document_title: The Great British Bake Off (series 3)

question_text: who wins season 3 of the great british baking show

text: The Great British Bake Off (series 3)

text: The Bakers[edit]

text:
Baker
Age
(on show)
Occupation
(on show)
Hometown
Links

Brendan Lynch
63
Recruitment consultant
Sutton Coldfield
[5]

Cathryn Dresser
27
Shop assistant
Pease Pottage, West Sussex
[6]

Danny (Daniele) Bryden
45
Intensive care consultant
Sheffield
[7]

James Morton
21
Medical student
Hillswick, Shetland Islands
[8]

John Whaite
23
Law student
Wigan
[9]

Manisha Parmar
27
Nursery nurse
Leicester

Natasha Stringer
36
Midwife
Tamworth, Staffordshire

Peter Maloney
43
Sales manager
Windsor, Berkshire

Ryan Chong
38
Photographer
Bristol
[10]

Sarah-Jane Willis
28
Vicar's wife
Bewbush, West Sussex
[6]

Victoria Chester
50
CEO of the charity Plantlife
Somerset
[11]

Stuart Marston-Smith
26
PE teacher
Lichfield, Staffordshire
[12]

text: Results summary[edit]

text:
Elimination chart

Baker
1
2
3
4
5
6[1]
7
8
9
10

John

SB

WINNER

Brendan

SB

SB

Runner Up

James

SB

SB
Runner Up

Danny

SB

OUT

Cathryn

OUT

Ryan

SB

OUT

Sarah-Jane

OUT

Manisha

OUT

Stuart

OUT

Victoria
SB

OUT

Peter

OUT

Natasha
OUT

text: [1] No one was eliminated this week due to John having injured his finger and could not complete the last bake, and the judges thought it would be unfair to eliminate anyone. Two were eliminated the next week.

text: Colour key:

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Episode 1: Cakes[edit]

text: The contestants were required to make an upside-down cake for their signature bake. The bakers were given two hours to make a sponge topped with fruits of their choice. For the technical bake, Paul set the bakers the challenge of making four rum babas with cream in the middle and sliced fruits on top, to be completed in three hours. For the showstopper, the bakers were given the task of making a cake in five hours, and the cake baked should reveal a hidden design when cut.

text:
Baker
Signature
(Upside Down Cake)
Technical
(Rum Baba)
Showstopper
(Hidden Design Cake)

Brendan
Plum, Sour Cherry & Walnut Upside Down Cake
10th
UNKNOWN

Cathryn
Apple, Hazelnut and Calvados Upside Down Cake
5th
Hidden Cupcake Cake

Danny
Plum, Ginger and Orange Upside Down Cake
7th
UNKNOWN

James
Parsnip, Pear, and Pecan Upside Down Cake
2nd
"Simmer Dim" Sunset Cake

John
Toffee Apple, Orange & Cranberry Upside Down Cake
11th
Hidden Pink Hearts Cake

Manisha
Vanilla, Peach and Raspberry Upside Down Cake
6th
UNKNOWN

Natasha
Pineapple & Passion Fruit Upside Down Cake
12th
Mother's Day Layered Rose Cake

Peter
Pear, Muscat & Chocolate Upside Down Cake
3rd
Jubilee Cake

Ryan
Kumquat and Orange Polenta Upside Down Cake
8th
Hidden Flowerbed Mousse Cake

Sarah-Jane
Pear, Chocolate and Hazelnut Upside Down Cake
1st
Hidden Crown Cake

Stuart
Tomato and Ginger Upside Down Cake
9th
Lemon and Pistachio Union Flag Cake

Victoria
Pear and Pecan Upside Down Cake
4th
Blackbird Pie Cake

text: Episode 2: Bread[edit]

text: For the signature bake, the baker are required to make twelve flatbreads, twelve with yeast, twelve without. They were give two and a half hours to complete the task. For the technical challenge, they had to make an eight-strand plaited loaf in two hours using a recipe from Paul. For the showstopper bake, the bakers were given four hours to make 24 bagels, 12 sweet, and 12 savoury.

text:
Baker
Signature
(2 types of Flatbreads - Leavened and Unleavened)
Technical
(Plaited Loaf)
Showstopper
(2 types of Bagels - Sweet and Savoury)

Brendan
Middle Eastern Taboon Bread
Indian Roti
4th
Chocolate and Vanilla Bagels
Cumin and Gruyere Bagels

Cathryn
Spiced Mango Naan
Lime, Coriander and Chilli Tortilla
8th
Cranberry and Orange Bagels
Chipotle, Chili, and Smoked Cheddar Bagels

Danny
Lime Coriander and Coconut Tortillas
Zaatar Naan with Dukkah

3rd
UNKNOWN

James
Tomato, Garlic, and Parmesan Flatbread
Tattie Scones
2nd
Orange, Mint and Chocolate Bagels
'Millers' Sourdough Bagels

John
Coriander and Chilli Rotis
Garlic, Pomegranate and Potato Pitas

1st
Fig, Walnut and Gruyere Bagels
Blueberry and White Chocolate Bagels

Manisha
Indian Flatbreads
Italian Flatbreads
6th
UNKNOWN

Peter
Fennel and Nigella Seed Naan
Bannock Bread
11th
Apple and Cinnamon Bagels
Rosemary and Sea Salt Bagels

Ryan
Shanghai Spring Onion Flatbread
Garlic and Coriander Naan

5th
Cinnamon and Date Bagels
Tarragon and Rosemary Bagels

Sarah-Jane
Coconut Roti
Oatcakes
10th
UNKNOWN

Stuart
Chorizo and Spring Onion Naan
Bombay Bread
9th
Cinnamon and Cranberry Bagels
Tomato and Thyme Bagels

Victoria
Coriander and Lemon Naan
Garlic and Parsnip Chapatis
7th
Saffron and Golden Raisin Bagels
Porcini Bagels

text: Episode 3: Tarts[edit]

text: The classic tarte tatin was set as the signature challenge. The tarte tatin may be sweet or savoury, and should be finished in two and half hours. Baking a treacle tart was set as the technical challenge by Mary, with the requirement that the pastry lattice on top be woven. The bakers were given two hours for the challenge. For the showstopper, the bakers were required to make in three hours a large designer fruit tart fit for a window display.

text:
Baker
Signature
(Tarte Tatin)
Technical
(Treacle Tart)
Showstopper
(Designer Fruit Tart)

Brendan
Apple and Ginger Tarte Tatin
9th
Blackberry, Nectarine and Dragon Fruit Tart

Cathryn
Plum, Cherry and Five Spice Tarte Tatin
3rd
Raspberry, Pistachio and Lemon Tart

Danny
Savoury Pear and Roquefort Tarte Tatin
2nd
Pineapple, Coconut and Frangipane Tart

James
Apple and Lavender Tarte Tatin
1st
Rose, Lychee and Raspberry Fruit Tart

John
Apple and Vanilla Tarte Tatin with Walnut Praline
6th
Berries, Grapes and Pomegranate Tart

Manisha
Cinnamon, Apple and Pear Tarte Tatin
10th
Rum and Tropical Fruit Tart

Ryan
Spiced Pear Tarte Tatin
5th
UNKNOWN

Sarah-Jane
Caramelized Banana Tarte Tatin
8th
French Apple Tart with Blackberry and Cassis Jam

Stuart
Pear and Almond Tarte Tatin
7th
Raspberry Triple Chocolate Layered Tart

Victoria
Fig, Walnut and Pink Peppercorn Tarte Tatin
4th
Tropical Fruit Tart with Black Pepper Crust

text: Episode 4: Desserts[edit]

text: The bakers were given three hours to make a torte cake as the signature bake. The torte should be more than 20 cm in diameter. Mary set crème caramel as the technical challenge, to be finished two and three-quarter hours. A four-layered meringue dessert was the showstopper challenge.

text:
Baker
Signature
(Torte Cake)
Technical
(crème caramel)
Showstopper
(Meringue Dessert)

Brendan
Clementine and Chestnut Torte
1st
Pear, Chocolate and Hazelnut Dacquoise

Cathryn
White Chocolate, Macadamia and Coffee Torte
3rd
Gooseberry, Almond and Honey Meringue

Danny
Blackberry, White Chocolate, Lemon and Elderflower Torte
2nd
'Monte Bianco' Chestnut, Chocolate and Coffee Dacquoise

James
Hazelnut, Chocolate and Passionfruit Torte
5th
Fig, Chestnut, Cherry and Chocolate Layered Meringue

John
'Torte Noir' Black Forest Torte with Boozy Cream
6th
Elderflower and Bramble Berry Pavlova

Manisha
Almond, Chocolate and Cherry Torte
9th
Tiramisu Layered Meringue Dessert

Ryan
Green Tea Opera Torte
7th
Strawberry, Rose and Pistachio Meringue

Sarah-Jane
Chocolate and Almond Truffle Torte
4th
Hazelnut Tiramisu Layered Meringue

Stuart
Black Forest Torte
8th
Choca Blocka Mocha Meringue

text: In this episode, Mel wasn't present but will be present in the next episode.

