document_title: Starvation response

question_text: where does body get energy from when fasting

root

text: Starvation response

text: In humans[edit]

text: Starvation mode is a state in which the body responds to prolonged periods of low energy intake. During short periods of energy abstinence, the human body burns primarily free fatty acids from body fat stores, along with small amounts of muscle tissue to provide required glucose for the brain.  After prolonged periods of starvation the body has depleted its body fat and begins to burn primarily lean tissue and muscle as a fuel source.

tag: p

text: Ordinarily, the body responds to reduced energy intake by burning fat reserves and consuming muscle and other tissues. Specifically, the body burns fat after first exhausting the contents of the digestive tract along with glycogen reserves stored in liver cells.[2] After prolonged periods of starvation, the body uses the proteins within muscle tissue as a fuel source.[3]

text: Magnitude and composition[edit]

text: The magnitude and composition of the starvation response (i.e. metabolic adaptation) was estimated in a study of 8 individuals living in isolation in Biosphere 2 for two years. During their isolation, they gradually lost an average of 15% (range: 9–24%) of their body weight due to harsh conditions. On emerging from isolation, the eight isolated individuals were compared with a 152-person control group that initially had had similar physical characteristics. On average, the starvation response of the individuals after isolation was a 180 kCal reduction in daily total energy expenditure. 60 kCal of the starvation response was explained by a reduction in fat-free mass and fat mass.  An additional 65 kCal was explained by a reduction in fidgeting. The remaining 55 kCal was statistically insignificant.[4]

text: General[edit]

text: The energetic requirements of a body are composed of the basal metabolic rate and the physical activity level. This caloric requirement can be met with protein, fat, carbohydrates, alcohol, or a mixture of those. Glucose is the general metabolic fuel, and can be metabolized by any cell. Fructose and some other nutrients can only be metabolized in the liver, where their metabolites transform into either glucose stored as glycogen in the liver and in muscles, or into fatty acids stored in adipose tissue.

text: Because of the blood–brain barrier, getting nutrients to the human brain is especially dependent on molecules that can pass this barrier. The brain itself consumes about 18% of the basal metabolic rate: on a total intake of 1800 kcal/day, this equates to 324 kcal, or about 80 g of glucose. About 25% of total body glucose consumption occurs in the brain.

text: Glucose can be obtained directly from dietary sugars and by the breakdown of other carbohydrates. In the absence of dietary sugars and carbohydrates, glucose is obtained from the breakdown of stored glycogen. Glycogen is a readily-accessible storage form of glucose, stored in notable quantities in the liver and in small quantities in the muscles.

text: When the glycogen reserve is depleted, glucose can be obtained from the breakdown of fats from adipose tissue. Fats are broken down into glycerol and free fatty acids, with the glycerol being turned into glucose in the liver via the gluconeogenesis pathway.

text: When even the glucose made from glycerol reserves start declining, the liver starts producing ketone bodies. Ketone bodies are short-chain derivatives of the free fatty acids mentioned in the previous paragraph, and can cross the blood–brain barrier, meaning they can be used by the brain as an alternative metabolic fuel. Fatty acids can be used directly as an energy source by most tissues in the body.

text: Timeline[edit]

text: After the exhaustion of the glycogen reserve, and for the next 2–3 days, fatty acids are the principal metabolic fuel. At first, the brain continues to use glucose, because, if a non-brain tissue is using fatty acids as its metabolic fuel, the use of glucose in the same tissue is switched off.  Thus, when fatty acids are being broken down for energy, all of the remaining glucose is made available for use by the brain.

text: After 2 or 3 days of fasting, the liver begins to synthesize ketone bodies from precursors obtained from fatty acid breakdown. The brain uses these ketone bodies as fuel, thus cutting its requirement for glucose. After fasting for 3 days, the brain gets 30% of its energy from ketone bodies. After 4 days, this goes up to 75%.[5]

text: Thus, the production of ketone bodies cuts the brain's glucose requirement from 80 g per day to about 30 g per day. Of the remaining 30 g requirement, 20 g per day can be produced by the liver from glycerol (itself a product of fat breakdown). This still leaves a deficit of about 10 g of glucose per day that must come from some other source. This other source is the body's own proteins.

text: After several days of fasting, all cells in the body begin to break down protein. This releases amino acids into the bloodstream, which can be converted into glucose by the liver. Since much of our muscle mass is protein, this phenomenon is responsible for the wasting away of muscle mass seen in starvation.

text: However, the body can selectively decide which cells break down protein and which do not. About 2–3 g of protein must be broken down to synthesize 1 g of glucose; about 20–30 g of protein is broken down each day to make 10 g of glucose to keep the brain alive. However, to conserve protein, this number may decrease the longer the fasting.

text: Starvation ensues when the fat reserves are completely exhausted and protein is the only fuel source available to the body. Thus, after periods of starvation, the loss of body protein affects the function of important organs, and death results, even if there are still fat reserves left unused. (In a leaner person, the fat reserves are depleted earlier, the protein depletion occurs sooner, and therefore death occurs sooner.)

text: The ultimate cause of death is, in general, cardiac arrhythmia or cardiac arrest brought on by tissue degradation and electrolyte imbalances.

text: In very obese persons, it has been shown that proteins can be depleted first and death from starvation is predicted to occur before fat reserves are used up.[6]  (There is nothing in the study about any of the five subjects dying.)

text: Biochemistry[edit]

text: During starvation, less than half the energy used by the brain comes from metabolized glucose. Because the human brain can use ketone bodies as major fuel sources, the body is not forced to break down skeletal muscles at a high rate, thereby maintaining both cognitive function and mobility for up to several weeks. This response is extremely important in human evolution and allowed for humans to continue to find food effectively even in the face of prolonged starvation.[7]

text: Initially, the level of insulin in circulation drops and the levels of glucagon, epinephrine and norepinephrine rise.[8] At this time, there is an up-regulation of glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, and ketogenesis. The body’s glycogen stores are consumed in about 24 hours. In a normal 70 kg adult, only about 8,000 kilojoules of glycogen are stored in the body (mostly in the striated muscles).The body also engages in gluconeogenesis to convert glycerol and glucogenic amino acids into glucose for metabolism. Another adaptation is the Cori cycle, which involves shuttling lipid-derived energy in glucose to peripheral glycolytic tissues, which in turn send the lactate back to the liver for resynthesis to glucose. Because of these processes, blood glucose levels remain relatively stable during prolonged starvation.

text: However, the main source of energy during prolonged starvation is derived from triglycerides. Compared to the 8,000 kilojoules of stored glycogen, lipid fuels are much richer in energy content, and a 70 kg adult stores over 400,000 kilojoules of triglycerides (mostly in adipose tissue).[9] Triglycerides are broken down to fatty acids via lipolysis. Epinephrine precipitates lipolysis by activating protein kinase A, which phosphorylates hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) and perilipin. These enzymes, along with CGI-58 and adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), complex at the surface of lipid droplets. The concerted action of ATGL and HSL liberates the first two fatty acids. Cellular monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL), liberates the final fatty acid. The remaining glycerol enters gluconeogenesis.[10]

text: Fatty acids by themselves cannot be used as a direct fuel source. They must first undergo beta oxidation in the mitochondria (mostly of skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and liver cells). Fatty acids are transported into the mitochondria as an acyl-carnitine via the action of the enzyme CAT-1. This step controls the metabolic flux of beta oxidation. The resulting acetyl-CoA enters the TCA cycle and undergoes oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP. The body invests some of this ATP in gluconeogenesis to produce more glucose.[11]

text: Triglycerides and long-chain fatty acids are too hydrophobic to cross into brain cells, so the liver must convert them into short-chain fatty acids and ketone bodies through ketogenesis.  The resulting ketone bodies, acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate, are amphipathic and can be transported into the brain (and muscles) and broken down into acetyl-CoA for use in the TCA cycle. Acetoacetate breaks down spontaneously into acetone, and the acetone is released through the urine and lungs to produce the “acetone breath” that accompanies prolonged fasting. The brain also uses glucose during starvation, but most of the body’s glucose is allocated to the skeletal muscles and red blood cells. The cost of the brain using too much glucose is muscle loss. If the brain and muscles relied entirely on glucose, the body would lose 50% of its nitrogen content in 8–10 days.[12]

text: After prolonged fasting, the body begins to degrade its own skeletal muscle. To keep the brain functioning, gluconeogenesis continues to generate glucose, but glucogenic amino acids—primarily alanine—are required. These come from the skeletal muscle. Late in starvation, when blood ketone levels reach 5-7 mM, ketone use in the brain rises, while ketone use in muscles drops.[13]

text: Autophagy then occurs at an accelerated rate. In autophagy, cells cannibalize critical molecules to produce amino acids for gluconeogenesis. This process distorts the structure of the cells, and a common cause of death in starvation is due to diaphragm failure from prolonged autophagy.[14]


document_title: Doc McStuffins

question_text: what's the snowman's name in doc mcstuffins

question_tokens: what 's the snowman 's name in doc mcstuffins

text: Doc McStuffins

text: Premise[edit]

text:
The series chronicles freckled,[7] six-year-old (later seven[8]) Dottie "Doc" McStuffins[9] who decides she wants to become a doctor like her mother, a pediatrician. The show takes place in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. She practices her dream by fixing toys and dolls.
In the UK, the show was redubbed using British voice actors, replacing the original American soundtrack.

text: When she activates her magic stethoscope (similar to an amulet or talisman), she can create a variety of supernatural effects, including traveling through time.[10] Her most regular use of it in the show is to cause toys, dolls, and stuffed animals to come to life. They are able to move, speak, hear, see and smell, and she can interact with them. With help from her stuffed friends – Stuffy the Dragon (a.k.a. Stuffy Philbert McStuffins), Hallie the Hippo, Lambie the Lamb, and Chilly the Snowman – Doc helps toys recover, or "feel better", by giving them check-ups and diagnosing their fictional illnesses with an encyclopedia called "The Big Book of Boo Boos"  and another encyclopedia  called "The Big Vet Book" for her toy pets when she's a veterinarian. In Season four the Big Book of Boo Boos and The Big Vet Book go Hi-Tech in a tablet form.

