document_title: List of tallest people

question_text: who is the tallest human being in the world

text: List of tallest people

text: Men[edit]

text: Living   Deceased   Height disputed

text:
Country
Metric
Imperial
Name
Note
Lifespan
(age at death)

 United States
272 cm
8 ft 11.1 in
Robert Wadlow
Tallest human in recorded history confirmed by Guinness World Records.[1]
1918–1940 (22)

 United States
267 cm
8 ft 9 in
John Rogan
Second tallest male in recorded history. Weighed only 92.5 kg (204 lb). Unable to stand due to ankylosis.
1868–1905 (37)

 United States
263.5 cm
8 ft 7¾in
John F. Carroll
244 cm (8 ft 0 in) standing height, 264 cm (8 ft 7¾ in) assuming normal spinal curvature.
1932–1969 (37)

 Ukraine
257 cm
8 ft 5 in
Leonid Stadnyk
Not officially recognized by Guinness World Records because he refused to be measured according to their standards.[2]
1970–2014 (44)

 Finland
251.4 cm
8 ft 3 in
Väinö Myllyrinne
Recognized as the tallest living person from 1940 to his death in 1963. Measured 251.4 cm tall at his peak.
1909–1963 (54)

 Canada
251 cm
8 ft 3 in
Édouard Beaupré
Tallest strongman as well as tallest wrestler in history. His death certificate described him as being 8 ft 3 in (2.51 m) tall and still growing.
1881–1904 (23)

 Turkey
251 cm
8 ft 2.8 in[3]
Sultan Kösen
The tallest living person since September 17, 2009, as determined by Guinness World Records.[4] He has 36.5-cm-long (1 ft 2 in) feet—the second-largest feet on a living person and 27.5 cm (11.2 in) hands—the longest on a living person.[5]
1982–

 India
249 cm
8 ft 2 in
Vikas Uppal
Was not officially measured by Guinness.
1986–2007 (21)

 United States
249 cm
8 ft 2 in
Don Koehler
Tallest in world for most of the 1970s.
1925–1981 (56)

 United States
249 cm
8 ft 2 in
Bernard Coyne
Coyne's World War I draft registration card, dated 29 August his height as 8 feet, although he had reached a height of 8 feet 2 inches (249 cm) by the time of his death. Possibly reached up to 8 ft 4 in (254 cm).
1897–1921 (24)

 Ireland
246 cm
8 ft 1 in
Patrick Cotter O'Brien
Tallest person recorded at the time and the first in medical history to stand at a verified height of eight feet (244 cm). Remains examined in 1972 and height verified.
1760–1806 (46)

 Morocco
246 cm
8 ft 1 in[6]
Brahim Takioullah
Possesses the world's largest feet at 1 ft 3 in (38 cm).[7]
1982–

 Iran
246 cm
8 ft 1 in
Morteza Mehrzad
Tallest man in Iran.[8] Gold medalist of Iran sitting volleyball national team in Summer Paralympic games Rio 2016
1987–

 Germany
246 cm
8 ft 1 in
Julius Koch
Probably never the world's tallest person due to his life coinciding with that of John Rogan. Skeleton preserved in the Museum of Natural History in Mons, Belgium.
1872–1902 (30)

 Mozambique
246 cm
8 ft 1 in
Gabriel Estêvão Monjane
Guinness World Records listed him as tallest man from 1988 to 1990.
1944–1990 (46)

 India
246 cm
8 ft 1 in
Dharmendra Pratap Singh
Tallest living Indian.[9]
1983–

 Libya
246 cm
8 ft 1 in
Suleiman Ali Nashnush
Libyan who was the tallest basketball player in the world.[citation needed]
1943–1991 (47)

 France
245 cm
8 ft ½ in
Jean-Joseph Brice
Le Géant des Vosges Ramonchamp - France—Height controversy[10]
1835–?

 Germany
244 cm
8 ft 0 in
Anton de Franckenpoint (Langer Anton)
Lived during Thirty Years' War; skeleton later measured at 8 ft 0 in (244 cm).[11][12]
Unknown

 China
242 cm
7 ft 11¼ in
Zhang Juncai
Tallest living Chinese person.
1966–

 Indonesia
242 cm
7 ft 11¼ in
Suparwono
Tallest Indonesian claimed to be 8 ft 10.5 in. Officially measured (lying down and in the standing position) by the Indonesian Record Museum (MURI) in December 2009.[13]
1985–2012 (26)

 Netherlands
242 cm
7 ft 11¼ in
Albert Johan Kramer
Probably the tallest man in The Netherlands ever; His brother-in-law was suffering from dwarfism and did not exceed 69 cm (27.16 in). Together they formed a variety act, with performances around the world.[14]
1897–1976 (79)

 Puerto Rico
241 cm
7 ft 11 in
Felipe Birriel
Tallest Puerto Rican recorded.
1916–1994 (78)

 India
241 cm
7 ft 11 in
Asadulla Khan
Tallest man in India.[15]
1988–

 Soviet Union
240 cm
7 ft 10 in
Alexander Sizonenko
Soviet Union basketball player.[16]
1959–2012 (53)

 Egypt
240 cm
7 ft 10 in
Sa'id Muhammad Ghazi
He was billed as 10 ft in his life.[17]
1909–1941 (32)

 Belarus
239 cm
7 ft 10 in
Feodor Machnow
Billed as 9 ft 3 in his life.
1878–1912 (34)

 Austria-Hungary
238 cm
7 ft 10 in
Grgo Kusić
Tallest Croat recorded. Tallest citizen of Austria-Hungary of his time.[18]
1892–1918 (26)

 Pakistan
238 cm
7 ft 10 in
Naseer Soomro
Tallest confirmed man living in Pakistan.[19][20]
1975–

 Netherlands
238 cm
7 ft 10 in
Rigardus Rijnhout
Second tallest man in The Netherlands ever; he was known as the giant of Rotterdam. Early June 2011, a life-size statue of Rijnhout was unveiled in the Oude Westen district in Rotterdam.[21]
1922–1959 (36)

 Japan
237 cm
7 ft 9.3 in
Yoshimitsu Matsuzaka
Tallest man in Japan; no color images of him exist even though he died in the 1960s.[22]
1930–1962 (32)

 Mongolia
236 cm
7 ft 9 in
Öndör Gongor
Very tall man in early-20th-century Mongolia. Some other sources even give 245 cm (8 feet)
1880/85 – 1925/30

 United States
236 cm
7 ft 9 in
Louis Moilanen
Tallest person in Michigan history and one of the tallest men in the world during his lifetime. He may have been 8 ft 1 in tall.[23]
1885–1913 (28)

 United Kingdom
236 cm
7 ft 9 in
Angus MacAskill
Tallest "true" giant (not due to a pathological condition). Tallest Scottish or British man recorded.
1825–1863 (38)

 United Kingdom
236 cm
7 ft 9 in
Frederick Kempster
Tall Englishman, height disputed between 7 ft 8.5in and 8 ft 4.5in[24]
1889–1918 (29)

 United States
236 cm
7 ft 9 in
Martin Van Buren Bates
Known as the Kentucky Giant or The Giant of the Hills.[25] He and Anna Haining Bates were the tallest married couple ever.[26]
1837–1919

 China
236 cm
7 ft 9 in
Bao Xishun
Considered the tallest living person by Guinness World Records until September 2009 when he was replaced by Sultan Kösen.[27]
1951–

 China
236 cm
7 ft 9 in
Sun Mingming
Chinese basketball player. Formerly second-tallest living person.
1983–

 Tunisia
236 cm
7 ft 9 in
Radhouane Charbib
Listed by Guinness World Records as tallest man until January 15, 2005, before Bao Xishun and Sun Mingming.[28]
1968–

 Germany
236 cm
7 ft 9 in
Walter Straub
Tallest man in Germany while he was alive.[29]
1925–1986 (61)

 Algeria
236 cm
7 ft 9 in
Rachid Bara
Tallest man in Algeria while he was alive.[30]
1974–2009 (35)

 Brazil
235 cm
7 ft 8½ in
Rafael França do Nascimento
Tallest man in Brazil.[31]
1987–

 Russia
235 cm
7 ft 8½ in
Nikolai Pankratov
Tallest man in Russia.[32]
1990–

 North Korea
235 cm
7 ft 8½ in
Ri Myung Hun
Former basketball player with the North Korean national team.
1967–

 United States
 Ukraine
235 cm
7 ft 8⅓ in
Igor Vovkovinskiy
Currently the tallest person living in the United States. Originally from Ukraine, moved to Rochester, Minnesota to be treated at the Mayo Clinic. Most recently has been acting in commercials and movies.[33] Became well known by wearing a T-shirt that read "Obama's Biggest Supporter". Took part in the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 in Malmö, Sweden, as one of the performers on the stage representing Ukraine.
1982–

 United States
235 cm
7 ft 8 in
Broc Brown
Former tallest teenager in the United States.[34]
1998-

 United States
235 cm
7 ft 8 in
Cecil Boling
Was 7'8" but shrank to 7'0" since his legs were replaced with artificial legs 8.5" shorter.[35]
1920–2000 (79)

 United States
235 cm
7 ft 8 in
Brenden Adams
Former tallest teenager in the world.
1995–

 India
234 cm
7 ft 8 in
Polipaka Gattaiah
Tallest Indian.[36]
1975–2015

 Ivory Coast
234 cm
7 ft 8 in
Abdramane Dembele
Tallest man in Ivory Coast.[37]
1985–

 United States
234 cm
7 ft 8 in
George Bell
Former Tallest living American.[38]
1957–

 Fiji
234 cm
7 ft 8 in
Kaliova Seleiwau
Tallest living Fijian.[39]
1981–

 Austria
234 cm
7 ft 8 in
Adam Rainer
Only person known to have been both a dwarf and giant. He was 118 cm (3 ft 10 in) tall at age 21 and peaked at 234 cm (7 ft 8 in) when he died, having doubled his height as an adult.
1899–1950 (51)

 Pakistan
234 cm
7 ft 8 in
Alam Channa
Pakistani, considered to be the tallest living man when he died in 1998.[40]
1953–1998 (46)

 Iceland
234 cm
7 ft 8 in
Jóhann K. Pétursson
Was the tallest person in Iceland.
1913–1984 (71)

 Japan
234 cm
7 ft 8 in
Yasutaka Okayama
Tallest living Japanese. Tallest basketball player drafted in NBA history.[41][42][43][44]
1954–

 United States
234 cm
7 ft 8 in
Bob Wegner
Tallest basketball player plays for the Lake Michigan Admirals.[45]
1993–

 Austria-Hungary
233.7 cm
7 ft 8 in
Franz Winkelmeier
One of the tallest people in his time.[46]
1860–1887

 Spain
233.5 cm
7 ft 8 in
Miguel Joaquín de Eleicegui
Tallest man recorded in Spain.[47]
1818–1861 (43)

 Spain
233 cm
7 ft 7.7 in
Jaime Clemente Izquierdo
Spain's tallest man in his lifetime.[48]
1961–2005 (44)

 Spain
233 cm
7 ft 7½ in
Agustín Luengo Capilla
Circus performer. Tallest man in Spain at the time of his death.[49]
1849–1875 (26)

