document_title: Thirteen Colonies

question_text: who did the 13 colonies declared independence from

question_tokens: who did the 13 colonies declared independence from

text: Thirteen Colonies

text: Colonies[edit]

text: In 1606, King James I of England granted charters to both the Plymouth Company and the London Company for the purpose of establishing permanent settlements in North America. The London Company established the Colony and Dominion of Virginia in 1607, the first permanently settled English colony on the North American continent. The Plymouth Company founded the Popham Colony on the Kennebec River, but it was short-lived. The Plymouth Council for New England sponsored several colonization projects, culminating with Plymouth Colony in 1620 which was settled by the English Puritans, known today as the Pilgrims.[5] The Dutch, Swedish, and French also established successful North American colonies at roughly the same time as the English, but they eventually came under the English crown. The Thirteen Colonies were complete with the establishment of the Province of Georgia in 1732, although the term "Thirteen Colonies" became current only in the context of the American Revolution.[6]

text: In London beginning in 1660, all colonies were governed through a state department known as the Southern Department, and a committee of the Privy Council called the Board of Trade and Plantations.  In 1768, a specific state department was created for America, but it was disbanded in 1782 when the Home Office took responsibility.[7]

text: New England colonies[edit]

text:
Province of New Hampshire, established in the 1620s, chartered as crown colony in 1679
Province of Massachusetts Bay, established in the 1620s, a crown colony 1692
Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, established 1636, chartered as crown colony in 1663
Connecticut Colony, established 1636, chartered as crown colony in 1662

text: Middle colonies[edit]

text:
Province of New York, proprietary colony 1664–1685, crown colony from 1686
Province of New Jersey, proprietary colony from 1664, crown colony from 1702
Province of Pennsylvania, a proprietary colony established 1681
Delaware Colony (before 1776, the Lower Counties on Delaware), a proprietary colony established 1664

text: Southern colonies[edit]

text:
Province of Maryland, a proprietary colony established 1632
Colony and Dominion of Virginia, proprietary colony established 1607, a crown colony from 1624
Province of Carolina, a proprietary colony established 1663
Divided into the Province of North-Carolina and Province of South Carolina in 1712, each became a crown colony in 1729
Province of Georgia, proprietary colony established 1732, crown colony from 1752.

text: 17th century[edit]

text: Southern colonies[edit]

text: The first successful English colony was Jamestown, established May 14, 1607 near Chesapeake Bay. The business venture was financed and coordinated by the London Virginia Company, a joint stock company looking for gold. Its first years were extremely difficult, with very high death rates from disease and starvation, wars with local Indians, and little gold. The colony survived and flourished by turning to tobacco as a cash crop.[8][9]

text: In 1632, King Charles I granted the charter for Province of Maryland to Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore. Calvert's father had been a prominent Catholic official who encouraged Catholic immigration to the English colonies. The charter offered no guidelines on religion.[10]

text: The Province of Carolina was the second attempted English settlement south of Virginia, the first being the failed attempt at Roanoke. It was a private venture, financed by a group of English Lords Proprietors who obtained a Royal Charter to the Carolinas in 1663, hoping that a new colony in the south would become profitable like Jamestown. Carolina was not settled until 1670, and even then the first attempt failed because there was no incentive for emigration to that area. Eventually, however, the Lords combined their remaining capital and financed a settlement mission to the area led by Sir John Colleton. The expedition located fertile and defensible ground at what became Charleston, originally Charles Town for Charles II of England.[11]

text: New England[edit]

text: The Pilgrims were a small group of Puritan separatists who felt that they needed to physically distance themselves from the corrupt Church of England. After initially moving to the Netherlands, they decided to re-establish themselves in America. The initial Pilgrim settlers sailed to North America in 1620 on the Mayflower. Upon their arrival, they drew up the Mayflower Compact, by which they bound themselves together as a united community, thus establishing the small Plymouth Colony. William Bradford was their main leader. After its founding, other settlers traveled from England to join the colony.[12]

text: The non-separatist Puritans constituted a much larger group than the Pilgrims, and they established the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1629 with 400 settlers. They sought to reform the Church of England by creating a new, pure church in the New World. By 1640, 20,000 had arrived; many died soon after arrival, but the others found a healthy climate and an ample food supply. The Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay colonies together spawned other Puritan colonies in New England, including the New Haven, Saybrook, and Connecticut colonies. During the 17th century, the New Haven and Saybrook colonies were absorbed by Connecticut.[13]

text: Providence Plantation was founded in 1636 by Roger Williams on land provided by Narragansett sachem Canonicus. Williams was a Puritan who preached religious tolerance, separation of Church and State, and a complete break with the Church of England. He was banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony over theological disagreements, and he and other settlers founded Providence Plantation based on an egalitarian constitution providing for majority rule "in civil things" and "liberty of conscience" in religious matters.[8][14] In 1637, a second group including Anne Hutchinson established a second settlement on Aquidneck Island, also known as Rhode Island.

text: Other colonists settled to the north, mingling with adventurers and profit-oriented settlers to establish more religiously diverse colonies in New Hampshire and Maine. These small settlements were absorbed by Massachusetts when it made significant land claims in the 1640s and 1650s, but New Hampshire was eventually given a separate charter in 1679. Maine remained a part of Massachusetts until achieving statehood in 1820.

text: In 1685, King James II of England closed the legislatures and consolidated the New England colonies into the Dominion of New England, putting the region under firm royal control of Governor Edmund Andros.  In 1688, the colonies of New York, West Jersey, and East Jersey were added to the dominion. Andros was overthrown and the dominion was closed in 1689, after the Glorious Revolution deposed King James II;  the former colonies were re-established.[15] According to Guy Miller:

text: Middle Colonies[edit]

text: Beginning in 1609, Dutch traders explored and established fur trading posts on the Hudson River, Delaware River, and Connecticut River, seeking to protect their interests in the fur trade. The Dutch West India Company established permanent settlements on the Hudson River, creating the Dutch colony of New Netherland. In 1626, Peter Minuit purchased the island of Manhattan from the Lenape Indians and established the outpost of New Amsterdam.[17] Relatively few Dutch settled in New Netherland, but the colony came to dominate the regional fur trade.[18] It also served as the base for extensive trade with the English colonies, and many products from New England and Virginia were carried to Europe on Dutch ships.[19] The Dutch also engaged in the burgeoning Atlantic slave trade, supplying enslaved Africans to the English colonies in North America and Barbados.[20] The West India Company desired to grow New Netherland as it became commercially successful, yet the colony failed to attract the same level of settlement as the English colonies did. Many of those who did immigrate to the colony were English, German, Walloon, or Sephardim.[21]

text: In 1638, Sweden established the colony of New Sweden in the Delaware Valley. The operation was led by former members of the Dutch West India Company, including Peter Minuit.[22] New Sweden established extensive trading contacts with English colonies to the south, and shipped much of the tobacco produced in Virginia.[23] The colony was conquered by the Dutch in 1655,[24] while Sweden was engaged in the Second Northern War.

text: Beginning in the 1650s, the English and Dutch engaged in a series of wars, and the English sought to conquer New Netherland.[25] Richard Nicolls captured the lightly defended New Amsterdam in 1664, and his subordinates quickly captured the remainder of New Netherland.[26] The 1667 Treaty of Breda ended the Second Anglo-Dutch War and confirmed English control of the region.[27] The Dutch briefly regained control of parts of New Netherland in the Third Anglo-Dutch War, but surrendered claim to the territory in the 1674 Treaty of Westminster, ending the Dutch colonial presence in North America.[28]

text: After the Second Anglo-Dutch War, the British renamed the colony "York City" or "New York". Large numbers of Dutch remained in the colony, dominating the rural areas between New York City and Albany, while people from New England started moving in as well as immigrants from Germany. New York City attracted a large polyglot population, including a large black slave population.[29] In 1674, the proprietary colonies of East Jersey and West Jersey were created from lands formerly part of New York.[30]

text: Pennsylvania was founded in 1681 as a proprietary colony of Quaker William Penn. The main population elements included Quaker population based in Philadelphia, a Scotch Irish population on the Western frontier, and numerous German colonies in between.[31]  Philadelphia became the largest city in the colonies with its central location, excellent port, and a population of about 30,000.[32]

text: 18th century[edit]

text: In 1702, East and West Jersey were combined to form the Province of New Jersey.

