document_title: Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad

question_text: who introduced the dual system of administration in bengal

text: Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad

text: Bengal[edit]

text: The term "Bengal" incorporates to delineate the ethno-linguistic region of Bengal which including but not limited is all districts within the People's Republic of Bangladesh, as well as West Bengal, India.[12][13][14] During the first partition of Bengal in the early 20th century a new province, Eastern Bengal was created as a Lieutenant-Governorship along with Assam.[15] In 1911, East Bengal (now Bangladesh) was reunited with Bengal, and the new provinces in the east became: Assam, Bengal Province.[16] The Nawab thus gained rule over Orissa, which were earlier part of Bengal.[17][18][19] So sometimes That is why the Nawabs of Bengal were also mentioned as "Nawab of Bengal"[20] - where Nazim (or, Subahdar) means the provincial governor - as they ruled over three subahs while the Nawabs of Murshidabad were the local ruler of the city of Murshidabad.[21][self-published source?] The majority of modern Bengal is inhabited by Bengali people who speak the Bengali language.[22]

text:
Modern Bengal include the present day country of Bangladesh and the present day Indian states of West Bengal and Tripura

1893 map of Bengal

1831 map of Hindustan showing the then Bengal in green in the north east

text: History before the Nawab's rule[edit]

text: Sultans of Bengal[edit]

text: The early Sultans of Bengal ruled until 1282 which was followed by the rule of several successive dynasties. Ilyas Shah founder of the Ilyas Shahi dynasty, took complete charge of the then Bengal[23] and the capital was shifted to Sonargaon (near present day, Dhaka in Bangladesh).[24] He was one of the independent rulers of Bengal. His son, Sikandar Shah, who succeeded him, built the Adina Mosque at Pandua, near Gour, Adina Mosque in the medieval times, was considered to be the largest in undivided Bengal, as well as the entire Indian subcontinent.[25]

text: Mughal Empire[edit]

text: The Mughal Empire emerged as a powerful Empire in northern India. Babur, who was related to two legendary warriors – Timur and Genghis Khan, invaded north India and defeated Ibrahim Lodi of the Lodi dynasty.[26] Babur thus became the first Mughal emperor. He was succeeded by his son, Humayun. At the same time, Sher Shah Suri (alias Farid Khan) of the Suri dynasty rose to prominence and established himself as the ruler of the present day Bihar by defeating Ghiyasuddin Shah. But he lost to capture the kingdom because of sudden expedition of Humayun. In 1539, Sher Khan faced Humayun in the Battle of Chausa. He forced Humayun out of India. Assuming the title Sher Shah, he ascended the throne of Delhi. He also captured Agra and established control from Bengal in the east, to the Indus River in the west.[27] After his death he was succeeded by his son, Islam Shah Suri. But in 1544 the Suris were torn apart by internal conflicts. Humayun took this advantage and captured Lahore and Delhi, but he died in 1556 AD.[28] He was succeeded by Akbar, who defeated Daud Khan Karrani of Bengal's Karrani Dynasty (or, Karnani Dynasty). After this, the administration of the entire region of Bengal passed into the hands of governors appointed by the Mughal emperors, who ruled Bengal till 1716 AD.[29][30][31]

text: There were several posts under the Mughal administrative system during Akbar's reign. Diwani was a system of provincial revenue administration under the Mughals. Nizamat (civil administration) and Diwani (revenue administration) were the two main branches of the provincial administration under the Mughals.[29] A Subahdar (provincial viceroy or governor), also called a Nizam was in-charge of the Nizamat. There was a chain of subordinate officials under the Nizams on the executive side and under Diwans on the revenue and judicial side.[29]

text: Emergence of the Nawab Nizam of Bengal[edit]

text: Murshid Quli Khan arrived as the Diwan of Bengal in 1717 AD. Before his arrival, there were four Diwans. And, after his arrival, Azim-ush-Shan held the Nizam's office. Azim got into conflict with Murshid Quli Khan over imperial financial control. Considering the complaint of Khan, the then Mughal emperor, Aurangzeb ordered Azim to move to Bihar.[32] Upon his departure the two posts united in one and Murshid Quli Khan became the first Nizam cum Diwan of Bengal. Murshid Khan was appointed the "Nawab Nizam of Bengal" and he emerged as the ruler of Bengal under the Mughals.[29][33] Murshidabad remained the capital of the Nawabs of Bengal until their rule.[29][34] The Nawab Siraj ud-Daulah, was betrayed in the Battle of Plassey by Mir Jaffer.[35] He lost to the British East India Company, who took installed Mir Jaffer on the Masnad (throne), as a "puppet ruler" and established itself to a political power in Bengal.[36]

text: In 1765, Robert Clive, of the British East India Company, became the first British Governor of Bengal.[37] He secured in perpetuity for the Company the Diwani (revenue and civil justice) of the then Bengal subah from the then Mughal Emperor, Shah Alam II and thus the system of Dual Government was established and the Bengal Presidency was formed. In 1772 the Dual Government system was abolished and Bengal was brought under direct control of the British. In 1793, when the Nizamat (military power and criminal justice) of the Nawab was also taken away from them, they remained as the mere pensioners of the British East India Company. After the Revolt of 1857, Company rule in India ended and the British Crown took over the territories which were under the direct rule of the British East India Company in 1858, which marked the beginning of the British Raj. These territories, including the territory of the Nawab Nazims came under the direct rule of the British Crown and British Raj was established in India. Thus, the Nawab Nizams remained just the titular heads of their territory, which was now ruled by the British Crown, and they had no political or any other kind of control over the territory.[38][39] The last Nawab of Bengal, Mansoor Ali Khan abdicated on 1 November 1880 in favour of his eldest son.[40]

text: History during the Nawab's rule[edit]

text:
Part of a series on the

History of Bengal

Ancient Geopolitical units[show]

Pundravardhana
Vanga
Gangaridai
Samatata
Anga
Suhma
Harikela
Kamarupa

Ancient and Classical dynasties[show]

Nanda dynasty
Maurya dynasty
Shunga dynasty
Gupta dynasty
Varman dynasty
Gauda dynasty
Mallabhum dynasty
Khadga dynasty
Pala dynasty
Chandra dynasty
Chola dynasty
Sena dynasty
Deva dynasty

Medieval and Early Modern periods[show]

Delhi Sultanate
City states

Sonargaon
Lakhnauti
Satgaon

Bengal Sultanate

Ilyas Shahi dynasty
Hussain Shahi dynasty
Karrani dynasty

Sur Empire
Twelve Bhuyan Confederacy
Kingdom of Mrauk U
Jaintia Kingdom
Koch dynasty
Kingdom of Tripura
Kingdom of Bhurshut
Mughal Empire

Bengal Subah
Burdwan Raj
Rajshahi Raj
Nadia Raj
Bettiah Raj
Nawabs of Bengal
Zamindars

Maratha expeditions in Bengal

European colonisation[show]

Portuguese Chittagong
Dutch Bengal
French Bengal
Danish Bengal
Austrian Bengal
British India

Company rule
Bengal Presidency
Bengal famine of 1770
Partition of Bengal (1905)
Bengal famine of 1943
Direct Action Day
Indian Mutiny of 1857
British Raj
Bengal Renaissance
Eastern Bengal and Assam
Anti-colonial struggle
Partition of Bengal (1947)

East Bengal[show]

East Bengali refugees

East Pakistan[show]

1964 East Pakistan riots
Language Movement
Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
Liberation War
1971 Genocide
Indo-Pakistani War of 1971

Bangladesh[show]

People's Republic
Military coups
Bangladesh famine of 1974

Indian Bengal[show]

West Bengal
Tripura merger
Left Front
Naxalism
Barak Valley Language Movement
Gorkhaland

Calendar[show]

Bengali calendar
Malla calendar

Related[show]

Bengali literary history
Architecture of Bengal
Bangamata

v
t
e

text: Dynasties[edit]

text: From 1717 until 1880, three successive Islamic dynasties – Nasiri, Afshar and Najafi – ruled what was then known as Bengal.[41]

text: The first dynasty, the Nasiri, ruled from 1717 until 1740. The founder of the Nasiri, Murshid Quli Khan, was born a poor Deccani Odia Brahmin before being sold into slavery and bought by one Haji Shafi Isfahani, a Persian merchant from Isfahan who converted him to Islam. He entered the service of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb and rose through the ranks before becoming the Nawab Nizam of Bengal in 1717, a post he held until his death in 1727. He in turn was succeeded by his son-in-law, Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan.[42] After Shuja-ud-Din's death in 1739 he was succeeded by his son, Sarfaraz Khan, who held the rank, until he was killed in the Battle of Giria in 1741, and was succeeded by Alivardi Khan, former ruler of Patna, of the Afshar Dynasty in 1740.[43]

text: The second dynasty, the Afshar, ruled from 1740 to 1757. Siraj ud-Daulah (Alivardi Khan's grandson), the last Afshar Nawab was killed in the Battle of Plassey in 1757.[44] They were succeeded by the third and final dynasty to rule the whole Bengal, the Najafi.[45]

text: Under the Mughals[edit]

text: Bengal Subah was one of the wealthiest parts of the Mughal empire.[46] As the Mughal empire began to decline, the Nawabs grew in power, although nominally subordinate to the Mughal emperor.[29][47] They wielded great power in their own right and finally became independent rulers of the Bengal region, for all practical purposes, by the early 1700s.[47]

text: Maratha expeditions[edit]

text: Marathas undertook six expeditions in Bengal from 1741–1748. Maratha general, Raghunath Rao was able to annex Orissa to his kingdom and the larger confederacy permanently as he successfully exploited the chaotic conditions prevailing in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa after the death of Murshid Quli Khan in 1727.[48] Constantly harassed by the Bhonsles, Orissa, Bengal and parts of Bihar were economically ruined. Alivardi Khan made peace with Raghunathrao in 1751 ceding in perpetuity Orissa up to the river Suvarnarekha, and agreeing to pay ₹12 lacs annually in lieu of the Chauth of Bengal and Bihar.[49]

text: The treaty included ₹20 lacs as Chauth for Bengal (includes both West Bengal and Bangladesh) and ₹12 lacs for Bihar (including Jharkhand). After this, Maratha promised never to cross the boundary of the Nawab of Bengal's territory.[50]

text: Thus, Baji Rao is hailed as the greatest Maratha chief after Shivaji because of his success in subjecting Muslim rulers of east India in states such as Bengal, Bihar and Orissa to the Maratha rule.[51]

text: Nawabs of Bengal under British rule and their decline[edit]

text: The break-up of the centralised Mughal empire by 1750, led to the creation of numerous semi-independent kingdoms (all provinces of the former Mughal empire). Nawab Siraj ud-Daulah was defeated by the British forces of Sir Robert Clive in the Battle of Plassey in 1757.[44] Thereafter the Nawab of Bengal became a "puppet ruler" depending on military support from British East India company to secure their throne.[44] Siraj-ud-Daulah was replaced by Mir Jaffer. He was personally led to the throne by Robert Clive, after triumph of the British in the battle.[44] He briefly tried to re-assert his power by allying with the Dutch, but this plan was ended by the Battle of Chinsurah. After the defeat at Battle of Buxar and grant of the Diwani (revenue collection) of Bengal by the then Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II, to the British East India Company in August 1765 and the appointment of Warren Hastings by the East India Company as their first Governor General of Bengal in 1773, the Nawabs authority became restricted. By 1773, British East India company asserted much authority and formed the Bengal Presidency over areas ruled by the Nawabs i.e. the Bengal subah, along with some other regions and abolished the system of Dual Government. In 1793 (during Nawab Mubarak ud-Daulah's reign), the Nizamat (military power, civil and criminal justice) was abolished, British East India company thus annexed this former Mughal province as part of their empire and took complete control of the region, and the Nawabs of Bengal became mere pensioners of the British East India Company. All the Diwan offices except the Diwan Ton were also abolished.[38][39][52]

