document_title: Matthew Lloyd

question_text: who has kicked the most goals for essendon football club

text: Matthew Lloyd

text: Early life[edit]

text: Matthew Lloyd was born in Melbourne in 1978 to parents John (a former VFL footballer who played 29 games for the Carlton Football Club from 1965–1967) and Bev Lloyd. The Lloyds moved to Scotland for three years because of John's work, and it was there that Matthew picked up rugby and soccer playing for his Currie club.

text: Lloyd attended St Martin De Porres Parish Primary School in Avondale Heights before moving to St Bernards College, Essendon.[8]

text: He supported the Fitzroy Football Club when he was young because in the first game he attended, Fitzroy player Bernie Quinlan kicked nine goals.[9]

text: Career[edit]

text: AFL[edit]

text: Lloyd was drafted into the AFL as a 16-year-old in the 1995 Pre-season Draft as a "compensatory selection" that was awarded to Essendon by the AFL in return for losing Todd Ridley to the newly formed Fremantle Football Club. The Bombers picked up what would be one of their all-time greats for a relative pittance in the draft. Lloyd was heralded as a future football star after his AFL debut in Round 14, 1995, where he scored a goal with his first kick in league football and three for the match.

text: The key features of Lloyd's game were his powerful marks on the lead (particularly overhead), his use of his body in a defensive capacity and accurate goal kicking, particularly from set shots on his left foot. He converted a large majority of set shots inside the 50-metre arc and kicked further than 50 metres on a regular basis.

text: Lloyd was known for his ritual when taking set shots at goal. Almost every time he took time to go far back on the mark, pull both his socks up, then grab some grass and throw it into the air to measure the wind and take a very long run up before kicking. In 2006, the AFL introduced a "shot clock" to limit the amount of time that players had to take set shots; although Lloyd's ritual was not the longest in the league its quirks made it so well known that the rule became commonly known as the "Lloyd Rule".[10] Lloyd adjusted his ritual to fit into the new rule, and still retained the most famous aspect (throwing grass) until the end of his career.

text: Lloyd's goalscoring ability enabled him to top the Essendon goal scoring every year from 1997 to 2009, except for 2006 when he only played three games due to a serious hamstring injury.

text: Lloyd was selected in the All-Australian team on five occasions (1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003), won the Coleman Medal for kicking the most goals in the regular season three times (2000, 2001 and 2003)[11] and twice kicked more than 100 goals in a completed season (109 in 2000 and 105 in 2001; on both occasions he reached the milestone during the finals).

text: Lloyd was a member of Essendon's 2000 premiership team and was captain of Essendon from 2006 to 2009. He was recognised for his achievements at Essendon in 2002 when he was ranked the 22nd greatest player ever to play for the club in the "Champions of Essendon" list.[12]

text: Lloyd was appointed Essendon captain ahead of the 2006 season, after James Hird elected to stand down following the side's disappointing 2005 season.[13] Lloyd's first match as Essendon captain resulted in a 27-point win over the defending premiers Sydney, where he kicked eight goals (six of them in the first quarter alone). It would be the only win that Essendon would enjoy under Lloyd's captaincy until exactly a year later.[14]

text: As well as being the top all-time goal scorer,[15] captain[16] and life member[17] at Essendon, Lloyd was part of its 2000 premiership team.

text: In 2013 Lloyd was inducted as a member of the Australian Football Hall of Fame[18] and as a Legend in the Essendon Football Club Hall of Fame.[19]

text: State of Origin[edit]

text: Lloyd had a successful State of Origin career, kicking 8 goals in 3 games. He first played for Victoria in 1997, against South Australia, kicking 3 goals, including a snap kick along the ground from near the boundary line, which went one way then curved back another.[20][21] In 1998 Lloyd kicked two goals against The Allies, in Brisbane. Lloyd last played for Victoria in 1999 against South Australia in the second-last ever State of Origin game, kicking 3 goals and being named in the best players.[22]

text: Career highlights[edit]

text: In Round 20 2007 Lloyd kicked a backheel goal whilst surrounded by opponents and was awarded the 2007 Goal of the Year.[23]

text: In Round 18 against the Melbourne Demons, Lloyd took a spectacular mark above five players to win the 2008 Mark of the Year. A haul of eight goals in that match gave Lloyd his best return since Round 1, 2006.

text: Performances against the Sydney Swans[edit]

text: In Round 3, 1999, Lloyd, aged just 21 at the time, kicked a record 13 goals against the Sydney Swans at the MCG, kicking the first goal of the game and breaking John Coleman's record for most goals kicked by an Essendon player against the Swans.[24]

text: In his first game as Essendon captain, also playing against the Sydney Swans, Lloyd kicked eight goals (six in the first quarter against his opponent, Leo Barry)[14][24] He kicked a total of 69 goals playing against the Swans, including the aforementioned 13 in 1999 and eight in the first round of the 2006 season.[25]

text: Injuries[edit]

text: During Essendon's 1996 preliminary final against the Sydney Swans in Sydney, Lloyd ruptured his spleen. He suffered a large amount of blood loss and spent 10 days in intensive care in a Sydney hospital.[26]

text: In Round 6, 2002 against Fremantle, Lloyd ruptured a tendon in his right ring finger when it was caught in his opponents guernsey. It required surgery to be reattached and he was out for eight weeks.

text: Lloyd returned in Round 14 against the Western Bulldogs when Steven Kretiuk controversially targeted his injured hand.[27]

text: Midway through the third quarter of the Essendon vs Bulldogs match on 16 April 2006 (which happened to be Lloyd's 28th birthday), opponent Brian Harris accidentally fell on Lloyd as he tried to mark the ball. Lloyd walked off the ground with the aid of trainers and did not return for the rest of the match. Following scans, a week later it was revealed that the hamstring tendon had been snapped off the bone. Surgery to repair the career-threatening injury took place which ruled him out for the rest of the season.[28][29] Lloyd's absence from the team was felt hard, as the Bombers finished near the foot of the ladder at season's end. As Lloyd was captain of Essendon and was unable to play for the remainder of the season (his first year in fact), David Hille was promoted to team captain in Lloyd's absence.

text: Lloyd made a successful comeback against Adelaide at AAMI Stadium in Round 1, 2007. He kicked two goals while working further up the ground, putting to rest any concerns about his injured hamstring. Essendon beat Adelaide by 31 points.

text: Brad Sewell incident[edit]

text: In Round 22, 2009 Lloyd ended Hawthorn's finals hopes when he hit Brad Sewell with a heavy bump that left him unconscious and with facial injuries, and led to a brawl between the two teams.[30][31] In the bitter aftermath of the match, Hawthorn's Campbell Brown called Lloyd "one of the biggest snipers in the game" and said that "his time is coming",.[32] Hawthorn coach Alastair Clarkson threatened Lloyd and abused an interchange steward and had to be restrained by Hawthorn football manager Mark Evans as the teams left the field.[33] AFL CEO Andrew Demetriou defended Lloyd's reputation,[34] Clarkson was fined for his comments[35] and later apologised for the outburst.[36]

text: Essendon went on to win the match by 22 points after trailing by 17 points at the time of the incident, and in the week after the match, Lloyd was given a six-match suspension by the match review panel for the hit on Sewell. This was reduced to four matches after he decided not to appeal the sanction.[37] Lloyd only served one match of his suspension, Essendon's elimination final loss to Adelaide at AAMI Stadium, before announcing his retirement on 23 September 2009.

text: Statistics[edit]

text:
Legend

 G

Goals

 B

Behinds

 K

Kicks

 H

Handballs

 D

Disposals

 M

Marks

 T

Tackles

text:
Led the league for the season only

Led the league after finals only

Led the league after season and finals

text:
Season

Team

No.