text: The northern and southern sections of the Carolina colony operated more or less independently until 1691, when Philip Ludwell was appointed governor of the entire province. From that time until 1708, the northern and southern settlements remained under one government. However, during this period, the two halves of the province began increasingly to be known as North Carolina and South Carolina, as the descendants of the colony's proprietors fought over the direction of the colony.[33] The colonists of Charles Town finally deposed their governor and elected their own government. This marked the start of separate governments in the Province of North-Carolina and the Province of South Carolina. In 1729, the king formally revoked Carolina's colonial charter and established both North Carolina and South Carolina as crown colonies.[34]

text: In the 1730s, Parliamentarian James Oglethorpe proposed that the area south of the Carolinas be colonized with the "worthy poor" of England to provide an alternative to the overcrowded debtors' prisons. Oglethorpe and other English philanthropists secured a royal charter as the Trustees of the colony of Georgia on June 9, 1732.[35] Oglethorpe and his compatriots hoped to establish a utopian colony that banned slavery and recruited only the most worthy settlers, but by 1750 the colony remained sparsely populated. The proprietors gave up their charter in 1752, at which point Georgia became a crown colony.[36]

text: The colonial population of Thirteen Colonies grew immensely in the 18th century. According to historian Alan Taylor, the population of the Thirteen Colonies stood at 1.5 million in 1750, which represented four-fifths of the population of British North America.[37] More than 90 percent of the colonists lived as farmers, though some seaports also flourished. In 1760, the cities of Philadelphia, New York, and Boston had a population in excess of 16,000, which was small by European standards.[38] By 1770, the economic output of the Thirteen Colonies made up forty percent of the gross domestic product of the British Empire.[39]

text: As the 18th century progressed, colonists began to settle far from the Atlantic coast. Pennsylvania, Virginia, Connecticut, and Maryland all laid claim to the land in the Ohio River valley. The colonies engaged in a scramble to purchase land from Indian tribes, as the British insisted that claims to land should rest on legitimate purchases.[40] Virginia was particularly intent on western expansion, and most of the elite Virginia families invested in the Ohio Company to promote the settlement of Ohio Country.[41]

text: Global trade and immigration[edit]

text: The British colonies in North America became part of the global British trading network, as the value tripled for exports from British North America to Britain between 1700 and 1754. The colonists were restricted in trading with other European powers, but they found profitable trade partners in the other British colonies, particularly in the Caribbean. The colonists traded foodstuffs, wood, tobacco, and various other resources for Asian tea, West Indian coffee, and West Indian sugar, among other items.[42] American Indians far from the Atlantic coast supplied the Atlantic market with beaver fur and deerskins.[43] British North America had an advantage in natural resources and established its own thriving shipbuilding industry, and many North American merchants engaged in the transatlantic trade.[44]

text: Improved economic conditions and easing of religious persecution in Europe made it more difficult to recruit labor to the colonies, and many colonies became increasingly reliant on slave labor, particularly in the South. The population of slaves in British North America grew dramatically between 1680 and 1750, and the growth was driven by a mixture of forced immigration and the reproduction of slaves.[45] Slaves supported vast plantation economies in the South, while slaves in the North worked in a variety of occupations.[46] There were some slave revolts, such as the Stono Rebellion and the New York Conspiracy of 1741, but these uprisings were suppressed.[47]

text: A small proportion of the English population migrated to British North America after 1700, but the colonies attracted new immigrants from other European countries. These immigrants traveled to all of the colonies, but the Middle Colonies attracted the most and continued to be more ethically diverse than the other colonies.[48] Numerous settlers immigrated from Ireland,[49] both Catholic and Protestant—particularly "New Light" Ulster Presbyterians.[50] Protestant Germans also migrated in large numbers, particularly to Pennsylvania.[51] In the 1740s, the Thirteen Colonies underwent the First Great Awakening.[52]

text: French and Indian War[edit]

text: In 1738, an incident involving a Welsh mariner named Robert Jenkins sparked the War of Jenkins' Ear between Britain and Spain. Hundreds of North Americans volunteered for Admiral Edward Vernon's assault on Cartegena de Indias, a Spanish city in South America.[53] The war against Spain merged into a broader conflict known as the War of the Austrian Succession, but most colonists called it King George's War.[54] In 1745, British and colonial forces captured the town of Louisbourg, and the war came to an end with the 1748 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. However, many colonists were angered when Britain returned Louisbourg to France in return for Madras and other territories.[55] In the aftermath of the war, both the British and French sought to expand into the Ohio River valley.[56]

text: The French and Indian War (1754–63) was the American extension of the general European conflict known as the Seven Years' War. Previous colonial wars in North America had started in Europe and then spread to the colonies, but the French and Indian War is notable for having started in North America and spread to Europe. One of the primary causes of the war was increasing competition between Britain and France, especially in the Great Lakes and Ohio valley.[57]

text: The French and Indian War took on a new significance for the British North American colonists when William Pitt the Elder decided that major military resources needed to be devoted to North America in order to win the war against France. For the first time, the continent became one of the main theaters of what could be termed a "world war". During the war, it became increasingly apparent to American colonists that they were under the authority of the British Empire, as British military and civilian officials took on an increased presence in their lives.

text: The war also increased a sense of American unity in other ways. It caused men to travel across the continent who might otherwise have never left their own colony, fighting alongside men from decidedly different backgrounds who were nonetheless still American. Throughout the course of the war, British officers trained Americans for battle, most notably George Washington, which benefited the American cause during the Revolution. Also, colonial legislatures and officials had to cooperate intensively in pursuit of the continent-wide military effort.[57] The relations were not always positive between the British military establishment and the colonists, setting the stage for later distrust and dislike of British troops. At the 1754 Albany Congress, Pennsylvania colonist Benjamin Franklin proposed the Albany Plan which would have created a unified government of the Thirteen Colonies for coordination of defense and other matters, but the plan was rejected by the leaders of most colonies.[58]

text: In the Treaty of Paris (1763), France formally ceded to Britain the eastern part of its vast North American empire, having secretly given to Spain the territory of Louisiana west of the Mississippi River the previous year. Before the war, Britain held the thirteen American colonies, most of present-day Nova Scotia, and most of the Hudson Bay watershed. Following the war, Britain gained all French territory east of the Mississippi River, including Quebec, the Great Lakes, and the Ohio River valley. Britain also gained Spanish Florida, from which it formed the colonies of East and West Florida. In removing a major foreign threat to the thirteen colonies, the war also largely removed the colonists' need of colonial protection.

text: The British and colonists triumphed jointly over a common foe. The colonists' loyalty to the mother country was stronger than ever before. However, disunity was beginning to form. British Prime Minister William Pitt the Elder had decided to wage the war in the colonies with the use of troops from the colonies and tax funds from Britain itself. This was a successful wartime strategy but, after the war was over, each side believed that it had borne a greater burden than the other. The British elite, the most heavily taxed of any in Europe, pointed out angrily that the colonists paid little to the royal coffers. The colonists replied that their sons had fought and died in a war that served European interests more than their own. This dispute was a link in the chain of events that soon brought about the American Revolution.[57]

text: Growing dissent[edit]

text: The British were left with large debts following the French and Indian War, so British leaders decided to increase taxation and control of the Thirteen Colonies.[59] They imposed several new taxes, beginning with the Sugar Act of 1764. Later acts included the Currency Act of 1764, the Stamp Act of 1765, and the Townshend Acts of 1767.[60]

text: The British also sought to maintain peaceful relations with those Indian tribes that had allied with the French by keeping them separated from the American frontiersmen. To this end, the Royal Proclamation of 1763 restricted settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains, as this was designated an Indian Reserve.[61] Some groups of settlers disregarded the proclamation, however, and continued to move west and establish farms.[62] The proclamation was soon modified and was no longer a hindrance to settlement, but the fact angered the colonists that it had been promulgated without their prior consultation.[63]

text: Parliament had directly levied duties and excise taxes on the colonies, bypassing the colonial legislatures, and Americans began to insist on the principle of "no taxation without representation" with intense protests over the Stamp Act of 1765.[64] They argued that the colonies had no representation in the British Parliament, so it was a violation of their rights as Englishmen for taxes to be imposed upon them. Parliament rejected the colonial protests and asserted its authority by passing new taxes.

