document_title: Live and Let Die (film)

question_text: where was the movie live and let die filmed

text: Live and Let Die (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Three MI6 agents, including one "on loan" to the American government, are killed under mysterious circumstances within 24 hours in the United Nations, New Orleans and a Caribbean nation, San Monique, while monitoring the operations of the island's dictator Dr. Kananga. James Bond, agent 007, is sent to New York City to investigate the first murder. Kananga is also in New York, visiting the United Nations and representing San Monique. Just after Bond arrives, his driver is shot dead by Whisper, one of Kananga's men, while taking Bond to meet Felix Leiter of the CIA. Bond is nearly killed in the ensuing car crash.

text: A trace on the killer's licence plate eventually leads Bond to Mr. Big, a ruthless gangster who runs a chain of Fillet of Soul restaurants throughout the United States. It is here that Bond first meets Solitaire, a beautiful tarot expert who has the power of the Obeah and can see both the future and remote events in the present. Mr. Big, who is actually Kananga in disguise, demands that his henchmen kill Bond, but Bond overpowers them and escapes unscathed. Bond flies to San Monique, where he meets Rosie Carver, a CIA double agent. They meet up with a friend of Bond's, Quarrel Jr., who takes them by boat near Solitaire's home. Bond suspects Rosie of working for Kananga. She is shot dead, remotely, by Kananga, to stop her confessing the truth to Bond. Inside Solitaire's house, Bond uses a stacked tarot deck of cards, that show only "The Lovers", to trick her into thinking that seduction is in her future, and then seduces her. Solitaire loses her ability to foretell the future when she loses her virginity to Bond, and decides to co-operate with Bond as she has feelings for him and has grown tired of being controlled by Kananga.

text: Bond and Solitaire escape by boat and fly to New Orleans. There, Bond is captured by Kananga. It transpires that Kananga is producing two tons of heroin and is protecting the poppy fields by exploiting San Monique locals' fear of voodoo priest Baron Samedi, and the occult. Through his alter ego, Mr. Big, Kananga plans to distribute the heroin free of charge at his Fillet of Soul restaurants, which will increase the number of addicts. He intends to bankrupt other drug dealers with his giveaway, then charge high prices for his heroin later in order to capitalize on the huge drug dependencies he has cultivated.

text: When Kananga finds out that Bond slept with Solitaire, he turns her over to Baron Samedi to be sacrificed. He is angry because her ability to read tarot cards is gone, and he wanted to be the one to take her powers away. Meanwhile, Kananga's one-armed henchman, Tee Hee Johnson, leaves Bond to be eaten by alligators at a farm in the Louisiana backwoods. Bond escapes by running along the animals' backs to safety. After setting a drug lab on fire, he steals a speedboat and escapes, pursued by both Kananga's men and Sheriff J.W. Pepper and the Louisiana State Police.

text: Bond travels to San Monique and sets timed explosives throughout the poppy fields. He rescues Solitaire from the voodoo sacrifice and throws Samedi into a coffin of poisonous snakes. Bond and Solitaire escape below ground into Kananga's lair. Kananga captures them both and proceeds to lower them into a shark tank. Bond escapes and forces Kananga to swallow a compressed-gas pellet used in shark guns, causing his body to inflate and explode.

text: Leiter puts Bond and Solitaire on a train leaving the country. Tee Hee sneaks aboard and attempts to kill Bond, but Bond cuts the wires of his prosthetic arm and throws him out the window. As the film ends, a laughing Samedi is revealed to be perched on the front of the speeding train.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Roger Moore as MI6 agent James Bond 007: A British agent who is sent on a mission to investigate the murder of three fellow agents.
Yaphet Kotto as Dr. Kananga and Mr. Big. A corrupt Caribbean Prime Minister who doubles as a drug lord.
Jane Seymour as Solitaire: Kananga's psychic and the love interest of Bond.
Julius Harris as Tee Hee Johnson: Kananga's primary henchman who has a pincer for a hand.
David Hedison as Felix Leiter: Bond's CIA colleague. Leiter is also investigating Mr. Big.
Gloria Hendry as Rosie Carver: A CIA agent in San Monique.
Clifton James as Sheriff J.W. Pepper: An uncouth Louisiana sheriff.
Geoffrey Holder as Baron Samedi: Kananga's henchman who has ties to the Voodoo occult.
Bernard Lee as M: The Head of the Secret Intelligence Service
Roy Stewart as Quarrel Jr.: Bond's ally in San Monique and son of Quarrel from Dr. No.
Earl Jolly Brown as Whisper: Kananga's henchman who only whispers.
Tommy Lane as Adam: One of Dr. Kananga's henchmen who pursues 007 through the Louisiana Bayou
Lois Maxwell as Miss Moneypenny: M's secretary.
Lon Satton as Harry Strutter: CIA agent who assists Bond in New York.
Madeline Smith as Miss Caruso: An Italian agent whom Bond briefly romances. She only appears in the beginning of the film. She spends the night with Bond and hides in the closet when M unexpectedly visits Bond's home to give him an urgent mission.
Michael Ebbin as Dambala: One of Kananga's henchmen in San Monique and a voodoo priest of sorts that kills his victims with a snake.

text: Production[edit]

text: While filming Diamonds Are Forever, Live and Let Die was chosen as the next Ian Fleming novel to be adapted because screenwriter Tom Mankiewicz thought it would be daring to use black villains, as the Black Panthers and other racial movements were active at this time.[2] Guy Hamilton was again chosen to direct, and since he was a jazz fan, Mankiewicz suggested he film in New Orleans. Hamilton did not want to use Mardi Gras since Thunderball featured Junkanoo, a similar festivity, so after more discussions with the writer and location scouting with helicopters, he decided to use two well-known features of the city, the jazz funerals and the canals.[2][3]

text: To develop a better feel of how Voodoo was practised, Saltzman and Broccoli escorted Hamilton, Mankiewicz and production designer Syd Cain to scout New Orleans further and then the islands of the West Indies. Haiti was an important destination of the tour[4] and not only did Fleming connect it with the religion,[5] there were many practitioners available to witness. Despite viewing actual demonstrations, due to political unrest in the country at the time, it was decided not to film in Haiti.[4]

text: While searching for locations in Jamaica, the crew discovered a crocodile farm owned by Ross Kananga, after passing a sign warning that "trespassers will be eaten." The farm was put into the script and also inspired Mankiewicz to name the film's villain after Kananga.[2]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Broccoli and Saltzman tried to convince Sean Connery to return as James Bond, but he declined.[2] At the same time United Artists approached both Batman actor Adam West and Burt Reynolds. Reynolds told the studios that Bond should be played by an Englishman and turned the offer down. Among the actors to test for the part of Bond were Julian Glover, John Gavin, Jeremy Brett, Simon Oates, John Ronane, and William Gaunt. The main frontrunner for the role was Michael Billington. United Artists was still pushing to cast an American to play Bond but producer Albert R. Broccoli insisted that the part should be played by a British actor and put forward Roger Moore. After Moore was chosen, Billington remained on the top of the list in the event that Moore would decline to come back for the next film. Billington ultimately played a brief role in the pre-credit sequence of The Spy Who Loved Me (1977). Moore, who had been considered by the producers before both Dr. No and On Her Majesty's Secret Service, was ultimately cast.[3] He tried not to imitate either Connery's or his own prior performance as Simon Templar in The Saint, and Mankiewicz fitted the screenplay into Moore's persona by giving more comedy scenes and a light-hearted approach to Bond.[2]

text: Mankiewicz had thought of turning Solitaire into a black woman, with Diana Ross as his primary choice.[1][6] However, Broccoli and Saltzman decided to stick to Fleming's description of a white woman, and after thinking of Catherine Deneuve, Jane Seymour, who was in the TV series The Onedin Line, was cast for the role.[2] Yaphet Kotto was cast while doing another movie for United Artists, Across 110th Street.[2] Kotto reported one of the things he liked in the role was Kananga's interest in the occult, "feeling like he can control past, present and future".[3]

text: Mankiewicz created Sheriff J.W. Pepper to add a comic relief character. Portrayed by Clifton James, Pepper appeared again in The Man with the Golden Gun.[2] Live and Let Die is also the first of two films featuring David Hedison as Felix Leiter, who reprised the role in Licence to Kill. Hedison had said "I was sure that would be my first and last", before being cast again.[7]

text: Madeline Smith, who played Miss Caruso, sharing Bond's bed in the film's opening, was recommended for the part by Roger Moore after he had appeared with her on TV. Smith said that Moore was extremely polite to work with, but she felt very uncomfortable being clad in only blue bikini panties while Moore's wife was on set overseeing the scene.[8]

text: This was the only Bond film until 2006 not to feature 'Q', played at this stage by Desmond Llewelyn. He was then appearing in the TV series Follyfoot, but was written out of three episodes to appear in the film.[9] By then, Saltzman and Broccoli decided not to include the character, feeling that "too much was being made of the films' gadgets", and decided to downplay this aspect of the series,[10] much to Llewelyn's annoyance.[9]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography began in October 1972, in Louisiana. For a while only the second unit was shot after Moore was diagnosed with kidney stones. In November production moved to Jamaica, which doubled for the fictional San Monique. In December, production was divided between interiors in Pinewood Studios and location shooting in Harlem.[2][11][12] The producers were reportedly required to pay protection money to a local Harlem gang to ensure the crew's safety. When the cash ran out, they were "encouraged" to leave.[8] Some exteriors were in fact shot in Manhattan's Upper East Side as a result of the difficulties of using real Harlem locations.

text: Ross Kananga suggested the stunt of Bond jumping on crocodiles, and was enlisted by the producers to perform it.[1] The scene took five takes to be completed, including one in which the last crocodile snapped at Kananga's heel, tearing his trousers.[2] The production also had trouble with snakes. The script supervisor was so afraid that she refused to be on set with them; an actor fainted while filming a scene where he is killed by a snake; Jane Seymour became terrified as a reptile got closer, and Geoffrey Holder only agreed to fall into the snake-filled casket because Princess Alexandra was visiting the set.[2]

text: The boat chase was filmed in Louisiana around the Irish Bayou area, with some interruption caused by flooding.[3] Twenty-six boats were built by the Glastron boat company for the film. Seventeen were destroyed during rehearsals.[13] The speedboat jump scene over the bayou, filmed with the assistance of a specially-constructed ramp, unintentionally set a Guinness World Record at the time with 110 feet (34 m) cleared. The waves created by the impact caused the following boat to flip over.[2]

text: The chase involving the double-decker bus was filmed with a second-hand London bus adapted by having a top section removed, and then placed back in situ running on ball bearings to allow it to slide off on impact. The stunts involving the bus were performed by Maurice Patchett, a London Transport bus driving instructor.[1]

text: Music[edit]

text: John Barry, who had worked on the previous five themes and orchestrated the "James Bond Theme", was unavailable during production. Broccoli and Saltzman instead asked Paul McCartney to write the theme song. Since McCartney's salary was high and another composer could not be hired with the remainder of the music budget, George Martin, who had been McCartney's producer while with The Beatles, was chosen to write the score for the film.[14] "Live and Let Die", written by McCartney along with his wife Linda and performed by their group Wings, was the first true rock and roll song used to open a Bond film, and became a major success in the UK (where it reached number nine in the charts) and the US (where it reached number 2, for three weeks). It was nominated for an Academy Award but lost to "The Way We Were". Producers hired B. J. Arnau to record and perform the title song, not realising McCartney intended to perform it himself. Arnau's version was featured in the film itself, when the singer performed it in a night club which Bond attends.[15]

text: The Olympia Brass Band has a notable part in "Live and Let Die", where they lead a funeral march for a (soon to be) assassination victim. Trumpeter Alvin Alcorn plays the killer. The piece of music the band plays at the beginning of the funeral march is "Just a Closer Walk with Thee". After the agent is stabbed, the band starts playing the more lively "Joe Avery's Piece" (aka "New Second Line").

