document_title: Legal status of tattooing in the United States

question_text: whats the legal age to get a tattoo in america

text: In the United States, there is no federal law regulating the practice of tattooing. However, all 50 states and the District of Columbia have statutory laws requiring a person receiving a tattoo be 18 years or older.  This is partially based on the legal principle that a minor cannot enter into a legal contract or otherwise render informed consent for a procedure.  Most states permit a person under the age of 18 to receive a tattoo with permission of a parent or guardian, but some states outright prohibit tattooing under a certain age regardless of permission, with the exception of medical necessity (such as markings placed for radiation therapy).

text: In all jurisdictions, individual tattooists may also choose to place additional restrictions based on their own moral feelings, such as refusing any clients under a specific age even with parental consent despite it being legal, or limiting the type and/or location of where they are willing to tattoo (such as refusing any work around intimate parts of the body).  They may additionally refuse to perform specific artwork, including if they merely find it inappropriate or offensive, or refuse to work on a client that they suspect may be intoxicated.  Artists sometimes claim their personal business restrictions are a matter of law even when it is not true, so as to avoid arguments with clients.

text:
Legal Restrictions on Tattooing & Body Modification by State

State

Minimum Age (with parent/guardian consent)

Form of Parent/Guardian Consent

Notes & Exceptions

Intoxicated/Impaired Individuals

Area of Law/Type of Penalty

Licensing & Regulation

Relevant Statute(s) and Rules

Alabama

none specified[1]

informed written consent, signed in presence of the artist/service provider or their agent[1][2]

Ear piercing exempt from Alabama body art laws & rules.[2][3]

cannot be tattooed, branded, or pierced[1][2]

Violations of Alabama Tattoo & Body Piercing laws are a class c misdemeanor, punishable by a fine of up to $100 and/or up to 90 days imprisonment for each violation.[4]

Alabama's Department of Public Health licenses Tattoo, body piercing, & body art facilities, and sets standards for their operation.[5]
Individual tattoo artists, piercers, etc. require a permit.[2]

Ala. Code § 22-1-17A[3][6]
State Board of Health rules on Body Art Practices and Facilities.[2]

Alaska

18 (piercing excepted)[7]

parent/guardian must both give written consent and be present during the procedure[7]

Minors may be pierced with parental consent [7]

no restriction[8]

Alaska Stat. § 08.13.217[7]

Arizona

none specified[9]

parent/guardian must be physically present[9]

Minors can have their ears pierced with the written or verbal consent of a parent/guardian, can have procedures prescribed by a health care provider.[9]

no restriction[9]

Violations are a class 6 felony.[9]

There are no health regulations for tattoo shops in Arizona. [10]

Tattoos. Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 13-3721[9]

Arkansas

16[11]

parent/guardian must both give written consent and be physically present[12]

none specified[12]

cannot be tattooed, branded, or pierced.[12]

Ark. Stat. Ann. §§ 20-27-1501 et seq.[12]

California

18 (piercing excepted)[13][14]

parent/guardian must be present during procedure

Minors may have their ears pierced with parental consent.[15]  They may be pierced elsewhere with parental consent, but not on their genitals or nipples. Permanent cosmetics are permitted on nipples, when done by a cosmetic technician and with parental consent.[14]

no restriction

Body Art. Cal. Health & Safety Code § 119300 to 119328[6][15]
Cal. Penal Code 653[13]

Colorado

18 Express written consent of parent or guardian[16]

parent/guardian must be present during procedure

Persons who are "noticeably impaired" cannot have body art procedures[16]

Body Artists. Colo. Rev. Stat. § 25-4-2101 to 2103[6]

Connecticut

none specified

permission of parent or guardian[17][18]

Minors may have their ears pierced without parental consent[17]
Tattooing may only be performed by physicians, or by registered nurses & technicians working under the supervision of a physician.[18]

no restrictions

Conn. Gen. Stat. §19a-92a,[6][18]
Conn. Gen. Stat. §19a-92g[6][17]

District of Columbia

18 (ear piercing excepted)[19]

written consent (for ear piercing)[19]

minors may have their ears pierced with written parental consent[19]

no restrictions[19]

Body Artists. DC Code § 47-2853.76d[6][19]

Delaware

18[20]

notarized written consent to the specific procedure[20]

none specified[20]

cannot be tattooed, branded, or body pierced[20]

Del. Code Ann. Title 11, Ch 5 §1114(a)[6][20]
Del. Code Ann. Title 16, Ch 2 §122(3)(w)[6]

Florida

16[21]

Must be accompanied by parent or guardian who can show proof of guardianship, both parent and minor must present photo ID, and a consent form must be notarized.[21]

for medical or dental purposes by a licensed physician or dentist[21]

no restriction

Fla. Stat. § 381.00787[6]
Fla. Stat. §381.0775 et seq.[6]
Fla. Stat. §381.075[6]

Georgia

18 (body piercing excepted)[22]

For body piercing: prior written consent of parent/guardian[23]

Minors may have their ears pierced without parental consent[23]
Minors may be body pierced with written parental consent[23]
Physicians and Osteopaths or technicians working under their direct supervision can give minors tattoos or produce scars for "medical or cosmetic purposes."[22]
No one can be tattooed within an inch of their eye socket.[24]

no restrictions

Ga. Code § 31-40-1 to 31-40-10[6]
Ga. Code § 16-12-5[6]
Ga. Code § 16-5-71.1[6]

Hawaii

none specified[25]

written consent of parent/guardian[25]

Hawaii Rev. Stat. § 321-13[6]
Hawaii Rev. Stat. § 321-379[6]

Idaho

14[26]

Written informed consent of parent/guardian, executed in the presence of the person performing the procedure, or their agent/employee.[26]

Minors can have their ears pierced without parental consent.[6]
Piercing for medical procedures exempt.[6]

no restrictions

Idaho Code § 18-1523 (2004)[6]

Illinois

18 (body piercings excepted)[27]

Written consent of parent/guardian (for body piercings)[27]

Minors cannot be present in places where tattooing or body piercing is done except in the presence of a parent/guardian.[27]
Minors can have their ears pierced without parent/guardian consent.[27]

no restrictions

Ill. Stat. 720 §5/12-10.1[6]
Ill.  Stat. 410 §54/1 t0 54/999[6]

Indiana

none specified[28]

Parent/guardian must both be present during the procedure and provide written permission.[28]

Minors may have their ears pierced without parental consent.[28]

no restrictions

Ind. Code Ann. §35-42-2-7[6][28]
Ind. Code Ann. §16-19-3-4.1[6][29]

Iowa

18[30]

n/a - minors cannot be tattooed[30]

Body piercing is not regulated by state law in Iowa, however county or city laws may regulate it.[31]

no restrictions

Iowa Code §135.37[6]
Iowa Code §135.37[6]

Kansas

16[32]

Parent/guardian must give written consent, written consent must be notarized, and the parent/guardian must be present during the procedure.[32]

Minors may have their ears pierced[33]

no restrictions

Kan. Stat. Ann.  §65-1953[6]
Kan. Stat. Ann.  §65-1940 to 65-1954[6]

Kentucky

16

Parent/guardian must give written, notarized consent.[34]

none (ear piercing also requires written, notarized consent).[35]

Ky. Rev. Stat. §211.760[6]
Ky. Rev. Stat. §194A.050; 211.760[6]

Louisiana

16

Parent or guardian must consent, and their presence during the procedure is required for tattoos, but not for body piercings.[36]

no restrictions

La. Rev. Stat. Ann. §14:93.2[6]
La. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 40:2831 et seq.[6]

Maine

18 (piercings excepted)[37]

For body piercings: prior legal consent of parent/guardian.[38]

Maine law does not require parent/guardian consent for ear piercing[39]

no restrictions

Me. Rev. Stat. Ann. Title 32 § 4201-4329[6]

Maryland

none specified[40]

written consent, which must be retained for 3 years.

Piercing of the ear lobe is exempt[41]

no restriction

Health Department Regulations

A license is not required, but any person performing tattooing or piercing must comply with all the relevant health code regulations[40]

COMAR 10.06.01.02 and 10.06.01.06

Massachusetts

18 (except body piercing other than genitalia)[42]

Minors cannot receive tattoo, branding, or scarification at all.  For piercing of areas other than the genitalia, a parent may provide identification and sign the consent document.[42]

Physicians performing for treatment reasons and ear piercing are exempt from regulation.[42]

no restriction

County Health Department regulates body art, but all follow a model regulation set by the state.