text: Colonial discontentment grew with the passage of the 1773 Tea Act, which reduced taxes on tea sold by the East India Company in an effort to undercut competition, and Prime Minister North's ministry hoped that this would establish a precedent of colonists accepting British taxation policies. Trouble escalated over the tea tax, as Americans in each colony boycotted the tea, and those in Boston dumped the tea in the harbor during the Boston Tea Party in 1773 when the Sons of Liberty dumped thousands of pounds of tea into the water. Tensions escalated in 1774 as Parliament passed the laws known as the Intolerable Acts, which greatly restricted self-government in the colony of Massachusetts. These laws also allowed British military commanders to claim colonial homes for the quartering of soldiers, regardless whether the American civilians were willing or not to have soldiers in their homes. The laws further revoked colonial rights to hold trials in cases involving soldiers or crown officials, forcing such trials to be held in England rather than in America. Parliament also sent Thomas Gage to serve as Governor of Massachusetts and as the commander of British forces in North America.[65]

text: By 1774, colonists still hoped to remain part of the British Empire, but discontentment was widespread concerning British rule throughout the Thirteen Colonies.[66] Colonists elected delegates to the First Continental Congress which convened in Philadelphia in September 1774. In the aftermath of the Intolerable Acts, the delegates asserted that the colonies owed allegiance only to the king; they would accept royal governors as agents of the king, but they were no longer willing to recognize Parliament's right to pass legislation affecting the colonies. Most delegates opposed an attack on the British position in Boston, and the Continental Congress instead agreed to the imposition of a boycott known as the Continental Association. The boycott proved effective and the value of British imports dropped dramatically.[67] The Thirteen Colonies became increasingly divided between Patriots opposed to British rule and Loyalists who supported it.[68]

text: American Revolution[edit]

text: In response, the colonies formed bodies of elected representatives known as Provincial Congresses, and Colonists began to boycott imported British merchandise.[69] Later in 1774, 12 colonies sent representatives to the First Continental Congress in Philadelphia. During the Second Continental Congress, the remaining colony of Georgia sent delegates, as well.

text: Massachusetts Governor Thomas Gage feared a confrontation with the colonists; he requested reinforcements from Britain, but the British government was not willing to pay for the expense of stationing tens of thousands of soldiers in the Thirteen Colonies. Gage was instead ordered to seize Patriot arsenals. He dispatched a force to march on the arsenal at Concord, Massachusetts, but the Patriots learned about it and blocked their advance. The Patriots repulsed the British force at the April 1775 Battles of Lexington and Concord, then lay siege to Boston.[70]

text: By spring 1775, all royal officials had been expelled, and the Continental Congress hosted a convention of delegates for the 13 colonies. It raised an army to fight the British and named George Washington its commander, made treaties, declared independence, and recommended that the colonies write constitutions and become states.[71] The Second Continental Congress assembled in May 1775 and began to coordinate armed resistance against Britain. It established a government that recruited soldiers and printed its own money. General Washington took command of the Patriot soldiers in New England and forced the British to withdraw from Boston. In 1776, the Thirteen Colonies declared their independence from Britain. With the help of France and Spain, they defeated the British in the American Revolutionary War. In the Treaty of Paris (1783), Britain officially recognized the independence of the United States of America.

text: Population[edit]

text:
Population of the American colonies[72]

Year

Population

1625

1,980

1641

50,000

1688

200,000

1702

270,000

1715

435,000

1749

1,000,000

1754

1,500,000

1765

2,200,000

1775

2,400,000

text:
The colonial population rose to a quarter of a million during the 17th century, and to nearly 2.5 million on the eve of the American revolution.
Perkins (1988) notes the importance of good health for the growth of the colonies: "Fewer deaths among the young meant that a higher proportion of the population reached reproductive age, and that fact alone helps to explain why the colonies grew so rapidly."[73] There were many other reasons for the population growth besides good health, such as the Great Migration.

text:
By 1776, about 85% of the white population's ancestry originated in the British Isles (English, Irish, Scottish, Welsh), 9% of German origin, 4% Dutch and 2% Huguenot French and other minorities.
Over 90% were farmers, with several small cities that were also seaports linking the colonial economy to the larger British Empire. These populations continued to grow at a rapid rate during the late 18th and early 19th centuries, primarily because of high birth rates and relatively low death rates. Immigration was a minor factor from 1774 to 1830.[74] The Federal Census Bureau study of 2004 gives the following population estimates for the colonies: 1610 350; 1620 2,302; 1630 4,646; 1640 26,634; 1650 50,368; 1660 75,058; 1670 111,935; 1680 151,507; 1690 210,372; 1700 250,888; 1710 331,711; 1720 466,185; 1730 629,445; 1740 905,563; 1750 170,760; 1760 1,593,625; 1770 2,148,076; 1780 2,780,369. CT970 p. 2-13: Colonial and Pre-Federal Statistics, United States Census Bureau 2004, p. 1168.

text: Slaves[edit]

text:
Slavery was legal and practiced in many of the Thirteen Colonies. In most places, it involved house servants or farm workers. It was of economic importance in the export-oriented tobacco plantations of Virginia and Maryland and on the rice and indigo plantations of South Carolina.[75]
About 287,000 slaves were imported into the Thirteen Colonies over a period of 160 years, or 2% of the estimated 12 million taken from Africa to the Americas via the Atlantic slave trade. The great majority went to sugar colonies in the Caribbean and to Brazil, where life expectancy was short and the numbers had to be continually replenished. By the mid-18th century, life expectancy was much higher in the American colonies.[76]

text:
Slaves imported into Colonial America[77]

1620–1700
1701–1760
1761–1770
1771–1780
total

21,000
189,000
63,000
15,000
287,000

text: The numbers grew rapidly through a very high birth rate and low mortality rate, reaching nearly four million by the 1860 census. From 1770 until 1860, the rate of natural growth of North American slaves was much greater than for the population of any nation in Europe, and was nearly twice as rapid as that in England.

