document_title: The Darling Buds of May (TV series)

question_text: who played victoria in darling buds of may

root

text: The Darling Buds of May (TV series)

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: The Larkin family lives on a farm in rural England, in the county of Kent. Sidney ("Pop") and his partner Florence ("Ma") have six children, eldest daughter Mariette, followed by their only son Montgomery, and other daughters Primrose, twins Zinnia and Petunia, and Victoria. Ma is a housewife while Pop supplements his farm income with various other not entirely legitimate enterprises. Tax collector Cedric ("Charlie") visits to audit Pop, but falls in love with Mariette and quits his job to live the rural life. As Ma and Pop raise their other children, Charlie attempts to provide for his now wife Mariette. Ma and Pop soon have a seventh child, Oscar, followed around a year later by Charlie and Mariette's first baby, John Blenheim.

tag: p

text: Pop and Ma's relationship is depicted as loving and affectionate throughout, although Pop is flirtatious and subject to numerous advances, most of which Ma is aware of and evidently unconcerned by. Proud of all his children, Pop's schemes evidently provide well for the family, enough to fund boarding school for the twins, naval boarding school for Monty, a swimming pool, a fairground, and a holiday to France, although he is just as motivated by doing good and helping others as making a profit. Ma occasionally becomes involved in Pop's schemes, or creates a scheme of her own. Possessing some very close friends, their lifestyle, in particular the fact they have never been married, nonetheless raises eyebrows in the stuffy environs of the local village.

text: Mariette and Charlie's relationship is more torrid, in part due to his insecurity over her attractiveness, and his varying success in providing financially, with their newly acquired hop garden struggling. Mariette's business skills eventual come to bear as they purchase a local brewery. Primrose is depicted as a frustrated romantic, moving to France to live with a boy her own age and attempting to seduce both Charlie and the village minister upon her return. Monty meanwhile contends with bullying, both at home and at naval boarding school. The increasingly mischievous twins gradually grow apart from their younger sibling Victoria, who delights in teasing and embarrassing all her siblings, especially Primrose.

text: Time period[edit]

text: All the episodes are seemingly set during 1958–59 despite the timespan of events across all three series making this a logical impossibility. The first serial is based on the first book, written and set in 1958, during which Florence finds out she is pregnant. In the second serial ("When the green woods laugh") Sidney is accused of committing indecent assault on 23 August 1958. The trial takes place on 7 July, the same day as Charlie and Mariette's wedding; this would seem to be a continuity error because it cannot be July of the following year as Florence's baby had not yet been born. By the time of the third serial ("A breath of French air") Florence has already given birth to Oscar and the Larkins have a late-August holiday in Brittany, during which Charlie and Mariette celebrate their first wedding anniversary. The fourth serial ("Christmas is coming") is set at Christmas and it is established Mariette is five months pregnant; she gives birth in the fifth serial ("Oh! to be in England!"), which would be some time in the spring of 1960 at the earliest according to the dating of the first series and the chronology of events up to that point. However, in the sixth serial ("Stranger at the gates") the twins celebrate their birthday, which a close-up of a wall calendar reveals to be 15 August 1959.

text: In the eighth serial ("Le Grand Weekend") the Larkins' weekend getaway coincides with Charles de Gaulle's state visit, which would date the events of the episode to April 1960 if it does indeed coincide with the real-life visit. Primrose's birthday was revealed to be in May in "Stranger at the gates" and she celebrates it in the ninth serial "The happiest days of your life", dating the events either to May 1960 (using the retconned second series date) or 1961 (going by the date given in the first series). By the eleventh serial ("Climb the greasy pole"), when the children are older and the babies have grown to toddlerhood, another close-up of a calendar reveals the month to be October 1959. At the end of the final episode, Sidney is elected to the Rural District Council on 5 November 1959 (Guy Fawkes Night).

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main cast members[edit]

text: Of the four main cast members, Jason and Ferris appeared in all twenty episodes, while Zeta-Jones and Franks appeared in eighteen, their only absences being in the third series' double episode "Cast Not Your Pearls Before Swine" (3.3 & 3.4).

text:
David Jason, as Sidney Charles "Pop" Larkin, the father of the family
Pam Ferris, as Florence Daisy "Ma" (Parker) Larkin, the mother of the family
Catherine Zeta-Jones, as Mariette Charlton, née Larkin, eldest Larkin daughter
Philip Franks, Cedric "Charley" Charlton, husband of Mariette

tag: ul

text: Recurring cast – Larkin family[edit]

text: The actors playing the other Larkin children and grandchild were as below (listed in descending character age). All the children except those yet to be born appeared in the first episode. After appearing in the first six episodes, the actor playing Primrose was replaced, the second appearing from the seventh episode (the first Christmas special) onwards. The actors playing the roles of Oscar and John Blenheim first appear in episodes 1.5 and 2.1, respectively. Although a male character, John Blenheim was played by Daisy-May Bates, granddaughter of the author of the books.

text:
Julie Stichbury, as Primrose Larkin (1991) (6 episodes)
Abigail Rokison, as Primrose Larkin (1991–1993) (12 episodes)
Ian Tucker, as Montgomery 'Monty' Larkin, their eldest son (13 episodes)
Christina Giles, as Petunia Larkin, twin sister to Zinnia (18 episodes)
Katherine Giles, as Zinnia Larkin, twin sister to Petunia (18 episodes)
Stephanie Ralph, as Victoria Larkin, the youngest Larkin daughter (19 episodes)
Ross Marriott, as Oscar Larkin, their youngest child (16 episodes)
Daisy-May Bates, as John Marlborough Churchill Blenheim Charlton, the only son of Charlie and Mariette (11 episodes)

text: Recurring cast – others[edit]

text: Various other actors appeared in more than one storyline, i.e. in more than one double episode.

text:
Rachel Bell as Edith Pilchester, a local spinster (16 episodes)
Moray Watson as the Brigadier, a local retired army officer (11 episodes)
Kika Mirylees as Angela Snow, a local woman (7 episodes)
Martyn Read as Sergeant Wilson, a local police officer (6 episodes)
Tyler Butterworth as Reverend John Candy, the local vicar (4 episodes)
Michael Jayston as Ernest Bristow, the brewery owner (4 episodes)
Carol MacReady as Mrs. Daws, a local shopkeeper (4 episodes)
Sheila Burrell as Mrs. Kinthley, owner of the hop-garden bought by Charlie (4 episodes)
Steven Brand as Tom Sargent, love interest of Mariette (4 episodes)
Anna Massey as Mademoiselle Antoinette Dupont, a French hotelier (3 episodes)
Michael Culver as Sir George Bluff-Gore, a local landowner (3 episodes)
Richenda Carey as Lady Bluff-Gore, wife of Sir George (3 episodes)
John Carlin as Reverend Spink (3 episodes)

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Series 1[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Original broadcast

1.1 & 1.2
"The Darling Buds of May"
7 and 14 April 1991

Cedric Charlton, the tax inspector, arrives on Home Farm to help the Larkins fill in their tax form. He is distracted by their beautiful daughter, Mariette. The Larkins distract him further by attempting to teach him crib and getting him drunk. He wakes with a hangover, and is unfit to return home. Eventually, he forgets life in the office. He accompanies the family on their annual strawberry-picking trip, where he attracts Pauline Jackson, the local flirt. Mariette and Pauline fight for him but Mariette wins and the episode ends with Mr Charlton (called Charley by the family), proposing to Mariette, and Pop Larkin giving them his blessing.

1.3 & 1.4
"When the green woods laugh"
21 and 28 April 1991

The day of Charley and Mariette's wedding is looming. Pop sells a country mansion to an aristocratic couple. When Pop rejects the advances of Corrine Perrigo (Celia Imrie), she gets her revenge by persuading the woman to charge him with assault, when all he attempted was stop her from falling. The Brigadier is best man for the wedding. Eventually, Pop is found innocent and the wedding goes ahead.

1.5 & 1.6
"A breath of French air"
5 and 12 May 1991

The Larkins go on holiday to Brittany. The weather is appalling, the food revolting, the receptionist unfriendly. The weather improves, and a mechanic sees the crest on the doors of Mr Larkin's car and thinks him a lord. As a result, he is treated better, even by the receptionist, Molet. The hotel patronne, Mademoiselle Dupont, gives Pop and Ma her room. Primrose falls in love with a local boy named Marc - Antoine Gammelin and wants to stay in France. Tension springs up between Charley and Mariette when she attracts local young men and wants to spend time with them on the beach. She refuses to go on a miniature railway with Charlie. Incensed, Charlie says he will go on his own. The train is late and he wanders into a bar, where he meets a tomboy and her pals. They get him drunk; he misses his train and has to be escorted home by Pop. But he sobers up at the sight of Mariette playing in the sea with her new friends. Charley drags her away, and tells her she will come on the train with him next day whether she likes it or not. Mariette surrenders and enjoys it. The Larkins get together with the tomboy, Max (short for Maxime), and Angela Snow (who, by a coincidence, is also visiting Brittany) and her sister Iris, who with the hotel staff organise a wedding anniversary celebration for Charley and Mariette.

1.7
"Christmas is coming!"
22 December 1991

As Christmas approaches, Charley and Mariette go to view a house to rent, unaware that Tommy Mason, an escaped convict is hiding there. Pop later discovers him in the Larkins' hen-house where Victoria is taking food to him. He explains that, since his imprisonment, his wife has severed all ties with him but he is anxious to see his children. Pop usually dresses as Father Christmas to give local children toys but Charley suggests Tommy play the part so he can see his children, which he does, as well as making up with his wife and then returning to prison. Mrs Mason and her children join the throng already invited to spend Christmas Day with the Larkins.

tag: table

text: Series 2[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Original broadcast

2.1 & 2.2
"Oh! to be in England!"
26 January and 2 February 1992

Mam'selle Dupont comes to stay with the Larkins, and discovers the truth – Mr. Larkin is not a lord. She is disappointed but comes to terms with it, and enjoys her stay. Pop saves an old woman from being cheated, and buys a fair from his friend, Fruity Pears, who is unable to run it after being attacked by thugs. Primrose's relationship with the French boy has fizzled out; back in the UK she falls for Mr Candy, the young vicar in charge of christening the young Larkins ... and a newly arrived Charlton.

2.3 & 2.4
"Stranger at the gates"
9 and 16 February 1992

A young man named Pieter who says he is Danish arrives on the farm, and starts doing odd jobs for the people in the village. Everyone, including Mariette, thinks he's the bee's knees, much to the resentment of Charley. Meanwhile, Montgomery is being bullied by local boys, and Primrose is attempting to win Mr. Candy's heart. She mistakes his sister for a girlfriend, and angrily leaves him. Charley discovers that Pieter is German and has been hiding his identity because of the anti-German sentiment in post-World War II Britain. The villagers turn against him on this discovery, but Pieter is restored to favour again after he rescues John Watson, one of the bullies from a quarry ledge. The Larkins arrange for Pieter to marry his girlfriend, an English lady named Eileen.