 United States
232 cm
7 ft 7½ in
Jack Earle
Jacob Rheuben Ehrlich. American silent film actor and sideshow performer.
1906–1952 (46)

 Somalia
233 cm
7 ft 7.4 in
Hussain Bisad
Somalia, considered to be one of the tallest living men.
1975–

 United Kingdom
233 cm
7 ft 7.4 in
Neil Fingleton
Tallest division 1 basketball player. Known for his role Mag the Mighty in the HBO TV series Game of Thrones [50][51]
1980–2017 (36)

 China
233 cm
7 ft 7 in
Wang Feng-Jun
Asia's tallest man in 2004.[52]
1976–2015 (39)

 Argentina
231 cm
7 ft 7 in
Jorge González
Tallest wrestler in WWE history.
1966–2010 (44)

 United Kingdom
231 cm
7 ft 7 in
Paul Sturgess
Tied for the tallest player ever to play college basketball in the U.S.[53]
1987–

 United States
231 cm
7 ft 7 in
Kenny George
Second-tallest Division I basketball player (Neil Fingleton).[54]
1987–

 United States
231 cm
7 ft 7 in
Lock Martin
He played the robot in the movie The Day the Earth Stood Still.[55]
1916–1959

 Ireland
231 cm
7 ft 7 in
Charles Byrne
Skeleton now resides in the Hunterian Museum.
1761–1783 (22)

 United States
231 cm
7 ft 7 in
Max Palmer
Actor and pro wrestler. Listed by Guinness World Records at 7 ft 7 in, claimed 8 ft 1 in. Film Bio - Killer Apes, Invaders From Mars.[56]
1927–1984 (57)

 Romania
231 cm
7 ft 7 in
Gheorghe Mureșan
Tied for tallest in NBA history.
1971–

 Sudan
231 cm
7 ft 7 in
Manute Bol
Tied for tallest in NBA history.
1962–2010 (48)

 Belgium
230 cm
7 ft 6.75 in
Alain Delaunois
Tallest living Belgian.[57]
1971–

 Azerbaijan
230 cm
7 ft 7 in
Aleksandar Rindin
Tallest man in Azerbaijan.[58]
1985–

 Armenia
230 cm
7 ft 7 in
Arshavir Grigoryan
Tallest man in Armenia.[59]
1990–

 Brazil
230 cm
7 ft 6.6 in
Joélisson Fernandes da Silva
Tallest living Brazilian.[60]
1991–

 Montenegro
230 cm
7 ft 6.5 in
Slavko Vraneš
Tallest Montenegrin basketball player in the national basketball team, former player in the NBA
1983–

 Romania
230 cm
7 ft 6.55 in
Robert Bobroczky
Romanian basketball player that was 2.30 m (7 ft 7 in) in late 2014, aged 14.[61]
2000–

 Vietnam
229 cm
7 ft 6.25 in
Trần Thành Phố
Was the tallest man in Southeast Asia when he died in 2010[62]
1947–2010 (63)

 Senegal
229 cm
7 ft 6.25 in
Malik Sidibe
Tallest basketball player in Senegal.[63]
1985–

 United Kingdom
229 cm
7 ft 6¼ in
Christopher Greener
Formerly Britain's tallest man
1943–2015 (71)

 Algeria
229 cm
7 ft 6⅕ in
Saad Kaiche
Former basketball player of Club Baloncesto Breogán of Lugo.[64][65]
1985–

 United States
229 cm
7 ft 6 in
Ralph Madsen
Billed as 7 ft 6 in.[66]
1897–1948

 China
229 cm
7 ft 6 in
Yao Ming
Was the tallest player in the NBA during his playing years until his retirement in 2011.
1980–

 United States
 Germany
229 cm
7 ft 6 in
Shawn Bradley
Former player in the NBA, 1993–2005, tallest living German (holding dual citizenship).
1972–

 Senegal
229 cm
7 ft 6 in
Moussa Seck
Tallest basketball player in Senegal.[67]
1986–

 United States
229 cm
7 ft 6 in
Matthew McGrory
Was the world's tallest actor when he died in 2005.[68]
1973–2005

 Senegal
229 cm
7 ft 6 in
Mamadou N'Diaye
Was the tallest in high school and college basketball while playing in the US.[69]
1993–

 United States
229 cm
7 ft 6 in
Conrad Furrows
He was listed in the Bernard L. Kobel Catalogue of Human Oddities of Circus Sideshows.[70]
1922–1967

 Senegal
229 cm
7 ft 6 in
Tacko Fall
Is the tallest high school basketball player in the US as of 2014.[71]
1995–

 Russia
229 cm
7 ft 5.8 in
Sergey Ilin
Tallest basketball player in Russia.[72]
1988–

 Spain
229 cm
7 ft 5.8 in(?)
Fermín Arrudi Urieta
Tallest man in Spain at the time of his death.
1870–1913 (42)

 DR Congo
228 cm
7 ft 5⅔ in
Bienvenu Letuni
Tallest basketball player in DRC[73]
1994–

 Poland
228 cm
7 ft 5⅔ in
Eugeniusz Taraciński
Tallest man in Poland while he was alive.[74]
1928–1978 (50)

 Colombia
228 cm
7 ft 5⅔ in
Asdrúbal Herrera Mora
Tallest living Colombian. Tied for tallest South American man with Margarito Machacuay[75]
1986–

 Slovakia
228 cm
7 ft 5⅔ in
Martin Miklosik
Tallest basketball player in the Slovak Republic.[76]
1986–

 Peru
228 cm
7 ft 5⅔ in
Margarito Machacuay
Tied for the tallest South American person with Asdrúbal Herrera and is the fifth-tallest in the Americas.[77]
1965–

text: Women[edit]

text:
Country
Metric
Imperial
Name
Note
Lifespan
(age at death)

 China
248 cm
8 ft 1 ¾ in
Zeng Jinlian
Confirmed by Guinness World Records as tallest female ever. Suffered from spine curvature and could not stand at full height. Tallest recorded Chinese person and world's tallest person shortly before her death. She is the only woman verified to have reached 8ft tall.
1964–1982 (17)

 Canada
243 cm
7 ft 11 in
Anna Haining Bates
Second tallest woman and tallest woman in her lifetime. She and Martin Van Buren Bates were the tallest married couple ever.[26]
1846–1888 (41)

 United Kingdom
241 cm
7 ft 11 in
Jane Bunford
Tallest recorded English person and possibly the world's tallest person at the time of her death. Given height is adjusted for spinal curvature; peak standing height was 7 ft 10 in (239 cm).[78]
1895–1922 (27)

 China
234 cm
7 ft 8 in
Yao Defen
Listed as tallest living female by Guinness World Records, until her death on November 13, 2012.
1972–2012 (40)

 United States
231.78 cm
7 ft 7 ¼ in
Sandy Allen
Listed as tallest living female by Guinness World Records, and the tallest American woman ever, until her death on August 13, 2008.[79]
1955–2008 (53)

 Greece
229.87 cm
7 ft 6.5 in
Wassiliki Calliandji
Tallest woman in Greece.[80]
1882–1904 (22)

 China
221 cm
7 ft 3 in
Sun Fang
Tallest living woman.[81]
1987-

 Poland
218 cm
7 ft 2 in
Margo Dydek
Tallest professional women's basketball player.[82]
1974-2011 (37)

 Turkey
213.6 cm
7 ft 0.09 in
Rumeysa Gelgi
Tallest living woman in Turkey, and she was the highest female teenager in the world.[83][84]
1997-

text: Disputed and unverified claims[edit]

text:
Country
Metric
Imperial
Name
Note
Lifespan
(age at death)

France
350 cm
11 ft 6 in
Giant of Castelnau
Height estimate based on bone fragments found at the Neolithic cemetery of Castelnau-le-Lez, excavated in 1890 by Georges Vacher de Lapouge and published in the journal La Nature, Vol. 18, 1890.[85]
Unknown -
Neolithic France

Russia/Belarus
283 cm
9 ft 3 in
Feodor Machnow
Height not confirmed.
1878–1912 (34)

England
282 cm
9 ft 3 in
John Middleton
The Childe of Hale
Written on his grave is Here lyeth the bodie of John Middleton, the Childe of Hale, nine feet three. Height not officially confirmed.
1578–1623 (45)

United States
274 cm
8 ft 11.5 in
John Aasen
American silent film actor, height is not officially confirmed. His skeleton was measured at 7 ft 2.4 in
1890–1938 (48)

Thailand
269 cm
8 ft 10 in
Pornchai Sawsri
Claimed to measure 269 cm (8'10) at age 26 in September 2015.[86] He was measured at 257 cm (8'5") by Thai authorities for his ID card renewal in October 2013.[87]
1990?–2015[88]

Egypt
269 cm
8 ft 10 in
Sa’id Muhammad Ghazi
Claimed 8'10", but was later measured at 7'11" (242 cm).[89]
1909–1941 (32)

Ireland
269 cm
8 ft 10 in
Patrick Murphy
Claimed 8'10", but was later measured at 7'3.4" (222 cm). Height is not officially confirmed.
1834–1862 (28)

Italy
259 cm
8 ft 6 in
Maximinus Thrax
Emperor of Rome, first ever recorded person with gigantism.
173–238

Iran
259 cm
8 ft 5.9 in
Siah Khan Ibn Kashmir Khan
When he was admitted to hospital in 1933 he turned out to be 'only' 7'2.6" (220 cm) tall .[90]
1912–1938

Ukraine
257 cm
8 ft 5.5 in
Leonid Stadnyk
Refused to undergo independent testing under Guinness World Records rules, so his claim is not recognized by Guinness World Records.
1970–2014 (44)

Pakistan
254 cm
8 ft 4 in
Ajaz Ahmed
Claims actually to be 8 feet 4 inches, but this is unverified by Guinness World Records. He claims that he is still growing.
1976–

Netherlands
254 cm
8 ft 4 in
Trijntje Keever
Tallest recorded woman. Not confirmed by Guinness World Records.[91][92]
1616–1633 (17)

United States
254 cm
8 ft 4 in
Ella Ewing
Claims 8 feet 4 inches, however measured at 7 feet 4.5 inches. Her mother describes her full height at 8 feet 4 inches.
1872–1913 (41)

Bangladesh
251 cm
8 ft 3 in
Parimal Barman
Claims of being 8 feet 3 inches, not confirmed.
1962–1991 (29)

United States
248 cm
8 ft 2 in
Henry Hite
Claims of being 8 feet 2 inches, not confirmed.
1915–1978 (63)

India
248 cm
8 ft 2 in
Jitendra Singh
Claims of being 8 feet 2 inches, but was later measured at 7'7" (231 cm)[93]
1971–

Finland
247 cm
8 ft 1.4 in
Daniel Cajanus
Height not officially confirmed.[94] He was only 7 ft 8 in (234 cm) according to the London Annual Register.[95]
1703–1749 (46)

People's Republic of China
246 cm
8 ft 1 in
Zhao Liang
Height not officially confirmed. A circus performer.
1982–

Finland
246 cm
8 ft 1 in
Louis Moilanen
Big Louie
Height not officially confirmed.[96]
1886–1913 (27)

China
244 cm
8 ft 0 in
Zhan Shichai
Height not officially confirmed.[97]
1841–1893 (52)

Turkey
244.4 cm
8 ft 0 in
Barth's Giant
Skeleton of reputed Giant "Hayduk", Turkish soldier displayed at Vienna's Anatomical museum in 1904. Height estimated from Femur and Tibia at 235.2 to 244.4 cm tall.[98]
c. 1683

Algeria
244 cm
8 ft 0 in
Mounir Fourar
Height not officially confirmed.[99]
1972–2012 (40)

Indonesia
242 cm
7 ft 11 in
Musutaman
Height not officially confirmed.[100]
1962–?