Artists must have a permit, and establishments are subject to following specific health department regulations[42]

Model Regulations for Body Art Establishments[42]

Michigan

none specified[43]

Written, informed consent of parent/guardian.  Must be executed (signed) in the presences of the person performing the procedure, or their employee.[43]

cannot be tattooed, branded, or body pierced.[43]

Mich. Comp. Laws § 333.13101 to 333.13112[44]

Minnesota

18 (piercings excepted)[45]

For piercings: presence of parent/guardian and a consent form are both required.[45]

Minors cannot be tattooed.  They can be body pierced, but not in the nipples or genitals.  Branding, scarification, suspension, subdermal implantation, microdermal, and tongue bifurcation are also prohibited for minors.[45]

cannot have any body art procedures.[45]

Minnesota Statutes 146B.07[45]

Mississippi

18

n/a - minors cannot be tattooed

piercing also prohibited except for the outer perimeter or lobe of the ear.

no restriction

Miss.Code Ann. §73-61

Missouri

none specified[46]

For both piercings and tattoos, parent/guardian must sign written consent in the presence of the person performing the procedure, or their employee.[46]

cannot be tattooed, branded or body pierced.[46]

violations are a misdemeanor, punishable with a fine of up to $500 (more for repeat offenses)[46]

The state  director of the division of professional registration licenses all body artists, and sets rules & regulations for the operation of body art establishments.[47]

Mo. Rev. Stat. §324.520[46]

Montana

none specified[48]

Parent or guardian must give "explicit, in-person" consent.[48] Montana administrative rules also require that the parent/guardian be present throughout the procedure.[49]

cannot be tattooed or body pierced.[49]

A person who tattoos or body pierces a minor without parent/guardian consent is guilty of Unlawful transactions with children, punishable by a fine of up to $500 or six months in county jail, or both.[48]
Other violations of Montana body art laws are a misdemeanor, with punishments ranging from a fine of $50–100 for a first offense to $300 and/or 90 days in county jail for third and subsequent offense.[50]

Montana's Department of Health and Safety licenses and regulates body art establishments.[51] Local health boards may establish their own licensing and regulatory schemes in lieu of the state department's.[52]

Mont. Code Ann. §45-5-623[48]
Mont. Code Ann. §50-48-101 to 110[53]
Mont. Code Ann. §50-48-201 to 209[54]

Nebraska

none specified[55]

written consent, must be present during procedure

Piercing does not include the external parts of the ear[56]

No restrictions

Nebraska Revised Statute 38-1008, 38-1009, 38-1010, 38-1011, 38-1060, 38-10,165

Nevada

n/a[6]

n/a[6]

Nevada state law does not regulate tattoos, piercings, or other body art. Regional health districts may regulate the practice.  The southern Nevada Health District, for example, does not allow minors below the age of 14 to be tattooed, and requires a parent or guardian to provide written consent and be present during the procedure for 14- to 18-year-olds.  The southern Nevada district also bans tattoos on those who are under the influence of drugs or alcohol.[57]

n/a[6]

n/a[6]

New Hampshire

18 (piercings excepted)[58]

For piercings: parent/guardian must both sign written consent and be present during the procedure.

Minors cannot be tattooed or branded.  They may be pierced with parent/guardian consent.[58] Minors may have their ears pierced without parent/guardian consent.[59]

no restrictions

N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 314[6]

New Jersey

none specified[60]

written permission of parent/guardian is required for tattooing and body piercing.[60]

Parent/guardian must be present and sign written consent for ear piercings as well as for body piercing.  Minors cannot have genital piercings even with parent/guardian consent.[61]

no restrictions

no restrictions

no restrictions

N.J. Stat. Ann. §2C:40-21
N.J.A.C. 8:27-1 et seq.
N.J. Stat. Ann. §26-1A-7[6]

New Mexico

none specified[62]

Written consent and presence during the procedure.

Medical procedures by physicians and ear piercing are exempt[63]

no restrictions

Administrative Regulations set by the Board of Barbers and Cosmetologists

All body artists are required to be licensed through the state, and are subject to regulations from the Board

Body Art Safe Practices Act. N.M. Stat. Ann. § 61-17B et seq.,[63] N.M. Administrative Code 16.36 et seq.[62]

New York

18 (piercings excepted) [64]

Minors cannot be tattooed with parent/guardian consent. For piercings: parent/guardian must give written consent, signed in presence of the body artist or body art establishment owner.[65]

Written parental consent is not required for ear piercings.[66]

no restrictions

New York Public Health Law, Article 4-A[6][65]
N.Y. Public Health Law §460-466[6]
N.Y. Penal Law § 260.21[6]

North Carolina

18 (piercings excepted)[67]

Minors cannot be tattooed, even with parent/guardian consent. "Prior consent" of parent/guardian is required for body piercings.[67]

Minors may have their ears pierced without parental consent.[67]

no restrictions

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 130A-283[68]
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-400[69]

North Dakota

none specified[70]

Parent/guardian must be present during the procedure and give written consent.[70]

cannot get tattoos or other body art[71]

N.D. Code §23-01-35[72]
N.D. Code §12.1-31-13[6][70]

Ohio

none specified[73]

Parent/guardian must both sign a consent form and "appear in person at the business at the time the procedure is performed."[73]

none - parent/guardian consent and presence is also required for ear piercings.[73]

no restrictions

Ohio Rev. Code Ann. §3730.01 to 3730.99[6][73]

Oklahoma

18 (piercings excepted)[74]

Minors cannot be tattooed, even with parent/guardian consent.  For piercings: parent/guardian must both give written consent and be present during the procedure.[74]

Ear piercing is not governed/restricted by Oklahoma law.[74]
Scleral tattooing is illegal.[74]

cannot be tattooed.[74]

Okla. Stat. Title 21 §842.1, 842.2, 842.3[6]

Oregon

18 (piercings excepted)[75]

For piercings: parent/guardian must give written consent and present proof of identity.[76][77]

Minors can only be tattooed with the authorization of a physician.[75]
Scarification and dermal implants are prohibited[78]
Persons with sunburns or skin diseases or disorders cannot be tattooed or pierced.[75][77]
Minors cannot be pierced on the genitals or nipples, even with parent/guardian consent.[76]
Piercing on testes, deep shaft (corpus cavernosa), uvula, eyelids and sub-clavicle are all prohibited.[77]

cannot be tattooed or pierced.[75][77]

Violations of Oregon body art laws are a misdemeanor.[79]
Violations of Health Licensing Office rules are fined (various amounts).[80]

Both body artists and body art establishments are licensed by the Oregon Health Licensing Office.[81] With the assistance of a Board of Body Art practitioners, the Health Licensing Office also sets detailed rules and regulations for body art.[82]

Or. Rev. Stat. § 690.350 et seq
Or. Rev. Stat. § 690.401 to 410
Or. Rev. Stat. § 679.500[6]
Health Licensing Office Rules, especially Divisions 900, 905, 915 & 920[82]

Pennsylvania

none specified[83]

parent/guardian must both give consent and be present during the procedure.[83]

no restrictions

Pa. Cons. Stat. Title 18 § 6311[6][83]

Rhode Island

18 (piercings excepted)[84][85]

Minors cannot be tattooed.[84]  For piercings: parent/guardian must both give consent and be present for the procedure.[85]

no restrictions

Tattooing a minor is a criminal offense (misdemeanor), maximum fine $300[84]

Tattooing and body art are regulated by the department of health, artists must be registered.[85]

RI Gen L § 23-1-39[85]
RI Gen L § 11-9-15[84]

South Carolina

18 (piercings excepted)[86][87]

Minors cannot be tattooed.[86] For piercings: parent/guardian must either give written, notarized consent or be present during the procedure.[87]

Head, face, and neck tattoos are illegal.[86]

cannot be tattooed or body pierced[86][88]

Under the Health Code, persons violating restrictions on tattooing and body piercing are guilty of a misdemeanor.  Upon conviction, they may be fined up to $2500 or imprisoned for a year, or both.[86][87]

Tattoo and body piercing facilities are regulated by the Department of Health and Environmental Control.  Tattoo facilities are licensed, body piercing facilities require a permit, and artists must be registered[89][90]

S.C. Code § 44-32-10 to 44-32-120[88]
S.C. Code § 44-34-10 to 44-34-110[91]

South Dakota

none specified[92]

Parent/guardian must sign a consent form.[92]

cannot be tattooed or pierced[93][94]

Tattooing a minor is a class 2 misdemeanor.[95]

Tattooing and Body Piercing are governed by Department of Health rules.[96] Municipalities may set stricter regulations, and have the authority to license body artists.[95]

S.D. Codified Laws Ann. §26-10-19[92]
S.D. Laws § 9-34-17[95]

Tennessee

18 (piercings excepted)[97][98]

For tattoos that cover an existing tattoo (see Notes & Exceptions): Parent/Guardian must be present during the procedure.[97]
For piercings: Parent/Guardian must give written consent, be present during the procedure.[98]

Minors over the age of sixteen may be tattooed to cover up an existing tattoo, with parent/guardian consent.[97]

Minors who lie about their age to be tattooed are guilty of a "delinquent act," are required to pay a fine of $50–$250 and serve at least 20 hours of community service.[97]
Tattooing a minor is a class a misdemeanor,[97] breach of body piercing law is a class b misdemeanor.[99]

Tattoo artists and body piercers are licensed by the state department of health, tattoo shops require a certificate from the local health department.[100][101]

Tenn. Code §§ 62-38-201-310[102]

Texas

18 (piercings excepted)[103][104]

For body piercings and for covering existing tattoos (see Notes & Exceptions): Parent/guardian must be present during procedure, sign an affidavit[103][104]

Ear piercing is exempt from body piercing statutes[105]
Minors may, with parent/guardian consent, be tattooed to cover up an existing tattoo that has offensive, gang-related, or drug-related content, or "other words, symbols, or markings that the person's parent or guardian considers would be in the best interest of the person to cover"[103]
Tongue splitting prohibited.[106]

Cannot be tattooed or pierced.[103][107]

Misrepresenting one's age to get a tattoo, or to get a piercing without parental consent, is a class B misdemeanor[103][104]
Violations of Texas tattooing & body piercing statute are a Class A misdemeanor, with each day of violation counting as a separate offense.[108]
Health Commissioner can impose a fine of up to $5000 on artists & shops for each violation[109]

Tattoo artists and body piercers must be registered with the Texas Department of Health[110] Tattoo and body piercing shops must be licensed[111]

