document_title: EFL Cup

question_text: who's won the league cup the most

question_tokens: who 's won the league cup the most

text: EFL Cup

text: Status[edit]

text: Although the League Cup is one of the four domestic trophies attainable by English league teams, it is perceived as a lower priority cup than the league championship or the FA Cup;[2] the fourth domestic trophy, the Community Shield, is a one-match event. League Cup winners receive £100,000 prize money (awarded by the Football League) with the runners-up receiving £50,000, considered relatively insignificant to top-flight teams, compared to the £2 million prize money of the FA Cup, which is in turn eclipsed by the Premier League's television money (awarded on final league position) and consequent participation in the Champions League.[3][4]

text: Some clubs have repeatedly fielded a weaker side in the competition, making the opportunity for giant-killing of the larger clubs more likely. Many teams in the Premier League, Arsenal and Manchester United in particular, have used the competition to give young players valuable big-game experience.[5] However, in 2010, in response to Arsène Wenger's claim that a League Cup win would not end his trophy drought, Alex Ferguson described the trophy as "a pot worth winning".[6]

text: History[edit]

text: The original idea for a League Cup came from Stanley Rous who saw the competition as a consolation for clubs who had already been knocked out of the FA Cup. However it was not Rous who came to implement it, but Football League Secretary Alan Hardaker. Hardaker initially proposed the competition as a way for the clubs to make up on lost revenue due to a reduction in matches played for when the league was to be re-organised. The re-organisation of the league was not immediately forthcoming; however, the cup competition was introduced regardless.

text: The trophy was paid for personally by Football League President Joe Richards, Richards was proud of the competition and he had his own name engraved on it. Richards described the competition's formation as an 'interim step' on the way to the league's re-organisation.[7] Richards' priority was the re-organisation of the leagues; 'perhaps by cutting down the number of clubs in each division, as has already been suggested, and even given more consideration to the system of four up and four down'.

text: Hardaker felt that the Football League needed to adapt to the times as the English game was losing prestige and he felt that the Football League should take the lead in revitalising football in the nation: "It must be obvious to all of you that the time has come to do something, and it is up to the Football League to give the lead. I hope the Press will not immediately assume that the League is going to fall out with the F.A. or anybody else... the time has come for our voice to be heard in every problem which affects the professional game."[7]

text: The League Cup competition was established at a time when match day attendances were dwindling. The league had lost 1 million spectators compared to the previous season. It was established at a time when tensions between the Football League and the Football Association were high. The biggest disagreement was how revenue was shared between the clubs.

text: During the late 1950s, the majority of senior English clubs equipped their grounds with floodlights. This opened up the opportunity to exploit weekday evenings throughout the winter. The League Cup was introduced in the 1960–61 season specifically as a mid-week floodlit tournament, to replace the Southern Professional Floodlit Cup.[8]

text: The League Cup was criticised by the better-endowed clubs. The Times' correspondent at the time felt that the League Cup was a step in the wrong direction; the European Cup had been formed five years prior to the League Cup and the correspondent felt the League Cup's introduction was adding to existing problems. The Times published on 30 May 1960: "Where a drastic reduction is required in an attempt to raise quality, no doubt quantity and a further spread of mediocrity will be the dose. Where men like Count Bernabeu with his wider horizons, think in terms of a European-league for the future in which a lead could surely now be given jointly by our leaders, the Football League propose next season to implement their useless Football League Cup to be played in midweek. It gets the players, the clubs and the public nowhere."[9]

text: Aston Villa were the inaugural winners in 1960–61, defeating Rotherham United 3–2 in the final over two legs. Football in England was considered to be of a low quality compared to what was being played on the continent, as relatively unfashionable clubs Burnley and Wolverhampton Wanderers were England's representatives in Europe that year, having lifted the major honours ahead of much bigger clubs like Arsenal and Manchester United. Richards referred to the appetite for European football as 'continental fever' and was keen for the league to re-establish itself: 'We must be prepared to put the interests of the League and the game before individual clubs.'[10] Sixteen clubs opposed the competition's creation, thirty-one approved it.[10] The average attendance across the League Cup was 10,556, just higher than the average gate in the Third Division.[11] The total attendance of the Football League competition had fallen by 4 million from the previous season. Richards is reputed to have told Hardaker that he foresaw 'the League Cup final being held at Wembley, but that it wouldn't be during his lifetime'. The first League Cup final to be held at Wembley was Third Division Queens Park Rangers's win over First Division West Bromwich Albion on 4 March 1967. Richards died in 1968.

text: The first League Cup was won in 1960–61 by Aston Villa who, at the time, held the overall record for major trophies won in England. The next three finals, however, saw the trophy won by clubs who had never won a major trophy before. One of them, Norwich City, had yet to even play in the First Division, while their opponents Rochdale had played no higher than the Third Division.[12]

text: The introduction of the League Cup had given the Football League more negotiating power with the FA and UEFA. Hardaker had threatened UEFA with a boycott of the Fairs Cup unless UEFA gave the League Cup winner European qualification. As a result of the negotiating tactics, UEFA provided the League Cup winner with a place in the European competitions providing the team was in the first division. Tottenham Hotspur were the first team to qualify for Europe by virtue of winning the competition. Although Leeds United had won the competition before Tottenham, Leeds qualified for Europe based on league position. The winners of the 1966–67 and 1968–69 editions QPR and Swindon Town did not participate in Europe as they were not in the First Division.

text: Prior to the agreement with UEFA, the competition was not considered worthy of the larger clubs' attention. However once a position in Europe was on offer, as was a final at Wembley Stadium, the competition's standing was improved and in the 1968–69 season only Manchester United declined to participate. Everton chose not to compete in 1970–71 so that they could concentrate their efforts on the European Cup. Entry was made compulsory for all Football League teams the following year.

text: Liverpool have won the cup on the most occasions with eight victories including winning their four League Cups in successive years in the early 1980s. They completed two trebles of trophy wins, in 1983–84 and 2000–01, winning the League Cup in both of these years.

text: English clubs lost their place in European competitions for an indefinite period in 1985 as a result of the Heysel disaster, where Liverpool fans had taken part in a riot at the European Cup final, resulting in the death of 39 spectators. That year's winners of the League Cup were Norwich City, who would otherwise have played in a European competition for the first time in the 1985–86 season. Oxford United, Arsenal, Luton Town and Nottingham Forest also missed out on the chance to compete in the UEFA Cup as League Cup holders over the next four years. Even when the ban was lifted in 1990, League Cup winners did not participate in European competitions for two more years, when Manchester United won the trophy and qualified for the UEFA Cup anyway as they had finished second in the league. In the previous two seasons, Nottingham Forest and Sheffield Wednesday had both been prevented from competing in the UEFA Cup as League Cup winners due to the gradual reintegration of English clubs in European competitions.

text: In 2016–17, the competition was renamed the EFL Cup as part of the Football League's rebranding to become the English Football League.

text: Modern changes[edit]

text: In the early 21st century, following restructuring of European football and particularly its international club competitions the UEFA Champions League and Europa League, there were considerations of removing the prize of European qualification from the League Cup's winners. It has retained its Europa League berth, however, leaving England the only UEFA member aside from France to offer a European berth to the winners of their second cup competitions. This has allowed the League Cup to retain popularity, especially with fans of clubs for whom success in cup competitions offers their only realistic chance of qualifying for Europe.

text: Giant killings[edit]

text: Giant killings are less well remembered in the League Cup than the FA Cup due to the absence of non-league sides and the fact that many big clubs have fielded very under-strength sides when knocked out. However, there have been some notable upsets, such as Fourth Division side Chester knocking league champions Leeds United out 3–0 en route to the semi-finals in 1974–75. In 1995–96, Manchester United were beaten 3–0 at home by York City in the second round, first leg; United could only win 3–1 in the second leg and went out 4–3 on aggregate (York went on to repeat the achievement against Everton the following year). Also, the final of 1966–67 saw Division Three side Queens Park Rangers come from 2–0 down at half time to win 3–2 against top-flight West Bromwich Albion in the first League Cup Final to be hosted at Wembley Stadium. Two years later in 1968–69, Third Division side Swindon Town beat Arsenal 3-1 after extra time in the final to win the trophy.

text: Manchester United have also been knocked out by Southend United and Coventry City in 2006–07 and 2007–08 respectively: in the match against Southend they fielded a strong side with 10 internationals, bucking a trend they had themselves started.[13] In the 2014–15 season, Manchester United fielded five international players but lost 4–0 in the second round (in which they entered the tournament) against third-tier side MK Dons.[14]

text: In 2001–02, holders Liverpool were defeated 2–1 at home by Grimsby Town, then humbled again by Northampton Town in September 2010. Grimsby recorded another giant killing in 2005 by knocking out Tottenham Hotspur. In the 2012–13 competition, League Two (fourth tier) side Bradford City knocked out Premier League sides Wigan and Arsenal en route to a semi-final disposal of another top tier side, Aston Villa, 4–3 on aggregate, to reach the final, becoming the lowest-ranked team to do so since Rochdale in 1961–62. Swansea City, in their centenary year, became the first team from outside England to win the League Cup on 24 February 2013, when they beat Bradford City 5–0 to win their first major English trophy. Former League club and now defunct Scarborough defeated Chelsea 4–3 on aggregate in October 1989, while a Division 4 club. In 1992–93, Scarborough then defeated Coventry City (then a top-tier side) 3–2 on aggregate, before ultimately going out of the competition, narrowly, 1–0, against Arsenal. In 2014–15, Sheffield Wednesday beat Arsenal 3-0 then lost to Stoke in the quarter-finals.