text: Episode 5: Pies[edit]

text: For the signature bake, Paul specified that the Wellington that was their challenge should be at least 8 inches long and completely covered with pastry. The bakes were given three hours for the challenge. He also set the bakers to make a hand-raised pie in two and a quarter hour as the technical challenge. The pie was to be made with hot water crust molded using a dolly. The pie was let to set overnight and judged the next day. For the showstopper challenge, the bakers were required to bake a family-sized sweet American-style pie in three and a half hours.

text:
Baker
Signature
(Wellington)
Technical
(Hand-Raised Pie)
Showstopper
(American Pie)

Brendan
Salmon Coulibiac in a Scandinavian Pastry
3rd
All American Chiffon Pie

Cathryn
Full English Wellington
1st
Chocolate and Peanut Butter Pumpkin Pie

Danny
Chickpea, Spinach & Mushroom Wellington
7th
Trick or Treat Pumpkin Pie

James
Four Pig Wellington
6th
Sweet Potato Pie

John
Venison and Haggis Wellington
2nd
Star-Spangled Pecan Pie

Manisha
Lamb Wellington with Rosemary and Mint
5th
Banana Scotch Pie

Ryan
Curry Spiced Seabass Wellington
8th
Key Lime Pie

Sarah-Jane
Beef Wellington with Parma Ham and Gorgonzola Cheese
4th
Chocolate and Banana Cream Pie

text: During the broadcast, Ryan's pie was identified as a key lime pie. However, it was made with ordinary limes rather than key limes, and thus was not a key lime pie. Moreover, the pies described as American-style were actually tarts. American pies are baked in a smooth, slant sides pie pan, not the fluted tart pans that were used.

text: Episode 6: Puddings[edit]

text: The bakers were challenged to make, in two hours, two different flavoured sponge puddings with different accompaniments, six of each. Mary set the Queen of Puddings as the technical challenge. For the showstopper, the bakers were required to make in three and a half hours one large strudel, either with sweet or savoury fillings. John cut a deep wound on his finger on the blade of the food processor, had to leave the show to receive medical attention, and therefore did not complete his challenge. As a result, the judges thought that it would be unfair to eliminate any baker this week.

text:
Baker
Signature
(2 different flavours of Sponge Puddings)
Technical
(Queen of Puddings)
Showstopper
(Strudels)

Brendan
Rhubarb, Strawberry and Ginger Puddings
Sticky Toffee Puddings

1st
Spinach, Cheese and Walnut Strudel

Cathryn
Chocolate Walnut Whip Puddings
Elderflower Sponges

3rd
Roasted Vegetable Couscous and Sheep Cheese Strudel

Danny
Banoffee Puddings with Walnut Butterscotch Sauce
Jubilee Chocolate Fondants
2nd
Leek, Potato, Pistachio and Gruyère Strudel

James
Banana and Clove Puddings
Clootie Dumplings
7th
Strawberry, Rhubarb and Ginger Strudel

John
Spicy Toffee Puddings
Raspberry and White Chocolate Puddings
5th
Did not complete due to injury

Ryan
Chocolate Fondants
Sticky Ginger and Date Puddings
6th
Apple, Sour Cherry, Raisin and Mixed Nuts Strudel

Sarah-Jane
Sticky Toffee Puddings
Granny's Saucy Lemon Puddings
4th
Sweet Strudel with Sour Cherries

text: Episode 7: Sweet dough[edit]

text: For the signature bake, the bakers were set to bake 24 buns made with yeast in three hours The buns should be all of the same size and evenly baked. For the technical bake, the bakers were challenged to make ten jam doughnuts using Paul's recipe in two and a half hours. The jam doughnut should be of consistent size and shape, as well jam distribution and colour. For the showstopper, the bakers each made a celebratory enriched-dough loaf. This challenge started straight after the technical bake, so that the dough could be proofed overnight if necessary. Two bakers were eliminated this week as there was no elimination the previous week.

text:
Baker
Signature
(Buns)
Technical
(Jam Doughnut)
Showstopper
(Celebratory loaf)

Brendan
Chelsea Bunski's
4th
Black Forest Christmas Stollen

Cathryn
Lady Arundel's Manchet Buns
5th
Bonfire Night Tear 'n' Share Brioche

Danny
Bakewell Chelsea Buns
2nd
European Christmas Wreath

James
Easter Chelsea Buns
1st
Whisky Kugelhopf-Brioche Baba

John
Cherry and Almond Saffron Buns
3rd
Marzipan Stollen

Ryan
Lardy Cakes
6th
Char Siu Bao

Sarah-Jane
Orange, Nutmeg and Saffron Buns
7th
Sour Cherry and Dark Chocolate Christmas Plait

text: Episode 8: Biscuits[edit]

text: The bakers are given two hours to make 48 crackers or crisp bread for their signature bake. They should be thin, evenly baked and crack when snapped in two. For the technical challenge, the bakers were asked to make six chocolate teacakes in two hours using Paul's recipe, a task made more difficult because the high temperature that day would not allow the chocolate to cool. For the showstopper bake, the bakers were challenged to make a gingerbread structure, which should not be a gingerbread house, in four hours.

text:
Baker
Signature
(48 Crackers)
Technical
(6 Chocolate Teacakes)
Showstopper
(Gingerbread Structure)

Brendan
Multi-Seed Savoury Crackers
2nd
Fantasy Gingerbread Bird House

Cathryn
Cheese and Pickle Crackers
5th
Gingerbread Buckingham Palace

Danny
Spiced Almond Drinks Crackers
4th
Gingerbread Big Ben

James
Smoky Cayenne, Cumin and Chilli Crackers
1st
Gingerbread Barn

John
Asian Spice Crackers
3rd
Gingerbread Roman Coliseum

text: Episode 9: Pâtisserie (semi-final)[edit]

text: For the first test, the bakers were required to make three type of petits fours, twelve of each. These should be small (each a single mouthful), exquisite and perfect. Mary set the bakers to make a Fraisier cake for the technical challenge. Choux pastry gateau was set as the showstopper bake.

text:
Baker
Signature
(3 types of Petits Fours)
Technical
(Fraisier Cake)
Showstopper
(Choux Pastry Gateau)

Brendan
Coffee Meringue and Hazelnut Creams
Apricot and Pistachio Friands
Lime Curd Choux Pastry Cygnets
3rd
Gateau St. Honoré

Danny
Blackberry and Peppermint Macaroons
Miniature Raspberry and Basil Financiers
Orange and White Chocolate Langues de Chat
4th
Rosewater and Lychee St. Honoré

James
Lemon and Rhubarb Tartlets
Chocolate Indulgence Petits Fours
Chilli, Lime and Raspberry Macaroons
1st
Coffee, Caramel and Hazelnut Paris-Brest

John
Lemon Madeleines
White Chocolate and Raspberry Tartlets
Dark Chocolate and Cherry Macaroons
2nd
Gateau St. Honoré a la Passion

text: Episode 10: Final[edit]

text: The finalists were set the task of making savoury Pithivier in two and a half hours. Paul and Mary's technical challenge required 25 Fondant Fancies. For the final showstopper, the finalists were required to make in four hours a chiffon cake based on the theme of their personal highlights of 2012. All the bakes were served at a special summer fête held on the ground of Harptree Court.

text:
Baker
Signature
(Pithivier)
Technical
(Fondant Fancies)
Showstopper
(Chiffon Cake)

Brendan
Potato and Pepper Pithivier
2nd
Family Reunion Chiffon Cake

James
Spanish Pithivier with Chorizo and Red Pepper
1st
United Chiffon Cakes

John
Italian Sausage and Roasted Vegetable Pithivier
2nd
Heaven and Hell Chiffon Cake

text: Extras and special episodes[edit]

text: Four additional episodes were broadcast after the final. Episode 11 was a masterclass by Paul and Mary where they demonstrated how to make the technical challenges they set - treacle tarts, rum babas, creme caramels, the hand-raised pie, and the eight-strand plaited loaf. Episode 12 revisited the bakers from series 2 to catch up on what these contestants had been doing after the show ended. Another masterclass was shown in episode 13 where Paul and Mary showed how to make queen of puddings, jam doughnuts, tempered chocolate teacakes, fraisier cakes and fondant fancies. In episode 14, Paul and Mary showed which signature bakes they would have chosen if they were in the bakers' shoes (including sponge puddings, flat breads and sweet buns). A further episode of Masterclass was shown before Easter.

