document_title: Liver

question_text: what is the size of a human liver

question_tokens: what is the size of a human liver

root

text: Liver

text: Structure[edit]

text: The liver is a reddish-brown wedge-shaped organ with four lobes of unequal size and shape. A human liver normally weighs 1.44–1.66 kg (3.2–3.7 lb),[10] and has a width of about 15 cm.[11] It is both the heaviest internal organ and the largest gland in the human body. Located in the right upper quadrant of the abdominal cavity, it rests just below the diaphragm, to the right of the stomach and overlies the gallbladder.[5]

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text: The liver is connected to two large blood vessels: the hepatic artery and the portal vein. The hepatic artery carries oxygen-rich blood from the aorta, whereas the portal vein carries blood rich in digested nutrients from the entire gastrointestinal tract and also from the spleen and pancreas.[9] These blood vessels subdivide into small capillaries known as liver sinusoids, which then lead to a lobule.

text: Lobules are the functional units of the liver. Each lobule is made up of millions of hepatic cells (hepatocytes) which are the basic metabolic cells. The lobules are held together by a fine dense irregular fibroelastic connective tissue layer which extends into the structure of the liver, by accompanying the vessels (veins and arteries), ducts and nerves through the hepatic portal, as a fibrous capsule called Glisson's capsule.[12] The whole surface of the liver is covered in a serous coat derived from peritoneum and this has an inner fibrous coat (Glisson's capsule) to which it is firmly adhered. The fibrous coat is of areolar tissue and follows the vessels and ducts to support them.[13]

text: Gross anatomy[edit]

text: Lobes[edit]

text: The liver is grossly divided into two parts when viewed from above – a right and a left lobe, seen and four when viewed from below (left, right, caudate and quadrate lobes).[14]

text: The falciform ligament, divides the liver into a left and right lobe. From below, the two additional lobes are located between the right and left lobes, one in front of the other. A line can be imagined running from the left of the vena cava and all the way forward to divide the liver and gallbladder into two halves.[15] This line is called "Cantlie's line".[16]

text: Other anatomical landmarks include the ligamentum venosum and the round ligament of the liver (ligamentum teres), which further divide the left side of the liver in two sections. An important anatomical landmark, the porta hepatis, divides this left portion into four segments, which can be numbered starting at the caudate lobe as I in an anticlockwise manner. From this parietal view, seven segments can be seen, because the eighth segment is only visible in the visceral view.[17]

text: Surfaces[edit]

text: On the diaphragmatic surface, apart from a small triangular bare area where it connects to the diaphragm, the liver is covered by a thin double-layered membrane, the peritoneum, that helps to reduce friction against other organs.[18] This surface covers the convex shape of the two lobes where it accommodates the shape of the diaphragm. The peritoneum folds back on itself to form the falciform ligament and the right and left triangular ligaments.[19]

text: These peritoneal ligaments are not related to the anatomic ligaments in joints, and the right and left triangular ligaments have no known functional importance, though they serve as surface landmarks.[19] The falciform ligament functions to attach the liver to the posterior portion of the anterior body wall.

text: The visceral surface or inferior surface, is uneven and concave. It is covered in peritoneum apart from where it attaches the gallbladder and the porta hepatis.[18]

text: Impressions[edit]

text: There are several impressions on the surface of the liver which accommodate the various adjacent structures and organs. Underneath the right lobe and to the right of the gallbladder fossa, are two impressions, one behind the other and separated by a ridge. The one in front is a shallow colic impression, formed by the hepatic flexure and the one behind is a deeper renal impression accommodating part of the right kidney and part of the suprarenal gland.[20]

text: The suprarenal impression is a small triangular depressed area on the liver. It is located close to the right of the fossa, between the bare area and the caudate lobe, and immediately above the renal impression. The greater part of the suprarenal impression is devoid of peritoneum and it lodges the right suprarenal gland.[21]

text: Medial to the renal impression is a third and slightly marked impression, lying between it and the neck of the gall-bladder. This is caused by the descending portion of the duodenum, and is known as the duodenal impression.[21]

text: The inferior surface of the left lobe of the liver presents behind and to the left the gastric impression.[21] This is moulded over the upper front surface of the stomach, and to the right of this is a rounded eminence, the tuber omentale, which fits into the concavity of the lesser curvature of the stomach and lies in front of the anterior layer of the lesser omentum.

text: Microscopic anatomy[edit]

text: Microscopically, each liver lobe is seen to be made up of hepatic lobules. The lobules are roughly hexagonal, and consist of plates of hepatocytes radiating from a central vein.[22][page needed]The central vein joins to the hepatic vein to carry blood out from the liver. A distinctive component of a lobule is the portal triad, which can be found running along each of the lobule's corners. The portal triad, misleadingly named, consists of five structures: a branch of the hepatic artery, a branch of the hepatic portal vein, and a bile duct, as well as lymphatic vessels and a branch of the vagus nerve.[23] Between the hepatocyte plates are liver sinusoids, which are enlarged capillaries through which blood from the hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery enters via the portal triads, then drains to the central vein.[22][page needed]

text: Histology, the study of microscopic anatomy, shows two major types of liver cell: parenchymal cells and non-parenchymal cells. 70–85% of the liver volume is occupied by parenchymal hepatocytes. Non-parenchymal cells constitute 40% of the total number of liver cells but only 6.5% of its volume.[24] The liver sinusoids are lined with two types of cell, sinusoidal endothelial cells, and phagocytic Kupffer cells.[25] Hepatic stellate cells are non-parenchymal cells found in the perisinusoidal space, between a sinusoid and a hepatocyte.[24] Additionally, intrahepatic lymphocytes are often present in the sinusoidal lumen.[24]

text: Functional anatomy[edit]

text: The central area or hilum, known as the porta hepatis is where the common bile duct, hepatic portal vein, and the hepatic artery proper enter the liver. The duct, vein, and artery divide into left and right branches, and the areas of the liver supplied by these branches constitute the functional left and right lobes. The functional lobes are separated by the imaginary plane, Cantlie's line, joining the gallbladder fossa to the inferior vena cava. The plane separates the liver into the true right and left lobes. The middle hepatic vein also demarcates the true right and left lobes. The right lobe is further divided into an anterior and posterior segment by the right hepatic vein. The left lobe is divided into the medial and lateral segments by the left hepatic vein.

text: Couinaud classification system[edit]

text: In the widely used Couinaud (or "French") system, the functional lobes are further divided into a total of eight subsegments based on a transverse plane through the bifurcation of the main portal vein.[26] The caudate lobe is a separate structure which receives blood flow from both the right- and left-sided vascular branches.[27][28] The Couinaud classification of liver anatomy divides the liver into eight functionally independent segments. Each segment has its own vascular inflow, outflow and biliary drainage. In the centre of each segment there is a branch of the portal vein, hepatic artery and bile duct. In the periphery of each segment there is vascular outflow through the hepatic veins.[29] The classification system uses the vascular supply in the liver to separate the functional units (numbered I to VIII), with unit 1, the caudate lobe, receiving its supply from both the right and the left branches of portal vein. It contains one or more hepatic veins which drain directly into the IVC.[26] The remainder of the units (II to VIII) are numbered in a clockwise fashion:[29]

text: Gene and protein expression[edit]

text: Approximately 20,000 protein coding genes are expressed in human cells and 60% of these genes are expressed in a normal, adult liver.[30][31] Over 400 genes are more specifically expressed in the liver, with some 150 genes highly specific for liver tissue. A large fraction of the corresponding liver specific proteins are mainly expressed in hepatocytes and secreted into the blood and constitute plasma proteins. Other liver specific proteins are certain liver enzymes such as HAO1 and RDH16, proteins involved in bile synthesis such as BAAT and SLC27A5, and transporter proteins involved in the metabolism of drugs, such as ABCB11 and SLC2A2. Examples of highly liver-specific proteins include apolipoprotein A II, coagulation factors F2 and F9, complement factor related proteins and the fibrinogen beta chain protein.[32]

text: Development[edit]

text: Organogenesis, the development of the organs takes place from the third to the eighth week during embryogenesis. The origins of the liver lie in both the ventral portion of the foregut endoderm (endoderm being one of the 3 embryonic germ layers) and the constituents of the adjacent septum transversum mesenchyme. In the human embryo, the hepatic diverticulum is the tube of endoderm that extends out from the foregut into the surrounding mesenchyme. The mesenchyme of septum transversum induces this endoderm to proliferate, to branch, and to form the glandular epithelium of the liver. A portion of the hepatic diverticulum (that region closest to the digestive tube) continues to function as the drainage duct of the liver, and a branch from this duct produces the gallbladder.[33] Besides signals from the septum transversum mesenchyme, fibroblast growth factor from the developing heart also contributes to hepatic competence, along with retinoic acid emanating from the lateral plate mesoderm. The hepatic endodermal cells undergo a morphological transition from columnar to pseudostratified resulting in thickening into the early liver bud. Their expansion forms a population of the bipotential hepatoblasts.[34] Hepatic stellate cells are derived from mesenchyme.[35]

text: After migration of hepatoblasts into the septum transversum mesenchyme, the hepatic architecture begins to be established, with liver sinusoids and bile canaliculi appearing. The liver bud separates into the lobes. The left umbilical vein becomes the ductus venosus and the right vitelline vein becomes the portal vein. The expanding liver bud is colonized by hematopoietic cells. The bipotential hepatoblasts begin differentiating into biliary epithelial cells and hepatocytes. The biliary epithelial cells differentiate from hepatoblasts around portal veins, first producing a monolayer, and then a bilayer of cuboidal cells. In ductal plate, focal dilations emerge at points in the bilayer, become surrounded by portal mesenchyme, and undergo tubulogenesis into intrahepatic bile ducts. Hepatoblasts not adjacent to portal veins instead differentiate into hepatocytes and arrange into cords lined by sinudoidal epithelial cells and bile canaliculi. Once hepatoblasts are specified into hepatocytes and undergo further expansion, they begin acquiring the functions of a mature hepatocyte, and eventually mature hepatocytes appear as highly polarized epithelial cells with abundant glycogen accumulation. In the adult liver, hepatocytes are not equivalent, with position along the portocentrovenular axis within a liver lobule dictating expression of metabolic genes involved in drug metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, ammonia detoxification, and bile production and secretion. WNT/β-catenin has now been identified to be playing a key role in this phenomenon.[34]

text: At birth the liver comprises roughly 4% of body weight and is at average 120 g. Over the course of further development, it will increase to 1.4–1.6 kg but will only take up 2.5–3.5% of body weight.[36]

text: Fetal blood supply[edit]

text: In the growing fetus, a major source of blood to the liver is the umbilical vein which supplies nutrients to the growing fetus. The umbilical vein enters the abdomen at the umbilicus, and passes upward along the free margin of the falciform ligament of the liver to the inferior surface of the liver. There it joins with the left branch of the portal vein. The ductus venosus carries blood from the left portal vein to the left hepatic vein and then to the inferior vena cava, allowing placental blood to bypass the liver.

text: In the fetus, the liver does not perform the normal digestive processes and filtration of the infant liver because nutrients are received directly from the mother via the placenta. The fetal liver releases some blood stem cells that migrate to the fetal thymus, creating the T-cells or T-lymphocytes. After birth, the formation of blood stem cells shifts to the red bone marrow.

text: After two to five days, the umbilical vein and ductus venosus are completely obliterated; the former becomes the round ligament of liver and the latter becomes the ligamentum venosum. In the disorders of cirrhosis and portal hypertension, the umbilical vein can open up again.

text: Physiology[edit]

text: The various functions of the liver are carried out by the liver cells or hepatocytes. The liver is thought to be responsible for up to 500 separate functions, usually in combination with other systems and organs. Currently, there is no artificial organ or device capable of reproducing all the functions of the liver. Some functions can be carried out by liver dialysis, an experimental treatment for liver failure.