text: Each 11-minute episode includes original songs. During ending credits in Season 1, Doc gives advice to viewers about staying healthy. Seasons 1 and 2  have the original intro for the theme song, but in Season 3, the spoken line by Doc at the end of the theme song was re-recorded with Doc's new voice. In Season 3 Doc opens up a veterinarian clinic for fixing toy pets in addition to the regular medical services that she provides for the other toys. In Season 4, Doc's Grandma reveals her own magical stethoscope and teleports her and Doc to McStuffinsville, a magical city populated by living toys, and puts Doc in charge of the McStuffinsville Hospital.

text: Episodes[edit]

text: SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired126March 23, 2012 (2012-03-23)May 3, 2013 (2013-05-03)237September 6, 2013 (2013-09-06)September 12, 2015 (2015-09-12)329July 2, 2015 (2015-07-02)April 25, 2016 (2016-04-25)428July 29, 2016 (2016-07-29)March 2, 2018 (2018-03-02)

tag: table

text: Characters[edit]

text: This section may be too long and excessively detailed. Please consider summarizing the material while citing sources as needed. (April 2018)

text: Main[edit]

text:
Dottie "Doc" McStuffins (voiced in the U.S. by Laya DeLeon Hayes (formerly Kiara Muhammad) and voiced in the UK by Abriella Bierer (formerly Eden Jarret)[citation needed]) – The main character of the series. Doc is a 6 (later 7)-year-old girl who likes to fix toys, dolls and stuffed animals. She also wants to be a doctor like her mother, one day. She has a magical toy stethoscope which is her form of communication with all of the toys. She is a girl with short dark brown hair tied in braided pigtails with a fashionable headband in the middle of her head. She usually wears a lab coat over a long sleeved purple-and-white striped T-shirt and pink-colored skirt with polka-dot leggings on her legs and violet ankle socks with pink sneakers with sparkles. The only other clothes she has been shown in is a large Indiana Jones type sunshade hat added to her usual attire or a BucketHat in a camping sequence. As well as a straw bonnet during a tea party sequence, a pink polka-dotted dolphin tankini in a pool/water park sequence, a Silk Scarf, white anklet socks, sunglasses and a pair of high heel shoes while pretending to be a pop star,  a cowboy costume in a Halloween episode and a winter outfit in a Christmas episode and a pair of pajamas with a pair of bunny slippers in a bedtime sequence. In Season 2, Doc wears a School uniform consisting of a white short sleeve Polo Shirt ribbon tie, plaid skirt, white knee socks and a pair of Mary Jane shoes  and also a sky blue mid sleeve t-shirt, a pink basketball jersey, a pair of running shorts, white sport ankle socks and a pair of running shoes in " Run Doc Run!", a pink cowgirl hat in "Rootin' Tootin' Southwest Sal", and in the Christmas episode a snow outfit with Ugg  type boots. Her name is also used for the series title. Also, her maternal grandfather has survived heart[11] and knee replacement surgery.
Lambie McStuffins[citation needed] (voiced in the U.S. by Lara Jill Miller and voiced in the U.K. by Teresa Gallagher) – A stuffed lamb who is one of Doc’s best friends. She is very sweet, likes to hug people, and is a gifted dancer who wears a pink bow with her matching tutu. Her other friends are Stuffy, Hallie and Chilly. She may have a bit of a crush on Stuffy, seeing as she gives him the most cuddles. Lambie also idolize Dress-Up Daisy and hopes to be like a fashionista like her.
Stuffy Philbert[12] McStuffins (voiced in the U.S. by Robbie Rist (or Ben Schwartz in "The Doc Files") and in the UK by Bob Golding) – A stuffed blue dragon who tries to be the bravest dragon of all but does not succeed at that every time especially with spiders which he has a fear of. He is also clumsy. He is one of Doc's friends and his other friends are Hallie, Lambie and Chilly. His design is partially inspired by Figment from the Epcot ride Journey Into Imagination.
Chilly McStuffins[13] a plump[14] (voiced in the U.S by Jess Harnell and in the UK by Tom Eastwood ) – A stuffed snowman who is a hypochondriac and does not always seem sure that he isn't a real snowman. He is sweet and one of Doc's more fearful friends. He is also friends with Lambie, Stuffy and Hallie. Chilly wears a black top hat and a blue scarf.
Hallie McStuffins[13] named after the "Nurse Hallie" incarnation of the "Hallie Hippo" toy series[15] (voiced in the U.S. by Loretta Devine and voiced in the U.K by Maria Darling) – A stuffed hippo and a nurse who is Doc's assistant. She is friendly and treats Doc's patients with respect and good care. She is good friends with Doc and the other stuffed animals. She also has a Radar O'Reilly-like intuition as to what Doc needs during an exam, which she calls a "Hippo Hunch" and sometimes acts like a drill sergeant. She may be a tribute to Henrietta Hippo from the classic 1970's children's show The New Zoo Revue. She wears a Candy striper nurse's outfit, and resembles the nurse at Doc's mother's clinic, named Hattie.
Squeakers – A purple squeaky toy that looks like a blowfish and can go in the water like Hermie, Marvin, Surfer Girl, Melinda the Mermaid and Lula.
Donny McStuffins (voiced in the U.S. by Jaden Betts then Sayeed Shahidi and later Andre Robinson and voiced in the UK by Luca Townsend ) – Doc's four-year-old brother who usually spends most of his time playing with his toy cars and his friends. He owns the toy knight action figure named Sir Kirby, who appears in the episodes Knight Time and The Dark Knight.
Dr. Myiesha McStuffins / Mom (voiced in the U.S. by Kimberly Brooks (also credited as Kim Brooks and Kimberly D. Brooks) and in the UK by Niki Felstead) – She is the mother of Doc and Donny and the wife of Mr. McStuffins. She is a doctor who works at a clinic. She expects Doc to become a doctor, like herself.
Mr. Marcus McStuffins / Dad (voiced in the U.S. by Gary Anthony Williams and voiced in the U.K. by Benjamin Small) – Mostly a stay-at-home father but indicated in "The New Girl" to have a part-time job who usually cooks dinner while his wife is at work. He takes care of Doc and Donny, his children.

tag: ul

text: Note: Doc McStuffins is the only human character in the show that can talk to toys, alongside her grandmother.

text: Minor[edit]

text:
April McStuffins – Doc, Donny and Maya's paternal Grandmother.
Maya Alana McStuffins (voiced by Karen O' Brien) – Doc and Donny's new adopted baby sister, referred to as "Baby McStuffins" prior to being named.
Emmie (voiced by Kylee Anderson) – The girl next door, Doc's soccer teammate, and best human friend.
Alma (voiced by Amy Smith and Caitlin Carmichael) – Emmie's little sister.
Emmie and Alma's mom (voiced by Chris Nee)
Luca Stevens (voiced by James Buddy Handleson) – Donny's best friend.
Rudy/Rudi – Emmie and Alma's terrier puppy.
Will Wright (voiced by Jay Gragnani) – Donny's friend, who owns Riggo.
Unnamed Cashier -The cashier who works at Archie's Arcade
Carlos Ortiz (voiced by Elan Garfias and Teo Briones) – Doc and Donny's neighbor who owns Star Blazer Zero.
Henry Diloy (voiced by Curtis Harris) – Doc and Donny's neighbor who owns Aurora.
Tisha McStuffins (voiced by China Anne McClain) – Doc and Donny's big cousin.
Tobias (voiced by Tony Hale) – A Christmas Elf.
Santa Claus (voiced by Jeffrey Tambor) – Beloved holiday icon.
Katherine (voiced by Mela Lee) – Doc and Donny's babysitter neighbor who once owned Dress-Up Daisy
Jacob -The boy in the park, who owns Super Stuntman Steve.
Dr. Peerless  -A Doctor who works in the same clinic like Doctor McStuffins.
Declan Smith  (voiced by Matthew Wayne) – A shy boy who befriends Doc at the clinic.
Hattie  (voiced by Loretta Devine) – A nurse at the clinic that is like a human version of Hallie. (NOTE: In the Closed Captioning of the episode "The Doctor Will See You Now" Hattie was mistakenly referred to as "Addie".)
Maddie (voiced by Angie Wu) – The girl in the park who owns Norton.
Ramona Marcus (voiced by Grace Kaufman) – The owner of Dart the Unicorn.
Ian Sheridan  (voiced by Rio Magini) – One of Doc's neighbors who's the owner of Wildlife Will
Tamara – One of Donny's friends who owns Southwest Sal.
Nia – One of the patients at  Doctor Myiesha McStuffins's clinic
Tavia (voiced by Hynden Walch)
Florence Nightingale (voiced by Joanne Froggatt)
Dev – A 7 year old boy who is accidentally transported to McStuffinsville and becomes the leader of the McStuffinsville's First Responders.

text: Toys[edit]