text: Religion[edit]

text: Protestantism was the predominant religious affiliation in the Thirteen Colonies, although there were also Catholics, Jews, and deists, and a large fraction had no religious connection. The Church of England was officially established in most of the South. The Puritan movement became the Congregational church, and it was the established religious affiliation in Massachusetts and Connecticut into the 18th century.[78] In practice, this meant that tax revenues were allocated to church expenses. The Anglican parishes in the South were under the control of local vestries and had public functions such as repair of the roads and relief of the poor.[79]

text: The colonies were religiously diverse, with different Protestant denominations brought by British, German, Dutch, and other immigrants. The Reformed tradition was the foundation for Presbyterian, Congregationalist, and Continental Reformed denominations. French Huguenots set up their own Reformed congregations. The Dutch Reformed Church was strong among Dutch Americans in New York and New Jersey, while Lutheranism was prevalent among German immigrants. Germans also brought diverse forms of Anabaptism, especially the Mennonite variety. Reformed Baptist preacher Roger Williams founded Providence Plantations which became the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. Jews were clustered in a few port cities. The Baltimore family founded Maryland and brought in fellow Catholics from England.[80] Catholics were estimated at 1.6% of the population or 40,000 in 1775. Of the 200-250,000 Irish who came to the Colonies between 1701 and 1775 less than 20,000 were Catholic, many of whom hid their faith or lapsed because of prejudice and discrimination. Between 1770-1775 3,900 Irish Catholics arrived out of almost 45,000 white immigrants (7,000 English, 15,000 Scots, 13,200 Scots-Irish, 5,200 Germans), Jon Butler, Becoming America, The Revolution before 1776, 2000, p. 35, ISBN 0-674-00091-9. Most Catholics were English Recusants, Germans, Irish and blacks who lived in Maryland where half the Catholic population lived, New York and Pennsylvania. Presbyterians were chiefly immigrants from Scotland and Ulster who favored the back country and frontier districts.[81]

text: Quakers were well established in Pennsylvania, where they controlled the governorship and the legislature for many years.[82] Quakers were also numerous in Rhode Island. Baptists and Methodists were growing rapidly during the First Great Awakening of the 1740s.[83] Many denominations sponsored missions to the local Indians.[84]

text: Education[edit]

text: Higher education was available for young men in the North, and most students were aspiring Protestant ministers. The oldest colleges were Harvard College, College of New Jersey (Princeton), Yale College, and College of Rhode Island (Brown). Others were King's College (Columbia), the College of Philadelphia (University of Pennsylvania), and Dartmouth College in New Hampshire. South of Philadelphia, there was only the College of William and Mary which trained the secular elite in Virginia, especially aspiring lawyers.

text: Most New England towns sponsored public schools for boys, but public schooling was rare elsewhere. Girls were educated at home or by small local private schools, and they had no access to college. Aspiring physicians and lawyers typically learned as apprentices to an established practitioner, although some young men went to medical schools in Scotland.[85]

text: Government[edit]

text: The three forms of colonial government in 1776 were provincial (royal colony), proprietary, and charter. These governments were all subordinate to the King of England with no representation in the Parliament of Great Britain. The administration of all British colonies was overseen by the Board of Trade in London beginning late in the 17th century.

text: The provincial colony was governed by commissions created at pleasure of the king. A governor and his council were appointed by the crown. The governor was invested with general executive powers and authorized to call a locally elected assembly. The governor's council would sit as an upper house when the assembly was in session, in addition to its role in advising the governor. Assemblies were made up of representatives elected by the freeholders and planters (landowners) of the province. The governor had the power of absolute veto and could prorogue (i.e., delay) and dissolve the assembly. The assembly's role was to make all local laws and ordinances, ensuring that they were not inconsistent with the laws of England. In practice, this did not always occur, since many of the provincial assemblies sought to expand their powers and limit those of the governor and crown. Laws could be examined by the British Privy Council or Board of Trade, which also held veto power of legislation. New Hampshire, New York, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia were crown colonies. Massachusetts became a crown colony at the end of the 17th century.

text: Proprietary colonies were governed much as royal colonies, except that lord proprietors appointed the governor rather than the king. They were set up after the English Restoration of 1660 and typically enjoyed greater civil and religious liberty. Pennsylvania (which included Delaware), New Jersey, and Maryland were proprietary colonies.[86]

text: Charter governments were political corporations created by letters patent, giving the grantees control of the land and the powers of legislative government. The charters provided a fundamental constitution and divided powers among legislative, executive, and judicial functions, with those powers being vested in officials. Massachusetts, Providence Plantation, Rhode Island, Warwick, and Connecticut were charter colonies. The Massachusetts charter was revoked in 1684 and was replaced by a provincial charter that was issued in 1691.[87] Providence Plantations merged with the settlements at Rhode Island and Warwick to form the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, which also became a charter colony in 1636.

text: British role[edit]

text: After 1680, the royal government in London took an increasing interest in the affairs of the colonies, which were growing rapidly in population and wealth. In 1680, only Virginia was a royal colony; by 1720, half were under the control of royal governors. These governors were appointees closely tied to the government in London.

text: Historians before the 1880s emphasized American nationalism. However, scholarship after that time was heavily influenced by the "Imperial school" led by Herbert L. Osgood, George Louis Beer, Charles McLean Andrews, and Lawrence H. Gipson. This viewpoint dominated colonial historiography into the 1940s, and they emphasized and often praised the attention that London gave to all the colonies. In this view, there was never a threat (before the 1770s) that any colony would revolt or seek independence.[88]

text: Self-government[edit]

text: British settlers did not come to the American colonies with the intention of creating a democratic system; yet they quickly created a broad electorate without a land-owning aristocracy, along with a pattern of free elections which put a strong emphasis on voter participation. The colonies offered a much freer degree of suffrage than England or indeed any other country. Any property owner could vote for members of the lower house of the legislature, and they could even vote for the governor in Connecticut and Rhode Island.[89] Voters were required to hold an "interest" in society; as the South Carolina legislature said in 1716, "it is necessary and reasonable, that none but such persons will have an interest in the Province should be capable to elect members of the Commons House of Assembly".[90] The main legal criterion for having an "interest" was ownership of real estate property, which was uncommon in Britain, where 19 out of 20 men were controlled politically by their landlords. (Women, children, indentured servants, and slaves were subsumed under the interest of the family head.) London insisted on this requirement for the colonies, telling governors to exclude from the ballot men who were not freeholders—that is, those who did not own land. Nevertheless, land was so widely owned that 50% to 80% of the men were eligible to vote.[91]

text: The colonial political culture emphasized deference, so that local notables were the men who ran and were chosen. But sometimes they competed with each other and had to appeal to the common man for votes. There were no political parties, and would-be legislators formed ad-hoc coalitions of their families, friends, and neighbors. Outside of Puritan New England, election day brought in all the men from the countryside to the county seat to make merry, politick, shake hands with the grandees, meet old friends, and hear the speeches—all the while toasting, eating, treating, tippling, and gambling. They voted by shouting their choice to the clerk, as supporters cheered or booed. Candidate George Washington spent £39 for treats for his supporters. The candidates knew that they had to "swill the planters with bumbo" (rum). Elections were carnivals where all men were equal for one day and traditional restraints were relaxed.[92]

text: The actual rate of voting ranged from 20% to 40% of all adult white males. The rates were higher in Pennsylvania and New York, where long-standing factions based on ethnic and religious groups mobilized supporters at a higher rate. New York and Rhode Island developed long-lasting two-faction systems that held together for years at the colony level, but they did not reach into local affairs. The factions were based on the personalities of a few leaders and an array of family connections, and they had little basis in policy or ideology. Elsewhere the political scene was in a constant whirl, based on personality rather than long-lived factions or serious disputes on issues.[89]

text: The colonies were independent of one other long before 1774; indeed, all the colonies began as separate and unique settlements or plantations. Further, efforts had failed to form a colonial union through the Albany Congress of 1754 led by Benjamin Franklin. The thirteen all had well-established systems of self-government and elections based on the Rights of Englishmen which they were determined to protect from imperial interference.[93]

text: Economic policy[edit]

text: The British Empire at the time operated under the mercantile system, where all trade was concentrated inside the Empire, and trade with other empires was forbidden. The goal was to enrich Britain—its merchants and its government. Whether the policy was good for the colonists was not an issue in London, but Americans became increasingly restive with mercantilist policies.[94]

text: Mercantilism meant that the government and the merchants became partners with the goal of increasing political power and private wealth, to the exclusion of other empires. The government protected its merchants—and kept others out—by trade barriers, regulations, and subsidies to domestic industries in order to maximize exports from and minimize imports to the realm. The government had to fight smuggling—which became a favorite American technique in the 18th century to circumvent the restrictions on trading with the French, Spanish or Dutch.[95] The tactic used by mercantilism was to run trade surpluses, so that gold and silver would pour into London. The government took its share through duties and taxes, with the remainder going to merchants in Britain. The government spent much of its revenue on a superb Royal Navy, which not only protected the British colonies but threatened the colonies of the other empires, and sometimes seized them. Thus the British Navy captured New Amsterdam (New York) in 1664. The colonies were captive markets for British industry, and the goal was to enrich the mother country.[96]

text: Britain implemented mercantilism by trying to block American trade with the French, Spanish, or Dutch empires using the Navigation Acts, which Americans avoided as often as they could. The royal officials responded to smuggling with open-ended search warrants (Writs of Assistance). In 1761, Boston lawyer James Otis argued that the writs violated the constitutional rights of the colonists. He lost the case, but John Adams later wrote, "Then and there the child Independence was born."[97]

text: However, the colonists took pains to argue that they did not oppose British regulation of their external trade; they only opposed legislation which affected them internally.