text: Blood supply[edit]

text: The liver receives a dual blood supply from the hepatic portal vein and hepatic arteries. The hepatic portal vein delivers approximately 75% of the liver's blood supply, and carries venous blood drained from the spleen, gastrointestinal tract, and its associated organs. The hepatic arteries supply arterial blood to the liver, accounting for the remaining quarter of its blood flow. Oxygen is provided from both sources; approximately half of the liver's oxygen demand is met by the hepatic portal vein, and half is met by the hepatic arteries.[37]

text: Blood flows through the liver sinusoids and empties into the central vein of each lobule. The central veins coalesce into hepatic veins, which leave the liver and drain into the inferior vena cava.[23]

text: Biliary flow[edit]

text: The biliary tract is derived from the branches of the bile ducts. The biliary tract, also known as the biliary tree, is the path by which bile is secreted by the liver then transported to the first part of the small intestine, the duodenum. The bile produced in the liver is collected in bile canaliculi, small grooves between the faces of adjacent hepatocytes. The canaliculi radiate to the edge of the liver lobule, where they merge to form bile ducts. Within the liver, these ducts are termed intrahepatic bile ducts, and once they exit the liver they are considered extrahepatic. The intrahepatic ducts eventually drain into the right and left hepatic ducts, which exit the liver at the transverse fissure, and merge to form the common hepatic duct. The cystic duct from the gallbladder joins with the common hepatic duct to form the common bile duct.[23]

text: Bile either drains directly into the duodenum via the common bile duct, or is temporarily stored in the gallbladder via the cystic duct. The common bile duct and the pancreatic duct enter the second part of the duodenum together at the hepatopancreatic ampulla, also known as the ampulla of Vater.

text: Synthesis[edit]

text: The liver plays a major role in carbohydrate, protein, amino acid, and lipid metabolism.

text: The liver performs several roles in carbohydrate metabolism: The liver synthesizes and stores approximately 100g of glycogen via glycogenesis, the formation of glycogen from glucose. When needed, the liver releases glucose into the blood by performing glycogenolysis, the breakdown of glycogen into glucose.[38] The liver is also responsible for gluconeogenesis, which is the synthesis of glucose from certain amino acids, lactate or glycerol. Adipose and liver cells produce glycerol by breakdown of fat, which the liver uses for gluconeogenesis.[38]

text: The liver is responsible for the mainstay of protein metabolism, synthesis as well as degradation. It is also responsible for a large part of amino acid synthesis. The liver plays a role in the production of clotting factors as well as red blood cell production. Some of the proteins synthesized by the liver include coagulation factors I (fibrinogen), II (prothrombin), V, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XIII, as well as protein C, protein S and antithrombin. In the first trimester fetus, the liver is the main site of red blood cell production. By the 32nd week of gestation, the bone marrow has almost completely taken over that task. The liver is a major site of production for thrombopoietin, a glycoprotein hormone that regulates the production of platelets by the bone marrow.[39]

text: The liver plays several roles in lipid metabolism: it performs cholesterol synthesis, lipogenesis, the production of triglycerides, and a bulk of the body's lipoproteins are synthesized in the liver.

text: The liver plays a key role in digestion, as it produces and excretes bile (a yellowish liquid) required for emulsifying fats and help the absorption of vitamin K from the diet. Some of the bile drains directly into the duodenum, and some is stored in the gallbladder.

text: The liver also produces insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), a polypeptide protein hormone that plays an important role in childhood growth and continues to have anabolic effects in adults.

text: Breakdown[edit]

text: The liver is responsible for the breakdown of insulin and other hormones. The liver breaks down bilirubin via glucuronidation, facilitating its excretion into bile. The liver is responsible for the breakdown and excretion of many waste products. It plays a key role in breaking down or modifying toxic substances (e.g., methylation) and most medicinal products in a process called drug metabolism. This sometimes results in toxication, when the metabolite is more toxic than its precursor. Preferably, the toxins are conjugated to avail excretion in bile or urine. The liver breaks down ammonia into urea as part of the urea cycle, and the urea is excreted in the urine.[22]

text: Other functions[edit]

text:
The liver stores a multitude of substances, including glucose (in the form of glycogen), vitamin A (1–2 years' supply), vitamin D (1–4 months' supply)[citation needed], vitamin B12 (3–5 years' supply),[40] vitamin K, iron, and copper.
The liver is responsible for immunological effects—the mononuclear phagocyte system of the liver contains many immunologically active cells, acting as a 'sieve' for antigens carried to it via the portal system.
The liver produces albumin, the most abundant protein in blood serum. It is essential in the maintenance of oncotic pressure, and acts as a transport for fatty acids and steroid hormones.
The liver synthesizes angiotensinogen, a hormone that is responsible for raising the blood pressure when activated by renin, an enzyme that is released when the kidney senses low blood pressure.
The liver produces the enzyme catalase in order to break down hydrogen peroxide, a very toxic substance due to it being a powerful oxidising agent, into water and oxygen.

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text: Relation to medicine and pharmacology[edit]

text: The oxidative capacity of the liver decreases with aging and therefore any medications that require oxidation (for instance, benzodiazepines) are more likely to accumulate to toxic levels. However, medications with shorter half-lives, such as lorazepam and oxazepam, are preferred in most cases when benzodiazepines are required in regard to geriatric medicine.

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: Disease[edit]

text: The liver is a vital organ and supports almost every other organ in the body. Because of its strategic location and multidimensional functions, the liver is also prone to many diseases.[41] The bare area of the liver is a site that is vulnerable to the passing of infection from the abdominal cavity to the thoracic cavity.

text: Hepatitis is a common condition of inflammation of the liver. The most usual cause of this is viral, and the most common of these infections are hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Some of these infections are sexually transmitted. Inflammation can also be caused by other viruses in the Herpesviridae family such as the herpes simplex virus. Chronic (rather than acute) infection with hepatitis B virus or hepatitis C virus is the main cause of liver cancer.[42] Globally, about 248 million individuals are chronically infected with HBV (with 843,724 in the U.S.)[43] and 142 million are chronically infected with HCV[44] (with 2.7 million in the U.S.[45]). Globally there are about 114 million and 20 million cases of hepatitis A[44] and hepatitis E[46] respectively, but these generally resolve, and do not become chronic (see Hepatitis A, Hepatitis E). Hepatitis D virus is a "satellite" of hepatitis B virus (can only infect in the presence of hepatitis B), and co-infects nearly 20 million people with hepatitis B, globally[47] (see Hepatitis D).

text: Hepatic encephalopathy is caused by an accumulation of toxins in the bloodstream that are normally removed by the liver. This condition can result in coma and can prove fatal.

text: Other disorders caused by excessive alcohol consumption are grouped under alcoholic liver diseases and these include alcoholic hepatitis, fatty liver, and cirrhosis. Factors contributing to the development of alcoholic liver diseases are not only the quantity and frequency of alcohol consumption, but can also include gender, genetics, and liver insult.

text: Liver damage can also be caused by drugs, particularly paracetamol and drugs used to treat cancer. A rupture of the liver can be caused by a liver shot used in combat sports.

text: Budd–Chiari syndrome is a condition caused by blockage of the hepatic veins (including thrombosis) that drain the liver. It presents with the classical triad of abdominal pain, ascites and liver enlargement.[48]

text: Primary biliary cholangitis is an autoimmune disease of the liver.[49][50] It is marked by slow progressive destruction of the small bile ducts of the liver, with the intralobular ducts (Canals of Hering) affected early in the disease.[51] When these ducts are damaged, bile and other toxins build up in the liver (cholestasis) and over time damages the liver tissue in combination with ongoing immune related damage. This can lead to scarring (fibrosis) and cirrhosis. Cirrhosis increases the resistance to blood flow in the liver, and can result in portal hypertension. Congested anastomoses between the portal venous system and the systemic circulation, can be a subsequent condition.

text: Many diseases of the liver are accompanied by jaundice caused by increased levels of bilirubin in the system. The bilirubin results from the breakup of the hemoglobin of dead red blood cells; normally, the liver removes bilirubin from the blood and excretes it through bile.

text: There are also many pediatric liver diseases, including biliary atresia, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, alagille syndrome, progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis, Langerhans cell histiocytosis and hepatic hemangioma a benign tumour the most common type of liver tumour, thought to be congenital. A genetic disorder causing multiple cysts to form in the liver tissue, usually in later life, and usually asymptomatic, is polycystic liver disease. Diseases that interfere with liver function will lead to derangement of these processes. However, the liver has a great capacity to regenerate and has a large reserve capacity. In most cases, the liver only produces symptoms after extensive damage.

text: Hepatomegaly refers to an enlarged liver and can be due to many causes. It can be palpated in a liver span measurement.

text: Liver diseases may be diagnosed by liver function tests–blood tests that can identify various markers. For example, acute-phase reactants are produced by the liver in response to injury or inflammation.

text: Symptoms[edit]

text: The classic symptoms of liver damage include the following:

text:
Pale stools occur when stercobilin, a brown pigment, is absent from the stool. Stercobilin is derived from bilirubin metabolites produced in the liver.
Dark urine occurs when bilirubin mixes with urine
Jaundice (yellow skin and/or whites of the eyes) This is where bilirubin deposits in skin, causing an intense itch. Itching is the most common complaint by people who have liver failure. Often this itch cannot be relieved by drugs.
Swelling of the abdomen, ankles and feet occurs because the liver fails to make albumin.
Excessive fatigue occurs from a generalized loss of nutrients, minerals and vitamins.
Bruising and easy bleeding are other features of liver disease. The liver makes substances which help prevent bleeding. When liver damage occurs, these substances are no longer present and severe bleeding can occur.[52]
Pain in the upper right quadrant can result from the stretching of Glisson's capsule in conditions of hepatitis and pre-eclampsia.

text: Diagnosis[edit]

text: The diagnosis of liver disease is made by liver function tests, groups of blood tests, that can readily show the extent of liver damage. If infection is suspected, then other serological tests will be carried out. A physical examination of the liver can only reveal its size and any tenderness, and some form of imaging such as an ultrasound or CT scan may also be needed.[53] Sometimes a liver biopsy will be necessary, and a tissue sample is taken through a needle inserted into the skin just below the rib cage. This procedure may be helped by a sonographer providing ultrasound guidance to an interventional radiologist.[54]

text:
Axial CT image showing anomalous hepatic veins coursing on the subcapsular anterior surface of the liver.[55]

Maximum intensity projection (MIP) CT image as viewed anteriorly showing the anomalous hepatic veins coursing on the anterior surface of the liver

Lateral MIP view in the same patient

A CT scan in which the liver and portal vein are shown.

text: Liver regeneration[edit]

text: The liver is the only human internal organ capable of natural regeneration of lost tissue; as little as 25% of a liver can regenerate into a whole liver.[56] This is, however, not true regeneration but rather compensatory growth in mammals.[57] The lobes that are removed do not regrow and the growth of the liver is a restoration of function, not original form. This contrasts with true regeneration where both original function and form are restored. In some other species, such as fish, the liver undergoes true regeneration by restoring both shape and size of the organ.[58] In the liver, large areas of the tissues are formed but for the formation of new cells there must be sufficient amount of material so the circulation of the blood becomes more active.[59]

text: This is predominantly due to the hepatocytes re-entering the cell cycle. That is, the hepatocytes go from the quiescent G0 phase to the G1 phase and undergo mitosis. This process is activated by the p75 receptors.[60] There is also some evidence of bipotential stem cells, called hepatic oval cells or ovalocytes (not to be confused with oval red blood cells of ovalocytosis), which are thought to reside in the canals of Hering. These cells can differentiate into either hepatocytes or cholangiocytes. Cholangiocytes are the epithelial lining cells of the bile ducts.[61] They are cuboidal epithelium in the small interlobular bile ducts, but become columnar and mucus secreting in larger bile ducts approaching the porta hepatis and the extrahepatic ducts. Research is being carried out on the use of stem cells for the generation of an artificial liver.

