document_title: Ocean

question_text: the hydrosphere composes approximately what percent of the earths surface

text: Ocean

text: Etymology

text: The word « ocean » comes from the figure in classical antiquity, Oceanus (/oʊˈsiːənəs/; Greek: Ὠκεανός Ōkeanós,[13] pronounced [ɔːkeanós]), the elder of the Titans in classical Greek mythology, believed by the ancient Greeks and Romans to be the divine personification of the sea, an enormous river encircling the world.

text: The concept of Ōkeanós has an Indo-European connection. Greek Ōkeanós has been compared to the Vedic epithet ā-śáyāna-, predicated of the dragon Vṛtra-, who captured the cows/rivers. Related to this notion, the Okeanos is represented with a dragon-tail on some early Greek vases.[14]

text: Earth's global ocean

text: Oceanic divisions

text: Though generally described as several separate oceans, the global, interconnected body of salt water is sometimes referred to as the World Ocean or global ocean.[15][16] The concept of a continuous body of water with relatively free interchange among its parts is of fundamental importance to oceanography.[17]

text: The major oceanic divisions – listed below in descending order of area and volume – are defined in part by the continents, various archipelagos, and other criteria.[9][12][18]

text:
#
Ocean
Location
Area
(km2)
(%)
Volume
(km3)
(%)
Avg. depth
(m)
Coastline
(km)

1
Pacific Ocean
Separates Asia and Oceania from the Americas[19][NB]
7008168723000000000♠168,723,000
46.6
7008669880000000000♠669,880,000
50.1
7003397000000000000♠3,970
7005135663000000000♠135,663

2
Atlantic Ocean
Separates the Americas from Europe and Africa[20]
7007851330000000000♠85,133,000
23.5
7008310410900000000♠310,410,900
23.3
7003364600000000000♠3,646
7005111866000000000♠111,866

3
Indian Ocean
Washes upon southern Asia and separates Africa and Australia[21]
7007705600000000000♠70,560,000
19.5
7008264000000000000♠264,000,000
19.8
7003374100000000000♠3,741
7004665260000000000♠66,526

4
Southern Ocean
Sometimes considered an extension of the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans,[22][23] which encircles Antarctica
7007219600000000000♠21,960,000
6.1
7007718000000000000♠71,800,000
5.4
7003327000000000000♠3,270
7004179680000000000♠17,968

5
Arctic Ocean
Sometimes considered a sea or estuary of the Atlantic,[24][25] which covers much of the Arctic and washes upon northern North America and Eurasia[26]
7007155580000000000♠15,558,000
4.3
7007187500000000000♠18,750,000
1.4
7003120500000000000♠1,205
7004453890000000000♠45,389

Total – World Ocean
7008361900000000000♠361,900,000
100
7009133500000000000♠1,335,000,000
100
7003368800000000000♠3,688
7005377412000000000♠377,412[27]

text: Oceans are fringed by smaller, adjoining bodies of water such as seas, gulfs, bays, bights, and straits.

text: Global system

text: The mid-ocean ridges of the world are connected and form a single global mid-oceanic ridge system that is part of every ocean and the longest mountain range in the world. The continuous mountain range is 65,000 km (40,000 mi) long (several times longer than the Andes, the longest continental mountain range).[28]

text: Physical properties

text: The total mass of the hydrosphere is about 1.4 quintillion metric tons (7018140000000000000♠1.4×1018 long tons or 7018150000000000000♠1.5×1018 short tons), which is about 0.023% of Earth's total mass. Less than 3% is freshwater; the rest is saltwater, almost all of which is in the ocean. The area of the World Ocean is about 361.9 million square kilometers (139.7 million square miles),[9] which covers about 70.9% of Earth's surface, and its volume is approximately 1.335 billion cubic kilometers (320.3 million cubic miles).[9] This can be thought of as a cube of water with an edge length of 1,101 kilometers (684 mi). Its average depth is about 3,688 meters (12,100 ft),[9] and its maximum depth is 10,994 meters (6.831 mi) at the Mariana Trench.[29] Nearly half of the world's marine waters are over 3,000 meters (9,800 ft) deep.[16] The vast expanses of deep ocean (anything below 200 meters or 660 feet) cover about 66% of Earth's surface.[30] This does not include seas not connected to the World Ocean, such as the Caspian Sea.

text: The bluish color of water is a composite of several contributing agents. Prominent contributors include dissolved organic matter and chlorophyll.[31] Mariners and other seafarers have reported that the ocean often emits a visible glow which extends for miles at night. In 2005, scientists announced that for the first time, they had obtained photographic evidence of this glow.[32] It is most likely caused by bioluminescence.[33][34][35]

text: Oceanic zones

text: Oceanographers divide the ocean into different vertical zones defined by physical and biological conditions. The pelagic zone includes all open ocean regions, and can be divided into further regions categorized by depth and light abundance. The photic zone includes the oceans from the surface to a depth of 200 m; it is the region where photosynthesis can occur and is, therefore, the most biodiverse. Because plants require photosynthesis, life found deeper than the photic zone must either rely on material sinking from above (see marine snow) or find another energy source. Hydrothermal vents are the primary source of energy in what is known as the aphotic zone (depths exceeding 200 m). The pelagic part of the photic zone is known as the epipelagic.

text: The pelagic part of the aphotic zone can be further divided into vertical regions according to temperature. The mesopelagic is the uppermost region. Its lowermost boundary is at a thermocline of 12 °C (54 °F), which, in the tropics generally lies at 700–1,000 meters (2,300–3,300 ft). Next is the bathypelagic lying between 10 and 4 °C (50 and 39 °F), typically between 700–1,000 meters (2,300–3,300 ft) and 2,000–4,000 meters (6,600–13,100 ft), lying along the top of the abyssal plain is the abyssopelagic, whose lower boundary lies at about 6,000 meters (20,000 ft). The last zone includes the deep oceanic trench, and is known as the hadalpelagic. This lies between 6,000–11,000 meters (20,000–36,000 ft) and is the deepest oceanic zone.

text: The benthic zones are aphotic and correspond to the three deepest zones of the deep-sea. The bathyal zone covers the continental slope down to about 4,000 meters (13,000 ft). The abyssal zone covers the abyssal plains between 4,000 and 6,000 m. Lastly, the hadal zone corresponds to the hadalpelagic zone, which is found in oceanic trenches.

text: The pelagic zone can be further subdivided into two subregions: the neritic zone and the oceanic zone. The neritic zone encompasses the water mass directly above the continental shelves whereas the oceanic zone includes all the completely open water.

text: In contrast, the littoral zone covers the region between low and high tide and represents the transitional area between marine and terrestrial conditions. It is also known as the intertidal zone because it is the area where tide level affects the conditions of the region.

text: The ocean can be divided into three density zones: the surface zone, the pycnocline, and the deep zone. The surface zone, also called the mixed layer, refers to the uppermost density zone of the ocean. Temperature and salinity are relatively constant with depth in this zone due to currents and wave action. The surface zone contains ocean water that is in contact with the atmosphere and within the photic zone. The surface zone has the ocean's least dense water and represents approximately 2% of the total volume of ocean water. The surface zone usually ranges between depths of 500 feet (150 m) to 3,300 feet (1,000 m) below ocean surface, but this can vary a great deal. In some cases, the surface zone can be entirely non-existent. The surface zone is typically thicker in the tropics than in regions of higher latitude. The transition to colder, denser water is more abrupt in the tropics than in regions of higher latitudes. The pycnocline refers to a zone wherein density substantially increases with depth due primarily to decreases in temperature. The pycnocline effectively separates the lower-density surface zone above from the higher-density deep zone below. The pycnocline represents approximately 18% of the total volume of ocean water. The deep zone refers to the lowermost density zone of the ocean. The deep zone usually begins at depths below 3,300 feet (1,000 m) in mid-latitudes. The deep zone undergoes negligible changes in water density with depth. The deep zone represents approximately 80% of the total volume of ocean water. The deep zone contains relatively colder and stable water.

text: If a zone undergoes dramatic changes in temperature with depth, it contains a thermocline. The tropical thermocline is typically deeper than the thermocline at higher latitudes. Polar waters, which receive relatively little solar energy, are not stratified by temperature and generally lack a thermocline because surface water at polar latitudes are nearly as cold as water at greater depths. Below the thermocline, water is very cold, ranging from −1 °C to 3 °C. Because this deep and cold layer contains the bulk of ocean water, the average temperature of the world ocean is 3.9 °C.[citation needed] If a zone undergoes dramatic changes in salinity with depth, it contains a halocline. If a zone undergoes a strong, vertical chemistry gradient with depth, it contains a chemocline.

text: The halocline often coincides with the thermocline, and the combination produces a pronounced pycnocline.

text: Exploration

text: The deepest point in the ocean is the Mariana Trench, located in the Pacific Ocean near the Northern Mariana Islands. Its maximum depth has been estimated to be 10,971 meters (35,994 ft) (plus or minus 11 meters; see the Mariana Trench article for discussion of the various estimates of the maximum depth.) The British naval vessel Challenger II surveyed the trench in 1951 and named the deepest part of the trench the "Challenger Deep". In 1960, the Trieste successfully reached the bottom of the trench, manned by a crew of two men.

text: Oceanic maritime currents

text: Oceanic maritime currents have different origins. Tidal currents are in phase with the tide, hence are quasiperiodic, they may fomulate various knots in certain places,[clarification needed] most notably around headlands. Non periodic currents have for origin the waves, wind and different densities.