text: Format[edit]

text: The League Cup is open to all 92 members of the Premier League and English Football League and is divided into seven rounds, organised so that 32 teams remain by the third round (with the exception of the 1961–62 competition).[15] Since 1996–97, teams involved in European competition during the season have received a bye to the third round; the remaining Premier League teams enter at the second round, and the remaining Football League teams enter at the first round.[15] If the number of byes causes an odd number of teams to enter a round, another team may be given a bye (usually the highest-placed team of those relegated from the Premier League the previous season) or a preliminary round may be played between the two teams promoted from the Football Conference the previous season (or, if only one team is promoted, that team would play against the lowest-placed team not to be relegated from the Football League the previous season); preliminary rounds have only been necessary in the 2002–03 and 2011–12 competitions.[15][16] Up to 1995–96, all teams were involved by the second round, although some received byes to that stage.[15]

text: Matches in all rounds are single-legged, except for the semi-finals, which have been two-legged since the competition began.[15] The final was two-legged from 1961 to 1966, but has been single-legged ever since.[15] The first round was two-legged from 1975–76 to 2000–01, and the second round was two-legged from 1979–80 to 2000–01.[15] Single-legged matches would be replayed as necessary until 1993–94, when penalties were introduced to settle the first replay; the last single-legged tie to require a replay was played in 1996–97. Until 1974–75, two-legged ties that remained level after extra time in the second leg would be replayed; in that time, three ties reached a third replay.[15] Between 1975–76 and 1979–80, ties would still be replayed, but a penalty shoot-out would be used to settle ties that could not be decided after a replay; replays of two-legged matches were finally abolished for 1980–81, with the away goals rule and penalties being adopted instead.[15] The semi-finals were the exception to this, with level ties being replayed until 1986–87, after which the away goals rule and penalties were introduced.[15]

text: Final[edit]

text: For the first six seasons of the Football League Cup, the final was played over two legs, with each leg being played at the home ground of each finalist. Since 1967, the final has been played as a single match at Wembley Stadium, although the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff was used between 2001 and 2007, following the demolition of the old Wembley. Between 1967 and 1997, finals that finished level after extra time would be replayed at an alternative venue until a winner was decided.[15] The only final to require two replays was the 1977 final between Aston Villa and Everton.[15] The venues that hosted replays were Hillsborough Stadium in Sheffield, Old Trafford and Maine Road in Manchester and Villa Park in Birmingham. Since 1998, finals that have finished level after extra time have been decided by penalty shoot-out.[15] Until 1999–2000, the final was played in late March or early April. Thereafter it has been played in late February or early March.

text: Since 1989–90, the best player in the League Cup final — as chosen by the Sky Sports television panel — has been presented with the Alan Hardaker Trophy, named after Alan Hardaker, the former secretary of the Football League who devised the Football League Cup. John Terry and Ben Foster are the only players to win the award more than once.[17]

text: Results by club[edit]

text:
EFL cup winners by club

Team
Winners
Runners-up
Years won
Years runner-up

Liverpool
8
4
1980–81, 1981–82, 1982–83, 1983–84, 1994–95, 2000–01, 2002–03, 2011–12
1977–78, 1986–87, 2004–05, 2015–16

Manchester United
5
4
1991–92, 2005–06, 2008–09, 2009–10, 2016–17
1982–83, 1990–91, 1993–94, 2002–03

Aston Villa
5
3
1960–61, 1974–75, 1976–77, 1993–94, 1995–96
1962–63, 1970–71, 2009–10

Chelsea
5
2
1964–65, 1997–98, 2004–05, 2006–07, 2014–15
1971–72, 2007–08

Tottenham Hotspur
4
4
1970–71, 1972–73, 1998–99, 2007–08
1981–82, 2001–02, 2008–09, 2014–15

Nottingham Forest
4
2
1977–78, 1978–79, 1988–89, 1989–90
1979–80, 1991–92

Manchester City
4
1
1969–70, 1975–76, 2013–14, 2015–16
1973–74

Leicester City
3
2
1963–64, 1996–97, 1999–2000
1964–65, 1998–99

Arsenal
2
5
1986–87, 1992–93
1967–68, 1968–69, 1987–88, 2006–07, 2010–11

Norwich City
2
2
1961–62, 1984–85
1972–73, 1974–75

Birmingham City
2
1
1962–63, 2010–11
2000–01

Wolverhampton Wanderers
2
0
1973–74, 1979–80
—

Middlesbrough
1
2
2003–04
1996–97, 1997–98

West Bromwich Albion
1
2
1965–66
1966–67, 1969–70

Queens Park Rangers
1
1
1966–67
1985–86

Leeds United
1
1
1967–68
1995–96

Stoke City
1
1
1971–72
1963–64

Luton Town
1
1
1987–88
1988–89

Sheffield Wednesday
1
1
1990–91
1992–93

Swindon Town
1
0
1968–69
—

Oxford United
1
0
1985–86
—

Blackburn Rovers
1
0
2001–02
—

Swansea City
1
0
2012–13
—

text: Sponsorship[edit]

text: From 1981 to the present (except in 2016–17), the League Cup has attracted title sponsorship, which meant, unlike its older sibling the FA Cup, the League Cup was named after its sponsor, giving it the following names:

text:
Period
Sponsor
Name

1960–61 to 1980–81
No main title sponsor
Football League Cup

1981–82 to 1985–86
Milk Marketing Board
Milk Cup

1986–87 to 1989–90
Littlewoods
Littlewoods Challenge Cup

1990–91 to 1991–92
Rumbelows
Rumbelows Cup

1992–93 to 1997–98
Coca-Cola[18]
Coca-Cola Cup

1998–99 to 2002–03
Worthington's[19]
Worthington Cup

2003–04 to 2011–12
Molson Coors[20]
Carling Cup

2012–13 to 2015–16
Capital One[21]
Capital One Cup

2016–17
No main title sponsor
EFL Cup

2017–18 - Present
Carabao[22]
Carabao Cup

text: Trophy[edit]

text: The winners receive the EFL Cup,[1] of which there have been three designs – the current one also being the original, a three-handled Georgian-style urn with a separate plinth (added later). Designed and manufactured by Mappin & Webb, it weighs 2.976 kg and measures 27 cm by 20.5 cm. It is worth around £20,000.[1] It was used until the 1980–81 competition, before coming back into use ever since the 1990–91 competition.[23] The reason for the break in usage was the introduction for the first time of a competition sponsor – the Milk Marketing Board, who chose to award their own trophy from 1981–82 to 1985–86.[24] The next sponsor, Littlewoods, also chose to award their own trophy, from 1986–87 until 1989–90.[25] Later sponsors have used the original.

text: Records[edit]

text: As of 2016[update]:

text:
Most tournament wins (team): 8 wins, Liverpool[26]
Most final appearances (team): 12, Liverpool[26]
Most tournament wins (individual): 5, Ian Rush for Liverpool[26]
Most final appearances: (individual): 6, Ian Rush for Liverpool (1981–1984, 1987, 1995) and Emile Heskey for Leicester City (1997, 1999, 2000), Liverpool (2001, 2003) and Aston Villa (2010)
Most semi final appearances (team): 17, Liverpool[27]
Highest goalscorer (career): Geoff Hurst, Ian Rush 49 goals[26]
Highest goalscorer (season): Clive Allen, for Tottenham Hotspur, 12 goals in 1986–87[26]
Most goals scored in a match (individual): 6 goals, by Frankie Bunn for Oldham Athletic vs Scarborough, 25 October 1989[28]
Biggest win: Liverpool 10–0 Fulham, second round first leg, 23 September 1986 and West Ham United 10–0 Bury, second round second leg, 25 October 1983[29]
Biggest aggregate win in a semi-final: Manchester City 9–0 West Ham United (6–0 at the City of Manchester Stadium and 3–0 at the Boleyn Ground), January 2014[30]
Biggest win in a final: Swansea City 5–0 Bradford City, 24 February 2013[31]
Highest scoring game: Reading 5–7 Arsenal, fourth round, 30 October 2012[32] and Dagenham & Redbridge 6–6 Brentford, first round, 12 August 2014[33]
Most penalties in a deciding penalty shootout: 32 – Derby County 14–13 Carlisle United (23 August 2016)[34]
Youngest player: Ashley Chambers, 15 years 203 days, for Leicester City vs Blackpool, 2005[35]
Youngest goalscorer in the final: Norman Whiteside, 17 years 324 days, for Manchester United vs Liverpool, 1983[36]
Youngest captain in the final: Barry Venison, 20 years, 7 months 8 days, for Sunderland vs Norwich City, 1985[36]


document_title: United States dollar

question_text: who's picture is on the five dollar bill

question_tokens: who 's picture is on the five dollar bill

root

text: United States dollar

text: Overview[edit]

text: Article I, Section 8 of the U.S. Constitution provides that the Congress has the power "To coin money".[13] Laws implementing this power are currently codified at 31 U.S.C. § 5112. Section 5112 prescribes the forms in which the United States dollars should be issued.[14] These coins are both designated in Section 5112 as "legal tender" in payment of debts.[14] The Sacagawea dollar is one example of the copper alloy dollar. The pure silver dollar is known as the American Silver Eagle. Section 5112 also provides for the minting and issuance of other coins, which have values ranging from one cent to 100 dollars.[14] These other coins are more fully described in Coins of the United States dollar.

