document_title: Voter turnout in the United States presidential elections

question_text: what percentage of us population voted in 2016 presidential election

text: Age, education, and income[edit]

text: Age, income and educational attainment are significant factors affecting voter turnout. Educational attainment is perhaps the best predictor of voter turnout, and in the 2008 election those holding advanced degrees were three times more likely to vote than those with less than high school education. Income correlated well with likelihood of voting as well, although this may be because of a correlation between income and educational attainment, rather than a direct effect of income.

text:
Age difference is associated with youth voter turnout.
Berman and Johnson’s (2000)[2] argument affirms that “age is an important factor in understanding voting blocs and differences” on various issues. Young people are typically “plagued” by political apathy and thus do not have strong political opinions (The Economist, 2014). As strong political opinions may be considered one of the reasons behind voting (Munsey, 2008), political apathy among young people is arguably a predictor for low voter turnout. Pomante and Schraufnagel’s (2014) research demonstrated that potential young voters are more willing to commit to vote when they see pictures of younger candidates running for elections/office or voting for other candidates, surmising that young Americans are “voting at higher and similar rates to other Americans when there is a candidate under the age of 35 years running”. As such, since most candidates running for office are pervasively over the age of 35 years (Struyk, 2017), youth may not be actively voting in these elections because of a lack of representation or visibility in the political process. “Only 30 per cent of millennials think it’s ‘essential’ to live in a democracy, compared to 72 percent of those born before World War II” (Gershman, 2018). Considering that one of the critical tenets of liberal democracy is voting, the idea that millennials are denouncing the value of democracy is arguably an indicator of the loss of faith in the importance of voting. Thus, it can be surmised that those of younger ages may not be inclined to vote during elections.

text:
Education is another factor considered to have a major impact on voter turnout rates.
Burden (2009) investigated the relationship between formal education levels and voter turnout. He demonstrated the effect of rising enrollment in college education circa 1980s, which – as expected - did result in an increase in voter turnout. However, “this was not true for political knowledge” (Burden, 2009); a rise in education levels did not have any impact in identifying those with political knowledge (a signifier of civic engagement) until the 1980s election, when college education became a distinguishing factor in identifying civic participation. This article poses a multifaceted perspective on the effect of education levels on voter turnout. Based on this article, one may surmise that education has become a more powerful predictor of civic participation, discriminating more between voters and non-voters. However, this was not true for political knowledge; education levels were not a signifier of political knowledge. Gallego (2010) also contends that voter turnout tends to be higher in localities where voting mechanisms have been established and are easy to operate – i.e. voter turnout and participation tends to be high in instances where registration has been initiated by the state and the number of electoral parties is small. One may contend that ease of access – and not education level – may be an indicator of voting behavior. Presumably larger, more urban cities will have greater budgets/resources/infrastructure dedicated to elections, which is why youth may have higher turnout rates in those cities versus more rural areas. Though youth in larger (read: urban) cities tend to be more educated than those in rural areas (Marcus & Krupnick, 2017), perhaps there is an external variable (i.e. election infrastructure) at play. Smith and Tolbert’s (2005) research reiterates that the presence of ballot initiatives and portals within a state have a positive effect on voter turnout.
Another correlated finding in his study (Snyder, 2011) was that education is less important as a predictor of voter turnout in states than tend to spend more on education. Moreover, Snyder’s (2011) research suggests that students are more likely to vote than non-students. It may be surmised that an increase of state investment in electoral infrastructure facilitates and education policy and programs results in increase voter turnout among youth.

text:
Wealthier people tend to vote at higher rates.
Harder and Krosnick (2008) contend that some of the reasons for this may be due to “differences in motivation or ability (sometimes both)” (Harder and Krosnick, 2008), or that less wealthy people have less energy, time, or resources to allot towards voting. Another potential reason may be that wealthier people believe that they have more at stake if they don’t vote than those with less resources or income.
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs might also help explain this hypothesis from a psychological perspective. If those with low income are struggling to meet the basic survival needs of food, water, safety, etc., they will not be motivated enough to reach the final stages of “Esteem” or “Self-actualization” needs (Maslow, 1943) – which consist of the desire for dignity, respect, prestige and realizing personal potential, respectively.

text: Women's suffrage and gender gap[edit]

text: There was no systematic collection of voter turnout data by gender at a national level before 1964, but smaller local studies indicate a low turnout among female voters in the years following Women's suffrage in the United States. For example, a 1924 study of voting turnout in Chicago found that "female Chicagoans were far less likely to have visited the polls on Election Day than were men in both the 1920 presidential election (46% vs. 75%) and the 1923 mayoral contest (35% vs. 63%)."[3] The study compared reasons given by male and female non-voters, and found that female non-voters were more likely to cite general indifference to politics and ignorance or timidity regarding elections than male non-voters, and that female voters were less likely to cite fear of loss of business or wages. Most significantly, however, 11% of female non-voters in the survey cited a "Disbelief in woman's voting" as the reason they did not vote.

text: The graph of voter turnout percentages shows a dramatic decline in turnout over the first two decades of the twentieth century, ending in 1920, when the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution granted women the right to vote across the United States. But in the preceding decades, several states had passed laws supporting women's suffrage. Women were granted the right to vote in Wyoming in 1869, before the territory had become a full state in the union. In 1889, when the Wyoming constitution was drafted in preparation for statehood, it included women's suffrage. Thus Wyoming was also the first full state to grant women the right to vote. In 1893, Colorado was the first state to amend an existing constitution in order to grant women the right to vote, and several other states followed, including Utah and Idaho in 1896, Washington State in 1910, California in 1911, Oregon, Kansas, and Arizona in 1912, Alaska and Illinois in 1913, Montana and Nevada in 1914, New York in 1917; Michigan, South Dakota, and Oklahoma in 1918. Each of these suffrage laws expanded the body of eligible voters, and because women were less likely to vote than men, each of these expansions created a decline in voter turnout rates, culminating with the extremely low turnouts in the 1920 and 1924 elections after the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment.

text:
This voting gender gap waned throughout the middle decades of the twentieth century, and in recent decades has completely reversed, with a higher proportion of women voting than men in each of the last nine presidential elections[when?]. The Center for American Women and Politics summarizes how this trend can be measured differently both in terms of proportion of voters to non-voters, and in terms of the bulk number of votes cast.
"In every presidential election since 1980, the proportion of eligible female adults who voted has exceeded the proportion of eligible male adults who voted [...]. In all presidential elections prior to 1980, the voter turnout rate for women was lower than the rate for men. The number of female voters has exceeded the number of male voters in every presidential election since 1964..."[4] This gender gap has been a determining factor in several recent presidential elections, as women have been consistently about 15% more likely to support the candidate of the Democratic Party than the Republican candidate in each election since 1996.[5]

text: Race, ethnicity, and voter turnout[edit]

text: The passage of the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution gave African American men the right to vote. While this historic expansion of rights resulted in significant increases in the eligible voting population, and may have contributed to the increases in the proportion of votes cast for president as a percentage of the total population during the 1870s, there does not seem to have been a significant long-term increase in the percentage of eligible voters who turn out for the poll. The disenfranchisement of most African Americans and many poor whites in the South during the years 1890-1910 likely contributed to the decline in overall voter turnout percentages during those years visible in the chart at the top of the article. Ethnicity has had an effect on voter turnout in recent years as well, with data from recent elections such as 2008 showing much lower turnout among people identifying as Hispanic or Asian ethnicity than other voters (see chart to the right).

text: Youth voting turnout[edit]

text: Recent decades have seen increasing concern over the fact that youth voting turnout is consistently lower than turnout among older generations. Several programs to increase the rates of voting among young people—such as MTV's "Rock the Vote" (founded in 1990) and the "Vote or Die" initiative (starting in 2012)—may have marginally increased turnouts of those between the ages of 18 and 25 to vote. However, the Stanford Social Innovation Review found no evidence of a decline in youth voter turnout. In fact, they argue that "Millennials are turning out at similar rates to the previous two generations when they face their first elections."[6]

text: Other eligibility factors[edit]

text: Another factor influencing statistics on voter turnout is the percentage of the country's voting-age population who are ineligible to vote due to non-citizen status or prior felony convictions. In a 2001 article in the American Political Science Review, Michael McDonald and Samuel Popkin argued, that at least in the United States, voter turnout since 1972 has not actually declined when calculated for those eligible to vote, what they term the voting-eligible population.[7] In 1972, noncitizens and ineligible felons (depending on state law) constituted about 2% of the voting-age population. By 2004, ineligible voters constituted nearly 10%.[citation needed] Ineligible voters are not evenly distributed across the country – 20% of California's voting-age population is ineligible to vote – which confounds comparisons of states.[citation needed]

text: Turnout statistics[edit]

text:
Election

Voting Age Population (VAP)[clarification needed][8]

