document_title: List of Downton Abbey episodes

question_text: how many episodes were in season 1 of downton abbey

root

text: List of Downton Abbey episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Series
Episodes
Originally aired
Ave. UK viewers
(millions)[3]

First aired
Last aired

1
7
26 September 2010 (2010-09-26)
7 November 2010 (2010-11-07)
9.70

2
8 (+1)
18 September 2011 (2011-09-18)
6 November 2011 (2011-11-06)
25 December 2011 (special)
11.68

3
8 (+1)
16 September 2012 (2012-09-16)
4 November 2012 (2012-11-04)
25 December 2012 (special)
11.91

4
8 (+1)
22 September 2013 (2013-09-22)
10 November 2013 (2013-11-10)
25 December 2013 (special)
11.84

5
8 (+1)
21 September 2014 (2014-09-21)
9 November 2014 (2014-11-09)
25 December 2014 (special)
10.40

6
8 (+1)
20 September 2015 (2015-09-20)
8 November 2015 (2015-11-08)
25 December 2015 (special)
10.42

text: Episode list[edit]

text: Series 1 (2010)[edit]

text:
Series 1

No.
overall
No. in
series
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
UK viewers
(millions) [4]

1
1
"Episode One"
Brian Percival
Julian Fellowes
26 September 2010 (2010-09-26)
9.25

April 1912 - March 1913. News arrives that threatens the future of the title and estate, Lord Grantham's cousin James Crawley, heir presumptive to the earldom, and his son Patrick have died in the sinking of the RMS Titanic. Meanwhile, Lord Grantham hires his former batman, John Bates as his valet. In September the family receives the visit of the young Duke of Crowborough. The family thought he was interested in marrying Mary. It is revealed that the Duke once had a romantic relationship with Thomas, the footman. In March 1913, Matthew Crawley, a distant third cousin, learns of his good fortune as the new heir. Matthew and his mother move into Crawley House in Downton village.

2
2
"Episode Two"
Ben Bolt
Julian Fellowes
3 October 2010 (2010-10-03)
9.97

March 1913. Matthew Crawley arrives at Downton Abbey with his mother, Isobel, and Violet and Lady Mary are openly hostile towards them. The families experience some culture clash, due to their differing backgrounds. Isobel had trained as a nurse during the Anglo-Boer War, and occupies herself with the local hospital. Meanwhile, Carson is a former music-hall performer and is being blackmailed by his old show partner, Charles Grigg. Lord Grantham is amused by Carson's background and pays off Grigg. The hostility between Mrs. Crawley and the Dowager Countess escalates when Isobel pressures Dr. Clarkson to perform pericardiocentesis on a patient suffering from dropsy. Violet tries to prevent this but the treatment is successful and Robert makes Mrs. Crawley chair of the hospital board. Violet begins to consider the possibility of Mary marrying Matthew, but Mary is opposed.

3
3
"Episode Three"
Ben Bolt
Julian Fellowes
10 October 2010 (2010-10-10)
8.97

March 1913. Evelyn Napier, son of a peer visits the family with a dashing Turkish diplomat, Mr. Kemal Pamuk, who is in London for the Albanian independence negotiations, and Mary is smitten. Thomas is also attracted to him. Mr. Pamuk comes into Mary's room and seduces her, but he dies in her bed. To avert a scandal, Mary is forced to get Anna and her mother to move Pamuk's body back to his room. Cora is horrified by Mary's behaviour but promises not to tell Robert.

4
4
"Episode Four"
Brian Kelly
Julian Fellowes, Shelagh Stephenson
17 October 2010 (2010-10-17)
9.70

May 1913. A travelling fair arrives in the neighbouring village. Anna falls ill and stays in bed, visited by Mr. Bates who brings her up a tray with a flower. Mrs. Hughes, the housekeeper, is reunited with a former suitor, who proposes again; and eventually turns down the proposal. Molesley suffers from an allergic reaction to rue, which Violet correctly diagnoses after Isobel assumed it was erysipelas. Carson fears there is a thief at Downton after doing an inventory of the wine cellar. Lady Sybil continues to experiment with feminism, aided and inspired by the new, politically minded Irish chauffeur, Branson. After visiting her dressmaker, she surprises the whole family by displaying an outfit consisting of Harem pants.

5
5
"Episode Five"
Brian Kelly
Julian Fellowes
24 October 2010 (2010-10-24)
9.40

August 1913. Bates discovers that Thomas is stealing wine from the cellar. Worried that he will be reported, Thomas attempts to frame Bates for stealing one of Lord Grantham's antique snuffboxes, but his plans are thwarted. Anna tells Mr. Bates that she loves him but he says they can't be together. Meanwhile, rumours are beginning to circulate about Lady Mary and the "handsome Turk". Daisy is finding it increasingly difficult to keep quiet about what she has seen, and after some cajoling from Miss O'Brien, she tells her story to Lady Edith, who reveals the truth to the Turkish ambassador. At the annual flower show, Isobel questions Violet's history of winning every year and instead supports Molesley's father's arrangements, much to Violet's dismay.

6
6
"Episode Six"
Brian Percival
Julian Fellowes, Tina Pepler
31 October 2010 (2010-10-31)
9.84

May 1914. Gossip about Lady Mary and the "handsome Turk" intensifies, reaching Carson and the Dowager Countess. Violet confronts Cora, who is forced to tell her the truth. Edith finds an admirer in Sir Anthony Strallan. Bates reveals that he was once a drunkard and has been in prison for theft; Carson is unwilling to let him go, realising that is not the full story. Sybil makes Branson take her to Ripon under false pretences to attend the by-election count. She is injured during a brawl but is rescued by him. Lord Grantham blames Branson but Sybil defends him. Later that night, Mary and Matthew confess their love for each other, but she feels she cannot accept his proposal without telling him her scandalous secret. Violet apologises for her earlier harsh treatment of Cora. Anna tells Mr. Bates that she doesn't want him to leave Downton and they almost kiss.

7
7
"Episode Seven"
Brian Percival
Julian Fellowes
7 November 2010 (2010-11-07)
10.77

July–August 1914. Tensions abound following the assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria. The family returns from London after Sybil's debutante ball but Mary stays with her aunt, Lady Rosamund Painswick. Cora discovers that she is pregnant. Mary learns from Evelyn Napier that it was Edith, not he, who originated the rumours about her and Pamuk. Carson has discovered that while Bates was a soldier, he stole the regimental silver. Matthew is angered by Mary's hesitancy. Anticipating the war, Thomas finds a non-combatant role in the Army Medical Corps. Mary confronts Edith about revealing her secret, implying that she will exact revenge. Learning that Sir Anthony Strallan intends to propose at the garden party, Mary makes him think Edith finds him old and boring, so he leaves. O'Brien is angry when she thinks Cora intends to replace her and leaves soap below her bath. She regrets it but is unable to warn Cora, who slips, falls, and miscarries. A telephone is installed. Mary is prepared to marry Matthew but he tells her he cannot be sure of her motives and intends to leave Downton. During the garden party, Lord Grantham receives a telegram and announces to all that the United Kingdom is at war with Germany, marking the beginning of the First World War.

text: Series 2 (2011)[edit]

text:
Series 2

No.
overall
No. in
series
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
UK viewers
(millions) [4]

8
1
"Episode One"
Ashley Pearce
Julian Fellowes
18 September 2011 (2011-09-18)
11.41

November 1916. Matthew is returning to Downton during his upcoming leave and informs the family he is engaged to Miss Lavinia Swire. Lady Mary announces that she has invited Sir Richard Carlisle, a ruthless, wealthy newspaper mogul to Downton. The servants prepare for a concert to help fund the local hospital. Bates tells Anna that he may finally be able to get a divorce and proposes. Vera Bates, Bates' estranged wife, arrives at Downton and demands that Bates return to her or she will expose Lady Mary's indiscretion with Pamuk. Bates gives his notice without explanation. Mrs Hughes tells the story to Mr. Carson, and he informs Lord Grantham. Sybil enrolls in nursing training. Branson reveals his feelings before Sybil leaves. Matthew arrives with Lavinia. He and Mary reconcile. Matthew meets Thomas in the trenches. Thomas intentionally gets wounded to be sent back to England.

9
2
"Episode Two"
Ashley Pearce
Julian Fellowes
25 September 2011 (2011-09-25)
11.77[nb 1]

April 1917. Lord Grantham informs Mrs Patmore that her nephew was shot for cowardice. Thomas goes to work under Dr Clarkson at the village hospital along with Lady Sybil. Downton becomes a convalescent home. Matthew is unhappy about returning to England for a recruitment drive. Lavinia is confronted by Sir Richard Carlisle, an old and unwelcome acquaintance. Lady Edith volunteers to drive Mr Drake's, a Downton tenant farmer, tractor and help with the work. She and Mr Drake kiss, and are seen by Mrs Drake, who quietly puts an end to Edith's job.

10
3
"Episode Three"
Andy Goddard
Julian Fellowes
2 October 2011 (2011-10-02)
11.33[nb 2]

July 1917. Downton becomes a convalescent home for wounded officers, with Isobel taking charge. Cora gets Acting Sergeant Thomas Barrow assigned to run the military side of Downton. Violet believes that Mary and Matthew are still in love. She and Rosamund try to end Matthew's engagement to Lavinia. Violet believes there is something more to Lavinia's relationship with Sir Richard. William proposes to Daisy before going to war.

11
4
"Episode Four"
Brian Kelly
Julian Fellowes
9 October 2011 (2011-10-09)
11.30[nb 3]

Early 1918. Ethel continues flirting with Major Bryant; when Mrs Hughes finds them in bed together, she dismisses Ethel. Later, she returns, announcing she is pregnant with Bryant's child. Preparations are under way for a concert at Downton. Tensions flare between Isobel and Cora, while Edith receives worrying news about Matthew and William. Branson declares his feelings for Sybil again. Lord Grantham visits Bates at a nearby pub where he is working. Lord Grantham receives a letter from Carlisle, which causes him concern and forces an uncomfortable conversation with Mary.

12
5
"Episode Five"
Brian Kelly
Julian Fellowes
16 October 2011 (2011-10-16)
11.59[nb 4]

Mid-1918. Matthew has suffered a serious spinal injury and is paralysed from the waist down. He is told that he will never walk again or father children. He wants Lavinia to forget him and sends her away, while Mary attempts to nurse him back to health. Mrs Hughes secretly helps Ethel and her baby since Ethel's lover, Major Bryant, has ignored her. William's injuries are fatal, prompting him to ask Daisy to marry him before he dies. Mrs Patmore persuades Daisy to go through with it; William dies a few hours later. Bates is taken aback when Vera promises to expose old secrets about Lady Mary and Pamuk's death, as he paid her to divorce him. When Mary discovers this, she confesses everything to Sir Richard Carlisle and asks him to help. He pays Vera to sign a contract with confidentiality obligations. Unknown to Mary, Sir Richard announces his engagement to her in his paper. On finding out she was tricked into silence, Vera warns Bates she will still ruin him.

