document_title: The Sound of Music

question_text: where was the sound of music first performed

root

text: The Sound of Music

text: History[edit]

text: After viewing The Trapp Family, a 1956 West German film about the von Trapp family, and its 1958 sequel (Die Trapp-Familie in Amerika), stage director Vincent J. Donehue thought that the project would be perfect for his friend Mary Martin; Broadway producers Leland Hayward and Richard Halliday (Martin's husband) agreed.[2] The producers originally envisioned a non-musical play that would be written by Lindsay and Crouse and that would feature songs from the repertoire of the Trapp Family Singers. Then they decided to add an original song or two, perhaps by Rodgers and Hammerstein. But it was soon agreed that the project should feature all new songs and be a musical rather than a play.[3]

tag: p

text: Details of the history of the von Trapp family were altered for the musical. The real Georg von Trapp did live with his family in a villa in Aigen, a suburb of Salzburg. He wrote to the Nonnberg Abbey in 1926 asking for a nun to help tutor his sick daughter, and the Mother Abbess sent Maria. His wife had died in 1922. The real Maria and Georg married at the Nonnberg Abbey in 1927. Lindsay and Crouse altered the story so that Maria was governess to all of the children, whose names and ages were changed, as was Maria's original surname (the show used "Rainer" instead of "Kutschera"). The von Trapps spent some years in Austria after Maria and the Captain married and was offered a commission in Germany's navy. Since von Trapp opposed the Nazis by that time, the family left Austria after the Anschluss, going by train to Italy and then traveling on to London and the United States.[4] To make the story more dramatic, Lindsay and Crouse had the family, soon after Maria's and the Captain's wedding, escape over the mountains to Switzerland on foot.

text: Story[edit]

text: Act I[edit]

text: In Salzburg, Austria, just before World War II, nuns from Nonnberg Abbey sing the Dixit Dominus. One of the postulants, Maria Rainer, is on the nearby mountainside, regretting leaving the beautiful hills ("The Sound of Music") where she was brought up. She returns late. The Mother Abbess and the other nuns consider what to do about her ("Maria"). Maria explains her lateness, saying she was raised on that mountain, and apologizes for singing in the garden without permission. The Mother Abbess joins her in song ("My Favorite Things").[5] The Mother Abbess tells her that she should spend some time outside the abbey to decide whether she is ready for the monastic life. She will act as the governess to the seven children of a widower, Austro-Hungarian Navy submarine Captain Georg von Trapp.

text: Maria arrives at the villa of Captain von Trapp. He explains her duties and summons the children with a boatswain's call. They march in, clad in uniforms. He teaches her their individual signals on the call, but she openly disapproves of this militaristic approach. Alone with them, she breaks through their wariness and teaches them the basics of music ("Do-Re-Mi").

text: Rolf, a young messenger, delivers a telegram and then meets with the oldest child, Liesl, outside the villa. He claims he knows what is right for her because he is a year older than she ("Sixteen Going on Seventeen"). They kiss, and he runs off, leaving her squealing with joy. Meanwhile, the housekeeper, Frau Schmidt, gives Maria material to make new clothes, as Maria had given all her possessions to the poor. Maria sees Liesl slipping in through the window, wet from a sudden thunderstorm, but agrees to keep her secret. The other children are frightened by the storm. Maria sings "The Lonely Goatherd" to distract them.

text: Captain von Trapp arrives a month later from Vienna with Baroness Elsa Schräder and Max Detweiler. Elsa tells Max that something is preventing the Captain from marrying her. He opines that only poor people have the time for great romances ("How Can Love Survive"). Rolf enters, looking for Liesl, and greets them with "Heil". The Captain orders him away, saying that he is Austrian, not German. Maria and the children leapfrog in, wearing play-clothes that she made from the old drapes in her room. Infuriated, the Captain sends them off to change. She tells him that they need him to love them, and he angrily orders her back to the abbey. As she apologizes, they hear the children singing "The Sound of Music", which she had taught them, to welcome Elsa Schräder. He joins in and embraces them. Alone with Maria, he asks her to stay, thanking her for bringing music back into his house. Elsa is suspicious of her until she explains that she will be returning to the abbey in September.

text: The Captain gives a party to introduce Elsa, and guests argue over the Anschluss. Kurt asks Maria to teach him to dance the Ländler. When he fails to negotiate a complicated figure, the Captain steps in to demonstrate. He and Maria dance until they come face-to-face; and she breaks away, embarrassed and confused. Discussing the expected marriage between Elsa and the Captain, Brigitta tells Maria that she thinks Maria and the Captain are really in love with each other. Elsa asks the Captain to allow the children to say goodnight to the guests with a song, "So Long, Farewell". Max is amazed at their talent and wants them for the Kaltzberg Festival, which he is organizing. The guests leave for the dining room, and Maria slips out the front door with her luggage.

text: At the abbey, Maria says that she is ready to take her monastic vows; but the Mother Abbess realizes that she is running away from her feelings. She tells her to face the Captain and discover if they love each other, and tells her to search for and find the life she was meant to live ("Climb Ev'ry Mountain").

text: Act II[edit]

text: Max teaches the children how to sing on stage. When the Captain tries to lead them, they complain that he is not doing it as Maria did. He tells them that he has asked Elsa to marry him. They try to cheer themselves up by singing "My Favorite Things" but are unsuccessful until they hear Maria singing on her way to rejoin them. Learning of the wedding plans, she decides to stay only until the Captain can arrange for another governess. Max and Elsa argue with him about the imminent Anschluss, trying to convince him that it is inevitable ("No Way to Stop It"). When he refuses to compromise, Elsa breaks off the engagement. Alone, the Captain and Maria finally admit their love, desiring only to be "An Ordinary Couple". As they marry, the nuns reprise "Maria" against the wedding processional.

text: During the honeymoon, Max prepares the children to perform at the Kaltzberg Festival. Herr Zeller, the Gauleiter, demands to know why they are not flying the flag of the Third Reich now that the Anschluss has occurred. The Captain and Maria return early from their honeymoon before the Festival. In view of developments, he refuses to allow the children to sing. Max argues that they would sing for Austria, but the Captain points out that it no longer exists. Maria and Liesl discuss romantic love; Maria predicts that in a few years Liesl will be married ("Sixteen Going on Seventeen (Reprise)"). Rolf enters with a telegram that offers the Captain a commission in the German Navy, and Liesl is upset to discover that Rolf is now a committed Nazi. The Captain consults Maria and decides that they must secretly flee Austria. German Admiral von Schreiber arrives to find out why Captain von Trapp has not answered the telegram. He explains that the German Navy holds him in high regard, offers him the commission, and tells him to report immediately to Bremerhaven to assume command. Maria says that he cannot leave immediately, as they are all singing in the Festival concert; and the Admiral agrees to wait.

text: At the concert, after the von Trapps sing an elaborate reprise of "Do-Re-Mi", Max brings out the Captain's guitar. Captain von Trapp sings "Edelweiss", as a goodbye to his homeland, while using Austria's national flower as a symbol to declare his loyalty to the country. Max asks for an encore and announces that this is the von Trapp family's last chance to sing together, as the honor guard waits to escort the Captain to his new command. While the judges decide on the prizes, the von Trapps sing "So Long, Farewell", leaving the stage in small groups. Max then announces the runners-up, stalling as much as possible. When he announces that the first prize goes to the von Trapps and they do not appear, the Nazis start a search. The family hides at the Abbey, and Sister Margaretta tells them that the borders have been closed. Rolf comes upon them and calls his lieutenant, but after seeing Liesl he changes his mind and tells him they aren't there. The Nazis leave, and the von Trapps flee over the Alps as the nuns reprise "Climb Ev'ry Mountain".

text: Musical numbers[edit]

text:
Act I

"Preludium" – Mother Abbess with Nuns
"The Sound of Music" – Maria
"Maria" – Sister Berthe, Sister Sophia, Sister Margaretta, and the Mother Abbess
"My Favorite Things" – Maria and the Mother Abbess
"My Favorite Things" (reprise 1) – Maria
"Do-Re-Mi" – Maria and the children
"Sixteen Going on Seventeen" – Rolf and Liesl
"The Lonely Goatherd" – Maria and the children
"The Lonely Goatherd" (reprise) – Gretl
"How Can Love Survive" – Max and Elsa
"The Sound of Music" (reprise) – Maria, the Captain and the children
"Ländler" (instrumental)
"So Long, Farewell" – The children
"Morning Hymn" – Nuns
"Climb Ev'ry Mountain" – Mother Abbess

Act II

"My Favorite Things" (reprise 2) – Maria and the children
"No Way to Stop It" – Elsa, Max and the Captain
"An Ordinary Couple" – Maria and the Captain †
"Gaudeamus Domino" – Nuns
"Maria" (reprise) – Nuns
"Confitemini Domino" – Nuns
"Sixteen Going on Seventeen" (reprise) – Maria and Liesl
"Do-Re-Mi" (reprise) – Maria, the Captain, and the children ‡
"Edelweiss" – The Captain
"So Long, Farewell" (reprise) – Maria, the Captain, and the children
"Finale Ultimo" (reprise of "Climb Every Mountain") – Nuns

tag: table

text:
The musical numbers listed appeared in the original production unless otherwise noted.
† Sometimes replaced by "Something Good", which was written for the film version.
‡ Replaced by "The Lonely Goatherd" in the 1998 revival.
In some productions, "My Favorite Things" follows "Sixteen Going on Seventeen" in the thunderstorm scene, while "The Lonely Goatherd" is shifted to the concert scene.
Many stage revivals have also included "I Have Confidence" and "Something Good", which were written by Richard Rodgers for the film version (since the film was made after original lyricist Oscar Hammerstein's death).
Although many people believe that "Edelweiss" is a traditional Austrian song, it was written for the musical and did not become known in Austria until after the film's success.[6]
The Ländler dance performed by Maria and the Captain during the party is only loosely based on the traditional Austrian dance of the same name.[7]

tag: ul

text: Characters[edit]

text: Sources: IBDB and Guidetomusicaltheatre.com[8]

text:
Maria Rainer, a postulant at Nonnberg Abbey
Captain Georg von Trapp
Max Detweiler, Captain von Trapp's friend, a music agent and producer
The Mother Abbess, the head of Nonnberg Abbey
Baroness Elsa Schräder[9] "wealthy and sophisticated" and Captain von Trapp's would-be fiancée
Rolf Gruber, the 17-year-old Nazi delivery boy who is in love with Liesl
Sister Bertha, the Mistress of Novices
Sister Margareta, the Mistress of Postulants
Sister Sophia, a sister at the Abbey
Herr Zeller, the Gauleiter
Franz, Captain von Trapp's butler
Frau Schmidt, Captain von Trapp's housekeeper
The Children:

Liesl von Trapp, age 16
Friedrich von Trapp, age 14
Louisa von Trapp, age 13
Kurt von Trapp, age 11
Brigitta von Trapp, age 10
Marta von Trapp, age 7
Gretl von Trapp, age 5

Ensemble includes nuns, high-society neighbors of Captain von Trapp who attend the ball thrown in Elsa's honor, Nazi soldiers and contestants in the festival concert

text: Productions[edit]

text: Original productions[edit]

text: The Sound of Music opened on Broadway at the Lunt-Fontanne Theatre on November 16, 1959, moved to the Mark Hellinger Theatre on November 6, 1962, and closed on June 15, 1963, after 1,443 performances. The director was Vincent J. Donehue, and the choreographer was Joe Layton. The original cast included Mary Martin (at age 46) as Maria, Theodore Bikel as Captain Georg von Trapp, Patricia Neway as Mother Abbess, Kurt Kasznar as Max Detweiler, Marion Marlowe as Elsa Schräder, Brian Davies as Rolf and Lauri Peters as Liesl. Sopranos Patricia Brooks and June Card were ensemble members in the original production. The show tied for the Tony Award for Best Musical with Fiorello!. Other awards included Martin for Best Actress in a Musical, Neway for Best Featured Actress, Best Scenic Design (Oliver Smith) and Best Conductor And Musical Director (Frederick Dvonch). Bikel and Kasznar were nominated for acting awards, and Donehue was nominated for his direction. The entire children's cast was nominated for Best Featured Actress category as a single nominee, even though two of the children were boys.[10]

text: Martha Wright replaced Martin in the role of Maria on Broadway in October 1961, followed by Karen Gantz in July 1962, Jeannie Carson in August 1962[11] and Nancy Dussault in September 1962. Jon Voight, who eventually married co-star Lauri Peters, was a replacement for Rolf. The national tour starred Florence Henderson as Maria and Beatrice Krebs as Mother Abbess. It opened at the Grand Riviera Theater, Detroit, on February 27, 1961, and closed November 23, 1963, at the O'Keefe Centre, Toronto. Henderson was succeeded by Barbara Meister in June 1962. Theodore Bikel was not satisfied playing the role of the Captain, because of the role's limited singing,[citation needed] and Bikel did not like to play the same role over and over again. In his autobiography, he writes: "I promised myself then that if I could afford it, I would never do a run as long as that again."[12] The original Broadway cast album sold three million copies.

text: The musical premiered in London's West End at the Palace Theatre on May 18, 1961, and ran for 2,385 performances. It was directed by Jerome Whyte and used the original New York choreography, supervised by Joe Layton, and the original sets designed by Oliver Smith. The cast included Jean Bayless as Maria, followed by Sonia Rees, Roger Dann as Captain von Trapp, Constance Shacklock as Mother Abbess, Eunice Gayson as Elsa Schrader, Harold Kasket as Max Detweiler, Barbara Brown as Liesl, Nicholas Bennett as Rolf and Olive Gilbert as Sister Margaretta.[13]

text: 1981 London revival[edit]

text: In 1981, at producer Ross Taylor's urging, Petula Clark agreed to star in a revival of the show at the Apollo Victoria Theatre in London's West End. Michael Jayston played Captain von Trapp, Honor Blackman was the Baroness and June Bronhill the Mother Abbess. Other notable cast members included Helen Anker, John Bennett and Martina Grant.[14] Despite her misgivings that, at age 49, she was too old to play the role convincingly, Clark opened to unanimous rave reviews and the largest advance sale in the history of British theatre at that time. Maria von Trapp, who attended the opening night performance, described Clark as "the best" Maria ever. Clark extended her initial six-month contract to thirteen months. Playing to 101 percent of seating capacity, the show set the highest attendance figure for a single week (October 26–31, 1981) of any British musical production in history (as recorded in The Guinness Book of Theatre).[15] It was the first stage production to incorporate the two additional songs ("Something Good" and "I Have Confidence") that Richard Rodgers composed for the film version.[16] "My Favorite Things" had a similar context to the film version, while the short verse "A Bell is No Bell" was extended into a full-length song for Maria and the Mother Abbess. "The Lonely Goatherd" was set in a new scene at a village fair.

text: The cast recording of this production was the first to be recorded digitally. It was released on CD for the first time in 2010 by the UK label Pet Sounds and included two bonus tracks from the original single issued by Epic to promote the production.

text: 1998 Broadway revival[edit]

text: Director Susan H. Schulman staged the first Broadway revival of The Sound of Music, with Rebecca Luker as Maria and Michael Siberry as Captain von Trapp. It also featured Patti Cohenour as Mother Abbess, Jan Maxwell as Elsa Schrader, Fred Applegate as Max Detweiler, Dashiell Eaves as Rolf, Patricia Conolly as Frau Schmidt and Laura Benanti, in her Broadway debut, as Luker's understudy. Later, Luker and Siberry were replaced by Richard Chamberlain as the Captain and Benanti as Maria. Lou Taylor Pucci made his Broadway debut as the understudy for Kurt von Trapp. The production opened on March 12, 1998, at the Martin Beck Theatre, and closed on June 20, 1999, after 533 performances. This production was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Revival of a Musical.[17] It then toured in North America.

text: 2006 London revival[edit]

text: An Andrew Lloyd Webber production opened on November 15, 2006, at the London Palladium and ran until February 2009, produced by Live Nation's David Ian and Jeremy Sams. Following failed negotiations with Hollywood star Scarlett Johansson,[18] the role of Maria was cast through a UK talent search reality TV show called How Do You Solve a Problem like Maria? The talent show was produced by (and starred) Andrew Lloyd Webber and featured presenter/comedian Graham Norton and a judging panel of David Ian, John Barrowman and Zoe Tyler.

text: Connie Fisher was selected by public voting as the winner of the show. In early 2007, Fisher suffered from a heavy cold that prevented her from performing for two weeks. To prevent further disruptions, an alternate Maria, Aoife Mulholland, a fellow contestant on How Do You Solve a Problem like Maria?, played Maria on Monday evenings and Wednesday matinee performances. Simon Shepherd was originally cast as Captain von Trapp, but after two preview performances he was withdrawn from the production, and Alexander Hanson moved into the role in time for the official opening date along with Lesley Garrett as the Mother Abbess. After Garrett left, Margaret Preece took the role. The cast also featured Lauren Ward as the Baroness, Ian Gelder as Max, Sophie Bould as Liesl, and Neil McDermott as Rolf. Other notable replacements have included Simon Burke and Simon MacCorkindale as the Captain and newcomer Amy Lennox as Liesl. Summer Strallen replaced Fisher in February 2008, [19] with Mulholland portraying Maria on Monday evenings and Wednesday matinees.[20]

text: The revival received enthusiastic reviews, especially for Fisher, Preece, Bould and Garrett. A cast recording of the London Palladium cast was released.[21] The production closed on February 21, 2009, after a run of over two years[22] and was followed by a UK national tour, described below.

text: Other notable productions[edit]

text: The first Australian production opened at Melbourne's Princess Theatre in 1961 and ran for three years. The production was directed by Charles Hickman, with musical numbers staged by Ernest Parham. The cast included June Bronhill as Maria, Peter Graves as Captain von Trapp and Rosina Raisbeck as Mother Abbess. A touring company then played for years, with Vanessa Lee (Graves' wife) in the role of Maria. The cast recording made in 1961 was the first time a major overseas production featuring Australian artists was transferred to disc.[citation needed]

text: A Puerto Rican production, performed in English, opened at the Tapia Theatre in San Juan under the direction of Pablo Cabrera in 1966. It starred Camille Carrión as María and Raúl Dávila as Captain Von Trapp, and it featured a young Johanna Rosaly as Liesl. In 1968, the production transferred to the Teatro de la Zarzuela in Madrid, Spain, where it was performed in Spanish with Carrión reprising the role of María, Alfredo Mayo as Captain Von Trapp and Roberto Rey as Max.[citation needed]

text: In 1988, the Moon Troupe of Takarazuka Revue performed the musical at the Bow Hall (Takarazuka, Hyōgo). Harukaze Hitomi and Gou Mayuka starred.[23] A 1990 New York City Opera production, directed by Oscar Hammerstein II's son, James, featured Debby Boone as Maria, Laurence Guittard as Captain von Trapp, and Werner Klemperer as Max.[24] In the 1993 Stockholm production, Carola Häggkvist played Maria and Tommy Körberg played Captain von Trapp.[citation needed]

text: An Australian revival played in the Lyric Theatre, Sydney, New South Wales, from November 1999 to February 2000. Lisa McCune played Maria, John Waters was Captain von Trapp, Bert Newton was Max, Eilene Hannan was Mother Abbess, and Rachel Marley was Marta. This production was based on the 1998 Broadway revival staging.[25] The production then toured until February 2001, in Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth and Adelaide. Rachael Beck took over as Maria in Perth and Adelaide, and Rob Guest took over as Captain von Trapp in Perth.[26][27][28][29]

text: An Austrian production premiered in 2005 at the Volksoper Wien in German. It was directed and choreographed by Renaud Doucet. The cast included Sandra Pires as Maria, Kurt Schreibmayer and Michael Kraus as von Trapp, with Heidi Brunner as Mother Abbess. As of 2012, the production was still in the repertoire of the Volksoper with 12–20 performances per season.[30][31][32]

text: The Salzburg Marionette Theatre has toured extensively with their version that features the recorded voices of Broadway singers such as Christiane Noll as Maria.[33] The tour began in Dallas, Texas, in 2007[34] and continued in Salzburg in 2008.[35] The director is Richard Hamburger.[36] In 2010, the production was given in Paris, France, with dialogue in French and the songs in English.[citation needed] In 2008, a Brazilian production with Kiara Sasso as Maria and Herson Capri as the Captain played in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo,[37] and a Dutch production was mounted with Wieneke Remmers as Maria, directed by John Yost.[38]

text: Andrew Lloyd Webber, David Ian and David Mirvish presented The Sound of Music at the Princess of Wales Theatre in Toronto from 2008 to 2010. The role of Maria was chosen by the public through a television show, How Do You Solve a Problem Like Maria?, which was produced by Lloyd Webber and Ian and aired in mid-2008. Elicia MacKenzie won[39] and played the role six times a week, while the runner-up in the TV show, Janna Polzin, played Maria twice a week.[40] Captain von Trapp was played by Burke Moses. The show ran for more than 500 performances. It was Toronto's longest running revival ever.[41]

text: A UK tour began in 2009 and visited more than two dozen cities before ending in 2011. The original cast included Connie Fisher as Maria, Michael Praed as Captain von Trapp and Margaret Preece as the Mother Abbess. Kirsty Malpass was the alternate Maria.[42] Jason Donovan assumed the role of Captain Von Trapp, and Verity Rushworth took over as Maria, in early 2011. Lesley Garrett reprised her role as Mother Abbess for the tour's final engagement in Wimbledon in October 2011.