Sweden
242 cm
7 ft 11 in
Gustaf Edman
Height not officially confirmed.[101]
1882–1912 (30)

Mongolia
236 cm
7 ft 9 in
Öndör Gongor
Tall Gongor
Was measured by Roy Chapman Andrews, but some other sources even give 245 cm (8 feet)
1879–1931 (52)

United Kingdom
236 cm
7 ft 9 in
Frederick Kempster
Claimed to be 8 ft 4.5 in. Height not officially confirmed.[102]
1889–1918 (29)

Ireland
234 cm
7 ft 8 in
Cornelius McGrath
Measurement according to the London Annual Register.[95]
1737–1759 (22)

Spain
222–234 cm
7 ft 3 in - 7 ft 7 in
Sancho VII of Navarre
Height estimated by Luis del Campo in 1952, from a measurement of his femur recorded in 1622.[103]
1170-1234 (64)

text: Tallest in varied fields or endeavors[edit]

text: Tallest in various sports[edit]

text:
Country
Height
Name
Note
Lifespan
Photo

Libya
246 cm (8 ft 1 in)
Suleiman Ali Nashnush
Tallest basketball player.
1943–1991

Iran
246 cm (8 ft 1 in)[104]
Morteza Mehrzad
Tallest Paralympian and tallest volleyball player.[105]
1987–

Romania
242 cm (7 ft 11 in)
Gogea Mitu
Tallest professional boxer.
1914–1936

People's Republic of China
236 cm (7 ft 9 in)
Sun Mingming
Tallest active professional basketball player.
1983–

Canada
233 cm (7 ft 8 in)
Édouard Beaupré
Tallest strongman and tallest wrestler.
1881–1904

Romania
231 cm (7 ft 7 in)
Gheorghe Mureșan
Retired professional basketball player. Tied as tallest player in National Basketball Association (NBA) history.
1971–

Sudan
231 cm (7 ft 7 in)
Manute Bol
Retired professional basketball player. Tied as tallest player in National Basketball Association (NBA) history.
1962–2010

Argentina
231 cm (7 ft 7 in)
Jorge González
Tallest wrestler in WWE history
1966–2010

Latvia
221 cm (7 ft 3 in)
Kristaps Porziņģis
Tied for tallest active NBA player.
1995–

Serbia
221 cm (7 ft 3 in)
Boban Marjanović
Tied for tallest active NBA player.
1988–

Brazil
218 cm (7 ft 2 in)
Giant Silva
Tallest kickboxer and mixed martial artist.
1963–

Poland
218 cm (7 ft 2 in)
Małgorzata "Margo" Dydek
Tallest female player in WNBA history.
1974–2011

Russia
218 cm (7 ft 2 in)[106]
Dmitriy Muserskiy
Tallest volleyball player. Member of Russia national team
1988–

Brazil
217 cm (7 ft 1 in)
Renan Zanatta Buiatti
Tallest volleyball player.
1990–

India
216 cm (7 ft 1 in)
Dalip Singh Rana
Tallest active wrestler.
1972–

Pakistan
216 cm (7 ft 1 in)
Mohammad Irfan
Tallest international cricketer[107]
1982–

Philippines
216 cm (7 ft 1 in)
E.J. Feihl
Tallest basketball player in PBA history. (tied with Greg Slaughter)
1970–

Philippines
216 cm (7 ft 1 in)
Greg Slaughter
Tallest basketball player in PBA history. (tied with E.J. Feihl)
1988–

Netherlands
215 cm (7 ft 1 in)
Kay van Dijk
Tallest Volleyball player. Member of Netherlands national team
1984–

Netherlands
215 cm (7 ft 1 in)
Loek van Mil
Tallest baseball player.
1984–

Brazil
214 cm (7 ft 0 in)
Leandro Vissotto
Tallest Volleyball player. Member of Brazil national team
1983–

United Kingdom
213 cm (7 ft 0 in)
Richard Metcalfe
Tallest rugby union player.
1973–

Netherlands
213 cm (7 ft 0 in)
Ted van der Parre
Tallest World's Strongest Man.
1955–

United States
213 cm (7 ft 0 in)
Richard Sligh
Tallest American football player in NFL history.
1944–2008

Russia
213 cm (7 ft 0 in)
Nikolai Valuev
Tallest boxing world champion.
1973–

Netherlands
212 cm (6 ft 11 in)
Semmy Schilt
Tallest kickboxing world champion.
1973–

Netherlands
212 cm (6 ft 11 in)
Stefan Struve
Tallest fighter in the UFC.
1988–

Australia
212 cm (6 ft 11 in)
Thomas Edgar
Tallest volleyball player. Member of Australia national team
1989–

United States
211 cm (6 ft 11 in)
Jon Rauch
Tallest baseball player in Major League Baseball history.
1978–

Australia
211 cm (6 ft 11 in)
Aaron Sandilands
Tied as tallest player in Australian Football League history.
1982–

Australia
211 cm (6 ft 11 in)
Peter Street
Tied as tallest player in Australian Football League history.
1980–

America
211 cm (6 ft 11 in)
Mason Cox
Tied as tallest player in Australian Football League history.
1991–

United States
211 cm (6 ft 11 in)
Reilly Opelka
Tied as tallest tennis player on the ATP Tour.
1997–

Croatia
211 cm (6 ft 11 in)
Ivo Karlović
Tied as tallest tennis player on the ATP Tour.
1979–

United Kingdom
211 cm (6 ft 11 in)
Will Carrick-Smith
Tallest active professional rugby union player.
1992–

Lithuania
209 cm (6 ft 10 in)
Rolandas Gimbutis
Tallest Olympic swimmer.
1981–

Belgium
208 cm (6 ft 10 in)
Kristof Van Hout
Tallest association football player.
1987–

United States
208 cm (6 ft 10 in)
Matt Anderson
Tallest volleyball player. Member of United States national team
1987–

Slovakia
206 cm (6 ft 9 in)
Zdeno Chára
Tallest player in National Hockey League history.
1977–

United States
206 cm (6 ft 9 in)
Jared Gaither
Tallest active American football player in the NFL
1986–

Russia
204 cm (6 ft 8 in)
Nelly Alisheva
Tallest female volleyball player.
1983–

Bulgaria
203 cm (6 ft 8 in)
Kotooshu Katsunori
sumo wrestler.
1983–

Germany
201 cm (6 ft 7 in)
Ingo Schultz
Tallest sprinter.
1975–

Bulgaria
201 cm (6 ft 7 in)
Velichko Cholakov
Tallest Olympic weightlifter.
1982–2017

United States
201 cm (6 ft 7 in)
Phil Blackmar
Tallest golfer on the PGA Tour.
1957–

Switzerland
200 cm (6 ft 7 in)
Ramon Zenhäusern
Tallest World Cup competitor in alpine skiing.
1992–

text: Tallest actors[edit]

text:
Country
Height
Name
Note
Lifespan

United Kingdom
7 ft 7½ in (233 cm)
Neil Fingleton
Tallest actor at 233 cm (7 ft 7½ in).[108]
1980–2017

United States
7 ft 6 in (229 cm)
Matthew McGrory
World's tallest actor at time of death.
1973–2005

France
7 ft 4 in (224 cm)
Andre The Giant
Tallest French actor and professional wrestler. Tallest wrestler during the 1980s.
1946-1993

United States
7 ft 4 in (224 cm)
George McArthur
Actor and variety artist.
1969-

Canada
6 ft 9 in (206 cm)
John De Santis
Tallest Canadian actor at 206 cm (6 ft 9 in).[109]
1977–

United States
6 ft 8 1/2 in (204 cm)
Brad Garrett
Tallest Emmy Award winning actor at 204 cm (6 ft 8 1/2 in).[110]
1960–

United States
6 ft 8.25 in (203.84 cm)
Lindsay Kay Hayward
Tallest actress in a leading role[111]
1987–[112]

United Kingdom
6 ft 7 in (201 cm)
Stephen Merchant
Tallest British Academy Film Awards winner
1974 -

United States
6 ft 7 in (201 cm)
James Cromwell
Tallest Academy Award nominated actor at 201 cm (6 ft 7 in).
1940–

United States
6 ft 5 in (195 cm)
Tim Robbins
Tallest Academy Award-winning actor at 195 cm (6 ft 5 in).
1958–

text: Tallest people currently living in varied nations[edit]

text:
Turkey
8 ft 3 in (251 cm)
Sultan Kösen
Tallest Turkish at 251 cm (8 ft 3 in).[4]
1982–

Morocco
8 ft 1 in (247 cm)
Brahim Takioullah
Tallest Moroccan at 246 cm and second tallest person (8 ft 1 in).[7]
1982–

Iran
8 ft 1 in (246 cm)
Morteza Mehrzad
Tallest live in Iran at 246 cm (8 ft 1 in).[90]
1987–

People's Republic of China
7 ft 11 in (242 cm)
Zhang Juncai
Tallest living Chinese at 242 cm (7 ft 11 in).
1983–

Tunisia
7 ft 8.5 in (235 cm)
Radhouane Charbib
Tallest Tunisian and the tallest living person in Africa[28]
1968–

Somalia
7 ft 8½ in (236 cm)
Hussain Bisad
Tallest Somali at 236 cm (7 ft 8.5 in).
1975–

North Korea
7 ft 8.5 in (235 cm)
Ri Myung Hun
Tallest North Korean at 235 cm (7 ft 8.5 in).
1967–

United Kingdom
7 ft 8⅓ in (235 cm)
Paul Sturgess
Tallest British at 235 cm (7 ft 8⅓ in).
1987–

United States
7 ft 8⅓ in (235 cm)
Igor Vovkovinskiy
Tallest American at 235 cm (7 ft 8⅓ in).
1982–

Myanmar
7 ft 7.5 in (233 cm)
Win Zaw Oo
Also known as 'Big Zaw', who is currently seeking medical treatment from 2013 in Singapore. Tallest man in Burma
1977-

Romania
7 ft 7 in (231 cm)
Gheorghe Mureșan
Tallest Romanian at 231 cm (7 ft 7 in).
1971–

Brazil
7 ft 6.6 in (230 cm)
Joelisson Fernandes da Silva
Tallest Brazilian at 230 cm (7 ft 6.6 in)[60]
1991–

Montenegro
7 ft 6 in (230 cm)
Slavko Vranes
Tallest basketball player in Montenegro
1983–

Malta
7 ft 6 in (230 cm)
Samuel Deguara
Tallest basketball player in Malta
1991–

Japan
7 ft 6 in (228 cm)
Yasutaka Okayama
Tallest Japanese to be drafted into the NBA at 228 cm (7 ft 6 in).
1954–

Canada
7 ft 6 in (228 cm)
Jerry Sokoloski
Tallest Canadian at 228 cm (7 ft 6 in).
1983–