text: The wind and waves create surface currents (designated as « drift currents »). These currents can decompose in one quasi permanent current (which varies within the hourly scale) and one movement of Stokes drift under the effect of rapid waves movement (at the echelon of a couple of seconds).).[36] The quasi permanent current is accelerated by the breaking of waves, and in a lesser governing effect, by the friction of the wind on the surface.[37]

text: This acceleration of the current takes place in the direction of waves and dominant wind. Accordingly, when the sea depth increases, the rotation of the earth changes the direction of currents, in proportion with the increase of depth while friction lowers their speed. At a certain sea depth, the current changes direction and is seen inverted in the opposite direction with speed current becoming nul: known as the Ekman spiral. The influence of these currents is mainly experienced at the mixed layer of the ocean surface, often from 400 to 800 meters of maximum depth. These currents can considerably alter, change and are dependent on the various yearly seasons. If the mixed layer is less thick (10 to 20 meters), the quasi permanent current at the surface adopts an extreme oblique direction in relation to the direction of the wind, becoming virtually homogeneous, until the Thermocline.[38]

text: In the deep however, maritime currents are caused by the temperature gradients and the salinity between water density masses.

text: In littoral zones, breaking wave is so intense and the depth measurement so low, that maritime currents reach often 1 to 2 knots.

text: Climate

text: Ocean currents greatly affect Earth's climate by transferring heat from the tropics to the polar regions. Transferring warm or cold air and precipitation to coastal regions, winds may carry them inland. Surface heat and freshwater fluxes create global density gradients that drive the thermohaline circulation part of large-scale ocean circulation. It plays an important role in supplying heat to the polar regions, and thus in sea ice regulation. Changes in the thermohaline circulation are thought to have significant impacts on Earth's energy budget. In so far as the thermohaline circulation governs the rate at which deep waters reach the surface, it may also significantly influence atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations.

text: For a discussion of the possibilities of changes to the thermohaline circulation under global warming, see shutdown of thermohaline circulation.

text: It is often stated that the thermohaline circulation is the primary reason that the climate of Western Europe is so temperate. An alternate hypothesis claims that this is largely incorrect, and that Europe is warm mostly because it lies downwind of an ocean basin, and because atmospheric waves bring warm air north from the subtropics.[39][40]

text: The Antarctic Circumpolar Current encircles that continent, influencing the area's climate and connecting currents in several oceans.

text: One of the most dramatic forms of weather occurs over the oceans: tropical cyclones (also called "typhoons" and "hurricanes" depending upon where the system forms).

text: Biology

text: The ocean has a significant effect on the biosphere. Oceanic evaporation, as a phase of the water cycle, is the source of most rainfall, and ocean temperatures determine climate and wind patterns that affect life on land. Life within the ocean evolved 3 billion years prior to life on land. Both the depth and the distance from shore strongly influence the biodiversity of the plants and animals present in each region.[41]

text: Lifeforms native to the ocean include:

text:
Fish
Radiata such as jellyfish (Cnidaria)
Cetacea such as whales, dolphins, and porpoises
Cephalopods, such as octopus and squid
Crustaceans, such as lobsters, shrimp, and krill
Marine worms
Plankton
Echinoderms such as brittle stars, starfish, sea cucumbers, and sand dollars

text: In addition, many land animals have adapted to living a major part of their life on the oceans. For instance, seabirds are a diverse group of birds that have adapted to a life mainly on the oceans. They feed on marine animals and spend most of their lifetime on water, many only going on land for breeding. Other birds that have adapted to oceans as their living space are penguins, seagulls and pelicans. Seven species of turtles, the sea turtles, also spend most of their time in the oceans.

text: Gases

text:
Characteristics of oceanic gases [42][43][44]

Gas
Concentration of seawater, by mass (in parts per million), for the whole ocean
 % Dissolved gas, by volume, in seawater at the ocean surface

Carbon dioxide (CO2)
64 to 107
15%

Nitrogen (N2)
10 to 18
48%

Oxygen (O2)
0 to 13
36%

text:
Solubility of oceanic gases (in mL/L) with temperature at salinity of 33‰ and atmospheric pressure[45]

Temperature
O2
CO2
N2

0 °C
8.14
8,700
14.47

10 °C
6.42
8,030
11.59

20 °C
5.26
7,350
9.65

30 °C
4.41
6,600
8.26

text: Surface

text:
Generalized characteristics of ocean surface by latitude [46][47][48][49][50][51][52]

Characteristic
Oceanic waters in polar regions
Oceanic waters in temperate regions
Oceanic waters in tropical regions

Precipitation vs. evaporation
P > E
P > E
E > P

Sea surface temperature in winter
−2 °C
5 to 20 °C
20 to 25 °C

Average salinity
28‰ to 32‰
35‰
35‰ to 37‰

Annual variation of air temperature
≤ 40ªC
10 °C
< 5 °C

Annual variation of water temperature
< 5ªC
10 °C
< 5 °C

text: Mixing time

text: The residence time is the amount of an element in the ocean divided by the rate at which that element is added to (or removed from) the ocean.

text: The mean oceanic mixing time is thought to be approximately 1,600 years. If a given element in the ocean stays in the ocean, on average, longer than the oceanic mixing time, then that element is assumed to be homogeneously spread throughout the ocean. As a result, because the major salts have a residence time that is longer than 1,600 years, the ratio of major salts is thought to be unchanging across the ocean. This constant ratio is often referred to as Forchhammer's principle or the principle of constant proportions.

text:
Mean oceanic residence time for various constituents [53][54]

Constituent
Residence time (in years)

Iron (Fe)
200

Aluminum (Al)
600

Manganese (Mn)
1,300

Water (H2O)
4,100

Silicon (Si)
20,000

Carbonate (CO32−)
110,000

Calcium (Ca2+)
1,000,000

Sulfate (SO42−)
11,000,000

Potassium (K+)
12,000,000

Magnesium (Mg2+)
13,000,000

Sodium (Na+)
68,000,000

Chloride (Cl−)
100,000,000

text: Salinity

text: A zone of rapid salinity increase with depth is called a halocline. The temperature of maximum density of seawater decreases as its salt content increases. Freezing temperature of water decreases with salinity, and boiling temperature of water increases with salinity. Typical seawater freezes at around −1.9 °C at atmospheric pressure. If precipitation exceeds evaporation, as is the case in polar and temperate regions, salinity will be lower. If evaporation exceeds precipitation, as is the case in tropical regions, salinity will be higher. Thus, oceanic waters in polar regions have lower salinity content than oceanic waters in temperate and tropical regions.[55]

text: Salinity can be calculated using the chlorinity, which is a measure of the total mass of halogen ions (includes fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine) in seawater. By international agreement, the following formula is used to determine salinity:

text: Salinity (in ‰) = 1.80655 × Chlorinity (in ‰)

text: The average chlorinity is about 19.2‰, and, thus, the average salinity is around 34.7‰ [55]

text: Absorption of light

text:
Absorption of light in different wavelengths by ocean [55]

Color: Wavelength (nm)
Depth at which 99 percent of the wavelength is absorbed (in meters)
Percent absorbed in 1 meter of water

Ultraviolet (UV): 310
31
14.0

Violet (V): 400
107
4.2

Blue (B): 475
254
1.8

Green (G): 525
113
4.0

Yellow (Y): 575
51
8.7

Orange (O): 600
25
16.7

Red (R): 725
4
71.0

Infrared (IR): 800
3
82.0

text: Economic value

text: Many of the world's goods are moved by ship between the world's seaports.[citation needed] Oceans are also the major supply source for the fishing industry. Some of the major harvests are shrimp, fish, crabs, and lobster.[6]

text: Waves and swell

text: The motions of the ocean surface, known as undulations or waves, are the partial and alternate rising and falling of the ocean surface. The series of mechanical waves that propagate along the interface between water and air is called swell.[citation needed]

text: Extraterrestrial oceans

text: Although Earth is the only known planet with large stable bodies of liquid water on its surface and the only one in the Solar System, other celestial bodies are thought to have large oceans.[58]

text: Planets

text: The gas giants, Jupiter and Saturn, are thought to lack surfaces and instead have a stratum of liquid hydrogen, however their planetary geology is not well understood. The possibility of the ice giants Uranus and Neptune having hot, highly compressed, supercritical water under their thick atmospheres has been hypothesised. Although their composition is still not fully understood, a 2006 study by Wiktorowicz and Ingersall ruled out the possibility of such a water "ocean" existing on Neptune,[59] though some studies have suggested that exotic oceans of liquid diamond are possible.[60]

text: The Mars ocean hypothesis suggests that nearly a third of the surface of Mars was once covered by water, though the water on Mars is no longer oceanic (much of it residing in the ice caps). The possibility continues to be studied along with reasons for their apparent disappearance. Astronomers think that Venus had liquid water and perhaps oceans in its very early history.[citation needed] If they existed, all later vanished via resurfacing.

text: Natural satellites

text: A global layer of liquid water thick enough to decouple the crust from the mantle is thought to be present on the natural satellites Titan, Europa, Enceladus and, with less certainty, Callisto, Ganymede[61][62] and Triton.[63][64] A magma ocean is thought to be present on Io. Geysers have been found on Saturn's moon Enceladus, possibly originating from about 10 kilometers (6.2 mi) deep ocean beneath an ice shell.[56] Other icy moons may also have internal oceans, or may once have had internal oceans that have now frozen.[65]

text: Large bodies of liquid hydrocarbons are thought to be present on the surface of Titan, although they are not large enough to be considered oceans and are sometimes referred to as lakes or seas. The Cassini–Huygens space mission initially discovered only what appeared to be dry lakebeds and empty river channels, suggesting that Titan had lost what surface liquids it might have had. Cassini's more recent fly-by of Titan offers radar images that strongly suggest hydrocarbon lakes exist near the colder polar regions. Titan is thought to have a subsurface liquid-water ocean under the ice and hydrocarbon mix that forms its outer crust.