text: Scientific and medical works about liver regeneration often refer to the Greek Titan Prometheus who was chained to a rock in the Caucasus where, each day, his liver was devoured by an eagle, only to grow back each night. The myth suggests the ancient Greeks may have known about the liver’s remarkable capacity for self-repair.[62]

text: Liver transplantation[edit]

text: Human liver transplants were first performed by Thomas Starzl in the United States and Roy Calne in Cambridge, England in 1963 and 1967, respectively.

text: Liver transplantation is the only option for those with irreversible liver failure. Most transplants are done for chronic liver diseases leading to cirrhosis, such as chronic hepatitis C, alcoholism, autoimmune hepatitis, and many others. Less commonly, liver transplantation is done for fulminant hepatic failure, in which liver failure occurs over days to weeks.

text: Liver allografts for transplant usually come from donors who have died from fatal brain injury. Living donor liver transplantation is a technique in which a portion of a living person's liver is removed (hepatectomy) and used to replace the entire liver of the recipient. This was first performed in 1989 for pediatric liver transplantation. Only 20 percent of an adult's liver (Couinaud segments 2 and 3) is needed to serve as a liver allograft for an infant or small child.

text: More recently, adult-to-adult liver transplantation has been done using the donor's right hepatic lobe, which amounts to 60 percent of the liver. Due to the ability of the liver to regenerate, both the donor and recipient end up with normal liver function if all goes well. This procedure is more controversial, as it entails performing a much larger operation on the donor, and indeed there have been at least two donor deaths out of the first several hundred cases. A recent publication has addressed the problem of donor mortality, and at least 14 cases have been found.[63] The risk of postoperative complications (and death) is far greater in right-sided operations than that in left-sided operations.

text: With the recent advances of noninvasive imaging, living liver donors usually have to undergo imaging examinations for liver anatomy to decide if the anatomy is feasible for donation. The evaluation is usually performed by multidetector row computed tomography (MDCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MDCT is good in vascular anatomy and volumetry. MRI is used for biliary tree anatomy. Donors with very unusual vascular anatomy, which makes them unsuitable for donation, could be screened out to avoid unnecessary operations.

text:
MDCT image. Arterial anatomy contraindicated for liver donation

MDCT image. Portal venous anatomy contraindicated for liver donation

MDCT image. 3D image created by MDCT can clearly visualize the liver, measure the liver volume, and plan the dissection plane to facilitate the liver transplantation procedure.

Phase contrast CT image. Contrast is perfusing the right liver but not the left due to a left portal vein thrombus.

text: Society and culture[edit]

text: In Greek mythology, Prometheus was punished by the gods for revealing fire to humans, by being chained to a rock where a vulture (or an eagle) would peck out his liver, which would regenerate overnight. (The liver is the only human internal organ that actually can regenerate itself to a significant extent.) Many ancient peoples of the Near East and Mediterranean areas practiced a type of divination called haruspicy, where they tried to obtain information by examining the livers of sheep and other animals.

text: In Plato, and in later physiology, the liver was thought to be the seat of the darkest emotions (specifically wrath, jealousy and greed) which drive men to action.[64] The Talmud (tractate Berakhot 61b) refers to the liver as the seat of anger, with the gallbladder counteracting this.

text: The Persian, Urdu, and Hindi languages (جگر or जिगर or jigar) refer to the liver in figurative speech to indicate courage and strong feelings, or "their best"; e.g., "This Mecca has thrown to you the pieces of its liver!".[65] The term jan e jigar, literally "the strength (power) of my liver", is a term of endearment in Urdu. In Persian slang, jigar is used as an adjective for any object which is desirable, especially women. In the Zulu language, the word for liver (isibindi) is the same as the word for courage.

text: The legend of Liver-Eating Johnson says that he would cut out and eat the liver of each man killed after dinner.

text: In the motion picture The Message, Hind bint Utbah is implied or portrayed eating the liver of Hamza ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib during the Battle of Uhud. Although there are narrations that suggest that Hind did "taste", rather than eat, the liver of Hamza, the authenticity of these narrations has to be questioned.

text: On November 26, 1987, the city of Ferrol, Spain, inaugurated what is believed to be the only monument to the liver in the world. The then-mayor, Jaime Quintanilla, also happened to be a doctor, and thought appropriate to promote the monument. At an approximate cost of $3.200, the monument stands in the village of Balón. A plaque reads (In Galician language, free translation): "The Liver [is the] basis of Life", and below "Through History, Mankind tried to cure all illness. By helping it on this duty, you are doing a great job. We are grateful for it".[66]

text: Food[edit]

text: The liver of mammals, fowl, and fish are commonly eaten as food by humans. Domestic pig, ox, lamb, calf, chicken, and goose livers are widely available from butchers and supermarkets.

text: Liver can be baked, boiled, broiled, fried, stir-fried, or eaten raw (asbeh nayeh or sawda naye in Lebanese cuisine, or liver sashimi in Japanese cuisine. In many preparations, pieces of liver are combined with pieces of meat or kidneys, like in the various forms of Middle Eastern mixed grill (e.g. meurav Yerushalmi). Liver is often made into spreads. Well-known examples include liver pâté, foie gras, chopped liver, and leverpastej. Liver sausages such as Braunschweiger and liverwurst are also a valued meal. Liver sausages may also be used as spreads. A traditional South African delicacy, namely skilpadjies, is made of minced lamb's liver wrapped in netvet (caul fat), and grilled over an open fire.

text: Animal livers are rich in iron and vitamin A, and cod liver oil is commonly used as a dietary supplement. Traditionally, some fish livers were valued as food, especially the stingray liver. It was used to prepare delicacies, such as poached skate liver on toast in England, as well as the beignets de foie de raie and foie de raie en croute in French cuisine.[67]

text: Other animals[edit]

text: The liver is found in all vertebrates, and is typically the largest visceral (internal) organ. Its form varies considerably in different species, and is largely determined by the shape and arrangement of the surrounding organs. Nonetheless, in most species it is divided into right and left lobes; exceptions to this general rule include snakes, where the shape of the body necessitates a simple cigar-like form. The internal structure of the liver is broadly similar in all vertebrates.[68]

text: An organ sometimes referred to as a liver is found associated with the digestive tract of the primitive chordate Amphioxus. Although it performs many functions of a liver, it is not considered a true liver but a homolog of the vertebrate liver.[69][70][71] The amphioxus hepatic caecum produces the liver-specific proteins vitellogenin, antithrombin, plasminogen, alanine aminotransferase, and insulin/Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)[72]


document_title: Samsung Galaxy Grand Prime

question_text: when did the galaxy grand prime come out

text: Samsung Galaxy Grand Prime

text:
Samsung Galaxy Grand Prime

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fortunagrandprimeveManufacturer
Samsung ElectronicsSeries
Samsung GalaxyModel
SM-G530H/DS (Dual SIM variant)SM-G530F (LTE variant)SM-G530BT (Brazilian variant)SM-G530FZSM-G530MSM-G531F (Value Edition LTE)SM-G531H/DL (Value Edition Dual SIM)SM-G531BT (Brazilian variant; SBTVD Dual SIM variant) SM-G531F/DD (Value Edition LTE Dual SIM)SM-G531Y (Value Edition)Compatible networks
(GSM/GPRS/EDGE): 850, 900, 1800, and 1900 MHz; 3G (HSPA 42.2/5.76 Mbit/s): HSDPA 850/‒900/‒1900/‒2100 MHz;4G LTE (Cat4 150/50 Mbit/s): 700, 800, 850, 900, 1700, 1800, 1900, 2100, and 2600 MHzFirst released
June 2015Predecessor
Samsung Galaxy Core PrimeSuccessor
Samsung Galaxy J2 Prime/Grand Prime+Related
Samsung Galaxy On5Samsung Galaxy On7Type
Touchscreen smartphoneForm factor
SlateDimensions
144.8 mm (5.70 in) H  72.1 mm (2.84 in) W  8.6 mm (0.34 in) DWeight
156 g (5.5 oz)Operating system
Original: Android 4.4.4 "KitKat"Android 5.0-5.1.1 "Lollipop" (Value Edition variants)Current: Android 5.1.1 "Lollipop"Unofficial: Android 7.1.1 "Nougat"System on chip
Qualcomm Snapdragon MSM8916 410Marvell PXA1908 (Value Edition)Spreadtrum SC7730 (SM-G531Y)CPU
ARMv8 1.2GHz Quad-core CPUARMv7 1.3GHz Quad-core CPU (SM-G531Y)GPU
Adreno 306Vivante GC7000UL (Value Edition)Mali-400 MP (SM-G531Y)Memory
1 GB RAMStorage
8 GBRemovable storage
microSD, microSDXC up to 256 GBBattery
2600 mAh Li-ionData inputs
AccelerometerProximity sensorGeomagnetic sensorCompassDisplay
5.0 in (130 mm) 540x960 px (220dpi)Rear camera
8 Megapixel with LED flashFront camera
5 MegapixelConnectivity
Wi-Fi 802.11a/b/g/n (2.4 GHz)  GPS  Bluetooth LE 4.0 with ANT+  Bluetooth 4.1 with A2DP(G531F)  NFC (G530F/FZ; G531F)Other
Digital TV (SBTVD (SM-G530BT; SM-G531BT)USB On-The-Go (SM-G531F)SAR
0.412 W/kg (Head SAR)0.382 W/kg (Body-worn SAR)Website
Official WebsiteReferences
[1]
[2]

[3]

tag: table

text: The Samsung Galaxy Grand Prime is an entry level Android smartphone manufactured and marketed by Samsung Electronics. The Grand Prime line serves as a successor to the Core Prime.

text: It was originally introduced in 2014 as an exclusive for the Pakistani market, but was later released as a budget phone the following year for a number of markets in Asia. It is also made available in the United States through mobile providers such as MetroPCS, Cricket, Verizon, T-Mobile, and Sprint.

text: It is also available in Canadian providers, such as Freedom Mobile, Chatr Mobile, Koodo, SpeakOut and Public Mobile.

text: In 2016, Samsung announced that it will release the successor to the Grand Prime. It was launched as the Samsung Galaxy Grand Prime Plus, known as the J2 Prime in some territories.


document_title: The Nutty Professor (1996 film)

question_text: who plays richard simmons in the nutty professor

text: The Nutty Professor (1996 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: At Wellman College, thousands of hamsters overrun the campus after being accidentally released by Sherman Klump, an obese 400-pound, yet loving and kind-hearted professor. Meanwhile, Sherman has created an experimental formula that reconstructs the DNA of an obese person in a way that allows them to lose weight more easily.

text: After his lecture, Sherman meets and instantly falls in love with Carla Purty, a chemistry graduate who is a big fan of his work. After dinner with his obese, impolite family, Sherman asks Carla out on a date, which she accepts, much to Sherman's surprise due to his parents' embarrassing behavior. The date begins well with Carla showing admiration for Sherman's work, but the club's obnoxious guest comedian, Reggie Warrington, publicly mocks him about his weight. Sherman becomes depressed and has a nightmare in which he becomes a rampaging giant and wrecks the city with a single fart that is ignited to cause an explosion. He tests his serum on himself and loses 250 pounds within seconds. Overwhelmed by his immediate weight loss, he goes out and buys copious amounts of normal-sized clothing to celebrate, and a $47,000 Dodge Viper RT/10 sports car on his faculty expense account.

text: To conceal his true identity, Sherman adopts a false identity, "Buddy Love", and invites Carla out on a date at the same club again (while the serum begins to wear off). Reggie is present again, and Buddy takes revenge and heckles him mercilessly. Sherman's "Buddy" persona starts to develop an independent personality due to the heightened testosterone levels of the transformation, causing him to gradually change from his regular good-natured self to being perverted and super-confident. Klump's assistant Jason witnesses Buddy fleeing the scene after he is identified as the person who left Klump's credit card at the bar. Jason follows Buddy and witnesses his transformation back into Sherman Klump.