text: Release[edit]

text: The film was released in the United States on 27 June 1973. The world premiere was at Odeon Leicester Square in London on 6 July 1973, with general release in the United Kingdom on the same day.[16] From a budget of around $7 million,[17] ($38 million in 2016 dollars[18]) the film grossed $161.8 million ($873 million in 2016 dollars[18]) worldwide.[17]

text: The film holds the record for the most viewed broadcast film on television in the United Kingdom by attracting 23.5 million viewers when premiered on ITV on 20 January 1980.[19]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The reviews were mostly positive, with praise for the action scenes,[20][21] and Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a 66% "fresh" rating.[22]

text: Ian Nathan of Empire wrote "This is good quality Bond, managing to reinterpret the classic moves - action, deduction, seduction - for a more modern idiom without breaking the mould. On one side we get the use of alligators as stepping stones and the pompous pitbull of rootin' tootin' Sheriff Pepper caught up in the thrilling boat chase. On the other, the genuine aura of threat through weird voodoo henchman Tee Hee and the leaning toward - what's this? - realism in Mr Big's plot to take over the drug trade from the Mafia." He concluded that "Moore had got his feet under the table."[23]

text: Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times stated that Moore "has the superficial attributes for the job: The urbanity, the quizzically raised eyebrow, the calm under fire and in bed". However, he felt that Moore wasn't satisfactory in living up to the legacy left by Sean Connery in the preceding films. He rated the villains "a little banal", adding that the film "doesn't have a Bond villain worthy of the Goldfingers, Dr. Nos and Oddjobs of the past."[24] Chris Nashawaty similarly argues that Dr. Kananga/Mr. Big is the worst villain of the Roger Moore James Bond films.[25] BBC Films reviewer William Mager praised the use of locations, but said that the plot was "convoluted". He stated that "Connery and Lazenby had an air of concealed thuggishness, clenched fists at the ready, but in Moore's case a sardonic quip and a raised eyebrow are his deadliest weapons".[26] Reviewer Leonard Maltin rated the film two and a half stars out of four, describing it as a "barely memorable, overlong James Bond movie" that "seems merely an excuse to film wild chase sequences".[27] Danny Peary noted that Jane Seymour portrays "one of the Bond series's most beautiful heroines" but had little praise for Moore, whom he described as making "an unimpressive debut as James Bond in Tom Mankiewicz's unimaginative adaptation of Ian Fleming's second novel…The movie stumbles along most of the way. It's hard to remember Moore is playing Bond at times – in fact, if he and Seymour were black, the picture could pass as one of the black exploitation films of the day. There are few interesting action sequences – a motorboat chase is trite enough to begin with, but the filmmakers make it worse by throwing in some stupid Louisiana cops, including pot-bellied Sheriff Pepper."[28]

text: IGN ranked Solitaire as 10th in a Top 10 Bond Babes list.[29] In November 2006, Entertainment Weekly listed Live and Let Die as the third best Bond film.[30] MSN chose it as the thirteenth best Bond film[21] and IGN listed it as twelfth best.[20]

text: In 2004 the American Film Institute nominated the song "Live and Let Die" from the film for AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs.[31]

text:
Year
Result
Award
Recipients

1974
Nominated
Academy Award for Best Original Song
Paul & Linda McCartney

Nominated
Grammy Award for Best Song Written for a Motion Picture

Won
Evening Standard Best Film
Guy Hamilton


document_title: Capital gains tax

question_text: what is the tax on capital gains in canada

question_tokens: what is the tax on capital gains in canada

root

text: Capital gains tax

text: Argentina[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: There is no specific capital gains tax in Argentina; however, there is a 9% to 35% tax for fiscal residents on their world revenues, including capital gains.[citation needed]

tag: p

text: Australia[edit]

text: Australia collects capital gains tax only upon realized capital gains, except for certain provisions relating to deferred-interest debt such as zero-coupon bonds. The tax is not separate in its own right, but forms part of the income-tax system. The proceeds of an asset sold less its "cost base" (the original cost plus addition for cost price increases over time) are the capital gain. Discounts and other concessions apply to certain taxpayers in varying circumstances. From 21 September 1999, after a report by Alan Reynolds, the 50% capital gains tax discount has been in place for individuals and for some trusts that acquired the asset after that time and that have held the asset for more than 12 months, however the tax is levied without any adjustment to the cost base for inflation. The amount left after applying the discount is added to the assessable income of the taxpayer for that financial year.

text: For individuals, the most significant exemption is the family home. The sale of personal residential property is normally exempt from capital gains tax, except for gains realized during any period in which the property was not being used as an individual's personal residence (for example, while leased to other tenants) or portions attributable to business use. Capital gains or losses as a general rule can be disregarded for CGT purposes when assets were acquired before 20 September 1985 (pre-CGT).

text: Austria[edit]

text: Austria taxes capital gains at 25% (on checking account and "Sparbuch" interest) or 27.5% (all other types of capital gains). There is an exception for capital gains from the sale of shares of foreign entities (with opaque taxation) if the participation exceeds 10% and shares are held for over one year (so-called "Schachtelprivileg"). [1]

text: Barbados[edit]

text: There is no capital gains tax charged in Barbados.

text: Belgium[edit]

text: Under the participation exemption, capital gains realised by a Belgian resident company on shares in a Belgian or foreign company are fully exempt from corporate income tax, provided that the dividends on the shares qualify for the participation exemption. For purposes of the participation exemption for capital gains the minimum participation test is not required. Unrealised capital gains on shares that are recognised in the financial statements (which recognition is not mandatory) are taxable. But a roll-over relief is granted if, and as long as, the gain is booked in a separate reserve account on the balance sheet and is not used for distribution or allocation of any kind.

text: As a counterpart to the new exemption of realised capital gains, capital losses on shares, both realised and unrealised, are no longer tax deductible. However, the loss incurred in connection with the liquidation of a subsidiary company remains deductible up to the amount of the paid-up share capital.

text: Other capital gains are taxed at the ordinary rate. If the total amount of sales is used for the purchase of depreciable fixed assets within 3 years, the taxation of the capital gains will be spread over the depreciable period of these assets.[2]

text: Belize[edit]

text: There are no capital gains taxes for residents or non-residents in Belize.

text: Brazil[edit]

text: Capital gain taxes are only paid on realized gains. At the current stage, taxes are 15% for transactions longer than one day old and 20% for day trading, both transactions are due payable at the following month after selling or closing the position. Dividends are tax free, since the issuer company has already paid to RECEITA FEDERAL(the Brazilian IRS). Derivatives (futures and options) follow the same rules for tax purposes as company stocks. When selling less than R$20.000 (Brazilian Reais) within a month (and not operating in day trading), the financial operation is considered tax-free. Also, non-residents have no tax on capital gains.[3]

text: Bulgaria[edit]

text: The Corporate tax rate is 10%. The personal tax rate is flat at 10%. There is no capital gains tax on equity instruments traded on the BSE.

text: Canada[edit]

text: Currently, only 50% of realized capital gains are taxable in Canada at an individual's tax rate. Some exceptions apply, such as selling one's primary residence which may be exempt from taxation.[4] Capital gains made by investments in a Tax-Free Savings Account (TFSA) are not taxed.

text: For example, if your capital gains (profit) is $100, you are taxed on $50 at your marginal tax rate. That is, if you were in the top tax bracket and your profit was $100, you would be taxed on $50 at approximately 43%, in Ontario. A formula for this example using the top tax bracket would be as follows:

text: (Capital gain x 50.00%) x marginal tax rate = capital gain tax

text: ($100 x 50.00%) x 43% = $50 x 43% = $21.50

text: In this example your capital gains tax on $100 is $21.50, leaving you with $78.50.

text: As of the 2013 budget, interest can no longer be claimed a capital gain. The formula is the same for capital losses and these can be carried forward indefinitely to offset future years' capital gains; capital losses not used in the current year can also be carried back to the previous three tax years to offset capital gains tax paid in those years.

text: For corporations as for individuals, 50% of realized capital gains are taxable. The net taxable capital gains (which can be calculated as 50% of total capital gains minus 50% of total capital losses) are subject to income tax at normal corporate tax rates. If more than 50% of a small business's income is derived from specified investment business activities (which include income from capital gains) they are not permitted to claim the small business deduction.

text: Capital gains earned on income in a Registered Retirement Savings Plan are not taxed at the time the gain is realized (i.e. when the holder sells a stock that has appreciated inside of their RRSP) but they are taxed when the funds are withdrawn from the registered plan (usually after converting to a registered income fund.) These gains are then taxed at the individual's full marginal rate.

text: Capital gains earned on income in a TFSA are not taxed at the time the gain is realized. Any money withdrawn from a TFSA, including capital gains, are also not taxed.

text: Unrealized capital gains are not taxed.

text: Cayman Islands[edit]

text: There are no capital gains taxes charged on any transaction in the Cayman Islands. However, a Cayman Islands entity may be subject to taxation on capital gains made in other jurisdictions.

text: China[edit]

text: The applicable tax rate for capital gains in China depends upon the nature of the taxpayer (i.e. whether the taxpayer is a person or company) and whether the taxpayer is resident or non-resident for tax purposes. It should however be noted that, unlike common law tax systems, Chinese income tax legislation does not provide a distinction between income and capital. What commonly referred by taxpayers and practitioners as capital gain tax is actually within the income tax framework, rather than a separate regime.

text: Tax-resident enterprises will be taxed at 25% in accordance with the Enterprise Income Tax Law. Non-resident enterprises will be taxed at 10% on capital gains in accordance with the Implementing Regulations to the Enterprise Income Tax Law. In practice, where a resident of a treaty partner alienates assets situated in China as part of its ordinary course of business the gains so derived will likely be assessed as if it is a capital gain, rather than business profit. This is somewhat contradictory with the basic principles of double taxation treaty.

text: The only tax circular specifically addressing the PRC income tax treatment of income derived by QFIIs from the holding and trading of Chinese securities is Guo Shui Han (2009) No.47 ("Circular 47") issued by the State Administration of Taxation ("SAT") on 23 January 2009. The circular addresses the withholding tax treatment of dividends and interest received by QFIIs from PRC resident companies, however, circular 47 is silent on the treatment of capital gains derived by QFIIs on the trading of A-shares. It is generally accepted that Circular 47 is intentionally silent on capital gains and possible indication that SAT is considering but still undecided on whether to grant tax exemption or other concessionary treatment to capital gains derived by QFIIs. Nevertheless, it is noted that there have been cases where QFIIs withdraw capital from China after paying 10% withholding tax on gains derived through share trading over years on a transaction-by-transaction basis. This uncertainty has caused significant problems for those investment managers investing in A-Shares. Guo Shui Han (2009) No. 698 ("Circular 698") was issued on 10 December 2009 addressing the PRC corporate income tax treatment on the transfer of PRC equity interest by non-PRC tax resident enterprises directly or indirectly, however has not resolved the uncertain tax position with regards A-Shares. With respect to Circular 698 itself, there are views that it is not consistent with the Enterprise Income Tax Law as well as double taxation treaties signed by the Chinese government. The validity of the Circular is controversial, especially in light of recent developments in the international arena, such as the TPG case in Australia and Vodafone case in India.

text: Croatia[edit]

text: The capital gains tax in Croatia equals 12%. It was introduced in 2015.

text: Cyprus[edit]

text: As determined by the Cyprus Capital Gains Tax Law, Capital gains tax in Cyprus arising from the sale or disposition of immovable property in Cyprus or the disposal of shares of companies which own immovable property in Cyprus and not listed in a recognised stock exchange. These gains are not added to other income but are taxed separately. Payment of immovable property tax is paid by both individuals and companies on property owned in Cyprus.

text: Capital gains tax does not apply to profits from the sale of overseas real estate by non-residents, offshore entities, or residents who were not resident when they purchased the asset. Gains accruing from disposal of immovable property held outside Cyprus and shares in companies, the property whereof consists of immovable property held outside Cyprus, will be exempted from capital gains tax. Individuals may, subject to certain conditions, may claim certain deductions from the applicable taxable gain.[5]

text: Czech Republic[edit]

text: Capital gains in the Czech Republic are taxed as income for companies and individuals. The Czech income tax rate for an individual's income in 2010 is a flat 15% rate. Corporate tax in 2010 is 19%. Capital gains from the sale of shares by a company owning 10% or more is entitled to participation exemption under certain terms. For an individual, gain from the sale of a primary private dwelling, held for at least 2 years, is tax exempt. Or, when not used as a main residence, if held for more than 5 years.

