document_title: The Hunger Games (film series)

question_text: what is the 3rd hunger games movie called

root

text: The Hunger Games (film series)

text: Development[edit]

text: Following the release of Suzanne Collins' novel The Hunger Games, on September 14, 2008, Hollywood film studios began looking to adapt the book into film. In March 2009, Color Force, an independent studio founded by producer Nina Jacobson, bought the film rights to the book.[1]:12 Jacobson then sought out production company Lionsgate to help her produce the film.[2] Collins was also attached to adapt the novel; she began the first draft after completing the third novel in the series, Mockingjay (2010). The search for a director began in 2010 with three directors in the running; David Slade, Sam Mendes, and Gary Ross.[3] Ross was ultimately chosen to direct.[4] By the time Collins had finished the script, Ross decided to go through the script with Collins and screenwriter Billy Ray.

tag: p

text: In October 2010, scripts were sent to the actors, and casting occurred between March and May 2011. The first role cast was of the protagonist, Katniss Everdeen. As many as 30 actresses were in talks to play the part, with Jennifer Lawrence, Hailee Steinfeld, Abigail Breslin, and Chloë Grace Moretz being mentioned most.[5] The role was given to Lawrence.[6]

text: The roles of Peeta Mellark, Katniss' fellow tribute, and Gale Hawthorne, her best friend, began casting later that month. Top contenders for Peeta included Josh Hutcherson, Alexander Ludwig (later cast as Cato), Hunter Parrish, Evan Peters, and Lucas Till.[7] Contenders for Gale included Robbie Amell, Liam Hemsworth, David Henrie, and Drew Roy.[7] On April 4, it was reported that Hemsworth had been cast as Gale, and Hutcherson had been cast as Peeta.[8]

text: Production[edit]

text: Filming for the franchise began on May 23, 2011 and finished on June 20, 2014.[1]:138

text: Suzanne Collins and Louise Rosner acted as executive producers on the first two films. Other executive producers of the first film include Robin Bissell and Shantal Feghali. Co-producers are Diana Alvarez, Martin Cohen, Louis Phillips, Bryan Unkeless, and Aldric La'auli Porter.[9] Color Force and Lionsgate collaborated on all four films. It was announced on November 1, 2012 that the studio had decided to split the final book, Mockingjay (2010), into two films: The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1 (2014) and The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2 (2015), much like Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 (2010) and 2 (2011), and The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 1 (2011) and 2 (2012).[10]

text: Directors[edit]

text: Gary Ross directed the first film (The Hunger Games), and despite initially stating otherwise on April 10, 2012, Lionsgate announced that Ross would not return to direct the sequel.[11] On April 19, 2012, it was confirmed that Francis Lawrence would direct the sequel instead, and on November 1, 2012, it was confirmed that he would return and direct the final two films in the series, based on the novel Mockingjay.[12][13]

text: Scripts[edit]

text: Suzanne Collins began adapting the first book to film after she finished writing Mockingjay. Collins had experience in writing screenplays after writing Clifford's Puppy Days and other children's television shows. When Gary Ross was announced as director for the film in 2010, he began to work with Collins and veteran writer Billy Ray to bring the novel to life. The script was large and resulted in a two-hour and 20 minute film.

text: After Francis Lawrence took over as director, he brought in Simon Beaufoy and Michael Arndt to write the script for Catching Fire.[14]

text: The final two films of the series were written by Danny Strong and Peter Craig.[15]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Once the three leads were cast, casting shifted to the other tributes. Jack Quaid was cast as Marvel, Leven Rambin as Glimmer, Amandla Stenberg as Rue, and Dayo Okeniyi as Thresh.[16] Alexander Ludwig (who auditioned for Peeta) was cast as Cato, Isabelle Fuhrman (who auditioned for Katniss) as Clove,[17] and Jacqueline Emerson as Foxface.[18] Following the casting of tributes, the adult cast began to come together. Elizabeth Banks was cast as Effie Trinket, the District 12 escort.[19] Woody Harrelson was cast as Haymitch Abernathy, District 12's mentor.[20] Lenny Kravitz was cast as Cinna, Katniss' stylist.[21] Wes Bentley was cast as game maker Seneca Crane.[22] Stanley Tucci was cast as Caesar Flickerman, Panem's celebrity host.[23] Donald Sutherland was cast as Coriolanus Snow, Panem's President.[24] Willow Shields was cast as Primrose Everdeen, Katniss' younger sister.[25]

text: In July 2012, the cast for the second film was announced. Jena Malone would play Johanna Mason.[26] Philip Seymour Hoffman would play Plutarch Heavensbee,[27] Sam Claflin would play Finnick Odair.[28] It was later announced that Jeffrey Wright was cast as Beetee, Alan Ritchson as Gloss, Lynn Cohen as Mags, and Amanda Plummer as Wiress.

text: In August and September 2013, it was revealed that Stef Dawson would play Annie Cresta,[29] Natalie Dormer would play Cressida,[30] Evan Ross would play Messalla, and Julianne Moore would play President Alma Coin[31] in the final two films.

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography for The Hunger Games began on May 24, 2011 and concluded on September 15, 2011. The entirety of filming for the first movie took place in North Carolina including the following cities; Asheville, Barnardsville, Black Mountain, Cedar Mountain, Charlotte, Concord, Hildebran and Shelby.[32] All of the Games scenes were filmed on location. All of the Capitol scenes were filmed in a studio in Shelby and Charlotte, North Carolina.

text: Principal photography for The Hunger Games: Catching Fire began on September 10, 2012 in Atlanta, Georgia[33] and concluded in April 2013. In November 2012, production moved to Hawaii to film the arena scenes. Filming took a Christmas break before filming resumed for two weeks in mid-January. In March 2013, the film went back to Hawaii for re-shoots.[34] Atlanta was used for all the Capitol scenes, Hawaii for the arena scenes, and Oakland, New Jersey for District 12 scenes.

text: Principal photography for The Hunger Games: Mockingjay began on September 23, 2013[35] and concluded on June 20, 2014. The majority of filming for the Mockingjay films was filmed in soundstages in a studio in Atlanta, until April 18, 2014. Production then moved to Paris, France, with filming beginning there on May 5, 2014.

text: Philip Seymour Hoffman, who portrays Plutarch Heavensbee, was found dead on February 2, 2014. At the time of his death, he had completed filming his scenes for The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1 and had a week left of shooting for Part 2. Lionsgate released a statement stating that, since the majority of Hoffman’s scenes were completed, the release date for Part 2 would not be affected.[36][37]

text: Films[edit]

text: This section contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. (August 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: The Hunger Games (2012)[edit]

text: Every year, in the ruins of what was once North America, the Capitol of the nation of Panem forces each of its 12 districts to send a teenage boy and girl, between the ages of 12 and 18, to compete in the Hunger Games: a nationally televised event in which 'tributes' fight each other within an arena, until one survivor remains. When Primrose Everdeen is 'reaped', her older sister Katniss Everdeen volunteers in her place to enter the games and is forced to rely upon her sharp instincts when she's pitted against highly trained tributes.

text: The Hunger Games: Catching Fire (2013)[edit]

text: Along with fellow District 12 victor Peeta Mellark, Katniss Everdeen returns home safely after winning the 74th Annual Hunger Games. Winning means that they must leave their loved ones behind and embark on a Victory Tour throughout the districts. Along the way Katniss senses a rebellion simmering - one that she and Peeta may have sparked - but the Capitol is still in control as President Snow prepares the 75th Hunger Games - the Quarter Quell - that could change Panem forever.

text: The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1 (2014)[edit]

text: Katniss Everdeen finds herself in District 13 after she shatters the games forever. Under the leadership of President Alma Coin and the advice of her trusted friends, Katniss spreads her wings as she fights to save Peeta, along with other victors and a nation moved by her courage.

text: The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2 (2015)[edit]

text: Realizing the stakes are no longer just for survival, Katniss Everdeen teams up with her closest friends and allies, including Peeta, Gale, and Finnick, for the ultimate mission. Together, they leave District 13 to liberate the citizens of war-torn Panem and assassinate President Snow.

text: Recurring cast and characters[edit]

text:
This table only includes characters which have appeared in more than one film in the series.
A dark grey cell indicates the character was not in the film.

tag: ul

text:
Character
Films

The Hunger Games
The Hunger Games: Catching Fire
The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1
The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2

Katniss Everdeen
Jennifer Lawrence

Peeta Mellark
Josh Hutcherson

Gale Hawthorne
Liam Hemsworth

Haymitch Abernathy
Woody Harrelson

Effie Trinket
Elizabeth Banks

President Coriolanus Snow
Donald Sutherland

Caesar Flickerman
Stanley Tucci

Primrose Everdeen
Willow Shields

Mrs. Everdeen
Paula Malcomson

Cinna
Lenny Kravitz

Plutarch Heavensbee

Philip Seymour Hoffman

Beetee Latier

Jeffrey Wright

Finnick Odair

Sam Claflin

Johanna Mason

Jena Malone

Annie Cresta

Stef Dawson

President Alma Coin

Julianne Moore

Boggs

Mahershala Ali

Cressida

Natalie Dormer

Commander Paylor

Patina Miller

text: Crew[edit]

text:
Role
Films

The Hunger Games
The Hunger Games: Catching Fire
The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1
The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2

Director
Gary Ross
Francis Lawrence

Producer
Nina Jacobson and Jon Kilik

Writer
Suzanne Collins, Gary Ross and Billy Ray
Simon Beaufoy and Michael Arndt
Danny Strong and Peter Craig