text: A production ran at the Ópera-Citi theater in Buenos Aires, Argentina in 2011. The cast included Laura Conforte as Maria and Diego Ramos as Captain Von Trapp.[43][44] A Spanish national tour began in November 2011 at the Auditorio de Tenerife in Santa Cruz de Tenerife in the Canary Islands. The tour visited 29 Spanish cities, spending one year in Madrid's Gran Vía at the Teatro Coliseum, and one season at the Tívoli Theatre in Barcelona. It was directed by Jaime Azpilicueta and starred Silvia Luchetti as Maria and Carlos J. Benito as Captain Von Trapp.[45]

text: A production was mounted at the Open Air Theatre, Regent's Park from July to September 2013.[46][47] It starred Charlotte Wakefield as Maria, with Michael Xavier as Captain von Trapp and Caroline Keiff as Elsa.[46] It received enthusiastic reviews and became the highest-grossing production ever at the theatre.[46] In 2014, the show was nominated for Best Musical Revival at the Laurence Olivier Awards and Wakefield was nominated for Best Actress in a Musical.[48]

text: A brief South Korean production played in 2014,[49] as did a South African production at the Artscape in Cape Town and at the Teatro at Montecasino based on Lloyd Webber and Ian’s London Palladium production.[citation needed] The same year, a Spanish language translation opened at Teatro de la Universidad in San Juan, under the direction of Edgar García. It starred Lourdes Robles as Maria and Braulio Castillo as Captain Von Trapp, with Dagmar as Elsa.[50] A production (in Thai: มนต์รักเพลงสวรรค์) ran at Muangthai ratchadalai Theatre, Bangkok, Thailand, in April 2015 in the Thai language. The production replaced the song "Ordinary couple" with "Something Good".[51][52][53]

text: A North American tour, directed by Jack O'Brien and choreographed by Danny Mefford, began at the Ahmanson Theatre in Los Angeles in September 2015. The tour is scheduled to run until at least July 2017.[54] Kerstin Anderson plays Maria, with Ben Davis as Capt. von Trapp and Ashley Brown as Mother Abess. The production has received warm reviews.[55]

text: A UK tour produced by Bill Kenwright began in 2015 and toured into 2016. It was directed by Martin Connor and starred Lucy O'Byrne as Maria.[56][57] A 2016 Australian tour of the Lloyd Webber production, directed by Sams, included stops in Sydney,[58] Brisbane, Melbourne and Adelaide. The cast included Cameron Daddo as Captain Von Trapp, Marina Prior as Baroness Schraeder and Lorraine Bayly as Frau Schmidt. The choreographer was Arlene Phillips.[59]

text: Film adaptation[edit]

text: On March 2, 1965, 20th Century Fox released a film adaption of the musical starring Julie Andrews as Maria Rainer and Christopher Plummer as Captain Georg von Trapp. It was produced and directed by Robert Wise with the screenplay adaption written by Ernest Lehman. Two songs were written by Rodgers specifically for the film, "I Have Confidence" and "Something Good". The film won five Oscars at the 38th Academy Awards, including Best Picture.

text: Television adaptations[edit]

text: A live televised production of the musical aired twice in December 2013 on NBC.[60] It was directed by Beth McCarthy-Miller and Rob Ashford.[61] Carrie Underwood starred as Maria Rainer, with Stephen Moyer as Captain von Trapp, Christian Borle as Max, Laura Benanti as Elsa, and Audra McDonald as the Mother Abbess.[62] The production was released on DVD the same month.[63]

text: A new version of the musical was broadcast live on ITV in the UK on December 20, 2015. It starred Kara Tointon as Maria, Julian Ovenden as Captain von Trapp, Katherine Kelly as Baroness Schraeder and Alexander Armstrong as Max.[64]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Most reviews of the original Broadway production were favorable. Richard Watts, Jr. of the New York Post stated that the show had "strangely gentle charm that is wonderfully endearing. The Sound of Music strives for nothing in the way of smash effects, substituting instead a kind of gracious and unpretentious simplicity."[65] The New York World-Telegram and Sun pronounced The Sound of Music "the loveliest musical imaginable. It places Rodgers and Hammerstein back in top form as melodist and lyricist. The Lindsay-Crouse dialogue is vibrant and amusing in a plot that rises to genuine excitement."[65] The New York Journal American's review opined that The Sound of Music is "the most mature product of the team ... it seemed to me to be the full ripening of these two extraordinary talents".[65]

text: Brooks Atkinson of The New York Times gave a mixed assessment. He praised Mary Martin's performance, saying "she still has the same common touch ... same sharp features, goodwill, and glowing personality that makes music sound intimate and familiar" and stated that "the best of the Sound of Music is Rodgers and Hammerstein in good form". However, he said, the libretto "has the hackneyed look of the musical theatre replaced with Oklahoma! in 1943. It is disappointing to see the American musical stage succumbing to the clichés of operetta."[65] Walter Kerr's review in the New York Herald Tribune was unfavorable: "Before The Sound of Music is halfway through its promising chores it becomes not only too sweet for words but almost too sweet for music", stating that the "evening suffer(s) from little children".[65]

text: Cast recordings[edit]

text: Columbia Masterworks recorded the original Broadway cast album a week after the show's 1959 opening. The album was the label's first deluxe package in a gatefold jacket, priced $1 higher than previous cast albums. It was #1 on Billboard's best-selling albums chart for 16 weeks in 1960.[66] It was released on CD from Sony in the Columbia Broadway Masterworks series.[67] In 1959, singer Patti Page recorded the title song from the show for Mercury Records[68] on the day that the musical opened on Broadway. Since it was recorded a week before the original Broadway cast album, Page was the first artist to record any song from the musical. She featured the song on her TV show, The Patti Page Olds Show, helping to popularize the musical.[citation needed] The 1960 London production was recorded by EMI and was issued on CD on the Broadway Angel Label.[69]

text: The 1965 film soundtrack was released by RCA Victor and is one of the most successful soundtrack albums in history, having sold over 20 million copies worldwide.[70][71] Recent CD editions incorporate musical material from the film that would not fit on the original LP. The label has also issued the soundtrack in German, Italian, Spanish and French editions.[citation needed] RCA Victor also released an album of the 1998 Broadway revival produced by Hallmark Entertainment and featuring the full revival cast, including Rebecca Luker, Michael Siberry, Jan Maxwell and Fred Applegate.[72] The Telarc label made a studio cast recording of The Sound of Music, with the Cincinnati Pops Orchestra conducted by Erich Kunzel (1987). The lead roles went to opera stars: Frederica von Stade as Maria, Håkan Hagegård as Captain von Trapp, and Eileen Farrell as the Mother Abbess.[16] The recording "includes both the two new songs written for the film version and the three Broadway songs they replace, as well as a previously unrecorded verse of "An Ordinary Couple"".[73] The 2006 London revival was recorded and has been released on the Decca Broadway label.[74] There have been numerous studio cast albums and foreign cast albums issued, though many have only received regional distribution. According to the cast album database, there are 62 recordings of the score that have been issued over the years.[75]

text: The soundtrack from the 2013 NBC television production starring Carrie Underwood and Stephen Moyer was released on CD and digital download in December 2013 on the Sony Masterworks label. Also featured on the album are Audra McDonald, Laura Benanti and Christian Borle.[76]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: Original Broadway production[edit]

text:
Year
Award ceremony
Category
Nominee
Result

1960
Tony Award
Best Musical
Won

Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical
Mary Martin
Won

Best Featured Actor in a Musical
Theodore Bikel
Nominated

Kurt Kasznar
Nominated

Best Featured Actress in a Musical
Patricia Neway
Won

Kathy Dunn, Lauri Peters, Mary Susan Locke, Marilyn Rogers, Evanna Lien, William Snowden, and Joseph Stewart
Nominated

Best Direction of a Musical
Vincent J. Donehue
Nominated

Best Conductor and Musical Director
Frederick Dvonch
Won

Best Scenic Design of a Musical
Oliver Smith
Won

Theatre World Award
Lauri Peters
Won

1967
Outer Critics Circle
Special Award
Constance Towers
Won

text: 1998 Broadway Revival[edit]

text:
Year
Award ceremony
Category
Nominee
Result

1998
Tony Award
Best Revival of a Musical
Nominated

Drama Desk Award
Outstanding Orchestrations
Bruce Coughlin
Nominated

Outer Critics Circle Award
Outstanding Revival of a Musical
Nominated

Outstanding Actress in a Musical
Rebecca Luker
Nominated

Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical
Jan Maxwell
Nominated

Outstanding Set Design
Heidi Ettinger
Nominated

Drama League Award
Distinguished Production of a Revival
Nominated

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ "Sound of Music: The Forgotten Maria". LIFE.com.
Jump up ^ Nolan, 244
Jump up ^ "The Sound of Music :: Rodgers & Hammerstein Organization :: Show Details". The Rodgers & Hammerstein Organization. Archived from the original on May 21, 2011. Retrieved May 19, 2011.  (Show History section)
Jump up ^ Gearin, Joan. Movie vs. Reality: The Real Story of the von Trapp Family, Prologue magazine, Winter 2005, Vol. 37, No. 4, National Archives and Records Administration
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tag: ol


document_title: Bobby Jones: Stroke of Genius

question_text: where was bobby jones stroke of genius filmed

text: Bobby Jones: Stroke of Genius

text: Plot[edit]

text: This article needs an improved plot summary. (October 2015)

text: In 1936, golfer Bobby Jones, while traveling to the Olympics in Berlin, makes a stop in Scotland to visit the Old Course at St. Andrews. Anxious about his reception, he is warmly welcomed by many spectators, some of whom have closed their local shops for the day to watch him play.

text: The scene changes to Atlanta, Georgia, where Jones, a young boy, observes his father "Colonel" Jones playing golf, poorly. The more young Bobby watches, the more he emulates the better players he sees, such as Stewart Maiden, a club professional originally from Scotland. By the time he is 14, Jones wins the 1916 Georgia State Amateur Championship and makes the quarterfinals of the U.S. Amateur that same year. Notable sportswriters of the era such as O.B. Keeler and Grantland Rice take a keen interest in him.

text: With World War I coming to an end, Jones participates in war-relief matches with several famous golfers such as the colorful Walter Hagen, who eventually becomes Bobby's chief rival on the course. He also attends Georgia Tech, where he receives a diploma and meets Mary Malone, whom he ultimately marries. Despite his great skill as a golfer, he also has a hot temper that affects his game and reputation. His first time at St. Andrews, in 1921, Jones walks off the course after 11 holes of the third round, expressing his dislike for the course. His idol Harry Vardon, who would win The Open Championship six times during his career, cautions Bobby never to quit, particularly at St. Andrews, which he considers the greatest golf course of all.

text: In 1923, Jones finally overcomes his temper troubles and wins his first major championship at the U.S. Open, defeating Bobby Cruickshank in a playoff. In the following years, great success follows as Bobby wins 2 more U.S. Opens, 4 U.S. Amateurs, and 2 Open Championships through 1929. During that timeframe, Jones attends Harvard College and later Emory University School of Law, becoming a lawyer by profession (which was his grandfather's wish), never turning professional as a golfer. By 1930, Jones begins to lose interest in tournament golf. He tells Mary his final goal is to win all 4 majors in the same year and will then retire. That year, Jones accomplishes that goal, becoming the first and still only golfer to win the calendar Grand Slam. Soon after, Bobby keeps his word and he shocks the sports world by retiring from tournament golf at only 28 years old.

text: A title card reveals that after retirement, Jones would continue to make contributions to the game of golf such as founding the Augusta National Golf Club and The Masters. He served in the United States Air Forces during World War II. In 1948, Jones was diagnosed with syringomyelia which crippled him for the rest of his life until his death in 1971.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Jim Caviezel – Robert Tyre "Bobby" Jones, Jr.