text:
Angus (voiced by Rob Paulsen) – A Karate Kangaroo who has a fear of fighting. (Based on the game Rock'em Sock'em Robots)
Aurora (voiced by Laraine Newman) – A telescope belonging to Henry, who speaks in 60's hippie lingo and walks on her tripod. The night she came out of the box (Episode: "Starry Starry Night"), her vision was strangely blurred, and Doc led a search of Henry's yard to find Aurora's missing eyepiece.
Awesome Guy (voiced by David Boat) – A toy superhero that belongs to Donny, he had to rescue Lambie from a tree, but there was a problem with his legs, Doc wanted to give him a checkup, but he didn't want to get one, and later Stuffy had an idea to sneak him in, Doc found out the problem, his legs were put on the wrong way, so when Doc fixed them he was back in action.
Bella (voiced by Julianne Buescher) – A ballerina like Lambie, only she's human and wears a blue outfit and speaks in a Russian accent. She accidentally cracked her leg after a leap, and had to have it put in a cast, but she found lots to do whilst she waited for it to heal.
Ben & Anna (voiced by Jeffrey Nicholas Brown and Meghan Strange) – Two stuffed monkeys that stick to each other, and they belong to Alma. Ben had to be fixed when his Velcro sticker ripped off and he got separated from Anna overnight. ( Ben and Anna is a playful spoof on the word "Banana".)
Big Jack (voiced by Ty Burrell and Tom Cavanagh) – A jack-in-the-box, with a joker popping out when the handle turns.
Boomer (voiced by Dave B. Mitchell) – The soccer ball that belongs to Emmie. He was flat due to a leak, but was scared of the needle in the air pump Doc had to use.
Boppy (voiced by James Arnold Taylor) – The blue inflatable punching bag shaped like a dog, who usually can't be knocked down. He found himself losing air after a rosebush popped him, and was taken in by Doc for patching and reinflation (This scene is used as part of each show's opening until Season 4). In The Doc Files episode "Boppy's Boo Boo" Boppy was also known as "Bobby". (Based on inflatable bopping toys)
Bronty (voiced by Jeffrey Nicholas Brown) – A Brontosaurus toy from the Tank Toy Graabber crane machine in which Donny won who loves to runs around and to swim.
Bubble Monkey (voiced by Hynden Walch) – A monkey that blows bubbles and belongs to Emmie and Alma. She stopped blowing bubbles when Alma accidentally filled her with paste instead of bubble soap.
Buddy (voiced by Jess Harnell) – A dump truck toy that belongs to Donny. Buddy is Riggo's best friend. (Based on the Buddy-L line of toy trucks.)
Carl Chug-a-Chug – A streamline steam locomotive friction powered toy who resides in Doctor McStuffins' Clinic.
Celeste (voiced by Kath Soucie) – A projector toy who can project the entire Solar System.
Choo-Choo Train – A wooden toy train who is used either as a ambulance to move the smaller injured toys or as a get away vehicle for the Wicked King.
Curly-Q (a.k.a Q)  – A doll who is the newest member of "The Waiting Room Toys" who didn't like her original hair style and wanted a new hair style.
Dart (Voiced by Catherine Cavadini) – A toy Unicorn that Doc almost stumble over causing Doc to sprain her ankle. Belongs to Ramona.
Dolly  (voiced by Alexandra Ryan) – A Fairy Princess Rag Doll who resides in Doctor McStuffins' clinic.
Dragon-Bot (Voiced by Jack Conely) – A Hi-Tech Robotic Dragon toy that belongs to Donny who Stuffy becomes jealous because he is more " hi-tech" than him.
Dress-Up Daisy (voiced by Amy Sedaris) – A fashion Doll that once belong to Katherine when she was Doc's age and was presumed lost after a gust of wind took her away while wearing a parachutist outfit. (Based on the Barbie dolls)
The Dude (voiced by Jess Harnell)
Fabulous Fabio  (voiced by Jess Harnell) – A toy with an Italian accent that "grows" hair, which he likes to shake, using a Play-Doh type clay who resides in Doctor McStuffins' Clinic (based on the Play-Doh toys.)
Frida Fairy (voiced by Sutton Foster) – A cute toy fairy kite who thinks she's a real, magical fairy.
Gaby (voiced by Lacey Chabert) – A toy giraffe that Doc won in the Tank Toy Grabber game at the arcade. She had a ripped leg, so when Doc fixed it, she decided to take her home.
The Glider Bros.: Orville (voiced by Sam Riegel) and Wilbur (voiced by David Kaufman) – A pair of rubber band powered gliders who love to fly. (Names of Orville and Wilbur are named after the Wright Brothers who invented the airplane in 1903)
Glo-Bo (voiced by Jim Belushi) – A toy monster with six arms, he is a friendly toy monster with a joyful personality. Neglected for several weeks when Donny got a new train, Glo-Bo consulted Doc about his lost ability to glow in the dark. He also inadvertently spread a rash (which was really blue paint) to lots of toys, including Chilly.
Gloria the Giggling Gorilla (voiced by Lori Alan) – A purple stuffed toy Gorilla owned by Donny who loves to laugh. Parts of her are made of leather.
Gustave (voiced by Stephen Stanton) – A green plastic alligator with a Cajun accent and appetite for marbles. He is one of four mechanical players in Donny's game Gulpy-Gulpy Gators (a spoof of Hungry Hungry Hippos). Doc had to empty his stomach after Donny added extra marbles to the game and Gustave wound up overstuffed.
Hermie (voiced by Ari Rubin) – A toy crab that Doc, Squeakers, and Marvin can play with in the water. He once lost an arm after a rough run-in with Rudi the puppy.
Horsey – A toy horse on wheels which Sir Kirby rides on. Horsey was also in "Dusty Bear" as Stuffy's horse when he pretended to be a Cowboy.
Johnny Foosball (voiced by Josh Keaton) – A star Goalie from a foosball game who keeps getting stuck.
Kiko (voiced by Janice Kawaye) – A Japanese Anime / Manga doll Doc got from her Grandma. Her problem was having frail legs and being stuck in her box from her long flight from Tokyo, Japan but Doc McStuffins helped her exercise.
Lenny (voiced by Jeff Fischer) – A toy firetruck that belongs to Donny, he is also known as Engine 9. Donny put him in the pile of toys that he doesn't play with anymore because he didn't squirt out any water from his hose. Doc refilled him with water and returned himself to Donny.
Leliani (voiced by Liza Del Mundo) – A solar powered hula girl from Hawai'i.
Lil' Egghead (a.k.a Eggie; voiced by Peter MacNicol) – A hand held electronic toy similar to a Nabi Jr. He is known as an intelligent rival to Professor Hootsburg.
Little Jack  (a.k.a Little J; voiced by Nolan Gould and Brady Tutton) – The son of Big Jack. He had trouble popping out from his box. He was scared to get a check-up, but then wasn't scary. Then Doc found out that his clothes were stuck between the cogs of the music box.
Loud Louie (voiced by Georgina Cordova a.k.a Georgie Kidder) – A toy cellphone that Doc used to play with when she was little, he was loud because he was super excited, so he had to learn to use his inside-voice.
Lula (voiced by Grey DeLisle) – A sponge toy that looks like a Beluga whale. When Lula is placed in the water it takes only a couple hours for her to grow, and in the end she has grown to fit in the fish tank in Doc's clinic.
Marvin Doc's rubber ducky who lost his squeaker at the water park.
Melinda the Mermaid (voiced by Dharbi Jens) – A plastic toy mermaid that was found at the kiddie pool. She had trouble swimming because her winder-upper was stuck and she didn't take swimming lessons, so when she took them, can now swim.
Millie the Microphone (voiced by Lisa Loeb) – Emmie's toy CD boombox. Millie kept repeating words when she spoke because her disc was dirty inside her.
Moo Moo (voiced by Colette Whitaker) – A stuffed cow belonging to Alma, who drags out her long u's when she speaks, so it sounds like she's actually mooing. Once she didn't want to go back to Alma after being left out in the rain.
Morton (voiced by Jess Harnell) – A stuffed toy lion who resides in Doctor McStuffin's clinic.
Mr. Chomp (voiced by Brad Abrell) – The plastic toy shark that belongs to Donny, he's very kindhearted and doesn't bite like a real shark.
Norton (voiced by Tim Dadabo) – A toy wind up mouse who belongs to Maddie. He can do flips. (Based on vintage Tintype wind up toys)
Niles (voiced by Charlie Schlatter) – Donny's toy crane, he has a bandage on his crane because his crane was unfixable, but Niles didn't want his bandage changed because he was nervous about getting it removed, later he was brave enough to get his old bandage removed slowly and quickly.
Officer Pete (voiced by Michael Gough) – Donny's metal toy police car who takes his job very seriously and overheated while pusuring The Wicked King in a very hot Summer day. (Officer Pete has a similarity to Sheriff from  Disney ● Pixar's "Cars").
Peaches Pie (voiced by Paula Rhodes) – Alma's sweet smelling doll who smells like peaches, but was dragged outside into the rain soaked yard by Rudi and lost her scent. (based on the line of Strawberry Shortcake dolls.)
Penny Possum (voiced by Audrey Wasilewski) – Penny is the mother of three possum children, Pip, Flip, & Trip (all voiced by Caitlyn Leone). The children went missing when one of Penny's velcro patches ripped loose.
Pickles the Bunny (voiced by Colleen O'Shaughnessey) – A stuffed bunny that wears bows on her ears and has a heart on her chest, she was in a box at Alma's yard sale and left because she thought that she wasn't loved anymore, later Doc finds out that Pickles triangle nose is missing and replaces it with a button, soon Doc returns Pickles to Alma and puts her in her room. She was named "Pickles" after Alma's favorite snack which are pickles. (Based on the Care Bears and Care Bear Cousins characters.)
Professor Hootsburgh (a.k.a "Hootsie"; voiced by Laraine Newman)  – A stuffed owl with a very smart brain who speaks in a British accent. Doc got her from her older cousin Tisha. In the episode "Professor Pancake" she gets flattened under Doc's toy box.
Ricardo Racecar (voiced by Ian Gomez) – Donny's possibly Italian toy race car who lost energy because Donny raced him and didn't let him recharge, but when Doc's dad put him onto charge, he was soon better. ( NOTE: Ricardo wears a red paint scheme but is also seen in a yellow paint scheme as well.)
Riggo (voiced by Dennis Farina) – A grader toy that belongs to Will, Riggo is Buddy's best friend, his scooper was stuck because there was sand on the side of his scoop, jamming his gears. But Doc didn't figure this out until she suffered a little sand in her own eye.
Rita  (voiced by Molly Shannon) – A toy Cheetah that belongs to Donny who is very fast. Unfortunately, Chilly and the other toys thought she might be sick because of her spots when they first met her.
Robot Ray (voiced by Dee Bradley Baker) – Donny's battery-operated robot who considers himself a rescuer like Ronda, but once he finds out that he can't get wet in the episode All Washed Up. Ray is equipped with long-range vision and a white cord he shoots out with his right hand, extending his reach. He was also at Hallie's birthday and went camping with Doc, Donny and their Dad in the episode "Out in the Wild". He broke his sticky launcher, but Doc used first-aid to fix his arm till the end of the campout.
Rescue Ronda (voiced by Camryn Manheim) – The remote-control helicopter that belongs to Luca. Her job and passion is rescue missions, and has ended up in Doc's clinic more than once with damage taken in the line of duty. If Rescue Ronda can't perform a rescue herself, she'll direct her friends on how to help. (Her name is a possible spoof of The Beach Boys hit song, "Help Me, Ronda.") She serves as an aerial ambulance for the toy hospital.
Rosie the Rescuer (voiced by Nika Futterman) – A toy ambulance that belongs to Emmie and Alma. She likes to rescue things but suffered from severe panic attacks.
Sebastian (voiced by Dee Bradley Baker) –  A ghost that lives in a toy pumpkin, who was scared of Halloween, but Doc explains to him that it's all pretend, so he decides to go back to his job.
Sir Kirby (voiced by Rob Paulsen) – The armoured knight action figure, who is one of Donny’s toys. He often plays the hero in Doc's game "Save Princess Lambie", but not without taking some damage. He’s friendly but when someone does something mean like the Wicked King being rude for instance, that’s when he’ll take action. Sir Kirby also has a crush on Lambie.
Star Blazer Zero (voiced by John Michael Higgins) – A toy alien who pilots a rocket ship, his catchphrases are "Kazowie" and "Kazow". His arms and legs fell off because he didn't wear his seat belt.
Southwest Sal (voiced by Laraine Newman) - A toy cowgirl who is a literal cow. She holds a lasso which works via a spring, and belongs to Donny's pal Tamara.
Spritzy Mitzi (voiced by Angelique Perri) – An octopus shaped water sprinkler toy that ruptured a sprinkler tentacle after getting a pebble stuck in it. She talks like a rapper and uses phrases like "poppin'" and "solid."
Super Stuntman Steve (voiced by Mike Vaughn) – An extreme stunt motorcyclist action figure who belongs to Jacob. (Based on the Evel Knievel action stunt toys)
Surfer Girl  (voiced by Kimberly Brooks) – A teenage girl doll with her feet attached to a surfboard who speaks in Surfer Lingo.
Susie Sunshine (voiced by Amber Hood) – A plastic toy doll that wears a pink dress and pink shoes. She was cranky because her eyes were stuck open due to some residue of a melted pineapple ice pop that was stuck on her eyebrows.
Sydney (Voiced by Steve Blum) – A Karate Kangaroo who is a partner with Angus who loves to fight. Based on the game Rock'em Sock'em Robots. His name is a reference to Sydney, Australia.
Teddy Bear (a.k.a Bear; voiced by James Arnold Taylor) – A salmon colored teddy bear from the Tank Toy grabber crane machine.
Teddy B. (voiced by Jason Marsden) – Donny's teddy bear who was reunited but caused Donny to sneeze due to an excess of dust on his fur for being laying around and not being played with for ages.
Tremaine (voiced by Ari Rubin) – A toy truck designed by Donny, he is very dynamic, he needed to stand still because he had to get his stripes repainted.
Tug-A squirt toy shaped like a tugboat -  Belongs to Donny. ( based on The Turtle Family-A family of wind up bath and pool toys)
Val (voiced by Jennifer Hale) – A heart shape stuffed toy given by Doc's parents for Valentine's Day and causes a rift between her and Lambie.
Walter & Gracie (voiced by Tom Kenny and Grey DeLisle) – Two walkie talkies that are both different genders. Once, Walter lost his antenna and Gracie was lost in the strawberry field.
Wicked King (a.k.a. Percy;[citation needed] voiced by Jess Harnell) – He is usually incredibly rude the toys but he has a soft spot. He resembles an old Fisher Price's Little People toy because he has no hands or arms. He's also known as Percy, his real name.
Wildlife Will  (voiced by Jeffery Nicholas Brown)  – an Australian explorer action figure who lost his legs after a run in with a Chihuahua.
Xyla (voiced by Tiffany Thornton) – A toy xylophone that looks like a ladybug and belongs to Alma, one of her keys was loose because one of the screws was loose, and when the key fell into the sink, Doc replaced it with a new one.
Witch Hazel (voiced by Lara Jill Miller) – A witch seen in the episode "Boo-Hoo to You!".
Farmer Mack – A toy farmer. (based on the Playmobil line of toys)
Shinji – A toy firefighter.
Lieutenant[16] Luna 2200[17] – An astronaut with a pet mechanical dog (Space Rover) Olivia 0–197–0 a.k.a. Liv[18]
Saltwater Serge (voiced by Bernardo De Paula)
Nikki Nickel (voiced by Hynden Walch) – A toy piggy bank.
Squibbles[19] (voiced by Dee Bradley Baker) – Stuffy's toy pet critter.
Fetchin' Findo (voiced by Dee Bradley Baker)
Admiral Fiddlesticks  (voiced by Robert Bathurst)
Creepy Cuddly Charlie Monster  (voiced by Frank Welker) – A stuffed three eye monster who is not scary but very friendly.
Princess Persephone (voiced by Geena Davis)
Count Clarence the Magnificent (voiced by Patton Oswalt) – A cardboard toy bat who thinks he could fly like a kite about good positive attitudes after he becomes grumpy from getting caught in a gust of wind and crashing into the wading pool at the park. Then, Doc uses Donny's kite to dry off Count Clarence and get him back to normal.
Army Al (voiced by Rodger Bumpass) – A toy soldier.
Pop Up Paulo (voiced by Arturo Del Puerto) - A pop-up toy frog.
Bernard (voiced by Matt Milne)
Doodle Doo (voiced by Nigel Harman)
Get-Well Gus (voiced by Ludacris[20])
Gillian the Giant – An Irish Giantess doll based on a series of storybooks.
Lala Koala (voiced by Cristina Milizia) – The new baby toy.
Stella the bike racer (voiced by Ashley Nicole Selich)
Joni the Pony (voiced by Kelly Stables)
Stanley (voiced by Anthony Anderson) – A toy lion with parts of a toy rabbit who planned on taking over McStuffinsville in the movie event "Welcome to McStuffinsville".
Twiggly (voiced by Debi Derryberry) – A toy squirrel.
Willow (voiced by Ellen Pompeo)
Darla (voiced by Molly Ringwaid) – A toy fox who helps in emergencies at the toy hospital.
Nurse Riley – A toy Rhonchus who works at the toy hospital.
Rodriguez Foosball (voiced by Jess Harnell) - One of Johnny Foosball's team mates.