New Zealand
7 ft 4.5 in (225 cm)
Jonty Butterfield
Tallest New Zealander at 229 cm (7 ft 6.15 in).[113]
1994–

Ireland
7 ft 4.5 in (225 cm)
Shaun Aisbitt
Tallest Man in Ireland [114]
1962–

Puerto Rico
7 ft 3.5 in (222 cm)
Peter John Ramos
Tallest Puerto Rican at 222 cm (7 ft 3.5 in).
1985–

Hungary
7 ft 3.5 in (222 cm)
Laszlo Dobos
Tallest basketball player in Hungary at 222 cm (7 ft 3.5 in).[115]
1993–

Australia
7 ft 3 in (221 cm)
Sam Harris
Tallest Australian at 221 cm (7 ft 3 in).
1984–

Philippines
7 ft 3 in (221 cm)
Raul Dillo
Said to be the tallest Filipino at 221 cm (7 ft 4 in) when he was measured at age 17.[116][117]
1991–

Spain
7 ft 3 in (221 cm)
Roberto Dueñas Hernández
Tallest Spanish basketball player ever (now retired). Currently the tallest man alive in Spain.
1975–


document_title: Khris Davis

question_text: who did the brewers get for khris davis

question_tokens: who did the brewers get for khris davis

root

text: Khris Davis

text: Background[edit]

text: Davis was born in Lakewood, California.[1] He played baseball at Deer Valley High School in Glendale, Arizona, where he was twice named an All-State player.[1] During his senior season at Deer Valley, Davis hit .592 with ten home runs and 50 RBIs to lead the team to a state title.[2] Davis attended California State University, Fullerton, where he played college baseball for the Cal State Fullerton Titans.[1] Davis excelled for Cal State as an outfielder, designated hitter, and pinch hitter.[2] In his junior season, Davis hit .328 with 16 home runs and 58 RBIs.[3]

tag: p

text: Professional career[edit]

text: Draft[edit]

text: In 2006, Davis was first drafted by the Washington Nationals in the 29th round; he did not sign with the team but opted to play college baseball.[1] He later was drafted by the Milwaukee Brewers in the seventh round of the 2009 Major League Baseball Draft.[1]

text: Minor leagues[edit]

text: Davis began his minor league career in 2009. He played in one game for the Helena Brewers Rookie League club and ten games for the Arizona League Brewers; Davis combined for 2 home runs and a .237 batting average.[1] He spent the entire 2010 season playing for the Wisconsin Timber Rattlers in mid Single A level ball. He played in 128 games with 22 home runs and a .280 batting average.[1]

text: To start the 2011 season, Davis was promoted to the advanced level Single A Brevard County Manatees.[1] After 90 games, he was sent to the AA level with the Huntsville Stars; Davis played 35 games with the team.[1] In 125 games that year, he batted .280 with 84 RBI and 17 home runs.[1]

text: In 2012, Davis returned to the Arizona League Brewers and the Hunstville Stars for six and 44 games respectively.[1] The Milwaukee Brewers promoted Davis to their top level below the Major Leagues with the AAA Nashville Sounds of the Pacific Coast League.[1] He played in 32 games for the Sounds with a .310 batting average.[1]

text: Milwaukee Brewers[edit]

text: The Brewers added Davis to their 40-man roster during the 2012–13 offseason.[4] After a productive spring training,[5] Davis made the final roster cut and made his major league debut on opening day, grounding out in a pinch-hit appearance. Five days later, Davis made his first major league start in left field and recorded his first major league hit, a double off Patrick Corbin of the Arizona Diamondbacks. After a poor start that saw him bat just .188, Davis was optioned to Nashville.

text: Davis was recalled in mid-July, and after Ryan Braun's suspension due to performance-enhancing drug use, became the Brewers' starting left fielder down the stretch. He hit his first major league home run at Miller Park on July 23 off Colt Hynes of the San Diego Padres. Davis ended the year with 11 home runs in 136 at-bats, with a slugging percentage of .596.

text: Davis' rookie performance was enough to encourage Brewers management to trade right fielder Norichika Aoki to Kansas City and move Ryan Braun from left to right field, opening up an everyday role for Davis.[6] After a slow start, batting .219 with an on-base percentage of .250 and a slugging percentage of.388 through May 20, Davis hit four home runs in six games. At the All-Star Break, Davis led the Brewers with 15 home runs. In 144 games for the Brewers, Davis hit .244 with 22 home runs and 69 RBI.[7]

text: Davis was once again named the starting left fielder for the Brewers during the 2015 season and batted .247 with 27 home runs and 66 RBI in 121 games.[8]

text: Oakland Athletics[edit]

text: On February 12, 2016, the Brewers traded Davis to the Oakland Athletics for Jacob Nottingham and Bubba Derby.[9] On May 17 in a game against the Texas Rangers, Davis hit 3 home runs, including a walk-off grand slam for the third. This was only the second time this has happened in MLB history.[10] On August 14, 2016, Davis hit his 30th home run of the season, a two-run homer against the Seattle Mariners.[11] On September 18, 2016, Davis hit his 39th and 40th home runs of the season in a game against the Rangers.[12] He added two more home runs to conclude the season. He also contributed 102 RBI for the season, becoming the first player in the franchise to hit 100 or more RBIs since the 2006 season, when Frank Thomas had 114 RBIs for the Athletics.[13][14]

text: The following season, in 2017, Davis hit 43 home runs and contributed 110 RBI, being the first Athletics player to have back-to-back 40 home run seasons.[15]

text: Most consistent hitter[edit]

text: Davis (outfielder/hitter) has been called “the most consistent hitter in baseball history”[16] with his 2014-18 season averages of .244, .247, .247, .247, and .248.

text: Mexico national team[edit]

text: Davis was invited by Bobby Magallanes[17] to play for the Mexican team. He planned to represent the country of his mother's birth in the 2017 edition of the World Baseball Classic, but he did not play in the tournament.

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Davis' father, Rodney, played in the Los Angeles Dodgers organization and has served as a scout for the Dodgers and Arizona Diamondbacks.[18] His mother, Sonia Davis (née Alarcón),[19] was born in Culiacan, Sinaloa, but grew up in Ensenada.[20]


document_title: Belsnickel

question_text: what did dwight dress up as for christmas

text: Belsnickel

text: Cultural perspective[edit]

text: Belsnickel is related to other companions of Saint Nicholas in the folklore of German-speaking Europe. He may have been based on another older German myth, Knecht Ruprecht, a servant of Saint Nicholas, and a character from northern Germany.[3] Unlike those figures, Belsnickel does not accompany Saint Nicholas but instead visits alone[3] and combines both the threatening and the benign aspects which in other traditions are divided between the Saint Nicholas and the companion figure.

text: Belsnickel is a man wearing furs and sometimes a mask with a long tongue. He is typically very ragged and disheveled. He wears torn, tattered, and dirty clothes, and he carries a switch in his hand with which to beat naughty children, but also pocketsful of cakes, candies, and nuts for good children.

text: In Lower Austria he is sometimes followed by a creature, called Krampus, covered with bells and dragging chains.[4] Krampus is a wild, horned figure akin to the devil.

text: A first-hand 19th-century account of the "Beltznickle" tradition in Allegany County, Maryland, can be found in Brown's Miscellaneous Writings, a collection of essays by Jacob Brown (born 1824). Writing of a period around 1830, Brown says, "we did not hear of" Santa Claus. Instead, the tradition called for a visit by a different character altogether:

text: He was known as Kriskinkle, Beltznickle and sometimes as the Christmas woman. Children then not only saw the mysterious person, but felt him or rather his stripes upon their backs with his switch. The annual visitor would make his appearance some hours after dark, thoroughly disguised, especially the face, which would sometimes be covered with a hideously ugly phiz - generally wore a female garb - hence the name Christmas woman - sometimes it would be a veritable woman but with masculine force and action. He or she would be equipped with an ample sack about the shoulders filled with cakes, nuts, and fruits, and a long hazel switch which was supposed to have some kind of a charm in it as well as a sting. One would scatter the goodies upon the floor, and then the scramble would begin by the delighted children, and the other hand would ply the switch upon the backs of the excited youngsters - who would not show a wince, but had it been parental discipline there would have been screams to reach a long distance.[5]

text: Pennsylvania[edit]

text: The Belsnickel character originated in the Palatinate. When people immigrated to Pennsylvania, they brought their German traditions with them.[6] Belsnickel was known in Pennsylvania in the early 1800s.[3] Amongst the Pennsylvania Germans, Belsnickel is the character who visits homes prior to Christmas to check up on the behavior of the children. The traditional Belsnickel showed up at houses 1–2 weeks before Christmas and often created fright because he always knew exactly which of the children misbehaved.[7] He would rap on the door or window with his stick and often the children would have to answer a question for him or sing some type of song. In exchange he would toss candies onto the floor. If the children jumped too quick for the treats, they may end up getting struck with Belsnickel's switch.

text: An 1853 article in a British magazine describing Pennsylvanian customs refers to "Pelsnichol, or Nicholas with the fur, alluding to the dress of skins in which he is said to be clad. Some make Pelsnichol identical with Krishkinkle, but the more general opinion is that they are two personages, one the rewarder of the good, the other the punisher of the bad." According to this article, Pelsnichol merely leaves a birch rod in the stockings of naughty children.[8]

text: There are two versions of Belsnickel, the rural and the urban characters. Both are described in the book, Christmas in Pennsylvania: a folk cultural study, by Alfred L. Shoemaker and Don Yoder. The tradition fell into decline toward the end of the nineteenth century, but has seen a revival in recent years.[3]

text: Indiana[edit]

text: The tradition of Belsnickel was brought to Indiana by immigrants from the Palatinate. His garb could vary from one locality to another. He might wear a long, black or brown coat or robe, held together at the waist with a rope, and a fur cap or bear skin hat, decorated with bells. In this branch of the tradition, the father or other older male relative was often "busy working outside" or had to see to some matter elsewhere in the house when Pelznickel (or Belsnickel) arrived. "Belsnickling" or "Klausentreiben," was the "running" of groups of young men or youth dressed in false faces and fantastic costumes on "Belsnickle Night", the eve of the Feast of St. Nicholas" (St. Nikolaustag), and was the occasion of good-natured boisterousness. Young men, dressed in skins and furs, would move through the streets of town or village, rattling chains and bells.[4]

text: The tradition also exists in parts of Newfoundland, the prairie provinces of Canada and some communities in the Brazilian state of Santa Catarina.[9]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: A writer to the letters column of The Times refers to an illustration of "Pelz-Nickel" in a book by English author Harriet Myrtle, The Little Sister (1851). German illustrator H.J. Schneider depicts him "in a long cloak, pointed hood, a fur round his neck, with a long white beard, and a big bag."[10]

text: An episode entitled "Dwight Christmas" (Season 9 Episode 9) of the American version of the workplace comedy The Office featured Dwight K. Schrute dressed as Belsnickel.

