document_title: Delhi Sultanate

question_text: who laid the foundation of the delhi sultanate

text: Delhi Sultanate

text: Background[edit]

text: The context behind the rise of the Delhi Sultanate in India was part of a wider trend affecting much of the Asian continent, including the whole of southern and western Asia: the influx of nomadic Turkic peoples from the Central Asian steppes. This can be traced back to the 9th century, when the Islamic Caliphate began fragmenting in the Middle East, where Muslim rulers in rival states began enslaving non-Muslim nomadic Turks from the Central Asian steppes, and raising many of them to become loyal military slaves called Mamluks. Soon, Turks were migrating to Muslim lands and becoming Islamicized. Many of the Turkic Mamluk slaves eventually rose up to become rulers, and conquered large parts of the Muslim world, establishing Mamluk Sultanates from Egypt to Afghanistan, before turning their attention to the Indian subcontinent.[18]

text: It is also part of a longer trend predating the spread of Islam. Like other settled, agrarian societies in history, those in the Indian subcontinent have been attacked by nomadic tribes throughout its long history. In evaluating the impact of Islam on the subcontinent, one must note that the northwestern subcontinent was a frequent target of tribes raiding from Central Asia in the pre-Islamic era. In that sense, the Muslim intrusions and later Muslim invasions were not dissimilar to those of the earlier invasions during the 1st millennium.[20]

text: By 962 AD, Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms in South Asia were under a wave of raids from Muslim armies from Central Asia.[21] Among them was Mahmud of Ghazni, the son of a Turkic Mamluk military slave,[22] who raided and plundered kingdoms in north India from east of the Indus river to west of Yamuna river seventeen times between 997 and 1030.[23] Mahmud of Ghazni raided the treasuries but retracted each time, only extending Islamic rule into western Punjab.[24][25]

text: The wave of raids on north Indian and western Indian kingdoms by Muslim warlords continued after Mahmud of Ghazni.[26] The raids did not establish or extend permanent boundaries of their Islamic kingdoms. The Ghurid sultan Mu'izz ad-Din Muhammad Ghori, commonly known as Muhammad of Ghor, began a systematic war of expansion into north India in 1173.[27] He sought to carve out a principality for himself by expanding the Islamic world.[23][28] Muhammad of Ghor sought a Sunni Islamic kingdom of his own extending east of the Indus river, and he thus laid the foundation for the Muslim kingdom called the Delhi Sultanate.[23] Some historians chronicle the Delhi Sultanate from 1192 due to the presence and geographical claims of Muhammad Ghori in South Asia by that time.[29]

text: Ghori was assassinated in 1206, by Ismāʿīlī Shia Muslims in some accounts or by Hindu Khokhars in others.[30] After the assassination, one of Ghori's slaves (or mamluks, Arabic: مملوك), the Turkic Qutb al-Din Aibak, assumed power, becoming the first Sultan of Delhi.[23]

text: Sultans of Delhi Sultanate[edit]

text:
Delhi Sultanate
Ruling dynasties
Mamluk dynasty[show] Qutb al-Din Aibak 1206–1210 Aram Shah 1210–1211 Iltutmish 1211–1236 Rukn ud din Firuz 1236 Razia Sultana 1236-1240 Muiz ud din Bahram 1240–1242 Ala ud din Masud 1242–1246 Nasir ud din Mahmud 1246–1266 Ghiyas ud din Balban 1266–1287 Muiz ud din Qaiqabad 1287–1290 Shamsuddin Kayumars 1290

Khalji dynasty[show] Jalaluddin 1290–1296 Alauddin 1296–1316 Shihabuddin Omar 1316 Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah 1316–1320 Khusro Khan 1320

Tughlaq dynasty[show] Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq 1320–1325 Muhammad bin Tughluq 1325–1351 Firuz Shah Tughlaq 1351–1388 Tughluq Khan 1388–1389 Abu Bakr Shah 1389–1390 Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III 1390–1393 Ala ud-din Sikandar Shah 1393 Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq 1394–1412/1413 Nasir-ud-din Nusrat Shah Tughluq 1394–1398

Sayyid dynasty[show] Khizr Khan 1414–1421 Mubarak Shah 1421–1434 Muhammad Shah 1434–1445 Alam Shah 1445–1451

Lodi dynasty[show] Bahlul Khan Lodi 1451–1489 Sikandar Lodi 1489–1517 Ibrahim Lodi 1517–1526
vte

text:
Sultans (Kings/Rulers)
King in
Death
Note

Qutb-ud-din Aibak
1206
1210
First Sultan

Aram Shah
1210
1211

Iltutmish
1211
1236

Rukn-ud-din Firuz
1236
1236

Razia Sultan
1236
1240
Women Ruler

Muiz ud din Bahram
1240
1243

Ala ud din Masud
1243
1249

Nasir ud din Mahmud
1249
1266

Ghiyas ud din Balban
1266
1287

Muiz ud din Qaiqabad
1287
1290

Jalaluddin Khalji
1290
1296

Alauddin Khalji
1296
1316

Shihabuddin Omar
1316
1316

Qutb-ud-din Mubarak
1316
1320

Khusrau Khan
1320
1321

text: Dynasties[edit]

text: Mamluk / Slave[edit]

text: Qutb al-Din Aibak, a former slave of Mu'izz ad-Din Muhammad Ghori (known more commonly as Muhammad of Ghor), was the first ruler of the Delhi Sultanate. Aibak was of Cuman-Kipchak (Turkic) origin, and due to his lineage, his dynasty is known as the Mamluk (Slave) dynasty (not to be confused with the Mamluk dynasty of Iraq or the Mamluk dynasty of Egypt).[31] Aibak reigned as the Sultan of Delhi for four years, from 1206 to 1210.

text: After Aibak died, Aram Shah assumed power in 1210, but he was assassinated in 1211 by Shams ud-Din Iltutmish.[32] Iltutmish's power was precarious, and a number of Muslim amirs (nobles) challenged his authority as they had been supporters of Qutb al-Din Aibak. After a series of conquests and brutal executions of opposition, Iltutmish consolidated his power.[33] His rule was challenged a number of times, such as by Qubacha, and this led to a series of wars.[34] Iltumish conquered Multan and Bengal from contesting Muslim rulers, as well as Ranthambore and Siwalik from the Hindu rulers. He also attacked, defeated, and executed Taj al-Din Yildiz, who asserted his rights as heir to Mu'izz ad-Din Muhammad Ghori.[35] Iltutmish's rule lasted till 1236. Following his death, the Delhi Sultanate saw a succession of weak rulers, disputing Muslim nobility, assassinations, and short-lived tenures. Power shifted from Rukn ud-Din Firuz to Razia Sultana and others, until Ghiyas ud-Din Balban came to power and ruled from 1266 to 1287.[34][35] He was succeeded by 17-year-old Muiz ud-Din Qaiqabad, who appointed Jalal ud-Din Firuz Khalji as the commander of the army. Khalji assassinated Qaiqabad and assumed power, thus ending the Mamluk dynasty and starting the Khalji dynasty.

text: Qutb al-Din Aibak initiated the construction of the Qutub Minar[36] and the Quwwat-ul-Islam (Might of Islam) Mosque, now a UNESCO world heritage site.[37] It was built from the remains of twenty seven demolished Hindu and Jain temples. The Qutub Minar Complex or Qutb Complex was expanded by Iltutmish, and later by Ala ud-Din Khalji (the second ruler of the Khalji dynasty) in the early 14th century.[37][38] During the Mamluk dynasty, many nobles from Afghanistan and Persia migrated and settled in India, as West Asia came under Mongol siege.[39]

text: Khaljis[edit]

text: The Khalji dynasty was of Turko-Afghan heritage.[40][41][42][43] They were originally of Turkic origin.[44] They had long been settled in present-day Afghanistan before proceeding to Delhi in India. The name "Khalji" refers to an Afghan village or town known as Qalat-e Khalji (Fort of Ghilji).[45] Sometimes they were treated by others as ethnic Afghans due to their intermarraiges with local Afghans, adoption of Afghan habits and customs.[46][47] As a result of this, the dynasty is sometimes referred to as Turko-Afghan.[41][42][43] The dynasty later also had Indian ancestry, through Jhatyapali (daughter of Ramachandra of Devagiri), wife of Alauddin Khalji and mother of Shihabuddin Omar.[48]

text: The first ruler of the Khalji dynasty was Jalal ud-Din Firuz Khalji. Firuz Khalji had already gathered enough support among the Afghans for taking over the crown. [49] He came to power in 1290 after killing the last ruler of the Mamluk dynasty, Muiz ud-Din Qaiqabad, with the support of Afghan and Turkic nobles. He was around 70 years old at the time of his ascension, and was known as a mild-mannered, humble and kind monarch to the general public.[50][51] Jalal ud-Din Firuz was of Turko Afghan origin,[52][53][54] and ruled for 6 years before he was murdered in 1296 by his nephew and son-in-law Juna Muhammad Khalji,[55] who later came to be known as Ala ud-Din Khalji.

text: Ala ud-Din began his military career as governor of Kara province, from where he led two raids on Malwa (1292) and Devagiri (1294) for plunder and loot. His military campaigning returned to these lands as well other south Indian kingdoms after he assumed power. He conquered Gujarat, Ranthambore, Chittor, and Malwa.[56] However, these victories were cut short because of Mongol attacks and plunder raids from the northwest. The Mongols withdrew after plundering and stopped raiding northwest parts of the Delhi Sultanate.[57]

text: After the Mongols withdrew, Ala ud-Din Khalji continued expanding the Delhi Sultanate into southern India with the help of generals such as Malik Kafur and Khusro Khan. They collected lots of war booty (anwatan) from those they defeated.[58] His commanders collected war spoils and paid ghanima (Arabic: الْغَنيمَة, a tax on spoils of war), which helped strengthen the Khalji rule. Among the spoils was the Warangal loot that included the famous Koh-i-noor diamond.[59]

text: Ala ud-Din Khalji changed tax policies, raising agriculture taxes from 20% to 50% (payable in grain and agricultural produce), eliminating payments and commissions on taxes collected by local chiefs, banned socialization among his officials as well as inter-marriage between noble families to help prevent any opposition forming against him, and he cut salaries of officials, poets, and scholars.[55] These tax policies and spending controls strengthened his treasury to pay the keep of his growing army; he also introduced price controls on all agriculture produce and goods in the kingdom, as well as controls on where, how, and by whom these goods could be sold. Markets called "shahana-i-mandi" were created.[60] Muslim merchants were granted exclusive permits and monopoly in these "mandis" to buy and resell at official prices. No one other than these merchants could buy from farmers or sell in cities. Those found violating these "mandi" rules were severely punished, often by mutilation. Taxes collected in the form of grain were stored in the kingdom's storage. During famines that followed, these granaries ensured sufficient food for the army.[55]

text: Historians note Ala ud-Din Khalji as being a tyrant. Anyone Ala ud-Din suspected of being a threat to this power was killed along with the women and children of that family. In 1298, between 15,000 and 30,000 people near Delhi, who had recently converted to Islam, were slaughtered in a single day, due to fears of an uprising.[61] He is also known for his cruelty against kingdoms he defeated in battle.