text: After the Revolt of 1857, Company rule in India ended, and all the territories which were under the rule of the British East India Company came under the British Crown in 1858, which marked the beginning of the British Raj. And administrative control of India came under the Indian Civil Service, which had administrative control over all areas in India, except the Princely States.[16]

text: Mansoor Ali Khan (aka Feradun Jah) was the last Nawab of Bengal. During his reign the Nizamat at Murshidabad became involved in debts. The then Government of India involved it into an action of preventing further claims. Feradun Jah left Murshidabad in February 1869 and started living in England. The title of "Nawab of Bengal" was abolished in 1880.[53] He returned to Bombay in October 1880 but spent most of his time pleading his case against the orders of the Government of India. After it was not resolved the Nawab renounced his styles and titles of Nawab Nizam of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa and abdicated in favour of his eldest son at St. Ives, Maidenhead, on 1 November 1880.[53]

text: Emergence of the Nawab of Murshidabad and the Nawabs post Indian independence[edit]

text: The Nawabs of Murshidabad succeeded the Nawab Nizams of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa as Nawab Bahadur of Murshidabad, following Mansoor Ali Khan's abdication[29][40][54] Nawabs of Murshidabad were the successors of the Nawabs of Bengal. After Lord Clive secured the Diwani of Bengal from Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II in 1765 for the East India Company they did not have any effective authority. So they lavishly enjoyed their title, privileges alongside with the honours they received. They got the title changed as the title of the Nawab of Bengal was abolished in 1880.[29] They had little or no say and ceased to control any significant force.[29][55]

text: After Indian Independence in 1947, all the non-princely states were subject to a test of religious majority in which the Muslim majority areas formed the Dominion of Pakistan, while the other regions formed the Dominion of India.[7] Murshidabad (the capital city for both, the Nawabs of Bengal and the Nawabs of Murshidabad) became a part of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) for two days, as it had a Muslim majority. However, it became a part of India on 17 August 1947.[56] The Pakistani flag was brought down from the Hazarduari Palace and the Indian tricolour was hoisted atop the palace.[57] The Nawabs, after the takeover by the British had no actual power and after merging with India too, they had yielded power, as the Government of India took over control of all the areas that merged with India. Furthermore, with the promulgation of the Indian Constitution on 26 January 1950, the Dominion of India was transformed into the Republic of India, and the Article 18 of the Indian Constitution (which is a part of the Right to Equality, a fundamental right in India), titles were abolished. The Article prevents the state from confirming any title except those titles given by the Government to those who have made their mark in military and academic fields. Such titles and awards include the Bharat Ratna, the Padma Shri and the Padma Vibhushan (the Supreme Court of India, on 15 December 1995, upheld the validity of such awards). Thus, with the promulgation of the Constitution, the title of the Nawab Bahadur of Murshidabad was abolished. And although, the Nawab Waris Ali Meerza held titles such as Raes ud-Daulah, they were not officially or legally recognised.[7][58]

text: Although, the Nawab Bahadur of Murshidabad had no political power the office continued to be held by the second Nawab Bahadur Syed Wasif Ali Meerza Khan Bahadur, who had held the office since 1906, and after his death in 1959, he was succeeded by his son, Syed Wasif Ali Meerza Khan Bahadur.[7] Waris Ali Meerza died in 1969,[9] survived by his three sons and three daughters. According to the Nawab’s law, the eldest son of the Nawab succeeded him, however, Waris Ali's eldest son, Wakif Ali Meerza Bahadur, was excluded from the succession by his father for contracting a non-Muslim marriage and for not professing the Muslim religion.

text: Waris Ali Meerza, the third Nawab Bahadur of Murshidabad, died in 1969, and he took no steps during his lifetime to establish his succession. And before declaring his successor Waris Ali died. There was no clear successor to Waris Ali.[59]

text: Since then there was no clear successor to Waris Ali and the titular office/post was in dispute, and a legal battle ensued. And following this as the title was in dispute, a legal battle ensued. Abbas Ali Meerza claimed to be the legal heir of Waris Ali on the basis of being the son of the daughter of Waris Alis' father, the second Nawab Bahadur of Murshidabad, Wasif Ali Meerza; while Sajid Ali Meerza claimed the same on the basis of being the son by mut‘ah marriage of Wasif Ali. The case reached the Supreme Court and finally, the Supreme Court judges, Justice Ranjan Gogoi and Justice R K Agrawal, gave their judgement on 13 August 2014, declaring the then 72-year-old Abbas Ali Meerza (full name, Syed Mohammed Abbas Ali Meerza), who happened to be the son of the only daughter of Waris Ali’s father, Wasif Ali Meerza (the third Nawab Bahadur of Murshidabad), the successor and the legal heir to the former Nawab of Murshidabad, Waris Ali Meerza. The Court directed Abbas Ali Meerza, son of Syed Muhammad Sadeque Ali Meerza, to be the direct descendant of Waris Ali Meerza. However, the case against the state's annexation of the Murshidabad Estate, which is worth several thousand crores, is still on, as of 2014[update].[9][60]

text: However, it is to be noted that after Indian independence in 1947, followed by the promulgation of the Indian Constitution on 26 January 1950, which marked the transformation of the Dominion of India into the Republic of India, the Article 18 of the Indian Constitution abolished all titles, except those given by the Government of India to those who have made their mark in military and academic fields.[10] However, under the policy of Privy Purse nobles were allowed to enjoy certain privileges and keep their titles. But this policy was abolished in 1971 by the twenty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India. Thus the title of the "Nawab Bahadur of Murshidabad" was officially, constitutionally and legally abolished in 1971.[11] Thus, as titles have been abolished in India, the title of the Nawab Bahadur of Murshidabad no longer exists. However, Abbas Ali Meerza can now succeed Waris Ali Meerza's office legally, but his title of the fourth Nawab Bahadur of Murshidabad would be unofficial, as the title is not legally and officially recognised.[9][60][61]

text: List of the Nawabs of Bengal[edit]

text: The following is a list of all the Nawabs of Bengal. Sarfaraz Khan and Mir Mohammad Jaffer Ali Khan (Mir Jaffer) were the only Nawabs to become the Nawab twice.[62] The chronology started in 1717 with Murshid Quli Khan and ended in 1881 with Mansoor Ali Khan's abdication.[29][40][62]

text:
Portrait
Titular Name
Personal Name
Birth
Reign
Death

Nasiri Dynasty

Jaafar Khan Bahadur Nasiri
Murshid Quli Khan
1665
1717–1727
1727[63][64][65]

Ala-ud-Din Haidar Jung
Sarfaraz Khan
After 1700
1727-1731
29 April 1740[66]

Shuja ud-Daula
Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan
Around 1670 (date not available)
July 1731 – 26 August 1739
26 August 1739[67][68]

Ala-ud-Din Haidar Jung
Sarfaraz Khan
After 1700
13 March 1739 – April 1740
29 April 1740[66]

Afshar Dynasty

Hashim ud-Daula
Muhammad Alivardi Khan Bahadur
Before 10 May 1671
29 April 1740 – 9 April 1756
9 April 1756[69][70]

Siraj ud-Daulah
Muhammad Siraj-ud-Daulah
1733
April 1756 – 2 June 1757
2 July 1757[71][72]

Najafi Dynasty

Ja'afar 'Ali Khan Bahadur
Mir Mohammad Jaffer Ali Khan Bahadur
1691
June 1757 – October 1760
17 January 1765[73][74][75]

Itimad ud-Daulah
Mir Qasim Ali Khan Bahadur
?
20 October 1760 – 1763
8 May 1777[76]

Ja'afar 'Ali Khan Bahadur
Mir Mohammad Jaffer Ali Khan Bahadur
1691
25 July 1763 – 17 January 1765
17 January 1765[76][77]

Nazam-ud-Daulah
Najimuddin Ali Khan Bahadur
1750
5 February 1765 – 8 May 1766
8 May 1766[78]

Saif ud-Daulah
Najabut Ali Khan Bahadur
1749
22 May 1766 – 10 March 1770
10 March 1770[79]

Mubarak ud-Daulah
Ashraf Ali Khan Bahadur
1759
21 March 1770 – 6 September 1793
6 September 1793[80]

Azud ud-Daulah
Babar Ali Khan Bahadur
?
1793 – 28 April 1810
28 April 1810[81]

Ali Jah
Zain-ud-Din Ali Khan Bahadur
?
5 June 1810 – 6 August 1821
6 August 1821[82][83]

Walla Jah
Ahmad Ali Khan Bahadur
?
1821 – 30 October 1824
30 October 1824[84][85]

Humayun Jah
Mubarak Ali Khan Bahadur
29 September 1810
1824 – 3 October 1838
3 October 1838[86][87][88]

Feradun Jah
Syed Mansoor Ali Khan Bahadur
29 October 1830
29 October 1838 – 1 November 1880 (abdicated)
5 November 1884[89]

text: List of the Nawabs of Murshidabad[edit]

text: The Nawabs of Murshidabad succeeded the Nawabs of Bengal after the abdication in 1881 and the abolition of the title of Nawab of Bengal in 1880.[29][40] There have been four Nawabs of Murshidabad, as of 2014, as follows. However, it is to be noted that Waris Ali Mirza was the last official Nawab Bahadur of Murshidabad, for titles like these were abolished in 1971. Though Abbas Ali Mirza is the legal heir to Waris Ali Mirza's office, the title no longer enjoys legal sanctity owing to the abolition of the policy of Privy Purse by the twenty-sixth amendment to the Indian Constitution:[11]

text:
Picture
Titular Name
Personal Name
Birth
Reign
Death

Najafi Dynasty

Ali Kadir
Syed Hassan Ali Mirza Khan Bahadur
25 August 1846
17 February 1882 – 25 December 1906
25 December 1906[90][self-published source?][91]

Amir ul-Omrah
Syed Wasif Ali Mirza Khan Bahadur
7 January 1875
December 1906 – 23 October 1959
23 October 1959[90][92]

Raes ud-Daulah
Syed Waris Ali Mirza Khan Bahadur
14 November 1901
1959 – 20 November 1969
20 November 1969[93]

N/A
N/A
Disputed/In abeyance[9][60]
N/A
20 November 1969 – 13 August 2014
N/A

N/A
Syed Mohammed Abbas Ali Mirza Khan Bahadur
Circa 1942
13 August 2014 – Present[9][60]
N/A

