document_title: Wavelength

question_text: what is the unit of wavelength of light

question_tokens: what is the unit of wavelength of light

text: Wavelength

text: Sinusoidal waves[edit]

text: In linear media, any wave pattern can be described in terms of the independent propagation of sinusoidal components. The wavelength λ of a sinusoidal waveform traveling at constant speed v is given by[8]

text: where v is called the phase speed (magnitude of the phase velocity) of the wave and f is the wave's frequency. In a dispersive medium, the phase speed itself depends upon the frequency of the wave, making the relationship between wavelength and frequency nonlinear.

text: In the case of electromagnetic radiation—such as light—in free space, the phase speed is the speed of light, about 3×108 m/s. Thus the wavelength of a 100 MHz electromagnetic (radio) wave is about: 3×108 m/s divided by 108 Hz = 3 metres. The wavelength of visible light ranges from deep red, roughly 700 nm, to violet, roughly 400 nm (for other examples, see electromagnetic spectrum).

text: For sound waves in air, the speed of sound is 343 m/s (at room temperature and atmospheric pressure). The wavelengths of sound frequencies audible to the human ear (20 Hz–20 kHz) are thus between approximately 17 m and 17 mm, respectively. Note that the wavelengths in audible sound are much longer than those in visible light.

text: Standing waves[edit]

text: A standing wave is an undulatory motion that stays in one place. A sinusoidal standing wave includes stationary points of no motion, called nodes, and the wavelength is twice the distance between nodes.

text: The upper figure shows three standing waves in a box. The walls of the box are considered to require the wave to have nodes at the walls of the box (an example of boundary conditions) determining which wavelengths are allowed. For example, for an electromagnetic wave, if the box has ideal metal walls, the condition for nodes at the walls results because the metal walls cannot support a tangential electric field, forcing the wave to have zero amplitude at the wall.

text: The stationary wave can be viewed as the sum of two traveling sinusoidal waves of oppositely directed velocities.[9] Consequently, wavelength, period, and wave velocity are related just as for a traveling wave. For example, the speed of light can be determined from observation of standing waves in a metal box containing an ideal vacuum.

text: Mathematical representation[edit]

text: Traveling sinusoidal waves are often represented mathematically in terms of their velocity v (in the x direction), frequency f and wavelength λ as:

text: where y is the value of the wave at any position x and time t, and A is the amplitude of the wave. They are also commonly expressed in terms of wavenumber k (2π times the reciprocal of wavelength) and angular frequency ω (2π times the frequency) as:

text: in which wavelength and wavenumber are related to velocity and frequency as:

text: or

text: In the second form given above, the phase (kx − ωt) is often generalized to (k•r − ωt), by replacing the wavenumber k with a wave vector that specifies the direction and wavenumber of a plane wave in 3-space, parameterized by position vector r. In that case, the wavenumber k, the magnitude of k, is still in the same relationship with wavelength as shown above, with v being interpreted as scalar speed in the direction of the wave vector. The first form, using reciprocal wavelength in the phase, does not generalize as easily to a wave in an arbitrary direction.

text: Generalizations to sinusoids of other phases, and to complex exponentials, are also common; see plane wave. The typical convention of using the cosine phase instead of the sine phase when describing a wave is based on the fact that the cosine is the real part of the complex exponential in the wave

text: General media[edit]

text: The speed of a wave depends upon the medium in which it propagates. In particular, the speed of light in a medium is less than in vacuum, which means that the same frequency will correspond to a shorter wavelength in the medium than in vacuum, as shown in the figure at right.

text: This change in speed upon entering a medium causes refraction, or a change in direction of waves that encounter the interface between media at an angle.[10] For electromagnetic waves, this change in the angle of propagation is governed by Snell's law.

text: The wave velocity in one medium not only may differ from that in another, but the velocity typically varies with wavelength. As a result, the change in direction upon entering a different medium changes with the wavelength of the wave.

text: For electromagnetic waves the speed in a medium is governed by its refractive index according to

text: where c is the speed of light in vacuum and n(λ0) is the refractive index of the medium at wavelength λ0, where the latter is measured in vacuum rather than in the medium. The corresponding wavelength in the medium is

text: When wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation are quoted, the wavelength in vacuum usually is intended unless the wavelength is specifically identified as the wavelength in some other medium. In acoustics, where a medium is essential for the waves to exist, the wavelength value is given for a specified medium.

text: The variation in speed of light with vacuum wavelength is known as dispersion, and is also responsible for the familiar phenomenon in which light is separated into component colors by a prism. Separation occurs when the refractive index inside the prism varies with wavelength, so different wavelengths propagate at different speeds inside the prism, causing them to refract at different angles. The mathematical relationship that describes how the speed of light within a medium varies with wavelength is known as a dispersion relation.

text: Nonuniform media[edit]

text: Wavelength can be a useful concept even if the wave is not periodic in space. For example, in an ocean wave approaching shore, shown in the figure, the incoming wave undulates with a varying local wavelength that depends in part on the depth of the sea floor compared to the wave height. The analysis of the wave can be based upon comparison of the local wavelength with the local water depth.[11]

text: Waves that are sinusoidal in time but propagate through a medium whose properties vary with position (an inhomogeneous medium) may propagate at a velocity that varies with position, and as a result may not be sinusoidal in space. The figure at right shows an example. As the wave slows down, the wavelength gets shorter and the amplitude increases; after a place of maximum response, the short wavelength is associated with a high loss and the wave dies out.

text: The analysis of differential equations of such systems is often done approximately, using the WKB method (also known as the Liouville–Green method). The method integrates phase through space using a local wavenumber, which can be interpreted as indicating a "local wavelength" of the solution as a function of time and space.[12][13] This method treats the system locally as if it were uniform with the local properties; in particular, the local wave velocity associated with a frequency is the only thing needed to estimate the corresponding local wavenumber or wavelength. In addition, the method computes a slowly changing amplitude to satisfy other constraints of the equations or of the physical system, such as for conservation of energy in the wave.

text: Crystals[edit]

text: Waves in crystalline solids are not continuous, because they are composed of vibrations of discrete particles arranged in a regular lattice. This produces aliasing because the same vibration can be considered to have a variety of different wavelengths, as shown in the figure.[14] Descriptions using more than one of these wavelengths are redundant; it is conventional to choose the longest wavelength that fits the phenomenon. The range of wavelengths sufficient to provide a description of all possible waves in a crystalline medium corresponds to the wave vectors confined to the Brillouin zone.[15]

text: This indeterminacy in wavelength in solids is important in the analysis of wave phenomena such as energy bands and lattice vibrations. It is mathematically equivalent to the aliasing of a signal that is sampled at discrete intervals.

text: More general waveforms[edit]

text: The concept of wavelength is most often applied to sinusoidal, or nearly sinusoidal, waves, because in a linear system the sinusoid is the unique shape that propagates with no shape change – just a phase change and potentially an amplitude change.[16] The wavelength (or alternatively wavenumber or wave vector) is a characterization of the wave in space, that is functionally related to its frequency, as constrained by the physics of the system. Sinusoids are the simplest traveling wave solutions, and more complex solutions can be built up by superposition.

text: In the special case of dispersion-free and uniform media, waves other than sinusoids propagate with unchanging shape and constant velocity. In certain circumstances, waves of unchanging shape also can occur in nonlinear media; for example, the figure shows ocean waves in shallow water that have sharper crests and flatter troughs than those of a sinusoid, typical of a cnoidal wave,[17] a traveling wave so named because it is described by the Jacobi elliptic function of m-th order, usually denoted as cn(x; m).[18] Large-amplitude ocean waves with certain shapes can propagate unchanged, because of properties of the nonlinear surface-wave medium.[19]

text: If a traveling wave has a fixed shape that repeats in space or in time, it is a periodic wave.[20] Such waves are sometimes regarded as having a wavelength even though they are not sinusoidal.[21] As shown in the figure, wavelength is measured between consecutive corresponding points on the waveform.

text: Wave packets[edit]

text: Localized wave packets, "bursts" of wave action where each wave packet travels as a unit, find application in many fields of physics. A wave packet has an envelope that describes the overall amplitude of the wave; within the envelope, the distance between adjacent peaks or troughs is sometimes called a local wavelength.[22][23] An example is shown in the figure. In general, the envelope of the wave packet moves at a different speed than the constituent waves.[24]

text: Using Fourier analysis, wave packets can be analyzed into infinite sums (or integrals) of sinusoidal waves of different wavenumbers or wavelengths.[25]

text: Louis de Broglie postulated that all particles with a specific value of momentum p have a wavelength λ = h/p, where h is Planck's constant. This hypothesis was at the basis of quantum mechanics. Nowadays, this wavelength is called the de Broglie wavelength. For example, the electrons in a CRT display have a De Broglie wavelength of about 10−13 m. To prevent the wave function for such a particle being spread over all space, de Broglie proposed using wave packets to represent particles that are localized in space.[26] The spatial spread of the wave packet, and the spread of the wavenumbers of sinusoids that make up the packet, correspond to the uncertainties in the particle's position and momentum, the product of which is bounded by Heisenberg uncertainty principle.[25]

text: Interference and diffraction[edit]

text: Double-slit interference[edit]

text: When sinusoidal waveforms add, they may reinforce each other (constructive interference) or cancel each other (destructive interference) depending upon their relative phase. This phenomenon is used in the interferometer. A simple example is an experiment due to Young where light is passed through two slits.[27] As shown in the figure, light is passed through two slits and shines on a screen. The path of the light to a position on the screen is different for the two slits, and depends upon the angle θ the path makes with the screen. If we suppose the screen is far enough from the slits (that is, s is large compared to the slit separation d) then the paths are nearly parallel, and the path difference is simply d sin θ. Accordingly, the condition for constructive interference is:[28]

text: where m is an integer, and for destructive interference is:

text: Thus, if the wavelength of the light is known, the slit separation can be determined from the interference pattern or fringes, and vice versa.

text: For multiple slits, the pattern is [29]

text: where q is the number of slits, and g is the grating constant. The first factor, I1, is the single-slit result, which modulates the more rapidly varying second factor that depends upon the number of slits and their spacing. In the figure I1 has been set to unity, a very rough approximation.

text: The effect of interference is to redistribute the light, so the energy contained in the light is not altered, just where it shows up.[30]

text: Single-slit diffraction[edit]

text: The notion of path difference and constructive or destructive interference used above for the double-slit experiment applies as well to the display of a single slit of light intercepted on a screen. The main result of this interference is to spread out the light from the narrow slit into a broader image on the screen. This distribution of wave energy is called diffraction.

text: Two types of diffraction are distinguished, depending upon the separation between the source and the screen: Fraunhofer diffraction or far-field diffraction at large separations and Fresnel diffraction or near-field diffraction at close separations.

text: In the analysis of the single slit, the non-zero width of the slit is taken into account, and each point in the aperture is taken as the source of one contribution to the beam of light (Huygen's wavelets). On the screen, the light arriving from each position within the slit has a different path length, albeit possibly a very small difference. Consequently, interference occurs.