text: Post-show career[edit]

text: John Whaite gained a first-class degree from the University of Manchester after sitting his law exams while filming Bake Off, but he rejected a career in law and opted to take classes at Le Cordon Bleu and pursue a career in baking.[13] His book John Whaite Bakes: Recipes for Every Day and Every Mood was published on 25 April 2013.[14] His second book, John Whaite Bakes At Home, was published on 27 March 2014.[15] He first set up a chocolate shop The Hungry Dog Artisan Chocolates,[16] and opened a cookery school on his family's dairy farm in Lancashire.[17] He also appeared as a resident chef on the ITV show Lorraine,[18][19] and wrote a column on food for The Daily Telegraph.[20] In 2016, Whaite presented with Rosemary Shrager a daytime cookery competitive show Chopping Block on ITV.[21]

text: James Morton aimed for a career in medicine but has written a book on bread, titled Brilliant Bread, published on 29 August 2013.[22][23] He writes a baking column for the Scottish newspaper Sunday Mail.[24] His second book, How Baking Works: ...And what to do if it doesn't, was published on 12 March 2015.[25]

text: Brendan Lynch is teaching cookery classes.[26][27][28]

text: Cathryn Dresser and Sarah-Jane Willis teamed up to open a stall at Horsham Market.[29][30] Dresser wrote a baking book for children and parents titled Let's Bake, published on 22 May 2014.[31] and ran The Little Handcross Bakery[32] in Handcross, West Sussex between September 2014 and May 2015.

text: Ratings[edit]

text: The final of this series had a record overnight figure of 6.5 million viewers, beating every other programme in other channels in its time slot.[33]

text: Official episode viewing figures are from BARB.[34]

text:
Episode
no.
Airdate
Viewers
(millions)
BBC Two
weekly ranking

1
14 August 2012 (2012-08-14)
3.85
1

2
21 August 2012 (2012-08-21)
4.60
1

3
28 August 2012 (2012-08-28)
4.53
1

4
4 September 2012 (2012-09-04)
4.71
1

5
11 September 2012 (2012-09-11)
4.61
1

6
18 September 2012 (2012-09-18)
4.82
1

7
25 September 2012 (2012-09-25)
5.10
1

8
2 October 2012 (2012-10-02)
5.35
1

9
9 October 2012 (2012-10-09)
5.70
1

10
16 October 2012 (2012-10-16)
6.74
1

text: Specials[edit]

text:
Episode
no.
Airdate
Viewers
(millions)
BBC Two
weekly ranking

The Great British Bake Off Masterclass

1
22 October 2012 (2012-10-22)
2.56
5

2
24 October 2012 (2012-10-24)
2.19
8

3
25 October 2012 (2012-10-25)
2.33
6

The Great British Bake Off Revisited

23 October 2012 (2012-10-23)
2.76
4

The Great British Bake Off, Christmas Masterclass

18 December 2012 (2012-12-18)
3.48
2

The Great British Bake Off, Easter Masterclass

26 March 2013 (2013-03-26)
2.76
3


document_title: Robert McCallister (Brothers & Sisters)

question_text: when does robert die in brothers and sisters

root

text: Robert McCallister (Brothers & Sisters)

text: Storylines[edit]

text: Season 1[edit]

text: Robert McCallister first met Katherine 'Kitty' Walker (Calista Flockhart) when she interviewed him on her talk show. A recent divorcee his wife Courtney (Marin Hinkle) with two young children, he was involved in a scandal regarding allegations of infidelity. Kitty was more interested in asking for his help to get her brother Justin (Dave Annable) out of being sent to Iraq, but Robert could do nothing. With Kitty's talk show folded, Robert asked her to become the communications director for his Presidential campaign. They soon began a romantic relationship, over the vehement objections of her gay brother Kevin (Matthew Rhys), who objected to Robert's record on gay marriage. Thanks to Kitty, Kevin had a brief relationship with Robert's gay brother Jason (Eric Winter), which ended badly, not doing much to endear Robert or Kevin to each other, but they came to an understanding.

tag: p

text: Season 2[edit]

text: Robert and Kitty got engaged and had their party at Kitty's family home. Robert's own family, however, stole the spotlight. Robert came under the spotlight when the Republican primary for President kicked into a higher gear. During the Gulf War, Robert was hailed as a hero for something he did not actually do. This secret was revealed during the primary, causing his opponent to question his patriotism. Robert was forced to hire a very skilled consultant named Isaac (Danny Glover), whom he disliked due to Isaac outing Jason while working for one of Robert's primary opponents during a state senate campaign. When Jason found out Isaac had been the one responsible, and was now working for Robert, he was furious, but soon forgave his brother.

text: Kitty discovered she was pregnant. She had a miscarriage, but wanted to try again. This led to some tension with Robert, who didn't want any more kids, even though he'd told her otherwise. They worked out the conflict and got married.

text: Season 3[edit]

text: Robert soldiered on in his primary campaign, but eventually conceded defeat to the frontrunner, a deep conservative who had engaged in what Robert and Kitty saw as dirty tricks. He asked Robert to be his running mate, much to Kitty's disgust. Robert considered the idea, but ultimately rejected him. In a later episode, Kitty is watching a newscast about the inauguration of Barack Obama, signaling that the show takes place in real time with the actual winner of the race, despite the fictional candidates in this show.

text: Robert announces his candidacy for governor of California shortly before suffering a heart attack on the way to see his new adopted baby at the hospital. His recovery is a source of tension to his marriage.

text: Season 4[edit]

text: Robert steps down as Senator and his soon to be vacant seat is vied for by his wife Kitty, who during the first half of the season battles (and enters remission for) stage 3 lymphoma. Though his marriage with Kitty faces a number of bumps, he spends this season developing his skills as a supportive husband. Robert and Kitty renew their vows before her bone marrow transplant. In the season 4 finale, it's revealed that Robert's heart has been acting up again and he's taken to the hospital following chest pains at dinner. The following night, his car strikes a truck as they are returning home. He was last shown with a gaping head wound, unable to communicate with Kitty and eventually dies.

text: Season 5[edit]

text: A year later, Robert is still in a coma with Kitty tending to him, refusing to let him go. The entire family is doubtful of his recovery chances and Justin finally tells Kitty that Robert wouldn't want this, using his last words to help Holly as proof. Kitty realizes he's right and shuts off Robert's life support.


document_title: ValueTales

question_text: how many books are in the valuetales series

text: ValueTales

text: ValueTales is a series of simple biographical children's books published primarily by the now-defunct Value Communications, Inc. in La Jolla, California. The forty-three books were written by Dr. Spencer Johnson and Ann Donegan Johnson, and illustrated by Stephen Pileggi.

text: Each book gave a simplified and fictionalized biography of a historical figure as an allegory, illustrating the value of a positive characteristic. Each volume was a white pictorial glossy hardback book around 60 pages long with a brightly colored cartoon of the figure, along with some anthropomorphic item or animal that would narrate the subject's life throughout the book.

text: The title of each book would be The Value of x: The story of y , where x is the characteristic being exemplified and y is the subject (i.e. The Value of Determination: The Story of Helen Keller). Early editions of the books used a different format: The Valuetale of y: The value of x . So for instance the first edition of the Helen Keller book was called The ValueTale of Helen Keller : the value of determination

text: The books were quite popular in homes, elementary school libraries, pediatrics offices, and sunday schools across North America. Most of the ValueTales books are out of print. In October 2010, Simon & Schuster Children's Books published anthologized five of the ValueTales books in an edition with new illustrations by Dan Andreason.

text: There are 43 books in all.

text: Books[edit]

text:
Value
Subject
Sex
Author
Publication Date
ISBN
Notes

Adventure
Sacagawea
F
Ann Donegan Johnson
1981 February 1
ISBN 0-916392-59-7

Facing a Challenge
Terry Fox
M
Ann Donegan Johnson
1985 November 1
ISBN 0-7172-8134-5

Saving
Benjamin Franklin
M
Spencer Johnson, Steve Pileggi
1978 August
ISBN 0-916392-17-1

Imagination
Charles Dickens
M
Spencer Johnson, Steve Pileggi
1977 December
ISBN 0-916392-15-5

Foresight
Thomas Jefferson
M
Ann Donegan Johnson, Steve Pileggi
1980 February
ISBN 0-916392-42-2

Kindness
Elizabeth Fry
F
Spencer Johnson, Steve Pileggi
1977 March
ISBN 0-916392-09-0
ISBN 0-916392-04-X

Creativity
Thomas Edison
M
Ann Donegan Johnson, Steve Pileggi (Illustrator)
1984 November
ISBN 0-916392-72-4

Boldness
Captain Cook
M
Johnson, Ann Donegan Johnson
1986 June
ISBN 0-7172-8188-4

Positive Attitude
Michael Landon
M
Ann Donegan Johnson
1992 January 1
ISBN 0-7172-8263-5

Understanding
Margaret Mead
F
Spencer Johnson, Steve Pileggi (Illustrator)
1979 June
ISBN 0-916392-37-6

Dedication
Albert Schweitzer
M
Spencer Johnson, Steve Pileggi
1980 February
ISBN 0-916392-44-9

Leadership
Winston Churchill
M
Ann Donegan Johnson, Steve Pileggi (Illustrator)
1989 August
ISBN 0-86679-046-2

Charity
Paul-Emile Léger
M
Ann Donegan Johnson
1983
ISBN 0-7172-1884-8

Courage
Jackie Robinson
M
Spencer Johnson
1977 August
ISBN 0-916392-12-0

Believing in Yourself
Louis Pasteur
M
Spencer Johnson, Steve Pileggi
1977 March
ISBN 0-916392-06-6
ISBN 0-916392-01-5
a.k.a. Believing