text: The next morning, Dean Richmond has set up a meeting with wealthy businessman Harlan Hartley at The Ritz to have Sherman explain the serum in the hopes of gaining Hartley's $10,000,000 donation to the science department. However, Sherman arrives at The Ritz as Buddy Love with Carla. When Richmond spots him, Carla asks Buddy if he will take Sherman's place; he does, and he takes all the credit of his work to Hartley. Hartley and Richmond are very impressed, and the dean invites him to the Alumni Ball the next night. Meanwhile, Buddy picks up three beautiful women who seem to idolize him - much to Carla's anger, who dumps him and walks out. He then invites the three women and a bunch of other people back to his place for the night to throw a party and have sex with the three women.

text: After the fall out with Carla, Richmond not only fires Sherman, but gleefully tells him that Buddy will be taking his place at the Alumni Ball. Sherman sees a taunting videotape from his alter ego and decides he has had enough of Buddy, taking the decision of destroying all of the serum samples, which he does with Jason's help. Sherman plans to set things right with Carla and get the grant from Hartley. Unfortunately, Buddy knew that this would happen and prepared himself by hiding a sample of the serum in one of Sherman's diet shake cans, which Sherman drinks, causing him to transform into Buddy again. Jason tries to stop him from going to the ball, but Buddy knocks him out with a single blow to the face and departs.

text: At the ball, Buddy demonstrates the effects of the serum to the audience, but Jason arrives in time, as he has found out that Buddy's testosterone levels are at a lethally high 60,000%. Buddy plans to drink a large sum of the potion to get rid of Sherman for good; Jason knows that if he drinks it, it will kill Sherman and possibly Buddy. The two of them get into a brief fistfight, but Sherman begins to fight Buddy from within. Sherman eventually transforms into his regular self and admits his misdeeds to the shocked audience, including his parents; he says that Buddy was who he thought he and everybody else wanted him to be, and that he should accept himself for who he is. As he leaves, Carla stops him and asks why he lied; he says he did not believe that she would accept him. While they don't initiate a romantic relationship, Sherman and Carla remain friends and share a dance together. Richmond rehires Sherman and Hartley gives the donation to Sherman because he is "a brilliant scientist and a gentleman."

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Eddie Murphy as Professor Sherman Klump / Buddy Love

Murphy also plays Papa Cletus Klump (Sherman's father), Mama Anna Klump (Sherman's mother), Granny Ida Jenson (Sherman's Grandma, Anna's Mama), Ernie Klump, Sr. (Sherman's brother) and Lance Perkins, a parody of Richard Simmons

Jada Pinkett as Carla Purty
James Coburn as Harlan Hartley
Larry Miller as Dean Richmond
Dave Chappelle as Reggie Warrington

Chappelle reprised his role on Chris Rock's 1997 album Roll with the New.

John Ales as Jason
Jamal Mixon as Ernie Klump, Jr.
Montell Jordan as himself

text: Production[edit]

text: The Nutty Professor was the first Tom Shadyac film to feature outtakes over the closing credits.[citation needed] The film also has a series of scenes with Murphy and comedian Dave Chappelle who plays insult comic, Reggie Warrington. Much of their dialogue was improvised.[citation needed] Murphy was one of Chappelle's biggest comedic influences.[4] Reggie Warrington is named after Reginald and Warrington Hudlin, brothers, and directors of one of Murphy's previous films, Boomerang.[5]

text: While the film was made with the help of Jerry Lewis (he was an executive producer for both this film and the 2000 sequel The Klumps), he later recanted his position in an interview in the January 30/February 6, 2009 edition of Entertainment Weekly magazine. He was quoted as saying, "I have such respect for Eddie, but I should not have done it. What I did was perfect the first time around and all you're going to do is diminish that perfection by letting someone else do it."[5][6]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The Nutty Professor has received positive reviews from critics. Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a score of 64% based on reviews from 55 critics.[7] Metacritic gave the film a score of 62 out of 100, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[8]

text: Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 3 stars out of 4, calling it "a movie that's like a thumb to the nose for everyone who said [Murphy had] lost it. He's very good. And the movie succeeds in two different ways: it's sweet and good-hearted, and then again it's raucous slapstick and bathroom humor. I liked both parts."[9] Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B+, writing "You can feel Murphy rediscovering his joy as a performer. He rediscovers it, too, as Sherman Klump, a fellow who, much like Murphy, is on the bottom rung, desperate to reinvent himself, and — at long last — does."[10]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The Nutty Professor was a box office success, opening with $25,411,725 and reaching a domestic sum of $128,814,019, and $145,147,000 overseas, for a total of $273,961,019 worldwide.

text: Awards[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
69th Academy Awards

Best Makeup (Won)

54th Golden Globe Awards

Best Actor in a Musical/Comedy - Eddie Murphy (Nominated)

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Chart positions
Certifications
(sales thresholds)

U.S.
U.S. R&B

1996
The Nutty Professor

Released: June 4, 1996
Label: Def Jam

8
1

US: Platinum


document_title: Aldi

question_text: when was the first aldi store opened in the uk

text: Aldi

text: History[edit]

text: The earliest roots of the company trace back to 1913, when the mother of Karl and Theo Albrecht opened a small store in a suburb of Essen.[8] Their father was employed as a miner and later as a baker's assistant. Karl Albrecht was born in 1920, Theo Albrecht in 1922. Theo Albrecht completed an apprenticeship in his mother's store, while Karl Albrecht worked in a delicatessen.

text: Karl Albrecht took over a food shop formerly run by F. W. Judt who already advertised that they were the "cheapest food source". Karl Albrecht served in the German Army during World War II. In 1946, the brothers took over their mother's business and soon opened another retail outlet nearby.[8] By 1950, the Albrecht brothers owned 13 stores in the Ruhr Valley.[citation needed]

text: The brothers' idea, which was new at the time, was to subtract the legal maximum rebate of 3% before sale. The market leaders at the time, which often were co-operatives, required their customers to collect rebate stamps, and to send them at regular intervals to reclaim their money. The Albrecht brothers also rigorously removed merchandise that did not sell from their shelves, cutting costs by neither advertising nor selling fresh produce, and keeping the size of their retail outlets small.[8]

text: When the brothers split the company in 1960 over a dispute whether they should sell cigarettes,[9] they owned 300 shops with a cash flow of DM90 million yearly. In 1962, they introduced the name Aldi—short for Albrecht-Diskont. Aldi Nord and Aldi Süd have been financially and legally separate since 1966, although both divisions' names may appear as if they were a single enterprise with certain store brands or when negotiating with contractor companies.

text: The individual groups were originally owned and managed jointly by the brothers. Karl Albrecht (d. 2014) retained ownership of Aldi Süd, and with a personal wealth of €17.2 billion, making him the richest man in Germany, while the co-owners of Aldi Nord, Berthold and Theo Albrecht Jr., close behind at €16 billion. Dieter Schwarz, owner of Lidl and Kaufland came in third, with a fortune of €11.5 billion.[10]

text: Aldi started to expand internationally in 1967, when Aldi Süd acquired the grocery chain Hofer in Austria;[11] Aldi Nord opened its first stores abroad in the Netherlands in 1973,[12] and other countries followed. In 1976, Aldi opened its first store in the United States in Iowa,[a] and, in 1979, Aldi Nord acquired Trader Joes.[8] After German reunification and the fall of the Iron Curtain, Aldi experienced a rapid expansion. The brothers retired as CEOs in 1993; control of the companies was placed in the hands of private family foundations, the Siepmann Foundation (Aldi Süd) and the Markus Foundation (Aldi Nord, Trader Joe's).[4]

text: Business organization[edit]

text: Germany[edit]

text: The Aldi Nord group currently consists of 35 independent regional branches with approximately 2,500 stores. Aldi Süd is made up of 31 companies with 1,600 stores. The border between their territories is commonly known as ″Aldi-Äquator″ (literally: Aldi equator)[14][15] and runs from the Rhine via Mülheim an der Ruhr, Wermelskirchen, Marburg, Siegen, and Gießen east to just north of Fulda.

text: The former East Germany is served by Aldi Nord, except for one Aldi Süd in Sonneberg, Thuringia, whose regional office is in Bavaria. The regional branches are organised as limited partnerships with a regional manager for each branch who reports directly to the head office in Essen (Aldi Nord) or Mülheim an der Ruhr (Aldi Süd).

text: In December 2002, a survey conducted by the German market research institute Forsa found 95% of blue-collar workers, 88% of white-collar workers, 84% of public servants, and 80% of self-employed Germans shop at Aldi.[16] One of Aldi's direct competitors internationally is Lidl.[citation needed]

text: Internationally[edit]

text: The Aldi group operates over 8,000 stores worldwide. Aldi Nord is responsible for its stores in Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, Poland, Spain, Denmark, and Portugal, and also operates the Trader Joe's markets in the United States. Aldi Süd's responsibilities are in the United States (operating under the Aldi name), Austria and Slovenia (as Hofer), Great Britain, Ireland, Australia, and Switzerland. Aldi Süd's first Switzerland store opened in 2005, while it has operated in Hungary since 2007. Aldi Süd had invested an estimated €800m ($1bn; £670m) in Greece from November 2008 until pulling out on 31 December 2010.[17]

text: While Aldi Nord has renamed its Dutch and Belgian subsidiaries Combi and Lansa to the Aldi Markt/Aldi Marché brand, Aldi Süd tries to maintain a regional appearance, branding its stores Aldi Süd in Germany, Aldi Suisse in Switzerland, and Hofer in Austria and Slovenia.[18]

text: Aldi launched in Great Britain, on 5 April 1990, when it opened its first store there in Stechford, Birmingham, using the wholly owned English registered company of ALDI Stores Limited and Aldi sales in Britain grew consistently. In October 2013, Aldi opened the 300th store in Great Britain.[19] By 2017 Aldi had over 600 stores there, and was opening them at a rate of more than one a week with the aim of having a thousand stores by 2022.[20]

text: It was still a small player in Great Britain, with a grocery share of less than 3.6%, but its importance, along with that of continental no-frills competitor Lidl was growing, with half of shoppers in Great Britain visiting Lidl or Aldi over Christmas that year. Aldi opened stores in affluent locations, including Knutsford and Bury St Edmunds.[21]

text: In much of Australia, Aldi filled a void in the discount supermarket business that arose when the discount grocery chain Franklins went out of business. Aldi opened its first store in Sydney, 2001 and has grown rapidly since, maintaining a 12.6% market share as of early 2016.[22][23]

text: Aldi Süd expanded to the United States under the Aldi banner, having expanded throughout the Eastern and Midwestern U.S., mostly through organic expansion, though it did buy Bottom Dollar Food in late 2014 from Delhaize Group.[24] Aldi Süd revealed expansion plans in 2015 and expanded into the Southern California market, where Aldi Nord's Trader Joe's is based.[25] On 25 November 2016 Aldi Süd confirmed that it will expand to China in late 2017.[26]

text: Geographic distribution[edit]

text:
Country
Name
Aldi group
Since
Outlets

 Germany
Aldi
Nord
1961[7]
2,339[27]

Aldi
Süd
1962[28]
1,850[28]

 Australia
Aldi
Süd
2001
457[29]

 Austria
Hofer
Süd
1968
430[28]

 Belgium
Aldi
Nord
1973
449

 Denmark
Aldi
Nord
1977
220

 France
Aldi Marché
Nord
1988
899

 Hungary
Aldi
Süd
2008
100 [30]

 Ireland
Aldi
Süd
1999
111

 Luxembourg
Aldi
Nord
1990
12

 Netherlands
Aldi
Nord
1975
498

 Poland
Aldi
Nord
2008
113[31]

 Portugal
Aldi
Nord
2006
53

 Slovenia
Hofer
Süd
2005
80

 Spain
Aldi
Nord
2002
266[32]

  Switzerland
Aldi Suisse
Süd
2005
180[28]

 United Kingdom
Aldi UK
Süd
1990
726[33][34][35]

 United States
Aldi US
Süd
1976
1,600[36]