text: After Ala ud-Din's death in 1316, his eunuch general Malik Kafur, who was born in a Hindu family in India and had converted to Islam, tried to assume power. He lacked the support of Persian and Turkic nobility and was subsequently killed.[55] The last Khalji ruler was Ala ud-Din Khalji's 18-year-old son Qutb ud-Din Mubarak Shah Khalji, who ruled for four years before he was killed by Khusro Khan, another of Ala ud-Din's generals. Khusro Khan's reign lasted only a few months, when Ghazi Malik, later to be called Ghiyath al-Din Tughlaq, killed him and assumed power in 1320, thus ending the Khalji dynasty and starting the Tughlaq dynasty.[39][61]

text: Tughlaq[edit]

text: The Tughlaq dynasty lasted from 1320 to nearly the end of the 14th century. The first ruler Ghazi Malik rechristened himself as Ghiyath al-Din Tughlaq and is also referred to in scholarly works as Tughlak Shah. He was of Turko-Indian origins; his father was a Turkic slave and his mother was a Hindu.[1] Ghiyath al-Din ruled for five years and built a town near Delhi named Tughlaqabad.[citation needed] According to some historians such as Vincent Smith,[62] he was killed by his son Juna Khan, who then assumed power in 1325. Juna Khan rechristened himself as Muhammad bin Tughlaq and ruled for 26 years.[63] During his rule, Delhi Sultanate reached its peak in terms of geographical reach, covering most of the Indian subcontinent.[10]

text: Muhammad bin Tughlaq was an intellectual, with extensive knowledge of the Quran, Fiqh, poetry and other fields. He was also deeply suspicious of his kinsmen and wazirs (ministers), extremely severe with his opponents, and took decisions that caused economic upheaval. For example, he ordered minting of coins from base metals with face value of silver coins - a decision that failed because ordinary people minted counterfeit coins from base metal they had in their houses and used them to pay taxes and jizya.[10][62]

text: On another occasion, after becoming upset by some accounts, or to run the Sultanate from the center of India by other accounts, Muhammad bin Tughlaq ordered the transfer of his capital from Delhi to Devagiri in modern-day Maharashtra (renaming it to Daulatabad), by forcing the mass migration of Delhi's population. Those who refused were killed. One blind person who failed to move to Daulatabad was dragged for the entire journey of 40 days - the man died, his body fell apart, and only his tied leg reached Daulatabad.[62] The capital move failed because Daulatabad was arid and did not have enough drinking water to support the new capital. The capital then returned to Delhi. Nevertheless, Muhammad bin Tughlaq's orders affected history as a large number of Delhi Muslims who came to the Deccan area did not return to Delhi to live near Muhammad bin Tughlaq. This influx of the then-Delhi residents into the Deccan region led to a growth of Muslim population in central and southern India.[10] Muhammad bin Tughlaq's adventures in the Deccan region also marked campaigns of destruction and desecration of Hindu and Jain temples, for example the Swayambhu Shiva Temple and the Thousand Pillar Temple.[64]

text: Revolts against Muhammad bin Tughlaq began in 1327, continued over his reign, and over time the geographical reach of the Sultanate shrunk. The Vijayanagara Empire originated in southern India as a direct response to attacks from the Delhi Sultanate.,[65] and liberated south India from the Delhi Sultanate's rule.[66] In 1337, Muhammad bin Tughlaq ordered an attack on China,[citation needed] sending part of his forces over the Himalayas. Few survived the journey, and they were executed upon their return for failing.[62] During his reign, state revenues collapsed from his policies such as the base metal coins from 1329-1332. To cover state expenses, he sharply raised taxes. Those who failed to pay taxes were hunted and executed. Famines, widespread poverty, and rebellion grew across the kingdom. In 1338 his own nephew rebelled in Malwa, whom he attacked, caught, and flayed alive.[citation needed] By 1339, the eastern regions under local Muslim governors and southern parts led by Hindu kings had revolted and declared independence from the Delhi Sultanate. Muhammad bin Tughlaq did not have the resources or support to respond to the shrinking kingdom.[67] The historian Walford chronicled Delhi and most of India faced severe famines during Muhammad bin Tughlaq's rule in the years after the base metal coin experiment.[68][69] By 1347, the Bahmani Sultanate had become an independent and competing Muslim kingdom in Deccan region of South Asia.[21]

text: Muhammad bin Tughlaq died in 1351 while trying to chase and punish people in Gujarat who were rebelling against the Delhi Sultanate.[67] He was succeeded by Firuz Shah Tughlaq (1351–1388), who tried to regain the old kingdom boundary by waging a war with Bengal for 11 months in 1359. However, Bengal did not fall. Firuz Shah ruled for 37 years. His reign attempted to stabilize the food supply and reduce famines by commissioning an irrigation canal from the Yamuna river. An educated sultan, Firuz Shah left a memoir.[73] In it he wrote that he banned the practice of torture, such as amputations, tearing out of eyes, sawing people alive, crushing people's bones as punishment, pouring molten lead into throats, setting people on fire, driving nails into hands and feet, among others.[74] He also wrote that he did not tolerate attempts by Rafawiz Shia Muslim and Mahdi sects from proselytizing people into their faith, nor did he tolerate Hindus who tried to rebuild temples that his armies had destroyed.[75] As punishment for proselytizing, Firuz Shah put many Shias, Mahdi, and Hindus to death (siyasat). Firuz Shah Tughlaq also lists his accomplishments to include converting Hindus to Sunni Islam by announcing an exemption from taxes and jizya for those who convert, and by lavishing new converts with presents and honours. Simultaneously, he raised taxes and jizya, assessing it at three levels, and stopping the practice of his predecessors who had historically exempted all Hindu Brahmins from the jizya.[74][76]  He also vastly expanded the number of slaves in his service and those of Muslim nobles. The reign of Firuz Shah Tughlaq was marked by reduction in extreme forms of torture, eliminating favours to select parts of society, but also increased intolerance and persecution of targeted groups.[74]

text: The death of Firuz Shah Tughlaq created anarchy and disintegration of the kingdom. The last rulers of this dynasty both called themselves Sultan from 1394 to 1397: Nasir ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughlaq, the grandson of Firuz Shah Tughlaq who ruled from Delhi, and Nasir ud-Din Nusrat Shah Tughlaq, another relative of Firuz Shah Tughlaq who ruled from Firozabad, which was a few miles from Delhi.[77] The battle between the two relatives continued till Timur's invasion in 1398. Timur, also known as Tamerlane in Western scholarly literature, was the Turkic ruler of the Timurid Empire. He became aware of the weakness and quarreling of the rulers of the Delhi Sultanate, so he marched with his army to Delhi, plundering and killing all the way.[78][79] Estimates for the massacre by Timur in Dehli range from 100,000 to 200,000 people.[80][81] Timur had no intention of staying in or ruling India. He looted the lands he crossed, then plundered and burnt Delhi. Over five days, Timur and his army raged a massacre.[citation needed] Then he collected and carried the wealth, captured women and slaves (particularly skilled artisans), and returned to Samarkand. The people and lands within the Delhi Sultanate were left in a state of anarchy, chaos, and pestilence.[77] Nasir ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughlaq, who had fled to Gujarat during Timur's invasion, returned and nominally ruled as the last ruler of Tughlaq dynasty, as a puppet of various factions at the court.[82][citation needed]

text: Sayyid[edit]

text: The Sayyid dynasty was a Turkic dynasty[83] that ruled the Delhi Sultanate from 1415 to 1451.[21] The Timurid invasion and plunder had left the Delhi Sultanate in shambles, and little is known about the rule by the Sayyid dynasty. Annemarie Schimmel notes the first ruler of the dynasty as Khizr Khan, who assumed power by claiming to represent Timur. His authority was questioned even by those near Delhi. His successor was Mubarak Khan, who rechristened himself as Mubarak Shah and tried to regain lost territories in Punjab, unsuccessfully.[82]

text: With the power of the Sayyid dynasty faltering, Islam's history on the Indian subcontinent underwent a profound change, according to Schimmel.[82] The previously dominant Sunni sect of Islam became diluted, alternate Muslim sects such as Shia rose, and new competing centers of Islamic culture took roots beyond Delhi.

text: The Sayyid dynasty was displaced by the Lodi dynasty in 1451.

text: Lodi[edit]

text: The Lodi dynasty belonged to the Pashtun[84] (Afghan) Lodi tribe.[83] Bahlul Khan Lodi started the Lodi dynasty and was the first Pashtun, to rule the Delhi Sultanate.[85] Bahlul Lodi began his reign by attacking the Muslim Jaunpur Sultanate to expand the influence of the Delhi Sultanate, and was partially successful through a treaty. Thereafter, the region from Delhi to Varanasi (then at the border of Bengal province), was back under influence of Delhi Sultanate.

text: After Bahlul Lodi died, his son Nizam Khan assumed power, rechristened himself as Sikandar Lodi and ruled from 1489 to 1517.[86] One of the better known rulers of the dynasty, Sikandar Lodi expelled his brother Barbak Shah from Jaunpur, installed his son Jalal Khan as the ruler, then proceeded east to make claims on Bihar. The Muslim governors of Bihar agreed to pay tribute and taxes, but operated independent of the Delhi Sultanate. Sikandar Lodi led a campaign of destruction of temples, particularly around Mathura. He also moved his capital and court from Delhi to Agra,[87][citation needed] an ancient Hindu city that had been destroyed during the plunder and attacks of the early Delhi Sultanate period. Sikandar thus erected buildings with Indo-Islamic architecture in Agra during his rule, and the growth of Agra continued during the Mughal Empire, after the end of Delhi Sultanate.[85][88]

text: Sikandar Lodi died a natural death in 1517, and his second son Ibrahim Lodi assumed power. Ibrahim did not enjoy the support of Afghan and Persian nobles or regional chiefs.[89] Ibrahim attacked and killed his elder brother Jalal Khan, who was installed as the governor of Jaunpur by his father and had the support of the amirs and chiefs.[85] Ibrahim Lodi was unable to consolidate his power, and after Jalal Khan's death, the governor of Punjab, Daulat Khan Lodi, reached out to the Mughal Babur and invited him to attack Delhi Sultanate.[87] Babur defeated and killed Ibrahim Lodi in the Battle of Panipat in 1526. The death of Ibrahim Lodi ended the Delhi Sultanate, and the Mughal Empire replaced it.

