document_title: Chicken

question_text: what is the name of a young chicken

question_tokens: what is the name of a young chicken

text: Chicken

text: Terminology

text: In the UK and Ireland, adult male chickens over the age of one year are primarily known as cocks, whereas in the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand, they are more commonly called roosters. Males less than a year old are cockerels.[9] Castrated roosters are called capons (surgical and chemical castration are now illegal in some parts of the world). Females over a year old are known as hens, and younger females as pullets,[10] although in the egg-laying industry, a pullet becomes a hen when she begins to lay eggs, at 16 to 20 weeks of age. In Australia and New Zealand (also sometimes in Britain), there is a generic term chook /tʃʊk/ to describe all ages and both sexes.[11] The young are often called chicks.

text: "Chicken" originally referred to young domestic fowl.[12] The species as a whole was then called domestic fowl, or just fowl. This use of "chicken" survives in the phrase "Hen and Chickens", sometimes used as a British public house or theatre name, and to name groups of one large and many small rocks or islands in the sea (see for example Hen and Chicken Islands). The word "chicken" is sometimes erroneously construed to mean females exclusively, despite the term "hen" for females being in wide circulation, and the term “rooster” for males being that most commonly used.

text: In the Deep South of the United States, chickens are also referred to by the slang term yardbird.[13]

text: General biology and habitat

text: Chickens are omnivores.[14] In the wild, they often scratch at the soil to search for seeds, insects and even animals as large as lizards, small snakes or young mice.[15]

text: The average chicken may live for five to ten years, depending on the breed.[16] The world's oldest known chicken was a hen which died of heart failure at the age of 16 years according to the Guinness World Records.[17]

text: Roosters can usually be differentiated from hens by their striking plumage of long flowing tails and shiny, pointed feathers on their necks (hackles) and backs (saddle), which are typically of brighter, bolder colours than those of females of the same breed. However, in some breeds, such as the Sebright chicken, the rooster has only slightly pointed neck feathers, the same colour as the hen's. The identification can be made by looking at the comb, or eventually from the development of spurs on the male's legs (in a few breeds and in certain hybrids, the male and female chicks may be differentiated by colour). Adult chickens have a fleshy crest on their heads called a comb, or cockscomb, and hanging flaps of skin either side under their beaks called wattles. Collectively, these and other fleshy protuberances on the head and throat are called caruncles. Both the adult male and female have wattles and combs, but in most breeds these are more prominent in males. A muff or beard is a mutation found in several chicken breeds which causes extra feathering under the chicken's face, giving the appearance of a beard. Domestic chickens are not capable of long distance flight, although lighter birds are generally capable of flying for short distances, such as over fences or into trees (where they would naturally roost). Chickens may occasionally fly briefly to explore their surroundings, but generally do so only to flee perceived danger.

text: Behavior

text: Social behaviour

text: Chickens are gregarious birds and live together in flocks. They have a communal approach to the incubation of eggs and raising of young. Individual chickens in a flock will dominate others, establishing a "pecking order", with dominant individuals having priority for food access and nesting locations. Removing hens or roosters from a flock causes a temporary disruption to this social order until a new pecking order is established. Adding hens, especially younger birds, to an existing flock can lead to fighting and injury.[18] When a rooster finds food, he may call other chickens to eat first. He does this by clucking in a high pitch as well as picking up and dropping the food. This behaviour may also be observed in mother hens to call their chicks and encourage them to eat.

text: A rooster's crowing is a loud and sometimes shrill call and sends a territorial signal to other roosters.[19] However, roosters may also crow in response to sudden disturbances within their surroundings. Hens cluck loudly after laying an egg, and also to call their chicks. Chickens also give different warning calls when they sense a predator approaching from the air or on the ground.[20]

text: Courtship

text: To initiate courting, some roosters may dance in a circle around or near a hen ("a circle dance"), often lowering the wing which is closest to the hen.[21] The dance triggers a response in the hen[21] and when she responds to his "call", the rooster may mount the hen and proceed with the mating.

text: More specifically, mating typically involves the following sequence: 1. Male approaching the hen. 2. Male pre-copulatory waltzing. 3. Male waltzing. 4. Female crouching (receptive posture) or stepping aside or running away (if unwilling to copulate). 5. Male mounting. 6. Male treading with both feet on hen’s back. 7. Male tail bending (following successful copulation).[22]

text: Nesting and laying behaviour

text: Hens will often try to lay in nests that already contain eggs and have been known to move eggs from neighbouring nests into their own. The result of this behaviour is that a flock will use only a few preferred locations, rather than having a different nest for every bird. Hens will often express a preference to lay in the same location. It is not unknown for two (or more) hens to try to share the same nest at the same time. If the nest is small, or one of the hens is particularly determined, this may result in chickens trying to lay on top of each other. There is evidence that individual hens prefer to be either solitary or gregarious nesters.[23]

text: Broodiness

text: Under natural conditions, most birds lay only until a clutch is complete, and they will then incubate all the eggs. Hens are then said to "go broody". The broody hen will stop laying and instead will focus on the incubation of the eggs (a full clutch is usually about 12 eggs). She will "sit" or "set" on the nest, protesting or pecking in defense if disturbed or removed, and she will rarely leave the nest to eat, drink, or dust-bathe. While brooding, the hen maintains the nest at a constant temperature and humidity, as well as turning the eggs regularly during the first part of the incubation. To stimulate broodiness, owners may place several artificial eggs in the nest. To discourage it, they may place the hen in an elevated cage with an open wire floor.

text: Breeds artificially developed for egg production rarely go broody, and those that do often stop part-way through the incubation. However, other breeds, such as the Cochin, Cornish and Silkie, do regularly go broody, and they make excellent mothers, not only for chicken eggs but also for those of other species—even those with much smaller or larger eggs and different incubation periods, such as quail, pheasants, turkeys or geese.

text: Hatching and early life

text: Fertile chicken eggs hatch at the end of the incubation period, about 21 days.[21] Development of the chick starts only when incubation begins, so all chicks hatch within a day or two of each other, despite perhaps being laid over a period of two weeks or so. Before hatching, the hen can hear the chicks peeping inside the eggs, and will gently cluck to stimulate them to break out of their shells. The chick begins by "pipping"; pecking a breathing hole with its egg tooth towards the blunt end of the egg, usually on the upper side. The chick then rests for some hours, absorbing the remaining egg yolk and withdrawing the blood supply from the membrane beneath the shell (used earlier for breathing through the shell). The chick then enlarges the hole, gradually turning round as it goes, and eventually severing the blunt end of the shell completely to make a lid. The chick crawls out of the remaining shell, and the wet down dries out in the warmth of the nest.

text: Hens usually remain on the nest for about two days after the first chick hatches, and during this time the newly hatched chicks feed by absorbing the internal yolk sac. Some breeds sometimes start eating cracked eggs, which can become habitual.[24] Hens fiercely guard their chicks, and brood them when necessary to keep them warm, at first often returning to the nest at night. She leads them to food and water and will call them toward edible items, but seldom feeds them directly. She continues to care for them until they are several weeks old.

text: Embryology

text: In 2006, scientists researching the ancestry of birds "turned on" a chicken recessive gene, talpid2, and found that the embryo jaws initiated formation of teeth, like those found in ancient bird fossils. John Fallon, the overseer of the project, stated that chickens have "...retained the ability to make teeth, under certain conditions... ."[25]

text: Breeding

text: Origins

text: The domestic chicken is descended primarily from the red junglefowl (Gallus gallus) and is scientifically classified as the same species.[26] As such, it can and does freely interbreed with populations of red junglefowl.[26] Recent genetic analysis has revealed that at least the gene for yellow skin was incorporated into domestic birds through hybridization with the grey junglefowl (G. sonneratii).[27]

text: The traditional view is that chickens were first domesticated for cockfighting in Asia, Africa, and Europe.[28] In the last decade, there have been a number of genetic studies to clarify the origins. According to one early study, a single domestication event which took place in what now is the country of Thailand gave rise to the modern chicken with minor transitions separating the modern breeds.[29] However, that study was later found to be based on incomplete data, and recent studies point to multiple maternal origins, with the clade found in the Americas, Europe, Middle East, and Africa, originating from the Indian subcontinent, where a large number of unique haplotypes occur.[30][31] It is postulated that the red junglefowl, known as the bamboo fowl in many Southeast Asian languages, is a special bird well-adapted to take advantage of the large amounts of fruits that are produced during the end of the 50-year bamboo seeding cycle, to boost its own reproduction.[32] In domesticating the chicken, humans took advantage of this predisposition for prolific reproduction of the red junglefowl when exposed to large amounts of food.[33]

text: It has been claimed (based on paleoclimatic assumptions) that chickens were domesticated in Southern China in 6000 BC.[34] However, a recent study[35] raises doubts as to whether those birds were the ancestors of chickens today. Instead, the origin could be the Harappan culture of the Indus Valley. Eventually, the chicken moved to the Tarim basin of central Asia. The chicken reached Europe (Romania, Turkey, Greece, Ukraine) about 3000 BC.[36] Introduction into Western Europe came far later, about the 1st millennium BC. Phoenicians spread chickens along the Mediterranean coasts as far as Iberia. Breeding increased under the Roman Empire, and was reduced in the Middle Ages.[36] Genetic sequencing of chicken bones from archaeological sites in Europe revealed that in the High Middle Ages chickens became less aggressive and began to lay eggs earlier in the breeding season.[37]

text: Middle East traces of chicken go back to a little earlier than 2000 BC, in Syria; chickens went southward only in the 1st millennium BC. They reached Egypt for purposes of cockfighting about 1400 BC, and became widely bred only in Ptolemaic Egypt (about 300 BC).[36] Little is known about the chicken's introduction into Africa. It was during the Hellenistic period (fourth–second centuries B.C.E.), in the Southern Levant, that chickens began widely to be domesticated for food.[38]. This change occurred at least 100 years before domestication of chickens spread to Europe.