tag: p

text: The Constitution provides that "a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time".[15] That provision of the Constitution is made specific by Section 331 of Title 31 of the United States Code.[16] The sums of money reported in the "Statements" are currently being expressed in U.S. dollars (for example, see the 2009 Financial Report of the United States Government).[17] The U.S. dollar may therefore be described as the unit of account of the United States.

text: The word "dollar" is one of the words in the first paragraph of Section 9 of Article I of the Constitution. There, "dollars" is a reference to the Spanish milled dollar, a coin that had a monetary value of 8 Spanish units of currency, or reales. In 1792 the U.S. Congress passed a Coinage Act. Section 9 of that act authorized the production of various coins, including "DOLLARS OR UNITS—each to be of the value of a Spanish milled dollar as the same is now current, and to contain three hundred and seventy-one grains and four sixteenth parts of a grain of pure, or four hundred and sixteen grains of standard silver". Section 20 of the act provided, "That the money of account of the United States shall be expressed in dollars, or units... and that all accounts in the public offices and all proceedings in the courts of the United States shall be kept and had in conformity to this regulation". In other words, this act designated the United States dollar as the unit of currency of the United States.

text: Unlike the Spanish milled dollar, the U.S. dollar is based upon a decimal system of values. In addition to the dollar the coinage act officially established monetary units of mill or one-thousandth of a dollar (symbol ₥), cent or one-hundredth of a dollar (symbol ¢), dime or one-tenth of a dollar, and eagle or ten dollars, with prescribed weights and composition of gold, silver, or copper for each. It was proposed in the mid-1800s that one hundred dollars be known as a union, but no union coins were ever struck and only patterns for the $50 half union exist. However, only cents are in everyday use as divisions of the dollar; "dime" is used solely as the name of the coin with the value of 10¢, while "eagle" and "mill" are largely unknown to the general public, though mills are sometimes used in matters of tax levies, and gasoline prices are usually in the form of $X.XX9 per gallon, e.g., $3.599, more commonly written as $3.59 9⁄10. When currently issued in circulating form, denominations equal to or less than a dollar are emitted as U.S. coins while denominations equal to or greater than a dollar are emitted as Federal Reserve notes (with the exception of gold, silver and platinum coins valued up to $100 as legal tender, but worth far more as bullion). Both one-dollar coins and notes are produced today, although the note form is significantly more common. In the past, "paper money" was occasionally issued in denominations less than a dollar (fractional currency) and gold coins were issued for circulation up to the value of $20 (known as the "double eagle", discontinued in the 1930s). The term eagle was used in the Coinage Act of 1792 for the denomination of ten dollars, and subsequently was used in naming gold coins. Paper currency less than one dollar in denomination, known as "fractional currency", was also sometimes pejoratively referred to as "shinplasters". In 1854, James Guthrie, then Secretary of the Treasury, proposed creating $100, $50 and $25 gold coins, which were referred to as a "Union", "Half Union", and "Quarter Union",[18] thus implying a denomination of 1 Union = $100.

text: Today, USD notes are made from cotton fiber paper, unlike most common paper, which is made of wood fiber. U.S. coins are produced by the United States Mint. U.S. dollar banknotes are printed by the Bureau of Engraving and Printing and, since 1914, have been issued by the Federal Reserve. The "large-sized notes" issued before 1928 measured 7.42 by 3.125 inches (188.5 by 79.4 mm); small-sized notes, introduced that year, measure 6.14 by 2.61 by 0.0043 inches (155.96 by 66.29 by 0.11 mm). When the current, smaller sized U.S. currency was introduced it was referred to as Philippine-sized currency because the Philippines had previously adopted the same size for its legal currency.

text: Etymology[edit]

text: In the 16th century, Count Hieronymus Schlick of Bohemia began minting coins known as Joachimstalers (from German thal, or nowadays usually Tal, "valley", cognate with "dale" in English), named for Joachimstal, the valley where the silver was mined (St. Joachim's Valley, now Jáchymov; then part of the Kingdom of Bohemia, now part of the Czech Republic).[19] Joachimstaler was later shortened to the German Taler, a word that eventually found its way into Danish and Swedish as daler, Norwegian as dalar and daler, Dutch as daler or daalder, Ethiopian as ታላሪ (talari), Hungarian as tallér, Italian as tallero, and English as dollar.[19] Alternatively, thaler is said to come from the German coin Guldengroschen ("great guilder", being of silver but equal in value to a gold guilder), minted from the silver from Joachimsthal.

text: The coins minted at Joachimsthal soon lent their name to other coins of similar size and weight from other places. One such example, was a Dutch coin depicting a lion, hence its Dutch name leeuwendaler (in English: lion daler).

text: The leeuwendaler was authorized to contain 427.16 grains of .75 fine silver and passed locally for between 36 and 42 stuivers. It was lighter than the large-denomination coins then in circulation, thus it was more advantageous for a Dutch merchant to pay a foreign debt in leeuwendalers and it became the coin of choice for foreign trade.

text: The leeuwendaler was popular in the Dutch East Indies and in the Dutch New Netherland Colony (New York), and circulated throughout the Thirteen Colonies during the 17th and early 18th centuries. It was also popular throughout Eastern Europe, where it led to the current Romanian and Moldovan currency being called leu (literally "lion").

text: Among the English-speaking community, the coin came to be popularly known as lion dollar – and is the origin of the name dollar.[20] The modern American-English pronunciation of dollar is still remarkably close to the 17th-century Dutch pronunciation of daler.[21]

text: By analogy with this lion dollar, Spanish pesos – with the same weight and shape as the lion dollar – came to be known as Spanish dollars.[21] By the mid-18th century, the lion dollar had been replaced by the Spanish dollar, the famous "piece of eight", which was distributed widely in the Spanish colonies in the New World and in the Philippines.[22] Eventually, dollar became the name of the first official American currency.

text: Nicknames[edit]

text: The colloquialism "buck"(s) (much like the British word "quid"(s, pl) for the pound sterling) is often used to refer to dollars of various nations, including the U.S. dollar. This term, dating to the 18th century, may have originated with the colonial leather trade. It may also have originated from a poker term.[23] "Greenback" is another nickname originally applied specifically to the 19th century Demand Note dollars created by Abraham Lincoln to finance the costs of the Civil War for the North.[24] The original note was printed in black and green on the back side. It is still used to refer to the U.S. dollar (but not to the dollars of other countries). Other well-known names of the dollar as a whole in denominations include "greenmail", "green" and "dead presidents" (the last because deceased presidents are pictured on most bills).

text: A "grand", sometimes shortened to simply "G", is a common term for the amount of $1,000. The suffix "K" or "k" (from "kilo-") is also commonly used to denote this amount (such as "$10k" to mean $10,000). However, the $1,000 note is no longer in general use. A "large" or "stack", it is usually a reference to a multiple of $1,000 (such as "fifty large" meaning $50,000). The $100 note is nicknamed "Benjamin", "Benji", "Ben", or "Franklin" (after Benjamin Franklin), "C-note" (C being the Roman numeral for 100), "Century note" or "bill" (e.g. "two bills" being $200). The $50 note is occasionally called a "yardstick" or a "grant" (after President Ulysses S. Grant, pictured on the obverse). The $20 note is referred to as a "double sawbuck", "Jackson" (after Andrew Jackson), or "double eagle". The $10 note is referred to as a "sawbuck", "ten-spot" or "Hamilton" (after Alexander Hamilton). The $5 note as "Lincoln", "fin", "fiver" or "five-spot". The infrequently-used $2 note is sometimes called "deuce", "Tom", or "Jefferson" (after Thomas Jefferson). The $1 note as a "single" or "buck". The dollar has also been referred to as a "bone" and "bones" in plural (e.g. "twenty bones" is equal to $20). The newer designs, with portraits displayed in the main body of the obverse (rather than in cameo insets), upon paper color-coded by denomination, are sometimes referred to as "bigface" notes or "Monopoly money".

text: "Piastre" was the original French word for the U.S. dollar, used for example in the French text of the Louisiana Purchase. Calling the dollar a piastre is still common among the speakers of Cajun French and New England French. Modern French uses dollar for this unit of currency as well. The term is still used as slang for U.S. dollars in the French-speaking Caribbean islands, most notably Haiti.

text: Dollar sign[edit]

text: The symbol $, usually written before the numerical amount, is used for the U.S. dollar (as well as for many other currencies). The sign was the result of a late 18th-century evolution of the scribal abbreviation "ps" for the peso, the common name for the Spanish dollars that were in wide circulation in the New World from the 16th to the 19th centuries. These Spanish pesos or dollars were minted in Spanish America, namely in Mexico City; Potosí, Bolivia; and Lima, Peru. The p and the s eventually came to be written over each other giving rise to $.[25][26][27][28]

text: Another popular explanation is that it is derived from the Pillars of Hercules on the Spanish Coat of arms of the Spanish dollar. These Pillars of Hercules on the silver Spanish dollar coins take the form of two vertical bars (||) and a swinging cloth band in the shape of an "S".