text: Economy[edit]

text: Before and during the Delhi Sultanate, Islamic civilization was the most cosmopolitan civilization of the Middle Ages. It had a multicultural and pluralistic society, and wide-ranging international networks, including social and economic networks, spanning large parts of Afro-Eurasia, leading to escalating circulation of goods, peoples, technologies and ideas. While initially disruptive due to the passing of power from native Indian elites to Turkic Muslim elites, the Delhi Sultanate was responsible for integrating the Indian subcontinent into a growing world system, drawing India into a wider international network, which led to cultural and social enrichment in the Indian subcontinent.[13]

text: Economist Angus Maddison has estimated that, during the Medieval Delhi Sultanate era, between 1000 and 1500, India's GDP grew nearly 80% up to $60.5 billion in 1500.[16]

text: The worm gear roller cotton gin was invented in the Indian subcontinent during the early Delhi Sultanate era of the 13th–14th centuries,[90] and is still used in India through to the present day.[91] Another innovation, the incorporation of the crank handle in the cotton gin, first appeared in the Indian subcontinent some time during the late Delhi Sultanate or the early Mughal Empire.[92] The production of cotton, which may have largely been spun in the villages and then taken to towns in the form of yarn to be woven into cloth textiles, was advanced by the diffusion of the spinning wheel across India during the Delhi Sultanate era, lowering the costs of yarn and helping to increase demand for cotton. The diffusion of the spinning wheel, and the incorporation of the worm gear and crank handle into the roller cotton gin, led to greatly expanded Indian cotton textile production.[93]

text: Demographics[edit]

text: The Indian population had largely been stagnant at 75 million during the Middle Kingdoms era from 1 AD to 1000 AD. During the Medieval Delhi Sultanate era from 1000 to 1500, India experienced lasting population growth for the first time in a thousand years, with its population increasing nearly 50% to 110 million by 1500 AD.[94][95]

text: Culture[edit]

text: While the Indian subcontinent has had invaders from Central Asia since ancient times, what made the Muslim invasions different is that unlike the preceding invaders who assimilated into the prevalent social system, the successful Muslim conquerors retained their Islamic identity and created new legal and administrative systems that challenged and usually in many cases superseded the existing systems of social conduct and ethics, even influencing the non-Muslim rivals and common masses to a large extent, though the non-Muslim population was left to their own laws and customs.[96][97] They also introduced new cultural codes that in some ways were very different from the existing cultural codes. This led to the rise of a new Indian culture which was mixed in nature, different from ancient Indian culture. The overwhelming majority of Muslims in India were Indian natives converted to Islam. This factor also played an important role in the synthesis of cultures.[98]

text: The Hindustani language (Hindi-Urdu) began to emerge in the Delhi Sultanate period, developed from the Middle Indo-Aryan apabhramsha vernaculars of North India. Amir Khusro, who lived in the 13th century CE during the Delhi Sultanate period in North India, used a form of Hindustani, which was the lingua franca of the period, in his writings and referred to it as Hindavi.[17]

text: Military[edit]

text: The bulk of Delhi Sultanate's army consisted of nomadic Turkic Mamluk military slaves, who were skilled in nomadic cavalry warfare. A major military contribution of the Delhi Sultanate was their successful campaigns in repelling the Mongol Empire's invasions of India, which could have been devastating for the Indian subcontinent, like the Mongol invasions of China, Persia and Europe. The Delhi Sultanate's Mamluk army were skilled in the same style of nomadic cavalry warfare used by the Mongols, making them successful in repelling the Mongol invasions, as was the case for the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt. Were it not for the Delhi Sultanate, it is possible that the Mongol Empire may have been successful in invading India.[18]The strength of the armies changes according to time. According to firishta during the battle of kili  Alauddin led an army of 300,000 cavalry and 2,700 elephants. During the tughlaq period Muhammad bin tughlaq  rose an army of 3 million. The soldiers used weapons such as swords, spears, shields etc. Armour such as steel helmet and chainmail  was commonly used. Armored war elephants  were effectively used against the enemies such as the Mongols.

text: Temple desecration[edit]

text: Historian Richard Eaton has tabulated a campaign of destruction of idols and temples by Delhi Sultans, intermixed with instances of years where the temples were protected from desecration.[19][102][103] In his paper, he has listed 37 instances of Hindu temples being desecrated or destroyed in India during the Delhi Sultanate, from 1234 to 1518, for which reasonable evidences are available.[104][105][106] He notes that this was not unusual in medieval India, as there were numerous recorded instances of temple desecration by Hindu and Buddhist kings against rival Indian kingdoms between 642 and 1520, involving conflict between devotees of different Hindu deities, as well as between Hindus, Buddhists and Jains.[107][108][109] He also noted there were also many instances of Delhi sultans, who often had Hindu ministers, ordering the protection, maintenance and repairing of temples, according to both Muslim and Hindu sources. For example, a Sanskrit inscription notes that Sultan Muhammad bin Tughluq repaired a Siva temple in Bidar after his Deccan conquest. There was often a pattern of Delhi sultans plundering or damaging temples during conquest, and then patronizing or repairing temples after conquest. This pattern came to an end with the Mughal Empire, where Akbar the Great's chief minister Abu'l-Fazl criticized the excesses of earlier sultans such as Mahmud of Ghazni.[110]

text: In many cases, the demolished remains, rocks and broken statue pieces of temples destroyed by Delhi sultans were reused to build mosques and other buildings. For example, the Qutb complex in Delhi was built from stones of 27 demolished Hindu and Jain temples by some accounts.[111] Similarly, the Muslim mosque in Khanapur, Maharashtra was built from the looted parts and demolished remains of Hindu temples.[39] Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji destroyed Buddhist and Hindu libraries and their manuscripts at Nalanda and Odantapuri Universities in 1193 AD at the beginning of the Delhi Sultanate.[64][112]

text: The first historical record of a campaign of destruction of temples and defacement of faces or heads of Hindu idols lasted from 1193 through the early 13th century in Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh under the command of Ghuri. Under the Khaljis, the campaign of temple desecration expanded to Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Maharashtra, and continued through the late 13th century.[19] The campaign extended to Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu under Malik Kafur and Ulugh Khan in the 14th century, and by the Bahmanis in 15th century.[64] Orissa temples were destroyed in the 14th century under the Tughlaqs.

text: Beyond destruction and desecration, the sultans of the Delhi Sultanate in some cases had forbidden reconstruction of damaged Hindu, Jain and Buddhist temples, and they prohibited repairs of old temples or construction of any new temples.[113][114] In certain cases, the Sultanate would grant a permit for repairs and construction of temples if the patron or religious community paid jizya (fee, tax). For example, a proposal by the Chinese to repair Himalayan Buddhist temples destroyed by the Sultanate army was refused, on the grounds that such temple repairs were only allowed if the Chinese agreed to pay jizya tax to the treasury of the Sultanate.[115][116] In his memoirs, Firoz Shah Tughlaq describes how he destroyed temples and built mosques instead and killed those who dared build new temples.[117] Other historical records from wazirs, amirs and the court historians of various Sultans of the Delhi Sultanate describe the grandeur of idols and temples they witnessed in their campaigns and how these were destroyed and desecrated.[118]

text:
Temple desecration during Delhi Sultanate period, a list prepared by Richard Eaton in Temple Desecration and Indo-Muslim States[19][119]

Sultan / Agent

Dynasty

Years

Temple Sites Destroyed

States

Muhammad Ghori, Qutb al-Din Aibak

Mamluk

1193-1290

Ajmer, Samana, Kuhram, Delhi, Kol, Varanasi

Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh

Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji, Shams ud-Din Iltumish, Jalal ud-Din Firuz Khalji, Ala ud-Din Khalji, Malik Kafur

Mamluk and Khalji

1290-1320

Nalanda, Odantapuri, Vikramashila, Bhilsa, Ujjain, Jhain, Vijapur, Devagiri, Somnath, Chidambaram, Madurai

Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu

Ulugh Khan, Firuz Shah Tughlaq, Raja Nahar Khan, Muzaffar Khan

Khalji and Tughlaq

1320-1395[120]

Somnath, Warangal, Bodhan, Pillalamarri, Puri, Sainthali, Idar[121]

Gujarat, Telangana, Orissa, Haryana

Sikandar, Muzaffar Shah, Ahmad Shah, Mahmud

Sayyid

1400-1442

Paraspur, Bijbehara, Tripuresvara, Idar, Diu, Manvi, Sidhpur, Delwara, Kumbhalmer

Gujarat, Rajasthan

Suhrab, Begdha, Bahmani, Khalil Shah, Khawwas Khan, Sikandar Lodi, Ibrahim Lodi

Lodi

1457-1518

Mandalgarh, Malan, Dwarka, Kondapalle, Kanchi, Amod, Nagarkot, Utgir, Narwar, Gwalior

Rajasthan, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh


document_title: Welsh Grand National

question_text: who won the welsh grand national last year

root

text: Welsh Grand National

text: Winners since 1948[edit]

text: Weights given in stones and pounds; Amateur jockeys indicated by "Mr".