text: Denmark[edit]

text: Share dividends and realized capital gains on shares are charged 27% to individuals of gains up to DKK 48,300 (2013-level, adjusted annually), and at 42% of gains above that.[6] Carryforward of realized losses on shares is allowed.

text: Individuals' interest income from bank deposits and bonds, realized gains on property and other capital gains are taxed up to 59%, however, several exemptions occur, such as on selling one's principal private residence or on gains on selling bonds. Interest paid on loans is deductible, although in case the net capital income is negative, only approx. 33% tax credit applies.

text: Companies are taxed at 25%. Share dividends are taxed at 28%.

text: Ecuador[edit]

text: Corporate taxation:

text: Residence for tax purposes is based on the place of incorporation.

text: Resident entities are taxed on worldwide income. Nonresidents are subject to tax only on Ecuador-source income.

text: Capital gains are treated as ordinary income and taxed at the normal corporate rate.

text: The standard rate is 22%, with a reduced rate of 15% applying where corporate profits are reinvested for the purchase of machinery or equipment and/or the acquisition of new technology. Companies engaged in the exploration or exploitation of hydrocarbon also are subject to the standard corporate tax rate.

text: Personal taxation:

text: Resident individuals are taxed on their worldwide income; nonresidents are taxed only on Ecuadorian-source income.

text: An individual is deemed to be resident if he/she is in Ecuador for more than 6 months in a year.

text: Capital gains are treated as ordinary income and taxed at the normal rate.

text: Rates are progressive from 0% to 35%.

text: Egypt[edit]

text: There was no capital gains tax. After the Egyptian Revolution there is a proposal for a 10% capital gains tax. This proposal came to life on 29 May 2014. Egypt exempt bonus shares from a new 10 percent capital gains tax on profits made on the stock market as the country's Finance Minister Hany Dimian said on 30 May 2014, and distributions of bonus shares will be exempt from the taxes, and the new tax will not be retroactive. [7]

text: Estonia[edit]

text: There is no separate capital gains tax in Estonia. For residents of Estonia all capital gains are taxed the same as regular income, the rate of which currently stands at 20%. Resident natural persons that have investment account can realise capital gains on some classes of assets tax free until withdrawal of funds from the investment account. For resident legal persons (includes partnerships) no tax is payable for realising capital gain (or receiving any other type of income), but only on payment of dividends, payments from capital (exceeding contributions to capital) and payments not related to business. The income tax rate for resident legal persons is 20% (payment of 80 units of dividends triggers 20 units of tax due).

text: Finland[edit]

text: The capital gains tax in Finland is 30% on realized capital income and 34% if the realized capital income is over 30,000 euros.[8] The capital gains tax in 2011 was 28% on realized capital income.[9] Carryforward of realized losses is allowed for five years. However, capital gains from the sale of residential homes is tax-free after two years of residence, with certain limitations.[10]

text: France[edit]

text: For residents, capital gains on the sale of financial instruments (shares, bonds, etc..) are taxed at the marginal tax rate (up to 45%), plus 15.5% of social contributions (i.e.: up to 60.5%). A deduction of 20 to 40% on the gross capital gain can be applied if the instrument has been held for at least 2 years.

text: If shares are held in a special account (called a PEA), the gain is subject only to social security taxes provided that the PEA is held for at least five years. The maximum amount that can be deposited in the PEA is €152,000.

text: The gain realized on the sale of a principal residence is not taxable. A gain realized on the sale of other real estate held at least 30 years, however, is not taxable, although this will become subject to 15.5% social security taxes as of 2012. (There is a sliding scale for non principal residence property owned for between 22 and 30 years.)

text: Non-residents are generally taxable on capital gains realized on French real estate and on some French financial instruments, subject to any applicable double tax treaty. Social security taxes, however, are not usually payable by non-residents. A French tax representative will be mandatory if you are non-resident and you sell a property for an amount over 150.000 euros or you own the real estate for more than 15 years.

text: Germany[edit]

text: In January 2009, Germany introduced a very strict capital gains tax (called Abgeltungsteuer in German) for shares, funds, certificates, bank interest rates etc. Capital gains tax only applies to financial instruments (shares, bonds etc.) that have been bought after 31 December 2008. Instruments bought before this date are exempt from capital gains tax (assuming that they have been held for at least 12 months), even if they are sold in 2009 or later, barring a change of law. Certificates are treated specially, and only qualify for tax exemption if they have been bought before 15 March 2007.

text: Real estate continues to be exempt from capital gains tax if it has been held for more than ten years. The German capital gains tax is 25% plus Solidarity surcharge (add-on tax initially introduced to finance the 5 eastern states of Germany – Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, Thuringia and Brandenburg – and the cost of the reunification, but later kept in order to finance all kinds of public funded projects in all Germany), plus Kirchensteuer (church tax, voluntarily), resulting in an effective tax rate of about 28-29%. Deductions of expenses such as custodian fees, travel to annual shareholder meetings, legal and tax advice, interest paid on loans to buy shares, etc., are no longer permitted starting in 2009.

text: There is an allowance (Freistellungsauftrag) on capital gains income in Germany of €801 per person per year of which you do not have to be taxed, if appropriate forms are completed.

text: Hong Kong[edit]

text: In general Hong Kong has no capital gains tax. However, employees who receive shares or options as part of their remuneration are taxed at the normal Hong Kong income tax rate on the value of the shares or options at the end of any vesting period less any amount that the individual paid for the grant.

text: If part of the vesting period is spent outside Hong Kong then the tax payable in Hong Kong is pro-rated based on the proportion of time spent working in Hong Kong.[11] Hong Kong has very few double tax agreements and hence there is little relief available for double taxation. Therefore, it is possible (depending on the country of origin) for employees moving to Hong Kong to pay full income tax on vested shares in both their country of origin and in Hong Kong. Similarly, an employee leaving Hong Kong can incur double taxation on the unrealized capital gains of their vested shares.

text: The Hong Kong taxation of capital gains on employee shares or options that are subject to a vesting period, is at odds with the treatment of unrestricted shares or options which are free of capital gains tax.

text: For those who do trading professionally (buying and selling securities frequently to obtain an income for living) as "traders", this will be considered income subject to personal income tax rates.

text: Hungary[edit]

text: Since 1 January 2016 there is one flat tax rate (15%) on capital income. This includes: selling stocks, bonds, mutual funds shares and also interests from bank deposits. Since January 2010, Hungarian citizens can open special "long-term" accounts. The tax rate on capital gains from securities held in such an account is 10% after a 3-year holding period, and 0% after the account's maximum 5 years period is expired.

text: Iceland[edit]

text: From 1 January 2011 the capital gains tax in Iceland is 20%. It was 18% prior to that (for a full year, in 2010), which in turn was a result of a progressive raises in the preceding couple years.

text: India[edit]

text: As of 2008, equities are considered long term capital if the holding period is one year or more. Long term capital gains from equities are not taxed as per section 10 (38) if shares are sold through recognized stock exchange and Securities Transaction Tax(STT) is paid on the sale.[12] STT in India is currently between 0.017% and 0.1% of total amount received on sale of securities through a recognized Indian stock exchange like the NSE or BSE. However short term capital gain from equities held for less than one year, is sold through recognised stock exchange and STT paid should not be considered and it is taxable at a flat rate of 15% u/s 111A and other surcharges, educational cess are imposed.[13] (w.e.f. 1 April 2009.[14])

text: Many other capital investments (house, buildings, real estate, bank deposits) are considered long term if the holding period is 3 or more years and are taxed @ 20% u/s 112.[15]

text: Capital Gains Tax Rates for Fiscal Year 2016-17 (Assessment Year 2017-18) [16]

text:
Assets
Duration (Short Term)
Duration (Long Term)
Short Term Capital Gains Tax
Long Term Capital Gains Tax

Stocks/shares
Less than 12 months
More than 12 months
15%
10%

Equity oriented mutual funds
Less than 12 months
More than 12 months
15%
10%

Debt oriented mutual funds
Less than 36 months
More than 36 months
Slab rate
20% with indexation

Bonds
Less than 12 months
More than 12 months
Slab rate
10% without indexation

Real estate/property
Less than 36 months
More than 36 months
Slab rate
20% with indexation

Gold
Less than 36 months
More than 36 months
Slab rate
20% with indexation

text: Ireland, Republic of[edit]

text: Since 5 December 2012, there is a 33% tax on capital gains,[17] with several exclusions and deductions (e.g. agricultural land, primary residence, transfers between spouses). Gains made where the asset was originally purchased before 2003 attract indexation relief (the cost of the asset can be multiplied by a published factor to reflect inflation). Costs of purchase and sale are deductible, and every person has an exempt band of €1,270 per year.

text: The tax rate is 23% on certain investment policies, and rises to 40% on certain offshore gains when they are not declared in time.

text: Tax on capital gains arising in the first eleven months of the year must be paid by 15 December, and tax on capital gains arising in the last month of the year must be paid by the following 31 January.

text: Isle of Man[edit]

text: There is no capital gains tax.

text: Israel[edit]

text: Capital gains tax in Israel is set to 25% on the real gains made in non inflation indexed bonds, (Or 20% for a substantial shareholder) 25% on any other capital gains. (Or 30% for a substantial shareholder)[18]

text: Italy[edit]

text: Capital gains tax of corporate income tax 27.5% (IRES) on gains derived from disposals of participations and extraordinary capital gains. For individuals (IRPEF), capital gains shall incur a 26% tax.

text: Jamaica[edit]

text: There are capital gains taxes in Jamaica.[19]

text: Japan[edit]

text: In Japan, there were two options for paying tax on capital gains from the sale of listed stocks. The first, Withholding Tax (源泉課税), taxed all proceeds (regardless of profit or loss) at 1.05%. The second method, declaring proceeds as "taxable income" (申告所得), required individuals to declare 26% of proceeds on their income tax statement. Many traders in Japan used both systems, declaring profits on the Withholding Tax system and losses as taxable income, minimizing the amount of income tax paid.

text: In 2003, Japan scrapped the system above in favor of a flat 20% tax on gains, though the rate was temporarily halved at 10% and after being postponed a few times the return to the normal rate of 20% is now set for 2014. Losses can be carried forward for 3 years. Starting in 2009, losses can alternatively be deducted from dividend income declared as "Separate Income" since the tax rate on both categories is equal (i.e., 20% temporarily halved to 10%). Aggregating profits and dividends to reach a single figure taxed at the same rate is fairly innovative.

text: Kenya[edit]

text: Capital gains taxes were abolished in Kenya in 1985 in order to spur growth in the securities and property market. The Kenyan Parliament passed a motion in August 2014 to reintroduce capital gains tax in January 2015[20] and "is expected to increase the cost of land transaction as investors pass on the cost to buyers. The tax will also affect those investing in shares and debt in the capital markets."[21] The capital gains tax came into effect on 1 January 2015 with 5% as the general applicable tax rate.[22]

text: Latvia[edit]

text: As of 1 January 2013, the capital gains made on the disposal of shares are exempt from the corporate income tax. If loss is incurred upon sale, it will not be deductible. To apply exemption, there are no restrictions on minimal holding period or shareholding. The exemption, however, does not apply on gain from sale of shares in entities located in the black-listed tax haven countries. The latter gains are subject to regular corporate income tax rate at 15%. [23]

text: Similarly, gains on disposal of securities quoted on the regulated markets of the EU or EEA countries and investment certificates in EU and EEA open-end investment funds are exempt from taxation in Latvia.

text: Gains on the disposal of other investments (like real estate properties) are taxed at regular corporate income tax rate of 15%.

text: The inbound dividends are not taxed in the hands of Latvian company (except, the dividends received from the low-tax jurisdiction). The outbound dividends are no subject to any taxes, except the dividends payable to the low-tax jurisdiction (15%).

text: In the hands of individuals the capital gains are taxed at 15%, the dividends – 10%.

text: Lithuania[edit]

text: Capital gains tax from the disposal of securities and from sale of real estate is 15%. Gains from the disposal of securities are exempt if they are acquired more than 366 days before their sale and the individual owns not more than 10% of securities for three years preceding the tax year during which the securities are sold. Gains from sale of real estate are exempt if the property is owned for more than 3 years before sale. These tax exemptions will cease to be valid on 1 January 2014 for annual gains of over 10,000 LTL.