text: Three possible routes of introduction in about the early first millennium AD could have been through the Egyptian Nile Valley, the East Africa Roman-Greek or Indian trade, or from Carthage and the Berbers, across the Sahara. The earliest known remains are from Mali, Nubia, East Coast, and South Africa and date back to the middle of the first millennium AD.[36]

text: Domestic chicken in the Americas before Western conquest is still an ongoing discussion, but blue-egged chickens, found only in the Americas and Asia, suggest an Asian origin for early American chickens.[36]

text: A lack of data from Thailand, Russia, the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa makes it difficult to lay out a clear map of the spread of chickens in these areas; better description and genetic analysis of local breeds threatened by extinction may also help with research into this area.[36]

text: South America

text: An unusual variety of chicken that has its origins in South America is the araucana, bred in southern Chile by the Mapuche people. Araucanas, some of which are tailless and some of which have tufts of feathers around their ears, lay blue-green eggs. It has long been suggested that they pre-date the arrival of European chickens brought by the Spanish and are evidence of pre-Columbian trans-Pacific contacts between Asian or Pacific Oceanic peoples, particularly the Polynesians, and South America. In 2007, an international team of researchers reported the results of analysis of chicken bones found on the Arauco Peninsula in south-central Chile. Radiocarbon dating suggested that the chickens were Pre-Columbian, and DNA analysis showed that they were related to prehistoric populations of chickens in Polynesia.[39] These results appeared to confirm that the chickens came from Polynesia and that there were transpacific contacts between Polynesia and South America before Columbus's arrival in the Americas.[40]

text: However, a later report looking at the same specimens concluded:

text: A published, apparently pre-Columbian, Chilean specimen and six pre-European Polynesian specimens also cluster with the same European/Indian subcontinental/Southeast Asian sequences, providing no support for a Polynesian introduction of chickens to South America. In contrast, sequences from two archaeological sites on Easter Island group with an uncommon haplogroup from Indonesia, Japan, and China and may represent a genetic signature of an early Polynesian dispersal. Modeling of the potential marine carbon contribution to the Chilean archaeological specimen casts further doubt on claims for pre-Columbian chickens, and definitive proof will require further analyses of ancient DNA sequences and radiocarbon and stable isotope data from archaeological excavations within both Chile and Polynesia.[41]

text: Use by humans

text: Farming

text: More than 50 billion chickens are reared annually as a source of meat and eggs.[43] In the United States alone, more than 8 billion chickens are slaughtered each year for meat,[44] and more than 300 million chickens are reared for egg production.[45]

text: The vast majority of poultry are raised in factory farms. According to the Worldwatch Institute, 74 percent of the world's poultry meat and 68 percent of eggs are produced this way.[46] An alternative to intensive poultry farming is free-range farming.

text: Friction between these two main methods has led to long-term issues of ethical consumerism. Opponents of intensive farming argue that it harms the environment, creates human health risks and is inhumane.[47] Advocates of intensive farming say that their highly efficient systems save land and food resources owing to increased productivity, and that the animals are looked after in state-of-the-art environmentally controlled facilities.[48]

text: Reared for meat

text: Chickens farmed for meat are called broilers. Chickens will naturally live for six or more years, but broiler breeds typically take less than six weeks to reach slaughter size.[49] A free range or organic broiler will usually be slaughtered at about 14 weeks of age.

text: Reared for eggs

text: Chickens farmed primarily for eggs are called layer hens. In total, the UK alone consumes more than 34 million eggs per day.[50] Some hen breeds can produce over 300 eggs per year, with "the highest authenticated rate of egg laying being 371 eggs in 364 days".[51] After 12 months of laying, the commercial hen's egg-laying ability starts to decline to the point where the flock is commercially unviable. Hens, particularly from battery cage systems, are sometimes infirm or have lost a significant amount of their feathers, and their life expectancy has been reduced from around seven years to less than two years.[52] In the UK and Europe, laying hens are then slaughtered and used in processed foods or sold as "soup hens".[52] In some other countries, flocks are sometimes force moulted, rather than being slaughtered, to re-invigorate egg-laying. This involves complete withdrawal of food (and sometimes water) for 7–14 days[53] or sufficiently long to cause a body weight loss of 25 to 35%,[54] or up to 28 days under experimental conditions.[55] This stimulates the hen to lose her feathers, but also re-invigorates egg-production. Some flocks may be force-moulted several times. In 2003, more than 75% of all flocks were moulted in the US.[56]

text: As pets

text: Chickens are social, inquisitive, intelligent birds, and many find their behaviour entertaining.[57] Certain breeds, such as Silkies and many bantam varieties, are generally docile and are often recommended as good pets around children with disabilities.[58]

text: Artificial incubation

text: Incubation can successfully occur artificially in machines that provide the correct, controlled environment for the developing chick.[59][60] The average incubation period for chickens is 21 days but may depend on the temperature and humidity in the incubator. Temperature regulation is the most critical factor for a successful hatch. Variations of more than 1 °C (1.8 °F) from the optimum temperature of 37.5 °C (99.5 °F) will reduce hatch rates. Humidity is also important because the rate at which eggs lose water by evaporation depends on the ambient relative humidity. Evaporation can be assessed by candling, to view the size of the air sac, or by measuring weight loss. Relative humidity should be increased to around 70% in the last three days of incubation to keep the membrane around the hatching chick from drying out after the chick cracks the shell. Lower humidity is usual in the first 18 days to ensure adequate evaporation. The position of the eggs in the incubator can also influence hatch rates. For best results, eggs should be placed with the pointed ends down and turned regularly (at least three times per day) until one to three days before hatching. If the eggs aren't turned, the embryo inside may stick to the shell and may hatch with physical defects. Adequate ventilation is necessary to provide the embryo with oxygen. Older eggs require increased ventilation.

text: Many commercial incubators are industrial-sized with shelves holding tens of thousands of eggs at a time, with rotation of the eggs a fully automated process. Home incubators are boxes holding from 6 to 75 eggs; they are usually electrically powered, but in the past some were heated with an oil or paraffin lamp.

text: Diseases and ailments

text: Chickens are susceptible to several parasites, including lice, mites, ticks, fleas, and intestinal worms, as well as other diseases. Despite the name, they are not affected by chickenpox, which is generally restricted to humans.[61]

text: Some of the diseases that can affect chickens are shown below:

text:
Name
Common name
Cause

Aspergillosis

Aspergillus fungi

Avian influenza
bird flu
virus

Histomoniasis
blackhead disease
Histomonas meleagridis

Botulism
paralysis
Clostridium botulinum toxin

Cage layer fatigue

mineral deficiency, lack of physical exercise

Campylobacteriosis

tissue injury in the gut

Coccidiosis

Coccidia

Colds

virus

Crop bound

improper feeding

Dermanyssus gallinae
red mite
parasite

Egg binding

oversized egg

Erysipelas

Streptococcus bacteria

Fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome

high-energy food

Fowl cholera

Pasteurella multocida

Fowlpox

Fowlpox virus

Fowl typhoid

bacteria

Gallid herpesvirus 1
infectious laryngotracheitis
virus

Gapeworm
Syngamus trachea
worms

Infectious bronchitis

Infectious Bronchitis Virus

Infectious bursal disease
Gumboro
infectious bursal disease virus

Infectious coryza in chickens

Avibacterium paragallinarum

Lymphoid leukosis

Avian sarcoma leukosis virus

Marek's disease

Gallid herpesvirus 2

Moniliasis
yeast infection
or thrush
Candida fungi

Mycoplasma

bacteria

Newcastle disease

Avian avulavirus 1

Necrotic enteritis

bacteria

Omphalitis
Mushy chick disease[62]
bacteria

Peritonitis[63]

infection in abdomen from egg yolk

Psittacosis

Chlamydia psittaci

Pullorum
Salmonella
bacteria

Scaly leg

Cnemidocoptes mutans

Squamous cell carcinoma

cancer

Tibial dyschondroplasia
speed growing

Toxoplasmosis

Toxoplasma gondii

Ulcerative enteritis

bacteria

Ulcerative pododermatitis
bumblefoot
bacteria

text: In religion and mythology

text: Since antiquity chickens have been, and still are, a sacred animal in some cultures[64] and deeply embedded within belief systems and religious worship. The term "Persian bird" for the rooster appears to have been given by the Greeks after Persian contact "because of his great importance and his religious use among the Persians".[65]

text: In Indonesia the chicken has great significance during the Hindu cremation ceremony. A chicken is considered a channel for evil spirits which may be present during the ceremony. A chicken is tethered by the leg and kept present at the ceremony for its duration to ensure that any evil spirits present go into the chicken and not the family members. The chicken is then taken home and returns to its normal life.

text: In ancient Greece, the chicken was not normally used for sacrifices, perhaps because it was still considered an exotic animal. Because of its valor, the cock is found as an attribute of Ares, Heracles, and Athena. The alleged last words of Socrates as he died from hemlock poisoning, as recounted by Plato, were "Crito, I owe a cock to Asclepius; will you remember to pay the debt?", signifying that death was a cure for the illness of life.

text: The Greeks believed that even lions were afraid of roosters. Several of Aesop's Fables reference this belief.

text: In the New Testament, Jesus prophesied the betrayal by Peter: "Jesus answered, 'I tell you, Peter, before the rooster crows today, you will deny three times that you know me.'"[66] It happened,[67] and Peter cried bitterly. This made the rooster a symbol for both vigilance and betrayal.

text: Earlier, Jesus compares himself to a mother hen when talking about Jerusalem: "O Jerusalem, Jerusalem, you who kill the prophets and stone those sent to you, how often I have longed to gather your children together, as a hen gathers her chicks under her wings, but you were not willing."[68]

text: In the sixth century, Pope Gregory I declared the rooster the emblem of Christianity[69] and another Papal enactment of the ninth century by Pope Nicholas I[64] ordered the figure of the rooster to be placed on every church steeple.[70]

text: In many Central European folk tales, the devil is believed to flee at the first crowing of a rooster.

text: In traditional Jewish practice, a kosher animal is swung around the head and then slaughtered on the afternoon before Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement, in a ritual called kapparos; it is now common practice to cradle the bird and move it around the head. A chicken or fish is typically used because it is commonly available (and small enough to hold). The sacrifice of the animal is to receive atonement, for the animal symbolically takes on all the person's sins in kapparos. The meat is then donated to the poor. A woman brings a hen for the ceremony, while a man brings a rooster. Although not a sacrifice in the biblical sense, the death of the animal reminds the penitent sinner that his or her life is in God's hands.

text: The Talmud speaks of learning "courtesy toward one's mate" from the rooster.[71] This might refer to the fact that when a rooster finds something good to eat, he calls his hens to eat first. A rooster might also come to the aid of a hen if she is attacked. The Talmud likewise provides us with the statement "Had the Torah not been given to us, we would have learned modesty from cats, honest toil from ants, chastity from doves and gallantry from cocks",[72][73] which may be further understood as to that of the gallantry of cocks being taken in the context of a religious instilling vessel of "a girt one of the loins" (Young's Literal Translation) that which is "stately in his stride" and "move with stately bearing" in the Book of Proverbs 30:29-31 as referenced by Michael V. Fox in his Proverbs 10-31 where Saʻadiah ben Yosef Gaon (Saadia Gaon) identifies the definitive trait of "A cock girded about the loins" in Proverbs 30:31 (Douay–Rheims Bible) as "the honesty of their behavior and their success",[74] identifying a spiritual purpose of a religious vessel within that religious instilling schema of purpose and use.