Trader Joe's
Nord
1979
418[37]

total number of Aldi Nord stores
4,843

total number of Trader Joe's stores
418

total number of Aldi Süd stores
5,105

combined total of Aldi stores
10,366

text: Business practices[edit]

text: Some Aldi practices are common in German supermarkets but largely unique to Aldi in other countries.[citation needed] These include the system of metal gates and turnstiles forcing customers to exit through the checkout, and charging customers for shopping bags. Until 2004, Aldi stores accepted only cash (since then, German stores have accepted domestic Girocard debit cards). Debit cards also are accepted in the United States, Great Britain, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Portugal, Spain, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Ireland, Australia, Slovenia, and Hungary. All 4 major credit cards are accepted in the United States as of 1 March 2016. Electronic Benefit Transfer cards are also accepted in the United States.[38]

text: Outside of Great Britain, United States and France, Aldi generally does not accept credit cards, though Aldi Australia accepts MasterCard and Visa for a 0.5% surcharge and Aldi Ireland accepts Visa and MasterCard with no surcharge. In the United States, as of February, 2016, Aldi accepts all four major credit cards (MasterCard, Visa, American Express and Discover Card), and from the beginning all credit cards "Carte Bleue" (Visa, American Express or MasterCard) in France due to the banking system in France where debit cards don't exist; before this, Aldi only accepted debit cards. Aldi has accepted Visa/MasterCard without surcharge throughout Great Britain from October 2014, which had previously been accepted only in Scotland,[39] and throughout Germany from September 2015.[40][41][42]

text: Aldi Suisse became one of the first companies to accept the Apple Pay contactless payment system in Switzerland on 7 July 2016.[43][44]

text: In-store layout[edit]

text: Aldi specialises in staple items, such as food, beverages, toilet paper, sanitary articles, and other inexpensive household items. Many of its products are own brands, with the number of other brands usually limited to a maximum of two for a given item. This increases sales for each article, and lets Aldi shops be smaller than stores with more brand choice. This practice let Aldi avoid price tags, even before the introduction of barcode scanners. On many of its own brands, if feasible, Aldi will place multiple barcodes on products to speed the check out process.

text: Branded products carried include HARIBO in Germany, Knoppers in Belgium and France, Marmite and Branston Pickle in Great Britain; and Vegemite and Milo in Australia. In the United States, major brand-name products, such as Oscar Mayer bacon, sometimes are offered as a 'special purchase': name-brand items that Aldi has received at a special price from the vendor and can offer for a reduced price. Unlike most shops, Aldi does not accept manufacturers' coupons, although some US stores successfully experimented with store coupons (e.g. $10 off a $25 purchase).

text: In addition to its standard assortment, Aldi has weekly special offers, some of them on more expensive products such as electronics, tools, appliances, or computers, usually from in-house electronics brand Medion. Discount items can include clothing, toys, flowers, and gifts. Specials have strict limits on quantities, and are for one week. Aldi's early computer offers in Germany (such as a Commodore 64 in 1987) resulted in those products selling out in a few hours.[45]

text: Aldi is the largest wine retailer in Germany.[46] Some Australian stores now sell alcoholic beverages. Some US stores also sell alcoholic beverages (mainly beer and wine) where permitted by local state laws.

text: Aldi mainly sells exclusively produced, custom-branded products (often identical to and produced by major brands[47]) with brand names including Grandessa and Fit & Active.

text: Advertising policy[edit]

text: Aldi has a policy in Germany of not advertising, apart from a weekly newsletter of special prices called "Aldi informs" that is distributed in stores and by direct mail and often printed in local newspapers. It claims this is a cost saving that can be passed on to consumers. In Germany, Aldi has never used an external advertising agency.[16]

text: In the United States, it advertises in newspapers and on television, as well as print ads distributed in stores, and via the Internet.

text: In Great Britain, print and television ads have appeared since May 2005.

text: In Australia, television advertising is common and the current ads are listed on the Australian website.[48]

text: Logos and branding[edit]

text: The two stores Nord and Süd have distinct logos with Nord displaying the entire 'A' for ALDI while Süd unveiled a logo in 1982 which displays only half. In 2006, ALDI Süd modified the logo slightly and then in March 2017, unveiled a new logo which removed the blue box line around the artistic 'A' and revealed a more rounded, 3D look for the logo as well as a new font for the word 'ALDI', further differentiating it from the ALDI Nord logo which had shared the same font for the brand until then.[49][50]

text: Reputation[edit]

text: Originally, Aldi shops were often ridiculed as being cheap shops selling low-quality goods, whose customers could not afford to shop elsewhere.[51]

text: In the United Kingdom, Aldi has won Supermarket of the Year two years in a row (2012/13),[52] and in 2013, Aldi won the Grocer of the Year Award.[53] However, in February 2015, Aldi narrowly lost to Waitrose for the title of Supermarket of the Year 2015. In April 2015, Aldi overtook Waitrose to become the United Kingdom's sixth-largest supermarket chain.[54] In February 2017, Aldi overtook Co-op to become the United Kingdom's fifth largest supermarket chain. [55]

text: In the United States, due to the relatively low staffing of Aldi locations compared to other supermarket chains, Aldi has a reputation of starting employees out at significantly higher than minimum wage, unusual among American supermarkets.[56][57]

text: In Ireland, Aldi has been accused of a "lack of corporate responsibility" to their farmer suppliers by the Irish Farmers' Association.[58]

text: Subsidiaries and joint ventures[edit]

text: Aldi Talk[edit]

text: Aldi has a mobile virtual network operator in Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands, called Aldi Talk. Aldi also operates a similar network in Australia using Telstra's 4G network, called Aldimobile.[59]

text: Aldi Liquor[edit]

text: Aldi sells low cost liquor from its liquor stores. Until March 2016, Aldi had a liquor website serving the east coast of Australia. This has now been closed down, citing it wishes to focus on expanding the supermarket chain across Australia.

text: Diskont[edit]

text: In Austria through its subsidiary Hofer, Aldi has a joint venture with the local petrol retailer Free Energy (FE) Trading GmbH, to create some no frills petrol stations called Diskont.[60] The 66 stations are on or nearby the stores, providing self-serve unleaded or diesel fuel by card-operated pumps. These have been in operation since 2009.

text: Criticism[edit]

text: In May 2004, German Aldi stores sold garden furniture made of Indonesian Meranti wood. Because it was not able to show that it was sourced legally (70% of Indonesian timber is illegally logged), environmental organisations pressured Aldi to stop selling the furniture.[61] Within days Aldi announced that all of the timber used in its products would bear the FSC certificate, which promotes sustainable forestry.[62]

text: In January 2013, Aldi Germany was caught up in the horse meat scandal along with Tesco and others.[63] On 8 February 2013, the store group admitted that some of its frozen lasagne and spaghetti bolognese products contained 30%–100% horse meat rather than the advertised beef and that it had terminated its relationship with the supplier responsible for the adulterated product.[64]

text: In January 2014, following a mislabelling of turkey meat as halal, Aldi apologised and said, "Aldi does not label any products as halal-certified".[65] In May 2015, Aldi apologised again after it sold pork products labelled as halal.[66][67]

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ Aldi purchased the Iowa's Benner Tea chain and opened its first United States store at Burlington in 1976.[13]

tag: ol


document_title: List of NHL records (individual)

question_text: who scored the most goals in one season in the nhl

text: List of NHL records (individual)

text: Seasons[edit]

text:
Most seasons: Gordie Howe (1946–47 to 1970–1971; 1979–1980) and Chris Chelios (1983–84 to 2009–10, except for the 2004–05 NHL lock-out), 26
Most playoff seasons: Chris Chelios, 24 (1983–84 to 2008–09, except for 1997–98 and the 2004–05 NHL lock-out year)
Most consecutive playoff seasons: Larry Robinson, (1972–73 to 1991–92) and Nicklas Lidstrom, (1991–92 to 2011–12, except for the 2004–05 NHL lock-out), 20[1]

text: Games[edit]

text:
Most games: Gordie Howe, 1,767
Most games, including playoffs: Mark Messier, 1,992
Most playoff games: Chris Chelios, 266
Most games played in a single NHL season, not including playoffs: Jimmy Carson (1992–93) and Bob Kudelski (1993–94), 86
Most consecutive games: Doug Jarvis (October 8, 1975 – October 10, 1987), 964
Most consecutive games by a defenseman: Jay Bouwmeester, 737
Oldest player to play a game: Gordie Howe, 52 years, 11 days
Most games by a coach in the Stanley Cup Final: Dick Irvin (Chicago (5), Toronto (29), Montreal (43)), 77
Most games played in the Finals: Red Kelly (Detroit (37), Toronto (28)), Henri Richard (Montreal), 65
Most games won by a coach in the Stanley Cup Finals: Scotty Bowman (Montreal (20), Pittsburgh (4), Detroit (12)), 36
Most games coached by the first coach of an NHL expansion franchise: Barry Trotz (Nashville Predators), 1196

text: Stanley Cup[edit]

text:
Most Stanley Cup wins, as a player: Henri Richard Montreal Canadiens, (1956, 57, 58, 59, 60, 65, 66, 68, 69, 71, 73) 11
Most Stanley Cup wins, as a non-player: Scotty Bowman  (Montreal: 1973, 76, 77, 78, 79 (Coach); Pittsburgh: 1991 (Director of Player Development-Recruitment), 1992 (Head Coach); Detroit: 1997, 98, 2002 (Head Coach), 2008 (Consultant); Chicago: 2010, 13, 15 (Sr. Advisor) 14
Most Stanley Cup wins, combined player or non-player: Jean Beliveau, Montreal Canadiens (Player: 1956, 57, 58, 59, 60, 65, 66, 68, 69, 71; Sr. Vice President: 1973, 76, 77, 78, 79, 86, 93), 17

text: Won the Stanley Cup with the highest number of different teams

text:
Player - Jack Marshall (Winnipeg Victorias 1901, Montreal AAA 1902, 1903, Montreal Wanderers 1907, 1910, Toronto Blueshirts 1914) and Hap Holmes (Toronto Blueshirts 1914, Seattle Metropolitans 1917, Toronto Arenas 1918, Victoria Cougars 1925), 4
Player/Non-Player - Al Arbour (Player: Detroit 1954, Chicago 1961, Toronto 1962, 1964; Coach: New York Islanders 1980, 81, 82, 83), 4
Non-Player - Tommy Gorman (Ottawa Senators: 1920, 1921, 1923 (Manager); Chicago: 1934 (Manager/Coach); Montreal Maroons: 1935 (Manager/Coach); Montreal Canadiens: 1944, 1946 (Manager) and Scotty Bowman (Montreal: 1973, 76, 77, 78, 79 (Coach); Pittsburgh: 1991 (Director of Player Development-Recruitment), 1992 (Head Coach); Detroit: 1997, 98, 2002 (Head Coach), 2008 (Consultant); Chicago: 2010, 13, 15 (Sr. Advisor) 4

text: NHL Awards[edit]

text:
Most Hart Memorial Trophies: Wayne Gretzky, 9[2]
Most consecutive Hart Memorial Trophies: Wayne Gretzky, 8
Most Ted Lindsay Awards: Wayne Gretzky, 5[3]
Most consecutive Ted Lindsay Awards: Wayne Gretzky, 4
Most Conn Smythe Trophies: Patrick Roy 3[4]
Most consecutive Conn Smythe Trophies: Bernie Parent, Mario Lemieux, and Sidney Crosby: 2
Most James Norris Trophies: Bobby Orr, 8[5]
Most consecutive James Norris Trophies: Bobby Orr, 8
Most Maurice "Rocket" Richard Trophies: Alexander Ovechkin, 7[6]
Most consecutive Maurice "Rocket" Richard Trophies: Alexander Ovechkin, 4
Most Art Ross Trophies: Wayne Gretzky, 10[7]
Most consecutive Art Ross Trophies: Wayne Gretzky, 7
Most Frank J. Selke Trophies: Bob Gainey and Patrice Bergeron, 4[8]
Most consecutive Frank J. Selke Trophies: Bob Gainey 4
Most Lady Byng Trophies: Frank Boucher, 7[9]
Most consecutive Lady Byng Trophies: Frank Boucher and Pavel Datsyuk, 4
Most William M Jennings Trophies: Patrick Roy, Martin Brodeur, 5[10]
Most consecutive William M Jennings Trophies: Patrick Roy and Brian Hayward, 3
Most Vezina Trophies: Jacques Plante, 7[11]
Most consecutive Vezina Trophies: Jacques Plante, 5
Most Jack Adams Awards: Pat Burns, 3[12]
Most consecutive Jack Adams Awards: Jacques Demers, 2