text: Malaysia[edit]

text: There is no capital gains tax for equities in Malaysia. Malaysia used to have a capital gains tax on real estate but the tax was repealed in April 2007. However, a real property gains tax (RPGT) introduced in 2010 now applies to property sold less than six years from its purchase. Property disposed off less than three years after purchase will incur RGPT of 30% while those sold in its four and fifth year after will incur 20% and 15% RPGT, respectively. As for non-citizens, RPGT is imposed at 30% on the gains from properties disposed within the holding period of up to sixth year. And for disposal made in sixth and subsequent years, 5% RPGT is imposed for non-citizens, while companies and foreign property buyers are taxed at 5%.[24]

text: Malaysia has imposed capital gain tax on share options and share purchase plan received by employee starting year 2007.

text: For who does trading professionally (buying and selling securities frequently to obtain an income for living) as "traders", this will be considered income subject to personal income tax rates.

text: Mexico[edit]

text: There is no current Capital Gains Tax for profits in the stock market, it will be introduced in 2014 at 10% rate in Mexico.

text: Moldova[edit]

text: Under the Moldovan Tax Code a capital gain is defined as the difference between the acquisition and the disposition price of the capital asset. Only this difference (i.e. the gain) is taxable. The applicable rate is half (1/2) of the income tax rate, which for individuals is 18% and for companies was 15% (but in 2008 is 0%). Therefore, in 2008 the capital gain tax rate is 9% for individuals and 0% for companies.

text: Not all types of assets are "capital assets". Capital assets include: real estate; shares; stakes in limited liability companies etc.

text: Netherlands[edit]

text: Capital gains generally are exempt from tax. However, exceptions apply to the following assets: • Capital gains realised on the disposal of business assets (including real estate) and on the disposal of other assets that qualify as income from independently performed activities • Capital gains on liquidation of a company • Capital gains derived from the sale of a substantial interest in a company (that is, 5% of the issued share capital)[25]

text: Taxable income under Box 2 category includes dividends and capital gains from a substantial shareholding. (inkomsten uit aanmerkelijk belang) (i.e. a shareholding of at least 5%) Income that falls into the Box 2 category is taxed at a flat rate of 25%.[26]

text: Box 3: taxable income from savings and investments (viz. real estate) However a "theoretical capital yield" of 4% is taxed at a rate of 30% (so 1.2%) but only if the savings plus stocks of a person exceed a threshold of 25.000 euros. This will be raised to a threshold of 30.000 euros in 2018, together with other changes so that people with less wealth, pay lower taxes.[27]

text: In general an individual will not have to pay tax on capital gains. So if the main residence is sold or shares are sold the profit is not taxable. This is different if the transaction(s) exceed(s) normal asset management. In that case the capital gain is treated as income from other activities or even business income.

text: Relevant are: the number of transactions -> the more transactions the sooner it is assumed that activities exceed normal asset management specific knowledge of the individual -> if the individual is a professional trader, the personal transactions will be seen as taxable income sooner than if the individual doesn‘t have specific knowledge or experience. work which is invested in the asset -> if maintenance of a property is taken care of by an external party the activitities may be seen as normal asset management, if the owner does all the maintenance himself and even the renovations the tax authorities will argue that this is no longer normal asset management.

text: So it depends on the actual facts and circumstances how the capital gain is treated. Even judges do not always decide the same. [28]

text: New Zealand[edit]

text: New Zealand has no capital gains tax, however income tax may be charged on profits from the sale of personal property and land that was acquired for the purposes of resale.[29] This tax is widely avoided and not usually enforced,[citation needed] perhaps due to the difficulty in proving intent at the time of purchase. However, there have been a few cases of the IRD enforcing the law; in 2004 the government gathered $106.6 million checking on property sales from Queenstown, Wanaka and some areas of Auckland.[30]

text: New Zealand capital gains tax applies to foreign debt and equity investments.[clarification needed]

text: In a speech delivered on 3 June 2009, then New Zealand Treasury Secretary John Whitehead called for a capital gains tax to be included in reforms to New Zealand's taxation system.[31] The introduction of a capital gains tax was proposed by the Labour Party as an election campaign strategy in the 2011 and 2014 general elections.[32][33]

text: On 17 May 2015, the governing National Party announced it would tighten rules for taxing profits on the sale of property. From 1 October 2015, any person selling a residential property within two years of purchase would be taxed on the profits at their marginal income tax rate. The seller's main home would be exempt, as well as properties inherited from deceased estates or transferred as part of a relationship settlement. To help enforcement, all buyers would need to supply their IRD number at settlement.[34][35]

text: Norway[edit]

text: The individual capital gains tax in Norway is 27%. In most cases, there is no capital gains tax on profits from sale of your principal home. This tax was introduced in 2006 through a reform that eliminated the "RISK-system", which intended to avoid the double taxation of capital. The new shareholder model, introduced in 2006, aims to reduce the difference in taxation of capital and labor by taxing dividends beyond a certain level as ordinary income. This means that focus was moved from capital to individuals and their level of income. This system also introduced a deductible allowance equal to the share's acquisition value times the average rate for Treasury bills with a 3-month period adjusted for tax. Shielding interest shall secure financial neutrality in that it returns the taxpayer what he or she alternatively would have achieved in a safe, passive capital placement exempt from additional taxation. The main purpose of the allowance is to prevent adverse shifts in investment and corporate financing structure as a result of the dividend tax. According to the papers explaining the new policy, a dividend tax without such shielding could push up the pressures on the rate of return on equity investments and lead Norwegian investors from equities to bonds, property etc.

text: Philippines[edit]

text: There is a 6% Capital Gains Tax and a 1.5% Documentary Stamps on the disposal of real estate in the Philippines. While the Capital Gain Tax is imposed on the gains presumed to have been realized by the seller from the sale, exchange, or other disposition of capital assets located in the Philippines, including other forms of conditional sale, the Documentary Stamp Tax is imposed on documents, instruments, loan agreements and papers evidencing the acceptance, assignment, sale or transfer of an obligation, rights, or property incident thereto. These two taxes are imposed on the actual price the property has been sold, or on its current Market Value, or on its Zonal Value whichever is higher. Zonal valuation in the Philippines is set by its tax collecting agency, the Bureau of Internal Revenue. Most often, real estate transactions in the Philippines are being sealed higher than their corresponding Market and Zonal values. As a standard process, the Capital Gain Tax is paid for by the seller, while the Documentary Stamp is paid for by the buyer. However, either of the two parties may pay both taxes depending on the agreement they entered into.

text:
Tax Rates:[36]
For real property

text: 6%, higher of fair market value (zonal or assessed value) and selling price

text: For Shares of Stocks Not Traded in the Stock Exchange

text:
Not over P100,000 - 5%
Any amount in excess of P100,000 - 10%

text: Poland[edit]

text: Since 2004 there is one flat tax rate (19%) on capital income. It includes: selling stocks, bonds, mutual funds shares and also interests from bank deposits.

text: Portugal[edit]

text: There is a capital gains tax on sale of home and property. Any capital gain (mais-valia) arising is taxable as income. For residents this is on a sliding scale from 12 to 40%. However, for residents the taxable gain is reduced by 50%. Proven costs that have increased the value during the last five years can be deducted. For non-residents, the capital gain is taxed at a uniform rate of 25%. The capital gain which arises on the sale of own homes or residences, which are the elected main residence of the taxpayer or his family, is tax free if the total profit on sale is reinvested in the acquisition of another home, own residence or building plot in Portugal.

text: In 1986 and 1987 Portuguese corporations changed their capital structure by increasing the weight of equity capital. This was particularly notorious on quoted companies. In these two years, the government set up a large number of tax incentives to promote equity capital and to encourage the quotation on the Lisbon Stock Exchange. Until 2010, for stock held for more than twelve months the capital gain was exempt. The capital gain of stock held for shorter periods of time was taxable on 10%.

text: From 2010 onwards, for residents, all capital gain of stock above €500 is taxable on 20%. Investment funds, banks and corporations are exempted of capital gain tax over stock.

text: As of 2013, it is 28%.

text: Romania[edit]

text: In Romania there is a 16% flat tax plus 5.5% health insurance from capital gains. Next year[which?] the health insurance will increase to 8.9%. It also applies for real estate transactions but only if the property is sold less than three years from the date it was acquired.[37]

text: Russia[edit]

text: There is no separate tax on capital gains; rather, gains or gross receipt from sale of assets are absorbed into income tax base.[citation needed][clarification needed] Taxation of individual and corporate taxpayers is distinctly different:

text:
Capital gains of individual taxpayers are tax free if the taxpayer owned the asset for at least three years. If not, gains on sales of real estate and securities are absorbed into their personal income tax base and taxed at 13% (residents) and 30% (non-residents).[citation needed] A tax resident is any individual residing in the Russian Federation for more than 183 days in the past year.
Capital gains of resident corporate taxpayers operating under the general tax framework are taxed as ordinary business profits at the common rate of 20%, regardless of the ownership period. Small businesses operating under the simplified tax framework pay tax not on capital gains, but on gross receipts at 6% or 15%.
Dividends that may be included into gains on disposal of securities are taxed at source at 13% (residents) and 15% (non-residents) for either corporate or individual taxpayers.

text: Serbia[edit]

text: Capital gains are subject to a 15% tax for residents and 20% for nonresidents (based on the tax assessment).[38]

text: Sierra Leone[edit]

text: There is no capital gains tax in Sierra Leone.

text: Singapore[edit]

text: There is no capital gains tax in Singapore. For professional traders and who trade frequently, the profit is considered a sourced income in Singapore and subject to tax.

text: Slovakia[edit]

text: Individuals pay 19% or 25% capital gains tax. In addition, as a world rarity, they are also required to pay 14% health insurance from capital gains.

text: South Africa[edit]

text: For legal persons in South Africa, 80% of their net profit will attract CGT and for natural persons 40%. This portion of the net gain will be taxed at their marginal tax rate. As an effective tax rate this means a maximum effective rate of 16.4% (41% maximum marginal tax rate) for individuals is payable, and for corporate taxpayers a maximum of 22.4%. The annual individual and special trust exemption is R40 000.

text: South Korea[edit]

text: For individuals holding less than 3% of listed company, there is only 0.3% trade tax for sales of shares. Exchange traded funds are exempt from any trade tax. For larger than 3% shareholders of listed companies or for sales of shares in any unlisted company, capital gains tax in South Korea is 11% for tax residents for sales of shares in small- and medium-sized companies. Rates of 22% and 33% apply in certain other situations.[39] Those who have been resident in Korea for less than five years are exempt from capital gains tax on foreign assets.[40]

text: Spain[edit]

text:
Spain's capital gains tax from 1 January 2016
Individuals: All capital gains taxed at maximum 23%
Companies: Capital gains taxed like any other income gain, at maximum 25%

text: Sri Lanka[edit]

text: Currently there is no capital gains tax in Sri Lanka.

text: Sweden[edit]

text: The capital gains tax in Sweden is up to 30% on realized capital income, depending on the depot type. Traditionally, the capital gains tax in Sweden has been 30%.[citation needed]

text: Switzerland[edit]

text: There is no capital gains tax in Switzerland for natural persons on trades of securities.

text: An exception are persons considered to be "professional traders", which are treated as self-employed persons for tax purposes: capital gains are taxed as company income, taxed at corporate rates, and additionally social contributions (AHV, currently at 10.25% rate) must be paid on the income. However such a status is rather infrequent, the decision is made on a case by case basis by the tax authorities. A set of safe heaven criteria were formulated in 2012 which guarantee a negative status:[41]

text:
holding each security for at least 6 months,
low trading volume: sum of buying prices and sale proceeds is less than 500% of capital at the beginning of the year,
realized capital gains make up less than 50% of income during the tax year,
no use of foreign capital, or the interest paid on it is less than the dividend income,
derivatives (especially options) are used solely to safeguard own portfolio risk.

text: For companies, capital gains are taxed as ordinary income at corporate rates.

