document_title: Driving licence in Australia

question_text: what is a class c license in australia

question_tokens: what is a class c license in australia

text: Driving licence in Australia

text: Classes of licences[edit]

text: All states and territories in Australia have a uniform driver licence system.[2]

text:
Class
Type
Description

C
Car licence
Covers vehicles up to 4.5 tonnes gross vehicle mass (GVM). GVM is the maximum recommended weight a vehicle can be when loaded. The licence allows the holder to drive cars, utilities, vans, some light trucks, car-based motor tricycles, tractors and implements such as graders, vehicles that seat up to 12 adults, including the driver.

R
Rider licence
Applies to motorcycle riders with any registrable motorcycle.

RE
Restricted Rider licence
Covers motorcycles matching the LAMS (Learner Approved Motorcycle Scheme) list of motorcycles of each state. Generally this means abiding by a power-to-weight ratio and a total engine size limit. Riders must hold this licence for 12 months before being permitted to upgrade to a R class motorcycle licence.

LR
Light Rigid licence
Covers a rigid vehicle with a GVM of more than 4.5 tonnes up to 8 tonnes. Any towed trailer must not weigh more than 9 tonnes GVM. This class also includes vehicles with a GVM up to 8 tonnes which carry more than 12 adults including the driver. A holder of a LR licence is also permitted to drive vehicles in class C.

MR
Medium Rigid licence
Covers a rigid vehicle with 2 axles and a GVM of more than 8 tonnes. Any towed trailer must not weigh more than 9 tonnes GVM. A holder of a MR licence is also permitted to drive vehicles in class LR and lower.

HR
Heavy Rigid licence
Covers a rigid vehicle with 3 or more axles and a GVM of more than 8 tonnes. Any towed trailer must not weigh more than 9 tonnes GVM. This class also includes articulated buses. A holder of a HR licence is also permitted to drive vehicles in class MR and lower.

HC
Heavy Combination licence
Covers heavy combination vehicles like a prime mover towing a semi-trailer, or rigid vehicles towing a trailer with a GVM of more than 9 tonnes. A holder of a HC licence is also permitted to drive vehicles in class HR and lower.

MC
Multi-Combination licence
Covers multi-combination vehicles like Road Trains and B-Double Vehicles. A holder of a MC licence is also permitted to drive vehicles in class HC and lower.

text: The medical standards for drivers of commercial vehicles are set by the National Transport Commission and Austroads.

text: The driver of a vehicle carrying paying passengers (such as a school bus or tourist coach) is required to hold a driver licence depending on the size of the vehicle as well as a "Public Passenger Vehicle Driver Authority" which is issued by the state or territory Ministry of Transport.

text: Car licences – rules by jurisdiction[edit]

text: Terms[edit]

text: The official nomenclature for car licences varies in the states and territories, for example "Driver's Licence" or "Driver Licence". However, "Driver's Licence" is most commonly used.

text: The official names for learners also vary, for example "Learner Driver Licences" or "Learner's Permit".

text: Driving age[edit]

text: The minimum driving age for probationary drivers varies between States and Territories. It is 18 years in Victoria; 16 years and 6 months in the Northern Territory; and 17 years in all other states and the ACT. Learner drivers may drive, under qualified supervision, from 15 years and 9 months in the ACT[3] and 16 years in the other states and the Northern Territory since 1966

text: Australian Capital Territory[edit]

text: The driving age in the Australian Capital Territory is 17 years. After obtaining a licence, a driver continues to be subject to restrictions during a three-year probationary period.[citation needed]

text: The road ready course is a minimum of ten hours, if undertaken at a road ready centre and not through school. During the course, applicants for a Learner Licence learn the road rules, undergo alcohol education and hazard perception training. Once this course has been completed, and a computerised Road rules test is passed, a Learner's Licence is obtained.[citation needed] This licence is valid for two years.[citation needed] Learners must display black on yellow "L Plates" and drive under the supervision of a full Australian licence holder, who has held their licence for at least four years.[citation needed]

text: The second method in which a Provisional Licence may be obtained, is through recording driving experience in the same logbook, with a supervisor who has held an open licence for twelve months for the class of vehicle used. The difference in using this method to obtain a provisional licence is that the log book only records time spent driving, and not the Learner's ability to drive. While no minimum amount of hours are required, Learners are advised when obtaining their Learner's licence, that 50 or more practical hours are recommended before attempting the practical test. Using this method, provided the driver has held their Learner's licence for a period greater than 6 months, they may book into an ACT Roads and Transit Authority Centre, and attempt the practical driving test.

text: If either method is used, and the driver has obtained their licence in an Automatic transmission vehicle, an "A" condition is placed on the licence, for a period of 12 months. This condition restricts the license holder, for the duration of this period, to driving vehicles with automatic transmission only. To remove the condition prior to 12 months, the provisional driver must re-attempt the practical driving exam in a manual transmission vehicle.[4][5] The Provisional Licence is valid for three years.[4] Provisional drivers must display red on white "P Plates" for three years unless: (a) they take an additional road safety program Road Ready Plus after six months of obtaining their Provisional Licence; or (b) they are over 26 years of age and held their licence for six months.[4] Provisional holders who have taken the Road Ready Plus (RRP) course, (commonly called a "P-off" course), or are over 26 years of age also get an additional four demerit point allowance. A "PC" condition is displayed on the licence, which indicates that the provisional driver can drive with "P plates not displayed".[citation needed] Provisional drivers must have a zero blood-alcohol limit. No speed restrictions are imposed on ACT learner or Provisional drivers, and they are permitted to drive the posted speed limit.[5]

text: New South Wales[edit]

text: The minimum driving age in New South Wales is 16 years.[6] The government introduced the Graduated Licensing Scheme in 2000 and therefore learners progress from a learner licence, to a provisional P1 licence, to a provisional P2 licence and finally to a full licence over an extended period of time.[6] After obtaining a licence, a driver continues to be subject to restrictions during a three-year probationary period.[citation needed]

text: In New South Wales the minimum age to be eligible for a provisional P1 licence is 17.[6] As of 1 July 2007, new laws for P1 drivers have been introduced, including a limit of one passenger under the age of 21 between 11 pm and 5 am, and instant suspension for three months for any speeding offence.[6] Furthermore, it is also now a requirement that red "P-plates" be displayed on the outside of the vehicle.[citation needed]

text: P1 and P2 drivers are also prohibited from driving a vehicle with a power-to-weight ratio of or greater than 130 kilowatts per tonne as of 1 August 2014, replacing the previous law of being prohibited from driving vehicles with 8 or more cylinders and being turbocharged or supercharged (diesel vehicles exempt) If a P1 or P2 licence holder is disqualified by a court for a serious driving offence, they will have a one-passenger condition imposed on them at all times while on their P1 or P2 licence. It is also worth noting that any time a P1 or P2 licence is suspended or disqualified will NOT count towards the 12 months/24 months needed for the holder to progress to a P2/full licence.

text: Northern Territory[edit]

text: The learner licence may be obtained at age 16. Learner drivers may not use a mobile phone and must be supervised by a full licence holder and may not drive faster than 80 km/h. After holding the learner licence for six months a provisional licence may be obtained. Once the provisional licence is obtained, it must be held for a minimum of 2 years before obtaining the full northern territory licence.[11]

text: You will need to hold your provisional licence for a minimum of two (2) years before you progress to an open licence.

text: Now that you have your provisional licence you still need to comply with all road rules and traffic laws and there are some additional requirements for provisional licence holders including: SpeedYou may not exceed 100 km/h, irrespective of the sign-posted speed limit. AlcoholYou must have a zero Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) at all times whilst driving. Displaying P-platesYou must display approved P-plates that are clearly visible to the front and rear of the vehicle you are driving and must not obstruct your vision while driving. P-plates must have the letter ‘P’ in red on a white background. The plate must be a minimum of 150mm wide and 150mm tall. P-plates must not be displayed when the person driving the vehicle is not a provisional driver – so make sure you remember to display and then remove your P-plates from the vehicle when you start and finish driving. Mobile phones and other devices Provisional drivers are not permitted to use a mobile phone in any form whilst driving, including hands-free devices and texting. Demerit pointsAccumulating five (5) or more demerit points within a 12-month period will trigger action against your provisional licence.

text: Source: Northern Territory Department of Transport

text: Queensland[edit]

text: Persons may apply for their Learner Licence at 16 years of age, passing a written Road Rules Test. Learners under 25 must hold their licence for at least one year and log a total of 100hrs on-road driving experience (including 10hrs night driving) in the issued logbook. However a logbook exemption can be applied for, meaning the learner will not need to submit a logbook with 100 hours of driving, but will need to hold their learner licence for a minimum of 12 months before going for their provisional licence. Learners over 25 years of age are not required to complete a log book of 100 logged driving hours, however may voluntarily wish to do so. Learners must display yellow L plates and are not speed restricted by the licence. Learners must be accompanied by an open licence holder who has held the relevant class open licence for at least 1 year. The drinking level must be 0.00 for a learner and instructor must be under 0.049.

text: From 2005, Queensland licences have been called a "Driver Licence" (as opposed to the traditional "Driver's Licence" or the variant "Driving Licence"), and no longer carry information about the holder's organ donor status. The Australian Organ Donor Register[12] is now used for national registration of tissue donation status.

text: Elderly drivers are required to have their licences renewed more often and are required to have compulsory eye tests, which does not include colour vision.

text: For more information on driver's licences in Queensland, see Department of Transport and Main Roads and click on Licensing.

text: South Australia[edit]

text: To get a Provisional Licence (also called a probationary licence and commonly referred to as Ps), you must have held a learner's permit for at least 12 months, be at least 17 years of age or have an equivalent interstate or overseas driver's licence and be at least 17. If you had a learner's permit, you must also have a log book showing you have had at least 75 hours driving experience (including at least 15 hours of night-time driving) which must have all been signed by the Qualified Supervising Driver. All applicants must pass a practical driving test or be signed off on several points by a driving instructor in a competency-based training course. Drivers are then issued with a P1 licence. The main restrictions on P-platers are a maximum speed limit of 100 km/h (even where the posted speed limit is higher), a requirement that no alcohol or party drugs be in the system, and not being allowed to accrue more than 4 demerit points. They must also display red P plates (shown on left).

text: Drivers who obtain a P1 provisional licence on or after 4 September 2010 must not drive a high-powered vehicle if they are under the age of 25. High powered includes vehicles with engines of eight or more cylinders, vehicles with turbocharged or supercharged engines (excluding diesel powered vehicles), vehicles that have been modified to increase engine performance, and nominated high-performance vehicles. High-powered vehicle restrictions do not apply to drivers over 25 years of age. P plates of any kind are not displayed when on the P2 licence.

text: A driver must have held a provisional licence (combined P1s and P2s) for at least 3 years(one year on P1 and 2 years on P2) before becoming a fully licensed driver. Fully licensed drivers have their restrictions on alcohol relaxed to 0.05 per cent blood alcohol concentration and may drive at the full speed limit (which is 110 km/h on many country roads).

text: Tasmania[edit]

text: After 3 months a Learner can go for a practical driving test, this test proves in the driver can drive safely. This test can be undertaken in an automatic or manual vehicle, if the L2's test was undertaken in an automatic vehicle the learner can still go for their manual licence when the undertake the P's test. (there is no plate change it still remains the yellow L plate) Once a Learner is on their L2's they begin logging their driving hours, a learner must complete 50hours of driving and must be of the age of 17 before they can take the practical driving test. This test contains several sections including the "I left something behind" task. If the learner fails the test he/she must wait 28 days before retaking the test.

text: Note: there are no vehicle restrictions in Tasmania.

text: Victoria[edit]

text: VicRoads is the authority in Victoria responsible for the administration of driver licensing in the state.

text: The minimum driving age in Victoria is 18 years. A learner can drive at the age of 16 under the supervision of a fully licensed driver since 1966. After obtaining a licence, a driver continues to be subject to restrictions during a 4-year probationary period.

text: 'L' plates must be displayed while driving, and must not tow a trailer. There are no special speed or vehicle restrictions.

text: Learner permits, P1 and P2 Probationary licences have a maximum of 5 demerit points in any 12 month period, and 12 points in any 3 year period.[18]

text: An applicant for a Driver Licence must have held a Learner's Permit for at least 12 months if the applicant is under 21 years at the time of applying; 6 months if the applicant is between 21 and 24 years; and 3 months for applicants aged over 25 years. If a driver obtained their Learner's Permit after 1 July 2007, and are under 21 years of age, they must have logged 120 hours of practice, including 10 hours at night.