text: Dwarf planets and trans-Neptunian objects

text: Ceres appears to be differentiated into a rocky core and icy mantle and may harbour a liquid-water ocean under its surface.[66][67]

text: Not enough is known of the larger trans-Neptunian objects to determine whether they are differentiated bodies capable of supporting oceans, although models of radioactive decay suggest that Pluto,[68] Eris, Sedna, and Orcus have oceans beneath solid icy crusts approximately 100 to 180 km thick.[65]

text: Extrasolar

text: Some planets and natural satellites outside the Solar System are likely to have oceans, including possible water ocean planets similar to Earth in the habitable zone or "liquid-water belt". The detection of oceans, even through the spectroscopy method, however is likely extremely difficult and inconclusive.

text: Theoretical models have been used to predict with high probability that GJ 1214 b, detected by transit, is composed of exotic form of ice VII, making up 75% of its mass,[69] making it an ocean planet.

text: Other possible candidates are merely speculated based on their mass and position in the habitable zone include planet though little is actually known of their composition. Some scientists speculate Kepler-22b may be an "ocean-like" planet.[70] Models have been proposed for Gliese 581 d that could include surface oceans. Gliese 436 b is speculated to have an ocean of "hot ice".[71] Exomoons orbiting planets, particularly gas giants within their parent star's habitable zone may theoretically have surface oceans.

text: Terrestrial planets will acquire water during their accretion, some of which will be buried in the magma ocean but most of it will go into a steam atmosphere, and when the atmosphere cools it will collapse on to the surface forming an ocean. There will also be outgassing of water from the mantle as the magma solidifies—this will happen even for planets with a low percentage of their mass composed of water, so "super-Earth exoplanets may be expected to commonly produce water oceans within tens to hundreds of millions of years of their last major accretionary impact."[72]

text: Non-water surface liquids

text: Oceans, seas, lakes and other bodies of liquids can be composed of liquids other than water, for example the hydrocarbon lakes on Titan. The possibility of seas of nitrogen on Triton was also considered but ruled out.[73] There is evidence that the icy surfaces of the moons Ganymede, Callisto, Europa, Titan and Enceladus are shells floating on oceans of very dense liquid water or water–ammonia.[74][75][76][77][78] Earth is often called the ocean planet because it is 70% covered in water.[79][80] Extrasolar terrestrial planets that are extremely close to their parent star will be tidally locked and so one half of the planet will be a magma ocean.[81] It is also possible that terrestrial planets had magma oceans at some point during their formation as a result of giant impacts.[82] Hot Neptunes close to their star could lose their atmospheres via hydrodynamic escape, leaving behind their cores with various liquids on the surface.[83] Where there are suitable temperatures and pressures, volatile chemicals that might exist as liquids in abundant quantities on planets include ammonia, argon, carbon disulfide, ethane, hydrazine, hydrogen, hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen sulfide, methane, neon, nitrogen, nitric oxide, phosphine, silane, sulfuric acid, and water.[84]

text: Supercritical fluids, although not liquids, do share various properties with liquids. Underneath the thick atmospheres of the planets Uranus and Neptune, it is expected that these planets are composed of oceans of hot high-density fluid mixtures of water, ammonia and other volatiles.[85] The gaseous outer layers of Jupiter and Saturn transition smoothly into oceans of supercritical hydrogen.[86][87] The atmosphere of Venus is 96.5% carbon dioxide, which is a supercritical fluid at its surface.


document_title: Flag of India

question_text: when was national flag of india first displayed

root

text: Flag of India

text: Design and construction details

text:
Sizes of the National Flag

Flag size[1][2]
Length and width (mm)
Size of Ashoka Chakra (mm)[3]

1
6300 × 4200
1295

2
3600 × 2400
740

3
2700 × 1800
555

4
1800 × 1200
370

5
1350 × 900
280

6
900 × 600
185

7
450 × 300
90[4]

8
225 × 150
40

9
150 × 100
25[4]

tag: table

text: According to the Flag code of India, the Indian flag has a ratio of two by three (where the length of the flag is 1.5 times that of the width). All three stripes of the flag (saffron, white and green) are to be equal in width and length. The size of the Ashoka Chakra is not specified in the Flag code, but it has twenty-four spokes that are evenly spaced.[5] In section 4.3.1 of "IS1: Manufacturing standards for the Indian Flag", there is a chart that details the size of the Ashoka Chakra on the nine specific sizes of the national flag.[3] In both the Flag code and IS1, they call for the Ashoka Chakra to be printed or painted on both sides of the flag in navy blue.[3][5] Below is the list of specified shades for all colours used on the national flag, with the exception of Navy Blue, from "IS1: Manufacturing standards for the Indian Flag" as defined in the 1931 CIE Colour Specifications with illuminant C.[3] The navy blue colour can be found in the standard IS:1803-1973.[3]

tag: p

text:
Materials 3.1.2.2: Colours[3]

Colour
X
Y
Z
Brightness

India saffron (Kesari)
0.538
0.360
0.102
21.5

White
0.313
0.319
0.368
72.6

India green
0.288
0.395
0.317
8.9

text: Note that the values given in the table correspond to CIE 1931 color space. Approximate RGB values for use may be taken to be: India saffron #FF9933, white #FFFFFF, India green #138808, navy blue #000080.[6] Pantone values closest to this are 130 U, White, 2258 C and 2735 C.

text: Symbolism

text: Gandhi first proposed a flag to the Indian National Congress in 1921. The flag was designed by Pingali Venkayya. In the centre was a traditional spinning wheel, symbolising Gandhi's goal of making Indians self-reliant by fabricating their own clothing. The design was then modified to include a white stripe in the centre for other religious communities, and provide a background for the spinning wheel. Subsequently, to avoid sectarian associations with the colour scheme, saffron, white and green were chosen for the three bands, representing courage and sacrifice, peace and truth, and faith and chivalry respectively.[7]

text: A few days before India became independent on 15 August 1947, the specially constituted Constituent Assembly decided that the flag of India must be acceptable to all parties and communities.[8] A modified version of the Swaraj flag was chosen; the tricolour remained the same saffron, white and green. However, the charkha was replaced by the Ashoka Chakra representing the eternal wheel of law. The philosopher Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, who later became India's first Vice President and second President, clarified the adopted flag and described its significance as follows:

text:
“
Bhagwa or the Saffron denotes renunciation or disinterestedness. Our leaders must be indifferent to material gains and dedicate themselves to their work. The white in the centre is light, the path of truth to guide our conduct. The green shows our relation to (the) soil, our relation to the plant life here, on which all other life depends. The "Ashoka Chakra" in the centre of the white is the wheel of the law of dharma. Truth or satya, dharma or virtue ought to be the controlling principle of those who work under this flag. Again, the wheel denotes motion. There is death in stagnation. There is life in movement. India should no more resist change, it must move and go forward. The wheel represents the dynamism of a peaceful change.[9]
”

text: History

text: A number of flags with varying designs were used in the period preceding the Indian Independence Movement by the rulers of different princely states; the idea of a single Indian flag was first raised by the British rulers of India after the rebellion of 1857, which resulted in the establishment of direct imperial rule. The first flag, whose design was based on western heraldic standards, were similar to the flags of other British colonies, including Canada and Australia; its blue field included the Union Flag in the upper-left quadrant and a Star of India capped by the royal crown in the middle of the right half. To address the question of how the star conveyed "Indianness", Queen Victoria created the Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India to honour services to the empire by her Indian subjects. Subsequently, all the Indian princely states received flags with symbols based on the heraldic criteria of Europe including the right to fly defaced British red ensigns.[10][11][12]

text: In the early twentieth century, around the coronation of Edward VII, a discussion started on the need for a heraldic symbol that was representative of the Indian empire. William Coldstream, a British member of the Indian Civil Service, campaigned the government to change the heraldic symbol from a star, which he considered to be a common choice, to something more appropriate. His proposal was not well received by the government; Lord Curzon rejected it for practical reasons including the multiplication of flags.[13] Around this time, nationalist opinion within the realm was leading to a representation through religious tradition. The symbols that were in vogue included the Ganesha, advocated by Bal Gangadhar Tilak, and Kali, advocated by Aurobindo Ghosh and Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay. Another symbol was the cow, or Gau Mata (cow mother). However, all these symbols were Hindu-centric and did not suggest unity with India's Muslim population.[14]

text: The partition of Bengal (1905) resulted in the introduction of a new flag representing the Indian independence movement that sought to unite the multitude of castes and races within the country. The Vande Mataram flag, part of the Swadeshi movement against the British, comprised Indian religious symbols represented in western heraldic fashion. The tricolour flag included eight white lotuses on the upper green band representing the eight provinces, a sun and a crescent on the bottom red band, and the Vande Mataram slogan in Hindi on the central yellow band. The flag was launched in Calcutta bereft of any ceremony and the launch was only briefly covered by newspapers. The flag was not covered in contemporary governmental or political reports either, but was used at the annual session of the Indian National Congress. A slightly modified version was subsequently used by Madam Bhikaji Cama at the second International Socialist Congress in Stuttgart in 1907. Despite the multiple uses of the flag, it failed to generate enthusiasm amongst Indian nationalists.[15]

text: Around the same time, another proposal for the flag was initiated by Sister Nivedita, a Hindu reformist and disciple of Swami Vivekananda. The flag consisted of a thunderbolt in the centre and a hundred and eight oil lamps for the border, with the Vande Mataram caption split around the thunderbolt. It was also presented at the Indian National Congress meeting in 1906.[16] Soon, many other proposals were initiated, but none of them gained attention from the nationalist movement.