text: Guest stars[edit]

text:
Winnie the Pooh (voiced by Jim Cummings)[21]
Tigger (voiced by Jim Cummings)[21]
Piglet (voiced by Travis Oates)[21]
Eeyore (voiced by Peter Cullen)[21]
Christopher Robin (voiced by Oliver Bell)[21]
Michelle Obama (voiced by herself)[22]
Audrey's mother (voiced by Robin Roberts)

text: Broadcast history[edit]

text: In the United States, Doc McStuffins first premiered on March 23, 2012, on Disney-ABC networks Disney Channel and Disney Junior. On June 5, 2012, Disney Junior renewed the series for a second season, which premiered on September 6, 2013. On January 8, 2014, the series was renewed for a third season which premiered on November 2, 2014.[23] On April 14, 2015, the series was renewed for a fourth season by Disney Junior, which premiered on August 5, 2016. It is titled "Doc McStuffins: Toy Hospital".[24]

text: In the UK, the show premiered on June 4, 2012, using British voice actors, replacing the original American soundtrack.

text: In Canada, the show started airing on the Canadian Disney Junior channel on April 8, 2012 at 10:00 AM ET with an encore at 5:30 PM ET.[25] The show also is aired in many foreign countries and has been dubbed into several languages.

text: DVD releases[edit]

text: Home media is distributed by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment.

text:
Collection

Included episodes

Release date

Friendship is the Best Medicine
"Engine Nine, Feelin' Fine!" and "The Right Stuff", "Caught Blue-Handed" and "To Squeak, or Not to Squeak", "Ben/Anna Split!" and "That's Just Claw-Ful", "The Rip Heard Round the World" and "Walkie-Talkie Time", "Dark Knight" and "Hallie Gets an Earful"
August 21, 2012

Time for Your Check Up
"Gulpy, Gulpy Gators!" and "One Note Wonder", "Tea Party Tantrum" and "Blast Off!", "Arcade Escapade" and "Starry, Starry Night", "Bronto Boo-Boos" and "Brontosaurus Breath", "Doctoring The Doc" and "Hot Pursuit"
May 7, 2013

Mobile Clinic
"Doc McStuffins Goes McMobile" and "Chip Off the Ol' Box", "Doc to the Rescue" and "Don't Knock the Noggin", "Out of the Box" and "Run Down Race Car", "Rescue Ronda, Ready for Take off" and "All Washed Up", "Rest Your Rotors, Ronda!" and "Keep on Truckin'"
March 18, 2014

School of Medicine
"Chilly Gets Chilly" and "Through The Reading Glasses", "Hallie's Happy Birthday" and "Shark-Style Toothache", "Think Pink" and "You Foose, You Lose", "Disco Dress Up Daisy" and "The Glider Brothers", "Celestial Celeste" and "Run Doc, Run!"
September 9, 2014

Cuddle Me Lambie
"My Huggy Valentine" and "Dusty Bear", "Awesome Guy's Awesome Arm" and "Lamb in a Jam", "Kirby and the King" and "Bubble Monkey, Blow Your Nose!", "A Day Without Cuddles" and "Collide-o-scope", "Mirror, Mirror On My Penguin" and "Hide and Eek!"
February 3, 2015

Pet Vet
"Fetchin Findo" and "Twin Tweaks", "Three Goats A Cuddlin'" and "Swimmer's Belly", "A Dragon's Best Friend", "Stuffy & Squibbles" and "Queen Of Thrones", "Take Your Pet To The Vet" and "Master And Commander"
November 3, 2015

Toy Hospital
"Welcome To McStuffinsville", "Baby McStuffins and Selfless Snowman", "Runaway Love and Tour De McStuffins", "Bringing Home Baby", "Baby Names and Night Night, Lala!"
October 18, 2016

text: Reception[edit]

text: The series received positive reviews and criticisms after its release. Kia Morgan Smith of Cincomom.com said that "It truly warmed my heart and almost brought tears to my eyes when my 8-year-old, Mikaela, saw 'Doc McStuffins' for the first time and said, 'Wow, mommy — she's brown,'"[26] Dr. Myiesha Taylor founding president of Artemis Medical Society said that "This program featuring a little African-American girl and her family is crucial to changing the future of this nation." Taylor also applauded the concept of its portrayal of a young black girl who wishes to follow in the footsteps of her mother as a doctor as the lead character, that inspired her to collect pictures of 131 doctors — all women of color — and publish a collage online under the heading, 'We Are Doc McStuffins.'"[27]

text: The program is also a ratings hit on Disney Junior. The series premiere attracted 1.08 million children ages 2 to 5, and the show has attracted an average of 918,000 viewers in the same demographic, leading AdWeek magazine to dub the show an "improbable ratings juggernaut".[28]

text: In 2013, $500 million worth of Doc McStuffins merchandise was sold,[29] something New York Times writers claimed industry experts said "seems to be setting a record" for a "toy line based on an African-American character". They also said the character had broad appeal and the toys sold well to all demographics.[30]

text: In 2016, news that Disney had yet to formally renew the program for a fifth season resulted in a number of celebrities, including W. Kamau Bell, Jamilah Lemieux and Audra McDonald to appeal Disney to continue the program. Chris Nee, the show's creator, tweeted that she would report immediately if she received any news of the show being picked up, commenting that the writing staff was eager to continue with new stories.[31]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Awards