Composer
James Newton Howard

Cinematographer
Tom Stern
Jo Willems

Editor
Stephen Mirrione and Juliette Welfling
Alan Edward Bell
Alan Edward Bell and Mark Yoshikawa

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office performance[edit]

text:
Film
Release date
Box office gross
Box office ranking
Production budget
Ref(s)

North America
Other territories
Worldwide
All time
North America
All time
worldwide

The Hunger Games
March 23, 2012 (2012-03-23)
$408,010,692
$286,384,032
$694,394,724
19
87
$78 million
[38]

The Hunger Games: Catching Fire
November 22, 2013 (2013-11-22)
$424,668,047
$440,343,699
$865,011,746
14
50
$130 million
[39]

The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1
November 21, 2014 (2014-11-21)
$337,135,885
$418,220,826
$755,356,711
40
70
$125 million
[40]

The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2
November 20, 2015 (2015-11-20)
$281,723,902
$371,704,359
$653,428,261
77
97
$160 million
[41]

Total
[42]

$7009145153852600000♠1,451,538,526
$7009151665291600000♠1,516,652,916
$7009296819144200000♠2,968,191,442

$493 million

text: All the Hunger Games films finished first at the North American box office during both their opening and second weekend.[43][44][45] In North America, The Hunger Games film series is the second highest-grossing film series based on young adult books, after the Harry Potter series, earning over $1.4 billion.[46] Worldwide, it is the third highest-grossing film series based on young-adult books after the film series of Harry Potter and The Twilight Saga, respectively, having grossed over $2.9 billion.[47] In North America, it is the eighth highest-grossing film franchise of all time.[48] Worldwide, it is the 15th or 16th highest-grossing film franchise of all time.[49][citation needed]

text: Critical and public response[edit]

text:
Film
Rotten Tomatoes
Metacritic
CinemaScore

The Hunger Games
84% (282 reviews)[50]
68 (49 reviews)[51]
A[52]

The Hunger Games: Catching Fire
89% (259 reviews)[53]
76 (49 reviews)[54]
A[52]

The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1
65% (252 reviews)[55]
64 (46 reviews)[56]
A-[52]

The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2
70% (250 reviews)[57]
65 (44 reviews)[58]
A-[52]

text: All The Hunger Games films received a "Fresh Rating" in the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, with the first two films receiving a "Certified Rating" stub.[59]


document_title: I've Gotta Be Me

question_text: who sings i've got to be me

question_tokens: who sings i 've got to be me

text: I've Gotta Be Me

text:
"I've Gotta Be Me"

Single by Sammy Davis, Jr.

from the album I've Gotta Be Me

B-side
"Bein' Natural Bein' Me"

Released
1968

Format
7" (45 rpm)

Genre
Traditional pop

Length
2:53

Label
Reprise

Songwriter(s)
Walter Marks

Producer(s)
Jimmy Bowen

text: "I've Gotta Be Me" is a popular song that appeared in the Broadway musical Golden Rainbow, which starred Steve Lawrence and Eydie Gormé. The musical opened in New York City at the Shubert Theatre on February 4, 1968, and closed less than a year later, on January 11, 1969. The music and lyrics for the musical were by Walter Marks and were composed in 1967; the production featured a book by Ernest Kinoy. This song was listed in the musical as "I've Got to Be Me", and it was sung by Lawrence's character Larry Davis at the end of the first act. Lawrence released the song as a single in 1967, and the following year it hit number six on the Billboard Easy Listening chart, with little or no support from traditional Top 40 radio.

text: Sammy Davis, Jr. recorded the song in 1968 while the musical was still running on Broadway, altering the title slightly to "I've Gotta Be Me", and released it as a single late in the year. This version of the song was a surprise hit for Davis, since the musical was not among the more successful shows on Broadway that season. Produced by Jimmy Bowen, Davis' cover of the song peaked at number 11 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in early 1969 and remained in the Top 40 for 11 weeks.[1] This is Davis' third highest charting single on the Hot 100 in his career; "Something's Gotta Give" had reached number nine in 1955, while "The Candy Man" hit #1 in 1972. In addition, the song spent seven weeks at number one on the Easy Listening chart.[2] The song appears on Davis' 1968 album, which was also titled I've Gotta Be Me.

text: Other artists who have recorded or performed "I've Gotta Be Me" include Ella Fitzgerald, Michael Jackson, Gilbert Price, Della Reese, Alvin and the Chipmunks, Stevie Wonder, Tony Bennett, Cory Monteith as his Glee character Finn Hudson,[3] and The Temptations.

text: The song has been featured in at least two soft drink advertising campaigns. It was performed by Welsh pop singer Duffy while riding a bicycle in European television advertisements for Diet Coke beginning in February 2009. The 60" commercial was first aired in the end break of the 2009 BRIT Awards on February 18.[4] A version by Ryan Tedder was used by Dr Pepper in 2012.[5] Sammy Davis Jr's version was used in a 2016 Sky Q advert as well, and in July 2017 the song was used in the trailer for Westworld's second season.


document_title: Telesync

question_text: what is a ts version of a movie

question_tokens: what is a ts version of a movie

text: Telesync

text: A telesync (TS)[1] is a bootleg recording of a film recorded in a movie theater, often (although not always) filmed using a professional camera on a tripod in the projection booth. The audio of a TS is captured with a direct connection to the sound source (often an FM microbroadcast provided for the hearing-impaired, or from a drive-in theater). Sometimes the bootlegger will tape or conceal wireless microphones close to the speakers for better sound quality. A TS can be considered a higher quality type of cam, that has the potential of better-quality audio and video.[2]

text: The true definition of telesync would include the film being synchronized to the camera's own frame rate and shutter timing as done by television companies when preparing celluloid film for broadcast. A bootleg TS rarely, if ever, uses this form of synchronisation which can lead to additional temporal aliasing.

text: As technology gets better, the quality of telesyncs also improves, although even the best telesyncs are lossy and will be inferior in quality to direct rips from Blu-ray, DVD or digital transfers from the film itself (see telecine). Some release groups use high-definition video cameras to get the clearest picture possible.[3] When an unlicensed copy of a film exists even before its official publication, it is often because a telesync version could be easily produced.[4]

text: In the German warez scene additional tags for the audio source can be added to a telesync release. These are LD (line dubbed) for when the audio track of an unlicensed copy has been ripped from the line out connection of a projector or MD (mic dubbed) when a microphone is used for the recording. These tags are not used exclusively on cam releases though.[5]


document_title: June Stahl

question_text: who kills agent stahl on sons of anarchy

text: June Stahl

text: Season one[edit]

text: June Stahl arrives in Charming in episode 6, "AK-51", and is assigned to a case involving the Sons of Anarchy Motorcycle Club and their involvement in inter-state arms trafficking. She had been called in by David Hale, the local police department's Deputy Chief, as he had been struggling to rid the town of the gang due to his superior, Wayne Unser's, corruptness. She soon becomes involved in an affair with David Hale. Jax Teller, SAMCRO's Vice President, witnessed them in a sexual encounter at the police station while breaking Cherry out of lockup. Agent Stahl became even more obsessed with crushing SAMCRO after being severely beaten by Big Otto Delaney, who hit her head into a table as a way to show the club that he did not succumb to her pressure. He also detested her for arresting his wife Luann as a way to force him to become an informant. Her subsequent attempts to recruit Opie Winston caused her to trick Clay Morrow, SAMCRO's President, into believing that Opie had betrayed the Club and the others with whom he murdered Hefferen, a port commissioner. Clay responded by ordering Tig Trager to kill Opie and pin it on the One-Niners street gang. Opie's wife, who was driving his truck, was mistakenly killed instead. This incident caused a rift between Stahl and Deputy Chief Hale, who icily told her at the crime scene, "This blood's on you." She continued in her attempts to bring down SAMCRO until the very end, keeping another member, Bobby Munson, in jail three weeks after the case was dropped and he was a free man. When Bobby asked her why she did that, even though it caused so much sorrow and did not accomplish anything, she says it gave her peace of mind.

text: In a deleted scene on the Season 1 DVD, she is shown waking up with a naked woman in her bed and telling her she has to go, thus revealing she is bisexual. This is the end of the episode.

text: Season two[edit]

text: Agent Stahl returned again later in Season Two to investigate the L.O.A.N. and the True IRA. She visits Clay in jail in attempt to get him to turn on the IRA. Although she fails at that, their conversation ultimately provokes a physical confrontation between Jax and Clay. She also visits Jax Teller as well in an attempt to exploit the schism between SAMCRO and the IRA and ends up revealing the IRA's betrayal of SAMCRO to L.O.A.N. Jax declines the offer and instills dread upon Stahl with the revelation of her colleague Josh Kohn's murder.

text: Stahl was able to prey on Chibs Telford's desire to reunite with his family and the two worked out a deal where if Chibs delivered the True IRA to the ATF, she would rescue his estranged wife and daughter and would grant complete immunity for any crimes to SAMCRO. However, Stahl decided to change the deal (no immunity for SAMCRO) but couldn't convince Chibs to go along with it. She threatened him by saying that she herself would tell the IRA about Chibs' betrayal, but she was still unable to break him.

text: When Opie found out that his wife, Donna's, death was a result of Stahl making Opie appear to be a snitch, he found her and threatened her at gunpoint. However, he showed mercy and let her live. He took out the empty magazine to his gun and gave it to Stahl. After Opie left, Stahl broke down and started crying.