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1907, p. 46
Jump up ^ Chaudhury, Sushil; Mohsin, KM (2012). "Sirajuddaula". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Archived from the original on 14 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Singh, Vipul (2009). Longman History & Civics (Dual Government in Bengal). Pearson Education India. pp. 29–.
Jump up ^ Madhya Pradesh National Means-Cum-Merit Scholarship Exam (Warren Hasting's system of Dual Government). Upkar Prakashan. 2009. pp. 11–. ISBN 978-81-7482-744-9.
^ Jump up to: a b Murshidabad.net (8 May 2012). "Decline of the Nawabs of Bengal". Archived from the original on 2 September 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
Jump up ^ Murshidabad.net (8 May 2012). "Hassan Ali Mirza's succession". Archived from the original on 2 August 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Lumby 1954, p. 232
^ Jump up to: a b "The last reigning Nawab of Murshidabad, Waris Ali Mirza Khan Bahadur". Archived from the original on 24 August 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Mahato, Sukumar (20 August 2014). "Murshidabad gets a Nawab again, but fight for assets ahead". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 26 April 2015. Retrieved 14 June 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Article 18 of the Indian Constitution". Indiankanoon.org. Archived from the original on 31 July 2017. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Twenty Sixth Amendment to the Indian Constitution". Indiacode.nic.in. 28 December 1971. Archived from the original on 6 December 2011. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Hasan, Perween (15 August 2007). Sultans and Mosques: The Early Muslim Architecture of Bangladesh. I.B.Tauris. p. 4. ISBN 9781845113810.
Jump up ^ Knight, Lisa I. (1 June 2011). Contradictory Lives: Baul Women in India and Bangladesh. Oxford University Press. p. 191. ISBN 9780199773619.
Jump up ^ Chakraborty, Mridula Nath (26 March 2014). Being Bengali: At Home and in the World. Routledge. p. 141. ISBN 9781317818908.
Jump up ^ Ray, Asok Kumar; Chakraborty, Satyabrata (2008). Society, Politics, and Development in North East India: Essays in Memory of Dr. Basudeb Datta Ray. Concept Publishing Company. p. 195. ISBN 9788180695728.
^ Jump up to: a b David Gilmour, The Ruling Caste: Imperial Lives in the Victorian Raj (2007) pp. 46, 135
Jump up ^ Sir James Bourdillon The Partition of Bengal (London: Society of Arts) 1905
Jump up ^ "History of Bangladesh". Bangladesh Student Association. Archived from the original on 19 December 2006. Retrieved 11 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Britain Proposes Indian Partition". Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada: The Leader-Post. BUP. 2 June 1947.
Jump up ^ "Nawabs of Bengal were also known as Nawabs of Bengal and Orissa". Murshidabad.nic.in. Archived from the original on 6 January 2012. Retrieved 14 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Nawabs of Murshidabad ruled only over Murshidabad". Royal Ark. Archived from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 14 August 2012.
Jump up ^ Huq, Mohammad Daniul; Sarkar, Pabitra (2012). "Bangla Language". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Archived from the original on 6 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2006). The Delhi Sultanate, Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, p.197
Jump up ^ Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2006). The Delhi Sultanate, Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, p.212
Jump up ^ Husain, ABM (2012). "Adina Mosque". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Babu, the First Moghul Emperor: Wine and Tulips in Kabul". The Economist: 80–82. 16 December 2010. Archived from the original on 10 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Sher Khan". Columbia Encyclopedia. 2010. Archived from the original on 17 January 2010. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "Biography of Islam Shah the Successor of Sher Shah". Archived from the original on 8 December 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k "The Nawabs ruled earlier under the Mughal and later under the British". Murdhidabad.net. 8 May 2012. Archived from the original on 3 September 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
Jump up ^ Ahmed, ABM Shamsuddin (2012). "Daud Khan Karrani". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Archived from the original on 3 July 2015.
Jump up ^ The History of India: The Hindú and Mahometan Periods By Mountstuart Elphinstone, Edward Byles Cowell, Published by J. Murray, 1889, Public Domain
Jump up ^ Chatterjee, Anjali (2012). "Azim-us-Shan". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Emergence of the Nawab of Bengal with Murshid Quli khan being the first Nawab". Murshidabad.net. Archived from the original on 5 July 2012. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
Jump up ^ Mohsin, KM (2012). "Murshidabad". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Hist & Civics Viii Mat Board. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. 2005. p. 10. ISBN 9780070604452.
Jump up ^ Review Projector (India). T.R. Kesava Murthy. 1985. p. 31.
Jump up ^ Chaudhury, Sushil; Mohsin, KM (2012). "Sirajuddaula". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Archived from the original on 14 June 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Singh, Vipul (1 September 2009). Longman History & Civics (Dual Government in Bengal). Pearson Education India.
^ Jump up to: a b Madhya Pradesh National Means-Cum-Merit Scholarship Exam (Warren Hasting's system of Dual Government). Upkar Prakashan. 1 January 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Decline of the Nawabs of Bengal". Murshidabad.net. 8 May 2012. Archived from the original on 2 September 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
Jump up ^ Rahman, Urmi (23 December 2014). Bangladesh - Culture Smart!: The Essential Guide to Customs & Culture. Bravo Limited. ISBN 9781857336962.
Jump up ^ "Biography of Murshid Quli Khan". Murshidabad.net. 20 May 2012. Archived from the original on 5 July 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Defeat of Sarfaraz Khan in the Battle of Giria". Murshidabad.net. 8 May 2012. Archived from the original on 23 June 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Defeat of Siraj ud-Daulah in the Battle of Plassey". Archived from the original on 20 September 2012. Retrieved 28 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "Dynasties of The Nawabs". Murshidabad.net. 8 May 2012. Archived from the original on 3 September 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Bengal subah was one the richest subahs of the Mughal Empire". Archived from the original on 19 August 2012. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b History Modern India – S. N. Sen – Google Books. Books.google.co.in. Retrieved 6 July 2012.
Jump up ^ SNHM. Vol. II, pp. 209, 224.
Jump up ^ Wernham, R. B. (1 Nov 1968). The New Cambridge Modern History: Volume 3, Counter-Reformation and Price Revolution, 1559–1610 (Maratha invasion of Bengal). CUP Archive. Retrieved 14 August 2012.
Jump up ^ Sarkar, Jadunath (1 Jan 1991). Fall Of The Mughal Empire- Vol. I (4Th Edn.) (Maratha Chauth from Bihar). Orient Blackswan. Retrieved 14 August 2012.
Jump up ^ George Michell and Mark Zebrowski (10 Jun 1999). Architecture and Art of the Deccan Sultanates, Volumes 1-7 (Maratha raids in Bihar). Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 14 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Incidents during Mubarak ud-Daulah's reign". Murshidabad.net. 8 May 2012. Archived from the original on 9 October 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Decline of the Nawabs of Bengal". Murshidabad.net. 8 May 2012. Archived from the original on 2 September 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Hassan Ali Meerza's succession". Murshidabad.net. 8 May 2012. Archived from the original on 2 August 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Nawabs of Murshidabad had little or no say". Royal Ark. Archived from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
Jump up ^ Prakash, Ved (2008). Terrorism in India's North-east: A Gathering Storm. Gyan Publishing House. p. 350. ISBN 9788178356617.
Jump up ^ "Nawabs' Murshidabad House lies in tatters". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 5 January 2017. Retrieved 2 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Article 18 of Indian Constitution and Abolition of Titles". GK Today. Archived from the original on 18 June 2015. Retrieved 18 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Decline of the Nawabs of Murshidabad". Murshidabad.net. 24 May 2012. Archived from the original on 24 August 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Portrait of an accidental Nawab". The Times of India. 22 August 2014. Archived from the original on 23 August 2014. Retrieved 14 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "The last Nawab of Murshidabad, Waris Ali Meerza Khan Bahadur". Archived from the original on 24 August 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Nawabs of Bengal (chronologically)". Archived from the original on 6 January 2012. Retrieved 28 July 2012.
Jump up ^ Paul, Gautam. "Murshidabad History - Murshid Quli Khan". murshidabad.net. Archived from the original on 21 April 2016. Retrieved 7 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Murshid Quli Khan | Indian nawab". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 1 August 2016. Retrieved 7 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Karim, Abdul (2012). "Murshid Quli Khan". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Archived from the original on 4 April 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Paul, Gautam. "Murshidabad History - Sarfaraz Khan". murshidabad.net. Archived from the original on 21 April 2016. Retrieved 7 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Karim, KM (2012). "Shujauddin Muhammad Khan". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Archived from the original on 10 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Paul, Gautam. "Murshidabad History - Suja-ud-Daulla". murshidabad.net. Archived from the original on 21 April 2016. Retrieved 7 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Paul, Gautam. "Murshidabad History - Alivardi Khan". murshidabad.net. Archived from the original on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 7 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Bengal, Past & Present: Journal of the Calcutta Historical Society. The Society. 1962. pp. 34–36.
Jump up ^ Paul, Gautam. "Murshidabad History - Siraj-ud-Daulla". murshidabad.net. Archived from the original on 7 May 2016. Retrieved 7 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah". Story Of Pakistan. 3 January 2005. Archived from the original on 4 August 2016. Retrieved 7 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Zaidpūrī), Ghulām Ḥusain (called Salīm) (1902). The Riyaz̤u-s-salāt̤īn: A History of Bengal. Asiatic Society. p. 384.
Jump up ^ Paul, Gautam. "Murshidabad History - Mir Muhammed Jafar Ali Khan". murshidabad.net. Archived from the original on 8 April 2016. Retrieved 7 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Portrait of an accidental Nawab". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 22 August 2016. Retrieved 7 May 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Shah, Mohammad (2012). "Mir Jafar Ali Khan". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Archived from the original on 3 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Bibliotheca Indica. Baptist Mission Press. 1902. p. 397.
Jump up ^ Paul, Gautam. "Murshidabad History - Najam-ud-Daulla". murshidabad.net. Archived from the original on 21 April 2016. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Paul, Gautam. "Murshidabad History - Saif-ud-Daulla". murshidabad.net. Archived from the original on 21 April 2016. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Khan, Abdul Majed (3 December 2007). The Transition in Bengal, 1756-75: A Study of Saiyid Muhammad Reza Khan. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521049825.
Jump up ^ Paul, Gautam. "Murshidabad History - Babar Ali Delair Jang". murshidabad.net. Archived from the original on 21 October 2016. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Paul, Gautam. "Murshidabad History - Ali Jah". murshidabad.net. Archived from the original on 6 April 2016. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Majumdar, Purna Chundra (1905). The Musnud of Murshidabad (1704-1904): being a synopsis of the history of Murshidabad for the last two centuries, to which are appended notes of places and objects of interest at Murshidabad. Saroda Ray. p. 49.
Jump up ^ Paul, Gautam. "Murshidabad History - Wala Jah". murshidabad.net. Archived from the original on 21 October 2016. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Indian Records: With a Commercial View of the Relations Between the British Government and the Nawabs Nazim of Bengal, Behar and Orissa. G. Bubb. 1870. p. 75.
Jump up ^ Paul, Gautam. "Murshidabad History - Humayun Jah". murshidabad.net. Archived from the original on 10 June 2016. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Majumdar, Purna Chundra (1905). The Musnud of Murshidabad (1704-1904): being a synopsis of the history of Murshidabad for the last two centuries, to which are appended notes of places and objects of interest at Murshidabad. Saroda Ray. p. 50.
Jump up ^ Ray, Aniruddha (13 September 2016). Towns and Cities of Medieval India: A Brief Survey. Routledge. ISBN 9781351997300.
Jump up ^ Paul, Gautam. "Murshidabad History - Feradun Jah". murshidabad.net. Archived from the original on 22 March 2017. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "MURSHID16". www.royalark.net. Archived from the original on 2 October 2016. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Paul, Gautam. "Murshidabad History - Hassan Ali". murshidabad.net. Archived from the original on 1 September 2016. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Company, East India (1807). Papers Presented to the House of Commons Concerning the Late Nabob of the Carnatic. p. 118.
Jump up ^ Paul, Gautam. "Murshidabad History - Waresh Ali". murshidabad.net. Archived from the original on 22 March 2017. Retrieved 9 October 2016.