Devon Gearhart – young Bobby
Bubba Lewis – teenage Bobby

Claire Forlani – Mary Malone Jones
Jeremy Northam – Walter Hagen
Malcolm McDowell – O.B. Keeler
Aidan Quinn – Harry Vardon
Brett Rice – Big Bob Jones
Connie Ray – Clara Jones
Dan Albright – Grandfather Jones
Paul Freeman – Angus
Alistair Begg – Stewart Maiden
Hilton McRae – Jimmy Maiden
Elizabeth Omilami – Camilla
Brian F. Durkin – Perry Adair
John Shepherd – Bob Woodruff
Happy Lashelle – Nell Woodruff
Allen O'Reilly – Grantland Rice
Robert Pralgo – Reporter
Wilbur Fitzgerald – Megaphone Golf Official
Ian Birse – The Monobrow

text: Production[edit]

text: The film was shot in multiple locations, including Southern California, Georgia: Agnes Scott College, Decatur, GA, East Lake Golf Club, Castleberry Hill, Covington, Griffin; and Scotland and St. Andrews, Fife.[citation needed]

text: Release[edit]

text: Box office performance[edit]

text: The film was a commercial failure, with an opening weekend gross of $1.2 million and $2,707,913 overall,[3] against a production cost of $20 million.[2]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The film received negative reviews with a 26% rating on Rotten Tomatoes.[4] On Metacritic, which uses an average of critics' reviews, the film has a 45/100 rating, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[5]


document_title: Grammy Award for Best Rock Song

question_text: who won rock song of the year 2017

question_tokens: who won rock song of the year 2017

text: Grammy Award for Best Rock Song

text: Recipients[edit]

text:
Year
Songwriter(s)
Title
Artist(s)[I]
Nominees
(Performer(s) in parenthesis)[II]
Ref.

1992
Sting
The Soul Cages !"The Soul Cages"
Sting

Bryan Adams, Robert Lange – "Can't Stop This Thing We Started" (Bryan Adams)
Eric Avery, Perry Farrell – "Been Caught Stealing" (Jane's Addiction)
Kirk Hammett, James Hetfield, Lars Ulrich – "Enter Sandman" (Metallica)
Tom Petty – "Learning to Fly" (Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers)
Chris DeGarmo – "Silent Lucidity" (Queensrÿche)

[4]

1993
Clapton, EricEric Clapton
Jim Gordon
Layla !"Layla" (Unplugged version)
Clapton, EricEric Clapton

Peter Gabriel – "Digging in the Dirt" (Peter Gabriel)
Kurt Cobain – "Smells Like Teen Spirit" (Nirvana)
Eddie Vedder, Jeff Ament – "Jeremy" (Pearl Jam)
Bruce Springsteen – "Human Touch" (Bruce Springsteen)

[5]

1994
Pirner, DaveDave Pirner
Runaway Train !"Runaway Train"
Soul Asylum

Steven Tyler, Joe Perry, Taylor Rhodes – "Cryin'" (Aerosmith)
Tyler, Perry, Mark Hudson – "Livin' on the Edge" (Aerosmith)
Lenny Kravitz, Craig Ross – "Are You Gonna Go My Way" (Lenny Kravitz)
Jim Steinman – "I'd Do Anything for Love (But I Won't Do That)" (Meat Loaf)

[6]

1995
Springsteen, BruceBruce Springsteen
Streets of Philadelphia !"Streets of Philadelphia"
Springsteen, BruceBruce Springsteen

Melissa Etheridge – "Come to My Window" (Melissa Etheridge)
Etheridge – "I'm the Only One" (Melissa Etheridge)
Kurt Cobain – "All Apologies" (Nirvana)
Chris Cornell – "Black Hole Sun" (Soundgarden)

[7]

1996
Morissette, AlanisAlanis Morissette
Glen Ballard
You Oughta Know !"You Oughta Know"
Morissette, AlanisAlanis Morissette

Bob Dylan – "Dignity" (Bob Dylan)
Trent Reznor – "Hurt" (Nine Inch Nails)
Bono – "Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me" (U2)
Neil Young – "Downtown" (Neil Young)

[8]

1997
Chapman, TracyTracy Chapman
Give Me One Reason !"Give Me One Reason"
Chapman, TracyTracy Chapman

Dave Matthews Band – "Too Much" (Dave Matthews Band)
Garbage – "Stupid Girl" (Garbage)
John Hiatt – "Cry Love" (John Hiatt)
Noel Gallagher – "Wonderwall" (Oasis)
Jakob Dylan – "6th Avenue Heartache" (The Wallflowers)

[9]

1998
Dylan, JakobJakob Dylan
One Headlight !"One Headlight"
The Wallflowers

Fiona Apple – "Criminal" (Fiona Apple)
Meredith Brooks, Shelly Peiken) – "Bitch" (Meredith Brooks)
Dave Matthews – "Crash into Me" (Dave Matthews Band)
Jakob Dylan – "The Difference" (The Wallflowers)

[10]

1999
Morissette, AlanisAlanis Morissette
Uninvited !"Uninvited"
Morissette, AlanisAlanis Morissette

John Hiatt – "Have a Little Faith in Me" (John Hiatt)
Billy Corgan, Eric Erlandson, Courtney Love – "Celebrity Skin" (Hole)
Dan Wilson – "Closing Time" (Semisonic)
Richard Ashcroft, Mick Jagger, Keith Richards – "Bitter Sweet Symphony" (The Verve)

[11]

2000
Red Hot Chili Peppers
Scar Tissue !"Scar Tissue"
Red Hot Chili Peppers

Melissa Etheridge, John Shanks – "Angels Would Fall" (Melissa Etheridge)
Garbage – "Special" (Garbage)
Tom Petty – "Room at the Top" (Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers)
Bruce Springsteen – "The Promise" (Bruce Springsteen)

[12]

2001
Stapp, ScottScott Stapp
Mark Tremonti
With Arms Wide Open !"With Arms Wide Open"
Creed

Brad Arnold, Todd Harrell, Matt Roberts – "Kryptonite" (3 Doors Down)
Lenny Kravitz – "Again" (Lenny Kravitz)
Rob Thomas – "Bent" (Matchbox Twenty)
Flea, John Frusciante, Anthony Kiedis, Chad Smith – "Californication" (Red Hot Chili Peppers)

[13]

2002
Train
Drops of Jupiter !"Drops of Jupiter (Tell Me)"
Train

Marti Frederiksen, Steven Tyler – "Jaded" (Aerosmith)
Guy Berryman, Jonny Buckland, Will Champion, Chris Martin – "Yellow" (Coldplay)
U2 – "Elevation" (U2)
U2 – "Walk On" (U2)

[14]

2003
Springsteen, BruceBruce Springsteen
The Rising !"The Rising"
Springsteen, BruceBruce Springsteen

Brad Arnold, Todd Harrell, Chris Henderson, Matt Roberts – "When I'm Gone" (3 Doors Down)
Foo Fighters – "All My Life" (Foo Fighters)
Sully Erna – "I Stand Alone" (Godsmack)
Chad Kroeger – "Hero" (Chad Kroeger featuring Josey Scott)

[15]

2004
White, JackJack White
Seven Nation Army !"Seven Nation Army"
The White Stripes

David Hodges, Amy Lee, Ben Moody – "Bring Me to Life" (Evanescence)
Chad Kroeger, Mike Kroeger, Ryan Peake, Ryan Vikedal – "Someday" (Nickelback)
Jorge Calderón, Warren Zevon – "Disorder in the House" (Bruce Springsteen & Warren Zevon)
Charlie Colin, Patrick Monahan, Jimmy Stafford, Scott Underwood – "Calling All Angels" (Train)

[16]

2005
U2
Vertigo !"Vertigo"
U2

Billie Joe Armstrong, Mike Dirnt, Tré Cool – "American Idiot" (Green Day)
Brandon Flowers, Dave Keuning, Mark Stoermer, Ronnie Vannucci Jr. – "Somebody Told Me" (The Killers)
Isaac Brock, Dann Gallucci, Eric Judy, Benjamin Weikel – "Float On" (Modest Mouse)
Duff, Dave Kushner, Slash, Matt Sorum, Scott Weiland – "Fall to Pieces" (Velvet Revolver)

[17]

2006
U2
City of Blinding Lights !"City of Blinding Lights"
U2

Guy Berryman, Jonny Buckland, Will Champion, Chris Martin – "Speed of Sound" (Coldplay)
Foo Fighters – "Best of You" (Foo Fighters)
Bruce Springsteen – "Devils & Dust" (Bruce Springsteen)
Rivers Cuomo – "Beverly Hills" (Weezer)

[18]

2007
Red Hot Chili Peppers
Dani California !"Dani California"
Red Hot Chili Peppers

Bob Dylan – "Someday Baby" (Bob Dylan)
Brandon Flowers, Dave Keuning, Mark Stoermer, Ronnie Vannucci Jr. – "When You Were Young" (The Killers)
Nathan Connolly, Gary Lightbody, Jonny Quinn, Tom Simpson – "Chasing Cars" (Snow Patrol)
Neil Young – "Lookin' for a Leader" (Neil Young)

[19]