13
6
"Episode Six"
Andy Goddard
Julian Fellowes
23 October 2011 (2011-10-23)
11.33[nb 5]

October–November 1918. A Canadian officer, badly disfigured by burns, arrives at Downton and declares that he is Patrick Crawley, the supposedly deceased heir. Mary rejects the claim, but Edith is persuaded as he recounts details of old times at Downton. Robert has his solicitor Murray investigate; Murray learns that Patrick Crawley had a close friend who emigrated to Canada. "Patrick" abruptly departs. Matthew is adapting to his condition and Mary's caring for him. Isobel is full of social-improvement schemes using Downton Abbey. Ethel hears the news that Major Bryant has been killed. Lady Sybil receives an ultimatum from Branson regarding his marriage proposal to her. Bates is shocked to find the legality of his divorce threatened, as Vera reveals that he paid her to leave him, and he goes to London to attempt to settle matters with her again. Upon his return, he receives the news that she is dead. Soon afterwards, the war ends with the Armistice.

14
7
"Episode Seven"
James Strong
Julian Fellowes
30 October 2011 (2011-10-30)
12.26[nb 6]

1919. Matthew begins to feel his legs. Matthew announces that he and Lavinia intend to marry soon. Violet tells him that Mary is still in love with him, but Matthew feels obliged to marry Lavinia. Sir Richard Carlisle distresses Anna by asking her to spy on Mary; his behaviour leads Carson to reject his offer of employment. Bates realises that Vera committed suicide in order to frame him. When Major Bryant's parents visit Downton to see where their son convalesced, Mrs Hughes contrives a meeting between them and Ethel and her baby. However, Mr Bryant angrily refuses to believe her claim. Thomas embarks on a new money-making scheme in the post-war black market. Lord Grantham is attracted to the new maid, Jane, and kisses her. Lady Sybil makes the drastic decision to elope with Branson. However, Mary discovers her plan and, along with Edith and Anna, seeks them out and persuades Sybil to return and plead her cause openly to their parents.

15
8
"Episode Eight"
James Strong
Julian Fellowes
6 November 2011 (2011-11-06)
12.45[nb 7]

April 1919. Preparations are under way for Matthew and Lavinia's wedding. Lady Grantham, Carson, and Lavinia are taken ill by the Spanish flu. Matthew and Mary acknowledge that they cannot marry as it would be cruel to Lavinia. Lavinia overhears them and sees them kiss. Ethel is surprised when Major Bryant's parents want to see her but is horrified when she learns that Mr Bryant offers to take custody of the baby and tells her that she will not be allowed to see him. Lord Grantham and Jane have an encounter but are interrupted and Jane decides to leave. Anna and Bates marry in secret. Cora becomes seriously ill. Lavinia succumbs to the flu and dies. Matthew tells Mary that any relationship between them is now impossible. Lord Grantham reluctantly gives his blessing for Lady Sybil and Thomas Branson to marry. Bates is arrested for the murder of his late wife.

text:
Christmas special

No.
overall
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
UK viewers
(millions) [4]

16
"Christmas at Downton Abbey"
Brian Percival
Julian Fellowes
25 December 2011 (2011-12-25)
12.11[nb 8]

December 1919 and January 1920. The household is bustling with Christmas preparations. The staff entertain themselves with a Ouija board, trying to contact the spirits. Bates is convicted of Vera's murder, but his death sentence is commuted to life imprisonment. Bates encourages Anna to stay at Downton but live a full life. Daisy meets with William's father, Mr Mason, who assures her that she is a good person, and asks her to become his surrogate daughter. Rosamund contemplates marriage, but her suitor is exposed as a "fortune hunter". Sybil, now married to Tom Branson and living in Ireland, writes to Cora that she is pregnant. Cora insists on them returning to Downton. Mary jilts her fiancé, Sir Richard Carlisle, despite his threat to publish her dark secret regarding the late Kemal Pamuk. Though afraid that he will see her as "soiled", Lady Mary tells Matthew about Pamuk. Though surprised, he soon decides that what's past is past, and proposes to her; she happily accepts.

text: Series 3 (2012)[edit]

text: ITV confirmed the commissioning of a third series on 3 November 2011.[29] It entered production in early 2012, and began airing 16 September 2012 on ITV[29] and aired in the United States beginning 6 January 2013.[30]

tag: p

text:
Series 3

No.
overall
No. in
series
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
UK viewers
(millions) [4]

17
1
"Episode One"
Brian Percival
Julian Fellowes
16 September 2012 (2012-09-16)
11.43[nb 9]
7.9 (PBS)[34]

March/April 1920. Cora's mother, Martha Levinson, comes to Downton for Matthew and Mary's wedding. Lord Grantham learns that his massive investment of Cora's fortune in the Grand Trunk Railway has failed. Meanwhile, O'Brien's nephew, Alfred, joins the staff downstairs. Sybil and her husband, Tom Branson, return to Downton to a muted response, as Branson remains highly vocal about his political beliefs. Matthew repairs things when he chooses Branson to be his best man. Matthew and Mary are married.

18
2
"Episode Two"
Brian Percival
Julian Fellowes
23 September 2012 (2012-09-23)
12.08[nb 10]

April 1920. Mary and the Dowager Countess conspire to show Mrs Levinson Downton at its grandest to persuade her to give it more money and save them from financial ruin. Meanwhile, downstairs, O'Brien and Thomas wage war against one another due to Alfred's recent promotion to valet to Matthew, whilst Mrs Levinson's maid takes a shine to Alfred. Mrs Hughes faces a cancer scare, and Isobel Crawley finds that Ethel has become a prostitute. Edith actively pursues Anthony Strallan as a potential husband and he proposes.

19
3
"Episode Three"
Andy Goddard
Julian Fellowes
30 September 2012 (2012-09-30)
11.96[nb 11]

May 1920. Matthew finally agrees to accept Lavinia's late father's money, saving Downton. Lord Grantham refuses to accept the money, insisting that he and Matthew become joint masters of Downton. Edith's wedding day arrives, but as Edith reaches the altar Strallan changes his mind and calls off the wedding. Mrs Hughes finally receives the news that she does not have cancer. Thomas tries to get revenge on O'Brien by spreading a rumour to the family that she will be leaving Downton. Bates's cellmate tries to get him into trouble by planting drugs in his bunk.

20
4
"Episode Four"
Andy Goddard
Julian Fellowes
7 October 2012 (2012-10-07)
11.83[nb 12]

May 1920. Branson is wanted by the Irish police. He escapes to Downton Abbey without Sybil, and the Crawleys are outraged. Sybil eventually returns to Downton safely. Anna has not received any letters from Bates and is no longer allowed to visit; similarly Bates wonders why Anna's letters and visits have stopped. Ethel decides to let her son live with his grandparents so he can have a better life. Carson recruits a new footman, Jimmy Kent, who attracts the attention of the female staff and Thomas. Ivy Stuart, the new kitchen maid, draws Alfred's attention away from Daisy. Edith writes to the newspaper supporting more widespread women's suffrage.

21
5
"Episode Five"
Jeremy Webb
Julian Fellowes
14 October 2012 (2012-10-14)
11.93[nb 13]

May 1920. Edith is asked to write a regular newspaper column, but most of the family is not supportive. Matthew believes that Robert has been mismanaging the estate and finds an ally in George Murray, the family solicitor. Mary is angry when she discovers it. Sybil goes into labour and Lord Grantham hires a famous obstetrician, Sir Philip Tapsel. Dr Clarkson insists that Sybil is suffering from eclampsia and should be taken to hospital but Sir Philip argues that Sybil is fit and healthy. Sybil delivers a girl but, during the night, she goes into convulsions and dies. Cora blames her husband for the death.

22
6
"Episode Six"
Jeremy Webb
Julian Fellowes
21 October 2012 (2012-10-21)
12.06[nb 14]

May/June 1920. Branson decides to name his daughter Sybil and baptise her as a Catholic, to both of which Lord Grantham is firmly opposed. Violet pressures Dr Clarkson into retracting his assertion that Sybil might have survived had she undergone a Caesarean section, and Cora forgives Robert. Anna finds evidence that might prove Bates innocent. Ethel prepares a luncheon for the Crawley women and gets Mrs Patmore to help. Lord Grantham is outraged that Isobel would let a former prostitute serve lunch to his family.

23
7
"Episode Seven"
David Evans
Julian Fellowes
28 October 2012 (2012-10-28)
11.82[nb 15]

July 1920. Bates is freed from prison. Persuaded by O'Brien, Thomas makes a midnight visit to Jimmy's room and kisses him as he sleeps—just as Alfred enters the room. Jimmy is outraged and disgusted; so is Alfred. Edith goes to London to meet a magazine editor, and accepts his offer for a weekly column. Branson's drunkard brother comes to Downton. Matthew continues to confront Lord Grantham about the estate's mismanagement, leading to the resignation of the family's long time agent Jarvis. Tom is appointed as the new family agent. Miss Sybil Branson is baptised at a Catholic Church in Ripon with the whole Crawley family in attendance.

24
8
"Episode Eight"
David Evans
Julian Fellowes
4 November 2012 (2012-11-04)
12.15[nb 16]

Before 11 August 1920. Downton Abbey's annual cricket match with the village takes place. Alfred complains about Thomas to the police and CID officers arrive to see him; Lord Grantham persuades the police that it was all a misunderstanding. Violet's great niece, Lady Rose MacClare—the daughter of Violet's niece, Susan, Marchioness of Flintshire and her husband, Hugh, Marquess of Flintshire—visits. A trip to London reveals that Rose is a wild girl who likes to drink and party. Mary and Matthew discover they have separately been visiting a London doctor to find out why they have had no children; Mary reveals she has had a small operation, and they now look forward to starting a family.

text:
Christmas special

No.
overall
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
UK viewers
(millions) [4]

25
"A Journey to the Highlands"
Andy Goddard
Julian Fellowes
25 December 2012 (2012-12-25)
10.28[nb 17]

August 1921. The Crawley family heads to Duneagle Castle in Scotland, to visit Lady Rose and her warring parents, Hugh ("Shrimpy") and Susan, the Marquess and Marchioness of Flintshire. Bates, Anna, Molesley, and O'Brien also make the trip. Michael Gregson tells Lady Edith that he is going to be in Scotland as well. Mary and Matthew disagree about Gregson's motives. Gregson later declares his feelings for Edith. Shrimpy tells Lord Grantham that he will have to sell his estate because he did not modernise it like Downton and now the money is all gone. Tom remains at Downton with one-year-old Sybbie. The staff looks forward to the approaching country fair, and Carson struggles to keep them concentrating on work. Mrs Patmore becomes involved in a budding romance. At the country fair, Jimmy is nearly robbed after winning money from betting on the tug of war, but is saved by Thomas, who was following him and is robbed and beaten in his place. They later agree just to be friends. Lady Mary returns early from Scotland, rushing to Cottage Hospital to deliver her healthy baby. Matthew soon joins her and meets his son and heir, but after he leaves back to Downton Abbey, he is killed in a car accident.[56][57][58]

text: Series 4 (2013)[edit]

text:
Series 4

No.
overall
No. in
series
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
UK viewers
(millions) [4]

26
1
"Episode One"
David Evans
Julian Fellowes
22 September 2013 (2013-09-22)
11.96[nb 18]

February 1922. Lady Mary mourns Matthew, and feels little motherly love for baby George. Lord Grantham and Branson dispute the management of the estate and struggle to pay death duties. Miss O'Brien leaves to serve Lady Flintshire. Needing a maid in a hurry, Cora hires former maid Edna, who has trained as a lady's maid. When Cora overhears Miss West, the nanny, insulting Sybbie, she fires her. Mr Molesley has lost his job following Matthew's death; the Dowager Countess tries to help him by letting him serve at a luncheon for a friend. The servants are excited by Valentine's Day, and Mrs Patmore struggles to deal with an electric whisk. Carson talks to Mary to bring her out of her shell, but she regards it as impertinence. She later apologises to him, and has a good cry in his arms.