text: In 1909, Lord Ampthill, former Governor of the Madras Presidency, wrote to The Times of London in the run up to Empire Day pointing out that there existed "no flag representative of India as a whole or any Indian province ... Surely this is strange, seeing that but for India there would be no Empire."[17]

text: In 1916, Pingali Venkayya submitted thirty new designs, in the form of a booklet funded by members of the High Court of Madras. These many proposals and recommendations did little more than keep the flag movement alive. The same year, Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak adopted a new flag as part of the Home Rule Movement. The flag included the Union Jack in the upper left corner, a star and crescent in the upper right, and seven stars displayed diagonally from the lower right, on a background of five red and four green alternating bands. The flag resulted in the first governmental initiative against any nationalistic flag, as a magistrate in Coimbatore banned its use. The ban was followed by a public debate on the function and importance of a national flag.[18]

text: In the early 1920s, national flag discussions gained prominence across most British dominions following the peace treaty between Britain and Ireland. In November 1920, the Indian delegation to the League of Nations wanted to use an Indian flag, and this prompted the British Indian government to place renewed emphasis on the flag as a national symbol.

text: In April 1921, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi wrote in his journal Young India about the need for an Indian flag, proposing a flag with the charkha or spinning wheel at the centre.[20] The idea of the spinning wheel was put forth by Lala Hansraj, and Gandhi commissioned Pingali Venkayya to design a flag with the spinning wheel on a red and green banner, the red colour signifying Hindus and the green standing for Muslims. Gandhi wanted the flag to be presented at the Congress session of 1921, but it was not delivered on time, and another flag was proposed at the session. Gandhi later wrote that the delay was fortuitous since it allowed him to realise that other religions were not represented; he then added white to the banner colours, to represent all the other religions. Finally, owing to the religious-political sensibilities, in 1929, Gandhi moved towards a more secular interpretation of the flag colours, stating that red stood for the sacrifices of the people, white for purity, and green for hope.[21]

text: On 13 April 1923, during a procession by local Congress volunteers in Nagpur commemorating the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, the Swaraj flag with the spinning wheel, designed by Pingali Venkayya, was hoisted. This event resulted in a confrontation between the Congressmen and the police, after which five people were imprisoned. Over a hundred other protesters continued the flag procession after a meeting. Subsequently, on the first of May, Jamnalal Bajaj, the secretary of the Nagpur Congress Committee, started the Flag Satyagraha, gaining national attention and marking a significant point in the flag movement. The satyagraha, promoted nationally by the Congress, started creating cracks within the organisation in which the Gandhians were highly enthused while the other group, the Swarajists, called it inconsequential.

text: Finally, at the All India Congress Committee meeting in July, 1923, at the insistence of Jawaharlal Nehru and Sarojini Naidu, Congress closed ranks and the flag movement was endorsed. The flag movement was managed by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel with the idea of public processions and flag displays by common people. By the end of the movement, over 1500 people had been arrested across all of British India. The Bombay Chronicle reported that the movement drew from diverse groups of society including farmers, students, merchants, labourers and "national servants". While Muslim participation was moderate, the movement enthused women, who had hitherto rarely participated in the independence movement.[22]

text: While the flag agitation got its impetus from Gandhi's writings and discourses, the movement received political acceptance following the Nagpur incident. News reports, editorials and letters to editors published in various journals and newspapers of the time attest to the subsequent development of a bond between the flag and the nation. Soon, the concept of preserving the honour of the national flag became an integral component of the independence struggle. While Muslims were still wary of the Swaraj flag, it gained acceptance among Muslim leaders of the Congress and the Khilafat Movement as the national flag.

text: Detractors of the flag movement, including Motilal Nehru, soon hailed the Swaraj flag as a symbol of national unity. Thus, the flag became a significant structural component of the institution of India. In contrast to the subdued responses of the past, the British Indian government took greater cognisance of the new flag, and began to define a policy of response. The British parliament discussed public use of the flag, and based on directives from England, the British Indian government threatened to withdraw funds from municipalities and local governments that did not prevent the display of the Swaraj flag.[24] The Swaraj flag became the official flag of Congress at the 1931 meeting. However, by then, the flag had already become the symbol of the independence movement.[25]

text: A few days before India gained its independence in August 1947, the Constituent Assembly was formed. To select a flag for independent India, on 23 June 1947, the assembly set up an ad hoc committee headed by Rajendra Prasad and including Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Sarojini Naidu, C. Rajagopalachari, K. M. Munshi and B. R. Ambedkar as its members.

text: On 14 July 1947, the committee recommended that the flag of the Indian National Congress be adopted as the National Flag of India with suitable modifications, so as to make it acceptable to all parties and communities. It was also resolved that the flag should not have any communal undertones.[5] The spinning wheel of the Congress flag was replaced by the Chakra (wheel) from the Lion Capital of Ashoka. According to Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, the chakra was chosen as it was representative of dharma and law. However, Jawaharlal Nehru explained that the change was more practical in nature, as unlike the flag with the spinning wheel, this design would appear symmetrical. Gandhi was not very pleased by the change, but eventually came around to accepting it.

text: The flag was proposed by Nehru at the Constituent Assembly on 22 July 1947 as a horizontal tricolour of deep saffron, white and dark green in equal proportions, with the Ashoka wheel in blue in the centre of the white band. Nehru also presented two flags, one in Khadi-silk and the other in Khadi-cotton, to the assembly. The resolution was approved unanimously.[28] It served as the national flag of the Dominion of India between 15 August 1947 and 26 January 1950, and has served as the flag of the Republic of India since then.[8]

text: Manufacturing process

text: The design and manufacturing process for the national flag is regulated by three documents issued by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). All of the flags are made out of khadi cloth of silk or cotton. The standards were created in 1968 and were updated in 2008.[29] Nine standard sizes of the flag are specified by law.[1]

text: In 1951, after India became a republic, the Indian Standards Institute (now the BIS) brought out the first official specifications for the flag. These were revised in 1964 to conform to the metric system which was adopted in India. The specifications were further amended on 17 August 1968.[5] The specifications cover all the essential requirements of the manufacture of the Indian flag including sizes, dye colour, chromatic values, brightness, thread count and hemp cordage. The guidelines are covered under civil and criminal laws and defects in the manufacturing process can result in punishments that include fines or jail terms.[30][31]

text: Khadi or hand-spun cloth is the only material allowed to be used for the flag, and flying a flag made of any other material is punishable by law with imprisonment up to three years, besides a fine. Raw materials for khadi are restricted to cotton, silk and wool. There are two kinds of khadi used: The first is the khadi-bunting which makes up the body of the flag, and the second is the khadi-duck, which is a beige-coloured cloth that holds the flag to the pole. The khadi-duck is an unconventional type of weave that meshes three threads into a weave, compared to the two threads used in conventional weaving. This type of weaving is extremely rare, and there are fewer than twenty weavers in India professing this skill. The guidelines also state that there should be exactly 150 threads per square centimetre, four threads per stitch, and one square foot should weigh exactly 205 grams (7.2 oz).[5][30][31][32]

text: There are four places in the country licensed to make the cloth for the national flag, they are in Karnataka, Marathwada, Barabanki in UP, and Banetha in Rajasthan.[33] The woven khadi is obtained from two handloom units in the Dharwad and Bagalkot districts of northern Karnataka. Currently, Karnataka Khadi Gramodyoga Samyukta Sangha based in Hubli is the only licensed flag production and supply unit in India.[31] Permission for setting up flag manufacturing units in India is allotted by the Khadi Development and Village Industries Commission, though the BIS has the power to cancel the licences of units that flout guidelines.[5] The hand-woven khadi for the National Flag was initially manufactured at Garag, a small village in the Dharwad district. A Centre was established at Garag in 1954 by a few freedom fighters under the banner of Dharwad Taluk Kshetriya Seva Sangh and obtained the Centre's licence to make flags.[5]

text: Once woven, the material is sent to the BIS laboratories for testing. After quality testing, the material, if approved, is returned to the factory. It is then separated into three lots which are dyed saffron, white and green. The Ashoka Chakra is screen printed, stencilled or suitably embroidered onto each side of the white cloth. Care also has to be taken that the chakra is completely visible and synchronised on both sides. Three pieces of the required dimension, one of each colour, are then stitched together according to specifications and the final product is ironed and packed. The BIS then checks the colours and only then can the flag be sold.[30][31]

text: Protocol

text: Display and usage of the flag is governed by the Flag Code of India, 2002 (successor to the Flag Code – India, the original flag code); the Emblems and Names (Prevention of Improper Use) Act, 1950; and the Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971.[5] Insults to the national flag, including gross affronts or indignities to it, as well as using it in a manner so as to violate the provisions of the Flag Code, are punishable by law with imprisonment up to three years, or a fine, or both.[34]

text: Official regulation states that the flag must never touch the ground or water, or be used as a drapery in any form.[5] The flag may not be intentionally placed upside down, dipped in anything, or hold any objects other than flower petals before unfurling. No sort of lettering may be inscribed on the flag. When out in the open, the flag should always be flown between sunrise and sunset, irrespective of the weather conditions. Prior to 2009, the flag could be flown on a public building at night under special circumstances; currently, Indian citizens can fly the flag even at night, subject to the restriction that the flag should be hoisted on a tall flagpole and be well-illuminated.[5][35]

text: The flag should never be depicted, displayed or flown upside down. Tradition also states that when draped vertically, the flag should not merely be rotated 90degrees, but also reversed. One "reads" a flag like the pages of a book, from top to bottom and from left to right, and after rotation the results should be the same. It is considered insulting to display the flag in a frayed or dirty state, and the same rule applies to the flagpoles and halyards used to hoist the flag, which should always be in a proper state of maintenance.[1]