text: Other British colonies[edit]

text: NewfoundlandNova ScotiaThirteen ColoniesBermudaBahamasBritish HondurasJamaicaBritish Leeward Islands and Barbados

text: Besides these thirteen colonies, Britain had another dozen in the New World. Those in the British West Indies, Newfoundland, the Province of Quebec, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Bermuda, and East and West Florida remained loyal to the crown throughout the war (although Spain reacquired Florida before the war was over, and later  sold it to the United States). There was a certain degree of sympathy with the Patriot cause in several of the other colonies, but their geographical isolation and the dominance of British naval power precluded any effective participation.[98] The British crown had only recently acquired those lands, and many of the issues facing the Thirteen Colonies did not apply to them, especially in the case of Quebec and Florida.[99]

text: At the time of the war Britain had seven other colonies on the Atlantic coast of North America: Newfoundland, Rupert's Land (the area around the Hudson Bay), Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, East Florida, West Florida, and the Province of Quebec. There were other colonies in the Americas as well, largely in the British West Indies. These colonies remained loyal to the crown.[100]

text: Newfoundland stayed loyal to Britain without question. It was exempt from the Navigation Acts and shared none of the grievances of the continental colonies. It was tightly bound to Britain and controlled by the Royal Navy and had no assembly that could voice grievances.

text: Nova Scotia had a large Yankee element that had recently arrived from New England, and shared the sentiments of the Americans about demanding the rights of the British men. The royal government in Halifax reluctantly allowed the Yankees of Nova Scotia a kind of "neutrality." In any case, the island-like geography and the presence of the major British naval base at Halifax made the thought of armed resistance impossible.[101]

text: Quebec was inhabited by French Catholic settlers who came under British control in the previous decade. The Quebec Act of 1774 gave them formal cultural autonomy within the empire, and many priests feared the intense Protestantism in New England. The American grievances over taxation had little relevance, and there was no assembly nor elections of any kind that could have mobilized any grievances. Even so, the Americans offered membership in the new nation and sent a military expedition that failed to capture Canada in 1775. Most Canadians remained neutral but some joined the American cause.[102]

text: In the West Indies the elected assemblies of Jamaica, Grenada, and Barbados formally declared their sympathies for the American cause and called for mediation, but the others were quite loyal. Britain carefully avoided antagonizing the rich owners of sugar plantations (many of whom lived in London); in turn the planters' greater dependence on slavery made them recognize the need for British military protection from possible slave revolts. The possibilities for overt action were sharply limited by the overwhelming power of Royal Navy in the islands. During the war there was some opportunistic trading with American ships.[103]

text: In Bermuda and the Bahamas local leaders were angry at the food shortages caused by British blockade of American ports. There was increasing sympathy for the American cause, including smuggling, and both colonies were considered "passive allies" of the United States throughout the war. When an American naval squadron arrived in the Bahamas to seize gunpowder, the colony gave no resistance at all.[104]

text: East Florida and West Florida were territories transferred from Spain to Britain after the French and Indian War by treaty. The few British colonists there needed protection from attacks by Indians and Spanish privateers. After 1775, East Florida became a major base for the British war effort in the South, especially in the invasions of Georgia and South Carolina.[105] However, Spain seized Pensacola in West Florida in 1781, then recovered both territories in the Treaty of Paris that ended the war in 1783. Spain ultimately transferred the Florida provinces to the United States in 1819.[106]

text: Historiography[edit]

text: The first British Empire centered on the Thirteen Colonies, which attracted large numbers of settlers from Britain. The "Imperial School" in the 1900–1930s took a favorable view of the benefits of empire, emphasizing its successful economic integration.[107] The Imperial School included such historians as Herbert L. Osgood, George Louis Beer, Charles M. Andrews, and Lawrence Gipson.[108]

text: The shock of Britain's defeat in 1783 caused a radical revision of British policies on colonialism, thereby producing what historians call the end of the First British Empire, even though Britain still controlled Canada and some islands in the West Indies.[109] Ashley Jackson writes:

text: The first British Empire was largely destroyed by the loss of the American colonies, followed by a "swing to the east" and the foundation of a second British Empire based on commercial and territorial expansion in South Asia.[110]

text: Much of the historiography concerns the reasons why the Americans rebelled in the 1770s and successfully broke away. Since the 1960s, the mainstream of historiography has emphasized the growth of American consciousness and nationalism and the colonial republican value-system, in opposition to the aristocratic viewpoint of British leaders.[111]

text: Historians in recent decades have mostly used one of three approaches to analyze the American Revolution:[112]

text:
The Atlantic history view places North American events in a broader context, including the French Revolution and Haitian Revolution. It tends to integrate the historiographies of the American Revolution and the British Empire.[113][114]
The new social history approach looks at community social structure to find issues that became magnified into colonial cleavages.
The ideological approach centers on republicanism in the Thirteen Colonies.[115]  The ideas of republicanism dictated that the United States would have no royalty or aristocracy or national church. They did permit continuation of the British common law, which American lawyers and jurists understood, approved of, and used in their everyday practice. Historians have examined how the rising American legal profession adapted the British common law to incorporate republicanism by selective revision of legal customs and by introducing more choice for courts.[116][117]


document_title: The Mummy Returns

question_text: who plays the mummy in the mummy returns

root

text: The Mummy Returns

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 3067 BC, the Scorpion King leads his army on a campaign to conquer the world. After fighting for seven years, his army is defeated while attacking Thebes and exiled to the desert of Ahm Shere, where his men die of heat exhaustion. After vowing to give Anubis his soul for the power to defeat his enemies, an oasis forms to hide the Scorpion King's pyramid and he is given a legion of jackal warriors in return. The Army of Anubis sweeps across Egypt, but once their task is finished, Anubis claims the Scorpion King's soul and his army.

tag: p

text: In 1933, Rick and Evelyn O'Connell explore a ruined mortuary temple in ancient Thebes with their son, Alex, where they find the Bracelet of Anubis. In London, the bracelet locks onto Alex, showing him a vision directing him to Ahm Shere. Alex has seven days to reach the oasis, or the bracelet will kill him when the sun's rays shine on the Scorpion King's pyramid.

text: Evelyn is captured by an Egyptian cult who resurrect Imhotep; they wish to use his power to defeat the Scorpion King, giving him command of Anubis's army to take over the world. The cult, led by Baltus Hafez, the British Museum's curator, includes a warrior named Lock-Nah and Meela Nais; the latter being a reincarnation of Imhotep's love interest Anck-su-namun. Rick sets out to rescue Evelyn, accompanied by her brother Jonathan and the Medjai Ardeth Bay.

text: Hafez attempts to sacrifice Evelyn but a fight ensues between Rick and Imhotep. Imhotep calls on the help of mummified soldiers to kill Rick and the others. After freeing Evelyn, they flee on a double-decker bus with the soldiers in pursuit. After defeating them, Alex is kidnapped by Lock-Nah, and along with the cult travels to Egypt. The O'Connells pursue them to rescue Alex, along with Rick's associate from his past adventures, Izzy, a pilot, who provides the group with transportation.

