document_title: Hot in Cleveland

question_text: who plays melanie's son on hot in cleveland

question_tokens: who plays melanie 's son on hot in cleveland

text: Hot in Cleveland

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: The series centers on three aging entertainment industry veterans from Los Angeles, Melanie (Valerie Bertinelli), Joy (Jane Leeves), and Victoria (Wendie Malick). The three women find a more welcoming and less shallow and youth-obsessed community in Cleveland, Ohio, where, as seen in the pilot episode, their Paris-bound plane makes an emergency landing. They decide to stay and lease a home where a sassy caretaker Elka (Betty White) still lives in the guest house.

text: Cast and characters [edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text: Valerie Bertinelli as Melanie Hope Moretti, a writer and mother of college-age kids Will and Jenna. Depressed by her divorce, she boards a plane to Paris in the pilot episode to find love. However, when the plane makes an emergency landing in Cleveland, Melanie loves the city and its people so much that she decides to stay. Melanie discovers she is pregnant at the end of season 4 with Alec's baby; however, it turns out that she has a brain tumor, which caused symptoms that affected her pregnancy test.[4][5]

tag: ul

text: Jane Leeves as Rejoyla "Joy" Scroggs, a never-married beautician, known as the "Eyebrow Queen of Beverly Hills", who counts among her clients stars such as Oprah Winfrey and Ryan Seacrest.[4] Joy's mother, who lives in England, is highly critical of her.[4][5] She had a son, Owen, when she was 15, but put him up for adoption.[6] In the first season finale, Joy receives a message from her son, but a tornado prevents her from contacting him.[7] Her son finally comes to visit her in Season 2, with disastrous results. At the end of season 3 a baby is left on the women's doorstep. This baby is revealed in season 4 as Joy's grandson Wilbur. At the end of season 4, Joy's "Baby-Daddy" Simon shows up and wants to get back together. Joy eventually marries her quirky boss, Bob, in the series finale.

text: Wendie Malick as Victoria Chase, a six-time-divorced, Daytime Emmy and Oscar Award-winning[8] soap opera star who is famous for playing the lead role of Honor St. Raven in the 27-year running show, Edge of Tomorrow. With the show recently canceled, Victoria laments that her only career opportunities are playing Megan Fox's grandmother[4][5] and Melanie Griffith's mother[9] (in separate projects), and promoting adult underpants in Japan.[10] She has also appeared in numerous Lifetime movies, the titles of which she brings up throughout the series. Her jobs in Cleveland have included high school drama teacher and reporter for Oh Hi, Ohio, a local news magazine program. In Season 4, she stars in a fictional Woody Allen movie, later marrying her co-star Emmett Lawson while he is in prison. Also in Season 4, someone reveals her real age, but it is bleeped and the character's mouth is obscured. She has two daughters, Emmy (an actress) and Oscar (a journalist), and one son named Tony (a software developer). She is sworn enemies with Susan Lucci and has fought Melanie Griffith.

text: Betty White as Elka Ostrovsky, an elderly Polish caretaker whose judgmental retorts to the other women in the pilot reveal an astringent demeanor and allude to a storied life, including escaping from the Nazis, an active sex life, heavy drinking, and possible marijuana use.[5] It is revealed in the first season finale that her late husband had mob connections, and that the smell of marijuana came from the polish of his stolen goods. In the season 2 finale her "dead" husband surprisingly shows up at her wedding to Fred. White was only expected to have a guest role in the pilot episode, but her performance was so well-received that the producers decided to make her a regular.[11] During season 3, her age is revealed. At least once in several episodes she says, "I'm 90." A running joke on the series is Elka's ability to attract men better than Joy does. Elka is elected to a Cleveland City Council seat in Season 5.

text: Recurring cast[edit]

text:
Wayne Knight as Rick (season 1–2), the women's neighbor and a reporter for the Cleveland Plain Dealer. Rick has slept with Joy, but professes in Season 2 that he is more attracted to Melanie.
Carl Reiner as Max (season 1–3, 5), Elka's on-again/off-again (mostly off) boyfriend.
Susan Lucci (season 1–3; 5), as a fictionalized version of herself. A rival of Victoria's from their soap opera days, who is constantly competing with her.
Huey Lewis as Johnny Revere (season 1–3, 6), a famous musician who has an on/off sexual relationship with Victoria that dates back many years. Though the two have genuine affection for each other, career pursuits always got in the way of a lasting relationship. In the series finale, the two finally decide to settle down, and they get engaged.
Joe Jonas as Will (season 1–3), Melanie's son, who is in college.
Juliet Mills as Philippa (season 1; 4–5), Joy's uptight and critical mother
Michael McMillian as Owen (season 2–6), Joy's son from a teenage pregnancy, whom she gave up for adoption. He has his own illegitimate son, Wilbur, in the fourth season.
Jennifer Love Hewitt as Emmy Chase (season 2–3; 5), Victoria's actress daughter. In the fifth season, it is revealed she is married and eight months pregnant with a daughter, named Melon, to whom she gives birth in the same episode. She played a cop named Cole in the TV series Cole's Law.
John Mahoney as Roy (season 2–3; 5), a waiter who flirts with Elka in season two. In season three, he fakes a murder investigation to get closer to Elka. The two start dating, and go on many adventures, including skydiving. They break up after Roy's mother disapproves of Elka, but get back together in season 5, albeit briefly.
Buck Henry as Fred (season 2–3), Elka's fiancé in season 2. Their wedding is halted before they say their vows after Elka's "dead" husband shockingly shows up.
James Patrick Stuart as Colin Cooper (season 2–3), Victoria's co-anchor on Oh Hi, Ohio, whom she finds annoying. He has an off/on relationship with Joy throughout the second and third seasons.
Jon Lovitz as Artie Firestone (season 2–3), a mentally unstable billionaire who is heir to the Firestone family fortune. In season two, while disowned by his family and homeless, he became engaged to Joy so she could get her green card. In season three, he began taking medication for his mental illness and was welcomed back into the Firestone family. The character's name and personal fortune is a reference to another character played by Lovitz, Artie Ziff, on The Simpsons.
Georgia Engel as Mamie-Sue Johnson (season 3–6), a naïve friend of Elka's. She and Elka run an illegal pharmacy in the fourth season.
Dave Foley as Detective Bob Moore (season 4–6), Joy's strange employer at a private detective agency where she works as a college intern. He quickly becomes infatuated with Joy. By Season 6, Joy finally reciprocates the feelings and the two get engaged. They get married and adopt a baby girl in the series finale.
Craig Ferguson as Simon (season 4–6), Joy's former lover, Owen's father, and Wilbur's grandfather, who comes back into her life unexpectedly.
Jay Harrington as Alec (season 4–5), Melanie's boss and love interest in the fourth season. He and Melanie break up amicably, so that he can have the chance to be a father.
Heather Locklear as Chloe (season 4), Alec's ex-wife who is still his business partner.
Alan Dale as Emmett Lawson (season 4), Victoria's on-screen and off-screen love interest during the fourth season. He proposes to Victoria, but is soon arrested for tax fraud. He and Victoria marry in prison in the season finale, but he escapes from prison disguised as her. He faked his death and is presumably still alive in a remote area of the world, but Victoria has decided to move on without him.
Eddie Cibrian as Sean (season 4), Joy's fireman love interest.
Tim Daly as Mitch Turner (season 5), Joy's new boss after he takes over the detective agency from Bob. He later becomes Joy's boyfriend.
Bill Bellamy as Councilman Powell (season 5), a wheelchair-bound, former Ohio State University football star who holds a city council seat that Elka seeks.

text: Guest stars[edit]

text: Season 1[edit]

text: Guest stars during the first season included Shirley Knight as Melanie's overprotective mother, Loretta;[12] Hal Linden as Victoria's womanizing actor father, Alex; singer Joe Jonas as Melanie's son, Will;[13] Carl Reiner as Max, Elka's boyfriend;[12] Bil Dwyer as Melanie's ex-husband Anders; and Juliet Mills as Joy's critical mother, Philippa. Other first season guest stars include John Schneider, Wayne Knight, Robert Gant, Huey Lewis,[12] Amy Yasbeck, Tim Conway, Mark Indelicato, David Starzyk, Gary Anthony Williams, Dave Foley and Susan Lucci.[14]

text: Season 2[edit]

text: For the second season, Mary Tyler Moore guest starred in the season premiere as Elka's jail cellmate, in the wake of the latter's arrest in the first season finale. This marked the first time since 1977, when The Mary Tyler Moore Show ended, that White and Moore had worked together.[15] Sherri Shepherd appeared in two episodes as the judge in Elka's competency case.[16] David Starzyk, John Schneider, Huey Lewis, Wayne Knight and Carl Reiner all reprised their roles from season 1. Bonnie Franklin also guest starred as Melanie's ex-boyfriend's mother, Franklin reuniting with One Day at a Time co-star Valerie Bertinelli. On July 20, 2011, Doris Roberts appeared as Lydia Dombrosky, Elka's nemesis. Jennifer Love Hewitt guest starred as Victoria's daughter Emmy, while Michael McMillian appeared as Joy's son, Owen. Buck Henry appeared in multiple episodes as Elka's love interest and eventual fiancé. Jimmy Kimmel, Susan Lucci, and Melanie Griffith made guest appearances as themselves. Michael E. Knight, Jon Lovitz, Isaiah Mustafa, Monica Horan, Frank Caliendo, Cedric the Entertainer, Darnell Williams and Jane Leeves' Frasier co-stars Peri Gilpin and John Mahoney also appeared on the show as guest stars. Don Rickles made a surprise appearance as Elka's dead husband in the Season 2 finale, "Elka's Wedding".