tag: ul

text:
Year
Winner
Age
Weight
Jockey
Trainer

1948
Bora's Cottage
10
10-02
Eddie Reavey
Ryan Price

1949
Fighting Line
10
10-09
Dick Francis
Ken Cundell

1950
Gallery
12
10-08
A Mullins
W Bissill

1951
Skyreholme
8
10-13
A Thompson
Neville Crump

1952
Dinton Lass
10
10-00
A Mullins
J Roberts

1953
Stalbridge Rock
10
11-03
Bob McCreery
Harry Dufosee

1954
Blow Horn
10
10-06
J Hunter
T Jarvis

1955
Monaleen
10
09-07
P Fitzgerald
H T Smith

1956
Crudwell
10
11-06
Dick Francis
F Cundell

1957
Creeola II
9
10-05
Michael Scudamore
Fred Rimell

1958
Oscar Wilde
8
09-13
Brian Lawrence
Bill Wightman

1959
Limonali
8
10-02
David Nicholson
E C Morel

1960
Clover Bud
10
10-10
David Nicholson
G Llewellin

1961
Limonali
10
11-12
David Nicholson
I Lewis

1962
Forty Secrets
8
10-11
Josh Gifford
E Jones

1963
Motel
9
10-06
P Cowley
W Lowe

1964
Rainbow Battle
8
10-00
Paddy Broderick
Arthur Stephenson

1965
Norther
8
11-00
Terry Biddlecombe
D Jenkins

1966
Kilburn
8
11-02
T Norman
C Nesfield

1967
Happy Spring
11
10-04
Ken White
J S Wright

1968
Glenn
7
10-04
Eddie Harty
Fred Rimell

1969
Abandoned because of snow

1970
French Excuse
8
10-09
Terry Biddlecombe
Fred Rimell

1971
Royal Toss
9
10-12
P Cowley
H Handel

1972
Charlie H
10
11-03
Johnny Haine
Bob Turnell

1973
Deblin's Green
10
09-12
Nigel Wakley
G Yardley

1974
Pattered
8
10-02
Ken White
E Jones

1975
Abandoned because of waterlogged state of course

1976
Rag Trade
10
11-02
John Burke
Fred Rimell

1977
Abandoned because of waterlogged state of course

1978
Abandoned because of frost

1979
Peter Scot
8
10-02
Paul Barton
David Gandolfo

1980
Narvik
7
10-11
John Francome
Neville Crump

1981
Peaty Sandy
7
10-03
Mr Geordie Dun
Helen Hamilton

1982
Corbiere
7
10-10
Ben de Haan
Jenny Pitman

1983
Burrough Hill Lad
7
10-09
John Francome
Jenny Pitman

1984
Righthand Man
7
11-05
Graham Bradley
Monica Dickinson

1985
Run and Skip
7
10-08
Peter Scudamore
John Spearing

1986
Stearsby
7
11-05
Graham Bradley
Jenny Pitman

1987
Playschool
10
10-11
Paul Nicholls
David Barons

1988
Bonanza Boy
7
10-01
Peter Scudamore
Martin Pipe

1989
Bonanza Boy
8
11-11
Peter Scudamore
Martin Pipe

1990
Cool Ground
8
10-00
Luke Harvey
Reg Akehurst

1991
Carvill's Hill
9
11-12
Peter Scudamore
Martin Pipe

1992
Run for Free
8
10-09
Mark Perrett
Martin Pipe

1993
Riverside Boy
10
10-00
Richard Dunwoody
Martin Pipe

1994
Master Oats [1]
8
11-06
Norman Williamson
Kim Bailey

1995
Abandoned because of frost

1996
Abandoned because of frost

1997
Earth Summit
9
10-13
Tom Jenks
Nigel Twiston-Davies

1998
Kendal Cavalier
8
10-00
Barry Fenton
Nigel Hawke

1999
Edmond
7
10-00
Richard Johnson
Henry Daly

2000
Jocks Cross
9
10-04
Brian Crowley
Venetia Williams

2001
Supreme Glory
8
10-00
Leighton Aspell
Pat Murphy

2002
Mini Sensation
9
10-04
Tony Dobbin
Jonjo O'Neill

2003
Bindaree
9
10-09
Carl Llewellyn
Nigel Twiston-Davies

2004
Silver Birch
7
10-05
Ruby Walsh
Paul Nicholls

2005
L'Aventure
6
10-04
Leighton Aspell
Paul Nicholls

2006
Halcon Genelardais
6
11-03
Wayne Hutchinson
Alan King

2007
Miko de Beauchene
7
10-05
Andrew Thornton
Robert Alner

2008
Notre Pere
7
11-00
Andrew Lynch
Jim Dreaper

2009
Dream Alliance
8
10-08
Tom O'Brien
Philip Hobbs

2010
Synchronised [2]
8
11-06
Tony McCoy
Jonjo O'Neill

2011
Le Beau Bai[3]
8
10-01
Charlie Poste
Richard Lee

2012[4]
Monbeg Dude
8
10-01
Paul Carberry
Michael Scudamore

2013
Mountainous
8
10-00
Paul Moloney
Richard Lee

2014
Emperor's Choice
7
10-08
Aidan Coleman
Venetia Williams

2015[5]
Mountainous
11
10-06
Jamie Moore
Kerry Lee

2016
Native River
6
11-12
Richard Johnson
Colin Tizzard

2017[6]
Raz De Maree
13
10-10
James Bowen
Gavin Cromwell

tag: table

text:
1 The 1994 running took place at Newbury.
2 The "2010" running took place in January 2011 after the original fixture was postponed because of snow and frost.
4 The "2012" running took place in January 2013 after the original fixture was postponed because of waterlogging.
5 The "2015" running took place in January 2016 after the original fixture was postponed because of waterlogging.
6 The "2017" running took place in January 2018 after the original fixture was postponed because of waterlogging.

tag: p


document_title: List of Vampire Knight episodes

question_text: when does season 2 of vampire knight come out

text: List of Vampire Knight episodes

text: Episode list[edit]

text: Vampire Knight (Season 1)[edit]

text:
#
Title
Original airdate

01
"Night of Vampires"
"Vanpaia no Naito" (ヴァンパイアの夜)
April 7, 2008

Yuki Cross recalls her earliest memories, in which she was attacked by a vampire and saved by the Pureblood vampire Kaname Kuran. In the present, she attends the Cross Academy, a school founded by her adoptive father, Headmaster Kaien Cross, and she works as a "Guardian" with vampire hunter Zero Kiryu to protect the human students of the "Day Class" from the vampires of the "Night Class", an arrangement created by Kaien to foster better relations between vampires and humans. That evening, Yuki discovers a pair of male Night Class students, Hanabusa Aido and Akatsuki Kain, threatening to feed on a pair of female Day Class students. Yuki attempts to stop them, only for Hanabusa to drink some of her blood from a wound she got from climbing down a tree. They retreat only after Zero arrives and threatens them with his anti-vampire gun, Bloody Rose. Kaname takes Hanabusa and Akatsuki to Kaien for punishment while the female students' memory of the event is erased. Cleaning up for bed, Zero shows signs of vampirism by becoming enticed by the sight of Yuki's neck while she is drying her hair.

02
"Memories of Blood"
"Chi no Memorī" (血の記憶)
April 14, 2008

On St. Valentine's Day, Yuki and Zero are forced to organize the exchanging of chocolates between the Day Class and Night Class members, a process made difficult by the fact that most of members of the Day Class are enamored with members of the Night Class. After the Night Class students receive all their presents, Zero gives Yuki's present to Kaname, who takes her present after discarding all the other gifts he received. Zero is constantly tempted by Yuki's scent and he has to go somewhere away from Yuki to avoid hurting her. That evening, Zero is attacked by several Night Class students, including Hanabusa and Akatsuki, and they retreat after realizing that attacking him would incur Kaname's anger. Afterwards, Yuki finds Zero in Kaien's bathroom, giving him a chocolate she made herself. Zero sees Yuki's neck and his vampire impulses start, but he leaves before anything happens. After Zero leaves, Yuki notices he had a blood tablet with him, confusing her.

03
"The Fang of Repentance"
"Zange no Fangu" (懺悔の牙)
April 21, 2008

Kaien officially makes Yuki and Zero the Disciplinary Committee. Yuki and Zero are assigned to inspect the dorms for any banned items. Later on, Yuki discovers Zero has blood tablets, normally taken by the Night Class students to quench their thirst for blood, forcing Zero flee to the nearby town. Following Zero, Yuki encounters a young boy who leads her deeper into the town. Revealing that he is a vampire, the boy bites Yuki on the hand, and she is attacked by another vampire. Both of the vampires are dispatched by Zero and Kaname, who reveals that they are Level E vampires, degenerate vampires consumed by their thirst for blood. On patrol that night, Yuki comes across Zero, and tells him about how much she feared the Level E vampires. Catching the scent of Yuki's blood, Zero is overcome by bloodlust and bites Yuki, drinking her blood. This makes Yuki realize Zero is a vampire.

04
"Trigger of Condemnation"
"Danzai no Torigā" (断罪の銃爪)
April 28, 2008

Arriving at the scene, Kaname approaches Zero, but Yuki collapses when she tries to calm him down, due to the lack of blood. Kaname tends to the bite marks Zero gave Yuki, and Kaien later explains that Zero's family was attacked by a Pureblood vampire, who killed Zero's family and turned Zero into a vampire. Only Pureblood vampires have the cursed ability to turn humans into vampires, so Yuki is in no danger from Zero's bite. That evening, she overhears a conversation between Kaname and Kaien discussing Zero's transfer to the Night Class. Yuki goes to the Night Class dorms, only to be briefly stopped by Hanabusa, in hopes to convince Kaname to stop the transfer. Kaname refuses, noting that Zero will ultimately become a Level E vampire. Meanwhile, Zero ponders shooting himself with his anti-vampire gun, but is stopped by Yuki. He begs her to kill him, but she refuses. He later attempts to run away from the school, and Yuki stops him again.

05
"Moonlight Festivities"
"Gekka no Sabado" (月下の饗宴)
May 5, 2008

Kaien gives Yuki a protection bracelet that would stop Zero if he attempts to bite her again. However, Zero also gives her an anti-vampire gun to kill him with should he lose his humanity. A new ethics teacher, Toga Yagari, joins the school, and in his first class, Zero leaves. In the town, a Level E vampire attacks Yuki and Zero, and they are saved by Night Class students Takuma Ichijo and Senri Shiki, who explain that they were hunting the Level E vampires as part of their duties as noble-class vampires. Takuma invites Yuki and Zero to his birthday party, in which Kaname explains to Yuki the continuing battle between vampires and vampire hunters. Zero leaves due to being uncomfortable by the presence of so many vampires and having smelt Takuma's blood after his hand is sliced by a cake knife. Yuki follows Zero, seeing that his body is rejecting the blood tablets, but he attempts to bite her. Unable to use the bracelet on Zero, Yuki pulls him into a pool and Zero manages to overcome his bloodlust. Yagari, revealing himself as being a vampire hunter, shoots Zero in the shoulder.

06
"Their Choices"
"Karera no Kuraimu" (彼等の選択)
May 12, 2008

Yagari explains that he is Zero's teacher, and sacrificed one of his eyes to save him in the past. As Yagari prepares to kill Zero, Yuki shields him, which confuses Yagari, who believed Zero was a Level E vampire. Kaien arrives and convinces Yagari to leave. The following day, Zero is missing from class and Yagari tells Yuki that he isolated Zero in Kaien's guest room. Yuki goes to Zero, and he describes a previous incident he had with a Level E vampire, before reluctantly accepting Yuki's offer to drink her blood. He warns her that he may soon acquire a taste for her blood, but Yuki dismisses the warning. Later, Yuki meets Kaname, who realizes that Zero drank Yuki's blood. Yagari arrives and asks Kaname why he has not killed Zero. Kaname replies that he fears he would lose Yuki's affection if he did so. The next day, Zero and Yagari are absent from class, and Yuki finds Yagari pointing his gun at Zero again. As he pulls the trigger, Zero moves the gun away, finally deciding to live and fight against his vampiric urges once more. Before leaving, Yagari reveals this to be his motive all along and encourages Zero to struggle with all his life.

07
"The Scarlet Maze"
"Hiiro no Rabirinsu" (緋色の迷宮)
May 19, 2008

During his target practice, Zero reveals that he can sense Yuki's feelings for Kaname through her blood, only to make Yuki angry for seeing inside of her. In a flashback, Yuki recalls when Kaien adopted her and that she was initially fearful of Kaname before becoming close to him. When Kaien brought Zero into the household, he explained to Yuki that his entire family had been killed by a vampire. Zero was quite different from how he is now back then, being quiet and keeping to himself. Shortly afterwards, Kaien established the Cross Academy with the Day Class and Night Class, which infuriated Zero. After class one day, Yuki attempted to visit Kaname, and saw him drinking the blood of a female Night Class student named Ruka Souen, which causes a frightened Yuki to run away. In the present, Zero finds Yuki asleep and is tempted to drink her blood. Kaname catches up to Zero, explaining that he has kept Zero alive all this time only for Yuki's sake.

08
"Gunshot of Sorrow"
"Nageki no Burasuto" (嘆きの銃声)
May 26, 2008

Kaname refuses to leave his room, a decision that worries most of the Night Class students. Shortly afterwards, Takuma reveals that his grandfather Asato Ichijo, a member of the Vampire Council, plans to visit the academy. Kaname leaves his room to greet Ichijo, who says he wants to drink Kaname's blood. Hanabusa and Ruka come between him and Kaname, explaining that attempting to draw blood from a Pureblood vampire is taboo. Kaname hits Hanabusa for overstepping his authority, and later declines Ruka's offer to drink her blood. Later, Ichijo tells Takuma to continue to serve Kaname but keep watch on him. Yuki and Zero take Ichijo to Kaien. The next morning, Kaien assigns Zero to hunt down a Level E vampire. Yuki follows him and learns that Senri and Rima Toya have been assigned by the Vampire Council to hunt the same vampire. After Zero ultimately kills the vampire, a girl, who had been watching the incident through the eyes of a crow, announces to a man beside her that she will attend Cross Academy.