text: The bracelet gives Alex directions to Ahm Shere that Imhotep follows and they travel there by train. At each location, Alex leaves clues for his parents, who follow in Izzy's dirigible. Imhotep uses the Book of the Dead to give Meela Nais the soul of Anck-su-namun, but by doing so he allows Evelyn to recover her memories of her previous life as Princess Nefertiri, the bracelet's keeper and Pharaoh Seti I's daughter. Lock-Nah finds Alex leaving clues, so Imhotep makes a wall of water that attacks the dirigible, causing the O'Connells to crash into the jungle of Ahm Shere. Izzy stays with the dirigible in hopes to repair it. By nightfall, the O'Connells attack the cult, and both groups are attacked by pygmy mummies. Rick retrieves Alex while Ardeth Bay kills Lock-Nah. They escape the pygmies, who kill the cult except for Baltus. Imhotep and Anck-su-namun escape unharmed.

text: Rick and Alex eventually make it to the pyramid before sunrise, where the bracelet detaches from Alex's arm. Ardeth regroups with the Medjai in case Anubis's army rises. Soon, Evelyn is stabbed by Anck-su-namun who kills her and escapes with Imhotep. Determined to avenge the death of Evelyn, Rick gets revenge on Imhotep by pursuing him. Inside the pyramid, Baltus puts the bracelet on and revives the army for the battle with the Medjai. As Imhotep steps into a trap, his powers are taken by Anubis who is wanting Imhotep to fight as a mortal. Rick finds Imhotep summoning the Scorpion King and fights him, but suddenly, the Scorpion King interrupts them, and Imhotep lies to him that Rick was sent to kill him. At the same time, the Medjai battle Anubis's army of jackal warriors. While Rick and the Scorpion King fight, Baltus is killed. Jonathan and Alex steal the Book of the Dead from Anck-su-namun and use it to resurrect Evelyn, who confronts Anck-su-namun while Alex and Jonathan go to help Rick.

text: The scepter Jonathan has been carrying extends into a spear that can kill the Scorpion King. The Medjai defeat Anubis' army, but find they have only defeated the vanguard; the full army charges toward them. Rick sends the Scorpion King and his army back to the Underworld by killing the Scorpion King with the spear of Osiris, causing the oasis to be sucked back into the pyramid. Rick and Imhotep hang above a pit that leads to the underworld. Evelyn risks her life to save Rick, but Anck-su-namun abandons a heartbroken Imhotep, who chooses to fall to his death. While escaping, Anck-su-namun is fallen into a pit of scorpions and stung to death. The O'Connells reach the top of the desert-sinking pyramid, and Izzy arrives with a modified dirigible and rescues the O'Connells just as the oasis and the pyramid disappear completely. They depart into the sunset, with Ardeth Bay saluting them, before riding off.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Brendan Fraser as Richard "Rick" O'Connell
Rachel Weisz as Evelyn "Evie" Carnahan / Nefertiri
Arnold Vosloo as Imhotep / The Mummy
John Hannah as Jonathan Carnahan
Oded Fehr as Ardeth Bay
Patricia Velásquez as Meela Nais / Anck-Su-Namun
Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson as Mathayus / The Scorpion King
Freddie Boath as Alex O'Connell
Alun Armstrong as Baltus Hafez
Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje as Lock-Nah
Shaun Parkes as Izzy Buttons
Bruce Byron as Red
Joe Dixon as Jacques
Tom Fisher as Spivey
Aharon Ipalé as Pharaoh Seti I

tag: ul

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The Mummy Returns earned a gross profit (the worldwide box office minus the budget) of $335,013,000, which, taking inflation into account, is a few percent lower than The Mummy's gross profit ($335,933,000). On its opening day, the film earned $24,134,667. The film grossed $202,019,785 in the United States and Canada box offices and $230,993,489 elsewhere, totaling $433,013,274 worldwide.[2]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 47% based on 140 reviews with an average rating of 5.2/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "In The Mummy Returns, the special effects are impressive, but the characters seem secondary to the computer generated imagery."[3] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 48 out of 100 based on 31 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[4] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A-" on an A+ to F scale.[5]

text: Roger Ebert, who awarded the first film three stars, gave the second film only two, saying that "The mistake of The Mummy Returns is to abandon the characters, and to use the plot only as a clothesline for special effects and action sequences."[6] James Berardinelli of ReelViews gave the film two and a half stars (out of four), calling it "hollow, lightweight entertainment—not unpleasant, but far from the summer's definitive action/adventure flick."[7]

text: Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times gave the film a positive review, praising its "constant plot turns, cheeky sensibility and omnipresent action sequences."[8] Todd McCarthy of Variety praised "the nonstop action of the final hour", saying that it "bursts with visual goodies."[9]

text: Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal gave the film a negative review, saying that it "has all of the clank but none of the swank of the previous version."[4] Charles Taylor of Salon.com was also not impressed, calling The Mummy Returns "everything the first Mummy was fun for not being."[10]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Award
Subject
Nominee
Result

Saturn Awards
Best Fantasy Film

Nominated

Best Makeup
Aileen Seaton, Nick Dudman and Jane Walker
Nominated

Best Special Effects
John Andrew Berton, Jr., Daniel Jeannette, Neil Corbould and Thomas Rosseter
Nominated

Best Young Actor
Freddie Boath
Nominated

Young Artist Awards
Nominated

Kids' Choice Awards
Favorite Movie Actor
Brendan Fraser
Nominated

Teen Choice Awards
Choice Movie Actor: Action
Nominated

Choice Movie: Villain
Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson
Won

Choice Movie: Action

Nominated

Golden Trailer Awards
Best Title Sequence

Nominated

Golden Reel Awards
Best Sound Editing - Effects & Foley
Leslie Shatz, Malcolm Fife, Ann Scibelli, Jon Olive and Jonathan Klein
Nominated

Empire Awards
Best British Actress
Rachel Weisz
Nominated

tag: table

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
The Mummy Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack

Soundtrack album by Alan Silvestri

Released
May 1, 2001

Genre
Soundtrack

Length
1:13:26

Label
Decca Records

The Mummy soundtrack chronology

The Mummy
(1999) The Mummy1999
The Mummy Returns
(2001) The Mummy Returns2001
Tomb of the Dragon Emperor
(2008) Tomb of the Dragon Emperor2008

text:
Professional ratings

Review scores

Source
Rating

AllMusic

Empire

Filmtracks

Tracksounds

text: The Mummy Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was released on May 1, 2001 by Decca Records.

text: It contains the score composed and conducted by Alan Silvestri, as well as a version of the song "Forever May Not Be Long Enough" performed by Live played over the end credits of the film.


document_title: Daisy of Love

question_text: when does london come back on daisy of love

text: Daisy of Love

text: Contestants[edit]

text:
Nickname[1]
Real Name[2]
Age
Eliminated

London
Joshua Lee
30
13 !Winner[b] episode 4 (withdrew), brought back episode 9

Flex
TJ Markiewicz[3]
22
12 !Episode 12 (2nd)

12 Pack (Dave)[a]
David Amerman
26
11 !Episode 12 (3rd)

Sinister
Derrick Tribbett
24
10 !Episode 10

Chi Chi
Branden Mathena
29
09 !Episode 9

Big Rig
Jeremiah Riggs
26
08 !Episode 8

Fox
Daniel Alfonso
29
07 !Episode 7

6 Gauge
Chris Kummer
29
06 !Episode 6

Cage
Aric
25
05 !Episode 5 (Withdrew)

Tool Box
Miguel
29
03 !Episode 3

Cable Guy
Randall
33
03 !Episode 3

Brooklyn
Christopher
23
03 !Episode 3 (Withdrew)

Professor
Brandon
22
02 !Episode 2

Weasel
Pauly
36
02 !Episode 2

Flipper
Mike Gaboff
22
02 !Episode 2 (Withdrew)