2.5 & 2.6
"A season of heavenly gifts"
23 February and 1 March 1992

Pop Larkin unwittingly becomes involved in smuggling when he receives gifts from a grateful pilot he helped after a crash-landing. Meanwhile, an evil Polish man named Mr. Cope attempts to prevent Charley and Mariette from buying Mrs Kinthley's hopgarden. The pilot invites the family to a party at his club, which they greatly enjoy. Montgomery Larkin is unhappy at Naval College, where he is training to be a sailor in the merchant navy. The family go to his Open Day; the Brigadier goes along and helps them solve the problem by showing Pop how to humiliate the bullying instructor, Strickland.

2.7
"Le Grand Weekend"
26 December 1992

Pop and Ma's proposed week-end in Paris is disrupted by a storm, and they spend the time in a country house.

text: Series 3[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Original broadcast

3.1 & 3.2
"The happiest days of your life"
28 February and 7 March 1993

The twins go to boarding school, while Charley starts doing the books as a part-time job for the brewery to which he wishes to sell his hops. Charley and Mariette decide to buy the brewery. The whole family repairs the twins' boarding school, which was otherwise going to be forced to close by the bank for not keeping up with the repairs.

3.3 & 3.4
"Cast not your pearls before swine"
14 and 21 March 1993

Pop builds a swimming-pool, and buys two hundred pigs from George Harran, a confidence trickster who is also cheating Edith, who has fallen in love with him. Meanwhile, Primrose has a new love interest—a member of the swimming pool building crew, from Liverpool. Pop prepares a trick against George to put all to rights without hurting Edith. Primrose runs away to Liverpool in pursuit of her love after Victoria teases her, causing Pop to realise the scam, but returns home when she realises he is not the man for her.

3.5 & 3.6
"Climb the greasy pole"
28 March and 4 April 1993

Pop runs for rural councillor while Charley and Mariette struggle at the brewery and have problems in their relationship. Gypsies get involved in Pop's campaign for rural councillor. Charley and Mariette have to work on their marriage as Mariette is attracted to Tom Sargent, after which they at last finalise the deal to buy Bristow's brewery.

text: Production[edit]

text: Conception and development[edit]

text: Having been sold to MGM films in 1959, it wasn't until 1989 that Richard Bates, son of the author of the original books H. E. Bates, was able to purchase the rights to the novels. At the same time, Yorkshire Television were looking for a new project for David Jason, having starred for them in A Bit of a Do.[1] Richard Bates went on to Executive Produce the show, alongside Vernon Lawrence of Yorkshire Television.[2]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Bates had originally considered Bob Hoskins as ideal for the role of Pop, but Lawrence was of the view his increasing fame as a film actor would create problems.[2] Jason was cast first, followed by Ferris and Franks. Finding an actor to fit with the novel's description of Mariette as a black-haired and olive-skinned beauty proved difficult, with over 300 rejected until Zeta-Jones was cast. With filming due to start, she had been spotted appearing in 42nd Street at the Drury Lane Theatre.[1]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Each one-hour episode took two weeks to film, followed by two months in post production.[1]

text: Filming locations[edit]

text: Much of the series was filmed in and around the village of Pluckley in Kent; Executive Producer Richard Bates lived just a few miles away.[3]

text: The location for "Home Farm", the Larkin residence, was Buss Farm a few miles south of Pluckley, owned by the Holmes family. All four main buildings of the Grade II listed farm were utilised, the farmhouse itself, a square oast house (depicted in the title sequence), a Tudor barn and cart lodge. After being put up for sale by the family in 2012, it was purchased in 2013 by a businessman. Renaming it "Darling Buds Farm", several buildings were converted into guest accommodation themed around the show.[4][5]

text: Other locations in Pluckley village itself were used extensively; the Black Horse pub in The Street was renamed the Hare and Hounds and used as the Larkins' local. Church Gate Cottage and Fig Tree Cottage in The Street served as Edith Pilchester's and The Brigadier's homes respectively. Pluckley primary school, also in The Street, served as the village hall. The butcher's shop also featured, and the Post Office (dressed as the grocer's). Church scenes were filmed at St Nicholas Church in the village.[6]

text: The cricket scenes were filmed at Little Chart Cricket Club, a village north east of Pluckley.[6]

text: Further afield, in and around Tenterden, Kent, Halden Place in Halden Lane, Cranbrook, served as Mrs Kinthley's hop garden, Wentwood Cottage in Swain Road served as Charley and Mariette's cottage, and the Kent & East Sussex Railway was the location of Charley's arrival in Kent, and the station used by Ma, Charley and Mariette shopping for her wedding dress. Other scenes shot in Kent included the exteriors of "Bristow's Brewery", filmed at Shepherd Neame Brewery in Faversham, and scenes of the Larkin's beach holiday, filmed in Folkestone, including a backdrop of the Leas Lift. Mlle. Dupont is met by the Larkin's at Folkestone Harbour after her channel crossing.[6]

text: Little filming was done inside the farmhouse, the interiors having been shot in a studio at Yorkshire Television. Scenes shot in the former Wennington School near Wetherby in Yorkshire which stood in for Bluff Hall were included. Other filming locations in Yorkshire include the Hotel Metropole in Leeds which stood in for the 'Marble Arch Hotel'.

text: To mark the series' 20th anniversary, Kent County Council established a tourist trail featuring the various film locations and other local attractions and Kent food.[6][7]

text: Music[edit]

text: The series' music producer Pip Burley wrote the title theme, "Perfick!". He had submitted the piece anonymously, having deemed the submissions received from a shortlist of composers missed the point of the essential romanticism of the show. Although it also featured lyrics, drawn from the words used in the novels, the theme music for the series did not feature them. The song with lyrics was later sung by David Jason for the radio adaptation of the last book in the Larkin series, A Little of What You Fancy.[8][9]

text: Future[edit]

text: After the series ended, Ferris wished to film more episodes. Having performed it for radio in 1996, she theorised in 2008 that the reason the fifth book was never adapted for television was because the storyline featured Pop recovering from a heart attack, something the producers likely thought the audience would not want to see.[10]

text: In 2016, having filmed a cinema adaptation of another classic TV series, Dad's Army, Zeta-Jones responded positively to suggestions that The Darling Buds of May might also be similarly remade, stating "I'd be playing Ma Larkin, but I'm up for it".[11]

text: Themes[edit]

text: Locally produced food and drink intentionally played a core role in the series.[1] Due to not being ripe at the right time, the strawberries used in the series were imported from Holland.[3] One of the most iconic scenes features Pop and Ma eating a meal together whilst having a bath.[3] With several scenes featuring eating, the fact Ferris was a vegetarian had to be worked around by the production staff.[3] Both Ferris and Jason gained weight due to the amount of food they had to consume, often doing multiple takes for several scenes at one time, to make the scenes look realistic.[2]

text: Another theme of the series was the Larkin family's habit of giving their children unusual or themed first and middle names. Mariette was created by combining 'Marie' and 'Antoinette'. Montgomery was named after wartime officer Field Marshall Montgomery. Victoria was named for being born during the plum season (Victoria plum). While Monty and Victoria have no middle names, the other children have several: Primrose Violet Anemone Iris Magnolia Narcissa, twins Petunia June Florence Nightingale and Zinnia June Florence Nightingale, and Oscar Columbus Septimus Dupont, the last one being in tribute to the French hotellier Madamoiselle Dupont, who features in the series. Mariette's wedding ceremony in series one reveals her middle name to be Jane. Mariette and Charlie continue the family penchant for elaborate naming by christening their son John Marlborough Churchill Blenheim.

text: Release[edit]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: The first episode was transmitted on the ITV channel at 8pm on a Sunday night.[1]

text: Home media[edit]

text: When the series was first released on video, it sold £1m worth of copies in the first four days.[2]

text: DVD releases:

text:
Country
Publisher
Title
Rating
Release date
Notes

United Kingdom
Cinema Club
The Best of The Darling Buds of May
PG
15 July 2002

Cinema Club
The Darling Buds of May: The Perfect Collection
PG
10 November 2003
all 20 episodes

ITV Studios
The Darling Buds of May: The Complete Series - Special Edition
PG
7 February 2005
all 20 episodes & exclusive interviews

ITV Studios
The Darling Buds of May: The Complete Series
PG
1 September 2008
contains all 20 episodes & exclusive commentary

ITV Studios
The Darling Buds of May: The Complete 20th Anniversary Collection
PG
8 August 2011
all 20 episodes

Australia
Shock Records
The Darling Buds of May: Series One
PG
3 March 2007[12]
Special 2-Disc Edition - contains all 6 episodes & bonus episode "Christmas is Coming"

Shock Records
The Darling Buds of May: Series Two
G
5 May 2007[13]
Special 2-Disc Edition - contains all 6 episodes & bonus episode "La Grande Weekend"

Shock Records
The Darling Buds of May: The Complete Collection
PG
29 March 2008[14]
all 20 episodes

Reel DVD
The Darling Buds of May: The Complete Collection
PG
6 February 2013[15]
all 20 episodes (contains same packaging as UK 2011 release)

text: Note: The 2008 and 2011 DVD sets from ITV Studios list that there are 11 episodes; this is due to the fact that all episodes in series 1–3 (not including the specials) contain two parts making them count as a whole.

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: A 16-track soundtrack of the series was released by EMI on CD in 1991.[16]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The series was a ratings success,[17] its "feel-good" factor during economic recession often noted as the reason.[citation needed] Whilst Yorkshire TV classified it as a drama, audiences and critics have generally considered it to be a comedy/drama.

text: The first episode broke a British broadcasting record, becoming the first instance of a new series topping the national ratings, beating the soap opera Coronation Street (also an ITV production) on the night. This came as a shock to producers, although they had been hopeful of good ratings due to dull weather and the belief that people would be looking for something to lift their spirits following the end of the Gulf War.[1]

text: Jason attributed the series' popularity to the public wanting a more wholesome, inclusive and inoffensive viewing option at a time when violence on television was increasing. This was one of the main reasons he decided to take the role.[2]

text: The series generated an upsurge in sales of H. E. Bates's novels.[2]

text: Awards[edit]

text: 1992 Ivor Novello Award – Best Theme from a TV/Radio Production[18]

text: Source novels and other adaptations[edit]

text: The series is based on the works of H. E. Bates, who died in 1974. Having moved from the industrialised English Midlands to a granary in Little Chart in Kent in 1930 in search of new inspirations for his work, he was initially frustrated in his efforts to create a novel based on the Kent way of life. His inspiration for the Larkin stories eventually came in 1955 while on a trip to Sittingbourne. Pausing at Faversham, he observed the joyful camaraderie of a large boisterous family as they emerged from a shop and departed in a large blue truck. Combining this with observations of another family on a nearby small-holding, he set about writing about how these families might live. Originally a short story, he expanded it into a novel, followed by a further four books, the titles of the first four of which were used as episode titles for the TV series:[1]

text:
The Darling Buds of May (1958)
A Breath of French Air (1959)
When the Green Woods Laugh (1960)
Oh! To be in England! (1963)
A Little of What You Fancy? (1970)

text: The first novel in the series was originally adapted to the screen in 1959 as The Mating Game, starring Debbie Reynolds and Tony Randall as Mariette and Charley.

text: The fifth novel, A Little of What You Fancy?, was never adapted for television, but it was adapted into a six-part series by Eric Pringle for BBC Radio, with Jason and Ferris reprising their roles, first airing in February 1996.[19][20]

text: In May 2011 a stage production of the series was put on at Buss Farm.[7]


document_title: List of highest paid American television stars

question_text: who is the highest paid sitcom actor of all time

text: Network primetime salaries per episode[edit]

text:
Name
Program
Role
Salary
Inflation Adjusted
Year
Ref.