text: Probationary drivers must drive with a zero BAC, and are not permitted to drive 'high powered vehicles' (formerly those powered at more than 125 kW/tonne or 3.5 litres/tonne; now all petrol turbocharged and supercharged cars and any car of more than 6 cylinders, refer below). If the driver was tested in an automatic vehicle, the driver will have an "A" condition applied to their licence and are not permitted to drive a manual transmission vehicle. The "A" condition can be lifted anytime during the probationary period(s) by taking the practical drive test in a manual transmission vehicle.

text: There are no speed restrictions, however trailers may not be towed except for work purposes. P1 drivers have a peer passenger restriction which sees P1 drivers only able to carry no more than one passenger aged between 16–21 years old (excluding family members; exemptions may also be allowed by VicRoads for other reasons) at any time. They must not use any form of mobile phone including hands-free.

text: On 1 July 2008, what is considered a high power vehicle was redefined. P plate drivers were no longer allowed to drive cars with engines larger than a V6, cars that have a turbo or supercharger (unless it is a diesel). A shortlist was produced of cars that comply with these restrictions but are still considered powerful and therefore banned. The list includes BMW M3 and Porsche 911. There have been many complaints about this system as several slower cars have been banned, such as the Peugeot 308, but faster cars such as VW Golf R32 and BMW 130i were still permitted.

text: On 1 July 2014, the rules were again modified, to distinguish between vehicles manufactured before 1 January 2010, and those manufactured after. Probationary drivers are now permitted to drive any vehicle manufactured after 1 January 2010 that does not have a power to mass ratio of greater than 130 kilowatts per tonne, and does not have a modified engine for increased performance. Vehicles manufactured before 1 January 2010 remain subject to previous restrictions, which include a restriction on engines larger than a V6, and cars that have a turbocharger or supercharger.[19]

text: After 1 July 2008, those aged over 21 years when applying for a licence qualify as P2 drivers after passing the computerised Hazard Perception Test and a practical driving test, as well as an eyesight test.[20]

text: The same P1 restrictions apply, except P2 drivers may tow trailers. As of 25 November 2013, P2 drivers must not use a mobile phone while driving, including hands-free phones. The peer passenger restriction does not apply to P2 drivers. They must display the white-on-green 'P-plates', rather than the red. If a person is over 21 when licensed they go straight onto the P2 licence for three years.

text: P2 licences last for 3 years, making the minimum age of receiving a full licence 22 years, up from 21 years for drivers who obtained their Probationary Licence before 1 July 2008. The minimum age for obtaining a P2 Licence is 19 years. All drivers who obtained their Probationary Licence before 1 July 2008 qualify as P2 drivers and must display the green 'P' plates.

text: There are few restrictions on fully licensed drivers, other than not being able to drive while holding a mobile phone, and the requirement to have a BAC under 0.05%. Full licences are valid for ten years, but can be made available for three years if requested. Full driver licences have a maximum of 12 demerit points in any 3 year period.

text: For more information on driver's licences in Victoria, see Arrive Alive website.

text: Western Australia[edit]

text: Driver's licences in Western Australia are administered by the Department of Transport.[22] The driving age in Western Australia is 17 years. A learner can drive at the age of 16 under the supervision of a fully licensed driver. After obtaining a licence, a driver continues to be subject to restrictions during a 2-year probationary period.

text: Graduated demerit points[edit]

text: As of 1 December 2010, the Western Australian Government introduced a new Graduated Demerit Point system for Novice Drivers (which includes L- and P-plate drivers).[24] Under this system, a driver may accrue less than 4 demerit points within the first year of their provisional licence, and less than 8 points within the second year, before losing their licence. These limits include demerit points accrued before these 1- and 2-year periods.

text: Full driver's licence[edit]

text: The provisional licence automatically converts into a full driver's licence after the 2-year probationary period. Drivers with full driver's licences must drive with a blood alcohol content less than 0.05%, may accrue less than 12 demerit points before being disqualified, and may drive at up to 110 km/h (the maximum speed limit in the state). 'P' plate drivers may also drive up to 110 km /h, where permitted by the state.

text: WA has two classes of drivers licence: C which enables one to drive any vehicle weighing less than 4.5 tonnes C-A which enables one to drive any vehicle fitted with an automatic transmission and weighing less than 4.5 tonnes. Refer [25]

text: Double or nothing[edit]

text: Drivers who have accrued 12 or more demerit points can choose to continue driving on a 12-month Good Behaviour Period. If more than two demerit points are accrued during the 12-month period (even on different fines), the licence is lost for twice the original disqualification period; usually 6 months (3 months x 2).

text: Identification[edit]

text: In Australia, where there is no national identity card in operation, driver's licences serve as a common means of photo identification. Photo cards are also available, especially for non-drivers. These may be used for entry to venues which have age restrictions, such as alcohol selling premises.

text: Licences and photo cards are hologrammed, and contain a photograph, signature, the holder's address, and date of birth.

text: Electronic online identification can be (partly) established using a drivers licence for online applications for some services such as SIM card activation, and opening bank accounts.

text: The Australian Attorney-General's Department provides a document verification service that allows for validation of some licences.[26]

text: Many issuing authorities such as NSW allow for an online check of the validity of a drivers licence.[27]

text: Overseas licences[edit]

text: Visitors from other countries are conditionally permitted to drive with their overseas drivers licence for a period of time. Conditions vary for every state and territory. Generally, drivers must carry their overseas licence with them. A certified translation or International Driving Permit is only required if the licence is not in English, and the original licence must be carried regardless. Once a driver becomes a permanent resident a local licence should be obtained generally within three months.[28]

text: Interstate travel[edit]

text: Interstate visitors are permitted to travel on their current Australian or New Zealand licence. They must obey the local road rules of that state. The differences in state laws have generated much confusion to visiting drivers, with many pushing for uniform federal road rules.[29]

text: Drivers who move interstate must apply for a new driver's licence within three months of moving.[30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37] Unless a driving test is required, there is no charge for a conversion from a current interstate licence. Usually, licences are converted in the same day, to the same or equivalent class, or, in the case of the conversion of a non-GLS licence to a GLS system, a P1 or P2 licence is issued, depending on the length of time that the holder of the licence has been driving. The licence may need to be confirmed by obtaining a letter from the interstate licence issuing authority (on their letterhead) confirming the licence details (including first issue date) and status.

text: Drivers moving states may be eligible to upgrade their licence class, due to the varying age rules that apply in each state. For example, a Victorian learner driver who moves to NSW may be eligible to sit the driving test to obtain a P1 licence. However, drivers who are under 18 will not be able to obtain the same licence class in Victoria, where one must be at least 18 to do so. Another example is a Victorian over 25 moving to Tasmania, SA, QLD or WA will be able to obtain a full licence after having held their Ps for 12 months in Victoria despite the fact that the probationary period for over-21-year-olds in Victoria is 3 years. If a driver is about to lose their licence in their home state, they may obtain a new licence in another state of Australia, provided that the demerit points have not already been added and the fine has not yet been paid, or in the case of immediate licence disqualification, the actual disqualification period has not yet commenced (prior 28 days after offence)[citation needed].

text: Interstate commercial driving jobs[edit]

text: Most states do not allow a person to have an interstate commercial driving job if the person does not "reside" in that state. For example, a person with a Queensland Driver's Licence and Driver's Authority[38] (a variation of the wording Driver's Accreditation) cannot obtain a commercial driving job in South Australia[39] unless that person registers a "residential" address in South Australia, even though they may not live there, and swap over the Driver's Licence and obtain a new Driver's Accreditation.


document_title: List of countries by natural increase

question_text: intrinsic rate of natural increase of india 2017

root

text: List of countries by natural increase

text: Methodology[edit]

text: The rate of natural increase is defined as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate. It is expressed here as a rate per 1000 population.

tag: p

text: The birth rates[1] and the death rates [2] are the CIA World Factbook estimates for the year 2010.

text: Countries / Regions[edit]