text: The original flag code of India did not allow private citizens to fly the national flag except on national days such as Independence Day or Republic Day. In 2001, Naveen Jindal, an industrialist used to the more egalitarian use of the flag in the United States where he studied, flew the Indian flag on his office building. The flag was confiscated and he was warned of prosecution. Jindal filed a public interest litigation petition in the High Court of Delhi; he sought to strike down the restriction on the use of the flag by private citizens, arguing that hoisting the national flag with due decorum and honour was his right as a citizen, and a way of expressing his love for the country.[36][37]

text: At the end of the appeals process, the case was heard by the Supreme Court of India; the court ruled in Jindal's favour, asking the Government of India to consider the matter. The Union Cabinet of India then amended the Indian Flag Code with effect from 26 January 2002, allowing private citizens to hoist the flag on any day of the year, subject to their safeguarding the dignity, honour and respect of the flag.[5] It is also held that the code was not a statute and restrictions under the code ought to be followed; also, the right to fly the flag is a qualified right, unlike the absolute rights guaranteed to citizens, and should be interpreted in the context of Article 19 of the Constitution of India.[5]

text: The original flag code also forbade use of the flag on uniforms, costumes and other clothing. In July 2005, the Government of India amended the code to allow some forms of usage. The amended code forbids usage in clothing below the waist and on undergarments, and forbids embroidering onto pillowcases, handkerchiefs or other dress material.[38]

text: Disposal of damaged flags is also covered by the flag code. Damaged or soiled flags may not be cast aside or disrespectfully destroyed; they have to be destroyed as a whole in private, preferably by burning or by any other method consistent with the dignity of the flag.[1]

text: Display

text: The rules regarding the correct methods to display the flag state that when two flags are fully spread out horizontally on a wall behind a podium, their hoists should be towards each other with the saffron stripes uppermost. If the flag is displayed on a short flagpole, this should be mounted at an angle to the wall with the flag draped tastefully from it. If two national flags are displayed on crossed staffs, the hoists must be towards each other and the flags must be fully spread out. The flag should never be used as a cloth to cover tables, lecterns, podiums or buildings, or be draped from railings.[1]

text: Whenever the flag is displayed indoors in halls at public meetings or gatherings of any kind, it should always be on the right (observers' left), as this is the position of authority. So when the flag is displayed next to a speaker in the hall or other meeting place, it must be placed on the speaker's right hand. When it is displayed elsewhere in the hall, it should be to the right of the audience. The flag should be displayed completely spread out with the saffron stripe on top. If hung vertically on the wall behind the podium, the saffron stripe should be to the left of the onlookers facing the flag with the hoist cord at the top.[1]

text: The flag, when carried in a procession or parade or with another flag or flags, should be on the marching right or alone in the centre at the front. The flag may form a distinctive feature of the unveiling of a statue, monument, or plaque, but should never be used as the covering for the object. As a mark of respect to the flag, it should never be dipped to a person or thing, as opposed to regimental colours, organisational or institutional flags, which may be dipped as a mark of honour. During the ceremony of hoisting or lowering the flag, or when the flag is passing in a parade or in a review, all persons present should face the flag and stand at attention. Those present in uniform should render the appropriate salute. When the flag is in a moving column, persons present will stand at attention or salute as the flag passes them. A dignitary may take the salute without a head dress. The flag salutation should be followed by the playing of the national anthem.[1]

text: The privilege of flying the national flag on vehicles is restricted to the President, the Vice-President or the Prime Minister, Governors and Lieutenant Governors of states, Chief Ministers, Union Ministers, members of the Parliament of India and state legislatures of the Indian states (Vidhan Sabha and Vidhan Parishad), judges of the Supreme Court of India and High Courts, and flag officers of the Army, Navy and Air Force. The flag has to be flown from a staff affixed firmly either on the middle front or to the front right side of the car. When a foreign dignitary travels in a car provided by government, the flag should be flown on the right side of the car while the flag of the foreign country should be flown on the left side.[5]

text: The flag should be flown on the aircraft carrying the President, the Vice-President or the Prime Minister on a visit to a foreign country. Alongside the National Flag, the flag of the country visited should also be flown; however, when the aircraft lands in countries en route, the national flags of the respective countries would be flown instead. When carrying the president within India, aircraft display the flag on the side the president embarks or disembarks; the flag is similarly flown on trains, but only when the train is stationary or approaching a railway station.[1]

text: When the Indian flag is flown on Indian territory along with other national flags, the general rule is that the Indian flag should be the starting point of all flags. When flags are placed in a straight line, the rightmost flag (leftmost to the observer facing the flag) is the Indian flag, followed by other national flags in alphabetical order. When placed in a circle, the Indian flag is the first point and is followed by other flags alphabetically. In such placement, all other flags should be of approximately the same size with no other flag being larger than the Indian flag. Each national flag should also be flown from its own pole and no flag should be placed higher than another. In addition to being the first flag, the Indian flag may also be placed within the row or circle alphabetically. When placed on crossed poles, the Indian flag should be in front of the other flag, and to the right (observer's left) of the other flag. The only exception to the preceding rule is when it is flown along with the flag of the United Nations, which may be placed to the right of the Indian flag.[1]

text: When the Indian flag is displayed with non-national flags, including corporate flags and advertising banners, the rules state that if the flags are on separate staffs, the flag of India should be in the middle, or the furthest left from the viewpoint of the onlookers, or at least one flag's breadth higher than the other flags in the group. Its flagpole must be in front of the other poles in the group, but if they are on the same staff, it must be the uppermost flag. If the flag is carried in procession with other flags, it must be at the head of the marching procession, or if carried with a row of flags in line abreast, it must be carried to the marching right of the procession.[1]

text: Half-mast

text: The flag should be flown at half-mast as a sign of mourning. The decision to do so lies with the President of India, who also decides the period of such mourning. When the flag is to be flown at half mast, it must first be raised to the top of the mast and then slowly lowered. Only the Indian flag is flown half mast; all other flags remain at normal height.

text: The flag is flown half-mast nationwide on the death of the president, Vice-president or prime minister. It is flown half-mast in New Delhi and the state of origin for the Speaker of the Lok Sabha, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, and Union Ministers. On deaths of Governors, Lt. Governors and Chief Ministers, the flag is flown at half-mast in the respective states and union territories.

text: The Indian flag cannot be flown at half-mast on Republic Day (26 January), Independence day (15 August), Gandhi Jayanti (2 October), National Week (6–13 April) or state formation anniversaries, except over buildings housing the body of the deceased dignitary. However, even in such cases, the flag must be raised to full-mast when the body is moved from the building.

text: Observances of State mourning on the death of foreign dignitaries are governed by special instructions issued from the Ministry of Home Affairs in individual cases. However, in the event of death of either the Head of the State or Head of the Government of a foreign country, the Indian Mission accredited to that country may fly the national flag at half-mast.

text: On occasions of state, military, central para-military forces funerals, the flag shall be draped over the bier or coffin with the saffron towards the head of the bier or coffin. The flag should not be lowered into the grave or burnt in the pyre.[1]


document_title: List of Microsoft Windows versions

question_text: what is the latest version of windows os

text: List of Microsoft Windows versions

text: Personal computer versions[edit]

text: In this section, a client version of Windows is a version that end-users or OEMs can install on personal computers, including desktop computers, laptops and workstations.

text:
Windows version
Releasedate
Releaseversion
Editions
Latest build

Windows 10
29 July 2015
NT 10.0[1]

Windows 10 Home
Windows 10 Pro
Windows 10 Pro for Workstations
Windows 10 Pro Education
Windows 10 Enterprise
Windows 10 Enterprise LTSB
Windows 10 Education
Windows 10 IoT Core
Windows 10 IoT Enterprise
Windows 10 S
See Windows 10 editions

17134
(April 2018 Update)

Windows 8.1
17 October 2013
NT 6.3

Windows 8.1
Windows 8.1 Pro
Windows 8.1 Enterprise
Windows 8.1 OEM
Windows 8.1 with Bing
See Windows 8 editions

9600
(April 8 update)

Windows 8
26 October 2012
NT 6.2

Windows 8
Windows 8 Pro
Windows 8 Enterprise
Windows 8 OEM
See Windows 8 editions

9200

Windows 7
22 July 2009
NT 6.1

Windows 7 Starter
Windows 7 Home Basic
Windows 7 Home Premium
Windows 7 Pro
Windows 7 Enterprise Business Edition
Windows 7 Ultimate
Windows Thin PC
See Windows 7 editions

7601
(Service Pack 1)

Windows Vista
30 January 2007
NT 6.0

Windows Vista Starter
Windows Vista Home Basic
Windows Vista Home Premium
Windows Vista Business
Windows Vista Enterprise
Windows Vista Ultimate
See Windows Vista editions

6002
(Service Pack 2)

Windows XP Professional x64
25 April 2005
NT 5.2
N/A

3790
(Service Pack 2)

Windows XP
25 October 2001
NT 5.1

Windows XP Starter
Windows XP Home
Windows XP Professional
Windows XP 64-bit Edition
Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs (8 July 2006)
See Windows XP editions

2600
(Service Pack 3)

Windows ME
14 September 2000
4.90
N/A

3000

Windows 2000
17 February 2000
NT 5.0
Professional

2195

Windows 98
25 June 1998
4.10

Windows 98
Windows 98 Second Edition (23 April 1999)

2222 A

Windows NT 4.0
24 August 1996
NT 4.0
Windows NT 4.0 Workstation

1381
(Service Pack 6a)