Determination
Helen Keller
F
Ann Donegan Johnson
1977 March
ISBN 0-916392-02-3
ISBN 0-916392-07-4

Helping
Harriet Tubman
F
Ann Donegan Johnson, Steve Pileggi
1980 February
ISBN 0-916392-41-4

Respect
Abraham Lincoln
M
Ann Donegan Johnson, Steve Pileggi
1977 June
ISBN 0-916392-14-7

Friendship
Jane Addams
F
Ann Donegan Johnson, Steve Pileggi (Illustrator)
1980 February
ISBN 0-916392-45-7

Fairness
Nellie Bly
F
Ann Donegan Johnson
1977 December
ISBN 0-916392-16-3

Giving
Beethoven
M
Ann Donegan Johnson
1979 June
ISBN 0-916392-34-1

Humility
Mother Teresa
F
Ann Donegan Johnson
1993
ISBN 0-7172-8316-X

Patience
Wright Brothers
M
Spencer Johnson, Steve Pileggi
1977 March
ISBN 0-916392-08-2

Honesty
Confucius
M
Steve Pileggi, Spencer, M.D. Johnson
1979 June
ISBN 0-916392-36-8

Tenacity
Maurice Richard
M
Ann Donegan Johnson, Steve Pileggi
1984 June
ISBN 978-0-7172-8143-5

Love
Johnny Appleseed
M
Ann Donegan Johnson, Steve Pileggi
1979 June
ISBN 0-916392-35-X

Discipline
Alexander Graham Bell
M
Ann D. Johnson, Steven Pileggi (Illustrator)
1985 April
ISBN 0-7172-1887-2
ISBN 0-7172-8176-0
a.k.a. Self-Discipline, June 1985

Responsibility
Ralph Bunche
M
Ann Donegan Johnson
1978 November
ISBN 0-916392-29-5

Curiosity
Christopher Columbus
M
Spencer Johnson
1977 November
ISBN 0-916392-13-9

Caring
Eleanor Roosevelt
F
Ann D. Johnson, Steve Pileggi (Illustrator)
1977 July
ISBN 0-916392-11-2

Overcoming Adversity
Wilma Rudolph
F
Ann Donegan Johnson
1996
ISBN 0-7172-8731-9

Dignity
Arthur Ashe
M
Ann Donegan Johnson
1994
ISBN 0-7172-8339-9

Sharing
Mayo Brothers
M
Spencer Johnson, Steve Pileggi
1978 November
ISBN 0-916392-28-7

Humor
Will Rogers
M
Spencer Johnson, Steve Pileggi
1977 March
ISBN 0-916392-05-8

Conviction
Cesar Chavez
M
Ann Donegan Johnson
1995
ISBN 0-7172-8482-4

Compassion
Florence Nightingale
F
Ann Donegan Johnson
1987 July
ISBN 0-7172-8482-4

Commitment
Jacques Cousteau
M
Ann Donegan Johnson
1998
ISBN 0-7172-8820-X

Optimism
Amelia Earhart
F
Ann Donegan Johnson
1997
ISBN 0-7172-8780-7

Fantasy
Hans Christian Andersen
M
Spencer Johnson, Steve Pileggi
1980 Feb
ISBN 0-916392-43-0

Truth and Trust
Cochise
M
Spencer Johnson, Steve Pileggi
1980 Jan
ISBN 0-307-69957-9
ISBN 0-916392-10-4

Learning
Marie Curie
F
Spencer Johnson, Ann D. Johnson
1979 June
ISBN 0-686-98175-8
ISBN 0-916392-18-X

Laughter
Lucille Ball
F
Ann Donegan Johnson
1990 May
ISBN 0-7172-8217-1

Imagination
Jim Henson
M
Ann Donegan Johnson
1992
ISBN 978-0-7172-8253-1

tag: table


document_title: List of awards and nominations received by Patricia Arquette

question_text: what did patricia arquette win an oscar for

text: Major associations[edit]

text: Academy Awards[edit]

text: BAFTA Awards[edit]

text:
Year

Category

Nominated work

Result

2014

Best Actress in a Supporting Role

Boyhood

Won

text: Golden Globe Awards[edit]

text:
Year

Category

Nominated work

Result

2006

Best Actress – Television Series Drama

Medium

Nominated

2007

Nominated

2008

Nominated

2014

Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture

Boyhood

Won

text: Screen Actors Guild Awards[edit]

text:
Year

Category

Nominated work

Result

2006

Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series

Medium

Nominated

2007

Nominated

2010

Nominated

2014

Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series

Boardwalk Empire

Nominated

Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role

Boyhood

Won

Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture

Nominated

text: Primetime Emmy Award[edit]

text:
Year

Category

Nominated work

Result

2005

Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series

Medium

Won

2007

Nominated

text: Other awards and nominations[edit]

text: AACTA International Award[edit]

text: Austin Film Critics Association Award[edit]

text: Alliance of Women Film Journalists Award[edit]

text:
Year

Category

Nominated work

Result

2014

Best Ensemble Cast

Boyhood

Nominated

Best Supporting Actress

Nominated

text: Boston Society of Film Critics Award[edit]

text:
Year

Category

Nominated work

Result

2014

Best Cast

Boyhood

Won

text: Blockbuster Entertainment Awards[edit]

text:
Year

Category

Nominated work

Result

1999

Favorite Actress – Horror

Stigmata

Nominated

text: CableACE Award[edit]

text:
Year

Category

Nominated work

Result

1991

Best Ensemble

Wildflower

Won

text: Central Ohio Film Critics Association Award[edit]

text:
Year

Category

Nominated work

Result

2014

Best Ensemble

Boyhood

Nominated

Best Supporting Actress

Nominated

text: Chicago Film Critics Association Award[edit]

text: Critics' Choice Movie Awards[edit]

text:
Year

Category

Nominated work

Result

2014

Best Supporting Actress

Boyhood

Won

Best Acting Ensemble

Nominated

text: Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award[edit]

text: Denver Film Critics Society Award[edit]

text: Detroit Film Critics Society Award[edit]

text: Dublin Film Critics' Circle Award[edit]

text:
Year

Category

Nominated work

Result

2014

Best Actress

Boyhood

Nominated

text: Florida Film Critics Circle Award[edit]

text:
Year

Category

Nominated work

Result

2014

Best Supporting Actress

Boyhood

Won

Best Cast

Nominated

text: GLAAD Media Awards[edit]

text:
Year

Category

Nominated work

Result

2017

Vanguard Award

Herself

Won

text: Georgia Film Critics Association Award[edit]

text: Golden Raspberry Awards[edit]

text:
Year

Category

Nominated work

Result

2000

Worst Supporting Actress

Little Nicky

Nominated

text: Gotham Independent Film Award[edit]

text: Houston Film Critics Society Award[edit]

text: Independent Spirit Awards[edit]

text:
Year

Category

Nominated work

Result

2014

Best Supporting Female

Boyhood

Won

text: International Online Film Critics' Poll Award[edit]

text:
Year

Category

Nominated work

Result

2014

Supporting Actress

Boyhood

Won

text: Iowa Film Critics Award[edit]

text: Kansas City Film Critics Circle Award[edit]

text: London Film Critics' Circle Award[edit]

text:
Year

Category

Nominated work

Result

2014

Supporting Actress of the Year

Boyhood

Won

text: Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award[edit]

text:
Year

Category

Nominated work

Result

2014

Best Actress

Boyhood

Won

text: MTV Movie & TV Awards[edit]

text:
Year

Category

Nominated work

Result

1993

Best Kiss (shared with Christian Slater)

True Romance

Nominated

text: National Society of Film Critics Award[edit]

text: New York Film Critics Circle Award[edit]

text: New York Film Critics Online Award[edit]

text: North Carolina Film Critics Association Award[edit]

text: North Texas Film Critics Association Award[edit]

text: Oklahoma Film Critics Circle Award[edit]

text: Online Film Critics Society Award[edit]

text: Phoenix Film Critics Society Award[edit]

text:
Year

Category

Nominated work

Result

2014

Best Supporting Actress

Boyhood

Nominated

text: San Diego Film Critics Society Award[edit]

text: San Francisco Film Critics Circle Award[edit]

text: Satellite Awards[edit]

text:
Year

Category

Nominated work

Result

2005

Outstanding Actress in a Series, Drama

Medium

Nominated

2014

Best Supporting Actress - Motion Picture

Boyhood

Won

text: Saturn Award[edit]

text:
Year

Category

Nominated work

Result

1993

Best Actress

True Romance

Nominated

2006

Best Actress on Television

Medium

Nominated

2007

Best Actress in a Television Program

Nominated

text: Seattle International Film Festival Award[edit]

text: Southeastern Film Critics Association Award[edit]

text: St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Award[edit]

text: Toronto Film Critics Association Award[edit]

text: Vancouver Film Critics Circle Award[edit]

text: Village Voice Film Poll[edit]

text: Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Award[edit]

text:
Year

Category

Nominated work

Result

2014

Best Supporting Actress

Boyhood

Won

Best Ensemble

Nominated


document_title: DNA replication

question_text: where does the process of dna replication begin

text: DNA replication

text: DNA structure[edit]

text: DNA exists as a double-stranded structure, with both strands coiled together to form the characteristic double-helix. Each single strand of DNA is a chain of four types of nucleotides. Nucleotides in DNA contain a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate, and a nucleobase. The four types of nucleotide correspond to the four nucleobases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine, commonly abbreviated as A, C, G and T. Adenine and guanine are purine bases, while cytosine and thymine are pyrimidines. These nucleotides form phosphodiester bonds, creating the phosphate-deoxyribose backbone of the DNA double helix with the nucleobases pointing inward (i.e., toward the opposing strand). Nucleobases are matched between strands through hydrogen bonds to form base pairs. Adenine pairs with thymine (two hydrogen bonds), and guanine pairs with cytosine (three hydrogen bonds).