text: Yet another explanation suggests that the dollar sign was formed from the capital letters U and S written or printed one on top of the other. This theory, popularized by novelist Ayn Rand in Atlas Shrugged,[29] does not consider the fact that the symbol was already in use before the formation of the United States.[30]

text: History[edit]

text: The American dollar coin was initially based on the value and look of the Spanish dollar, used widely in Spanish America from the 16th to the 19th centuries. The first dollar coins issued by the United States Mint (founded 1792) were similar in size and composition to the Spanish dollar, minted in Mexico and Peru. The Spanish, U.S. silver dollars, and later, Mexican silver pesos circulated side by side in the United States, and the Spanish dollar and Mexican peso remained legal tender until the Coinage Act of 1857. The coinage of various English colonies also circulated. The lion dollar was popular in the Dutch New Netherland Colony (New York), but the lion dollar also circulated throughout the English colonies during the 17th century and early 18th century. Examples circulating in the colonies were usually worn so that the design was not fully distinguishable, thus they were sometimes referred to as "dog dollars".[31]

text: The U.S. dollar was first defined by the Coinage Act of 1792, which specified a "dollar" to be based in the Spanish milled dollar and of 371 grains and 4 sixteenths part of a grain of pure or 416 grains (27.0 g) of standard silver and an "eagle" to be 247 and 4 eighths of a grain or 270 grains (17 g) of gold (again depending on purity).[32] The choice of the value 371 grains arose from Alexander Hamilton's decision to base the new American unit on the average weight of a selection of worn Spanish dollars. Hamilton got the treasury to weigh a sample of Spanish dollars and the average weight came out to be 371 grains. A new Spanish dollar was usually about 377 grains in weight, and so the new U.S. dollar was at a slight discount in relation to the Spanish dollar.

text: The same coinage act also set the value of an eagle at 10 dollars, and the dollar at  1⁄10 eagle. It called for 90% silver alloy coins in denominations of 1,  1⁄2,  1⁄4,  1⁄10, and  1⁄20 dollars; it called for 90% gold alloy coins in denominations of 1,  1⁄2,  1⁄4, and  1⁄10 eagles. The value of gold or silver contained in the dollar was then converted into relative value in the economy for the buying and selling of goods. This allowed the value of things to remain fairly constant over time, except for the influx and outflux of gold and silver in the nation's economy.[33]

text: The early currency of the United States did not exhibit faces of presidents, as is the custom now;[34] although today, by law, only the portrait of a deceased individual may appear on United States currency.[35] In fact, the newly formed government was against having portraits of leaders on the currency, a practice compared to the policies of European monarchs.[36] The currency as we know it today did not get the faces they currently have until after the early 20th century; before that "heads" side of coinage used profile faces and striding, seated, and standing figures from Greek and Roman mythology and composite Native Americans. The last coins to be converted to profiles of historic Americans were the dime (1946) and the Dollar (1971).

text: For articles on the currencies of the colonies and states, see Connecticut pound, Delaware pound, Georgia pound, Maryland pound, Massachusetts pound, New Hampshire pound, New Jersey pound, New York pound, North Carolina pound, Pennsylvania pound, Rhode Island pound, South Carolina pound and Virginia pound.

text: Continental currency[edit]

text: During the American Revolution the thirteen colonies became independent states. Freed from British monetary regulations, they each issued £sd paper money to pay for military expenses. The Continental Congress also began issuing "Continental Currency" denominated in Spanish dollars. The dollar was valued relative to the states' currencies at the following rates:

text:
5 shillings – Georgia
6 shillings – Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Virginia
 7 1⁄2 shillings – Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, Pennsylvania
8 shillings – New York, North Carolina
 32 1⁄2 shillings – South Carolina

tag: ul

text: Continental currency depreciated badly during the war, giving rise to the famous phrase "not worth a continental".[37] A primary problem was that monetary policy was not coordinated between Congress and the states, which continued to issue bills of credit. Additionally, neither Congress nor the governments of the several states had the will or the means to retire the bills from circulation through taxation or the sale of bonds.[38] The currency was ultimately replaced by the silver dollar at the rate of 1 silver dollar to 1000 continental dollars.

text: Silver and gold standards[edit]

text: From 1792, when the Mint Act was passed, the dollar was defined as 371.25 grains (24.056 g) of silver. Many historians[who?] erroneously assume gold was standardized at a fixed rate in parity with silver; however, there is no evidence of Congress making this law. This has to do with Alexander Hamilton's suggestion to Congress of a fixed 15:1 ratio of silver to gold, respectively. The gold coins that were minted however, were not given any denomination whatsoever and traded for a market value relative to the Congressional standard of the silver dollar. 1834 saw a shift in the gold standard to 23.2 grains (1.50 g), followed by a slight adjustment to 23.22 grains (1.505 g) in 1837 (16:1 ratio).[citation needed]

text: In 1862, paper money was issued without the backing of precious metals, due to the Civil War. Silver and gold coins continued to be issued and in 1878 the link between paper money and coins was reinstated. This disconnection from gold and silver backing also occurred during the War of 1812. The use of paper money not backed by precious metals had also occurred under the Articles of Confederation from 1777 to 1788. With no solid backing and being easily counterfeited, the continentals quickly lost their value, giving rise to the phrase "not worth a continental". This was a primary reason for the "No state shall... make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts" clause in article 1, section 10 of the United States Constitution.

text: In order to finance the War of 1812, Congress authorized the issuance of Treasury Notes, interest-bearing short-term debt that could be used to pay public dues. While they were intended to serve as debt, they did function "to a limited extent" as money. Treasury Notes were again printed to help resolve the reduction in public revenues resulting from the Panic of 1837 and the Panic of 1857, as well as to help finance the Mexican–American War and the Civil War.

text: In addition to Treasury Notes, in 1861, Congress authorized the Treasury to borrow $50 million in the form of Demand Notes, which did not bear interest but could be redeemed on demand for precious metals. However, by December 1861, the Union government's supply of specie was outstripped by demand for redemption and they were forced to suspend redemption temporarily. The following February, Congress passed the Legal Tender Act of 1862, issuing United States Notes, which were not redeemable on demand and bore no interest, but were legal tender, meaning that creditors had to accept them at face value for any payment except for public debts and import tariffs. However, silver and gold coins continued to be issued, resulting in the depreciation of the newly printed notes through Gresham's Law. In 1869, Supreme Court ruled in Hepburn v. Griswold that Congress could not require creditors to accept United States Notes, but overturned that ruling the next year in the Legal Tender Cases. In 1875, Congress passed the Specie Payment Resumption Act, requiring the Treasury to allow US Notes to be redeemed for gold after January 1, 1879. The Treasury ceased to issue United States Notes in 1971.

text: The Gold Standard Act of 1900 abandoned the bimetallic standard and defined the dollar as 23.22 grains (1.505 g) of gold, equivalent to setting the price of 1 troy ounce of gold at $20.67. Silver coins continued to be issued for circulation until 1964, when all silver was removed from dimes and quarters, and the half dollar was reduced to 40% silver. Silver half dollars were last issued for circulation in 1970. Gold coins were confiscated by Executive Order 6102 issued in 1933 by Franklin Roosevelt. The gold standard was changed to 13.71 grains (0.888 g), equivalent to setting the price of 1 troy ounce of gold at $35. This standard persisted until 1968.

text: Between 1968 and 1975, a variety of pegs to gold were put in place, eventually culminating in a sudden end, on August 15, 1971, to the convertibility of dollars to gold later dubbed the Nixon Shock. The last peg was $42.22 per ounce[citation needed] before the U.S. dollar was let to freely float on currency markets.

text: According to the Bureau of Engraving and Printing, the largest note it ever printed was the $100,000 Gold Certificate, Series 1934. These notes were printed from December 18, 1934, through January 9, 1935, and were issued by the Treasurer of the United States to Federal Reserve Banks only against an equal amount of gold bullion held by the Treasury. These notes were used for transactions between Federal Reserve Banks and were not circulated among the general public.

text: Coins[edit]

text: Official United States coins have been produced every year from 1792 to the present.

text:
Denomination
Common name
Obverse
Reverse
Portrait and design date
Reverse motif and design date
Weight
Diameter
Material
Edge
Circulation

Cent
1¢
penny

Abraham Lincoln
Union Shield
2.50 g
19.05 mm
97.5% Zn
2.5% Cu
plain
Wide

Five-Cent
5¢
nickel

Thomas Jefferson
Monticello
5.00 g
21.21 mm
75% Cu
25% Ni
plain
Wide

Dime
10¢
dime

Franklin D. Roosevelt
olive branch, torch, oak branch
2.27 g
17.91 mm
91.67% Cu
8.33% Ni
118 reeds
Wide

Quarter Dollar
25¢
quarter

George Washington
Various; five designs per year
5.67 g
24.26 mm
91.67% Cu
8.33% Ni
119 reeds
Wide

Half Dollar
50¢
half

John F. Kennedy
Presidential Seal
11.34 g
30.61 mm
91.67% Cu
8.33% Ni
150 reeds
Limited