text:
Country or region
Crude Death Rate
Crude Birth Rate
Natural Increase Rate

 Lesotho[3]
14.89
25.47
10.58

 Ukraine[4]
14.40
10.50
-3.90

 Bulgaria[4]
14.50
8.80
-5.70

 Guinea-Bissau[3]
14.10
33.38
19.05

 Latvia[4]
14.40
9.90
-4.60

 Serbia[4]
13.60
9.00
-4.60

 Hungary[5]
12.73
9.16
-3.57

 Estonia[5]
13.69
10.29
-3.40

 Germany[5]
11.29
8.42
-2.87

 Slovenia[5]
11.25
8.54
-2.71

 Belarus[4]
13.30
10.50
-2.80

 Croatia[5]
12.13
9.49
-2.64

 Romania[5]
11.88
9.27
-2.61

 Monaco[5]
9.01
6.72
-2.29

 Greece[5]
11.00
8.80
-2.20

 Lithuania[4]
14.50
10.00
-4.50

 Russia[4]
13.60
11.30
-2.30

 Austria[5]
10.38
8.76
-1.62

 Saint Pierre and Miquelon[5]
9.27
7.70
-1.57

 Portugal[5]
10.97
9.42
-1.55

 Japan[5]
9.38
8.07
-1.31

 Italy[5]
10.10
8.84
-1.26

 Belgium[5]
10.76
9.99
-0.77

 Bosnia and Herzegovina[5]
9.64
8.89
-0.75

 Poland[5]
10.37
9.77
-0.60

 Czech Republic[5]
10.29
9.79
-0.50

 Moldova[5]
12.60
12.21
-0.39

 Finland[5]
10.51
10.35
-0.16

 Denmark[5]
10.23
10.22
-0.01

 Sweden[5]
10.20
10.14
-0.06

 Hong Kong
6.91
7.45
0.54

 Georgia
9.79
10.70
0.91

  Switzerland
8.65
9.56
0.91

 Slovakia
9.56
10.55
0.99

 San Marino
7.75
9.18
1.43

 Netherlands
8.78
10.30
1.52

 Norway
9.26
10.90
1.64

 Isle of Man
9.87
11.54
1.67

 Malta
8.49
10.38
1.89

 Guernsey
8.35
10.25
1.90

 Taiwan
6.87
8.97
2.10

 Spain
8.72
10.91
2.19

 Liechtenstein
7.49
9.69
2.20

 Montenegro
8.76
11.09
2.33

 Canada
7.87
10.28
2.41

 Korea, South
6.15
8.72
2.57

 South Africa
16.99
19.61
2.62

 Palau
7.81
10.68
2.87

 United Kingdom
9.33
12.34
3.01

 Macedonia
8.87
11.92
3.05

 Luxembourg
8.46
11.70
3.24

 Jersey
7.49
10.73
3.24

 Puerto Rico
7.82
11.42
3.60

 Cuba
7.29
11.02
2.18

 France
8.65
12.43
3.78

 Andorra
6.21
10.03
3.82

 Singapore
4.80
8.65
3.85

 Montserrat
7.82
11.72
3.90

 Korea, North
10.60
14.58
3.98

 Barbados
8.39
12.43
4.04

 Saint Helena
6.91
10.95
4.04

 Bermuda
7.43
11.47
4.04

 Faroe Islands
8.66
12.90
4.24

 Armenia
8.42
12.74
4.32

 U.S. Virgin Islands
6.96
11.51
4.55

 Uruguay
9.06
13.67
4.61

 Cyprus
6.42
11.38
4.96

 Aruba
7.76
12.77
5.01

 China
6.89
12.17
5.28

 Macau
3.60
8.98
5.38

 United States
8.38
13.83
5.45

 Australia
6.81
12.39
5.58

 Albania
6.04
11.88
5.84

 Gibraltar
8.17
14.20
6.03

 Trinidad and Tobago
8.21
14.37
6.16

 Iceland
6.90
13.36
6.46

 Thailand
6.47
13.01
6.54

 Greenland
8.05
14.68
6.63

 New Zealand
7.10
13.81
6.71

 Saint Kitts and Nevis
7.11
14.23
7.12

 Kazakhstan
9.39
16.66
7.27

 Cayman Islands
5.00
12.29
7.29

 Netherlands Antilles
6.54
14.05
7.51

 Mauritius
6.63
14.17
7.54

 Dominica
8.12
15.68
7.56

 Saint Lucia
6.90
14.81
7.91

 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
6.94
14.89
7.95

 Cook Islands
7.22
15.67
8.45

 Chile
5.90
14.46
8.56

 Anguilla
4.40
13.00
8.60

 Seychelles
6.92
15.53
8.61

 Lebanon
6.46
15.10
8.64

 Namibia
12.97
21.82
8.85

 Grenada
7.90
17.20
9.30

 Bahamas, The
6.89
16.25
9.36

 Azerbaijan
8.28
17.75
9.47

 Wallis and Futuna
4.56
14.08
9.52

 Sri Lanka
6.20
15.88
9.68

 Ireland
6.30
16.37
10.07

 Tunisia
5.24
15.31
10.07

 British Virgin Islands
4.41
14.52
10.11

 Argentina
7.39
17.75
10.36

 Guyana
7.24
17.61
10.37

 Antigua and Barbuda
5.77
16.43
10.66

 Maldives
3.68
14.50
10.82

 French Polynesia
4.80
15.67
10.87

 Suriname
5.53
16.61
11.08

 Burma
8.23
19.49
11.26

 New Caledonia
5.23
16.52
11.29

 Vietnam
5.97
17.29
11.32

 World
8.37
19.86
11.49

 Brazil
6.35
18.11
11.76

 Algeria
4.66
16.71
12.05

 Swaziland
14.99
27.12
12.13

 Turkey
6.11
18.28
12.17

 Indonesia
6.25
18.45
12.20

 Uzbekistan
5.29
17.51
12.22

 Costa Rica
4.29
16.65
12.36

 Bhutan
7.25
19.62
12.37

 Bahrain
4.37
16.81
12.44

 El Salvador
5.61
18.06
12.45

 Colombia
5.24
17.76
12.52

 Iran
5.94
18.52
12.58

 Tonga
4.95
17.78
12.83

 Peru
6.13
19.00
12.87

 Jamaica
6.48
19.47
12.99

 Qatar
2.44
15.54
13.10

 Paraguay
4.55
17.73
13.18

 Turkmenistan
6.27
19.62
13.35

 Botswana
9.02
22.54
13.52

 Vanuatu
7.49
21.08
13.59

 Tuvalu
9.36
23.01
13.65

 India
7.53
21.34
13.81

 United Arab Emirates
2.08
15.98
13.90

 Israel
5.45
19.51
14.06

 Mexico
4.83
19.39
14.56

 Morocco
4.74
19.40
14.66

 Brunei
3.32
18.00
14.68

 Haiti[5]
7.91
22.83
14.92

 Mongolia
6.08
21.03
14.95

 Panama
4.62
19.71
15.09

 Venezuela
5.14
20.29
15.15

 Cape Verde
6.41
21.67
15.26

 Ecuador
5.00
20.32
15.32

   Nepal
6.89
22.43
15.54

 Kiribati
7.48
23.06
15.58

 Dominican Republic
4.30
19.90
15.60

 Fiji
5.88
21.52
15.64

 Saudi Arabia
3.34
19.43
16.09

 Turks and Caicos Islands
4.17
20.44
16.27

 Malaysia
4.92
21.41
16.49

 Zimbabwe
14.90
31.57
16.67

 Kyrgyzstan
6.85
23.58
16.73

 Djibouti
8.37
25.58
17.21

 Cambodia
8.19
25.58
17.39

 Samoa
5.36
22.92
17.56

 Bangladesh
5.81
23.43
17.62

 Northern Mariana Islands
3.17
21.05
17.88

 Federated States of Micronesia
4.40
22.57
18.17

 Bolivia
6.95
25.16
18.21

 Pakistan
7.06
25.30
18.24

 Laos
8.28
26.57
18.29

 Nicaragua
4.28
22.77
18.49

 American Samoa
4.09
23.05
18.96

 Ghana
8.93
28.09
19.16

 Kuwait
2.29
21.64
19.35

 Angola
23.74
43.33
19.59

 Nigeria
16.31
36.07
19.76

 Tajikistan
6.72
26.49
19.77

 Timor-Leste
5.93
25.93
20.00

 Egypt
4.85
25.02
20.17

 Papua New Guinea
6.62
26.95
20.33

 Oman
3.47
23.90
20.43

 Afghanistan
17.65
38.11
20.46

 Honduras
4.99
25.61
20.62

 Philippines
5.06
25.68
20.62

 Syria
3.70
24.44
20.74

 Belize
5.82
26.84
21.02

 Cote d'Ivoire
10.43
31.48
21.05

 Tanzania
12.31
33.44
21.13

 Libya
3.40
24.58
21.18

 West Bank
3.62
24.91
21.29

 Central African Republic
15.30
36.79
21.49

 Cameroon
12.01
33.58
21.57

 Nauru
6.15
28.16
22.01

 Guatemala
5.04
27.40
22.36

 Gabon
12.90
35.39
22.49

 Western Sahara
9.13
32.56
23.43

 Chad
15.79
40.12
24.33

 Jordan
2.66
27.06
24.40

 Iraq
4.92
29.41
24.49

 Solomon Islands
3.96
28.60
24.64

 Mauritania
9.00
33.67
24.67

 Sudan
11.66
36.58
24.92

 Eritrea
8.25
33.48
25.23

 Gambia, The
12.03
37.31
25.28

 Marshall Islands
4.42
29.94
25.52

 Kenya
9.26
35.14
25.88

 Mozambique
12.34
38.83
26.49

 Guinea
10.72
37.21
26.49

 Equatorial Guinea
9.26
36.00
26.74

 Sierra Leone
11.97
38.79
26.82

 Rwanda
10.19
37.26
27.07

 Yemen
7.24
34.37
27.13

 Liberia
10.88
38.14
27.26

 Comoros
7.40
34.71
27.31

 Malawi
13.69
41.28
27.59

 Togo
8.15
35.88
27.73

 Senegal
9.49
37.27
27.78

 Somalia
15.24
43.33
28.09

 Congo, Republic of the
11.75
41.01
29.26

 Benin
9.23
38.67
29.44

 Madagascar
7.97
37.89
29.92

 Sao Tome and Principe
8.45
39.09
30.64

 Democratic Republic of the Congo
11.39
42.26
30.87

 Burkina Faso
13.02
43.98
30.96

 Mali
14.64
46.09
31.45

 Burundi
9.87
41.43
31.56

 Mayotte
7.05
38.76
31.71

 Zambia
12.84
44.63
31.79

 Ethiopia
11.29
43.34
32.05

 Gaza Strip
3.36
36.26
32.90

 Uganda
11.90
47.55
35.65

 Niger
14.47
51.08
36.61

tag: table

text: The newly formed constituent countries of  Sint Maarten and  Curaçao are included in the most recent CIA World Factbook death rate lists, but not the most recent CIA World Factbook birth rate lists, and have therefore been omitted from this list. The former entity of Netherlands Antilles, of which Sint Maarten and Curaçao were once part, is included.

tag: ul


document_title: Carolyn Colvin

question_text: who is the acting commissioner of social security

text: Carolyn Colvin

text:
Carolyn Colvin

Commissioner of the Social Security Administration
Acting

In office
January 19, 2013 – January 20, 2017

President
Barack Obama

Preceded by
Michael Astrue

Succeeded by
Nancy Berryhill (Acting)

Personal details

Born
(1942-05-27) May 27, 1942 (age 75)
Arnold, Maryland, U.S.

Political party
Democratic

Education
Morgan State University (BS, MBA)

text: Carolyn W. Colvin (born May 27, 1942 in Arnold, Maryland) was the Acting Commissioner of Social Security Administration in the United States, appointed on February 14, 2013, having succeeded Michael J. Astrue. On June 20, 2014, President Barack Obama nominated her to serve as the commissioner.[1] On September 18, 2014, the United States Senate Committee on Finance approved her nomination by a 22–2 vote.[2]

text: Previously, she was the Deputy Commissioner, having been nominated by Obama and confirmed by the United States Senate in 2010. She had previously worked at the Social Security Administration during the 1990s.[3][4]

text: Colvin is a graduate of Morgan State University with a BS in Business Administration and an MBA. She has one son and six grandchildren.

text: Career[edit]

text: Colvin has had a wide range of public sector experience.

text:
Secretary of the Maryland Department of Human Resources (1989–1994)
Deputy Commissioner for Policy and External Affairs, Social Security Administration (1994–1996)
Deputy Commissioner for Programs and Policy, Social Security Administration (1996–1998)
Deputy Commissioner for Operations, Social Security Administration (1998–2001)
Director of the District of Columbia Department of Human Services (2001–2003)
Director of the Montgomery County Department of Health and Human Services (2003–2007)
chief executive officer of AMERIGROUP Community Care of the District of Columbia (2007–2008)
Special Assistant to the Secretary of Maryland Department of Transportation (2009–2011)


document_title: List of Magic: The Gathering sets

question_text: when does the next mtg block come out

question_tokens: when does the next mtg block come out

text: List of Magic: The Gathering sets

text: Base/core set editions[edit]

text: After the second version (Beta) of the first set, which contained two cards mistakenly excluded from the first version (Alpha), all subsequent base sets through 10th Edition consisted of cards that had been printed before in either the original base set or an expansion set. Alpha through Fifth Edition did not have set symbols printed on the actual cards, though those sets were retroactively given set symbols in Wizards of the Coast's official Gatherer[3] database of Magic cards.

text:
Set
Set symbol[3]
Set code[4][3]
Pre-release date
Release date
Size[3][5]

Total Cards
Common
Uncommon
Rare
Mythic Rare
Basic Land
Other

Limited Edition Alpha
None
LEA
none
August 5, 1993[6]
295[I]
74
95
116
—
10
—

Limited Edition Beta
None
LEB
none
October 1993[7]
302[I]
75
95
117
—
15
—

Unlimited Edition
None
2ED
none
December 1993[6]
302[I]
75
95
117
—
15
—

Revised Edition[II]
None
3ED
none
April 1994[8]
306
75
95
121
—
15
—

Fourth Edition
None
4ED
none
April 1995[9]
378
121
121
121
—
15
—

Fifth Edition
None / Roman-numeral five[III]
5ED
none
March 24, 1997[10]
449
165
132
132
—
20
—

Classic Sixth Edition
A Roman-numeral six
6ED
none
April 28, 1999[10]
350
110
110
110
—
20
—

Seventh Edition
A serif numeral seven
7ED
none
April 11, 2001[10]
350
110
110
110
—
20
—

Eighth Edition
The number eight superimposed over three fanned cards
8ED
none
July 28, 2003[11]
357
110
110
110
—
20
7[IV]

Ninth Edition
The number nine superimposed over three fanned cards
9ED
none
July 29, 2005[12]
359
110
110
110
—
20
9[IV]

Tenth Edition
A Roman-numeral ten
10E
none
July 13, 2007[13]
383
121
121
121
—
20
—

Magic 2010
"M10"
M10
July 11, 2009[14]
July 17, 2009[15]
249
101
60
53
15
20
—

Magic 2011
"M11"
M11
July 10, 2010[16]
July 16, 2010[16]
249
101
60
53
15
20
—

Magic 2012
"M12"
M12
July 9, 2011[17]
July 15, 2011[17]
249
101
60
53
15
20
—

Magic 2013
"M13"
M13
July 7, 2012[18]
July 13, 2012[18]
249
101
60
53
15
20
—

Magic 2014
"M14"
M14
July 13, 2013[19]
July 19, 2013[19]
249
101
60
53
15
20
—

Magic 2015
"M15"
M15
July 12, 2014[20]
July 18, 2014[20]
269
101
80[21]
53
15
20
15[IV]

Magic Origins
Planeswalker symbol breaking through the horizon
ORI
July 11, 2015[22]
July 17, 2015[22]
272
101
80
55
16
20
16[IV]