Games

G

B

K

H

D

M

T

G

B

K

H

D

M

T

Totals

Averages (per game)

1995

Essendon

18
5
7
6
31
17
48
22
1
1.4
1.2
6.2
3.4
9.6
4.4
0.2

1996

Essendon

18
11
18
7
78
34
112
46
11
1.6
0.6
7.1
3.1
10.2
4.2
1.0

1997

Essendon

18
20
63
33
212
125
272
125
17
3.2
1.7
10.6
3.0
13.6
6.3
0.9

1998

Essendon

18
23
70
38
249
77
326
156
24
3.0
1.7
10.8
3.3
14.2
6.8
1.0

1999

Essendon

18
22
87
40
239
54
293
142
22
4.0
1.8
10.9
2.5
13.3
6.5
1.0

2000

Essendon

18
25
109
60
323
68
391
186
21
4.4
2.4
12.9
2.7
15.6
7.4
0.8

2001

Essendon

18
21
105
36
244
49
293
158
23
5.0
1.7
11.6
2.3
14.0
7.5
1.1

2002

Essendon

18
16
47
29
143
40
183
96
11
2.9
1.8
8.9
2.5
11.4
6.0
0.7

2003

Essendon

18
22
93
30
204
66
270
140
21
4.2
1.4
9.3
3.0
12.3
6.4
1.0

2004

Essendon

18
24
96
39
228
49
277
134
35
4.0
1.6
9.5
2.0
11.5
5.6
1.5

2005

Essendon

18
20
59
29
181
51
232
104
23
3.0
1.5
9.1
2.6
11.6
5.2
1.2

2006

Essendon

18
3
13
3
34
17
51
23
1
4.3
1.0
11.2
5.7
17.0
7.7
0.3

2007

Essendon

18
19
62
31
214
59
273
124
33
3.3
1.6
11.3
3.1
14.4
6.5
1.7

2008

Essendon

18
21
62
16
199
83
282
144
35
3.0
0.8
9.5
4.0
13.4
6.9
1.7

2009

Essendon

18
18
35
27
131
88
219
104
26
1.9
1.5
7.3
4.9
12.2
5.8
1.4

Career

270

926

424

2710

812

3522

1704

304

3.4

1.6

10.0

3.0

13.0

6.3

1.1

text: Honours and achievements[edit]

text:
Brownlow Medal votes

Season

Votes

1995

0

1996

3

1997

7

1998

5

1999

9

2000

14

2001

15

2002

6

2003

14

2004

10

2005

3

2006

3

2007

0

2008

5

2009

3

Total

97

text:
Team
AFL Premiership (Essendon): 2000
McClelland Trophy (Essendon): 1999, 2000, 2001
Pre-Season Cup (Essendon): 2000
Individual
Coleman Medal: 2000, 2001, 2003
All-Australian: 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003
Essendon F.C. Leading Goalkicker: 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009
Essendon F.C. Captain: 2006-2009
Australian Representative Honours in International Rules Football: 2001
Jim Stynes Medal: 2001
Goal of the Year: 2007
Alex Jesaulenko Medal - Mark of the Year: 2008
AFL Rising Star Nominee: 1996 (Round 19)
Champions of Essendon - No. 22
Australian Football Hall of Fame inductee

text: Retirement[edit]

text: On 23 September 2009, Lloyd announced his retirement to a packed media conference at the Essendon Football Club Hall of Fame. Although he had been offered another contract,[39] Lloyd said that "now is my time from a physical and mental point of view" and that he would "...prefer to go a year too early than a year too late."[40]

text: To celebrate Lloyd's career, the Coventry End of Docklands Stadium has been renamed the Lloyd End for Essendon home games.[41]

text: In 2009, Lloyd was appointed assistant coach at the AIS-AFL Academy[42] however he ruled out applying for an AFL coaching position.[43]

text: Media work[edit]

text: Lloyd co-hosted children's AFL show Auskick'n Around on Fox Footy Channel with Brad Johnson from the Western Bulldogs from 2003 until it was cancelled at the end of 2005.

text: In 2006 Lloyd had a weekly spot as a panelist on Fox Footy's White Line Fever and after being forced to spend extended time off the field because of injury, he became recognised for his informative views on all things football – his roles included being a special comments commentator on Triple M's football coverage as well as more regular appearances on The AFL Footy Show, as a panelist.

text: In 2009 Lloyd appeared as a regular panelist on a new show, One Week at a Time, as well as doing special comments on Network Ten and writing a regular column for  The Age newspaper. Following his retirement Lloyd has been heavily involved in the media.

text: Lloyd signed with the Network Ten[44] AFL team as an expert commentator for the 2010 and 2011 AFL seasons on Channel Ten and One HD (he had already provided special commentary during various matches of the 2009 AFL season for the network), until Ten Sport lost the rights at the end of the 2011 AFL season. He also worked for radio station SEN, was a co-host of The Game Plan on One HD during 2011 and continued working for The Age.[45]

text: Lloyd's autobiography (co-authored with Andrew Clarke), Straight Shooter, was released in July 2011.[46][47]

text: After Network Ten lost the AFL broadcasting rights, Lloyd joined the Nine Network for 2012 to be a panelist on The Footy Show and The Sunday Footy Show.[48] He also left SEN to join 3AW's AFL special comments team.

text: In 2013, he joined Footy Classified as a panelist alongside Gary Lyon, Craig Hutchison and Caroline Wilson; as well as continuing his regular roles on The Sunday Footy Show and 3AW Football. Lloyd is also a recurring panelist on The Footy Show.

text: Coaching career[edit]

text: On 14 November 2014 it was announced that Lloyd would return to the Essendon Football Club as a part-time forwards coach, working closely with the club's forwards.[49]

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Lloyd's parents are John and Bev Lloyd. John Lloyd played 29 games for Carlton from 1965–1967 and coached the Braybrook Football Club to three premierships. The family moved to Scotland for three years because of John Lloyd's work and it was there that Lloyd played rugby and soccer for his Currie club.