text: DNA strands have a directionality, and the different ends of a single strand are called the "3' (three-prime) end" and the "5' (five-prime) end". By convention, if the base sequence of a single strand of DNA is given, the left end of the sequence is the 5' end, while the right end of the sequence is the 3' end. The strands of the double helix are anti-parallel with one being 5' to 3', and the opposite strand 3' to 5'. These terms refer to the carbon atom in deoxyribose to which the next phosphate in the chain attaches. Directionality has consequences in DNA synthesis, because DNA polymerase can synthesize DNA in only one direction by adding nucleotides to the 3' end of a DNA strand.

text: The pairing of complementary bases in DNA (through hydrogen bonding) means that the information contained within each strand is useless. phosphoodiester (intra-strand) bonds are stronger than hydrogen (inter-strand) bonds. This allows the strands to be separated from one another. The nucleotides on a single strand can therefore be used to reconstruct nucleotides on a newly synthesized partner strand.[5]

text: DNA polymerase[edit]

text: DNA polymerases are a family of enzymes that carry out all forms of DNA replication.[7] DNA polymerases in general cannot initiate synthesis of new strands, but can only extend an existing DNA or RNA strand paired with a template strand. To begin synthesis, a short fragment of RNA, called a primer, must be created and paired with the template DNA strand.

text: DNA polymerase adds a new strand of DNA by extending the 3' end of an existing nucleotide chain, adding new nucleotides matched to the template strand one at a time via the creation of phosphodiester bonds. The energy for this process of DNA polymerization comes from hydrolysis of the high-energy phosphate (phosphoanhydride) bonds between the three phosphates attached to each unincorporated base. Free bases with their attached phosphate groups are called nucleotides; in particular, bases with three attached phosphate groups are called nucleoside triphosphates. When a nucleotide is being added to a growing DNA strand, the formation of a phosphodiester bond between the proximal phosphate of the nucleotide to the growing chain is accompanied by hydrolysis of a high-energy phosphate bond with release of the two distal phosphates as a pyrophosphate. Enzymatic hydrolysis of the resulting pyrophosphate into inorganic phosphate consumes a second high-energy phosphate bond and renders the reaction effectively irreversible.[Note 1]

text: In general, DNA polymerases are highly accurate, with an intrinsic error rate of less than one mistake for every 107 nucleotides added.[8] In addition, some DNA polymerases also have proofreading ability; they can remove nucleotides from the end of a growing strand in order to correct mismatched bases. Finally, post-replication mismatch repair mechanisms monitor the DNA for errors, being capable of distinguishing mismatches in the newly synthesized DNA strand from the original strand sequence. Together, these three discrimination steps enable replication fidelity of less than one mistake for every 109 nucleotides added.[8]

text: The rate of DNA replication in a living cell was first measured as the rate of phage T4 DNA elongation in phage-infected E. coli.[9] During the period of exponential DNA increase at 37 °C, the rate was 749 nucleotides per second. The mutation rate per base pair per replication during phage T4 DNA synthesis is 1.7 per 108.[10]

text: Replication process[edit]

text: DNA replication, like all biological polymerization processes, proceeds in three enzymatically catalyzed and coordinated steps: initiation, elongation and termination.

text: Initiation[edit]

text: For a cell to divide, it must first replicate its DNA.[11] This process is initiated at particular points in the DNA, known as "origins", which are targeted by initiator proteins.[4] In E. coli this protein is DnaA; in yeast, this is the origin recognition complex.[12] Sequences used by initiator proteins tend to be "AT-rich" (rich in adenine and thymine bases), because A-T base pairs have two hydrogen bonds (rather than the three formed in a C-G pair) and thus are easier to strand-separate.[13] Once the origin has been located, these initiators recruit other proteins and form the pre-replication complex, which unwinds the double-stranded DNA.

text: Elongation[edit]

text: DNA polymerase has 5′–3′ activity. All known DNA replication systems require a free 3' hydroxyl group before synthesis can be initiated (note: the DNA template is read in 3′ to 5′ direction whereas a new strand is synthesized in the 5′ to 3′ direction—this is often confused). Four distinct mechanisms for DNA synthesis are recognized:

text:
All cellular life forms and many DNA viruses, phages and plasmids use a primase to synthesize a short RNA primer with a free 3′ OH group which is subsequently elongated by a DNA polymerase.
The retroelements (including retroviruses) employ a transfer RNA that primes DNA replication by providing a free 3′ OH that is used for elongation by the reverse transcriptase.
In the adenoviruses and the φ29 family of bacteriophages, the 3' OH group is provided by the side chain of an amino acid of the genome attached protein (the terminal protein) to which nucleotides are added by the DNA polymerase to form a new strand.
In the single stranded DNA viruses—a group that includes the circoviruses, the geminiviruses, the parvoviruses and others—and also the many phages and plasmids that use the rolling circle replication (RCR) mechanism, the RCR endonuclease creates a nick in the genome strand (single stranded viruses) or one of the DNA strands (plasmids). The 5′ end of the nicked strand is transferred to a tyrosine residue on the nuclease and the free 3′ OH group is then used by the DNA polymerase to synthesize the new strand.

tag: ol

text: The first is the best known of these mechanisms and is used by the cellular organisms. In this mechanism, once the two strands are separated, primase adds RNA primers to the template strands. The leading strand receives one RNA primer while the lagging strand receives several. The leading strand is continuously extended from the primer by a DNA polymerase with high processivity, while the lagging strand is extended discontinuously from each primer forming Okazaki fragments. RNase removes the primer RNA fragments, and a low processivity DNA polymerase distinct from the replicative polymerase enters to fill the gaps. When this is complete, a single nick on the leading strand and several nicks on the lagging strand can be found. Ligase works to fill these nicks in, thus completing the newly replicated DNA molecule.

text: The primase used in this process differs significantly between bacteria and archaea/eukaryotes. Bacteria use a primase belonging to the DnaG protein superfamily which contains a catalytic domain of the TOPRIM fold type.[14] The TOPRIM fold contains an α/β core with four conserved strands in a Rossmann-like topology. This structure is also found in the catalytic domains of topoisomerase Ia, topoisomerase II, the OLD-family nucleases and DNA repair proteins related to the RecR protein.

text: The primase used by archaea and eukaryotes, in contrast, contains a highly derived version of the RNA recognition motif (RRM). This primase is structurally similar to many viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerases, reverse transcriptases, cyclic nucleotide generating cyclases and DNA polymerases of the A/B/Y families that are involved in DNA replication and repair. In eukaryotic replication, the primase forms a complex with Pol α.[15]

text: Multiple DNA polymerases take on different roles in the DNA replication process. In E. coli, DNA Pol III is the polymerase enzyme primarily responsible for DNA replication. It assembles into a replication complex at the replication fork that exhibits extremely high processivity, remaining intact for the entire replication cycle. In contrast, DNA Pol I is the enzyme responsible for replacing RNA primers with DNA. DNA Pol I has a 5′ to 3′ exonuclease activity in addition to its polymerase activity, and uses its exonuclease activity to degrade the RNA primers ahead of it as it extends the DNA strand behind it, in a process called nick translation. Pol I is much less processive than Pol III because its primary function in DNA replication is to create many short DNA regions rather than a few very long regions.

text: In eukaryotes, the low-processivity enzyme, Pol α, helps to initiate replication because it forms a complex with primase.[16] In eukaryotes, leading strand synthesis is thought to be conducted by Pol ε; however, this view has recently been challenged, suggesting a role for Pol δ.[17] Primer removal is completed Pol δ[18] while repair of DNA during replication is completed by Pol ε.

text: As DNA synthesis continues, the original DNA strands continue to unwind on each side of the bubble, forming a replication fork with two prongs. In bacteria, which have a single origin of replication on their circular chromosome, this process creates a "theta structure" (resembling the Greek letter theta: θ). In contrast, eukaryotes have longer linear chromosomes and initiate replication at multiple origins within these.[19]

text: Replication fork[edit]

text: The replication fork is a structure that forms within the nucleus during DNA replication. It is created by helicases, which break the hydrogen bonds holding the two DNA strands together. The resulting structure has two branching "prongs", each one made up of a single strand of DNA. These two strands serve as the template for the leading and lagging strands, which will be created as DNA polymerase matches complementary nucleotides to the templates; the templates may be properly referred to as the leading strand template and the lagging strand template.