Dollar coin
$1
dollar coin, golden dollar

Profile of Sacagawea with her child, Jean Baptiste Charbonneau
Bald eagle in flight (2000–2008), Various; new design per year
8.10 g
26.50 mm
88.5% Cu
6% Zn
3.5% Mn
2% Ni
Lettered
Limited

tag: table

text: Discontinued coin denominations include:

text:
Half cent:  1⁄2¢, 1793–1857
Fugio Cent: 1¢, 1787
Two-cent piece: 2¢, 1863–1873
Three-cent bronze: 3¢, 1863 (not circulated)
Three-cent nickel: 3¢, 1865–1889
Trime: 3¢, 1851–1873
Half dime: 5¢, 1792–1873
Twenty-cent piece: 20¢, 1875–1878
Gold dollar: $1.00, 1849–1889
Quarter eagle: $2.50, 1792–1929
Three-dollar piece: $3.00, 1854–1889
Stella: $4.00, (not circulated)
Half eagle: $5.00, 1795–1929, minted as a commemorative 1986–present
Eagle: $10.00, minted as a commemorative 1984–2003
Double eagle: $20.00, 1849–1933, 2009
Half-union: $50.00, 1877 (pattern only), 1915 (Panama–Pacific International Exposition coin)
Union: $100.00, 2015 (High relief; not circulated)

text: Collector coins for which everyday transactions are non-existent.[39]

text:
American Eagles originally were not available from the Mint for individuals but had to be purchased from authorized dealers. In 2006 The Mint began direct sales to individuals of uncirculated bullion coins with a special finish, and bearing a "W" mintmark.

American Silver Eagle $1 (1 troy ounce) silver bullion coin 1986–present
American Gold Eagle $5 ( 1⁄10 troy oz), $10 ( 1⁄4 troy oz), $25 ( 1⁄2 troy oz), and $50 (1 troy oz) Gold bullion coin 1986–present
American Platinum Eagle ($10, $25, $50, and $100 platinum coin) 1997–present

United States commemorative coins—special issue coins

$50.00 (Half Union) 1915
Presidential Proofs (see below) 2007–present

text: Technically, all these coins are still legal tender at face value, though some are far more valuable today for their numismatic value, and for gold and silver coins, their precious metal value. From 1965 to 1970 the Kennedy half dollar was the only circulating coin with any silver content, which was removed in 1971 and replaced with cupronickel. However, since 1992, the U.S. Mint has produced special Silver Proof Sets in addition to the regular yearly proof sets with silver dimes, quarters, and half dollars in place of the standard copper-nickel versions. In addition, an experimental $4.00 (Stella) coin was also minted in 1879, but never placed into circulation, and is properly considered to be a pattern rather than an actual coin denomination.

text: The $50 coin mentioned was only produced in 1915 for the Panama-Pacific International Exposition (1915) celebrating the opening of the Panama Canal. Only 1,128 were made, 645 of which were octagonal; this remains the only U.S. coin that was not round as well as the largest and heaviest U.S. coin ever produced.

text: A $100 gold coin was produced in High relief during 2015, although it was primarily produced for collectors, not for general circulation.[40]

text: From 1934 to present, the only denominations produced for circulation have been the familiar penny, nickel, dime, quarter, half dollar and dollar. The nickel is the only coin still in use today that is essentially unchanged (except in its design) from its original version. Every year since 1866, the nickel has been 75% copper and 25% nickel, except for 4 years during World War II when nickel was needed for the war.

text: Due to the penny's low value, some efforts have been made to eliminate the penny as circulating coinage.[41][42]

text: Collector coins[edit]

text: The United States Mint produces Proof Sets specifically for collectors and speculators. Silver Proofs tend to be the standard designs but with the dime, quarter, and half dollar containing 90% silver. Starting in 1983 and ending in 1997, the Mint also produced proof sets containing the year's commemorative coins alongside the regular coins. Another type of proof set is the Presidential Dollar Proof Set where four special $1 coins are minted each year featuring a president. Because of budget constraints and increasing stockpiles of these relatively unpopular coins, the production of new Presidential dollar coins for circulation was suspended on December 13, 2011, by U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy F. Geithner. Future minting of such coins will be made solely for collectors.[43]

text:
2007 had George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, and James Madison
2008 had James Monroe, John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, and Martin Van Buren
2009 had William Henry Harrison, John Tyler, James K. Polk, and Zachary Taylor
2010 had Millard Fillmore, Franklin Pierce, James Buchanan, and Abraham Lincoln
2011 had Andrew Johnson, Ulysses S. Grant, Rutherford B. Hayes, and James A. Garfield
2012 had Chester Arthur, Grover Cleveland (1st term), Benjamin Harrison, and Grover Cleveland (2nd term)
2013 had William McKinley, Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft and Woodrow Wilson
2014 had Warren G. Harding, Calvin Coolidge, Herbert Hoover, and Franklin D. Roosevelt
2015 had Harry S Truman, Dwight D. Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy, and Lyndon B. Johnson
2016 had Richard M. Nixon, Gerald R. Ford and Ronald Reagan.

text: Dollar coins[edit]

text: The first United States dollar was minted in 1794. Known as the Flowing Hair Dollar, contained 416 grains of "standard silver" (89.25% silver and 10.75% copper), as specified by Section 13[44] of the Coinage Act of 1792. It was designated by Section 9 of that Act as having "the value of a Spanish milled dollar".

text: Dollar coins have not been very popular in the United States.[45] Silver dollars were minted intermittently from 1794 through 1935; a copper-nickel dollar of the same large size, featuring President Dwight D. Eisenhower, was minted from 1971 through 1978. Gold dollars were also minted in the 19th century. The Susan B. Anthony dollar coin was introduced in 1979; these proved to be unpopular because they were often mistaken for quarters, due to their nearly equal size, their milled edge, and their similar color. Minting of these dollars for circulation was suspended in 1980 (collectors' pieces were struck in 1981), but, as with all past U.S. coins, they remain legal tender. As the number of Anthony dollars held by the Federal Reserve and dispensed primarily to make change in postal and transit vending machines had been virtually exhausted, additional Anthony dollars were struck in 1999. In 2000, a new $1 coin, featuring Sacagawea, (the Sacagawea dollar) was introduced, which corrected some of the problems of the Anthony dollar by having a smooth edge and a gold color, without requiring changes to vending machines that accept the Anthony dollar. However, this new coin has failed to achieve the popularity of the still-existing $1 bill and is rarely used in daily transactions. The failure to simultaneously withdraw the dollar bill and weak publicity efforts have been cited by coin proponents as primary reasons for the failure of the dollar coin to gain popular support.[46]

text: In February 2007, the U.S. Mint, under the Presidential $1 Coin Act of 2005,[47] introduced a new $1 U.S. Presidential dollar coin. Based on the success of the "50 State Quarters" series, the new coin features a sequence of presidents in order of their inaugurations, starting with George Washington, on the obverse side. The reverse side features the Statue of Liberty. To allow for larger, more detailed portraits, the traditional inscriptions of "E Pluribus Unum", "In God We Trust", the year of minting or issuance, and the mint mark will be inscribed on the edge of the coin instead of the face. This feature, similar to the edge inscriptions seen on the British £1 coin, is not usually associated with U.S. coin designs. The inscription "Liberty" has been eliminated, with the Statue of Liberty serving as a sufficient replacement. In addition, due to the nature of U.S. coins, this will be the first time there will be circulating U.S. coins of different denominations with the same president featured on the obverse (heads) side (Lincoln/penny, Jefferson/nickel, Franklin D. Roosevelt/dime, Washington/quarter, Kennedy/half dollar, and Eisenhower/dollar). Another unusual fact about the new $1 coin is Grover Cleveland will have two coins with two different portraits issued due to the fact he was the only U.S. President to be elected to two non-consecutive terms.[48]

text: Early releases of the Washington coin included error coins shipped primarily from the Philadelphia mint to Florida and Tennessee banks. Highly sought after by collectors, and trading for as much as $850 each within a week of discovery, the error coins were identified by the absence of the edge impressions "E PLURIBUS UNUM IN GOD WE TRUST 2007 P". The mint of origin is generally accepted to be mostly Philadelphia, although identifying the source mint is impossible without opening a mint pack also containing marked units. Edge lettering is minted in both orientations with respect to "heads", some amateur collectors were initially duped into buying "upside down lettering error" coins.[49] Some cynics also erroneously point out that the Federal Reserve makes more profit from dollar bills than dollar coins because they wear out in a few years, whereas coins are more permanent. The fallacy of this argument arises because new notes printed to replace worn out notes, which have been withdrawn from circulation, bring in no net revenue to the government to offset the costs of printing new notes and destroying the old ones. As most vending machines are incapable of making change in banknotes, they commonly accept only $1 bills, though a few will give change in dollar coins.

text: Mint marks[edit]

text:
Mint
Mint mark
Metal minted
Year established
Current status

Denver
D
All metals
1906
Facility open

Philadelphia
P or none[a]
All metals
1792
Facility open

San Francisco
S
All metals
1854
Facility open (proof only)

West Point
W or none[b]
Gold, Silver and Platinum
1973
Facility open (bullion only)

Carson City
CC
Gold and Silver
1870
Facility closed, 1893[c]