text: Season 3[edit]

text: Season three features guest stars such as series producer Sean Hayes as a hand model boyfriend of Victoria's, Gilles Marini as Captain Lebeau, Kathie Lee Gifford, Sandra Bernhard, Don Rickles as Elka's late husband Bob, who faked his death, John Mahoney (Leeves' former Frasier costar) as Roy, Elka's boyfriend, and Laura San Giacomo as Melanie's estranged sister, and Baron Davis and Josh Cribbs as themselves. In addition to Mary Tyler Moore guest starring in the second season premiere, the third season saw Betty White reunite with Ed Asner and Georgia Engel in two different episodes. The season includes the return of guests Jennifer Love Hewitt, Susan Lucci, Huey Lewis, Joe Jonas and Jon Lovitz.[17] Cybill Shepherd, Curtis Armstrong, Doug Savant, Kristin Chenoweth, Barry Bostwick, Dan Cortese, Lee Corso, Regis Philbin, Joan Rivers, and David Spade --who had co-starred with Malick in Just Shoot Me, as had San Giacomo -- also make guest appearances in the third season.

text: Season 4[edit]

text: Season four recurring guests include Heather Locklear as Chloe, Jay Harrington as Alec, and Alan Dale as Emmett. Other guest stars include Craig Ferguson, who plays the ex-boyfriend that left Joy when she became pregnant, Eddie Cibrian as Sean, Fred Willard as Dr. Hill, and Gary Anthony Sturgis as Officer Davenport, while Ed Begley Jr., Nicholas Bishop, Heather Dubrow, Dave Foley, Jesse Tyler Ferguson and George Hamilton also make guest appearances. Georgia Engel and Regis Philbin reprise their roles from the previous season, while Michael McMillian returns as Owen, Joy's son and Juliet Mills returns for one episode as Joy's mother.[18] In the live episode for the mid-season premiere, Academy Award winner Shirley Jones makes a guest appearance, as does William Shatner as "Sally from Cincinnati". Carol Burnett guest-starred as Victoria's mother and Jean Smart guest-starred as Victoria's sister in the second episode of the summer season. Tim Conway also reprised his role as Elka's ex-boyfriend, Nick.

text: The Mary Tyler Moore Show cast reunited on screen for the first time in 36 years, in an episode where Mary Tyler Moore, Valerie Harper, Cloris Leachman, Betty White and Georgia Engel were all members of a 1960s bowling team reuniting for the first time in 50 years.

text: In the season finale, Melanie announces she is pregnant, Joy rekindles her love for her son's father, and Victoria's husband, Emmett, who is in jail, has escaped on the night of their jailhouse honeymoon.

text: Season 5[edit]

text: Season 5 premiered with The Soul Man with two back-to-back live episodes on March 26, 2014 (10:00PM EDT and 10:30PM EDT).[19] Guest stars in the premiere episode included Dave Foley and Georgia Engel reprising their roles from the previous seasons, and Ken Jeong making a guest appearance, with Alex Trebek appearing as himself. Cedric the Entertainer made a special guest appearance reprising his role from the Hot in Cleveland spin-off The Soul Man, while Betty White reprised her role as Elka on The Soul Man. Jennifer Love Hewitt, Jay Harrington, Craig Ferguson, Michael McMillian, Susan Lucci and Juliet Mills reprised their roles from the previous seasons. Tim Daly was added as recurring character Mitch, Joy's new boss and love interest. Additional guest appearances were made by Thomas Lennon, Jaime Pressly, Angela Kinsey, Chris Elliott, Jason Priestley, Sarah Hyland, Max Greenfield, Cheri Oteri, Chevy Chase, Rob Schneider, Nora Dunn, Morgan Fairchild, Coby Bell, Chris Colfer, Will Sasso, Steven Tyler (in the special animated episode), Queen Latifah, Perez Hilton and Debra Monk.

text: Season 6[edit]

text: The sixth season was announced by TV Land as the final season for the series.[3] Guest stars for this season include: Ernie Hudson as one of Victoria's ex-husbands who helps her come to terms with their once embarrassing legacy, Lesley Nicol who appeared in the Christmas episode; Andrew J. West as a man who hits on Melanie, Timm Sharp as the producer of Victoria's new TV show, and Robert Wagner as Jim, a new man in Elka's life. Mario Lopez appears as himself, with newly appointed Councilwoman Elka trying to lure him into taping his TV show in Cleveland. Will Sasso reprises his role as Franky, Melanie's co-host on the "He Said/She Said" radio program. Bob Newhart, Thomas Gibson and Huey Lewis all appear in the season and series finale. Stacy Keach plays Victoria's father Alex in two episodes.

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
Viewers
(in millions)

First aired
Last aired

1
10
June 16, 2010 (2010-06-16)
August 18, 2010 (2010-08-18)
3.12

2
22
January 19, 2011 (2011-01-19)
August 31, 2011 (2011-08-31)
2.09

3
24
November 30, 2011 (2011-11-30)
June 6, 2012 (2012-06-06)
1.52

4
24
November 28, 2012 (2012-11-28)
September 4, 2013 (2013-09-04)
1.34

5
24
March 26, 2014 (2014-03-26)
September 10, 2014 (2014-09-10)
N/A

6
24
November 5, 2014 (2014-11-05)
June 3, 2015 (2015-06-03)
0.79

tag: table

text: Development and production[edit]

text: Hot in Cleveland is TV Land's first attempt at a first-run scripted comedy (the channel has rerun other sitcoms since its debut) and is produced by Sean Hayes's Hazy Mills Productions and written by Suzanne Martin, who also serves as the showrunner.[1][20] It is shot with a multicamera setup in front of a live studio audience at the CBS Studio Center production studios.[21][22]

text: Martin initially got the idea from the period after Estelle Getty died in which clips of Getty's sitcom, Golden Girls were being replayed on the news which cause Martin "to think about women in their 50s and what the show meant for women now." [23] She then devised a scenario in which "women in that age group landed somewhere in America and they were "hot again" there?" Martin initially pitched the series to CBS who rejected it, due to what Martin believes was "because it involved women older than the demo they were looking at"[23] At the time of the pick up Martin was unaware of TV Land's existence. [23]

text: TV Land announced that the show was renewed for a second season on July 7, 2010. The 20-episode second season began production on November 1, 2010, and premiered January 19, 2011.[24][25][26] On February 28, 2011, TV Land renewed the show for a third season to consist of 22 episodes.[27] On March 21, 2011, TV Land announced that the third season order was increased to 24 episodes.[28] On January 12, 2012, TV Land renewed the series for a fourth season.[29]

text: Betty White was only meant to appear in the pilot of the show but was asked to stay on for the entire series.[30] She reportedly earned $75,000 per episode for the series.[31]

text: Spin-off series and crossovers[edit]

text: On April 18, 2011, It was announced that Cedric the Entertainer would guest star in a season 2 episode as a minister that gets caught up in the girls' problems.[32] The episode served as a backdoor pilot for a spin-off series to star Cedric. The episode entitled "Bridezelka"[33] was written by Hot in Cleveland creator Suzanne Martin[34] and aired on August 24, 2011.[35]

text: The spin-off series centers on Reverend Boyce (Cedric) as he moves from Cleveland to St. Louis and has to balance his wild past as an R&B singer with the expectations of his congregation and his family.[36] On January 12, 2012, TV Land officially picked up the pilot to series, under the title Have Faith; with the first season set to have 12 episodes.[37] On March 11, 2012, it was announced that the series' title was changed from Have Faith to The Soul Man. The series premiered on June 20, 2012. In the March 27, 2014 premiere of Hot in Cleveland, Cedric the Entertainer reprises his role as Reverend Boyce; however, he doesn't appear to recognize the characters from his appearance in Season 2 of Hot in Cleveland. Betty White also reprises her role as Elka on The Soul Man.

text: In the second season of Hot in Cleveland, the show crossed over with daytime soap opera All My Children, in the two-part episode 'I Love Lucci'. Wendie Malick appeared on All My Children, where she was credited as Victoria Chase, while Susan Lucci appears as herself on Hot in Cleveland.

text: The fifth season of Hot in Cleveland featured a crossover with the television show Kirstie, which also aired on TV Land in 2013–14.[38]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The show has received positive reviews from critics. Wendie Malick and Betty White have both received extensive praise for their performances. The first season scored a 65 out of 100 on Metacritic.[39]

text: Comparisons with The Golden Girls[edit]

text: Hot in Cleveland has been referred to as a modern spin on the classic 1980s television series The Golden Girls which also featured actress Betty White in a starring role. Craig Berman of Today stated that the show is "as close as we're likely to get to a repeat of White's 1980s ensemble comedy hit, The Golden Girls ... [TV Land] the network known as the refuge for people looking to fall asleep to reruns of shows from their childhood has made its first scripted program a modern version of the classic sitcom premise."[40] Alessandra Stanley of The New York Times commented: "This is the first original scripted comedy on TV Land, a network that was founded on reruns. So not surprisingly, Hot in Cleveland is a pastiche of classics – a little bit Cheers and Frasier, a little bit The Golden Girls."[41] Michael Musto of The Village Voice wrote: "Wendy [sic] Malick is basically the modern-day Bea Arthur. Sweet-faced Valerie Bertinelli is the new Betty White. Been-around Jane Leeves is the nouveau Rue McClanahan. And witheringly sarcastic Golden Girl Betty White has turned into Estelle Getty."[42]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: Betty White received a Screen Actors Guild Award nomination for her role as Elka Ostrovsky, and went on to win the award. The cast received a nomination for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series.