09
"Crimson Gaze"
"Kurenai no Aizu" (紅の視線)
June 2, 2008

Zero dreams about Shizuka Hio, who cradles him in her arms in his dream. The Day Class students are excited over an upcoming ball, which they will attend with the Night Class students. Kaien asks Yuki to guide a transfer student to the Night Class named Maria Kurenai. When Maria attends class with the Night Class students, they are surprised by her boldness towards Kaname, and Hanabusa becomes suspicious of Maria because she is related to Shizuka. Maria encounters Yuki and Zero, who points his gun at her. After Yuki jumps in front of Maria, he allows her to leave. Hanabusa voices his concern to Akatsuki about Maria being related to Shizuka. The next day, Maria runs around the school during the day with Takuma giving chase. Yuki tries to help, but Zero stops her and tells her to stay away from Maria. Hanabusa later talks to Zero, who asks if Maria has any connection to Shizuka. Hanabusa reveals that Maria is related to Shizuka, and that Zero should know the answer better than anyone, as he has a blood bond with Shizuka. That evening, Kaname lets Maria move into an old dorm that was used as the Moon Dorm when it was first established. Once Maria moves into the dorm, she playfully pretends to bite her companion in her room.

10
"The Princess of Darkness"
"Yami no Porisonā" (闇の姫)
June 9, 2008

Zero remembers telling his twin brother Ichiru Kiryu to flee after Shizuka’s attack. Maria tries to touch Yuki, but Zero pulls Yuki out of her reach. Zero begins to tutor Yuki to help her with her exams, and Zero reveals that Yuki is the only reason he is alive. Maria talks with Kaname, who knows that she is not Maria. Later, Zero goes to the old dorm while Yuki secretly follows him. He attempts to kill Maria, but is unable to pull the trigger because she is really his master, Shizuka in Maria's body. She attacks him causing him to pass out from blood lose. Kaname erases Yuki's memory of the incident, and Maria has her companion take Zero away. The following day, Yagari is angry that Kaien allowed Maria in the school. Kaien comments that Kaname told him to admit Maria and that the Vampire world has its own way of dealing with things. Kaname and Takuma visit Yuki to see if she remembers the events from the night before. Later, Maria unlocks Yuki's memory of Zero's fight and makes a deal with Yuki to save Zero from becoming a Level E vampire. Meanwhile, Zero recalls as a child that he discreetly sensed Shizuka as a vampire during the day when Ichiru was unaware of this. When Shizuka suddenly appeared at night and attacked Zero's parents, Ichiru was standing next to Shizuka smiling. Zero awakens and greets Shizuka's companion, who he knows is Ichiru.

11
"The Consequence of Desire"
"Nozomi no Dīru" (望みの代償)
June 16, 2008

Ichiru reveals that he felt inferior and worthless in comparison to Zero, and this led to him to ally with Shizuka. Ichiru attacks Zero and their fight is stopped by Yagari. Ichiru attacks him, but he falls to the ground sending his sword into the air. As Ichiru's sword comes down towards him, Yagari jumps inbetween the sword and his former pupil resulting in him being stabbed in the shoulder. Zero takes Yagari to Kaien, and Yagari tells Kaien that Ichiru has returned. Yuki recalls Maria's deal to save Zero, that being either to give Maria her blood or to bring her the dead body of Kaname. Yuki allows Zero to feed on her blood while mulling on Maria's deal. Kaname gives Yuki a ball dress, and during the ball, they dance on the terrace. Yuki later accuses Kaname of treating her like a child, and Kaname claims that he simply wishes to protect her. Yuki leaves to talk with Maria, and Zero searches for her. Meanwhile, Hanabusa and Akatsuki find Shizuka's real body encased in ice underground, and Seiren, another Night Class student, tells them that Kaname has ordered them to leave it alone.

12
"Vow of the Pureblood"
"Junketsu no Puraido" (純血の誓い)
June 23, 2008

Yuki tells Maria to drink her blood in exchange for saving Zero, but Yuki is caught off guard when Shizuka transfers her soul from Maria into her original body. When Zero arrives to stop her, Shizuka uses her voice to compel Zero to restrain Yuki, and he breaks the compulsion by shooting himself in the leg. He injures Shizuka, and she leaves after Ichiru arrives. Ichiru begins to fight Zero, and Yuki stops their fight. Ichiru threatens to kill Yuki, and in response, Zero points Bloody Rose at Ichiru's head. Ichiru reveals that the gun cannot harm him, as Shizuka never changed him into a vampire. Meanwhile, Yagari continues to argue with Kaien, who claims that he cannot interfere with vampire affairs under Kaname's jurisdiction. Shizuka goes to Kaname's old room, and he pierces her heart with his hand. After he drinks her blood, he vows to destroy their mutual enemy. Zero tells Ichiru that the smell of blood is strong. Ichiru leaves and finds Shizuka barely alive.

13
"Crimson Chains"
"Shinku no Ringu" (深紅の鎖)
June 30, 2008

As Shizuka slowly dies at Ichiru's side, she recalls Ichiru visiting her body when she first took over Maria's body. Not wanting to turn him into a vampire, she tells him about her past engagement to a Pureblood vampire. She once turned a human into a vampire and became very attached to him. Ichiru drinks Shizuka's before she turns to dust. Zero rushes into the room, and Ichiru relates the hatred Zero feels for him before he leaves. Zero collapses shortly afterwards due to his thirst for blood and is taken to a secluded underground area by Yagari. Akatsuki arrives with Yuki. They see Kaien standing in the room over the dust that use to be Shizuka's body. He tells them that Zero was badly injured, and he was taken to the medical clinic at the Hunters Association. Later Akatsuki tells Kaname that he believes that Zero killed Shizuka. Kaname acts sympathetic about Shizuka's death. This bothers Hanabusa greatly because he knows Kaname killed Shizuka. Hanabusa later explains to Akatsuki that the man Shizuka turned and care about greatly was executed by Zero and Ichiru's parents because he was on the list of vampires to be executed by the Hunter's Association, yet he had not fallen to Level E status. Meanwhile, Yuki asks Kaien about Zero's condition, and later confides her guilt about Zero's pain to Kaname. Kaname goes to Zero, who is on the verge to becoming Level E, and forces Zero to drink his blood to alleviate his madness, claiming that keeping him alive is for Yuki's sake.

text: Vampire Knight: Guilty (Season 2)[edit]

text:
#
Title
Original airdate

01
"Burden of Sinners ~Guilty~"
"Shukumei no Giruti" (宿命の罪人達)
October 6, 2008

While separating the Day Class students from the Night Class students to allow them to go to class, Yuki Cross accidentally calls Zero Kiryu as Kaname Kuran, which later disappoints him, as he has just returned from recovery. That evening, Maria Kurenai awakens and confuses Zero for Ichiru. She tells Zero that Shizuka Hio was seeking the Pureblood vampire who changed the execution list of the Hunter's Association that resulted in the death of her lover, and that the Pureblood vampire the enemy of the Purebloods and him. Yuki encounters vampire sent by the Senate to execute Zero for supposedly killing Shizuka. He attacks her, but Zero saves her. Other vampires from the Senate circle them ready to attack. Before they can, the Night Class students appear. Kaname orders the Senate's assassins to leave stating that he doesn't want Cross Academy spoiled by foolish acts of vengeance. The vampires leave saying that they will report to the Senate that Kaname is protecting Zero. When Kaname insinuates that Zero was the one who killed Shizuka, Yuki claims that she will not speak to him until he admits Zero is innocent. Later, Zero dreams about Shizuka, and awakens calling Yuki's name. When Yuki comes to comfort him, he nearly kisses her, but stops.

02
"The Eternal Promise ~Paradox~"
"Eien no Paradokkusu" (永遠の約束)
October 13, 2008

Yuki and her friend Sayori "Yori" Wakaba walk through the nearby town, and encounter a lost boy. Yuki offers to take him back to his parents, and the child takes her to an abandoned building. He kisses her in gratitude, which knocks Yuki unconscious. She awakens to find Kaname watching her. Kaname reveals that there is a party for vampires in the building, and that the boy she encountered is a vampire. He asks Yuki not to leave the room. Meanwhile, Zero has been assigned to oversee the party by the Hunter's Association. He encounters Ichiru, who became employed by the Senate after Shizuka’s death. The child goes to Yuki's room to apologize, and Yuki follows him. She views the party as Kaname enters, and many parents offers their daughters in marriage to Kaname. Yuki returns to her room, and Kaname comes in. Kaname, deciding to punish her, asks if she wants to be a vampire and live forever with him. Although she agrees, Kaname pulls away from her neck, revealing that his punishment to Yuki for leaving the room was taken too far. As Yuki meets up with Headmaster Kaien Cross and Yori, snow begins to fall, reminding Yuki of the day she was saved by Kaname from a vampire when she was a child. Yuki and Zero return to guardian duty the next morning. As he passes by, Kaname tells Yuki that he knows she meant what she had said the night before, but she should not take it to heart.

03
"The Azure Portrait"
"Ruridama no Mirāju" (瑠璃玉の肖像)
October 14, 2008

The students of Cross Academy go on break. Kaname, along with and Rima Toya, Ruka Souen, Akatsuki Kain and Takuma Ichijo, go to the Aido Villa. However, Hanabusa Aido stays on campus and Senri Shiki goes to see his lonely mother back home. In the Moon Dormitory, Hanabusa recalls Kaname killing Shizuka and then acting sympathetic. Yuki watches as Kaname and the others leave. On her way to the Sun Dorm, she has a flashback and becomes scared. She encounters Hanabusa going into the boys section of the Sun Dormitory. He claims to have run away from his dorm Yuki and Zero take him to the Headmaster's private quarters. Zero cooks dinner for him to satisfy his big appetite. Yagari voices his concern about Zero meeting Ichiru at the party. After hearing this, Kaien becomes worried that the Senate approached the Hunter's Society with a deal. Meanwhile at the Villa, Akatsuki searches through records of parties hosted by the Aido family, at the request of Hanabusa, to check if there is anyone who could hold a grudge against the Kuran family. Shiki returns home and greets his mother. She tells him that he looks more like his father everyday, and that he needs to go to his great uncle's for a visit. Later, Hanabusa takes a bath and recalls meeting Kaname when he was younger, noting the change in his personality before and after Kaname's parents died by means of suicide. While cleaning up, Yuki breaks a plate and cuts herself, telling Zero to drink her blood, a scene witnessed by Hanabusa. He returns to the Moon Dormitory and enters Kaname's study room, where he realizes Kaname is planning something big. Yuki ponders if it would be a good idea for Kaname to turn her into a vampire, but Zero says he would never let her become one, even if it means becoming Kaname's enemy.