text: The chicken is one of the symbols of the Chinese Zodiac. In Chinese folk religion, a cooked chicken as a religious offering is usually limited to ancestor veneration and worship of village deities. Vegetarian deities such as the Buddha are not recipients of such offerings. Under some observations, an offering of chicken is presented with "serious" prayer (while roasted pork is offered during a joyous celebration). In Confucian Chinese weddings, a chicken can be used as a substitute for one who is seriously ill or not available (e.g., sudden death) to attend the ceremony. A red silk scarf is placed on the chicken's head and a close relative of the absent bride/groom holds the chicken so the ceremony may proceed. However, this practice is rare today.

text: A cockatrice was supposed to have been born from an egg laid by a rooster, as well as killed by a rooster's call.

text: In history

text: An early domestication of chickens in Southeast Asia is probable, since the word for domestic chicken (*manuk) is part of the reconstructed Proto-Austronesian language (see Austronesian languages). Chickens, together with dogs and pigs, were the domestic animals of the Lapita culture,[75] the first Neolithic culture of Oceania.[76]

text: The first pictures of chickens in Europe are found on Corinthian pottery of the 7th century BC.[77][78] The poet Cratinus (mid-5th century BC, according to the later Greek author Athenaeus) calls the chicken "the Persian alarm". In Aristophanes's comedy The Birds (414 BC) a chicken is called "the Median bird", which points to an introduction from the East. Pictures of chickens are found on Greek red figure and black-figure pottery.

text: In ancient Greece, chickens were still rare and were a rather prestigious food for symposia.[79] Delos seems to have been a center of chicken breeding (Columella, De Re Rustica 8.3.4). "About 3200 BC chickens were common in Sindh. After the attacks of Aria people these fowls spred from Sindh to Balakh and Iran. During attacks and wars between Iranian and Greeks the chickens of Hellanic breed came in Iran and about 1000 BC Hellanic chickens came into Sindh through Medan".[80]

text: The Romans used chickens for oracles, both when flying ("ex avibus", Augury) and when feeding ("auspicium ex tripudiis", Alectryomancy). The hen ("gallina") gave a favourable omen ("auspicium ratum"), when appearing from the left (Cic., de Div. ii.26), like the crow and the owl.

text: For the oracle "ex tripudiis" according to Cicero (Cic. de Div. ii.34), any bird could be used in auspice, and shows at one point that any bird could perform the tripudium[81] but normally only chickens ("pulli") were consulted. The chickens were cared for by the pullarius, who opened their cage and fed them pulses or a special kind of soft cake when an augury was needed. If the chickens stayed in their cage, made noises ("occinerent"), beat their wings or flew away, the omen was bad; if they ate greedily, the omen was good.[82]

text: In 249 BC, the Roman general Publius Claudius Pulcher had his "sacred chickens" "[83] thrown overboard when they refused to feed before the battle of Drepana, saying "If they won't eat, perhaps they will drink." He promptly lost the battle against the Carthaginians and 93 Roman ships were sunk. Back in Rome, he was tried for impiety and heavily fined.[84]

text: In 162 BC, the Lex Faunia forbade fattening hens to conserve grain rations.[85][86] To get around this, the Romans castrated roosters (capon), which resulted in a doubling of size[87] despite the law that was passed in Rome that forbade the consumption of fattened chickens. It was renewed a number of times, but does not seem to have been successful. Fattening chickens with bread soaked in milk was thought to give especially delicious results. The Roman gourmet Apicius offers 17 recipes for chicken, mainly boiled chicken with a sauce. All parts of the animal are used: the recipes include the stomach, liver, testicles and even the pygostyle (the fatty "tail" of the chicken where the tail feathers attach).

text: The Roman author Columella gives advice on chicken breeding in the eighth book of his treatise, De Re Rustica (On Agriculture). He identified Tanagrian, Rhodic, Chalkidic and Median (commonly misidentified as Melian) breeds, which have an impressive appearance, a quarrelsome nature and were used for cockfighting by the Greeks (De Re Rustica 8.3.4). For farming, native (Roman) chickens are to be preferred, or a cross between native hens and Greek cocks (De Re Rustica 8.2.13). Dwarf chickens are nice to watch because of their size but have no other advantages.

text: According to Columella (De Re Rustica 8.2.7), the ideal flock consists of 200 birds, which can be supervised by one person if someone is watching for stray animals. White chickens should be avoided as they are not very fertile and are easily caught by eagles or goshawks. One cock should be kept for five hens. In the case of Rhodian and Median cocks that are very heavy and therefore not much inclined to sex, only three hens are kept per cock. The hens of heavy fowls are not much inclined to brood; therefore their eggs are best hatched by normal hens. A hen can hatch no more than 15-23 eggs, depending on the time of year, and supervise no more than 30 hatchlings. Eggs that are long and pointed give more male hatchlings, rounded eggs mainly female hatchlings (De Re Rustica 8.5.11).

text: Columella also states that chicken coops should face southeast and lie adjacent to the kitchen, as smoke is beneficial for the animals and "poultry never thrive so well as in warmth and smoke" (De Re Rustica 8.3.1).[88] Coops should consist of three rooms and possess a hearth. Dry dust or ash should be provided for dust-baths.

text: According to Columella (De Re Rustica 8.4.1), chickens should be fed on barley groats, small chick-peas, millet and wheat bran, if they are cheap. Wheat itself should be avoided as it is harmful to the birds. Boiled ryegrass (Lolium sp.) and the leaves and seeds of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) can be used as well. Grape marc can be used, but only when the hens stop laying eggs, that is, about the middle of November; otherwise eggs are small and few. When feeding grape marc, it should be supplemented with some bran. Hens start to lay eggs after the winter solstice, in warm places around the first of January, in colder areas in the middle of February. Parboiled barley increases their fertility; this should be mixed with alfalfa leaves and seeds, or vetches or millet if alfalfa is not at hand. Free-ranging chickens should receive two cups of barley daily.

text: Columella[89] advises farmers to slaughter hens that are older than three years, those that aren't productive or are poor care-takers of their eggs, and particularly those that eat their own and other hens' eggs.

text: According to Aldrovandi, capons were produced by burning "the hind part of the bowels, or loins or spurs"[90] with a hot iron. The wound was treated with potter's chalk.

text: For the use of poultry and eggs in the kitchens of ancient Rome see Roman eating and drinking.

text: Chickens were spread by Polynesian seafarers and reached Easter Island in the 12th century AD, where they were the only domestic animal, with the possible exception of the Polynesian rat (Rattus exulans). They were housed in extremely solid chicken coops built from stone, which was first reported as such to Linton Palmer in 1868, who also "expressed his doubts about this".[91]

text: Breeds (A-Z)

text:
CHICKEN BREED NAME
EGG LAYING(sort by number)
EGG COLOR
COLD HARDY

Ameraucana
7000300000000000000♠Good (3/wk)
Light Blue
Yes

Ancona
7000500000000000000♠Excellent (5/wk)
White
Yes

Andalusian
7000300000000000000♠Good (3/wk)
White
No

Antwerp Belgian Bantam
7000200000000000000♠Fair (2/wk)
Cream or Tinted
No

Appenzeller Spitzhauben
7000300000000000000♠Good (3/wk)
White
Yes

Araucana
7000300000000000000♠Good (3/wk)
Light Blue
Yes

Aseel
7000100000000000000♠Poor (1/wk)
Cream or Tinted
Yes

Australorp
7000500000000000000♠Excellent (5/wk)
Brown
Yes

Barnevelder
7000300000000000000♠Good (3/wk)
Brown
Yes

Belgian Bearded d'Uccle Bantam
7000200000000000000♠Fair (2/wk)
Cream or Tinted
No