Charlotte
C
Gold only
1838
Facility closed, 1861

Dahlonega
D[d]
Gold only
1838
Facility closed, 1861

Manila[e]
M or none[f]
All metals
1920
Facility closed, 1922; re-opened 1925–1941

New Orleans
O
Gold and Silver
1838
Facility closed, 1861; re-opened 1879–1909[g]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ The letter "P" is used for the Philadelphia mint mark on all coins (except cents) released from 1980 onward. Before this it had only been used on silver Jefferson nickels from 1942 to 1945.
Jump up ^ Between 1973 and 1986 there was no mint mark (these coins are indistinguishable from coins produced at the Philadelphia Mint from 1973 to 1980); after 1988 the letter "W" was used for coinage, except for the 2009 Ultra High Relief Double Eagle.
Jump up ^ It is now the home of the Nevada State Museum, which still strikes commemorative medallions with the "CC" mint mark (most recently in 2014 commemorating the Nevada Sesquicentennial), using former mint's the original coin press.
Jump up ^ Although the mint mark "D" has been used by two separate mints, it is easy to distinguish between the two, as any 19th century coinage is Dahlonega, and any 20th or 21st century coins are Denver.
Jump up ^ During the period in which this mint branch was operational, The Philippines was an insular territory and then commonwealth of the U.S.; it was the first (and to date only) U.S. branch mint located outside the Continental United States.
Jump up ^ The letter "M" was used for the Manila mint mark on all coins released from 1925 onward; before this it had produced its coins with no mintmark.
Jump up ^ During the Civil War, this mint operated under the control of the State of Louisiana (February 1861) and the Confederate States of America (March 1861) until it ran out of bullion later in that year; some Half Dollars have been identified as being the issue of the State of Louisiana and the Confederacy.

tag: ol

text: Banknotes[edit]

text:
Denomination
Obverse
Reverse
Portrait
Reverse Motif
First Series
Latest Series
Circulation

One Dollar

George Washington
Great Seal of the United States
Series 1963
Series 2013
Wide

Two Dollars

Thomas Jefferson
Trumbull's Declaration of Independence
Series 1976
Series 2013
Limited

Five Dollars

Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln Memorial
Series 2006
Series 2013
Wide

Ten Dollars

Alexander Hamilton
U.S. Treasury
Series 2004A
Series 2013
Wide

Twenty Dollars

Andrew Jackson
White House
Series 2004
Series 2013
Wide

Fifty Dollars

Ulysses S. Grant
United States Capitol
Series 2004
Series 2013
Wide

One Hundred Dollars

Benjamin Franklin
Independence Hall
Series 2009
Series 2013
Wide

text: The U.S. Constitution provides that Congress shall have the power to "borrow money on the credit of the United States".[50] Congress has exercised that power by authorizing Federal Reserve Banks to issue Federal Reserve Notes. Those notes are "obligations of the United States" and "shall be redeemed in lawful money on demand at the Treasury Department of the United States, in the city of Washington, District of Columbia, or at any Federal Reserve bank".[51] Federal Reserve Notes are designated by law as "legal tender" for the payment of debts.[52] Congress has also authorized the issuance of more than 10 other types of banknotes, including the United States Note[53] and the Federal Reserve Bank Note. The Federal Reserve Note is the only type that remains in circulation since the 1970s.

text: Currently printed denominations are $1, $2, $5, $10, $20, $50, and $100. Notes above the $100 denomination stopped being printed in 1946 and were officially withdrawn from circulation in 1969. These notes were used primarily in inter-bank transactions or by organized crime; it was the latter usage that prompted President Richard Nixon to issue an executive order in 1969 halting their use. With the advent of electronic banking, they became less necessary. Notes in denominations of $500, $1,000, $5,000, $10,000, and $100,000 were all produced at one time; see large denomination bills in U.S. currency for details. With the exception of the $100,000 bill (which was only issued as a Series 1934 Gold Certificate and was never publicly circulated; thus it is illegal to own), these notes are now collectors' items and are worth more than their face value to collectors.

text: Though still predominantly green, post-2004 series incorporate other colors to better distinguish different denominations. As a result of a 2008 decision in an accessibility lawsuit filed by the American Council of the Blind, the Bureau of Engraving and Printing is planning to implement a raised tactile feature in the next redesign of each note, except the $1 and the current version of the $100 bill. It also plans larger, higher-contrast numerals, more color differences, and distribution of currency readers to assist the visually impaired during the transition period.[54]

text: Means of issue[edit]

text: The monetary base consists of coins and Federal Reserve Notes in circulation outside the Federal Reserve Banks and the U.S. Treasury, plus deposits held by depository institutions at Federal Reserve Banks. The adjusted monetary base has increased from approximately 400 billion dollars in 1994, to 800 billion in 2005, and over 3000 billion in 2013.[55] The amount of cash in circulation is increased (or decreased) by the actions of the Federal Reserve System. Eight times a year, the 12-person Federal Open Market Committee meets to determine U.S. monetary policy.[56] Every business day, the Federal Reserve System engages in Open market operations to carry out that monetary policy.[57] If the Federal Reserve desires to increase the money supply, it will buy securities (such as U.S. Treasury Bonds) anonymously from banks in exchange for dollars. Conversely, it will sell securities to the banks in exchange for dollars, to take dollars out of circulation.[58]

text: When the Federal Reserve makes a purchase, it credits the seller's reserve account (with the Federal Reserve). This money is not transferred from any existing funds—it is at this point that the Federal Reserve has created new high-powered money. Commercial banks can freely withdraw in cash any excess reserves from their reserve account at the Federal Reserve. To fulfill those requests, the Federal Reserve places an order for printed money from the U.S. Treasury Department.[59] The Treasury Department in turn sends these requests to the Bureau of Engraving and Printing (to print new dollar bills) and the Bureau of the Mint (to stamp the coins).

text: Usually, the short-term goal of open market operations is to achieve a specific short-term interest rate target. In other instances, monetary policy might instead entail the targeting of a specific exchange rate relative to some foreign currency or else relative to gold. For example, in the case of the United States the Federal Reserve targets the federal funds rate, the rate at which member banks lend to one another overnight. The other primary means of conducting monetary policy include: (i) Discount window lending (as lender of last resort); (ii) Fractional deposit lending (changes in the reserve requirement); (iii) Moral suasion (cajoling certain market players to achieve specified outcomes); (iv) "Open mouth operations" (talking monetary policy with the market).

text: Value[edit]

text:
Buying power of one U.S. dollar compared to 1774 USD

 Year
 Equivalent  buying power

1774
 $1.00

1780
 $0.59

1790
 $0.89

1800
 $0.64

1810
 $0.66

1820
 $0.69

1830
 $0.88

1840
 $0.94

1850
 $1.03

1860
 $0.97

 Year
 Equivalent  buying power

1870
 $0.62

1880
 $0.79

1890
 $0.89

1900
 $0.96

1910
 $0.85

1920
 $0.39

1930
 $0.47

1940
 $0.56

1950
 $0.33

1960
 $0.26

 Year
 Equivalent  buying power

1970
 $0.20

1980
 $0.10

1990
 $0.06

2000
 $0.05

2007
 $0.04

2008
 $0.04

2009
 $0.04

2010
 $0.035

2011
 $0.034

2012
 $0.03

text: The 6th paragraph of Section 8 of Article 1 of the U.S. Constitution provides that the U.S. Congress shall have the power to "coin money" and to "regulate the value" of domestic and foreign coins. Congress exercised those powers when it enacted the Coinage Act of 1792. That Act provided for the minting of the first U.S. dollar and it declared that the U.S. dollar shall have "the value of a Spanish milled dollar as the same is now current".[60]

text: The table to the right shows the equivalent amount of goods that, in a particular year, could be purchased with $1. The table shows that from 1774 through 2012 the U.S. dollar has lost about 97.0% of its buying power.[61]

text: The decline in the value of the U.S. dollar corresponds to price inflation, which is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services in an economy over a period of time.[62] A consumer price index (CPI) is a measure estimating the average price of consumer goods and services purchased by households. The United States Consumer Price Index, published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, is a measure estimating the average price of consumer goods and services in the United States.[63] It reflects inflation as experienced by consumers in their day-to-day living expenses.[64] A graph showing the U.S. CPI relative to 1982–1984 and the annual year-over-year change in CPI is shown at right.