Turnout[clarification needed][8]

% Turnout of VAP[8][9]

1789

1792

1796

1800

1804

1808

1812

1816

1820

1824

1828

57.6%

1832

55.4%

1836

57.8%

1840

80.2%

1844

78.9%

1848

72.7%

1852

69.6%

1856

78.9%

1860

81.2%

1864

73.8%

1868

78.1%

1872

71.3%

1876

81.8%

1880

79.4%

1884

77.5%

1888

79.3%

1892

74.7%

1896

79.3%

1900

73.2%

1904

65.2%

1908

65.4%

1912

58.8%

1916

61.6%

1920

49.2%

1924

48.9%

1928

56.9%

1932
75,768,000
39,817,000
52.6%

1936
80,174,000
45,647,000
56.9%

1940
84,728,000
49,815,000
58.8%

1944
85,654,000
48,026,000
56.1%

1948
95,573,000
48,834,000
51.1%

1952
99,929,000
61,552,000
61.6%

1956
104,515,000
62,027,000
59.3%

1960
109,672,000
68,836,000
62.8%

1964
114,090,000
70,098,000
61.4%

1968
120,285,000
73,027,000
60.7%

1972
140,777,000
77,625,000
55.1%

1976
152,308,000
81,603,000
53.6%

1980
163,945,000
86,497,000
52.8%

1984
173,995,000
92,655,000
53.3%

1988
181,956,000
91,587,000
50.3%

1992
189,493,000
104,600,000
55.2%

1996
196,789,000
96,390,000
49.0%

2000
209,787,000
105,594,000
50.3%

2004
219,553,000
122,349,000
55.7%

2008
229,945,000
131,407,000
58.2%

2012
235,248,000
129,235,000
54.9%

2016
250,056,000 (estimated)[10]
138,847,000 (estimated)[10]
55.5% (estimated)[10]

text: Note: The Bipartisan Policy Center has stated that turnout for 2012 was 57.5 percent of the eligible voters, which they claim was a decline from 2008. They estimate that as a percent of eligible voters, turn out was: 2000, 54.2%; in 2004 60.4%; 2008 62.3%; and 2012 57.5%.[11]

text: Later analysis by the University of California, Santa Barbara's American Presidency Project found that there were 235,248,000 people of voting age in the United States in the 2012 election, resulting in 2012 voting age population (VAP) turnout of 54.9%.[12] The total increase in VAP between 2008 and 2012 (5,300,000) was the smallest increase since 1964, bucking the modern average of 9,000,000–13,000,000 per cycle.


document_title: Ordeal by Innocence

question_text: who is the killer in the book ordeal by innocence

root

text: Ordeal by Innocence

text: Plot summary[edit]

text: Jacko Argyle dies in prison while serving a sentence for killing his adoptive mother Rachel Argyle. His own widow, Maureen, believed him to have been responsible. Two years later, Jacko's alibi suddenly appears and the family must come to terms not only with the fact that Jacko was actually innocent, but that one of them is the real murderer, and now suspicion falls upon each of them.

tag: p

text: The witness, Arthur Calgary, was unaware of the trial and thus failed to come forward. He believes the Argyle family will be grateful when he clears their son's name but fails to realise the full implications of the information he provides. However, once he does so, he is determined to protect the innocent by finding the murderer.

text: Calgary visits retired local doctor, Dr MacMaster, to ask him about Jacko. MacMaster notes that he was surprised when Jacko was convicted for killing Rachel, not because murder was outside Jacko's 'moral range', but because he thought Jacko would be too cowardly to kill somebody; that, if he wanted to murder somebody, he would hire an accomplice. While two outsiders attempt to find the murderer, it is insider Philip Durrant whose efforts uncover the truth and force the killer to kill again. Durrant is found murdered.

text: It is revealed that the murderer was indeed acting under the influence of Jacko Argyle. Jacko's carefully planned alibi failed when police could not find Calgary.

text: The killer is revealed to be Kirsten Lindstrom, the Argyles' middle-aged housekeeper. Jacko had persuaded the plain Kirsten that he was in love with her, and persuaded her to murder his adoptive mother under cover of a "foolproof" alibi to steal some much needed money. But once Kirsten learned that Jacko was secretly married, she decided not to cover for Jacko, abandoning him to his fate.

text: Literary significance and reception[edit]

text: Philip John Stead concluded his review in the Times Literary Supplement of 12 December 1958, with, "The solution of Ordeal By Innocence is certainly not below the level of Mrs Christie's customary ingenuity, but the book lacks other qualities which her readers have come to expect. What has become of the blitheness, the invigorating good spirits with which the game of detection is played in so many of her stories? Ordeal By Innocence slips out of that cheerful arena into something much too like an attempt at psychological fiction. It is too much of a conversation piece and too many people are talking – people in whom it is hard to take the necessary amount of interest because there is not enough space to establish them. The kind of workmanship which has been lavished on this tale is not a kind in which the author excels and the reader feels that Miss Marple and Poirot would thoroughly disapprove of the whole business."[4]

text: Sarah Russell of The Guardian gave a short review to the novel in the 9 December 1958 issue when she said, "In this solving of a two-year-old family murder sympathy is, unusually with Miss Christie, evoked for too many people to leave enough suspects; but the unravelling is sound and the story well told."[5]

text: Maurice Richardson of The Observer of 2 November 1958 said, "The veteran Norn has nodded over this one. There is ingenuity, of course, but it lacks a central focus. The characters are stodgy and there is little of that so readable, almost crunchable dialogue, like burnt sugar." He concluded, "The serious socio-psychological approach doesn't suit A.C. somehow. Only at the end with the big surprise do you feel home and dry."[6]

text: Robert Barnard: "One of the best of 'fifties Christies, and one of her own favourites (though she named different titles at different times). The Five Little Pigs pattern of murder-in-the-past, the convicted murderer having died in prison, innocent. [sic] Short on detection, but fairly dense in social observation. Understanding in treatment of adopted children, but not altogether tactful on the colour question: 'Tina's always the dark horse…Perhaps it's the half of her that isn't white.'"[7]

text: In other media[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: Film[edit]

text: Ordeal by Innocence (1985)[edit]

text: A film adaptation was made in 1985, starring Donald Sutherland, Faye Dunaway, Christopher Plummer and Sarah Miles. Its musical score (by Dave Brubeck) was strongly criticised as totally inappropriate for this style of mystery.[8]

text: Brubeck had taken over from Pino Donaggio, who had already composed many pieces for the project, but was too busy to work on the project when various film edits needed re-scoring. His original score had swirling strings, lush melodies and tension-filled passages – perhaps more suited to a Christie film.[9]

text: Television[edit]

text: Agatha Christie's Marple (2007)[edit]

text: The novel was adapted for the third series of the ITV television series Marple featuring Geraldine McEwan first broadcast in 2007 even though Miss Marple was not in the original novel. This version changed considerably from the novel. Jacko is executed by hanging, rather than dying in prison of natural causes.

text: Gwenda Vaughan takes Philip Durrant's place as the household member who fatefully decides to investigate and comes too close to the truth, and is subsequently murdered (stabbed at the base of the brain) by the killer, Kirsten. Omitted completely is Kirsten's attempt to silence Tina and Michael by stabbing Tina. There is also the addition of another adopted child, Bobby, the twin brother of Jacko; Bobby commits suicide after financial ruin. Kirsten is shown being arrested at the end, unlike in the original novel in which her arrest was not explicitly included in the actual text.

text: Ordeal by Innocence (2018)[edit]

text: In July 2017, BBC One announced a three-episode serial based on Ordeal by Innocence. It was filmed in Inverkip, Scotland, and stars Bill Nighy as Leo Argyle, Anna Chancellor as Rachel Argyle,[10] Eleanor Tomlinson as Mary Argyle, Matthew Goode as Phillip Durrant, Alice Eve as Gwenda Vaughan, and Anthony Boyle as Jack Argyle. The script was written by Sarah Phelps, who adapted two other Christie mini-series for the BBC: And Then There Were None and The Witness for the Prosecution.