text: Goals[edit]

text:
Most goals career: Wayne Gretzky, 894
Most goals playoffs career; Wayne Gretzky, 122
Most goals career, including playoffs: Wayne Gretzky, 1,016
Most goals, one season: Wayne Gretzky (1981–82), 92
Most goals, one season for a Rookie: Teemu Selanne (1992-93), 76
Most goals, in playoffs one season: Reggie Leach (1976) and Jari Kurri (1985), 19
Most goals, one season, including playoffs: Wayne Gretzky (1983–84), 100
Most goals, one playoff series: Jari Kurri (six-game series) (1985), 12
Most goals in a Stanley Cup Final: Cyclone Taylor (1918, five games), Frank Foyston (1919, five games), Babe Dye (1922, five games), 9
Most goals in the Finals, career: Maurice Richard, 34
Most goals, 50 games from start of season: Wayne Gretzky (1981–82 and 1983–84), 61
Fastest 50 goals from start of  season: Wayne Gretzky (December 30, 1981), 39 games
Most goals, one regular season game: Joe Malone (January 31, 1920), 7
Most goals, one regular season home game: Joe Malone (January 31, 1920), 7
Most goals, one regular season road game: Red Berenson (November 7, 1968), 6
Most goals, one playoff game: Newsy Lalonde (March 1, 1919), Maurice Richard (March 23, 1944), Darryl Sittler (April 22, 1976), Reggie Leach (May 6, 1976), and Mario Lemieux (April 25, 1989), 5
Most goals, one home playoff game: Maurice Richard (March 23, 1944), Darryl Sittler (April 22, 1976), Reggie Leach (May 6, 1976), and Mario Lemieux (April 25, 1989), 5
Most goals, one road playoff game: Newsy Lalonde (March 1, 1919), 5
Most goals, one regular season game for a Rookie in their first game: Auston Matthews (ice hockey) (October 12, 2016), 4
Most goals scored by a single player in an expansion team's inaugural season: William Karlsson (2017-18), 43
Most goals, one period: Max Bentley (January 28, 1943), Busher Jackson (November 20, 1934), Clint Smith (March 4, 1945), Red Berenson (November 7, 1968), Wayne Gretzky (February 18, 1981), Grant Mulvey (February 3, 1982), Bryan Trottier (February 13, 1982), Tim Kerr (April 13, 1985), Al Secord (January 7, 1987), Joe Nieuwendyk (January 11, 1989), Peter Bondra (February 5, 1994), Mario Lemieux (January 26, 1997), and Patrick Marleau (January 23, 2017), 4
Most goals in one period during the Finals: Busher Jackson (April 5, 1932), Ted Lindsay (April 5, 1955), Maurice Richard (April 6, 1957), Wayne Gretzky (May 25, 1985), Dirk Graham (June 1, 1992), and Peter Forsberg (June 6, 1996), 3
Most game-winning goals in a season: Phil Esposito (1970–71 and 1971–72) and Michel Goulet (1983–84), 16
Most game-winning goals in playoffs one season: Brad Richards (2004), 7
Most game-winning goals in a playoff series: Mike Bossy (six-game series) (1983), 4
Most game-winning goals career: Jaromir Jagr, 135
Most game-winning goals playoffs career: Wayne Gretzky and Brett Hull, 24

text: Assists[edit]

text:
Most assists regular season career: Wayne Gretzky, 1,963
Most assists playoffs career: Wayne Gretzky 260
Most assists career, including playoffs: Wayne Gretzky, 2,223
Most assists, one season: Wayne Gretzky (1985–86), 163
Most assists, one playoff season: Wayne Gretzky (1987–88), 31
Most assists, one season, including playoffs: Wayne Gretzky (1985–86), 174
Most assists, playoff series: Rick Middleton (seven-game series) (1983), Wayne Gretzky (six-game series) (1985), 14
Most assists, one game: Billy Taylor (March 16, 1947) and Wayne Gretzky (February 15, 1980, December 11, 1985, and February 14, 1986), 7
Most assists, one home game: Wayne Gretzky (February 15, 1980, and February 14, 1986), 7
Most assists, one road game: Billy Taylor (March 16, 1947) and Wayne Gretzky (December 11, 1985), 7
Most assists, one playoff game: Mikko Leinonen (April 8, 1982), and Wayne Gretzky (April 9, 1987), 6
Most assists, one playoff home game: Mikko Leinonen (April 8, 1982), and Wayne Gretzky (April 9, 1987), 6
Most assists, one period: Dale Hawerchuk (March 6, 1984), 5

text: Points[edit]

text:
Most points regular season career: Wayne Gretzky, 2,857
Most points playoff career: Wayne Gretzky, 382
Most points career, including playoffs: Wayne Gretzky, 3,239
Most points, one season: Wayne Gretzky (1985–86), 215
Fastest 100 points from the start of a season: Wayne Gretzky (December 27, 1981), 34 games
Most points, one season, including playoffs: Wayne Gretzky (1984–85), 255
Most points, one game: Darryl Sittler (February 7, 1976), 10
Most points, one home game: Darryl Sittler (February 7, 1976), 10
Most points, one road game: Peter Stastny and Anton Stastny, (February 22, 1981), 8
Most points, one playoff game: Patrik Sundstrom (April 22, 1988) and Mario Lemieux (April 25, 1989), 8
Most points, one playoff home game: Patrik Sundstrom (April 22, 1988) and Mario Lemieux (April 25, 1989), 8
Most points, one period: Bryan Trottier (December 23, 1978), 6
Most points, one playoff season: Wayne Gretzky (1985), 47
Most points, one playoff series: Rick Middleton (seven-game series) (1983), 19
Most points, team's first postseason: Jonathan Marchessault (2018), 21
Most points in the Final, one series: Wayne Gretzky (1988), 13
Most points in the Final, career: Jean Beliveau, 62

text: Plus/minus[edit]

text:
Best ± rating, regular season career: Larry Robinson, +722
Best ± rating one season: Bobby Orr (1970–71), +124
Best ± rating one game: Tom Bladon (December 11, 1977, 11-1 game against the Cleveland Barons), +10
Worst ± rating, season: Bill Mikkelson (1974–75), -82
Worst ± rating, game: Doug Wilson (February 10, 1993 against the Calgary Flames) and Chris Butler, (January 5, 2012 against the Boston Bruins), -7
Worst ± rating, regular season career: Bob Stewart, -257
Best ± ratings playoffs career: Charlie Huddy, +94
Best ± ratings one playoff season: Wayne Gretzky (1984–85), +28

text: Power-play goals[edit]

text:
Most power-play goals, career: Dave Andreychuk, 274
Most power-play goals, one season: Tim Kerr (1985–86), 34
Most power-play goals, one season for a defenseman: Sheldon Souray (2006–07), 19
Most power-play goals, career playoffs: Brett Hull 38,
Most power-play goals, one playoff season: Mike Bossy, (1981), and Cam Neely, (1991), 9
Most power-play goals, one playoff series: Chris Kontos (seven-game series), (1989), 6
Most power-play goals, one playoff game: Syd Howe (March 23, 1939), Sid Smith (April 10, 1949), Phil Esposito (April 2, 1969), Johnny Bucyk (April 2, 1969), Denis Potvin (April 17, 1981), Tim Kerr (April 13, 1985), Jari Kurri (April 3, 1987), Mark Johnson (April 22, 1988), Dino Ciccarelli (April 29, 1993, May 11, 1995) and Valeri Kamensky (April 24, 1997), Jonathan Toews (May 7, 2010), 3
Most power-play goals, one playoff game period: Tim Kerr (April 13, 1985), 3
Most power-play goals, rookie Joe Nieuwendyk (1987-88) 31

text: Shorthanded goals[edit]

text:
Most shorthanded goals, career: Wayne Gretzky, 73
Most shorthanded goals, career playoffs: Mark Messier, 14
Most shorthanded goals, one season: Mario Lemieux (1988–89), 13
Most shorthanded goals, one playoff season: Derek Sanderson (1969), Bill Barber (1980), Lorne Henning (1980), Wayne Gretzky (1983), Wayne Presley (1989), and Todd Marchant (1997), 3
Most shorthanded goals, one playoff series: Bill Barber (five-game series) (1980) and Wayne Presley (six-game series) (1989), 3
Most shorthanded goals, one game: Theoren Fleury (March 9, 1991), 3
Most shorthanded goals, rookie: Jordan Staal (2006–07), 7
Most two-man shorthanded goals, career: Mike Richards, 3

text: Overtime[edit]

text:
Most overtime goals, career: Alexander Ovechkin, 22
Most playoff overtime goals, career: Joe Sakic, 8
Most overtime assists, career: Mark Messier, 18
Most overtime points, career: Sergei Fedorov, 27
Most overtime goals, season: Steven Stamkos (2011–12), Jonathan Toews (2015–16), Alex Galchenyuk (2016–17), and Brad Marchand (2017–18),5
Most overtime goals by a rookie, season: Shayne Gostisbehere, 4
Most overtime goals, playoffs season: Mel Hill and Maurice Richard 3
Most overtime goals, one playoff series: Mel Hill, 3
Most consecutive overtime goals: Andrew Cogliano (2007–08) and Nathan Horton (2010–11), 3

text: Goals/assists/points by position[edit]

text:
Most goals by a centre, career: Wayne Gretzky, 894
Most goals by a centre, one season: Wayne Gretzky (1981–82), 92
Most assists by a centre, career: Wayne Gretzky, 1,963
Most assists by a centre, one season: Wayne Gretzky (1985–86), 163
Most points by a centre, career: Wayne Gretzky, 2,857
Most points by a centre, one season: Wayne Gretzky (1985–86), 215

text:
Most goals by a left wing, career: Luc Robitaille, 668
Most goals by a left wing, one season: Alexander Ovechkin (2007–08), 65
Most assists by a left wing, career: John Bucyk, 813
Most assists by a left wing, one season: Joe Juneau (1992–93), 70
Most points by a left wing, career: Luc Robitaille, 1,394
Most points by a left wing, one season: Luc Robitaille (1992–93), 125

text:
Most goals by a right wing, career: Gordie Howe, 801
Most goals by a right wing, one season: Brett Hull (1990–91), 86
Most assists by a right wing, career: Jaromir Jagr, 1,155
Most assists by a right wing, one season: Jaromir Jagr (1995–96), 87
Most points by a right wing, career: Jaromir Jagr, 1,921
Most points by a right wing, one season: Jaromir Jagr (1995–96), 149

text:
Most goals by a defenseman, career: Ray Bourque, 410
Most goals by a defenseman, one season: Paul Coffey (1985–86), 48
Most goals by a defenseman, one game: Ian Turnbull (February 2, 1977), 5
Most assists by a defenseman, career: Ray Bourque, 1,169
Most assists by a defenseman, one season: Bobby Orr (1970–71), 102
Most assists by a defenseman, one game: Babe Pratt (January 8, 1944), Pat Stapleton (March 30, 1969), Bobby Orr (January 1, 1973), Ron Stackhouse (March 8, 1975), Paul Coffey (March 14, 1986), and Gary Suter, (April 4, 1986), 6
Most points by a defenseman, career: Ray Bourque, 1579
Most points by a defenseman, one season: Bobby Orr (1970–71), 139
Most points by a defenseman, one game: Tom Bladon (December 11, 1977) and Paul Coffey (March 14, 1986), 8
Most points by a defenseman, one playoff year: Paul Coffey (1985), 37