question_text: who sang the song what condition my condition is in

root

text:
[hide]This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources. (November 2015)

(Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text:
"Just Dropped In (To See What Condition My Condition Was In)"

Single by Mickey Newbury

from the album Harlequin Melodies

Genre
Psychedelic pop[1]

Songwriter(s)
Mickey Newbury

text: "Just Dropped In (To See What Condition My Condition Was In)" is a counterculture era song written by Mickey Newbury & first a chart hit for Kenny Rogers and the First Edition in 1968. Said to reflect the LSD experience, the song was intended to be a warning against the danger of using LSD. First recorded on October 10, 1967 by Teddy Hill & the Southern Soul as a single on Rice Records (Rice 5028 b/w "Stagger Lee") and produced by Norro Wilson, Jerry Lee Lewis soon covered the song for his album Soul My Way.

tag: p

text: In 1968, "Just Dropped In ..." was a hit for Kenny Rogers and the First Edition (with Kenny Rogers on lead vocals). It was Rogers' first top ten hit on the Billboard charts, where it peaked at number five.[2] The song captures the short-lived psychedelic era of the late 1960s, and stands apart from the country folk harmonies that characterized most of the First Edition's catalog,[3] and got the group their first national TV audience on The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour.

text: The song features Rogers on lead vocals and was the group's second single from the band's eponymous album The First Edition. Producer Mike Post reversed a few riffs to create the intro, and the solo played by Glen Campbell was heavily compressed and used a tremolo effect to achieve its sound. Another studio guitarist, Mike Deasy, provided the acoustic lead guitar parts.

text: When Rogers signed to United Artists Records in the mid-1970s after the group split, he re-recorded the track for his Ten Years of Gold album.

text: Covers[edit]

text:
Bettye LaVette, Karen Records (KA 1544), 1968, flip side to "Get Away". On that release it is called "What Condition My Condition Is In"
Styvar Manor, British group, 1970, issued as single on Polydor.
Jim Turner of comedy troupe Duck's Breath Mystery Theatre performed (as his character Randee of the Redwoods) a surprisingly faithful version on the Ducks' 1986 album Born To Be Tiled.
Die Haut, 1988, with Nick Cave as guest singer.
Supergrass as a B-Side to their 1995 single Alright/Time
The Raymen, Death-Country/Goth-Americana-Billy band, 1998
Willie Nelson, on his 2001 album "Rainbow Connection" and his 2002 album The Great Divide
Mojo Nixon, 2001
Children of Bodom, melodic death metal band, on the Japanese release of their "Blooddrunk" album as a bonus track and on their 2009 cover album "Skeletons in the Closet"
Tom Jones, on the Deluxe Edition of "Spirit in the Room" in 2012
Murder by Death, Americana band, 2012
the Launderettes, Norwegian rock group, 2013, [4]
The Fantastics, Donegal-based band, 2014.
Sinister Dexter, San Francisco soul/funk group, 2014
White Denim exclusively for the black comedy–crime drama television series Fargo, which played over the credits of the "Did you do this? No, you did it!" episode of the second season in 2015.[5]
Abe Diddy and The Krautboys on the album Follow in 2016
Sharon Jones & The Dap-Kings, on the original motion picture soundtrack for the film Soul Men
Reef for their compilation album Together.[6]
Jeff Walker Und Die Fluffers (former lead singer of Carcass), on album Welcome to Carcass Cuntry

tag: ul

text: In popular culture (First Edition version)[edit]

text: The song is featured in a dream sequence from the Coen Brothers' 1998 film The Big Lebowski. Additionally, it plays during the end credits of the 2000 video game Driver 2; the title screen and end credits of the 2013 video game Stick It To The Man and is featured in the 2010 action movie Faster. It is also used is season 3, episode 1 of Chuck: "Chuck Versus the Pink Slip". A short clip is heard in the 2015 HBO documentary Going Clear: Scientology and the Prison of Belief. It is also on the TV series Fargo, season 2 episode 7.


document_title: E.G. Daily

question_text: who sang better off dead in the movie better off dead

text: E.G. Daily

text: Acting career[edit]

text: Voice acting[edit]

text: She has voiced television characters such as Tommy Pickles in Rugrats and its spin-off All Grown Up! and in the Rugrats film series, Buttercup in The Powerpuff Girls, Rudy Tabootie in ChalkZone, and Freefall / Roxy Spaulding in the film Gen¹³ and Private Isabel "Dizzy" Flores in Roughnecks: Starship Troopers Chronicles. She provided the voice for the title role in the live-action feature film Babe: Pig in the City, replacing Christine Cavanaugh. More recently in 2013, she began doing the voice of Julius Jr. on the self-titled Nick Jr. television show.

text: In a 2000 article from LA Weekly, in reference to how she portrays Buttercup on The Powerpuff Girls, Daily says: "Spicy Buttercup is feisty. She's passionate about things, and a little bit aggressive I get to rage out every now and then. You have to be pretty contained a lot of the time, and Buttercup sometimes gets a little leaky."[1]

text: Live acting[edit]

text: Besides doing voice-overs, Daily has acted in film and on TV. She played Sandy Burns on the PBS series The Righteous Apples from 1980 to 1981. In 1985, she starred as Dottie in Pee-wee's Big Adventure as well as Loryn in Valley Girl and as a singer in the comedy Better Off Dead. She also appeared on such shows as Laverne & Shirley, CHiPs, Fame and Friends. She was also in the video for Rod Stewart's song "Young Turks" as Patti, one of the runaway teens.[2] She has been cast in several Rob Zombie films, most recently in 2015 as Sex-Head in Rob Zombie's 31,[3] the woman on the side of Torsten Voges, who plays Death-Head.[4]

text: Stand-up comic[edit]

text: Daily created and performed a one-woman stand-up comedy tour about the ups and downs of her career and life.[citation needed]

text: Singing career[edit]

text: Daily signed with A&M Records in 1985, working with Madonna's frequent collaborators John "Jellybean" Benitez and Stephen Bray. In 1986, that label released the R&B/Rock single "Say It, Say It". The song made it to No. 70 on the Billboard Hot 100, and the No. 1 spot on the Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart. (Other versions of the song appeared as early as 1981). Her songs "Shake It Up" and "I'm Hot Tonight" were included in the soundtrack to the film Scarface. Those same songs were later included in the lineup of fictional radio station Flashback 95.6 FM in the Grand Theft Auto III video game. They were also included in the Scarface: The World Is Yours video game, based on the 1983 film. Her hit "Love in the Shadows" was featured in the films Thief of Hearts and Circuit.

text: Also in 1985, she provided back-up vocals for The Human League front-man Philip Oakey's debut solo album, Philip Oakey & Giorgio Moroder.[5] That same year, she appeared in the comedy film Better Off Dead, singing the songs "One Way Love (Better Off Dead)" and "A Little Luck" as a member of a band performing at a high school dance. Both songs were included on the soundtrack album credited to E. G. Daily. She performed a song on The Breakfast Club soundtrack called "Waiting".

text: In 1987, she released the song "Mind over Matter", which is featured in the film Summer School. Daily plays guitar, harmonica, keyboards, and percussion instruments. In her 1988 song, "Some People", from her Lace Around the Wound album, produced by Lotti Golden and Tommy Faragher, she plays guitar and harmonica. In 1999, she released her third studio album Tearing Down the Walls.

text: Daily released a song titled "Changing Faces" in 2003. The song was used on the end credits of Rugrats Go Wild. She also released a single titled "Beautiful" which she made available through iTunes on April 29, 2008. She also sang the song "Dawn's Theme", which was used at the end of the movie Streets. From 2003 to 2011, Daily did the voice-over of Jake Harper singing the Two and a Half Men song.[6]

text: Her genres are country, dance, pop and rock.

text: The Voice[edit]

text: In fall 2013, Daily sang as a contestant on the fifth season of the NBC reality show The Voice. In the blind audition broadcast on September 24, 2013, she sang "Breathe" from Faith Hill. Two of the four judges on the show, Blake Shelton and CeeLo Green, turned around their chairs for her. She chose to be on Team Blake.

text: Daily proceeded to win her battle in the shows battle round's singing the song "Something to Talk About". She lost in the Knockout Rounds, with a performance of Bonnie Raitt's, "I Can't Make You Love Me".

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Daily was dating actor Jon-Erik Hexum of the television show Cover Up at the time of his death in 1984. She was rumored to have dated actor and comedian Paul Reubens while filming Pee-wee's Big Adventure, and has also been in a brief relationship with actor Brad Pitt.

text: Daily was married to Rick Salomon from 1995 to 2000.[citation needed] They had two daughters, Hunter (born in 1996) and Tyson (born in 1998). Daily also owns 2 dogs which are a chihuahua and a rottweiler.[7]

text: Filmography[edit]

text: Film[edit]

text:
Year
Film
Role
Notes

1978
Jukebox
Audition Dancer
Credited as Elizabeth Guttman

1981
Street Music
Sadie Deleward

1982
One Dark Night
Leslie Winslow

The Escape Artist
Sandra

Wacko
Bambi

Ladies and Gentlemen, The Fabulous Stains
Motel Maid

1983
Funny Money
Cass

Valley Girl
Loryn

1984
Streets of Fire
Baby Doll

No Small Affair
Susan

1985
Fandango
Judy

Pee-wee's Big Adventure
Dottie

Better Off Dead
Singer

1988
Bad Dreams
Lana

1989
Loverboy
Linda

1991
Dutch
Hailey

Dogfight
Marcie

1992
Lorenzo's Oil
Vocal effects for Lorenzo

1994
The Little Rascals
Dubbing voice of Froggy

The Flintstones
Dubbing voice of Bamm-Bamm
Uncredited

1995
A Goofy Movie
Additional Voices

1996
Jungle Cubs
Bagheera
First season only

1998
The Rugrats Movie
Tommy Pickles

Babe: Pig in the City
Babe

1999
Gen¹³
Freefall
Unreleased in US, but direct-to-video in Europe and Australia

2000
Bob's Video
V.C.

Alvin and the Chipmunks Meet the Wolfman
Nathan
Direct-to-video

Scooby-Doo! and the Witch's Ghost
Additional Voices
Direct-to-video

Rugrats in Paris: The Movie
Tommy Pickles

2001
Recess: School's Out
Cap'n Sticky

The Trumpet of the Swan
Ella

2002
The Making and Meaning of 'We Are Family'

Documentary

The Powerpuff Girls Movie
Buttercup

The Country Bears
Beary Barrington (singing voice)