text: Lloyd has two older brothers, Simon, who is an assistant coach at the Geelong Football Club,[50] and Brad, who is  a former Hawthorn player (and former captain of the Williamstown Football Club) and now national recruiting manager for the Fremantle Football Club,[51] as well as one older sister, Kylie, who is the Unit Manager at The Footy Show.

text:
On 9 November 2002, Lloyd married his childhood sweetheart, Lisa-Marie Caparello, usually known as "Lisa", at Xavier College Chapel. Their wedding was covered by New Idea magazine and a documentary of the day, titled One Day In November, was also aired on Fox Footy Channel.
Lisa Lloyd appeared on The Footy Show's singing competition, Screamers, in 2005[52] and was also a regular presenter on Fox Footy's Living With Footballers.[53]

text: The Lloyds have three children; Jaeda Ruby (born December 2006),[54] Kira Grace (born September 2009)[55] and Jacob Matthew (born November 2012).[56]


document_title: Charioteer of Delphi

question_text: the charioteer is a famous bronze statue showing

root

text: Charioteer of Delphi

text: Background[edit]

text: The statue was set up at Delphi [2] to commemorate the victory of the tyrant Polyzalus of Gela in Sicily and his chariot in the Pythian Games of 470 BC, which were held at Delphi in honor of Pythean Apollo. It has also been suggested that the complex was actually commemorating the victory of Polyzalos' brother, Hieron, at the Pythian Games of 470 BC in analogy to his ex voto after his victory at the Olympic Games. It was originally part of a larger group of statuary, including the chariot, at least four horses and possibly two grooms. Some fragments of the horses were found with the statue. The masterpiece has been associated with the sculptor Pythagoras of Samos who lived and worked in Sicily, as well as with the sculptor Calamis. The Sicilian cities were very wealthy compared with most of the cities of mainland Greece and their rulers could afford the most magnificent offerings to the gods, also the best horses and drivers. It is unlikely, however, the statue itself comes from Sicily. The name of the sculptor is unknown, but for stylistic reasons it is believed that the statue was cast in Athens. It has certain similarities of detail to the statue known as the Piraeus Apollo, which is known to be of Athenian origin.

tag: p

text: An inscription on the limestone base of the statue shows that it was dedicated by Polyzalus,[2] the tyrant of Gela, a Greek colony in Sicily, as a tribute to Apollo for helping him win the chariot race. The inscription reads: [P]OLUZALOS MA nETHÊK[EN] ...]ON AES EUONUM APOLL[ON], which is reconstructed to read "Polyzalus dedicated me. ... Make him prosper, honoured Apollo."

text: Design and completeness[edit]

text:
External video

 Charioteer of Delphi, (3:38), Smarthistory

tag: table

text: Most bronze statues from ancient times were melted down for their raw materials or were naturally corroded, but the Charioteer survived because it was buried under a rock-fall at Delphi, which probably destroyed the site in 373 B.C..[2]  Some freestanding bronze statues, however, including the charioteer, have been rediscovered in the 20th century.[3] Although the Charioteer is the last remaining bronze sculpture from Delphi, the figure exhibited a similar bluish appearance which after a century of indoor exposure turned greenish. The lower torso still preserves a bluish coloration. [4] The Charioteer is almost intact except that his left forearm and some details on the head are missing including the copper inlays on the lips and most of the silver eyelashes and headband.[2] The statue is one of the few Greek bronzes to preserve the inlaid glass eyes. Greek bronzes were cast in sections and then assembled. When discovered, the statue was in three pieces—head and upper torso, lower torso, and right arm.

text:
The figure is of a very young man, as is shown by his soft side-curls. Like modern jockeys, chariot racers were chosen for their lightness, but also needed to be tall, so they were frequently teenagers.  It seems that it represents a teenager from a noble family of his time. As we know, aristocratic chariot racers selected their drivers from glorious noble families to race their chariot in the Panhellenic games. The Charioteer wears the customary long tunic, (the xystin), reaching down to his ankles. A wide belt tightens the tunic high above the waist, while two other bands pass as suspenders over the shoulders, under the arms and criss-cross in the back. This is the analavos which keeps the garment from billowing in the wind during the race.
The deep vertical pleats in the lower part of the tunic emphasize the Charioteer’s solid posture, resembling also the fluting of an Ionic column. On the upper part of the body, however, the pleats are wavy, diagonal or curved. This contrast in the garment representation is also followed by the body’s contrapuntal posture, so that the statue does not show any rigidity, but looks perfectly mobile and almost real. The entire statue is as if it is animated by a gradual shift to the right starting from the solid stance of the feet and progressing sequentially through the body passing the hips, chest and head to end up at its gaze. The hands are spread out holding the reins, with the long and thin fingers tightening – together with the reins – a cylindrical object, the riding crop. The Charioteer is not portrayed during the race, as in this case his movement would be more intense, but in the end of the race, after his victory, when – being calm and full of happiness – he makes the victory lap in the hippodrome. His attractive gemstone eyes evoke what Classical period Greeks called ethos and balance. His motion is instantaneous, but also eternal. In spite of the great victory, there are no shouts, but a calm inner power. The face and the body do not have the features of arrogance, but those of calm self-confidence.[5]

text: Unusually for this era, the Charioteer is clothed head to foot. Most athletes at this time would have competed, and been depicted nude. The young man would certainly have been of a lower status than his master Polyzalos, and Honour and Fleming have speculated that he may have been a household slave whom it was not appropriate to depict in the nude.[2]

text: Style[edit]

text: Stylistically, the Charioteer is classed as "Early Classical" or "Severe"[6] (see Greek art). The statue is more naturalistic than the kouroi of the Archaic period, but the pose is still very rigid when compared with later works of the Classical period. One departure from the Archaic style is that the head is inclined slightly to one side. The naturalistic rendering of his feet was greatly admired in ancient times.[citation needed] The introverted expression does away with the old 'Archaic smile'.

text: The Delphos gown[edit]

text: In about 1907, some ten years after the discovery of the Charioteer, Mariano Fortuny y Madrazo, a Spanish artist-designer based in Venice, created a finely pleated silk dress that he named the Delphos gown after the statue, whose robes it closely resembled.[7][8] These gowns are considered important pieces of early 20th century fashion and art objects in their own right. A Delphos gown was, in 2003, the only fashion garment in the collection of the Museum of Modern Art, New York.[9]

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Detail of the statue's head, showing the inlaid eyes.

Fragments and drawing of Charioteer.

Detail of the statue's head and arm.

Back view of the Charioteer.