text: DNA is always synthesized in the 5' to 3' direction. Since the leading and lagging strand templates are oriented in opposite directions at the replication fork, a major issue is how to achieve synthesis of nascent (new) lagging strand DNA, whose direction of synthesis is opposite to the direction of the growing replication fork.

text: Leading strand[edit]

text: The leading strand is the strand of nascent DNA which is being synthesized in the same direction as the growing replication fork. This sort of DNA replication is continuous.

text: Lagging strand[edit]

text: The lagging strand is the strand of nascent DNA whose direction of synthesis is opposite to the direction of the growing replication fork. Because of its orientation, replication of the lagging strand is more complicated as compared to that of the leading strand. As a consequence, the DNA polymerase on this strand is seen to "lag behind" the other strand.

text: The lagging strand is synthesized in short, separated segments. On the lagging strand template, a primase "reads" the template DNA and initiates synthesis of a short complementary RNA primer. A DNA polymerase extends the primed segments, forming Okazaki fragments. The RNA primers are then removed and replaced with DNA, and the fragments of DNA are joined together by DNA ligase.

text: Dynamics at the replication fork[edit]

text: As helicase unwinds DNA at the replication fork, the DNA ahead is forced to rotate. This process results in a build-up of twists in the DNA ahead.[20] This build-up forms a torsional resistance that would eventually halt the progress of the replication fork. Topoisomerases are enzymes that temporarily break the strands of DNA, relieving the tension caused by unwinding the two strands of the DNA helix; topoisomerases (including DNA gyrase) achieve this by adding negative supercoils to the DNA helix.[21]

text: Bare single-stranded DNA tends to fold back on itself forming secondary structures; these structures can interfere with the movement of DNA polymerase. To prevent this, single-strand binding proteins bind to the DNA until a second strand is synthesized, preventing secondary structure formation.[22]

text: Clamp proteins form a sliding clamp around DNA, helping the DNA polymerase maintain contact with its template, thereby assisting with processivity. The inner face of the clamp enables DNA to be threaded through it. Once the polymerase reaches the end of the template or detects double-stranded DNA, the sliding clamp undergoes a conformational change that releases the DNA polymerase. Clamp-loading proteins are used to initially load the clamp, recognizing the junction between template and RNA primers.[3]:274-5

text: DNA replication proteins[edit]

text: At the replication fork, many replication enzymes assemble on the DNA into a complex molecular machine called the replisome. The following is a list of major DNA replication enzymes that participate in the replisome:[23]

text:
Enzyme
Function in DNA replication

DNA Helicase
Also known as helix destabilizing enzyme. Helicase separates the two strands of DNA at the Replication Fork behind the topoisomerase.

DNA Polymerase
The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the addition of nucleotide substrates to DNA in the 5' to 3' direction during DNA replication. Also performs proof-reading and error correction. There exist many different types of DNA Polymerase, each of which perform different functions in different types of cells.

DNA clamp
A protein which prevents elongating DNA polymerases from dissociating from the DNA parent strand.

Single-Strand Binding (SSB) Proteins
Bind to ssDNA and prevent the DNA double helix from re-annealing after DNA helicase unwinds it, thus maintaining the strand separation, and facilitating the synthesis of the nascent strand.

Topoisomerase
Relaxes the DNA from its super-coiled nature.

DNA Gyrase
Relieves strain of unwinding by DNA helicase; this is a specific type of topoisomerase

DNA Ligase
Re-anneals the semi-conservative strands and joins Okazaki Fragments of the lagging strand.

Primase
Provides a starting point of RNA (or DNA) for DNA polymerase to begin synthesis of the new DNA strand.

Telomerase
Lengthens telomeric DNA by adding repetitive nucleotide sequences to the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes. This allows germ cells and stem cells to avoid the Hayflick limit on cell division.[24]

text: Replication machinery[edit]

text: Replication machineries consist of factors involved in DNA replication and appearing on template ssDNAs. Replication machineries include primosotors are replication enzymes; DNA polymerase, DNA helicases, DNA clamps and DNA topoisomerases, and replication proteins; e.g. single-stranded DNA binding proteins (SSB). In the replication machineries these components coordinate. In most of the bacteria, all of the factors involved in DNA replication are located on replication forks and the complexes stay on the forks during DNA replication. These replication machineries are called replisomes or DNA replicase systems. These terms are generic terms for proteins located on replication forks. In eukaryotic and some bacterial cells the replisomes are not formed.

text: Since replication machineries do not move relatively to template DNAs such as factories, they are called a replication factory.[25] In an alternative figure, DNA factories are similar to projectors and DNAs are like as cinematic films passing constantly into the projectors. In the replication factory model, after both DNA helicases for leading strands and lagging strands are loaded on the template DNAs, the helicases run along the DNAs into each other. The helicases remain associated for the remainder of replication process. Peter Meister et al. observed directly replication sites in budding yeast by monitoring green fluorescent protein(GFP)-tagged DNA polymerases α. They detected DNA replication of pairs of the tagged loci spaced apart symmetrically from a replication origin and found that the distance between the pairs decreased markedly by time.[26] This finding suggests that the mechanism of DNA replication goes with DNA factories. That is, couples of replication factories are loaded on replication origins and the factories associated with each other. Also, template DNAs move into the factories, which bring extrusion of the template ssDNAs and nascent DNAs. Meister’s finding is the first direct evidence of replication factory model. Subsequent research has shown that DNA helicases form dimers in many eukaryotic cells and bacterial replication machineries stay in single intranuclear location during DNA synthesis.[25]

text: The replication factories perform disentanglement of sister chromatids. The disentanglement is essential for distributing the chromatids into daughter cells after DNA replication. Because sister chromatids after DNA replication hold each other by Cohesin rings, there is the only chance for the disentanglement in DNA replication. Fixing of replication machineries as replication factories can improve the success rate of DNA replication. If replication forks move freely in chromosomes, catenation of nuclei is aggravated and impedes mitotic segregation.[26]

text: Termination[edit]

text: Eukaryotes initiate DNA replication at multiple points in the chromosome, so replication forks meet and terminate at many points in the chromosome. Because eukaryotes have linear chromosomes, DNA replication is unable to reach the very end of the chromosomes. Due to this problem, DNA is lost each replication cycle from the end of the chromosome. Telomeres are regions of repetitive DNA close to the ends and help prevent loss of genes due to this shortening. Shortening of the telomeres is a normal process in somatic cells. This shortens the telomeres of the daughter DNA chromosome. As a result, cells can only divide a certain number of times before the DNA loss prevents further division. (This is known as the Hayflick limit.) Within the germ cell line, which passes DNA to the next generation, telomerase extends the repetitive sequences of the telomere region to prevent degradation. Telomerase can become mistakenly active in somatic cells, sometimes leading to cancer formation. Increased telomerase activity is one of the hallmarks of cancer.

text: Termination requires that the progress of the DNA replication fork must stop or be blocked. Termination at a specific locus, when it occurs, involves the interaction between two components: (1) a termination site sequence in the DNA, and (2) a protein which binds to this sequence to physically stop DNA replication. In various bacterial species, this is named the DNA replication terminus site-binding protein, or Ter protein.

text: Because bacteria have circular chromosomes, termination of replication occurs when the two replication forks meet each other on the opposite end of the parental chromosome. E. coli regulates this process through the use of termination sequences that, when bound by the Tus protein, enable only one direction of replication fork to pass through. As a result, the replication forks are constrained to always meet within the termination region of the chromosome.[27]

text: Regulation[edit]

text: Eukaryotes[edit]

text: Within eukaryotes, DNA replication is controlled within the context of the cell cycle. As the cell grows and divides, it progresses through stages in the cell cycle; DNA replication takes place during the S phase (synthesis phase). The progress of the eukaryotic cell through the cycle is controlled by cell cycle checkpoints. Progression through checkpoints is controlled through complex interactions between various proteins, including cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases.[28] Unlike bacteria, eukaryotic DNA replicates in the confines of the nucleus.[29]

text: The G1/S checkpoint (or restriction checkpoint) regulates whether eukaryotic cells enter the process of DNA replication and subsequent division. Cells that do not proceed through this checkpoint remain in the G0 stage and do not replicate their DNA.

text: Replication of chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes occurs independently of the cell cycle, through the process of D-loop replication.

text: Replication focus[edit]

text: In vertebrate cells, replication sites concentrate into positions called replication foci.[26] Replication sites can be detected by immunostaining daughter strands and replication enzymes and monitoring GFP-tagged replication factors. By these methods it is found that replication foci of varying size and positions appear in S phase of cell division and their number per nucleus is far smaller than the number of genomic replication forks.

text: P. Heun et al.(2001) tracked GFP-tagged replication foci in budding yeast cells and revealed that replication origins move constantly in G1 and S phase and the dynamics decreased significantly in S phase.[26] Traditionally, replication sites were fixed on spatial structure of chromosomes by nuclear matrix or lamins. The Heun’s results denied the traditional concepts, budding yeasts don't have lamins, and support that replication origins self-assemble and form replication foci.