text: On 10 November 2017, the BBC announced that the serial would not be broadcast until allegations against Ed Westwick, who appears in the show, had been resolved.[11] In January 2018, the production team returned to Scotland to commence re-shooting, replacing Westwick with Christian Cooke.[12][13]

text: A trailer for the serial was released on 25 March 2018.[14][15] The serial was first broadcast on 1 April 2018 on BBC1.[16][17]

text: The ending of the 2018 serial was changed from that of the original novel, with husband and father Leo being the murderer rather than the housekeeper Kirsten.[18]

text: Stage[edit]

text: The novel was also adapted into a stage play by Mary Jane Hansen [19] performed for the first time by the New York State Theatre Institute in Troy, New York. The original run lasted from 4 to 17 February 2007, and included 14 performances.[citation needed]

text: Comics[edit]

text: Ordeal by Innocence was released by HarperCollins as a graphic novel adaptation on 1 July 2008, adapted and illustrated by "Chandre" (ISBN 0-00-727531-5). This was translated from the edition first published in France by Emmanuel Proust éditions in 2006 under the title of Témoin indésirable.

text: Radio[edit]

text: The BBC produced a radio adaptation by Joy Wilkinson, starring Mark Umbers as Arthur Calgary and Jacqueline Defferary as Gwenda. It was first broadcast on BBC Radio 4 over three weeks beginning 17 March 2014.

text: Publication history[edit]

text:
1958, Collins Crime Club (London), 3 November 1958, Hardcover, 256 pp
1959, Dodd Mead and Company (New York), 1959, Hardcover, 247 pp
1960, Pocket Books (New York), Paperback, 211 pp
1961, Fontana Books (Imprint of HarperCollins), Paperback, 192 pp
1964, Ulverscroft Large-print Edition, Hardcover, 256 pp

tag: ul

text: In the UK the novel was first serialised in the weekly magazine John Bull in two abridged instalments from 20 September (Volume 104, Number 2725) to 27 September 1958 (Volume 104, Number 2726) with illustrations by "Fancett".[20]

text: In the US, the first publication was in the Chicago Tribune in thirty-six parts from Sunday, 1 February to Saturday, 14 March 1959 under the title of The Innocent.

text: An abridged version of the novel was also published in the 21 February 1959 issue of the Star Weekly Complete Novel, a Toronto newspaper supplement, with a cover illustration by Russell Maebus.

text: International titles[edit]

text:
Arabic: محنة البريء
Czech: Zkouška neviny (Ordeal by Innocence)
Dutch: Doem der verdenking (Burden of Suspicion)
Finnish: Syyttömyyden taakka (Burden of Innocence)
German: Tödlicher Irrtum (Fatal Error)
German: Feuerprobe der Unschuld (Trial By Fire for Innocence)
Hungarian: Az alibi (The Alibi)
Italian: Le due verità (The Two Truths)
Norwegian: Døde spor (Dead traces)
Persian:مصیبت بی گناهی (Tragedy of innocence)
Portuguese (Brazil): Punição para a Inocência (Punishment for Innocence)
Portuguese (Portugal): O Cabo da Víbora (Viper's Point)
Russian: Горе невинным (Woe to Innocents)
Spanish: Inocencia trágica (Tragic Innocence)
Swedish: Prövad Oskuld (Proven Innocent)
Turkish: İçimizden Biri (One of us) also Şahidin Gözleri (Eyes of the Witness)


document_title: List of cities in New York (state)

question_text: cities in new york that start with an a

question_tokens: cities in new york that start with an a

text: List of cities in New York (state)

text:
Part of a series onRegions of New York
Downstate New York[hide]
New York City
Long Island
Hudson Valley (Lower and Middle)

Upstate New York[hide]

Hudson Valley (Middle and Upper)
Capital District
North Country
Southern Tier
Mohawk Valley
Central New York
Finger Lakes
Western New York

Administrative divisions[show]
Counties
Cities
Towns
Indian reservations
Villages
Census-designated places
Places (including hamlets)

Timelines of town creation[show]
Downstate New York
Hudson Valley
Capital District
North Country
Central New York
Southern Tier
Western New York
vte

text: This list of the 62 cities in New York State contains all municipalities incorporated as cities and also gives the primary county in which each city is located.

text: Except for Sherrill, the cities are distinct from towns. Geneva and New York City are the only cities in more than one county.

text:
Top
0–9
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z

text: List of cities[edit]

text:
City

County

Population [1](2011 census estimate)

Incorporationdate

FIPS code(subdivision)

FIPS code (place)

GNIS feature ID

Albany
Albany
97,660
1686
3600101000
3601000
00978659

Amsterdam
Montgomery
18,507
1830
3605702066
3602066
00978677

Auburn
Cayuga
27,590
1848
3601103078
3603078
00978695

Batavia
Genesee
15,444
1915
3603704715
3604715
00978713

Beacon
Dutchess
15,565
1913
3602705100
3605100
00978716

Binghamton
Broome
46,996
1867
3600706607
3606607
00978733

Buffalo
Erie
261,025
1832
3602911000
3611000
00978764

Canandaigua
Ontario
10,604
1913
3606912144
3612144
00978784

Cohoes
Albany
16,133
1869
3600116749
3616749
00978847

Corning
Steuben
11,187
1890
3610118256
3618256
00978867

Cortland
Cortland
19,212
1900
3602318388
3618388
00978870

Dunkirk
Chautauqua
12,511
1888
3601321105
3621105
00978911

Elmira
Chemung
29,204
1864
3601524229
3624229
00978938

Fulton
Oswego
11,906
1902
3607527815
3627815
00978979

Geneva
OntarioSeneca[A]
13,324
1898
36069286403609928640
3628640
00978992

Glen Cove
Nassau
27,063
1918
3605929113
3629113
00979003

Glens Falls
Warren
14,728
1908
3611329333
3629333
00979004

Gloversville
Fulton
15,621
1890
3603529443
3629443
00979006

Hornell
Steuben
8,566
1888
3610135672
3635672
00979078

Hudson
Columbia
6,657
1785
3602135969
3635969
00979083

Ithaca
Tompkins
30,054
1888
3610938077
3638077
00979099

Jamestown
Chautauqua
31,020
1886
3601338264
3638264
00979102

Johnstown
Fulton
8,718
1895
3603538781
3638781
00979110

Kingston
Ulster
23,887
1872
3611139727
3639727
00979118

Lackawanna
Erie
18,121
1909
3602940189
3640189
00979124

Little Falls
Herkimer
5,188
1895
3604342741
3642741
00979157

Lockport
Niagara
21,119
1865
3606343082
3643082
00979164

Long Beach
Nassau
33,395
1922
3605943335
3643335
00979167

Mechanicville
Saratoga
5,227
1915
3609146360
3646360
00979207

Middletown
Orange
28,243
1888
3607147042
3647042
00979217

Mount Vernon
Westchester
67,780
1892
3611949121
3649121
00979245

New Rochelle
Westchester
77,606
1889
3611950617
3650617
00979271

New York City
Bronx, Kings, New York, Queens, and Richmond
8,550,405
1653[B]