text: In the season two finale, Stahl discovers that Ethan Zobelle is an F.B.I. informant and passes the information to Chief Unser, who in turn passes it onto SAMCRO. She continued her sting operation with Edmond Hayes and was able to arrange a meeting between him and his father, Cameron. Cameron secretly told Edmond to kill Stahl, so Edmond convinced Stahl that another meeting would take place and she arranged for only herself to be present. At his home, Edmond retrieved a gun but couldn't bring himself to kill Stahl. Stahl revealed that the ATF knew all along about Cameron's plan and that Edmond's gun was loaded with blanks. Feeling like a fool, Edmond punched Stahl and attempted to escape, but Stahl was able to fire several shots from her sidearm and accidentally killed Edmond. Soon after, Polly Zobelle showed up to say goodbye to Edmond, but instead found his dead body. Before finding Stahl, Gemma Teller appeared in the house, looking to exact revenge on Polly. Gemma killed Polly in self-defense and then discovered Edmond's body and Stahl. After telling Gemma to flee, Stahl tricked Gemma into handling her gun, making it appear that Gemma killed both Polly and Edmond.

text: After Gemma escaped, Stahl announced over her radio that Gemma had murdered Polly Zobelle and then took Stahl's sidearm to kill Edmond Hayes. However, Edmond's father had been eavesdropping on Stahl's broadcast and ends up killing SAMCRO member Half-Sack and kidnapping Jax's infant son in retaliation.

text: Season three[edit]

text: At the start of season three, Stahl showed no remorse for the fact that her actions led to the death of Half-Sack and the kidnapping of baby Abel. She was demoted off of the IRA case by the ATF after the events at the end of season 2 but was looking for ways to return to the case. She interrogated Tara regarding the kidnapping and was agitated even though Tara was being truthful in an effort to get law enforcement to assist in the search for Abel. Clay told Stahl that if anything happened to Abel because of her, he will personally kill her, which terrified Stahl inside.

text: Gemma Teller made a personal deal with Stahl to surrender to the federal authorities, but her heart condition flares, causing her to pass out in the drive way of the SAMCRO clubhouse before she can turn herself in. At the hospital, Stahl informed Gemma that the US Attorney will take away the deal because she didn't turn herself in even though she was incapacitated. Jax took a risky move and secretly made an off-the-record deal with Stahl to give her the True IRA in exchange for Stahl pushing back their upcoming bail hearing, reduced time on their gun charges, and Stahl recanting her statement against Gemma.

text: Stahl proved to be trustworthy in her deal with Jax when she is able to push back SAMCRO's bail hearing by 10 days so that the bikers can go to Belfast to get Abel back. She supplied a rigged testimony for Gemma to relay to the U.S. Attorney's office, incriminating Agent Tyler in the process. She has been trustworthy because she knows that Jax's knowledge of the California gun-running operation can save her dying career and unlike the rest of her deals she had a lot to lose by breaking.

text: It is reinforced in season three that Agent Stahl is bisexual as she is shown to be having an intimate relationship with Agent Tyler, the one she incriminated in the statement she gave to Gemma. During an assignment, Stahl shoots Agent Tyler in the throat and sets it up as a drive-by from a Mexican gang. In her statement, she admits their intimate relationship and claims that Agent Tyler had confessed to framing Gemma for the murder of Edmond, thereby exonerating Gemma and holding up her end of the deal. When Gemma finds out about the deal, she threatens to revoke her statement and tell the authorities who really wrote it. Stahl replies that she is already too late, as she has already been exonerated.

text: In the finale of Season 3, she exposes Jax's deal to the club thinking they would kill him. Her motivation for doing so seems to have been malicious. However, Jax was aware that she could not be trusted and had already informed the other members of the club. This led ultimately to Opie, with the help of Unser, targeting Agent Stahl in retribution for her role in the death of his wife, Donna. During this confrontation Stahl breaks down crying and begs Opie for her life, to which Opie responds, "This is what she felt." He then shoots Stahl in the back of the head with a MAC-10, instantly killing her. After this, Chibs Telford rigs the scene to look as if the real IRA murdered Stahl and Jimmy O'Phelan.


document_title: Grand Prix of Long Beach

question_text: who won the long beach grand prix this year

text: Grand Prix of Long Beach

text: Event history[edit]

text: The Long Beach Grand Prix was the brainchild of promoter Chris Pook, a former travel agent from England. Pook was inspired by the Monaco Grand Prix, and believed that a similar event had the potential to succeed in the Southern California area. The city of Long Beach was selected, approximately 25 miles (40 km) south of downtown Los Angeles. A waterfront circuit, near the Port of Long Beach was laid out on city streets, and despite the area at the time being mostly a depressed, industrial port city, the first event drew 30,000 fans. The inaugural race was held in September 1975 as part of the Formula 5000 series.[3][4]

text: In 1976, the United States Grand Prix West was created, providing two grand prix races annually in the United States for a time. Long Beach became a Formula One event for 1976 and the race was moved to March or April. Meanwhile, the United States Grand Prix East at Watkins Glen International was experiencing a noticeably steady decline. Despite gaining a reputation of being demanding and rough on equipment, Long Beach almost immediately gained prominence owing much to its pleasant weather, picturesque setting, and close proximity to Los Angeles and the glitzy Hollywood area.[3][4][5] When Watkins Glen was finally dropped from the Formula One calendar after 1980, the now-established Long Beach began to assume an even more prominent status.

text: Despite exciting races, and strong attendance, the event was not financially successful as a Formula One event. The promoter was risking a meager $100,000 profit against a $6–7 million budget. Fearing that one poor running could bankrupt the event, Pook convinced city leaders to change the race to a CART series event beginning in 1984. In short time, the event grew to prominence on the Indy car circuit, and has been credited with triggering a renaissance in the city of Long Beach. The race was used to market the city, and in the years since the race's inception, many dilapidated and condemned buildings have been replaced with high-rise hotels and tourist attractions.[3][4]

text: The event served as a CART/Champ Car race from 1984 to 2008, then became a IndyCar Series race in 2009. The 2017 race was the 43rd running, and the 34th consecutive as an Indy car race, one of the longest continuously running events in the history of Indy car racing. On three occasions (1984, 1985 and 1987) the race served as the CART season opener. In seven separate seasons (1986, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1992, 1993 and 1994), it served as the final race before the Indianapolis 500.

text: Circuit[edit]

text: The current race circuit is a 1.968-mile (3.167 km) temporary road course laid out in the city streets surrounding the Long Beach Convention Center. The convention center actually doubled as the pit paddock during the days of Formula One. The circuit also goes primarily over the former location of The Pike historic amusement zone. The track is particularly noted for its last section, a sharp hairpin turn followed by a long, slightly curved front straightaway which runs the length of Shoreline Drive. The circuit is situated on the Long Beach waterfront, and is lined with palm trees (especially along the front straightaway towards the Aquarium of the Pacific), making for a scenic track.

text: The circuit has undergone numerous layout changes since the race's inception in 1975. All iterations, however, have featured a signature hairpin turn, main stretch along Shoreline Drive, and back stretch along Seaside Way. The first grand prix layout measured 2.02 miles, and featured two hairpins, one at each end of the Shoreline Drive straightaway. In its early years, the starting line and the finish line were located on different sides of the course.

text: In 1982, the hairpin turn and the end of the main stretch (turn 1) was removed, and replaced with a 90-degree right turn, followed by 90-degree left turn. When the race became a CART series event, the layout was changed significantly. The final turn hairpin was moved to the east, closer to the pit entrance. Other slow chicanes and turns were removed. After a minor tweak to the layout in 1987, the track was shortened in 1992 by the removal of the Park Avenue loop. That created a longer Seaside Way back stretch, and a faster run to the passing zone.

text: In 1999, due to new construction in the area, the turn one set of curves was removed, and replaced with the new fountain complex. Turn one now became a 90-degree left turn, leading into a roundabout around a fountain, and a series of three 90-degree turns. A year later, this segment was revised again, to created a longer straightaway leading to Pine Avenue. This course layout remains intact today.

text: Course layouts[edit]

text:
1975–1977

1978–1981

1982

1983

2000–present

ePrix 2015-2016

text: Events[edit]

text: Formula 5000 and Formula One race[edit]

text: The inaugural race was held as part of the Formula 5000 series. From 1976 to 1983 the event was a Formula One race, commonly known as the United States Grand Prix West.

text: 2008 Long Beach/Motegi "split weekend"[edit]

text: During negotiations which led to the unification of the Champ Car World Series and the IRL IndyCar Series in 2008, a scheduling conflict arose between the IndyCar race held at Twin Ring Motegi (April 19) and the Champ Car race at Long Beach (April 20). Neither party was able to reschedule their event.

text: A compromise was made to create a unique "split weekend" of races at Motegi and Long Beach. The existing Indy Racing League teams would compete in Japan, while the ex-Champ Car teams raced at Long Beach. Both races paid equal points towards the 2008 IndyCar Series championship. The ex-Champ Car teams utilized the Panoz DP01 machines, the cars that would have been used in 2008 had the unification not taken place. The 2008 Long Beach Grand Prix was billed as the "final Champ Car race."

text: Drifting[edit]

text: Beginning in 2005 the event included a demonstration by participants in the Formula D drifting series. Since 2006 Formula D has held the first round of their pro series on Turns 9–11 on the weekend prior to the Grand Prix. In 2013 the Motegi Super Drift Challenge, a drifting competition, was added on the GP weekend, using the same Turn 9–11 course as Formula D. The Motegi Super Drift Challenge is the only event during the GP that runs at night, under floodlights.

text: North American Touring Car Championship[edit]

text: Long Beach hosted the opening round of the 1997 North American Touring Car Championship season, being won by Neil Crompton in a Honda Accord.