Year

Award

Category

Recipients and nominees

Result

2014

British Academy Children's Awards[32]

International

Norton Virgien, Theresa Mayer, Chris Nee

Nominated

2016

Kidscreen Awards[33]

Best Animated Series

Tied with Sarah & Duck

Won

2018

GLAAD Award

Outstanding Kids & Family Programming

Emergency Family Plan

Pending

2015

NAACP Image Award

Outstanding Children's Program

"Doc McStuffins"

Won

2014

74th Annual Peabody Award

Peabody Award

"Doc McStuffins"

Won

text: Video game adaptations[edit]

text: "Doc McStuffins Pet Vet" was released on iOS and Android.[34]

text: Feel Good Games[edit]

text: There are a variety of games specifically focused on the series,[35] including:

text:
Big Air Adventure[36] a 5-series crossover of title characters from Henry Hugglemonster, Jake and the Never Land Pirates, Miles from Tomorrowland, and Sofia the First
Doc McStuffins Sticker Book[37]
Doc Me[38]
Doc's Seek and Find[39]
Doc's Snowman Rollup[40]
Doc's Summertime Clinic[41]
Frost Magic[42]
Sparkly Ball Sports[43]
Stuffy's Scramble[44]
The Doc Mobile[45]

tag: ol


document_title: National FFA Organization

question_text: who is the national ffa president and where is he from

text: National FFA Organization

text: Overview[edit]

text: The National FFA Organization is a youth leadership organization that makes a positive difference in the lives of young people by developing their potential for premier leadership, personal growth and career success through agriculture education. The FFA Motto is Learning to do, Doing to learn, Earning to live, Living to serve.

text: FFA functions within the three-circle model of agricultural education as a student leadership organization that complements a student's classroom/laboratory instruction and supervised agricultural experience program.[13] FFA members can compete in Career Development Events (CDE) that cover job skills in everything from communications to mechanics. Some events allow students to compete as individuals, while others allow them to compete in teams.[14] These competitions can happen at a local or district level, state level, and on the national level.

text: Students are supervised by agricultural education teachers in cooperation with parents, employers and other adults who assist individuals in the development and achievement of educational and career goals.

text: Official colors of the FFA are National Blue and Corn Gold.[15]

text: FFA structure[edit]

text: FFA is represented at several different levels across the nation; FFA administration may change from state to state. The basic levels are the national level, serving all of the United States of America, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands; the state level, serving an individual state association; and the chapter level, serving a school or set of schools in an area. By definition, there can be three types of chapters at the secondary level, they are middle for middle school, junior for ninth grade and senior which can be either tenth through twelfth or ninth through twelfth depending on the school. Other levels include districts, subdistricts, sections, regions, areas, and federations.

text: FFA was created to serve high school students, and has moved into middle schools where membership may begin as early as age 12, allowing members to become active earlier and stay active for longer. Each chapter is chartered as part of the state association and national organization. Collegiate chapters exist as well.

text: Most states hold FFA conventions at least once annually, where members gather to compete, be recognized for awards, attend leadership workshops, debate organizational issues in a delegate process, and more. Nationally, the National FFA Convention & Expo is held once a year in the fall. It was held in Kansas City, Missouri, from 1928 to 1998. The convention moved to Louisville, Kentucky, in 1999 before moving again in 2006 to Indianapolis, Indiana. Louisville again hosted the national convention from 2013 to 2015. FFA announced in July 2015 that the national convention would be hosted in Indianapolis each year from 2016 to 2024.[16]

text: Officers of FFA[edit]

text: As the FFA is a member-led organization intended to serve youth around the nation, it elects officers from its own diverse membership to certain levels of FFA. With these basic constitutional officers a basis of parliamentary procedure is completed during meetings and banquets; each officer during these procedures will stand and recite their office level and what it is stationed by, and why the particular position is stationed as so.Typical officer roles are:

text: Constitutional officers[edit]

text:
President — Stationed by the rising sun, a token of a new era in agriculture.
Vice President — Stationed by the plow, the symbol of labor and tillage of the soil.
Secretary — Stationed by the ear of corn, to keep a record of all meetings and correspond with other secretaries wherever corn is grown and FFA members meet.
Treasurer — Stationed by the emblem of George Washington, to keep an accurate account of receipts and disbursements just as Washington kept his farm accounts.
Reporter — Stationed by the Flag, strives to inform the public in order that every man, woman, and child may know the FFA is a national organization.
Sentinel — Stationed by the door, to ensure the door is open to all and keep the meeting room comfortable as well as assist in maintaining order.
Advisor — Stationed by the owl, the time honored emblem of knowledge and wisdom

text: Others may include[edit]

text:
Parliamentarian — Stationed by a copy of Robert's Rules of Order.
Historian — Stationed at the scroll or chapter scrapbook.
Student Advisor — Stationed by the owl or the key.
Chaplain — Stationed by the Bible or Book.
Executive Committee/Executive Board.

text: Each officer is an agricultural student and holds responsibilities needed to serve, and are elected each year by members at the respective levels.

text: National officers[edit]

text:
President - Breanna Holbert, California
Secretary - Erica Baier, Iowa
Eastern Region Vice President - Gracie Furnish, Kentucky
Southern Region Vice President - Ian Bennet, Georgia
Central Region Vice President - Pipper Merritt, Oklahoma
Western Region Vice President - Bryce Cluff, Arizona

text: This allows officers to be elected to one of the four national regions of the FFA, as well as a President and a Secretary

text: List of past national presidents[edit]

text:
2016-2017 - David Townsend, Delaware
2015–2016 - Taylor McNeel, Arkansas
2014–2015 - Andy Paul, Georgia
2013–2014 - Brian Walsh, Virginia
2012–2013 - Clay Sapp, Florida
2011–2012 - Ryan Best, New Mexico
2010–2011 - Riley Pagett, Oklahoma
2009–2010 - Levy Randolph, California
2008–2009 - Paul Moya, New Mexico
2007–2008 - Zach Kinne, Missouri
2006–2007 - Beau Williamson, California
2005–2006 - Travis Jett, Oklahoma
2004–2005 - Jackie Mundt, Wisconsin
2003–2004 - Javier Moreno, Puerto Rico
2002–2003 - Tim Hammerich, California
2001–2002 - Dane White, California
2000–2001 - Trent McKnight, Texas
1999–2000 - Chris Vitelli, Florida
1998–1999 - Lisa Ahrens, Iowa
1997–1998 - Hillary Smith, Georgia
1996–1997 - Corey Rosenbusch, Texas
1995–1996 - Seth Derner, Nebraska
1994–1995 - Corey Flournoy, Illinois
1993–1994 - Curtis Childers, Texas
1992–1993 - Travis Park, Indiana
1991–1992 - Lee Thurber, Nebraska
1990–1991 - Mark Timm, Indiana

text: Official FFA dress[edit]

text: FFA jacket[edit]

text: The most recognizable symbol of the organization is the blue corduroy FFA jacket that is worn by current FFA members. The back of the jacket features a large FFA emblem just underneath the name of each FFA member's state. The name of the local FFA chapter, district, region or area is embroidered below the emblem. The front of the FFA jacket features a smaller FFA emblem on the left chest and the FFA member's name and sometimes, if applicable, office and year on the right chest. FFA members are required to wear the FFA jacket as part of official dress while participating in all official organization activities.[17]

text: The FFA jacket was created to be worn by the Fredericktown Band of the Fredericktown FFA Chapter by Dr. Gus Lintner.[18] It was adopted in 1933.

text: The color of the jacket's corduroy has ranged from shades of blue to shades of purple through the years. In 2004, the National FFA Organization worked with a supplier in North Carolina to set a new standard for the blue corduroy by using samples from archived FFA jackets. The jacket's color standardization was accompanied by a restoration of the embroidered FFA emblems and fit corrections led by Clemson University's Apparel Research Center. The improved FFA jacket, produced in both Van Wert, Ohio and South Vietnam, was first made available in August 2005. Currently, all lettering, embroidery and finishing of FFA jackets is completed by Universal Lettering Company in Van Wert, Ohio.[19]

text: Elements of FFA official dress[edit]

text: FFA members are required to wear official FFA dress while participating in official organization activities. The National FFA Organization recently updated its bylaws, stating that members may choose to identify however they choose in regards to official dress, in order to include transgender as well as gender non-conforming individuals within the organization. For females, official dress consists of a black skirt (black slacks may be appropriate for traveling and outdoor activities), a white collared blouse, an official FFA blue scarf, black dress shoes with a closed heel and toe, black nylon hosiery, and an official FFA jacket zipped to the top. Male official dress includes black dress pants, a white dress shirt, an official FFA tie, black dress shoes with a closed heel and toe, black socks and an official FFA jacket zipped to the top.[17]

text: Awards and pins[edit]

text: FFA members earn metal pins that signify achievement within the organization. These pins can be placed on the front of the FFA jacket,[17] however, official guidelines state that no more than three pins may be worn at one time. The pins are to be placed beneath the FFA member's name on the right chest and can recognize the highest office, highest award, and highest organizational degree. Two exceptions exist within pin placement guidelines. When an FFA member earns a State FFA Degree or American FFA Degree, the award keys should be worn above the name on right chest or attached to the FFA jacket with a standard key chain, and no other pins should accompany these.[17]

text: Traditions[edit]

text: As an organization, the FFA has many traditions and trademarks identifying it as an agricultural education organization:[20]

text: The FFA Motto: Learning to Do, Doing to Learn, Earning to Live, Living to Serve.

text: The FFA Mission: The National FFA Organization is dedicated to making a positive difference in the lives of students by developing their potential for premier leadership, personal growth, and career success through agricultural education.[20]

text: The Official FFA Colors: National Blue and Corn Gold (worn on the Official FFA jackets).[21]

text: The FFA Emblem: Cross section of the ear of corn: represents unity. Where ever you live in the United States, corn is grown everywhere. Rising Sun: signifies progress. It represents that tomorrow will always bring a new day. Plow: signifies labor and tillage of the soil. It also shows the historic foundation of our country's strength. Eagle: symbolizes freedom and our ability to explore the new agriculture world. Owl: represents knowledge. Long recognized for wisdom and knowledge. Agriculture Education and FFA: symbolizes the combination of learning and leadership.

text: The FFA Creed: The creed was written by Erwin Milton "E.M." Tiffany of Lyndon, Kansas[22] and adopted at the 3rd National FFA Convention.[22] It was revised at the 38th and 63rd National FFA Conventions by the assembled delegate body. It is recited by new members to the organization to reflect their growing belief in agriculture and agricultural education. The FFA Creed also must be memorized and recited to earn the Greenhand Degree.

text:
I believe in the future of agriculture, with a faith born not of words but of deeds – achievements won by the present and past generations of agriculturists; in the promise of better days through better ways, even as the better things we now enjoy have come to us from the struggles of former years.