text: In the Fraunhofer diffraction pattern sufficiently far from a single slit, within a small-angle approximation, the intensity spread S is related to position x via a squared sinc function:[31]

text: where L is the slit width, R is the distance of the pattern (on the screen) from the slit, and λ is the wavelength of light used. The function S has zeros where u is a non-zero integer, where are at x values at a separation proportion to wavelength.

text: Diffraction-limited resolution[edit]

text: Diffraction is the fundamental limitation on the resolving power of optical instruments, such as telescopes (including radiotelescopes) and microscopes.[32] For a circular aperture, the diffraction-limited image spot is known as an Airy disk; the distance x in the single-slit diffraction formula is replaced by radial distance r and the sine is replaced by 2J1, where J1 is a first order Bessel function.[33]

text: The resolvable spatial size of objects viewed through a microscope is limited according to the Rayleigh criterion, the radius to the first null of the Airy disk, to a size proportional to the wavelength of the light used, and depending on the numerical aperture:[34]

text:
where the numerical aperture is defined as

N
A

=
n
sin

θ

{\displaystyle \mathrm {NA} =n\sin \theta \;}

 for θ being the half-angle of the cone of rays accepted by the microscope objective.

text: The angular size of the central bright portion (radius to first null of the Airy disk) of the image diffracted by a circular aperture, a measure most commonly used for telescopes and cameras, is:[35]

text: where λ is the wavelength of the waves that are focused for imaging, D the entrance pupil diameter of the imaging system, in the same units, and the angular resolution δ is in radians.

text: As with other diffraction patterns, the pattern scales in proportion to wavelength, so shorter wavelengths can lead to higher resolution.

text: Subwavelength[edit]

text: The term subwavelength is used to describe an object having one or more dimensions smaller than the length of the wave with which the object interacts. For example, the term subwavelength-diameter optical fibre means an optical fibre whose diameter is less than the wavelength of light propagating through it.

text: A subwavelength particle is a particle smaller than the wavelength of light with which it interacts (see Rayleigh scattering). Subwavelength apertures are holes smaller than the wavelength of light propagating through them. Such structures have applications in extraordinary optical transmission, and zero-mode waveguides, among other areas of photonics.

text: Subwavelength may also refer to a phenomenon involving subwavelength objects; for example, subwavelength imaging.

text: Angular wavelength[edit]

text: A quantity related to the wavelength is the angular wavelength (also known as reduced wavelength), usually symbolized by ƛ (lambda-bar). It is equal to the "regular" wavelength "reduced" by a factor of 2π (ƛ = λ/2π). It is usually encountered in quantum mechanics, where it is used in combination with the reduced Planck constant (symbol ħ, h-bar) and the angular frequency (symbol ω) or angular wavenumber (symbol k).


document_title: Neurilemma

question_text: the neurilemma of axons in the pns is formed by

root

text: Neurilemma

text:
Neurilemma
Diagram of longitudinal sections of medullated nerve fibers.
Cross section of an axon.
1. Axon
2. Nucleus of Schwann cell
3. Schwann cell
4. Myelin sheath

5. NeurilemmaDetailsSystem
Peripheral nervous systemLocation
Schwann cellIdentifiersMeSH
D009441TH
H2.00.06.1.00002
Anatomical terms of microanatomy[edit on Wikidata]

tag: table

text: Neurilemma (also known as neurolemma, sheath of Schwann, or Schwann's sheath)[1] is the outermost nucleated cytoplasmic layer of Schwann cells (also called neurilemmocytes) that surrounds the axon of the neuron. It forms the outermost layer of the nerve fiber in the peripheral nervous system.[2]

tag: p

text: The neurilemma is underlain by the myelin sheath (referred to as the medullary sheath in the included illustrations).  In the central nervous system, axons are myelinated by oligodendrocytes, thus lack neurilemma. The myelin sheaths of Oligodendrocytes do not have neurilemma because excess cytoplasm is directed centrally toward the oligodendrocyte cell body.

text: Neurilemma serves a protective function for peripheral nerve fibers.  Damaged nerve fibers may regenerate if the perikaryon is not damaged and the neurilemma remains intact.  The neurilemma forms a regeneration tube through which the growing axon re-establishes its original connection.

text: A neurilemoma is a tumor of the neurilemma.[1]


document_title: Governor's Cup (Kentucky)

question_text: when was the last time kentucky beat louisville in football

text: Governor's Cup (Kentucky)

text: All-time results[edit]

text: Kentucky victoriesLouisville victories

text: No.DateLocationWinnerScore1 October 26, 1912  Lexington, KY  Kentucky 41–02 November 22, 1913  Louisville, KY  Kentucky 20–03 November 14, 1914  Lexington, KY  Kentucky 42–04 November 6, 1915  Louisville, KY  Kentucky 15–05 October 14, 1922  Lexington, KY  Kentucky 73–06 October 4, 1924  Lexington, KY  Kentucky 29–07 September 3, 1994  Lexington, KY  Kentucky 20–148 September 2, 1995  Lexington, KY  Louisville 13–109 August 31, 1996  Lexington, KY  Louisville 38–1410 August 30, 1997  Lexington, KY  Kentucky 38–2411 September 5, 1998  Louisville, KY  Kentucky 68–3412 September 4, 1999  Lexington, KY  Louisville 56–2813 September 2, 2000  Louisville, KY  Louisville 40–34OT14 September 1, 2001  Lexington, KY  Louisville 36–1015 September 1, 2002  Louisville, KY  Kentucky 22–1716 August 31, 2003  Lexington, KY  Louisville 40–24No.DateLocationWinnerScore17 September 5, 2004  Louisville, KY  Louisville 28–018 September 4, 2005  Lexington, KY  #12 Louisville 31–2419 September 3, 2006  Louisville, KY  #13 Louisville 59–2820 September 15, 2007  Lexington, KY  Kentucky 40–3421 August 31, 2008  Louisville, KY  Kentucky 27–222 September 19, 2009  Lexington, KY  Kentucky 31–2723 September 4, 2010  Louisville, KY  Kentucky 23–1624 September 17, 2011  Lexington, KY  Louisville 24–1725 September 2, 2012  Louisville, KY  #25 Louisville 32–1426 September 14, 2013  Lexington, KY  #7 Louisville 27–1327 November 29, 2014  Louisville, KY #22 Louisville 44–4028 November 28, 2015  Lexington, KY  Louisville 38–2429 November 26, 2016  Louisville, KY  Kentucky 41–3830 November 25, 2017  Lexington, KY  Louisville 44–17Series: Tied 15–15

text: Howard Schnellenberger Award[edit]

text: The 2010 game was the inaugural year for the award. The award is given to the Most Valuable Player on the winning team by the Louisville Sports Commission. It is named for Howard Schnellenberger, who played under Bear Bryant for Kentucky and was Louisville's head coach when the modern football rivalry began in 1994.

text:
Date

Player

Team

Position

Statistics

 9-04-2010
Derrick Locke

Kentucky
RB
23 carries, 104 yards, 2 TDs [4]

 9-17-2011
Dexter Heyman

Louisville
LB
12 tackles & 1 forced fumble[5]

 9-02-2012
Teddy Bridgewater

Louisville
QB
19/21, 232 yards[6]

 9-14-2013
Teddy Bridgewater

Louisville
QB
16/28, 250 yards, 1 TD

 11-29-2014
DeVante Parker

Louisville
WR
6 catches, 180 yards, 3 TD

 11-28-2015
Lamar Jackson

Louisville
QB
8/21, 130 yards, 1 TD
17 carries, 186 yards, 2 TDs

 11-26-2016
Stephen Johnson

Kentucky
QB
16/27, 338 yards, 3 TDs [7]

 11-25-2017
Lamar Jackson

Louisville
QB
15/21, 216 yards, 2 TDs
18 carries, 156 yards


document_title: Catholic Church in Canada

question_text: where was the first church in canada created

text: Catholic Church in Canada

text: History[edit]

text: Catholicism arrived in Canada in 1497, when John Cabot landed on Newfoundland, raised the Venetian and Papal banners and claimed the land for his sponsor King Henry VII of England, while recognizing the religious authority of the Roman Catholic Church.[1] A letter of John Day states that Cabot landed on 24 June 1497 and "went ashore with a crucifix and raised banners bearing the arms of the Holy Father". In 1608, Samuel de Champlain founded the first Catholic colony in Quebec City. In 1611, he established a fur trading post on the Island of Montreal, which later became a Catholic colony for trade and missionary activity.[citation needed]

text: In 1620, George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore purchased a tract of land in Newfoundland from Sir William Vaughan and established a colony, calling it Avalon, after the legendary spot where Christianity was introduced to Britain.[2] In 1627 Calvert brought two Roman Catholic priests to Avalon. This was the first continuous Roman Catholic ministry in British North America. Despite the severe religious conflicts of the period, Calvert secured the right of Catholics to practice their religion unimpeded in Newfoundland, and embraced the novel principle of religious tolerance, which he wrote into the Charter of Avalon and the later Charter of Maryland. The Colony of Avalon was thus the first North American jurisdiction to practice religious tolerance.[3]

text: Anti-Catholicism[edit]

text: Fears of the Catholic Church were quite strong in the 19th century, especially among Presbyterian and other Protestant Irish immigrants across Canada.[4] In 1853, the Gavazzi Riots left 10 dead in Quebec in the wake of Catholic Irish protest against anti-Catholic speeches by ex-monk Alessandro Gavazzi.[5][6]

text: The major flashpoint was public support for Catholic French language schools. Although the Confederation Agreement of 1867 guaranteed the status of Catholic schools where they had been legalized, disputes erupted in numerous provinces, especially in the Manitoba Schools Question in the 1890s and Ontario in the 1910s.[7] In Ontario, Regulation 17 was a regulation by the Ontario Ministry of Education, that restricted the use of French as a language of instruction to the first two years of schooling. French Canada reacted vehemently, and lost, dooming its French language Catholic schools. This became a central reason why French Canada distanced itself from the war effort, as its young men refused to enlist.[8]

text: Protestant elements succeeded in blocking the growth of French-language Catholic public schools. However, the Irish Catholics generally supported the English language position advocated by the Protestants.[9]

text: French versus Irish[edit]

text: The central theme of Catholic history from the 1840s through the 1920s was the contest for control of the church between the French, based in Quebec, and the English-speaking Irish (along with smaller numbers of Catholic Scots, English, and others) based in Ontario.[10] The French Catholics saw Catholics in general as God's chosen people (versus Protestants) and the French as more truly Catholic than any other ethnic group. The fact that the Irish Catholics formed coalition with the anti-French Protestants further infuriated the French.