text: Real estate[edit]

text: Capitals gains tax is levied on the sale of real estate property in all cantons. Taxation rules vary significantly by canton.[42]

text: For natural persons, the tax generally follows a separate progression from income taxes, diminishes with number of years held, and often can be postponed in cases like inheritance or for buying a replacement home. The tax is levied by canton or municipality only, there is no tax at the federal level. However, natural persons involved in real estate trading in a professional manner, may get treated as self-employed and taxed at higher rates similarly to a company and, additionally, social contributions would then need to be paid.[43]

text: For companies, capital gains are taxed as ordinary income at the federal level, and at the cantonal and municipal level, depending on the canton, either as ordinary income or at a special lower tax progression, like for natural persons.

text: Taiwan[edit]

text: No tax is collected from individual investors whose annual transactions are below T$1 billion ($33 million). Transactions above T$1 billion will be charged with a 0.1 percent tax.

text: This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (April 2014)

text: Thailand[edit]

text: There is no separate capital gains tax in Thailand. If capital gains arise outside of Thailand it is not taxable. All earned income in Thailand from capital gains is taxed the same as regular income. However, if individual earns capital gain from security in the Stock Exchange of Thailand, it is exempted from personal income tax.

text: Turkey[edit]

text: Capital gains tax rate on share certificates for residents is 0% as of 2013 for two years of holding period.[44]

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: History[edit]

text: Channon observes that one of the primary drivers to the introduction of CGT in the UK was the rapid growth in property values post World War II. This led to property developers deliberately leaving office blocks empty so that a rental income could not be established and greater capital gains made.[45] The capital gains tax system was therefore introduced by chancellor James Callaghan in 1965[46]

text: Basics[edit]

text: Individuals who are residents or ordinarily residents in the United Kingdom (and trustees of various trusts) are subject to an 18% capital gains tax.

text: For people paying more than the basic rate of income tax, this increased to 28% from 23 June 2010.

text: There are exceptions such as for principal private residences, holdings in ISAs or gilts. Certain other gains are allowed to be rolled over upon re-investment. Investments in some start up enterprises are also exempt from CGT. Entrepreneurs' relief allows a lower rate of CGT (10%) to be paid by people who have been involved for a year with a trading company and have a 5% or more shareholding.

text: Shares in companies with trading properties are eligible for entrepreneurs' relief, but not investment properties.[47]

text: Every individual has an annual capital gains tax allowance: gains below the allowance are exempt from tax, and capital losses can be set against capital gains in other holdings before taxation. All individuals are exempt from tax up to a specified amount of capital gains per year. For the 2015/16 tax year this "annual exemption" is £11,100.[48]

text: Corporate notes[edit]

text: Companies are subject to corporation tax on their "chargeable gains" (the amounts of which are calculated along the lines of capital gains tax in the United Kingdom). Companies cannot claim taper relief, but can claim an indexation allowance to offset the effect of inflation. A corporate substantial shareholdings exemption was introduced on 1 April 2002 for holdings of 10% or more of the shares in another company (30% or more for shares held by a life assurance company's long-term insurance fund). This is effectively a form of UK participation exemption. Almost all of the corporation tax raised on chargeable gains is paid by life assurance companies taxed on the I minus E basis.

text: The rules governing the taxation of capital gains in the United Kingdom for individuals and companies are contained in the Taxation of Chargeable Gains Act 1992.

text: Background to changes to 18% rate[edit]

text: In the Chancellor's October 2007 Autumn Statement, draft proposals were announced that would change the applicable rates of CGT as of 6 April 2008. Under these proposals, an individual's annual exemption will continue but taper relief will cease and a single rate of capital gains tax at 18% will be applied to chargeable gains. This new single rate would replace the individual's marginal (Income Tax) rate of tax for CGT purposes. The changes were introduced, at least in part, because the UK government felt that private equity firms were making excessive profits by benefiting from overly generous taper relief on business assets[citation needed].

text: The changes were criticised by a number of groups including the Federation of Small Businesses, who claimed that the new rules would increase the CGT liability of small businesses and discourage entrepreneurship in the UK.[49] At the time of the proposals there was concern that the changes would lead to a bulk selling of assets just before the start of the 2008–09 tax year to benefit from existing taper relief. Capital Gains Tax rose to 28% on 23 June 2010 at 00:00.

text: Historical[edit]

text: Individuals paid capital gains tax at their highest marginal rate of income tax (0%, 10%, 20% or 40% in the tax year 2007/8) but from 6 April 1998 were able to claim a taper relief which reduces the amount of a gain that is subject to capital gains tax (reducing the effective rate of tax), depending on whether the asset is a "business asset" or a "non-business asset" and the length of the period of ownership. Taper relief provided up to a 75% reduction (leaving 25% taxable) in taxable gains for business assets, and 40% (leaving 60% taxable), for non-business assets, for an individual.[50] Taper relief replaces indexation allowance for individuals, which can still be claimed for assets held prior to 6 April 1998 from the date of purchase until that date, but was itself abolished on 5 April 2008.

text: United States[edit]

text: In the United States, with certain exceptions, individuals and corporations pay income tax on the net total of all their capital gains. Short-term capital gains are taxed at a higher rate: the ordinary income tax rate. The tax rate for individuals on "long-term capital gains", which are gains on assets that have been held for over one year before being sold, is lower than the ordinary income tax rate, and in some tax brackets there is no tax due on such gains.

text: The tax rate on long-term gains was reduced in 1997 via the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997 from 28% to 20% and again in 2003, via the Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003, from 20% to 15% for individuals whose highest tax bracket is 15% or more, or from 10% to 5% for individuals in the lowest two income tax brackets (whose highest tax bracket is less than 15%). (See progressive tax.) The reduced 15% tax rate on eligible dividends and capital gains, previously scheduled to expire in 2008, was extended through 2010 as a result of the Tax Increase Prevention and Reconciliation Act signed into law by President Bush on 17 May 2006, which also reduced the 5% rate to 0%.[51] Toward the end of 2010, President Obama signed a law extending the reduced rate on eligible dividends until the end of 2012.

text: The law allows for individuals to defer capital gains taxes with tax planning strategies such as the structured sale (ensured installment sale), charitable trust (CRT), installment sale, private annuity trust, and a 1031 exchange. The United States, unlike almost all other countries, taxes its citizens (with some exceptions [52]) on their worldwide income no matter where in the world they reside. U.S. citizens therefore find it difficult to take advantage of personal tax havens. Although there are some offshore bank accounts that advertise as tax havens, U.S. law requires reporting of income from those accounts, and willful failure to do so constitutes tax evasion.

text: Deferring or reducing capital gains tax[edit]

text: Taxpayers may defer capital gains taxes by simply deferring the sale of the asset. In addition, depending on the specifics of national tax law, taxpayers may be able to defer, reduce, or avoid capital gains taxes using the following strategies:

text:
A nation may tax at a lower rate the gains on investments in favored industries or sectors, such as small business.
There may be accounts with tax-favored status. The most advantageous let gains accumulate in the account without taxes; taxes are paid only when the taxpayer withdraws funds from the account.
Selling an asset at a loss may create a "tax loss" that can be applied to offset gains realized in the future, and avoid or reduce taxes on those gains. Tax losses are a business asset, but the business must avoid "sham" transactions, such as selling to oneself or a subsidiary for no legitimate purpose other than to create a tax loss.
Tax may be waived if the asset is given to a charity.
Tax may be deferred if the taxpayer sells the asset but receives payment from the buyer over a period of years. However, the taxpayer bears the risk of a default by the buyer during that period. A structured sale or purchase of an annuity may be ways to defer taxes.
In certain transactions, the basis (original cost) of the asset is changed. In the U.S., the basis for an inherited asset becomes its value at the time of the inheritance.
Tax may be deferred if the seller of an asset puts the funds into the purchase of a "like-kind" asset. In the U.S., this is called a 1031 exchange and is now generally available only for business-related real estate and tangible property.


document_title: United States congressional delegations from California

question_text: how many house of representatives are there in california

text: House of Representatives[edit]

text: Current Representatives[edit]

text: List of members of the Californian United States House delegation, their terms in office, district boundaries, and the district political ratings according to the CPVI. The delegation has 53 members, with 39 Democrats and 14 Republicans, including both the Republican majority leader, Kevin McCarthy, and the Democratic minority leader, Nancy Pelosi.

text:
District

Representative(Residence)

Party

CPVI

Incumbent time in office

District map

1st

Doug LaMalfa(Richvale)

Republican

R+11

Since January 3, 2013

2nd

Jared Huffman(San Rafael)

Democratic

D+22

Since January 3, 2013

3rd

John Garamendi(Walnut Grove)

Democratic

D+5

Since November 3, 2009

4th

Tom McClintock(Elk Grove)

Republican

R+10

Since January 3, 2009

5th

Mike Thompson(St. Helena)

Democratic

D+21

Since January 3, 1999

6th

Doris Matsui(Sacramento)

Democratic

D+21

Since March 8, 2005

7th

Ami Bera(Elk Grove)

Democratic

D+3

Since January 3, 2013

8th

Paul Cook(Yucca Valley)

Republican

R+9

Since January 3, 2013

9th

Jerry McNerney(Stockton)

Democratic

D+8

Since January 3, 2007

10th

Jeff Denham(Atwater)

Republican

EVEN

Since January 3, 2011

11th

Mark DeSaulnier(Concord)

Democratic

D+21

Since January 3, 2015

12th

Nancy Pelosi(San Francisco)

Democratic

D+37

Since June 2, 1987

13th

Barbara Lee(Oakland)

Democratic

D+40

Since April 7, 1998

14th

Jackie Speier(Hillsborough)

Democratic

D+27

Since April 8, 2008

15th

Eric Swalwell(Dublin)

Democratic

D+20

Since January 3, 2013

16th

Jim Costa(Fresno)

Democratic

D+9

Since January 3, 2005

17th

Ro Khanna(Fremont)

Democratic

D+25

Since January 3, 2017

18th

Anna Eshoo(Atherton)

Democratic

D+23

Since January 3, 1993

19th

Zoe Lofgren(San Jose)

Democratic

D+24

Since January 3, 1995

20th

Jimmy Panetta(Carmel)

Democratic

D+23

Since January 3, 2017

21st

David Valadao(Hanford)

Republican

D+5

Since January 3, 2013

22nd

Devin Nunes(Tulare)

Republican

R+8

Since January 3, 2003

23rd

Kevin McCarthy(Bakersfield)

Republican

R+14

Since January 3, 2007

24th

Salud Carbajal(Santa Barbara)

Democratic

D+7

Since January 3, 2017

25th

Steve Knight(Palmdale)

Republican

EVEN

Since January 3, 2015

26th

Julia Brownley(Oak Park)

Democratic

D+7

Since January 3, 2013

27th

Judy Chu(Monterey Park)

Democratic

D+16

Since July 14, 2009

28th

Adam Schiff(Burbank)

Democratic

D+23

Since January 3, 2001

29th

Tony Cardenas(San Fernando Valley)

Democratic

D+29

Since January 3, 2013

30th

Brad Sherman(Sherman Oaks)

Democratic

D+18

Since January 3, 1997

31st

Pete Aguilar(Fontana)

Democratic

D+8

Since January 3, 2015

32nd

Grace Napolitano(Norwalk)

Democratic

D+17

Since January 3, 1999

33rd

Ted Lieu(Torrance)

Democratic

D+16

Since January 3, 2015

34th

Jimmy Gomez(Los Angeles)

Democratic

D+35

Since July 11, 2017

35th

Norma Torres(Pomona)

Democratic

D+19

Since January 3, 2015

36th

Raul Ruiz(Palm Desert)

Democratic

D+2

Since January 3, 2013

37th

Karen Bass(Los Angeles)

Democratic

D+37

Since January 3, 2011

38th

Linda Sánchez(Orange)

Democratic

D+17

Since January 3, 2003

39th

Ed Royce(Fullerton)

Republican

EVEN

Since January 3, 1993

40th

Lucille Roybal-Allard(Los Angeles)

Democratic

D+33

Since January 3, 1993

41st

Mark Takano(Riverside)

Democratic

D+12

Since January 3, 2013

42nd

Ken Calvert(Corona)

Republican

R+9

Since January 3, 1993

43rd

Maxine Waters(Inglewood)

Democratic

D+29

Since January 3, 1991

44th

Nanette Barragán(San Pedro)