Position in the museum

tag: ul


document_title: FIFA World Cup awards

question_text: what award is given to the top goal scorer at the world cup

text: FIFA World Cup awards

text: Awards[edit]

text: There are currently five post-tournament awards, and one given during the tourney:[1]

text:
the Golden Ball (currently commercially termed "adidas Golden Ball") for best player, first awarded in 1982;
the Golden Boot (currently commercially termed "adidas Golden Boot", previously known as the "adidas Golden Shoe" from 1982 to 2006) for top goal scorer, first awarded in 1982;
the Golden Glove Award (currently commercially termed "adidas Golden Glove"; previously known as the "Lev Yashin Award" from 1994 to 2006) for best goalkeeper, first awarded in 1994;
the Best Young Player (currently commercially termed as "Hyundai Best Young Player") award for best player under 21 years of age at the start of the calendar year, first awarded in 2006;
the FIFA Fair Play Trophy for the team that advanced to the second round with the best record of fair play, first awarded in 1970;
the Man of the Match Award (currently commercially termed as "Budweiser Man of the Match") for outstanding performance during each game of the tournament, first awarded in 2002.

text: Two other awards were given between 1994 and 2006:[2]

text:
The Most Entertaining Team award for the team that has entertained the public the most, during the World Cup final tournament, as determined by a poll of the general public;
An All-Star Team comprising the best players of the tournament chosen  by the technical study group.

text: Golden Ball[edit]

text: The Golden Ball award is presented to the best player at each FIFA World Cup finals, with a shortlist drawn up by the FIFA technical committee and the winner voted for by representatives of the media. Those who finish as runners-up in the vote receive the Silver Ball and Bronze Ball awards as the second and third most outstanding players in the tournament respectively. The current award was introduced in the 1982 FIFA World Cup, sponsored by Adidas and France Football, though fifa.com also lists in their player articles as "golden ball winners" Kempes, Cruyff, Pelé, Bobby Charlton, Garrincha and Didi for 1978, 1974, 1970, 1966, 1962 and 1958 respectively.[3] Barcelona is the only club that its players have won the Golden Ball a record 3 times (Johan Cruyff in 1974, Romário in 1994, Lionel Messi in 2014).[4]

text:
Best Player (no award)[5]

World Cup

Best Player

2nd Best Player

3rd Best Player

1930 Uruguay

 José Nasazzi

 Guillermo Stábile

 José Leandro Andrade

1934 Italy

 Giuseppe Meazza

 Matthias Sindelar

 Oldřich Nejedlý

1938 France

 Leônidas

 Silvio Piola

 György Sárosi

1950 Brazil

 Zizinho

 Juan Alberto Schiaffino

 Ademir

1954 Switzerland

 Ferenc Puskás

 Sándor Kocsis

 Fritz Walter

1958 Sweden

 Didi

 Pelé

 Just Fontaine

1962 Chile

 Garrincha

 Josef Masopust

 Leonel Sánchez

1966 England

 Bobby Charlton

 Bobby Moore

 Eusébio

1970 Mexico

 Pelé

 Gérson

 Gerd Müller

1974 West Germany

 Johan Cruyff

 Franz Beckenbauer

 Kazimierz Deyna

1978 Argentina

 Mario Kempes

 Paolo Rossi

 Dirceu

text:
Adidas Golden Ball[6]

World Cup

Golden Ball

Silver Ball

Bronze Ball

1982 Spain

 Paolo Rossi

 Falcão

 Karl-Heinz Rummenigge

1986 Mexico

 Diego Maradona

 Harald Schumacher

 Preben Elkjær Larsen

1990 Italy

 Salvatore Schillaci

 Lothar Matthäus

 Diego Maradona

1994 United States

 Romário

 Roberto Baggio

 Hristo Stoichkov

1998 France

 Ronaldo

 Davor Šuker

 Lilian Thuram

2002 Korea/Japan

 Oliver Kahn

 Ronaldo

 Hong Myung-bo

2006 Germany

 Zinedine Zidane

 Fabio Cannavaro

 Andrea Pirlo

2010 South Africa

 Diego Forlán

 Wesley Sneijder

 David Villa

2014 Brazil

 Lionel Messi

 Thomas Müller

 Arjen Robben

2018 Russia

 Luka Modrić

 Eden Hazard

 Antoine Griezmann

text: Golden Boot[edit]

text: The Golden Boot or Golden Shoe Award goes to the top goalscorer of the FIFA World Cup. While every World Cup had a ranking of the goalscorers, the first time an award was given was in 1982,[7] under the name Golden Shoe.[3] It was rechristened Golden Boot in 2010.[8] FIFA sometimes lists the top goalscorers of previous Cups among the Golden Boot winners.[9]

text: If there is more than one player with the same number of goals, since 1994 the tie-breaker goes to the player without a penalty goal, if none has a penalty then the tie breaker goes to the person with more assists - with the FIFA Technical Study Group deciding whether an assist is to be counted as such.[10][11] If there is still more than one player, the tie-breaker since 2006 goes to the player who has played the least amount of time.[12]

text:
Top Goalscorer (no award)[13][14]

World Cup

Top goalscorer

Goals

Runners-up

Goals

Third place

Goals

1930 Uruguay

 Guillermo Stábile

8

 Pedro Cea

5

 Bert Patenaude

4

1934 Italy

 Oldřich Nejedlý

5(1)

 Edmund Conen Angelo Schiavio

4

None

1938 France

 Leônidas

7(2)

 György Sárosi Gyula Zsengellér Silvio Piola

5

None

1950 Brazil

 Ademir

8(3)

 Óscar Míguez

5

 Alcides Ghiggia Chico Estanislau Basora Telmo Zarra

4

1954 Switzerland

 Sándor Kocsis

11

 Josef Hügi Max Morlock Erich Probst

6

None

1958 Sweden

 Just Fontaine

13

 Pelé Helmut Rahn

6

None

1962 Chile

 Flórián Albert Valentin Ivanov Garrincha Vavá Dražan Jerković Leonel Sánchez

4

None

None

1966 England

 Eusébio

9

 Helmut Haller

6

 Valeriy Porkujan Geoff Hurst Ferenc Bene Franz Beckenbauer

4

1970 Mexico

 Gerd Müller

10

 Jairzinho

7

 Teófilo Cubillas

5

1974 West Germany

 Grzegorz Lato

7

 Andrzej Szarmach Johan Neeskens

5

None

1978 Argentina[15]

 Mario Kempes

6

 Teófilo Cubillas

5

 Rob Rensenbrink

5

text:
Golden Shoe[9]

World Cup

Golden Shoe

Goals

Silver Shoe

Goals

Bronze Shoe

Goals

1982 Spain

 Paolo Rossi

6

 Karl-Heinz Rummenigge

5

 Zico

4

1986 Mexico

 Gary Lineker

6

 Emilio Butragueño Careca Diego Maradona

5

None[16]

1990 Italy

 Salvatore Schillaci

6

 Tomáš Skuhravý

5

 Roger Milla  Gary Lineker

4

1994 United States

 Oleg Salenko(4) Hristo Stoichkov

6

None(5)

 Kennet Andersson Romário

5(6)

1998 France[17]

 Davor Šuker

6

 Gabriel Batistuta Christian Vieri

5

None(7)

2002 South Korea/Japan[18]

 Ronaldo

8(8)

 Miroslav Klose Rivaldo

5

None(7)

