 hectares (34,190 acres) of the municipality and woods obtained include pine, cedar, mahogany and oak. There is also some livestock-raising, mostly in the south of the municipality, and coffee-growing in the north. Crops are planted on only seven percent of the territory, but include corn, beans, sorghum and sesame seed.[1]

text: Food[edit]

text: The local specialty is Huachinango or whole red snapper, usually prepared Veracruzana (with savory tomato sauce) or al mojo de ajo (with garlic sauce).

text: Climate[edit]

text: The Köppen Climate Classification sub-type for this climate is "Aw" (Tropical Savanna Climate).[33]

text:
[hide]Climate data for Ixtapa-Zihuatanejo (1951–2010)

Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year

Record high °C (°F)
38.0
(100.4)
38.0
(100.4)
37.0
(98.6)
38.0
(100.4)
41.0
(105.8)
39.0
(102.2)
42.0
(107.6)
41.0
(105.8)
39.5
(103.1)
39.0
(102.2)
38.0
(100.4)
38.0
(100.4)
42.0
(107.6)

Average high °C (°F)
31.5
(88.7)
31.6
(88.9)
31.5
(88.7)
32.3
(90.1)
32.9
(91.2)
32.6
(90.7)
32.6
(90.7)
32.5
(90.5)
31.9
(89.4)
32.4
(90.3)
32.1
(89.8)
31.8
(89.2)
32.1
(89.8)

Daily mean °C (°F)
25.5
(77.9)
25.2
(77.4)
25.6
(78.1)
26.5
(79.7)
27.4
(81.3)
28.0
(82.4)
27.8
(82)
27.9
(82.2)
27.5
(81.5)
27.6
(81.7)
27.0
(80.6)
26.1
(79)
26.8
(80.2)

Average low °C (°F)
19.4
(66.9)
18.8
(65.8)
19.7
(67.5)
20.8
(69.4)
22.0
(71.6)
23.4
(74.1)
23.0
(73.4)
23.2
(73.8)
23.0
(73.4)
22.8
(73)
21.8
(71.2)
20.4
(68.7)
21.5
(70.7)

Record low °C (°F)
10.0
(50)
12.0
(53.6)
14.0
(57.2)
14.5
(58.1)
14.5
(58.1)
19.0
(66.2)
16.5
(61.7)
17.5
(63.5)
17.5
(63.5)
17.0
(62.6)
14.0
(57.2)
12.0
(53.6)
10.0
(50)

Average rainfall mm (inches)
22.8
(0.898)
7.5
(0.295)
4.2
(0.165)
0.6
(0.024)
16.8
(0.661)
185.5
(7.303)
157.9
(6.217)
196.0
(7.717)
327.0
(12.874)
111.0
(4.37)
16.9
(0.665)
7.3
(0.287)
1,053.5
(41.476)

Average rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm)
1.0
0.3
0.1
0.1
1.4
9.9
10.6
11.6
14.4
6.2
1.4
0.6
57.6

Source: Servicio Meteorologico Nacional[34]

text:
Average sea temperature

Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec

77 °F
25 °C

77 °F
25 °C

77 °F
25 °C

79 °F
26 °C

81 °F
27 °C

82 °F
28 °C

82 °F
28 °C

84 °F
29 °C

82 °F
28 °C

82 °F
28 °C

81 °F
27 °C

79 °F
26 °C

text: Transportation[edit]

text: Zihuatanejo can be reached by air, bus and highway and has its own airport, Ixtapa-Zihuatanejo International. Flights are available from Mexico City, several provincial cities, and various places in the United States and Canada.

text: Airlines: Aeromexico, Interjet, Air Canada (seasonal), Alaska Airlines, American Airlines (seasonal), Delta Air Lines (seasonal), Frontier Airlines, United Airlines, WestJet.

text: Charter Lines: Apple Vacations, Champion Air, Funjet Vacations, MLT Vacations, Ryan International, Sunwing Vacations, and others.

text: Bus Lines: Autovias, Costa Line, Estrella de Oro, Estrella Blanca, La Linea Plus, Parhikuni, Primera Plus and Tap.

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: Zihuatanejo was featured in The Shawshank Redemption, a 1994 American drama film based on the novella Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption. Andy dreams of living freely in Zihuatanejo while he is being held in Shawshank Prison, and in the final scene of the movie, Andy and Red are finally reunited there on the beach. Although based in Zihuatanejo, the final scenes were actually shot in the Caribbean on the island of St. Croix, one of the U.S. Virgin Islands.

text: The TV series "Family Guy", season 7 Episode 15 which originally aired May 10, 2009 parodied The Shawshank Redemption. In it, Peter Griffin, playing Andy Dufresne, refers to Zihuatanejo as a "Filthy Mexican Village".

text: In the TV series The Last Man on Earth, the character Todd was planning to travel to Zihuatanejo, due to his love of The Shawshank Redemption, before discovering the survivors in Tucson.

text: In the 2014 film Two Step, the antagonist, Webb, remarks that he plans to travel to Zihuatanejo.