Texas Health and Safety Code Ann. §146[112]

Utah

none specified[113]

Parent/guardian must be present during the procedure, give written permission, and provide proof of identity.[113]

Parental consent not required by law for ear piercing[113]

Tattooing or body piercing a minor is a class b misdemeanor, shops can be fined up to $1000 for each violation.[113]

Utah Code Ann. §76-10-2201[6]

Vermont

none specified[114]

Tattooists and body piercers must be registered.[114]

Vt. Stat. Ann. Title 26 §4101 to 4109[6][115]

Virginia

none specified[116]

Parent/Guardian must be present during the procedure.[116]

Virginia law does not limit minors' ability to have their ears pierced.[116]

Tattooing or body piercing a minor is a class 1 misdemeanor[116]

Tattoo artists and body piercers, as well as the operators of tattoo and body piercing establishments, are licensed by the state.[117][118]
Civic/local governments are empowered to regulate tattoo and body piercing establishments.[119]

Va. Code §54.1-700 et seq.
Va. Code §15.2-912
Va. Code § 18.2-371.3.[6]

Washington

18 (piercings excepted)[120]

cannot have tattoos, body piercings, or other body art.[121]

Wash. Code §26.28.085[120]
Wash. Code § 18.300[122]
Wash. Code § 246-145-001 to 060[123]
Wash. Code §70.54[124]

West Virginia

none specified[125]

parent/guardian must give written consent[125]

All persons receiving a tattoo must attest they are not under the influence of drugs or alcohol.[125]

Tattoo shop owners and body piercing studios must register with local board of health, and must be registered as a business with the state[126][127][128]

W. Va. Code §16-37
W. Va. Code §16-38[129]

Wisconsin

18[130]

n/a (tattooing not permitted under 18)

Physicians in the course of professional practice are exempt

no restriction

Tattooing a minor or even offering to do so is subject to a fine of up to $200

Artists must be satisfy training requirements and obtain a license from the health department. Establishments are subject to inspection and licensing[131]

Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations 948.70 and 252.235

Wyoming

none specified[132]

Verbal consent, presence during procedure.[132]

Procedures performed under the supervision of a licensed physician, and piercing of the ear, do not count as body art for this law.

no restriction[132]

Misdemeanor criminal offense, punishable by fine and prison time[132]

Wyoming Statute §14-3-107[132]


question_text: how many premier league goals has drogba scored

root

text: Since the Premier League's formation at the start of the 1992–93 season, 28 players have managed to accrue 100 or more goals in the competition.

tag: p

text: During the 1995–96 season, Alan Shearer became the first player to score 100 Premier League goals, and holds the record for the fewest games taken to reach 100, doing so in 124 appearances. He also holds the record for most goals scored in the Premier League.[1][2] After Shearer, Harry Kane is the second-fastest to 100 goals, doing so in 141 games.[3]

text: Players[edit]

text:
List of Premier League players with 100 or more goals

Rank
Player
Premier League club(s)
Goals
Played
Ratio

1
 Shearer, AlanAlan Shearer
Blackburn Rovers, Newcastle United
260
441
0.59

2
 Rooney, WayneWayne Rooney
Everton, Manchester United
208
491
0.42

3
 Cole, AndyAndy Cole
Newcastle United, Manchester United, Blackburn Rovers, Fulham, Manchester City, Portsmouth
187
414
0.45

4
 Lampard, FrankFrank Lampard
West Ham United, Chelsea, Manchester City
177
609
0.29

5
 Henry, ThierryThierry Henry
Arsenal
175
258
0.68

6
 Fowler, RobbieRobbie Fowler
Liverpool, Leeds United, Manchester City
163
379
0.43

7
 Defoe, JermainJermain Defoe
West Ham United, Portsmouth, Tottenham Hotspur, Sunderland, Bournemouth
162
491
0.33

8
 Owen, MichaelMichael Owen
Liverpool, Newcastle United, Manchester United, Stoke City
150
326
0.46

9
 Ferdinand, LesLes Ferdinand
Queens Park Rangers, Newcastle United, Tottenham Hotspur, West Ham United, Leicester City, Bolton Wanderers
149
351
0.42

10
 Sheringham, TeddyTeddy Sheringham
Nottingham Forest, Tottenham Hotspur, Manchester United, Portsmouth, West Ham United
146
418
0.35

11
 van Persie, RobinRobin van Persie
Arsenal, Manchester United
144
280
0.51

12
 Agüero, SergioSergio Agüero
Manchester City
143
206
0.69

13
 Hasselbaink, Jimmy FloydJimmy Floyd Hasselbaink
Leeds United, Chelsea, Middlesbrough, Charlton Athletic
127
288
0.44

14
 Keane, RobbieRobbie Keane
Coventry City, Leeds United, Tottenham Hotspur, Liverpool, West Ham United, Aston Villa
126
349
0.36

15
 Anelka, NicolasNicolas Anelka
Arsenal, Liverpool, Manchester City, Bolton Wanderers, Chelsea, West Bromwich Albion
125
364
0.34

16
 Yorke, DwightDwight Yorke
Aston Villa, Manchester United, Blackburn Rovers, Birmingham City, Sunderland
123
375
0.33

17
 Gerrard, StevenSteven Gerrard
Liverpool
120
504
0.24

18
 Wright, IanIan Wright
Arsenal, West Ham United
113
213
0.53

19
 Dublin, DionDion Dublin
Manchester United, Coventry City, Aston Villa
111
312
0.36

20
 Heskey, EmileEmile Heskey
Leicester City, Liverpool, Birmingham City, Wigan Athletic, Aston Villa
110
516
0.21

21
 Giggs, RyanRyan Giggs
Manchester United
109
632
0.17

22
 Kane, HarryHarry Kane
Tottenham Hotspur
108
153
0.71

23
 Crouch, PeterPeter Crouch
Aston Villa, Southampton, Liverpool, Portsmouth, Tottenham Hotspur, Stoke City
108
462
0.23

23
 Scholes, PaulPaul Scholes
Manchester United
107
499
0.21

25
 Bent, DarrenDarren Bent
Ipswich Town, Charlton Athletic, Tottenham Hotspur, Sunderland, Aston Villa, Fulham
106
276
0.38

26
 Drogba, DidierDidier Drogba
Chelsea
104
254
0.41

27
 Lukaku, RomeluRomelu Lukaku
West Bromwich Albion, Everton, Manchester United
101
220
0.46

28
 Le Tissier, MattMatt Le Tissier
Southampton
100
270
0.37

Italics show players still playing professional football; Bold shows players still playing in the Premier League.[4]

tag: table


document_title: White-tailed deer

question_text: what is the average weight of a deer

question_tokens: what is the average weight of a deer

text: White-tailed deer

text: Taxonomy[edit]

text: Some taxonomists have attempted to separate white-tailed deer into a host of subspecies, based largely in morphological differences. Genetic studies,[clarification needed] however, suggest fewer subspecies within the animal's range, as compared to the 30 to 40 subspecies that some scientists described in the last century. The Florida Key deer, O. v. clavium, and the Columbian white-tailed deer, O. v. leucurus, are both listed as endangered under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. In the United States, the Virginia white-tail, O. v. virginianus, is among the most widespread subspecies. The white-tailed deer species has tremendous genetic variation and is adaptable to several environments. Several local deer populations, especially in the southern states, are descended from white-tailed deer transplanted from various localities east of the Continental Divide. Some of these deer populations may have been from as far north as the Great Lakes region to as far west as Texas, yet are also quite at home in the Appalachian and Piedmont regions of the south. These deer, over time, have intermixed with the local indigenous deer (O. v. virginianus and/or O. v. macrourus) populations.

text: Central and South America have a complex number of white-tailed deer subspecies that range from Guatemala to as far south as Peru. This list of subspecies of deer is more exhaustive than the list of North American subspecies, and the number of subspecies is also questionable. However, the white-tailed deer populations in these areas are difficult to study, due to overhunting in many parts and a lack of protection. Some areas no longer carry deer, so assessing the genetic difference of these animals is difficult.