text: The Irish Catholics collaborated with Protestants inside Canada, on the school issue: they opposed French language Catholic schools. The Irish had a significant advantage since they were favoured by the Vatican. Irish Catholicism was "ultramontane", which meant its adherents professed total obedience to the Pope. By contrast, the French bishops in Canada kept their distance from the Vatican. In the form of Regulation 17 this became the central issue that finally alienated the French in Quebec from the Canadian Anglophone establishment during the First World War.[11][12] Ontario's Catholics were led by the Irish Bishop Fallon, who united with the Protestants in opposing French schools.[13] Regulation 17 was repealed in 1927.[14][15] The French-speakers remain more liberal than the English-speakers to this day, and in addition are also leaving the faith much more quickly.

text: One by one, the Irish took control of the church in each province except for Quebec. Tensions were especially high in Manitoba at the end of the 19th century. In Alberta in the 1920s, a new Irish bishop undermined French language Catholic schooling, and removed the Francophile order of teaching sisters.[16]

text: Newfoundland[edit]

text: In the Dominion of Newfoundland (which was an independent dominion before joining Canada in 1949), politics was polarized around religious lines, with the Protestants confronting the Irish Catholics.[17]

text: In 1861, the Protestant governor dismissed the Catholic Liberals from office and the ensuing election was marked by riot and disorder with both the Anglican bishop Edward Feild and Catholic bishop John Thomas Mullock taking partisan stances. The Protestants narrowly elected Hugh Hoyles as the Conservative Prime Minister. Hoyles suddenly reversed his long record of militant Protestant activism and worked to defuse tensions. He shared patronage and power with the Catholics; all jobs and patronage were split between the various religious bodies on a per capita basis. This 'denominational compromise' was further extended to education when all religious schools were put on the basis which the Catholics had enjoyed since the 1840s. Alone in North America, Newfoundland had a state funded system of denominational schools. The compromise worked and politics ceased to be about religion and became concerned with purely political and economic issues.[18]

text: Population[edit]

text: The Roman Catholic population in Canada in 2001[19] and 2011.[20]

text:
Historical population

Year
Pop.
±%

1871
1,532,471
—

1881
1,791,982
+16.9%

1891
1,992,017
+11.2%

1901
2,229,600
+11.9%

1911
2,833,041
+27.1%

1921
3,389,626
+19.6%

1931
4,102,960
+21.0%

1941
4,806,431
+17.1%

1951
6,069,496
+26.3%

1961
8,342,826
+37.5%

1971
9,974,895
+19.6%

1981
11,210,385
+12.4%

1991
12,203,620
+8.9%

2001
12,936,910
+6.0%

2011
12,810,705
−1.0%

text:
Province
2001
2011
% Change
2001-2011
% 2001
% 2011
Δ% Change
2001-2011

 Quebec
5,939,715
5,766,750
-2.9%
83.4%
74.5%
-8.9%

 Ontario
3,911,760
3,948,975
+1.0%
34.7%
31.2%
-3.5%

 Alberta
786,360
850,355
+8.1%
26.7%
23.8%
-2.9%

 British Columbia
675,320
679,310
+0.6%
17.5%
15.0%
-2.5%

 New Brunswick
386,050
366,000
-5.2%
53.6%
49.7%
-3.9%

 Nova Scotia
328,700
297,655
-9.4%
36.6%
32.8%
-3.8%

 Manitoba
323,690
294,495
-9.0%
29.3%
25.0%
-4.3%

 Saskatchewan
305,390
287,190
-6.0%
31.7%
28.5%
-3.2%

 Newfoundland and Labrador
187,440
181,550
-3.1%
36.9%
35.8%
-1.1%

 Prince Edward Island
63,265
58,880
-6.9%
47.4%
42.9%
-4.5%

 Northwest Territories
16,990
15,755
-7.2%
45.8%
38.7%
-7.1%

 Nunavut
6,215
7,580
+22.0%
23.3%
23.9%
+0.6%

 Yukon
6,015
6,095
+1.3%
21.1%
18.3%
-2.8%

 Canada
12,936,905
12,728,885
-1.6%
43.6%
38.7%
-4.9%

text: The Catholic population underwent its first recorded drop between 2001 and 2011. Notable trends include the de-Catholicization of Quebec, a drop in the Catholic population in small provinces with stagnant populations, and a rise in Catholics in the large English-speaking provinces of Ontario, British Columbia, and Alberta. Immigration has not helped prevent the decline in the Catholic population; the only major source of Catholic immigrants to Canada is the Philippines. There are also adherents of Eastern Catholic Churches who had already migrated to Canada, most notably the Ukrainians.

text: Organization[edit]

text: Within Canada, the Latin hierarchy consists of:

text:
Archdiocese

Diocese

tag: ul

text:
Edmonton

Calgary
Saint Paul

Gatineau

Amos
Mont-Laurier
Rouyn-Noranda

Grouard-McLennan

Mackenzie-Fort Smith
Whitehorse

Halifax-Yarmouth

Antigonish
Charlottetown

Keewatin-Le-Pas

Churchill-Baie d'Hudson
Moosonee

Kingston

Alexandria-Cornwall
Peterborough
Sault Sainte Marie

Moncton

Bathurst (formerly Diocese of Chatham)
Edmundston
Saint John

Montréal

Joliette
Saint-Jean-Longueuil
Saint-Jérôme
Valleyfield

Ottawa

Hearst
Pembroke
Timmins

Québec

Chicoutimi
Sainte-Anne-de-la-Pocatière
Trois Rivières

Regina

Prince-Albert
Saskatoon

Rimouski

Baie-Comeau
Gaspé

Saint-Boniface
St. John's

Grand Falls
Corner Brook and Labrador

Sherbrooke

Nicolet
Saint-Hyacinthe

Toronto

Hamilton
London
Saint Catharines
Thunder Bay

Vancouver

Kamloops
Nelson
Prince George
Victoria

Winnipeg (not Metropolitan)

text: There is a Military Ordinariate of Canada for Canadian military personnel.

text: The Anglican use of the Latin Church is served from the United States, based in Houston, Texas, by the Personal Ordinariate of the Chair of Saint Peter.

text: One former Canadian bishopric, the francophone Roman Catholic Diocese of Gravelbourg in Saskatchewan, has since its suppression in 1998 become a titular episcopal see, which may be bestowed on any Latin bishop without proper diocese, working in the Roman Curia or anywhere in the world.

text: Eastern dioceses[edit]

text: There is a Ukrainian Greek Catholic (Byzantine Rite) province, headed by the Metropolitan Archeparchy of Winnipeg, which has four suffragan eparchies (dioceses):

text:
Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Edmonton
Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of New Westminster
Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Saskatoon
Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Toronto and Eastern Canada in Toronto.

text: There are 4 other eparchies and 2 exarchates in Canada:

text:
also Byzantine rite:

(Greek-)Melkite Eparchy of Saint-Sauveur de Montréal, immediately subject to the Melkite Patriarch of Antioch
Slovak Catholic Eparchy of Saints Cyril and Methodius of Toronto, directly subject to the Metropolitan sui juris of Prešov

Antiochian Rite: Maronite Eparchy of Saint-Maron de Montréal, immediately subject to the Maronite Patriarch of Antioch
Chaldean Rite: Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Mar Addai of Toronto, directly dependent on the Patriarch of Babylon
Syrian Catholic Apostolic Exarchate for Canada (directly dependent on the Holy See)
Syro-Malabar Catholic Apostolic Exarchate of Canada (directly dependent on the Holy See)

text: A few Eastern particular church communities are pastorally served from the United States:

text:
Armenian Rite: Armenian Catholic Eparchy of Our Lady of Nareg in New York, directly subject to the Patriarch of Cilicia
Byzantine: Romanian Catholic Eparchy of St George's in Canton, bishopric for the diaspora in North America (including Canada), with cathedral see in Canton, Ohio


document_title: The Bible (miniseries)

question_text: where was the tv series the bible filmed

text: The Bible (miniseries)

text: Description[edit]

text: The series covers "Genesis to Revelation" in "one grand narrative,"[1] within five two-hour parts,[12] each containing two or three biblical stories told through live action and computer-generated imagery.[2][3] According to Burnett, it included "obvious" stories such as Noah's Ark, the Exodus, and the life of Jesus Christ.[2] Five hours are taken from the Old Testament, five from the New.[1] The series is based on the New International Version and the New Revised Standard Version of the Bible.[3]

text: Downey and Burnett said their "greatest hope" in making the series was that it would "affect a new generation of viewers and draw them back to the Bible."[13]

text: "Part of what we hoped to accomplish with the series was to show the Bible is not simply a collection of unconnected stories which are often discussed and analyzed in snippets with chapter and verse numbers," the couple wrote in an op-ed in The Huffington Post. "Instead, we wanted to show how the Old Testament connects seamlessly to the New Testament. How they are one sweeping story with one grand, overriding message: God loves each one of us as if we were the only person in all the world to love."[14]

text: Development[edit]

text: In May 2011, The New York Times reported that Downey, Burnett and their production team were selecting stories for the series, with production scheduled to begin in 2012 for a 2013 broadcast.[2] The budget for the series was under $22 million.[1] Researchers and theologians were asked to verify accuracy.[2] Academic consultants included Craig A. Evans,[15] Helen Bond, Paula Gooder, Mark Goodacre and Candida Moss.[16] Shooting took place in Morocco and elsewhere.[3]

text: Burnett and Downey consulted "a wide range of pastors and academics," including their friend Joel Osteen, Joshua Garroway (a rabbi from Hebrew Union College), and a Catholic cardinal.[1] Geoff Tunnicliffe of the World Evangelical Alliance, read each episode's script and visited the set in Morocco: he "wanted to be sure that the final edits would hold together as a singular thematic message throughout the entire series" and "was not disappointed."[17] Another consultant, Focus on the Family President Jim Daly, applauded the couple's courage for making the series: "Let's face it, it takes some moxie to lift up the Bible in the middle of Hollywood. In fact, when they first proposed the project they were told to try and tell the story without mentioning Jesus. They refused."[18]

text: Other project advisors included:[19]

text:
Rick Warren (pastor, Saddleback Church)
Erwin McManus (pastor, Mosaic)
Sam Rodriguez (National Hispanic Christian Leadership Conference)
Paul Eshleman (Campus Crusade for Christ)
Bobby Gruenewald (YouVersion Bible)
Brad Lomenick (Catalyst)
Leith Anderson (president, National Association of Evangelicals)
Frank Wright (president, National Religious Broadcasters)
Tom Peterson (Catholics Come Home)
Gabe Lyons (founder of the Fermi Project)
Luis Palau (Christian evangelist)
George Wood (General Superintendent of the General Council of the Assemblies of God in the United States of America)
Craig Groeschel (Life Church)
Denny Rydberg (Young Life)
Andrew Benton (president, Pepperdine University)

text: Days before the series premiere, Downey and Burnett authored an op-ed for The Wall Street Journal arguing that Bible teaching should be mandatory in U.S. public schools because "(t)he foundations of knowledge of the ancient world – which informs the understanding of the modern world – are biblical in origin."[20]