text: The value of the U.S. dollar declined significantly during wartime, especially during the American Civil War, World War I, and World War II.[65] The Federal Reserve, which was established in 1913, was designed to furnish an "elastic" currency subject to "substantial changes of quantity over short periods", which differed significantly from previous forms of high-powered money such as gold, national bank notes, and silver coins.[66] Over the very long run, the prior gold standard kept prices stable—for instance, the price level and the value of the U.S. dollar in 1914 was not very different from the price level in the 1880s. The Federal Reserve initially succeeded in maintaining the value of the U.S. dollar and price stability, reversing the inflation caused by the First World War and stabilizing the value of the dollar during the 1920s, before presiding over a 30% deflation in U.S. prices in the 1930s.[67]

text: Under the Bretton Woods system established after World War II, the value of gold was fixed to $35 per ounce, and the value of the U.S. dollar was thus anchored to the value of gold. Rising government spending in the 1960s, however, led to doubts about the ability of the United States to maintain this convertibility, gold stocks dwindled as banks and international investors began to convert dollars to gold, and as a result the value of the dollar began to decline. Facing an emerging currency crisis and the imminent danger that the United States would no longer be able to redeem dollars for gold, gold convertibility was finally terminated in 1971 by President Nixon, resulting in the "Nixon shock".[68]

text: The value of the U.S. dollar was therefore no longer anchored to gold, and it fell upon the Federal Reserve to maintain the value of the U.S. currency. The Federal Reserve, however, continued to increase the money supply, resulting in stagflation and a rapidly declining value of the U.S. dollar in the 1970s. This was largely due to the prevailing economic view at the time that inflation and real economic growth were linked (the Phillips curve), and so inflation was regarded as relatively benign.[68] Between 1965 and 1981, the U.S. dollar lost two thirds of its value.[61]

text: In 1979, President Carter appointed Paul Volcker Chairman of the Federal Reserve. The Federal Reserve tightened the money supply and inflation was substantially lower in the 1980s, and hence the value of the U.S. dollar stabilized.[68]

text: Over the thirty-year period from 1981 to 2009, the U.S. dollar lost over half its value.[61] This is because the Federal Reserve has targeted not zero inflation, but a low, stable rate of inflation—between 1987 and 1997, the rate of inflation was approximately 3.5%, and between 1997 and 2007 it was approximately 2%. The so-called "Great Moderation" of economic conditions since the 1970s is credited to monetary policy targeting price stability.[69]

text: There is ongoing debate about whether central banks should target zero inflation (which would mean a constant value for the U.S. dollar over time) or low, stable inflation (which would mean a continuously but slowly declining value of the dollar over time, as is the case now). Although some economists are in favor of a zero inflation policy and therefore a constant value for the U.S. dollar,[67] others contend that such a policy limits the ability of the central bank to control interest rates and stimulate the economy when needed.[70]

text: Exchange rates[edit]

text: Historical exchange rates[edit]

text:
Currency units per U.S. dollar, averaged over the year

19702
19802
19852
19902
1993
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015[71]

Euro
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
0.9387
1.0832
1.1171
1.0578
0.8833
0.8040
0.8033
0.7960
0.7293
0.6791
0.7176
0.6739
0.7178
0.7777
0.7530
0.7520
0.9015

Japanese yen
357.6
240.45
250.35
146.25
111.08
113.73
107.80
121.57
125.22
115.94
108.15
110.11
116.31
117.76
103.39
93.68
87.78
79.70
79.82
97.60
105.74
121.05

Pound sterling
8s 4d
=0.4167
0.4484[72]
0.8613[72]
0.6207
0.6660
0.6184
0.6598
0.6946
0.6656
0.6117
0.5456
0.5493
0.5425
0.4995
0.5392
0.6385
0.4548
0.6233
0.6308
0.6393
0.6066
0.6544

Canadian dollar
1.081
1.168
1.321
1.1605
1.2902
1.4858
1.4855
1.5487
1.5704
1.4008
1.3017
1.2115
1.1340
1.0734
1.0660
1.1412
1.0298
0.9887
0.9995
1.0300
1.1043
1.2789

Mexican peso
0.01250–0.026501
2.801
2.671
2.501
3.1237
9.553
9.459
9.337
9.663
10.793
11.290
10.894
10.906
10.928
11.143
13.498
12.623
12.427
13.154
12.758
13.302
15.837

Renminbi yuan
2.46
1.7050
2.9366
4.7832
5.7620
8.2783
8.2784
8.2770
8.2771
8.2772
8.2768
8.1936
7.9723
7.6058
6.9477
6.8307
6.7696
6.4630
6.3093
6.1478
6.1620
6.2840

Indian rupee
7.56
8.000
12.38
16.96
31.291
43.13
45.00
47.22
48.63
46.59
45.26
44.00
45.19
41.18
43.39
48.33
45.65
46.58
53.37
58.51
62.00
64.1332

Singapore dollar
 —
 —
2.179
1.903
1.6158
1.6951
1.7361
1.7930
1.7908
1.7429
1.6902
1.6639
1.5882
1.5065
1.4140
1.4543
1.24586
1.2565
1.2492
1.2511
1.2665
1.3748

South African rand
0.7182
0.7780
2.2343[73]
2.5600
3.2729
6.1191
6.9468
8.6093
10.5176
7.5550
6.4402
6.3606
6.7668
7.0477
8.2480
8.4117
7.3159
7.2510
8.2014
9.6436
10.8420
12.7759

text:
Notes:
1. Mexican peso values prior to 1993 revaluation
2. Value at the start of the year

text: Sources:

text:
US: Last 4 years, 2009–2012, 2005–2008, 2001–2004, 1997–2000, 1993–1996, all available years[74]
Multiple countries: 2004–present
Australia: 1970–present
China: 1974–1991, 1993–1995
Mexico: 1976–1991
Canada: 1977–1991

text: Current exchange rates[edit]

text:
Current USD exchange rates

From Google Finance:
AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY RUB INR CNY

From Yahoo! Finance:
AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY RUB INR CNY

From XE:
AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY RUB INR CNY

From OANDA:
AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY RUB INR CNY

From fxtop.com:
AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY RUB INR CNY


document_title: Nehemiah

question_text: who led the rebuilding of the walls of jerusalem

text: Nehemiah

text: Book of Nehemiah[edit]

text: In the 20th year of Artaxerxes, king of Persia, (445/444 BC), Nehemiah was cup-bearer to the king.[5] Learning that the remnant of Jews in Judah were in distress and that the walls of Jerusalem were broken down, he asked the king for permission to return and rebuild the city.[6] Artaxerxes sent him to Judah as governor of the province with a mission to rebuild, letters explaining his support for the venture, and provision for timber from the king's forest.[7] Once there, Nehemiah defied the opposition of Judah's enemies on all sides—Samaritans, Ammonites, Arabs and Philistines—and rebuilt the walls within 52 days, from the Sheep Gate in the North, the Hananeel Tower at the North West corner, the Fish Gate in the West, the Furnaces Tower at the Temple Mount's South West corner, the Dung Gate in the South, the East Gate and the gate beneath the Golden Gate in the East.

text: Appearing in the Queen's presence[8] may indicate his being a eunuch,[9] and in the Septuagint, the Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible, he is described as such: eunochos (eunuch), rather than oinochoos (wine-cup-bearer). If so the attempt by his enemy Shemaiah to trick him into entering the Temple is aimed at making him break Jewish law, rather than simply hide from assassins.[10]

text: He then took measures to repopulate the city and purify the Jewish community, enforcing the cancellation of debt, assisting Ezra to promulgate the law of Moses, and enforcing the divorce of Jewish men from their non-Jewish wives.

text: After 12 years as governor, during which he ruled with justice and righteousness, he returned to the king in Susa. After some time in Susa he returned to Jerusalem, only to find that the people had fallen back into their evil ways. Non-Jews were permitted to conduct business inside Jerusalem on the Sabbath and to keep rooms in the Temple. Greatly angered, he purified the Temple and the priests and Levites and enforced the observance of the law of Moses.

text: Rabbinic literature[edit]

text: Nehemiah is identified in one aggadah with Zerubbabel, the latter name being considered an epithet of Nehemiah and as indicating that he was born at Babylon.[11] However, rabbi Isaiah di Trani, in his commentary to the book of Nehemiah, writes as factual that Nehemiah was a Kohen.[12]

text: With Ezra, Nehemiah marks the spring-time in the national history of Judaism (Cant. R. ii. 12). A certain mishnah is declared by the Rabbis to have originated in the school of Nehemiah (Shab. 123b). Still, Nehemiah is blamed by the Rabbis for his seemingly boastful expression, "Think upon me, my God, for good" (Neh. v. 19, xiii. 31), and for his disparagement of his predecessors (ib. v. 15), among whom was Daniel. The Rabbis think that these two faults were the reason that this book is not mentioned under its own name, but forms part of the Book of Ezra (Sanh. 93b). [Although it seems this was true at the time the Talmud was compiled, it is not the case in modern Hebrew Bibles, in which Ezra and Nehemiah each has his own book.] According to Baba Bathra 15a Nehemiah completed the Book of Chronicles, which was written by Ezra.[13]

text: Art[edit]

text: Samuel Taylor Coleridge commented on the dearth of any classical paintings featuring Nehemiah.[14]


document_title: Growing Up Hip Hop

question_text: who is on the cast of growing up hip hop

text: Growing Up Hip Hop

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Cast member
Seasons

1
2
3

Romeo Miller
Main

Angela Simmons
Main

Kristinia DeBarge
Main

Boogie Dash
Main

Egypt Criss
Main

TJ Mizell
Main
Supporting

Vanessa Simmons
Supporting
Main

text: Current[edit]

text: Romeo Miller

text: Angela Simmons

text: Kristinia DeBarge

text: Damon "Boogie" Dash

text: Egypt Criss

text: Vanessa Simmons (Season 3–present) (supporting cast member in seasons 1–2)

text: Former[edit]

text: TJ Mizell (Seasons 1–2) (supporting cast member in season 3)

text: Supporting[edit]

text:
Cast member
Seasons

1
2
3

Master P
Supporting

Pepa
Supporting

Rev Run
Supporting

Damon Dash
Supporting

Briana Latrise

Supporting

Andre King

Supporting

Tahira "Tee Tee" Francis

Supporting

text: Current[edit]

text: Master P

text: Pepa

text: Damon Dash

text: Briana Latrise (Season 2–present)

text: Tahira "Tee Tee" Francis (Season 3–present)

text: Former[edit]

text: Rev Run (Season 1)

text: Andre King (Season 2)