Core 2019
unrevealed
M19
July 14, 2018
July 20, 2018
269
unrevealed

text: Expansion sets[edit]

text: Expansion sets from Ice Age to Rivals of Ixalan (with the exception of Homelands) came in groups called "blocks". (From 1997–2008, Wizards of the Coast also used the term "cycle" when describing the associated storyline.) Blocks were cohesive products: they centered around one plane, followed a particular storyline, and contained cards and mechanics that supported both. Blocks generally consisted of one large "stand-alone" expansion set of 250–300 cards, followed by one or two small expansion sets of 150–200 cards which continue the themes introduced in the large set. Like the base set, stand-alone expansion sets contain basic land cards; other expansion sets do not. Beginning with Alliances, expansion sets were given codenames while in development; the code names of the expansions of a cycle usually fit together to form a phrase or common theme.[23] Starting with Mirage in 1996, blocks were officially refined in form: they would consist of would be three sets, large-small-small. With Zendikar block in 2009, the traditional large-small-small block structure began to be varied, with some blocks including a second large set later in the block. Starting with the Battle for Zendikar block in 2015, the default structure of a block was changed to large-small, with each block consisting of only two sets and two blocks released per year.[24]

text: Ice Age and Alliances were the first two sets to have a well-defined relationship, but were not created as a canonical block at the time of printing. Also beginning with Alliances in June 1996, expansion sets were released in a regular pattern: the base sets were released in October with the small expansion sets being released in February and June (Alliances was originally the third set of the block; it was retroactively made a second set with the release of Coldsnap in 2006). With the exceptions of Stronghold, a 1998 set released in March rather than February, and Scourge, a 2003 set which was released in May rather than June, this pattern of months was never broken, over a 10-year period, until 2006, when Dissension was also released a month early in May instead of June, because of the July release of Coldsnap. The third set in a block has since been released in late April or early May. From 2005–2015, there was a fourth release date each year in mid-July, usually reserved for Core Sets. Other summer releases included Coldsnap and Eventide.[XXVI]

text: Fallen Empires was an experimental expansion in which most card have three or four different pieces of artwork. You could see them as 121 common cards, by art, or 36 cards by the text. It was also a major expansion in the idea of tribes, especially Goblins and Merfolk.

text: Most early expansion sets did not have exact release dates; they were just shipped out within the space of a week, and retailers could start selling them as soon as the sets were received. By the time of Alliances in 1996, however, release dates were set as Mondays (the earliest set with an exact Monday release date might possibly have preceded Alliances, but Alliances is the earliest set with a cited and confirmed Monday release date). Beginning with Mirrodin in 2003, the release dates were changed from Monday to Friday. All sets beginning with Homelands[VI] also have a pre-release date, on which cards are sold in limited quantities in pre-release tournaments. These tournaments were formerly always held two weeks before the release date, but since Shards of Alara they are now held one week before the release date.

text: Premium foil cards have been inserted into booster packs since Urza's Legacy. Originally 1 foil card was inserted for every 100 cards. The ratio was changed to 1 in 70 cards with the Torment expansion. Beginning with Tenth Edition the rate was increased to 1 in 56 cards.[25]

text: Starting with Kaladesh block, sets sometimes also contain an entry in the Masterpiece Series.[26]

text: The block model has evolved as time went on. In addition to a formalized structure (which was occasionally variated on), Wizards began to have trouble developing small sets that satisfied their own quality standards. Players also reported fatigue at playing in the same environment for a year at a time. The decision to remove one small set from each block, as showcased in Battle For Zendikar block, was a result of this dissatisfaction. It culminated in the decision to delete small sets entirely: After the Ixalan block concludes, forthcoming sets will all be large-sized sets. However, not all large-size sets will involve travel to a new plane; some will be sequels to the set prior to it, if the depth of the plane's story and mechanics allows. Dominaria, to be released in 2018, will be the first set under this model. [26]

text:
Set
Expansion
symbol[3]
Expansion
code[4][3]
Development
codename[23]
Pre-release date
Release date
Size[3][5]

Total
Cards
Common
Uncommon
Rare
Mythic Rare
Basic
Land
Other

Arabian Nights
A scimitar
ARN
Arabian Nights[27]
none
December 1993[28]
92[V]
41
19
32
—
—
—

Antiquities
An anvil
ATQ
Antiquities[27]
none
March 1994[29]
100[VI]
30
44
26
—
—
—

Legends
The capital of a Doric column
LEG
Legends[27]
none
June 1994[30]
310
75
114
121
—
—
—

The Dark
A thin crescent moon
DRK
The Dark [27]
none
August 1994[31]
119
40
44
35
—
—
—

Fallen Empires
A crown
FEM
Fallen Empires[27]
none
November 1994[32]
187[VII]
121
30
36
—
—
—

Ice Age
A snowflake
ICE
Ice Age[27]
none[VII]
June 1995[33]
383
121
121
121
—
20
—

Homelands[IX]
The globe of Ulgrotha
HML
Homelands[27]
October 14, 1995[VII]
October 1995[34]
140[X]
71
27
42
—
—
—

Alliances
A flowing banner
ALL
Quack[23]
May 18, 1996[35]
June 10, 1996[10]
199[XI]
110
43
46
—
—
—

Mirage Block

Mirage
A palm tree
MIR
Sosumi/Menagerie[23]
September 21, 1996[36][XXV]
October 7, 1996[10]
350
110
110
110
—
20
—

Visions
Zhalfirin Triangle of War/stylized "V"
VIS
Mirage Jr.[23]
January 11, 1997[37]
February 3, 1997[38]
167
62
55
50
—
—
—

Weatherlight
The Thran Tome, an open book
WTH
Mochalatte[23]
May 31, 1997[39]
June 9, 1997[10]
167
62
55
50
—
—
—

Rath Cycle or Tempest Block

Tempest
A storm cloud
TMP
Bogavhati[23]
October 4, 1997[40]
October 13, 1997[10]
350
110
110
110
—
20
—

Stronghold
A portcullis
STH
Rachimulot[23]
February 21, 1998[41]
March 2, 1998[10]
143
55
44
44
—
—
—

Exodus
A bridge
EXO
Gorgonzola[23]
June 6, 1998[42]
June 15, 1998[10]
143
55
44
44
—
—
—

Artifacts Cycle or Urza Block

Urza's Saga
Two gears
USG
Armadillo[23]
October 3, 1998[43]
October 12, 1998[44]
350
110
110
110
—
20
—

Urza's Legacy
A hammer
ULG
Guacamole[23]
February 6, 1999[45]
February 15, 1999[10]
143
55
44
44
—
—
—

Urza's Destiny
An Erlenmeyer flask
UDS
Chimichanga[23]
May 29, 1999[40]
June 7, 1999[46]
143
55
44
44
—
—
—

Masquerade Cycle or Masques Block

Mercadian Masques
A domino mask
MMQ
Archimedes[23]
September 25, 1999[47]
October 4, 1999[48]
350
110
110
110
—
20
—

Nemesis
The spiked halberd wielded by Crovax
NMS
Euripides[23]
February 5, 2000[49]
February 14, 2000[50]
143
55
44
44
—
—
—

Prophecy
Three crystals
PCY
Dionysus[23]
May 27, 2000
June 5, 2000[51]
143
55
44
44
—
—
—

Invasion Block

Invasion
The symbol of the Coalition[XII]
INV
Beijing[23]
September 23, 2000[40]
October 2, 2000[52]
350
110
110
110
—
20
—

Planeshift
A swirling portal
PLS
Hong Kong[23]
January 27, 2001[53]
February 5, 2001[53]
143
55
44
44
—
—
—

Apocalypse
The mask of Yawgmoth
APC
Shanghai[23]
May 26, 2001[54]
June 4, 2001
143
55
44
44
—
—
—

Odyssey Block

Odyssey
The Mirari on a twisted stand
ODY
Argon[23]
September 22, 2001[40]
October 1, 2001
350
110
110
110
—
20
—

Torment
An ouroboros
TOR
Boron[23]
January 26, 2002[55]
February 4, 2002[55]
143
55
44
44
—
—
—

Judgment
A balancing scale
JUD
Carbon[23]
May 18, 2002
May 27, 2002[56]
143
55
44
44
—
—
—

Onslaught Block

Onslaught
A four-legged "morph"[XIII] creature
ONS
Manny[23]
September 28, 2002[57]
October 7, 2002[57]
350
110
110
110
—
20
—

Legions
Two crossed spears behind a shield
LGN
Moe[23]
January 25, 2003[58]
February 3, 2003
145
55
45
45
—
—
—

Scourge
A dragon mask
SCG
Jack[23]
May 17, 2003[59]
May 26, 2003[59]
143
55
44
44
—
—
—

Mirrodin Block

Mirrodin
The Sword of Kaldra
MRD
Bacon[23]
September 20, 2003[60]
October 3, 2003[60]
306
110
88
88
—
20
—

Darksteel
The shield of Kaldra
DST
Lettuce[23]
January 24, 2004[61]
February 6, 2004[61]
165
55
55
55
—
—
—

Fifth Dawn
The helm of Kaldra
5DN
Tomato[23]
May 22, 2004[62]
June 4, 2004[63]
165
55
55
55
—
—
—

Kamigawa Block

Champions of Kamigawa
A torii gate
CHK
Earth[23]
September 18, 2004[64]
October 1, 2004[65]
306
110
88[XIV]
88
—
20
—

Betrayers of Kamigawa
A shuriken
BOK
Wind[23]
January 22, 2005[66]
February 4, 2005[65]
165
55
55
55
—
—
—

Saviors of Kamigawa
A Japanese-style lantern
SOK
Fire[23]
May 21, 2005[67]
June 3, 2005[65]
165
55
55
55
—
—
—

Ravnica Block

Ravnica: City of Guilds
A Gothic-style church tower
RAV
Control[68]
September 24, 2005[69]
October 7, 2005[70]
306
110
88
88
—
20
—

Guildpact
The seal of the Guildpact
GPT
Alt[68]
January 21, 2006[71]
February 3, 2006[71]
165
55
55
55
—
—
—

Dissension
The broken seal of the Guildpact
DIS
Delete[68]
April 22, 2006[72]
May 5, 2006[72]
180
60
60
60
—
—
—

Coldsnap

Coldsnap[IX]
A hanging trio of icicles
CSP
Splat[23]
July 8, 2006[73]
July 21, 2006[74]
155
60
55
40
—
—
—

Time Spiral Block

Time Spiral
An hourglass
TSP/TSB[XV]
Snap[68]
September 23, 2006[75]
October 6, 2006[75]
422[XV]
121
80
80
—
20
121

Planar Chaos
Stylized letters "PC" / Möbius strip
PLC
Crackle[68]
January 20, 2007[76]
February 2, 2007[76]
165[XV]
60
55
50
—
—
—

Future Sight
an eye gazing through a rift portal
FUT
Pop[68]
April 21, 2007[77]
May 4, 2007[77]
180[XV]
60
60
60
—
—
—

Lorwyn Block

Lorwyn
Elvish "leaf blade" with a serrated edge
LRW
Peanut[78]
September 29, 2007[79]
October 12, 2007[79]
301
121
80
80
—
20
—

Morningtide
Sunrise / A flame
MOR
Butter[78]
January 19, 2008[80]
February 1, 2008[80]
150
60
40
50
—
—
—

Shadowmoor Block[81]

Shadowmoor
Crown of the Reaper King
SHM
Jelly[78]
April 19, 2008[82]
May 2, 2008[82]
301
121
80
80
—
20
—

Eventide
Eclipsed sun
EVE
Doughnut[81]
July 12, 2008[83]
July 25, 2008[83]
180
60
60
60
—
—
—

Alara Block

Shards of Alara
5-part gem
ALA
Rock[84]
September 27, 2008[85]
October 3, 2008[86]
249
101
60
53
15
20
—

Conflux
5-shard shield
CON
Paper[84]
January 31, 2009[87]
February 6, 2009[87]
145
60
40
35
10
—
—

Alara Reborn
5-branched gem
ARB
Scissors[84]
April 25, 2009[88]
April 30, 2009[88]
145
60
40
35
10
—
—

Zendikar Block

Zendikar
A hedron
ZEN
Live[84]
September 26, 2009[89]
October 2, 2009[89]
249
101
60
53
15
20
—

Worldwake
A hedron opening
WWK
Long[84]
January 30, 2010[90]
February 5, 2010[90]
145
60
40
35
10
—
—

Rise of the Eldrazi
A hedron opened
ROE
Prosper[84]
April 17, 2010[91]
April 23, 2010[91]
248
100
60
53
15
20
—

Scars of Mirrodin Block

Scars of Mirrodin
Encircled hexplate with a smaller hex cut out
SOM
Lights[92]
September 25, 2010[93]
October 1, 2010[93]
249
101
60
53
15
20
—