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Diogo Morgado as Jesus Christ
Darwin Shaw as Peter
Paul Brightwell as Malchus
Roma Downey as Mary, mother of Jesus

Leila Mimmack as Young Mary

Greg Hicks as Pontius Pilate
Sebastian Knapp as John
Amber Rose Revah as Mary Magdalene
Adrian Schiller as Caiaphas
Andrew Brooke as Antonius
Louise Delamere as Claudia
Matthew Gravelle as Thomas
Simon Kunz as Nicodemus
Joe Wredden as Judas
Fraser Ayres as Barabbas
Michael Legge as Stephen
Paul Marc Davis as Simon
Paul Freeman as Samuel
Will Houston as Moses

Joe Forte as Young Moses

Melia Kreiling as Bathsheba
Dhaffer L'Abidine as Uriah
Francis Magee as Saul
Con O'Neill as Paul the Apostle[21]
Joe Coen as Saint Joseph
Stephanie Leonidas as Rahab
Mohamen Mehdi Ouazanni as Satan
Gary Oliver as Abraham
Josephine Butler as Sarah
Andrew Scarborough as Joshua

Sean Knopp as Young Joshua

Clive Wood as Nathan
Hara Yannas as Michal
Langley Kirkwood as David

Jassa Ahluwalia as Young David

Eddie Elks as Angel Gabriel
Nonso Anozie as Samson
Jake Canuso as Daniel
Sam Douglas as King Herod
Gerald Kyd as Cyrus the Great
Peter Guinness as King Nebuchadnezzar[22]
Cristian Solimeno as Jonathan

Laurie Calvert as Young Jonathan

Paul Knops as Adam
Darcie Lincoln as Eve
Hugo Rossi as Isaac
Conan Stevens as Goliath
Sharon Duncan-Brewster as Samson's mother
Kierston Wareing as Delilah
Lonyo as Guardian Angel
David Rintoul as Noah
Aharon Ipalé as Seti
Stewart Scudamore as Ramesses

Sean Teale as Young Ramesses

Jalaal Hartley as Nashon
Shivani Ghai as Batya
Louis Hilyer as Aaron
Joanna Foster as Miriam
Soraya Radford as Hagar
Antonio Magro as Lot
Rachel Edwards as Lot's wife
Raad Rawi as Jeremiah
Samuel Collings as Zedekiah
Christopher Simon as Azariah
David Freedman as Eleazar the Scribe
Jake Maskall as Bashaa

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(in millions)

1
"Beginnings"
Crispin Reece
Richard Bedser
Alexander Marengo
Colin Swash
Nic Young
March 3, 2013 (2013-03-03)
13.10[23]

Noah tells of the Creation of the world and the Fall of man while aboard the ark (Genesis 1-3; 6-8); Abrahamic covenant; the Battle of the Vale of Siddim (Genesis 14); Hagar and Ishmael (Genesis 16); birth of Isaac (Genesis 21); Abraham is tested (Genesis 22); Sodom and Gomorrah (Genesis 19).

2
"Exodus"
Crispin Reece
Richard Bedser
Alexander Marengo
March 3, 2013 (2013-03-03)
13.10[23]

During the time of Egyptian slavery, Moses learns of his roots, kills a soldier and flees Egypt (Exodus 2); God speaks to Moses through the burning bush (Exodus 3); Moses returns to Egypt; ten Plagues of Egypt (Exodus 7-11); Moses leads the Israelites in The Exodus; Moses parts the Red Sea (Exodus 14); Moses receives the Ten Commandments at Mt. Sinai (Exodus 20)

3
"Homeland"
Tony Mitchell
Richard Bedser
Adam Rosenthal
Nic Young
March 10, 2013 (2013-03-10)
10.80[24]

Joshua becomes the leader of the Israelites (Deuteronomy 31; Joshua 1); the Israelites camp outside of Jericho; Joshua sends spies into Jericho (Joshua 2); Joshua invades and conquers Jericho (Joshua 6); Delilah betrays Samson, a hero of the Israelites who battled against the Philistines (Judges 13-16)

4
"Kingdom"
Tony Mitchell
Richard Bedser
Colin Swash
Nic Young
March 10, 2013 (2013-03-10)
10.80[24]

Samuel anoints Saul as king, a move that could throw the nation into civil war (1 Samuel 15); Saul is consumed with jealousy over the crown when David defeats Goliath (1 Samuel 17); King David ushers a golden age for Israel, but is soon seduced by power and lust for Bathsheba (2 Samuel 11); God forgives David, and Solomon builds God's temple in Jerusalem (1 Kings 6)

5
"Survival"
Crispin Reece
Richard Bedser
Nic Young
March 17, 2013 (2013-03-17)
10.90[8]

The Jews are enslaved in Babylon (Jeremiah 39); the image of gold and the three Hebrews in the blazing furnace (Daniel 3); Daniel is thrown into the lions’ den, but when his faith endures and God spares him (Daniel 6); the Jews are allowed to return to Jerusalem (2 Chronicles 36; Ezra 1)

6
"Hope"
Crispin Reece
Richard Bedser
Nic Young
March 17, 2013 (2013-03-17)
10.90[8]

During the time of Roman occupation, the Angel Gabriel tells Mary that she will bear a child (Luke 1); Joseph takes Mary to Bethlehem for the census, where Jesus is born (Luke 2); the Holy family escapes Herod’s order to kill Bethlehem’s male babies (Matthew 2); Judea comes under the ruthless rule of Pilate; John baptizes Jesus (Matthew 3); Satan tempts Jesus in the wilderness (Matthew 4); Jesus performs the miraculous catch of fish and calls Peter (Matthew 4)

7
"Mission"
Christopher Spencer
Richard Bedser
Christopher Spencer
Nic Young
March 24, 2013 (2013-03-24)
10.30[25]

Jesus feeds crowds of thousands in Galilee (Matthew 14) and brings a dead man, Lazarus, back to life (John 11); Jesus enters Jerusalem riding on a donkey – a declaration that he is the Messiah; Jesus turns on the money-changers in the Temple (Mark 11)

8
"Betrayal"
Christopher Spencer
Richard Bedser
Christopher Spencer
Colin Swash
Nic Young
March 24, 2013 (2013-03-24)
10.30[25]

Caiphas coaxes Judas into betraying Jesus; Jesus throws the disciples into turmoil at the Last Supper; Jesus prays in the Garden of Gethsemane (Mark 14); Jesus is arrested and Malchus' ear is cut off by Peter and Jesus heals his ear; Jesus is confronted by the high priests at his Sanhedrin trial (Matthew 26)

9
"Passion"
Christopher Spencer
Richard Bedser
Christopher Spencer
Abraham Christen Liando
Colin Swash
Nic Young
March 31, 2013 (2013-03-31)
11.70[26]

Peter denies Jesus (Luke 22) and Judas hangs himself; Pilate's wife has a dream and warns Pilate not to crucify Jesus (Matthew 27); Pilate has Jesus whipped 40 times and the crown of thorns are placed on Jesus' head (John 19); Jesus is condemned to death (Matthew 27); Jesus is crucified; Jesus is buried (John 19)

10
"Courage"
Tony Mitchell
Richard Bedser
Christopher Spencer
Nic Young
March 31, 2013 (2013-03-31)
11.70[26]

Mary Magdalene goes to his tomb, a figure walks towards her – He is back (John 20); Jesus commissions the disciples to "go and preach to all" before he ascends (Acts 1). The Holy Spirit comes at Pentecost (Acts 2); Stephen is stoned by the Pharisee Paul (Acts 7); Paul has a vision and experiences a miraculous change of faith on a journey to Damascus (Acts 9); martyrdom of the Disciples, John's survival and exile to Patmos, John receives a revelation – Jesus is coming back, and all who keep the faith will be rewarded

text: Reception[edit]

text: TV ratings[edit]

text: The opening episode of the series premiered to very high ratings.[27] The miniseries was watched by 13.1 million total viewers, according to Nielsen.[27] In Canada, the premiere was watched by 1.05 million viewers.[28] The second installment saw a ratings slippage, but still brought in 10.8 million viewers, tops in all television for the 8–10 p.m. time period.[24] Week three's installment, meanwhile, garnered 10.9 million total viewers.[8]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Reviews of The Bible have been mixed. It has had a "mixed or average reviews" rating at Metacritic, having a score of 44 out of 100 based on 13 critical reviews.[29]

text: Distribution[edit]

text: On March 19, 2013, Roma Downey and Mark Burnett offered remarks on the viewership and its anticipated diffusion. He said: "We've realized, on the journey around the country to churches and all over the place, many people cannot afford cable TV. And those people need to see this Bible series. So we're rushing the DVD out April 2nd, also immediately with Spanish subtitles. This is very important. And this is only for America and Canada. Now we're about to start around the world. This will be in every country of the world. More people will see this series than everything we ever made; together, combined. Billions of people will see this series. Billions."[30]

text: Differences from the Bible[edit]

text: In the introduction to each episode, the message is displayed "This program is an adaptation of Bible stories that changed our world. It endeavors to stay true to the spirit of the Book."[31] Roma Downey stated in an interview, "we had a great team of scholars and theologians helping us, making sure that we told these stories accurately and truthfully,"[32] However, many of the story elements in the series have been criticized as deviating from the events described in the traditional text, and using too many creative licenses. These are included below:

text:
In the Bible, Noah's three sons are full grown men, whereas in the TV series they are depicted as boys.
In the Book of Genesis, the angelic visitors were approached by Lot who insisted that they stay with him. Then they feasted with Lot in his home. The series shows the angels approaching Lot, begging for help with no hospitality extended to them.[33] (Genesis 19:1-5)
The text describes a mob gathered outside of Lot's home wanting to rape his two angelic visitors, and Lot offering his daughters instead. The series omits this.[34][35] (Genesis 19:4-10)
At the destruction of Sodom, the series shows the angels slaughtering some of the city's inhabitants. Critics refer to these as "Ninja Angels". This is not in the text.[36] (Genesis 19:1-17)
The series shows Abraham traveling with Isaac, a very short distance to the place where he was to sacrifice his son. In the Bible it is a three-day journey and the two are accompanied by a donkey and two attendants.[37] (Genesis 22:1-4)
The series shows Sarah running after Abraham once she realizes he is going to sacrifice Isaac. This is not in the text.[38] (Genesis 22:1-19)
In the Binding of Isaac, the text describes a ram (adult) caught by its horns in a thicket. The miniseries depicts a juvenile lamb caught by its leg[39] (Genesis 22:13)
When Moses appeared to Pharaoh years later, the text shows Moses' brother Aaron releasing his shepherd staff onto the ground which turns into a snake wherein Pharaoh's magicians copying the trick. The series omits this.
The Bible text says that Samson tied torches on 300 foxes' tails causing them to burn the Phillistines' crops and plants. This was because Samson was angry with his father in law for giving his wife to another man. When they head this they burned Samson's wife and her father to death (Judges 15: 4-6). In the series the Philistine commander has Samson's wife and her father put to death as consequence for marrying Samson, who was an Israelite.
After David's affair with Bathsheba and the killing of Uriah the Hittite, he is confronted by Nathan. The series depicts David as resistant or even indignant, whereas in the text, David is remorseful for his sin and admits his guilt, leading him to write Psalm 51 and beg forgiveness from God[40] (2 Samuel 12:13, Psalms 51)
When the Babylonians destroy Jerusalem, Jeremiah is depicted as escaping unnoticed by the invaders. In the text Jeremiah is captured, bound in chains and later released[39] (Jeremiah 39:11-40:6)
The show depicts Daniel and his three compatriots being captured during the siege, when in fact, they were deported more than a decade before Jerusalem’s destruction[39] (Daniel 1; 2 Kings 24:10-16)
When Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego refuse to worship King Nebuchadnezzar's golden statue, the miniseries depicts them as being tied up, with a fire lit under them. In the text, the king orders the three to be thrown into a furnace that was heated seven times hotter than usual. In fact, the text describes the furnace as being so hot, that some of Nebuchadnezzar's "strongest soldiers" who threw them in there were killed by the flames while doing so.[41] (Daniel 3:19-23)
The miniseries's depicts the prophet Isaiah as a contemporary of Daniel, living during the time of the Babylonian exile. This is a major inconsistency with the text as Isaiah prophesied that Cyrus the Persian would release the captives after a period of time. This prophecy occurred 150 years before Cyrus was born, 180 years before Cyrus performed any of these feats, and 80 years before the Jews were taken into exile[42] meaning that Isaiah could never have existed contemporaneously—that is, at the same time—as Daniel and Cyrus. (Isaiah 44:28; 45:1; 45:13).
In the miniseries' depiction of the Temptation of Christ, the Devil took Jesus to a high mountain when he tempted Jesus to throw himself down. In the text, the Devil tempted Jesus to throw himself down from the pinnacle of the temple. The high mountain was where the devil tempted Jesus to worship him.[32][39] (Matthew 4:1-11; Luke 4:1-13)
In the Bible, Jesus had the mourners remove the stone, and then he called for Lazarus to come out. In the miniseries, Jesus enters Lazarus' tomb and kisses him on the head, while not even addressing Lazarus, and gives a brand-new monologue. (John 11:38-44) [43]
During the Way of The Cross scene, the actual scripture depicts Jesus meeting a group of women wailing for him and admonishes them to "not to weep for him; Rather for themselves and their children" (Luke 23:27-31). The miniseries omits this. However, they featured a scene where a woman (Saint Veronica) wipes his face. This is however taken from one of the 14 Stations of the Cross of the Catholic Church.

text: Lookalike controversy[edit]

text: There have been claims of a resemblance of the actor in the role of Satan (Mohamen Mehdi Ouazanni) to U.S. President Barack Obama. The resemblance was first pointed out notably by Glenn Beck ahead of the episode's premiere.[44][45]

text: This led the History Channel to announce,

text: History [C]hannel has the highest respect for President Obama. The Bible series was produced with an international and diverse cast of respected actors. It's unfortunate that anyone made this false connection. History’s "The Bible" is meant to enlighten people on its rich stories and deep history."[46]

text: Burnett and Downey responded in a joint statement,

text: This is utter nonsense. The actor who played Satan, Mehdi Ouazanni, is a highly acclaimed Moroccan actor. He has previously played parts in several Biblical epics – including Satanic characters long before Barack Obama was elected as our President.[46]

text: Downey added separately,

text: "Both Mark and I have nothing but respect and love for our president, who is a fellow Christian. False statements such as these are just designed as a foolish distraction to try and discredit the beauty of the story of The Bible.[47]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: The Bible was nominated for three Primetime Emmy Awards; Outstanding Miniseries or Movie, Outstanding Sound Editing for a Miniseries, Movie or a Special, and Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Miniseries or a Movie.[48] The 44th GMA Dove Awards gave a tribute to the miniseries in October 2013.[49] In 2014, The Bible won the honor of Home Media Magazine's Best Miniseries or TV Movie on Disc for the year.[50]

text: Other media[edit]

text: International broadcasts[edit]

text:
United States – History: March 3, 2013 – March 31, 2013
 Canada – History: March 3, 2013 – March 31, 2013
 Spain – Antena 3: March 25, 2013 – April 2013
 Finland - Alfa TV: Premiered December 1, 2013
 Colombia – Caracol TV: March 28, 2013 – April 2013
 Chile – Canal 13: March 29, 2013 – April 2013 / March 30, 2018
 Portugal – SIC: March 30, 2013 – March 31, 2013[51]
 Greece – ANT1: April 29, 2013 – May 4, 2013
 Cyprus – ANT1: April 29, 2013 – May 4, 2013
 United Kingdom – Channel 5: November 30, 2013 – December 22, 2013[52]
 Australia – Nine Network: Premiered July 16, 2013
 Brazil – Rede Record: Premiered October 16, 2013
 Poland – Polsat: Premiered October 19, 2013
 Hong Kong – TVB Pearl: Premiered November 6, 2013
 Kenya – KTN: Premiered October 7, 2013
 France – Paris Première: Premiered December 8, 2013
 Ireland – TV3 (Ireland): December 21, 2013
 Slovakia – Slovenská televízia: Premiered December 23, 2013
 Russia – TV-3: Premiered January 2014
 Italy – Rete 4: Premiered March 23, 2014
 Mexico – Canal 5: April 14, 2014 – April 19, 2014 / March 26, 2018 – March 30, 2018 (Holy Week special)
 Costa Rica – Teletica Canal 7: April 17, 2014 – April 18, 2014
 Philippines – ABS–CBN: April 17, 2014 – April 19, 2014 / March 29, 2018 – March 31, 2018 (Holy Week special)
 Peru – América Televisión: April 6, 2014 – April –, 2014
 Netherlands – EO: Premiered May 12, 2014
 Germany – VOX: April 17, 2014 – April 19, 2014
 Ecuador – Ecuavisa, Ecuavisa HD: April 5, 2014 – April 19, 2014
 Lebanon - LBCI: April 10, 2014 – April 20, 2014.
 United States – Telemundo: March 25, 2015

text: DVD release[edit]

text: The series became the biggest-selling miniseries on DVD in its first week of release, and biggest on Blu-ray and Digital HD of all time. In its first week on home video, 'The Bible' series sold 525,000 copies. It was the fastest selling television show on DVD since 2008.[53] A Blu-ray version is also available via 20th Century Fox.

text: Novel[edit]

text: Roma Downey and Mark Burnett have also released a novelization of this miniseries, entitled A Story of God and All of Us: A Novel Based on the Epic TV Miniseries "The Bible." It debuted at No. 27 on the New York Times Best-Seller List.[54]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
The Bible: Music Inspired by the Epic Miniseries

Soundtrack album

text: A CD was released on March 12, 2013 with Christian music singers performing songs inspired by the miniseries:[55]

text:
In Your Eyes – Francesca Battistelli
Live Like That – Sidewalk Prophets
This Side of Heaven – Chris August
Starting Line – Jason Castro
Love Come To Life – Big Daddy Weave
Crave – for King & Country
Fearless – Group 1 Crew
What Love Means – Everfound
Home – Dara Maclean
Wash Me Away – Point of Grace
Not For a Moment (After All) – Meredith Andrews
Mary, Did You Know? – Kenny Rogers with Wynonna

tag: ol

text: Theatrical release[edit]

text: Mark Burnett announced in April 2013 that a three-hour version is being prepared for global theatrical release. He claimed that he has had no distribution arrangements yet, though he could possibly release it himself.[10] In June 2013, Burnett elaborated that the film, which has already been edited, will focus exclusively on the life of Jesus, and will run two hours and fifteen minutes.[56] In September 2013, it was announced that 20th Century Fox will partner with Burnett on theatrical distribution, currently titled Son of God.[57][58] In October 2013, it was announced that Son of God will be released on February 28, 2014.[59]

text: Sequel – A.D.[edit]

text: On December 17, 2013, it was announced that there would be a follow-up miniseries in 2015, titled A.D. The Bible Continues, also produced by Burnett, Downey, and Bedser.[11][60] The limited series began airing on NBC on Easter Sunday, April 5. It airs in twelve weekly one-hour episodes. The story takes place immediately after the events of The Bible, beginning with the Crucifixion and Resurrection, and continues with the first ten chapters of the Book of Acts.[61][62] On July 3, 2015, NBC cancelled A.D. The Bible Continues after one season. However, producers Burnett and Downey plan future biblical productions on their OTT digital channel.[63]


document_title: Neuroglia

question_text: neuroglia that support neurons and blood vessels are

text: Neuroglia

text: Types[edit]

text: Macroglia[edit]

text: Derived from ectodermal tissue.

text:
Location
Name
Description

CNS
Astrocytes

The most abundant type of macroglial cell in the CNS,[6] astrocytes (also called astroglia) have numerous projections that link neurons to their blood supply while forming the blood-brain barrier. They regulate the external chemical environment of neurons by removing excess potassium ions, and recycling neurotransmitters released during synaptic transmission. Astrocytes may regulate vasoconstriction and vasodilation by producing substances such as arachidonic acid, whose metabolites are vasoactive.
Astrocytes signal each other using ATP. The gap junctions (also known as electrical synapses) between astrocytes allow the messenger molecule IP3 to diffuse from one astrocyte to another. IP3 activates calcium channels on cellular organelles, releasing calcium into the cytoplasm. This calcium may stimulate the production of more IP3 and cause release of ATP through channels in the membrane made of pannexins. The net effect is a calcium wave that propagates from cell to cell. Extracellular release of ATP, and consequent activation of purinergic receptors on other astrocytes, may also mediate calcium waves in some cases.
In general, there are two types of astrocytes, protoplasmic and fibrous, similar in function but distinct in morphology and distribution. Protoplasmic astrocytes have short, thick, highly branched processes and are typically found in gray matter. Fibrous astrocytes have long, thin, less branched processes and are more commonly found in white matter.
It has recently been shown that astrocyte activity is linked to blood flow in the brain, and that this is what is actually being measured in fMRI.[7] They also have been involved in neuronal circuits playing an inhibitory role after sensing changes in extracellular calcium.[8]

CNS
Oligodendrocytes

Oligodendrocytes are cells that coat axons in the central nervous system (CNS) with their cell membrane, forming a specialized membrane differentiation called myelin, producing the so-called myelin sheath. The myelin sheath provides insulation to the axon that allows electrical signals to propagate more efficiently.[9]

CNS
Ependymal cells

Ependymal cells, also named ependymocytes, line the spinal cord and the ventricular system of the brain. These cells are involved in the creation and secretion of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and beat their cilia to help circulate the CSF and make up the blood-CSF barrier. They are also thought to act as neural stem cells.[10]