Peter Dinklage
Game of Thrones
Tyrion Lannister
£2,000,000[a]

2017–18
[2]

Nikolaj Coster-Waldau
Jaime Lannister

Lena Headey
Cersei Lannister

Emilia Clarke
Daenerys Targaryen

Kit Harington
Jon Snow

Charlie Sheen
Two and a Half Men
Charlie Harper
$1.8 million
$1,958,000
2010–11
[3]

Ray Romano
Everybody Loves Raymond
Raymond Barone
$1.7 million
$2,130,000
2003–05
[4]

Kelsey Grammer
Frasier
Frasier Crane
$1.6 million
$2,073,000
2002–04
[5]

Tim Allen
Home Improvement
Tim Taylor
$1.25 million
$1,836,000
1998–99
[3]

James Gandolfini
The Sopranos
Tony Soprano
$1 million
$1,180,000
2006–07
[6]

Jennifer Aniston
Friends
Rachel Green
$1 million
$1,296,000
2002–04
[7]

Courteney Cox
Monica Geller

Lisa Kudrow
Phoebe Buffay

Matt LeBlanc
Joey Tribbiani

David Schwimmer
Ross Geller

Matthew Perry
Chandler Bing

Helen Hunt
Mad About You
Jamie Buchman
$1 million
$1,469,000
1998–99
[8]

Paul Reiser
Paul Buchman

Jerry Seinfeld
Seinfeld
Jerry Seinfeld
$1 million
$1,501,000
1997–98
[9]

Johnny Galecki
The Big Bang Theory
Leonard Hofstadter
$900,000
$900,000
2017–19
[10]

Jim Parsons
Sheldon Cooper

Kunal Nayyar
Raj Koothrapali

Simon Helberg
Howard Wolowitz

Kaley Cuoco
Penny

Ashton Kutcher
Two and a Half Men
Walden Schmidt
$755,000
$770,000
2014
[3]

Drew Carey
The Drew Carey Show
Drew Carey
$750,000
$972,000
2001–04
[3]

Lauren Graham
Gilmore Girls
Lorelai Gilmore
$750,000
$765,000
2016
[11]

Alexis Bledel
Rory Gilmore

David Hyde Pierce
Frasier
Niles Crane
$750,000
$972,000
2014
[12]

Hugh Laurie
House
Dr. Gregory House
$700,000
$746,000
2014

Andrew Lincoln
The Walking Dead
Rick Grimes
$650,000
$650,000
2017–18
[2]

Jon Cryer
Two and a Half Men
Alan Harper
$620,000
$640,000
2013–15
[13]

Julia Louis-Dreyfus
Seinfeld
Elaine Benes
$600,000
$901,000
1997–98
[3]

Jason Alexander
George Costanza

Michael Richards
Cosmo Kramer

Norman Reedus
The Walking Dead
Daryl Dixon
$550,000
$550,000
2017–18
[2]

text: Network primetime salaries per season[edit]

text:
Name
Program
Role
Salary
Year
Ref.

Simon Cowell
The X Factor
Judge
$75 million
2012–13
[14]

Katy Perry
American Idol
$25 million
2017–18
[15]

Jennifer Lopez
$20 million
2011–12
[16]

Mariah Carey
$18 million
2012–13
[17]

Hugh Laurie
House
Gregory House
$15 million
2013
[14]

Ryan Seacrest
American Idol
Host
2013–16
[14]

Britney Spears
The X Factor
Judge
2012
[17]

Miley Cyrus
The Voice
Coach
$13 million
2016–17
[18]

Adam Levine
2016–18
[18]

Blake Shelton
2016–18
[18]

Christina Aguilera
$12.5 million
2013
[19]

Kelly Clarkson
$12 million
2018
[20]

Shakira
2013
[19]

Gwen Stefani
2017
[21]

Nicki Minaj
American Idol
Judge
2012–13
[19]

text: Morning annual salaries[edit]

text:
Name
Program
Role
Salary
Year
Ref.

Judith Sheindlin
Judge Judy
[[Jud
$47 million
2013
[22]

Barbara Walters
The View
Host
$13 million
2007
[23]

Bob Barker
The Price Is Right
Game show host
$10 million
2001
[24]

Ellen DeGeneres
The Ellen DeGeneres Show
Host
$5 million
2007
[25]

Jerry Springer
The Jerry Springer Show
Host
$3–4 million
1999
[26]

Tyra Banks
The Tyra Banks Show
Host
$3.5 million

[27][28]

text: News presenter annual salaries[edit]

text:
Name
Program
Role
Salary
Year
Ref.

Matt Lauer
Today
Anchor
$21 million

[29]

Meredith Vieira
Today
Anchor
$15 million

[30][31]

Katie Couric
CBS Evening News
News anchor
$15 million

[32]

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ The ''Daily Express gives a £2 million figure, though sources differ. This figure possibly includes the percentage the cast makes from reruns and overseas syndications.[1]

tag: ol


document_title: George VI

question_text: who was the king of england in the second world war

text: George VI

text: Early life[edit]

text: George was born at York Cottage, on the Sandringham Estate in Norfolk, during the reign of his great-grandmother Queen Victoria.[1] His father was Prince George, Duke of York (later King George V), the second and eldest-surviving son of the Prince and Princess of Wales (later King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra). His mother was the Duchess of York (later Queen Mary), the eldest child and only daughter of the Duke and Duchess of Teck.[2]

text: His birthday (14 December 1895) was the 34th anniversary of the death of his great-grandfather, Albert, Prince Consort.[3] Uncertain of how the Prince Consort's widow, Queen Victoria, would take the news of the birth, the Prince of Wales wrote to the Duke of York that the Queen had been "rather distressed". Two days later, he wrote again: "I really think it would gratify her if you yourself proposed the name Albert to her".[4] Queen Victoria was mollified by the proposal to name the new baby Albert, and wrote to the Duchess of York: "I am all impatience to see the new one, born on such a sad day but rather more dear to me, especially as he will be called by that dear name which is a byword for all that is great and good".[5] Consequently, he was baptised "Albert Frederick Arthur George" at St. Mary Magdalene's Church near Sandringham three months later.[a] Within the family, he was known informally as "Bertie".[7] His maternal grandmother, the Duchess of Teck, did not like the first name the baby had been given, and she wrote prophetically that she hoped the last name "may supplant the less favoured one".[8] Albert was fourth in line to the throne at birth, after his grandfather, father and elder brother, Edward.

text: He often suffered from ill health and was described as "easily frightened and somewhat prone to tears".[9] His parents were generally removed from their children's day-to-day upbringing, as was the norm in aristocratic families of that era. He had a stammer that lasted for many years. Although naturally left-handed, he was forced to write with his right hand, as was common practice at the time. He suffered from chronic stomach problems as well as knock knees, for which he was forced to wear painful corrective splints.[10]

text: Queen Victoria died on 22 January 1901, and the Prince of Wales succeeded her as King Edward VII. Prince Albert moved up to third in line to the throne, after his father and elder brother.

text: Military career and education[edit]

text: From 1909, Albert attended the Royal Naval College, Osborne, as a naval cadet. In 1911, he came bottom of the class in the final examination, but despite this he progressed to the Royal Naval College, Dartmouth.[11] When his grandfather, Edward VII, died in 1910, Albert's father became King George V. Edward became Prince of Wales, with Albert second in line to the throne.[12]

text: Albert spent the first six months of 1913 on the training ship HMS Cumberland in the West Indies and on the east coast of Canada.[13] He was rated as a midshipman aboard HMS Collingwood on 15 September 1913, and spent three months in the Mediterranean. His fellow officers gave him the nickname "Mr. Johnson".[14] One year after his commission, he began service in the First World War. He was mentioned in despatches for his action as a turret officer aboard Collingwood in the Battle of Jutland (31 May – 1 June 1916), an indecisive engagement with the German navy that was the largest naval action of the war. He did not see further combat, largely because of ill health caused by a duodenal ulcer, for which he had an operation in November 1917.[15]

text: In February 1918, he was appointed Officer in Charge of Boys at the Royal Naval Air Service's training establishment at Cranwell.[16] With the establishment of the Royal Air Force two months later and the reassignment of Cranwell from Admiralty to Air Ministry responsibility, Albert transferred from the Royal Navy to the Royal Air Force.[16] He was appointed Officer Commanding Number 4 Squadron of the Boys' Wing at Cranwell until August 1918,[17] before reporting to the RAF's Cadet School at St Leonards-on-Sea. He completed a fortnight's training and took command of a squadron on the Cadet Wing.[18] He was the first member of the royal family to be certified as a fully qualified pilot.[19]

text: Albert was greatly desirous of serving on the Continent while the war was still in progress and was very pleased to be posted to General Trenchard's staff. On 23 October he flew across the Channel to Autigny.[20] For the closing weeks of the war, he served on the staff of the RAF's Independent Air Force at its headquarters in Nancy, France.[21] Following the disbanding of the Independent Air Force in November 1918, he remained on the Continent for two months as a staff officer with the Royal Air Force until posted back to Britain.[22] He accompanied the Belgian monarch King Albert I on his triumphal reentry into Brussels on 22 November. Prince Albert qualified as an RAF pilot on 31 July 1919 and gained a promotion to squadron leader on the following day.[23]