I believe that to live and work on a good farm or to be engaged in other agricultural pursuits, is pleasant as well as challenging; for I know the joys and discomforts of agricultural life and hold an inborn fondness for those associations which, even in hours of discouragement I cannot deny.
I believe in leadership from ourselves and respect from others. I believe in my own ability to work efficiently and think clearly, with such knowledge and skill as I can secure, and in the ability of progressive agriculturists to serve our own and the public interest in producing and marketing the product of our toil.
I believe in less dependence on begging and more power in bargaining; in the life abundant and enough honest wealth to help make it so-for others as well as myself; in less need for charity and more of it when needed; in being happy myself and playing square with those whose happiness depends upon me.
I believe that American agriculture can and will hold true to the best traditions of our national life and that I can exert an influence in my home and community which will stand solid for my part in that inspiring task.

text: Career Development Events[edit]

text: FFA Career Development Event (CDEs) are contests that members compete in to test their skills learned through agricultural education instruction. They vary at the different levels of FFA, and some are contested only at certain levels and certain states, districts, areas or federations.[23]

text: At the national level, there are 24 Career Development Events:[23]

text:
Ag Business
Ag Communications
Ag Issues Forum
Ag Mechanics
Ag Sales
Agronomy (Insects, seeds, etc.)
Dairy Cattle Evaluation
Dairy Cattle Handlers Activity
Dairy Foods
Environmental & Natural Resources
Extemporaneous Public Speaking
Floriculture
Food Science & Technology
Forestry
Horse Evaluation
Job Interview
Land Judging
Livestock Evaluation
Marketing Plan
Meats Evaluation & Technology
Nursery/Landscape
Parliamentary Procedure
Poultry Evaluation
Prepared Public Speaking
Rangeland Judging

text: Wildlife Management

text:
Veterinarian Science
Quiz Bowl

text: Others[edit]

text: Examples of CDEs that can be available at the state level are:

text:
Small Animal Care
Arboriculture
Aquaculture
Safe Equipment Operation
Opening/Closing Ceremonies
Wildlife
Website Development
Entomology
Tractor Operations
Greenhand CDE
F.A.R.M education
Envirothon
Demonstration

text: Supervised Agricultural Experience Programs[edit]

text: To be an active member in the National FFA Organization, a member must have an Supervised Agricultural Experience (SAE) project.[24] The projects involve hands-on application of concepts and principles learned in the agricultural education classroom, with guidelines for the SAE projects governed by the state FFA delegation. SAE programs are grouped into four different areas:

text:
Exploratory – learning about the 'big picture' of agriculture and related careers
Research/Experimentation and Analysis – conducting research or analysis of information to discover new knowledge
Ownership/Entrepreneurship – planning and operation of an agriculture-related business
Placement – working either for pay or experience in an agricultural setting

text: Notable alumni[edit]

text: In politics[edit]

text:
Harold Brubaker, North Carolina state representative, past National FFA Secretary from Pennsylvania
Jimmy Carter, Governor of Georgia, 39th President of the United States
Matt Lohr, Virginia state representative, past state FFA President and National FFA Vice President
Bruce Maloch, Arkansas state senator, past state FFA President and National FFA Secretary
Rick Perry, Governor of Texas, past district FFA officer
Jeff Miller (Florida politician), United States Representative from Florida, past state FFA Secretary
Sam Brownback, Governor of Kansas, past United States Senator & United States representative, past state FFA President and national FFA vice president

text: In entertainment[edit]

text:
Trace Adkins, country music singer
Johnny Cash, country and rock & roll music singer/songwriter, actor
Chris Colfer, actor best known for Glee
Easton Corbin, country music singer/songwriter
Steve Doocy, network-television personality on the Fox News Channel and a best selling author. Co-host of Fox & Friends in the mornings.
Matthew Fox, actor best known for Lost and Party of Five
Brantley Gilbert, country music singer
Don Henley, music entertainer
Toby Keith, country music singer, actor
Lyle Lovett, country music singer
Tim McGraw, country music singer
Eddie Montgomery, country music singer, half of the duo Montgomery Gentry
Beyoncé Giselle Knowles, pop and R&B singer
Willie Nelson, country music singer
Jim Ross, WWE Hall of Famer, past state FFA Vice President
Orion Samuelson, radio broadcaster
Josh Shipp, motivational speaker & entertainer
Taylor Swift, country and pop music singer/songwriter, actress
Craig Morgan, country music singer/songwriter

text: In the arts[edit]

text:
Jim Davis, creator of the Garfield comic strip
Jared Hess, director of Napoleon Dynamite
Nicholas Kristof, Pulitzer Prize Winner, past Oregon State Officer
John Mellencamp, recording artist, co-founder of Farm Aid

text: Other[edit]

text:
Leonard J. Arrington, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints Historian. "Dean of Mormon History", past National FFA Vice President
Howard Warren Buffett, grandson of famed American investor and philanthropist Warren Edward Buffett, past FFA chapter president
Bo Jackson, American athlete and a former multi-sport professional in American football (NFL) and Baseball (MLB)
Sterling Marlin, NASCAR driver
Brad Meester, American football center for the Jacksonville Jaguars of the National Football League, past FFA chapter president
Rebecca Podio, Miss Wyoming 2013
Bryant Reeves, retired American professional basketball player for the NBA's Vancouver Grizzlies
Carroll Shelby, American automotive designer, racing driver and entrepreneur
Chris Soules, The Bachelorette contestant and The Bachelor star, past Iowa FFA Member
Harry Stine, founder and owner of Stine Seed, past Iowa FFA Member
Mark Tauscher, American football Offensive Tackle for the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League

text: Notable historic events and milestones[edit]

text:
1928: FFA is established
1929: National Blue and Corn Gold is adopted as official colors
1930: Official FFA creed adopted
1944: Future Farmers of America Foundation formed
1953: Future Farmers of America U.S. postage stamp issued by U.S. Postal Service
1965: African American New Farmers of America merged with FFA
1969: Girls are allowed to join FFA
1988: Official Name change from Future Farmers of America to FFA Organization
2006: National FFA Foundation receives first $1 million contribution from Ford Motor Company.
2009: FFA celebrates 40 years of women in the organization.
2010: FFA members earn a record 3,449 American FFA Degrees.
2011: National FFA Alumni Association celebrates its 40th anniversary.
2013: Official FFA Jacket celebrates 80th anniversary.
2015: National FFA celebrates 50 years since NFA merged with the FFA.
2017: National FFA elects first Woman African-American National President, Ms. Breanna Holbert from the State of California.


document_title: List of Sense8 characters

question_text: who plays will gorski's dad in sense8

question_tokens: who plays will gorski 's dad in sense8

text: List of Sense8 characters

text: August 8 cluster[edit]

text: The "August 8 cluster" are the main heroes of the series. Angelica Turing "gave birth" to this cluster shortly before her suicide. Jonas Maliki acts as their mentor. Throughout the first season, the sensates' new powers confuse them, as they frequently visit each other with no control via their newfound psychic link. Over the course of the season, they each get to know each other, eventually gaining more control over their abilities. By the end of season one, they may all visit each other and share their abilities at will, with everyone aiding Will when Riley is captured by the series' main villain, Whispers. During "A Christmas Special", they are all shown to be close friends now, frequently visiting the others, even when it's just to talk.

text: Capheus "Van Damme" Onyango[edit]

text: Portrayed by Aml Ameen in the first season and Toby Onwumere in the second.[1][4][5][6][7] Gabriel Ouma portrayed a young Capheus.

text: A matatu driver in Nairobi, and a passionate fan of Jean-Claude Van Damme who is trying to earn money to buy AIDS medicine for his mother. Capheus owns his bus matatu business with his best friend Jela. Their business is failing, however, in competition with another matatu. One day, they drive through a shady part of a nearby city, where they are ambushed by a local warlord's men, who take their money and the medicine Capheus has bought for his mother. Capheus goes after them, and is about to be killed when he channels Sun, a sensate in his cluster with intensive kickboxing training, and who Capheus at first believes is the spirit of Van Damme. With her skills, they defeat the men, and his fighting skills gain his matatu business popularity, and draws the attention of Silas Kabaka, one of Nairobi's most powerful crime lords. He hires Capheus to drive his daughter Amondi every day to a CDC center for cancer treatment, as he cannot send his men to do it without drawing attention to her. When Silas is captured by his enemies, Capheus decides to save him, once again channeling Sun to defeat the men, saving Silas and reuniting him with his daughter. Capheus' driving skills often come in handy for the other sensates, and he is able to use this to help Nomi escape Whispers' men by taking over the drive through the streets of San Francisco.

text: His matatu is irreparable after his heist to save Silas, but Silas repays him by buying him a new one. Because of his reputation for taking down the superpower, his business is booming, and people begin seeing him as something of an idol. He is later approached to run for office, and run against the current politically corrupt president. His messages of hope and power ring true to the people in Nairobi however he is still targeted at one major rally and by people that think he is reckless. Silas even endorses him but it later turns out he is in love with Capheus' mother. After one rally goes terribly with riots breaking out as well as his staff turning against him, he is saved by the Superpower gang. He is also determined to quit, but his message and speeches go viral.

text: Sun Bak[edit]

text: Portrayed by Doona Bae.[1] Jane Lee portrayed a young Sun.