3651000
02395220

Newburgh
Orange
29,026
1865
3607150034
3650034
00979258

Niagara Falls
Niagara
50,086
1892
3606351055
3651055
00979276

North Tonawanda
Niagara
31,501
1897
3606353682
3653682
00979293

Norwich
Chenango
7,139
1914
3601753979
3653979
00979296

Ogdensburg
St. Lawrence
11,104
1868
3608954485
3654485
00979301

Olean
Cattaraugus
14,363
1854
3600954716
3654716
00979305

Oneida
Madison
11,387
1901
3605354837
3654837
00979308

Oneonta
Otsego
13,843
1908
3607754881
3654881
00979309

Oswego
Oswego
18,158
1848
3607555574
3655574
00979325

Peekskill
Westchester
23,755
1940
3611956979
3656979
00979348

Plattsburgh
Clinton
19,949
1902
3601958574
3658574
00979376

Port Jervis
Orange
8,878
1907
3607159388
3659388
00979387

Poughkeepsie
Dutchess
32,790
1854
3602759641
3659641
00979392

Rensselaer
Rensselaer
9,391
1897
3608361148
3661148
00979414

Rochester
Monroe
210,855
1834
3605563000
3663000
00979426

Rome
Oneida
33,660
1870
3606563418
3663418
00979430

Rye
Westchester
15,834
1942
3611964309
3664309
00979445

Salamanca
Cattaraugus
5,780
1913
3600964749
3664749
00979450

Saratoga Springs
Saratoga
26,727
1915
3609165255
3665255
00979462

Schenectady
Schenectady
66,273
1798
3609365508
3665508
00979468

Sherrill
Oneida
3,147
1916
3606566993
3666993
00979493

Syracuse
Onondaga
145,151
1848
3606773000
3673000
00979539

Tonawanda
Erie
15,112
1904
3602974166
3674166
00979550

Troy
Rensselaer
50,120
1816
3608375484
3675484
00979559

Utica
Oneida
62,110
1832
3606576540
3676540
00979575

Watertown
Jefferson
27,423
1869
3604578608
3678608
00979604

Watervliet
Albany
10,230
1896
3600178674
3678674
00979606

White Plains
Westchester
57,258
1916
3611981677
3681677
00979637

Yonkers
Westchester
197,399
1872
3611984000
3684000
00979660

text: Extremes in size and population[edit]

text: The most populous and largest city by area in the state is by far New York, home to over 8.2 million people and comprising just over 300 square miles (800 km2)  of land (468.87 square miles (1,210 km2) including water). The least populous city is Sherrill, with just 3,147 inhabitants in 2000. The smallest city by area is Mechanicville, which covers 0.91 square miles (2.4 km2)  (of which 0.08 square miles (0.2 km2) is water).[1]

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
New York City, largest city in New York and the United States.

New York City, largest city in New York and the United States.

Buffalo, the second largest city in New York

Rochester, the third largest.

Yonkers, the fourth largest

Syracuse, the fifth largest.

Albany, the sixth largest and capital of New York.

New Rochelle, the seventh largest.

Schenectady, the ninth largest.

White Plains

Troy

Niagara Falls

Binghamton

Long Beach

Poughkeepsie

Jamestown

Watertown


document_title: Yellow River

question_text: which river takes its name from loess soil

text: Yellow River

text: Name[edit]

text: Early Chinese literature including the Yu Gong or Tribute of Yu dating to the Warring States period (475–221 BC) refers to the Yellow River as simply 河 (Old Chinese: *C.gˤaj,[2] modern Chinese (Pinyin) Hé), a character that has come to mean "river" in modern usage. The first appearance of the name 黃河 (Old Chinese: *N-kʷˤaŋ C.gˤaj; Middle Chinese: Huang Ha[2]) is in the Book of Han written during the Eastern Han dynasty about the Western Han dynasty. The adjective "yellow" describes the perennial color of the muddy water in the lower course of the river, which arises from soil (loess) being carried downstream.

text: One of its older Mongolian names was the "Black River",[3] because the river runs clear before it enters the Loess Plateau, but the current name of the river among Inner Mongolians is Ȟatan Gol (Хатан гол, "Queen River").[4] In Mongolia itself, it is simply called the Šar Mörön (Шар мөрөн, "Yellow River").[5]

text: In Qinghai, the river's Tibetan name is "River of the Peacock" (Tibetan: རྨ་ཆུ།, Ma Chu; Chinese: s 玛曲, t 瑪曲, p Mǎ Qū')

text: History[edit]

text: Dynamics[edit]

text: The Yellow River is one of several rivers that are essential for China's existence.  At the same time, however, it has been responsible for several deadly floods, including the only natural disasters in recorded history to have killed more than a million people.  The deadliest was a Yuan dynasty 1332–33 flood that killed 7 million people.  Close behind during the Qing dynasty is the 1887 flood, which killed anywhere from 900,000 to 2 million people, and a Republic of China era 1931 flood (part of a massive number of floods that year) that killed 1–4 million people.[6]

text: The cause of the floods is the large amount of fine-grained loess carried by the river from the Loess Plateau, which is continuously deposited along the bottom of its channel. The sedimentation causes natural dams to slowly accumulate. These subaqueous dams were unpredictable and generally undetectable. Eventually, the enormous amount of water has to find a new way to the sea, forcing it to take the path of least resistance.  When this happens, it bursts out across the flat North China Plain, sometimes taking a new channel and inundating any farmland, cities or towns in its path. The traditional Chinese response of building higher and higher levees along the banks sometimes also contributed to the severity of the floods: When flood water did break through the levees, it could no longer drain back into the river bed as it would after a normal flood as the river bed was sometimes now higher than the surrounding countryside. These changes could cause the river's mouth to shift as much as 480 km (300 mi), sometimes reaching the ocean to the north of Shandong Peninsula and sometimes to the south.[7]

text: Another historical source of devastating floods is the collapse of upstream ice dams in Inner Mongolia with an accompanying sudden release of vast quantities of impounded water. There have been 11 such major floods in the past century, each causing tremendous loss of life and property. Nowadays, explosives dropped from aircraft are used to break the ice dams before they become dangerous.[8]

text: Before modern dams came to China, the Yellow River used to be extremely prone to flooding. In the 2,540 years from 595 BC to 1946 AD, the Yellow River has been reckoned to have flooded 1,593 times, shifting its course 26 times noticeably and nine times severely.[9] These floods include some of the deadliest natural disasters ever recorded. Before modern disaster management, when floods occurred, some of the population might initially die from drowning but then many more would suffer from the ensuing famine and spread of diseases.[10]

text: Ancient times[edit]

text: In Chinese mythology, the giant Kua Fu drained the Yellow River and the Wei River to quench his burning thirst as he pursued the Sun.[11] Historical documents from the Spring and Autumn period[12] and Qin Dynasty[13] indicate that the Yellow River at that time flowed considerably north of its present course. These accounts show that after the river passed Luoyang, it flowed along the border between Shanxi and Henan Provinces, then continued along the border between Hebei and Shandong before emptying into Bohai Bay near present-day Tianjin. Another outlet followed essentially the present course.[9]

text: The river left these paths in 602 BC[12] and shifted completely south of the Shandong Peninsula.[9] Sabotage of dikes, canals, and reservoirs and deliberate flooding of rival states became a standard military tactic during the Warring States period.[14] As the Yellow River valley was the major entryway to the Guanzhong area and the state of Qin from the North China Plain, Qin heavily fortified the Hangu Pass; it saw numerous battles and was also an important chokepoint protecting the Han capitals of Chang'an and Luoyang. Major flooding in AD 11 is credited with the downfall of the short-lived Xin dynasty, and another flood in AD 70 returned the river north of Shandong on essentially its present course.[9]

text: Medieval times[edit]

text: From around the beginning of the 3rd century, the importance of the Hangu Pass was reduced, with the major fortifications and military bases moved upriver to Tongguan. In AD 923, the desperate Later Liang general Duan Ning again broke the dikes, flooding 1,000 square miles (2,600 km2) in a failed attempt to protect his realm's capital from the Later Tang. A similar proposal from the Song engineer Li Chun concerning flooding the lower reaches of the river to protect the central plains from the Khitai was overruled in 1020: the Treaty of Shanyuan between the two states had expressly forbidden the Song from establishing new moats or changing river courses.[15]

text: Breaches occurred regardless: one at Henglong in 1034 divided the course in three and repeatedly flooded the northern regions of Dezhou and Bozhou.[15] The Song worked for five years futilely attempting to restore the previous course – using over 35,000 employees, 100,000 conscripts, and 220,000 tons of wood and bamboo in a single year[15] – before abandoning the project in 1041. The more sluggish river then occasioned a breach at Shanghu that sent the main outlet north towards Tianjin in 1048[9] and by 1194 blocked the mouth of the Huai River.[16] The buildup of silt deposits was such that even after the Yellow River later shifted its course, the Huai could no longer flow along its historic course, but instead, its water pools into Hongze Lake and then runs southward toward the Yangtze River.[citation needed]

text: A flood in 1344 returned the Yellow River south of Shandong. The Yuan dynasty was waning, and the emperor forced enormous teams to build new embankments for the river. The terrible conditions helped to fuel rebellions that led to the founding of the Ming dynasty.[7] The course changed again in 1391 when the river flooded from Kaifeng to Fengyang in Anhui. It was finally stabilized by the eunuch Li Xing during the public works projects following the 1494 flood.[17] The river flooded many times in the 16th century, including in 1526, 1534, 1558, and 1587. Each flood affected the river's lower course.[17]

text: The 1642 flood was man-made, caused by the attempt of the Ming governor of Kaifeng to use the river to destroy the peasant rebels under Li Zicheng who had been besieging the city for the past six months.[18] He directed his men to break the dikes in an attempt to flood the rebels, but destroyed his own city instead: the flood and the ensuing famine and plague are estimated to have killed 300,000 of the city's previous population of 378,000.[19] The once-prosperous city was nearly abandoned until its rebuilding under the Kangxi Emperor in the Qing Dynasty.