27
2
"Episode Two"
David Evans
Julian Fellowes
29 September 2013 (2013-09-29)
12.10[nb 19]

March 1922. A letter is found from Matthew, appointing Mary his sole heir; Lord Grantham is displeased and prefers Mary be uninvolved in managing the estate. Violet secretly supports Mary, and urges her to learn the business from Tom. Discovering that Molesley has fallen on hard times, is working as a labourer, and has debts, Bates gets money from the Dowager Countess, and pretends he is paying him back for an earlier loan. Lady Rose and Anna attend a tea dance in York that is for the servant class. Lord Grantham's solicitor confirmes that Matthew's letter is as good as a Will, and everyone urges him to include Mary in running the estate.

28
3
"Episode Three"
Catherine Morshead
Julian Fellowes
6 October 2013 (2013-10-06)
11.86[nb 20]

April 1922. A house party is held at Downton. Lady Mary renews an acquaintance with the suave Lord Gillingham, who flirts with her. During Nellie Melba's (Kiri Te Kanawa) performance, Lord Gillingham's valet, Mr Green, violently assaults and rapes Anna. Tom feels uncomfortable amongst all the toffs; Edna takes advantage by getting him drunk and sneaking into his bedroom afterwards. Anna makes Mrs Hughes promise to tell no one, including Bates, about the rape, fearing Bates will kill Green and be hanged for it.

29
4
"Episode Four"
Catherine Morshead
Julian Fellowes
13 October 2013 (2013-10-13)
11.75[nb 21]

April 1922. Edna claims she could be pregnant and wants Tom to marry her. Mrs Hughes confronts her and Edna leaves Downton. Lady Rose accompanies Mary and Tom to London where they stay with Lady Rosamund, who has sneakily invited Lord Gillingham and Bullock to join them. They go to a jazz club where Jack Ross, the club's black singer, dances with Rose, to others' discomfort. Anna, feeling unworthy of Bates, grows distant and moves back into the main house. Michael Gregson is about to depart for Germany; if he becomes a German citizen, he may be able to divorce his insane wife. Lady Rosamund discovers that Edith spent the night with Gregson, and warns her about damaging her reputation. Lord Gillingham proposes to Mary but she refuses, saying she is still grieving Matthew's death.

30
5
"Episode Five"
Philip John
Julian Fellowes
20 October 2013 (2013-10-20)
11.39[nb 22]

May 1922. Carson considers re-hiring Mr Molesley if Alfred leaves to a chef training program, but Molesley, unhappy at being demoted to a footman, dithers too long over the offer, and loses the opportunity. Thomas pressures Cora's new lady's maid, Baxter, to spy on everyone for him. Cora has to persuade a nervous Mrs Patmore to exchange their ice-box for a refrigerator. Edith visits a London doctor. Tom considers moving to America. Bates continues to pressure Anna to explain her behaviour. Mrs Hughes tells him that a stranger broke into the servants' hall and raped Anna. Bates and Anna reconcile, but he suspects Green committed the crime.

31
6
"Episode Six"
Philip John
Julian Fellowes
27 October 2013 (2013-10-27)
11.54

June 1922. Alfred leaves for the Ritz chef training, and Carson is not keen for Molesley to replace him. Edith learns she is pregnant. Bates and Anna go to dinner at a posh hotel where a snooty maître d' tries to bar them; fortunately, Cora is there, and ensures they are admitted. Rose arranges for the jazz club band to play at Robert's birthday. Carson is scandalised to see Jack, the black singer, at Downton Abbey. After the party, Mary sees Rose and Jack kissing in the servants' hall. Government inspectors arrive to inspect the estate: Mr Napier, an old friend of Lady Mary, and Mr Blake, an acerbic liberal who politely clashes with her.

32
7
"Episode Seven"
Ed Hall
Julian Fellowes
3 November 2013 (2013-11-03)
11.93

July 1922. Robert leaves for America to bail Cora's playboy brother out of trouble. Mary, told by Mrs Hughes about what happened to Anna, persuades Robert to take Thomas with him as his valet instead of Bates. The Dowager Countess falls ill with bronchitis, and is nursed by Isobel. Tom attends a council meeting and meets a chirpy young woman, Sarah Bunting. Edith and Rose go to London, where Rose continues to pursue her romantic relationship with Jack. Edith decides to have an abortion, but backs out at the last minute. Lord Gillingham and his valet, Green, arrive at Downton, and Mrs Hughes tells Green that she knows what he did and warns him to stay clear of Anna whilst there. During the servants' dinner, Green reveals that he went to the servants' hall during Dame Nellie's recital.

33
8
"Episode Eight"
Ed Hall
Julian Fellowes
10 November 2013 (2013-11-10)
12.16

August 1922. Edith wants a tenant farmer and his wife to care for her baby, but Lady Rosamund suggests she go to Switzerland and give up the baby there. Alfred proposes to Ivy, but begins appreciating Daisy's loyalty after Ivy refuses him. Daisy is confused over her feelings, but gives Alfred up, and he leaves for good. Lord Gillingham, who is ending his engagement, visits briefly, still pursuing Mary; she has learned about Green's crime and wants Gillingham to dismiss the valet, which he agrees to do. The church bazaar is held, organised by Cora; during it, Lord Grantham arrives unexpectedly, as does Lord Gillingham, to tell Mary that Green was killed in a road accident in Piccadilly. Anna realizes that Bates had the same day off, supposedly to go to York, and he will not say what he was doing there.

text:
Christmas special

No.
overall
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
UK viewers
(millions) [4]

34
"The London Season"
Jon East
Julian Fellowes
25 December 2013 (2013-12-25)
9.4[nb 23]

August 1923: The Granthams move to their London residence for Rose's debutante ball and presentation at court. They are joined by Cora's brother, Harold, and mother, Martha, from the United States. Lord Gillingham and Mr Blake attend. Tom and Thomas initially remain at Downton. Tom unexpectedly meets with Sarah Bunting, who asks for a tour of Downton Abbey. At a party, Rose's indiscretion leads to card-sharp, Mr Sampson, stealing a letter from the Prince of Wales to his mistress, Freda Dudley Ward, from her handbag. Rose tells. He invites Sampson to a poker party, and Mary, Rose, and Charles Blake search Sampson's flat, but cannot find the letter. As the players leave, Bates picks Sampson's coat pocket and retrieves it. Mrs Hughes finds a train ticket in Bates's coat for York to London on the day Green died. She tells Mary, and they agree to keep quiet. At the ball, Gillingham surprises Mary by revealing Mr Blake is actually cousin and heir to a very wealthy baronet with a large estate. Edith has given birth to a girl, and arranges the baby girl's placement with a tenant farmer, keeping her parentage secret, due to the girl's illegitimacy. The Countess offers the servants a fun day out; Carson is persuaded by Mrs Hughes to choose a day at the seaside. Mrs Hughes entices Carson to go wading in the surf, holding her hand for support.

text: Series 5 (2014)[edit]

text: The fifth series began airing on ITV in the United Kingdom on 21 September 2014 and on PBS in the United States on 4 January 2015.[80]

text:
Series 5

No.
overall
No. in
series
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
UK viewers
(millions) [4]

35
1
"Episode One"
Catherine Morshead
Julian Fellowes
21 September 2014 (2014-09-21)
10.71

February 1924: Both Robert and Carson are upset by the election of a Labour government. The villagers want to build a war memorial, and ask Carson to head the committee. Lady Edith has had no word from Michael Gregson for several months, and is upset at being unable to participate in the life of her daughter, Marigold. Tom Branson grows closer to school-teacher Sarah Bunting. Lord Merton pursues Isobel, who is uninterested. Baxter reveals that she was sentenced for her stealing from a previous employer. When Thomas tries to expose Baxter to Cora, she rebuffs him. Miss Bunting is invited to Robert and Cora's 34th wedding anniversary, but causes dissent with her anti-aristocracy comments. Lady Mary agrees to have a secret affair with Lord Gillingham. Thomas rescues Lady Edith from a fire in her bedroom, restoring him to Cora's good graces. Robert discovers Jimmy in bed with Lady Anstruther, who leaves before morning; Robert instructs Carson to dismiss Jimmy.

36
2
"Episode Two"
Catherine Morshead
Julian Fellowes
28 September 2014 (2014-09-28)
10.46

April 1924: Thomas reveals Miss Baxter's crime to Molesley; Baxter confirms everything. Suave art historian Simon Bricker (Richard E. Grant) arrives to view a painting. He flirts with Cora, and Robert considers him a bounder. Bricker is accompanied by Charles Blake, who concedes that Mary prefers Tony Gillingham. Mary asks Anna to procure her a birth-control device for her tryst with Gillingham. Tenant farmer Mr Drewe suggests Edith become Marigold's patroness, allowing her to visit her daughter more often. Violet and Isobel visit Lord Merton's country estate. Robert opposes getting a wireless, but rents one when King George V (voiced by Jon Glover) broadcasts a speech from the British Empire Exhibition. The local police sergeant arrives, and tells Carson and Mrs Hughes that inquiries must be made, as there was a witness to Green's death in London.

37
3
"Episode Three"
Catherine Morshead
Julian Fellowes
5 October 2014 (2014-10-05)
10.15

May 1924: Sergeant Willis reveals that a witness overheard Green telling someone he had been badly treated at Downton and disliked Bates. Violet's butler Spratt spots Mary and Gillingham leaving a hotel in Liverpool; he informs Violet, who later tells Mary she disapproves of her behaviour. Mrs Patmore is distressed that her nephew, Archie, who was shot for cowardice during the war, has been excluded from his home village war memorial. Edith's constant visits to see Marigold are upsetting Mrs Drewe, and Mr Drewe asks Edith to temporarily stay away. A developer wants to build fifty houses near the village, but Robert refuses to sell the land. A group of Russian aristocrats arrives for tea; one of them, Prince Kuragin (Rade Šerbedžija), knew the Dowager Countess when she was in Russia. Lord Gillingham is eager to wed Mary quickly, but she doubts he is the right man for her.