Torch
Kenn
36
01 !Episode 1

Dropout
Tristan Trouble
22
01 !Episode 1

'86
Nisse "Izzy" Landeberg
25
01 !Episode 1

'85
Pelle "Rock" Landeberg
25
01 !Episode 1

'84
Calle "Kelii" Landeberg
25
01 !Episode 1

text: Elimination Order[edit]

text:
Daisy's Call-out Order

#
Contestants
Episodes

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
12

1
6 Gauge
Fox
Chi Chi
Flex
Cage
6 Gauge
Flex
12 Pack
Flex
London
12 Pack
London
London

2
12 Pack
Flex
London
Sinister
Chi Chi
12 Pack
Sinister
Big Rig
12 Pack
12 Pack
London
Flex
Flex

3
'84
6 Gauge
Flex
London
12 Pack
Big Rig
Big Rig
Chi Chi
Sinister
Flex
Flex
12 Pack

4
'85
Chi Chi
Fox
6 Gauge
Flex
Chi Chi
Chi Chi
Flex
Chi Chi
Sinister
Sinister

5
'86
Sinister
6 Gauge
12 Pack
Big Rig
Flex
12 Pack
Sinister
Big Rig
Chi Chi

6
Big Rig
Big Rig
12 Pack
Big Rig
6 Gauge
Fox
Fox
Fox

7
Brooklyn
Flipper
Cable Guy
Cage
Fox
Sinister
6 Gauge

8
Cable Guy
12 Pack
Cage
Chi Chi
Sinister
Cage

9
Cage
Cage
Sinister
Fox
London

10
Chi Chi
Professor
Big Rig
Tool Box

11
Dropout
Cable Guy
Tool Box
Cable Guy

12
Flex
Brooklyn
Brooklyn
Brooklyn

13
Flipper
Tool Box
Professor

14
Fox
Weasel
Weasel

15
London
London
Flipper

16
Professor
Torch

17
Sinister
Dropout

18
Tool Box
'84

19
Torch
'85

20
Weasel
'86

text: Contestants in bold indicates that they received V.I.P. Access/Passes.

text:
In episode four, Daisy left the elimination ceremony before distributing all of the chains. 6 Gauge, Fox, and Sinister each did not receive a chain, but was allowed to stay due to London quitting the competition.
In episode five, there was no elimination. Names are listed in alphabetical order since Daisy informed the guys that Cage has left the competition.
In episode seven, Daisy eliminated Fox at the beginning of the elimination ceremony and no chains were given out. The remaining contestants are listed in alphabetical order.
In episode nine, London was brought back into the competition while the rest of the guys went on dates with Daisy.
Episode 11 was a recap episode.

text: Episodes[edit]

text: This article's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (February 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Don't Be Stupid[edit]

text: First aired April 26, 2009 (2M viewers)[4]

text: After leaving Mexico with a broken heart, Daisy returns to find a man that is compatible with her. This time she brings Riki Rachtman to help her pluck out the fakes from the real. Although there are 20 men in the show, one of them is very familiar; 12 Pack, who has appeared on I Love New York and I Love Money. The men meet Daisy after she performs a song on stage for them. She says she is building a career for herself as a "singer, model, and all around bad ass". After the show, the men become situated and later, Daisy gives them nicknames to show off their personalities. The men are then led to the "mixer". As all the guys vie for her attention during the mixer, Flipper, who wants to grab the attention of Daisy, decides to jump off the stage bars and into the pool. Daisy confronts Tool Box for saying "Where the bitches at?" and warns him that she will not tolerate that kind of behavior. Weasel, London, and Torch become too intoxicated to form a connection with Daisy. Dropout fails to impress Daisy and she thinks that he is trying too hard to act cool. '84, '85, and '86 tell Daisy that they are only interested in having a good time and dating her together. After the party, Daisy gathers the men together, telling them that she knows who is there for her. She sends the triplets ('84, '85, and '86) packing before the elimination ceremony saying that she thought they were awesome, but that she is serious about finding love and will not share men or be shared by men. Riki invites them to take home with them all the food they can carry. Although the rest of the men think they are safe, Daisy tells them that two more people still have to go. After London and Weasel fall asleep, the guys decide to sabotage Weasel by drawing on his face. They are then gathered in the elimination room as Daisy gives chains one by one to the guys and asks them if they "will stay and be her rockstar". After many chains are passed out, it is soon down to Dropout, London, Torch, and Weasel. She decides to give Weasel and London another chance, and eliminates Torch and Dropout.

text:
Bottom 4: Dropout, London, Torch, Weasel
Eliminated: '84, '85, '86, Dropout, Torch
Elimination Notes:

The triplets of the band Snake of Eden ('84, '85, and '86) were eliminated before the elimination ceremony after they revealed that they were basically there just for the free food and liquor, and that they were only interested in dating Daisy together as a set.
Dropout was eliminated for being a "Goofball" and seeming too much like a cartoon character.
Torch was eliminated because Daisy did not feel a connection, and she could not understand him, especially because "he clicked like a dolphin".

text: True Bromance[edit]

text: First aired May 10, 2009

text: The guys wake up the next morning and as they ready themselves, 12 Pack reads them a letter from "Daisy's Diary" which tells them about their next challenge. The guys are upset about the events concerning Brooklyn and are all very angry that he received a chain. Brooklyn is aware of this and states he will "keep his distance from the other guys". When the guys reach the area of their next challenge, they are surprised to find it takes place in a desert. Ricki tells the guys that today's challenge is all about protecting Daisy. They learn that they must protect a symbolic Daisy mannequin from several sharp-shooting paintballers as they take it from the limo, to the "red carpet", and then to the "stage door". The men are divided into three teams of four and the teams must run their Daisy mannequin from location to location and the team with the least damaged Daisy mannequin will win the challenge and a date with Daisy. The Beige Team goes first with Cage as the first runner. Cage tries to protect the mannequin, but after getting hit so many times with paintballs, he says he begins to black out and the mannequin splits in half. Cage hands it to Brooklyn, who screams and soon hands it off to 6 Gauge. 6 Gauge hands it off to Cable Guy and Cable Guy actually falls on top of the mannequin, crushing many of its parts. The Orange Team goes and Big Rig, Flex, Fox, and Tool Box do a decent job of defending the mannequin. The Black Team defends the mannequin the best so, Sinister, London, Chi Chi and 12 Pack all win a date with Daisy and grants Sinister a VIP date for his good performance. After the challenge, Brooklyn thanks Daisy for his second chance, but says he lied to Daisy because he was drunk and says he is still in love with his ex-girlfriend. He says he is "throwing in the towel". Riki becomes infuriated and accuses Brooklyn of lying and criticizes him for hurting Daisy. Daisy says he was just wasting her time and that she does not need him. Daisy decides to bring all the guys to a club where they can all "let loose". While most of the guys battle for her attention and spend time with her, she forgets Sinister's VIP date, but he says he will let it go because it was the "rockstar thing to do". She also gets angry with Fox because she says that everyone was trying to spend time with her except for him. When confronted about it, Fox told her he does not want to compete with twelve other guys. The next day, Daisy has a romantic art date with 12 Pack, Sinister, Chi Chi, and London, where she paints on their bodies and they paint on her. 12 Pack opens up a lot and talks about his past love life. Sinister connects with Daisy and kisses her, which makes Chi Chi jealous. Chi Chi then kisses Daisy all over her body, which she found creepy. London connects very well with Daisy and she says he could be the one she is looking for. After the date, Cable Guy connects with Daisy and she likes his honesty, but says that he is not aggressive enough for this competition. Flex and Daisy share one-on-one time, and he makes her laugh a lot and Daisy forms a strong connection with him. Toolbox gets drunk and tells the other contestants that he is not "feeling Daisy for shit" and does not have a connection with her, which angers Flex. At elimination, she gives the first chain to Flex, followed by Sinister, London, 6 Gauge, 12 Pack, Big Rig, Cage, Chi Chi, and Fox. She sends home Cable Guy due to his lack of aggression. She was going to give Tool Box the last chain, but is informed by Flex that Tool Box said he did not have a connection with her. Daisy asks Toolbox if he wants to stay, and Tool Box said he wanted to stay, but that it was her decision. Daisy said she did not believe him and decided to eliminate him.