CNS
Radial glia

Radial glia cells arise from neuroepithelial cells after the onset of neurogenesis. Their differentiation abilities are more restricted than those of neuroepithelial cells. In the developing nervous system, radial glia function both as neuronal progenitors and as a scaffold upon which newborn neurons migrate. In the mature brain, the cerebellum and retina retain characteristic radial glial cells. In the cerebellum, these are Bergmann glia, which regulate synaptic plasticity. In the retina, the radial Müller cell is the glial cell that spans the thickness of the retina and, in addition to astroglial cells,[11] participates in a bidirectional communication with neurons.[12]

PNS
Schwann cells

Similar in function to oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells provide myelination to axons in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). They also have phagocytotic activity and clear cellular debris that allows for regrowth of PNS neurons.[13]

PNS
Satellite cells

Satellite glial cells are small cells that surround neurons in sensory, sympathetic, and parasympathetic ganglia.[14] These cells help regulate the external chemical environment. Like astrocytes, they are interconnected by gap junctions and respond to ATP by elevating intracellular concentration of calcium ions. They are highly sensitive to injury and inflammation, and appear to contribute to pathological states, such as chronic pain.[15]

PNS
Enteric glial cells

Are found in the intrinsic ganglia of the digestive system. They are thought to have many roles in the enteric system, some related to homeostasis and muscular digestive processes.[16]

text: Microglia[edit]

text: Microglia are specialized macrophages capable of phagocytosis that protect neurons of the central nervous system.[17] They are derived from the earliest wave of mononuclear cells that originate in yolk sac blood islands early in development, and colonize the brain shortly after the neural precursors begin to differentiate.[18]

text: These cells are found in all regions of the brain and spinal cord. Microglial cells are small relative to macroglial cells, with changing shapes and oblong nuclei. They are mobile within the brain and multiply when the brain is damaged. In the healthy central nervous system, microglia processes constantly sample all aspects of their environment (neurons, macroglia and blood vessels). In a healthy brain, microglia direct the immune response to brain damage and play an important role in the inflammation that accompanies the damage. Many diseases and disorders are associated with deficient microglia, such as, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and ALS.

text: Other[edit]

text: Pituicytes from the posterior pituitary are glia cells with characteristics in common to astrocytes.[19] Tanycytes in the median eminence of the hypothalamus are a type of ependymal cell that descend from radial glia and line the base of the third ventricle.[20]

text: Total number[edit]

text: In general, neuroglial cells are smaller than neurons; there are about 86 billion neurons and 85 billion "nonneuronal" (glial) cells in the human male brain. Glial cells make up about half the total volume of the brain and spinal cord.[21][22]^ The ratio differs from one part of the brain to another. The glia/neuron ratio in the cerebral cortex is 3.72 (60.84 billion glia (72%); 16.34 billion neurons), while that of the cerebellum is only 0.23 (16.04 billion glia; 69.03 billion neurons). The ratio in the cerebral cortex gray matter is 1.48 and for the combined gray and white matter is 3.76.[21] The ratio of the basal ganglia, diencephalon and brainstem combined is 11.35.[21]

text: Most cerebral cortex glia are oligodendrocytes (75.6%); astrocytes account for 17.3% and microglia for 6.5%.[23]

text: Development[edit]

text: Most glia are derived from ectodermal tissue of the developing embryo, in particular the neural tube and crest. The exception is microglia, which are derived from hemopoietic stem cells. In the adult, microglia are largely a self-renewing population and are distinct from macrophages and monocytes, which infiltrate the injured and diseased CNS.

text: In the central nervous system, glia develop from the ventricular zone of the neural tube. These glia include the oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells, and astrocytes. In the peripheral nervous system, glia derive from the neural crest. These PNS glia include Schwann cells in nerves and satellite glial cells in ganglia.

text: Current research involving glial cells in the human cochlea proposes that these cells are the common precursor to both mature Schwann cells and satellite glial cells. Additionally, the peripheral glial cells located along the peripheral processes expressed NGFR, indicating a phenotype distinct from the peripheral glial cells located along the central processes.[24]

text: Capacity to divide[edit]

text: Glia retain the ability to undergo cell division in adulthood, whereas most neurons cannot. The view is based on the general deficiency of the mature nervous system in replacing neurons after an injury, such as a stroke or trauma, while very often there is a profound proliferation of glia, or gliosis near or at the site of damage. However, detailed studies found no evidence that 'mature' glia, such as astrocytes or oligodendrocytes, retain the ability of mitosis. Only the resident oligodendrocyte precursor cells seem to keep this ability after the nervous system matures. On the other hand, there are a few regions in the mature nervous system, such as the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and the subventricular zone, where generation of new neurons can be observed.[25]

text: Glial cells are known to be capable of mitosis. By contrast, scientific understanding of whether neurons are permanently post-mitotic,[26] or capable of mitosis,[27][28][29] is still developing. In the past, glia had been considered[by whom?] to lack certain features of neurons. For example, glial cells were not believed to have chemical synapses or to release transmitters. They were considered to be the passive bystanders of neural transmission. However, recent studies have shown this to be untrue.[30]

text: Functions[edit]

text: Some glial cells function primarily as the physical support for neurons. Others regulate the internal environment of the brain, especially the fluid surrounding neurons and their synapses, and nutrify neurons. During early embryogenesis, glial cells direct the migration of neurons and produce molecules that modify the growth of axons and dendrites.

text: Neuron repair and development[edit]

text: Glia are also crucial in the development of the nervous system and in processes such as synaptic plasticity and synaptogenesis. Glia have a role in the regulation of repair of neurons after injury. In the central nervous system (CNS), glia suppress repair. Glial cells known as astrocytes enlarge and proliferate to form a scar and produce inhibitory molecules that inhibit regrowth of a damaged or severed axon. In the peripheral nervous system (PNS), glial cells known as Schwann cells promote repair. After axonal injury, Schwann cells regress to an earlier developmental state to encourage regrowth of the axon. This difference between the CNS and the PNS, raises hopes for the regeneration of nervous tissue in the CNS. For example, a spinal cord may be able to be repaired following injury or severance. Schwann cells are also known as neuri-lemmocytes. These cells envelop nerve fibers of the PNS by winding repeatedly around a nerve fiber with the nucleus inside of it. This process creates a myelin sheath, which not only aids in conductivity but also assists in the regeneration of damaged fibers.

text: Myelin sheathe creation[edit]

text: Oligodendrocytes are another type of glial cell of the CNS. These dendrocytes resemble an octopus bulbous body and contain up to fifteen arm-like processes. Each “arm” reaches out to a nerve fiber and spirals around it, creating a myelin sheath. This myelin sheath insulates the nerve fiber from the extracellular fluid as well as speeds up the signal conduction in the nerve fiber.[31]

text: Neurotransmission[edit]

text: Recent research indicates that glial cells of the hippocampus and cerebellum participate in synaptic transmission, regulate the clearance of neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft, and release gliotransmitters such as ATP, which modulate synaptic function.[32]

text: Astrocytes are crucial in clearance of neurotransmitters from within the synaptic cleft, which provides distinction between arrival of action potentials and prevents toxic build-up of certain neurotransmitters such as glutamate (excitotoxicity). It is also thought that glia play a role in many neurological diseases, including Alzheimer's disease.[33] Furthermore, at least in vitro, astrocytes can release gliotransmitter glutamate in response to certain stimulation. Another unique type of glial cell, the oligodendrocyte precursor cells or OPCs, have very well-defined and functional synapses from at least two major groups of neurons.[34] The only notable differences between neurons and glial cells are neurons' possession of axons and dendrites, and capacity to generate action potentials.

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: While glial cells in the PNS frequently assist in regeneration of lost neural functioning, loss of neurons in the CNS does not result in a similar reaction from neuroglia.[13] In the CNS, regrowth will only happen if the trauma was mild, and not severe.[35] When severe trauma presents itself, the survival of the remaining neurons becomes the optimal solution. However, some studies investigating the role of glial cells in Alzheimer's Disease are beginning to contradict the usefulness of this feature, and even claim it can "exacerbate" the disease.[36] In addition to impacting the potential repair of neurons in Alzheimer's Disease, scarring and inflammation from glial cells have been further implicated in the degeneration of neurons caused by Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.[37]

text: In addition to neurodegenerative diseases, a wide range of harmful exposure, such as hypoxia, or physical trauma, can lead to the end result of physical damage to the CNS.[35] Generally, when damage occurs to the CNS, glial cells cause Apoptosis among the surrounding cellular bodies.[35] Then, there is a large amount of microglial activity, which results in inflammation, and finally, there is a heavy release of growth inhibiting molecules.[35]

text: History[edit]

text: Glia were first described in 1856 by the pathologist Rudolf Virchow in a comment to his 1846 publication on connective tissue. A more detailed description of glial cells was provided in the 1858 book Cellular Pathology by the same author.[38]

text: When markers for different types of cells were analyzed, Einstein's brain was discovered to contain significantly more glia than normal brains in the left angular gyrus, an area thought to be responsible for mathematical processing and language.[39]

text: The ratio of glia to neurons increases with our definition of intelligence. Not only does the ratio of glia to neurons increase through evolution, but so does the size of the glia. Astroglial cells in the human have a volume 27 times greater than the same cells in the mouse's brain.[40]

text: These important scientific findings may begin to shift the neuron-specific perspective into a more holistic view of the brain which encompasses the glial cells as well. The glia's importance is becoming ever more clear as time goes on and new research is conducted. For the vast part of the last century, scientists have written off glial cells to be nothing more than the structure and foundations that hold the neurons in place. But now, there is direct evidence that correlates the number of glial cells in the brain with the amount of intelligence that any given species possesses.[41] Future research will begin to shed light on the mysterious, yet increasingly crucial, role of glial cells.


document_title: Blair Waldorf

question_text: gossip girl season 5 blair pregnant who's the father

question_tokens: gossip girl season 5 blair pregnant who 's the father

text: Blair Waldorf

text: Character in print[edit]

text: Gossip Girl is a series of novels about socially prominent young adults in New York City. The story primarily follows Blair Waldorf and her best friend Serena van der Woodsen during their years in high school and college. Due to her fame on the Upper East Side, Blair is featured on the website of "Gossip Girl," an anonymous gossip blogger whose posts appear occasionally throughout the story.

text: Novel series[edit]

text: In the first book, Blair is introduced as a privileged, comically vain overachiever.[6] She is described as an alluring brunette,[7] and occasionally models her appearance and demeanor after famous actresses, including Marilyn Monroe and, most often, Audrey Hepburn.[8] In early novels, the character is also written as bulimic.