text: On May 17, 2011, TV Land entered the show in the race for the 63rd Primetime Emmy Awards. The show submitted for Outstanding Comedy Series and Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series for all four leading women, to reinforce the idea of an ensemble cast. The show also submitted in technical categories.[43]

text: On July 14, 2011, the show received two Primetime Emmy nominations, including Betty White getting nominated for Outstanding Supporting Actress In A Comedy Series.[44]

text: In December 2011, Betty White received her second consecutive SAG nomination for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series. She went on to win it.[45] In 2012 Hot in Cleveland received 2 more Emmy nominations.

text:
Awards
Year
Category
Nominee
Result

The Comedy Awards
2011
Best Actress in a TV Comedy
Betty White
Nominated[46]

Emmy Awards
2011
Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series
Betty White
Nominated[44]

Outstanding Art Direction for a Multi-Camera Series
Michael Andrew Hynes and Maralee Zediker
(for "Sisterhood of the Traveling SPANX©", "I Love Lucci: Part Two", and "LeBron is Le Gone")
Won[44]

Gracie Allen Awards
2011
Best Actress in a Comedy Series
Betty White
Won[47]

Screen Actors Guild Awards
2011
Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series
Betty White
Won[45]

Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series
Valerie Bertinelli, Jane Leeves, Wendie Malick and Betty White
Nominated[45]

People's Choice Awards
2012
Favorite Cable TV Comedy
Hot in Cleveland
Won[48]

Screen Actors Guild Awards
2012
Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series
Betty White
Won[49]

GLAAD Media Awards
2012
Outstanding Individual Episode (in a series without a regular LGBT character)
Hot in Cleveland episode "Beards"
Won[50]

People's Choice Awards
2013
Favorite Cable TV Comedy
Hot in Cleveland
Nominated[51]

People's Choice Awards
2014
Favorite Cable TV Comedy
Hot in Cleveland
Nominated[52]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: The series premiere of Hot in Cleveland was a ratings success for TV Land. It earned a 1.9 rating and averaged 2 million viewers among the network's target adults 25–54 audience and also averaged 1.3 million among women 25–54. It drew a total of 4.75 million viewers making it the most watched show in TV Land history.[21]

text:
Season
Timeslot
(ET/PT)
# Ep.
Premiere date
Premiere
viewers
(millions)
18-49
rating
Finale date
Finale
viewers
(millions)
18-49
rating
TV season
Viewers
(millions)

1
Wednesday
10:00 pm
10
June 16, 2010
4.75[53]
1.5[53]
August 18, 2010
3.40[54]
0.9[54]
2010
4.2[55]
2.8[56]

2
22
January 19, 2011
2.95[57]
0.7[57]
August 31, 2011
2.44[58]
0.5[58]
2011
2.08

3
24
November 30, 2011
1.94[59]
0.4[59]
June 6, 2012
1.95[60]
0.5[60]
2011–2012
1.52

4
24
November 28, 2012
1.70[61]
0.4[61]
September 4, 2013
1.90[62]
0.5[62]
2012–2013
1.34

5
24
March 26, 2014
1.35[63]
0.3[63]
September 10, 2014
0.91[64]
0.2[64]
2014
N/A

6
24
November 5, 2014
0.66[65]
0.2[65]
June 3, 2015
1.02[66]
0.2[66]
2014–2015
N/A

text: DVD releases[edit]

text: Paramount Home Media Distribution has released all six seasons on DVD in Region 1.[67] [68]

text:
DVD Name
Region 1
Release Date
Region 2
Release Date
Region 4
Release Date
# Ep.
Discs
Special features

Season 1
January 11, 2011
April 25, 2011
February 17, 2011[69]
10
2
Original full-length pilot, bloopers, wardrobe featurette, "We Love Our Age" featurette, set tour, Victoria's full-length Japanese "lady pants" commercial, episode of "Retired at 35".

Season 2
November 29, 2011 (USA)
January 31, 2012 (Canada)
August 29, 2011 (Part 1)
February 25, 2013 (Part 2)[70]
February 25, 2013 (Complete Season 2) [71]
January 19, 2012[72]
22
3
Interviews, The Cast Visits Cleveland, On the Set of Hot in Cleveland, The First Episode of TV Land's Newest Sitcom, The Exes.

Season 3
November 27, 2012[73]
N/A
N/A
24
3

Season 4
December 3, 2013[74]
N/A
N/A
24
3
Look Who's Hot Now clip episode.

Season 5
November 4, 2014[75]
N/A
N/A
24
3

Season 6
April 26, 2016[76]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: Syndication[edit]

text: On March 20, 2013, TV Land announced that Hot in Cleveland was renewed for a 24-episode fifth season, to begin in late fall of 2013. With the fifth season bringing the total episodes in the series to 104, TV Land also announced it had made deals in 92% of the U.S. television markets for a syndication package, which premiered in the fall of 2015.[77]

text: International[edit]

text: On June 22, 2010, it was announced that Endemol will distribute Hot in Cleveland internationally,[78] while CBS Television Distribution will own the US rights, with syndication to start in 2013.[79] The show began broadcasting on July 5, 2010, in Canada on CTV and on July 9 on The Comedy Network but only Season 1 and Part 1 of Season 2 have aired.[80] It currently airs in strip on M3.

text: It began broadcasting on July 26, 2010, in Australia on the Nine Network. In the UK and Ireland, the series began airing on Sky Living on February 15, 2011.[81] For season 3, the show switched to Sony Entertainment Television (UK & Ireland).[82]

text: In South Africa, it began broadcasting on M-Net on July 8, 2011. In India, Hot in Cleveland started airing from June 2012 on Comedy Central.


document_title: Kodak

question_text: when did kodak introduce film photography to the commercial market

question_tokens: when did kodak introduce film photography to the commercial market

root

text: Kodak

text: History[edit]

text: From the company's founding by George Eastman in 1888, Kodak followed the razor and blades strategy of selling inexpensive cameras and making large margins from consumables – film, chemicals and paper. As late as 1976, Kodak commanded 90% of film sales and 85% of camera sales in the U.S.[24]

tag: p

text: Rivalry with Fujifilm[edit]

text: Japanese competitor Fujifilm entered the U.S. market (via Fuji Photo Film U.S.A.) with lower-priced film and supplies, but Kodak did not believe that American consumers would ever desert its brand.[25] Kodak passed on the opportunity to become the official film of the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics; Fuji won these sponsorship rights, which gave it a permanent foothold in the marketplace. Fuji opened a film plant in the U.S., and its aggressive marketing and price cutting began taking market share from Kodak. Fuji went from a 10% share in the early 1990s to 17% in 1997.  Fuji also made headway into the professional market with specialty transparency films such as Velvia and Provia, which competed successfully with Kodak's signature professional product, Kodachrome, but used the more economical and common E-6 processing machines which were standard in most processing labs, rather than the dedicated machines required by Kodachrome. Fuji's films soon also found a competitive edge in higher-speed negative films, with a tighter grain structure.

text: In May 1995, Kodak filed a petition with the US Commerce Department under section 301 of the Commerce Act arguing that its poor performance in the Japanese market was a direct result of unfair practices adopted by Fuji. The complaint was lodged by the United States with the World Trade Organization.[26] On January 30, 1998, the WTO announced a "sweeping rejection of Kodak's complaints" about the film market in Japan. Kodak's financial results for the year ending December 1997 showed that company's revenues dropped from $15.97 billion in 1996 to $14.36 billion in 1997, a fall of more than 10%; its net earnings went from $1.29 billion to just $5 million for the same period. Kodak's market share declined from 80.1% to 74.7% in the United States, a one-year drop of five percentage points that had observers suggesting that Kodak was slow to react to changes and underestimated its rivals.[27][28][29][29]

text: Although from the 1970s both Fuji and Kodak recognized the upcoming threat of digital photography, and although both sought diversification as a mitigation strategy, Fuji was more successful at diversification.[25]

text: Shift to digital[edit]

text: Although Kodak developed a digital camera in 1975, the first of its kind, the product was dropped for fear it would threaten Kodak's photographic film business.[31][32]  In the 1990s, Kodak planned a decade-long journey to move to digital technology. CEO George M. C. Fisher reached out[clarification needed] to Microsoft and other new consumer merchandisers. Apple's pioneering QuickTake consumer digital cameras, introduced in 1994, had the Apple label but were produced by Kodak. The DC-20 and DC-25 launched in 1996. Overall, though, there was little implementation of the new digital strategy. Kodak's core business faced no pressure from competing technologies, and as Kodak executives could not fathom a world without traditional film there was little incentive to deviate from that course. Consumers gradually switched to the digital offering from companies such as Sony. In 2001 film sales dropped, which was attributed by Kodak to the financial shocks caused by the September 11 attacks. Executives hoped that Kodak might be able to slow the shift to digital through aggressive marketing.[33]