text:
Most goals by a goaltender regular season career: Martin Brodeur (February 15, 2000 & March 21, 2013), 2
Most goals by a goaltender in the playoffs: Ron Hextall (April 11, 1989) and Martin Brodeur (April 17, 1997), 1
Most goals by a goaltender career, including playoffs: Martin Brodeur, 3
Most assists by a goaltender, one season: Grant Fuhr, 14
Most assists by a goaltender, regular season career: Tom Barrasso, 48
Most assists by a goaltender playoffs one season Martin Brodeur (2011–12), 4
Most assists by a goaltender, playoffs career: Grant Fuhr, 14
Most assists by a goaltender, career, including playoffs: Grant Fuhr (46 regular season, 14 playoffs), 60
Most assists by a goaltender, one game Jeff Reese (February 10, 1993), 3
Most points by a goaltender, one season: Grant Fuhr (1983–84), 14
Most points by a goaltender regular season career: Tom Barrasso, 48 - all assists
Most points by a goaltender regular season one season: Grant Fuhr (1983–84), 14 - all assists
Most points by a goaltender career, including playoffs Grant Fuhr (46 regular season, 14 playoffs), 60
Most points by a goaltender regular season one game: Jeff Reese (February 10, 1993), 3 - all assists
Most points by a goaltender playoffs one season Martin Brodeur (2011–12), 4 - all assists
Most points by a goaltender, one period: Jeff Reese (February 10, 1993), 3 - all assists

text: Records by a rookie[edit]

text:
Most goals by a rookie, one season: Teemu Selanne (1992–93), 76
Most goals by a player in his first NHL season, one game: Joe Malone (December 19, 1917, January 12, 1918 and February 2, 1918), Howie Meeker (January 8, 1947) and Don Murdoch (October 12, 1976), 5
Most goals by a player in his first NHL game: Joe Malone (December 19, 1917), 5
Most goals by a rookie in his first NHL game: Auston Matthews (October 12, 2016), 4
Most assists by a rookie, one season: Peter Stastny (1980–81) and Joe Juneau (1992–93), 70
Most assists by a player in his first NHL season, one game: Wayne Gretzky (February 15, 1980), 7
Most assists by a player in his first NHL game: Dutch Reibel (October 8, 1953), 4
Most points by a rookie, one season: Teemu Selanne (1992–93), 132
Most goals by a rookie, one playoff season: Dino Ciccarelli (1981), 14
Most assists by a rookie, one playoff season: Ville Leino (2010), 14
Most points by a rookie, one playoff season: Dino Ciccarelli (1981), Ville Leino (2010), and Jake Guentzel (2017), 21
Most points by a player in his first NHL season, one game: Peter Stastny and Anton Stastny (February 22, 1981), 8
Most points by a player in his first NHL game: Al Hill (February 14, 1977), 5
Most goals by a rookie defenseman, one season: Brian Leetch (1988–89), 23
Most assists by a rookie defenseman, one season: Larry Murphy (1980–81), 60
Most points by a rookie defenseman, one season: Larry Murphy (1980–81), 76
Longest goal scoring streak in his first NHL Season: Joe Malone (1917–18), 14 games
Longest point streak by a rookie, one season: Paul Stastny (February 3, 2007 – March 17, 2007), 20 games
Longest point streak by an eighteen-year-old: Nathan MacKinnon (January 10, 2014 – March 6, 2014), 13 games
Longest point streak by a rookie defenseman: Shayne Gostisbehere (January 19, 2016 – February 20, 2016), 15 games

text: Points/goals/assists per game average[edit]

text:
Highest goals-per-game average, career (among players with 200-or-more goals): Mike Bossy, .762
Highest goals-per-game average including playoffs, career (among players with 200-or-more goals): Mario Lemieux, .749
Highest goals-per-game average, one season (among players with 20-or-more goals): Joe Malone (1917–18), 2.20
Highest goals-per-game average, one season (among players with 50-or-more goals): Wayne Gretzky (1983–84), 1.18
Highest assists-per-game average, career (among players with 300-or-more assists): Wayne Gretzky, 1.320
Highest assists-per-game average, one season (among players with 35-or-more assists): Wayne Gretzky (1985–86), 2.04
Highest points-per-game average, career (among players with 500-or-more points): Wayne Gretzky, 1.921
Highest points-per-game average, one season (among players with 50-or-more-points): Wayne Gretzky (1983–84), 2.77

text: Milestone goal seasons[edit]

text:
Most 20-or-more goal seasons: Gordie Howe, 22
Most consecutive 20-or-more goal seasons: Gordie Howe (1949–1971), 22
Most 30-or-more goal seasons: Mike Gartner, 17
Most consecutive 30-or-more goal seasons: Mike Gartner (1979–1994) and Jaromir Jagr (1991–2007), 15
Most 40-or-more goal seasons: Wayne Gretzky, 12
Most consecutive 40-or-more goal seasons: Wayne Gretzky (1979–1991), 12
Most 50-or-more goal seasons: Mike Bossy and Wayne Gretzky, 9
Most consecutive 50-or-more goal seasons: Mike Bossy (1977–1986), 9
Most 60-or-more goal seasons: Mike Bossy and Wayne Gretzky, 5
Most consecutive 60-or-more goal seasons: Wayne Gretzky (1981-1984), 4
Most 70-or-more goal seasons: Wayne Gretzky, 4
Most consecutive 70-or more goal seasons: Wayne Gretzky (1981–1984), 4
Most 80-or-more goal seasons: Wayne Gretzky, 2
Most 90-or-more goal seasons: Wayne Gretzky, 1

text: Hat trick or better games[edit]

text:
Most three-or-more goal games, career: Wayne Gretzky, 50
Most three-or-more goal games, playoffs career: Wayne Gretzky, 10
Most three-or-more goal games, one season: Wayne Gretzky (1981–82 and 1983–84), 10
Most three-or-more goal games, one playoffs season: Jari Kurri (1985), 4
Most three-or-more goal games, one playoff series: Jari Kurri (1985), 3
Most four-or-more goal games, one season: Joe Malone (1917–18), 5
Most five-or-more goal games, one season: Joe Malone (1917–18), 3

text: Goal/assist/point streaks[edit]

text:
Longest consecutive goal-scoring streak from start of NHL career: Joe Malone (1917–18), 14 games
Longest consecutive goal-scoring streak: Punch Broadbent, 16 games (1921–22)
Longest consecutive goal-scoring streak, one playoff season: Reggie Leach 10 games (1976)
Longest consecutive goal-scoring streak by a defenseman: Mike Green (2008–09), 8 games
Longest consecutive assist-scoring streak: Wayne Gretzky (1990–91), 23 games
Longest consecutive point-scoring streak: Wayne Gretzky (1983–84), 51 games
Longest consecutive point-scoring streak, one playoff season: Bryan Trottier (1981), 18 games
Longest consecutive point-scoring streak from start of season: Wayne Gretzky (1983–84), 51 games
Longest consecutive point-scoring streak by a defenseman from start of season: John-Michael Liles  (2010–11), 9 games
Longest consecutive point-scoring streak by a defenseman: Paul Coffey (1985–86), 28 games
Longest consecutive point-scoring streak by a rookie forward: Paul Stastny (2006–07), 20 games
Longest consecutive point-scoring streak by a rookie defenseman: Shayne Gostisbehere (2015–16), 15 games

text: Fastest goals[edit]

text:
Fastest goal from start of game: Doug Smail (December 20, 1981), Bryan Trottier (March 22, 1984), and Alexander Mogilny (December 21, 1991), 5 seconds
Fastest goal from start of game, playoffs: Don Kozak (April 17, 1977), 6 seconds
Fastest goal from start of period: Claude Provost (November 9, 1957), Denis Savard (January 12, 1986), and James van Riemsdyk (March 28, 2014), 4 seconds
Fastest goal from start of period, playoffs: Pelle Eklund (April 25, 1989), 6 seconds
Fastest goal by a player in his first NHL game: Dave Christian (March 2, 1980), 7 seconds
Fastest two goals from start of game: Mike Knuble, 27 seconds (February 14, 2003)
Fastest two goals from start of game, playoffs: Dick Duff (April 9, 1963), 68 seconds
Fastest two goals: Nels Stewart (January 3, 1931) and Deron Quint (December 15, 1995), 4 seconds
Fastest two goals, playoffs: Norm Ullman (April 11, 1965), 5 seconds
Fastest three goals: Bill Mosienko (March 23, 1952), 21 seconds
Fastest three assists: Gus Bodnar (March 23, 1952), 21 seconds
Fastest regular season overtime goal:  Mats Sundin, Alexander Ovechkin, William Nylander, David Legwand, and Andreas Athanasiou, 6 seconds
Fastest playoff overtime goal: Brian Skrudland (May 18, 1986), 9 seconds
Fastest goal after being scored on: Doug Gilmour (December 19, 1987), and Mikael Granlund (January 5, 2016), 2 seconds

text: Shots[edit]

text:
Most shots on goal, career: Ray Bourque, 6,206
Most shots on goal, playoffs career: Ray Bourque, 812
Most shots on goal, one season: Phil Esposito (1970–71), 550
Most shots on goal, one playoff season: Henrik Zetterberg, 116
Most shots on goal, one game: Ray Bourque (March 21, 1991), 19
Most shots on goal, one playoff game: Daniel Briere (April 22, 2006), 14

text: Hits[edit]

text:
Most hits, one season: Matt Martin (2014–15), 382
Most hits, one playoff season: Dustin Brown (2014), 125
Most hits, regular season career: Dustin Brown, 3166
Most hits, playoff career: Brooks Orpik, 499
Most hits, one game: Brenden Morrow, 19
Most hits, one regular season game: Gary Roberts (March 10, 1999) and Zdeno Chara (November 3, 1999) 17
Most hits, one playoff game: Brenden Morrow (May 4, 2008), 19

text: Blocked Shots[edit]

text:
Most blocked shots, one season: Kris Russell (2014–15), 283
Most blocked shots, one playoff season: Anton Volchenkov (2007), 80
Most blocked shots, career: Dan Girardi, 1846
Most blocked shots, playoffs career: Chris Pronger, 374
Most blocked shots, one game: Kris Russell (March 5, 2015), 15
Most blocked shots, one playoff game: Richard Matvichuk (May 1, 2001), 13

text: Time on Ice[edit]

text:
Most time on ice per game by a defenseman, one season: Chris Pronger, 30:36
Most time on ice per game by a forward, one season: Pavel Bure, 26:52
Most time on ice per game by a defenseman, playoff season: Chris Pronger, 35:52
Most time on ice per game by a forward, playoff season: Boyd Devereaux, 32:46
Most time on ice by a defenseman, one regular season game: Dennis Wideman (January 18, 2014), 38:05
Most time on ice by a forward, one regular season game: Vyacheslav Kozlov (October 10, 2003), 30:00
Most time on ice by a defenseman, one playoff game: Sergei Zubov (April 24, 2003), 63:51
Most time on ice by a forward, one playoff game: Jaromir Jagr (May 4, 2000), 59:08

text: Penalty Shots[edit]

text:
Most penalty shot goals, career: Pavel Bure, 7
Most penalty shot goals, playoffs career: Michael Frolik, 2
Most penalty shot goals, one season: Pavel Bure, 3
Most penalty shot attempts, career: Vincent Lecavalier, 13
Most penalty shot attempts, playoffs career: Mats Sundin and Michael Frolik, 2
Most penalty shot attempts, one season: Erik Cole, 5
Most penalty shot attempts, one game: Erik Cole (November 9, 2005), Max Pacioretty (February 6, 2009), and Auston Matthews (November 3, 2017), 2
Most penalty shots faced by a goaltender, career: Marc-Andre Fleury, 21
Most penalty shots faced by a goaltender, playoffs career: Dominik Hasek, 5
Most penalty shots faced by a goaltender, one game: Ben Bishop (October 8, 2015), Miikka Kiprusoff (March 4, 2011), Roberto Luongo (February 6, 2014), and Jonathan Quick (November 3, 2017), 2
Most penalty shots stopped by a goaltender, career: Marc-Andre Fleury, 15
Most penalty shots stopped by a goaltender, playoffs career: Dominik Hasek, 4
Most penalty shots allowed by a goaltender, career: Tomas Vokoun, 8