04
"Devil's Awakening"
"Akuma no Ribidō" (悪魔の胎動)
October 27, 2008

Senri goes to see his great uncle, who takes him to a man immersed in a tub of blood. This man, who is Senri's father, awakens and asks Senri to lend him his power. Seiren informs Kaname of this, prompting him to return to the academy. Meanwhile, Yuki struggles to remember her past, and hallucinates that her bath is filled with blood. Zero suggests that she look in the records of the Hunter's Association for clues about her past. The two, along with Kaien and Yagari, travel to its headquarters, where Yuki discovers that Kaien was formerly a vampire hunter. Zero is confronted by the president of the Hunter's Association, who reveals that Zero can only save himself from becoming a Level E vampire either by drinking a Pureblood vampire's blood or by reversing the "Cursed Twins". When Yuki finds the book containing her past, the page that recalls the winter Kaname save her bursts into flames. That evening, Yuki is alone in her room when she sees a hallucination of herself as a little girl appearing in her room. Meanwhile, after Zero talks to Kaien about the Cursed Twins, he goes up to visit Yuki. Feeling upset about what happened, she cries in his arms all night. Also that night, Hanabusa confronts Kaname about his plans, and Kaname reveals that his parents were murdered, not having committed suicide. Meanwhile, Takuma meets with his grandfather Asato Ichijo, who addresses Senri as his lord.

05
"The Subordinate's Trap"
"Jūzoku no Torappu" (従属の罠)
November 3, 2008

Yuki continues to hallucinate that her surroundings are drenched in blood, and she is determined to ask Kaname about her past. Zero allows his twin brother Ichiru Kiryu to join the Day Class, and Kaien hopes that the brothers can repair their relationship. During her night patrol, Yuki hallucinates that blood is on her hand and she inadvertently attacks Kaname, who then comforts her and tells her that he loves her. Zero confronts Kaname about Yuki's memories. Kaname attacks Zero because he is a Pureblood yet Zero doesn't fear or respect like a vampire should and he hates Zero. After smelling Yuki on Zero, Kaname claws at Zero's chest causing him to loose blood. He forces Zero to drink his blood again to stop his transformation into Level E so Zero can continue to serve Yuki because he won't betray her. As Zero drinks Kaname's blood, he sees one of Kaname's memories. Zero encounters Hanabusa as he leaves the Moon Dorm. Hanabusa lets him leave even though he know that Zero drank Kaname's blood. Yuki resolves to talk with Kaname, and Kaname reveals that he is worried that Yuki will hate him when she learns the truth about her memories. Yuki claims that she could never hate him, and Kaname asks Yuki to become his lover to prove her devotion. She agrees, much to Zero's surprise.

06
"The Fake Lovers"
"Itsuwari no Ravāzu" (偽りの恋人)
November 10, 2008

Kaname orders some of the Night Class students to guard Yuki after she has agreed to become his lover. Yuki begins to have nightmares and continues to see images of blood on everything she sees and touches. When she collapses from these images, she is taken to the infirmary, where Ichiru attempts to give her a vial of blood, and he is stopped by Hanabusa, who takes the vial. Later, Hanabusa gives the vial to Kaname, who destroys it. Yuki meets with Kaname, and, due to the awkwardness of their meeting, cannot ask any questions about her past. Kaien invites Ichiru to dinner with Zero, but Yuki brings up that she saw Ichiru in the infirmary and thought he was Zero. Zero's furious response to this causes Ichiru to leave. He tells Kaien that it's too late to choose a different path. Later Ichiru tells Zero not to fall in love with Yuki. Senri and Takuma return to the Moon Dormitory, and Rima realizes that someone is possessing Senri after seeing that one of his eyes is colored red.

07
"The Kiss of Thorns"
"Ibara no Kisu" (茨の口づけ)
November 17, 2008

Senri approaches Kaname, who knows that Senri is possessed by his uncle Rido Kuran. Kaname attacks Senri, but Takuma stops him, claiming that he will not allow Kaname to harm Senri. Kaname interprets Takuma's actions as he is siding with the Senate. The other vampires notice Senri with Ichiru. Senri tells Ichiru to do he job well and he will make his wish come true. Meanwhile, Takuma stands in his room looking at a concret casket. Later Yuki has visions of a woman covered in blood and of a boy, who looks and sounds like Kaname, in class. When Senri goes to see Ruka Souen in her room in an attempt to seduce her, Akatsuki intervenes. Takuma tells Senri to return back to his room, and asks Akatsuki and Ruka not to tell Kaname. Yuki begs Kaname to answer questions about her past. She starts to hallucinate and collapses in his arms. Kaname takes Yuki to Kaien, who reveals that it is time for Yuki to be awakened. Meanwhile Ichiru goes up to the concert casket in Takuma's room and stomps on it yelling for Yuki to awaken and give her blood to the monster in the casket. Yuki wakes up in her bed and hallucinates that the room is covered in blood. When Zero comes into the room, Yuki involuntarily attempts to strangle him. After Zero offers no resistance, he tells her that she needs Kaname more than she needs him. Kaname arrives and takes Yuki onto the roof of the building. He bites her, then he drinks his own blood, and transfers his blood to Yuki by kissing her. Zero arrives, misunderstanding that Kaname has turned Yuki into a vampire. However, Yuki reveals that Kaname is her older brother before fainting into Kaname's arms. Kaname then reveals that he is not her real older brother, though he wishes he were.

08
"Spiraling Recollections"
"Tsuioku no Supairaru" (追憶の螺旋)
November 24, 2008

Kaname tells Zero that Yuki is a Pureblood daughter of the Kuran family, and asks him what he will do because he hunts vampires. Kaname leaves with Yuki to the Headmaster's private quarters. Yuki starts to recall that her father Haruka Kuran died fighting Rido and that her mother Juri Kuran sacrificed herself to seal Yuki's memories and vampire powers transforming her into a human. Kaname meets Akatsuki and Hanabusa, and reveals that Yuki is both his sister and his fiancée. Upon awakening, Yuki drinks Kaname's blood and sees the scene that had tormented Zero after he drank Kaname's blood. She is saddened that her parents sacrificed themselves to save her and begins to cry. Yuki realizes that her parents were siblings, and Kaname reveals that they are engaged, though this fact appears to disgust Yuki as it is something only animals would do. Kaname orders the Night Class students to keep the Day Class students in the Sun Dormitory. Meanwhile, Rima battles Senri and is seriously injured. However, she pleads to Senri to regain control of his body, and this allows Senri to regain control of his body. Yuki decides to talk to Zero, and, despite Akatsuki and Hanabusa's pleas, goes to the Sun Dormitory. When Yuki arrives at the door to Zero's room, she senses that Zero has pointed Bloody Rose at her.

09
"Revival of the Mad Emperor"
"Fukkatsu no Enperā" (復活の狂王)
December 1, 2008

Zero claims that can only sense an arrogant Pureblood vampire on the other side of the door, and Yuki falsely responds that her human self was eaten by her vampire side. As Yuki leaves the Sun Dormitory, Hanabusa brings her shoes. He notices her tears, which it is unheard of to him for seeing Pureblood vampires cry, but she views that only being allowed to cry in her own heart would be a punishment. Meanwhile, Kaname goes to where Rido's original body is kept, and asks Ichiru to open his coffin. It really is a surprise for him to see Ichiru, as twins in vampire hunter families attempt to consume one another when they are in the womb. Kaname takes Ichiru's sword and stabs his hand to give Rido the necessary blood to revive. As Kaname leaves, he reveals that he is the original member of the Kuran family, thus not related to Yuki as her older brother, and Rido summoned him from his slumber, rendering Kaname unable to kill Rido. As Kaien meets with Toga Yagari, Zero arrives and asks Yagari to kill him, but Yagari refuses and leaves Zero in a prison cell, as Zero reminisces about what Yuki said to him.

10
"Prelude to the Battle"
"Tatakai no Pureryūdo" (戦いの序曲)
December 8, 2008

Yuki sees the sun for the first time as a vampire, and returns to her room with Hanabusa. Meanwhile, the Day Class students are gathered for evacuation, but many of them are separately attacked by Rido's vampire servants, which are soon destroyed by the Night Class students. When Yori is attacked, Yuki and Hanabusa arrive and defend her. Yuki's anti-vampire staff Artemis rejects her, but Hanabusa manages to kill the vampires. Even after learning that Yuki is a vampire, Yori still accepts Yuki as her best friend. Yagari confronts the vampire hunters sent to take Zero and demands the president of the Hunter's Association to come himself. Hanabusa has Yuki rest in the room where Shizuka had stayed, in which she dreams of Shizuka expressing her love for Ichiru. After being awakened by Kaname, Yuki asks him to stay and defend her friends, but he refuses and asks her to stay in the room. After Kaname leaves, Yuki convinces Hanabusa to allow her to leave and takes the anti-vampire gun that Zero had given her. As Zero sits in silence in the prison cell, Kaname arrives, claiming that Zero is the "knight" he has prepared for the past four years to kill Rido. He reveals that Zero has been strengthened by drinking the blood of the three Pureblood vampires and is the stronger twin child of a vampire hunter. When Kaname tells Zero to kill Rido, Kaname reveals that Rido will hunt Yuki until he devours her and claims that Zero will never betray Yuki.

11
"Two Souls"
"Futari no Raibuzu" (二人の命)
December 15, 2008

Senri, now recovered, visits Rima in her room to thank her for calling out for him to regain control of his body. Kaien is confronted by the president of the Hunter's Association, who demands that Kaien should give him Zero. Kaien refuses and fights the president, forcing him to retreat. For their safety, all the Day Class students are held in the auditorium, but Yori continues to worry about Yuki. Ichiru arrives in the prison cell and shoots Zero with the Bloody Rose. Zero recalls the close relationship he had with Ichiru when they were children and remembers Shizuka killing his parents. Ichiru, revealing that he was injured while attempting to kill Rido for Shizuka's sake because it was Rido, who was the one who put her lover on the list. Ichiru asks Zero to consume him. Pretending to die from his wound, Ichiru succeeds in making Zero consume his blood so Zero can complete his vampire hunter powers to control his thirst for blood. Zero leaves the bell Ichiru kept as a memento of Shizuka in his brother's hand before leaving the prison cell.

12
"World's End"
"Sekai no Piriodo" (世界の果て)
December 22, 2008

Surrounded by his remaining servants, Rido drinks their blood and waits for Yuki to come to him. While the Night Class students still battle Rido's servants, Yagari fights the Level E vampires sent by the Hunter's Association. The president of the Hunter's Association goes to Ichijo and asks for his blood to maintain his beauty. Ichijo kills him instead, disgusted by his behavior. Kaname goes to the meeting place of the Senate and kills all of them except Ichijo, who manages to escape. As he leaves the building, Ichijo is confronted by Takuma, who uses his own sword to fight him. Kaien arrives to fight the vampires sent by the Hunter's Association, and Yuki and several Night Class students leave to fight Rido. When they attempt to fight him, he instantly paralyzes all of the Night Class members and attempts to drink Yuki's blood. Despite Artemis rejecting her, Yuki's determination to protect all of the students allows her to wield it, transforming into a scythe to reflect her vampiric nature. This amazes the Night Class students as a Pureblood should not be able to wield an anti-vampire weapon. Zero arrives and prepares to kill Rido, but he cannot control his new powers. Begging Yuki to slash him, Zero regains control after being injured by Artemis, then transforms Bloody Rose into a more powerful weapon.