text: In October 1919, Albert went up to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he studied history, economics and civics for a year,[24] with the historian R. V. Laurence as his "official mentor".[25] On 4 June 1920, he was created Duke of York, Earl of Inverness and Baron Killarney.[26] He began to take on more royal duties. He represented his father, and toured coal mines, factories, and railyards. Through such visits he acquired the nickname of the "Industrial Prince".[27] His stammer, and his embarrassment over it, together with his tendency to shyness, caused him to appear much less impressive than his older brother, Edward. However, he was physically active and enjoyed playing tennis. He played at Wimbledon in the Men's Doubles with Louis Greig in 1926, losing in the first round.[28] He developed an interest in working conditions, and was President of the Industrial Welfare Society. His series of annual summer camps for boys between 1921 and 1939 brought together boys from different social backgrounds.[29]

text: Marriage[edit]

text: In a time when royalty were expected to marry fellow royalty, it was unusual that Albert had a great deal of freedom in choosing a prospective wife. An infatuation with the already-married Australian socialite Sheila, Lady Loughborough, came to an end in April 1920 when the King, with the promise of the dukedom of York, persuaded Albert to stop seeing her.[30][31] That year, he met for the first time since childhood Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon, the youngest daughter of the Earl and Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne. He became determined to marry her.[32] She rejected his proposal twice, in 1921 and 1922, reportedly because she was reluctant to make the sacrifices necessary to become a member of the royal family.[33] In the words of Lady Elizabeth's mother, Albert would be "made or marred" by his choice of wife. After a protracted courtship, Elizabeth agreed to marry him.[34]

text: They were married on 26 April 1923 in Westminster Abbey. Albert's marriage to someone not of royal birth was considered a modernising gesture.[35] The newly formed British Broadcasting Company wished to record and broadcast the event on radio, but the Abbey Chapter vetoed the idea (although the Dean, Herbert Edward Ryle, was in favour).[36]

text: From December 1924 to April 1925, the Duke and Duchess toured Kenya, Uganda, and the Sudan, travelling via the Suez Canal and Aden. During the trip, they both went big game hunting.[37]

text: Because of his stammer, Albert dreaded public speaking.[38] After his closing speech at the British Empire Exhibition at Wembley on 31 October 1925, one which was an ordeal for both him and his listeners,[39] he began to see Lionel Logue, an Australian-born speech therapist. The Duke and Logue practised breathing exercises, and the Duchess rehearsed with him patiently.[40] Subsequently, he was able to speak with less hesitation.[41] With his delivery improved, the Duke opened the new Parliament House in Canberra, Australia, during a tour of the empire in 1927.[42] His journey by sea to Australia, New Zealand and Fiji took him via Jamaica, where Albert played doubles tennis partnered with a black man, Bertrand Clark, which was unusual at the time and taken locally as a display of equality between races.[43]

text: The Duke and Duchess of York had two children: Elizabeth (called "Lilibet" by the family), and Margaret. The Duke and Duchess and their two daughters lived a relatively sheltered life at their London residence, 145 Piccadilly. They were a close and loving family.[44] One of the few stirs arose when the Canadian Prime Minister, R. B. Bennett, considered the Duke for Governor General of Canada in 1931—a proposal that King George V rejected on the advice of the Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs, J. H. Thomas.[45]

text: Reluctant king[edit]

text: King George V had severe reservations about Prince Edward, saying, "I pray God that my eldest son will never marry and that nothing will come between Bertie and Lilibet and the throne."[46] On 20 January 1936, George V died and Edward ascended the throne as King Edward VIII. In the Vigil of the Princes, Prince Albert and his three brothers took a shift standing guard over their father's body as it lay in state, in a closed casket, in Westminster Hall.

text: As Edward was unmarried and had no children, Albert was the heir presumptive to the throne. Less than a year later, on 11 December 1936, Edward abdicated in order to marry his mistress, Wallis Simpson, who was divorced from her first husband and divorcing her second. Edward had been advised by British Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin that he could not remain king and marry a divorced woman with two living ex-husbands. Edward chose abdication in preference to abandoning his marriage plans. Thus Albert became king, a position he was reluctant to accept.[47] The day before the abdication, he went to London to see his mother, Queen Mary. He wrote in his diary, "When I told her what had happened, I broke down and sobbed like a child."[48]

text: On the day of the abdication, the Oireachtas, the parliament of the Irish Free State, removed all direct mention of the monarch from the Irish constitution. The next day, it passed the External Relations Act, which gave the monarch limited authority (strictly on the advice of the government) to appoint diplomatic representatives for Ireland and to be involved in the making of foreign treaties. The two acts made the Irish Free State a republic in essence without removing its links to the Commonwealth.[49]

text: Courtier and journalist Dermot Morrah alleged that there was brief speculation as to the desirability of bypassing Albert (and his children) and his brother, Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester, in favour of their younger brother Prince George, Duke of Kent. This seems to have been suggested on the grounds that Prince George was at that time the only brother with a son.[50]

text: Early reign[edit]

text: Albert assumed the regnal name "George VI" to emphasise continuity with his father and restore confidence in the monarchy.[51] The beginning of George VI's reign was taken up by questions surrounding his predecessor and brother, whose titles, style and position were uncertain. He had been introduced as "His Royal Highness Prince Edward" for the abdication broadcast,[52] but George VI felt that by abdicating and renouncing the succession, Edward had lost the right to bear royal titles, including "Royal Highness".[53] In settling the issue, George's first act as king was to confer upon his brother the title "Duke of Windsor" with the style "Royal Highness", but the letters patent creating the dukedom prevented any wife or children from bearing royal styles. George VI was forced to buy from Edward the royal residences of Balmoral Castle and Sandringham House, as these were private properties and did not pass to George VI automatically.[54] Three days after his accession, on his 41st birthday, he invested his wife, the new queen consort, with the Order of the Garter.[55]

text: George VI's coronation at Westminster Abbey took place on 12 May 1937, the date previously intended for Edward's coronation. In a break with tradition, Queen Mary attended the ceremony in a show of support for her son.[56] There was no Durbar held in Delhi for George VI, as had occurred for his father, as the cost would have been a burden to the government of India.[57] Rising Indian nationalism made the welcome that the royal party would have received likely to be muted at best,[58] and a prolonged absence from Britain would have been undesirable in the tense period before the Second World War. Two overseas tours were undertaken, to France and to North America, both of which promised greater strategic advantages in the event of war.[59]

text: The growing likelihood of war in Europe dominated the early reign of George VI. The King was constitutionally bound to support Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain's appeasement of Hitler.[10][60] However, when the King and Queen greeted Chamberlain on his return from negotiating the Munich Agreement in 1938, they invited him to appear on the balcony of Buckingham Palace with them. This public association of the monarchy with a politician was exceptional, as balcony appearances were traditionally restricted to the royal family.[10] While broadly popular among the general public, Chamberlain's policy towards Hitler was the subject of some opposition in the House of Commons, which led historian John Grigg to describe the King's behaviour in associating himself so prominently with a politician as "the most unconstitutional act by a British sovereign in the present century".[61]

text: In May and June 1939, the King and Queen toured Canada and the United States. From Ottawa, they were accompanied throughout by Canadian Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King,[62] to present themselves in North America as King and Queen of Canada.[63][64] George was the first reigning monarch of Canada to visit North America, although he had been to Canada previously as Prince Albert and as Duke of York. Both Governor General of Canada Lord Tweedsmuir and Mackenzie King hoped that the King's presence in Canada would demonstrate the principles of the Statute of Westminster 1931, which gave full sovereignty to the British Dominions. On 19 May, George VI personally accepted and approved the Letter of Credence of the new U.S. Ambassador to Canada, Daniel Calhoun Roper; gave Royal Assent to nine parliamentary bills; and ratified two international treaties with the Great Seal of Canada. The official royal tour historian, Gustave Lanctot, wrote "the Statute of Westminster had assumed full reality" and George gave a speech emphasising "the free and equal association of the nations of the Commonwealth".[65]

text: The trip was intended to soften the strong isolationist tendencies among the North American public with regard to the developing tensions in Europe. Although the aim of the tour was mainly political, to shore up Atlantic support for the United Kingdom in any future war, the King and Queen were enthusiastically received by the public.[66] The fear that George would be compared unfavourably to his predecessor, Edward VIII, was dispelled.[67] They visited the 1939 New York World's Fair and stayed with President Franklin D. Roosevelt at the White House and at his private estate at Hyde Park, New York.[68] A strong bond of friendship was forged between the King and Queen and the President during the tour, which had major significance in the relations between the United States and the United Kingdom through the ensuing war years.[69][70]

text: Second World War[edit]

text: In September 1939, Britain and the self-governing Dominions other than Ireland declared war on Nazi Germany.[71] George VI and his wife resolved to stay in London, despite German bombing raids. They officially stayed in Buckingham Palace throughout the war, although they usually spent nights at Windsor Castle.[72] The first night of the Blitz on London, on 7 September 1940, killed about one thousand civilians, mostly in the East End.[73] On 13 September, the King and Queen narrowly avoided death when two German bombs exploded in a courtyard at Buckingham Palace while they were there.[74] In defiance, the Queen famously declared: "I am glad we have been bombed. It makes me feel we can look the East End in the face."[75] The royal family were portrayed as sharing the same dangers and deprivations as the rest of the country. They were subject to rationing restrictions, and U.S. First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt remarked on the rationed food served and the limited bathwater that was permitted during a stay at the unheated and boarded-up Palace.[76] In August 1942, the King's brother, Prince George, Duke of Kent, was killed on active service.[77]

text: In 1940, Winston Churchill replaced Neville Chamberlain as Prime Minister, though personally George would have preferred to appoint Lord Halifax.[78] After the King's initial dismay over Churchill's appointment of Lord Beaverbrook to the Cabinet, he and Churchill developed "the closest personal relationship in modern British history between a monarch and a Prime Minister".[79] Every Tuesday for four and a half years from September 1940, the two men met privately for lunch to discuss the war in secret and with frankness.[80]

text: Throughout the war, the King and Queen provided morale-boosting visits throughout the United Kingdom, visiting bomb sites, munitions factories, and troops. The King visited military forces abroad in France in December 1939, North Africa and Malta in June 1943, Normandy in June 1944, southern Italy in July 1944, and the Low Countries in October 1944.[81] Their high public profile and apparently indefatigable determination secured their place as symbols of national resistance.[82] At a social function in 1944, Chief of the Imperial General Staff Sir Alan Brooke, revealed that every time he met Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery he thought Montgomery was after his job. The King replied: "You should worry, when I meet him, I always think he's after mine!"[83]

text: In 1945, crowds shouted "We want the King!" in front of Buckingham Palace during the Victory in Europe Day celebrations. In an echo of Chamberlain's appearance, the King invited Churchill to appear with the royal family on the balcony to public acclaim.[84]

text: In January 1946, George addressed the United Nations at their first assembly, which was held in London, and reaffirmed "our faith in the equal rights of men and women and of nations great and small".[85]

text: Empire to Commonwealth[edit]

text: George VI's reign saw the acceleration of the dissolution of the British Empire. The Statute of Westminster 1931 had already acknowledged the evolution of the Dominions into separate sovereign states. The process of transformation from an empire to a voluntary association of independent states, known as the Commonwealth, gathered pace after the Second World War.[86] During the ministry of Clement Attlee, British India became the two independent dominions of India and Pakistan in 1947.[87] George relinquished the title of Emperor of India, and became King of India and King of Pakistan instead. In 1950 he ceased to be King of India when it became a republic within the Commonwealth of Nations and recognised his new title of Head of the Commonwealth; he remained King of Pakistan until his death. Other countries left the Commonwealth, such as Burma in January 1948, Palestine (divided between Israel and the Arab states) in May 1948 and the Republic of Ireland in 1949.[88]

text: In 1947, the King and his family toured Southern Africa.[89] The Prime Minister of the Union of South Africa, Jan Smuts, was facing an election and hoped to make political capital out of the visit.[90] George was appalled, however, when instructed by the South African government to shake hands only with whites,[91] and referred to his South African bodyguards as "the Gestapo".[92] Despite the tour, Smuts lost the election the following year, and the new government instituted a strict policy of racial segregation.