text: Under Daniel Carp, Fisher's successor as CEO, Kodak made its move in the digital camera market, with its EasyShare family of digital cameras. Kodak spent tremendous resources studying customer behavior, finding out that women in particular loved taking digital photos but were frustrated in moving them to their computers. This key unmet consumer need became a major opportunity. Once Kodak got its product development machine started, it released a wide range of products which made it easy to share photos via PCs. One of their key innovations was a printer dock, where consumers could insert their cameras into this compact device, press a button, and watch their photos roll out. By 2005, Kodak ranked No. 1 in the U.S. in digital camera sales that surged 40% to $5.7 billion.[34]

text: Despite the high growth, Kodak failed to anticipate how fast digital cameras became commodities, with low profit margins, as more companies entered the market in the mid-2000s.[35] In 2001 Kodak held the No. 2 spot in U.S. digital camera sales (behind Sony) but it lost $60 on every camera sold, while there was also a dispute between employees from its digital and film divisions.[36] The film business, where Kodak enjoyed high profit margins, fell 18% in 2005. The combination of these two factors resulted in disappointing profits overall.[33] Its digital cameras soon became undercut by Asian competitors that could produce their offerings more cheaply. Kodak had a 27% market-leading share in 1999, that dwindled to 15% by 2003.[36] In 2007 Kodak was No. 4 in U.S. digital camera sales with a 9.6% share, and by 2010 it held 7% in seventh place behind Canon, Sony, Nikon and others, according to research firm IDC.[37] Also an ever-smaller percentage of digital pictures were being taken on dedicated digital cameras, being gradually displaced in the late 2000s by cameras on cellphones, smartphones, and tablets.

text: New strategy[edit]

text: Kodak then began a strategy shift: Previously Kodak had done everything in-house, but CEO Antonio Pérez shut down film factories and eliminated 27,000 jobs as it outsourced its manufacturing.[38] Pérez invested heavily in digital technologies and new services that capitalized on its technology innovation to boost profit margins.[33] He also spent hundreds of millions of dollars to build up a high-margin printer ink business to replace shriveling film sales. Kodak's ink strategy rejected the razor and blades business model used by the dominant market leader Hewlett-Packard in that Kodak's printers were expensive but the ink was cheaper.[39] As of 2011, these new lines of inkjet printers were said to be on verge of turning a profit, although some analysts were skeptical as printouts had been replaced gradually by electronic copies on computers, tablets, and smartphones.[39] Home photograph printers, high-speed commercial inkjet presses, workflow software, and packaging were viewed as the company's new core businesses, with sales from those four businesses projected to double to nearly $2 billion in revenue in 2013 and account for 25% of all sales. However, while Kodak named home printers as a core business as late as August 2012, at the end of September declining sales forced Kodak to announce an exit from the consumer inkjet market.[40]

text: Kodak has also turned to litigation in order to generate revenue.[10][11] In 2010, it received $838 million from patent licensing that included a settlement with LG.[27]

text: In 2011, despite the turnaround progress, Kodak rapidly used up its cash reserves, stoking fears of bankruptcy; it had $957 million in cash in June 2011, down from $1.6 billion in January 2001.[41] In 2011, Kodak reportedly explored selling off or licensing its vast portfolio of patents in order to stave off bankruptcy.[41] By January 2012, analysts suggested that the company could enter bankruptcy followed by an auction of its patents, as it was reported to be in talks with Citigroup to provide debtor-in-possession financing.[13][42] This was confirmed on January 19, 2012, when the company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection and obtained a $950 million, 18-month credit facility from Citigroup to enable it to continue operations.[12][13][14]  Under the terms of its bankruptcy protection, Kodak had a deadline of February 15, 2013 to produce a reorganization plan.[43]

text: In April 2013, Kodak showed its first Micro Four Thirds camera, to be manufactured by JK Imaging.[44][45]

text: On September 3, 2013, Kodak announced that it emerged from bankruptcy as a technology company focused on imaging for business.[21]  Its main business segments are Digital Printing & Enterprise and Graphics, Entertainment & Commercial Films.[5]

text: On March 12, 2014, Kodak announced that Jeffrey J. Clarke had been named as chief executive officer and a member of its board of directors.[46][47][48]

text: On January 1, 2015, Kodak announced a new five business division structure; Print Systems, Enterprise Inkjet Systems, Micro 3D Printing and Packaging, Software and Solutions, and Consumer and Film.[7][49]

text: Timeline[edit]

text:
April 1880: George Eastman leased the third floor of a building on State Street in Rochester N.Y. and began the commercial manufacture of dry plates.
January 1, 1881: Eastman and businessman Henry A. Strong formed a partnership called the Eastman Dry Plate Company.[50] Eastman resigned his position at the Rochester Savings Bank in order to work full-time at the Eastman Dry Plate Company.
1884: The Eastman-Strong partnership was dissolved and the Eastman Dry Plate and Film Company formed with 14 shareowners. The Eastman Dry Plate Company was responsible for the first cameras suitable for non expert use.
1885: George Eastman bought David Houston's patents for roll film and developed them further. These were the basis for the invention of motion picture film, as used by early filmmakers and Thomas Edison.
September 4, 1888: Eastman registered the trademark Kodak.[51]
1888: The first model of the Kodak camera appeared. It took round pictures 6.4 cm (2.5 in) in diameter, was of the fixed focus type, and carried a roll of film enough for 100 exposures. Its invention practically marked the advent of amateur photography, as before that time both apparatus and processes were too burdensome to classify photography as recreation. The roll film used in the first model of the Kodak camera had a paper base but was soon superseded by a film with a cellulose base, a practical transparent flexible film.[52] The first films had to be loaded into the camera and unloaded in the dark room, but the film cartridge system with its protecting strip of opaque paper made it possible to load and unload the camera in ordinary light. The Kodak Developing Machine (1900) and its simplified successor, the Kodak Film Tank, provided the means for daylight development of film, making the dark room unnecessary for any of the operations of amateur photography. The earlier types of the Kodak cameras were of the box form and of fixed focus, and as various sizes were added, devices for focusing the lenses were incorporated.[52]
1889: The Eastman Company was formed.[1]
1891: George Eastman began to produce a second line of cameras, the Ordinary range.[53]
1892: It was renamed the Eastman Kodak Company in 1892. Eastman Kodak Company of New York was organized.[1] He coined the advertising slogan, "You Press the Button, We Do the Rest."[54]  The Kodak company thereby attained its name from the first simple roll film cameras produced by Eastman Dry Plate Company, known as the "Kodak" in its product line.
Early 1890s: The first folding Kodak cameras were introduced. These were equipped with folding bellows that permitted much greater compactness.
1895: The first pocket Kodak camera, the $5 Pocket Kodak, was introduced.[55] It was of the box form type, slipping easily into an ordinary coat pocket, and producing negatives 1½ x 2 inches.
1897: The first folding pocket Kodak camera was introduced,[52] and was mentioned in the novel Dracula, published the same year.
1898: George Eastman purchased the patent for Velox photographic paper from Leo Baekeland for $1,000,000. After this time, Velox paper was then sold by Eastman Kodak.

text:
1900: The Brownie camera was introduced, creating a new mass market for photography.
1901: The present company, Eastman Kodak Company of New Jersey, was formed under the laws of that state. Eventually, the business in Jamestown was moved in its entirety to Rochester, and the plants in Jamestown were demolished.
By 1920: An “Autographic Feature” provided a means for recording data on the margin of the negative at the time of exposure. This feature was supplied on all Kodak cameras with the exception of a box camera designed for making panoramic pictures[52] and was discontinued in 1932.
1920: Tennessee Eastman was founded as a wholly owned subsidiary. The company's primary purpose was the manufacture of chemicals, such as acetyls, needed for Kodak's film photography products.
1930: Eastman Kodak Company was added to the Dow Jones Industrial Average index on July 18, 1930. The company remained listed as one of the DJIA companies for the next 74 years, ending in 2004.[56]

text: 1932: George Eastman dies at age 77, taking his own life with a gun shot.