Mirrodin Besieged
Mirran/Phyrexian symbols combined
MBS
Camera[92]
January 29, 2011[94]
February 4, 2011[94]
155
60
40
35
10
10
—

New Phyrexia
The letter Phi, the symbol of Phyrexia
NPH
Action[92]
May 7, 2011[95][96]
May 13, 2011[95][96]
175
60
60
35
10
10
—

Innistrad Block

Innistrad
Two stylized outward facing herons[97]
ISD[98]
Shake[92]
September 24, 2011[99]
September 30, 2011[99]
264[XXVII]
107
67
59
16
15
—

Dark Ascension
Innistrad symbol turned inward[100]
DKA[101]
Rattle[92]
January 28, 2012[101]
February 3, 2012[101]
158[XXVII]
64
44
38
12
—
—

Avacyn Restored
The collar of Avacyn
AVR[102]
Roll[92]
April 28, 2012[102]
May 4, 2012[102]
244
101
60
53
15
15
—

Return to Ravnica Block

Return to Ravnica
Symbol of the five guilds in set
RTR[103]
Hook[84][104]
September 29, 2012[103]
October 5, 2012[103]
274
101
80
53
15
25
—

Gatecrash
Pointed arch
GTC[105]
Line[84][104]
January 26, 2013[105]
February 1, 2013[105]
249
101
80
53
15
—
—

Dragon's Maze
Return to Ravnica and Gatecrash symbols combined[106]
DGM[106]
Sinker[84][104]
April 27, 2013[106]
May 3, 2013[106]
156[XXVIII]
70
40
35
11
—
—

Theros Block

Theros
Column and arcs
THS[107]
Friends[84][104]
September 21, 2013[107]
September 27, 2013[107]
249
101
60
53
15
20
—

Born of the Gods
Horns of Xenagos
BNG[108]
Romans[84][104]
February 1, 2014[108]
February 7, 2014[108]
165
60
60
35
10
—
—

Journey into Nyx
Horns of Xenagos and column
JOU[109]
Countrymen[84][104]
April 26, 2014[110]
May 2, 2014[109]
165
60
60
35
10
—
—

Khans of Tarkir Block

Khans of Tarkir
Two crossed scimitars in front of a shield
KTK[111]
Huey[112]
September 20, 2014[111]
September 26, 2014[111]
269
101
80
53
15
20
—

Fate Reforged
Two mirrored fangs
FRF[113]
Dewey[112]
January 17, 2015[113]
January 23, 2015[113]
185[XXIX]
70
60
35
10
10
—

Dragons of Tarkir
A shield in the shape of a dragon's face
DTK[114]
Louie[112]
March 21, 2015[114]
March 27, 2015[114]
264
101
80
53
15
15
—

Battle for Zendikar Block

Battle for Zendikar
A hedron with a "Z" crimp
BFZ[115]
Blood[116]
September 26, 2015[115]
October 2, 2015[115]
274[XXX]
101
80
53
15
25
—[XXX]

Oath of the Gatewatch
Kozilek blade projections
OGW[117]
Sweat[116]
January 16, 2016[117]
January 22, 2016[117]
184[XXX]
70
60
42[118]
12[118]
—
—[XXX]

Shadows over Innistrad Block

Shadows over Innistrad
Avacyn's collar deformed (in this case, upside-down)
SOI[119]
Tears[116]
April 2, 2016[119]
April 8, 2016[119]
297[XXXI]
105
100
59
18
15
—

Eldritch Moon
Silhouette of Emrakul
EMN [120]
Fears[24]
July 16, 2016[120]
July 22, 2016[120]
205[XXXI]
74
70
47
14[121]
—
—

Kaladesh Block

Kaladesh
Stylized vines
KLD
Lock[122]
September 24, 2016
September 30, 2016
264
101
80
53
15
15
—

Aether Revolt
Stylized blossom
AER
Stock[122]
January 14, 2017
January 20, 2017
184
70
60
42
12
—
—

Amonkhet Block

Amonkhet
Pyramid with floating top
AKH
Barrel[122]
April 22, 2017
April 28, 2017
269
101
80
53
15
20
—

Hour of Devastation
Horns of Nicol Bolas
HOU
Laughs[123]
July 8, 2017
July 14, 2017
199
70
60
42
12
15
—

Ixalan Block

Ixalan
Compass rose
XLN
Ham[124]
September 23, 2017
September 29, 2017
279
101
80
63
15
20
—

Rivals of Ixalan
Half compass rose with two Northern points
RIX[125]
Eggs[124]
January 13, 2018
January 19, 2018
196
unrevealed

Post-block sets[26]

Dominaria
unrevealed
DOM
Soup[126]
April 21, 2018
April 27, 2018
269
unrevealed

"Spaghetti"
unrevealed
unrevealed
Spaghetti[127]
c. September 2018
c. September 2018
unrevealed

"Meatballs"
unrevealed
unrevealed
Meatballs[127]
c. January 2019
c. January 2019
unrevealed

"Milk"
unrevealed
unrevealed
Milk[128]
c. Spring 2019
c. Spring 2019
unrevealed

"Archery"
unrevealed
unrevealed
Archery[129]
c. September 2019
c. September 2019
unrevealed

"Baseball"
unrevealed
unrevealed
Baseball[129]
c. January 2020
c. January 2020
unrevealed

text: Introductory sets[edit]

text: These introductory sets were intended for novice Magic: The Gathering players. They were illegal in sanctioned tournaments until October 2005,[130] when they became legal in Legacy and Vintage.

text:
Set
Expansion
symbol[3]
Expansion
code[4][3]
Release date
Size[3][5]

Total Cards
Common
Uncommon
Rare
Mythic Rare
Basic Land
Other

Portal[XIX]

Portal
A portal
POR
June 1997[131]
222[XX]
90
57
55
—
20
—

Portal Second Age
A pentagon
PO2
June 1998[132]
165
70
45
35
—
15
—

Portal Three Kingdoms
The Chinese character for the number 3
PTK
May 1999[133]
180
55
55
55
—
15
—

Starter

Starter 1999
A five-pointed star
S99
July 1999[134]
173
63
55
35
—
20
—

Starter 2000
None
S00
July 2000[135]
57[XXI]
39
6
2
—
10
—

text: Other sets[edit]

text: Compilations/reprint sets[edit]

text: Reprint sets are sets of certain cards from previous sets that were re-released for different reasons. Some reasons include the cards were fan favorites and popular demand brought them back or in some cases, reprints were to commemorate certain events such as widely known matches or anniversary sets. Some reprint sets revolved around a certain theme; for example, Beatdown was themed around old, out-of-print, heavy-hitting creatures. Reprinting a card in one of these sets does not affect when it leaves Standard.

text: Deck Builder's Toolkits are released at the same time as a core set and contain only cards from sets that are legal in Standard at that time; they are not sets as such. These boxed sets therefore have no symbol or code of their own.

text:
Set
Expansion symbol[3]
Expansion
code[4][3]
Release date
Size[3][5]

Total Cards
Common
Uncommon
Rare
Mythic Rare
Basic Land
Other

Chronicles[XVII]
No specific symbol[XVIII]
CHR
July 1995[136]
125[XVII]
37
43
45
—
—
—

Rivals Quick Start Set
No specific symbol
none
July 1996[137]
Four pre-constructed decks

Multiverse Gift Box
No specific symbol
none
November 1996[138]
Boosters from various sets in various languages

Anthologies
No specific symbol
ATH
November 1998[139]
Two 60-card pre-constructed decks

Battle Royale Box Set
No specific symbol
BRB
November 12, 1999[140]
Four 40-card pre-constructed decks

Beatdown Box Set
A mace
BTD
December 2000[141]
Two 61-card pre-constructed decks

Deckmasters: Garfield vs. Finkel
A stylized letter "D"
DKM
September 17, 2001[142]
Two 62-card pre-constructed decks

Premium Foil Booster
Alara block symbols
none
January 8, 2010[143]
539 foil cards from the Alara block[XXXV]

Duels of the Planeswalkers (decks)
A stylized letter "M" inside a circle
DPA
June 4, 2010[144]
Five 60-card decks

Modern Event Deck
Three-pronged object
MD1
May 30, 2014[145]
60-card deck, 15-card sideboard

International Sets

Renaissance (French/German)
No specific symbol
none
August 1995[136]
122
51
40
31
—
—
—

Rinascimento (Italian)
No specific symbol
none
August 1995[136]
69
 ?
 ?
 ?
—
—
—

Duel Decks

Duel Decks: Elves vs. Goblins
A stylized axe and bow combination symbol
EVG
November 16, 2007[146]
Two 60-card pre-constructed decks

Duel Decks: Jace vs. Chandra
A point-reflected pair of swooshes
DD2
November 7, 2008[147]
Two 60-card pre-constructed decks

Duel Decks: Divine vs. Demonic
A halo with horns coming up through its center
DDC
April 10, 2009[148]
Two 60-card pre-constructed decks

Duel Decks: Garruk vs. Liliana
A leaf inside a semicircle
DDD
October 30, 2009[149]
Two 60-card pre-constructed decks

Duel Decks: Phyrexia vs. the Coalition
Yawgmoth's and the Coalition's symbols combined
DDE
March 19, 2010[150]
Two 60-card pre-constructed decks

Duel Decks: Elspeth vs. Tezzeret
Two trapezoids with parts missing
DDF
September 3, 2010[151]
Two 60-card pre-constructed decks

Duel Decks: Knights vs. Dragons
A shield in the shape of a dragon in flight
DDG
April 1, 2011[152]
Two 60-card pre-constructed decks

Duel Decks: Ajani vs. Nicol Bolas
Nicol Bolas' horns superimposed on Ajani's axe-head
DDH
September 2, 2011[153]
Two 60-card pre-constructed decks

Duel Decks: Venser vs. Koth
Two nearly-interlocking zigzags
DDI
March 30, 2012[154]
Two 60-card pre-constructed decks

Duel Decks: Izzet vs. Golgari
Combination of Izzet and Golgari symbols
DDJ
September 7, 2012[155]
Two 60-card pre-constructed decks

Duel Decks: Sorin vs. Tibalt
Combination of stylized sword and devil horns
DDK
March 15, 2013[156]
Two 60-card pre-constructed decks

Duel Decks: Heroes vs. Monsters
Combination axe, helmet, and wings
DDL
September 6, 2013[157]
Two 60-card pre-constructed decks

Duel Decks: Jace vs. Vraska
Arcane symbol and gorgon tentacle
DDM
March 14, 2014[158]
Two 60-card pre-constructed decks

Duel Decks: Speed vs. Cunning
Winged eye
DDN
September 5, 2014[159]
Two 60-card pre-constructed decks

Duel Decks Anthology
No specific symbol
DD3
December 5, 2014[160]
A reprint of the first four Dual Deck sets

Duel Decks: Elspeth vs. Kiora
Godsend (Elspeth's spear) and waves
DDO
February 27, 2015[161]
Two 60-card pre-constructed decks

Duel Decks: Zendikar vs. Eldrazi
Half-hedron and Eldrazi tentacle
DDP
August 28, 2015[162]
Two 60-card pre-constructed decks

Duel Decks: Blessed vs. Cursed
Demon wing and half of Avacyn's collar
DDQ
February 26, 2016[163]
Two 60-card pre-constructed decks

Duel Decks: Nissa vs. Ob Nixilis
Hedron and horns
DDR
September 2, 2016[164]
Two 60-card pre-constructed decks

Duel Decks: Mind vs. Might
Stylized knotwork
DDS
March 31, 2017[165]
Two 60-card pre-constructed decks

Duel Decks: Merfolk vs. Goblins
Combined trident and axe heads
DDT
November 10, 2017[166]
Two 60-card pre-constructed decks

From the Vault

From the Vault: Dragons
Wings of a Dragon
DRB
August 29, 2008[167]
15 limited foil dragon cards

From the Vault: Exiled
An arrow firing diagonally leaving a trail
V09
August 28, 2009[168]
15 limited foil formerly banned cards

From the Vault: Relics
An orb on a stand
V10
August 27, 2010[169]
15 limited foil artifact cards

From the Vault: Legends
A crown[170]
V11
August 26, 2011[170]
15 limited foil legendary creature cards

From the Vault: Realms
Mountain and sunrise
V12
August 31, 2012[171]
15 limited foil land cards