Booted Bantam
7000200000000000000♠Fair (2/wk)
Cream or Tinted
No

Brahma
7000300000000000000♠Good (3/wk)
Brown
Yes

Buckeye
7000300000000000000♠Good (3/wk)
Brown
Yes

Campine
7000300000000000000♠Good (3/wk)
White
Yes

Catalana
7000400000000000000♠Very Good (4/wk)
Cream or Tinted
No

Chantecler
7000400000000000000♠Very Good (4/wk)
Brown
Yes

Cochin
7000200000000000000♠Fair (2/wk)
Brown
Yes

Cornish
7000100000000000000♠Poor (1/wk)
Light Brown
Yes

Crevecoeur
7000200000000000000♠Fair (2/wk)
White
No

Cubalaya
7000400000000000000♠Very Good (4/wk)
Cream or Tinted
Yes

Delaware
7000400000000000000♠Very Good (4/wk)
Brown
Yes

Dominique
7000300000000000000♠Good (3/wk)
Brown
Yes

Dorking
7000300000000000000♠Good (3/wk)
Cream or Tinted
Yes

Dutch Bantam
7000200000000000000♠Fair (2/wk)
Light Brown
No

Easter Eggers
7000400000000000000♠Very Good (4/wk)
Green/Blue/Pink/Multi
Yes

Favaucana
7000500000000000000♠Excellent (5/wk)
Sage Green
Yes

Faverolles
7000400000000000000♠Very Good (4/wk)
Light Brown
Yes

Fayoumi
7000200000000000000♠Fair (2/wk)
Cream or Tinted
No

Hamburg
7000400000000000000♠Very Good (4/wk)
White
Yes

Holland
7000300000000000000♠Good (3/wk)
White
Yes

Houdan
7000200000000000000♠Fair (2/wk)
White
No

Japanese Bantam
7000100000000000000♠Poor (1/wk)
Cream or Tinted
No

Java
7000300000000000000♠Good (3/wk)
Brown
Yes

Jersey Giant
7000300000000000000♠Good (3/wk)
Brown
Yes

La Fleche
7000300000000000000♠Good (3/wk)
White
No

Lakenvelder
7000300000000000000♠Good (3/wk)
Cream or Tinted
No

Langshan
7000300000000000000♠Good (3/wk)
Brown
Yes

Legbar
7000400000000000000♠Very Good (4/wk)
Light Blue
Yes

Leghorn (Non-White)
7000300000000000000♠Good (3/wk)
White
No

Leghorn (White)
7000400000000000000♠Very Good (4/wk)
White
Yes

Malay
7000100000000000000♠Poor (1/wk)
Light Brown
No

Marans
7000300000000000000♠Good (3/wk)
Chocolate
Yes

Minorca
7000400000000000000♠Very Good (4/wk)
White
No

Modern Game
7000100000000000000♠Poor (1/wk)
White
No

Naked Neck (Turken)
7000200000000000000♠Fair (2/wk)
Light Brown
Yes

New Hampshire Red
7000300000000000000♠Good (3/wk)
Brown
Yes

Old English Game
7000200000000000000♠Fair (2/wk)
Cream or Tinted
Yes

Olive Egger - MPC
7000300000000000000♠Good (3/wk)
Olive Green
Yes

Orpington
7000300000000000000♠Good (3/wk)
Brown
Yes

Penedesenca
7000300000000000000♠Good (3/wk)
Chocolate
No

Phoenix
7000100000000000000♠Poor (1/wk)
Cream or Tinted
No

Plymouth Rock
7000400000000000000♠Very Good (4/wk)
Brown
Yes

Polish
7000200000000000000♠Fair (2/wk)
White
No

Redcap
7000300000000000000♠Good (3/wk)
White
Yes

Rhode Island
7000500000000000000♠Excellent (5/wk)
Brown
Yes

Rosecomb Bantam
7000100000000000000♠Poor (1/wk)
Cream or Tinted
Yes

Russian Orloff
7000200000000000000♠Fair (2/wk)
Light Brown
Yes

Sebright Bantam
7000100000000000000♠Poor (1/wk)
Cream or Tinted
No

Sicilian Buttercup
7000200000000000000♠Fair (2/wk)
White
No

Silkie Bantam
7000300000000000000♠Good (3/wk)
Cream or Tinted
Yes

Star
7000500000000000000♠Excellent (5/wk)
Brown
Yes

Sultan
7000100000000000000♠Poor (1/wk)
White
No

Sumatra
7000100000000000000♠Poor (1/wk)
White
Yes

Sussex
7000400000000000000♠Very Good (4/wk)
Light Brown
Yes

Welsummer
7000400000000000000♠Very Good (4/wk)
Chocolate
Yes

White Faced Black Spanish
7000300000000000000♠Good (3/wk)
White
No

Wyandotte
7000400000000000000♠Very Good (4/wk)
Brown
Yes

Yokohama
7000100000000000000♠Poor (1/wk)
Cream or Tinted
No


document_title: Bella Swan

question_text: where do edward and bella go for their honeymoon

root

text: Bella Swan

text: Concept and creation[edit]

text: The premise for both the Bella Swan character and the Twilight series originated in a dream Stephenie Meyer had in which an "average girl" and a "fantastically beautiful, sparkly ... vampire ... were having an intense conversation in a meadow in the woods." In this dream, the pair "were discussing the difficulties inherent in the facts that ... they were falling in love with each other while ... the vampire was particularly attracted to the scent of her blood, and was having a difficult time restraining himself from killing her."[1]

tag: p

text: Meyer's original characters were unnamed; she took to calling the characters, who would later become Edward Cullen and Bella, 'he' and 'she' for the purpose of convenience as she, "didn't want to lose the dream." The name 'Isabella' was decided upon, Meyer explains, because "after spending so much time with [the character], I loved her like a daughter. ... Inspired by that love, I gave her the name I was saving for my daughter,... Isabella."[1]

text: Bella's positive reception at her new school in Forks, particularly her popularity with male characters, was modelled after Meyer's real life move from high school to college.[2] Meyer has said that there are similarities between Bella and the title character of Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre, a novel which she has cited as an influence on the Twilight Saga.[3]

text: Appearances[edit]

text: Twilight[edit]

text: Bella, who first appears in Twilight, is a 17-year-old girl, who moves out from her mother's home in Phoenix, Arizona, to live with her father, Charlie Swan, a police chief, in her birthplace of Forks, Washington. There, she is enrolled at Forks High School, where she becomes intrigued by a student, Edward Cullen. When Edward saves her life, he exhibits super-human qualities. Bella learns from her family friend Jacob Black that Quileute legends say the Cullen family are actually vampires.[4] Edward eventually admits to this truth, though his family hunts only animals, not humans, through moral choice.[5] Edward constantly warns Bella against being with him, perceiving her life to be at constant risk if she continues to associate with him, because the scent of her blood is more powerful to him than that of any other human he has ever met. Bella's love and confidence in Edward's restraint is such that his warnings go unheeded, and on an outing with the rest of the Cullen family, she becomes the target of a sadistic vampire, James. With his family's help, Edward is able to save Bella from James' predations, though Edward is still unwilling to change Bella into a vampire himself.[6]

text: New Moon[edit]

text: New Moon begins on Bella's eighteenth birthday. She dreams about looking much older than Edward Cullen, her boyfriend. During a birthday celebration at the Cullen residence, Bella gets a small paper cut while unwrapping a present. Edward's brother, Jasper, instinctively thirsting for her blood, launches an attack, though he is stopped. Edward realizes that his relationship with Bella is putting her in danger. In a misguided attempt to protect Bella, he convinces that he no longer loves her, and moves away with his family. Edward's departure results in Bella being depressed and isolated for months.

text: To appease her worried father, Bella attends a movie with her school friend, Jessica. While there, she carelessly approaches a group of dangerous-looking men outside a bar, and discovers she can hear Edward's voice when her adrenaline runs high. Desperate to hear his voice again, Bella continually seeks out danger; she convinces Jacob Black to repair two old motorcycle,s and teach her how to ride. Their friendship increases, and Jacob admits that he has romantic feelings for Bella, though she does not reciprocate them. When a vampire named Laurent tries to attack her, Bella is saved by a pack of wolves. Later, Bella learns that Jacob and other tribe members are shapeshifters, who assume a wolf form to protect humans from vampires. Bella also discovers that the vampire, Victoria, has returned to Forks, seeking to kill Bella to avenge her mate, James', death.

text: To hear Edward's voice, Bella attempts cliff-diving and nearly drowns, but she is saved by Jacob. Edward, after mistakenly being informed that Bella has committed suicide, travels to Volterra, Italy, to request the Volturi to destroy him. Alice returns to Forks and discovers Bella is still alive; she and Bella pursue Edward to Italy and successfully prevent him from showing himself in daylight to humans, an act that would result in his execution. The trio are taken to the Volturi. Because Bella knows about vampires, the Volturi would want to kill her, but Alice claims she has foreseen Bella becoming a vampire. Because most humans are unaware that vampires exist, the Volturi threaten to kill Bella if this does not happen soon. Upon returning home, Edward tells Bella that he never stopped loving her, and he only left Forks, because he thought it would protect her. He apologizes for his misguided action, and asks for her forgiveness, which Bella accepts. Bella, intent on becoming a vampire, decides that Edward's family should vote on her fate. All but Rosalie and Edward vote for her to be changed, but Edward agrees to change her himself if she will ever marry him.[7]

text: Eclipse[edit]

text: Eclipse continues the drama of Bella and Edward's relationship. Edward explains that he is reluctant to change Bella into a vampire, because he believes that vampires are soulless creatures, who have no place in heaven. Bella, whose opinion of marriage is jaded by her own parents' early divorce, agrees to marry Edward on the condition that he will make love with her while she is still human and then turn her into a vampire. He initially refuses, saying that he could easily lose control in the heat of the moment and unintentionally kill her. However, seeing how important it is to Bella, he agrees to try, but only after they are married.

text: The plot is driven by the machinations of the vampire Victoria, who first encountered Bella and the Cullens during the first novel, Twilight. Victoria, seeking to avenge her lover, James', death, hunts Bella while building a new vampire army. To combat this threat, a grudging truce is struck between the Cullen family, and the Native American shape-shifting wolf pack led by Sam Uley and Jacob Black, who pits himself against Edward as a love interest for Bella. Initially, Bella considers Jacob only as a friend but, despite her engagement to Edward, she shares a kiss with Jacob, and realizes that she loves him as well. Ultimately, Edward accepts Bella's love for Jacob, and successfully destroys Victoria. Bella acknowledges that Edward is the most important person in her life, agreeing to announce their engagement to her father.[8]

text: Breaking Dawn[edit]

text: Breaking Dawn begins with the wedding of Bella and Edward at the Cullen home in the outskirts of Forks. They spend their honeymoon on Isle Esme, a small island off the coast of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil that was given to Esme as a gift from Carlisle. They consummate their marriage, but their lovemaking sparks a conflict between the newlywed couple: Edward is horrified that he has bruised Bella, but she insists that she is fine and wants Edward to make love to her again. He vows not to do so again while she is still human. He eventually gives in. Afterwards, Bella becomes very sick, and realizes that she is pregnant with their child.

text: Edward is shocked and rushes Bella home to see Carlisle, who, as a doctor, confirms that she is expecting a child. As the pregnancy takes a toll on Bella's health, Edward tries to talk her into having an abortion to save her own life. However, Bella feels a bond with her unborn child, and insists on giving birth. Soon, Edward comes to love the baby as well, after he hears its thoughts, and learns that the baby loves Bella in return, and doesn't mean to hurt her.

text: Bella nearly dies giving birth, but Edward successfully delivers their baby girl, and then injects his venom into Bella, thus healing her wounds by turning her into a vampire. During Bella's transformation, Jacob imprints—an involuntary process in which a shape-shifter finds his soul mate—on the baby, Renesmee Cullen.

text: After a vampire named Irina mistakes Renesmee for an immortal vampire child (a creation that is forbidden in the vampire world), Alice foresees the Volturi will arrive to destroy the Cullen family as punishment for the alleged transgression. The Cullen family finds an array of vampire witnesses to observe the mortality of Renesmee. Bella soon discovers her ability to shield people from their mental thoughts and senses. Edward stands with Bella and their allies to convince the Volturi that Renesmee is not an immortal child, and poses no threat to their existence. Once the Volturi leave, Edward and Bella are finally free to live their lives in peace with their daughter forever, and stay with them.[9]

text: Characterization[edit]

text: Physical appearance[edit]

text: Bella is describes as being petite, with a height of roughly 5'4", and a very translucent, frail complexion. She has thick long, wavy brown hair with a wide forehead, and a widows peak. Her eyes are described as being "chocolate brown" and widely spaced. She has a small thin nose, prominent cheekbones, lips a bit too full for her slim jawline, and thin eyebrows that are straighter than they are arched.

text: The scent of her negative O blood is incredibly attractive to vampires, described by Bree Tanner to be the "sweetest scent she'd ever smelled", though it is a thousand times more intense to Edward Cullen.