text: Recent times[edit]

text: Between 1851 and 1855,[9][16][17] it returned to the north amid the floods that provoked the Nien and Taiping Rebellions. The 1887 flood has been estimated to have killed between 900,000 and 2 million people,[20] and is the second-worst natural disaster in history (excluding famines and epidemics). The Yellow River more or less adopted its present course during the 1897 flood.[16][21]

text: The 1931 flood killed an estimated 1,000,000 to 4,000,000,[20] and is the worst natural disaster recorded (excluding famines and epidemics).

text: On 9 June 1938, during the Second Sino-Japanese War, Nationalist troops under Chiang Kai-shek broke the levees holding back the river near the village of Huayuankou in Henan, causing what has been called by Canadian historian, Diana Lary, a "war-induced natural disaster". The goal of the operation was to stop the advancing Japanese troops by following a strategy of  "using water as a substitute for soldiers" (yishui daibing). The 1938 flood of an area covering 54,000 km2 (20,800 sq mi) took some 500,000 to 900,000 Chinese lives, along with an unknown number of Japanese soldiers. The flood prevented the Japanese Army from taking Zhengzhou, on the southern bank of the Yellow River, but did not stop them from reaching their goal of capturing Wuhan, which was the temporary seat of the Chinese government and straddles the Yangtze River.[22] .

text: Geography[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: According to the China Exploration and Research Society, the source of the Yellow River is at 34° 29' 31.1" N, 96° 20' 24.6" E in the Bayan Har Mountains near the eastern edge of the Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture.  The source tributaries drain into Gyaring Lake and Ngoring Lake on the western edge of Golog Prefecture high in the Bayan Har Mountains of Qinghai. In the Zoige Basin along the boundary with Gansu, the Yellow River loops northwest and then northeast before turning south, creating the "Ordos Loop", and then flows generally eastward across the North China Plain to the Gulf of Bohai, draining a basin of 752,443 square kilometers (290,520 sq mi) which nourishes 140 million people with drinking water and irrigation.[23]

text: The Yellow River passes through seven present-day provinces and two autonomous regions, namely (from west to east) Qinghai, Gansu, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan, and Shandong. Major cities along the present course of the Yellow River include (from west to east) Lanzhou, Yinchuan, Wuhai, Baotou, Luoyang, Zhengzhou, Kaifeng, and Jinan. The current mouth of the Yellow River is located at Kenli County, Shandong.

text: The river is commonly divided into three stages. These are roughly the northeast of the Tibetan Plateau, the Ordos Loop, and the North China Plain. However, different scholars have different opinions on how the three stages are divided.[citation needed] This article adopts the division used by the Yellow River Conservancy Commission.[24]

text: Upper reaches[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The upper reaches of the Yellow River constitute a segment starting from its source in the Bayan Har Mountains and ending at Hekou Town (Togtoh County), Inner Mongolia just before it turns sharply to the south. This segment has a total length of 3,472 kilometers (2,157 mi) and total basin area of 386,000 square kilometers (149,000 sq mi), 51.4% of the total basin area. Along this length, the elevation of the Yellow River drops 3,496 meters (11,470 ft), with an average grade of 0.10%.

text: The source section flows mainly through pastures, swamps, and knolls between the Bayan Har Mountains, and the Anemaqen (Amne Machin) Mountains in Qinghai. The river water is clear and flows steadily. Crystal clear lakes are characteristic of this section. The two main lakes along this section are Lake Zhaling (扎陵湖) and Lake Eling (鄂陵湖), with capacities of 4.7 billion and 10.8 billion m³ (166 and 381 billion ft3), respectively. At elevations over 4,290 m (14,070 ft)) above sea level they are the two largest plateau freshwater lakes nationwide.  A significant amount of land in the Yellow River's source area has been designated as the Sanjiangyuan ("'Three Rivers' Sources") National Nature Reserve, to protect the source region of the Yellow River, the Yangtze, and the Mekong.

text: Flowing east at the eastern edge of the Amne Machin Mountains, the Yellow River enters Maqu County in Gansu.  Here, the river skirts through the high-altitude peat bog known as the Zoigê Wetlands and makes a sharp turn towards the northwest forming the border between Maqu and Zoigê County in Sichuan.  Flowing now along the northern edge of Amne Machin, the river reenters Qinghai and gradually curves north towards the Longyang Gorge at Xinghai.

text: The valley section stretches from Longyang Gorge in Qinghai to Qingtong Gorge in Gansu. Steep cliffs line both sides of the river. The water bed is narrow and the average drop is large, so the flow in this section is extremely turbulent and fast. There are 20 gorges in this section, the most famous of these being the Longyang, Jishi, Liujia, Bapan, and Qingtong gorges. The flow conditions in this section makes it the best location for hydroelectric plants.  The Yellow River exits Qinghai for the second and final time in these gorges and enters Gansu for the second time just before Liujia Gorge.  Downstream from the Yanguo Gorge, the provincial capital of Lanzhou is built upon the Yellow River's banks.  The Yellow River flows northeasterly out of Gansu and into Ningxia before the Qingtong Gorge.

text: After emerging from the Qingtong Gorge, the river comes into a section of vast alluvial plains, the Yinchuan Plain and Hetao Plain. In this section, the regions along the river are mostly deserts and grasslands, with very few tributaries. The flow is slow. The Hetao Plain has a length of 900 km (560 mi) and width of 30 to 50 km (19 to 31 mi). It is historically the most important irrigation plain along the Yellow River.

text: Middle reaches[edit]

text: The Ordos Loop formed by an enormous twist of the Yellow River, beginning at Zhongning County in Ningxia and ending with a drastic eastward turn at its confluence with the Wei at Tongguan in Shaanxi. However, the official division for the middle reaches of the river run from Hekou in Togtoh County, Inner Mongolia, to Zhengzhou, Henan. The middle reaches are 1,206 km (749 mi) long, with a basin area of 344,000 square kilometers (133,000 sq mi), 45.7% of the total, with a total elevation drop of 890 m (2,920 ft), an average drop of 0.074%. There are 30 large tributaries along the middle reaches, and the water flow is increased by 43.5% on this stage. The middle reaches contribute 92% of the river's silts.

text: The middle stream of the Yellow River passes through the Loess Plateau, where substantial erosion takes place. The large amount of mud and sand discharged into the river makes the Yellow River the most sediment-laden river in the world. The highest recorded annual level of silts discharged into the Yellow River is 3.91 billion tons in 1933. The highest silt concentration level was recorded in 1977 at 920 kg/m³ (57.4 lb/ft3). These sediments later deposit in the slower lower reaches of the river, elevating the river bed and creating the famous "river above ground". From Hekou to Yumenkou, the river passes through the longest series of continuous valleys on its main course, collectively called the Jinshan Valley. The abundant hydrodynamic resources stored in this section make it the second most suitable area to build hydroelectric power plants. The famous Hukou Waterfall is in the lower part of this valley on the border of Shanxi and Shaanxi.

text: Lower reaches[edit]

text: In the lower reaches, from Zhengzhou, Henan to its mouth, a distance of 786 km (488 mi), the river is confined to a levee-lined course as it flows to the northeast across the North China Plain before emptying into the Bohai Sea. The basin area in this stage is only 23,000 square kilometers (8,900 sq mi), a mere 3% of the total, because few tributaries add to the flow in this stage; nearly all rivers to the south drain into the Huai River, whereas those to the north drain into the Hai River. The total drop in elevation of the lower reaches is 93.6 m (307 ft), with an average grade of 0.012%.