text: Subspecies[edit]

text: Some subspecies names, ordered alphabetically:[5][6]

text: North America[edit]

text:
O. v. acapulcensis – Acapulco white-tailed deer (southern Mexico)
O. v. borealis – northern white-tailed deer (the largest and darkest of the white-tailed deer)
O. v. carminis – Carmen Mountains white-tailed deer (Texas-Mexico border)
O. v. clavium – Key deer or Florida Keys white-tailed deer (the smallest North American subspecies, found in the lower Florida Keys; an example of insular dwarfism)
O. v. chiriquensis – Chiriqui white-tailed deer (Panama)
O. v. couesi – Coues' white-tailed deer, Arizona white-tailed deer, or fantail deer
O. v. dakotensis – Dakota white-tailed deer or northern plains white-tailed deer (most northerly distribution, rivals the northern white-tailed deer in size)
O. v. hiltonensis – Hilton Head Island white-tailed deer
O. v. idahoensis – white-tailed deer (western Canada, Idaho, eastern Washington)[7]
O. v. leucurus – Columbian white-tailed deer (Oregon and western coastal area)
O. v. macrourus – Kansas white-tailed deer
O. v. mcilhennyi – Avery Island white-tailed deer
O. v. mexicanus – Mexican white-tailed deer (central Mexico)
O. v. miquihuanensis – Miquihuan white-tailed deer (central Mexico)
O. v. nelsoni – Chiapas white-tailed deer (southern Mexico and Guatemala)
O. v. nigribarbis – Blackbeard Island white-tailed deer
O. v. oaxacensis – Oaxaca white-tailed deer (southern Mexico)
O. v. ochrourus – northwestern white-tailed deer or northern Rocky Mountains white-tailed deer
O. v. osceola – Florida coastal white-tailed deer
O. v. rothschildi – Coiba Island white-tailed deer
O. v. seminolus – Florida white-tailed deer
O. v. sinaloae – Sinaloa white-tailed deer (midwestern Mexico)
O. v. taurinsulae – Bulls Island white-tailed deer (Bulls Island, South Carolina)
O. v. texanus – Texas white-tailed deer
O. v. thomasi – Mexican lowland white-tailed deer
O. v. toltecus – rain forest white-tailed deer (southern Mexico)
O. v. truei – Central American white-tailed deer (Costa Rica, Nicaragua and adjacent states)
O. v. venatorius – Hunting Island white-tailed deer (Hunting Island, South Carolina)
O. v. veraecrucis – northern Veracruz white-tailed deer
O. v. virginianus – Virginia white-tailed deer or southern white-tailed deer
O. v. yucatanensis – Yucatán white-tailed deer

tag: ul

text: South America[edit]

text:
O. v. cariacou – (French Guiana and northern Brazil)
O. v. curassavicus – (Curaçao)
O. v. goudotii – (Colombia (Andes) and western Venezuela)
O. v. gymnotis – South American white-tailed deer (northern half of Venezuela, including Venezuela's Llanos region)
O. v. margaritae – (Margarita Island)
O. v. nemoralis – (Central America, round the Gulf of Mexico to Surinam in South America; further restricted from Honduras to Panama)
O. v. peruvianus – South American white-tailed deer or Andean white-tailed deer (most southerly distribution in Peru and possibly Bolivia)
O. v. tropicalis – Peru and Ecuador (possibly Colombia)
O. v. ustus – Ecuador (possibly southern Colombia and northern Peru)

text:
Range map of subspecies

 North America
 Central and South America

text: Description[edit]

text: The deer's coat is a reddish-brown in the spring and summer and turns to a grey-brown throughout the fall and winter. The deer can be recognized by the characteristic white underside to its tail. It raises its tail when it is alarmed to warn the predator that it has been detected.[8] A population of white-tailed deer in New York is entirely white (except for areas like their noses and toes)—not albino—in color. The former Seneca Army Depot in Romulus, New York, has the largest known concentration of white deer. Strong conservation efforts have allowed white deer to thrive within the confines of the depot. White-tailed deer's horizontally slit pupils allow for good night vision and color vision during the day.

text: Size and weight[edit]

text: The white-tailed deer is highly variable in size, generally following Bergmann's rule that the average size is larger farther away from the Equator. North American male deer (also known as a buck) usually weigh 45 kg (100 lb), but in rare cases, bucks in excess of 125 kg (275 lb) have been recorded. Mature bucks over 180 kg (400 lb) have been recorded in the northernmost reaches of their native range, specifically, Minnesota and Ontario. In 1926, Carl J. Lenander, Jr., took a white-tailed buck near Tofte, MN, that weighed 183 kg (403 lb) after it was field-dressed (internal organs and blood removed) and was estimated at 232 kg (511 lb) when alive.[9] The female (doe) in North America usually weighs from 40 to 90 kg (88 to 198 lb). White-tailed deer from the tropics and the Florida Keys are markedly smaller-bodied than temperate populations, averaging 35 to 50 kg (77 to 110 lb), with an occasional adult female as small as 25 kg (55 lb).[10] White-tailed deer from the Andes are larger than other tropical deer of this species, and have thick, slightly woolly looking fur. Length ranges from 95 to 220 cm (37 to 87 in), including a tail of 10 to 37 cm (3.9 to 14.6 in), and the shoulder height is 53 to 120 cm (21 to 47 in).[11][12] Including all races, the average summer weight of adult males is 68 kg (150 lb) and is 45.3 kg (100 lb) in adult females.[13]

text: Deer have dichromatic (two-color) vision with blue and yellow primaries;[14] humans normally have trichromatic vision. Thus, deer poorly distinguish the oranges and reds that stand out so well to humans.[15] This makes it very convenient to use deer-hunter orange as a safety color on caps and clothing to avoid accidental shootings during hunting seasons.

text: Antlers[edit]

text: Males regrow their antlers every year. About one in 10,000 females also has antlers, although this is usually associated with freemartinism.[16] Bucks without branching antlers are often termed "spikehorn", "spiked bucks", "spike bucks", or simply "spikes/spikers". The spikes can be quite long or very short. Length and branching of antlers are determined by nutrition, age, and genetics. Rack growth tends to be very important from late spring until about a month before velvet sheds. Healthy deer in some areas that are well-fed can have eight-point branching antlers as yearlings (1.5 years old).[17] The number of points, the length, or thickness of the antlers is a general indication of age, but cannot be relied upon for positive aging. A better indication of age is the length of the snout and the color of the coat, with older deer tending to have longer snouts and grayer coats. Some say spiked-antler deer should be culled from the population to produce larger branching antler genetics (antler size does not indicate overall health), and some bucks' antlers never will be wall trophies. Good antler-growth nutritional needs (calcium) and good genetics combine to produce wall trophies in some of their range.[18] Spiked bucks are different from "button bucks" or "nubbin' bucks", that are male fawns and are generally about six to nine months of age during their first winter. They have skin-covered nobs on their heads. They can have bony protrusions up to a half inch in length, but that is very rare, and they are not the same as spikes.

text: Antlers begin to grow in late spring, covered with a highly vascularised tissue known as velvet. Bucks either have a typical or atypical antler arrangement. Typical antlers are symmetrical and the points grow straight up off the main beam. Atypical antlers are asymmetrical and the points may project at any angle from the main beam. These descriptions are not the only limitations for typical and atypical antler arrangement. The Boone and Crockett or Pope and Young scoring systems also define relative degrees of typicality and atypicality by procedures to measure what proportion of the antlers is asymmetrical. Therefore, bucks with only slight asymmetry are scored as "typical". A buck's inside spread can be from 3 to 25 in (8–64 cm). Bucks shed their antlers when all females have been bred, from late December to February.

text: Ecology[edit]

text: White-tailed deer are generalists and can adapt to a wide variety of habitats.[19] The largest deer occur in the temperate regions of Canada and United States. The northern white-tailed deer (O. v. borealis), Dakota white-tailed deer (O. v. dacotensis), and northwest white-tailed deer (O. v. ochrourus) are some of the largest animals, with large antlers. The smallest deer occur in the Florida Keys and in partially wooded lowlands in the neotropics.

text: Although most often thought of as forest animals depending on relatively small openings and edges, white-tailed deer can equally adapt themselves to life in more open prairie, savanna woodlands, and sage communities as in the Southwestern United States and northern Mexico. These savanna-adapted deer have relatively large antlers in proportion to their body size and large tails. Also, a noticeable difference exists in size between male and female deer of the savannas. The Texas white-tailed deer (O. v. texanus), of the prairies and oak savannas of Texas and parts of Mexico, are the largest savanna-adapted deer in the Southwest, with impressive antlers that might rival deer found in Canada and the northern United States. Populations of Arizona (O. v. couesi) and Carmen Mountains (O. v. carminis) white-tailed deer inhabit montane mixed oak and pine woodland communities.[20] The Arizona and Carmen Mountains deer are smaller, but may also have impressive antlers, considering their size. The white-tailed deer of the Llanos region of Colombia and Venezuela (O. v. apurensis and O. v. gymnotis) have antler dimensions similar to the Arizona white-tailed deer.

text: In western regions of the United States and Canada, the white-tailed deer range overlaps with those of the mule deer. White-tail incursions in the Trans-Pecos region of Texas have resulted in some hybrids. In the extreme north of the range, their habitat is also used by moose in some areas. White-tailed deer may occur in areas that are also exploited by elk (wapiti) such as in mixed deciduous river valley bottomlands and formerly in the mixed deciduous forest of eastern United States. In places such as Glacier National Park in Montana and several national parks in the Columbian Mountains (Mount Revelstoke National Park) and Canadian Rocky Mountains, as well as in the Yukon Territory ( Yoho National Park and Kootenay National Park), white-tailed deer are shy and more reclusive than the coexisting mule deer, elk, and moose.

text: Central American white-tailed deer prefer tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests, seasonal mixed deciduous forests, savanna, and adjacent wetland habitats over dense tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests. South American subspecies of white-tailed deer live in two types of environments.  The first type, similar to the Central American deer, consists of savannas, dry deciduous forests, and riparian corridors that cover much of Venezuela and eastern Colombia.[21] The other type is the higher elevation mountain grassland/mixed forest ecozones in the Andes Mountains, from Venezuela to Peru. The Andean white-tailed deer seem to retain gray coats due to the colder weather at high altitudes, whereas the lowland savanna forms retain the reddish brown coats. South American white-tailed deer, like those in Central America, also generally avoid dense moist broadleaf forests.

text: Since the second half of the 19th century, white-tailed deer have been introduced to Europe.[22] A population in the Brdy area remains stable today.[23] In 1935, white-tailed deer were introduced to Finland. The introduction was successful, and the deer have recently begun spreading through northern Scandinavia and southern Karelia, competing with, and sometimes displacing, native species. The current population of some 30,000 deer originated from four animals provided by Finnish Americans from Minnesota.