text: The daughter of a powerful Seoul businessman and a burgeoning star in the underground kickboxing world, with a master's degree in economics. When Sun's brother Joong-Ki is caught embezzling, Sun’s father asks her to take the blame before the police and court find out, as Sun is already looked down upon by their partners for being a woman. Remembering her deceased mother's words to always look out for her brother, Sun agrees, and goes to jail for a crime she didn't commit. She becomes unpopular when she looks out for a woman who is often bullied by the other inmates. Sun helps her get revenge on the women picking on her, leading them to ambush Sun in the courtyard. Sun easily fends them off, but is locked in solitary confinement for fighting. Soon afterwards, her father comes to visit her, telling her that she has been a better child than her brother ever was, and that he will come forward about who really committed the crimes, as he wishes to free Sun. The next day however, Sun's brother visits and tells her that their father killed himself the night before. Sun is quickly able to realize that Joong-Ki killed their father after realizing he would come forward and that he would end up in jail. Sun is arguably the most useful of the sensates and is considered 'the muscle.' She often comes to rescue others in the cluster with her kickboxing skills whenever they are cornered, and especially when Will goes to free Riley from Whispers. She has the strongest bond with Capheus, and interacts with him the most.

text: During the next few months, Sun frequently visits the other sensates to escape from solitary confinement, while the women she defended bribe the guards to bring her presents. Eventually, Sun is let out of solitary and rejoins her friends in the main prison. Sun is eventually almost hung by some guards bought off by her brother but she is saved by a fellow prisoner, and they both break out with the help of her cluster. She finds a safe house but is frequently chased by law enforcement, most notably, Detective Mun. It turns out that he is looking to indict her brother and grant Sun with freedom but does not have enough evidence. Sun chooses to go undercover at a gala, serving cocktails with the help of Lito to confront her brother. At the night of the gala, Mun also captures Joong-Ki but he shoots him in the stomach and gets away. Sun pursues him in a high speed chase and pins him on the floor, she does not kill him and is arrested while Joong-Ki is escorted away by a politician friend. With the help of Nomi, who rigs the traffic light system and gets the police bandwagon to topside, Sun escapes and is rescued by Puck, who is somehow is Korea, and they are escorted away.

text: Nomi Marks[edit]

text: Portrayed by Jamie Clayton.[1] John Babbo portrayed a young Nomi (then called Michael).

text: A trans woman hacktivist and blogger living in San Francisco with her girlfriend, Amanita (nicknamed Neets). At a pride parade, Nomi falls unconscious. She ends up in the hospital, where her transphobic mother tells her that she won't let Neets see her. Nomi's doctor, Dr. Metzger, tells them that her brain has an illness that compromises her sense of reality, and she will need an operation that is essentially lobotomy. Believing Nomi is mentally unstable, they keep her in the hospital against her will. Nomi eventually finds out that her “doctor” works for BPO, an organization which hunts down sensates, owned by the series' villain, Whispers. Neets stages a breakout for Nomi, and the two begin investigating everything that's happening. They investigate the company, Dr. Metzger, his previous patients, and Whispers. The two find out that all of Dr. Metzger’s previous patients who he had “diagnosed” with the same fake illness were sensates from other clusters, and they have all been lobotomized by BPO to the point that they are waking brain death patients. Nomi also discovers that Whispers can make their lobotomized zombie-like bodies do his bidding when he needs to eliminate threats so she and Neets attempt to stay off the company's radar for a while. Fellow sensate Will gets in direct contact with Nomi, and she uses her hacking skills to help Will save another sensate named Riley.

text: Now hiding from an FBI agent, Nomi and Neets eventually choose to move-in with her old hacking friend, Bug. She routinely helps out other sensates by being the eyes they cannot have by accessing security cameras in other rooms. She eventually gets tired of hiding from the FBI and gets a pass with the help of Bug. Bug gets the idea to give Nomi an 'E-death' meaning all her records and past crimes will be erased from the government records and she will be free. The E-death successfully works and she is finally able to be the maid of honour at her sister's wedding. During the ceremony however the FBI agent Bendix apprehends her, but without proof of warrant she is able to go free. At the end of season 2, Neets proposes to Nomi and in turn, Nomi proposes to Neets.

text: Kala Dandekar[edit]

text: Portrayed by Tina Desai.[1][8] Yashvi Nagar portrayed a young Kala.

text: A university-educated pharmacist and devout Hindu in Mumbai engaged to marry a man she does not love. Her sensate cluster is born while she is stressed about her impending wedding. Through her new powers, Kala meets her fellow sensate Wolfgang. The two talk constantly, and Kala realizes she is beginning to fall in love with him. Kala often goes to a temple of Ganesha to bring offerings and pray for advice. One day while visiting, she discovers her fiancé’s father is trying to get the Indian government to enact a law that will restrict Hindu religious practice, and many priests at the temple are praying for his death. When her wedding day arrives, Wolfgang accidentally appears to her naked, causing her to faint. When she awakens the next day, she and her fiancé, Rajan, discuss rescheduling the wedding. She goes to the temple to pray and Rajan's father confronts her. He asks her to call off the wedding, but before she can tell him what she wants, a line of hooded figures appear and stab him one by one, revealing themselves as Hindu extremists. While his father’s in a coma, Kala tells Rajan that his father instructed her to break up with him. One day, Wolfgang tells Kala that she should not love him, before confronting some men who tried to kill his best friend Felix. She aids him in defeating them. In the end, all who are left are Wolfgang and the man who organized his best friend’s attempted murder. Even though the man is defenseless, Wolfgang shoots him multiple times, telling Kala that his violent past is why she shouldn't love him, claiming he is a monster. Kala's on-the-fly thinking and chemistry skills help free Riley, in the season one finale, from Whispers.

text: While on their honeymoon in Italy, Rajan confronts Kala about being a virgin, which makes her paranoid. While she does eventually decide to have sex with him, she is interrupted by Wolfgang, and does not go through with it. She then decides to move-in with Rajan. The two look for a house together. She is still wrestling her feelings for Wolfgang and also another man comes into her life, Ajay, one of Rajan's friends. They meet at an Art Gallery where they share a fondness for deity artwork. The battle for religious freedom is still an issue and Kala is still associated with the religious extremists, the crowd she does not want to be associated with. Because of this, the couple increase security measures in their house. Rajan appears to be harbouring secrets of his own and takes a trip to Paris, when it is revealed that he is investigating a political corruption case of Ajay and asks Kala to be escorted to a safe-house in Paris. Hoping to meet up with Wolfgang, she agrees until Wolfgang is taken by Whispers.

text: Riley Blue[edit]

text: Portrayed by Tuppence Middleton.[1] Katrin Sara Olafsdottir portrayed a young Riley.

text: An Icelandic DJ living in London who is trying to escape a troubled past. Riley begins the series by accidentally diving deep into the world of London's drug trade, and has many psychic encounters with Will, a sensate who is a part of her cluster. The two fall in love with each other. She finds that she cannot escape her tragic past and goes home to Iceland to confront it and reunite with her father, who is a famous Icelandic pianist. It is there that Riley's backstory is revealed. She was married once to a man named Magnus and was pregnant with his child. On the way to the hospital to give birth, a snowstorm hits and Magnus accidentally drives off the road. Her husband dies in the car crash and she is stuck in the overturned car. Her water breaks and she has to give birth in the wilderness. She takes her baby and tries to get to safety, but ultimately, her daughter freezes to death. In the present, Riley is haunted by survivor's guilt. While at her father’s classical music concert, she falls unconscious and is taken to the hospital. Her unique brain scans garner the attention of the series’ villain Whispers, who leads an organization that hunts down sensates, and he abducts her. Aware of what is happening, Will goes to Iceland and uses his skills and those of other sensates to break her out. Before they escape however, Will looks into Whispers' eyes, which gives Whispers the ability to see and hear through Will’s perspective. Riley helps Will use drugs to knock him unconscious to avoid Whispers learning their location. With this strategy, the two successfully escape, using a boat belonging to Riley's friend Sven to get out to sea.

text: Due to Whispers' being able to see through Will, she must constantly inject him with drugs to prevent the psychic link to revealing their location. Riley takes care of Will while in hiding and eventually the two decide to go to Chicago to visit Will's father.

text: Wolfgang Bogdanow[edit]

text: Portrayed by Max Riemelt.[1] Lenius Jung portrayed a young Wolfgang.

text: A Berlin locksmith and safe-cracker who has unresolved problems with his late father and participates in organized crime. One night, he and his best friend Felix decide to rob Steiner, Wolfgang’s cousin and enemy, of his most prized possession, a set of outstandingly expensive jewels. The two successfully rob him, and begin looking for buyers. While using some of their newfound fortune to go on a shopping spree, Felix is shot by the Steiner’s men and is put into a coma. Throughout the series, the sensate who Wolfgang bonds the most with is Kala. Over time, the two fall in love. Wolfgang confronts and kills Steiner and his men with Lito’s help, causing Sergei, Steiner’s father and Wolfgang's uncle, to seek revenge. Wolfgang goes to Sergei’s home to kill him and, with the help of Will and Kala, defeats all his men. Although, Sergei is left defenseless, wounded, and alone, Wolfgang shows no mercy, shooting him multiple times in the head. He then tells Kala that they cannot be together, because Wolfgang claims he is a monster. Wolfgang's skillful ruthlessness aids Will when Riley is kidnapped by Whispers.

text: Wolfgang is told that his actions may cause a dynastic war between Berlin's most powerful families. Sure enough, he is ambushed on New Year's, but he and Felix, who has woken up from his coma, survive thanks to the help of the other sensates.

text: Lito Rodríguez[edit]

text: Portrayed by Miguel Ángel Silvestre.[1]

text: A closeted actor living in Mexico City with his boyfriend Hernando.[1] Lito is pursued by his costar Daniela, whom he is using to make the public believe he is straight. One night, a tipsy Daniela visits his apartment, wishing to sleep with him and threatening to call the press in order to manipulate him into allowing her inside. Alone, Lito and Hernando reveal to her that they are lovers. She then agrees to help them keep this secret and quickly becomes one of their closest friends, sometimes participating with them sexually. While filming a movie, he meets the film's producer, whom he recognizes as Daniela's abusive ex-boyfriend and stalker, Joaquín. Later, Joaquín shows up at Lito's apartment, drunk and crying, and manages to steal Daniela's phone, which contains pictures of Lito and Hernando having sex. He threatens to reveal them to the public. Daniela wishes to protect Lito and Hernando and agrees to go back with Joaquín to prevent him from leaking the photos. Lito agrees to let Daniela do this. Hernando disagrees with the decision, becomes resentful of Lito for allowing Daniela to go back to her abuser, and breaks up with him. While grieving, Lito realizes he should not have let Daniela go back and decides to rescue her. He goes to Joaquín's house and channels Wolfgang's aggression, beating Joaquín to a pulp and taking Daniela home. After this, the three are reunited and he and Hernando get back together. Will is able to use Lito's acting skills to lie while in Whispers' facility.