text: In the 2017 television series, The Arrangement, Kyle tells Megan that he is buying an island in Zihuatenejo.

text: In the 2016 Television series, "The Night Shift", Hannah tells Dr. Jordan Alexander that she bought a house on a beach of Zihuatenejo

text: Sister cities[edit]

text:
Bensenville, DuPage County, Illinois, USA
 McAllen, Hidalgo County, Texas, USA
 Palm Desert, Riverside County, California, USA
 Collingwood, Ontario, Canada


document_title: Six Pack (film)

question_text: who played swifty in the movie six pack

question_tokens: who played swifty in the movie six pack

text: Six Pack (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: When race car driver Brewster Baker (Kenny Rogers) stops at a gas station, parts are stolen from his race car. Then while in a diner in a small Texas town, he sees some people stealing parts from another car, and chases the thieves. When the thieves' van goes into a river, Brewster rescues them and discovers that they are orphaned children. The kids were stealing auto parts for "Big John" the corrupt county sheriff, who jails Brewster for breaking and entering, larceny, resisting arrest and speeding. After the kids help break Brewster out of jail, Brewster reluctantly takes the children with him. Eventually, they form a friendship and bond. The end of the movie features real race footage from the 1982 NASCAR Coca-Cola 500, held at Atlanta Motor Speedway and won that year by Darrell Waltrip.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Kenny Rogers as Brewster Baker
Diane Lane as Heather "Breezy" Aikens
Erin Gray as Lilah
Barry Corbin as "Big John" the corrupt County Sheriff
Terry Kiser as Terk Logan
Bob Hannah as Diddler
Tom Aberathy as Louis
Robbie Fleming as Little Harry
Anthony Michael Hall as Doc
Robby Still as Swifty
Benji Wilhoite as Steven
Buddy Baker as Himself
Chuck Woolery as Race Narrator
Melanie Patton as Pit Girl

text: Music[edit]

text: The theme song to the film is "Love Will Turn You Around", a song performed and co-written by Rogers that was a #1 country and adult contemporary hit. It peaked at #13 on the pop chart. Miles Goodman served as an orchestrator for the film's score.[1]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film had a limited release on July 16, 1982 and went wide on July 23, 1982. It grossed over $20 million during its theatrical run.[2]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Janet Maslin of The New York Times in her review, called Six Pack "good-natured but none-too-interesting" as a typical fable where "orphans find a father, a lonely man finds a good woman, an unsuccessful racer makes good on the comeback trail, and everybody lives unreasonably happily ever after."[3]

text: Filming Locations[edit]

text: Parts of the movie was filmed in Jefferson, Georgia at Jefco Speedway also known as Georgia International Speedway and Peach State Speedway now known as Gresham Motorsports Park. Some local Jefferson teens were used as extras in the film. Notable NASCAR racing legends raced at the track such as Bobby Isaac, ‘(Tiger Tom)' Tom Pistone, Jody Ridley, LeeRoy Yarbrough, Wendell Scott, Mark Martin, Freddy Fryar, Darrell Waltrip, Alan Kulwicki, Larry Pearson and Rusty Wallace. ‘Alabama Gang’ racing legends Neil Bonnett, Bobby Allison, Donnie Allison and Davey Allison.

text: The film crew worked from the Holiday Inn Powers Ferry in Atlanta, Georgia. At least one scene was filmed in a guest room there. Another scene was filmed at a pub located in a strip mall up the hill from the Holiday Inn.

text: Television show[edit]

text: In 1983, there was a spin-off television show of the same name which featured Don Johnson as Brewster Baker and Markie Post as Sally Leadbetter. This show also featured Joaquin Phoenix (billed as Leaf Phoenix) in his second role.[4]

text: Home media releases[edit]

text:
VHS Release date: May 19, 1993
1st DVD Release date: April 4, 2006
2nd DVD Release date: July 3, 2012[5]

text: As of 2012[update], the feature has not been released on Blu-ray Disc.

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: Six Pack is mentioned prominently in "Breakfast in Dubbo", the ninth chapter of New Zealand-Australian comedian Tony Martin's collection of autobiographical essays, Lolly Scramble: A Memoir of Little Consequence (2005). In "Breakfast in Dubbo," Martin recounts a lengthy bus trip in New South Wales that took place in 1986, during which the passengers were given the opportunity to vote for a movie to watch on video. Passengers were invited to vote for either Excalibur, Beverly Hills Cop, This is Spinal Tap, or Six Pack. Despite Martin's attempts to drum up support for This is Spinal Tap, the majority of passengers voted to watch Six Pack, to Martin's dismay. Martin recorded a spoken-word version of "Breakfast in Dubbo" which appears as track 27 on the CD Get This: Illegal Download (2006).

text: Six Pack is mentioned in the tv show "Squidbillies" Season 2 Episode 11 "Terminus Trouble". In the episode, Early Cuyler his son Rusty and the Sheriff make a trip to Atlanta, Georgia and visit a location used in the film.