Windows 95
24 August 1995
4.00

Windows 95
Windows 95 SP1 (31 December 1995)
Windows 95 OSR1 (14 February 1996)
Windows 95 OSR2 (24 August 1996)
Windows 95 USB Supplement to OSR2 (27 August 1997)
Windows 95 OSR2.1 (27 August 1997)
Windows 95 OSR2.5 (26 November 1997)

950

Windows NT 3.51
30 May 1995
NT 3.51
Windows NT 3.51 Workstation

1057

Windows NT 3.5
21 September 1994
NT 3.50
Windows NT 3.5 Workstation

807

Windows 3.2
22 November 1993
3.2
N/A

Windows for Workgroups 3.11
November 1993
3.11
N/A

Windows NT 3.1
27 July 1993
NT 3.10
Windows NT 3.1

528

Windows 3.1
April 1992
3.10

Windows 3.1
Windows for Workgroups 3.1 (October 1992)

Windows 3.0
22 May 1990
3.00
N/A

Windows 2.11
13 March 1989
2.11

Windows/286
Windows/386

Windows 2.10
27 May 1988
2.10

Windows/286
Windows/386

Windows 2.03
9 December 1987
2.03
N/A

Windows 1.04
April 1987
1.04
N/A

Windows 1.03
August 1986
1.03
N/A

Windows 1.02
May 1986
1.02
N/A

Windows 1.01
20 November 1985
1.0
N/A

text: Server versions[edit]

text:
Name
Releasedate
Releaseversionnumber
Editions

Windows Server 2019
Tentatively Q4 2018

Windows Server 2019 Essentials
Windows Server 2019 Standard
Windows Server 2019 Datacenter

Windows Server 2016
12 October 2016
NT 10.0

Windows Server 2016 Essentials
Windows Server 2016 Standard
Windows Server 2016 Datacenter

Windows Server 2012 R2
17 October 2013
NT 6.3

Windows Server 2012 R2 Foundation
Windows Server 2012 R2 Essentials
Windows Server 2012 R2 Standard
Windows Server 2012 R2 Datacenter

Windows Server 2012
4 September 2012
NT 6.2

Windows Server 2012 Foundation
Windows Server 2012 Essentials
Windows Server 2012 Standard
Windows Server 2012 Datacenter
Windows MultiPoint Server 2012

Windows Server 2008 R2
22 October 2009
NT 6.1

Windows Server 2008 R2 Foundation
Windows Server 2008 R2 Standard
Windows Server 2008 R2 Enterprise
Windows Server 2008 R2 Datacenter
Windows Server 2008 R2 for Itanium-based Systems
Windows Web Server 2008 R2
Windows Storage Server 2008 R2
Windows HPC Server 2008 R2
Windows Small Business Server 2011
Windows MultiPoint Server 2011
Windows Home Server 2011
Windows MultiPoint Server 2010

Windows Server 2008
27 February 2008
NT 6.0

Windows Server 2008 Standard
Windows Server 2008 Enterprise
Windows Server 2008 Datacenter
Windows Server 2008 for Itanium-based Systems
Windows Server Foundation 2008
Windows Essential Business Server 2008
Windows HPC Server 2008
Windows Small Business Server 2008
Windows Storage Server 2008
Windows Web Server 2008

Windows Server 2003 R2
6 December 2005
NT 5.2

Windows Small Business Server 2003 R2
Windows Server 2003 R2 Web Edition
Windows Server 2003 R2 Standard Edition
Windows Server 2003 R2 Enterprise Edition
Windows Server 2003 R2 Datacenter Edition
Windows Compute Cluster Server 2003 (CCS)
Windows Storage Server
Windows Home Server

Windows Server 2003
24 April 2003
NT 5.2

Windows Small Business Server 2003
Windows Server 2003 Web Edition
Windows Server 2003 Standard Edition
Windows Server 2003 Enterprise Edition
Windows Server 2003 Datacenter Edition
Windows Storage Server

Windows 2000
17 February 2000
NT 5.0

Windows 2000 Server
Windows 2000 Advanced Server
Windows 2000 Datacenter Server

Windows NT 4.0
29 July 1996
NT 4.0

Windows NT 4.0 Server
Windows NT 4.0 Server Enterprise
Windows NT 4.0 Terminal Server Edition

Windows NT 3.51
June 1995
NT 3.51
Windows NT 3.51 Server

Windows NT 3.5
September 1994
NT 3.50
Windows NT 3.5 Server

Windows NT 3.1
August 1993
NT 3.10
Windows NT 3.1 Advanced Server

text: Device versions[edit]

text: Appliances[edit]

text:
Name
Releasedate
Releaseversion
An edition of
Sold with

Windows RT 8.1
18 October 2013
NT 6.3
Windows 8.1
ARM-based tablet computers

Windows RT
26 October 2012
NT 6.2
Windows 8
ARM-based tablet computers

Windows XP Tablet PC Edition
November 2002
NT 5.1
Windows XP
Microsoft Tablet PC

Windows XP Media Center Edition
2002, 2003, 2004 and 2005
NT 5.1
Windows XP
Home theater PCs, network attached storage (NAS) and set-top boxes

text: Mobile devices[edit]

text: Mobile devices include smartphones, handheld tablet computers and personal digital assistants

text:
Windows 10
Windows 10 Mobile
Windows 10 Mobile Enterprise
Windows 10 IoT Mobile Enterprise
Windows Phone
Windows Phone 8.1
Windows Phone 8
Windows Phone 7.8
Windows Phone 7.5
Windows Phone 7
Windows Mobile
Windows Mobile 6.5
Windows Mobile 6.1
Windows Mobile 6.0
Windows Mobile 5.0
Windows Mobile 2003 SE
Windows Mobile 2003
Pocket PC 2002
Pocket PC 2000

tag: ul

text: Embedded devices[edit]

text:
Windows Embedded
Windows Embedded 8
Windows Embedded Automotive
Windows Embedded Industry
Windows XP Embedded
Windows NT 4.0 Embedded – Abbreviated NTe, it is an edition of Windows NT 4.0 that was aimed at computer-powered major appliances, vending machines, ATMs and other devices that cannot be considered computers per se. It is the same system as the standard Windows NT 4.0, but it comes packaged in a database of components and dependencies, from which a developer can choose individual components to build customized setup CDs and hard disk boot images. Windows NT 4.0 Embedded includes Service Pack 5.
Windows Embedded Compact
Windows Embedded Compact 2013
Windows Embedded Compact 7
Windows Embedded CE 6.0 (2006)
Windows CE 5.0 (2005), with version for smart phones and PDAs sold as Windows Mobile 5.0
Windows CE 4.2 (2004), with version for smart phones and PDAs sold as Windows Mobile 2003 SE
Windows CE 4.1 (2003), with version for smart phones and PDAs sold as Pocket PC 2003
Windows CE 4.0 (2002), with version for smart phones and PDAs sold as Pocket PC 2002
Windows CE 3.0 (2000 July), with version for smart phones and PDAs sold as Pocket PC 2000
Windows CE 2.12 (1999 August)
Windows CE 2.11 (1998 October)
Windows CE 2.1 (1998 July)
Windows CE 2.0 (1998 November)
Windows CE 1.0 (1995 November)

text: Cancelled versions[edit]

text:
Windows Odyssey – a version intended to be an update to the Microsoft Windows NT 5.x codebase. The teams working on Neptune and Odyssey combined to work on Windows XP.
Windows Mobile 7 or Photon - originally a successor of Windows Mobile, it had been scrapped for Windows Phone 7 with Metro UI.[2][3]
Windows Neptune (27 December 1999) – the first planned version of Microsoft Windows NT to have a consumer edition variant, based on the Windows 2000 codebase. A version was sent out to testers but was never released.[4]
Windows Nashville (2 May 1996) – also known as Windows 96
Cairo (29 February 1996) – a "true object-oriented OS", planned after Windows NT 4.0.

text: Timeline[edit]


document_title: List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders

question_text: who is the nba all time scoring leader

question_tokens: who is the nba all time scoring leader

text: Scoring leaders[edit]

text: The following is a list of National Basketball Association players by total career regular season points scored.

text:
^
Active NBA player

*
Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

†
Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration [1]

text:
Rank
Player
Position(s)
Team(s) played for (years)[2]
Total points
Games
played
Points
per game
average[3]
Field goals
made
Three-point
field goals
made[4]
Free
throws
made

1

Abdul-Jabbar, KareemKareem Abdul-Jabbar*[5]

C
Milwaukee Bucks (1969–1975)
Los Angeles Lakers (1975–1989)
38,387
1,560
24.6
15,836
1
6,712

2

Malone, KarlKarl Malone*

PF
Utah Jazz (1985–2003)
Los Angeles Lakers (2003–2004)
36,928
1,476
25.0
13,528
85
9,787

3

Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant†

SG
Los Angeles Lakers (1996–2016)
33,643
1,346
25.0
11,719
1,827
8,378

4
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan*
SG
Chicago Bulls (1984–1993; 1995–1998)
Washington Wizards (2001–2003)
32,292
1,072
30.1
12,192
581
7,327

5
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
C
Philadelphia/San Francisco Warriors (1959–1965)
Philadelphia 76ers (1965–1968)
Los Angeles Lakers (1968–1973)
31,419
1,045
30.1
12,681
0
6,057

6
Nowitzki, DirkDirk Nowitzki^
PF
Dallas Mavericks (1998–present)
30,260
1,394
21.7
10,688
1,780
7,104

7
James, LeBronLeBron James^
SF
Cleveland Cavaliers (2003–2010; 2014–present)
Miami Heat (2010–2014)
28,787
1,061
27.1
10,423
1,467
6,474