Democratic

D+35

Since January 3, 2017

45th

Mimi Walters(Laguna Niguel)

Republican

R+3

Since January 3, 2015

46th

Lou Correa(Santa Ana)

Democratic

D+15

Since January 3, 2017

47th

Alan Lowenthal(Long Beach)

Democratic

D+13

Since January 3, 2013

48th

Dana Rohrabacher(Costa Mesa)

Republican

R+4

Since January 3, 1989

49th

Darrell Issa(Vista)

Republican

R+1

Since January 3, 2001

50th

Duncan D. Hunter(Lakeside)

Republican

R+11

Since January 3, 2009

51st

Juan Vargas(San Diego)

Democratic

D+22

Since January 3, 2013

52nd

Scott Peters(La Jolla)

Democratic

D+6

Since January 3, 2013

53rd

Susan Davis(San Diego)

Democratic

D+14

Since January 3, 2001

text: List of Representatives[edit]

text: Tables showing all members of the U.S. House of Representatives from California.

text: 1849–1861: 2 seats[edit]

text:
Congress

Elected at-large statewide on a general ticket

1st seat

2nd seat

31st(1849–1851)

George Washington Wright(Ind)

Edward Gilbert(D)

32nd(1851–1853)

Edward C. Marshall(D)

Joseph W. McCorkle(D)

33rd(1853–1855)

Milton S. Latham(D)

James A. McDougall(D)

34th(1855–1857)

James W. Denver(D)

Philemon T. Herbert(D)

35th(1857–1859)

Joseph C. McKibbin(D)

Charles L. Scott(D)

36th(1859–1861)

John C. Burch(D)

text: 1861–1873: 3 seats[edit]

text:
Congress

Elected at-large statewide on a general ticket

1st seat

2nd seat

3rd seat

37th(1861–1863)

Timothy Guy Phelps(R)

Aaron A. Sargent(R)

Frederick F. Low(R)

38th(1863–1865)

Cornelius Cole(R)

William Higby(R)

Thomas B. Shannon(R)

District

1st

2nd

3rd

39th(1865–1867)

Donald C. McRuer(R)

William Higby(R)

John Bidwell(R)

40th(1867–1869)

Samuel B. Axtell(D)

James A. Johnson(D)

41st(1869–1871)

Aaron A. Sargent(R)

42nd(1871–1873)

Sherman O. Houghton(R)

John M. Coghlan(R)

text: 1873–1883: 4 seats[edit]

text:
Congress

District

1st

2nd

3rd

4th

43rd(1873–1875)

Charles Clayton (R)

Horace F. Page (R)

John K. Luttrell (D)

Sherman O. Houghton (R)

44th(1875–1877)

William Adam Piper (D)

Peter D. Wigginton (D)

45th(1877–1879)

Horace Davis (R)

Romualdo Pacheco (R)

Peter D. Wigginton (D)

46th(1879–1881)

Campbell P. Berry (D)

Romualdo Pacheco (R)

47th(1881–1883)

William S. Rosecrans (D)

text: 1883–1893: 6 seats[edit]

text:
Congress

District

At-large seats

1st

2nd

3rd

4th

1st seat

2nd seat

48th(1883–1885)

William S. Rosecrans (D)

James H. Budd (D)

Barclay Henley (D)

Pleasant B. Tully (D)

John R. Glascock (D)

Charles A. Sumner (D)

49th(1885–1887)

District

Barclay Henley (D)

James A. Louttit (R)

Joseph McKenna (R)

William W. Morrow (R)

5th

6th

Charles N. Felton (R)

Henry H. Markham (R)

50th(1887–1889)

Thomas Larkin Thompson (D)

Marion Biggs (D)

William Vandever (R)

51st(1889–1891)

John J. De Haven (R)

Thomas J. Clunie (D)

Thomas J. Geary (D)

52nd(1891–1893)

Anthony Caminetti (D)

John T. Cutting (R)

Eugene F. Loud (R)

William W. Bowers (R)

Samuel G. Hilborn (R)

text: 1893–1903: 7 seats[edit]

text:
Congress

District

1st

2nd

3rd

4th

5th

6th

7th

53rd(1893–1895)

Thomas J. Geary (D)

Anthony Caminetti (D)

Samuel G. Hilborn (R)

James G. Maguire (D)

Eugene F. Loud (R)

Marion Cannon (Pop)

William W. Bowers (R)

Warren B. English (D)

54th(1895–1897)

John All Barham (R)

Grove L. Johnson (R)

Samuel G. Hilborn (R)

James McLachlan (R)

55th(1897–1899)

Marion De Vries (D)

Charles A. Barlow (Pop)

Curtis H. Castle (Pop)

56th(1899–1901)

Victor H. Metcalf (R)

Julius Kahn (R)

Russell J. Waters (R)

James C. Needham (R)

Samuel D. Woods (R)

57th(1901–1903)

Frank L. Coombs (R)

James McLachlan (R)

text: 1903–1913: 8 seats[edit]

text:
Congress

District

1st

2nd

3rd

4th

5th

6th

7th

8th

58th(1903–1905)

James N. Gillett (R)

Theodore A. Bell (D)

Victor Metcalf (R)

Edward J. Livernash (D and Union Labor)

William J. Wynn (D)

James C. Needham (R)

James McLachlan (R)

Milton J. Daniels (R)

Joseph R. Knowland (R)

59th(1905–1907)

Duncan E. McKinlay (R)

Julius Kahn (R)

Everis A. Hayes (R)

Sylvester C. Smith (R)

William F. Englebright (R)

60th(1907–1909)

61st(1909–1911)

62nd(1911–1913)

John E. Raker (D)

William Kent (Prog. R)

William D. Stephens (R)

text: 1913–1933: 11 seats[edit]

text:
Congress

District

District

Congress

1st

2nd

3rd

4th

5th

6th

7th

8th

9th

10th

11th

63rd(1913–1915)

William Kent (Ind)

John E. Raker (D)

Charles F. Curry (R)

Julius Kahn (R)

John I. Nolan (R)

Joseph R. Knowland (R)

Denver S. Church (D)

Everis A. Hayes (R)

Charles W. Bell (Prog R)

William D. Stephens (R)

William Kettner (D)

63rd(1913–1915)

64th(1915–1917)

John A. Elston (Prog)

Charles H. Randall (Proh)

William D. Stephens (Prog)

64th(1915–1917)

Henry S. Benedict (R)

65th(1917–1919)

Clarence F. Lea (D)

Henry Z. Osborne (R)

65th(1917–1919)

66th(1919–1921)

Henry E. Barbour (R)

Hugh S. Hersman (D)

66th(1919–1921)

67th(1921–1923)

Arthur M. Free (R)

Walter F. Lineberger (R)

Phil Swing (R)

67th(1921–1923)

Mae E. Nolan (R)

James H. MacLafferty (R)

68th(1923–1925)

68th(1923–1925)

John D. Fredericks (R)

69th(1925–1927)

Florence P. Kahn (R)

Lawrence J. Flaherty (R)

Albert E. Carter (R)

69th(1925–1927)

Harry L. Englebright (R)

Richard J. Welch (R)

70th(1927–1929)

William E. Evans (R)

Joe Crail (R)

70th(1927–1929)

71st(1929–1931)

71st(1929–1931)

72nd(1931–1933)

Charles F. Curry, Jr. (R)

72nd(1931–1933)

text: 1933–1943: 20 seats[edit]

text:
Congress

District

District

1st

2nd

3rd

4th

5th

6th

7th

8th

9th

10th

11th

12th

13th

14th

15th

16th

17th

18th

19th

20th

73rd(1933–1935)

Clarence F. Lea (D)

Harry L. Englebright (R)

Frank H. Buck (D)

Florence P. Kahn (R)

Richard J. Welch (R)

Albert E. Carter (R)

Ralph R. Eltse (R)

John J. McGrath (D)

Denver S. Church (D)

Henry E. Stubbs (D)

William E. Evans (R)

John H. Hoeppel (D)

Charles Kramer (D)

Thomas F. Ford (D)

William I. Traeger (R)

John F. Dockweiler (D)

Charles J. Colden (D)

John H. Burke (D)

Sam L. Collins (R)

George Burnham (R)

74th(1935–1937)

John H. Tolan (D)

Bertrand W. Gearhart (R)

John S. McGroarty (D)

John M. Costello (D)

Byron N. Scott (D)

75th(1937–1939)

Franck R. Havenner (Prog)

Jerry Voorhis (D)

Harry R. Sheppard (D)

Edouard V. M. Izac (D)

Alfred J. Elliott (D)

76th(1939–1941)

Jack Z. Anderson (R)

John Carl Hinshaw (R)

Leland M. Ford (R)

Lee E. Geyer (D)

Thomas M. Eaton (R)

77th(1941–1943)

Thomas Rolph (R)

William Ward Johnson (R)

Cecil R. King (D)

text: 1943–1953: 23 seats[edit]

text:
Congress

District

District

District

1st

2nd

3rd

4th

5th

6th

7th

8th

9th

10th

11th

12th

13th

14th

15th

16th

17th

18th

19th

20th

21st

22nd

23rd

78th(1943–1945)

Clarence F. Lea (D)

Harry L. Englebright (R)

Justin L. Johnson (R)

Thomas Rolph (R)

Richard J. Welch (R)

Albert E. Carter (R)

John H. Tolan (D)

Jack Z. Anderson (R)

Bertrand W. Gearhart (R)

Alfred J. Elliott (D)

George E. Outland (D)

Jerry Voorhis (D)

C. Norris Poulson (R)

Thomas F. Ford (D)

John M. Costello (D)

Will Rogers, Jr. (D)

Cecil R. King (D)

William Ward Johnson (R)

Chet Holifield (D)

John Carl Hinshaw (R)

Harry R. Sheppard (D)

John J. Phillips (R)

Edouard V. M. Izac (D)

Clair Engle (D)

79th(1945–1947)

Franck R. Havenner (D)

George P. Miller (D)

Ned R. Healy (D)

Helen G. Douglas (D)

Gordon L. McDonough (R)

Ellis E. Patterson (D)

Clyde Doyle (D)

80th(1947–1949)

John J. Allen, Jr. (R)

Ernest K. Bramblett (R)

Richard Nixon (R)

C. Norris Poulson (R)

Donald L. Jackson (R)

Willis W. Bradley (R)

Charles K. Fletcher (R)

81st(1949–1951)

Hubert B. Scudder (R)

Cecil F. White (D)

Thomas H. Werdel (R)

Clyde Doyle (D)

Clinton D. McKinnon (D)

John F. Shelley (D)

82nd(1951–1953)

Allan O. Hunter (R)

Patrick J. Hillings (R)

Samuel W. Yorty (D)

text: 1953–1963: 30 seats[edit]

text:
Congress

District

District

District

1st

2nd

3rd

4th

5th

6th

7th

8th

9th

10th

11th

12th

13th

14th

15th

16th

17th

18th

19th

20th

21st

22nd

23rd

24th

25th

26th

27th

28th

29th

30th

83rd(1953–1955)

Hubert B. Scudder (R)

Clair Engle (D)

John E. Moss (D)

William S. Mailliard (R)

John F. Shelley (D)

Robert Condon (D)

John J. Allen, Jr. (R)

George P. Miller (D)

Jesse A. Younger (R)

Charles S. Gubser (R)

Justin L. Johnson (R)

Allan O. Hunter (R)

Ernest K. Bramblett (R)

Harlan Hagen (D)

Gordon L. McDonough (R)

Donald L. Jackson (R)

Cecil R. King (D)

Craig Hosmer (R)

Chet Holifield (D)

John Carl Hinshaw (R)

Edgar W. Hiestand (R)

Joseph F. Holt (R)

Clyde Doyle (D)

C. Norris Poulson (R)

Patrick J. Hillings (R)

Samuel W. Yorty (D)

Harry R. Sheppard (D)

James B. Utt (R)

John J. Phillips (R)

Bob Wilson (R)

Glenard P. Lipscomb (R)

84th(1955–1957)

John F. Baldwin, Jr. (R)

Bernice F. Sisk (D)

Charles M. Teague (R)

James Roosevelt (D)

85th(1957–1959)

John J. McFall (D)

H. Allen Smith (R)

Dalip Singh Saund (D)

86th(1959–1961)