text: The silts received from the middle reaches form sediments here, elevating the river bed. During 2,000 years of levee construction, excessive sediment deposits have raised the riverbed several meters above the surrounding ground.[dubious  – discuss]

text: At Kaifeng, Henan, the Yellow River is 10 meters (33 ft) above the ground level.[25]

text: Tributaries[edit]

text: Tributaries of the Yellow River listed from its source to its mouth include:

text:
White River
Black River
Huang Shui
Datong River
Daxia River
Tao River
Zuli River
Qingshui River
Dahei River
Kuye River
Wuding River
Fen River
Wei River (the Wei River is the largest of these tributaries)
Luo River
Qin River
Dawen River
Kuo River

text: Characteristics[edit]

text: The Yellow River is notable for the large amount of silt it carries—1.6 billion tons annually at the point where it descends from the Loess Plateau. If it is running to the sea with sufficient volume, 1.4 billion tons are carried to the sea annually.[citation needed] One estimate gives 34 kilograms of silt per cubic meter as opposed to 10 for the Colorado and 1 for the Nile.[9]

text: Its average discharge is said to be 2,110 cubic meters per second (32,000 for the Yangtze), with a maximum of 25,000 and minimum of 245. However, since 1972, it often runs dry before it reaches the sea. The low volume is due to increased agricultural irrigation, increased by a factor of five since 1950. Water diverted from the river as of 1999 served 140 million people and irrigated 74,000 km² (48,572 mi²) of land.[23] The Yellow River delta totals 8,000 square kilometers (3,090 mi²). However, with the decrease in silt reaching the sea, it has been reported to be shrinking slightly each year since 1996 through erosion.[26]

text: The highest volume occurs during the rainy season from July to October, when 60% of the annual volume of the river flows. Maximum demand for irrigation is needed between March and June. In order to capture excess water for use when needed and for flood control and electricity generation, several dams have been built, but their expected life is limited due to the high silt load. A proposed South–North Water Transfer Project involves several schemes to divert water from the Yangtze River: one in the western headwaters of the rivers where they are closest to one another, another from the upper reaches of the Han River, and a third using the route of the old Grand Canal.[citation needed]

text:
Due to its heavy load of silt the Yellow River is a depositing stream – that is, it deposits part of its carried burden of soil in its bed in stretches where it is flowing slowly. These deposits elevate the riverbed which flows between natural levees in its lower reaches. Should a flood occur, the river may break out of the levees into the surrounding lower flood plain and take
a new channel. Historically this has occurred about once every hundred years. In modern times, considerable effort has been made to strengthen levees and control floods.[citation needed]

text: Hydroelectric power dams[edit]

text: Below is the list of hydroelectric power stations built on the Yellow River, arranged according to the first year of operation (in brackets):

text:
Sanmenxia Dam  (1960; Sanmenxia, Henan)
Sanshenggong Dam (1966)
Qingtong Gorge hydroelectric power station (1968; Qingtongxia, Ningxia)
Liujiaxia Dam (Liujia Gorge) (1974; Yongjing County, Gansu)
Lijiaxia Dam (1997) (Jainca County, Qinghai)
Yanguoxia Dam (Yanguo Gorge) hydroelectric power station (1975; Yongjing County, Gansu)
Tianqiao Dam (1977)
Bapanxia Dam (Bapan Gorge) (1980; Xigu District, Lanzhou, Gansu)
Longyangxia Dam  (1992; Gonghe County, Qinghai)
Da Gorge hydroelectric power station (1998)
Li Gorge hydroelectric power station (1999)
Wanjiazhai Dam (1999; Pianguan County, Shaanxi and Inner Mongolia)
Xiaolangdi Dam (2001) (Jiyuan, Henan)
Laxiwa Dam (2010) (Guide County, Qinghai)
Yangqu Dam (2016) (Xinghai County, Qinghai)
Maerdang Dam (2018) (Maqên County, Qinghai)

text: As reported in 2000, the 7 largest hydro power plants (Longyangxia, Lijiaxia, Liujiaxia, Yanguoxia, Bapanxia, Daxia and Qinglongxia) had the total installed capacity of 5,618 MW.[27]

text: Crossings[edit]

text: The main bridges and ferries by the province names in the order of downstream to upstream are:[28][29][30]

text: Shandong

text:
Dongying Yellow River Bridge
Shengli Yellow River Bridge (Dongying)
Lijin Yellow River Bridge (Dongying)
Binzhou Yellow River Road-Railway Bridge
Binzhou Yellow River Highway Bridge
Binzhou–Laiwu Expressway Binzhou Yellow River Bridge (Binzhou–Zibo)
Huiqing Yellow River Bridge (Binzhou–Zibo)
Jiyang Yellow River Bridge (Jinan)
G20 Qingdao–Yinchuan Expressway Jinan Yellow River Bridge (Jinan)
Jinan Yellow River Bridge
Luokou Yellow River Railway Bridge (Jinan)
Jinan Jianbang Yellow River Bridge
Beijing–Shanghai High-speed Railway Jinan Yellow River Bridge (Jinan–Dezhou)
Beijing–Taipei Expressway Jinan Yellow River Bridge (Jinan–Dezhou)
Beijing–Shanghai Railway Jinan Yellow River New Bridge (Jinan–Dezhou)
Pingyin Yellow River Bridge (Jinan-Liaocheng)

text: Shandong–Henan

text:
Beijing–Kowloon Railway Sunkou Yellow River Bridge (Jining–Puyang)
Juancheng Yellow River Highway Bridge (Heze–Puyang)
Dongming Yellow River Highway Bridge (Heze–Puyang)

text: Henan

text:
Kaifeng Yellow River Bridge (Kaifeng)
Zhengzhou Yellow River Bridge (Zhengzhou)

text: Shanxi–Henan

text: Sanmen Yellow River Bridge (Sanmenxia)

text: Shaanxi–Henan

text: Hancheng Yumenkou Yellow River Bridge

text: Ningxia

text: Yinchuan Yellow River Bridge (Yinchuan)

text: Inner Mongolia

text: Baotou Yellow River Bridge (Baotou)

text: Gansu

text:
Lanzhou Yellow River Bridge
Zhongshan Bridge (Lanzhou)

text: Qinghai

text: Dari Yellow River Bridge

text: Aquaculture[edit]

text: The Yellow River is generally less suitable for aquaculture than the rivers of central and southern China, such as the Yangtze or the Pearl River, but aquaculture is also practiced in some areas along the Yellow River. An important aquaculture area is the riverside plain in Xingyang City, upstream from Zhengzhou. Since the development of fish ponds started in Xingyang's riverside Wangcun Town in 1986, the pond systems in Wangcun have grown to the total size of 15,000 mu (10 km2), making the town the largest aquaculture center in North China.[31]

text:
A variety of the Chinese softshell turtle popular with China's gourmets is called the Yellow River Turtle (黄河鳖). Nowadays most of the Yellow River Turtles eaten in China's restaurants comes from turtle farms, which may or may not be near the Yellow River.
In 2007, construction started in Wangcun on a large farm for raising this turtle variety. With the capacity for raising 5 million turtles a year, the facility was expected to become Henan's largest farm of this kind.[32]

text: Pollution[edit]

text: On 25 November 2008, Tania Branigan of The Guardian filed a report "China's Mother River: the Yellow River", claiming that severe pollution has made one-third of China's Yellow River unusable even for agricultural or industrial use, due to factory discharges and sewage from fast-expanding cities.[33] The Yellow River Conservancy Commission had surveyed more than 8,384 mi (13,493 km) of the river in 2007 and said 33.8% of the river system registered worse than "level five" according to the criteria used by the UN Environment Program.[dubious  – discuss] Level five is unfit for drinking, aquaculture, industrial use, or even agriculture. The report said waste and sewage discharged into the system last year totaled 4.29b tons. Industry and manufacturing made up 70% of the discharge into the river with households accounting for 23% and just over 6% coming from other sources.[which?]

text: In culture[edit]

text: In ancient times, it was believed that the Yellow River flowed from Heaven as a continuation of the Milky Way. In a Chinese legend, Zhang Qian is said to have been commissioned to find the source of the Yellow River. After sailing up-river for many days, he saw a girl spinning and a cow herd. Upon asking the girl where he was, she presented him with her shuttle with instructions to show it to the astrologer Yen Chün-p'ing. When he returned, the astrologer recognized it as the shuttle of the Weaving Girl (Vega), and, moreover, said that at the time Zhang received the shuttle, he had seen a wandering star interpose itself between the Weaving Girl and the cow herd (Altair).[34]

text: The provinces of Hebei and Henan derive their names from the Yellow River. Their names mean, respectively, "North of the River" and "South of the River".