text: Formula E[edit]

text: A modified version of the Long Beach Grand Prix track was used during the Long Beach ePrix of the FIA Formula E Championship. The track is 2.1 km (1.3 mi) in length and features seven turns.[6][7] Admission to the first event was free: "the free admission will afford everyone the opportunity to come out and witness this historic and unique event", Jim Michaelian, president of the Grand Prix Assn. of Long Beach, said in a statement.[8][9] The ePrix was held once again in 2016. However, it was not renewed for the third Formula E season in 2017.[10]

text: First wins[edit]

text: Despite the challenging nature of the course, the Grand Prix of Long Beach has produced the first Indy/Champ car victories for several drivers. Drivers who won their first career Indy car race at Long Beach include Michael Andretti, Paul Tracy, Juan Pablo Montoya, Mike Conway, and Takuma Sato. For Michael Andretti, the Long Beach Grand Prix has the distinction of being his first career Indy car win (1986), and 42nd and final career Indy car win (2002).

text: James Hinchcliffe won his first-career Indy Lights race at Long Beach in 2010, then followed it up with an IndyCar Series win at the track in 2017. In 2005, Katherine Legge won the Atlantic Championship support race at Long Beach, her first start in the series. In doing so, she became the first female driver to win a developmental open-wheel race in North America.[11]

text: Future[edit]

text: The City of Long Beach and the Grand Prix Association have a contract to hold the Grand Prix as part of the IndyCar Series through 2018, with optional extensions available through 2020.[12] In 2016, the Long Beach City Council issued an RFP, opening up consideration for returning the event to a Formula One race as early as 2019.[13]

text: In August 2017, after a study was completed and after discussions, the switch to Formula One was rejected. The city council voted unanimously to continue the event as part of the IndyCar Series.[14]

text: Race winners[edit]

text:
Season
Date
Driver
Team
Chassis
Engine
Tires
Race Distance
Race Time
Average Speed
(mph)
Report

Laps
Miles (km)

Formula 5000

1975
Sept 28
 Brian Redman
Carl A. Haas Racing
Lola
Chevrolet
Goodyear
50
101 (162.543)
1:10:12
86.325
Report

Formula One

1976
March 28
 Clay Regazzoni
Scuderia Ferrari
Ferrari
Ferrari
Goodyear (2)
80
161.6 (260.069)
1:53:18
85.572
Report

1977
April 3
 Mario Andretti
Team Lotus
Lotus
Ford–Cosworth
Goodyear (3)
80
161.6 (260.069)
1:51:35
87.073
Report

1978
April 2
 Carlos Reutemann
Scuderia Ferrari (2)
Ferrari (2)
Ferrari (2)
Michelin
80
161.6 (260.069)
1:52:01
86.555
Report

1979
April 8
 Gilles Villeneuve
Scuderia Ferrari (3)
Ferrari (3)
Ferrari (3)
Michelin (2)
80
161.6 (260.069)
1:50:25
87.812
Report

1980
March 30
 Nelson Piquet
Motor Racing Developments Ltd.
Brabham
Ford–Cosworth (2)
Goodyear (4)
80
161.6 (260.069)
1:50:18
87.899
Report

1981
March 15
 Alan Jones
Williams Grand Prix Engineering
Williams
Ford–Cosworth (3)
Goodyear (5)
80
161.6 (260.069)
1:50:41
87.601
Report

1982
April 4
 Niki Lauda
McLaren International
McLaren
Ford–Cosworth (4)
Goodyear (6)
75
159.75 (257.092)
1:58:25
80.939
Report

1983
March 27
 John Watson
McLaren International (2)
McLaren (2)
Ford–Cosworth (7)
Michelin (3)
75
152.55 (245.505)
1:53:34
80.624
Report

Champ Car World Series

1984
March 31
 Mario Andretti (2)
Newman/Haas Racing
Lola (2)
Cosworth (8)
Goodyear (7)
112
187.04 (301.011)
2:15:23
82.898
Report

1985
April 14
 Mario Andretti (3)
Newman/Haas Racing (2)
Lola (3)
Cosworth (9)
Goodyear (8)
90
150.3 (241.884)
1:42:50
87.694
Report

1986
April 13
 Michael Andretti
Kraco Racing
March
Cosworth (10)
Goodyear (9)
95
158.65 (255.322)
1:57:34
80.965
Report

1987
April 5
 Mario Andretti (4)
Newman/Haas Racing (3)
Lola (4)
Chevrolet (2)
Goodyear (10)
95
158.65 (255.322)
1:51:33
85.33
Report

1988
April 17
 Al Unser Jr.
Galles Racing
March (2)
Chevrolet (3)
Goodyear (11)
95
158.65 (255.322)
1:53:47
83.655
Report

1989
April 16
 Al Unser Jr. (2)
Galles Racing (2)
Lola (5)
Chevrolet (4)
Goodyear (12)
95
158.65 (255.322)
1:51:19
85.503
Report

1990
April 22
 Al Unser Jr. (3)
Galles/Kraco Racing (3)
Lola (6)
Chevrolet (5)
Goodyear (13)
95
158.65 (255.322)
1:53:00
84.227
Report

1991
April 14
 Al Unser Jr. (4)
Galles/Kraco Racing (4)
Lola (7)
Chevrolet (6)
Goodyear (14)
95
158.65 (255.322)
1:57:14
81.195
Report

1992
April 12
 Danny Sullivan
Galles/Kraco Racing (5)
Galmer
Chevrolet (7)
Goodyear (15)
105
166.95 (268.679)
1:48:56
91.945
Report

1993
April 18
 Paul Tracy
Team Penske
Penske
Chevrolet (8)
Goodyear (16)
105
166.95 (268.679)
1:47:36
93.089
Report

1994
April 17
 Al Unser Jr. (5)
Team Penske (2)
Penske (2)
Ilmor
Goodyear (17)
105
166.95 (268.679)
1:40:53
99.283
Report

1995
April 9
 Al Unser Jr. (6)
Team Penske (3)
Penske (3)
Mercedes-Benz
Goodyear (18)
105
166.95 (268.679)
1:49:32
91.422
Report

1996
April 14
 Jimmy Vasser
Chip Ganassi Racing
Reynard
Honda
Firestone
105
166.95 (268.679)
1:44:02
96.281
Report

1997
April 13
 Alex Zanardi
Chip Ganassi Racing (2)
Reynard (2)
Honda (2)
Firestone (2)
105
166.53 (268.004)
1:46:17
93.999
Report

1998
April 5
 Alex Zanardi (2)
Chip Ganassi Racing (3)
Reynard (3)
Honda (3)
Firestone (3)
105
165.27 (265.976)
1:51:29
88.946
Report

1999
April 18
 Juan Pablo Montoya
Chip Ganassi Racing (4)
Reynard (4)
Honda (4)
Firestone (4)
85
155.04 (249.512)
1:45:48
87.915
Report

2000
April 16
 Paul Tracy (2)
Team Green
Reynard (5)
Honda (5)
Firestone (5)
82
161.376 (259.709)
1:57:11
82.626
Report

2001
April 8
 Hélio Castroneves
Team Penske (4)
Reynard (6)
Honda (6)
Firestone (6)
82
161.376 (259.709)
1:52:17
86.223
Report

2002
April 14
 Michael Andretti
Team Green (2)
Reynard (7)
Honda (7)
Bridgestone
90
177.12 (285.047)
2:02:14
86.935
Report

2003
April 13
 Paul Tracy (3)
Forsythe Racing
Lola (5)
Ford–Cosworth (11)
Bridgestone (2)
90
177.12 (285.047)
1:56:01
91.59
Report

2004
April 18
 Paul Tracy (4)
Forsythe Racing (2)
Lola (6)
Ford–Cosworth (12)
Bridgestone (3)
81
159.408 (256.542)
1:44:12
91.785
Report

2005
April 10
 Sébastien Bourdais
Newman/Haas Racing (4)
Lola (7)
Ford–Cosworth (13)
Bridgestone (4)
81
159.408 (256.542)
1:46:29
89.811
Report

2006
April 9
 Sébastien Bourdais (2)
Newman/Haas Racing (5)
Lola (8)
Ford–Cosworth (14)
Bridgestone (5)
74
145.632 (234.371)
1:40:07
87.268
Report

2007
April 15
 Sébastien Bourdais (3)
Newman/Haas/Lanigan Racing (6)
Panoz
Cosworth (15)
Bridgestone (6)
78
153.504 (247.04)
1:40:43
91.432
Report

Verizon IndyCar Series

2008
April 20
 Will Power
KV Racing Technology
Panoz (2)
Cosworth (16)
Bridgestone (7)
83
163.344 (262.876)
1:45:25
92.964
Report

2009
April 19
 Dario Franchitti
Chip Ganassi Racing (5)
Dallara
Honda (8)
Firestone (7)
85
167.28 (269.211)
1:58:47
84.491
Report

2010
April 18
 Ryan Hunter-Reay
Andretti Autosport
Dallara (2)
Honda (9)
Firestone (8)
85
167.28 (269.211)
1:47:13
93.619
Report

2011
April 17
 Mike Conway
Andretti Autosport (2)
Dallara (3)
Honda (10)
Firestone (9)
85
167.28 (269.211)
1:53:11
88.676
Report

2012
April 15
 Will Power (2)
Team Penske (5)
Dallara (4)
Chevrolet (9)
Firestone (10)
85
167.28 (269.211)
1:54:02
88.021
Report

2013
April 21
 Takuma Sato
A. J. Foyt Enterprises
Dallara (5)
Honda (15)
Firestone (11)
80
157.44 (253.375)
1:50:09
85.763
Report