2008
Springsteen, BruceBruce Springsteen
Radio Nowhere !"Radio Nowhere"
Springsteen, BruceBruce Springsteen

Chris Daughtry, Gregg Wattenberg, Mark Wilkerson, Brett Young – "It's Not Over" (Daughtry)
Dave Grohl, Taylor Hawkins, Nate Mendel, Chris Shiflett – "The Pretender" (Foo Fighters)
Jack White – "Icky Thump" (The White Stripes)
Lucinda Williams – "Come On" (Lucinda Williams)

[20]

2009
Springsteen, BruceBruce Springsteen
Girls in Their Summer Clothes !"Girls in Their Summer Clothes"
Springsteen, BruceBruce Springsteen

Guy Berryman, Jonny Buckland, Will Champion, Chris Martin – "Violet Hill" (Coldplay)
Ben Gibbard, Nick Harmer, Jason McGerr, Chris Walla– "I Will Possess Your Heart" (Death Cab for Cutie)
Kings of Leon – "Sex on Fire" (Kings of Leon)
Radiohead – "House of Cards" (Radiohead)

[21]

2010
Kings of Leon
Use Somebody !"Use Somebody"
Kings of Leon

Billie Joe Armstrong, Mike Dirnt, Tré Cool – "21 Guns" (Green Day)
Matt Cameron, Stone Gossard, Mike McCready, Eddie Vedder – "The Fixer" (Pearl Jam)
Bruce Springsteen – "Working on a Dream" (Bruce Springsteen)
Bono, Adam Clayton, The Edge, Larry Mullen, Jr. – "I'll Go Crazy If I Don't Go Crazy Tonight" (U2)

[22]

2011
Young, NeilNeil Young
Angry World !"Angry World"
Neil Young

Dan Auerbach, Patrick Carney – "Tighten Up" (The Black Keys)
Caleb Followill, Jared Followill, Matthew Followill, Nathan Followill – "Radioactive" (Kings of Leon)
Ted Dwane, Ben Lovett, Marcus Mumford, "Country" Winston Marshall – "Little Lion Man" (Mumford & Sons)
Matthew Bellamy – "Resistance" (Muse)

[23]

2012
Foo Fighters
"Walk"
Foo Fighters

Guy Berryman, Jonny Buckland, Will Champion, Chris Martin – "Every Teardrop Is a Waterfall" (Coldplay)
Ted Dwane, Ben Lovett, Marcus Mumford & Country Winston – "The Cave" (Mumford & Sons)
Colin Meloy – "Down by the Water" (The Decemberists)
Colin Greenwood, Jonny Greenwood, Ed O'Brien, Phil Selway & Thom Yorke – "Lotus Flower" (Radiohead)

2013
The Black Keys
Brian Burton
"Lonely Boy"
The Black Keys

Matthew Bellamy – "Madness" (Muse)
Ted Dwane, Ben Lovett, Winston Marshall, & Marcus Mumford – "I Will Wait" (Mumford & Sons)
Bruce Springsteen – "We Take Care of Our Own" (Bruce Springsteen)
Jack White – "Freedom at 21" (Jack White)

2014
Dave Grohl
Paul McCartney
Krist Novoselic
Pat Smear
"Cut Me Some Slack"
Paul McCartney, Dave Grohl, Krist Novoselic & Pat Smear

Matthew Bellamy – "Panic Station" (Muse)
Geezer Butler, Tony Iommi & Ozzy Osbourne – "God Is Dead?" (Black Sabbath)
Gary Clark, Jr. – "Ain't Messin 'Round" (Gary Clark, Jr.)
Mick Jagger & Keith Richards – "Doom and Gloom" (The Rolling Stones)

2015
Hayley Williams
Taylor York
"Ain't It Fun"
Paramore

Ryan Adams – "Gimme Something Good" (Ryan Adams)
Dan Auerbach, Brian Burton & Patrick Carney – "Fever" (The Black Keys)
Beck Hansen – "Blue Moon" (Beck)
Jack White – "Lazaretto" (Jack White)

[24]

2016
Alabama Shakes
"Don't Wanna Fight"
Alabama Shakes

Dave Bassett & Elle King – "Ex's & Oh's" (Elle King)
Iain Archer & James Bay – "Hold Back the River" (James Bay)
Richard Meyer, Ryan Meyer & Johnny Stevens – "Lydia" (Highly Suspect)
John Hill, Tom Hull & Florence Welch – "What Kind of Man" (Florence + the Machine)

[23]

2017
David Bowie
"Blackstar"
David Bowie

Radiohead – "Burn the Witch" (Radiohead)
James Hetfield & Lars Ulrich – "Hardwired" (Metallica)
Tyler Joseph – "Heathens" (Twenty One Pilots)
Richard Meyer, Ryan Meyer & Johnny Stevens – "My Name Is Human" (Highly Suspect)

[23]

2018
Dave Grohl, Taylor Hawkins, Nate Mendel, Pat Smear & Chris Shiflett
"Run"
Foo Fighters

James Hetfield & Lars Ulrich – "Atlas, Rise!" (Metallica)
Kristine Flaherty & Justin Daly – "Blood In the Cut" (K.Flay)
Nothing More – "Go to War" (Nothing More)
Avenged Sevenfold – "The Stage" (Avenged Sevenfold)

[25]

text:
^[I] The performing artist is only listed but does not receive the award.
^[II] Showing the name of the songwriter(s), the nominated song and in parentheses the performer's name(s).


document_title: New York City draft riots

question_text: who suffered the most during the draft riots in new york in 1863

text: New York City draft riots

text: Background[edit]

text: New York's economy was tied to the South; by 1822 nearly half of its exports were cotton shipments.[10] In addition, upstate textile mills processed cotton in manufacturing. New York had such strong business connections to the South that on January 7, 1861, Mayor Fernando Wood, a Democrat, called on the city's Board of Aldermen to "declare the city's independence from Albany and from Washington"; he said it "would have the whole and united support of the Southern States."[11] When the Union entered the war, New York City had many sympathizers with the South.[12]

text: The city was also a continuing destination of immigrants. Since the 1840s, most were from Ireland and Germany. In 1860, nearly 25 percent of the New York City population was German-born, and many did not speak English. During the 1840s and 1850s, journalists had published sensational accounts, directed at the white working class, dramatizing the "evils" of interracial socializing, relationships, and marriages. Reformers joined the effort.[9] Newspapers carried derogatory portrayals of black people and ridiculed "black aspirations for equal rights in voting, education, and employment". Pseudo-scientific lectures on phrenology were popular, although countered by doctors.[12] At the time, some areas of the city, such as Lower Manhattan, had mixed populations of residents.

text: The Democratic Party Tammany Hall political machine had been working to enroll immigrants as U.S. citizens so they could vote in local elections and had strongly recruited Irish, most of whom already spoke English. In March 1863, with the war continuing, Congress passed the Enrollment Act to establish a draft for the first time, as more troops were needed. In New York City and other locations, new citizens learned they were expected to register for the draft to fight for their new country. Black men were excluded from the draft as they were largely not considered citizens, and wealthier white men could pay for substitutes.[9]

text: New York political offices, including the mayor, were historically held by Democrats before the war, but the election of Abraham Lincoln as president had demonstrated the rise in Republican political power nationally. Newly-elected New York City Republican Mayor George Opdyke was mired in profiteering scandals in the months leading up to the riots. The Emancipation Proclamation of January 1863 alarmed much of the white working class in New York, who feared that freed slaves would migrate to the city and add further competition to the labor market. There had already been tensions between black and white workers since the 1850s, particularly at the docks, with free blacks and immigrants competing for low-wage jobs in the city. In March 1863, white longshoremen refused to work with black laborers and rioted, attacking 200 black men.[9]

text: Riots[edit]

text: Monday[edit]

text: There were reports of rioting in Buffalo, New York, and certain other cities, but the first drawing of draft numbers—on July 11, 1863—occurred peaceably in Manhattan. The second drawing was held on Monday, July 13, 1863, ten days after the Union victory at Gettysburg. At 10 a.m., a furious crowd of around 500, led by the volunteer firemen of Engine Company 33 (known as the "Black Joke"), attacked the assistant Ninth District provost marshal's office, at Third Avenue and 47th Street, where the draft was taking place.[13]

text: The crowd threw large paving stones through windows, burst through the doors, and set the building ablaze.[14] When the fire department responded, rioters broke up their vehicles. Others killed horses that were pulling streetcars and smashed the cars. To prevent other parts of the city being notified of the riot, they cut telegraph lines.[13]

text: Since the New York State Militia had been sent to assist Union troops at Gettysburg, the local New York Metropolitan Police Department was the only force on hand to try to suppress the riots.[14] Police Superintendent John Kennedy arrived at the site on Monday to check on the situation. Although not in uniform, people in the mob recognized him and attacked him. Kennedy was left nearly unconscious, his face bruised and cut, his eye injured, his lips swollen, and his hand cut with a knife. He had been beaten to a mass of bruises and blood all over his body.[3]

text: Police drew their clubs and revolvers and charged the crowd but were overpowered.[15] The police were badly outnumbered and unable to quell the riots, but they kept the rioting out of Lower Manhattan below Union Square.[3] Immigrants and others in the "Bloody Sixth" Ward, around the South Street Seaport and Five Points areas, refrained from involvement in the rioting.[16]

text: The Bull's Head hotel on 44th Street, which refused to provide alcohol to the mob, was burned. The mayor's residence on Fifth Avenue, the Eighth and Fifth District police stations, and other buildings were attacked and set on fire. Other targets included the office of the New York Times. The mob was turned back at the Times office by staff manning Gatling guns, including Times founder Henry Jarvis Raymond.[17] Fire engine companies responded, but some firefighters were sympathetic to the rioters because they had also been drafted on Saturday.[15] Later in the afternoon, authorities shot and killed a man as a crowd attacked the armory at Second Avenue and 21st Street. The mob broke all the windows with paving stones ripped from the street.[13] The mob beat, tortured and/or killed numerous black people, including one man who was attacked by a crowd of 400 with clubs and paving stones, then lynched, hanged from a tree and set alight.[13]

text: The Colored Orphan Asylum at 43rd Street and Fifth Avenue, a "symbol of white charity to blacks and of black upward mobility"[9] that provided shelter for 233 children, was attacked by a mob at around 4 p.m. A mob of several thousand, including many women and children, looted the building of its food and supplies. However, the police were able to secure the orphanage for enough time to allow the orphans to escape before the building burned down.[18] Throughout the areas of rioting, mobs attacked and killed at least 120 black people and destroyed their known homes and businesses, such as James McCune Smith's pharmacy at 93 West Broadway, believed to be the first owned by a black man in the United States.[9]