Clement Woodnutt Miller (D)

Harold T. Johnson (D)

Jeffery Cohelan (D)

George A. Kasem (D)

87th(1961–1963)

Alphonzo E. Bell, Jr. (R)

James C. Corman (D)

John H. Rousselot (R)

text: 1963–1973: 38 seats[edit]

text:
Congress

District

District

District

District

1st

2nd

3rd

4th

5th

6th

7th

8th

9th

10th

11th

12th

13th

14th

15th

16th

17th

18th

19th

20th

21st

22nd

23rd

24th

25th

26th

27th

28th

29th

30th

31st

32nd

33rd

34th

35th

36th

37th

38th

88th(1963–1965)

Don H. Clausen (R)

Harold T. Johnson (D)

John E. Moss (D)

Robert L. Leggett (D)

John F. Shelley (D)

William S. Mailliard (R)

Jeffery Cohelan (D)

George P. Miller (D)

Don Edwards (D)

Charles S. Gubser (R)

Jesse A. Younger (R)

Burt L. Talcott (R)

Charles M. Teague (R)

John F. Baldwin, Jr. (R)

John J. McFall (D)

Bernice F. Sisk (D)

Cecil R. King (D)

Harlan Hagen (D)

Chet Holifield (D)

H. Allen Smith (R)

Augustus F. Hawkins (D)

James C. Corman (D)

Clyde Doyle (D)

Glenard P. Lipscomb (R)

Ronald B. Cameron (D)

James Roosevelt (D)

Everett G. Burkhalter (D)

Alphonzo E. Bell, Jr. (R)

George Brown, Jr. (D)

Edward R. Roybal (D)

Charles H. Wilson (D)

Craig Hosmer (R)

Harry R. Sheppard (D)

Richard T. Hanna (D)

James B. Utt (R)

Bob Wilson (R)

Lionel Van Deerlin (D)

Patrick M. Martin (R)

Phillip Burton (D)

Del M. Clawson (R)

89th(1965–1967)

Edwin Reinecke (R)

Kenneth W. Dyal (D)

John V. Tunney (D)

Jerome R. Waldie (D)

Thomas M. Rees (D)

90th(1967–1969)

Robert B. Mathias (R)

Charles E. Wiggins (R)

Jerry L. Pettis (R)

Paul N. McCloskey, Jr. (R)

Barry Goldwater, Jr. (R)

91st(1969–1971)

Glenn M. Anderson (D)

John H. Rousselot (R)

John G. Schmitz (R)

92nd(1971–1973)

Ron Dellums (D)

George E. Danielson (D)

Victor V. Veysey (R)

text: 1973–1983: 43 seats[edit]

text:
Congress

District

District

District

District

District

1st

2nd

3rd

4th

5th

6th

7th

8th

9th

10th

11th

12th

13th

14th

15th

16th

17th

18th

19th

20th

21st

22nd

23rd

24th

25th

26th

27th

28th

29th

30th

31st

32nd

33rd

34th

35th

36th

37th

38th

39th

40th

41st

42nd

43rd

93rd(1973–1975)

Don H. Clausen (R)

Harold T. Johnson (D)

John E. Moss (D)

Robert L. Leggett (D)

Phillip Burton (D)

William S. Mailliard (R)

Ron Dellums (D)

Pete Stark (D)

Don Edwards (D)

Charles S. Gubser (R)

Leo Ryan (D)

Burt L. Talcott (R)

Charles M. Teague (R)

Jerome R. Waldie (D)

John J. McFall (D)

Bernice F. Sisk (D)

Paul N. McCloskey, Jr. (R)

Robert B. Mathias (R)

Chet Holifield (D)

Carlos J. Moorhead (R)

Augustus F. Hawkins (D)

James C. Corman (D)

Del M. Clawson (R)

John H. Rousselot (R)

Charles E. Wiggins (R)

Thomas M. Rees (D)

Barry Goldwater, Jr. (R)

Alphonzo E. Bell, Jr. (R)

George E. Danielson (D)

Edward R. Roybal (D)

Charles H. Wilson (D)

Craig Hosmer (R)

Jerry L. Pettis (R)

Richard T. Hanna (D)

Glenn M. Anderson (D)

William M. Ketchum (R)

Yvonne B. Burke (D)

George Brown, Jr. (D)

Andrew J. Hinshaw (R)

Bob Wilson (R)

Lionel Van Deerlin (D)

Clair W. Burgener (R)

Victor Veysey (R)

John Burton (D)

Robert J. Lagomarsino (R)

94th(1975–1977)

Harold T. Johnson (D)

Donald H. Clausen (R)

John Burton (D)

Phillip Burton (D)

George Miller (D)

Ron Dellums (D)

Pete Stark (D)

Don Edwards (D)

Paul N. McCloskey, Jr. (R)

Norman Mineta (D)

John J. McFall (D)

B. F. Sisk (D)

Burt L. Talcott (R)

John Hans Krebs (D)

William M. Ketchum (R)

Robert J. Lagomarsino (R)

Barry Goldwater, Jr. (R)

James C. Corman (D)

Carlos J. Moorhead (R)

Thomas M. Rees (D)

Henry Waxman (D)

Edward R. Roybal (D)

John H. Rousselot (R)

Alphonzo E. Bell, Jr. (R)

Yvonne B. Burke (D)

Augustus F. Hawkins (D)

George E. Danielson (D)

Glenn M. Anderson (D)

Del M. Clawson (R)

Mark W. Hannaford (D)

James F. Lloyd (D)

George Brown, Jr. (D)

Jerry Lyle Pettis (R)

Jerry M. Patterson (D)

Charles E. Wiggins (R)

Andrew J. Hinshaw (R)

Bob Wilson (R)

Lionel Van Deerlin (D)

Clair W. Burgener (R)

Shirley Neil Pettis (R)

95th(1977–1979)

Leon Panetta (D)

Anthony C. Beilenson (D)

Robert K. Dornan (R)

Robert E. Badham (R)

96th(1979–1981)

Robert T. Matsui (D)

Victor H. Fazio (D)

William H. Royer (R)

Norman D. Shumway (R)

Tony Coelho (D)

Charles Pashayan, Jr. (R)

Bill Thomas (R)

Julian C. Dixon (D)

Wayne R. Grisham (R)

Daniel E. Lungren (R)

Jerry Lewis (R)

William E. Dannemeyer (R)

97th(1981–1983)

Eugene A. Chappie (R)

Tom Lantos (D)

Bobbi Fiedler (R)

Mervyn M. Dymally (D)

David Dreier (R)

Bill Lowery (R)

Duncan Hunter (R)

Matthew G. Martinez (D)

text: 1983–1993: 45 seats[edit]

text:
Congress

District

District

District

District

District

1st

2nd

3rd

4th

5th

6th

7th

8th

9th

10th

11th

12th

13th

14th

15th

16th

17th

18th

19th

20th

21st

22nd

23rd

24th

25th

26th

27th

28th

29th

30th

31st

32nd

33rd

34th

35th

36th

37th

38th

39th

40th

41st

42nd

43rd

44th

45th

98th(1983–1985)

Douglas H. Bosco (D)

Eugene A. Chappie (R)

Robert T. Matsui (D)

Victor H. Fazio (D)

Phillip Burton (D)

Barbara Boxer (D)

George Miller (D)

Ron Dellums (D)

Pete Stark (D)

Don Edwards (D)

Tom Lantos (D)

Ed Zschau (R)

Norman Mineta (D)

Norman D. Shumway (R)

Tony Coelho (D)

Leon Panetta (D)

Charles Pashayan, Jr. (R)

Richard H. Lehman (D)

Robert J. Lagomarsino (R)

Bill Thomas (R)

Bobbi Fiedler (R)

Carlos J. Moorhead (R)

Anthony C. Beilenson (D)

Henry Waxman (D)

Edward R. Roybal (D)

Howard L. Berman (D)

Mel Levine (D)

Julian C. Dixon (D)

Augustus F. Hawkins (D)

Matthew G. Martinez (D)

Mervyn M. Dymally (D)

Glenn M. Anderson (D)

David Dreier (R)

Esteban E. Torres (D)

Jerry Lewis (R)

George Brown, Jr. (D)

Alfred A. McCandless (R)

Jerry M. Patterson (D)

William E. Dannemeyer (R)

Robert E. Badham (R)

Bill Lowery (R)

Daniel E. Lungren (R)

Ron Packard (R)

Jim Bates (D)

Duncan Hunter (R)

Sala Burton (D)

99th(1985–1987)

Bob Dornan (R)

Nancy Pelosi (D)

100th(1987–1989)

Wally Herger (R)

Ernest L. Konnyu (R)

Elton Gallegly (R)

101st(1989–1991)

Tom Campbell (R)

Christopher Cox (R)

Dana Rohrabacher (R)

Gary Condit (D)

102nd(1991–1993)

Frank D. Riggs (R)

John Doolittle (R)

Calvin M. Dooley (D)

Maxine Waters (D)

Randy Cunningham (R)

text: 1993–2003: 52 seats[edit]

text:
Congress

District

District

District

District

District

District

1st

2nd

3rd

4th

5th

6th

7th

8th

9th

10th

11th

12th

13th

14th

15th

16th

17th

18th

19th

20th

21st

22nd

23rd

24th

25th

26th

27th

28th

29th

30th

31st

32nd

33rd

34th

35th

36th

37th

38th

39th

40th

41st

42nd

43rd

44th

45th

46th

47th

48th

49th

50th

51st

52nd

103rd(1993–1995)

Daniel Hamburg (D)

Wally Herger (R)

Victor H. Fazio (D)

John T. Doolittle (R)

Robert T. Matsui (D)

Lynn C. Woolsey (D)

George Miller (D)

Nancy Pelosi (D)

Ron Dellums (D)[2]

William P. Baker (R)

Richard W. Pombo (R)

Tom Lantos (D)

Pete Stark (D)

Anna G. Eshoo (D)

Norman Y. Mineta (D)

Don Edwards (D)

Leon Panetta (D)

Gary A. Condit (D)

Richard H. Lehman (D)

Calvin M. Dooley (D)

Bill Thomas (R)

Michael Huffington (R)

Elton Gallegly (R)

Anthony C. Beilenson (D)

Howard "Buck" McKeon (R)

Howard L. Berman (D)

Carlos J. Moorhead (R)

David Dreier (R)

Henry Waxman (D)

Xavier Becerra (D)

Matthew G. Martinez (D)

Julian C. Dixon (D)

Lucille Roybal-Allard (D)

Esteban E. Torres (D)

Maxine Waters (D)

Jane Harman (D)

Walter R. Tucker III (D)

Steve Horn (R)

Ed Royce (R)

Jerry Lewis (R)

Jay C. Kim (R)

George Brown, Jr. (D)

Ken Calvert (R)

Alfred A. McCandless (R)

Dana Rohrabacher (R)

Bob Dornan (R)

Christopher Cox (R)

Ron Packard (R)

Lynn Schenk (D)

Bob Filner (D)

Randy Cunningham (R)

Duncan Hunter (R)

Sam Farr (D)

104th(1995–1997)

Frank D. Riggs (R)

Zoe Lofgren (D)

George Radanovich (R)

Andrea H. Seastrand (R)

Sonny Bono (R)

Brian P. Bilbray (R)

Tom Campbell (R)

Juanita Millender-McDonald (D)

105th(1997–1999)

Ellen O. Tauscher (D)

Walter H. Capps (D)

Brad Sherman (D)

James E. Rogan (R)

Loretta Sanchez (D)

Barbara Lee (D)

Lois Capps (D)

Mary Bono (R)

106th(1999–2001)

Mike Thompson (D)

Doug Ose (R)

Grace F. Napolitano (D)

Steven T. Kuykendall (R)

Gary G. Miller (R)

Joe Baca (D)

107th(2001–2003)

Mike Honda (D)

Adam B. Schiff (D)

Hilda L. Solis (D)

Diane E. Watson (D)

Jane Harman (D)

Darrell E. Issa (R)

Susan A. Davis (D)

text: 2003–present: 53 seats[edit]

text: After the 2000 U.S. census, California gained one seat. The 2010 U.S. census, however, kept the state's apportionment at 53 seats.