text:
1935: Kodak introduced Kodachrome, a color reversal stock for movie and slide film.
1936: Kodak branches out into manufacture of hand-grenades.
1940-1944: Eastman Kodak ranked 62nd among United States corporations in the value of World War II military production contracts.[57]
1934-1956: Kodak introduces the Retina Series 35mm Camera  Kodak Retina Series Cameras were produced between 1949 until 1956. It also had the KodaChrome Technology
1959: Kodak introduced the Starmatic camera, the first automatic Brownie camera, which sold 10 million units over the next five years.
1963: Kodak introduced the Instamatic camera, an inexpensive, easy-to-load, point-and-shoot camera.
1970: Kodak scientists disclose the continuous wave tunable dye laser.[58]  This becomes a product for several high-tech companies but not at Kodak.
1975: Steven Sasson, then an electrical engineer at Kodak, invented a digital camera.[59]
1976: The Bayer Pattern color filter array (CFA) was invented by Eastman Kodak researcher Bryce Bayer. The order in which dyes are placed on an image sensor photosite is still in use today. The basic technology is still the most commonly used of its kind to date.
1976: Kodak introduced the first Kodamatic, instant picture cameras, using a similar film and technology to that of the Polaroid company.
1976: The company sold 90% of the photographic film in the US along with 85% of the cameras.[9]
New Kodak Moment: A $19M profit.[60]
1978: Kodak introduces the Ektachem clinical chemistry testing system. The system employs dry film technology, and within 5 years was being used by most hospitals in the country.
1981: Kodak was sued by Polaroid for infringement of its Instant Picture patents. The suit ran for five years, the court finally finding in favour of Polaroid in 1986.
1982: Kodak launched the Kodak Disc film format for consumer cameras. The format ultimately proved unpopular and was later discontinued.
1986: Kodak scientists created the world's first megapixel sensor, capable of recording 1.4 million pixels and producing a photo-quality 12.5 cm × 17.5 cm (4.9 in × 6.9 in) print.
1987: Dr. Ching W. Tang, a senior research associate, and his colleague, Steven Van Slyke, developed the first multi-layer OLEDs at the Kodak Research Laboratories, for which he later became a Fellow of the Society for Information Display (SID)
1988: Kodak buys Sterling Drug for $5.1 Billion[61]
1988: Kodak scientists introduce the coumarin tetramethyl laser dyes[62] also used in OLED devices. These become a successful product until the line of fine chemicals is sold.
1991: The Kodak Professional Digital Camera System or DCS, the first commercially available digital single-lens reflex (DSLR) camera. A customized camera back bearing the digital image sensor was mounted on a Nikon F3 body and released by Kodak in May; the company had previously shown the camera at photokina in 1990.
1993: Eastman Chemical, a Kodak subsidiary founded by George Eastman in 1920 to supply Kodak's chemical needs, was spun off as a separate corporation. Eastman Chemical became a Fortune 500 company in its own right.[63][64]
1994: Apple Quicktake, a consumer digital camera was debuted by Apple Computer. Some models were manufactured by Kodak.

text:
2003: Kodak introduced the Kodak EasyShare LS633 Digital Camera, the first camera to feature an AMOLED display, and the Kodak EasyShare Printer Dock 6000, the world's first printer-and-camera dock combination.
November 2003: Kodak acquired the Israel-based company Algotec Systems, a developer of advanced picture archiving and communication systems (PACS), which enable radiology departments to digitally manage and store medical images and information.[65]
January 2004: Kodak announced that it would stop selling traditional film cameras in Europe and North America, and cut up to 15,000 jobs (around a fifth of its total workforce at the time).[66][67][68]
April 8, 2004: Kodak was delisted from the Dow Jones Industrial Average index, having been a constituent for 74 consecutive years.[56]
May 2004: Kodak signed an exclusive long-term agreement with Lexar Media, licensing the Kodak brand for use on digital memory cards designed, manufactured, sold, and distributed by Lexar.[69]
January 2005: The Kodak EasyShare-One Digital Camera, the world’s first Wi-Fi consumer digital camera capable of sending pictures by email, was unveiled at the 2005 CES.
January 2005: Kodak acquired the Israel-based company OREX Computed Radiography, a provider of compact computed radiography systems that enable medical practitioners to acquire patient x-ray images digitally.[70]
January 2005: Kodak acquired the Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada-based company Creo.
January 2006: Kodak unveiled the Kodak EasyShare V570 Dual Lens Digital Camera, the world's first dual-lens digital still camera and smallest ultra-wide-angle optical zoom digital camera, at the CES. Using proprietary Kodak Retina Dual Lens technology, the V570 wrapped an ultra-wide angle lens (23 mm) and a second optical zoom lens (39 – 117 mm) into a body less than 2.5 cm (an inch) thick.
April 2006: Kodak introduced the Kodak EasyShare V610 Dual Lens Digital Camera, at that time the world’s smallest 10× (38–380 mm) optical zoom camera at less than 2.5 cm (an inch) thick.[71][72]
August 1, 2006: Kodak agreed to divest its digital camera manufacturing operations to Flextronics, including assembly, production and testing.[73][74] As part of the sale it was agreed that Flextronics would manufacture and distribute consumer digital cameras for Kodak, and conduct some design and development functions for it. Kodak kept high-level digital camera design in house, continued to conduct research and development in digital still cameras, and retained all intellectual property and patents. Approximately 550 Kodak personnel transferred to Flextronics.
January 10, 2007: Kodak agreed to sell Kodak Health Group to Onex Corporation for $2.35 billion in cash, and up to $200 million in additional future payments if Onex achieved specified returns on the acquisition.[75] The sale was completed May 1.[76] Kodak used part of the proceeds to fully repay its approximately $1.15 billion of secured term debt. Around 8,100 employees transferred to Onex, and Kodak Health Group was renamed Carestream Health. Kodak Health Group had revenue of $2.54 billion for the 12 months to September 30, 2006.
April 19, 2007: Kodak announced an agreement to sell its light management films business, which produced films designed to improve the brightness and efficiency of liquid crystal displays, to Rohm and Haas. The divested business comprised 125 workers. As part of the transaction Rohm and Haas agreed to license technology and purchase equipment from Kodak, and lease Building 318 at Kodak Park. The sale price was not disclosed.[77]
May 25, 2007: Kodak announced a cross-licensing agreement with Chi Mei Optoelectronics and its affiliate Chi Mei EL (CMEL), enabling CMEL to use Kodak technology for active matrix OLED modules in a variety of small to medium size display applications.[78]
June 14, 2007: Kodak announced a two to fourfold increase in sensitivity to light (from one to two stops) compared to current sensor designs. This design was a departure from the classic "Bayer filter" by adding panchromatic or “clear” pixels to the RGB elements on the sensor array. Since these pixels are sensitive to all wavelengths of visible light, they collect a significantly higher proportion of the light striking the sensor. In combination with advanced Kodak software algorithms optimized for these new patterns, photographers benefited from an increase in photographic speed (improving performance in low light), faster shutter speeds (reducing motion blur for moving subjects), and smaller pixels (higher resolutions in a given optical format) while retaining performance. The technology was credited to Kodak scientists John Compton and John Hamilton.[79]
September 4, 2007: Kodak announced a five-year extension of its partnership with Lexar Media.[80]
November 2008: Kodak released the Kodak Theatre HD Player, allowing photos and videos stored on a computer to be displayed on an HDTV. Kodak licensed technology from Hillcrest Labs for the interface and pointer, which allowed a user to control the player with gestures.[81]
January 2009: Kodak posted a $137 million fourth-quarter loss and announced plans to cut up to 4,500 jobs.[82]
June 22, 2009: Kodak announced that it would cease selling Kodachrome color film by the end of 2009, ending 74 years of production, after a dramatic decline in sales.[83][84]
December 4, 2009: Kodak sold its organic light-emitting diode (OLED) business unit to LG Electronics, resulting in the lay-off of 60 people.[85]

text:
December 2010: Standard & Poor's removed Kodak from its S&P 500 index.[86]
September 2011: Kodak hired law firm Jones Day for restructuring advice and its stock dropped to an all-time low of $0.54 a share.[87] During 2011, Kodak shares fell more than 80 percent.[88]
January 2012: Kodak received a warning from the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) notifying it that its average closing price was below $1.00 for 30 consecutive days and that over the next 6 months it must increase the closing share price to at least $1 on the last trading day of each calendar month and have an average closing price of at least $1 over the 30 trading-days prior or it would be delisted. From the $90 range in 1997, Kodak shares closed at 76 cents on January 3, 2012. On January 8, 2012, Kodak shares closed over 50% higher after the company announced a major restructuring into two main divisions, one focused on products and services for businesses, and the other on consumer products including digital cameras.[89][90]
January 19, 2012: Kodak filed for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy Protection.[13][14][91] The company's stock was delisted from NYSE and moved to OTC exchange. Following the news it ended the day trading down 35% at $0.36 a share.
February 7, 2012: The Image Sensor Solutions (ISS) division of Kodak was sold to Truesense Imaging Inc.[92]
February 9, 2012: Kodak announced that it would exit the digital image capture business, phasing out its production of digital cameras.[93][94] Kodak sees home photo printers, high-speed commercial inkjet presses, workflow software and packaging with GlobalVision software integrated, as the core of its future business. Once the digital camera business is phased out, Kodak said its consumer business will focus on printing. It will seek a company to license its EasyShare digital camera brand.
August 24, 2012: Kodak announced that it plans to sell its film, commercial scanner and kiosk divisions.[95]
September 10, 2012: Kodak announced plans to cut another 1,000 jobs by the end of 2012 and that it is examining further job cuts as it works to restructure its business in bankruptcy.[96]
September 28, 2012: Kodak announced that it is exiting the inkjet printer business.[40]
December 20, 2012 Kodak announced that it plans to sell its digital imaging patents for about $525 million to some of the world’s biggest technology companies, thus making a step to end bankruptcy.[97]
April 29, 2013 Kodak announced an agreement with the U.K. Kodak Pension Plan (KPP) to spin off Kodak’s Personalized Imaging and Document Imaging businesses and settle $2.8 Billion in KPP claims.[98]
September 3, 2013 Kodak announces that it has emerged from Chapter 11 Bankruptcy Protection[99] as a company focused on serving commercial customers.[21]
October 17, 2013 Kodak brings European headquarters and the entire EAMER Technology Centre under one roof in Eysins, Switzerland. The relocation brings together the company's European headquarters and Inkjet demo facilities, which were based in Gland, Switzerland, and the Kodak EAMER Technology and Solutions Centre, which was based in La Hulpe, Belgium.[100]
March 12, 2014 Kodak names Jeffrey J. Clarke as its new Chief Executive Officer.[47][48][101]
July 30, 2014 Kodak is negotiating with movie studios for an annual movie film order guarantee to preserve the last source of movie film manufacturing in the United States.[102]
December 2014, Kodak announced its first phone, the Kodak Ektra smartphone made by Bullitt Group.[103] The phone was expected to become available in December 2016, initially in Europe.[104]
January 2016, Kodak shows off a prototype of the new Super 8 Camera at CES.[105]
January 2017, Kodak announced it was bringing back its Ektachrome film.[106]
May 2017, Kodak released the Ektra smartphone to the US market.[107]
June 2017, Kodak announced plans to release 7" and 10" tablets with ARCHOS in Europe.[108]