text: Blair is largely motivated by matters surrounding family, romance, and ambition. However, her tendency to overachieve can lead to feelings of paranoia, with dramatic or comical results. In a review for The New Yorker, Janet Malcolm remarked that Blair's issues made her "both a broader caricature and a more real person" than the other Gossip Girl characters.[6] In a 2009 interview, Gossip Girl creator Cecily von Ziegesar claimed to identify with Blair the most, stating, "She is so unpredictable and dramatic. Such a bitch, but we understand why she is a bitch and we like her anyway".[9]

text: Story lines[edit]

text: Throughout most of the series' run, Blair grapples with a number of changes within her family. Two years prior to the opening novel, Blair's parents divorced after her father ran off with another man. When her mother remarries, and her father leaves the country, Blair has difficulty accepting her stepfather, Cyrus Rose. In addition, her stress over these matters occasionally affects her other relationships.[10] However, Blair ultimately remains close to her father Harold, who she often turns to for comfort.[11] By contrast, she maintains a somewhat tenser relationship with her mother Eleanor. It is also revealed that Blair has struggled with bulimia.[12]

text: In the opening novel, Blair learns of an affair between her friend Serena and her boyfriend Nate. This marks the beginning of the story's primary love triangle, which recurs throughout the series.[13] Blair's romantic life has various effects on her character development. After Nate repeatedly hurts her, she eventually refuses to take him back until she believes in his ability to commit to her.[14] In pursuing Nate, however, Blair herself cheats on her new boyfriend Pete, which results in her losing both of them.[15] She eventually begins to acknowledge her mistakes, with her father's help.[16] She later grows closer to Chuck Bass (which initially occurred in the series' television adaptation), who she'd previously known for years, which leads them to briefly date one another.[16]

text: Blair is noted for an over-achieving nature, which often appears in humorous scenes. In a review for New York magazine, Emily Nussbaum lauded one of Blair's fantasies, which involves "joining the Peace Corps, getting a killer tan, winning the Nobel Peace Prize, and having dinner with the president, 'who would then write her a recommendation to Yale, and then Yale would fall all over themselves to accept her.' "[17] The New Yorker's Janet Malcolm remarked that unlike some of her forerunners in film and literature, "Blair already has all the money and position anyone could want. She is pure naked striving, restlessly seeking an object, any object, and never knowing when enough is enough."[6]

text: Blair encounters a setback during her interview at Yale by revealing the recent stress in her life, and then kissing her interviewer on the cheek upon dismissal. Her father then makes a donation to the school, though Blair is still wait-listed.[18] In the twelfth book, I Will Always Love You, it is revealed that she has been admitted to the university.[19]

text: In addition to her feelings for Nate, Blair is sometimes said to feel competitive with Serena in other areas, including matters of beauty and popularity.[20] This also leads to an occasional envy on Blair's part.[17] It is unclear how much of Blair's perception of Serena is in line with reality; the narrative describes both characters as "hands down the two hottest girls on the Upper East Side, and maybe all of Manhattan, or even the whole world."[7]

text: Manga series[edit]

text: In 2010, Yen Press began publishing a manga adaptation titled Gossip Girl: For Your Eyes Only, written and illustrated by HyeKyung Baek. This series adapts notable scenarios from the novel—including the triangle with Nate and Serena—but also features new material.

text: After losing her position as queen bee, Blair attempts to regain her former status while adjusting to a less privileged lifestyle.[21] In addition to this series, Blair also appears in a manga adaptation of the novel Gossip Girl: Psycho Killer, a parody of horror stories.[22]

text: Television series[edit]

text: In 2007, Gossip Girl was adapted for television. According to Cecily von Ziegesar, the television character is largely faithful to the original.[9] Among the aspects to be maintained are her admiration for Audrey Hepburn and her interest in Yale University. However, the series is also noted for its deviations from the source material,[6] including the exclusion of Blair's brother Tyler. The show also explores romances between Blair and multiple male leads, resulting in occasional love triangles. In the fifth season, Blair is revealed to be pregnant with Prince of Monaco, Louis Grimaldi's child. However the child later dies before birth after a car crash Blair and Chuck were in.[23]

text: Among fans and the media, Blair's bond with Chuck Bass was commonly known by the portmanteau "Chair", while her relationship with Dan Humphrey was referred to as "Dair". Her relationship with Chuck was greatly supported throughout the series by many fans and most were glad to see them marry in the finale. The nicknames and viewer interest in these relationships were recognized by the show's producers.[24]

text: Casting[edit]

text:
“
They were like, 'Be bitchy and nice, ugly and pretty, young and old, stupid and smart, innocent and slutty, blond and brunette. Can you be all those things?'
”

— Leighton Meester [25]

text: To prepare for the part of Blair, actress Leighton Meester, a natural blonde, dyed her hair brown before auditioning, and also studied the first novel.[26][27] She has described the character as multi-faceted, labeling her "a little bit of everything which is pretty amazing."[27] Like von Ziegesar, Meester has also claimed to relate to Blair on certain levels. Prior to the show's debut in 2007, the actress stated that, "The only way to play Blair, or any character, and make her human, is to find what she is inside me. And I know I have my insecurities, too." She went on to say that, "The way Blair and I are not alike when it comes to insecurities is: She pays so much attention to hers!"[28] Meester's casting was described by Yahoo! as a star-making role which moved her "into the pop culture vanguard,"[29] while Cecily von Ziegesar has called her a perfect choice.[30]

text: In December 2010, Meester revealed plans to leave the show in 2012. E! Online and other outlets speculated that her departure would possibly mark the end of the series.[31]

text: Season 1[edit]

text: In Season 1 of Gossip Girl, Blair is introduced as the Upper East Side's beautiful and popular Queen B. She is the daughter of Eleanor Waldorf, a famous fashion designer. She is dating Nate Archibald, and is best friends with Serena van der Woodsen. She also finds a close companion in Nate's best friend and her childhood friend Chuck Bass, who becomes a partner for her schemes. When Serena returns home from boarding school, Blair learns from Nate that he lost his virginity to a drunken Serena over a year ago.[32] Blair retaliates by publicly revealing Serena's connection to a rehab hospital. She then learns that the actual patient is Serena's younger brother, Eric, who had been committed after a suicide attempt. Afterward, a remorseful Blair reconciles with Serena.[33][34]

text: After learning that Nate no longer loves her, Blair sleeps with Chuck, eventually falling for him. This leads to a heated affair and an eventual love triangle. Her inability to choose creates much of the first season's story line.[35] There are brief mentions of Blair's past struggle with anorexia-bulimia that are never mentioned again past the first season.

text: She also begins a brief power struggle with freshman Jenny Humphrey. After she unites with Chuck and Nate in order to save Serena from the scheming Georgina Sparks, Chuck realizes that his feelings for Blair are real and suggests that they spend the summer together in Tuscany. However, he is discouraged by his father at the last minute, and stands Blair up.[36]

text: Season 2[edit]

text: At the launch of the second season, Blair was described by creators as the queen at the center of the Gossip Girl chess game.[37] A large portion of her story line in Season 2 revolves around her love-hate relationship with Chuck Bass, which was labeled "the heart of GG" by People magazine.[26] While competing with Serena, Blair forms an unexpected friendship with Jenny, who states that they each work for everything they achieve, while Serena often glides through life. During their interviews at Yale University, Blair and Serena apologize for their ill feelings and resume their friendship.[38]

text: In the episode "O Brother, Where Bart Thou?", Chuck is devastated by news of his father's death, prompting Blair to offer her support while telling Chuck that she loves him. He initially shuns her advances, but later turns to her for comfort.[39] However, the two stop seeing each other due to Chuck's uncle, Jack Bass, convincing him he has an inability to commit to a relationship.[40] After being rejected by Yale, Blair finds unexpected encouragement from Nate.[41] She is later accepted into New York University, and her competitive relationship with Georgina is eventually renewed.

text: As the season ends, Blair crowns Jenny the new queen of Constance Billard School. In the season finale, it is discovered that Blair slept with Chuck's uncle Jack and that Chuck had slept with Vanessa Abrams. Chuck then departs for Europe. He later returns to New York and reconciles with Blair while declaring his love for her, and the two finally begin a committed relationship.[42]

text: Season 3[edit]

text: In the third season, Blair joins Vanessa, Georgina, and Jenny's brother Dan at NYU.[43] Much of her story line concerns her inability to attain her previous status at her new school. She finds emotional support from her mother, as well as Chuck. However, she and Chuck separate once again when Blair feels that he manipulated her while competing with his uncle. ( Chuck made a deal with Jack that Blair could sleep with him and in exchange, Chuck gets his hotel back that Jack initially stole to 'destroy Chuck'. )

text: She later transfers to Columbia University, and learns that an emotionally reformed Chuck was responsible for her enrollment.[44] They later team up as part of a role-playing scheme to help Serena's mother and Chuck's adopted mother, Lily. In the season finale, Chuck attempts to propose to Blair, but is interrupted by Dan, who reveals that Chuck had slept with Jenny. Two weeks later, Blair and Serena depart for Paris intending to spend the summer together.[45]

text: Season 4[edit]

text: In Season 4, Blair and Chuck become competitive once again, but eventually resume their sexual relations before recognizing their love for one another. When the relationship interferes with their business interests, she and Chuck break up once more. Chuck promises he'll wait for her, and both affirm their belief that their love will reunite them in the end.[46]

text: Blair then teams up with Dan when the two share common goals. They also end up working together at W. magazine, where friction develops between the two.[47] On Valentine's Day, she discovers that Chuck has romantic feelings for Raina Thorpe, the daughter of his business rival. Later, she and Dan spend the evening talking on their cell phones while watching Rosemary's Baby.[48] Blair later quits W. and is shown asleep with Dan in his Brooklyn flat. Later, upon growing curious of their feelings for one another, Blair and Dan share a kiss before the mid-season hiatus.