text: Penalty minutes[edit]

text:
Most penalty minutes, career: Tiger Williams, 3,966
Most penalty minutes, playoffs career: Dale Hunter, 729
Most penalty minutes, career, including playoffs: Tiger Williams, 4,421
Most penalty minutes, one season: Dave Schultz (1974–75), 472
Most penalties, one game: Chris Nilan (March 31, 1991), 10
Most penalties, one playoff game: Forbes Kennedy (April 2, 1969) and Kim Clackson (April 20, 1980), 8
Most penalty minutes, one game: Randy Holt (March 11, 1979), 67
Most penalty minutes, one playoff game: Dave Schultz (April 22, 1976) and Deryk Engelland (April 17, 2015), 42
Most penalty minutes, career, in the Stanley Cup Final: Gordie Howe, 94

text: Goaltending[edit]

text:
Most wins by a goaltender regular season career: Martin Brodeur, 691
Most wins by a goaltender playoffs career: Patrick Roy, 151
Most wins by a goaltender career, including playoffs: Martin Brodeur 804
Best Winning Percentage (minimum 250 played): Ken Dryden .740 in 397 games played
Best Winning Percentage (minimum 500 games played): Jacques Plante .610 in 837 games played
Most wins by a goaltender, one season: Martin Brodeur (2006–07) and Braden Holtby (2015–16), 48
Most wins by a goaltender, career, in the Finals: Jacques Plante, 25
Most wins by a goaltender, expansion team season: Marc-Andre Fleury (2017–18 Vegas Golden Knights), 28
Most ties, career: Terry Sawchuk, 172
Most losses by a goaltender regular season career: Martin Brodeur, 397
Most losses by a goaltender playoffs career: Patrick Roy, 94
Most losses by a goaltender, one season: Gary Smith (1970–71), 48
Most losses by a goaltender, one playoff season: Ron Hextall (1987), Miikka Kiprusoff (2004), Henrik Lundqvist (2014), Ben Bishop (2015), 11
Most shutouts regular season career: Martin Brodeur 125
Most shutouts playoffs career: Martin Brodeur 24
Most shutouts by a goaltender, including playoffs, expansion team season: Marc-Andre Fleury (2017–18 Vegas Golden Knights), 9
Most shutouts, including playoffs career: Martin Brodeur 149
Most shutouts, one regular season: George Hainsworth (1928–29), 22
Most shutouts, one playoff season: Martin Brodeur (2002–03), 7
Most games appeared in by a goaltender, career regular season: Martin Brodeur, 1,265
Most games appeared in by a goaltender, career playoffs: Patrick Roy, 247
Most games appeared in by a goaltender career, including playoffs Martin Brodeur, 1,470
Most games appeared in by a goaltender career, in the Finals: Jacques Plante (Montreal-38), St. Louis-3), 41
Most consecutive complete games by a goaltender: Glenn Hall, 502 (1955–1962)
Most games appeared in by a goaltender, one regular season: Grant Fuhr, 79 (1995–96)
Most games appeared in by a goaltender, one playoff season Ron Hextall (1986–87) and Jonathan Quick (2013–14), 26
Most minutes played by a goaltender, career: Martin Brodeur, 74,380
Most minutes played by a goaltender, one season: Martin Brodeur (2006–07), 4,697
Least time played by a goaltender, career Jorge Alves Dec 31, 2016, 7.6 sec
Longest continuous shutout by a goaltender: Alec Connell (7 games, 2 periods) (1927–28), 461 minutes, 29 seconds
Longest continuous shutout by a goaltender at start of NHL career: Matt Hackett (December 6 & 8, 2011), 102 minutes, 48 seconds
Longest winning streak by a goaltender, one season: Gilles Gilbert (1975–76), 17 games
Longest winning streak to start a season: Carey Price (2016–17), 10 games
Longest undefeated streak by a goaltender, one season: Gerry Cheevers (24 wins, 8 ties 1971–72), 32 games
Longest undefeated streak by a goaltender in his first NHL season: Grant Fuhr (15 wins, 8 ties 1981–82), 23 games
Longest undefeated streak by a goaltender from start of career: Patrick Lalime (14 wins, 2 ties 1996–97), 16 games
Most 20-or-more win seasons by a goaltender Martin Brodeur, 16
Most consecutive 20-or-more win seasons by a goaltender: Martin Brodeur (1995–2008) and Henrik Lundqvist (2005–2017), 12
Most 30-or-more win seasons by a goaltender: Martin Brodeur 14
Most consecutive 30-or-more win seasons by a goaltender: Martin Brodeur (1995–2008), 12
Most consecutive 30-or-more win seasons to start a career: Henrik Lundqvist (2005–2012), 7
Most 40-or-more win seasons by a goaltender: Martin Brodeur 8
Most consecutive 40-or-more win seasons by a goaltender: Martin Brodeur (2005–2008) and Evgeni Nabokov (2007–10), 3
Most consecutive wins by a goaltender in his rookie season: Bill Durnan (1943–44), 10
Most consecutive wins by a goaltender in his first NHL season: George Hainsworth (1926–27), 11
Most losses by a goaltender regular season career: Martin Brodeur, 397
Most losses by a goaltender, one season: Gary Smith (1970–71), 48
Most home games played by a goaltender, one season: Roberto Luongo (2006–07), 41
Most shots faced by a goaltender, in a regular season game: Sam LoPresti (March 4, 1941), 83
Most shots faced by a goaltender, in a season: Roberto Luongo (2005–06), 2,488
Most shots faced by a goaltender, in a playoff game: Normie Smith (March 24, 1936), 92
Most saves by a goaltender career: Martin Brodeur, 28,928
Most saves by a goaltender playoffs career: Patrick Roy, 6,561
Most saves by a goaltender, including playoffs career: Martin Brodeur, 33,758
Most saves by a goaltender, in a regular season game: Sam LoPresti (March 4, 1941), 80
Most saves by a goaltender, in a playoff game: Normie Smith (March 24, 1936), 92
Most saves by a goaltender, in a playoffs overtime game shutout: Normie Smith (March 24, 1936), 92
Most saves by a goaltender, in a regular season shutout: Ben Scrivens (January 29, 2014), 59
Most saves by a goaltender, in a season: Roberto Luongo (2003–04), 2,303
Most saves by a goaltender, in a playoff run: Tim Thomas (2011), 798
Most saves by a goaltender, in a Stanley Cup finals series: Tim Thomas (2011), 238
Highest save percentage, in a regular season: Craig Anderson (2013), .941
Highest save percentage, playoffs (minimum 10 games): Jonathan Quick (2012), .946
Lowest goals-against average in a season (minimum 20 games): George Hainsworth, 0.92
Lowest goals-against average playoffs (minimum 10 games): Frank Brimsek, 1.25
Highest goals-against average in a season (minimum 20 games): Frank Brophy, 7.11
Highest goals-against average playoffs (minimum 10 games): Murray Bannerman, 4.77
Most overtime wins: Roberto Luongo, 49
Most penalty minutes by a goaltender regular season career: Ron Hextall, 584
Most penalty minutes by a goaltender playoffs career: Ron Hextall, 115
Most penalty minutes by a goaltender career, including playoffs:  Ron Hextall (584 regular season, 115 playoffs), 699
Most penalty minutes by a goaltender one season Ron Hextall (1988–89), 113
Most penalty minutes by a goaltender one playoff season Ron Hextall (1986–87), 43
Youngest goaltender to win 50 regular-season games: Patrick Roy 22 yrs
Youngest goaltender to win 100 regular-season games: Patrick Roy 23 yrs
Youngest goaltender to win 200 regular-season games: Martin Brodeur 26 yrs., 1 mos
Youngest goaltender to win 300 regular-season games: Martin Brodeur 29 yrs., 7 mos.
Youngest goaltender to win 400 regular-season games: Martin Brodeur 31 yrs., 10 mos.
Youngest goaltender to win 500 regular-season games: Martin Brodeur 35 yrs., 6 mos.
Youngest goaltender to win 600 regular-season games: Martin Brodeur 37 yrs., 11 mos.
Quickest goaltender to win 400 regular-season games: Henrik Lundqvist 727
Most Stanley Cup finals series played by a goaltender: Jacques Plante (Montreal: 8 (1953, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60); St. Louis: 2 (1969, 70)), 10
Most Stanley Cup consecutive finals series played by a goaltender: Jacques Plante (Montreal (1953, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60), 8
Least saves required in a win: Ryan Miller (Anaheim Jan. 25, 2018) 11:40 min; Antti Niemi (Dallas, Dec. 12 ,2015) 6:43 min; Richard Bachman (Dallas Mar. 29, 2013) 2:32 min; Craig Billington (Colorado Dec. 21, 1998) 1:52 min, (Colorado Dec. 31, 1996) 0:12 sec; Steve Weeks (NY Rangers Mar. 24, 1982) 0:17 sec 0

text: Shootout[edit]

text:
Most shootout goals in one season: Ilya Kovalchuk (2011–12), 11
Most game-deciding shootout goals in one season: Ilya Kovalchuk (2011–12), 7
Most shootout goals career: Frans Nielsen, 48
Most game-deciding shootout goals career: Frans Nielsen, 22
Highest shootout percentage (Minimum 15 attempts): Brayden Point, 66.7% (10/15)
Most shootout attempts in a season: Radim Vrbata, 18
Most shootout attempts career: Radim Vrbata, 105
Most shootout games played by a goaltender in a season: Martin Brodeur (2006–07), 16
Most shootout games played by a goaltender career: Roberto Luongo, 107
Most shootout wins by a goaltender in a season: Ryan Miller and Martin Brodeur (2006–07), Mathieu Garon (2007–08), and Jonathan Quick (2010–11), 10
Most shootout wins by a goaltender career: Ryan Miller, 59
Most shootout losses by a goaltender in a season: Tomas Vokoun (2009–10) and Tuukka Rask (2014–15), 9
Most shootout losses by a goaltender career: Roberto Luongo, 55
Most goals allowed in a shootout by a goaltender career: Roberto Luongo, 126
Most saves in a shootout by a goaltender career: Henrik Lundqvist, 278

text: Age[edit]

text:
Oldest Forward: Gordie Howe, April 11, 1980, 52 years, 11 days
Oldest Defensemen: Chris Chelios, April 6, 2010, 48 years, 71 days
Oldest Goaltender: Maurice Roberts, November 25, 1951, 45 years, 345 days
Oldest Player to play his first NHL game: Connie Madigan, February 6, 1973, 38 years, 94 days
Oldest Goalie to play his first NHL game: Jorge Alves, December 31, 2016, 37 years, 30 days
Youngest Player to play his first NHL game: Bep Guidolin, November 12, 1942, 16 years, 337 days
Youngest Goalie to play his first NHL game: Harry Lumley, December 23, 1943, 17 years, 42 days
Oldest Goalie to play in Stanley Cup Finals: Lester Patrick, April 7, 1928, 44 years, 90 days
Oldest Defensemen to play in the Stanley Cup Finals: Doug Harvey, May 11, 1968, 43 years, 137 days
Oldest Forward to play in Stanley Cup Finals: Mark Recchi, June 15, 2011, 43 years, 134 days
Youngest Player to play in the Stanley Cup Finals: Gaye Stewart, 18 years, 288 days
Youngest Player to win the Stanley Cup: Larry Hillman, April 14, 1955  18 years, 68 days
Oldest Player to win the Stanley Cup: Chris Chelios, June 4, 2008, 46 years, 130 days
Oldest Goalie to win the Stanley Cup: Lester Patrick April 14, 1928, 44 years, 97 days