text: Stoudt's Brewing Company of Adamstown, Pennsylvania, brews a seasonal dark lager called "Belsnickle".[11] Otto's Pub and Brewery of State College, Pennsylvania, brews a "Belsnickle" ale.[12]

text: The antagonist of the John R. Neill book The Scalawagons of Oz, the thirty-fifth entry in the Oz series created by L. Frank Baum, is a mysterious monstrosity called Bell-snickle. It first appears as "a large bluish-green object, flat as a buckwheat cake, and rolling along on its edge like a cartwheel." The creature does have arms and legs, as well as facial features; it wears bells on its ears, explaining at least one portion of its name. The creature has the egotism and petulance of a spoiled child.[citation needed]


document_title: European Golden Shoe

question_text: who won the golden boot in europe 2018

question_tokens: who won the golden boot in europe 2018

text: European Golden Shoe

text: History[edit]

text: Between 1968 and 1991, the award was given to the highest goalscorer in any European league. This was regardless of the strength of the league in which the top scorer played and the number of games in which the player had taken part. During this period Eusébio, Gerd Müller, Dudu Georgescu and Fernando Gomes each won the Golden Boot twice.[1]

text: Following a protest from the Cyprus FA, which claimed that a Cypriot player with 40 goals should have received the award (though the official top scorers for the season are both listed with 19 goals), L'Équipe issued no awards between 1991 and 1996.

text: Since the 1996–97 season, European Sports Media have awarded the Golden Shoe based on a points system that allows players in tougher leagues to win even if they score fewer goals than a player in a weaker league. The weightings are determined by the league's ranking on the UEFA coefficients, which in turn depend on the results of each league's clubs in European competition over the previous five seasons. Goals scored in the top five leagues according to the UEFA coefficients list are multiplied by a factor of two, goals scored in the leagues ranked six to 21 are multiplied by a factor of 1.5, and goals scored in leagues ranked 22 and below are multiplied by a factor of 1.[2] Thus, goals scored in higher ranked leagues will count for more than those scored in weaker leagues.[3] Since this change, there has only been one winner who was not playing in one of the top five leagues (Henrik Larsson, 2000–01 Scottish Premier League).

text: Winners[edit]

text:
^

Denotes player's team won league that season

Player (X)

Denotes the number of times the player had won the award at that time

Team (X)

Denotes the number of times a player from this team had won at that time

tag: table

text:
European Golden Shoe winners

Season

Nationality

Player

Club

League

Goals

Points

Winners were awarded by L'Équipe

1967–68

 Portugal

Eusébio

Benfica^

 Primeira Liga

7001420000000000000♠42

&—

1968–69

 Bulgaria

Petar Zhekov

CSKA Sofia^

 Parva Liga

7001360000000000000♠36

&—

1969–70

 West Germany

Gerd Müller

Bayern Munich

 Bundesliga

7001380000000000000♠38

&—

1970–71

 Yugoslavia

Josip Skoblar

Marseille^

 Ligue 1

7001440000000000000♠44

&—

1971–72

 West Germany

Gerd Müller (2)

Bayern Munich^ (2)

 Bundesliga

7001400000000000000♠40

&—

1972–73

 Portugal

Eusébio (2)

Benfica^ (2)

 Primeira Liga

7001400000000000000♠40

&—

1973–74

 Argentina

Héctor Yazalde

Sporting CP^

 Primeira Liga

7001460000000000000♠46

&—

1974–75

 Romania

Dudu Georgescu

Dinamo București^

 Liga I

7001330000000000000♠33

&—

1975–76

 Cyprus

Sotiris Kaiafas

Omonia Nicosia^

 First Division

7001390000000000000♠39

&—

1976–77

 Romania

Dudu Georgescu (2)

Dinamo București^ (2)

 Liga I

7001470000000000000♠47

&—

1977–78

 Austria

Hans Krankl

Rapid Wien

 Bundesliga

7001410000000000000♠41

&—

1978–79

 Netherlands

Kees Kist

AZ

 Eredivisie

7001340000000000000♠34

&—

1979–80

 Belgium

Erwin Vandenbergh

Lierse

 First Division

7001390000000000000♠39

&—

1980–81

 Bulgaria

Georgi Slavkov

Botev Plovdiv

 Parva Liga

7001310000000000000♠31

&—

1981–82

 Netherlands

Wim Kieft

Ajax^

 Eredivisie

7001320000000000000♠32

&—

1982–83

 Portugal

Fernando Gomes

Porto

 Primeira Liga

7001360000000000000♠36

&—

1983–84

 Wales

Ian Rush

Liverpool^

 First Division

7001320000000000000♠32

&—

1984–85

 Portugal

Fernando Gomes (2)

Porto^ (2)

 Primeira Liga

7001390000000000000♠39

&—

1985–86

 Netherlands

Marco van Basten

Ajax (2)

 Eredivisie

7001370000000000000♠37

&—

1986–87

 Austria

Toni Polster[a]

FK Austria Wien

 Bundesliga

7001390000000000000♠39

&—

1987–88

 Turkey

Tanju Çolak

Galatasaray^

 Süper Lig

7001390000000000000♠39

&—

1988–89

 Romania

Dorin Mateuț

Dinamo București (3)

 Liga I

7001430000000000000♠43

&—

1989–90

 Mexico

Hugo Sánchez

Real Madrid^

 La Liga

7001380000000000000♠38

&—

 Bulgaria

Hristo Stoichkov

CSKA Sofia^ (2)

 A PFG

1990–91[b]

 Yugoslavia

Darko Pančev

Red Star Belgrade^

 First League

7001340000000000000♠34

&—

Winners were initially not awarded

1991–92

 Scotland

Ally McCoist

Rangers^

 Premier Division

7001340000000000000♠34

&—

1992–93

 Scotland

Ally McCoist (2)

Rangers^ (2)

 Premier Division

7001340000000000000♠34

&—

1993–94

 Wales

David Taylor

Porthmadog

 League of Wales

7001430000000000000♠43

&—

1994–95

 Armenia

Arsen Avetisyan

Homenetmen

 Premier League

7001390000000000000♠39

&—

1995–96

 Georgia

Zviad Endeladze

Margveti

 Umaglesi Liga

7001400000000000000♠40

&—

Winners were awarded by European Sports Media

1996–97

 Brazil

Ronaldo

Barcelona

 La Liga

7001340000000000000♠34

7001680000000000000♠68

1997–98

 Greece

Nikos Machlas

Vitesse Arnhem

 Eredivisie

7001340000000000000♠34

7001680000000000000♠68

1998–99

 Brazil

Mário Jardel

Porto (3)

 Primeira Liga

7001360000000000000♠36

7001720000000000000♠72

1999–2000

 England

Kevin Phillips

Sunderland

 Premier League

7001300000000000000♠30

7001600000000000000♠60

2000–01

 Sweden

Henrik Larsson

Celtic^

 Premier League

7001350000000000000♠35

7001525000000000000♠52.5

2001–02

 Brazil

Mário Jardel (2)

Sporting CP^ (2)

 Primeira Liga

7001420000000000000♠42

7001840000000000000♠84

2002–03

 Netherlands

Roy Makaay

Deportivo La Coruña

 La Liga

7001290000000000000♠29

7001580000000000000♠58

2003–04

 France

Thierry Henry

Arsenal^

 Premier League

7001300000000000000♠30

7001600000000000000♠60

2004–05

 France

Thierry Henry (2)

Arsenal (2)

 Premier League

7001250000000000000♠25

7001500000000000000♠50

 Uruguay

Diego Forlán

Villarreal

 La Liga

2005–06

 Italy

Luca Toni

Fiorentina

 Serie A

7001310000000000000♠31

7001620000000000000♠62

2006–07

 Italy

Francesco Totti

Roma

 Serie A

7001260000000000000♠26

7001520000000000000♠52

2007–08

 Portugal

 Cristiano Ronaldo

Manchester United^

 Premier League

7001310000000000000♠31

7001620000000000000♠62

2008–09

 Uruguay

Diego Forlán (2)

Atlético Madrid

 La Liga

7001320000000000000♠32

7001640000000000000♠64

2009–10

 Argentina

Lionel Messi

Barcelona^ (2)

 La Liga

7001340000000000000♠34

7001680000000000000♠68

2010–11

 Portugal

 Cristiano Ronaldo (2)

Real Madrid (2)

 La Liga

7001400000000000000♠40

7001800000000000000♠80

2011–12

 Argentina

Lionel Messi (2)

Barcelona (3)

 La Liga

7001500000000000000♠50

7002100000000000000♠100

2012–13

 Argentina

Lionel Messi (3)

Barcelona^ (4)

 La Liga

7001460000000000000♠46

7001920000000000000♠92

2013–14

 Uruguay

Luis Suárez

Liverpool (2)

 Premier League

7001310000000000000♠31

7001620000000000000♠62

 Portugal

 Cristiano Ronaldo (3)

Real Madrid (3)

 La Liga

2014–15

 Portugal

 Cristiano Ronaldo (4)

Real Madrid (4)

 La Liga

7001480000000000000♠48

7001960000000000000♠96

2015–16

 Uruguay

Luis Suárez (2)

Barcelona^ (5)

 La Liga

7001400000000000000♠40

7001800000000000000♠80

2016–17

 Argentina

Lionel Messi (4)

Barcelona (6)

 La Liga

7001370000000000000♠37

7001740000000000000♠74

2017–18

 Argentina

Lionel Messi (5)

Barcelona^ (7)

 La Liga

7001340000000000000♠34

7001680000000000000♠68

text:
Jump up ^ Original 1986–87 season winner Rodion Cămătaru (with 44 goals) was disqualified later and the trophy was awarded to Polster in 1990. However, Camataru was allowed to keep his copy of the trophy.[4]

Jump up ^ Darko Pančev got his prize for 1990–91 season later, only in 2006,[5] following a protest from Cyprus where a player supposedly scored 40 goals (though the official topscorers for the season, Suad Beširević and Panayiotis Xiourouppas, are listed with 19 goals each). Due to this affair, France Football decided to make the competition unofficial.[4]

tag: ol

text: Top 10 results by year[edit]

text: 2017–18 European Golden Shoe result[edit]

text:
Rank

Player

League

Club

Goals

Points

1

 Lionel Messi

 La Liga

Barcelona

34

68

2

 Mohamed Salah

 Premier League

Liverpool

32

64

3

 Harry Kane

 Premier League

Tottenham Hotspur

30

60

4

 Ciro Immobile

 Serie A

Lazio

29

58

 Mauro Icardi

 Serie A

Internazionale

 Robert Lewandowski

 Bundesliga

Bayern Munich

7

 Edinson Cavani

 Ligue 1

Paris Saint-Germain

28

56

8

 Cristiano Ronaldo

 La Liga

Real Madrid

26

52

9

 Jonas

 Primeira Liga

Benfica

34

51

10

 Luis Suárez

 La Liga

Barcelona

25

50

text: Statistics[edit]

text: Multiple winners[edit]

text: Lionel Messi is the only player to win the award five times, all with Barcelona. Messi holds the all-time record for goals in a single season with 50 in 2011–12; it also accumulated to a record 100 points. Messi was also the youngest player to win the award for a 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th time [See Table of multiple winners below]. Bayern Munich's Gerd Müller was the first player to win the award twice, in 1969–70 and 1971–72. Messi was the first player to win the award three times, Cristiano Ronaldo was the first player to win the award four times, and Messi again was the first, and so far only, player to win it five times. Only Ally McCoist (1991–92, 1992–93), Thierry Henry (2003–04, 2004–05), Lionel Messi (2011–12, 2012–13 and 2016–17, 2017–18), and Cristiano Ronaldo (2013–14, 2014–15) have won the award in consecutive years. Diego Forlán (Villarreal, Atlético Madrid), Luis Suárez (Liverpool, Barcelona), Mário Jardel (Porto, Sporting CP) and Cristiano Ronaldo (Manchester United, Real Madrid) are the only players to have won the award with two clubs.

text:
Multiple European Golden Shoe winners

Player

Birthdate

No.