38
4
"Episode Four"
Minkie Spiro
Julian Fellowes
12 October 2014 (2014-10-12)
10.25

May 1924: Violet takes Isobel to visit the Russian aristocrats, now living in poverty. Tom and Mary push the housing development. Rose's father, Lord Flintshire (Shrimpy) announces that he and his wife are divorcing. Lord Merton proposes to Isobel. Miss Baxter witnesses Thomas self-medicating. Mary tells Lord Gillingham she will not marry him. Mr Bricker visits again, to Robert's disapproval. Miss Bunting goes too far in goading Robert with her left-wing views, and is ordered to leave the house. Sergeant Willis returns to Downton; whilst in London with Mary, Anna was observed by an undercover officer visiting Lord Gillingham's flat in Albany. This is explained as her delivering a letter to Gillingham from Mary. However, she then went to Piccadilly, where Green was killed, making the police suspicious.

39
5
"Episode Five"
Minkie Spiro
Julian Fellowes
19 October 2014 (2014-10-19)
10.39

1924: Inspector Vyner of Scotland Yard interviews Mary and Anna about Mr Green. Mrs Patmore decides to buy a cottage with her inheritance money and rent it out. Mrs Drewe tells her husband to forbid further contact with Edith. Violet gets the entire story from Rosamund; they advise Edith to take the child to France. Charles Blake invites Mary to lunch, along with Tony Gillingham's ex-fiancée, Mabel Lane Fox; he has a cunning plan to reunite Gillingham and Mabel, leaving him free to court Mary, but Mabel flounces out. Thomas is looking increasingly ill. With Robert away, Mr Bricker visits again and sneaks uninvited to Cora's bedroom. Robert arrives back early and discovers them. Robert remains distant with Cora, believing she is also at fault.

40
6
"Episode Six"
Philip John
Julian Fellowes
26 October 2014 (2014-10-26)
9.87

1924: Violet visits Prince Kuragin. Edith learns that Michael was killed during Hitler's Beer Hall Putsch. She inherits his publishing company and removes Marigold from the Drewes and goes to London. The police returns and interview Miss Baxter. She admits to some suspicions about Bates and Green. Bates discovers Mary's contraceptive device hidden in Anna's drawer and accuses her of not wanting his child because she believes him a murderer. His unused train ticket would have proved he had never gone there, but Mary burned it, believing she was protecting him. Anna and Bates reconcile. Baxter takes Thomas to Dr Clarkson, and he admits he was attempting to "cure" his homosexuality. Cora and Robert reconcile. Carson asks Mrs Hughes if she would be interested in investing in a property with him. Robert's dog, Isis, appears to be unwell.

41
7
"Episode Seven"
Philip John
Julian Fellowes
2 November 2014 (2014-11-02)
10.77

1924: Rose introduces her new friend Atticus Aldridge and his parents, Lord and Lady Sinderby, to the family. Isobel announces her engagement to Lord Merton. Mrs Drewe tells Cora Edith's secret, and she goes with Rosamund to see Edith in London. She suggests that Edith return home and pretend to adopt Marigold. Bates and Anna plan their future, and contemplate selling Bates's mother's house in London and buying a house or hotel nearby to let out. Tom has written to his cousin in Boston about moving to the United States. Lord Merton's two sons are rude and insolent to Isobel during dinner.. Atticus proposes to Rose. Robert's beloved dog Isis is ill with cancer. He and Cora take her into their bed to comfort her in her final hours.

42
8
"Episode Eight"
Michael Engler
Julian Fellowes
9 November 2014 (2014-11-09)
10.44

1924: Everyone is in London for Rose and Atticus's wedding. Inspector Vyner calls Anna to take part in an identity parade at Scotland Yard. Tom shares with his sisters-in-law that he plans to move to Boston and become partners with his cousin. Inspector Vyner turns up unexpectedly and arrests Anna on suspicion of Green's murder, as she was identified by the witness as having been on the pavement near Green just before the accident. The war memorial is unveiled, and Robert unveils a separate stone which he ordered that honours Mrs Patmore's late nephew. Robert comes to the realisation that Marigold is Edith and the late Michael Gregson's daughter.

text:
Christmas special

No.
overall
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
UK viewers
(millions) [4]

43
"A Moorland Holiday"
Minkie Spiro
Julian Fellowes
25 December 2014 (2014-12-25)
7.99

September and December 1924. Lord and Lady Sinderby invite the Granthams to the country estate they have hired for driven grouse shooting. The Dowager Countess reunites Prince Kuragin and his estranged wife. Carson and Mrs Hughes search for a house as an investment together, but Mrs Hughes reveals she has no money and cannot retire as she must pay for her mentally disabled younger sister Becky's care. Carson reveals he has bought a property in both their names. He then proposes marriage to Mrs Hughes, and she accepts. Isobel declines Lord Merton's earlier marriage proposal, not wanting to come between him and his sons. Robert learns he has a stomach ulcer, and agrees to stop drinking. He also learns from Edith that Marigold is his granddaughter and agrees to continue the charade that she has been adopted by Edith. To absolve Anna, Bates writes a letter confessing to having attempted to kill Mr Green, and disappears, apparently, to Ireland. Molesley and Baxter find the pub where he had lunch on the day in question, proving he was not in London when Green was killed. Anna is released on bail. A big Christmas party is held for the Downton household. Tom has found work as a writer in America and will be taking his daughter Sybbie with him. Bates returns reunites with Anna. Violet confesses to Isobel that she and Prince Kuragin had attempted to run away together.

text: Series 6 (2015)[edit]

text: The sixth series premiered on 20 September 2015 in the UK and on 3 January 2016 in the United States. This series was the last, the 2015 Christmas special titled "The Finale". Due to increasingly popular ratings worldwide, a film is said to be in production.

text:
Series 6

No.
overall
No. in
series
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
UK viewers
(millions) [4]

44
1
"Episode One"
Minkie Spiro
Julian Fellowes
20 September 2015 (2015-09-20)
10.32

April 1925. The local hospital is threatened with a take-over by the larger County Hospital; the board is split, with Violet objecting, and Isobel approving. Rita Bevan, a former chambermaid at the hotel where Mary and Lord Gillingham stayed, attempts to blackmail Mary by exposing their tryst. Mary refuses to pay, but Rita confronts Robert, who buys her off with £50 instead of the £1,000 she demanded. Sergeant Willis informs Bates and Anna that a woman has confessed to murdering Green, and the case is closed. Anna is upset at not having had a child. Edith plans to spend more time in London and be more hands-on with the magazine. The family attend an auction at a neighbouring estate which is being sold to pay off debts. The former owner tells Robert that great estates like theirs are obsolete, and advises him to sell up too.

45
2
"Episode Two"
Minkie Spiro
Julian Fellowes
27 September 2015 (2015-09-27)
10.04

April 1925. Mary chides Robert for offering Carson the servants' hall for his and Mrs Hughes's wedding reception, and offers the upstairs instead; Mrs Hughes insists on a separate venue which better represents who they are, which leads to friction between the couple. Edith argues vehemently with Mr Skinner, the magazine's publisher, whom she believes dislikes all her ideas because she is a woman. Mary takes Anna to a Harley Street doctor, who proposes minor surgery during her next pregnancy to prevent another miscarriage. Mary takes Marigold with her and little George when she goes to inspect the animals at the farm. Mrs Drewe kidnaps the girl during the local livestock show competition; her husband persuades her to return Marigold.

46
3
"Episode Three"
Philip John
Julian Fellowes
4 October 2015 (2015-10-04)
10.04

May 1925. Mrs Patmore tells Cora that Mrs Hughes is unhappy with having her wedding breakfast in Downton's hall. Violet tries to get Robert to support her view on the hospital merger; things get nasty at a Board meeting, and an annoyed Isobel is rude to Dr Clarkson. Edith dismisses her editor. Anna is pregnant. Daisy hopes that Mr Mason can take over the Drewes' farm. She mistakenly believes that Cora has already arranged it. Mr Carson and Mrs Hughes are married in the church. During the wedding breakfast at the village school, Tom Branson and his daughter, Sybbie, unexpectedly arrive from Boston; he announces he feels Downton is his home and wants to stay.

47
4
"Episode Four"
Philip John
Julian Fellowes
11 October 2015 (2015-10-11)
10.39

May 1925. Lady Shackleton visits, with her nephew, Henry Talbot. Lady Rosamund also arrives, and Downton is visited by Mr and Mrs Harding. Anna recognizes and greets Mrs Harding as Gwen, the former Downton housemaid who left service to better herself in a new career. Sergeant Willis asks Baxter to testify against the man with whom she was involved when she stole from a previous employer. Cora persuades Robert and Mary to lease Mason Yew Tree Farm, which Daisy learns from Robert as she is about to confront Cora. Lady Mary rushes Anna to London where the doctor performs the surgery, saving the baby. Bates is delighted to learn that Anna is pregnant. Robert continues to experience stomach pain but dismisses it as indigestion. Mr Carson and Mrs Hughes return from their Scarborough honeymoon and move into a cottage. Edith announces plans to appoint a woman as editor to her magazine.

48
5
"Episode Five"
Philip John
Julian Fellowes
18 October 2015 (2015-10-18)
10.60

May 1925. Mrs Patmore, Daisy, and Andy help Mr Mason move into the farm. Andy confesses to Thomas that he is illiterate, and accepts Thomas's offer to teach him in secret. Edith hires Laura Edmunds as her editor, and Edith also becomes romantic with Bertie Pelham. Molesley accompanies Baxter to the trial, but she is not called upon to testify as Coyle accepts a plea. Violet persuades Minister of Health Neville Chamberlain to attend dinner at Downton, and she harangues everyone about the hospital. Robert suddenly vomits blood over the dinner table, collapses, and is rushed to hospital. He has a burst ulcer and survives surgery, but Mary tells Tom that the two of them must take over running the estate, as her father must not be stressed further. Mary becomes suspicious about Marigold's birth, after hearing a puzzling remark about the child between Cora and Violet.

49
6
"Episode Six"
Michael Engler
Julian Fellowes
25 October 2015 (2015-10-25)
10.31

Early June 1925. Carson continues to criticise Mrs Hughes's housekeeping practices at the cottage not being up to standard, to her increasing annoyance. He even complains about how she makes the bed, and suggests she get some cooking pointers from Mrs Patmore. The Board of the Downton Cottage Hospital decides to approve its merger with the Royal Yorkshire Hospital and invites Cora to be their new president, replacing Lady Violet to avoid similar situations in the future. Mary takes Tom to London, where they meet Henry. Henry tells Mary he is falling in love with her. Mary and Tom open the house to the public for a day to raise funds for the hospital. Carson questions Thomas about his meetings with Andy, causing him more distress and reducing him to tears of self-pity.