text: As for distinguishing features, Bella has a small crescent-shaped scar on her hand where she was bitten by James, a tracker vampire, in Twilight. The scar is described as being pale, always a few degrees colder than the rest of her body, and it shines like a vampire's skin when exposed to the sunlight. After Bella is changed into a vampire by Edward, she becomes extremely beautiful with even paler skin, straight waist-length hair, and crimson red eyes that will eventually turn gold after months of drinking animal blood. Her features are also heightened and perfected by the transformation.

text: Bella wears plain shirts and jeans everywhere she goes, as she lacks care in her appearance.

text: Personality[edit]

text: Bella is described as being clumsy, having a weak constitution, being nonathletic and hating anything physical. Bella is also described as a reclusive loner, shy, quiet, insecure, and very sensitive. She also cares for the rest of the Cullen family, her father Charlie and mother Renée, and her friend Jacob Black. She has a tendency to underestimate the people around her mainly because of her concerns for their safety.

text: Having learned to take care of her mother over the years and being naturally responsible, Bella had developed into a very mature person, especially for her age. Because she lacks any skill in anything noticeable or redeeming as a human, she mostly prefers to spend her free time reading classics from school.

text: When it comes to fashion, Bella isn't a girly girl. She hates dressing up, saying that makeup "is a pain" and that she feels uncomfortable in impractical, elegant clothes; however, Alice doesn't care what Bella thinks and continues to persuade her to dress up and look glamorous. She isn't materialistic and doesn't like spending money on luxurious items, as she stated to Edward in New Moon 'not to spend a dime on my birthday,' and that fast cars are unnecessary, saying that Edward gave her himself and anything else he gives her would throw their relationship off balance. She hates being singled out, and doesn't like her birthday being celebrated. She also has very negative views on teen marriage due to her parents' early experience, but learns to overcome them later.

text: She is an extremely private person who keeps her thoughts and feelings to herself and hates when someone tries to understand her, which is thought to be why Edward is unable to hear her thoughts. She is also known to be incredibly stubborn with her self, because of her determination to become a vampire in order to be with Edward forever. She is also said to possess poor acting skills. Ironically, she demonstrates good acting ability in Twilight when she makes her father believe that she has dumped Edward and is leaving Forks. She is a very shy and timid girl with a stiff uptight position, habit of biting her lip, which she shares with Kristen Stewart. Bella knits together her eyebrows when feeling strong emotions such as anxiety. As a human, Bella easily fainted at the sight or smell of blood, which she said smells like rust and salt in Twilight, though it changes after she became a vampire. Bella is also shown in Breaking Dawn, to have a good mood climate, and is able to run away from the smell of human blood when she goes on her first hunting trip as a vampire.

text: Bella has a sarcastic sense of humor, especially when she gets mad; Bella is almost always a very soft and forgiving person who is hard to anger. She is easily scared but can be surprisingly very brave, able to block painful thoughts and memories (hence her special vampire ability), and tends to come face-to-face with life-threatening danger head-on, even though she can get scared later. She puts Edward before herself and everybody and everything else, but several 'selfish' tendencies emerge (as when she asked Edward to stay with her instead of fighting vampires in Eclipse). Meyer has stated that Bella's "tragic flaw" in Eclipse is her lack of self-knowledge. This is most obviously illustrated in her consistent denial of any romantic feelings for Jacob Black, despite the fact that she later realizes that she is, indeed, in love with him.

text: Bella is also a very bad liar except to herself. According to Eclipse, Jacob and Edward saying that she's a terrible liar, are evidence to this. Besides, she also admits this throughout the whole saga, though she seemingly manages to lie to herself about her romantic feelings for Jacob.

text: In contrary to her fearful demeanor, Bella, according to Edward in Midnight Sun, has no sense of fear when she finds out Edward is a vampire. Instead of running away, as she should have, she decides to ask lots of questions with extreme curiosity. This makes Edward believe that it is not bad luck that follows her around, but that she has no sense of self-preservation. Bella isn't very rational nor sensible as she lacks common sense and street intelligence.

text: She hates anything cold and wet, even snow, which is why she initially hated to live in Forks. However, after meeting Edward, she found the town much more comfortable, even calling it "home". As a vampire, she also dislikes the idea of feeding on humans, but is glad to have found the strength she needed to protect her loved ones.

text: Bella inherited her mother's high perceptiveness to some degree, as she was able to guess Edward was a mind reader, the first human to do so. However, she was not able to guess that Edward was in love with her.

text: After being turned into a vampire, she describes having a much clearer view of the world. She is also very self-controlled, being able to ignore the scent of human blood on her first hunting trip. Bella's private mind that was able to repel some vampires' mental abilities while she was human evolved after she became a vampire; her skill strengthened, allowing her to shield herself and those around her from other vampires' mental gifts. By the end of Breaking Dawn, she is able to cast the shield away from herself. She is also described by Edward as "very graceful", even for a vampire, in comparison to her earlier clumsiness.

text: Film portrayal[edit]

text: In the film adaptations, Bella is portrayed by actress Kristen Stewart.[10] Meyer stated that she was "very excited" to see Stewart play the part and that she was "thrilled to have a Bella who has practice [in a vast array of film genres]", since, according to Meyer, Twilight has moments that fit into many genres.[11] Stewart wears contact lenses in the films in order to achieve a chocolate brown eye color as described in the books. Despite that exception, Stewart and Bella are very similar in personality, both reserved and inexpressive.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Bella has received a generally negative reception from critics. Publishers Weekly states that, after her transformation into a vampire, "it's almost impossible to identify with her" in Breaking Dawn.[12] Lilah Lohr of the Chicago Tribune compares Bella's character to the story of the Quileute wolves and describes it as "less satisfying."[13] During Twilight, Kirkus Reviews stated that "Bella's appeal is based on magic rather than character", but that her and Edward's "portrayal of dangerous lovers hits the spot".[14] In the review of New Moon, Kirkus Reviews said that Bella's personality was "flat and obsessive".[15] Laura Miller of salon.com said, in regards to Edward and Bella, "neither of them has much personality to speak of."[16] Entertainment Weekly's Jennifer Reese, in her review of Breaking Dawn noted, in regard to Bella, "You may wish she had loftier goals and a mind of her own, but these are fairy tales, and as a steadfast lover in the Disney Princess mold, Bella has a certain saccharine appeal", and that during Bella's pregnancy "she is not only hard to identify with but positively horrifying, especially while guzzling human blood to nourish the infant."[17] Washington Post journalist Elizabeth Hand noted how Bella was often described as breakable and that "Edward's habit of constantly pulling her onto his lap or having her ride on his back further emphasize her childlike qualities", continuing to write that "the overall effect is a weird infantilization that has repellent overtones to an adult reader and hardly seems like an admirable model to foist upon our daughters (or sons)."[18] Gina Dalfonzo, in an article posted on the National Review website, calls Bella "self-deprecating" before her transformation into a vampire, and afterwards she is "insufferably vain".[19] Dalfonzo also states that Bella gets what she wants and discovers her worth "by giving up her identity and throwing away nearly everything in life that matters."[19] Bella Swan was often compared to Katniss Everdeen on the publication of The Hunger Games.[20]


document_title: Eleanor & Park

question_text: where does eleanor move to in eleanor and park

text: Eleanor & Park

text: Plot[edit]

text: Eleanor Douglas is beginning 10th grade. She is the oldest in a family of two girls and three boys. All the children live with their mother and stepfather, Richie, in a tiny two-bedroom house. The children share one bedroom. There is one bathroom, and Richie has removed the door and will not allow a curtain for privacy. Richie is physically and emotionally abusive to the mother and often drunk. The children live in terror of him. Eleanor does not own a toothbrush or properly fitting clothes. She patches her clothes in bright colors, wears ribbons in her hair, and creates strange clothing combinations, over which her fellow students bully her. Eleanor has just returned after sleeping on the couch of a family friend since Richie threw her out a year earlier.

text: Park Sheridan has lived in Omaha his whole life. While his family is not affluent, and his parents come from very different backgrounds, his home is filled with love. While his father is tall and "masculine", Park takes after his mother in appearance and is shorter than his younger brother. Park believes he is a disappointment and is unenthusiastic about taekwondo, which his father values. Park is instead interested in alternative music and comics. He feels insecure about his size and Asian heritage, despite getting along with the popular kids at school.

text: On Eleanor's first day at her new school, the students find her weird. They rearrange their seats on the school bus to get her yelled at by the driver. When Eleanor is about to cry, Park rudely offers her a seat. They have a few classes together, during which Park notices Eleanor is one of the smartest students in class. They begin to connect.

text: Eleanor is bullied at school. Girls cover her gym locker with sanitary pads, and someone writes crude remarks in her school books. At home, Richie frequently screams at Eleanor's mother while drunk. One night, Eleanor hears gunshots and calls 911, but the police believe Richie's lies over her report. Eleanor tries to conceal her living situation from Park, but gets frustrated when he takes some things for granted, like a telephone, batteries, or safety. She tries to reject Park's gifts, believing herself unworthy. The two spend more time together in secret, since Richie won't allow Eleanor to have a boyfriend, and her mother and siblings' loyalties have shifted to Richie. Park professes his love for Eleanor, making her uncomfortable. Her first meeting with his parents does not go well.

text: Park gets into a fight with Steve, who was bullying Eleanor, and lands a taekwondo kick to Steve's mouth. Park's nose is broken in return. His mother grounds him "forever", thinking Eleanor is leading Park into trouble. Park's father, on the other hand, is proud of Park and understands that Richie is an abusive alcoholic. After seeing Eleanor's family, Park's mother invites Eleanor to stay at their house. Eleanor accepts and lies to her family about it. Eleanor's uncle offers to take Eleanor to Minnesota for the summer so she can attend a program for gifted teens. Richie says no.

text: One night, Park's mom tells the kids to go on a date. Eleanor returns home to a fight between Richie and her mother. She finds her personal possessions destroyed. She matches a hateful message written by Richie to the handwriting of the perverted notes in her school books. Eleanor flees and ends up in Steve's garage with him and Tina, who turn out to not be as bad as she had thought. She goes to Park's house and tries to formulate a way to get to St. Paul, Minnesota. Park insists upon driving her. His father sees him sneaking out of the house, but, surprisingly, gives Park money and tells him to take the truck. Park leaves Eleanor at her uncle's house. Eleanor's aunt and uncle welcome her and plan to remove her siblings as well.