Seasons

Age making record

 Lionel Messi

24 June 1987

7000500000000000000♠5

2009–10, 2011–12, 2012–13, 2016–17, 2017–18

2, 3, 4, 5 golden shoe when 24, 26, 29, 30 years old, respectively

  Cristiano Ronaldo

5 February 1985

7000400000000000000♠4

2007–08, 2010–11, 2013–14 (shared), 2014–15

2, 3, 4 golden shoe when 26, 29, 30 years old, respectively

 Eusébio

25 January 1942

7000200000000000000♠2

1967–68, 1972–73

31

 Gerd Müller

3 November 1945

7000200000000000000♠2

1969–70, 1971–72

26

 Dudu Georgescu

1 September 1950

7000200000000000000♠2

1974–75, 1976–77

26

 Fernando Gomes

22 November 1956

7000200000000000000♠2

1982–83, 1984–85

28

 Ally McCoist

24 September 1962

7000200000000000000♠2

1991–92, 1992–93

30

 Mário Jardel

18 September 1973

7000200000000000000♠2

1998–99, 2001–02

28

 Thierry Henry

17 August 1977

7000200000000000000♠2

2003–04, 2004–05 (shared)

28

 Diego Forlán

19 May 1979

7000200000000000000♠2

2004–05 (shared), 2008–09

30

 Luis Suárez

24 January 1987

7000200000000000000♠2

2013–14 (shared), 2015–16

29

text: Winners by club[edit]

text:
European Golden Shoe winners by club

Team

Total

Players

 Barcelona

8

3

 Real Madrid

4

2

 Dinamo București

3

2

 Porto

3

2

 CSKA Sofia

2

2

 Liverpool

2

2

 Ajax

2

2

 Sporting CP

2

2

 Arsenal

2

1

 Bayern Munich

2

1

 Benfica

2

1

 Rangers

2

1

 Homenetmen

1

1

 Austria Wien

1

1

 Rapid Wien

1

1

 Lierse

1

1

 Botev Plovdiv

1

1

 Omonia Nicosia

1

1

 Manchester United

1

1

 Sunderland

1

1

 Marseille

1

1

 Zestafoni

1

1

 Fiorentina

1

1

 Roma

1

1

 AZ

1

1

 Vitesse

1

1

 Celtic

1

1

 Atlético Madrid

1

1

 Deportivo La Coruña

1

1

 Villarreal

1

1

 Galatasaray

1

1

 Porthmadog

1

1

 Red Star Belgrade

1

1

text: Winners by nationality[edit]

text:
European Golden Shoe winners by nationality

Nationality

Total

Player(s)

 Portugal

8

3

 Argentina

6

2

 Netherlands

4

4

 Uruguay

4

2

 Bulgaria

3

3

 Romania

3

2

 Brazil

3

2

 Austria

2

2

 Italy

2

2

 Wales

2

2

 Yugoslavia

2

2

 France

2

1

 West Germany

2

1

 Scotland

2

1

 Armenia

1

1

 Belgium

1

1

 Cyprus

1

1

 England

1

1

 Georgia

1

1

 Greece

1

1

 Mexico

1

1

 Sweden

1

1

 Turkey

1

1

text: Winners by league[edit]

text:
European Golden Shoe winners by league

league

Total

Player(s)

 La Liga

14

7

 Primeira Liga

7

4

 Premier League

5

4

 Eredivisie

4

4

 Parva Liga

3

3

 Premier Division

3

2

 Liga I

3

2

 Serie A

2

2

 Bundesliga

2

2

 Bundesliga

2

1

 Ligue 1

1

1

 First Division

1

1

 Division A

1

1

 Süper Lig

1

1

 First League

1

1

 Premier League

1

1

 Premier League

1

1

 Umaglesi Liga

1

1

 First Division

1

1


document_title: Commonwealth of the Philippines

question_text: the constitution used by the philippine government from the commonwealth period until 1973

text: Commonwealth of the Philippines

text: Names[edit]

text: The Commonwealth of the Philippines was also known as the "Philippine Commonwealth",[12][13] or simply as "the Commonwealth". It had official names in Tagalog: Kómonwélt ng Pilipinas ([pɪlɪˈpinɐs]) and Spanish: Commonwealth de Filipinas ([filiˈpinas]). The 1935 constitution specifies "the Philippines" as the country's short form name and uses "the Philippine Islands" only to refer to pre-1935 status and institutions.[11] Under the Insular Government (1901-1935), both terms had official status.[a][14]

text: History[edit]

text:
Part of a series on the

History of the Philippines

Prehistory (pre-900)[show]
Paleolithic age

Awidon Mesa Formation
Callao Limestone Formation

Neolithic age

Callao and Tabon peoples
Arrival of the Negritos
Austronesian expansion
Angono Petroglyphs
Lal-lo and Gattaran Shell Middens
Jade culture

Iron age

Sa Huyun Culture
Society of the Igorot
Ancient barangays

Events/Artifacts

Balangay
grave goods
Manunggul Jar
Prehistoric gems
Sa Huyun-Kalanay Complex
Maitum Anthropomorphic Pottery

Archaic epoch (900–1521)[show]
Historically Documented City-states /Polities
(by geography from North to South)

Samtoy chieftaincy
Caboloan
Tondo
Namayan
Rajahnate of Maynila
Ma-i
Kedatuan of Madja-as
Chiefdom of Taytay
Rajahnate of Cebu
Kedatuan of Dapitan
Rajahnate of Butuan
Sultanate of Maguindanao
Lanao confederacy
Sultanate of Sulu

Legendary

Suwarnapumi
Chryse
Ophir
Tawalisi
Wāḳwāḳ
Sanfotsi
Zabag kingdom
Ten Bornean Datus

Events/Artifacts

Maragtas
Laguna Copperplate Inscription - c.900 AD.
Butuan Ivory Seal
Limestone tombs
Batanes citadels
Golden Tara
Gold Kinnara
Ticao Stone Inscription
Butuan Silver Paleograph
Buddhist art
Majapahit conflict - 1365
Brunei War 1500

Colonial period (1521–1946)[show]
Spanish era

Battle of Mactan
Sandugo
Spanish capture of Manila
New Spain
Captaincy General
Spanish East Indies
Manila galleon
Revolts and uprisings
Chinese invasion
Castilian War
Sulu Sea pirates
Doctrina Christiana
Dutch invasions
Brunei Civil War
Bohol secession
British Invasion
Florante at Laura
Propaganda Movement
Gomburza
Noli me tangere
La Solidaridad
El filibusterismo
La Liga Filipina
Katipunan
Philippine Revolution
Spanish–American War
American capture of Manila
Declaration of Independence
First Republic
Philippine–American War

American colonial period

Tagalog Republic
Negros Republic
Zamboanga Republic
Moro Rebellion
Insular Government
Bayan Ko
Commonwealth
Japanese occupation
Second Republic
Destruction of Manila

Post-colonial period (1946–1986)[show]

Treaty of Manila
Third Republic
Cold War
Hukbalahap Rebellion
SEATO
Bandung Conference
North Borneo dispute
Marcos dictatorship
ASEAN Declaration
CPP–NPA–NDF rebellion
Moro Conflict
Spratly islands dispute
Vietnamese boat people
Assassination of Benigno Aquino Jr.

Contemporary history (1986–present)[show]

People Power Revolution
1986–90 coup attempts
Pinatubo eruption
1997 Asian financial crisis
Second EDSA Revolution
War on Terror
South China Sea disputes
Super Typhoon Yolanda
Philippine Drug War

By topic[show]

Arts
Languages
Demographic
Ancient religions
Rulers
List of Queen consorts
Military History
Honorifics
Military
Science and technology
Political
Communications
Transportation

Timeline

Archaeology

 Philippines portal

v
t
e

text: Creation[edit]

text: The pre-1935 U.S. territorial administration, or Insular Government, was headed by a governor general who was appointed by the president of the United States. In December 1932, the U.S. Congress passed the Hare–Hawes–Cutting Act with the premise of granting Filipinos independence. Provisions of the bill included reserving several military and naval bases for the United States, as well as imposing tariffs and quotas on Philippine exports.[15][16] When it reached him for possible signature, President Herbert Hoover vetoed the Hare–Hawes–Cutting Act, but the American Congress overrode Hoover's veto in 1933 and passed the bill over Hoover's objections.[17] The bill, however, was opposed by the then Philippine Senate President Manuel L. Quezon and was also rejected by the Philippine Senate.[18]

text: This led to the creation and passing of a new bill known as Tydings–McDuffie Act,[b] or Philippine Independence Act, which allowed the establishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines with a ten-year period of peaceful transition to full independence – the date of which was to be on the 4th July following the tenth anniversary of the establishment of the Commonwealth.[15][19][20]

text: A Constitutional Convention was convened in Manila on July 30, 1934. On February 8, 1935, the 1935 Constitution of the Commonwealth of the Philippines was approved by the convention by a vote of 177 to 1. The constitution was approved by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on March 23, 1935 and ratified by popular vote on May 14, 1935.[21][22]

text: On 17 September 1935,[6] presidential elections were held. Candidates included former president Emilio Aguinaldo, the Iglesia Filipina Independiente leader Gregorio Aglipay, and others. Manuel L. Quezon and Sergio Osmeña of the Nacionalista Party were proclaimed the winners, winning the seats of president and vice-president, respectively.[15]

text: The Commonwealth Government was inaugurated on the morning of November 15, 1935, in ceremonies held on the steps of the Legislative Building in Manila. The event was attended by a crowd of around 300,000 people.[6]

text: Pre-War[edit]

text: The new government embarked on ambitious nation-building policies in preparation for economic and political independence.[15] These included national defense (such as the National Defense Act of 1935, which organized a conscription for service in the country), greater control over the economy, the perfection of democratic institutions, reforms in education, improvement of transport, the promotion of local capital, industrialization, and the colonization of Mindanao.

text: However, uncertainties, especially in the diplomatic and military situation in Southeast Asia, in the level of U.S. commitment to the future Republic of the Philippines, and in the economy due to the Great Depression, proved to be major problems. The situation was further complicated by the presence of agrarian unrest, and of power struggles between Osmeña and Quezon,[15] especially after Quezon was permitted to be re-elected after one six-year term.

text: A proper evaluation of the policies' effectiveness or failure is difficult due to Japanese invasion and occupation during World War II.

text: World War II[edit]

text: Japan launched a surprise attack on the Philippines on December 8, 1941. The Commonwealth government drafted the Philippine Army into the U.S. Army Forces Far East, which would resist Japanese occupation. Manila was declared an open city to prevent its destruction,[23] and it was occupied by the Japanese on January 2, 1942.[24] Meanwhile, battles against the Japanese continued on the Bataan Peninsula, Corregidor, and Leyte until the final surrender of United States-Philippine forces in May 1942.[25]

text: Quezon and Osmeña were escorted by troops from Manila to Corregidor, and later left for Australia prior to going to the U.S., where they set up a government in exile, based at the Shoreham Hotel, in Washington, D.C.[26] This government participated in the Pacific War Council as well as the Declaration by United Nations. Quezon became ill with tuberculosis and died from it, with Osmeña succeeding him as president.