2014
April 13
 Mike Conway (2)
Ed Carpenter Racing
Dallara (6)
Chevrolet (10)
Firestone (12)
80
157.44 (253.375)
1:54:42
82.362
Report

2015
April 19
 Scott Dixon
Chip Ganassi Racing (6)
Dallara (7)
Chevrolet (11)
Firestone (13)
80
157.44 (253.375)
1:37:35
96.8
Report

2016
April 17
 Simon Pagenaud
Team Penske (6)
Dallara (8)
Chevrolet (12)
Firestone (14)
80
157.44 (253.375)
1:33:54
100.592
Report

2017
April 9
 James Hinchcliffe
Schmidt Peterson Motorsports
Dallara (9)
Honda (16)
Firestone (15)
85
167.28 (269.211)
1:50:29
90.845
Report

2018
April 15
 Alexander Rossi
Andretti Autosport (3)
Dallara (10)
Honda (17)
Firestone (16)
85
167.28 (269.211)
1:53:15
88.622
Report

text: The 2008 race was part of the IndyCar Series, but used cars and regulations from the Champ Car World Series.

text: Support races[edit]

text:
Atlantic Championship history

Season
Date
Driver

1978
April 1
 Howdy Holmes

1979
April 7
 Tom Gloy

1980
March 29
 Tom Gloy

1981
March 14
 Geoff Brabham

1982
April 3
 Geoff Brabham

1983
–
1988
Not held

1989
April 16
 Hiro Matsushita

1990
April 21
 Mark Dismore

1991
April 14
 Jimmy Vasser

1992
April 10
 Mark Dismore

1993
April 17
 Claude Bourbonnais

1994
April 17
 Richie Hearn

1995
April 17
 David Empringham

1996
April 13
 Case Montgomery

1997
April 12
 Alex Tagliani

1998
April 4
 Memo Gidley

1999
April 17
 Alex Tagliani

2000
April 15
 Buddy Rice

2001
April 8
 David Rutledge

2002
April 14
 Michael Valiante

2003
April 13
 A. J. Allmendinger

2004
April 18
 Ryan Dalziel

2005
April 10
 Katherine Legge

2006
April 9
 Andreas Wirth

2007
April 15
 Raphael Matos

2008
April 20
 Simona de Silvestro

Indy Lights history

Season
Date
Driver

1989
April 16
 Tommy Byrne

1990
April 22
 Paul Tracy

1991
April 14
 Éric Bachelart

1992
April 12
 Franck Fréon

1993
April 18
 Steve Robertson

1994
April 17
 Steve Robertson

1995
April 9
 Greg Moore

1996
April 14
 David Empringham

1997
April 13
 Hélio Castroneves

1998
April 5
 Cristiano da Matta

1999
April 18
 Philipp Peter

2000
April 16
 Scott Dixon

2001
April 8
 Townsend Bell

2002
–
2008
Not held

2009
April 19
 J. R. Hildebrand

2010
April 18
 James Hinchcliffe

2011
April 17
 Conor Daly

2012
April 15
 Esteban Guerrieri

2013
April 20
 Carlos Muñoz

2014
April 13
 Gabby Chaves

2015
April 19
 Ed Jones

text: Race summaries[edit]

text: CART PPG Indy Car World Series[edit]

text:
1984: After eight years, the Long Beach Grand Prix changed to a CART series race. The race served as the 1984 season opener. Mario Andretti, who won the 1977 race, won the pole position, took the lead at the start, and led all 112 laps en route to a dominating victory. The only other driver to finish the race on the lead lap was Geoff Brabham, who finished second on only seven cylinders. Two-time World Champion Emerson Fittipaldi made his CART debut with a 4th-place finish.[15]
1985: Mario Andretti started on the pole position, and led the first 58 laps. Andretti's strategy was to try to complete the race on one pit stop. After building up an over 10-second lead, Andretti pitted on lap 44. In order to conserve fuel, however, he subsequently dialed back his turbocharger boost. Danny Sullivan had pitted on lap 37. With Andretti slowing his pace, Sullivan went on a charge, dicing through traffic and caught up to Andretti. On the back stretch on lap 59, Sullivan took the lead, and began pulling out to a 15-second advantage. It was expected that the race would be decided between Sullivan and Andretti, with Sullivan needing one final pit stop, and Andretti gambling on going the distance. The Penske Team was planning a timed pit stop for Sullivan, hoping to fuel the car, and get back out on the track in close proximity to Andretti. On lap 79, Sullivan shockingly ran out of fuel coming out of the hairpin, and he coasted into the pits barely under power. Sullivan lost many seconds, allowing Andretti to re-take the lead. Andretti led the rest of the way and won at Long Beach for the second year in a row, and third time overall. Sullivan ran out of fuel again on the last lap, and wound up third.[16][17]
1986: Michael Andretti scored the first win of his CART series career, battling Al Unser Jr. to the finish over a frantic final 25 laps. Michael Andretti made his final pit stop on lap 56, while Al Unser Jr. pitted on lap 69. Unser came out of the pits just ahead of Andretti, but on cold tires, had difficulties holding off the challenge. Down the back stretch on lap 70, Andretti got by and re-assumed the lead. Unser stayed in close contact with Andretti, and on lap 80 when Andretti came upon the lapped car of Roberto Moreno, Unser closed dramatically. Andretti tried to lap Moreno at the end of the back stretch (turn 11), but the two cars nearly clipped wheels, and Andretti locked up the brakes. Unser dove below both cars, and went side-by-side with Andretti going into turn 12. Andretti barely held off Unser going into the hairpin. The cars battled nearly nose-to-tail to the finish, with Andretti winning the race by 0.380 seconds.[18]
1987: Mario Andretti started on the pole position and led all 95 laps, en route to his third CART series win at Long Beach, and fourth win overall. Andretti's victory marked the first-ever Indy car win for the Ilmor–Chevy Indy V-8 engine. Mario Andretti's only serious challenge was from Emerson Fittipaldi. The drivers pulled away from the field, and dominated the first half. Fittipaldi, however, suffered from a broken wastegate, and eventually dropped out with a burned piston on lap 52. Andretti cruised the rest of the way, lapping the field. For the third year in a row, Bobby Rahal dropped out early after contact with the concrete wall.[19][20]

text:
1988: Al Unser Jr. snapped the Andretti family winning streak at Long Beach, winning the race for the first time, in dominating fashion. Unser Jr. started fourth, but at the start, settled into second behind Mario Andretti. Going into the hairpin at the end of the first lap, Unser dove below Andretti and took the lead. On his first pit stop, Unser suffered a cross-threaded lug nut, and dropped to sixth, putting Danny Sullivan into the lead. Unser charged, however, gaining nearly a second per lap, re-taking the lead for good on lap 42. Unser led 72 of the 95 laps, lapping the entire field, and when Sullivan dropped out on lap 82, was all alone to the finish. Bobby Rahal finished second, his best career Long Beach result, driving the Judd AV engine.[21][22]
1989: Al Unser Jr. led 72 of the first 74 laps, but late in the race, Unser found himself in a battle with Mario and Michael Andretti. All three drivers made their final pit stops, and after a faster pit stop, Mario Andretti emerged as the leader on lap 78, with Unser second, and Michael now a distant third. Unser was close behind Mario when they approached the lapped car of Tom Sneva. At the exit of turn two, and going into turn three, Unser dove under Mario Andretti for the lead, but punted Mario's right-rear wheel. Andretti was sent spinning out with a flat tire and broken suspension, while Unser broke part of his front wing, and bent his steering. Despite the damage, Unser nursed the crippled car to the finish line, winning by 12.377 seconds over Michael Andretti. The contact was controversial, and after the race, Mario called the move "stupid driving." Unser accepted blame for the contact.[23][24]
1990: Al Unser Jr. led 91 of 95 laps, but late in the race, had to hold off the challenge of Penske teammates Emerson Fittipaldi and Danny Sullivan for the victory. On lap 2, Fittipaldi and Sullivan banged wheels, causing Sullivan to spin and collect Michael Andretti. Both Sullivan and Andretti recovered, and charged up through the field as the race went progressed. With Unser Jr. holding a 10-second lead, a caution came out on lap 66 which bunched the field and erased Unser's advantage. All of the leaders pitted, and when the green flag came back out on lap 70, Fittipaldi was able to close up behind Unser. Fittipaldi got within two car lengths, but Unser held on for the victory. After the early altercation, Danny Sullivan and Michael Andretti finished 3rd and 4th. It was Al Unser Jr.'s third consecutive win at Long Beach.[25]
1991: Al Unser Jr. set an event record and tied a CART series record, by winning the Long Beach Grand Prix for the fourth year in a row. The race, however, is best-remembered for a frightening pit road collision between Michael Andretti and Emerson Fittipaldi. Michael Andretti started on the pole, and led the first lap, but Al Unser Jr. took the lead on lap 2. Unser stretched his lead to as large as 16 seconds, while Andretti ran second much of the afternoon. On lap 70, Unser and Andretti made their final pit stops. Unser returned to the track with the lead. While Andretti was exiting the pit lane, Emerson Fittipaldi came out of his pit stall in the path of Andretti. The two cars touched wheels, Andretti's car flew up on its side, then came to rest on top of Fittipaldi's sidepod. The two cars were too damaged to return, but neither driver was injured. After the pit road mishap, Unser cruised to victory, with his Galles/KRACO Racing teammate Bobby Rahal coming home second.[26][27]