2006 Germany[19]

 Miroslav Klose

5

 Hernán Crespo

3(9)

 Ronaldo

3(9)

text:
Golden Boot[9]

World Cup

Golden Boot

Goals

Silver Boot

Goals

Bronze Boot

Goals

2010 South Africa

 Thomas Müller

5(10)

 David Villa

5(10)

 Wesley Sneijder

5(10)

2014 Brazil

 James Rodríguez

6

 Thomas Müller

5

 Neymar

4(11)

2018 Russia

 Harry Kane

6

 Antoine Griezmann

4(12)

 Romelu Lukaku

4(12)

text: 1 FIFA initially credited Nejedlý with only four goals, which would make him joint top scorer with Angelo Schiavio of Italy and Edmund Conen of Germany. However, FIFA changed it to five goals in November 2006, making Nejedlý the outright top scorer.[20]

text: 2 FIFA initially credited Leônidas with eight goals. However, in November 2006, FIFA confirmed that in the quarter-final tie against Czechoslovakia, he had scored once, not twice as FIFA had originally recorded, meaning he had scored only seven goals in total.[20]

text: 3 There was controversy regarding the number of goals Brazilian Ademir had scored in 1950, as a result of incomplete data concerning the Final Round game Brazil vs. Spain (6–1). The 5–0 goal had been credited to Jair, but is now credited to Ademir[21][22]

text: 4 Salenko is the only player to win the award playing for a team that were eliminated in the group stages. His six goals are the only international goals he ever scored.

text: 5 Despite the assist tiebreaker, Salenko and Stoichkov remained tied with 6 goals and one assist each, and both received the Golden Shoe.[10]

text: 6 Romário and Andersson surpassed the other two players with five goals (Jürgen Klinsmann and Roberto Baggio) by having three assists each.[10][23]

text: 7 Both runners-up had the same number of assists, and each received the Silver Shoe.

text: 8 During the tournament, after the group stage match against Costa Rica, Ronaldo logged a protest against the crediting of a goal as an own goal, and FIFA granted him the change.[24]

text: 9 Eight players had scored three goals. Ronaldo, Crespo and Zinedine Zidane stood out for having one assist, and then the two recipients were determined by less playtime (308 minutes for Crespo, 411 for Ronaldo, 559 for Zidane).[25]

text: 10 Müller, Villa, Sneijder and Diego Forlán tied with five goals. Müller won by virtue of having more assists (3) than the rest (each had one). Villa won the Silver Boot due to playing fewer minutes than Sneijder, and Sneijder won the Bronze Boot due to having played fewer minutes than Forlán.[26]

text: 11 Neymar, Lionel Messi and Robin van Persie all had four goals in the tournament. Neymar received the Bronze Boot for playing fewer minutes than his competitors.[27]

text: 12 Griezmann, Lukaku, Denis Cheryshev, Cristiano Ronaldo and Kylian Mbappé tied with 4 goals. Griezmann won the Silver Boot by virtue of having more assists (2) than the rest (Lukaku had one, the rest had zero). Lukaku won the Bronze Boot due to having more assists (one) than Cheryshev, Ronaldo or Mbappé (zero).[28]

text: Golden Glove[edit]

text: The Golden Glove Award is awarded to the best goalkeeper of the tournament. The award was introduced with the name Lev Yashin Award in 1994, in honor of the late Soviet goalkeeper.[7] The FIFA Technical Study Group recognises the top goalkeeper of the tournament based on the player's performance throughout the final competition. Although goalkeepers have this specific award for their position, they are still eligible for the Golden Ball as well, as when Oliver Kahn was awarded in 2002. Although the Golden Glove Award was first awarded in 1994, every All-Star Team in World Cups prior to 1998 except 1990 included only one goalkeeper. In the event of a tie, the Golden Glove Award goes to the goalkeeper who progressed furthest in the competition. The next tiebreakers are saves made, then minutes played.

text:
World Cup

Goalkeeper(s) included in the All-Star Team

1930 Uruguay

 Enrique Ballestrero

1934 Italy

 Ricardo Zamora

1938 France

 František Plánička

1950 Brazil

 Roque Máspoli

1954 Switzerland

 Gyula Grosics

1958 Sweden

 Harry Gregg

1962 Chile

 Viliam Schrojf

1966 England

 Gordon Banks

1970 Mexico

 Ladislao Mazurkiewicz

1974 West Germany

 Sepp Maier

1978 Argentina

 Ubaldo Fillol

1982 Spain

 Dino Zoff

1986 Mexico

 Jean-Marie Pfaff

1990 Italy

 Luis Gabelo Conejo Sergio Goycochea

text: The Yashin Award was first awarded in 1994.

text:
World Cup

Yashin Award winner

1994 United States

 Michel Preud'homme

1998 France

 Fabien Barthez

2002 Korea/Japan

 Oliver Kahn

2006 Germany

 Gianluigi Buffon

text: The award was renamed the Golden Glove Award in 2010.

text:
World Cup

Golden Glove Award winner

2010 South Africa

 Iker Casillas

2014 Brazil

 Manuel Neuer

2018 Russia

 Thibaut Courtois

text: Best Young Player Award[edit]

text: The Best Young Player award was awarded for the first time at the 2006 World Cup in Germany and given to Germany's Lukas Podolski.[29] The award is given to the best player in the tournament who is at most 21 years old.  For the 2018 World Cup, this meant that the player had to have been born on or after 1 January 1997. The election took place on FIFA's official World Cup website with the help of The FIFA Technical Study Group.[30]

text: FIFA organised a survey on the Internet for users to choose the "best young player" of the World Cup, between 1958 and 2002, named the best young player of each tournament.[31] With 61% of the overall vote, the winner was Pelé, who finished ahead of the Peruvian Teófilo Cubillas, the best young player at Mexico 1970, and England's Michael Owen, who reached similar heights at France 98.[32]

text:
World Cup

Best Young Player

Age

1958 Sweden

 Pelé

17

1962 Chile

 Flórián Albert

20

1966 England

 Franz Beckenbauer

20

1970 Mexico

 Teófilo Cubillas

21

1974 West Germany

 Władysław Żmuda

20

1978 Argentina

 Antonio Cabrini

20

1982 Spain

 Manuel Amoros

21

1986 Mexico

 Enzo Scifo

20

1990 Italy

 Robert Prosinečki

21

1994 United States

 Marc Overmars

21

1998 France

 Michael Owen

18

2002 Korea/Japan

 Landon Donovan

20

text: The Best Young Player Award was first awarded in 2006.

text:
World Cup

Best Young Player Award

Age

2006 Germany

 Lukas Podolski[29]

21

2010 South Africa

 Thomas Müller[33]

20

2014 Brazil

 Paul Pogba[34]

21

2018 Russia

 Kylian Mbappé[35]