text: When the dissolution of the main general headquarters of the Philippine Commonwealth Army was located on the military station in Ermita, Manila and closed down on December 24, 1941 and arrive by the Japanese Imperial forces was occupied in Manila on January 2, 1942 and among the defunct Commonwealth Army main headquarters in the capital city was occupied and took control by the Japanese. Since the following of the Japanese Occupation, the establishment of the general headquarters and military camps and bases of the Philippine Commonwealth Army are military station to using around of all the main provinces of the Philippine Archipelago from Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao from January 3, 1942 to June 30, 1946 during and aftermath the Second World War was openly the service and began the local military conflicts and engage of the operations against the Japanese Occupation on this country.

text: Meanwhile, the Japanese military organized a new government in the Philippines known as the Second Philippine Republic, headed by president José P. Laurel. This pro-Japanese government became very unpopular.[27]

text: Resistance to the Japanese occupation continued in the Philippines. This included the Hukbalahap ("People's Army Against the Japanese"), which consisted of 30,000 armed men and controlled much of Central Luzon.[27] Remnants of the Philippine Army also successfully fought the Japanese through guerrilla warfare, eventually liberating all but 12 of the 48 provinces.[27]

text: General Douglas MacArthur's army landed on Leyte on October 20, 1944, and were welcomed as liberators,[15] as were the Philippine Commonwealth troops who arrived in other amphibious landings. The Philippine Constabulary was placed on active service with the Philippine Commonwealth Army and re-established on October 28, 1944 to June 30, 1946 during the Allied liberation to Post-World War II era. Fighting continued in remote corners of the Philippines until Japan's surrender in August 1945, which was signed on September 2 in Tokyo Bay. Estimates of Filipino war dead reached one million, and Manila was extensively damaged when Japanese marines refused to vacate the city when ordered to do so by the Japanese High Command.[27]

text: After the War in the Philippines the Commonwealth was restored and a one-year transitional period in preparation for independence began. Elections followed in April 1946 with Manuel Roxas winning as the first president of the independent Republic of the Philippines and Elpidio Quirino winning as vice-president. In spite of the years of Japanese occupation, the Philippines became independent exactly as scheduled a decade before, on July 4, 1946.

text: Independence[edit]

text: The Commonwealth ended when the U.S. recognized Philippine independence on July 4, 1946, as scheduled.[28][29] However, the economy remained dependent on the U.S.[30] This was due to the Bell Trade Act, otherwise known as the Philippine Trade Act, which was a precondition for receiving war rehabilitation grants from the United States.[31]

text: Policies[edit]

text: Uprisings and agrarian reform[edit]

text: At the time, tenant farmers held grievances often rooted to debt caused by the sharecropping system, as well as by the dramatic increase in population, which added economic pressure to the tenant farmers' families.[32] As a result, an agrarian reform program was initiated by the Commonwealth. However, success of the program was hampered by ongoing clashes between tenants and landowners.

text: An example of these clashes includes one initiated by Benigno Ramos through his Sakdalista movement,[33] which advocated tax reductions, land reforms, the breakup of the large estates or haciendas, and the severing of American ties. The uprising, which occurred in Central Luzon in May, 1935, claimed about a hundred lives.

text: National language[edit]

text: The Commonwealth had two official languages; Spanish, and English.[5] Due to the diverse number of Philippine languages, a program for the "development and adoption of a common national language based on the existing native dialects" was drafted in the 1935 Constitution.[34] The Commonwealth created the Surián ng Wikang Pambansà (National Language Institute), which was initially composed of President Quezon and six other members from various ethnic groups. A deliberation was held and Tagalog,[34] due to its extensive literary tradition, was selected as the basis for the "national language" to be called "Pilipino".

text: In 1940, the Commonwealth authorized the creation of a dictionary and grammar book for the language. In that same year, Commonwealth Act 570 was passed, allowing Filipino to become an official language upon independence.[34]

text: Economy[edit]

text: The cash economy of the Commonwealth was mostly agriculture-based. Products included abaca, coconuts and coconut oil, sugar, and timber.[35] Numerous other crops and livestock were grown for local consumption by the Filipino people. Other sources for foreign income included the spin-off from money spent at American military bases on the Philippines such as the naval base at Subic Bay and Clark Air Base (with U.S. Army airplanes there as early as 1919), both on the island of Luzon.

text: The performance of the economy was initially good despite challenges from various agrarian uprisings. Taxes collected from a robust coconut industry helped boost the economy by funding infrastructure and other development projects. However, growth was halted due to the outbreak of World War II.[35]

text: Demographics[edit]

text: In 1939, a census of the Philippines was taken and determined that it had a population of 16,000,303; of these 15.7 million were counted as "Brown", 141.8 thousand as "Yellow", 19.3 thousand as "White", 29.1 thousand as "Negro", 50.5 thousand as "Mixed", and under 1 thousand "Other".[36] In 1941, the estimated population of the Philippines reached 17,000,000; there were 117,000 Chinese, 30,000 Japanese, and 9,000 Americans.[37] English was spoken by 26.3% of the population, according to the 1939 Census.[38] Spanish, after English overtook it beginning in the 1920s, became a language for the elite and in government; it was later banned during the Japanese occupation.[39]

text: Estimated numbers of speakers of the dominant languages:[34]

text:
Cebuano: 4,620,685
Tagalog: 3,068,565
Ilocano: 2,353,518
Hiligaynon: 1,951,005
Waray: 920,009
Kapampangan: 621,455
Pangasinan: 573,752

tag: ul

text: Government[edit]

text: The Commonwealth had its own constitution, which remained effective until 1973,[40] and was self-governing[11] although foreign policy and military affairs would be under the responsibility of the United States, and certain legislation required the approval of the American president.[41]

text: During the 1935–41 period, the Commonwealth of the Philippines featured a very strong executive, a unicameral National Assembly,[42][43] and a Supreme Court,[44] all composed entirely of Filipinos, as well as an elected Resident Commissioner to the United States House of Representatives (as Puerto Rico does today). An American High Commissioner and an American Military Advisor,[28] Douglas MacArthur headed the latter office from 1937 until the advent of World War II in 1941, holding the military rank of Field Marshal of the Philippines. After 1946, the rank of field marshal disappeared from the Philippine military.

text: During 1939 and 1940, after an amendment in the Commonwealth's Constitution, a bicameral Congress,[45] consisting of a Senate,[45] and of a House of Representatives,[45] was restored, replacing the National Assembly.[45]

text: Politics[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: List of presidents[edit]

text: The colors indicate the political party or coalition of each President at Election Day.

text:
#
President
Took office
Left office
Party
Vice President
Term

1

Manuel L. Quezon
November 15, 1935
August 1, 19441
Nacionalista
Sergio Osmeña
1

2

2

Sergio Osmeña
August 1, 1944
May 28, 1946
Nacionalista
vacant

3

Manuel Roxas
May 28, 1946
July 4, 1946²
Liberal
Elpidio Quirino
3

text:
1 Died of tuberculosis at Saranac Lake, New York.
² End of Commonwealth government, independent Republic inaugurated.

text: Quezon Administration (1935–44)[edit]

text: In 1935 Quezon won the Philippine's first national presidential election under the banner of the Nacionalista Party. He obtained nearly 68% of the vote against his two main rivals, Emilio Aguinaldo and Bishop Gregorio Aglipay. Quezon was inaugurated in November 1935. He is recognized as the second President of the Philippines. When Manuel L. Quezon was inaugurated President of the Philippines in 1935, he became the first Filipino to head a government of the Philippines since Emilio Aguinaldo and the Malolos Republic in 1898. However, in January 2008, Congressman Rodolfo Valencia of Oriental Mindoro filed a bill seeking instead to declare General Miguel Malvar as the second Philippine President, having directly succeeded Aguinaldo in 1901.[c]

text: Quezon had originally been barred by the Philippine constitution from seeking re-election. However, in 1940, constitutional amendments were ratified allowing him to seek re-election for a fresh term ending in 1943. In the 1941 presidential elections, Quezon was re-elected over former Senator Juan Sumulong with nearly 82% of the vote.

text: In a notable humanitarian act, Quezon, in cooperation with U.S. High Commissioner Paul V. McNutt, facilitated the entry into the Philippines of Jewish refugees fleeing fascist regimes in Europe. Quezon was also instrumental in promoting a project to resettle the refugees in Mindanao.

text: Quezon suffered from tuberculosis and spent his last years in a 'cure cottage' in Saranac Lake, NY, where he died on August 1, 1944. He was initially buried in Arlington National Cemetery. His body was later carried by the USS Princeton and re-interred in Manila at the Manila North Cemetery before being moved to Quezon City within the monument at the Quezon Memorial Circle.

text: Osmeña Administration (1944–46)[edit]

text: Osmeña became president of the Commonwealth on Quezon's death in 1944. He returned to the Philippines the same year with General Douglas MacArthur and the liberation forces. After the war Osmeña restored the Commonwealth government and the various executive departments. He continued the fight for Philippine independence.

text: For the presidential election of 1946 Osmeña refused to campaign, saying that the Filipino people knew of his record of 40 years of honest and faithful service. Nevertheless, he was defeated by Manuel Roxas, who won 54% of the vote and became the first president of the independent Republic of the Philippines.

text: Roxas Administration (May 28, 1946 – July 4, 1946)[edit]

text: Roxas served as the President of the Commonwealth of the Philippines in a brief period, from his subsequent election on May 28, 1946 to July 4, 1946, the scheduled date of the proclamation of Philippine Independence. Roxas prepared the groundwork for the advent of a free and independent Philippines, assisted by the Congress (reorganized May 25, 1946), with Senator José Avelino as the Senate President and Congressman Eugenio Pérez as the House of Representatives Speaker. On June 3, 1946, Roxas appeared for the first time before the joint session of the Congress to deliver his first state of the nation address. Among other things, he told the members of the Congress the grave problems and difficulties the Philippines are set to face and reports of his special trip to the U.S. — the approval for independence.[47]

text: On June 21, he reappeared into another joint session of the Congress and urged the acceptance of two important laws passed by the U.S. Congress on April 30, 1946 to the Philippine lands. They are the Philippine Rehabilitation Act and the Philippine Trade Act.[48] Both recommendations were accepted by the Congress.


document_title: History of the petroleum industry

question_text: where was oil first discovered in the world

text: History of the petroleum industry

text: Early history[edit]

text: Four thousand years ago, according to Herodotus and confirmed by Diodorus Siculus, asphalt was used in the construction of the walls and towers of Babylon; there were oil pits near Ardericca (near Babylon), and a pitch spring on Zacynthus (Ionian islands, Greece).[1] Great quantities of it were found on the banks of the river Issus[citation needed], one of the tributaries of the Euphrates. Ancient Persian tablets indicate the medicinal and lighting uses of petroleum in the upper levels of their society[citation needed].