2003
Rugrats Go Wild
Tommy Pickles

2005
Potheads: The Movie
Mrs. B Johnson

The Devil's Rejects
Candy

2006
Cutting Room (film)
Joanne Kramer

Mustang Sally
Mustang Sally

Happy Feet
Baby Mumble

National Lampoon's Pledge This!
Catherine Johnson

2007
White Air
Alex's Mother

2008
Gnomes and Trolls: The Secret Chamber
Junior

2009
My Sister's Keeper
Nurse Susan

2010
Cats & Dogs: The Revenge of Kitty Galore
Catherine's Niece, Patches & Scrumptious (voice)

Gnomes and Trolls: The Forest Trial
Junior

2011
Boy Toy
Helen
Video
credited as "E. G. Daily

Happy Feet Two
Erik (vocals)/Additional Voices

2012
Yellow
Aunt Netty

Wreck-It Ralph
Additional Voices

2013
I Know That Voice
Herself
Documentary film on voice acting[8][9]

2014
The Hero of Color City
Ben

2015
Toy Soldier
Young Logan

2016
31
Sex-Head

Pizza Mouse
Alice Mouse

Mothers and Daughters
Momma Quinn

2017
The Emoji Movie
Additional Voices

text: Short subjects[edit]

text:
Year
Film
Role
Notes

1985
The Orkly Kid
Carrissa

2004
Stop That Cycle
Mom

2004
Wait

2007
Up-In-Down Town
Binko (voice)

2015
Father Mud
Mary

Toy Soldier
Young Logan (voice)

2020
Underlings
Arthur

text: Television[edit]

text:
Year
Film
Role
Notes

1982
CHiPs
Caroll Sweeney
Season 5, Episode 17

1986
Saturday Night Live
Herself (as E. G. Daily)
Musical guest (episode 212, May 17, 1986)

1987
Popples
Potato Chip
Live-action pilot

1989
Camp Candy
Rick/Alex/Binky
Season 3

1991–2004
Rugrats
Tommy Pickles, Baby Stu Pickles, Various Voices
172 episodes

1992
Darkwing Duck
Lightwave
Episode: The Frequency Fiends

1992–97
Eek! The Cat
Wendy Elizabeth (voice)
30 episodes

1993
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
Quarx (voice)
Episode: "The Star Child"

1994–97
Duckman
Mambo (voice)
15 episodes

1995
Bump in the Night
Germ Girls (voice)
1 episode

1995–96
What-a-Mess
Voice
3 episodes

1995–97
The What-A-Cartoon! Show
Buttercup (voice)
2 episodes

1996
Timon & Pumbaa
Girl (voice)
Episode: "Shopping Mauled/Library Brouhaha"

Cave Kids
Bamm-Bamm Rubble (singing voice)
8 episodes

Jungle Cubs
Bagheera (voice)
13 episodes

1996–97
Quack Pack
Louie (voice)
39 episodes

1997
Friends
Leslie (as E. G. Daily)
Episode: "The One with Phoebe's Ex-Partner"

Spicy City
Nisa, Darleen (voice)
Episode: "Love is a Download"

1997–98
The Crayon Box
Piggy Banks (voice)
Voice

1997–2001
Recess
Various Voices
4 episodes

1998
The New Batman Adventures
Thrift Store Manager (voice)
Episode: "Beware the Creeper"

1998–2005
The Powerpuff Girls
Buttercup, Various Voices
81 episodes

1999–2000
Roughnecks: Starship Troopers Chronicles
Private Isabelle "Dizzy" Flores (voice)
40 episodes

1999–2002
The New Woody Woodpecker Show
Knothead (voice)
15 episodes

2000–02
Baby Blues
Zoe

2000–03
Clifford the Big Red Dog
Cousin Laura (voice)
1 episode

2001–07
What's with Andy?
Additional Voices
5 episodes

2002–08
ChalkZone
Rudy Tabootie (voice), Various Voices
42 episodes

2003–08
All Grown Up!
Tommy Pickles (voice), Various Voices
52 episodes

2003–10
Two and a Half Men
Jake Harper (voice – opening theme song)

2004
Game Over
Billy Smashenburn, Zenna
6 episodes

2005
Danger Rangers
Bobby, Kid, and Sparky

2006–2015
Curious George
Steve, Various Voices
44 episodes

2007
The Land Before Time
Rhett, Shorty (voice)
Episodes: "The Brave Longneck Scheme" (as Rhett), "The Big Longneck Test" (as Shorty)

Random! Cartoons
Victor, One-Eyed Bird, Co-Worker No. 1 (voice)
Episode: "Victor"

2007–08
Ni Hao, Kai-Lan
Mr. Hoppy (voice)
2 episodes

2008
Rahan
The Shadow Queen
26 episodes

2010–12
The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes
Bobbi Morse/Mockingbird/Veranke
5 episodes

2010–13
Pound Puppies
Dolly, Mom (2), Tipper, Scout, Various Voices
22 episodes

2013
The Voice
Herself/Contestant

2013–15
Julius Jr.
Julius Junior (voice)
51 episodes

2014
TripTank
Anthony, Sean, Kids 2-6 (voice)
3 episodes

2016
Avengers: Ultron Revolution
Moonstone/Meteorite (voice)
3 episodes

The Middle
Daphne
Episode: "The Wisdom Teeth"

2017
Adam Ruins Everything
Student (voice)
Episode: "Adam Ruins What We Learned in School"

text: Video games[edit]

text:
Year
Video game
Role
Notes

1995
Stonekeep
Sweetie Surly

1997
Duckman: The Graphic Adventures of a Private Dick
Mambo

1998
Rugrats Adventure Game
Tommy Pickles, Parade Lady

Rugrats: Search for Reptar
Tommy Pickles

2000
Rugrats in Paris: The Movies
Tommy Pickles

2001
Nicktoons Racing
Tommy Pickles

The Powerpuff Girls: Mojo Jojo's Pet Project
Buttercup

The Powerpuff Girls: Chemical X-traction
Buttercup

2002
Rugrats: Royal Ransom
Tommy Pickles

The Powerpuff Girls: Relish Rampage
Buttercup, Male Child 5, Female Child 5

2003
Rugrats Go Wild!
Tommy Pickles

2004
The Incredibles
Helen Parr/Elastigirl

2006
Baten Kaitos Origins
Wacho

Downhill Jam
Fei Liu

Happy Feet
Toddler Mumble, Toddler Gloria

2008
Speed Racer: The Videogame
Rosey Blaze

2009
Cartoon Network Universe: FusionFall
Buttercup

Marvel: Ultimate Alliance 2
Spider-Woman (Jessica Drew)

2012
Skylanders: Giants
Sprocket

2013
Skylanders: Swap Force
Sprocket

2014
Skylanders: Trap Team
Sprocket

2015
Skylanders: SuperChargers
Sprocket
[10]

Fire Emblem Fates
Hinoka, Peri, Selkie
credited as "Lizzy Hunter"

2016
Doom
UAC Facility voice, additional voices
credited as "E. G. Daily"

text: Discography[edit]

text: Albums[edit]

text:
Title
Album details

Wild Child

Released: 1985
Label: A&M
Formats: CD, LP, cassette

Lace Around the Wound

Released: May 25, 1989
Label: A&M
Formats: CD, LP, cassette

Tearing Down the Walls

Released: April 13, 1999
Label: EGDP
Formats: CD

Changing Faces

Released: 2008
Label: EGDP
Formats: CD

text: Singles[edit]

text:
Year
Single
Peak chart positions
Album

US
US Club
US Dance
US R&B
CAN
FR
IT
NL
NZ

1986
"Say It, Say It"
70
1
4
71
46
–
22
13
14
Wild Child

"Love in the Shadows"
–
6
14
–
–
–
–
37
—

1987
"Mind over Matter"
–
7
17
–
–
–
–
–
—
Summer School soundtrack

1989
"Some People"
–
33
–
–
–
–
–
–
—
Lace Around the Wound

1990
"This Time"
–
–
–
–
–
5
–
–
—

1999
"Don't Even Care"
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
—
Tearing Down the Walls

"Breath of Heaven"
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
—

2003
"Changing Faces"
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
—
Changing Faces

2008
"Beautiful"
–
19
–
–
–
–
–
–
—

2010
"Somebody's Loving You"
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
—
Non-album single


document_title: Robert Louis Stevenson

question_text: when did robert louis stevenson write treasure island

text: Robert Louis Stevenson

text: Life[edit]

text: Childhood and youth[edit]

text: Stevenson was born at 8 Howard Place, Edinburgh, Scotland, on 13 November 1850, to Thomas Stevenson (1818–87), a leading lighthouse engineer, and his wife Margaret Isabella (born Balfour; 1829–97). He was christened Robert Lewis Balfour Stevenson. At about age 18, Stevenson changed the spelling of "Lewis" to "Louis", and in 1873, he dropped "Balfour".[7][8]

text: Lighthouse design was the family's profession: Thomas's father (Robert's grandfather) was the famous civil engineer Robert Stevenson, and both of Thomas's brothers (Robert's uncles) Alan and David, were in the same field.[9] Indeed, even Thomas's maternal grandfather, Thomas Smith, had been in the same profession. However, Robert's mother's family were not of the same profession. Margaret's natal family, the Balfours, were gentry, tracing their lineage back to a certain Alexander Balfour who had held the lands of Inchyra in Fife in the fifteenth century. Margaret's father, Lewis Balfour (1777–1860), was a minister of the Church of Scotland at nearby Colinton,[10] and her siblings included the physician George William Balfour and the marine engineer James Balfour. Stevenson spent the greater part of his boyhood holidays in his maternal grandfather's house. "Now I often wonder," wrote Stevenson, "what I inherited from this old minister. I must suppose, indeed, that he was fond of preaching sermons, and so am I, though I never heard it maintained that either of us loved to hear them."[11]

text: Lewis Balfour and his daughter both had weak chests, so they often needed to stay in warmer climates for their health. Stevenson inherited a tendency to coughs and fevers, exacerbated when the family moved to a damp, chilly house at 1 Inverleith Terrace in 1851.[12] The family moved again to the sunnier 17 Heriot Row when Stevenson was six years old, but the tendency to extreme sickness in winter remained with him until he was eleven. Illness would be a recurrent feature of his adult life and left him extraordinarily thin.[13] Contemporary views were that he had tuberculosis, but more recent views are that it was bronchiectasis[14] or even sarcoidosis.[15]

text: Stevenson's parents were both devout and serious Presbyterians, but the household was not strict in its adherence to Calvinist principles. His nurse, Alison Cunningham (known as Cummy),[16] was more fervently religious. Her Calvinism and folk beliefs were an early source of nightmares for the child, and he showed a precocious concern for religion.[17] But she also cared for him tenderly in illness, reading to him from Bunyan and the Bible as he lay sick in bed and telling tales of the Covenanters. Stevenson recalled this time of sickness in "The Land of Counterpane" in A Child's Garden of Verses (1885),[18] dedicating the book to his nurse.[19]

text: An only child, strange-looking and eccentric, Stevenson found it hard to fit in when he was sent to a nearby school at age six, a problem repeated at age eleven when he went on to the Edinburgh Academy; but he mixed well in lively games with his cousins in summer holidays at Colinton.[20] In any case, his frequent illnesses often kept him away from his first school, so he was taught for long stretches by private tutors. He was a late reader, first learning at age seven or eight, but even before this he dictated stories to his mother and nurse.[21] He compulsively wrote stories throughout his childhood. His father was proud of this interest; he had also written stories in his spare time until his own father found them and told him to "give up such nonsense and mind your business."[9] He paid for the printing of Robert's first publication at sixteen, an account of the Covenanters' rebellion, which was published on its two hundredth anniversary, The Pentland Rising: A Page of History, 1666 (1866).[22]

text: Education[edit]