text: Park sends Eleanor letters and gifts, but she does not respond. Park tries to forget her, but can't. Soon, Eleanor's siblings and mother disappear from Richie's house, leaving Richie alone once again. Park passes by Eleanor's former house frequently, longing for her. Park encounters Richie one day as he is coming back from one of his drinking binges. Park fantasizes about killing Richie, because he "can" and "should," but ends up only kicking the ground in front of Richie's face, who had fallen in the snow. Six months later, Park receives a postcard from Eleanor with three words on it.

text: Themes[edit]

text: Escape[edit]

text: Eleanor desperately seeks for a way to get out of her everyday house and Richie, even though she knows that would mean leaving Park behind. She gets what she wants when Park offers to drive her to Minnesota, away from Richie and her house but what he gets in return is that Eleanor's mother and siblings also go to where she is, leaving Park with just memories the two have made together.

text: Domestic abuse[edit]

text: A key issue revolves around Eleanor and her stepfather, Richie. There are countless times when Eleanor notices bruising on her mother's face. Richie abuses Eleanor’s mother both physically – though Rowell never shows us Richie hitting Eleanor’s mother, Sabrina – and emotionally. Richie yells at and controls Sabrina throughout most of the novel, and Eleanor is so used to it that she can “sleep through the screaming.” Sabrina treads lightly around Richie, so as not to spike his anger, making sure everything is right so Richie won’t hurt her or the kids.

text: Child abuse[edit]

text: Richie physically abuses the kids, hitting them when they do something wrong, as well as verbally abusing them, calling them insults. The kids go without new clothes or shoes, wearing the few items Eleanor’s mother can get at Goodwill. The children don’t have toothbrushes or toothpaste, nor shampoo or conditioner to wash their hair; they only have access to dish washing soap. They don’t have much to eat, either. All five children sleep in a small bedroom with a bunk bed, the boys on the floor, Eleanor on the top bunk and Eleanor's younger sister on the bottom.

text: Bullying[edit]

text: Eleanor deals with bullying at school and at home. At school, her classmate Tina and other students bully her about her size, her hair, and her clothes. Eleanor's father makes comments about her weight, as well as Richie, whose comments are much more vulgar.

text: Body image[edit]

text: Eleanor is constantly bullied about her size. She wears large clothing because her cast-off Goodwill clothing is seldom in her size. In one brief moment with her father, Eleanor says he used to drop "hints about her weight." Richie hurls insults at Eleanor about her appearance. Eleanor does not hate being fat, but dislikes how much of an outcast she becomes because she looks different than anyone else. Park loves everything about Eleanor, body type included.

text: Tall height is described in a positive manner while short height is described negatively in characters' thoughts.

text: Reception and honors[edit]

text: The critical reception for the book has been mostly positive. Kirkus Reviews said: "Funny, hopeful, foulmouthed, sexy and tear-jerking, this winning romance will captivate teen and adult readers alike."[2] Author John Green said Eleanor & Park "reminded me not just what it’s like to be young and in love with a girl, but also what it’s like to be young and in love with a book."[3]

text: The American Library Association gave the book a 2014 Michael L. Printz Award Honor book for excellence in young adult literature.[4] Calling Eleanor & Park "an honest, heart-wrenching portrayal of imperfect but unforgettable love," The Boston Globe and The Horn Book Magazine presented Rowell the 2013 Boston Globe-Horn Book Award for fiction.[5][6] The New York Times Book Review named it one of seven Notable Children's Books of 2013.[7] NPR said Eleanor & Park "captures the pure, visceral thrill of a high school swoon, but it never forgets that those feelings are real and important" in naming the book to its list of the Best Books of 2013.[8] The Association for Library Service to Children, the Young Adult Library Services Association and Booklist recognized the audiobook version of Eleanor & Park with a 2014 Odyssey Honor.[9]

text: Additional honors for Eleanor & Park:

text:
Indies Choice Young Adult Book of the Year by the American Booksellers Association[10]
Amazon's Teen Book of the Year and Top Ten Book of the Year[11][12]
Goodreads Choice Award for Best Young Adult Book of the Year[13]
Young Adult Library Services Association Top Ten Best Fiction for Young Adults[14]
Audible's Best Teen Audiobook of the Year[15]

tag: ul

text: Controversy[edit]

text: The Anoka-Hennepin School District, the largest school district in Minnesota, revised its policies following a challenge of the book at Anoka High School.[16] The parents of an Anoka High student, partnering with a citizen's group within the district, had challenged the book’s place in school libraries, calling it “vile profanity" because of its crude language. They cited 227 instances of coarse language and sexuality and demanded it be pulled from library shelves.[17]  The district and the Anoka County Library withdrew an invitation to the author to speak about the book.[17] When the Anoka High principal convened a committee of parents, staff and a student to review the book, the committee determined that it was powerful, realistic and appropriate for high schoolers.[17] During this controversy, the book received support from the National Coalition Against Censorship, which noted irony in the school district canceling an appearance by the author that was scheduled to occur during Banned Books Week.[18]

text: Film[edit]

text: In 2014, it was announced that DreamWorks had purchased the rights to make an Eleanor & Park film adaptation, for which Rowell was asked to write the screenplay.[19] In May 2016, however, Rowell confirmed via Twitter that the film was no longer in development, and the rights were back with her.


document_title: Orange Is the New Black

question_text: when does orange new black season 4 come out

text: Orange Is the New Black

text: Plot[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally released

1
13
July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)

2
13
June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)

3
13
June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)

4
13
June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)

5
13
June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)

tag: table

text: The series revolves around Piper Chapman (Taylor Schilling), a woman in her 30s living in New York City who is sentenced to 15 months in Litchfield Penitentiary, a minimum-security women's federal prison (initially operated by the "Federal Department of Corrections," a fictional version of the Federal Bureau of Prisons, and later acquired by Management & Correction Corporation (MCC), a private prison company) in upstate New York. Piper had been convicted of transporting a suitcase full of drug money for her girlfriend Alex Vause (Laura Prepon), an international drug smuggler. The offense had occurred 10 years prior to the start of the series and in that time Piper had moved on to a quiet, law-abiding life among New York's upper middle class. Her sudden and unexpected indictment severely disrupted her relationships with her fiancé, family and friends.

text: In prison, Piper is reunited with Alex (who named Piper in her trial, resulting in Piper's arrest) and they re-examine their relationship. Simultaneously, Piper must learn how to survive in prison and how to overcome its numerous, inherent struggles. Episodes often feature flashbacks of significant events from various inmates' and prison guards' pasts. These flashbacks typically explain how the inmate came to be in prison or develop the character's backstory.

text: The show pays close attention to how corruption, drug smuggling, funding cuts, overcrowding and guard brutality affect the prisoners' health and well-being and the prison's basic ability to fulfill its fundamental responsibilities and ethical obligations as a federal corrections institution. One of the show's key conflicts involves the prison Director of Human Activities, Joe Caputo, whose efforts and aims as a warden constantly conflict with the business interests of MCC, which acquired the facility when it was about to be shut down.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Taylor Schilling as Piper Chapman, inmate
Laura Prepon as Alex Vause, inmate
Michael Harney as Sam Healy, correctional officer[a]
Michelle Hurst as Miss Claudette Pelage, inmate (season 1)
Kate Mulgrew as Galina "Red" Reznikov, inmate
Jason Biggs as Larry Bloom, Piper's fiancé (season 1–2, guest season 5)
Uzo Aduba as Suzanne "Crazy Eyes" Warren, inmate
Danielle Brooks as Tasha "Taystee" Jefferson, inmate
Natasha Lyonne as Nicky Nichols, inmate
Taryn Manning as Tiffany "Pennsatucky" Doggett, inmate
Selenis Leyva as Gloria Mendoza, inmate
Adrienne C. Moore as Cindy "Black Cindy" Hayes, inmate
Dascha Polanco as Dayanara "Daya" Diaz, inmate
Nick Sandow as Joe Caputo, Director of Human Activities, later Warden
Yael Stone as Lorna Morello, inmate
Samira Wiley as Poussey Washington, inmate (seasons 1–4, guest season 5)
Jackie Cruz as Marisol "Flaca" Gonzales, inmate
Lea DeLaria as Carrie "Big Boo" Black, inmate
Elizabeth Rodriguez as Aleida Diaz, former inmate
Jessica Pimentel as Maria Ruiz, inmate

text: Recurring cast[edit]

text: Inmates[edit]

text:
Laverne Cox as Sophia Burset
Annie Golden as Norma Romano
Laura Gómez as Blanca Flores
Diane Guerrero as Maritza Ramos
Vicky Jeudy as Janae Watson
Julie Lake as Angie Rice
Emma Myles as Leanne Taylor
Abigail Savage as Gina Murphy
Constance Shulman as Erica "Yoga" Jones
Lori Tan Chinn as Mei Chang
Tamara Torres as German "Weeping Woman"
Lin Tucci as Anita DeMarco
Beth Fowler as Sister Jane Ingalls (seasons 1-4)
Barbara Rosenblat as Rosa "Miss Rosa" Cisneros (seasons 1–2, guest season 3)
Madeline Brewer as Tricia Miller (season 1)
Kimiko Glenn as Brook Soso (season 2–present)
Dale Soules as Frieda Berlin (season 2–present)
Lori Petty as Lolly Whitehill (seasons 2–4)
Lorraine Toussaint as Yvonne "Vee" Parker (season 2)
Emily Althaus as Maureen Kukudio (season 3–present)
Blair Brown as Judy King (season 3–present)
Ruby Rose as Stella Carlin (season 3, guest season 4)
Rosal Colon as Carmen "Ouija" Aziza (season 4–present)
Francesca Curran as Helen Van Maele (season 4–present)
Daniella De Jesus as "Zirconia" Cabrera (season 4–present)
Asia Kate Dillon as Brandy Epps (season 4–present)
Shannon Esper as Alana Dwight (season 4–present)
Arianda Fernandez as Michelle Carreras (season 4–present)
Kelly Karbacz as Kasey Sankey (season 4–present)
Miriam Morales as Ramona "Pidge" Contreras (season 4–present)
Jolene Purdy as Stephanie Hapakuka (season 4–present)
Amanda Stephen as Alison Abdullah (season 4–present)

text: Staff[edit]