text: Near the midtown docks, tensions brewing since the mid-1850s boiled over. As recently as March 1863, white employers had hired black longshoremen, with whom Irish men refused to work. Rioters went into the streets in search of "all the negro porters, cartmen and laborers ..." to attempt to remove all evidence of a black and interracial social life from the area near the docks. White dockworkers attacked and destroyed brothels, dance halls, boarding houses, and tenements that catered to black people. Mobs stripped the clothing off the white owners of these businesses.[9]

text: Tuesday[edit]

text: Heavy rain fell on Monday night, helping to abate the fires and sending rioters home, but the crowds returned the next day. Rioters burned down the home of Abby Gibbons, a prison reformer and the daughter of abolitionist Isaac Hopper. They also attacked white "amalgamationists", such as Ann Derrickson and Ann Martin, two white women who were married to black men, and Mary Burke, a white prostitute who catered to black men.[9][19]

text: Governor Horatio Seymour arrived on Tuesday and spoke at City Hall, where he attempted to assuage the crowd by proclaiming that the Conscription Act was unconstitutional. General John E. Wool, commander of the Eastern District, brought approximately 800 soldiers and Marines in from forts in New York Harbor, West Point, and the Brooklyn Navy Yard. He ordered the militias to return to New York.[15]

text: Wednesday and Thursday: order restored[edit]

text: The situation improved on Wednesday, when assistant provost-marshal-general Robert Nugent received word from his superior officer, Colonel James Barnet Fry, to postpone the draft. As this news appeared in newspapers, some rioters stayed home. But some of the militias began to return and used harsh measures against the remaining mobs.[15]

text: Order began to be restored on Thursday. The New York State Militia and some federal troops were returned to New York, including the 152nd New York Volunteers, the 26th Michigan Volunteers, the 27th Indiana Volunteers and the 7th Regiment New York State Militia from Frederick, Maryland, after a forced march. In addition, the governor sent in the 74th and 65th regiments of the New York State Militia, which had not been in federal service, and a section of the 20th Independent Battery, New York Volunteer Artillery from Fort Schuyler in Throggs Neck. The New York State Militia units were the first to arrive. By July 16, there were several thousand Federal troops in the city.[8]

text: A final confrontation occurred on Thursday evening near Gramercy Park. According to Adrian Cook, twelve people died on the last day of the riots in skirmishes between rioters, the police, and the Army, including one African American, two soldiers, a bystander, and two women.[20]

text: The New York Times reported on Thursday that Plug Uglies and Blood Tubs gang members from Baltimore, as well as "Scuykill Rangers [sic] and other rowdies of Philadelphia", had come to New York during the unrest to participate in the riots alongside the Dead Rabbits and "Mackerelvillers". The Times editorialized that "the scoundrels cannot afford to miss this golden opportunity of indulging their brutal natures, and at the same time serving their colleagues the Copperheads and secesh [secessionist] sympathizers."[21]

text: Aftermath[edit]

text: The exact death toll during the New York Draft Riots is unknown, but according to historian James M. McPherson, 119 or 120 people were killed, most of them were black. In all, eleven black men were hanged over five days. The riots forced hundreds of black people to flee the city.[22] Violence by longshoremen against black men was especially fierce in the docks area.[9]

text: The most reliable estimates indicate at least 2,000 people were injured. Herbert Asbury, the author of the 1928 book Gangs of New York, upon which the 2002 film was based, puts the figure much higher, at 2,000 killed and 8,000 wounded,[23] but it is not widely accepted.[24] Total property damage was about $1–5 million ($19.9 million – $99.4 million, adjusted for inflation).[23][25] The city treasury later indemnified one-quarter of the amount.

text: Historian Samuel Eliot Morison wrote that the riots were "equivalent to a Confederate victory".[25] Fifty buildings, including two Protestant churches and the Colored Orphan Asylum, were burned to the ground. During the riots, landlords, fearing that the mob would destroy their buildings, drove black residents from their homes. As a result of the violence against them, hundreds of black people left New York, including physician James McCune Smith and his family, moving to Williamsburg, Brooklyn or New Jersey.[9]

text: The white elite in New York organized to provide relief to black riot victims, helping them find new work and homes. The Union League Club and the Committee of Merchants for the Relief of Colored People provided nearly $40,000 to 2,500 victims of the riots. By 1865 the black population in the city had dropped to under 10,000, the lowest since 1820. The white working-class riots had changed the demographics of the city, and white residents exerted their control in the workplace; they became "unequivocally divided" from the black population.[9]

text: On August 19, the government resumed the draft in New York. It was completed within 10 days without further incident. Fewer men were drafted than had been feared by the working class: of the 750,000 selected nationwide for conscription, only about 45,000 were sent into active duty.[26]

text: While the rioting mainly involved the working class, middle and upper-class New Yorkers had split sentiments on the draft and use of federal power or martial law to enforce it. Many wealthy Democratic businessmen sought to have the draft declared unconstitutional. Tammany Democrats did not seek to have the draft declared unconstitutional, but they helped pay the commutation fees for those who were drafted.[27]

text: In December 1863, the Union League Club recruited more than 2,000 black soldiers, outfitted and trained them, honoring and sending men off with a parade through the city to the Hudson River docks in March 1864. A crowd of 100,000 watched the procession, which was led by police and members of the Union League Club.[9][28][29]

text: New York's support for the Union cause continued, however grudgingly, and gradually Southern sympathies declined in the city. New York banks eventually financed the Civil War, and the state's industries were more productive than those of the entire Confederacy. By the end of the war, more than 450,000 soldiers, sailors, and militia had enlisted from New York State, which was the most populous state at the time. A total of 46,000 military men from New York State died during the war, more from disease than wounds, as was typical of most combatants.[11]

text: Order of battle[edit]

text: New York Metropolitan Police Department[edit]

text:
New York Metropolitan Police Department under the command of Superintendent John A. Kennedy.
Commissioners Thomas Coxon Acton and John G. Bergen took command when Kennedy was seriously injured by a mob during the early stages of the riots.[30]
Of the NYPD Officers-there were four fatalities-1 killed and 3 died of injuries[31]

text:
Precinct
Commander
Location
Strength
Notes

1st Precinct
Captain Jacob B. Warlow
29 Broad Street
4 Sergeants, 63 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen

2nd Precinct
Captain Nathaniel R. Mills
49 Beekman Street
4 Sergeants, 60 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen

3rd Precinct
Captain James Greer
160 Chambers Street
3 Sergeants, 64 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen

4th Precinct
Captain James Bryan
9 Oak Street
4 Sergeants, 70 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen

5th Precinct
Captain Jeremiah Petty
49 Leonard Street
4 Sergeants, 61 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen

6th Precinct
Captain John Jourdan
9 Franklin Street
4 Sergeants, 63 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen

7th Precinct
Captain William Jamieson
247 Madison Street
4 Sergeants, 52 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen

8th Precinct
Captain Morris DeCamp
126 Wooster Street
4 Sergeants, 52 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen

9th Precinct
Captain Jacob L. Sebring
94 Charles Street
4 Sergeants, 51 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen

10th Precinct
Captain Thaddeus C. Davis
Essex Market
4 Sergeants, 62 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen

11th Precinct
Captain John I. Mount
Union Market
4 Sergeants, 56 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen

12th Precinct
Captain Theron R. Bennett
126th Street (near Third Avenue)
5 Sergeants, 41 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen

13th Precinct
Captain Thomas Steers
Attorney Street (at corner of Delancey Street)
4 Sergeants, 63 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen

14th Precinct
Captain John J. Williamson
53 Spring Street
4 Sergeants, 58 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen

15th Precinct
Captain Charles W. Caffery
220 Mercer Street
4 Sergeants, 69 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen

16th Precinct
Captain Henry Hedden
156 West 20th Street
4 Sergeants, 50 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen

17th Precinct
Captain Samuel Brower
First Avenue (at the corner of Fifth Street)
4 Sergeants, 56 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen

18th Precinct
Captain John Cameron
22nd Street (near Second Avenue)
4 Sergeants, 74 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen

19th Precinct
Captain Galen T. Porter
59th Street (near Third Avenue)
4 Sergeants, 49 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen

20th Precinct
Captain George W. Walling
212 West 35th Street
4 Sergeants, 59 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen

21st Precinct
Sergeant Cornelius Burdick (acting Captain)
120 East 31st Street
4 Sergeants, 51 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen

22nd Precinct
Captain Johannes C. Slott
47th Street (between Eighth and Ninth Avenues)
4 Sergeants, 54 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen

23rd Precinct
Captain Henry Hutchings
86th Street (near Fourth Avenue)
4 Sergeants, 42 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen

24th Precinct
Captain James Todd
New York waterfront
2 Sergeants and 20 Patrolmen
Headquartered on Police Steamboat No. 1

25th Precinct
Captain Theron Copeland
300 Mulberry Street
1 Sergeant, 38 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen
Headquarters of the Broadway Squad.

26th Precinct
Captain Thomas W. Thorne
City Hall
1 Sergeant, 66 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen

27th Precinct
Captain John C. Helme
117 Cedar Street
4 Sergeants, 52 Patrolmen, and 3 Doormen

28th Precinct
Captain John F. Dickson
550 Greenwich Street
4 Sergeants, 48 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen

29th Precinct
Captain Francis C. Speight
29th Street (near Fourth Avenue)
4 Sergeants, 82 Patrolmen, and 3 Doormen

30th Precinct
Captain James Z. Bogart
86th Street and Bloomingdale Road
2 Sergeants, 19 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen

32nd Precinct
Captain Alanson S. Wilson
Tenth Avenue and 152nd Street
4 Sergeants, 35 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen
Mounted police

text: New York State Militia[edit]

text: 1st Division: Major General Charles W. Sandford[32]

text:
Unit
Commander
Complement
Officers
Other Ranks

65th Regiment
Colonel William F. Berens
400

74th Regiment
Colonel Watson A. Fox

20th Independent Battery
Captain B. Franklin Ryer

text: Unorganized Militia:

text:
Unit
Commander
Complement
Officers
Remarks

Veteran Corps of Artillery of the State of New York

Guarded State Arsenal from rioters

text: Union Army[edit]

text: Department of the East: Major General John E. Wool[33] headquartered in New York[34]

text: Defenses of New York City: Brevet Brigadier General Harvey Brown,[35][36][33] Brig. General Edward R. S. Canby[37]

text:
Artillery: Captain Henry F. Putnam, 12th United States Infantry Regiment.
Provost marshals tasked with overseeing the initial enforcement of the draft:

Provost Marshal General U.S.A.: Colonel James Fry
Provost Marshal General New York City: Colonel Robert Nugent (During the first day of rioting on July 13, 1863, in command of the Invalid Corps: 1st Battalion)

text: Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton authorized five regiments from Gettysburg, mostly federalized state militia and volunteer units from the Army of the Potomac, to reinforce the New York City Police Department. By the end of the riots, there were more than 4,000 soldiers garrisoned in the troubled area.[citation needed]

text:
Unit
Commander
Complement
Officers
Notes

Invalid Corps

1st and 2nd Battalions; just over 9 companies. Over 16 injured; 1 killed 1 missing [38]

26th Michigan Volunteer Infantry Regiment
Colonel Judson S. Farrar

5th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment
Colonel Cleveland Winslow

7th New York National Guard Regiment
Colonel Marshall Lefferts
800

Recalled back to New York; on the way, one Private drowned. On July 16, 1863 during a skirmish with rioters, the regimental casualties were one Private received a buckshot in the back of the hand and two Privates had their coats cut by bullets[39]

8th New York National Guard Regiment
Brigadier General Charles C. Dodge
150

9th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment
Colonel Edward E. Jardine {wounded}

Regiment had been mustered out in May 1863 but 200 volunteered to serve again during the draft riots[40]

11th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment
Colonel Henry O'Brien (killed)

Original regiment mustered out on June 2, 1862. Colonel O'Brien was in the process of recruiting at the time of the draft riots. The regiment was never brought back to strength and enlisted members were transferred to 17th Veteran Infantry.