text: In September 1857, Stevenson went to Mr Henderson's School in India Street, Edinburgh, but because of poor health stayed only a few weeks and did not return until October 1859. During his many absences he was taught by private tutors. In October 1861, he went to Edinburgh Academy, an independent school for boys, and stayed there sporadically for about fifteen months. In the autumn of 1863, he spent one term at an English boarding school at Spring Grove in Isleworth in Middlesex (now an urban area of West London). In October 1864, following an improvement to his health, he was sent to Robert Thomson's private school in Frederick Street, Edinburgh, where he remained until he went to university.[23] In November 1867, Stevenson entered the University of Edinburgh to study engineering. He showed from the start no enthusiasm for his studies and devoted much energy to avoiding lectures. This time was more important for the friendships he made with other students in the Speculative Society (an exclusive debating club), particularly with Charles Baxter, who would become Stevenson's financial agent, and with a professor, Fleeming Jenkin, whose house staged amateur drama in which Stevenson took part, and whose biography he would later write.[24] Perhaps most important at this point in his life was a cousin, Robert Alan Mowbray Stevenson (known as "Bob"), a lively and light-hearted young man who, instead of the family profession, had chosen to study art.[25] Each year during vacations, Stevenson travelled to inspect the family's engineering works—to Anstruther and Wick in 1868, with his father on his official tour of Orkney and Shetland islands lighthouses in 1869, and for three weeks to the island of Erraid in 1870. He enjoyed the travels more for the material they gave for his writing than for any engineering interest. The voyage with his father pleased him because a similar journey of Walter Scott with Robert Stevenson had provided the inspiration for Scott's 1822 novel The Pirate.[26] In April 1871, Stevenson notified his father of his decision to pursue a life of letters. Though the elder Stevenson was naturally disappointed, the surprise cannot have been great, and Stevenson's mother reported that he was "wonderfully resigned" to his son's choice. To provide some security, it was agreed that Stevenson should read Law (again at Edinburgh University) and be called to the Scottish bar.[27] In his 1887 poetry collection Underwoods, Stevenson muses on his having turned from the family profession:[28]

text:
Say not of me that weakly I declined
The labours of my sires, and fled the sea,
The towers we founded and the lamps we lit,
To play at home with paper like a child.
But rather say: In the afternoon of time
A strenuous family dusted from its hands
The sand of granite, and beholding far
Along the sounding coast its pyramids
And tall memorials catch the dying sun,
Smiled well content, and to this childish task
Around the fire addressed its evening hours.

text: In other respects too, Stevenson was moving away from his upbringing. His dress became more Bohemian; he already wore his hair long, but he now took to wearing a velveteen jacket and rarely attended parties in conventional evening dress.[29] Within the limits of a strict allowance, he visited cheap pubs and brothels.[30] More importantly, he had come to reject Christianity and declared himself an atheist.[31] In January 1873, his father came across the constitution of the LJR (Liberty, Justice, Reverence) Club, of which Stevenson and his cousin Bob were members, which began: "Disregard everything our parents have taught us". Questioning his son about his beliefs, he discovered the truth, leading to a long period of dissension with both parents:[32]

text: What a damned curse I am to my parents! As my father said "You have rendered my whole life a failure". As my mother said "This is the heaviest affliction that has ever befallen me". O Lord, what a pleasant thing it is to have damned the happiness of (probably) the only two people who care a damn about you in the world.

text: Early writing and travels[edit]

text: Stevenson was visiting a cousin in England in late 1873 when he met two people who became very important to him: Sidney Colvin and Fanny (Frances Jane) Sitwell. Sitwell was a 34-year-old woman with a son, who was separated from her husband. She attracted the devotion of many who met her, including Colvin, who eventually married her in 1901. Stevenson was also drawn to her, and they kept up a heated correspondence over several years in which he wavered between the role of a suitor and a son (he addressed her as "Madonna").[33] Colvin became Stevenson's literary adviser and was the first editor of Stevenson's letters after his death. Soon after their first meeting, he had placed Stevenson's first paid contribution in The Portfolio—an essay entitled "Roads".[34]

text: Stevenson was soon active in London literary life, becoming acquainted with many of the writers of the time, including Andrew Lang, Edmund Gosse,[35] and Leslie Stephen, the editor of the Cornhill Magazine who took an interest in Stevenson's work. Stephen in turn introduced him to a more important friend while visiting Edinburgh in 1875. He took Stevenson with him to visit a patient at the Edinburgh Infirmary named William Ernest Henley, an energetic and talkative man with a wooden leg. Henley became a close friend and occasional literary collaborator, until a quarrel broke up the friendship in 1888. Henley is often seen as the model for Long John Silver in Treasure Island.[36]

text: Stevenson was sent to Menton on the French Riviera in November 1873 to recuperate after his health failed. He returned in better health in April 1874 and settled down to his studies, but he returned to France several times after that.[37] He made long and frequent trips to the neighborhood of the Forest of Fontainebleau, staying at Barbizon, Grez-sur-Loing, and Nemours and becoming a member of the artists' colonies there, as well as to Paris to visit galleries and the theatres.[38] He qualified for the Scottish bar in July 1875, and his father added a brass plate to the Heriot Row house reading "R.L. Stevenson, Advocate". His law studies did influence his books, but he never practised law;[39] all his energies were spent in travel and writing. One of his journeys was a canoe voyage in Belgium and France with Sir Walter Simpson, a friend from the Speculative Society, a frequent travel companion, and the author of The Art of Golf (1887). This trip was the basis of his first travel book An Inland Voyage (1878).[40]

text: Marriage[edit]

text: The canoe voyage with Simpson brought Stevenson to Grez in September 1876, where he first met Fanny Van de Grift Osbourne (1840–1914). Born in Indianapolis, she had married at age seventeen and moved to Nevada to rejoin husband Samuel after his participation in the American Civil War. That marriage produced three children: Isobel (or "Belle"), Lloyd, and Hervey (who died in 1875). But anger over her husband's infidelities led to a number of separations. In 1875, she had taken her children to France, where she and Isobel studied art.[41]

text: Although Stevenson returned to Britain shortly after this first meeting, Fanny apparently remained in his thoughts, and he wrote an essay, "On falling in love", for the Cornhill Magazine.[42] They met again early in 1877 and became lovers. Stevenson spent much of the following year with her and her children in France.[43] In August 1878, Fanny returned to San Francisco, California. Stevenson at first remained in Europe, making the walking trip that would form the basis for Travels with a Donkey in the Cévennes (1879). But in August 1879, he set off to join her, against the advice of his friends and without notifying his parents. He took second-class passage on the steamship Devonia, in part to save money but also to learn how others traveled and to increase the adventure of the journey.[44] From New York City, he traveled overland by train to California. He later wrote about the experience in The Amateur Emigrant. Although it was good experience for his literature, it broke his health.

text: He was near death when he arrived in Monterey, California, where some local ranchers nursed him back to health. In Monterey he stayed for a time at the French Hotel (located at 530 Houston Street), now called the "Stevenson House" after him and now a museum dedicated to his memory. While there, he often dined "on the cuff," as he said, at a nearby restaurant run by a Frenchman, Jules Simoneau, that stood at what is now Simoneau Plaza; several years later, he sent Simoneau an inscribed copy of his novel Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde (1886), writing that it would be a stranger case still if Robert Louis Stevenson ever forgot Jules Simoneau. While in Monterey, Stevenson wrote an evocative article about "the Old Pacific Capital", Monterey.

text: By December 1879, Stevenson had recovered his health enough to continue to San Francisco, where for several months he struggled "all alone on forty-five cents a day, and sometimes less, with quantities of hard work and many heavy thoughts,"[45] in an effort to support himself through his writing. But by the end of the winter, his health was broken again and he found himself at death's door. Fanny, now divorced and recovered from her own illness, came to Stevenson's bedside and nursed him to recovery. "After a while," he wrote, "my spirit got up again in a divine frenzy, and has since kicked and spurred my vile body forward with great emphasis and success."[46] When his father heard of his condition, he cabled him money to help him through this period.

text: Fanny and Robert were married in May 1880, although, as he said, he was "a mere complication of cough and bones, much fitter for an emblem of mortality than a bridegroom."[47] With his new wife and her son, Lloyd,[48] he travelled north of San Francisco to Napa Valley and spent a summer honeymoon at an abandoned mining camp on Mount Saint Helena. He wrote about this experience in The Silverado Squatters. He met Charles Warren Stoddard, co-editor of the Overland Monthly and author of South Sea Idylls, who urged Stevenson to travel to the South Pacific, an idea which would return to him many years later. In August 1880, he sailed with Fanny and Lloyd from New York to Britain and found his parents and his friend Sidney Colvin on the wharf at Liverpool, happy to see him return home. Gradually, his new wife was able to patch up differences between father and son and make herself a part of the new family through her charm and wit.

text: Attempted settlement in Europe and the US[edit]

text: For the next seven years, between 1880 and 1887, Stevenson searched in vain for a place of residence suitable to his state of health. He spent his summers at various places in Scotland and England, including Westbourne, Dorset, a residential area in Bournemouth. It was during his time in Bournemouth that he wrote the story Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, naming one of the characters (Mr Poole) after the town of Poole, which is situated next to Bournemouth. In Westbourne he named his house Skerryvore after the tallest lighthouse in Scotland, which his uncle Alan had built (1838–1844). In the wintertime, Stevenson travelled to France and lived at Davos Platz[49] and the Chalet de Solitude at Hyères, where, for a time, he enjoyed almost complete happiness. "I have so many things to make life sweet for me," he wrote, "it seems a pity I cannot have that other one thing—health. But though you will be angry to hear it, I believe, for myself at least, what is is best. I believed it all through my worst days, and I am not ashamed to profess it now."[50] In spite of his ill health, he produced the bulk of his best-known work during these years: Treasure Island, his first widely popular book; Kidnapped; Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, the story which established his wider reputation; The Black Arrow; and two volumes of verse, A Child's Garden of Verses and Underwoods. At Skerryvore he gave a copy of Kidnapped to his friend and frequent visitor Henry James.[51]

text: When his father died in 1887, Stevenson felt free to follow the advice of his physician to try a complete change of climate, and he started with his mother and family for Colorado. But after landing in New York, they decided to spend the winter at Saranac Lake, New York, in the Adirondacks at a cure cottage now known as Stevenson Cottage. During the intensely cold winter, Stevenson wrote some of his best essays, including Pulvis et Umbra, began The Master of Ballantrae, and lightheartedly planned, for the following summer, a cruise to the southern Pacific Ocean. "The proudest moments of my life," he wrote, "have been passed in the stern-sheets of a boat with that romantic garment over my shoulders."[52]

text: Politics[edit]

text: Much like his father, Stevenson remained a staunch Tory for most of his life. His cousin and biographer, Sir Graham Balfour, said that "he probably throughout life would, if compelled to vote, have always supported the Conservative candidate."[53] In 1866, Stevenson voted for Benjamin Disraeli, future Conservative Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, over Thomas Carlyle, for the role of Lord Rectorship of the University of Edinburgh.[54] During his college years, he briefly identified himself as a "red-hot socialist". By 1877, at only twenty-six years of age and before having written most of his major fictional works, Stevenson reflected: "For my part, I look back to the time when I was a Socialist with something like regret. I have convinced myself (for the moment) that we had better leave these great changes to what we call great blind forces: their blindness being so much more perspicacious than the little, peering, partial eyesight of men [...] Now I know that in thus turning Conservative with years, I am going through the normal cycle of change and travelling in the common orbit of men's opinions. I submit to this, as I would submit to gout or gray hair, as a concomitant of growing age or else of failing animal heat; but I do not acknowledge that it is necessarily a change for the better—I dare say it is deplorably for the worse."[55]