50
7
"Episode Seven"
David Evans
Julian Fellowes
1 November 2015 (2015-11-01)
10.49

July 1925. Isobel is puzzled to receive an invitation to the wedding for Lord Merton's son, Larry and Amelia Cruikshank. Mary receives a telephone call from Henry, who implores her to give him an answer regarding his romantic intentions; she says he is not the right man for her. Daisy and Molesley sit for their exams; the latter does so well that the headmaster offers him a teaching job at the school. Mrs Hughes pretends to have injured her hand, forcing Mr Carson to do the cooking and housekeeping at the cottage. Carson is exhausted and gains a new respect for his wife's efforts. Mrs Patmore's B&B opens with its first guests. Bertie proposes to Edith, who mentions Marigold and asks for time to consider. Violet has departed to the south of France and gives Robert a new dog.

51
8
"Episode Eight"
David Evans
Julian Fellowes
8 November 2015 (2015-11-08)
11.15

August 1925. When his cousin dies, Bertie becomes a Marquess. Edith hesitates to tell him that Marigold is her illegitimate daughter. Mary spitefully reveals it at breakfast, and Bertie walks out. After having a heated row with Mary, Edith goes to London, where she and her editor discover that the magazine's agony aunt, believed to be a female, is in fact Spratt, the Dowager Countess's butler. When it is revealed that the first couple to stay at Mrs Patmore's B&B were adulterers, she finds bookings are being cancelled. Cora, and Robert go there for tea, taking a newspaper photographer to record their visit. Molesley begins teaching at the school. Thomas attempts suicide by slashing his wrists. Henry calls Mary again. Mary reveals her fear that Henry will die in a car crash like her late husband, Matthew. Henry is invited back, and Mary agrees to marry him. They marry quickly in the village church. Mary and Edith reconcile.

text:
Christmas special

No.
overall
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
UK viewers
(millions) [4]

52
"The Finale"
Michael Engler
Julian Fellowes
25 December 2015 (2015-12-25)
11.22

29 September–31 December 1925: Carson fumbles serving dinner when his hands begin shaking. Thomas secures a job with an elderly couple. Molesley leaves service when the Headmaster offers him a teaching position, plus a cottage; he and Baxter finally express their mutual romantic affection. Lord Merton tells Isobel he suffers from pernicious anaemia, but still wants to marry her. His cruel daughter-in-law, Amelia, prevents Isobel from seeing him. An indignant Violet intervenes, and he enthusiastically agrees to marry Isobel. Andy falls for Daisy, who is uninterested, but she gradually grows to like him. Eventually she decides to live at the farm. Bertie proposes to Edith and she accepts. At Brancaster Castle to announce the engagement, the Crawleys meet Bertie's moralistic mother Miranda. Edith tells her about her having borne an illegitimate child, Marigold, winning over Mrs Pelham with her honesty. Henry and Tom go into business together selling cars, and Mary tells Henry she is pregnant with his child. Edith and Bertie are married on New Year's Eve and leave to return to Brancaster Castle, where young Marigold is waiting with her step-grandmother. Dr Clarkson informs Lord Merton that he has only a mild form of anaemia. During the reception, Anna suddenly goes into labour and gives birth to a healthy son. Carson realizes his illness will ultimately prevent him from performing his duties, and tenders his resignation; Robert reluctantly accepts, and suggests that Thomas return as Butler; Carson can retire with a pension, retaining an oversight role. Violet accepts that Cora has taken over her prime position within the family, and they reconcile.

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ 10.245 million on ITV1,[5] 919,000 on ITV1 HD,[6] and 601,000 on ITV1+1.[7]
Jump up ^ 9.824 million on ITV1,[8] 978,000 on ITV1 HD,[9] and 531,000 on ITV1+1.[10]
Jump up ^ 9.880 million on ITV1,[11] 814,000 on ITV1 HD,[12] and 606,000 on ITV1+1.[13]
Jump up ^ 10.155 million on ITV1,[14] 945,000 on ITV1 HD,[15] and 486,000 on ITV1+1.[16]
Jump up ^ 9.867 million on ITV1,[17] 955,000 on ITV1 HD,[18] and 504,000 on ITV1+1.[19]
Jump up ^ 10.811 million on ITV1,[20] 1.086 million on ITV1 HD,[21] and 383,000 on ITV1+1.[22]
Jump up ^ 11.180 million on ITV1,[23] 968,000 on ITV1 HD,[24] and 297,000 on ITV1+1.[25]
Jump up ^ 10.672 million on ITV1,[26] 922,000 on ITV1 HD,[27] and 513,000 on ITV1+1.[28]
Jump up ^ 9.952 million on ITV1,[31] 1.104m on ITV1 HD,[32] 544,000 on ITV1+1.[33]
Jump up ^ 10.606 million on ITV1,[35] 1.071m on ITV1 HD,[36] 404,000 on ITV1+1.[37]
Jump up ^ 10.425 million on ITV1,[38] 1.097m on ITV1 HD,[39] 439,000 on ITV1+1.[40]
Jump up ^ 10.219 million on ITV1,[41] 1.115m on ITV1 HD,[42] 495,000 on ITV1+1.[43]
Jump up ^ 10.31 million on ITV1,[44] 1.156m on ITV1 HD,[45] 460,000 on ITV1+1.[46]
Jump up ^ 10.478 million on ITV1,[47] 1.154m on ITV1 HD,[48] 424,000 on ITV1+1.[49]
Jump up ^ 10.167 million on ITV1,[50] 1.210m on ITV1 HD,[51] 447,000 on ITV1+1.[52]
Jump up ^ 10.574 million on ITV1,[53] 1.193m on ITV1 HD,[54] 385,000 on ITV1+1.[55]
Jump up ^ 8.561 million on ITV1,[59] 1.127m on ITV1 HD,[60] 588,000 on ITV1+1.[61]
Jump up ^ 10.124 million on ITV,[62] 1.344m on ITV HD,[63] 484,000 on ITV +1.[64]
Jump up ^ 10.256 million on ITV,[65] 1.295m on ITV HD,[66] 548,000 on ITV +1.[67]
Jump up ^ 9.891 million on ITV,[68] 1.396m on ITV HD,[69] 576,000 on ITV +1.[70]
Jump up ^ 9.922 million on ITV,[71] 1.219m on ITV HD,[72] 608,000 on ITV +1.[73]
Jump up ^ 9.659 million on ITV,[74] 1.204m on ITV HD,[75] 529,000 on ITV +1.[76]
Jump up ^ 7.752 million on ITV,[77] 1.201m on ITV HD,[78] 454,000 on ITV +1.[79]

tag: ol


document_title: Pork ribs

question_text: where do spare ribs come from on a pig

question_tokens: where do spare ribs come from on a pig

text: Pork ribs

text: Cuts of pork ribs[edit]

text: Several different types of ribs are available, depending on the section of rib cage from which they are cut. Variation in the thickness of the meat and bone, as well as levels of fat in each cut, can alter the flavor and texture of the prepared dish. The inner surface of the rib cage is covered by a layer of connective tissue (pleura) that is difficult to cook tender; it is usually removed before marinating or cooking.

text: Baby back ribs[edit]

text: Baby back ribs (also back ribs or loin ribs) are taken from the top of the rib cage between the spine and the spare ribs, below the loin muscle. They have meat between the bones and on top of the bones, and are shorter, curved, and sometimes meatier than spare ribs. The rack is shorter at one end, due to the natural tapering of a pig's rib cage. The shortest bones are typically only about 3 in (7.6 cm) and the longest is usually about 6 in (15 cm), depending on the size of the hog. A pig side has 15 to 16 ribs (depending on the breed), but usually two or three are left on the shoulder when it is separated from the loin. So, a rack of back ribs contains a minimum of eight ribs (some may be trimmed if damaged), but can include up to 13 ribs, depending on how it has been prepared by the butcher. A typical commercial rack has 10–13 bones. If fewer than 10 bones are present, butchers call them "cheater racks".

text: Spare ribs[edit]

text:
Spare ribs, also called "spareribs" or "side ribs", are taken from the belly side of the rib cage, below the section of back ribs and above the sternum (breast bone). Spare ribs are flatter and contain more bone than meat, but more fat that can make the ribs more tender than back ribs. The term "spare ribs" is a Middle English corruption (via "sparrib") of "rippspeer", a Low German term that referred to racks of meat being roasted on a turning spit.[1][2]
St. Louis style ribs (or St. Louis cut spare ribs) have had the sternum bone, cartilage, and rib tips (see below) removed. The shape is almost rectangular.
Kansas City style ribs are trimmed less closely than the St. Louis style ribs, and have the hard bone removed.

tag: ul

text: Rib tips[edit]

text: Rib tips are short, meaty sections of rib attached to the lower end of the spare ribs, between the ribs and the sternum. Unlike back ribs or spare ribs, the structure of the rib is provided by dense costal cartilage, not bone. Rib tips are cut away from the spare ribs when preparing St. Louis style spare ribs.

text: Riblets[edit]

text: Riblets are prepared by butchers by cutting a full set of spare ribs approximately in half. This produces a set of short, flat ribs where the curved part of the rib is removed and gives them a more uniform look. Loin back ribs don't always have this removed. When not removed they have a rounded look to them and are often referred to as baby back ribs. Another product (imprecisely) called riblets is actually the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae. Riblets used to be thrown out by butchers, but have become popular due to their excellent flavor and lower cost.

text: Button ribs (or feather bones) are often confused with riblets mostly because Applebee's sells these as "riblets". In fact, what Applebee's sells is found just past the ribs near the back bone, just underneath the tenderloin. This cut of meat actually has no bones, but instead has "buttons" of cartilaginous material with meat attached.

text: Rib tips (or brisket) are found at the bottom of the spare ribs by the sternum. The rib tips have a high proportion of cartilage. The rib tips give the spare ribs a rounded appearance. In an attempt to give the meat a more uniform appearance and make it easier to eat, this piece is sometimes removed, and the remaining spare ribs are referred to as Saint Louis style ribs.