19

text: FIFA Fair Play Trophy[edit]

text: The FIFA Fair Play Trophy is given to the team with the best record of fair play during the World Cup final tournament since 1970. Only teams that qualified for the second round are considered. The winners of this award earn the FIFA Fair Play Trophy, a diploma, a fair play medal for each player and official, and $50,000 worth of football equipment to be used for youth development.[36]

text: The appearance of the award was originally a certificate. From 1982 to 1990, it had been a golden trophy based on Sport Billy, a football-playing cartoon character from 1982 who became an icon for FIFA Fair play.[37][38] Ever since 1994, it is simply a trophy with an elegant footballer figure.[39] Peru was the first nation to win the award after receiving no yellow or red cards in the 1970 FIFA World Cup held in Mexico.[40]

text:
World Cup

FIFA Fair Play Trophy Winners

1970 Mexico

 Peru

1974 West Germany

 West Germany

1978 Argentina

 Argentina

1982 Spain

 Brazil

1986 Mexico

 Brazil

1990 Italy

 England

1994 United States

 Brazil

1998 France

 England France

2002 Korea/Japan

 Belgium

2006 Germany

 Brazil Spain

2010 South Africa

 Spain

2014 Brazil

 Colombia

2018 Russia

 Spain

text: Man of the Match[edit]

text: The Man of the Match award picks the outstanding player in every game of the tournament since 2002. While the inaugural two editions were chosen by the technical group,[41][42] the Man of the Match is since 2010 picked by an online poll on FIFA's website.[43][44]

text:
World Cup

Most Man of the Match wins

Wins

2002 South Korea/Japan

 Rivaldo

3

2006 Germany

 Andrea Pirlo

3

2010 South Africa

 Wesley Sneijder

4

2014 Brazil

 Lionel Messi

4

2018 Russia

 Antoine Griezmann Eden Hazard Harry Kane Luka Modrić

3

text:
Total awards
As of 15 July 2018

text:
Rank

Player

Country

MoM

WC with awards

1

Arjen Robben
 Netherlands
6
2006, 2010, 2014

Cristiano Ronaldo
 Portugal
2010, 2014, 2018

Lionel Messi
 Argentina
2010, 2014, 2018

4

Luis Suárez
 Uruguay
5
2010, 2014, 2018

5

Eden Hazard
 Belgium
4
2014, 2018

Keisuke Honda
 Japan
2010, 2014

James Rodríguez
 Colombia
2014, 2018

Miroslav Klose
 Germany
2002, 2006

Park Ji-sung
 South Korea
2002, 2006, 2010

Thomas Müller
 Germany
2010, 2014

Wesley Sneijder
 Netherlands
2010

text:
By Country
As of 15 July 2018

text:
Rank

Country

MoM

Players

1

 Brazil
22
14

 Germany
12

3

 France
17
11

4

 Spain
16
10

5

 Argentina
15
8

6

 England
14
12

7

 Mexico
12
10

 Netherlands
3

9

 South Korea
11
7

 Portugal
6

 United States
7

text: Most Entertaining Team[edit]

text: The FIFA Award for the Most Entertaining Team is a subjectively awarded prize for the team that had done the most to entertain the public with a positive approach to the game, organised through public participation in a poll[7] starting in 1994.[8]

text:
World Cup

Most Entertaining Team Award

1994 United States

 Brazil[19]

1998 France

 France[19]

2002 Korea/Japan

 South Korea[45]

2006 Germany

 Portugal[46]

2010 South Africa

 Germany[47]

2014 Brazil

 Colombia[48]

text: All-Star Team[edit]

text: The All-Star Team is a team of the best performers at the respective World Cup finals. The ways in which the FIFA All-Star team members have been chosen has varied from year to year.  A technical study group consisting of journalists - mostly of Europe and South America - and experts has historically chosen the team.[49] However, in 1994 FIFA decided to add an official squad, chosen by the FIFA technical group and under the brand name MasterCard All-Star Team.[50] The All-Star team wound up dropped prior to the 2010 tournament - coincidentally, three years after FIFA changed its sponsorship from MasterCard to Visa.[51]

text:
All Star Team

World Cup

Goalkeepers

Defenders

Midfielders

Forwards

1930 Uruguay

 Enrique Ballestrero

 José Nasazzi
 Milutin Ivković

 Luis Monti
 Álvaro Gestido
 José Leandro Andrade

 Pedro Cea
 Héctor Castro
 Héctor Scarone
 Guillermo Stábile
 Bert Patenaude

1934 Italy

 Ricardo Zamora

 Jacinto Quincoces
 Eraldo Monzeglio

 Luis Monti
 Attilio Ferraris
 Leonardo Cilaurren

 Giuseppe Meazza
 Raimundo Orsi
 Enrique Guaita
 Matthias Sindelar
 Oldřich Nejedlý