text: Oil was exploited in the Roman province of Dacia, now in Romania, where it was called picula.[citation needed]

text: The use of petroleum dates back to ancient China more than 2000 years ago. In I Ching, one of the earliest Chinese writings cites the use of oil in its raw state without refining was first discovered, extracted, and used in China in the first century BCE. In addition, the Chinese were the first to use petroleum as fuel as the early as the fourth century BCE.[2][3][4][5]

text: The earliest known oil wells were drilled in China in 347 AD or earlier. They had depths of up to about 800 feet (240 m) and were drilled using bits attached to bamboo poles.[6][7][8][9][unreliable source?] The oil was burned to evaporate brine and produce salt. By the 10th century, extensive bamboo pipelines connected oil wells with salt springs. The ancient records of China and Japan are said to contain many allusions to the use of natural gas for lighting and heating. Petroleum was known as burning water in Japan in the 7th century.[1] In his book Dream Pool Essays written in 1088, the polymathic scientist and statesman Shen Kuo of the Song Dynasty coined the word 石油 (Shíyóu, literally "rock oil") for petroleum, which remains the term used in contemporary Chinese and Japanese (Sekiyū).

text: The first streets of Baghdad were paved with tar, derived from petroleum that became accessible from natural fields in the region. In the 9th century, oil fields were exploited in the area around modern Baku, Azerbaijan. These fields were described by the Arab geographer Abu al-Hasan 'Alī al-Mas'ūdī in the 10th century, and by Marco Polo in the 13th century, who described the output of those wells as hundreds of shiploads. Distillation of Petroleum was described by the Persian alchemist, Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi (Rhazes).[10][unreliable source] There was production of chemicals such as kerosene in the alembic (al-ambiq),[11] which was mainly used for kerosene lamps.[12] Arab and Persian chemists also distilled crude oil in order to produce flammable products for military purposes. Through Islamic Spain, distillation became available in Western Europe by the 12th century.[13] It has also been present in Romania since the 13th century, being recorded as păcură.[14]

text: The earliest mention of petroleum in the Americas occurs in Sir Walter Raleigh's account of the Trinidad Pitch Lake in 1595; while thirty-seven years later, the account of a visit of a Franciscan, Joseph de la Roche d'Allion, to the oil springs of New York was published in Gabriel Sagard's Histoire du Canada. A Finnish born Swede, scientist and student of Carl Linnaeus, Peter Kalm, in his work Travels into North America published first in 1753 showed on a map the oil springs of Pennsylvania.[1]

text: In 1710 or 1711 (sources vary) the Russian-born Swiss physician and Greek teacher Eirini d'Eyrinys (also spelled as Eirini d'Eirinis) discovered asphaltum at Val-de-Travers, (Neuchâtel). He established a bitumen mine de la Presta there in 1719 that operated until 1986.[15][16][17][18]

text: In 1745 under the Empress Elizabeth of Russia the first oil well and refinery were built in Ukhta by Fiodor Priadunov. Through the process of distillation of the "rock oil" (petroleum) he received a kerosene-like substance, which was used in oil lamps by Russian churches and monasteries (though households still relied on candles).[19]

text: Oil sands were mined from 1745 in Merkwiller-Pechelbronn, Alsace under the direction of Louis Pierre Ancillon de la Sablonnière, by special appointment of Louis XV.[20][21] The Pechelbronn oil field was active until 1970, and was the birthplace of companies like Antar and Schlumberger. The first modern refinery was built there in 1857.[20]

text: Modern history[edit]

text: The modern history of petroleum began in the 19th century with the refining of paraffin from crude oil. The Scottish chemist James Young in 1847 noticed a natural petroleum seepage in the Riddings colliery at Alfreton, Derbyshire from which he distilled a light thin oil suitable for use as lamp oil, at the same time obtaining a thicker oil suitable for lubricating machinery. In 1846, Baku (settlement Bibi-Heybat) the first ever well drilled with percussion tools to a depth of 21 meters for oil exploration. In 1848, Young set up a small business refining the crude oil. The new oils were successful, but the supply of oil from the coal mine soon began to fail (eventually being exhausted in 1851). Young, noticing that the oil was dripping from the sandstone roof of the coal mine, theorized that it somehow originated from the action of heat on the coal seam and from this thought that it might be produced artificially.

text: Following up this idea, he tried many experiments and eventually succeeded, by distilling cannel coal at a low heat, a fluid resembling petroleum, which when treated in the same way as the seep oil gave similar products. Young found that by slow distillation he could obtain a number of useful liquids from it, one of which he named "paraffine oil" because at low temperatures it congealed into a substance resembling paraffin wax.[22]

text: The production of these oils and solid paraffin wax from coal formed the subject of his patent dated 17 October 1850. In 1850 Young & Meldrum and Edward William Binney entered into partnership under the title of E.W. Binney & Co. at Bathgate in West Lothian and E. Meldrum & Co. at Glasgow; their works at Bathgate were completed in 1851 and became the first truly commercial oil-works and oil refinery in the world, using oil extracted from locally mined torbanite, shale, and bituminous coal to manufacture naphtha and lubricating oils; paraffin for fuel use and solid paraffin were not sold till 1856.

text: Abraham Pineo Gesner, a Canadian geologist developed a process to refine a liquid fuel from coal, bitumen and oil shale. His new discovery, which he named kerosene, burned more cleanly and was less expensive than competing products, such as whale oil. In 1850, Gesner created the Kerosene Gaslight Company and began installing lighting in the streets in Halifax and other cities. By 1854, he had expanded to the United States where he created the North American Kerosene Gas Light Company at Long Island, New York. Demand grew to where his company’s capacity to produce became a problem, but the discovery of petroleum, from which kerosene could be more easily produced, solved the supply problem.

text: In 1848 the first modern oil well was drilled in Asia, on the Aspheron Peninsula north-east of Baku, by Russian engineer F.N. Semyenov.[23]

text: Ignacy Łukasiewicz improved Gesner's method to develop a means of refining kerosene from the more readily available "rock oil" ("petr-oleum") seeps, in 1852, and the first rock oil mine was built in Bóbrka, near Krosno in central European Galicia (Poland) in 1854. These discoveries rapidly spread around the world, and Meerzoeff built the first modern Russian refinery in the mature oil fields at Baku in 1861. At that time Baku produced about 90% of the world's oil.

text: The question of what constituted the first commercial oil well is a difficult one to answer. Edwin Drake's 1859 well near Titusville, Pennsylvania, discussed more fully below, is popularly considered the first modern well.[24] Drake's well is probably singled out because it was drilled, not dug; because it used a steam engine; because there was a company associated with it; and because it touched off a major boom. However, the first well ever drilled anywhere in the world, which produced oil, was drilled in 1857 to a depth of 280 feet by the American Merrimac Company in La Brea (Spanish for “Pitch”) in southeast Trinidad in the Caribbean.[25] Additionally, there was considerable activity before Drake in various parts of the world in the mid-19th century. A group directed by Major Alexeyev of the Bakinskii Corps of Mining Engineers hand-drilled a well in the Baku region in 1848.[26] There were engine-drilled wells in West Virginia in the same year as Drake's well.[27] An early commercial well was hand dug in Poland in 1853, and another in nearby Romania in 1857. At around the same time the world's first, but small, oil refineries were opened at Jasło, in Poland, with a larger one being opened at Ploiești, in Romania, shortly after. Romania is the first country in the world to have its crude oil output officially recorded in international statistics, namely 275 tonnes.[28][29] In 1875, crude oil was discovered by David Beaty at his home in Warren, Pennsylvania. This led to the opening of the Bradford oil field, which, by the 1880s, produced 77 percent of the global oil supply. However, by the end of the 19th century, the Russian Empire, particularly the Branobel company in Azerbaijan, had taken the lead in production.[30]

text: Samuel Kier established America's first oil refinery in Pittsburgh on Seventh avenue near Grant Street, in 1853. In addition to the activity in West Virginia and Pennsylvania, an important early oil well in North America was in Oil Springs, Ontario, Canada in 1858, dug by James Miller Williams.[31] The discovery at Oil Springs touched off an oil boom which brought hundreds of speculators and workers to the area. New oil fields were discovered nearby throughout the late 19th century and the area developed into a large petrochemical refining centre and exchange.[32] The modern US petroleum industry is considered to have begun with Edwin Drake's drilling of a 69-foot (21 m) oil well in 1859,[33] on Oil Creek near Titusville, Pennsylvania, for the Seneca Oil Company (originally yielding 25 barrels per day (4.0 m3/d), by the end of the year output was at the rate of 15 barrels per day (2.4 m3/d)). The industry grew through the 1800s, driven by the demand for kerosene and oil lamps. It became a major national concern in the early part of the 20th century; the introduction of the internal combustion engine provided a demand that has largely sustained the industry to this day. Early "local" finds like those in Pennsylvania and Ontario were quickly outpaced by demand, leading to "oil booms" in Ohio, Texas, Oklahoma, and California.

text:
Early crude production
in the U.S.

Year
Volume

1859
2,000 barrels (~270 t)

1869
4,215,000 barrels (~5.750×10^5 t)

1879
19,914,146 barrels (~2.717×10^6 t)

1889
35,163,513 barrels (~4.797×10^6 t)

1899
57,084,428 barrels (~7.788×10^6 t)

1906
126,493,936 barrels (~1.726×10^7 t)

text: By 1910, significant oil fields had been discovered in the Dutch East Indies (1885, in Sumatra), Persia (1908, in Masjed Soleiman), Peru (1863, in Zorritos District), Venezuela (1914, in Maracaibo Basin), and Mexico, and were being developed at an industrial level. Significant oil fields were exploited in Alberta (Canada) from 1947. First offshore oil drilling at Oil Rocks (Neft Dashlari) in the Caspian Sea off Azerbaijan eventually resulted in a city built on pylons in 1949. Availability of oil and access to it, became of "cardinal importance" in military power before[34] and after World War I, particularly for navies as they changed from coal, but also with the introduction of motor transport, tanks and airplanes.[35] Such thinking would continue in later conflicts of the twentieth century, including World War II, during which oil facilities were a major strategic asset and were extensively bombed.[36] In 1938, vast reserves of oil were discovered in the Al-Ahsa region along the coast of the Persian Gulf.

text: Until the mid-1950s coal was still the world's foremost fuel, but after this time oil quickly took over. Later, following the 1973 and 1979 energy crises, there was significant media coverage on the subject of oil supply levels. This brought to light the concern that oil is a limited resource that will eventually run out, at least as an economically viable energy source. Although at the time the most common and popular predictions were quite dire, a period of increased production and reduced demand in the following years caused an oil glut in the 1980s. This was not to last, however, and by the first decade of the 21st century discussions about peak oil had returned to the news.

text: Today, about 90% of vehicular fuel needs are met by oil. Petroleum also makes up 40% of total energy consumption in the United States, but is responsible for only 2% of electricity generation. Petroleum's worth as a portable, dense energy source powering the vast majority of vehicles and as the base of many industrial chemicals makes it one of the world's most important commodities.

text: The top three oil producing countries are Saudi Arabia, Russia, and the United States.[37] About 80% of the world's readily accessible reserves are located in the Middle East, with 62.5% coming from the Arab 5: Saudi Arabia (12.5%), UAE, Iraq, Qatar and Kuwait. However, with high oil prices (above $100/barrel), Venezuela has larger reserves than Saudi Arabia due to its crude reserves derived from bitumen.