From the Vault: Twenty
Numeral 20 in a circle
V13
August 23, 2013[172]
20 limited foil cards

From the Vault: Annihilation
Stylized bomb or fractured orb
V14
August 22, 2014[173]
15 limited foil cards

From the Vault: Angels
Stylized angel wings
V15
August 21, 2015[174]
15 limited foil cards

From the Vault: Lore
Scroll unrolling to become castle tower
V16
August 19, 2016[175]
15 limited foil cards and one token

From the Vault: Transform
unrevealed
V17
November 24, 2017[176]
15 limited foil double-faced cards

Premium Deck Series

Premium Deck Series: Slivers
A coiled sliver
H09
November 20, 2009[177]
60-card premium foil deck

Premium Deck Series: Fire and Lightning
A flame and lightning bolt
PD2
November 19, 2010[178]
60-card premium foil deck

Premium Deck Series: Graveborn
A human skull
PD3
November 18, 2011[179]
60-card premium foil deck

Masters Series

Modern Masters
A stylized City of Brass
MMA
June 7, 2013[180]
229[180]
101[181]
60[181]
53[181]
15[181]
—
—

Modern Masters 2015 Edition
The City of Brass symbol rotated and then mirrored
MM2
May 22, 2015[182]
249[182]
101
80
53
15
—
—

Eternal Masters
Unusually-shaped hourglass
EMA
June 10, 2016[183]
249[183]
101
80
53
15
—
—

Modern Masters 2017 Edition
Floating "U" over crown
MM3
March 17, 2017[184]
249[184]
101
80
53
15
—
—

Iconic Masters
Stylized letters I and M.
IMA
November 17, 2017[185]
249[185]
unrevealed

Masters 25
Unrevealed
A25
March 16, 2018[186]
249[185]
unrevealed

Deck Builder's Toolkits

Deck Builder's Toolkit
"M10"
w10
May 21, 2010[187]
Box set of 285 cards

Deck Builder's Toolkit (Refreshed Version)
"M11"
w11
March 11, 2011[187]
Box set of 285 cards

Deck Builder's Toolkit (2012 Edition)
"M12"
w12
July 13, 2012
Box set of 285 cards

Deck Builder's Toolkit (2014 Core Set Edition)
"M14"
w14
July 19, 2013
Box set of 285 cards

Deck Builder's Toolkit (2015 Core Set Edition)
"M15"
w15
July 18, 2014
Box set of 285 cards

Deck Builder's Toolkit (Magic Origins Edition)
Planeswalker symbol breaking through the horizon
ORI
July 17, 2015
Box set of 285 cards

Deck Builder's Toolkit (Shadows over Innistrad Edition)
Star with trail and "16"
w16
April 8, 2016
Box set of 285 cards

Deck Builder's Toolkit (Amonkhet Edition)
Star with trail and "17"
w17
April 28, 2017
Box set of 285 cards

Deck Builder's Toolkit (Ixalan Edition)
Star with trail and "17"
w17
September 29, 2017
Box set of 285 cards

(Holiday) Gift Boxes

2012 Holiday Gift Box
N/A
N/A
November 16, 2012[188]
4 Boosters, 20 basic lands, 1 foil alternate-art card from Return to Ravnica (Dreg Mangler), 6 illustrated plastic dividers + stickers for customizing the dividers

2013 Holiday Gift Box
N/A
N/A
November 15, 2013[189]
4 Boosters, 20 basic lands, 1 foil alternate-art card from Theros (Karametra's Acolyte), 6 illustrated plastic dividers + stickers for customizing the dividers

2014 Holiday Gift Box
N/A
N/A
November 14, 2014[190]
4 Boosters, 20 basic lands, 1 foil alternate-art card from Khans of Tarkir (Sultai Charm), 6 illustrated plastic dividers + stickers for customizing the dividers

2015 Holiday Gift Box
N/A
N/A
November 6, 2015[191]
5 Boosters, 20 basic lands, 1 foil alternate-art card from Battle for Zendikar (Scythe Leopard), 6 illustrated plastic dividers + stickers for customizing the dividers

Shadows over Innistrad: The Gift Box
N/A
N/A
May 13, 2016 [192]
5 Boosters, 20 basic lands, 1 foil alternate-art card from Shadows over Innistrad (Ravenous Bloodseeker), 6 illustrated plastic dividers + stickers for customizing the dividers

Kaladesh: The Gift Box
N/A
N/A
N/A
5 Boosters, 20 basic lands, 1 foil alternate-art card from Kaladesh (Chief of the Foundry), 6 illustrated plastic dividers + stickers for customizing the dividers

text: Masterpiece Series[edit]

text: Starting with Kaladesh block, some blocks and sets also include an entry in the Masterpiece Series. The Zendikar Expeditions from Battle for Zendikar were not released under the title of Masterpiece Series, but were retroactively included in the series.[193] Cards in the Masterpiece Series entry for a given block appear in booster packs for that block's sets at a rate lower than that of Mythic Rares, and consist of either reprints, or cards from the set whose packs they appear in. However, they are not considered part of that set, and instead get their own expansion symbol; moreover, as with reprint sets (see below), printing in a Masterpiece Series entry does not affect format legality. Note that entries in the Masterpiece Series do not have expansion codes, except for Zendikar Expeditions, which has code "EXP".

text:
Block/set
Set
Expansion symbol[3]
Release Date
Total Cards
Cards in first set
Cards in second set

Battle for Zendikar
Zendikar Expeditions
Hedron with base
September 26, 2015
45
25
20

Kaladesh
Kaladesh Inventions
Stylized column or letter π
September 24, 2016
54
30
24

Amonkhet
Amonkhet Invocations
Nicol Bolas' head shape
April 28, 2017
54
30
24

text: Multiplayer-focused sets[edit]

text: Starting with Planechase in 2009, Wizards of the Coast has occasionally printed sets intended primarily for multiplayer play, which do not necessarily consist entirely of reprints but are not legal in Standard; a card printed in one of these is legal only in Eternal formats, and reprinting a card in one of these sets does not affect when it leaves Standard. These sets usually consist of fixed decks.

text:
Set
Expansion symbol[3]
Expansion
code[4][3]
Release date
Size[3][5]
New cards

Total Cards
Common
Uncommon
Rare
Mythic Rare
Basic Land
Other

Planechase

Planechase
Two circular arcs, the lower with three upper spikes
HOP
September 4, 2009[194]
Four 60-card decks + 40 plane cards
0

Planechase 2012 Edition
Two circular arcs, the upper with three bites removed from bottom
PC2
June 1, 2012[195]
Four 60-card decks and 40 plane or phenomenon cards
21

Planechase Anthology
Two circular arcs, the upper with five upper spikes
PCA
November 25, 2016[196]
Four 60-card decks and 86 plane or phenomenon cards
0

Archenemy

Archenemy
A trident
ARC
June 18, 2010[197]
Four decks, each with 60 cards and 20 oversized scheme cards
0

Archenemy: Nicol Bolas
Nicol's horns with orb
E01
June 16, 2017[198]
Four 60-card decks, four planeswalker cards, and one 20-card scheme deck
0

Commander

Commander
Three prongs symbolizing the "wedge" coloration
CMD
June 17, 2011[199]
Five 100-card decks each with 3 oversized foil Commander cards
51

Commander's Arsenal
3-part gem
CM1
November 2, 2012[200]
28 foil cards (18 regular, 10 oversized)
0

Commander 2013 Edition
3-part gem with hooks
C13
November 1, 2013[201]
Five 100-card decks each with 3 oversized foil Commander cards
51

Commander 2014
Shield-shaped 3-part gem
C14
November 7, 2014[202]
Five 100-card decks each with 1 oversized foil Commander card
61

Commander 2015
2-part shield
C15
November 13, 2015[203]
Five 100-card decks each with 1 oversized foil Commander card
56

Commander 2016
Bisected shield
C16
November 11, 2016[204]
Five 100-card decks each with 1 oversized foil Commander card
56

Commander Anthology
Shield with crown
CMA
June 9, 2017[205]
Four 100-card decks each with 1 oversized foil Commander card
0

Commander 2017
Shield with 4 parts
C17
August 25, 2017[206]
Four 100-card decks each with 1 oversized foil Commander card
56

Conspiracy

Conspiracy
Seal
CNS
June 6, 2014[207]
210[XXXII]
89
68
43
10
—
—
65

Conspiracy: Take the Crown
Seal of the Black Rose
CN2
August 26, 2016[208]
221[208]
90
67
50
14
—
—
80

Other sets

Explorers of Ixalan
Ship's wheel
E02
November 24, 2017[209]
Four 60-card decks and various game components
0

text: Non-DCI-sanctioned-tournament-play-legal sets[edit]

text: These sets, though also published by Wizards of the Coast, are not legal for DCI-sanctioned tournament play.

text:
Set
Expansion symbol[3]
Expansion
code[4][3]
Pre-release date
Release date
Size[3][5]

Total Cards
Common
Uncommon
Rare
Mythic Rare
Basic Land
Other

Collector's Edition[210]
no symbol[XXXIII]
CED
none
December 1993[211]
363
75
95
117
—
76
—

International Collector's Edition
no symbol[XXXIV]
CED
none
December 1993[211]
363
75
95
117
—
76
—

Astral[XXII]
star with a trail
none
none
April 1997[212]
12
—
—
—
—
—
—

Un-sets[XXIII]

Unglued
A cracked-open egg
UGL
August 7, 1998[40]
August 17, 1998
88
33
22
28
—
5
—

Unhinged
A horseshoe
UNH
November 20, 2004[213]
November 19, 2004[213]
141
55
40
40
—
5
1[XXIV]

Unstable
A wrench with an acorn-shaped hole
UST
unrevealed
December 8, 2017
216-ish[214]
unrevealed

World Championship Decks

World Championship Decks 1999
No specific symbol
none
none
1999[215]
Four 60-card pre-constructed decks

World Championship Decks 2000
No specific symbol
none
none
2000[215]
Four 60-card pre-constructed decks

World Championship Decks 2001
No specific symbol
none
none
2001[215]
Four 60-card pre-constructed decks

World Championship Decks 2002
No specific symbol
none
none
2002[215]
Four 60-card pre-constructed decks

World Championship Decks 2003
No specific symbol
none
none
2003[215]
Four 60-card pre-constructed decks

World Championship Decks 2004
No specific symbol
none
none
2004[215]
Four 60-card pre-constructed decks

text: Magic: The Gathering Online exclusive sets[edit]

text: These sets are exclusive to Magic: The Gathering Online.

text:
Set
Expansion
symbol[3]
Expansion
code[4][3]
Release date
Size[3][5]

Total Cards
Common
Uncommon
Rare
Mythic Rare
Basic Land
Other

Masters Editions

Masters Edition
A circle and a quarter-circle
MED
September 10, 2007[216]
195
60
60
60
—
15
—

Masters Edition II
A circle and two quarter-circles
ME2
September 22, 2008[217]
245
80
80
80
—
5
—

Masters Edition III
A circle behind two quarter-circles
ME3
September 7, 2009[218]
230
75
70
70
—
15
—

Masters Edition IV
4 quarter-circles forming an hourglass
ME4
January 10, 2011[219]
269
80
72
105
—
12
—

Vintage Masters
Helmet with a V-shaped pattern
VMA
June 16, 2014[220]
325
101
80
105
30
—
9

Tempest Remastered
Arch broken by lightning bolt
TPR
May 6, 2015[221]
269
101
80
53
15
20
—

Magic: The Gathering Online Deck Series

Magic Online Deck Series: Legacy Format
No specific symbol
N/A
November 8, 2010[222]
Two 60-card decks with 15 card sideboards

Momir Vig Basic Event Deck
No specific symbol
N/A
November 22, 2010[223]
Deck with 1 avatar card & 60 basic lands

text: Notes[edit]


document_title: Days of Thunder

question_text: where was the movie days of thunder filmed

text: Days of Thunder

text: Plot[edit]

text: Cole Trickle is a young racer from Eagle Rock, California, with years of experience in open-wheel racing, winning championships in the United States Auto Club (USAC). His goal was to win the Indianapolis 500, but realizes that "To win in Indy I'd need a great car, but stock cars are all the same". He is recruited by Chevrolet dealership tycoon Tim Daland to race for his team in the NASCAR Winston Cup Series. Daland also convinces former crew chief and car builder Harry Hogge to come out of retirement and lead Cole's pit crew. After Trickle sets a fast time in a private test at Charlotte Motor Speedway, Hogge builds him a new Chevrolet Lumina to drive in the Winston Cup, though the season has already started.