text: Diet[edit]

text: White-tailed deer eat large amounts of food, commonly eating legumes and foraging on other plants, including shoots, leaves, cacti (in deserts), prairie forbs,[24] and grasses. They also eat acorns, fruit, and corn. Their special stomachs allow them to eat some things humans cannot, such as mushrooms and poison ivy. Their diets vary by season according to availability of food sources. They also eat hay, grass, white clover, and other foods they can find in a farm yard. Though almost entirely herbivorous, white-tailed deer have been known to opportunistically feed on nesting songbirds, field mice, and birds trapped in mist nets, if the need arises.[25] A grown deer can eat around 2,000 lb (910 kg) of vegetable matter annually. A foraging area  around 20 deer per square mile can start to destroy the forest environment.[26]

text: The white-tailed deer is a ruminant, which means it has a four-chambered stomach. Each chamber has a different and specific function that allows the deer to eat a variety of different foods, digesting it at a later time in a safe area of cover. The stomach hosts a complex set of microbes that change as the deer's diet changes through the seasons. If the microbes necessary for digestion of a particular food (e.g., hay) are absent, it will not be digested.[27]

text: Predators[edit]

text: Several natural predators of white-tailed deer occur. Wolves, cougars, American alligators, jaguars (in the tropics), and humans are the most effective natural predators of white-tailed deer. These predators frequently pick out easily caught young or infirm deer (which is believed to improve the genetic stock of a population), but can and do take healthy adults of any size. Bobcats, Canada lynx, bears, wolverines, and packs of coyotes usually prey mainly on fawns. Bears may sometimes attack adult deer, while lynxes, coyotes, and wolverines are most likely to take adult deer when the ungulates are weakened by harsh winter weather.[11] Many scavengers rely on deer as carrion, including New World vultures, raptors, foxes, and corvids. Few wild predators can afford to be picky and any will readily consume deer as carrion. Records exist of American crows attempting to prey on white-tailed deer fawns by pecking around their face and eyes, though no accounts of success are given.[28] Occasionally, both golden and bald eagles may capture deer fawns with their talons.[29] In one case, a golden eagle was filmed in Illinois unsuccessfully trying to prey on a large mature white-tailed deer.[30]

text: White-tailed deer typically respond to the presence of potential predators by breathing very heavily (also called blowing) and fleeing. When they blow, the sound alerts other deer in the area. As they run, the flash of their white tails warns other deer. This especially serves to warn fawns when their mother is alarmed.[31] Most natural predators of white-tailed deer hunt by ambush, although canids may engage in an extended chase, hoping to exhaust the prey. Felids typically try to suffocate the deer by biting the throat. Cougars and jaguars will initially knock the deer off balance with their powerful forelegs, whereas the smaller bobcats and lynxes will jump astride the deer to deliver a killing bite. In the case of canids and wolverines, the predators bite at the limbs and flanks, hobbling the deer, until they can reach vital organs and kill it through loss of blood. Bears, which usually target fawns, often simply knock down the prey and then start eating it while it is still alive.[32][33] Alligators snatch deer as they try to drink from or cross bodies of water, grabbing them with their powerful jaws and dragging them into the water to drown.[34]

text: Most primary natural predators of white-tailed deer have been basically extirpated in eastern North America, with a very small number of reintroduced red wolves, which are nearly extinct, around North Carolina and a small remnant population of Florida panthers, a subspecies of the cougar. Gray wolves, the leading cause of deer mortality where they overlap, co-occur with whitetails in northern Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, and parts of Canada.[31] This almost certainly plays a factor in the overpopulation issues with this species.[31] Coyotes, widespread and with a rapidly expanding population, are often the only major nonhuman predator of the species, besides an occasional domestic dog.[31] In some areas, American black bears are also significant predators.[32][33] In northcentral Pennsylvania, black bears were found to be nearly as common predators of fawns as coyotes.[35] Bobcats, still fairly widespread, usually only exploit deer as prey when smaller prey is scarce.[36] Discussions have occurred regarding the possible reintroduction of gray wolves and cougars to sections of the eastern United States, largely because of the apparent controlling effect they have through deer predation on local ecosystems, as has been illustrated in the reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone National Park and their controlling effect on previously overpopulated elk.[37] However, due to the heavy urban development in much of the East and fear for livestock and human lives, such ideas have ultimately been rejected by local communities and/or by government services and have not been carried through.[38][39][40]

text: In areas where they are heavily hunted by humans, deer run almost immediately from people and are quite wary even where not heavily hunted. In most areas where hunting may occur deer seem to develop an acute sense of time and a fondness for metro parks and golf courses. This rather odd occurrence is best noted in Michigan, where in the lower peninsula around late August early September they begin to move out of less developed areas in favor of living near human settlements.

text: The deer of Virginia can run faster than their predators and have been recorded at speeds of 75 km (47 mi) per hour;[41] this ranks them amongst the fastest of all cervids, alongside the Eurasian roe deer. They can also jump 2.7 m (8.9 ft) high and up to 10 m (33 ft) in length. When shot at, the white-tailed deer will run at high speeds with its tail down. If frightened, the deer will hop in a zig-zag with its tail straight up. If the deer feels extremely threatened, however, it may charge the person or predator causing the threat, using its antlers or, if none are present, its head to fight off the threat.

text: Forest alteration[edit]

text: In certain parts of the eastern United States, high deer densities have caused large reductions in plant biomass, including the density and heights of certain forest wildflowers, tree seedlings, and shrubs. Although they can be seen as a nuisance species, white tail deer also play an important role in biodiversity.[42][43] At the same time, increases in browse-tolerant grasses and sedges and unpalatable ferns have often accompanied intensive deer herbivory.[44] Changes to the structure of forest understories have, in turn, altered the composition and abundance of forest bird communities in some areas.[45] Deer activity has also been shown to increase herbaceous plant diversity, particularly in disturbed areas, by reducing competitively dominant plants;[46] and to increase the growth rates of important canopy trees, perhaps by increased nutrient inputs into the soil.[47]

text: In northeastern hardwood forests, high-density deer populations affect plant succession, particularly following clear-cuts and patch cuts. In succession without deer, annual herbs and woody plants are followed by commercially valuable, shade-tolerant oak and maple. The shade-tolerant trees prevent the invasion of less commercial cherry and American beech, which are stronger nutrient competitors, but not as shade tolerant. Although deer eat shade-tolerant plants and acorns, this is not the only way deer can shift the balance in favor of nutrient competitors. Deer consuming earlier-succession plants allows in enough light for nutrient competitors to invade. Since slow-growing oaks need several decades to develop root systems sufficient to compete with faster-growing species, removal of the canopy prior to that point amplifies the effect of deer on succession. High-density deer populations possibly could browse eastern hemlock seedlings out of existence in northern hardwood forests;[48] however, this scenario seems unlikely, given that deer browsing is not considered the critical factor preventing hemlock re-establishment at large scales.[49]

text: Ecologists have also expressed concern over the facilitative effect high deer populations have on invasions of exotic plant species. In a study of eastern hemlock forests, browsing by white-tailed deer caused populations of three exotic plants to rise faster than they do in the areas which are absent of deer. Seedlings of the three invading species rose exponentially with deer density, while the most common native species fell exponentially with deer density, because deer were preferentially eating the native species. The effects of deer on the invasive and native plants were magnified in cases of canopy disturbance.[50]

text: Methods for controlling deer populations[edit]

text: Several methods have been developed in attempts to curb the population of white-tailed deer, and these can be separated into lethal and nonlethal strategies. Most common in the U.S is the use of extended hunting as population control.[51] In Maryland and many other states, a state agency sets regulations on bag limits and hunting in the area depending on the deer population levels assessed.[52] Hunting seasons may fluctuate in duration, or restrictions may be set to affect how many deer or what type of deer can be hunted in certain regions. For the 2015–2016 white-tailed deer-hunting season, some areas only allow for the hunting of antlerless white-tailed deer. These would include young bucks and females, encouraging the culling of does which would otherwise contribute to increasing populations via offspring production.[51]

text: More refined than public hunting is a method referred to as sharpshooting by the Deer Task Force in the city of Bloomington, Indiana. Sharpshooting can be an option when the area inhabited by the deer is unfit for public hunting. This strategy may work in areas close to human populations, since it is done by professional marksmen, and requires a submitted plan of action to the city with details on the time and location of the event, as well as number of deer to be culled.[53]

text: Another controversial method involves trapping the deer in a net or other trap, and then administering a chemical euthanizing agent or extermination by firearm. A main issue in questioning the humaneness of this method is the stress that the deer endure while trapped and awaiting extermination.[54]

text: Nonlethal methods include contraceptive injections, sterilization, and translocation of deer.[55] While lethal methods have municipal support as being the most effective in the short term, some opponents to this view suggest no significant impacts of deer extermination on the populations occur.[56] Opponents of contraceptive methods point out that fertility control proves ineffective over time as populations in open-field systems move about. Concerns are voiced that the contraceptives have not been adequately researched for the effect they could have on humans who consume the treated venison. Fertility control also does nothing to affect the current population and the effects their grazing may be having on the forest plant make-up.[57]

text: Translocation has been considered overly costly for the little benefit it provides. Deer experience high stress and are at high risk of dying in the process, putting into question its humaneness.[58] Another concern in using this method is the possible spread of chronic wasting disease found in the deer family and the lack of research on its effect on human populations.