text: Products and services[edit]

text: Current[edit]

text: Kodak provides packaging, functional printing, graphic communications and professional services for businesses around the world.[6]  Its main business segments are Print Systems, Enterprise Inkjet Systems, Micro 3D Printing and Packaging, Software and Solutions, and Consumer and Film.[7]

text: In January 2018, Kodak announced plans to launch KodakCoin, a photographer-oriented blockchain cryptocurrency.[109]

text: Digital printing and enterprise[edit]

text:
Kodak provides high-speed, high-volume commercial inkjet, and color and black-and-white electrophotographic printing equipment and related consumables and services.[110]
It has an installed base of more than 5,000 units.

text: Its Prosper platform uses Stream inkjet technology, which delivers a continuous flow of ink that enables constant and consistent operation, with uniform size and accurate placement, even at very high print speeds.[111] Applications for Prosper include publishing, commercial print, direct mail, and packaging. The business also includes the customer base of Kodak VersaMark products.[112]

text: The NexPress platform is used for printing short-run, personalized print applications for purposes such as direct mail, books, marketing collateral and photo products. The Digimaster platform uses monochrome electrophotographic printing technology to create high-quality printing of statements, short-run books, corporate documentation, manuals and direct mail.[111][113][114]

text: Flexo printing[edit]

text: Kodak designs and manufactures products for flexography printing. Its Flexcel[115] line of flexo printing systems allow label printers to produce their own digital plates for customized flexo printing and flexible printed packaging.

text: Functional printing[edit]

text: The company currently has strategic relationships with worldwide touch-panel sensor leaders, such as the partnerships with UniPixel announced on April 16, 2013 and Kingsbury Corp. launched on June 27, 2013.[116][117][118]

text: Enterprise professional services[edit]

text: Enterprise professional services offers print and managed media services, brand protection solutions and services, and document management services to enterprise customers, including government, pharmaceuticals, and health, consumer and luxury good products, retail and finance.

text: Digital printing solutions[edit]

text: In 1997, Heidelberg Printing Machines AG and Eastman Kodak Co. had created the Nexpress Solutions LLC joint venture to develop a digital color printing press for the high-end market segment. Heidelberg acquired Eastman Kodak Co.'s Office Imaging black and white digital printing activities in 1999. In 2000, they had launched Digimaster 9110 - Black & White Production Printer and NexPress 2100 Digital Color Press.

text: In March 2004, Heidelberg transferred its Digital Print division to Eastman Kodak Co.[119] under mutual agreement. Kodak continues to research and develop Digital Printing Systems and introduced more products.

text: At present, Kodak has commercial Web-fed presses, commercial imprinting systems - Prosper, VersaMark and commercial sheet-fed press - NexPress digital production color press, DIGIMASTER HD digital black and white production printer.[120]

text: Consumer inkjet ink cartridges[edit]

text: Kodak entered into consumer inkjet photo printers in a joint venture with manufacturer Lexmark in 1999 with the Kodak Personal Picture Maker.

text: In February 2007, Kodak re-entered the market with a new product line of All-In-One (AiO) inkjet printers that employ several technologies marketed as Kodacolor Technology. Advertising emphasizes low price for ink cartridges rather than for the printers themselves.[121]

text: Kodak announced plans to stop selling inkjet printers in 2013 as it focuses on commercial printing, but will still sell ink.[122]

text: Graphics, Entertainment and Commercial Films (GECF)[edit]

text: Graphics[edit]

text: Kodak's graphics business consists of computer to plate (CTP) devices, which Kodak first launched in 1995 when the company introduced the first thermal CTP to market. In CTP, an output device exposes a digital image using SQUAREspot laser imaging technology directly to an aluminum surface (printing plate), which is then mounted onto a printing press to reproduce the image. Kodak's Graphics portfolio includes front-end controllers, production workflow software, CTP output devices, and digital plates.

text: Global Technical Services[edit]

text: Kodak’s Global Technical Services ("GTS") for Commercial Imaging is focused on selling service contracts for Kodak products, including the following service categories: field services, customer support services, educational services, and professional services.

text: Entertainment Imaging and Commercial Film[edit]

text: Kodak's Entertainment Imaging and Commercial Film group ("E&CF") encompasses its motion picture film business, providing motion imaging products (camera negative, intermediate, print and archival film), services and technology for the professional motion picture and exhibition industries.

text: E&CF also offers Aerial and Industrial Films including KODAK Printed Circuit Board film, and delivers external sales for the company’s component businesses: Polyester Film, Specialty Chemicals, Inks and Dispersions and Solvent Recovery.

text: Motion picture and TV production[edit]

text: The Kodak company played a role in the invention and development of the motion picture industry. Many cinema and TV productions are shot on Kodak film stocks.[123]

text: The company helped set the standard of 35mm film, and introduced the 16mm film format for home movie use and lower budget film productions.

text: The home market-oriented 8mm and Super 8 formats were also developed by Kodak. Kodak also entered the professional television production video tape market, briefly in the mid-1980s, under the product portfolio name of Eastman Professional Video Tape Products. In 1990, Kodak launched a Worldwide Student Program working with university faculty throughout the world to help nurture the future generation of film-makers. Kodak formed Educational Advisory Councils in the US, Europe and Asia made up of deans and chairs of some of the most prestigious film schools throughout the world to help guide the development of their program.

text: Kodak previously owned the visual effects film post-production facilities Cinesite in Los Angeles and London and also LaserPacific in Los Angeles. Kodak sold Cinesite to Endless LLP, an independent British private equity house.[124]

text: Kodak previously sold LaserPacific and its subsidiaries Laser-Edit, Inc, and Pacific Video, Inc., in April 2010 for an undisclosed sum to TeleCorps Holdings, Inc.

text: Kodak also sold Pro-Tek Media Preservation Services, a film storage company in Burbank, California, in October 2013.[125]

text: Technical support and on-site service[edit]

text: Aside from technical phone support for its products, Kodak offers onsite service for other devices such as document scanners, data storage systems (optical, tape, and disk), printers, inkjet printing presses, microfilm/microfiche equipment, photograph kiosks, and photocopiers, for which it despatches technicians who make repairs in the field.

text: Other[edit]

text: Kodak markets Picture CDs and other photo products such as calendars, photo books and photo enlargements through retail partners such as CVS, Walmart and Target and through its Kodak Gallery online service, formerly known as Ofoto.

text: Former[edit]

text: Still film cameras[edit]

text: On January 13, 2004, Kodak announced it would stop marketing traditional still film cameras (excluding disposable cameras) in the United States, Canada and Western Europe, but would continue to sell film cameras in India, Latin America, Eastern Europe and China.[126] By the end of 2005, Kodak ceased manufacturing cameras that used the Advanced Photo System. Kodak licensed the manufacture of Kodak branded cameras to Vivitar in 2005 and 2006. After 2007 Kodak did not license the manufacture of any film camera with the Kodak name.

text: Instant cameras[edit]

text: After losing a patent battle with Polaroid Corporation, Kodak left the instant camera business on January 9, 1986. The Kodak instant camera included models known as the Kodamatic and the Colorburst.

text: Polaroid was awarded damages in the patent trial in the amount of $909,457,567, a record at the time. (Polaroid Corp. v. Eastman Kodak Co., U.S. District Court District of Massachusetts, decided October 12, 1990, case no. 76-1634-MA. Published in the U.S. Patent Quarterly as 16 USPQ2d 1481). See also the following cases: Polaroid Corp. v. Eastman Kodak Co., 641 F.Supp. 828 [228 USPQ 305] (D. Mass. 1985), stay denied, 833 F.2d 930 [5 USPQ2d 1080] (Fed. Cir.), aff'd, 789 F.2d 1556 [229 USPQ 561] (Fed. Cir.), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 850 (1986).[127]

text: Kodak was the exclusive supplier of negatives for Polaroid cameras from 1963 until 1969, when Polaroid chose to manufacture its own instant film.

text: Image sensors[edit]

text: As part of its move toward higher end products, Kodak announced on September 15, 2006 that the new Leica M8 camera incorporates Kodak's KAF-10500 image sensor. This was the second recent partnership between Kodak and the German optical manufacturer. In 2011, Kodak sold its Image Sensor Solutions business to Platinum Equity, which subsequently renamed it Truesense Imaging, Inc.[128]

text: Digital cameras and video cameras[edit]

text: Many of Kodak's early compact digital cameras were designed and built by Chinon Industries, a Japanese camera manufacturer. In 2004, Kodak Japan acquired Chinon and many of its engineers and designers joined Kodak Japan.