text: During his first few races, Cole has difficulty adjusting to the larger NASCAR stock cars and communicating with his crew while being intimidated on the track by Winston Cup Champion Rowdy Burns; this results in Cole not finishing the races, mostly due to crashes and blown engines. After discovering that Cole does not understand the common terminology used by NASCAR teams, Harry puts him through rigorous training. This pays off at the Darlington race, when Cole uses a slingshot maneuver from the outside line to overtake Rowdy and win his first race.

text: The rivalry between Cole and Rowdy intensifies throughout the season until tragedy strikes. At the Firecracker 400 in Daytona, both drivers are seriously injured after being caught in "The Big One". While recovering from his injuries in Daytona Beach, Cole develops a romantic relationship with Dr. Claire Lewicki, a neurosurgeon at Halifax Hospital who was senior doctor on duty when he was brought in after his crash and who was attending to his health. At the same time, NASCAR president Big John brings Rowdy and Cole together in a meeting and warns them that he and his sport will no longer tolerate any hanky-panky from the two rivals. Afterwards, Cole and Rowdy go out to lunch together by Big John's persuasion, and settle their differences by banging rental cars on the beach. Cole and Rowdy change from bitter rivals to close friends.

text: As Cole is still undergoing therapy, Daland hires hot-shot rookie Russ Wheeler as a substitute to fill the seat. Weeks later, Cole returns to active duty, with Daland now fielding two teams – the second car driven by Wheeler which Harry disapproves of. Though Cole shows signs of his old self, he now finds himself in a rivalry with his new teammate with no help from his inexperienced owner. At North Wilkesboro, Russ blocks Cole's path during their pit stop. He also forces Cole into the outside wall on the last lap to win the race. In retaliation, Cole crashes his car into Russ's car following the race, resulting in Daland firing Cole and Harry.

text: When Rowdy discovers that he has to undergo brain surgery to fix a broken blood vessel, he asks Cole to drive his car at the Daytona 500, so his sponsors will pay for the year. Cole reluctantly agrees and convinces Harry to return as crew chief again. Hours prior to the race, Harry discovers metal in the oil pan, a sign of engine failure, so he manages to have Daland provide him a new engine. During the race, Cole's car suffers a malfunctioning transmission after being spun out by Russ, but the combined efforts of his pit crew, as well as those working for Daland, manage to fix the problem and get him back on the lead lap. This sets the tone for a final showdown between Cole and Russ. On the final lap, Russ predicts that Cole will attempt his signature slingshot maneuver from outside, but Cole tricks him with a crossover, overtaking him from the inside to win his first Daytona 500.

text: Cole drives into victory lane, where he and his pit crew celebrate with Claire. As he looks around to see where Harry is, he spots him sitting alone on a concrete barrier near the teams pit stall. Cole walks up to Harry to ask for him to say something, but Harry is lost for words. Cole asks Harry to walk with him and Harry agrees. As he begins to walk, Harry turns to Cole smiling and challenges him to a foot race to victory lane.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Tom Cruise as Cole Trickle, a young race car driver out to make a name for himself in NASCAR. The character was patterned after Tim Richmond, while his name is a nod to veteran racer Dick Trickle.[2][3]
Nicole Kidman as Dr. Claire Lewicki, a neurosurgeon who develops a relationship with Cole.
Robert Duvall as Harry Hogge, Cole's crew chief (patterned after Harry Hyde).
Michael Rooker as Rowdy Burns, the current Winston Cup Champion and Cole's first rival and friend. He drives the #51 Exxon Chevrolet (patterned after Dale Earnhardt).
Cary Elwes as Russ Wheeler, a rookie driver who fills in for Cole, but later on becomes his teammate and bitter rival.[4] He drives the #18 Hardee's Chevrolet (patterned after Rusty Wallace).
Randy Quaid as Tim Daland, a wealthy car dealership and race team owner who first recruits Cole into NASCAR (patterned after Rick Hendrick).
Fred Thompson as Big John, president of NASCAR (patterned after "Big Bill" France).
John C. Reilly as Buck Bretherton, Cole's car chief. Reilly also starred in Talladega Nights.
J. C. Quinn as Waddell, Rowdy's crew chief. The name is likely a reference to Waddell Wilson.
Caroline Williams as Jeannie Burns, Rowdy's wife.
Leilani Sarelle as a Female Highway Patrol Officer who is actually a stripper hired by Harry as a prank on Cole.
Chris Ellis as Harlem Hoogerhyde, Cole's gas man (patterned after Danny "Chocolate" Myers).
Don Simpson in a cameo as Aldo Bennedetti (patterned after Mario Andretti and using his twin brother Aldo Andretti's first name).

text: Richard Petty, Rusty Wallace, Neil Bonnett, Harry Gant, and Dr. Jerry Punch all appear in cameo roles as themselves. Bob Jenkins had a voice-over role as public address announcer.

text: Production[edit]

text: Principal photography took place in early 1990 in and around Charlotte and Daytona Beach. It was plagued with delays due to frequent arguments on set between Simpson and Bruckheimer, Scott, and sometimes Towne over how to set up a shot. Crew members sat idle for long hours; some later said they had accumulated enough overtime pay to go on vacation for a full four months after filming was completed. The completion date was pushed back many times, with filming being completed in early May,[5] three months later than it had originally been scheduled. At one point, following the third revision of the shooting schedule in a single day, the unit production manager, who represents the studio on the set or location, confronted Simpson and Bruckheimer and was told bluntly that the schedule no longer mattered.[6]

text: In Daytona, Simpson and Bruckheimer spent $400,000 to have a vacant storefront in their hotel converted into their private gym, with a large neon sign reading "Days of Thunder." Simpson also kept a closet full of Donna Karan dresses to offer the attractive women his assistants found on the beach, and held private parties with friends like rapper Tone Lōc.[7] Towne also played a role in the film's increasing cost by scrapping more barn scenes when he didn't like either of two barns built to his specifications. The film's original budget of $35 million ($65.6 million in modern dollars[8]) nearly doubled; at that level it would have had to make at least $100 million, a rare gross at that time, to break even.[6] In addition, when Tom Cruise failed to win the Oscar for Born on the Fourth of July, some additional budget was cut.[9] Despite the budget overruns and delays, reportedly it was only after shooting was finished that the filmmakers discovered they had neglected to film Cole Trickle's car crossing the finish line at Daytona.[7]

text: Race cars[edit]

text: The cars used as those of Cole Trickle, Rowdy Burns, and Russ Wheeler were provided by Hendrick Motorsports, with racers Greg Sacks, Tommy Ellis, Bobby Hamilton, and Hut Stricklin as the stand-in drivers. In order to provide authentic race footage involving the cars, these cars were actually raced on three occasions. In late 1989, Hamilton and Sacks raced at Phoenix.[10] Hamilton officially qualified 5th and led a lap before his engine blew. In 1990, the cars were raced again at Daytona and Darlington. Sacks drove a car during the Busch Clash, while Hamilton and Ellis drove unscored entries in the Daytona 500.[11] At Darlington, Stricklin and Sacks drove two of the cars, but both were pulled from the race early after Sacks broke a crankshaft.

text: Cole's first car in the film is sponsored by City Chevrolet, a real-life car dealership in Charlotte, North Carolina, owned by Rick Hendrick.[12]

text: Music[edit]

text: The score for Days of Thunder was composed by Hans Zimmer, with Jeff Beck making a guest appearance on guitar. This was the first of an ongoing list of films in which Zimmer would compose the score for a Jerry Bruckheimer production. An official score album was not released until 2013, by La-La Land Records.[13]

text: The film's theme song "Last Note of Freedom" was sung by David Coverdale of the band Whitesnake at the request of Tom Cruise himself. Coverdale's vocal parts were recorded in 1990 in Los Angeles during a day off of the Whitesnake Slip of the Tongue Liquor and Poker world tour.[14]

text: Real-life references[edit]

text: While the movie was neither based on a true story, nor a biographical film, the main character Cole Trickle was very loosely based on the career of Tim Richmond,[15][16] and several scenes reenacted or referenced real-life stories and personalities from NASCAR history.[15]

text: The scene where Big John tells Cole and Rowdy they will drive to dinner together is based on an actual meeting Bill France, Sr. had in the 1980s between Dale Earnhardt, Sr. and Geoff Bodine.[15] One scene in which Cole deliberately blows his engine by over-revving it reflects upon an incident in which Tim Richmond was said to have done so at Michigan in 1987.[17]

text: In another scene, Trickle is told he can not pit because the crew is too busy eating ice cream. This incident actually occurred at the 1987 Southern 500 involving the Hendrick Motorsports #35 team with crew chief Harry Hyde and Richmond's replacement driver Benny Parsons.[18]

text: The scene where Cole and Rowdy destroy a pair of rental cars by racing them through the city streets loosely referenced early 1950s NASCAR superstars Joe Weatherly and Curtis Turner, each of whom were known to rent cars, race, and crash them with abandon.[19][20]

text: The final race at Daytona, Harry tells Cole they had to change engines. When asked where the Engine came from, Harry said "We stole it" in reality it came from his previous owner Tim. In the final race at Atlanta in 1990, the championship race between Mark Martin & Dale Earnhardt was neck and neck. Martin didn't feel any of his cars were good enough, so Robert Yates allowed Roush Racing to borrow one of Davey Allison's cars for a test run and the race. Robert Yates wanted a Ford to win the championship, so he did all in his power to help. Dale Earnhardt edged out Mark Martin by 26pts for the Winston Cup, Martin was docked 46pts at Richmond (2nd race of '90) because his carburetor spacer was a 1/2" too thick.

text: Release[edit]

text: Days of Thunder was released on Wednesday, June 27, 1990.[5] The film was a financial success grossing $157,920,733.[21][22]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The film was also successful on home video.[23] It grossed $40,000,000 in rentals.[24]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: In the 2013 Subway Firecracker 250 driver Kurt Busch had his #1 Phoenix Racing Chevy painted identical to Cole Trickle's #46 City Chevy car.[25]

text: The fictional Mello Yello sponsorship depicted on Trickle's car during film was followed by a real-life sponsorship arrangement the following year. The car of Kyle Petty at SABCO Racing carried the livery from 1991-1994. Mello Yello also sponsored the fall race at Charlotte from 1990-1994.

text: The 2015 Bojangles' Southern 500 at Darlington saw this livery again with Kyle Larson piloting the now throwback scheme.

text: In 2015, M&M's released a promo video on YouTube to commemorate the 25th anniversary of Days of Thunder and to promote M&M's Crispy. The video features driver Kyle Busch and crew chief Adam Stevens parodying scenes from the film.[26]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The film received mixed reviews from critics who mostly shrugged off the sometimes over-the-top special effects and plot in many ways resembling the earlier Bruckheimer, Simpson, Scott and Cruise vehicle Top Gun (some calling it "Top Gun on wheels" or "Top Gun in Race Cars!"), which had been a huge success four years earlier.[27][28] Halliwell's Film Guide dismissed Days of Thunder as "An over familiar story rendered no more interestingly than usual",[29] while the Monthly Film Bulletin described it as "simply a flashy, noisy star vehicle for Tom Cruise, one which - like the stock car he drives - goes around in circles getting nowhere".[29]

text: The film currently holds a rating of 38% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 58 reviews with the consensus: "Days of Thunder has Tom Cruise and plenty of flash going for it, but they aren't enough to compensate for the stock plot, two-dimensional characters, and poorly written dialogue."[30]

text: In a positive review, film critic Roger Ebert noted:

text: In a 1990 Siskel and Ebert special on Cruise, Ebert added one more ingredient to the formula, the "Dying Friend", referencing how in almost all the Cruise formula films, his friend/colleague had almost ended up sick or dying in the course of the film to present an emotional challenge for the Cruise character.[32]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: The film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Sound (Charles M. Wilborn, Donald O. Mitchell, Rick Kline and Kevin O'Connell).[33]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: Following Scott's death in 2012, film critic Stephen Metcalf argued that the film marked an important turning point in the history of the American film industry. "The best film he made may well have been Crimson Tide," he wrote in Slate, "but the most important film he made was Days of Thunder." The excesses of its production and its failure to equal Top Gun's magnitude of box-office success, he argues, helped end the era that had followed the failure of Heaven's Gate ten years earlier. The studio's willingness to indulge director Michael Cimino on that film, as other studios had been doing up to that point, led to a backlash where studios favored producers like Simpson and Bruckheimer whose films bore far more of their imprint than any director who worked for them. Crimson Tide, made several years after Days of Thunder, was the critical and commercial success it was, Metcalf says, because after similar excesses on the producers' part like those that occurred on Thunder directors were allowed to reassert themselves.[7]

text: Quentin Tarantino said the film was his favorite big budget racing movie:

text: Yeah, yeah, you laugh but seriously I’m a big fan. To me Days of Thunder is the movie Grand Prix and Le Mans should have been. Sure, it had a big budget, big stars and a big director in Tony Scott, but it had the fun of those early AIP movies. I just don’t think it works if you take the whole thing too seriously.[34]

text: Video games[edit]

text: Days of Thunder (1990)[edit]

text: In 1990, Mindscape released a video game adaptation of the film for multiple platforms such as the PC, NES and Amiga. A Game Boy version was released in 1992. The game is currently available for the PlayStation Network and iOS.