text:
Catherine Curtin as Wanda Bell
Joel Marsh Garland as Scott O'Neill
Matt Peters as Joel Luschek
Alysia Reiner as Natalie "Fig" Figueroa
Brendan Burke as Wade Donaldson (seasons 1-4)
Lolita Foster as Eliqua Maxwell (seasons 1–3)
Germar Terrell Gardner as Charles Ford (seasons 1–3)
Matt McGorry as John Bennett (seasons 1–3)
Pablo Schreiber as George "Pornstache" Mendez (seasons 1–3, guest season 5)
Lauren Lapkus as Susan Fischer (seasons 1–2)
Alan Aisenberg as Baxter "Gerber" Bayley (season 3–present)
Beth Dover as Linda Ferguson / "Amelia Von Barlow" (season 3–present)
Jimmy Gary Jr. as Felix Rikerson (season 3–present)
James McMenamin as Charlie "Donuts" Coates (season 3–present)
Mike Birbiglia as Danny Pearson (seasons 3-4)
Marsha Stephanie Blake as Berdie Rogers (season 3)
Nick Dillenburg as Ryder Blake (season 4–present)
Evan Arthur Hall as Stratman (season 4–present)
Mike Houston as Lee Dixon (season 4–present)
Brad William Henke as Desi Piscatella (seasons 4–5)
John Palladino as Josh (season 4–present)
Emily Tarver as Artesian McCullough (season 4–present)
Michael Torpey as Thomas "Humps" Humphrey (seasons 4–5)

text: Others[edit]

text:
Michael Chernus as Cal Chapman (seasons 1–4)
Tanya Wright as Crystal Burset (seasons 1–4)
Tracee Chimo as Neri Feldman (seasons 1–3)
Berto Colon as Cesar (seasons 1–3, 5)
Deborah Rush as Carol Chapman (seasons 1–3, 5)
Maria Dizzia as Polly Harper (seasons 1–2)
Ian Paola as Yadriel (season 2–present)
John Magaro as Vince Muccio (season 3–present)
Mary Steenburgen as Delia Powell-Mendez (season 3, guest season 5)

text: Production[edit]

text: Show creator Jenji Kohan read Piper Kerman's memoir after a friend sent it to her. She then set up a meeting with Kerman to pitch her on a TV adaptation, which she notes she "screwed up" as she spent most of the time asking Kerman about her experiences she described in the book rather than selling her on the show. This appealed to Kerman as it let her know that she was a fan and she signed off on the adaptation.[10] Kohan would later go on to describe the main character, Piper Chapman, as a "trojan horse" for the series, allowing it to focus on characters whose demographics would not normally be represented on TV.[11]

text: In July 2011, it was revealed that Netflix was in negotiations with Lionsgate for a 13-episode TV adaptation of Kerman's memoirs with Kohan as creator.[12] In November 2011, negotiations were finalized and the series had been greenlit.[13] Casting announcements began in August 2012 with Taylor Schilling, the first to be cast, in the lead role as Piper Chapman,[14] followed by Jason Biggs as Piper's fiancé Larry Bloom.[15]

text: Laura Prepon and Yael Stone were next to join the series.[2] Abigail Savage, who plays Gina, and Alysia Reiner, who plays Fig, had auditioned for role of Alex Vause.[10][16] Prepon initially auditioned for Piper Chapman,[17] however Kohan felt she would not worry about her [in prison], noting a "toughness and a presence to her that wasn’t right for the character." Kohan instead gave her the role of Alex.[10] Stone had originally auditioned for the role of Nicky Nichols, but she was not considered "tough enough" for the character;[18] she was asked to audition for Lorna Morello instead.[19] Likability was important for Morello, whom casting director Jen Euston deemed "a very helpful, nice, sweet Italian girl."[19] Laverne Cox, a black transgender woman, was cast as Sophia Burset, a transgender character. The Advocate touted Orange Is the New Black as possibly the first women-in-prison narrative to cast a transgender woman for this type of role.[20] Natasha Lyonne was to audition for Alex, but was asked to read for the character Nicky Nichols; "[Kohan knew] she could do Nicky with her eyes closed. She was perfect," said Euston.[19] Uzo Aduba read for the part of Janae Watson but was offered the character Suzanne "Crazy Eyes" Warren.[19][21] Taryn Manning was offered the role of Tiffany "Pennsatucky" Doggett.[19] This American Life host Ira Glass was offered a role as a public radio host, but he declined. The role instead went to Robert Stanton, who plays the fictional host Maury Kind.[22]

text: The series is set in a fictional prison in Litchfield, New York, which is a real town in upstate New York, but it does not have a federal penitentiary.[23] The series began filming in the old Rockland Children's Psychiatric Center in Rockland County, New York, on March 7, 2013.[24] The title sequence features photos of real former female prisoners including Kerman herself.[25]

text: On June 27, 2013, prior to the series premiere, Netflix renewed the show for a second season consisting of 13 episodes.[26] For the second season, Uzo Aduba, Taryn Manning, Danielle Brooks, and Natasha Lyonne were promoted to series regulars.[27] Laura Prepon did not return as a series regular for a second season because of scheduling conflicts, but returned for season 3 as a regular.[28] On May 5, 2014, the series was renewed for a third season, as revealed by actress Laura Prepon.[29] For the third season, several actors were promoted to series regulars, including Selenis Leyva, Adrienne C. Moore, Dascha Polanco, Nick Sandow, Yael Stone, and Samira Wiley.[30] Both Jason Biggs and Pablo Schreiber were confirmed as not returning for the third season, but Schreiber appeared in the 10th episode of the third season.[31][32][33] The series was renewed for a fourth season on April 15, 2015, prior to its third-season premiere.[34][35] For the fourth season, Jackie Cruz and Lea DeLaria were promoted to series regulars; with Elizabeth Rodriguez also being promoted by the season's sixth episode.[36] On February 5, 2016, the series was renewed for a fifth, sixth and seventh season.[4]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text:
Season
Critical response

Rotten Tomatoes
Metacritic

1
93% (40 reviews)
79 (32 reviews)

2
98% (42 reviews)
89 (31 reviews)

3
96% (24 reviews)
83 (53 reviews)

4
95% (39 reviews)
86 (19 reviews)

5
74% (35 reviews)
67 (20 reviews)

text: Orange Is the New Black has received critical acclaim. It has been particularly praised for humanizing prisoners[37][38] and for its depiction of race, sexuality, gender and body types.[39][40][41][42][43][44][45]

text: The first season received positive reviews from critics. Review aggregator Metacritic gave it a weighted average score of 79 out of 100 based on reviews from 32 critics, indicating favorable reviews.[46] On Rotten Tomatoes, season one has a 93% approval rating based on 40 reviews, with an average rating of 8.2 out of 10 . The site's critical consensus is "Orange Is the New Black is a sharp mix of black humor and dramatic heft, with interesting characters and an intriguing flashback structure."[47]

text: Hank Stuever, television critic for The Washington Post, gave Orange Is the New Black a perfect score. In his review of the series, he stated: "In Jenji Kohan's magnificent and thoroughly engrossing new series, Orange Is the New Black, prison is still the pits. But it is also filled with the entire range of human emotion and stories, all of which are brought vividly to life in a world where a stick of gum could ignite either a romance or a death threat."[48] Maureen Ryan, of The Huffington Post, wrote: "Orange is one of the best new programs of the year, and the six episodes I've seen have left me hungry to see more."[49]

text: The second season also received critical acclaim. Rotten Tomatoes gave a rating of 98%, with an average rating of 9.1 out of 10 based on 42 reviews. The site's critical consensus reads: "With a talented ensemble cast bringing life to a fresh round of serial drama, Orange Is the New Black's sophomore season lives up to its predecessor's standard for female-led television excellence.[50] Metacritic gave the second season a score of 89 out of 100 based on 31 critics, indicating "universal acclaim."[51] David Wiegland of the San Francisco Chronicle gave the season a positive review, calling the first six episodes "not only as great as the first season, but arguably better."[52]

text: The third season received critical acclaim. On Metacritic, it has a score of 83 out of 100 based on 24 reviews.[53] On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a 96% rating with an average score of 8.2 out of 10 based on 53 reviews. The site's critical consensus reads: "Thanks to its blend of potent comedy and rich character work, Orange is the New Black remains a bittersweet pleasure in its third season."[54]

text: The fourth season received critical acclaim. On Metacritic, it has a score of 86 out of 100 based on 19 reviews.[55] On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a 95% rating with an average score of 8.6 out of 10 based on 39 reviews. The site's critical consensus reads: "Orange is the New Black is back and better than ever, with a powerful fourth season full of compelling performances by the ensemble cast."[56] James Poniewozik of The New York Times reviewed the fourth season as "Do you measure the quality of a TV season as a beginning-to-end average or by how well it ends? By the first yardstick, Season 4 is ambitious but uneven; by the latter, it's the series' best."[57]

text: The fifth season has received "generally favorable reviews".[58] On Metacritic, it has a score of 67 out of 100 based on 20 reviews.[58] On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a 76% rating with an average score of 7.47 out of 10 based on 33 reviews.[59]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: Orange Is the New Black has received many accolades since its debut. The series has garnered 16 Emmy Award nominations and four wins. For its first season, it received 12 Emmy Award nominations, including Outstanding Comedy Series, Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series, and Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series, winning three.[60] Taylor Schilling received a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actress in a Television Series – Drama.[61] In 2013, the American Film Institute selected the series as one of the Top 10 Television Programs of the Year.[62]

text: A new Emmy rule in 2015, classifying half-hour shows as comedies and hour-long shows as dramas, forced the series to change categories from comedy to drama for its second season.[63] That year, the series received four Emmy nominations, including Outstanding Drama Series, and Aduba won her second Emmy Award, for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series.[60] Orange Is the New Black became the first series to receive Emmy nominations in both comedy and drama categories.[9] For its second season, the series also received three Golden Globe Award nominations: Best Television Series – Musical or Comedy, Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy for Schilling, and Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film for Aduba. At the 21st Screen Actors Guild Awards, the series won Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series and Aduba won Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series.[64]

text: For its third season, Orange Is the New Black won Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series and Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series (Aduba).[65] It received a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Television Series – Musical or Comedy.[61] The series has also received, among other accolades, six Writers Guild of America Award nominations,[66] five Satellite Awards,[67][68] four Critics' Choice Television Awards,[69][70] a GLAAD Media Award,[71] an American Cinema Editors Award,[72] a Producers Guild of America Award,[73] and a Peabody Award.[74]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text:
Netflix is famously tight-fisted when it comes to offering up viewership data about its original series. But execs with the streaming giant have repeatedly confirmed that OITNB is its most-watched original series. That has been backed up by the efforts of outside measurement companies to track viewing in the Netflix eco-system.