1938 France

 František Plánička

 Pietro Rava
 Alfredo Foni
 Domingos da Guia

 Michele Andreolo
 Ugo Locatelli

 Silvio Piola
 Gino Colaussi
 György Sárosi
 Gyula Zsengellér
 Leônidas

1950 Brazil

 Roque Máspoli

 Erik Nilsson
 José Parra
 Víctor Rodríguez Andrade

 Obdulio Varela
 Bauer
 Alcides Ghiggia
 Jair

 Zizinho
 Ademir
 Juan Alberto Schiaffino

1954 Switzerland

 Gyula Grosics

 Ernst Ocwirk
 Djalma Santos
 José Santamaría

 Fritz Walter
 József Bozsik
 Nándor Hidegkuti
 Zoltán Czibor

 Helmut Rahn
 Ferenc Puskás
 Sándor Kocsis

1958 Sweden

 Harry Gregg

 Djalma Santos
 Bellini
 Nílton Santos

 Danny Blanchflower
 Didi
 Gunnar Gren
 Raymond Kopa

 Pelé
 Garrincha
 Just Fontaine

1962 Chile

 Viliam Schrojf

 Djalma Santos
 Cesare Maldini
 Valery Voronin
 Karl-Heinz Schnellinger

 Mário Zagallo
 Zito
 Josef Masopust

 Vavá
 Garrincha
 Leonel Sánchez

1966 England

 Gordon Banks

 George Cohen
 Bobby Moore
 Vicente
 Silvio Marzolini

 Franz Beckenbauer
 Mário Coluna
 Bobby Charlton

 Flórián Albert
 Uwe Seeler
 Eusébio

1970 Mexico

 Ladislao Mazurkiewicz

 Carlos Alberto
 Atilio Ancheta
 Franz Beckenbauer
 Giacinto Facchetti

 Gérson
 Rivellino
 Bobby Charlton

 Pelé
 Gerd Müller
 Jairzinho

1974 West Germany

 Sepp Maier

 Ruud Krol
 Paul Breitner
 Elias Figueroa[52]
 Franz Beckenbauer
 Berti Vogts

 Wolfgang Overath
 Kazimierz Deyna
 Johan Neeskens

 Rob Rensenbrink
 Johan Cruyff
 Grzegorz Lato

1978 Argentina

 Ubaldo Fillol

 Berti Vogts
 Ruud Krol
 Daniel Passarella
 Alberto Tarantini

 Dirceu
 Teófilo Cubillas
 Rob Rensenbrink

 Roberto Bettega
 Paolo Rossi
 Mario Kempes

1982 Spain

 Dino Zoff

 Luizinho
 Júnior
 Claudio Gentile
 Fulvio Collovati

 Zbigniew Boniek
 Falcão
 Michel Platini
 Zico

 Paolo Rossi
 Karl-Heinz Rummenigge

1986 Mexico

 Jean-Marie Pfaff

 Josimar
 Manuel Amoros
 Júlio César

 Jan Ceulemans
 Jean Tigana
 Michel Platini
 Diego Maradona

 Preben Elkjær Larsen
 Emilio Butragueño
 Gary Lineker

1990 Italy

 Sergio Goycochea
 Luis Gabelo Conejo

 Andreas Brehme
 Paolo Maldini
 Franco Baresi

 Diego Maradona
 Lothar Matthäus
 Dragan Stojković
 Paul Gascoigne

 Salvatore Schillaci
 Roger Milla
 Jürgen Klinsmann

text:
MasterCard All Star Team

World Cup

Goalkeepers

Defenders

Midfielders

Forwards

1994 United States[50]

 Michel Preud'homme

 Jorginho
 Márcio Santos
 Paolo Maldini

 Dunga
 Krasimir Balakov
 Gheorghe Hagi
 Tomas Brolin

 Romário
 Hristo Stoichkov
 Roberto Baggio

1998 France[53](1)

 Fabien Barthez
 José Luis Chilavert

 Roberto Carlos
 Marcel Desailly
 Lilian Thuram
 Frank de Boer
 Carlos Gamarra

 Dunga
 Rivaldo
 Michael Laudrup
 Zinedine Zidane
 Edgar Davids

 Ronaldo
 Davor Šuker
 Brian Laudrup
 Dennis Bergkamp

2002 Korea/Japan[54](2)

 Oliver Kahn
 Rüştü Reçber

 Roberto Carlos
 Sol Campbell
 Fernando Hierro
 Hong Myung-bo
 Alpay Özalan

 Rivaldo
 Ronaldinho
 Michael Ballack
 Claudio Reyna
 Yoo Sang-chul

 Ronaldo
 Miroslav Klose
 El Hadji Diouf
 Hasan Şaş

2006 Germany[55]

 Gianluigi Buffon
 Jens Lehmann
 Ricardo

 Roberto Ayala
 John Terry
 Lilian Thuram
 Philipp Lahm
 Fabio Cannavaro
 Gianluca Zambrotta
 Ricardo Carvalho

 Zé Roberto
 Patrick Vieira
 Zinedine Zidane
 Michael Ballack
 Andrea Pirlo
 Gennaro Gattuso
 Luís Figo
 Maniche

 Hernán Crespo
 Thierry Henry
 Miroslav Klose
 Luca Toni
 Francesco Totti

text: 1 In addition to the 16 of the All-Star Team, 6 reserves were listed:  Edwin van der Sar,  Juan Sebastián Verón,  Thierry Henry,  Jay-Jay Okocha,  Michael Owen, and  Christian Vieri.[53]

text: 2 Again there were seven reserves:  Iker Casillas,  Cafu,  Dietmar Hamann,  Joaquín,  Hidetoshi Nakata,  Landon Donovan, and  Marc Wilmots.[54]

text: In 2010, an equivalent of the All Star Team was an online poll to FIFA.com Club members named "Dream Team", sponsored by Yingli.[56] The Dream Team poll returned the following edition sponsored by Oi.[57]

text:
Dream Team

World Cup

Goalkeepers

Defenders

Midfielders

Forwards

Manager

2010 South Africa[56]

 Iker Casillas

 Philipp Lahm
 Sergio Ramos
 Carles Puyol
 Maicon

 Xavi
 Bastian Schweinsteiger
 Wesley Sneijder
 Andrés Iniesta

 David Villa
 Diego Forlán

 Vicente del Bosque

2014 Brazil[57]

 Manuel Neuer

 Marcelo
 Mats Hummels
 Thiago Silva
 David Luiz

 Ángel Di María
 Toni Kroos
 James Rodríguez

 Lionel Messi
 Thomas Müller
 Neymar

 Joachim Löw

text: While FIFA did not release an official list for 2014, official sponsor Castrol published a team of the tournament based on their Castrol Performance Index, which evaluates players' performances through statistical data.[58]

text:
Castrol Index Top 11

World Cup

Goalkeepers

Defenders

Midfielders

Forwards

2014 Brazil[58]

 Manuel Neuer

 Marcos Rojo
 Mats Hummels
 Thiago Silva
 Stefan de Vrij

 Oscar
 Toni Kroos
 Philipp Lahm
 James Rodríguez

 Arjen Robben
 Thomas Müller

text:
Only two players have been named in three separate All-Star teams which selection only included the starting eleven: Djalma Santos in 1954, 1958 and 1962, Franz Beckenbauer in 1966, 1970 and 1974. Philipp Lahm also achieved it in 2006, 2010 and 2014. However, the 2006 edition listed 23 players and 2014 had two All-Star team listed. Lahm's name has only been in one of these.
21 players have been named in two separate All-Star teams: Luis Monti (1930 and 1934; representing Argentina and Italy respectively); Garrincha (1958 and 1962); Pelé (1958 and 1970); Bobby Charlton (1966 and 1970); Ruud Krol and Rob Rensenbrink (1974 and 1978); Berti Vogts (1974 and 1978); Paolo Rossi (1978 and 1982); Michel Platini (1982 and 1986); Diego Maradona (1986 and 1990); Paolo Maldini (1990 and 1994); Dunga (1994 and 1998); Roberto Carlos, Rivaldo, and Ronaldo (1998 and 2002); Lilian Thuram and Zinedine Zidane (1998 and 2006); Michael Ballack and Miroslav Klose (2002 and 2006).
Pelé hold the record of the longest time between being named in two separate All-Star teams by 12 years apart (1958 and 1970).
Uruguay in 1930 and 1950,  Spain in 2010 and Germany in 2014 are the only teams to have had a player in every position on the All-Star Team. Germany and Italy achieved it in 2006, however, the 2006 edition listed 23 players.
Uruguay in 1930 and Italy in 2006 have the most players selected in the All-Star Team with 7 players each. However, the 1930 selection only had 11 players overall, while the 2006 selection had 23.
37 different Brazilian players have been named in All-Star teams, Brazil is also the nation with most nominations with 44 nominees in every position except goalkeeper.
Only two Asian players have been named in All-Star teams, Hong Myung-bo and Yoo Sang-chul of South Korea. Another Asian player Hidetoshi Nakata has been named in reserves. All three players were selected in 2002.
Similarly, only two African players have been named in All-Star teams, Roger Milla from Cameroon in 1990 and El Hadji Diouf from Senegal in 2002.
Only one player on the victorious 1986 Argentina team, Diego Maradona, was selected in that year's All-Star team.
Uniquely, brothers Brian Laudrup and Michael Laudrup were both selected for the All Star Team from Denmark in 1998.
Similarly, Cesare Maldini and Paolo Maldini are the only father and son players that were both selected for the All Star Team from Italy, in 1962 and 1990, 1994 respectively.
Uniquely, Argentinian compatriots Diego Maradona (1979 and 1986) and Lionel Messi (2005 and 2014) are the only players that won the Golden Ball award at both FIFA World Cup and FIFA World Youth Championship.