text: Illness and death[edit]

text: The stress of the war had taken its toll on the King's health,[93][94] made worse by his heavy smoking[95] and subsequent development of lung cancer among other ailments, including arteriosclerosis and Buerger's disease. A planned tour of Australia and New Zealand was postponed after the King suffered an arterial blockage in his right leg, which threatened the loss of the leg and was treated with a right lumbar sympathectomy in March 1949.[96]

text: His elder daughter Elizabeth, the heir presumptive, took on more royal duties as her father's health deteriorated. The delayed tour was re-organised, with Elizabeth and her husband, the Duke of Edinburgh, taking the place of the King and Queen. The King was well enough to open the Festival of Britain in May 1951, but on 23 September 1951, his left lung was removed by Clement Price Thomas after a malignant tumour was found.[97] In October 1951, Princess Elizabeth and the Duke of Edinburgh went on a month-long tour of Canada; the trip had been delayed for a week due to the King's illness. At the State Opening of Parliament in November, the King's speech from the throne was read for him by the Lord Chancellor, Lord Simonds.[98] His Christmas broadcast of 1951 was recorded in sections, and then edited together.[99]

text: On 31 January 1952, despite advice from those close to him, the King went to London Airport[b] to see off Princess Elizabeth, who was going on her tour of Australia via Kenya. On the morning of 6 February, George VI was found dead in bed at Sandringham House in Norfolk. He had died from a coronary thrombosis in his sleep at the age of 56.[101] His daughter flew back to Britain from Kenya as Queen Elizabeth II.

text: From 9 February for two days his coffin rested in St. Mary Magdalene Church, Sandringham, before lying in state at Westminster Hall from 11 February.[102] His funeral took place at St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, on the 15th.[103] He was interred initially in the Royal Vault until he was transferred to the King George VI Memorial Chapel inside St. George's on 26 March 1969.[104] In 2002, fifty years after his death, the remains of his widow, Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, and the ashes of his younger daughter Princess Margaret, who both died that year, were interred in the chapel alongside him.

text: Legacy[edit]

text: In the words of Labour Member of Parliament George Hardie, the abdication crisis of 1936 did "more for republicanism than fifty years of propaganda".[105] George VI wrote to his brother Edward that in the aftermath of the abdication he had reluctantly assumed "a rocking throne" and tried "to make it steady again".[106] He became king at a point when public faith in the monarchy was at a low ebb. During his reign his people endured the hardships of war, and imperial power was eroded. However, as a dutiful family man and by showing personal courage, he succeeded in restoring the popularity of the monarchy.[107][108]

text: The George Cross and the George Medal were founded at the King's suggestion during the Second World War to recognise acts of exceptional civilian bravery.[109] He bestowed the George Cross on the entire "island fortress of Malta" in 1943.[110] He was posthumously awarded the Ordre de la Libération by the French government in 1960, one of only two people (the other being Churchill) to be awarded the medal after 1946.[111]

text: A number of geographical features, roads, and institutions are named after George VI. These include King George Hospital in London; King George VI Reservoir in Surrey, United Kingdom; King George VI Highway and King George Boulevard in Surrey, British Columbia; Kingsway in Edmonton; George VI Sound in Antarctica; and the King George VI Chase, a horse race in the United Kingdom.

text: Colin Firth won an Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance as George VI in The King's Speech, a 2010 film that won the Academy Award for Best Picture.

text: Titles, styles, honours and arms[edit]

text: Titles and styles[edit]

text:
14 December 1895 – 28 May 1898: His Highness Prince Albert of York
28 May 1898 – 22 January 1901: His Royal Highness Prince Albert of York
22 January 1901 – 9 November 1901: His Royal Highness Prince Albert of Cornwall and York
9 November 1901 – 6 May 1910: His Royal Highness Prince Albert of Wales
6 May 1910 – 4 June 1920: His Royal Highness The Prince Albert
4 June 1920 – 11 December 1936: His Royal Highness The Duke of York
11 December 1936 – 6 February 1952: His Majesty The King

11 December 1936 – 14 August 1947: His Imperial Majesty The King, Emperor of India (for British India)[112]

text: George held a number of titles throughout his life, as successively great-grandson, grandson and son of the monarch. As sovereign, he was referred to most often as simply The King or His Majesty. In his position as sovereign, George automatically held the position of Commander-in-Chief.

text: Arms[edit]

text: As Duke of York, George bore the royal arms of the United Kingdom differenced with a label of three points argent, the centre point bearing an anchor azure—a difference earlier awarded to his father, George V, when he was Duke of York, and then later awarded to his grandson Prince Andrew, Duke of York. As king, he bore the royal arms undifferenced.[113]

text:
Coat of arms as Duke of York

Coat of arms as King of the United Kingdom (except Scotland)

Coat of arms in Scotland

Coat of arms in Canada

text: Issue[edit]

text:
Name
Birth
Death
Marriage
Date | Spouse
Children

Queen Elizabeth II
21 April 1926

20 November 1947
Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark
Prince Charles, Prince of Wales
Princess Anne, Princess Royal
Prince Andrew, Duke of York
Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex

Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon
21 August 1930
9 February 2002
6 May 1960
Divorced 11 July 1978
Antony Armstrong-Jones
David Armstrong-Jones, 2nd Earl of Snowdon
Lady Sarah Chatto

text: Ancestry[edit]

text:
[show]Ancestors of George VI

16. Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

8. Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

17. Princess Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg

4. Edward VII of the United Kingdom

18. Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn (son of 28)

9. Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom

19. Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld

2. George V of the United Kingdom

20. Frederick William, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg

10. Christian IX of Denmark

21. Princess Louise Caroline of Hesse-Kassel

5. Princess Alexandra of Denmark

22. Prince William of Hesse-Kassel

11. Princess Louise of Hesse-Kassel

23. Princess Louise Charlotte of Denmark

1. George VI of the United Kingdom

24. Duke Louis of Württemberg

12. Duke Alexander of Württemberg

25. Princess Henriette of Nassau-Weilburg

6. Francis, Duke of Teck

26. Count László Rhédey von Kis-Rhéde

13. Countess Claudine Rhédey von Kis-Rhéde

27. Baroness Ágnes Inczédy von Nagy-Várad

3. Princess Mary of Teck

28. George III of the United Kingdom (father of 18)

14. Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge

29. Princess Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz

7. Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge

30. Prince Frederick of Hesse-Kassel

15. Princess Augusta of Hesse-Kassel

31. Princess Caroline of Nassau-Usingen

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ His godparents were: Queen Victoria (his great-grandmother, for whom his grandmother the Princess of Wales stood proxy); the Grand Duke and Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg (his maternal great-aunt and great-uncle, for whom his grandfather the Duke of Teck and his paternal aunt Princess Maud of Wales stood proxy); Empress Frederick (his paternal great-aunt, for whom his paternal aunt Princess Victoria of Wales stood proxy); the Crown Prince of Denmark (his great-uncle, for whom his grandfather the Prince of Wales stood proxy); the Duke of Connaught (his great-uncle); the Duchess of Fife (his paternal aunt); and Prince Adolphus of Teck (his maternal uncle).[6]
Jump up ^ Renamed Heathrow Airport in 1966.[100]


document_title: List of Mount Everest records

question_text: who hold the world record as the youngest person to climb mount everest

text: List of Mount Everest records

text: Records[edit]

text: Highest number of times to reach the summit of Mount Everest[edit]

text: † - Non-Nepali or Tibetan

text:
Record name
Record
Owner
Nation
Date
Ref

Highest number of times to reach the summit
21
Apa Sherpa
   Nepal
2012-05-11 !May 11, 2011
[1]

Phurba Tashi Sherpa
   Nepal
2013-05-19 !May 19, 2013
[2]

text: Other Number of Times Records[edit]

text: † - Non-Nepali or Tibetan

text:
Record name
Record
Owner
Nation
Date
Ref

Most ascents by a woman
8
Lhakpa Sherpa
   Nepal

[3][4][5]

Most summits without supplemental oxygen
10
Ang Rita
   Nepal
1996-05-23 !May 23, 1996
[6]

Most summits by a foreigner †
15
Dave Hahn
 United States

[7][8][9]

Most ascents by a foreign woman †
6
Melissa Arnot
 United States

[10][11]

text: First to summit a certain number of times[edit]

text:
Record name
Record
Owner
Nation
Date
Ref

First climbers confirmed as having reached the summit
Summited
Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay
 New Zealand,    Nepal
1953-05-29 !May 29, 1953

First woman to summit once
Summited
Junko Tabei
 Japan
May 16, 1975
[12]

First to summit twice
2
Nawang Gombu
   Nepal
1963, 1965
[13][14][15]

First woman to summit twice
2
Santosh Yadav
 India
1992, 1993
[16]

First to summit three times
3 by 1982
Sungdare Sherpa
   Nepal

[17]

First woman to summit three times
3 by 2003
Lhakpa Sherpa
   Nepal

[18]

First to summit 4 times
4 by 1985
Sungdare Sherpa
   Nepal

[19]

First woman to summit 4 times
4 by 2004
Lhakpa Sherpa
   Nepal

[20]

First to summit 5 times
5 by 1988
Sungdare Sherpa
   Nepal

[19]

First woman to summit 5 times
5 by 2005
Lhakpa Sherpa
   Nepal

[21]

First person to summit 6 times
6 by 1990
Ang Rita
   Nepal

[19]

First woman to summit 6 times
6 by 2006
Lhakpa Sherpa
   Nepal

First person to summit 7 times
7 by 1992
Ang Rita
   Nepal

[22]