—Variety[4]

tag: div

text: The series began airing on broadcast television in New Zealand on TV2 on August 19, 2013.[75] It premiered in Australia on October 9, 2013, on Showcase.[76] The second season began on Showcase on July 16, 2014,[77] and the third season premiered on June 11, 2015.[78] The first season began airing on broadcast television in the UK on Sony Channel from April 19, 2017.[79]

text: In April 2017, it was reported that a cybercriminal had stolen the first ten episodes of the fifth season in a security breach of a post-production company. Netflix failed to respond to ransom demands, and the cybercriminal leaked the episodes online. Netflix confirmed the security breach and an ongoing investigation by federal law enforcement.[80][81] Multichannel News reported that demand for the series significantly increased over the seven-day period following the leak of the episodes. It was also said that the leak would likely cause a decrease in demand for the fifth season when Netflix releases it in June.[82]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: Orange Is the New Black generated more viewers and hours viewed in its first week than the other top Netflix original series House of Cards and Arrested Development.[83][84] In October 2013, Netflix stated that the show is a "tremendous success" for the streaming platform. "It will end the year as our most watched original series ever and, as with each of our other previously launched originals, enjoys an audience comparable with successful shows on cable and broadcast TV."[85][86] As reported in February 2016, Orange Is the New Black remains Netflix's most-watched original series.[4][7][87] In 2016, a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that Orange Is the New Black is one of the shows most watched in urban areas, and despite its "minority-rich ensemble cast," the series "appeals more to a white audience."[88]

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ Michael J. Harney was credited as main cast for season 5 but did not make a single appearance.

tag: ol


document_title: The House with a Clock in Its Walls (film)

question_text: the house with a click in the walls cast

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1955, ten-year-old Lewis Barnavelt (Owen Vaccaro) goes to New Zebedee, Michigan to live with his uncle Jonathan (Jack Black) after Lewis' parents are killed in a car crash. Upon arriving at Jonathan's home, Lewis meets Jonathan's neighbor and best friend, Florence Zimmerman (Cate Blanchett), with whom he trades playful insults. All Lewis has left of his parents is a Magic 8-Ball that they gave him before the crash. During the night, Lewis hears a ticking sound in the walls, with Jonathan trying to locate it. On his first day of his new school, he meets Tarby Corrigan (Sunny Suljic), who is being friendly with him just so he can get voted class president. At night, whilst Lewis is dreaming he is visited by his mother (Lorenza Izzo) who tells him that Jonathan is hiding something from him and that the ticking sound he hears is real. Mrs. Barnavelt also tells Lewis that he must find a book and then a key.

text: Lewis begins exploring the house and stumbles upon several creepy-looking puppets, along with Jonathan smashing a wall with an ax. Lewis, frightened, runs away and sees the windows, piano, and a "pet chair" (named Chairy), among other things, coming to life. At this point, Jonathan reveals to Lewis that he is a practicing warlock and that Florence is a witch. The house's previous owner was a sinister warlock named Isaac Izard (Kyle MacLachlan) and his equally wicked wife Selena (Renee Elise Goldsberry). Before Isaac and Selena both died the previous year, they left a clock in the house and Jonathan has been trying to find and discover its purpose. At Lewis's request, Jonathan agrees to teach him how to be a warlock. Lewis learns that to be a legitimate warlock, he must defeat an evil spirit using his own magic. Additionally, Jonathan lets Lewis know that he has only one house rule: never open a specific cabinet in his study.

text: Jonathan looks through an old book with clippings of Isaac when he was a famous illusionist, as well of pictures of him during World War II. Jonathan reveals to Florence that he has not told Lewis everything about Isaac and plans to keep him in the dark. Jonathan does explain to Lewis that he was not close to his family, as they disagreed with his practice of magic, forcing Jonathan to leave home. Lewis continues to practice his magic, even at school, which is noticed by a curious girl named Rose Rita Pottinger (Vanessa Anne Williams). Jonathan soon finds an old picture of Isaac and Selena, leading him to discover a secret entrance into a room holding the blueprints for the clock. In the meantime, Tarby wins class president and abandons Lewis, following a failed attempt by Lewis to read the hidden book on the instruction of Tarby. Jonathan and Florence look over the blueprints and they are both stumped on how to decipher it. She notices an omega symbol with a skull, which Isaac mentioned before he died. They also realize the symbol, in early Christianity, was an indicator of Judgement Day.

text: Lewis is once again visited by his mother in a dream. He laments that Tarby doesn't see him as a friend, so Mrs. Barnavelt suggests that he use a spell from the forbidden book of necromancy to make Tarby return to his side. On Halloween night, Lewis attempts to impress Tarby by performing a necromancy spell in a cemetery, but he unknowingly summons the ghost of Isaac. Jonathan and Florence realize that Isaac is back and all of their magic stopped working in Jonathan's house, so they hammer horseshoes on the front porch for protection. In Florence's home, Lewis notices a poster advertising Isaac and Jonathan as a magician duo. Florence shows Lewis a series of flashbacks that showed Isaac and Jonathan performing as magicians together until Isaac left to serve in World War II. Isaac eventually returned home, but was suffering from PTSD and mentioned visiting The Black Forest, which is known for harboring dark magic, and Florence thinks Isaac made a deal with a demon in exchange for more power. Florence then explains how Isaac performed a dark magic ritual to make a key for the clock which killed him, which is believed to made of Selena's bone. Florence also tells him she has lost faith in her power following the deaths of her family. Lewis tries to warn Tarby about Isaac, but he ignores Lewis and threatens to assault him. Lewis goes back home to find the blueprints so he can help out, but he is attacked by flying books. He escapes as Jonathan and Florence arrive to help. They go to a cafe in order for Lewis to read the blueprints, and discover that the clock is a doomsday device that will reverse time all the way to the beginning.

text: The three return home to find the horseshoes have been pulled off the walls, indicating Isaac had returned to the house. They enter to find it ransacked. Jonathan and Florence decide to destroy the key, but it won't dissolve in the acid they dip it in. Lewis then confesses to resurrecting Isaac just to impress Tarby and also because he thought that if the spell worked, he could see his parents again. Feeling betrayed, Jonathan decides he wants to send Lewis away for his disobedience. Lewis runs away crying and Florence tells Jonathan that he is being a coward for trying to avoid responsibility for the boy. Lewis notices Isaac in the house of Jonathan's neighbor Mrs. Hanchett (Colleen Camp). Lewis brings her to the house, but before Lewis can find Jonathan, Isaac emerges. He then reveals that Mrs. Hanchett is really Selena in disguise and that she killed the real Mrs. Hanchett, took her place, and that the key was made from her bones. Selena also reveals that she was taking the form of Mrs. Barnavelt to persuade Lewis into summoning Isaac. Isaac captures Lewis, followed by Jonathan and Florence, where he explains to them after the war, he met a demon named Azazel in The Black Forest who granted him with more power, and reveals that the clock will turn time back so that humanity never existed and uses living puppets and killer pumpkins to send the three away. Jonathan apologizes to Lewis for how he talked to him and they all plan to go back and stop Isaac and Selena. Lewis uses the Magic 8-Ball to learn the location of the clock under the boiler room. They return to the house, defeat the guardian pumpkins and puppets, and begin searching for the clock.

text: Florence is taken by Jonathan's mutated snake named Snakespeare, leaving Lewis and Jonathan to face the Izzards on their own. Isaac and Selena await as the lunar eclipse is setting, which will activate the clock's power. Lewis and Jonathan try to fight back, but Jonathan is transformed into a baby that still has his adult head. The eclipse begins, and people around town start to de-age to children. Lewis consults the Magic 8-Ball to know what to do and it says "Say goodbye." Lewis realizes he has to let go of his pain from losing his parents to harness his true power. He drops the ball into the clock's gears to slow it down, and using his own magic, Lewis blasts Isaac and Selena, causing them to fall, de-age, and ultimately be erased from existence. Everything goes back to normal as Florence reveals that she has fixed Snakespeare and Lewis asks her to be part of his new family.

text: Lewis returns to school with more confidence, and gets revenge on Tarby and his friends by magically bouncing a ball on their faces, and befriends Rose Rita Pottinger. Jonathan then picks him up from school where they go home with Florence as the three of them are now like a regular family, as reflected in the stained glass window.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Jack Black as Jonathan Barnavelt, Lewis's uncle and a warlock.
Cate Blanchett as Florence Zimmerman, Jonathan's neighbor and friend and a witch.
Owen Vaccaro as Lewis Barnavelt, Jonathan's 10-year old nephew.
Kyle MacLachlan as Isaac Izard, an evil warlock
Renée Elise Goldsberry as Selena Izard, Isaac's wife and a witch.
Sunny Suljic as Tarby Corrigan, a classmate of Lewis.
Vanessa Anne Williams as Rose Rita Pottinger, a classmate of Lewis.
Colleen Camp as Mrs. Hanchett, Jonathan's nosey neighbor.
Lorenza Izzo as Mrs. Barnavelt, Lewis' mother.
Eli Roth as Comrade Ivan

text: Production[edit]

text: Principal photography on the film began on October 10, 2017 in Atlanta, Georgia.[6] One of the challenges for the visual effects team was building massive 10-foot and 14.5-foot gears for the Clock Room sequence. Another challenge was designing the Jack-o’-lantern characters, which included input from Steven Spielberg on the final designs.[7]

text: Noah Schnapp auditioned for Lewis' role, but ended up staying to Owen Vaccaro.

text: Release[edit]

text: The House with a Clock in Its Walls was released by Universal Pictures on September 21, 2018.[8] Select IMAX screenings featured a 3D version of Michael Jackson's Thriller, which only ran for the first week of release.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: As of  October 28, 2018[update], The House with a Clock in Its Walls has grossed $66.5 million in the United States and Canada, and $44.8 million in other territories, for a total worldwide gross of $111.4 million, against a production budget of $42 million.[2]

text: In the United States and Canada, The House with a Clock in Its Walls was released alongside Assassination Nation, Life Itself and Fahrenheit 11/9, and was projected to gross $15–20 million from 3,592 theaters in its opening weekend.[9] The film made $7.8 million on its first day, including $840,000 from Thursday night previews. It went on to debut to $26.9 million, finishing first at the box office and marking the best opening of Roth's career, surpassing Hostel in 2006 ($19.6 million).[10] In its second weekend the film made $12.5 million, finishing third behind newcomers Night School and Smallfoot.[11]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 67% based on 166 reviews, with an average rating of 6/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "An entertaining PG detour for gore maestro Eli Roth, The House with a Clock in Its Walls is a family-friendly blend of humor and horror with an infectious sense of fun."[12]

text: On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 57 out of 100, based on 38 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[13] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale, while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it 3.5 out of 5 stars.[10]