text: In 2012, owing to a new reapportionment method, some incumbent members chose to run in differently numbered districts (typically within a similar geographic region, with some changing their residence) and owing to a new open primary system, some incumbents were placed against opponents of their own party in the general election. For details concerning these changes and the specific effects upon the 2012 election see Politics of California.

text:
Congress

District

District

District

District

District

District

1st

2nd

3rd

4th

5th

6th

7th

8th

9th

10th

11th

12th

13th

14th

15th

16th

17th

18th

19th

20th

21st

22nd

23rd

24th

25th

26th

27th

28th

29th

30th

31st

32nd

33rd

34th

35th

36th

37th

38th

39th

40th

41st

42nd

43rd

44th

45th

46th

47th

48th

49th

50th

51st

52nd

53rd

108th(2003–2005)

Mike Thompson (D)

Wally Herger (R)

Doug Ose (R)

John T. Doolittle (R)

Robert T. Matsui (D)[3]

Lynn C. Woolsey (D)

George Miller (D)

Nancy Pelosi (D)

Barbara Lee (D)

Ellen O. Tauscher (D)

Richard W. Pombo (R)

Tom Lantos (D)[4]

Pete Stark (D)

Anna G. Eshoo (D)

Mike Honda (D)

Zoe Lofgren (D)

Sam Farr (D)

Dennis Cardoza (D)

George Radanovich (R)

Calvin M. Dooley (D)

Devin Nunes (R)

Bill Thomas (R)

Lois Capps (D)

Elton Gallegly (R)

Howard McKeon (R)

David Dreier (R)

Brad Sherman (D)

Howard L. Berman (D)

Adam B. Schiff (D)

Henry Waxman (D)

Xavier Becerra (D)

Hilda L. Solis (D)

Diane E. Watson (D)

Lucille Roybal-Allard (D)

Maxine Waters (D)

Jane Harman (D)[5]

Juanita Millender-McDonald (D)[6]

Grace F. Napolitano (D)

Linda T. Sánchez (D)

Edward R. Royce (R)

Jerry Lewis (R)

Gary G. Miller (R)

Joe Baca (D)

Ken Calvert (R)

Mary Bono Mack (R)

Dana Rohrabacher (R)

Loretta Sanchez (D)

Christopher Cox (R)

Darrell Issa (R)

Duke Cunningham (R)

Bob Filner (D)

Duncan L. Hunter (R)

Susan Davis (D)

109th(2005–2007)

Dan Lungren (R)

Doris Matsui (D)

Jim Costa (D)

John Campbell (R)

Brian P. Bilbray (R)

110th(2007–2009)

Jerry McNerney (D)

Kevin McCarthy (R)

Laura Richardson (D)

Jackie Speier (D)

111th(2009–2011)

Tom McClintock (R)

Duncan D. Hunter (R)

John Garamendi (D)

Judy Chu (D)

112th(2011–2013)

Jeff Denham (R)

Karen Bass (D)

Janice Hahn (D)

113th(2013–2015)

Doug LaMalfa (R)

Jared Huffman (D)

John Garamendi (D)

Mike Thompson (D)

Doris Matsui (D)

Ami Bera (D)

Paul Cook (R)

Jerry McNerney (D)

Jeff Denham (R)

George Miller (D)

Nancy Pelosi (D)

Barbara Lee (D)

Jackie Speier (D)

Eric Swalwell (D)

Jim Costa (D)

Mike Honda (D)

Anna Eshoo (D)

Zoe Lofgren (D)

Sam Farr (D)

David Valadao (R)

Devin Nunes (R)

Kevin McCarthy (R)

Lois Capps (D)

Julia Brownley (D)

Judy Chu (D)

Adam Schiff (D)

Tony Cardenas (D)

Brad Sherman (D)

Gary Miller (R)

Grace Napolitano (D)

Henry Waxman (D)

Xavier Becerra (D)

Gloria Negrete McLeod (D)

Raul Ruiz (D)

Karen Bass (D)

Linda T. Sánchez (D)

Ed Royce (R)

Lucille Roybal-Allard (D)

Mark Takano (D)

Ken Calvert (R)

Maxine Waters (D)

Janice Hahn (D)

John Campbell (R)

Loretta Sánchez (D)

Alan Lowenthal (D)

Dana Rohrabacher (R)

Duncan D. Hunter (R)

Juan Vargas (D)

Scott Peters (D)

114th(2015–2017)

Mark DeSaulnier (D)

Steve Knight (R)

Pete Aguilar (D)

Ted Lieu (D)

Norma Torres (D)

Mimi Walters (R)

115th(2017–2019)

Ro Khanna (D)

Jimmy Panetta (D)

Salud Carbajal (D)

Nanette Barragán (D)

Lou Correa (D)

Jimmy Gomez (D)

text: Key[edit]

text:
Key to party colors and abbreviations for members of the U.S. Congress

American (Know Nothing) (K-N)

Adams (A),Anti-Jacksonian (Anti-J),National Republican (NR)

Anti-Administration (Anti-Admin)

Anti-Masonic (Anti-M)

Conservative (Con)

Democratic (D)

Dixiecrat (Dix),States' rights (SR)

Democratic-Republican (D-R)

Farmer–Labor (FL)

Federalist (F)

Free Soil (FS)

Free Silver (FSv)

Fusion (FU)

Greenback (GB)

Jacksonian (J)

Nonpartisan League (NPL)

Nullifier (N)

Opposition (O)

Populist (Pop)

Pro-Administration (Pro-Admin)

Progressive (Prog)

Prohibition (Proh)

Readjuster (Rea)

Republican (R)

Socialist (Soc)

Unionist (U)

Whig (W)

Independent,None,or Unaffiliated

text: United States Senate[edit]

text: List of Senators[edit]

text: Tables showing membership in the California U.S. Senate delegation.

text:
Class 1 Senators

Congress

Class 3 Senators

John C. Frémont (R)

31st (1849–1851)

William M. Gwin (D)

John B. Weller (D)

32nd (1851–1853)

33rd (1853–1855)

34th (1855–1857)

Vacant

William M. Gwin (D)

David C. Broderick (D)

35th (1857–1859)

Henry P. Haun (D)

Milton S. Latham (D)

36th (1859–1861)

37th (1861–1863)

James A. McDougall (D)

John Conness (R)

38th (1863–1865)

39th (1865–1867)

40th (1867–1869)

Cornelius Cole (R)

Eugene Casserly (D)

41st (1869–1871)

42nd (1871–1873)

43rd (1873–1875)

Aaron A. Sargent (R)

John S. Hager (D)

Newton Booth(AM)

44th (1875–1877)

45th (1877–1879)

46th (1879–1881)

James T. Farley (D)

John Franklin Miller (R)

47th (1881–1883)

48th (1883–1885)

49th (1885–1887)

Leland Stanford (R)

George Hearst (D)

Abram P. Williams (R)

George Hearst (D)

50th (1887–1889)

51st (1889–1891)

Charles N. Felton (R)

52nd (1891–1893)

Stephen M. White (D)

53rd (1893–1895)

George C. Perkins (R)

54th (1895–1897)

55th (1897–1899)

Thomas R. Bard (R)

56th (1899–1901)

57th (1901–1903)

58th (1903–1905)

Frank P. Flint (R)

59th (1905–1907)

60th (1907–1909)

61st (1909–1911)

John D. Works (R)

62nd (1911–1913)

63rd (1913–1915)

64th (1915–1917)

James D. Phelan (D)

Hiram Johnson (R)

65th (1917–1919)

66th (1919–1921)

67th (1921–1923)

Samuel M. Shortridge (R)

68th (1923–1925)

69th (1925–1927)

70th (1927–1929)

71st (1929–1931)

72nd (1931–1933)

73rd (1933–1935)

William Gibbs McAdoo (D)

74th (1935–1937)

75th (1937–1939)

Thomas M. Storke (D)

76th (1939–1941)

Sheridan Downey (D)

77th (1941–1943)

78th (1943–1945)

79th (1945–1947)

William F. Knowland (R)

80th (1947–1949)

81st (1949–1951)

Richard Nixon (R)

82nd (1951–1953)

Thomas H. Kuchel (R)

83rd (1953–1955)

84th (1955–1957)

85th (1957–1959)

Clair Engle (D)

86th (1959–1961)

87th (1961–1963)

88th (1963–1965)

Pierre Salinger (D)

George Lloyd Murphy (R)

89th (1965–1967)

90th (1967–1969)

91st (1969–1971)

Alan Cranston (D)

John V. Tunney (D)

92nd (1971–1973)

93rd (1973–1975)

94th (1975–1977)

S. I. Hayakawa (R)

95th (1977–1979)

96th (1979–1981)

97th (1981–1983)

Pete Wilson (R)

98th (1983–1985)

99th (1985–1987)

100th (1987–1989)

101st (1989–1991)

102nd (1991–1993)

John Seymour (R)

Dianne Feinstein (D)

103rd (1993–1995)

Barbara Boxer (D)

104th (1995–1997)

105th (1997–1999)

106th (1999–2001)

107th (2001–2003)

108th (2003–2005)

109th (2005–2007)

110th (2007–2009)

111th (2009–2011)

112th (2011–2013)

113th (2013–2015)

114th (2015–2017)

115th (2017–2019)

Kamala Harris (D)

text: Mid-term changes[edit]

text:
Congress

Senator

Reason for Vacancy

Appointed Successor

Date of Appointment

Elected Successor

Date of Election

32nd

Seat was vacant from March 4, 1851 due to failure of the legislature to elect.

John B. Weller

January 30, 1852

34th

Seat was vacant from March 4, 1855 due to failure of the legislature to elect.

William M. Gwin

January 13, 1857

35th

David C. Broderick

Died September 16, 1859, mortally wounded in a duel with the chief justice of the supreme court of California.

Henry P. Haun

November 3, 1859

Milton S. Latham

March 5, 1860

43rd

Eugene Casserly

Resigned November 29, 1873.

none

John S. Hager

December 23, 1873

49th

John Franklin Miller

Died March 8, 1886.

George Hearst

March 23, 1886

Abram P. Williams

August 4, 1886

51st, 52nd

George Hearst

Died February 28, 1891.

none

Charles N. Felton

March 19, 1891

53rd

Leland Stanford

Died June 21, 1893.

George C. Perkins

July 26, 1893

George C. Perkins

56th

Seat was vacant from March 4, 1899 due to failure of the legislature to elect.

Thomas R. Bard

February 7, 1900

75th

William Gibbs McAdoo

Resigned November 8, 1938.

Thomas M. Storke

November 9, 1938

none

79th

Hiram Johnson

Died August 6, 1945.

William F. Knowland

August 26, 1945

William F. Knowland

General election

81st

Sheridan Downey

Resigned November 30, 1950 due to ill health.

Richard Nixon

December 1, 1950

Richard Nixon

General election

82nd

Richard Nixon

Resigned January 1, 1953 to be Vice President of the United States.

Thomas H. Kuchel

January 2, 1953

Thomas H. Kuchel

General election

88th

Clair Engle

Died July 30, 1964.

Pierre Salinger

August 4, 1964

none

88th

Pierre Salinger

Resigned December 31, 1964.

George Lloyd Murphy

January 1, 1965

George Lloyd Murphy

General election

91st

George Lloyd Murphy

Resigned January 2, 1971. Tunney had been elected to the next term and took office a day early.

John V. Tunney

January 2, 1971

John V. Tunney

General election

94th

John V. Tunney

Resigned January 1, 1977. Hayakawa had been elected to the next term and took office a day early.

S.I. Hayakawa

January 2, 1977

S.I. Hayakawa

General election

102nd

Pete Wilson

Resigned January 7, 1991 to be governor of California.

John F. Seymour

January 10, 1991

Dianne Feinstein

November 10, 1992

text: Living former senators[edit]

text: As of  January 2018[update], there are three living former U.S. Senators from California, two from Class 1 and one from Class 3

text:
Senator

Term of office

Class

Date of birth (and age)

Pete Wilson

1983–1991

1

 (1933-08-23) August 23, 1933 (age 85)

John F. Seymour

1991–1992

1

 (1937-12-03) December 3, 1937 (age 80)

Barbara Boxer

1993–2017

3

 (1940-11-11) November 11, 1940 (age 77)

text:
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