13
"Vampire's Knight"
"Vanpaia no Naito" (ヴァンパイアの騎士)
December 29, 2008

Using his new powers, Zero injures Rido with Bloody Rose, and Rido flees to the surrounding forest to drink the blood of his remaining servants to recover. Kaname fights Rido, but Zero then kills Rido with Bloody Rose. Zero turns the Bloody Rose towards Kaname, but he doesn't kill him when he senses Yuki nearby. Kaname tells Yuki it will soon be time to leave. Meanwhile the Night Class students recalls that before Kaname left to destroy the Senate, he tells them that he has no further use of them. Despite this, they still vow to follow Kaname. As Zero says farewell to Yuki, he dares her to drink his blood to prove that she is a vampire. When doing so, she remembers when Zero told her that he could tell that she loved Kaname by her blood, learning that Zero had fallen in love with her. However, Zero, stating his role as a vampire hunter, says that he will ultimately kill Yuki, who will be looking forward to their next encounter someday, despite this cruel promise. Kaname questions Yuki if she truly wants to leave, even though Rido's threat has been eliminated. However, she reminds him that he is among the people she wants to protect. After Yuki says goodbye to Kaien, she and Kaname leave the academy, along with Akatsuki, Hanabusa and Ruka. Senri and Rima find Takuma's blade in the rumble of the Senate's estate, hoping for a reward for returning it to him. Kaien, after vowing to himself never to use his blade again, announces to the Day Class students in the auditorium that the danger has passed. Yagari ends up getting stuck with repairing the entrance gate that Kaien damaged during the battle, surprisingly getting help from the other vampire hunters. As Yuki remembers the promise that Zero gave her, she says to herself she will be waiting for that day to come.

text: DVD releases[edit]

text: The Region 2 DVD compilations of the Vampire Knight episodes are released in Japan by Aniplex and Sony Pictures. As of November 2008, five DVD compilations have been released, containing the entire first season.[3] The first DVD compilation for the second season was released on January 28, 2009, and the last was released on May 27, 2009.[9]

text:
Season 1 - Vampire Knight

Volume
Date
Discs
Episodes

Volume 1
July 23, 2008[9]
1
1–2

Volume 2
August 27, 2008[9]
1
3–5

Volume 3
September 24, 2008[9]
1
6–8

Volume 4
October 22, 2008[9]
1
9–11

Volume 5
November 26, 2008[9]
1
12–13

text:
Season 2 - Vampire Knight: Guilty

Volume
Date
Discs
Episodes

Volume 1
January 28, 2009[9]
1
1–2

Volume 2
February 25, 2009[9]
1
3–5

Volume 3
March 25, 2009[9]
1
6–8

Volume 4
April 22, 2009[9]
1
9-11

Volume 5
May 27, 2009[9]
1
12-13


document_title: Boom Boom (John Lee Hooker song)

question_text: who sings the theme tune to ncis new orleans

text: Boom Boom (John Lee Hooker song)

text: Recording and composition[edit]

text: Prior to recording for Vee-Jay Records, John Lee Hooker was primarily a solo performer or accompanied by a second guitarist, such as early collaborators Eddie Burns or Eddie Kirkland.[4] However, with Vee-Jay, he usually recorded with a small backing band, as heard on the singles "Dimples", "I Love You Honey", and "No Shoes". Detroit pianist Joe Hunter, who had previously worked with Hooker, was again enlisted for the recording session.[1] Hunter brought with him "the cream of the Motown label's session men, later known as the Funk Brothers":[4] bassist James Jamerson, drummer Benny Benjamin, plus guitarist Larry Veeder, tenor saxophonist Hank Cosby, and baritone saxophonist Andrew "Mike" Terry.[1] They have been described as "just the right band" for "Boom Boom".[1] Hooker had a unique sense of timing, which demanded "big-eared sidemen".[5] The original "Boom Boom" is an uptempo (168 beats per minute) blues song, which has been notated in time in the key of F.[6] It has been described as "about the tightest musical structure of any Hooker composition: its verses sedulously adhere to the twelve-bar format over which Hooker generally rides so roughshod".[1] The song uses "a stop-time hook that opens up for one of the genre's most memorable guitar riffs"[7] and incorporates a middle instrumental section Hooker-style boogie.[1]

text: According to Hooker, he wrote the song during an extended engagement at the Apex Bar in Detroit.

text: I would never be on time [for the gig]; I always would be late comin' in. And she [the bartender Willa] kept saying, 'Boom boom – you late again'. Every night: 'Boom, boom – you late again'. I said 'Hmm, that's a song!' ... I got it together, the lyrics, rehearsed it, and I played it at the place, and the people went wild".[8]

text: Hooker's lyrics include

text:
Boom, boom, boom, boom
I'm gonna shoot you right down
Right off your feet
Take you home with me
Put you in my house
Boom, boom, boom, boom

text: Also included are several wordless phrases, "how-how-how-how" and "hmm-hmm-hmm-hmm". "Boom Boom" became the Hooker song that is "the most memorable, the most instantly appealing, and the one which has proved the most adaptable to the needs of other performers".[1]

text: Releases and charts[edit]

text: When "Boom Boom" was released as a single in May 1962,[9] the song became a hit. It entered the Billboard R&B chart on June 16, 1962, where it spent eight weeks and reached number 16.[10] The song also entered the Billboard Hot 100, where it reached number 60, making it one of only two Hooker singles to enter the pop chart.[10] It was included on the 1962 Vee-Jay album Burnin' (SR 1043) as well as many Hooker compilations, including John Lee Hooker: The Ultimate Collection.

text: Thirty years later in the UK, after being featured in a Lee Jeans commercial in 1992, the song reached number 16 in the UK Singles Chart.[11] Hooker recorded several later versions. Following the success of the Animals' version, Hooker re-recorded the song in 1968 for Stateside Records as the B-side of "Cry Before I Go" under the longer title "Boom Boom Boom". He reworked the song as "Bang Bang Bang Bang" for his Live at Soledad Prison album, as a South Side Chicago street musician in the film The Blues Brothers (but the song itself is not included in the film soundtrack), and as the title track for his 1992 album Boom Boom with Jimmie Vaughan.[12]

text: The Animals version[edit]

text:
"Boom Boom"

Single by The Animals

from the album The Animals

B-side
"Blue Feeling"

Released
November 1964 (1964-11)

Format
7-inch 45 rpm record

Recorded
January 1964

Genre
Blues rock

Length
2:57

Label
MGM

Songwriter(s)
John Lee Hooker

Producer(s)
Mickie Most

The Animals singles chronology

"I'm Crying"
(1964)
"Boom Boom"
(1964)
"Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood"
(1965)

text: English rock band the Animals recorded "Boom Boom" for their 1964 UK debut album The Animals. Their blues-rock[13] rendition generally follows John Lee Hooker's original, although they add "shake it baby" as a response to the "come on and shake" refrain in the middle section,[14]taken from Hooker's "Shake It Baby" (recorded during the 1962 American Folk Blues Festival tour in Europe, where it became a hit in 1963).[15]

text: The Animals' version was released as a single in North America in November 1964.[16] It reached number 43 on the Billboard Hot 100[17] and number 14 on the RPM Top 40&5 singles chart.[18] The song was also released in Australia and India and is included on the Animals' second American album The Animals on Tour as well as various compilation albums (sometimes with the twelve-bar guitar solo edited out).

text: Over the years, several versions of "Boom Boom" have been recorded by various Animals reunion lineups as well as by former members Eric Burdon and Alan Price. In 2012, the original 1964 version was used in the film Skyfall.

text: Recognition and legacy[edit]

text: In 1995, John Lee Hooker's "Boom Boom" was included in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's list of "The Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll".[19] It was inducted into the Blues Foundation Hall of Fame in 2009 in the "Classics of Blues Recording" category.[4] A Detroit Free Press poll in 2016 ranked the song at number 37 in "Detroit's 100 Greatest Songs".[20]

text: A variety of artists have recorded the song, including: Rufus Thomas, Mae West, Shadows of Knight, CCS, Dr. Feelgood, Tony Joe White, Disco Tex and the Sex-O-Lettes,[21] Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band, Big Head Todd and the Monsters (whose version was chosen in 2014 as the theme song for NCIS: New Orleans, and is played at Carolina Panthers home games when a touchdown is scored) and the Oak Ridge Boys. "Boom Boom" was the first studio recording by Eric Clapton, who recorded it as a demo with the Yardbirds in 1963, and which was released as a single in the Netherlands and Germany in 1966. ZZ Top later used similar lines ("how-how-how-how") to those found in "Boom Boom", on "La Grange".[7]


document_title: Beauty and the Beast (1991 soundtrack)

question_text: who sings the original beauty and the beast

text: Beauty and the Beast (1991 soundtrack)

text: Background[edit]

text: During the 1970s and 1980s, Walt Disney Feature Animation struggled to release animated feature films that achieved the levels of success of some of the studio's earlier productions did. In 1989, Walt Disney Pictures released The Little Mermaid. An animated musical that features songs written by lyricist Howard Ashman and composer Alan Menken, The Little Mermaid was both a tremendous critical and commercial success. Hoping to release a film that achieved similar success, the studio decided to adapt the fairy tale "Beauty and the Beast" by Jeanne-Marie Le Prince de Beaumont into an animated film.

text: Prior to getting professionally involved with Disney, Ashman and Menken had collaborated on a musical adaptation of Little Shop of Horrors and its subsequent musical film adaptation. Following the studio's attempt to adapt the fairy tale into a non-musical animated film under the direction of Richard Purdum, Disney CEO Jeffrey Katzenberg, dissatisfied by the direction in which the film was headed, ordered that it be scrapped and restarted from scratch, this time in the form of a musical. In addition to hiring a screenwriter, Katzenberg recruited Ashman and Menken to write the film's songs.