First woman to summit 7 times
7 by 2016
Lhakpa Sherpa
   Nepal

[3]

First person to summit 8 times
8 by 1993
Ang Rita
   Nepal

[22]

First person to summit 9 times
9 by 1995
Ang Rita
   Nepal

[23]

First person to summit 10 times
10 by 1996
Ang Rita
   Nepal

[24]

First person to summit 11 times
11 by 2000
Apa Sherpa
   Nepal

[25]

text: Apa continued to increase in summits until 2011, achieving 21 times.[26]

text: Double summiting records[edit]

text:
Record name
Record
Owner
Nation
Date
Ref

First dual ascent made by a woman on Mount Everest summit within five days
Summited
Anshu Jamsenpa
 India
21st May 2017
[27]

text: Fastest ascents[edit]

text:
Record name
Record
Owner
Nation
Date
Ref

Fastest ascent from Everest South Base Camp
with supplemental oxygen
8 hours and 10 minutes
Pemba Dorje
   Nepal
2004-05-21 !May 21, 2004
[28]

Fastest ascent from Everest South Base Camp
without supplemental oxygena
20 hours and 24 minutes
Aman Kumar Sinha
 India
1998-10-17 !October 17, 2008
[29]

Fastest ascent without supplemental oxygen
and fastest ascent from Everest North Base Camp
16 hours and 45 minutes
Hans Kammerlander
 Italy
1996-5-24 !May 24, 1996
[30]

Longest stay on the summit
21 hours
Babu Chiri Sherpa
   Nepal
1999-05-06 !May 6, 1999
[31]

text: Deadliest accident[edit]

text:
Record name
Record
Nation
Date
Ref

Most deaths in one day at Everest
22
   Nepal, China
2015-04-25 !April 25, 2015
[32]

text: Oldest summiters[edit]

text: This table shows the progression of the record for oldest male summiter, as well as some additional examples of aged summiters for comparison

text:
Record
Owner
Nation
Date
Ref

80 years 224 days
Yuichiro Miura (b 1932)
 Japan
2013-05-23 !May 23, 2013
[33]

76 years 340 days
Min Bahadur Sherchan (b 1931)
   Nepal
2008
[33][34][35]

75 years 227 days
Yuichiro Miura
 Japan
2008
[33][34][35]

71 years 61 days
Katsusuke Yanagisawa
 Japan
2007-05-22 !May 22, 2007
[36][37]

70 years 225 days
Takao Arayama
 Japan
May 2006
[37][38]

70 years 222 days
Yuichiro Miura
 Japan
May 2003
[33][34][37][38]

65 years 176 days
Tomiyasu Ishikawa
 Japan
2002-05-17 !17 May 2002
[39]

65 years
Sir Ranulph Fiennes (b 1944)
 United Kingdom
2009-05-21 !21 May 2009
[40]

64 years
Sherman Bull
 United States
2001-05-25 !May 25, 2001
[41][42]

63 years 311 days
Toshio Yamamoto
 Japan
2000
[43][44]

60 years 161 days
Lev Sarkisov
 Georgia
1999-05-12 !May 12, 1999
[43][45]

60 years 160 days
Ramon Balanca (Blanco) Suarez
 Venezuela
1993 (b. 1933)
[46]

55 years
Richard Bass (b. 1929)
 United States
April 1985
[46][47]

50 years
Chris Bonington (b. 1934)
 United Kingdom
April 1985
[46]

50 years
Jozef Psotka (b. 1934, died on descent)
 Czechoslovakia
October 1984
[46]

50 years 118 days
Gerhard Schmatz (b 1929)
 West Germany
October 1979
[39][48]

49 years 52 days
Pierre Mazeaud (b 1929)
 France
15 Oct 1978
[39]

42 years 6 months
Sonam Gyatso (b 1922)
 India
22 May 1965
[39]

39 years
Tenzing Norgay (b 1914)
   Nepal
29 May 1953
[39]

text: Norgay was older than Hillary, so they became the modern day starting point for oldest and youngest climbers respectively.

text: This table shows the progression of the record for oldest female summiter.

text:
Record
Owner
Nation
Date
Ref

73 years 180 days
Tamae Watanabe
 Japan
2012-05-19 !May 19, 2012
[49][50]

63 years 177 days
Tamae Watanabe
 Japan
2002-05-16 !May 16, 2002
[49][50]

50 years
Anna Czerwińska
 Poland
2000-05-22 !May 22, 2000
[51]

47 years 98 days (died in the 1996 Mount Everest disaster)
Yasuko Namba
 Japan
1996-05-10 !May 10, 1996
[50]

47 years 21 days
Mary Lefever
 United States
1993-05-19 !May 19, 1993
[39]

39 years 228 days (died on descent)
Hannelore Schmatz
 Germany
1979-10-02 !October 10, 1979
[39]

35 years, 236 days
Junko Tabei
 Japan
May 16, 1975
[12][39]

text: Junko Tabei was the first woman to reach the summit, and thus set the initial records for both oldest and youngest female summiter.

text: Youngest Summiters[edit]

text: Due to some variations in record keeping, there may be some variation in the examples

text:
Record name
Record
Owner
Nation
Date
Ref

Youngest person to climb Mount Everest
13 years 10 months 10 days old
Jordan Romero
 United States
2010-05-22 !May 22, 2010
[52]

Youngest person to climb Mount Everest (2003-2010)
15 years old
Ming Kipa (female)
   Nepal
2003-05-24 !May 24, 2003
[53][54][55]

Youngest person to climb Mount Everest (2001-2003)
16 year 14 days old
Temba Tsheri
   Nepal
2001-5-24 !May 24, 2001
[56]

Youngest person to climb Mount Everest (1990-2001)
17 years old
Bertrand Roche
 France
1990-5-24 !1990
[56]

text: Purna was about a month older than Romero at the time of her summiting in 2014:

text:
Record name
Record
Owner
Nation
Date
Ref

Next youngest person and youngest female
13 years 11 months old
Malavath Purna
 India
2014-05-25 !May 25, 2014
[57][58]

text: Youngest female[edit]

text:
Record name
Record
Owner
Nation
Date
Ref

Youngest girl to climb Mount Everest
13 years and 11 months old
Malavath Purna
 India
2014-05-25 !May 25, 2014
[57][58]

Youngest person to climb Mount Everest (2003-2010)
15 years old
Ming Kipa
   Nepal
2003-05-24 !May 24, 2003
[53][54][55]

Youngest woman up to Summit Everest up to that time
19 years 35 days
Dicky Dolma
 India
May 10, 1993
[59]

Youngest woman to summit up to that time
22 years, 273 days
Kim Soon-Jo
 South Korea
May 10, 1993

Youngest Muslim woman to summit
22 years, 242 days
Samina Baig
 Pakistan
May 19, 2013

Youngest woman to summit up to that time
24 years, 215 days
Santosh Yadav
 India
May 12, 1992

Youngest British woman to summit
25 years
Tori James
Wales
May 24, 2007

Youngest woman to summit up to that time
27 years 5 days
Lydia Bradey
 New Zealand
October 14, 1988
[39][60]

Youngest woman to summit up to that time
29 year 2 days
Sharon Wood
 Canada
May 20, 1986
[39]

Youngest woman to summit up to that time
30 years 28 days
Bachendri Pal
 India
May 23, 1984
[39]

First (so both the youngest and oldest) woman to summit
35 years 236 days
Junko Tabei
 Japan
May 16, 1975
[12][39]

text: See also

text:
Nimdoma Sherpa
Samantha Larson
Nima Chhamzi Sherpa, summited May 19, 2012 at the age of 16.[61]

text: First …[edit]

text:
Record name
Record
Owner
Nation
Date
Ref

First climbers confirmed as having reached the summit
Summited
Sir Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay
 New Zealand,    Nepal
1953-05-29 !May 29, 1953

Youngest female person to climb from Tibetan Side of Everest
summited
Malavath Purna
 India
2014-05-25 !May 25, 2014
[57][58]

First woman to reach the summit
Summited
Junko Tabei
 Japan
May 16, 1975
[12]

First ascent without supplemental oxygen
Summited
Reinhold Messner and Peter Habeler
 Italy,  Austria
May 8, 1978

First winter ascent
Summited
Krzysztof Wielicki and Leszek Cichy
 Poland
February 17, 1980

First solo ascent without supplemental oxygen
Summited
Reinhold Messner
 Italy
August 20, 1980

First paraglider descent from summit
Summited, descended by paraglider
Jean-Marc Boivin
 France
September 26, 1988
[62]

First female ascent without supplemental oxygen
Summited
Lydia Bradey
 New Zealand
October 14, 1988
[60]

First Nepalese woman to successfully summit and descend
Summited, descended
Lhakpa Sherpa
   Nepal
May 18, 2000
[63]

First to descend on a snowboard
Summited, descended by snowboard
Marco Siffredi
 France
May, 2001

First person to reach the summit from three different routes (South Col., North Face and Khangshung Face)
Summited by 3 routes
Kushang Sherpa
 India
1993- 2003
[64]
[65]

First two people to marry on top of Mount Everest
Summited, married
Pem Dorjee and Moni Mulepati
   Nepal
May 30, 2005
[66]

First twins to climb Mount Everest together
Summited
Tashi and Nungshi Malik
 India
May 19, 2013
[67]

First to climb the Everest Triple Crown
Summited
Kenton Cool and Dorje Gylgen
 United Kingdom,   Nepal
May 21, 2013
[68]

First to recite national anthem at everest
Summited
Ratnesh Pandey
 India
May 21, 2016
[69]

text: Disabled or diseased summiters[edit]

text:
Record name
Record
Owner
Nation
Date
Ref

Amputated foot
Summited Everest
Tom Whittaker
 United States
May 27, 1998
[70]

Blind
Summited Everest via South Col
Erik Weihenmayer
 United States
May 25, 2001

Cystic fibrosis
Summited Everest
Nick Talbot
 United Kingdom
May 2016
[71]

Left arm amputated
Summited Everest
Gary Guller
 United States
May 23, 2003
[72]

Double leg amputee
Summited Everest
Mark Inglis
 New Zealand
May 15, 2006

Right leg amputee
Summited Everest
Nelson Cardona
 Colombia
May 17, 2010
[73]

With no fingers
Summited Everest
Kim Hong-Bin
 South Korea
May 16, 2007
[74][75]

Double arm amputee
Summited Everest
Sudarshan Gautam
   Nepal  Canada
May 20, 2013
[76][77]

Female amputee (1 leg)
Summited Everest
Arunima Sinha
 India
May 21, 2013
[78]

Hemophiliac
Summited Everest
Chris Bombardier
 United States
May 22, 2017
[79]

Insulin dependent Diabetic
Summited Everest
Geri Winkler
 Austria
May 20, 2006
[80][81]