text: Other cuts and preparations[edit]

text:
Button ribs are flat, circular-shaped bones located at the sirloin end of the loin. They are not actually ribs, as they are not taken from the rib cage. The button ribs consist of the last four to six bones on the backbone; they do not have actual ribs connected to them. The meat on the button ribs consists of meat that covers each button and connects them together.
Country-style ribs are cut from the blade end of the loin close to the pork shoulder. They are meatier than other rib cuts. They contain no rib bones, but instead contain parts of the shoulder blade (scapula).
Rib roast (or bone-in pork loin rib roast, bone-in loin rib roast, center cut rib roast, prime rib of pork, standing rib roast) is a whole pork loin with the back ribs attached. They can be up to 2 ft long and 6 in thick. They are sold whole or in sections.
Rib chops are pork steaks or chops that include a back rib bone and the loin meat attached. They are lean and tender.
Rib patties – The meat from the ribs is taken off the bone and ground to make rib patties.[3] McDonald's McRib patties contain pork meat mostly from non-rib sections of the hog.
Christmas ribs – About half of Norwegian families eat oven-cooked rib at Christmas Eve.[4] Normally, they are referred to as ribbe or juleribbe. Traditional recipes include steaming half an hour before cooking in the oven to achieve a crisp surface.[5]


document_title: List of prison escapes

question_text: when was the last time someone escaped prison

text: List of prison escapes

text: Famous historical escapes[edit]

text: There have been many infamous escapes throughout history:

text: 17th century[edit]

text: In 1621 Dutch author Hugo Grotius escaped from Loevestein Castle where he was held captive by hiding himself inside a book chest. He was then smuggled outside.

text: 18th century[edit]

text:
Englishman Jack Sheppard took to theft and burglary in 1723, and was arrested and imprisoned five times in 1724 but escaped four times, making him a notorious public figure and wildly popular with the poorer classes.
The Italian author and adventurer Giacomo Casanova escaped from prison in 1757.

text: 19th century[edit]

text:
In the Libby Prison Escape, during the American Civil War, over 109 Union POWs broke out of a building at Libby Prison in Richmond, Virginia on the night between February 9 and February 10, 1864. All but 50 (two were drowned in the nearby James River) successfully reached back to Union lines.
The notorious outlaw Billy The Kid managed to escape from prison in 1881, but was captured and shot by Pat Garrett only a few months later.

text:
In 1901, Lum You was convicted of murder and sentenced to death by a Pacific County, Washington court. He enjoyed great public sympathy, including from county officials, who supposedly allowed him to escape by leaving his cell door unlocked at night. He eventually seized the opportunity, but within a few days he either gave himself up or was recaptured.[1][2]
German Naval Air Service Kapitänleutnant Gunther Plüschow escaped from the Donington Hall prisoner of war camp in 1915.
Frederick Mors, an Austrian-born American serial killer, was declared insane and placed into the Matteawan Institution for the Insane in the United States in 1915. He escaped in 1916 and was never seen again.
Leonard T. Fristoe was imprisoned for double murder in 1920 of a police Constable and a deputy Sherriff in Nevada.[3] He escaped from Nevada State Prison in 1923. He lived for nearly 46 years under the allias of Claude R. Willis, before being turned in by his own son.[4] After serving several years in prison he died of natural causes .
John Dillinger served time at the Indiana State Penitentiary at Michigan City, until 1933, when he was paroled. Within four months, he was back in jail in Lima, Ohio, but his gang sprang him, killing the jailer, Sheriff Jessie Sarber. Most of the gang was captured again by the end of the year in Tucson, Arizona, due to a fire at the Historic Hotel Congress. Dillinger alone was sent to the Lake County jail in Crown Point, Indiana. He was to face trial for the suspected killing of police officer William O'Malley during a bank shootout in East Chicago, Indiana, some time after his escape from jail. During this time on trial, a famous photograph was taken of Dillinger putting his arm on prosecutor Robert Estill's shoulder when suggested to him by reporters.
On March 3, 1934, Dillinger escaped from the "escape-proof" (as it was dubbed by local authorities at the time) Crown Point, Indiana county jail, which was guarded by many police officers and national guardsmen. Newspapers reported that Dillinger had escaped using a fake gun made from wood, blackened and shined with shoe polish.
French prisoner René Belbenoît escaped from the penal colony of French Guiana on March 2, 1935 when he and five others took to the sea with a boat they had bought. After a series of daring adventures, during which all of the other escapees were captured, he reached United States in 1937. In 1938 his account, Dry Guillotine, was published. Belbenoît had written it in French and it was translated in English by Preston Rambo. It went through 14 printings in less than a year.
Japanese murderer Yoshie Shiratori broke out of prison four times between the 1930s and 1940s. A novel and TV-drama Hagoku was based on his true story.
Fort San Cristóbal is located on the top of the mountain San Cristóbal, which is very close (4 km) to Pamplona, Spain. Built inside the mountain and obsolete since its opening in 1919, due to its weakness against aviation, it served as a prison. On May 22, 1938, during the Spanish Civil War, around 30 prisoners organised a mutiny for a massive prison break. 792 prisoners fled but only three succeeded in getting to the French border; 585 were arrested, 211 died and 14 of the arrested who were considered the leaders were sentenced to death. Most fugitives were intercepted during the following days. In 1988, a sculpture was erected to honour the memory of the Republican people dead there. The fort ceased to be a prison in 1945.
Colditz Castle was used as an "escape-proof" prisoner-of-war camp during World War II, but over the course of 300 escape attempts, 130 prisoners escaped.[citation needed] Thirty escapees eventually managed to reach friendly territory. The men had tunneled, disguised themselves as guards, workmen or women, sneaked away through sewer drains, and even planned to use a glider to get over the wall.
André Devigny, a French resistance fighter during World War II, escaped Montluc Military Prison in Lyons with his cellmate in April 1943.
French author Henri Charrière tried to escape in vain several times, but eventually was successful in 1943. His story, Papillon, was published and filmed under the same name.
In the Great Escape, 76 Allied POWs (primarily Commonwealth airmen) escaped from Stalag Luft III during World War II. 73 of the escapees were captured and fifty of them were executed by the Gestapo, while only three succeeded in reaching neutral territories.
In the Cowra breakout, at least 545 out of approximately 1000 Japanese POWs escaped from Number 12 POW Compound at Cowra on the night of 4 August 1944. Out of the roughly 500 escapees, 231 died and 108 were wounded. 31 killed themselves and 12 were burnt to death in huts set on fire by the Japanese. Sixteen of the wounded showed signs of attempted suicide.[5]
In the Great Papago Escape, over 25 German POWs escaped by tunneling out of Camp Papago Park POW facility, near Phoenix, Arizona, on the night of December 23, 1944. They then fled into the surrounding desert but because the rivers in Arizona were mostly dry and had not been navigable for decades, most of them were recaptured without bloodshed over the next few weeks.
In the Acre Prison break, 28 members of the Jewish underground groups Irgun and Lehi escaped from Acre Prison in Acre, Mandatory Palestine (now Israel) on May 4, 1947.

text:
In 1959, Frank Freshwaters escaped from an Ohio prison while serving a sentence of involuntary manslaughter from a 1957 car accident. After 56 years he was arrested in Florida.[6]
In the Alcatraz escape on June 11, 1962, American criminals brothers John and Clarence Anglin, and Frank Morris escaped Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary on Alcatraz Island using an inflatable raft, never to be seen again. It was never determined by the FBI whether they succeeded in their escape or died in the attempt.
In 1973, three Provisional Irish Republican Army prisoners escaped in the Mountjoy Prison helicopter escape, when a hijacked helicopter landed in the exercise yard at Mountjoy Prison, Dublin, Republic of Ireland.
In 1975, 28-year-old American convicted drug smuggler Billy Hayes escaped from a prison in İmralı, Turkey, using a rowboat. He made his way to Istanbul, then to Greece, where he was eventually deported to the U.S. Hayes wrote a book on his experiences, Midnight Express, which was later adapted into the 1978 film of the same name starring Brad Davis as Hayes.

text:
On 5 April 1976, in the Segovia prison break, twenty nine prisoners escape from prison, in Spain's largest prison break since the country's civil war. The majority belong to the Basque separatist group ETA. The majority of prisoners are recaptured in shoot outs with the authorities in the next few days, during which one escapee is killed, though four manage to escape to France.
In 1977, the convicted murderer of Martin Luther King, Jr., James Earl Ray, escaped from Brushy Mountain State Prison in Tennessee, along with six others. Ray was recaptured after two days. He had been running and hiding in the mountainous forest surrounding the prison.
In 1977, convicted murderer James Robert Jones escaped from prison in Kansas, and lived in Florida for 37 years under the alias of Bruce Walter Keith. He was arrested in March 2014. It is assumed that he used someone else's identity.[7]
In 1979, Assata Shakur successfully escaped prison in Union, New Jersey when three members of the Black Liberation Army took prison guards as hostages, freed Assata and fled in a prison van. No one was injured during the prison break, including the guards-turned-hostages who were left in the parking lot. In 1984, Shakur escaped to Cuba where she gained political asylum. Shakur was moved to the FBI's Most Wanted Terrorists List on May 2, 2013.
On 2 March 1982 in Peru, PCP guerilla fighters assaulted the Ayacucho prison, resulting in the release of 255 inmates.
In the 1983 Batticaloa Jailbreak on 23 September 1983, 41 Tamil political prisoners and 151 criminal prisoners escaped in eastern Sri Lanka.
In the Maze Prison escape on 25 September 1983, 38 Provisional Irish Republican Army members escaped from HMP Maze in Northern Ireland, the biggest prison escape in Irish or British history.
In 1984, six death row inmates escaped Mecklenburg Correctional Center, making it the largest mass death row escape in American history. All were recaptured within 18 days, and all six men would eventually be executed. The final execution took place in 1996.
On 7 March 1993, Peter Gibb and Archie Butterley escaped from the Melbourne Remand Centre in Australia, with the help of prison guard Heather Parker who was having a relationship with Gibb. Police found Butterley shot dead six days later, and re-captured Gibb.
Trikala, Greece, on May 23, 1995, Albanian inmates staged a daring escape from an old Turkish administration building-turned-prison, using weight dumbbells to break the locks of the gates and bed springs as a ladder to scale the wall. 29 prisoners escaped, and about half of them absconded to Albania and were never recaptured. Only Albanian inmates escaped, having kept escape plans secret from the prison's international population.
In the 1995 Vellore Fort Jailbreak on 15 August 1995, 43 Tamil Tiger inmates escaped from Vellore Fort prison in India.
In 1998, the Belgian child molester Marc Dutroux notoriously managed to escape for a few hours. He was caught the same afternoon, but the incident forced two politicians to resign and deepened the loss of faith in the Belgian judicial system.[8]
Martin Gurule escaped from the Texas Death Row at Ellis Unit in 1998. He was found dead a few days later.[9]
In 1999, Leslie Dale Martin and three other inmates on Louisiana's death row escaped from their cells at the Louisiana State Penitentiary. They were caught within hours, before they even managed to escape prison grounds. The four men had managed the escape with the use of hacksaws that had been smuggled in for them by a bribed corrections officer. Other officers were inattentive to the inmates' two to three week effort at cutting their cell doors and window. After the escape, two corrections officers were fired and two others were demoted. Two corrections officers later overheard Martin plotting another escape, which included taking hostages and commandeering a vehicle to ram the prison's front gates. Martin was immediately moved to the holding cell outside the death chamber, a month before his execution in 2002.