13th New York Volunteer Cavalry Regiment
Colonel Charles E. Davies

Regiment suffered 2 fatalities during the riots.[41]

14th New York Volunteer Cavalry Regiment
Colonel Thaddeus P. Mott

All cavalry regiments in New York City were eventually put under the command of General Judson Kilpatrick who volunteered his services on July 17[42]

17th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment
Major T. W. C. Grower

Regimental losses during the Draft Riots totaled 4; they were 1 enlisted man killed and 1 officer and 2 enlisted men wounded {recovered}[43]

22nd New York National Guard Regiment
Colonel Lloyd Aspinwall

47th New York State Militia/National Guard Regiment
Colonel Jeremiah V. Meserole

152nd New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment
Colonel Alonso Ferguson

text: Fiction[edit]

text:
The Banished Children of Eve, A Novel of Civil War New York (1995) by Peter Quinn
My Notorious Life: A Novel (2014) by Kate Manning
On Secret Service (2000) by John Jakes
Paradise Alley (2003) by Kevin Baker
New York: the Novel (2009) by Edward Rutherfurd
Newt Gingrich's alternate history novel Grant Comes East (2004)
An Assassins Creed Series: Last Descendants (2016) by Matthew J. Kirby
Riot (2009) Walter Dean Myers

text: Theatre and film:

text:
The short-lived 1968 Broadway musical Maggie Flynn was set in the Tobin Orphanage for black children (modeled on the Colored Orphan Asylum).
Gangs of New York (2002), a film directed by Martin Scorsese, includes a fictionalized portrayal of the New York Draft Riots.


document_title: Blood In Blood Out

question_text: who is miklo from blood in blood out

question_tokens: who is miklo from blood in blood out

text: Blood In Blood Out

text: Plot[edit]

text: This article's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (July 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Miklo is a man of Mexican and White American ethnicity who grew up in El Pico Aliso barrio in east Los Angeles. Upon moving back home from Las Vegas, Nevada, Miklo goes to stay with his two cousins Paco and Cruz. Miklo tells Cruz that he wants to join their gang Vatos Locos. While Paco is initially skeptical, Miklo later proves himself when he performs an attack on a rival gang, Tres Puntos. Afterwards he is made a member of Vatos Locos.

text: However, the Tres Puntos gang soon takes revenge by brutally attacking Cruz who is a budding artist, and damages his back for life. When Vatos Locos learn of the attack, they perform a well-planned counterattack. However, things go wrong when Miklo ends up getting shot by their rival gang's leader, "Spider". Miklo is able to shoot and kill Spider, but has to be rushed to the hospital by Paco while being chased by police. Paco crashes into another car at the El Pino tree and they are both arrested.

text: From here, the trio's paths diverges: Miklo is sent to San Quentin State Prison for murder, Paco volunteers for military service in the United States Marine Corps as an alternative choice to prison, and Cruz continues his passion for art. He also becomes a heroin addict due to the recurring back pain. His addiction leads to him being disowned by his family after his 12-year-old brother, Juanito, dies from injecting heroin into his veins thinking it's Cruz's heroin supply. Paco becomes an L.A.P.D. narcotics detective after leaving the Marine Corps.

text: Miklo finds trouble adapting to prison life. The prison is run by three prison gangs, all of whom are based on their racial backgrounds. The Black Guerrilla Army (B.G.A.) is led by "Bonafide", the Aryan Vanguard is led by "Red Ryder", and La Onda is led by Montana Segura. La Onda's members do not initially accept Miklo and one of them, Popeye, tries to rape Miklo at knife-point, but is stopped by Montana (although Montana stops Popeye not out of concern for Miklo, but because he finds Popeye's intentions as dishonorable to La Onda). After meeting Montana, he is told the only way into La Onda is killing an enemy inmate, in Miklo's case a white inmate named Big Al who runs the gambling in San Quentin. After gaining Big Al's trust, Miklo stabs him to death during a sexual encounter in the prison kitchen. Miklo is initiated into La Onda, is later promoted to its Ruling Council, and is granted parole after serving nine years in prison.

text: On the outside, Miklo is disgusted by his menial job on which his supervisor is extorting money from him, so he joins in an armed robbery. The heist goes poorly and Miklo is intercepted by Paco, now a decorated cop. Miklo tries to run away, but Paco shoots him in the leg, which later has to be amputated. Miklo is sent back to prison where he notices the cocaine addictions of several inmates. Onda Council Member Carlos has entered the cocaine trade and is competing with the B.G.A. for customers. The Aryan Vanguard want to partner with Carlos in the cocaine business by becoming his new supplier. In return, Carlos moves on the B.G.A. and take them out of the cocaine business. Montana, however, is fiercely against allowing La Onda to enter the drug trade, saying that drugs will destroy La Onda and that the Aryan Vanguard want to start a war between the Black and Chicano inmates. The other Council members agree with Montana and vote against it. This causes Carlos to leave La Onda to work with the Aryan Vanguard, causing other members to follow him. Carlos murders a B.G.A. soldier named "Pockets" who is running the B.G.A.'s cocaine operation. He also contacts his brother, Smokey, outside of prison to bomb a B.G.A. hangout where they move their drugs. After all of this happens, Carlos' usefulness has come to an end and the Aryan Vanguard drops their protection of him. The B.G.A. then takes the opportunity to murder Carlos. Despite his death, Miklo agrees with Carlos's outlook after being convinced by Carlos's old drug supplier.

text: With hostility high between the Black and Hispanic inmates, Montana and Bonafide meet in the prison yard. Montana convinces Bonafide to agree to a truce if Montana reaches out to La Onda leaders in the Folsom and Chino prisons to end the violence. The warden grants Montana special permission to visit the Chino and Folsom prisons and Miklo is left in charge during his absence. Montana is granted a special request, and he gets to stay overnight at Delano penitentiary where he can see his daughter. On the morning of the visit, Montana is stabbed to death outside his cell by a member of the B.G.A.. Believing that the Aryan Vanguard sent forged orders to the hitman, Paco arranges a peace conference between La Onda and the B.G.A. However, Miklo, La Onda's new leader, manipulates the peace talks in order to build an alliance with the B.G.A. and they agree to kill the Aryan Vanguard leaders.

text: Later, enforcers for La Onda and the B.G.A. sweep through the walls of San Quentin, killing the leaders of the Aryan Vanguard. After the killings are done, however, Miklo's men promptly exterminate the B.G.A. leaders as well. Paco is enraged that his own cousin has played him for a fool and angrily confronts Miklo in the prison visiting room. Paco leaves his cousin in disgust, disowning him forever.

text: The members of La Onda hold a final gathering after the warden vows to split the council up transporting some members to their home states. Miklo plans on using this to expand La Onda to other states in the South West. Later, Miklo and his cellmate "Magic" destroy the mold which they used to send the forged orders to the B.G.A. hit man to kill Montana. Magic says "We both loved him, but we did what we had to do for La Onda." Back in East Los Angeles, Paco visits one of Cruz's murals after the family re-accepts him to see a portrait of his former life. In a pep talk with Cruz, Paco realizes that by ordering Miklo to go after Spider, Paco is responsible for all of the things that have happened to Miklo. This causes Paco to feel guilty for his actions and ultimately forgive Miklo.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Damian Chapa as Miklo Velka
Jesse Borrego as Cruz Candelaria
Benjamin Bratt as Paco Aguilar
Enrique Castillo as Montana Segura
Delroy Lindo as Bonafide
Victor Rivers as Magic
Tom Towles as Red Ryder
Carlos Carrasco as Popeye
Theodore Wilson as Wallace
Raymond Cruz as Chuey
Valente Rodriguez as Frankie
Lanny Flaherty as Big Al
Billy Bob Thornton as Lightning
Danny Trejo as Geronimo
Victor Mohica as Mano
Luis Contreras as Realthing
Ving Rhames as Ivan
Richard Masur (uncredited) as Prison librarian
Thomas F. Wilson as Rollie McCann
Lupe Ontiveros as Carmen

text: Production[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The three prison gangs in the film are fictional creations of screenwriter Jimmy Santiago Baca and director Taylor Hackford.  However, they were all loosely based on actual prison gangs, with the Aryan Vanguard, Black Guerrilla Army and La Onda representing the Aryan Brotherhood, Black Guerrilla Family, and the Mexican Mafia, respectively.

text: Actor Theodore Wilson died shortly after filming his scenes in the film.

text: Artist Adan Hernandez was hired to create the paintings the character of Cruz Candelaria was supposed to have painted. All of the paintings that were used in the film were created by him. The mural in the reservoir seen in the film's climax has unfortunately been painted over. Hernandez made a cameo appearance in the film as the drug dealer Gilbert in the art gallery scene.

text: The film was shot in and around Los Angeles and East Los Angeles and inside the walls of San Quentin State Prison. The main character Miklo is sent to San Quentin, where much of the film's plot takes place. Several of the then-inmates appear in the film as extras. In addition, several of the prison staff members also appear as others and some facilitated the production of the film by serving as technical advisors. Many members of the staff were given small lines in the film, with the warden giving an extended cameo in a part that is somewhat integral to the plot. In addition, actor Danny Trejo, who appears in the film as Geronimo, had served time in San Quentin before deciding to become an actor.

text: In addition to prison inmates and staff and artist Hernandez, screenwriter and barrio poet Jimmy Santiago Baca cameos as a prison inmate and member of the La Onda council.