text:
Traditionally, it is believed that the Chinese civilization originated in the Yellow River basin. The Chinese refer to the river as "the Mother River" and "the cradle of the Chinese civilization".
During the long history of China, the Yellow River has been considered a blessing as well as a curse and has been nicknamed both "China's Pride" (simplified Chinese: 中国的骄傲; traditional Chinese: 中國的驕傲; pinyin: Zhōngguóde Jiāo'ào) and "China's Sorrow"[35] (simplified Chinese: 中国的痛; traditional Chinese: 中國的痛; pinyin: Zhōngguóde Tòng).

text: Sometimes the Yellow River is poetically called the "Muddy Flow" (simplified Chinese: 浊流; traditional Chinese: 濁流; pinyin: Zhuó Liú). The Chinese idiom "when the Yellow River flows clear" is used to refer to an event that will never happen and is similar to the English expression "when pigs fly".

text: "The Yellow River running clear"  was reported as a good omen during the reign of the Yongle Emperor, along with the appearance of such auspicious legendary beasts as qilin (an African giraffe brought to China by a Bengal embassy aboard Zheng He's ships in 1414) and zouyu (not positively identified) and other strange natural phenomena.[36]


document_title: Eric Stoltz

question_text: who was originally cast for back to the future

text: Eric Stoltz

text: Early life[edit]

text: Stoltz was born in Whittier, California, the son of Evelyn B. (née Vawter),[2] a violinist and schoolteacher, and Jack Stoltz, an elementary school teacher.[3] He has two sisters, Catherine, an opera singer,[4] and Susan, a writer.[5]

text: Stoltz was raised in both American Samoa and Santa Barbara, California, where as a child he once earned money playing piano for local musical theatre productions.[6] He attended the University of Southern California, but dropped out after his junior year.[7] He moved to New York in 1981 and studied with Stella Adler and Peggy Feury.[8]

text: Career[edit]

text: In the 1970s Stoltz joined a repertory company that performed ten plays at the Edinburgh Festival. He returned to the United States in 1979, when he entered USC as a drama student, but subsequently dropped out to pursue film and TV roles.[9]

text: In 1978, he was cast as Steve Benson in the TV adaptation of Erma Bombeck's The Grass Is Always Greener over the Septic Tank.[10]

text: Director Cameron Crowe and Stoltz became friends while making Stoltz's first feature film, Fast Times at Ridgemont High (1982), which Crowe wrote and in which Stoltz had a minor role. According to Stoltz, Crowe promised Stoltz a role in all of his future films.[11]

text: He appeared in each of Crowe's next four films, The Wild Life, Say Anything..., Singles, and Jerry Maguire.

text: Originally cast as Marty McFly for Back to the Future in late 1984, he was replaced after about a month of filming when Michael J. Fox (the director's first choice for the role) agreed to divide time between the movie and his television sitcom Family Ties.[12] The director, Robert Zemeckis, said that while Stoltz provided an admirable performance, it lacked the precise comedic sense that Zemeckis was seeking.[13] Some of the original footage, where Stoltz does not appear but was on set, was used in the film.[14] Stoltz playing the character was referenced in the 2010 episode of Fringe titled "Peter" when, in a parallel universe, a theater marquee reads "Back to the Future starring Eric Stoltz".[15]

text: In 1985, Stoltz garnered attention with a Golden Globe nomination starring as Rocky Dennis in Mask. Among other roles in the 1980s, he appeared in the 1987 hit Some Kind of Wonderful, written and produced by John Hughes.[citation needed]

text: During the 1990s, Stoltz went back and forth between stage, film, and television, appearing in studio and independent films such as Pulp Fiction (1994) and The Waterdance (1992). He also produced the films Bodies, Rest & Motion in 1993, Sleep with Me in 1994, and Mr. Jealousy in 1997.[citation needed]

text: He continued to appear on the New York stage, both on Broadway (Three Sisters, Two Shakespearean Actors, Arms and the Man) and off-Broadway (The Importance of Being Earnest, The Glass Menagerie, Sly Fox and Our Town). He was nominated for a Tony Award as Featured Actor for his performance as George Gibbs in the 1989 Broadway revival of Thornton Wilder's Our Town.[16]

text: A performance of this production was featured on Great Performances: Live from Lincoln Center, which received a 1989 Emmy nomination.[17]

text: On television, he had a recurring role as Helen Hunt's character's ex-boyfriend on Mad About You (five episodes, 1994–1998), spent a year on Chicago Hope (1994), and did some TV and cable movies such as Inside (1996) (directed by Arthur Penn) and The Passion of Ayn Rand (1999), with Helen Mirren. Stoltz received the Indie Sup(Y)port Award at the 1998 Los Angeles Film Festival.[18]

text: During the first part of the 2000s, he starred with Gillian Anderson in The House of Mirth (2000), based on the novel by Edith Wharton. From 2001 to 2002, he had a recurring role as the English teacher-poet August Dimitri in ABC's Once and Again, wherein Julia Whelan's character, a teenager, fell in love with his character. He directed an episode of the show in 2002.

text: In 2003, he played his first leading TV role in Out of Order, which was canceled after five episodes. In 2004, he appeared in The Butterfly Effect as a child molester; the following year, he guest-starred in the NBC sitcom Will & Grace as Debra Messing's love interest. He was nominated for a Daytime Emmy for his direction of the cable movie My Horrible Year! (2001).[19] He also directed a short film entitled The Bulls[6] as well as the highest rated episode of Law & Order in 2005, entitled "Tombstone". He appeared in the music video of The Residents' "Give it to Someone Else", featured on The Commercial DVD.[20]

text: He has contributed essays to the books City Secrets—New York as well as Life Interrupted by Spalding Gray and appears on the children's CD Philadelphia Chickens.[21]

text: Beginning in 2007, Stoltz directed episodes of the drama series Quarterlife, which began airing as webisodes and were then picked up to air on the NBC network in 2008. Stoltz played a serial killer in need of medical attention in three episodes of the fifth season of Grey's Anatomy.[22] He has also directed two episodes of Grey's Anatomy.

text: Stoltz starred as Daniel Graystone, inventor of the Cylons, in the science fiction television series Caprica, a prequel set 58 years before the Battlestar Galactica series.

text: He became a regular director of Glee, directing a total of 12 episodes, including "Nationals", in which the Glee club finally wins the championship.[23]

text: In 2011 Stoltz was seen back on the silver screen with the film Fort McCoy; he earned accolades for his leading role as a conflicted barber of German heritage forced to suppress his American patriotism after moving his family to a post-World War II military base housing a German POW camp.

text: Starting in 2014, Stoltz became the producing director of the CBS political drama series Madam Secretary. The following year he became one of its four executive producers, alongside Morgan Freeman and Barbara Hall, and has directed more than ten episodes, as well as starring alongside Tea Leoni in several episodes as her brother, Will Adams.[24]

text: Filmography[edit]

text: Actor[edit]