text: Blair eventually decides that she wants to be with Chuck, but shuns him once again after he tries to humiliate Dan.[49] She is later courted by a prince from Monaco named Louis. During a private confrontation, a drunken Chuck punches a window after he finds out Prince Louis has proposed to Blair, which cuts Blair's face as it shatters. Afterward, Blair chooses to accept a proposal from Louis.[50] Blair later attempts to warn Chuck about potential trouble in his family. She is then abducted by an enemy of the Basses, Raina's father Russell Thorpe. Chuck later rescues Blair and apologizes for his violent actions. Following a night out together, the two have sex before Chuck advises Blair to return to Louis, believing that she will be happier with him. However, the season ends with the revelation that Blair may be pregnant.[51]

text: Reaction to triangle[edit]

text:
"Chuck and Blair are always going to be connected in their way, and Dan and Serena are always going to be connected in their way. But that doesn’t mean that there won’t be new roads to go down that might be different than what we initially anticipated."
—Joshua Safran, producer[52]

text: Amidst the fourth season, the romance between Dan and Blair became a polarizing topic among viewers[47] which also drew significant media interest. Jarett Wieselman of the New York Post applauded the development, feeling that Blair had "more chemistry" with Dan than with Chuck.[53] New York magazine's Chris Rovzar called Blair and Dan's story line "believable", citing their common ground in education and taste. Rovzar further stated, "Since they live in a world where both only seem to have half a dozen real friends (if that), is it so crazy they'd end up together?"[54] An article from The Huffington Post declared that "Dan and Blair together are like Harry Burns and Sally Albright reincarnated — the couple was obviously inspired by When Harry Met Sally." It further commented that the couple paralleled Pacey and Joey’s relationship from Dawson's Creek and concluded that Dan and Blair were "the most inspired storyline and couple of the show".[55] Entertainment Weekly stated that Dan and Blair were like stars in an "updated version of You've Got Mail".[56] Tierney Bricker of E! ranked all 25 Gossip Girl couples placing 'Dair' as the third best couple after Blair and Serena (#1) and 'Chair' (#2). Bricker stated that “[Dan and Blair], out of all the main characters, were the most well-suited for each other. In real life, they would've been 'endgame'."[57]

text: Dawn Fallik of The Wall Street Journal was less positive, asserting that "both characters have been so Blandified that there’s no fun left in the show."[58] A writer for E! Online's Team WWK labeled the Dan/Blair relationship "nomance nonsense".[59]

text: With regard to Chuck and Blair, Meester stated, "I can really relate to it—not necessarily because it's this dramatic, tumultuous relationship, but because the way they love each other is very real, and not for the sake of being dramatic. It's actual love. There's nobody for each other but them."[60] Meester also expressed fondness for Dan and Blair, however, stating, "I think they're good for each other in a lot of ways, in a way that Chuck and Blair aren't."[47] Badgley claimed that he thought "Blair [was] Dan’s soul mate"[61] and further stated that he thought the Blair and Dan storyline was "the most exciting for Dan as a person".[62] When Hollywoodlife.com asked Ed Westwick, who played Chuck Bass, which character he thought loved Blair more, Chuck or Dan, Westwick pointed to Badgley, saying "definitely him."[63]

text: Producers initially noticed chemistry between Blair and Dan in the Season 1 episode "Bad News Blair". According to producer Joshua Safran, the creators planned to revisit their relationship once the timing was right. Safran also stated that the outcome wasn't necessarily decided ahead of time. "One thing we are very conscious of—and I know some fans get upset about this—is we really try to treat the characters as living, breathing, well-rounded individuals. And we're often surprised by where their journeys take them; they open new doors for us all the time."[52]

text: Controversy[edit]

text: Following the twentieth episode of Season 4, Safran spoke on behalf of the series regarding the scene in which Chuck became violent with Blair.[64]

text:
“
The way we viewed it, I think it's very clear that Blair is not afraid in those moments, for herself. They have a volatile relationship, they always have, but I do not believe—or I should say we do not believe—that it is abuse when it's the two of them. Chuck does not try to hurt Blair. He punches the glass because he has rage, but he has never, and will never, hurt Blair. He knows it and she knows it, and I feel it's very important to know that she is not scared—if anything, she is scared for Chuck—and what he might do to himself, but she is never afraid of what he might do to her. Leighton and I were very clear about that.
”

text: In response to these comments, Carina MacKenzie of Zap2it stated, "We're left wondering if Safran missed the part where she went home bleeding because Chuck was using physical intimidation to release his own emotions."[65] While reviewing the episode, Tierney Bricker of Zap2it felt that there were "really no excuses for Chuck Bass anymore."[66] MacKenzie concluded that Chuck's behavior throughout Season 4 fit the signs of an abusive relationship, citing examples from HelpGuide.org, a non-profit health resource. She noted Chuck's public humiliation of Blair, his attempt to pawn her during a business deal, and his use of physical intimidation. MacKenzie also called the show's explanation "disturbing, particularly given the young, female target demographic of Gossip Girl and The CW."[65]

text: In a review for the Los Angeles Times, Judy Berman addressed Safran's description of Blair during the scene. "Considering how terrified Blair looked at the end of their encounter, and how quickly she got out of there, the show is sending a mixed message at best." She went on to state, "We have no right to expect Gossip Girl to be a paragon of morality, or even realism, but the idea that true love requires taking a shard of glass to the face is disturbing even in this alternate, soap-opera dimension."[67]

text: Season 5[edit]

text: In the fifth season premiere, Blair continues to plan her wedding, but begins to encounter problems in her relationship with Louis. It is later revealed that she is pregnant.[23] Blair tells Chuck that the child is Louis', and states that part of her wanted Chuck to be the father.[68] Dan becomes Blair's confidante and is shown to be in love with her, though she remains oblivious to his feelings and states that there is nothing more than friendship between them.

text: Though she insists that she is in love with Louis, Blair begins to seek Chuck out as the season progresses. The two eventually declare their love for each other prior to a car accident in her limousine while being chased by paparazzi. Though both recover, Blair suffers a miscarriage from the crash. After the crash Blair decides that she must commit herself to Louis, converting to Catholicism and cutting off any connection with Chuck. At the wedding, Gossip Girl releases a recording of Blair confessing her love for Chuck. Nevertheless, Louis and Blair get married, making Blair a Princess of Monaco, though Louis informs her that they will have a loveless marriage of convenience.[69] She then receives support from Dan, leading them to share a kiss on Valentine's Day. Amidst these developments, Blair grows conflicted between her feelings for Dan and Chuck.[70] After taking steps to end her marriage, she chooses to begin a romantic relationship with Dan.[71] By the end of the season, however, after a debate about which love is the best—with Dan she feels safe, with Chuck she feels vulnerable—Blair declares that she is still in love with Chuck, and chooses to pursue him.[72]

text: Season 6[edit]

text: In the final season, Blair resumes her romantic relationship with Chuck, while Chuck and his father Bart—who is revealed to be alive in the previous season—become bitter rivals. Blair pursues her career as head of Waldorf Designs, with several mishaps, before staging a successful line.[73] In the penultimate episode, Bart falls to his death while trying to attack Chuck atop a building. Afterward, Blair and Chuck depart together. In the series finale, Blair marries Chuck which results in her not having to testify against him in his father's murder case. Five years later, Blair is shown to be running her mother's successful fashion line and she works with Jenny in a line called "J for Waldorf", and she and Chuck are shown to have a son named Henry.[74]

text: Reception[edit]

text: In print[edit]

text: While covering the book series, Janet Malcolm of The New Yorker labeled the character "an antiheroine of the first rank," and asserted that "the series belongs to awful Blair, who inspires von Ziegesar's highest flights of comic fancy." She also compared Blair to vintage film and literary figures such as Becky Sharp of Vanity Fair, and Lizzie Eustace of The Eustace Diamonds.[6] In addition, the character has drawn comparisons to notable contemporaries, including Lila Fowler of the Sweet Valley High series.[75]

text: In the 2007 book Children's Literature and Culture, writer Harry Edwin Eiss chastised the depiction of Blair's bulimia. "If handled properly, the inclusion of her illness could have provided a powerful lesson for young adult readers who worry about their weight and food consumption. Unfortunately, Cecily von Ziegesar, the author of the series, presents a seriously flawed treatment of the problem. In a failed attempt at humor, the writer regards Blair's sickness as just another source of gossip," he said.[76] Emily Nussbaum of New York magazine had similar comments, calling the bulimia "more of an icky weakness than a full-fledged pathology." However, she went on to commend Blair as "hilariously self-centered".[17]

text: Julie Opipari of Manga Maniac Cafe gave the initial Gossip Girl manga a negative review, citing displeasure with the characters and plot. However, she acknowledged that this gave her a greater appreciation for Blair in the second volume, noting that Blair "really had to learn how to rough it" after losing her privileged lifestyle. She went on to state that "Blair is one character that is fun to hate on. So imagine my surprise when I actually started to like her by the end of the book".[77]

text: On screen[edit]

text: The show's breakout character,[78] Blair Waldorf has garnered much media recognition. Yahoo! proclaims Blair a member of "television's pantheon of razor-witted, solipsistic high school Alpha females."[29] While commenting on Meester, New York magazine's 2008 cover story of the series states, "Her villain-you-want-to-root-for is the most sophisticated performance on the show."[79] In another 2008 article, People magazine commented that "Meester has burst out of this ensemble to stardom."[80] Variety described her performance as similar to that of "a predatory junior Joan Collins who practically breathes fire out of her pinched, perfectly WASP-ish nostrils."[80] FHM Online ranked the actress the "Hottest TV Star" of autumn 2008, stating that as Blair Waldorf, "Leighton Meester has stolen the spotlight with her mind-blowing good looks and amazing performance."[81] OK! magazine likened her character to Audrey Hepburn's portrayal of Holly Golightly.[82] The physical similarity was also noted by USA Today.[83]

text: In its 2009 "Hot List", Rolling Stone cited Blair as "the reason we love the back-stabby soap most."[84] Regarding the fictional fame of Blair's friend Serena, Tim Stack of Entertainment Weekly asserted that "Serena may be the star of the media but Blair is quickly becoming the star of this show."[85] While citing Serena's long-revered allure, Glamour and its readers compared the two characters in 2008, with Blair being recognized as more beautiful than Serena.[86] In a review from The Atlantic, Blair and Serena's friendship was praised as "it offered a relationship whose depth and complexity approached Rory and Paris' [from Gilmore Girls]."[87]

text: In May 2009, Blair received attention from Forbes, which interviewed her via the series' writers.[88] Television Without Pity listed Meester in their "Golden Globes 2009: Overlooked TV Shows and Performances" article, labeling Blair "so multi-faceted, well-dressed and beautifully played that she elevates this teen soap to something we don't even feel guilty about admitting we love."[89] Meester won the Teen Choice Award for "Choice TV Actress Drama" in 2009,[90] and again in 2010.[91] In 2009, she was voted the "Best Mean Girl" in Zap2it's first poll of the best television characters in the 2000s.[92] In February 2012, Zap2it held another poll to determine TV's Most Crushworthy. Blair was elected TV's Most Crushworthy 1% Female over Temperance "Bones" Brennan.[93] The 1 percenters are people that "have everything going for them with their fantastic good looks and their opulent lifestyle".[94] Her relationship with Chuck Bass was included in TV Guide's list of "The Best TV Couples of All Time"[95] as well as Entertainment Weekly's "30 Best 'Will They/Won't They?' TV Couples".[96]

text: The character's wardrobe—credited to designers Abigail Lorick and Eric Daman[97][98]—is popular, earning mentions from periodicals such as InStyle[99] and New York,[100] along with recognition from websites.[101] TV Guide listed Blair among its "Best Dressed TV Characters of 2007".[102] Entertainment Weekly named Blair Waldorf and Chuck Bass the "Most Stylish" characters of 2008.[103] Lifetime television ranks Blair first in its listing of "The Top 10 Best-Dressed TV Characters",[104] while Glamour has named her among its best-dressed TV characters of all time.[105] In a Vanity Fair interview, costume designers Eric Daman and Meredith Markworth-Pollack named Audrey Hepburn and Vogue editor-in-chief Anna Wintour as their inspirations when dressing Meester as Blair. The designers also cited New York socialites Tinsley Mortimer and Arden Wohl as influences.[106] TV Guide named her the sixth most fashionable TV character.[107]