text: Journey to the Pacific[edit]

text: In June 1888, Stevenson chartered the yacht Casco and set sail with his family from San Francisco. The vessel "plowed her path of snow across the empty deep, far from all track of commerce, far from any hand of help."[56] The sea air and thrill of adventure for a time restored his health, and for nearly three years he wandered the eastern and central Pacific, stopping for extended stays at the Hawaiian Islands, where he spent much time with and became a good friend of King Kalākaua. He befriended the king's niece, Princess Victoria Kaiulani, who also had a link to Scottish heritage. He spent time at the Gilbert Islands, Tahiti, New Zealand, and the Samoan Islands. During this period, he completed The Master of Ballantrae, composed two ballads based on the legends of the islanders, and wrote The Bottle Imp. He witnessed the Samoan crisis. He preserved the experience of these years in his various letters and in his In the South Seas (which was published posthumously),[57] an account of the 1888 cruise which Stevenson and Fanny undertook on the Casco from the Hawaiian Islands to the Marquesas and Tuamotu islands. An 1889 voyage, this time with Lloyd, on the trading schooner Equator, visiting Butaritari, Mariki, Apaiang, and Abemama in the Gilbert Islands, (also known as the Kingsmills) now Kiribati.[58] During the 1889 voyage, they spent several months on Abemama with the tyrant-chief Tem Binoka, of Abemama, Aranuka, and Kuria. Stevenson extensively described Binoka in In the South Seas.[58]

text: One particular open letter from this period stands as testimony to his activism and indignation at the pettiness of the "powers that be", in the person of a Presbyterian minister in Honolulu called Charles McEwen Hyde. During his time in the Hawaiian Islands, Stevenson had visited Molokai and the leper colony there, shortly after the demise of Father Damien. When Dr. Hyde wrote a letter to a fellow clergyman speaking ill of Father Damien, Stevenson wrote a scathing open letter of rebuke to Dr. Hyde.[59] Soon afterwards, in April 1890, Stevenson left Sydney on the Janet Nicoll for his third and final voyage among the South Seas islands.[60]

text: While Stevenson intended to produce another book of travel writing to follow his earlier book In the South Seas, it was his wife who eventually published her journal of their third voyage. (Fanny misnames the ship as the Janet Nichol in her account of the 1890 voyage, The Cruise of the Janet Nichol.)[61] A fellow passenger was Jack Buckland, whose stories of life as an island trader became the inspiration for the character of Tommy Hadden in The Wrecker (1892), which Stevenson and Lloyd Osbourne wrote together.[62][63] Buckland visited the Stevensons at Vailima in 1894.[64]

text: Last years[edit]

text: In 1890, Stevenson purchased a tract of about 400 acres (1.6 km²) in Upolu, an island in Samoa. Here, after two aborted attempts to visit Scotland, he established himself, after much work, upon his estate in the village of Vailima. He took the native name Tusitala (Samoan for "Teller of Tales", i.e. a storyteller). His influence spread to the Samoans, who consulted him for advice, and he soon became involved in local politics. He was convinced the European officials appointed to rule the Samoans were incompetent, and after many futile attempts to resolve the matter, he published A Footnote to History. This was such a stinging protest against existing conditions that it resulted in the recall of two officials, and Stevenson feared for a time it would result in his own deportation. When things had finally blown over he wrote to Colvin, who came from a family of distinguished colonial administrators, "I used to think meanly of the plumber; but how he shines beside the politician!"[65]

text: The Stevensons were on friendly terms with some of the colonial leaders and their families. At one point, he formally donated, by deed of gift, his birthday to the daughter of the American Land Commissioner Henry Clay Ide since she was born on Christmas Day and had no birthday celebration separate from the family's Christmas celebrations. This led to a strong bond between the Stevenson and Ide families.[66][67]

text: In addition to building his house and clearing his land and helping the Samoans in many ways, he found time to work at his writing. He felt that "there was never any man had so many irons in the fire".[68] He wrote The Beach of Falesa, Catriona (titled David Balfour in the US),[69] The Ebb-Tide, and the Vailima Letters during this period.

text: Stevenson grew depressed and wondered if he had exhausted his creative vein as he had been "overworked bitterly".[70] He felt that with each fresh attempt, the best he could write was "ditch-water".[71] He even feared that he might again become a helpless invalid. He rebelled against this idea: "I wish to die in my boots; no more Land of Counterpane for me. To be drowned, to be shot, to be thrown from a horse — ay, to be hanged, rather than pass again through that slow dissolution."[72] He then suddenly had a return of his old energy and he began work on Weir of Hermiston. "It's so good that it frightens me," he is reported to have exclaimed.[73] He felt that this was the best work he had done. He was convinced, "sick and well, I have had splendid life of it, grudge nothing, regret very little ... take it all over, damnation and all, would hardly change with any man of my time."[74]

text: On 3 December 1894, Stevenson was talking to his wife and straining to open a bottle of wine when he suddenly exclaimed, "What's that!", asked his wife "Does my face look strange?" and collapsed.[75] He died within a few hours, probably of a cerebral haemorrhage. He was forty-four years old. The Samoans insisted on surrounding his body with a watch-guard during the night and on bearing their Tusitala upon their shoulders to nearby Mount Vaea, where they buried him on a spot overlooking the sea on land donated by British Acting Vice Consul Thomas Trood.[76][77] Stevenson had always wanted his 'Requiem' inscribed on his tomb:[78]

text: However, the piece is misquoted in many places, including his tomb:

text: Stevenson was loved by the Samoans, and his tombstone epigraph was translated to a Samoan song of grief[79] which is well-known and still sung in Samoa.

text: Manuscripts[edit]

text: Half of Stevenson's original manuscripts are lost, including those of Treasure Island, The Black Arrow, and The Master of Ballantrae. Stevenson's heirs sold Stevenson's papers during World War I; many Stevenson documents were auctioned off in 1918.[80]

text: Musical compositions[edit]

text: Besides playing the piano and flageolet, Stevenson wrote over 123 original musical compositions or arrangements, including solos, duets, trios and quartets for various combinations of flageolet, flute, clarinet, violin, guitar, mandolin, and piano. His works include ten songs written to his own poetry and with original or arranged melodies. In 1968, Robert Hughes arranged a number of Stevenson's works for chamber orchestra, which toured the Pacific Northwest that year.

text: Modern reception[edit]

text: Stevenson was a celebrity in his own time, but with the rise of modern literature after World War I, he was seen for much of the 20th century as a writer of the second class, relegated to children's literature and horror genres.[81] Condemned by literary figures such as Virginia Woolf (daughter of his early mentor Leslie Stephen) and her husband Leonard, he was gradually excluded from the canon of literature taught in schools.[81] His exclusion reached a height when in the 1973 2,000-page Oxford Anthology of English Literature Stevenson was entirely unmentioned; and The Norton Anthology of English Literature excluded him from 1968 to 2000 (1st–7th editions), including him only in the 8th edition (2006).[81]

text: The late 20th century saw the start of a re-evaluation of Stevenson as an artist of great range and insight, a literary theorist, an essayist and social critic, a witness to the colonial history of the Pacific Islands, and a humanist.[81] Even as early as 1965, the pendulum had begun to swing: he was praised by Roger Lancelyn Green, one of the Oxford Inklings, as a writer of a consistently high level of "literary skill or sheer imaginative power" and a co-originator with H. Rider Haggard of the Age of the Story Tellers.[82] He is now being re-evaluated as a peer of authors such as Joseph Conrad (whom Stevenson influenced with his South Seas fiction), and Henry James, with new scholarly studies and organisations devoted to Stevenson.[81] Throughout the vicissitudes of his scholarly reception, Stevenson has remained popular worldwide. According to the Index Translationum, Stevenson is ranked the 26th most translated author in the world, ahead of fellow nineteenth-century writers Oscar Wilde and Edgar Allan Poe.[3]

text: Monuments and commemoration[edit]

text: The Writers' Museum near Edinburgh's Royal Mile devotes a room to Stevenson, containing some of his personal possessions from childhood through to adulthood.

text: The Stevenson House at 530 Houston Street in Monterey, California, formerly the French Hotel, memorializes Stevenson's 1879 stay in "the Old Pacific Capital", as he was crossing the United States to join his future wife, Fanny Osbourne. The Stevenson House museum is graced with a superb bas relief depicting the sickly author writing in bed.

text: Robert Louis Stevenson's former home in Vailima, Samoa is now a museum dedicated to the later years of his life. The museum collection includes several original items belonging to Stevenson and his family. The path to Stevenson's grave at the top of Mt Vaea commences from the museum.

text: A bronze relief memorial to Stevenson, designed by the American sculptor Augustus Saint-Gaudens in 1904, is mounted in the Moray Aisle of St Giles' Cathedral, Edinburgh.[83] Saint-Gaudens' scaled-down version of this relief is in the collection of the Montclair Art Museum.[84] Another small version depicting Stevenson with a cigarette in his hand rather than the pen he holds in the St. Giles memorial is displayed in the Nichols House Museum in Beacon Hill, Boston.[85]

text: Another memorial in Edinburgh stands in West Princes Street Gardens below Edinburgh Castle; it is a simple upright stone inscribed with "RLS – A Man of Letters 1850–1894" by sculptor Ian Hamilton Finlay in 1987.[86] In 2013, a statue of Stevenson as a child with his dog was unveiled by the author Ian Rankin outside Colinton Parish Church.[87] The sculptor of the statue was Alan Herriot, and the money to erect it was raised by the Colinton Community Conservation Trust.[87]

text: A plaque above the door of a house in Castleton of Braemar states "Here R.L. Stevenson spent the Summer of 1881 and wrote Treasure Island, his first great work".

text: A garden was designed by the Bournemouth Corporation in 1957 as a memorial to Stevenson, on the site of his Westbourne house, "Skerryvore", which he occupied from 1885 to 1887. A statue of the Skerryvore lighthouse is present on the site.

text: In 1966, the Canadian actor Lloyd Bochner played Stevenson in the episode "Jolly Roger and Wells Fargo" of the syndicated American television series, Death Valley Days, hosted by Robert Taylor and directed by Denver Pyle.[88]

text: In 1994, to mark the 100th anniversary of Stevenson's death, the Royal Bank of Scotland issued a series of commemorative £1 notes which featured a quill pen and Stevenson's signature on the obverse, and Stevenson's face on the reverse side. Alongside Stevenson's portrait are scenes from some of his books and his house in Western Samoa.[89] Two million notes were issued, each with a serial number beginning "RLS". The first note to be printed was sent to Samoa in time for their centenary celebrations on 3 December 1994.[90]

text: At least five US elementary schools are named after Stevenson, in the Upper West Side of New York City,[91] in Fridley, Minnesota,[92] in Burbank, California,[93], in Grandview Heights, Ohio (suburb of Columbus), and in San Francisco, California.[94] There is an R. L. Stevenson middle school in Honolulu, Hawaii and in Saint Helena, California. Stevenson School in Pebble Beach, California, was established in 1952 and still exists as a college preparatory boarding school. Robert Louis Stevenson State Park near Calistoga, California, contains the location where he and Fanny spent their honeymoon in 1880.[95]

text: A street in Honolulu's Waikiki District, where Stevenson lived while in the Hawaiian Islands, was named after his Samoan moniker: Tusitala.

text: In 2011, Robert Louis Stevenson's open letter defending Father Damien from Rev. Dr. Charles McEwen Hyde influenced the founding of the Saint Damien Advocates in Hawaii.[96]

text: The Chemin du Stevenson (GR 70) is a popular long-distance footpath in France that approximately follows Stevenson's route as described in Travels with a Donkey in the Cévennes. There are numerous monuments and businesses named after him along the route, including a fountain in the town of Saint-Jean-du-Gard where Stevenson sold his donkey Modestine and took a stagecoach to Alès.[97]

text: The Robert Louis Stevenson Memorial is an outdoor memorial in Portsmouth Square, San Francisco, California.

text: A memorial by Gutzon Borglum was unveiled, in 1915, at Baker Cottage, Saranac Lake, New York.