8
O'Neal, ShaquilleShaquille O'Neal*
C
Orlando Magic (1992–1996)
Los Angeles Lakers (1996–2004)
Miami Heat (2004–2008)
Phoenix Suns (2008–2009)
Cleveland Cavaliers (2009–2010)
Boston Celtics (2010–2011)
28,596
1,207
23.7
11,330
1
5,935

9
Malone, MosesMoses Malone*
C
Buffalo Braves (1976)
Houston Rockets (1976–1982)
Philadelphia 76ers (1982–1986; 1993–1994)
Washington Bullets (1986–1988)
Atlanta Hawks (1988–1991)
Milwaukee Bucks (1991–1993)
San Antonio Spurs (1994–1995)
27,409
1,329
20.6
9,435
8
8,531

10
Hayes, ElvinElvin Hayes*
PF/C
San Diego/Houston Rockets (1968–1972; 1981–1984)
Baltimore/Capital/Washington Bullets (1972–1981)
27,313
1,303
21.0
10,976
5
5,356

11
Olajuwon, HakeemHakeem Olajuwon*[6]
C
Houston Rockets (1984–2001)
Toronto Raptors (2001–2002)
26,946
1,238
21.8
10,749
25
5,423

12
Robertson, OscarOscar Robertson*
PG
Cincinnati Royals (1960–1970)
Milwaukee Bucks (1970–1974)
26,710
1,040
25.7
9,508
0
7,694

13
Wilkins, DominiqueDominique Wilkins*
SF
Atlanta Hawks (1982–1994)
Los Angeles Clippers (1994)
Boston Celtics (1994–1995)
San Antonio Spurs (1996–1997)
Orlando Magic (1999)
26,668
1,074
24.8
9,963
711
6,031

14
Duncan, TimTim Duncan†
PF/C
San Antonio Spurs (1997–2016)
26,496
1,392
19.0
10,285
30
5,896

15
Pierce, PaulPaul Pierce†
SF/SG
Boston Celtics (1998–2013)
Brooklyn Nets (2013–2014)
Washington Wizards (2014–2015)
Los Angeles Clippers (2015–2017)
26,397
1,343
19.7
8,668
2,143
6,918

16
Havlicek, JohnJohn Havlicek*
SF/SG
Boston Celtics (1962–1978)
26,395
1,270
20.8
10,513
0
5,369

17
Garnett, KevinKevin Garnett†
PF/C
Minnesota Timberwolves (1995–2007, 2015–2016)
Boston Celtics (2007–2013)
Brooklyn Nets (2013–2015)
26,071
1,462
17.8
10,505
174
4,887

18
English, AlexAlex English*
SF
Milwaukee Bucks (1976–1978)
Indiana Pacers (1978–1980)
Denver Nuggets (1980–1990)
Dallas Mavericks (1990–1991)
25,613
1,193
21.5
10,659
18
4,277

19
Miller, ReggieReggie Miller*
SG
Indiana Pacers (1987–2005)
25,279
1,389
18.2
8,241
2,560
6,237

20
West, JerryJerry West*
PG/SG
Los Angeles Lakers (1960–1974)
25,192
932
27.0
9,016
0
7,160

21
Ewing, PatrickPatrick Ewing*
C
New York Knicks (1985–2000)
Seattle SuperSonics (2000–2001)
Orlando Magic (2001–2002)
24,815
1,183
21.0
9,702
19
5,392

22
Carter, VinceVince Carter^
SG/SF
Toronto Raptors (1998–2004)
New Jersey Nets (2004–2009)
Orlando Magic (2009–2010)
Phoenix Suns (2010–2011)
Dallas Mavericks (2011–2014)
Memphis Grizzlies (2014–2017)
Sacramento Kings (2017–present)
24,555
1,347
18.2
8,876
2,049
4,754

23
Allen, RayRay Allen†
SG
Milwaukee Bucks (1996–2003)
Seattle SuperSonics (2003–2007)
Boston Celtics (2007–2012)
Miami Heat (2012–2014)
24,505
1,300
18.9
8,567
2,973
4,398

24
Iverson, AllenAllen Iverson*
SG/PG
Philadelphia 76ers (1996–2006, 2009–2010)
Denver Nuggets (2006–2008)
Detroit Pistons (2008–2009)
Memphis Grizzlies (2009)
24,368
914
26.7
8,467
1,061
6,385

25
Anthony, CarmeloCarmelo Anthony^
SF
Denver Nuggets (2003–2011)
New York Knicks (2011–2017)
Oklahoma City Thunder (2017–present)
24,156
976
24.8
8,616
1,172
5,752

26
Barkley, CharlesCharles Barkley*
PF
Philadelphia 76ers (1984–1992)
Phoenix Suns (1992–1996)
Houston Rockets (1996–2000)
23,757
1,073
22.1
8,435
538
6,349

27
Parish, RobertRobert Parish*
C
Golden State Warriors (1976–1980)
Boston Celtics (1980–1994)
Charlotte Hornets (1994–1996)
Chicago Bulls (1996–1997)
23,334
1,611
14.5
9,614
0
4,106

28
Dantley, AdrianAdrian Dantley*
SF
Buffalo Braves (1976–1977)
Indiana Pacers (1977)
Los Angeles Lakers (1977–1979)
Utah Jazz (1979–1986)
Detroit Pistons (1986–1989)
Dallas Mavericks (1989–1990)
Milwaukee Bucks (1990–1991)
23,177
955
24.3
8,169
7
6,832

29
Baylor, ElginElgin Baylor*
SF
Minneapolis/Los Angeles Lakers (1958–1971)
23,149
846
27.4
8,693
0
5,763

30
Drexler, ClydeClyde Drexler*
SG
Portland Trail Blazers (1983–1995)
Houston Rockets (1995–1998)
22,195
1,086
20.4
8,335
827
4,698

31
Payton, GaryGary Payton*
PG
Seattle SuperSonics (1990–2003)
Milwaukee Bucks (2003)
Los Angeles Lakers (2003–2004)
Boston Celtics (2004–2005)
Miami Heat (2005–2007)
21,813
1,335
16.3
8,708
1,132
3,265

32
Bird, LarryLarry Bird*
SF/PF
Boston Celtics (1979–1992)
21,791
897
24.3
8,591
649
3,960

33
Greer, HalHal Greer*
SG/PG
Syracuse Nationals/Philadelphia 76ers (1958–1973)
21,586
1,122
19.2
8,504
0
4,578

34
Wade, DwyaneDwyane Wade^
SG
Miami Heat (2003–2016)
Chicago Bulls (2016–2017)
Cleveland Cavaliers (2017–present)
21,317
915
23.3
7,739
431
5,408

35
Bellamy, WaltWalt Bellamy*
C
Chicago Packers/Zephyrs/Baltimore Bullets (1961–1965)
New York Knicks (1965–1968)
Detroit Pistons (1968–1970)
Atlanta Hawks (1970–1974)
New Orleans Jazz (1974)
20,941
1,043
20.1
7,914
0
5,113

36
Pettit, BobBob Pettit*
PF/C
Milwaukee/St. Louis Hawks (1954–1965)
20,880
792
26.4
7,349
0
6,182

37
Robinson, DavidDavid Robinson*
C
San Antonio Spurs (1989–2003)
20,790
987
21.1
7,365
25
6,035

38
Gervin, GeorgeGeorge Gervin*
SG/SF
San Antonio Spurs (1976–1985)
Chicago Bulls (1985–1986)
20,708
791
26.2
8,045
77
4,541

39
Richmond, MitchMitch Richmond*
SG
Golden State Warriors (1988–1991)
Sacramento Kings (1991–1998)
Washington Wizards (1998–2001)
Los Angeles Lakers (2001–2002)
20,497
976
21.0
7,305
1,326
4,561

40
Chambers, TomTom Chambers
PF
San Diego Clippers (1981–1983)
Seattle SuperSonics (1983–1988)
Phoenix Suns (1988–1993)
Utah Jazz (1993–1995)
Charlotte Hornets (1997)
Philadelphia 76ers (1997)
20,049
1,107
18.1
7,378
227
5,066

41
Jamison, AntawnAntawn Jamison†
PF/SF
Golden State Warriors (1998–2003)
Dallas Mavericks (2003–2004)
Washington Wizards (2004–2010)
Cleveland Cavaliers (2010–2012)
Los Angeles Lakers (2012–2013)
Los Angeles Clippers (2013–2014)
20,042
1,083
18.5
7,679
1,163
3,521

42
Johnson, JoeJoe Johnson^
SG/SF
Boston Celtics (2001–2002)
Phoenix Suns (2002–2005)
Atlanta Hawks (2005–2012)
Brooklyn Nets (2012–2016)
Miami Heat (2016)
Utah Jazz (2016–present)
20,033
1,220
16.4
7,676
1,938
2,743

43
Gasol, PauPau Gasol^
C/PF
Memphis Grizzlies (2001–2008)
Los Angeles Lakers (2008–2014)
Chicago Bulls (2014–2016)
San Antonio Spurs (2016–present)
20,001
1,119
17.9
7,651
130
4,569

44
Stockton, JohnJohn Stockton*
PG
Utah Jazz (1984–2003)
19,711
1,504
13.1
7,039
845
4,788

45
King, BernardBernard King*
SF
New Jersey Nets (1977–1979; 1993)
Utah Jazz (1979–1980)
Golden State Warriors (1980–1982)
New York Knicks (1982–1987)
Washington Bullets (1987–1991)
19,655
874
22.5
7,830
23
3,972

46
Robinson, CliffCliff Robinson
PF/SF
Portland Trail Blazers (1989–1997)
Phoenix Suns (1997–2001)
Detroit Pistons (2001–2003)
Golden State Warriors (2003–2005)
New Jersey Nets (2005–2007)
19,591
1,380
14.2
7,389
1,253
3,560