text:
1992: Going for an unprecedented fifth win in a row at Long Beach, Al Unser Jr. lead 54 laps, and was leading with less than four laps to go. His Galles/KRACO Racing teammate Danny Sullivan was right behind in second, challenging for the lead in the closing laps. Bobby Rahal and Emerson Fittipaldi were also nose-to-tail with the leaders. Going down the back stretch on lap 102, Sullivan dove low to make the pass, but Unser closed the door. The two cars tangled, and Unser was sent spinning out into a tire barrier. Sullivan took the lead, and staved off Rahal and Fittpaldi to the finish line. It was the first ever win for the Galmer chassis, and Sullivan's first Indy car win since 1990. Unser Jr. recovered from the spin, and finished in 4th place.[28][29] The race started out on the first lap with a collision between Mario Andretti and Eddie Cheever, which started a standing feud between the two.
1993: Paul Tracy won his first career Indy car race, battling Nigel Mansell most of the afternoon. Tracy led 81 of the 105 laps, but his day was not without incident. While leading the race on lap 25, he clipped wheels with Danny Sullivan, and was forced to pit with a flat tire. Later on lap 61, he had to make an unscheduled pit stop for a blistered tire. Tracy re-assumed the lead on lap 74 after Mansell made his final pit stop, and when Mansell later lost second gear, Tracy cruised to the finish. Bobby Rahal, running 11th at the halfway point, finished 2nd in the RH chassis, owing much to the fact that Mansell, Scott Goodyear, Mario Andretti, Raul Boesel all suffered contact or mechanical problems late in the race.[30][31]
1994: Al Unser Jr., who had joined Team Penske during the offseason, won his first race driving for his new team, and his record fifth victory at Long Beach. Penske teammates Paul Tracy, Unser, and Emerson Fittipaldi started 1st, 2nd, and 3rd, respectively, and combined to lead all but two laps. Tracy and Fittipaldi led early, but both eventually dropped out with gearbox failures. Tracy spun four times due to the axle-hopping from the gearbox issues, including spinning out while leading the race on lap 20. Unser led 61 laps, and despite a black flag penalty for violating the pit road speed limit, won the race going away. Nigel Mansell finished second, but had lost considerable time when he and Michael Andretti made contact, resulting in a flat tire.[32][33]
1995: Al Unser Jr. started fourth, and charged to the lead by lap 30. Unser dominoated most of the rest of the race, and won his sixth Long Beach Grand Prix in the past eight years. Scott Pruett finished second for Patrick Racing, the best finish for Firestone tires since returning to Indy car racing at the beginning of the season. Contenders Bobby Rahal (transmission), Christian Fittipaldi (engine), and Teo Fabi (stop-and-go penalty) all fell from contention in the latter stages of the race.[34][35]
1996: Gil de Ferran won the pole position and dominated the race, leading 100 of the first 101 laps. With four laps to go, however, a turbocharger hose came loose, and de Ferrans's car suddenly began to slow. Jimmy Vasser led the final four laps, holding off Parker Johnstone for the victory.[36][37]
1997: Gil de Ferran and Alex Zanardi started on the front row, and battled much of the afternoon. Though de Ferran appeared to have the faster machine, Zanardi's Ganassi crew executed faster pit stops, which put Zanardi out in front after each sequences of stops. Charging hard to catch Zanardi, de Ferran clipped the wall on lap 93, and fell out with a damaged suspension.[38][39]

text: CART FedEx Championship Series[edit]

text:
1998: Alex Zanardi scored an improbable victory, winning at Long Beach for the second year in a row. Zanardi fell a lap down early in the race after a collision resulted in a bent steering arm. The race lead was being contested between Bryan Herta, Gil de Ferran, Dario Franchitti, and Hélio Castroneves. With a race record seven cautions, Zanardi managed to get back on the lead lap and slowly worked his way up through the field. On lap 72, Zanardi pitted for tires and fuel, while most of the leaders stayed out, since they had just pitted on lap 56. In the closing stages, all of the leaders except Zanardi were facing a splash-and-go pit stop for fuel. After the leaders cycled through their stops, Herta and Frachitti emerged 1st-2nd, with Zanardi now in third, and charging hard. With five laps to go, the top three were nose-to-tail, and Zanardi passed for second. Three laps later, he took the lead. Zanardi led only the final two laps to steal the win.[40][41]
1999: Rookie Juan Pablo Montoya won his first-career Champ/Indy car race, in his third career start, giving Chip Ganassi Racing the team's fourth consecutive victory at Long Beach, in front of a record crowd of 102,000. Montoya started the race fifth, and one by one, picked off the top three cars to move into second behind race leader Tony Kanaan. On lap 46, due to the track breaking up, Kanaan lost control and slid off the course and into a tire barrier. The crash handed the lead to Montoya, who led the rest of the way to victory.[42][43]
2000: Paul Tracy started 17th, but steadily climbed to the front of the field, taking the lead on lap 62 to win at Long Beach for the second time. Tracy benefited from strong pit strategy, swift pit work, and an aggressive charge, and managed to put himself in third on lap 58. On a restart with rookie Takuya Kurosawa leading, Roberto Moreno second, and Tracy third, Moreno suddenly slowed with gearbox trouble. Tracy muscled past Kurosawa four laps later, and held off Hélio Castroneves for the victory.[44][45]
2001: Hélio Castroneves started from the pole position and led all 82 lap to victory. Despite leading wire-to-wire, Castroneves did not runaway with the race, with Cristiano da Matta and Kenny Bräck in close pursuit most of the day. After Brack dropped out with a broken gearbox on lap 30, the race was a two-man battle between Castroneves and da Matta. Castroneves staved off numerous overtake attempts by da Matta in the second half. The margin of victory was a mere 0.534 seconds, one of the closest finishes in Long Beach history.[46]
2002: Michael Andretti won the 2002 Grand Prix of Long Beach, his 42nd and final career Indy/Champ car victory. The win came nearly sixteen years to the day of his first career Indy car win – at the same race – the 1986 Long Beach Grand Prix. Andretti started 15th and gambled by pitting out-of-sequence, as did Max Papis. Andretti assumed the lead on lap 62 when the rest of the leaders cycled through routine green flag pit stops. Andretti and Papis led Jimmy Vasser by over 30 seconds, but both still needed one final pit stop for fuel. A full-course caution came out on lap 63, and both drivers took advantage of the break. Meanwhile, Vasser slowed down to be picked up by the pace car, not realizing he was not the race leader, and actually running third. Vasser slowing down gave Andretti and Papis extra time and allowed them to pit without giving up first and second position. Vasser managed to get by Papis when the green came back out, but Andretti held on for the win.[47][48]
2003: Michel Jourdain Jr. looked poised to win his first-career CART series race, but mechanical problems foiled his chances at victory. Jourdain started on the pole, but Paul Tracy took the lead at the start and led the first 26 laps. After pit stops, Jourdain assumed the lead on lap 27, and mostly dominated the race over the next 49 laps. The race came down to Jourdain and Tracy, with both drivers needing one final pit stop in the final ten laps. Tracy pitted with 8 laps to go, and came back out on the track still in second place, ahead of Adrián Fernández. Jourdain pitted one lap later, but as he was leaving the pits, the car failed to pull away. A faulty clutch dropped him out of the race, and handed the victory to Tracy. It was Tracy's third win at Long Beach, and he became the first driver in CART history to sweep the first three races of the season.[49][50]

text: Champ Car World Series[edit]

text:
2004: Paul Tracy won the 30th Long Beach Grand Prix, his fourth victory in the event, and second in a row. At the start, Tracy utilized the new Push-to-pass button to boldly dive from third to first in the first turn. Tracy ran away with the race, giving up the lead only once during a routine pit stop. On lap 2, three cars (Jimmy Vasser, Alex Sperafico, and Tarso Marques) crashed, bringing out the lone caution of the day.[51][52]
2005: Sébastien Bourdais worked his way from fourth starting position to the lead by lap 30. Bourdais pulled out to as much as a 7-second lead, and controlled the race most of the way thereafter. A late caution bunched the field, and second place Paul Tracy was on the optional tires, while Bourdais was on the primary tires. Bourdais got the jump on the restart and went on to win, while Tracy became mired behind a lapped car and finished second.[53][54] The race was held under a cloud of uncertainty, as it was in its final contract year with CART/Champ Car. Rumors were swirling around the paddock that the event might switch to the Indy Racing League for 2006.[11]
2006: After rumors of a possible switch to IRL, the race returned as part of the Champ Car series. Sébastien Bourdais won for the second year in a row, starting from the pole and leading 70 of the 74 laps. He finished 14 seconds ahead of second place Justin Wilson.
2007: Sébastien Bourdais led 58 of 78 laps, dominating en route to his third consecutive Long Beach victory. Paul Tracy crashed during practice on Saturday and sat out with a back injury. He was replaced by Oriol Servia. Will Power passed Alex Tagliani on the last lap to finish second.[55]
2008: The final race of the Champ Car era took place the same weekend as the Indy Japan 300. Due to a scheduling conflict in the wake of the open wheel unification, former Champ Car teams competed at Long Beach, while established IndyCar Series teams competed at Motegi. The contingent of former Champ Car teams produced a 20-car field, all utilizing the turbocharged Cosworth/Panoz DP01 for the final time. From a standing start (the first such at Long Beach since 1983), Will Power got the jump from fourth position to take the lead into turn one. Power led 81 of the 83 laps, relinquishing the top position only during pit stops.