text: After rescuing Daniela, Joaquín leaks the photos of Lito and Hernando to the world, ruining his career. He and Lito are evicted from their apartment, but Daniela allows them to stay with her.

text: Will Gorski[edit]

text: Portrayed by Brian J. Smith.[1] Maxwell Jenkins portrayed a young Will.

text: A Chicago police officer haunted by an unsolved murder from his childhood. When the series begins, he tells his partner Diego about his supernatural experiences although he doesn't believe him. He begins investigating the unreported murder of Angelica, who keeps appearing to him in visions. Most of his initial sensate interactions are with fellow cluster-member Riley Blue and the two begin to fall in love. Soon Jonas Maliki, a sensate from Angelica’s cluster, confronts Will in person about his role as a sensate. Will responds by turning Jonas in to the police and is viewed as a hero in his precinct. He begins to learn more about the other sensates in his cluster and how to utilize his new abilities. Eventually, he discovers that Riley has been captured by the series villain Whispers, whom Jonas has warned him about. According to Jonas, if Will looks into Whispers eyes, he will be able to see everything that he sees. Whispers is holding Riley in a private facility in Iceland, where she is to be experimented on. Will goes to Iceland and uses his skills, as well as the other sensates’ abilities, to save Riley. During their escape, however, Will accidentally looks into Whispers' eyes. Far from the facility, Will injects himself with drugs to lose consciousness to ensure that Whispers does not find them. Riley helps them successfully escape and gets Will to safety.

text: Because Whispers can now see through him, Will constantly inject himself with drugs in order to reduce Whispers' psychic influence. When awake, Will and Riley grow much closer. On Christmas Day, however, Whispers reveals to Will that his father has resumed drinking and is severely depressed without him. Will feels guilty, and Riley tells him they will go visit his father together.

text: Other series regulars[edit]

text: Amanita "Neets" Caplan[edit]

text: Portrayed by Freema Agyeman.[1]

text: Nomi's girlfriend, who later becomes an ally for the new sensates.

text: Whispers[edit]

text: Portrayed by Terrence Mann.[9]

text: A sensate who turned against his own kind for unknown reasons and leads an organization determined to neutralize or kill sensates. Despite his being a sensate and having a family of his own, he lacks empathy.

text: Sanyam Dandekar[edit]

text: Portrayed by Anupam Kher.[10] Himanshu Powdwal portrayed a young Sanyam.

text: Kala's father, a chef and restaurant owner. He and his daughter are very close. Kala's fiancée Rajan constantly seeks his approval.

text: Jonas Maliki[edit]

text: Portrayed by Naveen Andrews.[9]

text: A sensate from Angelica's cluster, who wants to help the newly-born cluster of sensates. By the end of season one, he is captured by the series' villain, Whispers.

text: Angelica "Angel" Turing[edit]

text: Portrayed by Daryl Hannah.[11]

text: A sensate from an older cluster (which includes Jonas) who becomes the "mother" of the cluster of eight new sensates as she activates their psychic connection. She kills herself before being captured by Whispers in order to protect the cluster she has birthed. Because she birthed the new sensates, her memories echo through the them, and she can still somehow communicate with them.

text: Recurring characters[edit]

text: The recurring actors are listed by the region in which they first appear.

text: In Nairobi, Kenya[edit]

text:
Paul Ogola as Jela,[12] Capheus' best friend and partner in the "Van Damn" bus service.
Peter King Mwania as Silas Kabaka,[13] a crime lord who approaches Capheus to work for him.
Lwanda Jawar as Githu, the leader of the Nairobi "Superpower" gang.[12]
Chichi Seii as Shiro, Capheus' mother who is seriously ill with AIDS.[12]
Rosa Katanu as Amondi Kabaka, Silas' daughter.
Biko Nyongesa,[14] plays a member of the "Superpower" gang.
Mumbi Maina as Zakia, a local news journalist who becomes romantically involved with Capheus

text: In Seoul, South Korea[edit]

text:
Lee Ki-chan[15] as Joong-Ki Bak, Sun's younger brother.
Lee Geung-young[15] as Kang-Dae Bak, a businessman and Sun and Joong-Ki's father.
Youn Yuh-jung as Min-jung, fellow prisoner
Sukku Son as Detective Mun, policeman, who wants to clear Sun's name
Hye-Hwa Kim as Mi-Cha,[16] Sun's mother.
Sara Sohn as Soo-Jin,[16] a Korean prisoner.[17]
Myung Gye-Nam[15] as Sun's kickboxing trainer.

text: In San Francisco, California, United States of America[edit]

text:
Adam Shapiro as Dr. Metzger, Nomi's "doctor" who really works for Whispers.[18]
Michael X. Sommers as Bug, Nomi's old friend who ran with her in their younger hacktivist days.
Sandra Fish as Janet Marks, Nomi's disapproving mother.
Maximilienne Ewalt as Grace, Amanita's mother who is more accepting of Nomi than her own. She embraces both Nomi's relationship with Neets and her identity as a trans woman.[19]

text: In Mumbai, India[edit]

text:
Purab Kohli[20] as Rajan Rasal, Kala's fiancé.
Natasha Rastogi[20] as Priya Dandekar, Kala and Daya's mother, Sanyam's wife.

Mansi Dovhal portrayed a young Priya.

Darshan Jariwala[20] as Manendra Rasal, Rajan’s father and Sahana’s husband.
Mita Vashisht[20] as Sahana Rasal, mother of Rajan and wife of Manendra.
Huzane Mewawala as Daya Dandekar, Kala's sister and a fellow pharmacist.
Avantika Akerkar as Aunty Ina, Kala and Daya's aunt.
Shruti Bapna as Devi, Kala's friend.[21]
Rajesh Khera as a wedding planner.[22]

text: In Reykjavík, Iceland[edit]

text:
Kristján Kristjánsson as Gunnar, Riley's pianist father.[23]
Lilja Þórisdóttir[23] as Yrsa, an Icelandic sensate from an older cluster.
Eyþór Gunnarsson as Sven, Riley's friend in Iceland.[23]
Thor Birgisson as Magnus Þórsson, Riley's husband who died in a car accident.

text: In London, England, United Kingdom[edit]

text:
Frank Dillane[24] as Shugs, Riley's close friend and Bambie's boyfriend.
Nicôle Lecky as Bambie, Shugs' girlfriend.
Joseph Mawle as Nyx, a drug dealer.

text: In Berlin, Germany[edit]

text:
Maximilian Mauff as Felix Bernner, a locksmith who is Wolfgang's best friend and partner-in-crime.

Chiron Elias Krase portrayed a young Felix.

Sylvester Groth as Sergei Bogdanow, Wolfgang's rich uncle and Steiner's father.
Christian Oliver as Steiner Bogdanow, a villainous Russian mobster in Berlin who is at war with his cousin Wolfgang and Felix.[25]
Bernhard Schütz as Anton Bogdanow, Wolfgang's father.
Georg Tryphon as Abraham, a Jewish business man.
Wolfgang Lindner as one of Sergei's bodyguards.
Lars Eidinger as Sebastian Fuchs, also known as "King of the North" for his status as leading one faction of the mob gangs in Berlin.
Valeria Bilello as Lila Facchini, a sensate from another cluster that works alongside Fuchs and is in collusion with Whispers.

text: In Mexico City, Mexico[edit]

text:
Alfonso Herrera as Hernando Fuentes, Lito's boyfriend.[26]
Eréndira Ibarra as Daniela Velázquez, an actress who helps Lito to hide his sexual orientation. Joaquin's ex-girlfriend.[27]
Raúl Méndez as Joaquín Flores, Daniela's jealous and violent abusive ex-boyfriend.[27][28]
Ari Brickman as the director of Lito's current film.
Jeronimo Best as the assistant director in Lito's movies.
Erik Hayser as Raoul Pasquale, a sensate from Angelica's first cluster and acquaintance of Lito.

text: In Chicago, Illinois, United States of America[edit]

text:
Ness Bautista[18] as Diego Morales, Will's police partner.
William Burke as Deshawn, a young gang member in Chicago.
Larry Clarke as Will's Police Captain.
Margot Thorne as Sara Patrell, a young sensate who disappeared after being found by Whispers.
Joe Pantoliano as Michael Gorski, Will's father, a retired cop.[18]

text: Minor characters[edit]

text: These are a few significant minor characters, such as celebrities making a cameo appearance.

text:
Ma Dong-seok[15] as the bouncer outside the sex club in Seoul.[29]
Tony Hong as the referee of the underground martial arts ring.
Sean Dorsey as Sean, the real life choreographer of the Fresh Meat Festival dance Nomi and Amanita attend.[30]
Tino Rodríguez as "Green Fairy" in the San Francisco Pride. Rodríguez's painting The Song that Traverses a Tenebrous World is featured in the show hanging on the walls of Lito's apartment.[31][32][33][34]
Virgo Paraiso as "Purple Fairy" in the San Francisco Pride.[31] Dorsey, Rodríguez and Paraiso had previously collaborated with the Wachowskis on the music video of Antony and the Johnsons' Epilepsy Is Dancing.[35]
Lana Wachowski and Tom Tykwer passing by the camera with their backs turned to it during the New Years Eve celebration in the Christmas special.[36]
David Mitchell and Aleksandar Hemon cameo as themselves in Amanita's bookstore.[37] They were involved in some capacity with the writing of the second season,[38][39] for which they were credited as "consultants".[40]
Eduardo Semerjian as "Parade Host" in the Sao Paulo Pride.
Marc Jacobs as himself.[41] His partner Char Defrancesco,[42] appears in the same scene, as Charlie.
Kobi Kihara as herself, interviewing Capheus.[43]
Cleopatra Koheirwe as Mother