text: Films[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

1982
Fast Times at Ridgemont High
Stoner Bud

1984
Surf II
Chuck

1984
Running Hot
Danny Hicks

1984
The Wild Life
Bill Conrad

1985
The New Kids
Mark

1985
Mask
Rocky Dennis
Nominated—Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture

1985
Back to the Future
Marty McFly
Uncredited[25]

1985
Code Name: Emerald
Lt. Andy Wheeler

1987
Some Kind of Wonderful
Keith Nelson

1987
Lionheart
Robert Nerra

1987
Sister, Sister
Matt Rutledge

1988
Greasy Lake
The Narrator
Direct-to-video

1988
Manifesto
Christopher

1988
Haunted Summer
Percy Shelley

1989
The Fly II
Martin Brundle

1989
Say Anything...
Vahlere

1990
Memphis Belle
Sgt. Danny "Danny Boy" Daly

1991
Money
Franck Cimballi

1992
The Waterdance
Joel Garcia

1992
Singles
The Mime

1993
Bodies, Rest & Motion
Sid
Producer

1993
Naked in New York
Jake Briggs

1994
Killing Zoe
Zed

1994
Pulp Fiction
Lance
Nominated—Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Male

1994
Sleep with Me
Joseph
Producer

1994
Little Women
John Brooke

1995
Killing Time
Stop N Start Manager
Short film

1995
The Prophecy
Simon

1995
Rob Roy
Alan MacDonald

1995
Never Say Goodbye Aids Benefit by Yoko Ono
Man From Hamptons
Direct-to-video short film

1995
Fluke
Jeff Newman

1995
Kicking and Screaming
Chet

1996
Grace of My Heart
Howard Cazsatt

1996
2 Days in the Valley
Wes Taylor

1996
Keys to Tulsa
Richter Boudreau

1996
Jerry Maguire
Ethan Valhere

1997
Highball
Darien

1997
Anaconda
Dr. Steven Cale

1997
Mr. Jealousy
Lester Grimm, aka Vince
Executive producer

1998
Hi-Life
Jimmy

1998
The Rocking Horse Winner
Uncle Joe
Short film

1998
A Murder of Crows
Thurman Parks III

1999
Hercules: Zero to Hero
Theseus (voice)/The Grim Avenger (voice)
Direct-to-video

2000
It's a Shame About Ray
Mr. Stoltz
Short film

2000
Jesus & Hutch
Jesus
Short film

2000
The Simian Line
Sam Donovan

2000
The House of Mirth
Lawrence Selden

2001
Things Behind the Sun
Dan

2001
Harvard Man
Teddy Carter

2002
The Rules of Attraction
Mr. Lawson

2003
Happy Hour
Levine

2003
When Zachary Beaver Came to Town
Otto

2004
The Butterfly Effect
Mr. Miller

2004
Childstar
Fresno Burnbaum

2005
Hello
Max
Short film

2005
The Honeymooners
William Davis

2006
The Lather Effect
Mickey

2007
The Grand Design
Josh
Short film (executive producer)

2009
Sparks
Joseph
Short film

2011
Fort McCoy
Frank Stirn
Producer

2014
5 to 7
Galassi

2015
Larry Gaye: Renegade Male Flight Attendant
Russ Peterson

text: Television[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

1978
James at 15
Jack
Episode: "Hunter Country"

1978
The Grass Is Always Greener Over the Septic Tank
Steve Benson
TV movie

1979
A New Kind of Family
Burt
Episode: “Invasion of Privacy’’

1979
The Seekers
First Boy
TV movie

1980
The Waltons
Sr. Boy #1
Episode: "The Valediction"

1980
Eight Is Enough
Kurt Harper
Episode: "Finally Grad Night"

1981
Walking Tall
David Coombs
Episode: "The Killing of McNeal County's Children"

1981
Knots Landing
Luke
Episode: "Man of the Hour"

1981
The Violation of Sarah McDavid
Pete Brady
TV movie

1982
Paper Dolls
Steve
TV movie

1982
Seven Brides for Seven Brothers
Kevin
Episode: "Challenges"

1983
The Fall Guy
Little Juice Atkins
Episode: "One Hundred Miles a Gallon"

1983
Love, Sidney
Rick
Episode: "The Movie"

1983
A Killer in the Family
Ricky Tison
TV movie

1983
St. Elsewhere
Eddie Carson
Episodes:
"Under Pressure"
"Entrapment"
"All About Eve"

1984
Things Are Looking Up
Neil 'Trout' Troutman
TV movie

1989
Great Performances
George Gibbs
Episode: "Our Town"

1990
American Playhouse
Younger Edward
Episode: "Sensibility and Sense"

1991
A Woman at War
Franz Bueller
TV movie

1992
The Heart of Justice
David Leader
TV movie

1993
Foreign Affairs
Fred Turner
TV movie

1993
Frasier
Don (voice)
Episode: "Miracle On Third Or Fourth Street"

1994
Roomates
Bill Thomas
TV movie

1994–1998
Mad About You
Alan Tofsky
6 episodes

1995
Fallen Angels
Nick Ballestier
Episode: "A Dime a Dance"

1995
Partners
Cameron
Episode: "How Long Does It Take to Cook a 22-Pound Turkey?"

1996
Don't Look Back
Jesse Parish
TV movie

1996
Inside
Marty Strydom
TV movie

1997
Homicide: Life on the Street
Drew Kellerman
Episode: "Wu's on First?"

1998
Blackout Effect
John Dantley
TV movie

1998–1999
Hercules
Theseus (voice)/The Grim Avenger (voice)
Episodes:
"Hercules and the Minotaur"
"Hercules and the Grim Avenger"

1998–1999
Chicago Hope
Dr. Robert Yeats
Series regular

1999
The Passion of Ayn Rand
Nathaniel Branden
TV movie

1999
Our Guys: Outrage at Glen Ridge
Prosecutor Bob Laurino
TV movie

2000
Common Ground
Johnny Burroughs
TV movie

2000
One Kill
Capt. Wallker Randall
TV movie

2000
The Last Dance
Todd Cope
TV movie

2001
My Horrible Year!
Uncle Charlie
TV movie (director)

2001–2002
Once and Again
August Dimitri
7 episodes (directed Episode 3.13 "Falling in Place")

2002
Law & Order: Special Victims Unit
Father Michael Sweeney
Episode: "Silence"

2003
Out of Order
Mark Colm
TV mini-series

2005
Will & Grace
Tom Cassidy
Episodes:
"Friends with Benefits"
"Kiss and Tell"

2005
The Triangle
Howard Thomas
Episodes:
"Episode 1.1"
"Episode 1.2"
"Episode 1.3"

2007
Medium
Sonny Troyer
Episode: "We Had a Dream"

2007
Close to Home
Det. Chris Veeder
Episodes:
"Drink the Cup"
"Fall from Grace"
"Eminent Domain"

2008
Blank Slate
Sean Sullivan
TV movie

2009
Grey's Anatomy
William Dunn
Episodes:
"Wish You Were Here"
"Sympathy for the Devil"
"Stairway to Heaven"

2009–2010
Caprica
Daniel Graystone
Lead role (directed "Unvanquished")

2011
Leverage
Alan Scott
Episode: "The Long Way Down Job"

2013
Maron
Danny
Episode: "Projections"

2014
Blue
Arthur
WIGS Original Series

2014-2016
Madam Secretary
Will Adams
Episodes:
"Catch and Release"
"Invasive Species (uncredited)"
"Tectonic Shift"

text: Director[edit]

text: Films[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Notes

2005
The Bulls
Short film

2007
The Grand Design
Short film

2017
Confessions of a Teenage Jesus Jerk
Independent film

2016
Class Rank
Independent film

text: Television[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Notes

2001
My Horrible Year!
TV movie

2002
Once and Again
Episode: "Falling in Place"

2005
Law & Order
Episode: "Tombstone"

2007
Boston Legal
Episodes:
"Dumping Bella"
"The Object of My Affection"

2008
Quarterlife
Episodes:
"Anxiety"
"Home Sweet Home"

2008
Grey's Anatomy
Episodes:
"Brave New World"
"These Ties That Bind"

2009
Nip/Tuck
Episode: "Lola Wlodkowski"

2009–2011
Private Practice
Episodes:
"Do the Right Thing"
"Eyes Wide Open"
"War"
"If You Don't Know Me By Now"

2010
Huge
Episode: "Talent Night"

2010
Caprica
Episode: "Unvanquished"

2010–2014
Glee
Episodes:
"Duets"
"Blame It on the Alcohol"
"Prom Queen"
"The Purple Piano Project"
"Mash Off"
"Yes/No"
"Big Brother"
"Prom-asaurus"
"Nationals"
"Makeover"
"Guilty Pleasures"
"Opening Night"

2011
Off the Map
Episode: "On the Mean Streets of San Miguel"

2012
Californication
Episode: "Love Song"

2012
White Collar
Episode: "Ice Breaker"

2013
Nashville
Episodes:
"There'll Be No Teardrops Tonight"
"Take These Chains from My Heart"

2014
How to Get Away with Murder
Episodes:
"He deserved to die"

2014–2016
Madam Secretary
Episodes:
"Just Another Normal Day"
"Collateral Damage"
"Whisper of the Ax"
"There But For the Grace of God"
"The Doability Doctrine"
"The Greater Good"
"Vartius"
"The Linchpin"

text: He has directed many shows on The Learning Channel, TLC Network.

text: Producer[edit]

text: Films[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Notes

1993
Bodies, Rest & Motion

1994
Sleep with Me

1997
Mr. Jealousy
Executive producer

2005
The Bulls
Short film (executive producer)

2006
The Lather Effect
Associate producer

2007
The Grand Design
Short film (executive producer)

2011
Fort McCoy