text: Behavior[edit]

text: Males compete for the opportunity of breeding females. Sparring among males determines a dominance hierarchy.[59] Bucks attempt to copulate with as many females as possible, losing physical condition, since they rarely eat or rest during the rut. The general geographical trend is for the rut to be shorter in duration at increased latitude. Many factors determine how intense the "rutting season" will be; air temperature is a major one. Any time the temperature rises above 40 °F (4 °C), the males do much less traveling looking for females, else they will be subject to overheating or dehydrating. Another factor for the strength in rutting activity is competition. If numerous males are in a particular area, then they compete more for the females. If fewer males or more females are present, then the selection process will not need to be as competitive.

text: Reproduction[edit]

text: Females enter estrus, colloquially called the rut, in the autumn, normally in late October or early November,[60] triggered mainly by the declining photoperiod. Sexual maturation of females depends on population density, as well as availability of food.[61] Young females often flee from an area heavily populated with males. Some does may be as young as six months when they reach sexual maturity, but the average age of maturity is 18 months.[62] Copulation consists of a brief copulatory jump.[63][64]

text: Females give birth to one to three spotted young, known as fawns, in mid- to late spring, generally in May or June. Fawns lose their spots during the first summer and weigh from 44 to 77 lb (20 to 35 kg) by the first winter. Male fawns tend to be slightly larger and heavier than females. For the first four weeks, fawns are hidden in vegetation by their mothers, who nurse them four to five times a day. This strategy keeps scent levels low to avoid predators. After about a month, the fawns [65] are then able to follow their mothers on foraging trips. They are usually weaned after 8–10 weeks, but cases have been seen where mothers have continued to allow nursing long after the fawns have lost their spots (for several months, or until the end of fall) as seen by rehabilitators and other studies. Males leave their mothers after a year and females leave after two.

text: Bucks are generally sexually mature at 1.5 years old and begin to breed even in populations stacked with older bucks.

text: Communication[edit]

text: White-tailed deer have many forms of communication involving sounds, scent, body language, and marking. In addition to the aforementioned blowing in the presence of danger, all white-tailed deer are capable of producing audible noises unique to each animal. Fawns release a high-pitched squeal, known as a bleat, to call out to their mothers.[66] This bleat deepens as the fawn grows until it becomes the grunt of the mature deer, a guttural sound that attracts the attention of any other deer in the area. A doe makes maternal grunts when searching for her bedded fawns.[66] Bucks also grunt, at a pitch lower than that of the doe; this grunt deepens as the buck matures. In addition to grunting, both does and bucks also snort, a sound that often signals an imminent threat. Mature bucks also produce a grunt-snort-wheeze pattern, unique to each animal, that asserts its dominance, aggression, and hostility.[66] Another way white-tailed deer communicate is through the use of their white tail. When spooked, it will raise its tail to warn the other deer in the immediate area.

text: Marking[edit]

text: White-tailed deer possess many glands that allow them to produce scents, some of which are so potent they can be detected by the human nose. Four major glands are the preorbital, forehead, tarsal, and metatarsal glands. Secretions from the preorbital glands (in front of the eye) were thought to be rubbed on tree branches, but research suggests this is not so. Scent from the forehead or sudoriferous glands (found on the head, between the antlers and eyes) is used to deposit scent on branches that overhang "scrapes" (areas scraped by the deer's front hooves prior to rub-urination). The tarsal glands are found on the upper inside of the hock (middle joint) on each hind leg. Scent is deposited from these glands when deer walk through and rub against vegetation. These scrapes are used by bucks as a sort of "sign-post" by which bucks know which other bucks are in the area, and to let does know a buck is regularly passing through the area—for breeding purposes. The scent from the metatarsal glands, found on the outside of each hind leg, between the ankle and hooves, may be used as an alarm scent. The scent from the interdigital glands, which are located between the hooves of each foot, emit a yellow waxy substance with an offensive odor. Deer can be seen stomping their hooves if they sense danger through sight, sound, or smell; this action leaves an excessive amount of odor for the purpose of warning other deer of possible danger.[citation needed]

text: Throughout the year, deer rub-urinate, a process during which a deer squats while urinating so urine will run down the insides of the deer's legs, over the tarsal glands, and onto the hair covering these glands. Bucks rub-urinate more frequently during the breeding season.[67] Secretions from the tarsal gland mix with the urine and bacteria to produce a strong-smelling odor. During the breeding season, does release hormones and pheromones that tell bucks a doe is in heat and able to breed. Bucks also rub trees and shrubs with their antlers and heads during the breeding season, possibly transferring scent from the forehead glands to the tree, leaving a scent other deer can detect.[68]

text: Sign-post marking (scrapes and rubs) is a very obvious way white-tailed deer communicate.[68] Although bucks do most of the marking, does visit these locations often. To make a rub, a buck uses his antlers to strip the bark off small-diameter trees, helping to mark his territory and polish his antlers. To mark areas they regularly pass through, bucks make scrapes. Often occurring in patterns known as scrape lines, scrapes are areas where a buck has used his front hooves to expose bare earth. They often rub-urinate into these scrapes, which are often found under twigs that have been marked with scent from the forehead glands.[citation needed]

text: Human interactions[edit]

text: By the early 20th century, commercial exploitation and unregulated hunting had severely depressed deer populations in much of their range.[69] For example, by about 1930, the U.S. population was thought to number about 300,000.[70] After an outcry by hunters and other conservation ecologists, commercial exploitation of deer became illegal and conservation programs along with regulated hunting were introduced. In 2005, estimates put the deer population in the United States at around 30 million.[71] Conservation practices have proved so successful, in parts of their range, the white-tailed deer populations currently far exceed their cultural carrying capacity and the animal may be considered a nuisance.[72][73] A reduction in natural predators (which normally cull young, sick, or infirm specimens) has undoubtedly contributed to locally abundant populations.

text: At high population densities, farmers can suffer economic damage by deer feeding on cash crops, especially in corn and orchards. It has become nearly impossible to grow some crops in some areas unless very burdensome deer-deterring measures are taken. Deer are excellent fence-jumpers, and their fear of motion and sounds meant to scare them away is soon dulled. Timber harvesting and forest clearance have historically resulted in increased deer population densities,[74][75] which in turn have slowed the rate of reforestation following logging in some areas. High densities of deer can have severe impacts on native plants and animals in parks and natural areas; however, deer browsing can also promote plant and animal diversity in some areas.[76][77] Deer can also cause substantial damage to landscape plants in suburban areas, leading to limited hunting or trapping to relocate or sterilize them. In parts of the Eastern US with high deer populations and fragmented woodlands, deer often wander into suburban and urban habitats that are less than ideal for the species.

text: Hunting[edit]

text: White-tailed deer have long been hunted as game, for pure sport and for their commodities. In some areas where their populations are very high, they are considered a pest, and hunting is used as a method to control it.

text: Farming[edit]

text: In New Zealand, America, and Canada, white-tailed deer are kept as livestock, and are extensively as well as intensively farmed for their meat, antlers, and pelts.

text: As pets[edit]

text:
Many keep white-tailed deer as pets. They are very smart, affectionate, curious and playful. However, on multiple occasions, during mating season, bucks kept as pets were very aggressive and resulted in severe injuries in their owners. Some areas ban the keeping of white-tailed deer in captivity, while others advocate the trapping and keeping of wild deer as an alternative to hunting due to high populations.
However, this is illegal across many U.S. states, as it is considered dangerous; a white-tailed deer's large antlers can impale and kill if that is what the deer intends. Any deer found being held captive will be killed by law enforcement officers in order to prevent the spread of any diseases the deer may have obtained.[78]

text: Deer–vehicle collisions[edit]

text: Motor vehicle collisions with deer are a serious problem in many parts of the animal's range, especially at night and during rutting season, causing injuries and fatalities among both deer and humans. Vehicular damage can be substantial in some cases.[79] In the United States, such collisions increased from 200,000 in 1980 to 500,000 in 1991.[80] By 2009, the insurance industry estimated 2.4 million deer–vehicle collisions had occurred over the past two years, estimating damage cost to be over 7 billion dollars and 300 human deaths. Despite the alarming high rate of these accidents, the effect on deer density is still quite low. Vehicle collisions of deer were monitored for two years in Virginia, and the collective annual mortality did not surpass 20% of the estimated deer population.[81]

text: Many techniques have been investigated to prevent road-side mortality. Fences or road under- or over- passes have been shown to decrease deer-vehicle collisions, but are expensive and difficult to implement on a large scale.[82][83] Roadside habitat modifications could also successfully decrease the number of collisions along roadways.[83] An essential procedure in understanding factors resulting in accidents is to quantify risks, which involves the driver's behavior in terms of safe speed and ability to observe the deer. They suggest reducing speed limits during the winter months when deer density is exceptionally high would likely reduce deer-vehicle collisions, but this may be an impractical solution.[82]

text: Diseases[edit]

text:
Another issue that exists with high deer density is the spreading of infectious diseases. Increased deer populations lead to increased transmission of tick-borne diseases, which pose a threat to human health, to livestock, and to other deer. Deer are the primary host and vector for the adult black-legged tick, which transmits the Lyme disease bacterium to humans.[84] Lyme disease is the most common vector-borne disease in the country and is found in twelve states in Eastern America. In 2009, it affected more than 38,000 people. Furthermore, the incidence of Lyme disease seems to reflect deer density in the eastern United States, which suggests a strong correlation. White-tailed deer also serve as intermediate hosts for many diseases that infect humans through ticks, such as Rocky Mountain spotted fever.[80][81]
Newer evidence suggests the white footed mouse is the most significant vector. [85] https://phys.org/news/2018-04-reveals-high-infection-white-footed-mice.html

text: Cultural significance[edit]

text: In the U.S., the species is the state animal of Arkansas, Illinois, Michigan, Mississippi, Nebraska, New Hampshire, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and South Carolina, the wildlife symbol of Wisconsin, and game animal of Oklahoma. The profile of a white-tailed deer buck caps the coat of arms of Vermont and can be seen in the flag of Vermont and in stained glass at the Vermont State House. It is the national animal of Honduras and Costa Rica and the provincial animal of Canadian Saskatchewan and Finnish Pirkanmaa. Texas is home to the most white-tailed deer of any U.S. state or Canadian province, with an estimated population of over four million. Notably high populations of white-tailed deer occur in the Edwards Plateau of Central Texas. Michigan, Minnesota, Iowa, Mississippi, Missouri, New Jersey, Illinois, Wisconsin, Maryland, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Indiana also boast high deer densities. In 1884, one of the first hunts of white-tailed deer in Europe was conducted in Opočno and Dobříš (Brdy Mountains area), in what is now the Czech Republic.