Type I Diabetes
Summited Everest
Will Cross
 United States
May 23, 2006
[82][83][84]

Multiple sclerosis first woman
Summited Everest
Lori Schneider
 United States
May 23, 2009
[85][86]

Multiple sclerosis first man
Summited Everest
Niels van Buren
 Netherlands
May 2016
[87]

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis and partially blind
Summited Everest
Cindy Abbott
 United States
May 23, 2010
[88][89]

Crohn's disease and ostomy
Summited South Summit of Everest
Rob Hill
 Canada
May 25, 2010
[90][91]

Cancer survivor (Hodgkins disease and Askin's sarcoma); 1 lung
Summit
Sean Swarner
 United States
May 16, 2002
[92][93]

Blind
Summited Everest via North Col
Andy Holzer
 Austria
May 21, 2017
[94]

First Cancer patient
Summited Everest
Ian Toothill
 United Kingdom
May 27th 2017
[95]

text: Other[edit]

text:
Record name
Record
Owner
Nation
Date
Ref

Overflight of summit
8848m
David McIntyre and Sir Douglas Douglas-Hamilton
 United Kingdom
1933-04-03 !April 3, 1933
[96]

Highest of rotorcraft landing and take-off
8848m
Didier Delsalle
 France
2005-05-00 !May, 2005
[97]

text:
Elizabeth Hawley, has kept records for Everest from 1960s to at least 2015.[98]
Marc Kopp was the first disabled person to skydive over Mount Everest, in 2013; he suffers from multiple sclerosis.[99]

text: Nepali records[edit]

text: Many Mount Everest records are held by Nepali, especially those from the Sherpa region who are synonymous with hospitality, hard-work, and brave alpinism.

text:
On 11 May 2011, Apa Sherpa successfully reached the summit of Everest for the twenty-first time, breaking his own record for the most successful ascents.[100] He first climbed Mount Everest in 1989 at the age of 29.[101]

Phurba Tashi Sherpa (also 21 times)
Kami Rita Sherpa (21 times by 2017)

One famous Nepalese female mountaineers was Pasang Lhamu Sherpa, the first Nepali female climber to reach the summit of Everest, but who died during the descent. Another well-known woman Sherpa was the two-time Everest summiter Pemba Doma Sherpa, who died after falling from Lhotse on 22 May 2007.[102]
Nepali mountaineer Lhakpa Sherpa, the first Nepali female climber to reach the summit of Everest and descend from it, has stood atop of Everest 7 times by 2016 and 8 times by 2017, the most times for woman.[103][104]

text: Another examples of noted Nepali Everest mountaineers:

text:
Temba Tsheri
Nima Chhamzi Sherpa
Nimdoma Sherpa
Ming Kipa
Chhurim

text: About names: Many Nepalese are only given one name, and are often named for a day of the week

text: One source of confusion was in record keeping was that the South side was essentially closed in 2014 due to an avalanche disrupting the Khumbu Icefall. So most of the summiters summited from the North side, except for a small a group that flew a helicopter over the Khumbu Icefall, even though it was not open. This is why in 2016 Adrian Ballinger said on Instagram "9 Sherpa using supplemental oxygen became the first to summit on the South Side of Everest in the past 3 years" in 2016.[105] The full Nepal route to the summit was not open in 2014 or in 2015, but there was a group that summited from the south side in 2014 as part of a Chinese team that used a helicopter to reach that area.[105]

text: Most summits in one day[edit]

text: For the Mountain overall, the most in one day is May 19, 2012 when 179-234 reached the top.[106][107][108]

text: Everest base camp records[edit]

text: Records for non-summits such about the main Nepal-side Base camp:

text:
Record name
Record
Owner
Nation
Date
Ref

Fastest run from Everest Base Camp to Kathmandu
63 hours 8 minutes
Sam Finch (Ashleworth)
 United Kingdom
2013-21-04  !Apr 21, 2013
[citation needed]

Youngest person to trek to Everest Base Camp
Age: 4
Virat Sheokand
 India
April 2017

Youngest children to trek to Everest Base Camp
Ages: 6 and 8
James and Tobin Aidan O'Donnell
 United Kingdom
August 2016
[109]

Youngest siblings to trek to Everest Base Camp
Ages: 6, 8 and 11
James, Tobin and Aidan O'Donnell
 United Kingdom
August 2016
[110]

First person with Down's Syndrome to Everest Base Camp
15 years old
Eli Reimer
 United States
2013
[111]

Youngest Australian to trek to Everest Base Camp
9 years old
Oscar Squirrell
 Australia
April 2017

text: Some Everest-related marathons that start at Base camp or near Everest include the Everest Marathon, Tenzing Hillary Everest Marathon, and the Mount Everest Challenge Marathon.[112]

text: Death statistics[edit]


document_title: The Secret Life of Bees (novel)

question_text: who killed lily mother in the secret life of bees

text: The Secret Life of Bees (novel)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Set in the fictitious town of Sylvan, South Carolina, in 1964, The  Secret Life of Bees tells the story of a 14-year-old white girl, Lily Melissa Owens, whose life has been shaped around the blurred memory of the afternoon her mother was killed. She lives in a house with her abusive father, whom she refers to as T. Ray. They have a no-nonsense maid, Rosaleen, who acts as a surrogate mother for Lily. The book opens with Lily's discovery of bees in her bedroom. Then, after Rosaleen is arrested for pouring her bottle of "snuff juice" on three white men, Lily breaks her out of the hospital and they decide to leave town. They begin hitch-hiking toward Tiburon, SC, a place written on the back of an image of the Virgin Mary as a black woman, which Deborah, her mother, had owned. They spend a night in the woods with little food and little hope before reaching Tiburon. There, they buy lunch at a general store, and Lily recognizes a picture of the same "Black Mary" but on the side of a jar of honey. They receive directions to the origin of that honey, the Boatwright residence. They are introduced to the Boatwright sisters, the makers of the honey: August, May, and June, who are all black. Lily makes up a story about being an orphan. Lily and Rosaleen are invited to stay with the sisters.

text: They learn the ways of the Boatwrights, as well as the ways of bee keeping. With a new home and a new family for the time being, Lily learns more about the Black Madonna honey that the sisters make. She begins working as August's bee keeping apprentice to repay her for her kindness, while Rosaleen works around the house. Lily finds out that May had a twin sister, April, who committed suicide with their father's shotgun when they were younger.[1] She watches June's ongoing flirtations with, and refusals of marriage to, her boyfriend Neil. Lily and Rosaleen also get to see the sisters' form of religion. They hold service at their house which they call "The Daughters of Mary." They keep a statue of "Black Mary", or "our lady of chains", which was actually a figurehead from the bow of an ancient ship, and August tells the story of how a man by the name of Obadiah, who was a slave, found this figure. The slaves thought that God had answered their prayers asking for rescue, and "to send them consolation" and "to send them freedom".[2] It gave them hope, and the figure had been passed down for generations.

text: Lily meets Zach, August's godson. They soon develop intimate feelings for each other. They share goals with each other while working the hives. Both Lily and Zach find their goals nearly impossible to meet but still encourage each other to attempt them. Zach wants to be the "ass-busting lawyer", which means he would be the first black lawyer in the area.[3] Lily wants to be a short story writer.

text: Lily attempts to tell August the truth but is interrupted by Zach, who takes her for a honey run. They stop at a store to pick up a few things. Zach gets arrested after one of his friends, who they had met at the store, throws a coke bottle at a white man and none of them will tell who did it. Zach and his friends are arrested and put in jail. The Boatwright house decides not to tell May in fear of an unbearable emotional episode. The secret does not stay hidden for long and May becomes catatonic with depression.[4] May leaves the house and August, June, Lily and Rosaleen find her lying dead in the river with a rock on her chest, an apparent suicide.

text: A vigil is held that lasts four days. In that time, Zach is freed from jail with no charges, and black cloth is draped over the beehives to symbolize the mourning. May's suicide letter is found and in it she says, "It's my time to die, and it's your time to live. Don't mess it up."[5] August interprets this as urging June to marry Neil. May is later buried. Life begins to turn back to normal after a time of grieving, bringing the Boatwright house back together. June, after several rejections, agrees to give her hand in marriage to Neil. Zach vows to Lily that they will be together someday and that they will both achieve their goals.[6]

text: Lily finally finds out the truth about her mother. August was her mother's nanny, and helped raise her. After her marriage to T. Ray began to sour, Deborah left and went to stay with the Boatwrights. She eventually decided to leave him permanently and returned to their house to collect Lily. While Deborah was packing to leave, T. Ray returned home. Their ensuing argument turned into a physical fight during which Deborah got a gun. After a brief struggle, the gun fell to the floor, which Lily picked up and the gun accidentally discharged, killing Deborah.

text: While Lily is coming to terms with this information, T. Ray shows up at the pink house to take her back home. Lily refuses, and T. Ray flies into an enraged rampage. He has a violent flashback which brings him around. August steps in and offers to let Lily stay with her. T. Ray gives in and agrees. However, right before T. Ray leaves the Boatwright house, Lily asks him what really happened the day her mother died. T. Ray confirms that she did do it.

text: Characters[edit]

text:
Lily Melissa Owens: the 14-year-old narrator of the story. Lily is the only child of Deborah and T. Ray Owens. Lily loves to read and write.
T. Ray Owens: the abusive father of Lily and the widower of Deborah Fontanel Owens.
Deborah Fontanel Owens: the deceased mother of Lily Owens and wife of T. Ray Owens. Deborah died in a gun accident when Lily was 4. Deborah is buried in Virginia.
Rosaleen Daise: the African American maid of Lily's household and other neighbors, also acts as Lily's protector and surrogate mother. She is Lily's best friend for most of the book.
August Boatwright: the eldest of the Boatwright sisters, a beekeeper, a well-respected businesswoman in the community. August was Deborah's best friend.
June Boatwright: the sister of May Boatwright and August Boatwright. She is a school teacher and musician. June is more serious and stubborn than August and May.
May Boatwright: the sister of August and June Boatwright. She had a twin sister, April, who committed suicide when she was 15, and as a result of April's death she is emotionally sensitive.
Zachary "Zach" Taylor: August's godson who helps her with the hives. He is a football player who attends the local black high school. He wants to become a lawyer. Zach is Lily's main love interest.
Neil: the principal at the school where June teaches. He has proposed multiple times to June. He eventually becomes June's fiance.
The Daughters of Mary: Cressie, Queenie and her daughter Violet, Lunelle, Mabelee, and Sugar-Girl who attends with her husband, Otis, the one man of the group.  They are followers of Our Lady of Chains.

text: Reception and adaptation[edit]

text: Reception was generally positive. Although the novel does include the underlying theme of the civil rights movement, USA Today felt the novel focused more on Lily's journey towards "self-acceptance, faith and freedom". The novel was originally published in 2001, and has since sold more than six million copies and has been published in 35 countries. It also maintained its position on the New York Times best seller list for two and a half years.[citation needed] In 2004, it was named the "Book Sense Paperback of the Year". It was also one of Good Morning America's "Read-This" Book club picks, and was nominated for the Orange Prize in England.[7]

text: The book was adapted into a film in 2008, directed by Gina Prince-Bythewood and produced by Will Smith, with Jada Pinkett Smith, as executive producer. Queen Latifah played August Boatwright; Dakota Fanning played Lily. Alicia Keys played June Boatwright; Jennifer Hudson played Rosaleen; and Sophie Okonedo played May Boatwright.