text: The film was initially entitled Blood in Blood Out but was retitled Bound by Honor before the film's release. Blood in blood out refers to the initiation ritual of having to kill someone to enter a gang and, on the reverse end, not being able to leave the gang unless killed. This is a common initiation in many gangs, including prison gangs, and is also the motto of La Onda in the film. Hollywood Pictures insisted on the name change as the studio felt that it would incite violence in East Los Angeles. In addition, executives at Hollywood Pictures, a subsidiary of Disney, were cautious about the potential effect the film would have following the 1992 LA Riots and the attribution given to Boyz N the Hood as a partial cause/inspiration of the riots. Director Taylor Hackford has stated that he was very unhappy with this decision as the film's message was the exact opposite of the one that the studio feared would be transmitted.

text: Reception[edit]

text: The film received mixed reviews from critics. It holds a 55% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 11 reviews.[2]

text: The TV Guide review stated "similarity to Edward James Olmos' American Me, in which a tormented drug dealer travels the same route through prison society as Miklo. The principal difference between the two films is that Bound By Honor is by far the glossier effort, relentlessly picturesque in the seamlessly anesthetized manner of mainstream Hollywood films."[3] Film critic Jonathan Rosenbaum for the Chicago Reader wrote that this "ugly three-hour snoozefest is apparently supposed to do for East Los Angeles Chicanos what the Godfather movies did for New York mafiosi…"[4] Roger Ebert wrote "The East Los Angeles milieu and some of the characters seem familiar, because some of the same ground was covered by American Me... Bound by Honor covers similar material in a less passionate and finally less meaningful way." He gave the film 2 stars out of 4.[5] A critic from Entertainment Weekly, Owen Gleiberman gave Bound By Honor a B-, falling on the high end of the movie spectrum.  He states "Bound By Honor comes fully alive when it moves behind bars. There's an exploitative thrill built into the genre…"[6] This film critic was definitely more interested in the second half of the movie once Miklo was in jail running La Onda. Vincent Canby from The New York Times wrote "The film is big and long, passionate and flat. It's full of heroic and tragic incident, but skimpy about the details of quotidian lives."[7] Giving a very detailed review on the plot of the story he later exalts some of the characters in the movie one in particular, Enrique Castillo. Although Vincent Canby does not give an official rating for the film, he concludes "Though it's not the epic it means to be, it is not a failure."[8]


document_title: Vicryl

question_text: how long does it take for vicryl sutures to dissolve

text: Vicryl

text: Vicryl (polyglactin 910) is an absorbable, synthetic, usually braided suture, manufactured by Ethicon Inc., a subsidiary of Johnson and Johnson. A monofilament version is also made for use in ophthalmic practice. It is indicated for soft tissue approximation and ligation. The suture holds its tensile strength for approximately two to three weeks in tissue, and is completely absorbed by hydrolysis within 56–70 days.[1] Vicryl and other polyglycolic-acid sutures may also be treated for more rapid breakdown ("Vicryl Rapide") in rapidly healing tissues such as mucous membrane, or impregnated with triclosan ("Vicryl Plus Antibacterial") to provide antimicrobial protection of the suture line. Because vicryl is slow-absorbing and often braided, its use is contraindicated in closure of any cutaneous wound exposed to the air, as it draws moisture from the healing tissue to the skin and allows bacteria and irritants to migrate into the wound. This inevitably leads to high reactivity to the contaminants, poor wound healing, and eventually infection.[2]

text: Vicryl is manufactured in Cornelia, GA.

text: Although the name "Vicryl" is a trademark of Ethicon, the term "vicryl" has been used generically referring to any synthetic absorbable suture made primarily of polyglycolic acid. Other brands of polyglycolic acid suture include PolySyn, Surgicryl, Polysorb and Dexon, all of which are manufactured by different companies. Vicryl is a copolymer of lactide (a cyclic diester of lactic acid) and glycoside. In practice, vicryl comes as braided, dyed or undyed with the following decay schedule: 75% at 2 weeks, 50% at 3 weeks, and 25% at 4 weeks (i.e., the sutures retain that proportion of tensile strength at those dates).


document_title: Tropical savanna climate

question_text: where is the tropical wet and dry climate found

text: Tropical savanna climate

text: Versions[edit]

text: There are generally four types of tropical savanna climates:

text:
Distinct wet and dry seasons of relatively equal duration. Most of the region's annual rainfall is experienced during the wet season and very little precipitation falls during the dry season.
A lengthy dry season and a relatively short wet season. This version features seven or more dry season months and five or fewer wet season months. There are variations within this version:

On one extreme, the region receives just enough precipitation during the short wet season to preclude it from a semi-arid climate classification. This drier variation of the tropical savanna climate is typically found adjacent to regions with semi-arid climates.
On the other extreme, the climate features a lengthy dry season followed by a short but extremely rainy wet season. However, regions with this variation of the climate do not experience enough rainfall during the wet season to qualify as a tropical monsoon climate.

A lengthy wet season and a relatively short dry season. This version features seven or more wet season months and five or fewer dry season months. This version's precipitation pattern is similar to precipitation patterns observed in some tropical monsoon climates, but does not experience enough rainfall during the wet season to be classified as such.
A dry season with a noticeable amount of rainfall followed by a rainy wet season. In essence, this version mimics the precipitation patterns more commonly found in a tropical monsoon climate, but do not receive enough precipitation during either the dry season or the year to be classified as such.

text: Distribution[edit]

text: Tropical savanna climates are most commonly found in Africa, Asia and northern South America. The climate is also prevalent in sections of Central America, northern Australia, the Pacific Islands and southern North America, specifically in sections of Mexico and the state of Florida in the United States, and some islands in the Caribbean. Most places that have this climate are found at the outer margins of the tropical zone, but occasionally an inner-tropical location (e.g., San Marcos, Antioquia, Colombia) also qualifies. Similarly, the Caribbean coast, eastward from the Gulf of Urabá on the Colombia – Panamá border to the Orinoco river delta, on the Atlantic Ocean (ca. 4,000 km), have long dry periods (the extreme is the BSh climate (see below), characterised by very low, unreliable precipitation, present, for instance, in extensive areas in the Guajira, and Coro, western Venezuela, the northernmost peninsulas in South America, which receive <300 mm total annual precipitation, practically all in two or three months). This condition extends to the Lesser Antilles and Greater Antilles forming the Circumcaribbean dry belt. The length and severity of the dry season diminishes inland (southward); at the latitude of the Amazon river—which flows eastward, just south of the equatorial line—the climate is Af. East from the Andes, between the arid Caribbean and the ever-wet Amazon are the Orinoco river llanos or savannas, from where this climate takes its name.

text: Sometimes As is used in place of Aw if the dry season occurs during the time of higher sun and longer days often due to a rain shadow effect that cuts off summer precipitation in a tropical area. This is the case in parts of Hawaii, East Africa (Mombasa, Kenya, Somalia), Sri Lanka (Trincomalee) and coastal regions of Northeastern Brazil (from Fortaleza through Natal to Maceió), for instance. The difference between 'summer' and 'winter' in such locations is usually so slight that a distinction between an As and Aw climate is a quibble. In most places that have tropical wet and dry climates, however, the dry season occurs during the time of lower sun and shorter days because of reduction of or lack of convection, which in turn is due to the meridional shifts of the Intertropical Convergence Zone during the course of the year.

text: Some examples of tropical savanna climates[edit]

text:
Accra, Ghana

Climate chart (explanation)

J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D

15

31
23

33

31
24

56

31
24

81

31
24

142

31
24

178

29
23

46

27
23

15

27
22

36

27
23

64

29
23

36

31
24

23

31
24

Average max. and min. temperatures in °C

Precipitation totals in mm

Source: BBC Weather[2]

showImperial conversion

J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D

0.6

87
73

1.3

88
75

2.2

88
76

3.2

88
76

5.6

87
75

7

84
74

1.8

81
74

0.6

80
71

1.4

81
73

2.5

85
74

1.4

87
75

0.9

88
75

Average max. and min. temperatures in °F

Precipitation totals in inches

text:
Monte Cristi, Dominican Republic

Climate chart (explanation)

J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D

74

29
19

47

29
20

48

30
20

59

31
21

60

32
22

40

33
23

22

34
23

28

34
23

35

34
23

68

33
22

108

31
21

84

29
20

Average max. and min. temperatures in °C

Precipitation totals in mm

Source: NOAA[3]

showImperial conversion

J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D

2.9

84
67

1.9

85
67

1.9

86
68

2.3

87
70

2.4

89
72

1.6

92
73

0.8

92
74

1.1

93
74

1.4

93
73

2.7

91
72

4.3

87
70

3.3

85
68

Average max. and min. temperatures in °F

Precipitation totals in inches

text:
Brasília, Brazil

Climate chart (explanation)

J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D

241

27
17

215

27
17

189

27
18

124

27
17

39

26
15

8.8

25
13

12

25
13

13

27
15

52

28
16

172

28
17

238

27
18

249

26
18

Average max. and min. temperatures in °C

Precipitation totals in mm

Source: World Weather Information Service [1]

showImperial conversion

J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D

9.5

80
63

8.5

80
63

7.4

81
64

4.9

80
62

1.5

78
59

0.3

77
56

0.5

77
55

0.5

81
58

2

83
61

6.8

82
63

9.4

80
64

9.8

79
64

Average max. and min. temperatures in °F

Precipitation totals in inches

text:
Darwin, Australia

Climate chart (explanation)

J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D

424

32
25

371

31
25

315

32
25

100

33
24

22

32
22

1.8

31
20

1.1

31
19

4.8

31
20

16

33
23

70

33
25

142

33
25

252

33
25

Average max. and min. temperatures in °C

Precipitation totals in mm

Source: Australian Bureau of Meteorology [2]

showImperial conversion

J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D

17

89
77

15

89
76

12

89
76

4

91
75

0.9

90
72

0.1

87
68

0

87
67

0.2

89
69

0.6

91
73

2.8

92
77

5.6

92
78

9.9

91
78

Average max. and min. temperatures in °F

Precipitation totals in inches

text:
Mandalay

Climate chart (explanation)

J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D

4

29
13

2

32
15

1

36
20

40

38
24

138

37
26

116

34
26

83

34
26

136

32
25

150

33
25

125

32
24

38

30
19

6

28
15

Average max. and min. temperatures in °C

Precipitation totals in mm

showImperial conversion

J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D

0.2

83
56

0.1

90
59

0

96
67

1.6

101
76

5.4

98
78

4.6

94
78

3.3

94
78

5.4

90
77

5.9

92
77

4.9

90
74

1.5

86
67

0.2

83
59

Average max. and min. temperatures in °F

Precipitation totals in inches