document_title: Creature from the Black Lagoon

question_text: where was the creature from the black lagoon filmed at

text: Creature from the Black Lagoon

text: Plot[edit]

text: A geology expedition in the Amazon uncovers fossilized evidence (a skeletal hand with webbed fingers) from the Devonian period that provides a direct link between land and sea animals. Expedition leader Dr. Carl Maia (Antonio Moreno) orders his two assistants to stay in camp while he visits the marine biology institute.

text: Maia reunites with his friend and former student, ichthyologist Dr. David Reed (Richard Carlson). Dr. Reed works at an aquarium in California, but more recently he has been a guest at Maia's institute in Brazil to study lungfish. Reed persuades his boss, the financially minded Dr. Mark Williams (Richard Denning), to fund a return expedition to the Amazon to look for the remainder of the skeleton.

text: Soon after Dr. Maia leaves camp, a piscine amphibious humanoid, a living member of the same species from which the fossil originated, becomes curious about the expedition's camp. When its sudden appearance frightens the assistants, they panic and attack, and in response the enraged creature kills them both.

text: The group goes aboard the tramp steamer Rita, captained by crusty Lucas (Nestor Paiva). The expedition consists of David, Carl, Mark, as well as Reed's girlfriend and colleague, Kay Lawrence (Julie Adams), and another scientist, Dr. Edwin Thompson (Whit Bissell). When they arrive at the camp, they discover Maia's assistants have been killed while he was away. Lucas suggests it was likely done by a jaguar, but the others are unsure.

text: A further excavation of the area where Carl found the fossil turns up nothing. Mark is ready to give up the search, but David suggests that perhaps thousands of years ago the part of the embankment containing the rest of the skeleton fell into the water and was washed downriver, broken up by the current. Carl says the tributary empties into a lagoon. Lucas calls it the "Black Lagoon", a paradise from which no one has ever returned. The scientists decide to risk it, unaware that the amphibious "Gill-man" that killed Carl's assistants has been watching them. Taking notice of the beautiful Kay, the creature follows the Rita all the way downriver to the Black Lagoon. Once the expedition arrives, David and Mark go diving to collect rock samples from the lagoon floor. After they return, Kay goes swimming and is stalked underwater by the Gill-man, who then gets briefly caught in one of the ship's drag lines. Although it escapes, the creature leaves a claw behind in the net, revealing its existence.

text: Subsequent encounters with the Gill-man claim the lives of Lucas's crew members, before the creature is captured and locked in a cage aboard the Rita. It escapes during the night, attacking Thompson, who was guarding it. Kay smashes the creature with a lantern, driving it off, but Thompson is severely injured. Following this incident, David decides they should return to civilization. Mark, obsessed with capturing (or killing) the creature, objects. As the Rita tries to leave, they find the lagoon's entrance blocked by fallen logs, courtesy of the Gill-man. While the others attempt to remove the logs, Mark is mauled to death while trying to capture the creature single-handedly, underwater. It then abducts Kay and takes her to its cavern lair. David, Lucas and Carl give chase, and Kay is rescued. The creature is riddled with bullets before retreating to the lagoon, where its body sinks into the watery depths.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Richard Carlson as Dr. David Reed
Julie Adams as Kay Lawrence
Richard Denning as Dr. Mark Williams
Antonio Moreno as Dr. Carl Maia
Nestor Paiva as Captain Lucas
Whit Bissell as Dr. Edwin Thompson
Bernie Gozier as Zee
Henry A. Escalante as Chico
Perry Lopez as Tomas
Rodd Redwing as Luis
Sydney Mason as Dr. Matos
Ben Chapman as Gill-man (land)
Ricou Browning as Gill-man (underwater)

text: Production[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2017)

text: Producer William Alland was attending a 1941 dinner party during the filming of Citizen Kane (in which he played the reporter Thompson) when Mexican cinematographer Gabriel Figueroa told him about the myth of a race of half-fish, half-human creatures in the Amazon River. Alland wrote story notes titled "The Sea Monster" 10 years later. His inspiration was Beauty and the Beast. In December 1952, Maurice Zimm expanded this into a treatment, which Harry Essex and Arthur Ross rewrote as The Black Lagoon. Following the success of the 3D film House of Wax in 1953, Jack Arnold was hired to direct the film in the same format.[3]

text: The designer of the approved Gill-man was Disney animator Milicent Patrick, though her role was deliberately downplayed by make-up artist Bud Westmore, who for half a century would receive sole credit for the creature's conception.[4] Jack Kevan, who worked on The Wizard of Oz (1939) and made prosthetics for amputees during World War II, created the bodysuit, while Chris Mueller Jr. sculpted the head.[citation needed]

text: Ben Chapman portrayed the Gill-man for the majority of the scenes shot at Universal City, California. Many of the on-top of the water scenes were filmed at Rice Creek near Palatka, Florida. The costume made it impossible for Chapman to sit for the 14 hours of each day that he wore it, and it overheated easily, so he stayed in the back lot's lake, often requesting to be hosed down. He also could not see very well while wearing the headpiece, which caused him to scrape Julie Adams' head against the wall when carrying her in the grotto scenes. Ricou Browning played the Gill-Man in the underwater shots, which were filmed by the second unit in Wakulla Springs, Florida.[3]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Creature from the Black Lagoon received positive reviews from critics upon its release and is now considered a classic.[citation needed] Leonard Maltin awarded the film three out of a possible four stars, writing, "Archetypal '50s monster movie has been copied so often that some of the edge is gone, but ... is still entertaining, with juicy atmosphere and luminous underwater photography sequences."[5] Film review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports an approval rating of 84%, based on 32 reviews, with an overall rating average of 6.9/10.[6] The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

text:
2001: AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills – Nominated[7]
2003: AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes & Villains:

Gill-man – Nominated Villain[8]

text: Home media[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In 1980, Universal released Creature from the Black Lagoon on video cassette in an anaglyph 3D version, using the Deep Vision anaglyph 3D release as its source. Subsequent releases on VHS, Beta and DVD were the 2D version. On October 2, 2012, Universal Studios Home Entertainment released the film on Blu-ray as a 2D / Blu-ray 3D dual format disc as part of the "Universal Classic Monsters: The Essential Collection" box set. On June 4, 2013, the Creature from the Black Lagoon Blu-ray disc was released as a stand-alone title.

text: In other media[edit]

text: Novelization[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Creature from the Black Lagoon was novelized in 1954 by John Russell Fearn under the pseudonym of "Vargo Statten", then later, in 1977, in mass market paperback under the pseudonym of "Carl Dreadstone". This was part of a short-lived series of books based on the classic Universal horror films. The 1977 book was introduced by Ramsey Campbell, but was written by Walter Harris. The 1977 novel offers a completely different Gill-man, who in this version of the story is gigantic, almost as big as the Rita herself, weighing in at 30 tons. It is both coldblooded and warmblooded, is a hermaphrodite, and also possesses a long whip-like tail. The gigantic creature is dubbed "AA", for "Advanced Amphibian", by the expedition team members. After slaying most of the team members, destroying a Sikorsky helicopter, and kidnapping Kay more than once, the creature is killed by the crew of a United States Navy torpedo boat.

text: The 1977 novel also differs greatly with respect to the human characters. Only David Reed and Kay Lawrence remain the same. Mark Williams is a German named "Bruno Gebhardt" and dies not as a result from drowning, but by the monster falling on him. Lucas is named "Jose Goncalves Fonseca de Souza" and is a mostly sympathetic character, until his suggestion of throwing the wounded and unconscious Reed to the monster makes an enraged Gebhardt/Williams throw "him" to the beast instead. Dr. Thompson and Dr. Maia both die grisly deaths, whereas in the movie they survive; Maia is eaten by the monster, and Thompson is impaled on a long tree branch flung at him by the creature like a spear (in an apparent nod to a deleted scene from Revenge of the Creature wherein the Gill-man killed a guard in this fashion).

text: Reboots and remakes[edit]

text: Successful sequels[edit]

text: Creature from the Black Lagoon spawned two sequels: Revenge of the Creature (1955), which was also filmed and released in 3D in hopes of reviving the format, and The Creature Walks Among Us (1956), filmed in 2D. A comedic short TV special was aired prior to the film's release titled Abbott and Costello Meet the Creature from the Black Lagoon.