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Photographic portrait, c. 1887

Platinum print, 1885, by Albert George Dew-Smith; from the collection of the National Galleries of Scotland

Stevenson paces in his dining room in an 1885 portrait by John Singer Sargent. His wife Fanny, seated in an Indian dress, is visible in the lower right corner.

Portrait by John Singer Sargent, 1887

Portrait by William Blake Richmond, 1886

Portrait by Girolamo Nerli, 1892

by Henry Walter Barnett, 1894

text: Bibliography[edit]

text: Novels[edit]

text:
The Hair Trunk or The Ideal Commonwealth (1877) Unfinished and unpublished.[98] An annotated edition of the original manuscript, edited and introduced by Roger G. Swearingen, was published as The Hair Trunk or The Ideal Commonwealth: An Extravaganza in August 2014.
Treasure Island (1883) His first major success, a tale of piracy, buried treasure, and adventure, has been filmed frequently. In an 1881 letter to W. E. Henley, he provided the earliest known title, "The Sea Cook, or Treasure Island: a Story for Boys".
Prince Otto (1885) Stevenson's third full-length narrative, an action romance set in the imaginary Germanic state of Grünewald.
Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde (1886), a novella about a dual personality much depicted in plays and films, also influential in the growth of understanding of the subconscious mind through its treatment of a kind and intelligent physician who turns into a psychopathic monster after imbibing a drug intended to separate good from evil in a personality.
Kidnapped (1886) is a historical novel that tells of the boy David Balfour's pursuit of his inheritance and his alliance with Alan Breck Stewart in the intrigues of Jacobite troubles in Scotland.
The Black Arrow: A Tale of the Two Roses (1888) An historical adventure novel and romance set during the Wars of the Roses.
The Master of Ballantrae: A Winter's Tale (1889), a masterful tale of revenge, set in Scotland, America, and India.
The Wrong Box (1889); co-written with Lloyd Osbourne. A comic novel of a tontine, also filmed (1966).
The Wrecker (1892); co-written with Lloyd Osbourne.
Catriona (1893), also known as David Balfour, is a sequel to Kidnapped, telling of Balfour's further adventures.
The Ebb-Tide (1894); co-written with Lloyd Osbourne.
Weir of Hermiston (1896). Unfinished at the time of Stevenson's death, considered to have promised great artistic growth.
St Ives: Being the Adventures of a French Prisoner in England (1897). Unfinished at the time of Stevenson's death, the novel was completed by Arthur Quiller-Couch.

text: Short story collections[edit]

text:
New Arabian Nights (1882)
More New Arabian Nights: The Dynamiter (1885); co-written with Fanny Van De Grift Stevenson
The Merry Men and Other Tales and Fables (1887); contains 6 stories.
Island Nights' Entertainments (also known as South Sea Tales) (1893) contains three longer stories.
Fables (1896) contains 20 stories: The persons of the tale, The sinking ship, The two matches, The sick man and the fireman, The devil and the innkeeper, The penitent, The yellow paint, The house of Eld, The four reformers, The man and his friend, The reader, The citizen and the traveller, The distinguished stranger, The carthorse and the saddlehorse, The tadpole and the frog, something in it, Faith, half faith and no faith at all, The touchstone, The poor thing, The song of the morrow.
Tales and Fantasies, 1905, contains The Story of a Lie, The Body Snatcher, The Misadventures of John Nicholson.

text: Short stories[edit]

text: List of short stories sorted chronologically. Note: does not include collaborations with Fanny found in More New Arabian Nights: The Dynamiter.

text:
Title
Date
Collection
Notes

"When the Devil was Well"
1875
1921, Boston Bibliophile Society

"An Old Song"
1875
Uncollected
Stevenson's first Published Fiction, in London, 1877. Anonymous. Republished in 1982 by R. Swearingen.

"Edifying Letters of the Rutherford Family"
1877
Unfinished, uncollected.
Not truly a short-story. First published in 1982 by R. Swearingen.

"Will O' the Mill"
1877
The Merry Men and Other Tales and Fables, 1887
First published in the Cornhill Magazine, 1878

"A Lodging for the Night"
1877
New Arabian Nights (1882)
First published in Temple Bar in 1877

"The Sire De Malétroits Door"
1877
New Arabian Nights, 1882
First published in Temple Bar in 1878

"Later-day Arabian Nights"
1878
New Arabian Nights, 1882
First published in London in 1878. Seven interconnected stories in two cycles: The Suicide Club (3 stories) and The Rajah's Diamond (4 stories).

"Providence and the Guitar"
1878
New Arabian Nights, 1882
First published in London in 1878

"The Story of a Lie"
1879
The Novels and Tales of Robert Louis Stevenson, vol 3, 1895
First published in New Quarterly Magazine in 1879.

"The Pavilion on the Links"
1880
With a few suppressions in New Arabian Nights, 1882
First Published in the Cornhill Magazine in 1880. Told in 9 mini-chapters. Conan Doyle in 1890 called it the first English short story.

"Thrawn Janet"
1881
The Merry Men and Other Tales and Fables, 1887
First published in the Cornhill Magazine, 1881

"The Body Snatcher"
1881
Edinburgh Edition, 1895
First published in the Christmas 1884 edition of the Pall Mall Gazette.

"The Merry Men"
1882
With changes in The Merry Men and Other Tales and Fables, 1887
First published in the Cornhill Magazine in 1882.

"The Treasure of Franchard"
1883
The Merry Men and Other Tales and Fables, 1887
First published in Longman's Magazine, 1883

"Markheim"
1884
The Merry Men and Other Tales and Fables, 1887
First published in the Broken Shaft. Unwin's Annual., 1885

"Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde"
1885
1886
Variously referred to as a short story or novella, or more rarely, a short novel.[99]

"Olalla"
1885
The Merry Men and Other Tales and Fables, 1887
First published in the Court and Society Review, 1885

"The Misadventures of John Nicholson: A Christmas Story"
1885–87
Edinburgh Edition, 1897
First published in Yule Tide, 1887

"The Bottle Imp"
1891
Island Nights' Entertainments (1893)
First published in Black and White, 1891

"The Beach of Falesá"
1892
Island Nights' Entertainments (1893)
First published in The Illustrated London News in 1892

"The Isle of Voices"
1892
Island Nights' Entertainments (1893)
First published in National Observer, 1883

"The Waif Woman"
1892
1914
First published in the Scribner's Magazine, 1914

text: Other works[edit]

text:
" "Béranger, Pierre Jean de". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.  — first published in the 9th edition (1875–1889).
Virginibus Puerisque, and Other Papers (1881), contains the essays Virginibus Puerisque i (1876); Virginibus Puerisque ii (1881); Virginibus Puerisque iii: On Falling in Love (1877); Virginibus Puerisque iv: The Truth of Intercourse (1879); Crabbed Age and Youth (1878); An Apology for Idlers (1877); Ordered South (1874); Aes Triplex (1878); El Dorado (1878); The English Admirals (1878); Some Portraits by Raeburn (previously unpublished); Child's Play (1878); Walking Tours (1876); Pan's Pipes (1878); A Plea for Gas Lamps (1878).
Familiar Studies of Men and Books (1882) containing Preface, by Way of Criticism (not previously published); Victor Hugo's Romances (1874); Some Aspects of Robert Burns (1879); The Gospel According to Walt Whitman (1878); Henry David Thoreau: His Character and Opinions (1880); Yoshida-Torajiro (1880); François Villon, Student, Poet, Housebreaker (1877); Charles of Orleans (1876); Samuel Pepys (1881); John Knox and his Relations to Women (1875).
Memories and Portraits (1887), a collection of essays.
On the Choice of a Profession (1887)
Memoir of Fleeming Jenkin (1888)
Father Damien: an Open Letter to the Rev. Dr. Hyde of Honolulu (1890)
Vailima Letters (1895)
The New Lighthouse on the Dhu Heartach Rock, Argyllshire (1995). Based on an 1872 manuscript edited by R. G. Swearingen. California. Silverado Museum.
Sophia Scarlet (2008). Based on 1892 manuscript edited by Robert Hoskins. AUT Media (AUT University).

text: Poetry[edit]

text:
A Child's Garden of Verses (1885), written for children but also popular with their parents. Includes such favourites as "My Shadow" and "The Lamplighter". Often thought to represent a positive reflection of the author's sickly childhood.
Underwoods (1887), a collection of poetry written in both English and Scots.
Ballads (1891), included Ticonderoga: A Legend of the West Highlands (1887). Based on a famous Scottish ghost story.
Songs of Travel and Other Verses (1896)
Poems Hitherto Unpublished, 3 vol. 1916, 1916, 1921, Boston Bibliophile Society, republished in New Poems

text: Travel writing[edit]

text:
An Inland Voyage (1878), travels with a friend in a Rob Roy canoe from Antwerp (Belgium) to Pontoise, just north of Paris.
Edinburgh: Picturesque Notes (1878) - a paean to his birthplace, it provides Stevenson's personal introduction to each part of the city and some history behind the various sections of the city and its most famous buildings.
Travels with a Donkey in the Cévennes (1879), two weeks' solo ramble (with Modestine as his beast of burden) in the mountains of Cévennes (south-central France), one of the first books to present hiking and camping as recreational activities. It tells of commissioning one of the first sleeping bags.
The Silverado Squatters (1883). An unconventional honeymoon trip to an abandoned mining camp in Napa Valley with his new wife Fanny and her son Lloyd. He presciently identifies the California wine industry as one to be reckoned with.
Across the Plains (written in 1879–80, published in 1892). Second leg of his journey, by train from New York to California (then picks up with The Silverado Squatters). Also includes other travel essays.
The Amateur Emigrant (written 1879–80, published 1895). An account of the first leg of his journey to California, by ship from Europe to New York. Andrew Noble (From the Clyde to California: Robert Louis Stevenson's Emigrant Journey, 1985) considers it to be his finest work.
The Old and New Pacific Capitals (1882). An account of his stay in Monterey, California in August to December 1879. Never published separately. See, for example, James D. Hart, ed., From Scotland to Silverado, 1966.
Essays of Travel (London: Chatto & Windus, 1905)

text: Island literature[edit]

text: Although not well known, his island fiction and non-fiction is among the most valuable and collected of the 19th century body of work that addresses the Pacific area.

text:
In the South Seas (1896). A collection of Stevenson's articles and essays on his travels in the Pacific.
A Footnote to History, Eight Years of Trouble in Samoa (1892).