text: By firing of replication origins, controlled spatially and temporally, the formation of replication foci is regulated. D. A. Jackson et al.(1998) revealed that neighboring origins fire simultaneously in mammalian cells.[26] Spatial juxtaposition of replication sites brings clustering of replication forks. The clustering do rescue of stalled replication forks and favors normal progress of replication forks. Progress of replication forks is inhibited by many factors; collision with proteins or with complexes binding strongly on DNA, deficiency of dNTPs, nicks on template DNAs and so on. If replication forks stall and the remaining sequences from the stalled forks are not replicated, the daughter strands have nick obtained un-replicated sites. The un-replicated sites on one parent's strand hold the other strand together but not daughter strands. Therefore, the resulting sister chromatids cannot separate from each other and cannot divide into 2 daughter cells. When neighboring origins fire and a fork from one origin is stalled, fork from other origin access on an opposite direction of the stalled fork and duplicate the un-replicated sites. As other mechanism of the rescue there is application of dormant replication origins that excess origins don't fire in normal DNA replication.

text: Bacteria[edit]

text: Most bacteria do not go through a well-defined cell cycle but instead continuously copy their DNA; during rapid growth, this can result in the concurrent occurrence of multiple rounds of replication.[30] In E. coli, the best-characterized bacteria, DNA replication is regulated through several mechanisms, including: the hemimethylation and sequestering of the origin sequence, the ratio of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and the levels of protein DnaA. All these control the binding of initiator proteins to the origin sequences.

text: Because E. coli methylates GATC DNA sequences, DNA synthesis results in hemimethylated sequences. This hemimethylated DNA is recognized by the protein SeqA, which binds and sequesters the origin sequence; in addition, DnaA (required for initiation of replication) binds less well to hemimethylated DNA. As a result, newly replicated origins are prevented from immediately initiating another round of DNA replication.[31]

text: ATP builds up when the cell is in a rich medium, triggering DNA replication once the cell has reached a specific size. ATP competes with ADP to bind to DnaA, and the DnaA-ATP complex is able to initiate replication. A certain number of DnaA proteins are also required for DNA replication — each time the origin is copied, the number of binding sites for DnaA doubles, requiring the synthesis of more DnaA to enable another initiation of replication.

text: Polymerase chain reaction[edit]

text: Researchers commonly replicate DNA in vitro using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR uses a pair of primers to span a target region in template DNA, and then polymerizes partner strands in each direction from these primers using a thermostable DNA polymerase. Repeating this process through multiple cycles amplifies the targeted DNA region. At the start of each cycle, the mixture of template and primers is heated, separating the newly synthesized molecule and template. Then, as the mixture cools, both of these become templates for annealing of new primers, and the polymerase extends from these. As a result, the number of copies of the target region doubles each round, increasing exponentially.[32]


document_title: Miracle on 34th Street

question_text: who played the girl in miracle on 34th street

text: Miracle on 34th Street

text: Plot[edit]

text: Kris Kringle (Edmund Gwenn) is indignant to find that the man (Percy Helton) assigned to play Santa in the annual Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade is intoxicated. When he complains to event director Doris Walker (Maureen O'Hara), she persuades Kris to take his place. He does so well, he is hired to play Santa at Macy's flagship New York City store on 34th Street.

text: Ignoring instructions to steer parents to buy from Macy's, Kris directs one shopper (Thelma Ritter) to a competitor. Impressed, she tells Julian Shellhammer (Philip Tonge), head of the toy department, that she will become a loyal customer.

text: Attorney Fred Gailey (John Payne), Doris's neighbor, takes the young divorcée's daughter Susan (Natalie Wood) to see Santa. Doris has raised her to not believe in fairy tales, but Susan is shaken after seeing Kris speak Dutch with a girl who does not know English. Doris asks Kringle to tell Susan that he is not Santa, but he insists that he is.

text: Worried, Doris decides to fire him. However, Kris has generated so much positive publicity and goodwill for Macy's that Macy (Harry Antrim) promises Doris and Julian bonuses. To alleviate Doris's misgivings, Julian has Granville Sawyer (Porter Hall) administer a "psychological evaluation". Kris passes, and questions Sawyer's own mental health.

text: The store expands on the concept. To avoid looking greedy, competitor Gimbels implements the same policy, forcing Macy's and others to escalate. Eventually, Kris does the impossible: he reconciles bitter rivals Macy and Gimbel (Herbert Heyes).

text: Pierce (James Seay), the doctor at Kris' nursing home, assures Doris that Kris is harmless. Kris makes a pact with Fred – he will work on Susan's cynicism while Fred does the same with Doris, disillusioned by her failed marriage. When Susan reveals she wants a house, Kris reluctantly promises to do his best.

text: Kris learns that Sawyer has convinced young employee Alfred that he is unstable simply because he is kind-hearted. Finding Sawyer unwilling to budge, Kris hits him on the head with Sawyer's umbrella, which was on the desk. Sawyer exaggerates his pain in order to have Kris confined to Bellevue Hospital. Tricked into cooperating, and believing Doris to be in on the deception, Kris deliberately fails his examination and is recommended for permanent commitment. However, Fred persuades Kris not to give up.

text: At a hearing before Judge Henry X. Harper (Gene Lockhart), District Attorney Thomas Mara (Jerome Cowan) gets Kris to assert that he is Santa Claus and rests his case. Fred argues that Kris is not insane because he actually is Santa. Mara requests Harper rule that Santa does not exist. In private, Harper's political adviser, Charlie Halloran (William Frawley), warns him that doing so would be disastrous for his upcoming reelection bid. The judge buys time by hearing evidence.

text: Doris quarrels with Fred when he quits his job at a prestigious law firm to defend Kris. Fred calls Macy as a witness. When Mara asks if he believes Kris to be Santa, Macy starts to equivocate, but when pressed, he remembers the good Kris has done and states, "I do!" Afterward, Macy fires Sawyer. Fred then calls Mara's own young son (Bobby Hyatt), who testifies that his father told him that Santa was real. Mara concedes the point.

text: Mara then demands that Fred prove that Kris is "the one and only" Santa Claus on the basis of some competent authority. While Fred searches frantically, Susan writes Kris a letter to cheer him up, which Doris also signs. When a mail sorter (Jack Albertson) sees Susan's letter, he suggests delivering the many letters to Santa taking up space in the dead letter office too. Fred presents Judge Harper with three of them (from 21 full mailbags), addressed simply to "Santa Claus" and delivered to Kris, asserting the Post Office has acknowledged that he is the Santa Claus. Harper dismisses the case.

text: On Christmas morning, Susan is disappointed that Kris could not get her what she wanted. Kris gives Fred and Doris a route home that avoids traffic. Along the way, Susan sees her dream house with a "For Sale" sign in the front yard. Fred learns that Doris had encouraged Susan to have faith and suggests they get married and purchase the house. He then boasts that he must be a great lawyer since he proved Kris was Santa. However, when they spot a cane inside that looks just like Kris's, he is not so sure.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Maureen O'Hara as Doris Walker
John Payne as Frederick M. "Fred" Gailey
Edmund Gwenn as Kris Kringle
Gene Lockhart as The Hon. Henry X. Harper
Natalie Wood as Susan Walker
Porter Hall as Granville Sawyer
William Frawley as Charlie Halloran
Jerome Cowan as District Attorney Thomas Mara
Philip Tonge as Julian Shellhammer

tag: ul

text: Uncredited (alphabetically):

text:
Jack Albertson as "Al", the Post Office Mail Sorter
Harry Antrim as R. H. Macy
Lela Bliss as Mrs. Shellhammer
Jeff Corey as Reporter
Mary Field as Dutch Girl's Adopted Mother
William Forrest as Dr. Rogers at Bellevue
Alvin Greenman as Alfred
Theresa Harris as Cleo, the Walkers' maid/housekeeper
Percy Helton as Drunken Santa Claus
Herbert Heyes as Mr. Gimbel
Robert Karnes as 2nd Bellevue Intern
Snub Pollard as Mail-Bearing Court Officer
Thelma Ritter as Peter's Mother
James Seay as Dr. Pierce, physician at the Brooks Memorial Home for the Aged

text: Production[edit]

text: Although the film is set during the Christmas season, studio head Darryl F. Zanuck insisted that it be released in May, arguing that more people go to the movies in warmer weather. The studio rushed to promote it while keeping its Christmas setting a secret. Fox's promotional trailer depicted a fictional producer roaming the studio backlot and encountering such stars as Rex Harrison, Anne Baxter, Peggy Ann Garner, and Dick Haymes extolling the virtues of the film. In addition, the movie posters prominently featured O'Hara and Payne, with Gwenn's character kept in the background. The film opened in New York City at the Roxy Theatre on June 4, 1947.[6] By contrast, modern home video packaging has Gwenn and Wood dominating the imagery, with the DVD release having Kringle in his Santa Claus costume.

text: O'Hara was initially reluctant to take the role, having recently moved back to Ireland. She immediately changed her mind after reading the script[7] and came back to the United States for the film.