text: Cancelled remakes[edit]

text: This article may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards. You can help. The discussion page may contain suggestions. (August 2016)

text: In 1982, John Landis wanted Jack Arnold to direct a remake of the film, and Nigel Kneale was commissioned to write the screenplay. Kneale completed the script, which involved a pair of creatures, one destructive and the other calm and sensitive, being persecuted by the United States Navy.[9] A decision to make the film in 3D led to the remake being canceled by producers at Universal, both for budgetary concerns and to avoid a clash with Jaws 3-D.[9] In 1992, John Carpenter was developing the remake at Universal.[10] He originally hired Bill Phillips to write the script while Rick Baker was hired to create the 3D model of the Creature, but the project never got green-lit. Herschel Weingrod and Timothy Harris wrote a new script,[11] and Universal offered Peter Jackson the director's position in 1995, but he chose to work on King Kong instead.[12] In February 1996, Ivan Reitman was planning to direct the remake, but the outing never materialized.[11] With the financial success of The Mummy remake in May 1999, development of the Creature from the Black Lagoon remake was revived.[13]

text: In December 2001, Gary Ross signed on to write and produce the remake with his father, Arthur A. Ross, one of the original's writers. He told The Hollywood Reporter, "The story my father wrote embodies the clash between primitive men and civilized men, and that obviously makes it a fertile area for re-examination."[14] In August 2002, Guillermo del Toro, a fan of the original, was attached as director.[15] He had hoped to do a story focused more on the Creature's perspective and letting him have romantic success, which he would later turn into the 2017 film The Shape of Water, but Universal heads rejected this concept.[16] Because of these creative clashes and his commitments to numerous other projects, Universal was forced to go without del Toro and hired Tedi Sarafian (credited on Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines) to write a script in March 2003.[17]

text: In October 2005, Breck Eisner signed on as director. "As a kid, I remember loving Jack Arnold's original version of this film", he explained. "What I really want to do is update an iconic image from the '50s and bring in more of the sci-fi sensibility of Alien or John Carpenter's The Thing (1982)."[18] Ross said in March 2007 the Gill-man's origin would be reinvented, with him being the result of a pharmaceutical corporation polluting the Amazon. "It's about the rainforest being exploited for profit", he said.[19]

text: However, the production was delayed by the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike; as a result, Eisner made The Crazies (2010) the number one on his priority list instead. His new goal was to finish filming The Crazies and then begin filming Creature from the Black Lagoon in Manaus, Brazil and on the Amazon River in Peru. Eisner was inspired to shoot on location by the film Fitzcarraldo, and the boat set had been built. Eisner continued to rewrite the script, which was to be a summer blockbuster full of "action and excitement, but [still] scary". Eisner spent six months designing the new incarnation of the Gill-man with Mark McCreery (Jurassic Park, and Davy Jones' designer). The director said the design was "very faithful to the original, but updated" and that the Gill-man would still be sympathetic.[20]

text: In 2009, it was reported that Carl Erik Rinsch might direct a 2010 remake that would be produced by Marc Abraham, Eric Newman and Gary Ross;[21][22] however, a project featuring this ensemble had been abandoned by 2011.[citation needed]

text: In March 2012, Universal announced that a remake was in production, and would simply be titled The Black Lagoon rather than Creature from the Black Lagoon, in order to distinguish the two versions. In October 2012, the studio hired Dave Kajganich to write the film.[23] The film was expected to hit theaters by May 2014, but was ultimately cancelled.[citation needed]

text: Reboot[edit]

text: Universal Pictures is developing a shared universe of rebooted modern-day versions of their classic Universal Monsters, with various films in different stages of development. The series begins with The Mummy (2017) and will continue with Bride of Frankenstein (2019). The Creature from the Black Lagoon has a story written by Jeff Pinkner and a script written by Will Beall. In June 2017, Kurtzman revealed that the Gill-man will be from the Amazon.[24] But on November 8, 2017, Alex Kurtzman and Chris Morgan moved on to other projects, leaving the future of the Dark Universe in doubt.[25] On January 15, 2018, it was reported by Omega Underground that the production team for the Bride of Frankenstein has reassembled and are now eyeing Gal Gadot for the lead role, so there is still hope for the Dark Universe and the other Universal reboots.[26]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: The 2017 film The Shape of Water was partly inspired by Guillermo del Toro's childhood memories of Creature from the Black Lagoon; he wished to see Gill-man and the film's co-star Julie Adams succeed in their romance.[27]


document_title: List of governors of Bengal

question_text: who is the first governor general of bengal

text: List of governors of Bengal

text: Chief agents, 1681–1684[edit]

text:
Name

Took office

Left office

William Hedges

1681

1684

John Beard

1684

1684

text: Presidents, 1684–1694[edit]

text:
Name

Took office

Left office

William Gyfford

1684

1685

Job Charnock

1685

1693

Francis Ellis

1693

1693

Charles Eyre

1693

1694

text: Chief Agents, 1694–1700[edit]

text:
Name

Took office

Left office

Charles Eyre

1694

1698

John Beard

1698

1699

Charles Eyre

1699

1700

text: Presidents, 1700–1758[edit]

text:
Name

Took office

Left office

Charles Eyre

1700

1701

John Beard

1701

1705

Edward Littleton

1705

1705

'Ruled by a council'

1705

1710

Anthony Weltden

1710

1711

John Russell

1711

1713

Robert Hedges

1713

1718

Samuel Flake

1718

1723

John Deane

1723

1726

Henry Frankland

1726

1728

Edward Stephenson

1728

1728

John Deane

1728

1732

John Stackhouse

1732

1739

Thomas Broddyll

1739

1746

John Forster

1746

1748

William Barwell

1748

1749

Adam Dawson

1749

1752

William Fytche

1752

1752

Roger Drake

1752

1756

text: Under the leadership of Robert Clive, British troops and their local allies defeated the nawab on 23 June 1757 at the Battle of Plassey. The nawab was assassinated in Murshidabad, and the British installed their own replacement. Clive became governor.

text: Governors (1758–1774), Governor General of Bengal (1773–1833), Governor General of India (1833–1858)[edit]

text:
Name

Took office

Left office

Robert Clive

1758

1760

Henry Vansittart

1760

1765

Robert Clive, 1st Baron Clive

1765

1767

Harry Verelst

1767

1769

John Cartier

1769

1772

Warren Hastings

1773

1785

Sir John Macpherson, 1st Baronet

1785

1786

Charles Cornwallis, 2nd Earl Cornwallis

1786

1793

Sir John Shore

1793

1798

Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley

1798

1805

Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis

1805

1805

Sir George Barlow, 1st Baronet

1805

1807

Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, The Lord Minto

1807

1813

Francis Rawdon-Hastings, The Earl of Moira

1813

1823

John Adam

1823

1823

William Amherst, 1st Earl Amherst

1823

1828

William Butterworth Bayley

1828

1828

William Bentinck

1828

1835

Sir Charles Metcalfe, Bt

1835

1836

George Eden, 1st Earl of Auckland

1836

1842

Edward Law, 1st Earl of Ellenborough

1842

1844

William Wilberforce Bird

1842

1844

Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount Hardinge

1844

1848

James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie

1848

1856

text: Under the Charter Act 1853 the Governor General of India was relieved of his concurrent duties as Governor of Bengal and empowered to appoint a lieutenant-governor from 1854.

text: Lieutenant-Governors, 1854–1912[edit]

text:
Name

Took office

Left office

 Frederick James Halliday

1854

1859

 John Peter Grant

1859

1862

 Cecil Beadon

1862

1866

 William Grey

1867

1870

 George Campbell

1870

1874

 Richard Temple

1874

1877

 Ashley Eden

1877

1882

 Augustus Thompson

1882

1887

 Steuart Colvin Bayley

1887

1890

 Charles Alfred Elliott

1890

1893

 Anthony MacDonnell

1893

1895

 Alexander Mackenzie

1895

1897

 Charles Stevens

1897

1898

 John Woodburn

1898

1902

James Bourdillon

1902

1903

 Andrews Henderson Leith Frazer

1903

1906

Lancelot Hare

1906

1906

Francis Slacke

1906

1908

 Edward Norman Baker

1908

1911

 William Duke

1911

1912

text: In 1911, the British reunited east and west Bengal to form a single province under a governor.

text: Governors, 1912–1947[edit]

text:
Name

Took office

Left office

Thomas Gibson-Carmichael, 1st Baron Carmichael

1912

1917

Lawrence Dundas, Earl of Ronaldshay

1917

1922

Victor Bulwer-Lytton, 2nd Earl of Lytton

1922

1927

Sir Stanley Jackson

1927

1932

Sir John Anderson

1932

1937

Michael Knatchbull, 5th Baron Brabourne

1937

1938

Sir John Arthur Herbert

1939

1943

Richard Casey

1944

1946

Sir Frederick Burrows

1946

1947

text: Independence, post 1947[edit]

text: In 1947, the British Raj came to an end, and the new countries of India and Pakistan were created.  Bengal was partitioned into two in anticipation of this in 1946, and following independence West Bengal joined India, and East Bengal (renamed as East Pakistan in 1956) joined Pakistan only to secede later in 1972 as Bangladesh.

text: For a continuation of governors of West Bengal, please see List of Governors of West Bengal, and for East Bengal, please see East Bengal, East Pakistan, and finally, List of Presidents of Bangladesh.