47
Davis, WalterWalter Davis
SG/SF
Phoenix Suns (1977–1988)
Denver Nuggets (1988–1991; 1991–1992)
Portland Trail Blazers (1991)
19,521
1,033
18.9
8,118
157
3,128

48
Cummings, TerryTerry Cummings
PF
San Diego Clippers (1982–1984)
Milwaukee Bucks (1984–1989; 1995–1996)
San Antonio Spurs (1989–1995)
Seattle SuperSonics (1996–1997)
Philadelphia 76ers (1997–1998)
New York Knicks (1998)
Golden State Warriors (1999–2000)
19,460
1,183
16.4
8,045
44
3,326

49
Lanier, BobBob Lanier*
C
Detroit Pistons (1970–1980)
Milwaukee Bucks (1980–1984)
19,248
959
20.1
7,761
2
3,724

50
Johnson, EddieEddie Johnson
SF
Kansas City/Sacramento Kings (1981–1987)
Phoenix Suns (1987–1990)
Seattle SuperSonics (1990–1993)
Charlotte Hornets (1993–1994)
Indiana Pacers (1995–1997)
Houston Rockets (1997–1999)
19,202
1,199
16.0
7,727
562
3,186

text: Active Players with at least 15,000 points[edit]

text: This is a list of active players in the National Basketball Association that have scored at least 15,000 points but have yet to crack the top 50 all-time scoring list shown above.

text:
Kevin Durant 19,121 points
Jason Terry 18,715 points
Tony Parker 18,522 points
Jamal Crawford 18,084 points
Zach Randolph 17,721 points
Chris Bosh 17,189 points
Dwight Howard 16,652 points
Chris Paul 15,610 points
Russell Westbrook 15,156 points
LaMarcus Aldridge 15,136 points

text: Progressive list of scoring leaders[edit]

text: This is a progressive list of scoring leaders showing how the record increased through the years.[7]

text:
^
Active NBA player

*
Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

†
Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration[1]

§
1st time eligible for Hall of Fame in 2018 [8]

text:
Team abbreviations
Team(s) listed is the one player was on when he established the record.

ATL
Atlanta Hawks
DET
Detroit Pistons
MIL
Milwaukee Bucks
PHX
Phoenix Suns

BOS
Boston Celtics
FTW
Fort Wayne Pistons
MIN
Minnesota Timberwolves
PHW
Philadelphia Warriors

BUF
Buffalo Braves
GSW
Golden State Warriors
MNL
Minneapolis Lakers
SAS
San Antonio Spurs

CHI
Chicago Bulls
HOU
Houston Rockets
NOJ
New Orleans Jazz
SDR
San Diego Rockets

CHS
Chicago Stags
IND
Indiana Pacers
NOP
New Orleans Pelicans
SFW
San Francisco Warriors

CLE
Cleveland Cavaliers
KCO
Kansas City-Omaha Kings
OKC
Oklahoma City Thunder
STL
St. Louis Hawks

DAL
Dallas Mavericks
LAL
Los Angeles Lakers
ORL
Orlando Magic
SYR
Syracuse Nationals

DEN
Denver Nuggets
MIA
Miami Heat
PHI
Philadelphia 76ers
UTA
Utah Jazz

text:
Scoring Leader at the end of every season

Season
Year-by-year leader
Points
Active player points leader
Total points
Career points record
Total points
Single-season points record
Points
Season

1946–47
Joe Fulks*000PHW
1,389
Joe Fulks*000PHW
1,389
Joe Fulks*000PHW
1,389
Joe Fulks*000PHW
1,389
1946–47

1947–48
Max Zaslofsky000CHS
1,007
2,338
2,338
1947–48

1948–49
George Mikan*000MNL
1,698
3,898
3,898
George Mikan*000MNL
1,698
1948–49

1949–50
1,865
4,863
4,863
1,865
1949–50

1950–51
1,932
6,099
6,099
1,932
1950–51

1951–52
Paul Arizin*000PHW
1,674
7,021
7,021
1951–52

1952–53
Neil Johnston*000PHW
1,564
George Mikan*000MNL
8,460
George Mikan*000MNL
8,460
1952–53

1953–54
1,759
9,766
9,766
1953–54

1954–55
1,631
Max Zaslofsky000FTW
7,902
1954–55

1955–56
Bob Pettit*000STL
1,849
George Mikan*000MNL
10,156
10,156
1955–56

1956–57
Paul Arizin*000PHW
1,817
Ed Macauley*000STL
10,150
1956–57

1957–58
George Yardley*000DET
2,001
Dolph Schayes*000SYR
11,764
Dolph Schayes*000SYR
11,764
George Yardley*000DET
2,001
1957–58

1958–59
Bob Pettit*000STL
2,105
13,298
13,298
Bob Pettit*000STL
2,105
1958–59

1959–60
Wilt Chamberlain*
000PHW 1959–62
000SFW 1962–65
000PHI 1965–66
2,707
14,987
14,987
Wilt Chamberlain*000PHW
2,707
1959–60

1960–61
3,033
16,855
16,855
3,033
1960–61

1961–62
4,029
17,677
17,677
4,029
1961–62

1962–63
3,586
18,304
18,304
1962–63

1963–64
2,948
Bob Pettit*000STL
19,756
Bob Pettit*000STL
19,756
1963–64

1964–65
2,534
20,880
20,880
1964–65

1965–66
2,649
Wilt Chamberlain*
000PHI 1965–68
000LAL 1968–73
21,486
Wilt Chamberlain*
000PHI 1965–68
000LAL 1968–73
21,486
1965–66

1966–67
Rick Barry*000SFW
2,775
23,442
23,442
1966–67

1967–68
Dave Bing*000DET
2,142
25,434
25,434
1967–68

1968–69
Elvin Hayes*000SDR
2,327
27,098
27,098
1968–69

1969–70
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar*000MIL
2,361
27,426
27,426
1969–70

1970–71
2,596
29,122
29,122
1970–71

1971–72
2,822
30,335
30,335
1971–72

1972–73
Tiny Archibald*000KCO
2,719
31,419
31,419
1972–73

1973–74
Bob McAdoo*000BUF
2,261
Oscar Robertson*000MIL
26,710
1973–74

1974–75
2,831
John Havlicek*000BOS
22,389
1974–75

1975–76
2,427
23,678
1975–76

1976–77
Pete Maravich*000NOJ
2,273
25,073
1976–77

1977–78
George Gervin*000SAS
2,232
26,395
1977–78

1978–79
2,365
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar*
000LAL
22,141
1978–79

1979–80
2,585
24,175
1979–80

1980–81
Adrian Dantley*000UTA
2,452
26,270
1980–81

1981–82
George Gervin*000SAS
2,551
28,088
1981–82

1982–83
Alex English*000DEN
2,326
29,810
1982–83

1983–84
Adrian Dantley*000UTA
2,418
31,527
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar*000LAL
31,527
1983–84

1984–85
Michael Jordan*000CHI
2,313
33,262
33,262
1984–85

1985–86
Alex English*000DEN
2,414
35,108
35,108
1985–86

1986–87
Michael Jordan*000CHI
3,041
36,474
36,474
1986–87

1987–88
2,868
37,639
37,639
1987–88

1988–89
2,633
38,387
38,387
1988–89

1989–90
2,753
Moses Malone*
000ATL 1989–91
000MIL 1991–93
000PHI 1993–94
000SAS 1994–95
24,868
1989–90

1990–91
2,580
25,737
1990–91

1991–92
2,404
27,016
1991–92

1992–93
2,541
27,066
1992–93

1993–94
David Robinson*000SAS
2,383
27,360
1993–94

1994–95
Shaquille O'Neal*000ORL
2,315
27,409
1994–95

1995–96
Michael Jordan*000CHI
2,491
Michael Jordan*000CHI
24,489
1995–96

1996–97
2,431
26,920
1996–97

1997–98
2,357
29,277
1997–98

1998–99
Shaquille O'Neal*000LAL
1,289
Karl Malone*
000UTA 1998–2003
000LAL 2003–04
28,946
1998–99

1999–00
2,344
31,041
1999–00

2000–01
Jerry Stackhouse§00DET
2,380
32,919
2000–01

2001–02
Paul Pierce†000BOS
2,144
34,707
2001–02

2002–03
Kobe Bryant†000LAL
2,461
36,374
2002–03

2003–04
Kevin Garnett†000MIN
1,987
36,928
2003–04

2004–05
Allen Iverson*000PHI
2,302
Reggie Miller*000IND
25,279
2004–05

2005–06
Kobe Bryant†000LAL
2,832
Shaquille O'Neal*
000MIA 2005–08
000PHO 2008–09
000CLE 2009–10
000BOS 2010–11
24,764
2005–06

2006–07
2,430
25,454
2006–07

2007–08
2,323
26,286
2007–08

2008–09
Dwyane Wade^000MIA
2,386
27,619
2008–09

2009–10
Kevin Durant^000OKC
2,472
28,255
2009–10

2010–11
2,161
28,596
2010–11

2011–12
1,850
Kobe Bryant†
000LAL
29,484
2011–12

2012–13
2,280
31,617
2012–13

2013–14
2,593
31,700
2013–14

2014–15
James Harden^000HOU
2,217
32,482
2014–15

2015–16
2,376
33,643
2015–16

2016–17
Russell Westbrook^000OKC
2,558
Dirk Nowitzki^000DAL
30,260
Abdul-Jabbar*0 34 yrs
38,387
Chamberlain*058 yrs
4,029
2016–17

Season
Year-by-Year Leader
Points
Active Player Points Leader
Total points
Career Points Record
Total points
Single Season Points Record
Points
Season