text: The Christmas window displays seen in the film were originally made by Steiff for Macy's. Macy's later sold the window displays to FAO Schwarz in New York. FAO Schwarz then sold the windows to the Marshall & Ilsley Bank of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, where they are on display every December in the bank's lobby on North Water Street.

text: The house shown at the end of the film is a 1703 square foot single family home built in 1943 at 24 Derby Road, Port Washington, New York. The home looks practically the same as it did in 1947, except that the roof line has been altered by the addition of a window.

text: Rowland Hussey Macy, called R. H. Macy in the film, died 70 years prior to the film (in 1877).[8]

text: Legal inaccuracies[edit]

text: In the book Reel Justice, the authors claim that Judge Harper could have dismissed the case early without the political repercussions he feared. In their theory, once the prosecutor rested his case immediately after Kris Kringle admitted in court simply that he believed he was Santa Claus, Judge Harper could have ruled that prosecution had forfeited its opportunity to prove that Kringle was dangerous (the basic point of such hearings; Kringle's actual mental state itself being irrelevant), and ordered him immediately released. However, this high standard for involuntary commitment was not instituted until 1975 with the U.S. Supreme Court's decision O'Connor v. Donaldson.

text: When demonstrating that he has taken several mental examinations in the past, Kris Kringle answers his own question about who was the Vice President under John Quincy Adams as Daniel D. Tompkins. Tompkins actually served under James Monroe. John C. Calhoun is the correct answer to Kringle's question. Tompkins was the 6th vice-president and Quincy Adams was the 6th president, leading to confusion in the script.[9]

text: Release[edit]

text: The film was re-released in theatres on December 20 and 23, 2015, as part of the "TCM Presents" series by Turner Classic Movies and Fathom Events.[10]

text: Reaction[edit]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (November 2014)

text: Miracle on 34th Street received mostly positive reviews from critics. Bosley Crowther of The New York Times said: "For all those blasé skeptics who do not believe in Santa Claus—and likewise for all those natives who have grown cynical about New York—but most especially for all those patrons who have grown weary of the monotonies of the screen, let us heartily recommend the Roxy's new picture, Miracle on 34th Street. As a matter of fact, let's go further: let's catch its spirit and heartily proclaim that it is the freshest little picture in a long time, and maybe even the best comedy of this year."[11] Today, it is considered by many as one of the best films of 1947.[12][13] The film currently holds a 96% "Fresh" rating on the review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes.[14]

text: The Catholic Legion of Decency gave the movie a "B", "morally objectionable in part" rating. This was mainly due to the fact that O'Hara was portraying a divorcée in the film.[15]

text: Awards and honors[edit]

text: The film won Academy Awards for Best Actor in a Supporting Role (Edmund Gwenn), Best Writing, Original Story (Valentine Davies) and Best Writing, Screenplay. It was also nominated for Best Picture, losing to Gentleman's Agreement.

text: It was ranked ninth by the American Film Institute on 100 Years... 100 Cheers, a list of America's most inspiring films.[16] Miracle on 34th Street was listed as the fifth best film in the fantasy genre in the American Film Institute's "Ten top Ten" lists in 2008.[17][18]

text: In 2005, Miracle on 34th Street was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".[19][20]

text: American Film Institute Lists

text:
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies – Nominated[21]
AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores – Nominated[22]
AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers – #9
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) – Nominated[23]
AFI's 10 Top 10 – #5 Fantasy Film

text: Home media and colorization[edit]

text: Miracle on 34th Street was first released on VHS and laserdisc in 1987.

text: In 1985, it became one of the first full-length black and white films to be colorized.[24] The 4½-month process was carried out by Color Systems Technology, Inc.[25] In 1993, this version was released on laserdisc and VHS and was followed four years later by a "50th Anniversary Edition", remastered by THX.

text: The first DVD release was in October 1999, featuring the B&W version alongside the original theatrical trailer and a TV spot. In November 2006, it was re-released as a two-disc "Special Edition" DVD, with disc one containing an "all new colorized version" carried out by Legend Films. The second disc had the original black-and-white version and numerous extras, including The 20th Century Fox Hour's 1955 TV remake. Both discs also included a full-length audio commentary by Maureen O'Hara. The B&W disc has since been re-released several times, including in a pairing with the 1994 remake.

text: In October 2009, 20th Century Fox released the B&W version on Blu-ray with all previous extras, bar the TV remake.[26]

text: Remake[edit]

text: A 1994 feature film starred Richard Attenborough, Elizabeth Perkins, Dylan McDermott, J. T. Walsh, Timothy Shea, James Remar, Jane Leeves, Simon Jones, William Windom and Mara Wilson. It was adapted by John Hughes from the Seaton script, and directed by Les Mayfield. Due to Macy's refusal to give permission to use its name, it was replaced by the fictitious "Cole's". Gimbels no longer existed by 1994 and was replaced with the fictional "Shopper's Express". Alvin Greenman (Alfred in the original version) played a doorman. This version had a more serious tone than the original and a large portion was rewritten, although the majority of the plot and characters remained intact. The film also added a subtext concerning religious faith.

text: In other media[edit]

text: There are four remakes of the movie and a Broadway musical.

text: Radio[edit]

text: Lux Radio Theater broadcast an adaptation in 1947 which starred the original cast including Natalie Wood. In 1948 it was done again on Lux, without Natalie Wood's participation, and it was adapted as a half-hour radio play on two broadcasts of Screen Director's Playhouse, all featuring Edmund Gwenn in his screen role. In these production Kris correctly cites James Monroe as the President for whom Daniel D. Tompkins was the Vice-President.

text: Theatre[edit]

text: A 1963 Broadway musical version, entitled Here's Love, was written by Meredith Willson.

text: The novella was adapted into a stage play by Will Severin, Patricia Di Benedetto Snyder and John Vreeke in 2000. It is a favorite in many community and regional theaters during the Christmas season.[27] The characters' names are those used in the novella, and the stage setting is distinctly late 1940s. Production rights are held by Samuel French, Inc.[28]

text: Television[edit]

text: A 1955 one-hour television adaptation of the movie starred Thomas Mitchell as Kris, Macdonald Carey as Fred, Teresa Wright as Doris, and Sandy Descher as Susan. This version did not show the drunken Santa at all. Titled "The Miracle on 34th Street", it originally aired as an episode of The 20th Century Fox Hour. It was later re-run as "Meet Mr. Kringle".

text: Ed Wynn played Kris in a 1959 television adaptation of the movie. Also featured was Orson Bean. It was broadcast live and in color on NBC the day after Thanksgiving. NBC made a kinescope of the program, probably for broadcasting opening night on the West Coast. The copy was in a large collection of kinescopes donated by NBC to the Library of Congress and recently unearthed by Richard Finegan, who reported his experiences in the December 2005 issue of Classic Images.

text: A 1973 television version featured Jane Alexander, David Hartman, Roddy McDowall, Sebastian Cabot as Kris (without his natural beard; he was forced to shave and wear a false beard for the role), Suzanne Davidson, Jim Backus, David Doyle and Tom Bosley. It was adapted by Jeb Rosebrook from the George Seaton screenplay, and directed by Fielder Cook. Mrs. Walker's first name is changed to Karen in this version. This would prove to be the final version in which the department store was actually Macy's. David Doyle, who played R. H. Macy in this version had played Mr. Sawyer in the original Broadway cast of Here's Love 10 years earlier.

text: Puppets[edit]

text: The flagship Macy's Department Store at Herald Square in New York features a 30-minute puppet version of the story within its Santaland display, featuring the voice talents of Broadway stars Brian Stokes Mitchell and Victoria Clark.

text: Changing character names[edit]

text:
1947
1955
1959
1963 Broadway musical
1973
1994

Doris Walker
Karen Walker
Dorey Walker

Frederick M. Gailey
Bill Schaffner
Bryan Bedford

Kris Kringle

Susan Walker

Cleo

[eliminated]

Drunk Santa

[no name given]

[no name given]
Tony Falacchi

Julian Shellhammer
Mr. Shellhammer
Marvin Shellhammer
Horace Shellhammer
Donald Shellhammer

Mrs. Shellhammer
[eliminated]

Alfred

Alfred
[eliminated]

Granville Sawyer
Dr. Albert Sawyer
Dr. William Sawyer
Dr. Bartholomew Sawyer
Dr. Henry Sawyer
[eliminated]

R. H. Macy
Mr. Macy
R. H. Macy
C. F. Cole

Mr. Gimbel
Victor Landbergh

Dr. Pierce
[eliminated]
Dr. Pierce
[eliminated]

Hon. Henry X. Harper
Hon. Harper
Hon. Martin Group
Hon. Harper
Hon. Henry Harper

Charlie Halloran

Tammany O'Halloran

[eliminated]

Thomas Mara
Mr. Mara
Thomas Mara
Ed Collins

Mrs. Mara
[eliminated]

[eliminated]
Rebecca Collins

Macy's Department Store
Cole's Department Store

Gimbels Department Store
Shopper's Express