text:
The Texas 7 escaped from John B. Connally Unit on December 13, 2000. Six of them were captured after over a month and a half on the run; the seventh killed himself before being captured.
In January 2001, three inmates escaped from Chicago State Penitentiary's H-Unit (Hi-Max). One of them was injured during the escape, and while trying to get back into the prison he got caught in the razor between the fences. The other two offenders (one serving a life sentence for murder, the other for rape and kidnapping) were at large for several days before being apprehended in a small town approximately 40 miles (64 km) from the prison.
In New York, two convicted murderers escaped from Elmira State Penitentiary in July 2003; both were recaptured in two days.
Colton Harris-Moore fled a three-year sentence by walking out of a halfway house in April 2008. On 11 July 2010, he was captured at Harbour Island, Bahamas and sent back to Seattle
The Sarposa Prison attack was a raid on the Kandahar detention facility in Kandahar, Afghanistan by Taliban insurgents on June 13, 2008. One of the largest attacks by Afghan insurgents, the raid freed 400-1000 prisoners.
On August 4, 2008, Sarah Jo Pender escaped from Rockville Correctional Facility with the help of prison guard Scott Spitler, who was expecting a $15,000 payment.[10] She remained on the run for four months.
Eight inmates charged with violent crimes escaped from the Curry County Adult Detention Center in Clovis, New Mexico on August 24, 2008. The men escaped by climbing prison pipes in a narrow space inside a wall, then using homemade instruments to cut a hole in the roof. The jailbreak was featured on a September 6 episode of America's Most Wanted. As of October 2010, convicted murderer Edward Salas was the only inmate still at large. Salas was taken into custody by the US Marshals Service on Thursday, October 4, 2012 in Chihuahua City, Mexico, and was extradited back to New Mexico.[11]
Lance Battreal, Charles Smith, and Mark Booher escaped from a Michigan City, Indiana prison on July 12, 2009 through underground tunnels under the prison yard.[12] Smith was captured on July 20, 2009 near Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daley's vacation home in Grand Beach, Michigan.[13] Battreal was captured on July 21, 2009 at his mother's house in Rockport, Indiana.[14] Booher was captured on July 23, 2009 in a hotel in Indianapolis, Indiana.[15]
Three inmates at an Arizona State Prison for-profit Management and Training Corporation-operated facility escaped on July 30, 2010. Daniel Renwick and Tracy Province were murderers and John McCluskey had been convicted of attempted murders. Renwick was captured in a shootout in Rifle, Colorado on August 1, 2010. Though he still had 32 years on his sentence in Arizona, he was sentenced to 60 years to be served in Colorado. Province, already a lifer, was captured on August 9, 2010 in Meeteese, Wyoming.[16] After being sentenced to 38 1/3 years in Arizona, he was quickly extradited to face murder charges in New Mexico. McCluskey, who had been doing consecutive 15-year sentences, was captured with Casslyn Welch, his cousin/accomplice, in eastern Arizona on August 19 in the Apache-Sitgreaves National Forest. He was sentenced to 43 years in an Arizona prison on escape, kidnap, hijacking and robbery charges.[17] Like Province, Welch and McCluskey were soon extradited for the alleged robbery, hijack and murder of two vacationers in New Mexico. Kenneth John Gonzales, the U.S. Attorney in New Mexico, filed death penalty charges against all three. McCluskey was convicted after a three-month trial in Albuquerque on October 7, 2013, after Province and Welch testified against him, a conditions of their plea bargains. The death penalty phase of the proceedings began on October 21,[18] but the jury delivered a sentence of life imprisonment for McCluskey, and Province received the same. Welch was sentenced to 40 years.[19]
On July 27, 2013, 1,000 inmates escaped from the Queyfiya prison near Benghazi, Libya. The escape occurred after a wave of political assassinations and attacks on political offices around the country. Local residents of Benghazi forced the inmates out of the prison.
In October 2013, Kevin Patrick Stoeser escaped from the Austin Transitional Center where he was serving the remainder of a 156-month sentence for four counts of child sexual assault and one count of possession of child pornography. He pleaded guilty to these charges in 2003. He was never captured but DNA-confirmed remains of his skull were found near Del Valle, Texas on September 8, 2014.[20]
On May 4, 2014, Michael Wheatley 55, dubbed "The Skull Cracker," who was given 13 life sentences for a string of violent raids on banks and building societies, failed to return to HMP Standford Hill open prison on the Isle of Sheppey in Kent, United Kingdom.[21] He was arrested on May 7, 2014.
On June 8, 2014, Robert Elbryan, 42, Joe Game, 53, and George Broussard, 63, escaped from a Quebec detention center with help from a helicopter. The three men were arrested a couple weeks later and returned to the same facility.[22]
On September 11, 2014, TJ Lane, 19, serving three life sentences for indiscriminately killing fellow students at his Ohio high school in 2012, and Jay Morris, 20, escaped Allen Correctional Institution. Rodriguez was apprehended about 5 hours later, and Morris was captured about 8 hours later.[23][24]
On June 6, 2015, Richard Matt, 48, and David Sweat, 34, were discovered missing from the Clinton Correctional Facility in Dannemora, New York during a head count at 5:30am. An "external breach" was found on a street approximately 500 feet south of the prison wall. Both inmates had been convicted of murder. Richard Matt was shot dead on June 26, 2015 near Lake Titus in Upstate New York. Two days later on June 28, 2015, David Sweat was captured just miles from the Canada–US border, shot twice before taken to a local hospital.
On July 11, 2015, Mexican drug lord Joaquín Guzmán Loera, also known as 'El Chapo', escaped from Federal Social Readaptation Center No.1, a maximum security prison. His escape involved an elaborate underground tunnel leading from the shower area in his cell stretching 1.5 km to a house construction site. The shower area in his cell was not detectable to the security cameras, creating a blind spot. The tunnel lay 10 meters underground and was equipped with a ladder to climb to the bottom, artificial lights, air ducts and various construction materials. A makeshift motorcycle was found in the tunnel, believed to have been used to excavate the tons of earth removed, transport materials and Guzmán himself. An investigation and manhunt quickly followed. He was recaptured on January 8, 2016.[25]
On January 26, 2016, three inmates escaped the Orange County Men's Central Jail, a maximum security jail in Orange County, California. The three inmates (Jonathan Tieu, 20; Hossein Nayeri, 37; and Bac Tien Duong, 43) cut through steel bars, made their way through plumbing tunnels, and a used a makeshift rope made out of bed sheets to rappel down the multistory facility.[26]
On November 7, 2016, two inmates escaped HMP Pentonville in North London. The two inmates (Mathew Baker and James Whitlock) used diamond-tipped cutting equipment to break through cell bars before they scaled the perimeter wall. They left mannequins in their beds to fool the prison guards.[27]

text: People who escaped multiple times[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text:
Name
#
Date
Prison name
Country
Details

Brian Bo Larsen
22
 ? - 2014
Vridsløselille prison (in 2014)
 DEN
In 2005, he succeeded to escape by hiding in a container, with the complicity of workers from the waste collection services. On 13 December 2014 he escaped for the 20th time through the window by rope, after having sawed the bars.[28]

Nachman Farkash
5
1960s - 1970s
Ayalon (Ramla) Prison (1960s)
 ISR

Joe, MoondyneMoondyne Joe
5
1833 (+/-)
Borstal institution (youth detention)
 GBR
Joseph Bolitho Johns (1826–1900), better known as Moondyne Joe, was Western Australia's best known bushranger.

1861, August
Toodyay lockup
 AUS

1865, November

 AUS

1866, August

 AUS

1867, March 7
Fremantle Prison
 AUS

Shiratori, YoshieYoshie Shiratori
4
1936
Aomori Prison
 JPN
Yoshie Shiratori (1907-1979), known as the "Showa Era escape artist". In 1983 a novel based on Shiratori’s life, Hagoku (literally, Prison Break), was published by Akira Yoshimura and in 1985 the book was converted to a made-for-TV-movie by NHK, the Japan Broadcasting Corporation.

1942
Akita Prison
 JPN

1944
Abashiri Prison
 JPN

1947
Sapporo Prison
 JPN

Sheppard, JackJack Sheppard
4
1724, April
St Giles's Roundhouse
 GBR
Sheppard (1702 – 1724) was a robber, burglar and thief of early 18th-century London. He was arrested and imprisoned five times in 1724 but escaped four times, making him a notorious public figure. He used knotted bed-clothes to descend to ground level during his escapes. Ultimately, he was caught, convicted, and hanged at Tyburn, ending his brief criminal career after less than two years.[29]

1724, May 25
New Prison
 GBR

1724, August 31
Newgate Prison
 GBR

1724, October 15
Newgate Prison (the "Castle")
 GBR

Jay Russell, StevenSteven Jay Russell (born 1957)
4
1992, May 13
Harris County jail
 USA
He is a U.S. con artist. As of 2010, Russell, Texas Department of Criminal Justice #00760259,[30][31] is in the Polunsky Unit, on 23-hour lockup, only having one free hour a day to shower and exercise, to stop him from escaping.[32]

1996, July 13
Harris County jail (2)
 USA

1996, December 13
Maximum Security Estelle Unit in Huntsville, Texas
 USA

1998, March 13
Maximum Security Estelle Unit (2)
 USA

Hinds, Alfred GeorgeAlfred George Hinds (1917 – 1991)
3
1955
Nottingham Prison
 GBR
He was convicted for a jewelry robbery and sentenced to 12 years imprisonment in 1953. He escaped from Nottingham Prison after sneaking through the locked doors and over a 20-foot prison wall.

1956
Law Courts in London
 GBR
After his arrest, he brought a lawsuit against authorities charging the prison commissioners with illegal arrest and used the incident to plan his next escape. He escaped but was captured at an airport five hours later.

1957
Chelmsford Prison
 GBR
He escaped from Chelmsford Prison less than a year later. Two years later he was arrested after being stopped in an unregistered car.

Collen Chauke
(1970 – 2003)

3
1993
Johannesburg Prison
 RSA
He was convicted for car theft and sentenced for four years imprisonment. He escaped from prison after serving only one month of his sentence.[33]

1997
Pretoria Prison
 RSA
He was found guilty of robbing R12,6-million from a depot of the SBV security company in Pretoria in October 1997. He manage to escape from Pretoria prison with five others in December 1997.

1998
Pretoria Prison
 RSA
He escaped from prison and manage to evade the police for a year until he was recaptured in 1999 in Nelspruit.[34]

McNair, Richard LeeRichard Lee McNair (born 1958)
3
1988
Minot municipal police station
 USA
He used lip balm to squeeze out of handcuffs.

1992, October
North Dakota State Penitentiary
 USA
He escaped by crawling through a ventilation duct.