text: The Kodak DCS series of digital single-lens reflex cameras and digital camera backs were released by Kodak in the 1990s and 2000s, and discontinued in 2005. They were based on existing 35mm film SLRs from Nikon and Canon and the range included the original Kodak DCS, the first commercially available digital SLR.

text: In July 2006, Kodak announced that Flextronics would manufacture and help design its digital cameras.

text: Digital picture frames[edit]

text: Kodak first entered the digital picture frame market with the Kodak Smart Picture Frame in the fourth quarter of 2000. It was designed by Weave Innovations and licensed to Kodak with an exclusive relationship with Weave's StoryBox online photo network.[129] Smart Frame owners connected to the network via an analog telephone connection built into the frame. The frame could hold 36 images internally and came with a six-month free subscription to the StoryBox network.[130]

text: Kodak re-entered the digital photo frame market at CES in 2007 with the introduction of four new EasyShare-branded models that were available in sizes from 200 to 280 mm (7.9 to 11.0 in), included multiple memory card slots, and some of which included Wi-Fi capability to connect with the Kodak Gallery—that gallery functionality has now been compromised due to gallery policy changes (see below).

text: Kodak Gallery[edit]

text: In June 2001, Kodak purchased the photo-developing website Ofoto, later renamed Kodak Gallery. The website enables users to upload their photos into albums, publish them into prints, and create mousepads, calendars, etc. On March 1, 2012, Kodak announced that it sold Kodak Gallery to Shutterfly for $23.8 million.[131]

text: Document imaging[edit]

text: Kodak provides scanning technology. Historically this industry began when George Eastman partnered with banks to image checks in the 1920s. Through the development of microfilm technology, Eastman Kodak was able to provide long term document storage. Document imaging was one of the first imaging solutions to move to "digital imaging" technology. Kodak manufactured the first digital document scanners for high speed document imaging. Today Kodak has a full line of document scanners for banking, finance, insurance,[132] healthcare and other vertical industries. Kodak also provides associated document capture software and business process services. Eastman Kodak acquired the Bowe Bell & Howell scanner division in September 2009.

text: Photographic film and paper[edit]

text: Kodak continues to produce specialty films and film for newer and more popular consumer formats, but it has discontinued the manufacture of film in older and less popular formats.

text: Kodak is a leading producer of silver halide (AgX) paper used for printing from film and digital images. Minilabs located in retail stores and larger central photo lab operations (CLOs) use silver halide paper for photo printing. In 2005 Kodak announced it would stop producing black-and-white photo paper.[133]

text: Photo kiosks[edit]

text: Kodak is a manufacturer of self-service photo kiosks that produce "prints in seconds" from multiple sources including digital input, scanned prints, Facebook, the Kodak Gallery and orders placed on-line using thermosublimation printers. The company has placed over 100,000 Picture Kiosks in retail locations worldwide.[134] Employing similar technology, Kodak also offers larger printing systems with additional capabilities including duplex greeting cards, large format poster printers, photobooks and calendars under the brand name "APEX".[135]

text: Name[edit]

text: The letter k was a favorite of Eastman's; he is quoted as saying, "it seems a strong, incisive sort of letter."[136]

text: He and his mother devised the name Kodak with an anagrams set. Eastman said that there were three principal concepts he used in creating the name: it should be short, easy to pronounce, and not resemble any other name or be associated with anything else.[137]

text: Operations[edit]

text: Subsidiaries[edit]

text:
Kodak Limited (UK)
the company's sales and marketing headquarters are located in Watford, UK, with Kodak Alaris operating in Hemel Hempstead, Hertfordshire
manufacturing facilities used to be sited at Harrow in north-west London (closed in 2016), Kirkby near Liverpool (closed in 2007) and Annesley in Nottinghamshire (closed in 2005).
FPC, Inc.
FPC, US/Canada
FPC Italy

text: Kodak Research Laboratories[edit]

text: The Kodak Research Laboratories were founded in 1912 with Kenneth Mees as the first director.[138] Principal components of the Kodak Research Laboratories were the Photographic Research Laboratories and then the Imaging Research Laboratories. Additional organizations included the Corporate Research Laboratories. Over nearly a century, scientists at these laboratories produced thousands of patents and scientific publications.[139]

text: Notable people[edit]

text: Presidents and CEOs[edit]

text:
Name
Title
Tenure

Henry A. Strong
President
1884 – July 26, 1919

George Eastman
President
1921 – April 7, 1925

William G. Stuber
President
1925–1934

Frank W. Lovejoy
President
1934–1941

Thomas J. Hargrave
President
1941–1952

Albert K. Chapman
President
1952–1960

William S. Vaughn
President and CEO
1960 – December 31, 1968

Louis K. Eilers
President and CEO
January 1, 1969 – May 17, 1972

Gerald B. Zornow
President then Chairman
1970–1984

Walter A. Fallon
President and CEO
May 18, 1972 – 1983

Colby H. Chandler
CEO
May 1983 – June 1990

Kay R. Whitmore
CEO
June 1990 – October 27, 1993

George M. C. Fisher
CEO
October 28, 1993 – December 31, 1999

Daniel A. Carp
CEO
January 1, 2000 – May 31, 2005

Antonio M. Pérez
Chairman and CEO
June 1, 2005 – 2014

Jeff Clarke
CEO
March 12, 2014 – present

text: Scientists[edit]

text:
Bryce Bayer, color scientist (1929–2012)
Harry Coover, polymer chemist (1917–2011)
F. J. Duarte, laser physicist and author (left in 2006)
Loyd A. Jones, camouflage physicist (1884–1954)
Maurice Loyal Huggins, polymer scientist (1897–1981)
Rudolf Kingslake, optical designer (1903–2003)
David MacAdam, color scientist (1910–1998)
Kenneth Mees, film scientist and founder of the research laboratories (1882–1960)
Perley G. Nutting, physicist and founder of OSA (1873–1949)
Steven Sasson, electrical engineer
Steven Van Slyke, OLED scientist (left in 2010)
Warren J. Smith, optical engineer (1922–2008)
Ching W. Tang, OLED scientist (left in 2006)
Arthur Widmer, Special Effects Film Pioneer and receiver of an Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Award of Commendation (1914-2006)

text: Archive donation[edit]

text: In 2005, Kodak Canada donated its entire historic company archives to Ryerson University in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The Ryerson University Library also acquired an extensive collection of materials on the history of photography from the private collection of Nicholas M. & Marilyn A. Graver of Rochester, New York.[140] The Kodak Archives, begun in 1909, contain the company's Camera Collection, historic photos, files, trade circulars, Kodak magazines, price lists, daily record books, equipment, and other ephemera. It includes the contents of the Kodak Heritage Collection Museum, a museum established in 1999 for Kodak Canada's centennial that Kodak closed in 2005 along with the company's entire 'Kodak Heights' manufacturing campus in Mount Dennis, Toronto.[141] See also: George Eastman House.

text: Controversies[edit]

text: Better Business Bureau[edit]

text:
On March 26, 2007, the Council of Better Business Bureaus (CBBB) announced that Eastman Kodak was resigning its national membership in the wake of expulsion proceedings initiated by the CBBB board of directors.[142]
In 2006, Kodak notified the BBB of Upstate New York that it would no longer accept or respond to consumer complaints submitted by them. In prior years, Kodak responded by offering consumers an adjustment or an explanation of the company’s position. The BBB file contains consumer complaints of problems with repairs of Kodak digital cameras, as well as difficulty communicating with Kodak customer service. Among other complaints, consumers say that their cameras broke and they were charged for repairs when the failure was not the result of any damage or abuse. Some say their cameras failed again after being repaired.

text: Kodak said its customer service and customer privacy teams concluded that 99% of all complaints forwarded by the BBB already were handled directly with the customer. Brian O’Connor, Kodak chief privacy officer, said the company was surprised by the news release distributed by the Better Business Bureau:

text: It is inaccurate in the facts presented as well as those the BBB chose to omit. Ironically, we ultimately decided to resign our membership because we were extremely unhappy with the customer service we received from the local office of the BBB. After years of unproductive discussions with the local office regarding their Web site postings about Kodak, which in our view were consistently inaccurate, we came to the conclusion that their process added no value to our own. Our commitment to our customers is unwavering. That will not change. What has changed is that, for us, the BBB's customer complaint process has become redundant, given the multiple and immediate ways that customers have to address their concerns directly with Kodak.[143]

text: Patent litigation[edit]

text: In 2010, Apple filed a patent-infringement claim against Kodak. On May 12, 2011, Judge Robert Rogers rejected Apple's claims that two of its digital photography patents were being violated by Kodak.[144]

text: On July 1, 2011, the U.S. International Trade Commission partially reversed a January decision by an administrative law judge stating that neither Apple nor Research in Motion had infringed upon Kodak's patents. The ITC remanded the matter for further proceedings before the ALJ.[145]


document_title: List of bowlers who have taken 300 or more wickets in Test cricket

question_text: most wickets by indian bowler in test matches

text: Key[edit]

text:
Mat – Number of matches played
Inn – Number of innings bowled
Balls – Balls bowled in career
Runs – Runs conceded in career
Wkt – Wickets taken in career 498
Ave – Average runs per wicket