text: IndyCar Series[edit]

text:
2009: Will Power took the lead from the pole position and led the first 16 laps. Dario Franchitti and Danica Patrick both pitted early on lap 16, and benefited from a full-course caution. Over the next 30 laps, the lead traded between Tony Kanaan, Marco Andretti, and Dario Franchitti. Pitting early once more, Dario Franchitti and Danica Patrick again benefited. Moments later, Mike Conway spun into the tire barrier in turn 8, bringing out the full course caution again. Most of the leaders pit under the yellow, while Franchitti stayed out to take the lead. Franchitti pulled away and held the lead to the finish, taking the victory. It was his first IndyCar win since 2007, having spent 2008 racing in NASCAR.
2010: Will Power starting on the pole position, and led the race early. On lap 17, Power errored, when he inadvertently hit the pit road speed limiter button. Ryan Hunter-Reay and Justin Wilson slipped by and Power dropped to third. On a restart on lap 65, Hunter-Reay led, with Power second, and Wilson third. Hunter-Reay had lapped traffic between him and Power and was able to pull out to a comfortable lead. Power, struggling to get through traffic, was passed by Wilson for second. Wilson was not able to close the gap, and Hunter-Reay drove on to victory.
2011: With less than 20 laps to go, Mike Conway charged into third place on a restart. He quickly powered past Dario Franchitti and Will Power to take the lead. Conway pulled out to a six-second advantage, and led the final 14 laps en route to his first Indy car victory.
2012: Just days prior to the race, Chevrolet announced that all eleven of their entries would change engines, in violation of IndyCar's mileage requirement rule. As a penalty, all of the Chevrolet entries would incur a 10-position grid penalty after time trials. At the start, Dario Franchitti and rookie Josef Newgarden battled into turn one. Newgarden tried to take the lead on the outside, but the two cars clipped slightly, and Newgarden smacked the tire barrier and crashed out of the race. Franchitti took the lead for the first four laps, but quickly faded with handling problems. The race became a contest between rookie Simon Pagenaud and Will Power, with Takuma Sato also strong all afternoon. Power made his final pit stop on lap 64, and attempted to stretch his fuel over the final 21 laps. Pagenaud pitted on lap 70, and seemingly had plenty of fuel to charge to the finish. As Power held the lead, Pagenaud dramatically charged to catch Power, gaining 1–2 seconds per lap. The cars were nose-to-tail in the hairpin as they approached the white flag. Power held off on the final lap to win by 0.8 seconds. Despite the grid penalties, Chevrolet-powered cars swept eight of the top ten finishing positions.
2013: Takuma Sato led 50 of 80 laps, and won his first career IndyCar race. Sato effectively took control of the race on lap 23, when he passed Ryan Hunter-Reay for second place in turn 1. After the leaders cycled through pit stops, Sato assumed the lead on lap 31, and did not relinquish the top spot for the remainder of the race. Sato's win was the first for A. J. Foyt Enterprises since 2002.
2014: On lap 56, a controversial crash took out six cars, including the drivers running 1st–2nd–3rd. During a sequence of green flag pit stops, Josef Newgarden inherited the lead. Ryan Hunter-Reay, James Hinchcliffe, and Will Power were running nose-to-tail in 2nd–3rd–4th. Newgarden completed his pit stop, and came out on the track just ahead of Hunter-Reay, momentarily holding on to the lead. Going into turn 4, Hunter-Reay attempted a risky pass for the lead, and he made contact with Newgarden, sending both cars into the wall. Hinchcliffe was collected, as was three other cars in the huge melee that nearly blocked the track. Late in the race, Scott Dixon led, followed by Mike Conway and Power close behind. Dixon ran out of fuel, and had to pit with two laps to go. Conway held off Power and Carlos Muñoz to win for the second time at Long Beach.
2015: During the first sequence of green flag pit stops on lap 29, leader Hélio Castroneves was briefly held in his pit box to avoid collision with Tony Kanaan, who was entering the stall just ahead. The delay cost Castroneves valuable track position, and allowed Scott Dixon to take over the lead. During the second round of pit stops on lap 55, Dixon was narrowly able to hold the lead, and cruised to victory, his first career win at Long Beach. With Dixon comfortably out in front, and Castroneves in second, the closing laps focused on a furious four-car battle for third place, led by Juan Pablo Montoya and Simon Pagenaud. Fifth place went to Tony Kanaan.
2016: Hélio Castroneves led 49 of the first 51 laps. During the second round of stops, Scott Dixon was able to pass Castroneves with quick pit work. However, Simon Pagenaud's pit stop was even faster, and he emerged with the lead of the race. Controversy followed, as Pagenaud placed two tires over the blend line at the exit of pit lane while trying to beat Dixon to turn one. IndyCar officials let Pagenaud off with a warning for the incident, despite protests from Chip Ganassi Racing. Pagenaud held off Dixon by 0.3032 seconds, the closest finish in Long Beach history.
2017: James Hinchcliffe won for the first time since his serious crash during practice at the 2015 Indianapolis 500. In the late stages of the race, Andretti Autosport teammates Alexander Rossi, Takuma Sato, and Ryan Hunter-Reay all dropped out with mechanical problems, leaving Hinchcliffe to battle Sébastien Bourdais and Josef Newgarden to the finish. On a restart with three laps to go, Hinchcliffe got the jump and held on for the victory.

text: Sports car race winners[edit]

text: IMSA GTO/GTU[edit]

text:
Year
GTO
GTU
Report

1990
 Dorsey Schroeder
Mercury Cougar
 John Finger
Mazda MX-6
Report

1991
 Steve Millen
Nissan 300ZX
 John Fergus
Dodge Daytona
Report

text: Rolex Sports Car Series[edit]

text:
Rolex Sports Car Series

Year
Drivers
Car
Report

2006
 Scott Pruett
 Luis Díaz
Riley Mk XX–Lexus
Report

text: American Le Mans Series[edit]

text:
Year
LMP1
LMP2
GT1
GT2
Report

2007
 Rinaldo Capello
 Allan McNish
Audi R10 TDI
 Romain Dumas
 Timo Bernhard
Porsche RS Spyder
 Oliver Gavin
 Olivier Beretta
Chevrolet Corvette C6.R
 Mika Salo
 Jaime Melo
Ferrari F430GT
Report

2008
 Marco Werner
 Lucas Luhr
Audi R10 TDI
 Scott Sharp
 David Brabham
Acura ARX-01b
 Johnny O'Connell
 Jan Magnussen
Chevrolet Corvette C6.R
 Dominik Farnbacher
 Dirk Müller
Ferrari F430GT
Report

2009
 Gil de Ferran
 Simon Pagenaud
Acura ARX-02a
 Adrián Fernández
 Luis Díaz
Acura ARX-01b
 Oliver Gavin
 Olivier Beretta
Chevrolet Corvette C6.R
 Patrick Long
 Jörg Bergmeister
Porsche 911 GT3-RSR
Report

LMP
LMPC
GT
GTC

2010
 David Brabham
 Simon Pagenaud
HPD ARX-01c
 Elton Julian
 Gunnar Jeannette
Oreca FLM09/Chevrolet
 Patrick Long
 Jörg Bergmeister
Porsche 911 GT3-RSR
 Juan González
 Butch Leitzinger
Porsche 997 GT3 Cup
Report

LMP1
LMP2
LMPC
GT
GTC

2011
 Klaus Graf
 Lucas Luhr
Lola-Aston Martin B09/60
 Scott Tucker
 Christophe Bouchut
HPD ARX-03b
 Gunnar Jeannette
 Ricardo González
Oreca FLM09/Chevrolet
 Dirk Müller
 Joey Hand
BMW M3
 Tim Pappas
 Jeroen Bleekemolen
Porsche 997 GT3 Cup
Report

2012
 Klaus Graf
 Lucas Luhr
HPD ARX-03a
 Scott Tucker
 Christophe Bouchut
HPD ARX-03b
 Alex Popow
 Ryan Dalziel
Oreca FLM09/Chevrolet
 Oliver Gavin
 Tommy Milner
Chevrolet Corvette C6 ZR1
 Peter LeSaffre
 Damien Faulkner
Porsche 997 GT3 Cup
Report

2013
 Klaus Graf
 Lucas Luhr
HPD ARX-03a
 Scott Sharp
 Guy Cosmo
HPD ARX-03b
 Jon Bennett
 Colin Braun
Oreca FLM09/Chevrolet
 Bill Auberlen
 Maxime Martin
BMW Z4 GTE
 Sean Edwards
 Henrique Cisneros
Porsche 997 GT3 Cup
Report

text: IMSA WeatherTech SportsCar Championship[edit]

text:
Year
Prototype
Prototype Challenge
GT Le Mans
GT Daytona
Report

2014
 Scott Pruett
 Memo Rojas
Riley DP/Ford
did not participate
 Antonio García
 Jan Magnussen
Chevrolet Corvette C7.R
did not participate
Report

2015
 Ricky Taylor
 Jordan Taylor
Corvette DP/Chevrolet
did not participate
 Dirk Werner
 Bill Auberlen
BMW Z4 GTE
did not participate
Report

2016
 Ricky Taylor
 Filipe Albuquerque
Corvette DP/Chevrolet
 Misha Goikhberg
 Stephen Simpson
Oreca FLM09/Chevrolet
 Patrick Pilet
 Nick Tandy
Porsche 911 RSR
did not participate
Report

2017
 Ricky Taylor
 Jordan Taylor
Cadillac DPi-V.R
did not participate
 Oliver Gavin
 Tommy Milner
Chevrolet Corvette C7.R
 Gunnar Jeannette
 Cooper MacNeil
Mercedes-AMG GT3
Report[56]