text: Ashman's health[edit]

text: Ashman was initially reluctant to agree to work on Beauty and the Beast because he had just recently been diagnosed with AIDS. Additionally, he had already begun writing songs for Aladdin (1992). Ashman's health began deteriorating soon after he completed The Little Mermaid. However, he wanted his illness to remain secret and decided to tell few about it. Too weak to travel, Ashman requested that he be allowed to work on the film's songs from his home, causing Menken and the filmmakers to frequently travel from the film's studio in Burbank, California to his home in New York in order to collaborate with him. Ashman wrote the majority of the song's lyrics from his deathbed. It was later revealed that he viewed the Beast's curse as an allegory for AIDS, and that the mob song 'Kill The Beast' was inspired by public sentiment at the time against AIDS and the gay community.[1][not in citation given]

text: Content and composition[edit]

text: Lyricist Howard Ashman and composer Alan Menken intended for the songs in Beauty and the Beast to serve as plot devices and assist in the telling of its story. According to Menken, the film's songs grew out of the fact that the film was written to "almost ... exist as a stage musical."[2] Stylistically, Ashman and Menken drew creative influence from several musical styles and genres, including French, classical and Broadway music, using them as reference and inspiration when composing the film's songs.[3] Menken also revealed that the film's songs and score tend to convey a wide variety of emotions, ranging from poignancy to humor and joy.[4]

text: While composing the orchestral score that accompanies the film's prologue, Menken was inspired by the French suite The Carnival of the Animals by Camille Saint-Saëns, referring to it as his own version of Saint-Saëns' composition.[3] Menken believes that all properly structured musicals should feature an "I Want" song because they are essentially "about a character having a big dream, then [there's] some obstacle to that quest."[5] "Belle", the film's opening number, is an "orchestra-driven",[6] "snare-tapping" song. Accompanied by a full orchestra,[7] it is considered Beauty and the Beast's "I Want" song.[8] Musically, Menken based "Belle" on the narrative style of a traditional operetta, describing it as "something to portray Belle in a world that is so protected and safe." Menken described the film's following musical number, "Gaston", as a hilarious "drinking song sung by basically a group of Neanderthal level guys in praise of a complete lug-head", referring to Ashman's choice of song lyrics as humorous and "tongue in cheek".[3]

text: When it came time to write the film's large-scale "scintillating"[9] musical number "Be Our Guest", Menken originally composed and provided Ashman with a simple melody that was initially intended for temporary use only, simply for the purpose of allowing his co-writer to start developing the song's lyrics. He labeled the rough composition "the dummy". However, Menken eventually gave up on his attempt to improve upon the song's simple melody, and it ultimately became the version to which Ashman wrote his lyrics.[3] Menken described "Be Our Guest" as a song that is both "simple and tuneful" that "let[s] the lyric shine."[10]

text: Originally, Ashman and Menken had written a rather lengthy, large-scale musical number for the film called "Human Again". However, when it was deemed "too ambitious", they swiftly wrote and replaced it with a smaller-scale musical number entitled "Something There".[3] According to Menken, the film's theme and title song, "Beauty and the Beast", was "a very hard song to come by" despite its relative simplicity.[9][10] He revealed that the writing process for "Beauty and the Beast" was the longest period of time that he had ever devoted to one particular song. Written to resemble a lullaby, Ashman and Menken conceived "Beauty and the Beast" as "a song that could have a life outside the movie." The film's final musical number, "The Mob Song", was written as what Menken described as "a macho adventure underscore".[3]

text: Recording[edit]

text: Single[edit]

text: When the film was released, it garnered three separate Academy Award nominations for Best Original Song for "Belle", "Be Our Guest" and "Beauty and the Beast". Producer Don Hahn expressed concern that this would cause confusion among audiences and voters, and potentially result in an unfavorable tie. In order to prevent this from happening, the studio fought in favor of the film's title song and decided to release a pop rendition of "Beauty and the Beast" as a commercial single in an attempt to persuade voters to vote for it.[11] When "Beauty and the Beast" was written, it was composed with the potential of having "half a life outside the movie."[2] Menken revealed that this was the first time one of his compositions had been rearranged and "turned into ear candy".[12]

text: Menken recruited musician Robbie Buchanan to arrange[13][14] "Beauty and the Beast" into the form of a pop duet[15] while Walter Afanasieff was responsible for producing the track.[12][16][17] Afanasieff also assisted Buchanan in the arranging of the song.[18] Menken was ultimately pleased with Afanasieff's production, explaining, "Walter Afanasieff ... took it and really molded it into something very different than I ever intended and I grew to love it. In a way, Walter made it his own, and I love that."[12] Because Disney could not afford to hire a "big singer", they drafted Canadian singer Celine Dion, who was relatively new to the music industry at the time, to record "Beauty and the Beast". However, the studio feared that she would not draw much media attention because of her relative obscurity in the United States, so they hired American singer Peabo Bryson, who was a more well-known recording artist at the time, to perform alongside her.[8][11] The newly arranged song was released as the album's lead single on November 25, 1991.[7]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text:
Professional ratings

Review scores

Source
Rating

Allmusic
[19]

Filmtracks
[20]

Sputnikmusic
4.5/5[21]

text: Similar to the overwhelmingly positive critical response that the film received, Beauty and the Beast: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was met with universal acclaim from both music and film critics, garnering nearly unanimous praise for both its songs and score. Tavia Hobart of AllMusic awarded the soundtrack a nearly perfect overall score of 4.5/5 stars, describing Ashman and Menken's compositions as "positively delightful." However, she felt that the album's orchestral score was not as good as The Little Mermaid. Filmtracks was very enthusiastic about the album, praising each of its songs and labeling them "remarkably upbeat". The reviewer also praised Ashman and Menken for avoiding "stupid comedic performances to appeal to children." Unlike AllMusic's opinion, the reviewer felt that the score was "a vast improvement" over The Little Mermaid's. Sputnikmusik's Irving Tan awarded the album a "superb" overall rating of 4.5/5. Praising the film's entire collection of songs in a detailed review, Tan accredited the overall appeal of the soundtrack with much the film's success.[6]

text: When Beauty and the Beast was released in November 1991, several film and entertainment critics awarded specific praise to its music, both songs and score. Entertainment Weekly's Lisa Schwarzbaum wrote, "The songs unleash a chemical reaction of happiness."[22]

text: Just as the film made history by becoming the first animated film to receive a Best Picture Oscar nomination, so too the soundtrack made history by becoming the first animated film soundtrack to receive an Album of the Year Grammy nomination (to date, no other animated film soundtrack has been nominated in this category). The pop version of the title track "Beauty and the Beast" also received Grammy nominations for Record of the Year and Song of the Year. In total, the soundtrack won 3 Grammys for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance (Celine Dion & Peabo Bryson, Best Pop Instrumental Performance (Richard Kauffman), and Best Song Written for a Motion Picture (Alan Menken).[23]

text: Track listing[edit]

text: In the movie track eight comes after track nine.

text: All music composed by Alan Menken with lyrics by Howard Ashman. All scores composed and produced by Menken. All songs produced by Menken and Ashman except track 15 produced by Walter Afanasieff.

text:
No.
Title
Recording artist(s)
Length

1.
"Prologue" (Score)
David Ogden Stiers (speaking)
2:26

2.
"Belle" ([A])
Jesse Corti, Paige O'Hara, Richard White, Chorus
5:09

3.
"Belle" (Reprise)
O'Hara
1:05

4.
"Gaston"
Corti, White, Chorus
3:40

5.
"Gaston" (Reprise)
Corti, White, Chorus
2:04

6.
"Be Our Guest" ([A])
Angela Lansbury, Jerry Orbach, Chorus
3:44

7.
"Something There"
Lansbury, Stiers, Orbach, O'Hara, Robby Benson
2:19

8.
"The Mob Song"
Lansbury (speaking)
Stiers (speaking)
Orbach (speaking)
Kimmy Robertson (speaking)
O'Hara (speaking)
Rex Everhart (speaking)
White
Benson (speaking)
Chorus
3:30

9.
"Beauty and the Beast" ([B])
Lansbury
2:46

10.
"To the Fair" (Score)

1:58

11.
"West Wing" (Score)

3:42

12.
"The Beast Lets Belle Go" (Score)

2:22

13.
"Battle on the Tower" (Score)

5:29

14.
"Transformation" (Score)

5:47

15.
"Beauty and the Beast" (Duet) ([B])
Céline Dion & Peabo Bryson
5:33

Total length:
50:12

text:
[show]2010 Bonus Track

No.
Title
Recording artist(s)
Length

16.
"Beauty and the Beast" ([C])
Jordin Sparks
3:14

Total length:
53:26

text:
[show]2001 Special Edition

No.
Title
Recording artist(s)
Length

1.
"Prologue" (Score)

2:26

2.
"Belle"
Corti, O'Hara, White, Chorus
5:09

3.
"Belle" (Reprise)
O'Hara
1:05

4.
"Gaston"
Corti, White, Chorus
3:40

5.
"Gaston" (Reprise)
Corti, White, Chorus
2:04

6.
"Be Our Guest"
Lansbury, Orbach, Chorus
3:44

7.
"Something There"
Lansbury, Stiers, Orbach, O'Hara, Benson
2:19

8.
"Human Again" (Previously Unreleased) ([D])
Lansbury, Stiers, Orbach, O'Hara, Benson, Jo Anne Worley, Chorus
4:54

9.
"The Mob Song"
Lansbury (speaking)
Stiers (speaking)
Orbach (speaking)
Robertson (speaking)
O'Hara (speaking)
Everhart (speaking)
White
Benson (speaking)
Chorus
3:30

10.
"Beauty and the Beast"
Lansbury
2:46

11.
"To the Fair" (Score)

1:58

12.
"West Wing" (Score)

3:42

13.
"The Beast Lets Belle Go" (Score)

2:22

14.
"Battle on the Tower" (Score)

5:29

15.
"Transformation" (Score)

5:47

16.
"Be Our Guest" (Demo) (Previously Unreleased)
Ashman
3:29

17.
"Beauty and the Beast" (Work Tape & Demo) (Previously Unreleased)
Menken & Ashman
3:58

18.
"Beauty and the Beast"
Dion & Bryson
5:33

19.
"Death of the Beast" (Score) (Early Version) ([E])

1:29

Total length:
1:04:43

text: Notes[edit]

text:
A^ Nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song.
B^ Won an Academy Award for Best Original Song.
C^ Produced by Robert Buchanan.
D^ New song integrated into the film for the 2001 Special Edition IMAX re-issue and 2001 DVD release.
E^ Integrated into the film's end credits for the 2001 Special Edition IMAX re-issue and 2001 DVD release. On initial pressings of the original release of the soundtrack, this cue replaced the version used in the film up until the moment when the transformation begins. Eventually the album was re-pressed with the film version of the cue and has been presented in its proper film version on the 2001 and 2010 reissues.

text: Unreleased songs and score[edit]

text:
Prologue (without narration) (This cue was included on the "Music Behind the Magic" CD set, but wasn’t included on any of the commercial albums) [2:32]
Belle (Instrumental) [5:04]
Gaston Stops Belle [0:56]
The Spooky Forest / Wolf Attack (This cue was partially released on the "Music Behind the Magic" CD set, but wasn’t included on any of the commercial albums) [2:38]
A Guest in the Castle [3:04]
Gaston Proposes to Belle [1:33]
Belle Reprise (Instrumental) [1:00]
Belle Goes in Search of Maurice / Take Me Instead [3:50]
Belle’s New Home (This cue was partially released on the tape cassette and original CD releases, but doesn’t appear on the Special Edition album) [1:49]
Gaston (Instrumental) [3:36]
Gaston Reprise (Instrumental) [1:52]
Belle Meets the Servants [1:23]
An Invitation to Dinner / Nothing But a Monster [3:03]
The Wandering Guest [0:41]
Music?! / Be Our Guest (Instrumental) [3:43]
Tour of the Castle [2:14]
Helping the Beast [0:25]
Belle Tends to the Beast’s Wounds / Gaston’s Plot / Maurice Goes For Belle [2:00]
Something Special for Belle [2:03]
Breakfast with the Beast / "There's Something There" (Instrumental) [2:40]
Cleaning the Castle [0:35]
"Human Again" (Instrumental) [4:40]
Grooming the Beast [1:00]
Beauty and the Beast (Instrumental) [2:42]
Belle Leaves / Finding Maurice / A Stow-a-way [1:39]
Gaston’s Plan [1:45]
"The Mob Song" (Instrumental) [3:26]
Battle on the Tower (Full Version) [5:27]
Transformation (Film Version) [5:46]
Transformation (Sans Disney Chorus) [5:46]

tag: ol

text: Total time of unreleased score material excluding song instrumentals: Approx. 33 minutes

text: Total time of unreleased score material including song instrumentals: Approx. 1 hour