Econ – Runs conceded per over
SR – Number of balls bowled per wicket taken
BBI – Best bowling in innings
BBM – Best bowling in match
5wI – Five or more wickets in an innings
10wI – Ten or more wickets in a match
Period – Cricketing career of the player

text: Bowlers with 300 or more Test wickets[edit]

text:
The list is initially arranged in order of number of wickets taken. To sort this table by any statistic, click on the applicable header box beside (not on) the column title.
Players with † indicates test bowlers still playing as of 1st January 2017.

text:
Bowlers who have taken 300 or more wickets in Test cricket

No.
Bowler
Team
Mat.
Inn.
Balls
Runs
Wkt
Ave.
Econ.
SR.
BBI
BBM
5wl
10wl
Period
Ref(s)

1
Muralitharan, MuttiahMuttiah Muralitharan
 Sri Lanka
133 !133
230 !230
44039 !44,039
18180 !18,180
800 !800
2272 !22.72
0247 !2.47
0550 !55.0
09149 !9/51
16080 !16/220
067 !67
022 !22
1992–2010
[1][12]

2
Warne, ShaneShane Warne
 Australia
145 !145
273 !273
40705 !40,705
17995 !17,995
708 !708
2541 !25.41
0265 !2.65
0574 !57.4
08129 !8/71
12172 !12/128
037 !37
010 !10
1992–2007
[13][14]

3
Kumble, AnilAnil Kumble
 India
132 !132
236 !236
40850 !40,850
18355 !18,355
619 !619
2965 !29.65
0269 !2.69
0659 !65.9
10126 !10/74
14151 !14/149
035 !35
008 !8
1990–2008
[15][16]

4
McGrath, GlennGlenn McGrath
 Australia
124 !124
243 !243
29248 !29,248
12186 !12,186
563 !563
2164 !21.64
0249 !2.49
0519 !51.9
08176 !8/24
10273 !10/27
029 !29
003 !3
1993–2007
[17][18]

5
Walsh, CourtneyCourtney Walsh
 West Indies
132 !132
242 !242
30019 !30,019
12688 !12,688
519 !519
2444 !24.44
0253 !2.53
0577 !57.8
07163 !7/37
13245 !13/55
022 !22
003 !3
1984–2001
[19][20]

6
Anderson, JamesJames Anderson
 England
129 !129
242 !242
28259 !28,259
13860 !13,860
506 !506
2739 !27.39
0294 !2.94
0558 !55.8
07162 !7/42
11229 !11/71
024 !24
003 !3
2003–present
[21]

7
Dev, KapilKapil Dev
 India
131 !131
227 !227
27740 !27,740
12867 !12,867
434 !434
2964 !29.64
0278 !2.78
0639 !63.9
09117 !9/83
11154 !11/146
023 !23
002 !2
1978–1994
[22]

8
Hadlee, RichardRichard Hadlee
 New Zealand
086 !86
150 !150
21918 !21,918
09611 !9,611
431 !431
2229 !22.29
0263 !2.63
0508 !50.8
09146 !9/52
15177 !15/123
036 !36
009 !9
1973–1990
[23]

9
Pollock, ShaunShaun Pollock
 South Africa
108 !108
202 !202
24353 !24,353
09733 !9,733
421 !421
2311 !23.11
0239 !2.39
0578 !57.8
07113 !7/87
10153 !10/147
016 !16
001 !1
1995–2008
[24]

10
Steyn, DaleDale Steyn
 South Africa
085 !85
156 !156
17286 !17,286
09303 !9,303
417 !417
2230 !22.30
0322 !3.22
0414 !41.4
07149 !7/51
11240 !11/60
026 !26
005 !5
2004–present
[25][26]

11
Singh, HarbhajanHarbhajan Singh
 India
103 !103
190 !190
28580 !28,580
13537 !13,537
417 !417
3246 !32.46
0284 !2.84
0685 !68.5
08116 !8/84
15083 !15/217
025 !25
005 !5
1998–present
[27]

12
Akram, WasimWasim Akram
 Pakistan
104 !104
181 !181
22627 !22,627
09779 !9,779
414 !414
2362 !23.62
0259 !2.59
0546 !54.6
07071 !7/119
11190 !11/110
025 !25
005 !5
1985–2002
[28][29]

13
Herath, RanganaRangana Herath
 Sri Lanka
085 !85
155 !155
24107 !24,107
11269 !11,269
405 !405
2782 !27.82
0280 !2.80
0595 !59.5
09127 !9/127
14184 !14/184
033 !33
009 !9
1999–present
[30][31]

14
Ambrose, CurtlyCurtly Ambrose
 West Indies
098 !98
179 !179
22103 !22,103
08501 !8,501
405 !405
2099 !20.99
0230 !2.30
0545 !54.5
08155 !8/45
11216 !11/84
022 !22
003 !3
1980–2000
[32]

15
Ntini, MakhayaMakhaya Ntini
 South Africa
101 !101
190 !190
20834 !20,834
11242 !11,242
390 !390
2882 !28.82
0323 !3.23
0534 !53.4
07163 !7/37
13168 !13/132
018 !18
004 !4
1998–2009
[33]

16
Broad, StuartStuart Broad
 England
109 !109
200 !200
22363 !22,363
11181 !11,181
388 !388
2881 !28.81
0299 !2.99
0576 !57.6
08185 !8/15
11179 !11/121
015 !15
002 !2
2007–present
[34]

17
Botham, IanIan Botham
 England
102 !102
168 !160
21815 !21,815
10878 !10,878
383 !383
2840 !28.40
0299 !2.99
0569 !56.9
08166 !8/34
13194 !13/106
027 !27
004 !4
1977–1992
[35]

18
Marshall, MalcolmMalcolm Marshall
 West Indies
081 !81
151 !151
17584 !17,584
07876 !7,876
376 !376
2094 !20.94
0268 !2.68
0467 !46.7
07178 !7/22
11211 !11/89
022 !22
004 !4
1978–1991
[36]

19
Younis, WaqarWaqar Younis
 Pakistan
087 !87
154 !154
16224 !16,224
08788 !8,788
373 !373
2356 !23.56
0325 !3.25
0434 !43.4
07124 !7/76
13165 !13/135
022 !22
005 !5
1989–2003
[37][38]

20
Khan, ImranImran Khan
 Pakistan
088 !88
142 !142
19458 !19,458
08258 !8,258
362 !362
2281 !22.81
0254 !2.54
0537 !53.7
08142 !8/58
14184 !14/116
023 !23
006 !6
1971–1992
[39]

21
Vettori, DanielDaniel Vettori
 New Zealand
113 !113
187 !187
28814 !28,814
12441 !12,441
362 !362
3436 !34.36
0259 !2.59
0795 !79.5
07113 !7/87
12151 !12/149
020 !20
003 !3
1997–2015
[2][40][41]

22
Lillee, DennisDennis Lillee
 Australia
070 !70
132 !132
18467 !18,467
08493 !8,493
355 !355
2392 !23.92
0275 !2.75
0520 !52.0
07117 !7/83
11177 !11/123
023 !23
007 !7
1971–1984
[42]

23
Vaas, ChamindaChaminda Vaas
 Sri Lanka
111 !111
194 !194
23438 !23,438
10501 !10,501
355 !355
2958 !29.58
0268 !2.68
0660 !66.0
07129 !7/71
14109 !14/191
012 !12
002 !2
1994–2009
[43]

24
Donald, AllanAllan Donald
 South Africa
072 !72
129 !129
15519 !15,519
07344 !7,344
330 !330
2225 !22.25
0283 !2.83
0470 !47.0
08129 !8/71
12161 !12/139
020 !20
003 !3
1992–2002
[44]

25
Willis, BobBob Willis
 England
090 !90
165 !165
17357 !17,357
08190 !8,190
325 !325
2520 !25.20
0282 !2.83
0535 !53.4
08157 !8/43
09208 !9/92
017 !16
000 !0
1971–1984
[45]

26
Johnson, MitchellMitchell Johnson
 Australia
073 !73
150 !150
16001 !16,001
08891 !8,891
313 !313
2840 !28.40
0333 !3.33
0511 !51.1
08139 !8/61
12173 !12/127
012 !12
003 !3
2007–2015
[46]

27
Khan, ZaheerZaheer Khan
 India
092 !92
165 !165
18785 !18,785
10247 !10,247
311 !311
3294 !32.94
0327 !3.27
060.4 !60.4
07113 !7/87
10151 !10/149
011 !11
001 !1
2000–2014
[47]

28
Lee, BrettBrett Lee
 Australia
076 !76
150 !150
16531 !16,531
09554 !9,554
310 !310
3081 !30.81
0346 !3.46
0533 !53.3
05170 !5/30
09129 !9/171
010 !10
000 !0
1999–2008
[48]

29
Gibbs, LanceLance Gibbs
 West Indies
079 !79
148 !148
27115 !27,115
08989 !8,989
309 !309
2909 !29.09
0198 !1.98
0877 !87.7
08162 !8/38
11143 !11/157
018 !18
002 !2
1958–1976
[49]

30
Trueman, FredFred Trueman
 England
067 !67
127 !127
15178 !15,178
06625 !6,625
307 !307
2157 !21.57
0261 !2.61
0494 !49.4
08169 !8/31
12181 !12/119
017 !17
003 !3
1952–1965
[5]