text: Days of Thunder (2011)[edit]

text: Paramount Digital Entertainment released a new video game based on the film for the iOS, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 and PlayStation Portable. iOS version was released in 2009 and other versions were released in 2011. The game will include 12 NASCAR sanctioned tracks—including Daytona International Speedway and Talladega Superspeedway—and the film characters Cole Trickle, Rowdy Burns, and Russ Wheeler. The PS3 version, labeled Days of Thunder: NASCAR Edition will have more than 12 select NASCAR Sprint Cup drivers, including Denny Hamlin, Ryan Newman and Tony Stewart.


document_title: Marnie (film)

question_text: who plays marnie in alfred hitchcock's movie

question_tokens: who plays marnie in alfred hitchcock 's movie

text: Marnie (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Margaret "Marnie" Edgar (Tippi Hedren) steals $10,000 from her employer's company safe and flees. She had used her charms on Sidney Strutt (Martin Gabel), a tax consultant, to get a clerical job without references. After changing her appearance and identity, she makes a quick trip to a horse stable in Virginia, where she keeps a horse named Forio, and then to Baltimore for a surprise visit to her mother, Bernice (Louise Latham). Though Bernice seems to care more for a young neighbor named Jessie than she does for her own daughter, Marnie gives her money.

text: When Mark Rutland (Sean Connery), a wealthy widower who owns a publishing company in Philadelphia, sees Strutt on business, he learns of the robbery. He recalls Marnie from a previous visit. Unaware of this, Marnie applies for a job at Mark's company; intrigued, he hires her as a typist, and they see each other socially. When Marnie has a panic attack during a thunderstorm, he hugs her and quietly kisses her. Marnie also has bad dreams and a phobia of the color red.

text: Marnie repeats her crime at Mark’s company, stealing a large sum of money and fleeing. Mark tracks her down at the stable where she keeps Forio. Unexpectedly, he blackmails her into marrying him, much to the chagrin of Mark's former sister-in-law, Lil (Diane Baker), who has had an eye on him ever since her sister's death. Lil learns that he is spending extravagantly on Marnie and becomes suspicious. On her honeymoon cruise, Marnie admits to Mark that she cannot stand to be "touched by a man". Mark begins by respecting her wishes, but later, after days of frustration, he pulls her gown off and rapes her. Afterwards, he covers her with his robe and apologizes. The next morning, she attempts to drown herself in the ship's pool, but Mark manages to save her.

text: Upon their return home, Mark discovers that Marnie's mother is still alive; he hires a private investigator to find out all he can about the woman. Meanwhile, Lil overhears that Mark has "paid off Strutt" on Marnie's behalf, so she mischievously invites Strutt to a party at Mark's house. There, a furious Strutt recognizes Marnie, but does not expose her after Mark threatens to take his business elsewhere. When Marnie later admits to additional robberies, Mark offers to pay back all her victims.

text: Invited to ride in a fox hunt, Marnie enjoys herself, but becomes perturbed when the hounds corner the fox and begin to pull it from its den. When another rider wearing a traditional scarlet coat comes into view, her phobia kicks in and she bolts on Forio. After a wild gallop, the horse falls and suffers a catastrophic injury, forcing Marnie to shoot him. Crazed with grief, Marnie goes to Mark's office to rob his safe again, but this time, she cannot bring herself to do it. Mark surprises her and eggs her on to take the money, but still she cannot.

text: He then takes Marnie to Baltimore to see her mother to extract the truth from her about Marnie's past. It is revealed that Bernice was a prostitute. When Bernice attacks Mark hysterically, Marnie's long-suppressed memories suddenly surface. She remembers that when she was a child, a drunken sailor (Bruce Dern), one of Bernice's clients, had tried to comfort her during a thunderstorm. Bernice, fearing he was molesting Marnie, attacked him. A fight ensued in which Bernice's leg was injured, the source of her long-term limp. Frightened, Marnie struck the sailor with a fireplace poker and killed him. The red blood from his wound caused her phobia of that color. Bernice calmly admits everything, and she tells how she got Marnie and how much she has always loved her. Now understanding the source of her fears, Marnie asks Mark what to do; he lets her know that he is on her side and will defend her. She responds, "I don't want to go to jail; I'd rather stay with you."

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Tippi Hedren as Margaret "Marnie" Edgar
Sean Connery as Mark Rutland
Diane Baker as Lil Mainwaring, Mark's former sister-in-law
Martin Gabel as Sidney Strutt, Marnie's ex-boss
Louise Latham as Bernice Edgar, Marnie's mother
Bob Sweeney as Mark's Cousin Bob
Alan Napier as Mr. Rutland, Mark's father
Mariette Hartley as Susan Clabon, Marnie's co-worker
Bruce Dern as the sailor from Marnie's childhood
Meg Wyllie as Mrs. Turpin
Kimberly Beck as Jessica "Jessie" Cotton, whom Bernice babysits (uncredited)
Melody Thomas Scott as Young Marnie (uncredited)
Alfred Hitchcock's cameo can be seen five minutes into the film, entering from the left of a hotel corridor after Marnie passes by.

text: Production[edit]

text: Development and writing[edit]

text: Alfred Hitchcock began developing the film adaptation of Winston Graham's novel Marnie in 1961. He commissioned Joseph Stefano, the screenwriter of Hitchcock's recently released Psycho, to work on the script. Stefano made extensive notes and wrote a 161-page treatment.[2] The director's first choice to play the title role, Grace Kelly, by then Princess Grace of Monaco, withdrew from the project when the citizens of Monaco objected to her appearing in a film, especially as a sexually disturbed thief. Also, when Kelly married Prince Rainier in 1956, she had not fulfilled her contract with MGM, which could have prevented her from working for another studio. As a consequence of Kelly's departure from the film, Hitchcock put it aside to work on The Birds (1963).[2]

text: After completing The Birds, Hitchcock returned to the Winston Graham adaptation. Evan Hunter, who had written the screenplay for The Birds, developed Marnie with Hitchcock, and wrote several drafts. Hunter was unhappy with the rape scene in the original novel as he felt the audience would lose sympathy for the male lead. The director, however, was enthusiastic about the scene, describing to Hunter how he intended to film it.

text: Hitch held up his hands the way directors do when they're framing a shot. Palms out, fingers together, thumbs extended and touching to form a perfect square. Moving his hands toward my face, like a camera coming in for a close shot, he said, "Evan, when he sticks it in her, I want that camera right on her face".[3]

text: Hunter wrote a draft containing the rape scene but also wrote an additional, substitute sequence, which he pleaded with Hitchcock to use instead. Hunter was dismissed from the project on 1 May 1963.[4] His replacement, Jay Presson Allen, later told him that "you just got bothered by the scene that was his reason for making the movie. You just wrote your ticket back to New York."[3][5] Just as Hunter had been unaware of Stefano's earlier work on Marnie, Presson Allen was not informed that she was the third writer to work on the adaptation.[6]

text: Casting[edit]

text: The role of Marnie became a sought-after role in Hollywood. In his book Hitchcock and the Making of Marnie, Tony Lee Moral revealed that a studio executive at Paramount Pictures suggested actress Lee Remick to Hitchcock for the title role. Eva Marie Saint, star of Hitchcock's North by Northwest (1959), and Susan Hampshire unsuccessfully pursued the role. Hitchcock also considered two other actresses who were, like Hedren, under his personal contract, Vera Miles and Claire Griswold, wife of director/actor Sydney Pollack. Instead, Hitchcock opted to use Tippi Hedren, a one-time model he had seen in a commercial for a diet drink in 1961, then cast successfully in The Birds. According to Hedren, he offered her the role of Marnie during filming of The Birds. Hedren told writer Moral that she was "amazed" that Hitchcock would offer her this "incredible role", calling it a "once-in-a-lifetime opportunity". In 2005, more than 40 years after the film's release, Hedren declared in an interview that Marnie was her favorite of the two films she made with Hitchcock, because of the intriguing, complex, challenging character that she played.[7]

text: Male lead Sean Connery had been worried that being under contract to Eon Productions for both James Bond and non-Bond films would limit his career and turned down every non-Bond film Eon offered him. When asked what he wanted to do, Connery replied that he wanted to work with Alfred Hitchcock, which Eon arranged through their contacts.[8] Connery also shocked many people at the time by asking to see a script; something Connery did because he was worried about being typecast as a spy and he did not want to do a variation of North by Northwest or Notorious. When told by Hitchcock's agent that Cary Grant did not ask to see even one of Hitchcock's scripts Connery replied, "I'm not Cary Grant."[9] Hitchcock and Connery got on well during filming. Connery also said that he was happy with the film, "with certain reservations."[10]

text: Marnie became a milestone for several reasons. It was the last time a "Hitchcock blonde" would have a central role in one of his films. It was also the final occasion when he would work with several of his key team members: director of photography Robert Burks, who died in 1968; editor George Tomasini, who died soon after Marnie's release, and music composer Bernard Herrmann, who was fired during Hitchcock's next film, Torn Curtain (1966), when Hitchcock and Universal studio executives wanted a more contemporary "pop" tune for the film.

text: Marnie continues to have its admirers. Actress Catherine Deneuve indicated that she would have loved to have played Marnie.[11] Actress Naomi Watts dressed up as Hedren's Marnie (whose outfits were by Edith Head) for the March 2008 issue of Vanity Fair magazine.[12]

text: Although they played mother and daughter, Latham (42) was only eight years older than Hedren (34); however in the script the mother character was only 15 years older than the daughter character.

text: Filming[edit]

text: In a making-of documentary for the DVD release, unit manager Hilton A. Green explains that shooting had been scheduled to begin on November 25, 1963, but had to be postponed because the nation was in mourning for John F. Kennedy, who had been assassinated three days before.

text: Music[edit]

text: Marnie was also the final occasion when he would work with music composer Bernard Herrmann, who was fired during Hitchcock's next film, Torn Curtain (1966), when Hitchcock and Universal studio executives wanted a more contemporary "pop" tune for the film.

text: Hitchcock had noticed a strong similarity between Herrmann's score for Joy in the Morning and Marnie and believed Herrmann was repeating himself.[13] Herrmann's music for Marnie included excerpts in his special album for Decca Records. Lyrics were written to Herrmann's theme that were to be sung by Nat King Cole.

text: Reception[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2015)

text: The film was a moderate box office success; it grossed $7 million in theatres[1] on a budget of $3 million. In North America, it earned estimated rentals of $3,250,000.[14] Marnie was the 22nd highest-grossing film of 1964.

text: In a making-of documentary on the DVD, Robin Wood, author of Hitchcock's Films Revisited, discusses the special effects of the film as having their roots in German Expressionism:

text: [Hitchcock] worked in German studios at first, in the silent period. Very early on when he started making films, he saw Fritz Lang's German silent films; he was enormously influenced by that, and Marnie is basically an expressionist film in many ways. Things like scarlet suffusions over the screen, back-projection and backdrops, artificial-looking thunderstorms—these are expressionist devices and one has to accept them. If one doesn't accept them then one doesn't understand and can't possibly like Hitchcock.

text: In the 2012 Sight & Sound poll of the greatest films ever made, Marnie received nine total votes – six from critics and three from directors.[15]