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
6
January 7, 2016 (2016-01-07)
February 11, 2016 (2016-02-11)

2
10
October 13, 2016 (2016-10-13)
December 22, 2016 (2016-12-22)

3
10
July 20, 2017
September 21, 2017

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2016)[edit]

text:
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(million)

1
1
"The Master Plan"
January 7, 2016 (2016-01-07)
0.84

2
2
"The Struggle Is Real"
January 14, 2016 (2016-01-14)
0.60

3
3
"Run to Miami"
January 21, 2016 (2016-01-21)
0.71

4
4
"O Romeo, Romeo"
January 28, 2016 (2016-01-28)
0.61

5
5
"Master Player"
February 4, 2016 (2016-02-04)
0.60

6
6
"Master of My Fate"
February 11, 2016 (2016-02-11)
0.65

text: Season 2 (2016)[edit]

text:
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(million)

7
1
"Blinged Up, Throne Down"
October 13, 2016 (2016-10-13)
N/A

8
2
"Boogie Down"
October 20, 2016 (2016-10-20)
N/A

9
3
"Run in the Oven"
October 27, 2016 (2016-10-27)
N/A

10
4
"Immaculate Deception"
November 23, 2016 (2016-11-23)
N/A

11
5
"Only God and Janet Would Know"
November 10, 2016 (2016-11-10)
N/A

12
6
"Busta Crime"
November 17, 2016 (2016-11-17)
N/A

13
7
"Straight Trippin'"
December 1, 2016 (2016-12-01)
N/A

14
8
"Denial Ain't Just a River in Egypt"
December 8, 2016 (2016-12-08)
N/A

15
9
"Lie to Fly"
December 15, 2016 (2016-12-15)
N/A

16
10
"Empire State of Mind"
December 22, 2016 (2016-12-22)
N/A

text: Season 3 (2017)[edit]

text:
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(million)

17
1
"Cash Me in New Orleans"
July 20, 2017 (2017-07-20)
N/A

18
2
"Bad and Boogie"
July 27, 2017 (2017-07-27)
N/A

19
3
"Bad to the Throne"
August 3, 2017 (2017-08-03)
N/A

20
4
"Gossip Girl"
August 10, 2017 (2017-08-10)
N/A

21
5
"Mo Money Mo Problems"
August 17, 2017 (2017-08-17)
N/A

22
6
"Let's Talk About Pep"
August 24, 2017 (2017-08-24)
TBD

23
7
"Treacherous Waters"
August 31, 2017 (2017-08-31)
TBD

24
8
"Count Your Blessings"
September 7, 2017 (2017-09-07)
TBD

25
9
"Spilling the Tee Tee"
September 14, 2017 (2017-09-14)
TBD

26
10
"Sticks and Bones and Broken Thrones"
September 21, 2017 (2017-09-21)
TBD


document_title: List of Tampa Bay Buccaneers seasons

question_text: when was the last time the tampa bay buccaneers went to the playoffs

text: List of Tampa Bay Buccaneers seasons

text: Seasons[edit]

text: The finish, wins, losses, and ties columns list regular season results and exclude any postseason play. Regular and postseason records are combined only at the bottom of the list.

text:
Super Bowl Champions (1970–present)
Conference Champions
Division Champions
Wild Card Berth

text:
NFL
Season
Team
season
League
Conference
Division
Regular season
Postseason results
Awards
Head coaches

Finish
Wins
Losses
Ties

1976
1976
NFL
AFC
West
5th
0
14
0

John McKay

1977
1977
NFL
NFC
Central
5th
2
12
0

John McKay

1978[1]
1978
NFL
NFC
Central
5th
5
11
0

John McKay

1979[2]
1979
NFL
NFC
Central
1st
10
6
0
Won Divisional Playoffs (Eagles) 24–17
Lost NFC Championship (Rams) 0–9
Lee Roy Selmon (DPOY)
John McKay

1980
1980
NFL
NFC
Central
4th
5
10
1

John McKay

1981
1981
NFL
NFC
Central
1st
9
7
0
Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Cowboys) 0–38

John McKay

1982[3]
1982
NFL
NFC
—
7th
5
4
0
Lost First Round (at Cowboys) 17–30

John McKay

1983
1983
NFL
NFC
Central
5th
2
14
0

John McKay

1984
1984
NFL
NFC
Central
3rd
6
10
0

John McKay

1985
1985
NFL
NFC
Central
5th
2
14
0

Leeman Bennett

1986
1986
NFL
NFC
Central
5th
2
14
0

Leeman Bennett

1987
1987
NFL
NFC
Central
4th
4
11
0

Ray Perkins

1988
1988
NFL
NFC
Central
3rd
5
11
0

Ray Perkins

1989
1989
NFL
NFC
Central
5th
5
11
0

Ray Perkins

1990
1990
NFL
NFC
Central
2nd
6
10
0

Ray Perkins (5–8)
Richard Williamson (1–2)

1991
1991
NFL
NFC
Central
5th
3
13
0

Richard Williamson

1992
1992
NFL
NFC
Central
3rd
5
11
0

Sam Wyche

1993
1993
NFL
NFC
Central
5th
5
11
0

Sam Wyche

1994
1994
NFL
NFC
Central
5th
6
10
0

Sam Wyche

1995
1995
NFL
NFC
Central
5th
7
9
0

Sam Wyche

1996
1996
NFL
NFC
Central
4th
6
10
0

Tony Dungy

1997
1997
NFL
NFC
Central
2nd
10
6
0
Won Wild Card Playoffs (Lions) 20–10
Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Packers) 7–21
Warrick Dunn (OROY)
Tony Dungy

1998
1998
NFL
NFC
Central
3rd
8
8
0

Tony Dungy

1999
1999
NFL
NFC
Central
1st
11
5
0
Won Divisional Playoffs (Redskins) 14–13
Lost NFC Championship (at Rams) 6–11
Warren Sapp (DPOY)
Tony Dungy

2000
2000
NFL
NFC
Central
2nd
10
6
0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs (at Eagles) 3–21
Derrick Brooks (WPMOY)
Tony Dungy

2001
2001
NFL
NFC
Central
3rd
9
7
0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs (at Eagles) 9–31

Tony Dungy

2002
2002
NFL
NFC
South
1st[4][5]
12
4
0
Won Divisional Playoffs (49ers) 31–6
Won NFC Championship (at Eagles) 27–10
Won Super Bowl XXXVII (1) (vs. Raiders) 48–21
Derrick Brooks (DPOY)
Dexter Jackson (SB MVP)
Jon Gruden

2003
2003
NFL
NFC
South
3rd
7
9
0

Jon Gruden

2004
2004
NFL
NFC
South
4th
5
11
0

Jon Gruden

2005
2005
NFL
NFC
South
1st[6][7]
11
5
0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs (Redskins) 10–17
Carnell Williams (OROY)
Jon Gruden

2006
2006
NFL
NFC
South
4th
4
12
0

Jon Gruden

2007
2007
NFL
NFC
South
1st
9
7
0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs (Giants) 14–24

Jon Gruden

2008
2008
NFL
NFC
South
3rd
9
7
0

Jon Gruden

2009
2009
NFL
NFC
South
4th
3
13
0

Raheem Morris

2010
2010
NFL
NFC
South
3rd
10
6
0

Raheem Morris

2011
2011
NFL
NFC
South
4th
4
12
0

Raheem Morris

2012
2012
NFL
NFC
South
4th
7
9
0

Greg Schiano

2013
2013
NFL
NFC
South
4th
4
12
0

Greg Schiano

2014
2014
NFL
NFC
South
4th
2
14
0

Lovie Smith

2015
2015
NFL
NFC
South
4th
6
10
0

Lovie Smith

2016
2016
NFL
NFC
South
2nd
9
7
0

Dirk Koetter

Total
6 Division Titles
1 NFC Title
Super Bowl XXXVII win
Regular Season
250
393
1
.389 Winning percentage

Postseason
6
9
0
.400 Winning percentage

Overall
256
402
1
.389 Winning percentage

text: Footnotes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ For the 1978 season, the NFL expanded from a 14-game season to a 16-game season.
Jump up ^ The Buccaneers finished ahead of the Chicago Bears in the NFC Central based on a better division record of 6–2 to the Bears 5–3
Jump up ^ 1982 was a strike-shortened season so the league was divided up into two conferences instead of its normal divisional alignment.
Jump up ^ The Philadelphia Eagles clinched the NFC number 1 seed ahead of the Buccaneers based on better conference record of 11–1 to the Buccaneers's 9–3.
Jump up ^ The Buccaneers clinched the NFC number 2 seed ahead of the Green Bay Packers based on better head-to-head record.
Jump up ^ The Buccaneers finished ahead of the Carolina Panthers in the NFC South on a better divisional record of 5–1 to the Panthers 4–2.
Jump up ^ The Chicago Bears clinched the NFC number 2 seed ahead of the Buccaneers based on a better conference record of 10–2 to the Buccaneers 9–3.