2018
 João Barbosa
 Filipe Albuquerque
Cadillac DPi-V.R
did not participate
 Oliver Gavin
 Tommy Milner
Chevrolet Corvette C7.R
did not participate
Report[57]

text: Overall winners in bold

text: Toyota Pro/Celebrity Race[edit]

text: Formula E[edit]

text: Broadcasting history (United States)[edit]

text:
Season
Channel
Lay-by-lap
Driver analyst(s)
Pit reporter(s)
Host(s)

1975
CBS
Ken Squier

Pat Summerall

1976
CBS
Ken Squier
Stirling Moss
Bobby Unser

1977
CBS
Ken Squier
Dan Gurney
David Hobbs
Brock Yates

1978
CBS
Ken Squier

1979
CBS
Ken Squier

1980
CBS
Ken Squier

1981
CBS
Ken Squier

1982
CBS
Ken Squier

1983
CBS
Ken Squier

1984
NBC
Paul Page
Johnny Rutherford
Gary Gerould
Bruce Jenner
Paul Page

1985
NBC
Paul Page
Bobby Unser
Gary Gerould
Bruce Jenner
Paul Page
Bobby Unser

1986
NBC
Paul Page
Bobby Unser
Gary Gerould
Bruce Jenner
Paul Page
Bobby Unser

1987
NBC
Paul Page
Jackie Stewart
Gary Gerould
Bruce Jenner
Paul Page
Jackie Stewart

1988
ABC
Paul Page
Sam Posey
Bobby Unser
Jack Arute
Paul Page
Sam Posey
Bobby Unser

1989
ABC
Paul Page
Sam Posey
Bobby Unser
Jack Arute
Brian Hammons
Paul Page
Sam Posey
Bobby Unser

1990
ABC
Paul Page
Sam Posey
Bobby Unser
Jack Arute
Gary Gerould
Paul Page

1991
ABC
Paul Page
Bobby Unser
Jack Arute
Gary Gerould
Paul Page
Bobby Unser

1992
ABC
Paul Page
Sam Posey
Bobby Unser
Jack Arute
Gary Gerould
Paul Page

1993
ABC
Paul Page
Sam Posey
Bobby Unser
Jack Arute
Gary Gerould
Paul Page
Sam Posey
Bobby Unser

1994
ABC
Paul Page
Sam Posey
Bobby Unser
Jack Arute
Gary Gerould
Paul Page

1995
ABC
Paul Page
Sam Posey
Bobby Unser
Jack Arute
Gary Gerould
Paul Page

1996
ABC
Paul Page
Danny Sullivan
Jack Arute
Gary Gerould
Paul Page
Danny Sullivan

1997
ABC
Bob Varsha
Danny Sullivan
Jack Arute
Gary Gerould
Bob Varsha
Danny Sullivan

1998
ESPN
Bob Varsha
Parker Johnstone
Danny Sullivan
Jack Arute
Jon Beekhuis
Gary Gerould
Bob Varsha

1999
ESPN
Bob Varsha
Parker Johnstone
Jack Arute
Jon Beekhuis
Gary Gerould
Bob Varsha

2000
ESPN
Paul Page
Parker Johnstone
Jon Beekhuis
Gary Gerould
Paul Page
Parker Johnstone

2001
ABC
Paul Page
Parker Johnstone
Jon Beekhuis
Gary Gerould
Paul Page
Parker Johnstone

2002
Fox
Bob Varsha
Tommy Kendall
Derek Daly
Calvin Fish
Bob Varsha
Tommy Kendall

2003
Speed Channel
Bob Varsha
Scott Pruett
Derek Daly
Calvin Fish
Tommy Kendall
Bob Varsha
Scott Pruett

2004
Spike TV
Bob Jenkins
Tommy Kendall
Derek Daly
Calvin Fish
Bob Jenkins
Tommy Kendall

2005
NBC
Rick Benjamin
Derek Daly
Jon Beekhuis
Calvin Fish
Rick Benjamin

2006
NBC
Rick Benjamin
Derek Daly
Jon Beekhuis
Michelle Beisner
Cameron Steele
Rick Benjamin
Derek Daly

2007
NBC
Bill Weber
Jon Beekhuis
Wally Dallenbach Jr.
Michelle Beisner
Marty Snider
Cameron Steele
Bill Stephens
Bill Weber
Jon Beekhuis
Wally Dallenbach Jr.

2008
ESPN
Marty Reid
Scott Goodyear
Jack Arute
Jamie Little
Brienne Pedigo
Scott Goodyear
Marty Reid

2009
Versus
Bob Jenkins
Jon Beekhuis
Robbie Buhl
Jack Arute
Robbie Floyd
Lindy Thackston
Bob Jenkins

2010
Versus
Bob Jenkins
Jon Beekhuis
Robbie Buhl
Jack Arute
Robbie Floyd
Lindy Thackston
Lindy Thackston

2011
Versus
Bob Jenkins
Jon Beekhuis
Wally Dallenbach Jr.
Kevin Lee
Robin Miller
Marty Snider
Lindy Thackston
Kevin Lee

2012
NBC Sports Network
Bob Jenkins
Jon Beekhuis
Wally Dallenbach Jr.
Townsend Bell
Kevin Lee
Robin Miller
Marty Snider
Kevin Lee
Robin Miller

2013
NBC Sports Network
Brian Till
Townsend Bell
Wally Dallenbach Jr.
Jon Beekhuis
Kevin Lee
Robin Miller
Marty Snider
Brian Till

2014
NBCSN
Leigh Diffey
Townsend Bell
Paul Tracy
Jon Beekhuis
Kevin Lee
Robin Miller
Marty Snider
Kelli Stavast
Leigh Diffey

2015
NBCSN
Brian Till
Townsend Bell
Paul Tracy
Kevin Lee
Robin Miller
Marty Snider
Kelli Stavast
Brian Till
Townsend Bell
Paul Tracy

2016
NBCSN
Rick Allen
Townsend Bell
Paul Tracy
Kevin Lee
Robin Miller
Marty Snider
Katie Hargitt
Rick Allen
Townsend Bell
Paul Tracy

2017
NBCSN
Rick Allen
Townsend Bell
Paul Tracy
Kevin Lee
Robin Miller
Marty Snider
Katie Hargitt
Rick Allen
Townsend Bell
Paul Tracy

text: Gallery[edit]


document_title: Rotten Row

question_text: avenue of hyde park uks first artificially lit highway

text: Rotten Row

text:
Rotten Row

Rotten Row from Hyde Park Corner.

Former name(s)
Route du Roi

Length
1,384 m (4,541 ft)

Location
Hyde Park, London, United Kingdom

Postal code
W2

Nearest Tube station
 Hyde Park Corner

East end
Hyde Park Corner

West end
Serpentine Road

Construction

Completion
1690

Other

Known for
Equestrianism

text: Coordinates: 51°30′13.25″N 0°9′59″W / 51.5036806°N 0.16639°W / 51.5036806; -0.16639

text: Rotten Row is a broad track running for 1,384 metres (4,541 ft)[1] along the south side of Hyde Park in London. It leads from Hyde Park Corner to Serpentine Road. During the 18th and 19th centuries, Rotten Row was a fashionable place for upper-class Londoners to be seen horse riding.[2] Today it is maintained as a place to ride horses in the centre of London, but it is little used. Rotten Row was established by William III at the end of the 17th century. Having moved court to Kensington Palace, William wanted a safer way to travel to St. James's Palace. He created the broad avenue through Hyde Park, lit with 300 oil lamps in 1690– the first artificially lit highway in Britain. The lighting was a precaution against highwaymen, who lurked in Hyde Park at the time.[3] The track was called Route du Roi, French for King's Road, which was eventually corrupted into "Rotten Row".[4]

text: In the 18th century, Rotten Row became a popular meeting place for upper-class Londoners. Particularly on weekend evenings and at midday, people dressed in their finest clothes to ride along the row and be seen.[2] The adjacent South Carriage Drive was used by society people in carriages for the same purpose.[2] In 1876, it was reconstructed as a horse-ride, with a brick base covered by sand.[1]

text: The sand-covered avenue of Rotten Row is maintained as a bridleway and forms part of Hyde Park's South Ride. It is convenient for the Household Cavalry, stabled nearby at Hyde Park Barracks in Knightsbridge, to exercise their horses. Members of the public may also ride, although few people have stables close enough to make use of it. Commercial stables nearby, the Hyde Park Stables and 'Ross Nye Stables, offer horse hire and riding lessons to the public.

text: Michael Crichton's 1979 feature film, The First Great Train Robbery, set in 1855 has a scene in which the character Edward Pierce (portrayed by Sean Connery) escorts Emily Trent (Pamela Salem) on a supposedly romantic ride along Rotten Row.[5]

text: A Royal plaque commemorating 300 years of Rotten Row was erected in 1990.

text: "ROTTEN ROW - The King's Old Road, Completed 1690

text: This ride originally formed part of King William III's carriage drive from Whitehall to Kensington Palace. Its Construction was supervised by the Serveyor of their Majesties' Roads, Captain Michael Studholme and it was the first lamp-lit road in the Kingdom. Designated as a public bridleway in the 1730's, Rotten Row is one of the most famous urban riding grounds in the world."

text: Rotten Row is immortalised in a short piece of orchestral light music, composed by Wally Stott in 1958.

text: Other locations[edit]

text: "Rotten Row" is a location in at least 15 places in England and Scotland, such as in Lewes, East Sussex and Elie, Fife. It describes a place where there was once a row of tumbledown cottages infested with rats (raton) and dates to the 14th century or earlier, predating the London derivation.[6] Other historians have speculated the name might be a corruption of rotteran (to muster),[7] Ratten Row (roundabout way), or rotten (the soft material with which the road is covered).[8]