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Kidd, p. 97

Jump up ^ (Kidd, pg. 108)

Jump up ^ Kidd, p. 121

Jump up ^ (Kidd, pg. 186)

Jump up ^ Kidd, pg. 222

Jump up ^ Kidd, pg. 231

Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-09-17. Retrieved 2014-01-08.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)


document_title: Living Single

question_text: who does regine end up with on living single

text: Living Single

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: Living Single centered on six people consisting of four women and two men living the single life in the heart of Brooklyn, New York.

text: The series focused on two different households in one brownstone, one shared by a trio of independent women and another shared by a pair of male friends who have known each other since they spent their youth in Cleveland, Ohio. In the first apartment, Khadijah James (Queen Latifah), a hard-working editor and publisher of the fictional urban independent monthly Flavor, lived with her sweet, but naive cousin, Synclaire James (Kim Coles), an aspiring actress who worked as Khadijah's receptionist and has an affinity for Troll dolls; and her childhood friend from East Orange, New Jersey, Regina "Régine" Hunter (Kim Fields), an image-conscious, boutique buyer who was in a constant search for a well-to-do man to spend her life with (and spend his money). Later in the series, Régine became a costume assistant for the soap opera Palo Alto. When the show was canceled, she became a wedding planner and left the apartment to move in with her fiancé, Dexter Knight (Don Franklin). Maxine "Max" Shaw (Erika Alexander), a sharp-tongued attorney and Khadijah's best friend from their college days at Howard University, frequently stopped by to share her unique insights, keep them entertained by sharing her day, to make sure that the girls' refrigerator isn't overstocked, and to start trouble with Kyle.

text: Kyle Barker (T.C. Carson) lived in the second apartment with Overton Wakefield Jones (John Henton). Kyle was a stockbroker whose constant verbal sparring with Max did little to mask their obvious sexual attraction. Overton was the friendly, but country, maintenance man for the owner of their (and neighboring) building who held deep affection for Synclaire and plenty of hilarious homespun wisdom for everyone else. Kyle and Max ended up pursuing a sexual relationship, but when he decided to take a job in London and invited Max to join him, she turned him down. Maxine subsequently became distraught over her decision and, after defending a man who claims to be the second coming of Jesus (Harold Perrineau), she began to seriously look for the purpose of her life. Through a series of events, Max decided that her purpose must be to become a mother and during the insemination process unknowingly picked Kyle's sperm specimen based on a list of qualities she would like for her child to have. Kyle returned in the series finale and the two reconciled. Overton and Synclaire also got together and their relationship culminated in marriage by the end of the fourth season. In season five, they moved in together, leaving Overton and Kyle's apartment open for new character Roni DeSantos (Idalis DeLeon), a New York-area D.J., to move in. It was eventually revealed that DeSantos had a fling with Ira Lee "Tripp" Williams III, (Mel Jackson), the new roommate of Khadijah and Régine who moved in when Synclaire's room became available. Tripp was a songwriter. Synclaire joined a comedy improv troupe where she gained the attention of Tony Jonas, a Warner Bros. television exec who cast her as a nun for a new comedy series he was developing.

text: Along with trying to make Flavor a success, Khadijah also spent time looking for Mr. Right. She eventually found him in childhood friend Scooter (Cress Williams) with whom she left the brownstone for the final time in the series finale.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main characters[edit]

text:
Queen Latifah — Khadijah James, editor and publisher of Flavor, an independent magazine devoted to the interests of the urban community.
Kim Coles — Synclaire James-Jones, Khadijah's good-natured cousin and roommate; receptionist at Flavor and aspiring actress.
Erika Alexander — Maxine "Max" Felice Shaw, strong-willed attorney and Khadijah's best friend from college; spends much of her time at girls' apartment.
T.C. Carson — Kyle Barker (Seasons 1–4 ; appears on 3 episodes in season 5), stockbroker and girls' neighbor; Max's verbal sparring partner and on-again, off-again etc. love interest.
John Henton — Overton "Obie" Wakefield Jones, Kyle's roommate and the brownstone's handyman; Synclaire's sweetheart.
Kim Fields — Regina "Regine" Hunter, Khadijah and Synclaire's gossip-loving roommate; childhood friend of Khadijah.
Mel Jackson – Ira Lee "Tripp" Williams (Season 5), Khadijah and Regine's new roommate; aspiring songwriter.

text: Minor characters[edit]

text:
Cress Williams – Terrence "Scooter" Williams, Khadijah's childhood friend and sometimes love interest
Richard Lyons – Michael Janson (Season 1–2), Max's "old stand-by."
Shaun Baker – Russell Montego, Jamaican-born music editor at Flavor
Bobby Hosea – Lawrence (Season 1–3), Kyle's rival at the brokerage
Chip Fields – Laverne Hunter, Regine's mother
Rita Owens – Rita James (Season 1–4), Khadijah's mother
Heavy D – Darryl (Season 2–4), Regine's friend
Steven Gilborn – Jeffrey Higgins (Season 2–4), Kyle's boss
Bumper Robinson – Ivan Ennis (Season 3–4), college-age messenger turned Flavor copy aide; infatuated with Khadijah; a journalism major at New York University
J. Anthony Brown – Tibby Jones (Season 3–4), Overton's favorite uncle
Khalil Kain – Keith (Season 3–4), Regine's artist boyfriend
Dorien Wilson – Rev. Leslie Taylor (Season 3–4), pastor at the group's church
Isaiah Washington – Dr. Charles Roberts (Season 4), Khadijah's boyfriend.
Idalis DeLeon – Roni De Santos (Season 5), popular New York City deejay and love interest for Tripp

text: Notable guest appearances[edit]

text:
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar
Jim Brown
Cedric Ceballos
Will Ferrell
Lou Ferrigno
Bobcat Goldthwait
Gilbert Gottfried
Kadeem Hardison
Jasmine Guy
Cris Carter
Arsenio Hall
Grant Hill
Evander Holyfield
Terrence Howard
Montell Jordan
Chaka Khan
Eartha Kitt
Gladys Knight
Tone Lōc
Nia Long
Branford Marsalis
Ed McMahon
Monica
Naughty By Nature
Rosie O'Donnell
Deion Sanders
TLC
Mario Van Peebles
Melvin Van Peebles
Vanessa A. Williams
Brian McKnight
Flip Wilson
CeCe Winans
Jerome Bettis
Bobby Bonilla

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
27
August 22, 1993 (1993-08-22)
May 15, 1994 (1994-05-15)

2
27
September 1, 1994 (1994-09-01)
May 18, 1995 (1995-05-18)

3
27
August 31, 1995 (1995-08-31)
May 9, 1996 (1996-05-09)

4
24
August 29, 1996 (1996-08-29)
May 8, 1997 (1997-05-08)

5
13
September 11, 1997 (1997-09-11)
January 1, 1998 (1998-01-01)

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Season premiere
Season finale
TV season
Rank
Viewers
(in millions)

1
August 22, 1993
May 15, 1994
1993-1994
#56
9.3

2
September 1, 1994
May 18, 1995
1994-1995
#84[1]
8.7

3
August 31, 1995
May 9, 1996
1995-1996
#111[2]
6.5

4
August 29, 1996
May 8, 1997
1996-1997
#104[2]
6.2

5
September 11, 1997
January 1, 1998
1997-1998
#117[3]
7.0

text: DVD release & Digital Download[edit]

text: Warner Home Video released the complete first season of Living Single on DVD in Region 1 on February 14, 2006. The entire series is also available for digital download on Amazon.com and the iTunes Store.

text: Warner Archive has released Season 2 on September 19, 2017 on DVD in Region 1. This is a Manufacture-on-Demand (MOD) release, available from such sellers as Warner's online store and Amazon.com.[4] Season 3 was released on November 21, 2017.[5] Season 4 was released on March 20, 2018.[6]

text:
DVD name
Episodes
Region 1

The Complete First Season
27
February 14, 2006

The Complete Second Season
27
September 19, 2017

The Complete Third Season
27
November 21, 2017

The Complete Fourth Season
24
March 20, 2018

text: Crossovers[edit]

text: Half & Half: Erika Alexander and T.C. Carson reprised their roles of Maxine Shaw and Kyle Barker on the UPN sitcom, Half & Half (a series produced by Living Single creator Yvette Lee Bowser). In the episode ("The Big Performance Anxiety Episode", third season), ambitious law student Dee Dee learns that her mother's co-star in a play is engaged to Maxine, Dee Dee's idol. However, her mother gets Maxine's beau, Kyle, fired because she fears he will take attention away from her. The episode also revealed that Maxine and Kyle remained a couple and were the proud parents of their seven-year-old daughter named Kyla.

text: The Crew: In one episode "The Mating Season" of the short-lived Fox sitcom The Crew, Regine becomes a passenger on a flight and argues with a sassy stewardess in hopes of upgrading to first class. On another episode, "The Worst Noel", Synclaire also becomes a passenger. The episode served as a bridge for The Crew and its lead-in show, Living Single.

text: Syndication[edit]

text: Living Single started reruns in syndication on September 22, 1997. Reruns of the series currently run daily on TV One, Logo TV and Oxygen. Starting October 2, 2017 Bounce TV will air reruns of the series. As of January 11, 2018, all episodes began streaming on Hulu.

text: Reunion special[edit]

text: An hour-long retrospective special, Living Single: The Reunion Special, aired on TV One on September 22, 2008. Coles, Henton, Fields, Carson and Alexander reunited to share fond memories with the fans. Queen Latifah and Mel Jackson were unavailable to participate.

text: The special featured clips and revealing secrets of the cast from the show's five-year run.

text: Revival[edit]

text: In January 2017, Queen Latifah reported that a revival of "Living Single" is in the works with the original cast and that she plans to serve as producer. [7]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Awards and nominations for Living Single

Year
Awards
Performer
Result

1998
Image Awards
Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series:
Erika Alexander

Won

Outstanding Comedy Series
Won

Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series:
Queen Latifah

Nominated

Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series:
Kim Coles

Nominated

Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series:
T.C. Carson

Nominated

Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series:
John Henton

Nominated