text:
Team leaders
Teams
Team colors
Win / Lose

Cage
6 Gauge, Brooklyn, Cable Guy, Cage
Beige
Lose

Tool Box
Big Rig, Flex, Fox, Tool Box
Orange
Lose

Sinister
12 Pack, Chi Chi, London, Sinister
Black
Win

text: Challenge: Paintball Obstacle Course

text:
Challenge Winners: Black Team
Quit: Brooklyn
Bottom 3: Fox, Cable Guy, Tool Box
Eliminated: Cable Guy, Toolbox
Elimination notes:

Brooklyn withdrew because he still had feelings for his ex-girlfriend.
Cable Guy was eliminated because he was not trying hard enough to connect with Daisy.
Toolbox was going to receive a chain, but after being informed by Flex that Tool Box said he had no connection with Daisy, Daisy decided to eliminate him.

text: Should I Stay or Should I Go?[edit]

text: First aired May 17, 2009

text:
Team Leaders
Teams
Band Name
Assigned Song
Win / Lose

6 Gauge
6 Gauge, Big Rig, Flex
Chip and Daisy
Twinkle, Twinkle Little Star
Lose

London
Cage, Chi Chi, London
The Daisy Blades
Row, Row, Row Your Boat
Win

Sinister
12 Pack, Fox, Sinister
The Daisy Train
Old McDonald Had a Farm
Lose

text:
Challenge: Nursery Rhyme Re-write
Challenge Winners: The Daisy Blades
Quit: London
Bottom 3: 6 Gauge, Fox, Sinister
Eliminated: None
Elimination Notes:

Prior to the elimination ceremony, London was hesitant about whether or not he wanted to remain in the competition because he felt that he and Daisy were "no longer connecting". Daisy informed him that he was going to be given a chain at the elimination ceremony that night, and that she hoped he would accept it. When Daisy offered London his chain, he said he could not accept it because he said he did not want to hurt Daisy.
Daisy did not return to the elimination ceremony after she left crying, leaving 6 Gauge, Fox, and Sinister without chains. The episode closes with the elimination ceremony still unfinished.

text: Bring in 'Da Boyz, Bring in 'Da Skunk[edit]

text: First aired May 24, 2009

text: Challenge: Photoshoot for Daisy's Album Cover

text:
Challenge Winners: Team 2
MVP: Fox
Quit: Cage
Elimination Notes:

Cage got into a fight with 6 Gauge before the elimination ceremony, and Flex intervened and jumped on Cage to stop him. The episode closes with Daisy asking Cage if he can stay in the house without fighting the other contestants. Cage replies that he cannot promise her that and says it would be best if he went home. Daisy tells him she has to let him go because she does not want the house to be an unsafe environment for any of the contestants.
Daisy goes into the elimination room to inform the other contestants that Cage has left the house. Riki tells the contestants that they can leave the elimination ceremony and that they are all safe for that night.

text: Things Are Getting Spicy[edit]

text: First aired June 7, 2009

text:
Fight #
Match Up
Winner

1st
Chi Chi vs. Fox
Chi Chi

2nd
12 Pack vs. Big Rig
Big Rig

3rd
6 Gauge vs. Flex
Flex

4th
Chi Chi vs. Sinister*
Chi Chi

text: ^* Daisy allowed Sinister to join the group date despite Chi Chi winning the fight because he fought well.

text: Challenge: Fight For Daisy's Love

text:
Challenge Winners: Big Rig, Chi Chi, Flex, Sinister
MVP: Big Rig
Bottom 3: 6 Gauge, 12 Pack, Fox
Eliminated: 6 Gauge
Elimination Notes:

6 Gauge was eliminated because Daisy felt that she and 6 Gauge were not connecting.

text: Call's Fair in Love and War[edit]

text: First aired June 14, 2009

text:
Challenge: None

There was no challenge in this episode because Daisy felt the contestants had been working hard enough, but she took several of them on dates. She and 12 Pack went to a lingerie store, and she had dinner with Big Rig, Chi Chi, and Fox later on that night.

MVP: 12 Pack
Bottom 3: None
Eliminated: Fox
Elimination Notes:

No chains were given out during this episode because Daisy told Fox to leave at the beginning of the elimination, as her suspicions that he had a girlfriend were confirmed when she called the house.

text: Still Haven't Found What I'm Cooking For[edit]

text: First aired June 21, 2009

text:
Contestant
Assigned Meal
Win / Lose

12 Pack
Red Velvet Cake
12 Pack

Big Rig
Zucchini Quiche
Big Rig

Chi Chi
French Onion Soup
Chi Chi

Flex
Chicken Cordon Bleu
Flex

Sinister
Lasagna
Sinister

text:
Challenge: Cook A Meal For Daisy
Challenge Winner: None (all meals were good)
Bottom 2: Big Rig, Chi Chi
Eliminated: Big Rig
Elimination Notes:

Daisy said that she was not falling in love with Big Rig and felt that he was not that compatible with her.

text: The Return of the Fling[edit]

text: First aired June 28, 2009

text:
Match Up
Match up
Date
Bottom 2

Chi Chi
Flex
Off Road Vehicle Riding
Chi Chi

12 Pack
Sinister
Dinner
Sinister

text: Challenge: None

text:
MVP: 12 Pack
Special Guest/Brought Back: London
Bottom 2: Chi Chi, Sinister
Eliminated: Chi Chi
Elimination Notes:

Daisy said that she felt Chi Chi was more of a close friend and hoped they could remain friends.

text: The Past and the Furious[edit]

text: First aired July 12, 2009

text:
Contestant
Ex Girlfriend
MVP/Eliminated

12 Pack
Kat
12 Pack

Sinister
Ashley
Sinister

London
Natasha
London

Flex
Kia
Flex

text:
Challenge: None
MVP: N/A
Special Guest: Boys Ex Girlfriends
Bottom 2: Flex and Sinister
Eliminated: Sinister
Elimination Notes:

Daisy felt that she was keeping Sinister in the house to protect him and not to hurt his feelings, making her feel like she led him on.

text: Clip Show[edit]

text: First aired July 19, 2009

text: Daisy reviews her "Rules of Dating" to the viewers based on her many experiences in the house, featuring memorable moments and clips not aired in the main episodes. Including:

text:
The "Bromances" going on in the house.
Fox's "not so deep" thoughts on love.
Additional drama footage.
The guys "primping" themselves.
Extended footage of the skunk in the house.

text: Leid and Neutered[edit]

text: First aired July 26, 2009

text:
3rd Place: 12 Pack
2nd Place: Flex
Winner: London

text: The final three head to Maui to spend some quality time in the world's most romantic island. But there is trouble in paradise when Daisy narrows the field to 2 in a tear-filled elimination on a desolate airstrip. The two remaining guys go on emotional final dates with Daisy. Only one guy can be her Rockstar, while the other finds out that "aloha" also means "goodbye".

text: After the show[edit]

text:
'84, '85, and '86 appeared in Lady Gaga's music video for her single "Paparazzi".
Big Rig and Marcia from VH1's Rock of Love Bus and Charm School with Ricki Lake dated for a brief time, but are now separated.[5]
VH1 has officially confirmed that Daisy and London are no longer together. Daisy also had posted a MySpace Blog about it.[6]
Professor (Brandon), Weasel (Pauly), Fox (Daniel), Big Rig (Jeremiah), and Sinister (Derrick) were contestants on the canceled third season of I Love Money.
6 Gauge (Chris), Brooklyn (Christopher), and Chi-Chi (Branden) appeared on the fourth season of I Love Money.
Big Rig appeared as a contestant on the revival of WWE Tough Enough, he placed 3rd overall in the competition.