2006, April 5
United States Penitentiary, Pollock
 USA
He mailed himself out of prison in a crate. McNair was captured in October 2007 in Canada and is now held at the ADX Florence supermax facility in Colorado.[35]

Sutton, WillieWillie Sutton (1901-1980)
3
1932, December 11
Sing Sing
 USA
He was an American named “The Actor” and “Slick Willie”. In June 1931 he was sentenced to 30 years on charges of assault and robbery. He escaped on 11 December 1932, by scaling the prison wall on two 9-foot sections of ladder that were joined together. Sutton was apprehended on 5 February 1934 and was sentenced to serve 25–50 years in Eastern State Penitentiary, for a machine gun robbery of the Corn Exchange Bank.

1945, April 3
Eastern State Penitentiary
 USA
He was one of 12 convicts who escaped the institution through a tunnel. He was recaptured the same day by Philadelphia police officers, his fifth escape attempt at this prison. Sentenced to life imprisonment as a fourth time offender, he was transferred to the Philadelphia County Prison.

1947, February 10
Philadelphia County Prison
 USA
He and other prisoners dressed as prison guards and escaped via ladders across the prison yard to the wall.[36]

Payet, PascalPascal Payet
2
2001, October 12
Luynes prison
 FRA
Payet (born 1963) is a French criminal who gained notoriety for his daring prison escapes using helicopters. He was initially sentenced to a 30-year jail term for a murder committed during the robbery of a security van in 1997. He escaped two times with a helicopter. After his second escape he was captured on September 21, 2007.[37][38][39]

2007, July 14
Prison in Grasse
 FRA

Dillinger, JohnJohn Dillinger (1903-1934)
2
1933, October 13
Allen County Jail
 USA
He was a notorious bank robber who operated throughout the Midwest during the Great Depression. He broke out of the Allen County Jail in Lima, Ohio by having his gang pose as officers and infiltrate the prison. Only a few months later, the gang was re-captured when the hotel they were staying in caught fire. He was incarcerated while waiting to stand trial for the murder of a police officer in a bank robbery.

1934, March 3
Lake County Jail
 USA
Officials boasted that the Lake County Jail in Crown Point, Indiana was escape-proof and posted extra guards, but he escaped using a fake gun.

Matt, RichardRichard Matt (1967-2015)
2
1986, October 13
Erie County Correction Facility
 USA
In 1986, at age 19, Matt was convicted and sentenced to a year in jail. The term was interrupted when Matt, taking advantage of a guard’s mistake, slipped out of his cell, scaled a 9-foot brick and metal wall topped with razor wire and hopped a freight train to his brother’s house in Tonawanda. Five days later, police officers found him brandishing an ax handle in his brother’s apartment.

2015, June 6
Clinton Correctional Facility
 USA
On June 6, 2015, inmates Richard Matt and David Sweat, both serving sentences for murder, escaped from the facility. A prison employee, Joyce Mitchell, was charged with aiding their escape. Matt was shot and killed by police on June 26, 2015.

Loera, Joaquín GuzmánJoaquín Guzmán Loera (born 1954 or 1957)
2
2001, January 19
"Puente Grande" Federal Center for Social Rehabilitation No. 2
 MEX
On 19 January 2001, Francisco "El Chito" Camberos Rivera, a prison guard, opened Guzmán's electronically operated cell door, and Guzmán got in a laundry cart that maintenance worker Javier Camberos rolled through several doors and eventually out the front door. He was then transported in the trunk of a car driven by Camberos out of the town. The escape allegedly cost Guzmán $2.5 million.[40]

2015, July 11
"Altiplano" Federal Social Readaptation Center No. 1
 MEX
In his second escape from the prison, he escaped through a tunnel leading from the shower area to a home construction site 1.5 km (0.93 mi) away in a Santa Juanita neighborhood. The tunnel was 1.7 m (5.7 ft) tall and 75 cm (29.5 in) in width. It was equipped with artificial light, air conditioning, and high-quality construction materials.[41]

Abagnale, FrankFrank Abagnale (born 1948)
2

British VC-10 airliner (while deporting)
 USA

1971, April
Federal Detention Center, Atlanta, Georgia
 USA


document_title: Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)

question_text: how many member of legislative assembly in india

text: State legislature[edit]

text: In states where there are two houses there is a Legislative Council and a Legislative Assembly. In such a case, the Legislative Council is the Upper House, while Legislative Assembly is the Lower House of the State Legislature.

text: The Governor shall not be a member of the Legislature or Parliament, shall not hold any office of profit, and shall be entitled to emoluments and allowances. (Article 158 of Indian constitution).

text: The Legislative Assembly consists of not more than 500 members and not fewer than 60. The biggest state, Uttar Pradesh, has 403 members in its Assembly. States which have small populations and are small in size have a provision for having an even lesser number of members in the Legislative Assembly. Puducherry has 30 members. Mizoram and Goa have only 40 members each. Sikkim has 32. All members of the Legislative Assembly are elected on the basis of adult franchise, and one member is elected from one constituency. Just as the President has the power to nominate two Anglo Indians to the Lok Sabha, similarly, the Governor has the power to nominate one member[1] from the Anglo Indian community as he/she deems fit, if he/she is of the opinion that they are not adequately represented in the Assembly.

text: Qualification[edit]

text:
The qualifications to become a member of the state Legislature are largely similar to the qualifications to be a member of Parliament. i) The person should be a citizen of India ii) not less than 25 years of age[2] to be a member of the Legislative Assembly and not less than 30 years as per Article 173 of Indian Constitution to be a member of the Legislative Council.
Person should follow the Indian constitution. Education is not a criteria.

text: No person can become a member of the Legislative Assembly or the Legislative Council of any state, unless the individual is a voter from any constituency of the state. Those who cannot become members of Parliament also cannot become members of the state legislature.

text: The member is elected by the people of that particular constituency and represents those people in the legislative assembly and debates on issues related to his or her constituency. The MLA's position is like an MP, but the difference is only that MLA is in the state level and the MP is in the national level.

text: Term[edit]

text: The term of the Legislative Assembly is five years. However, it may be dissolved earlier than that by the Governor on the request of the Chief Minister. The term of the Legislative Assembly may be extended during an emergency, but not more than six months at a time. The Legislative Council is the Upper House in the State. Just like the Rajya Sabha it is a permanent House. The members of the state's upper house are selected based on the strength of each party in the lower house and by state gubernatorial nomination. The term of is six years, and a third of the members of the House retire after every two years. The upper house of a state assembly, unlike the Upper house of the Parliament, can be abolished by the lower house, if it passes a specific law bill, which states to dissolve the upper house, and gets it attested in both houses of parliament and then signed by the president into law. Only Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Telangana, and Uttar Pradesh have their upper houses in existence with 6 year term, J&K also has 6 year term lower house. All other states have abolished the upper house by the above-mentioned method, as the upper house causes unnecessary problems and issues.

text: Powers[edit]

text: The most important function of the legislature is law making. The State Legislature has the power to make laws on all items on which Parliament cannot legislate. Some of these items are police, prisons, irrigation, agriculture, local governments, public health, pilgrimages, and burial grounds. Some topics on which both Parliament and states can make laws are education, marriage and divorce, forests, and the protection of wild animals and birds.

text: As regards money bills, the position is the same. Bills can originate only in the Legislative Assembly. The Legislative Council can either pass the bill within 14 days of the date of the receipt of the Bill or suggest changes in it within 14 days. These changes may or may not be accepted by the Assembly.

text: The state legislature, besides making laws, has one electoral power, in electing the President of India. Elected members of the Legislative Assembly along with the elected members of Parliament are involved in this process.

text: Some parts of the Constitution can be amended by Parliament with the approval of half of state legislatures. Thus the state legislatures take part in the process of amendment of the Constitution.

text: MLA party memberships as of 15 May 2018[edit]

text:
State name
Total
BJP
INC
Leftists
Socialist
NDA
Others
Ind.
Vacant

Andhra Pradesh
175
4

TDP 105, YSRCP 66

Arunachal Pradesh
60
48
3

NPP 7

2

Assam
126
61
25

AGP 14, BPF 12
AIUDF 13
1

Bihar
243
53
27
CPI-ML 3
RJD 81
JDU 70, LJP 2, RLSP 2
HAM 1
4

Chhattisgarh
90
49
39

BSP 1
1

Goa
40
14
14

MGP 3, GFP 3,NCP 1

3

2

Gujarat
182
99
76

BTP 2, NCP 1
2

Haryana
90
47
17

INLD 19
SAD 1
BSP 1
5

Himachal Pradesh
68
44
21
CPM 1

2

Jammu & Kashmir
87
25
12
CPM 1

JKPC 2
PDP 28, NC 15, PDF 1
3

Jharkhand
81
43
7
CPI-ML 1, MCC 1
JMM 19, JBSP 1
AJSU 4
JVM(P) 2, BSP 1, JP 1, NSM 1

Karnataka
224
104
79

JDS 36

BSP1, KPJP 1
1
2

Kerala
140
1
22
CPM 57, CPI 19, CMP(KSC) 1, RSP(L) 1, C(S) 1, NSC 1, KCB 1
JDS 3

IUML 18, KCM 6, KCJ 1, NCP 2,
5
1

Madhya Pradesh
230
165
58

BSP 4
3

Maharashtra
288
119
40
PWPI 3, CPM 1

SS 62, RSP 1
NCP 38, BVA 3, AIMIM 2, MNS 1, BBM 1
7
9

Manipur
60
31
19

NPF 4, NPP 4, LJP 1

1

Meghalaya
60
2
20

NPP 20, UDP 7, PDP 4,  HSPDP 2
NCP 1, KHNAM 1
3

Mizoram
40

30

MNF 6

4

Nagaland
60
12

NDPP 17, NPP 2, JDU 1
NPF 26
1
1

Odisha
147
10
16
CPM 1
BJD 117, SKD 1

2

Punjab
117
3
78

SAD 14
AAP 20, LIP 2

Rajasthan
200
160
25

NPP 1
BSP 2, NUZP 2
7
3

Sikkim
32

SDF 22
SKM 10

Tamil Nadu
234

8

AIADMK 116, DMK 88, IUML 1
1
20

Telangana
119
5
13
CPM 1

TRS 90, AIMIM 7, TDP 3

Tripura
60
36

CPM 16

IPFT 8

Uttar Pradesh
403
311
7

SP 48
ADS 9, SBSP 4
BSP 19
5

Uttarakhand
70
57
11

2

West Bengal
294
3
42
CPM 26, RSP 3, AIFB 2, CPI 1

AITC 213, GJM 3
1

Delhi
70
4

AAP 66

Puducherry
30

15

AINRC 8
AIADMK 4 , DMK 2
1

Total
4120
1517
722
142
325
321
1007
63
23

text: Presiding officers[edit]

text: Similar to the Presiding officers of the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha, the Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council also have Presiding Officers. The Legislative Assembly has a Speaker and a Deputy Speaker and the Legislative Council has a Chairman and a Deputy Chairman. They are elected from among the members of the House.