document_title: Heat (1995 film)

question_text: what was the first movie to feature al pacino and robert deniro on screen together

text: Heat (1995 film)

text: Plot

text: Neil McCauley, a career criminal, hires Waingro to help him rob $1.6 million in bearer bonds from an armored car. During the heist, Waingro impulsively kills a guard, infuriating McCauley. When his crew, Chris Shiherlis, Michael Cheritto and Trejo, attempt to kill Waingro, he escapes.

text: McCauley's fence, Nate, suggests he sell the stolen bonds back to their original owner, money launderer Roger Van Zant. Van Zant agrees, but instructs his men to ambush McCauley at the meeting. McCauley survives the ambush and vows revenge against Van Zant.

text: LAPD Lieutenant Vincent Hanna, working with Sergeant Drucker and Detectives Sammy Casals, Mike Bosko, and Danny Schwartz, investigate the heist and identify McCauley's crew as the perpetrators. They discover their next target to be a precious metals depository. The unit stakes out the depository and observe the crime in progress, but inadvertently alert McCauley to their presence. McCauley abandons the burglary. Hanna, dissatisfied with the lack of evidence, lets McCauley's crew escape.

text: Despite the increased police surveillance, McCauley's crew agrees to one last brazen bank robbery worth $12 million to secure their financial futures. Waingro approaches Van Zant with information about eliminating McCauley's crew. McCauley starts a relationship with Eady, a designer he meets in a cafe. Hanna moves into a hotel after learning his wife Justine is having an affair.

text: Hanna pulls over McCauley on the freeway and invites him to coffee. Face-to-face, the aging professionals bond over their personal problems. Hanna's concern for his depressed stepdaughter Lauren and his string of failed marriages due to work, and McCauley's solitary life of a career criminal which, forbidding attachment and requiring mobility, makes his romantic relationships tenuous. Both men reaffirm their commitment to their work and to using lethal force if necessary to stop the other.

text: After coffee, Hanna discovers that McCauley's crew have evaded their surveillance. When Trejo withdraws from the robbery, McCauley recruits ex-convict Donald Breedan into the crew. Hanna's unit receives a confidential tip and interrupt McCauley's crew in the middle of their bank robbery. In the ensuing gunfight, several police officers, including Bosko, are killed, while McCauley's crew loses Breedan and Cheritto. Shiherlis is wounded, but escapes with McCauley.

text: McCauley leaves Shiherlis with a doctor to treat his wounds. He breaks into Trejo's house to find Trejo near death. Trejo reveals that Waingro alerted Van Zant to their bank robbery, who subsequently informed the police. McCauley finishes off Trejo at his own request, then kills Van Zant at his home. McCauley approaches Eady, who has accepted his criminal activities, with a plan to flee to New Zealand.

text: Hanna orders police surveillance on Waingro and leaks his location to criminal channels, suspecting McCauley will attempt to kill him before leaving town. Shiherlis' estranged wife Charlene is detained in a police safehouse, where Drucker threatens her with criminal charges if she doesn't betray Shiherlis to police. Charlene agrees, but when Shiherlis shows up in disguise, she surreptitiously warns him, allowing Shiherlis to slip through the dragnet.

text: Hanna finds Lauren unconscious in his hotel room from a suicide attempt and rushes her to the hospital. McCauley and Eady drive to the airport when he receives word of Waingro's location at a nearby hotel. Initially dismissive, McCauley decides to risk his freedom for revenge. He infiltrates the hotel, pulling a fire alarm to distract security and confronts Waingro before killing him. Moments away from escape, he notices Hanna approaching through the crowds and is forced to abandon Eady for his freedom.

text: Hanna chases McCauley into a field outside the LAX freight terminal. In the cat-and-mouse shootout, McCauley is exposed, and Hanna mortally wounds him. Near death, McCauley offers his hand to Hanna, who takes it, and reverently watches his adversary die.

text: Cast

text:
Al Pacino as Lt. Vincent Hanna
Robert De Niro as Neil McCauley
Val Kilmer as Chris Shiherlis
Jon Voight as Nate
Tom Sizemore as Michael Cheritto
Diane Venora as Justine Hanna
Amy Brenneman as Eady
Ashley Judd as Charlene Shiherlis
Mykelti Williamson as Detective Sgt. Drucker
Wes Studi as Detective Sammy Casals
Ted Levine as Detective Mike Bosko
Dennis Haysbert as Donald Breedan
William Fichtner as Roger Van Zant
Natalie Portman as Lauren Gustafson
Tom Noonan as Kelso
Kevin Gage as Waingro
Hank Azaria as Alan Marciano
Danny Trejo as Trejo
Henry Rollins as Hugh Benny
Jerry Trimble as Danny Schwartz
Ricky Harris as Albert Torena
Tone Lōc as Richard Torena
Jeremy Piven as Dr. Bob
Xander Berkeley as Ralph

text: De Niro was the first cast member to get the film script, showing it to Pacino who also wanted to be a part of the film. De Niro believed Heat was a "very good story, had a particular feel to it, a reality and authenticity."[6] Xander Berkeley had played Waingro in L.A. Takedown, an earlier rendition of Mann's script for Heat. He was cast in a minor role in Heat.[6][7] In 2016, Pacino revealed that his character was under the influence of cocaine throughout the whole film.[8]

text: In order to prepare the actors for the roles of McCauley's crew, Mann took Kilmer, Sizemore and De Niro to Folsom State Prison to interview actual career criminals. While researching her role, Ashley Judd met several former prostitutes who became housewives.[6]

text: Development

text: Factual basis

text: Heat is based on the true story of a real Neil McCauley, a calculating criminal and ex-Alcatraz inmate who was tracked down by Detective Chuck Adamson in 1964. Neil McCauley was raised in Wisconsin where his father worked as steam fitter to provide his family with a middle-class life. The normalcy of Neil's youth faded following the adoption of another child and his father's death in 1928. At 14, he quit school to find work to support his mother and five siblings. The McCauleys soon relocated to Chicago. In Chicago, McCauley began his criminal career after his mother began drinking heavily. By the time he was 20, he had already done three stints in county jail for larceny.[9][10]

text: In 1961, McCauley was transferred from Alcatraz to McNeil, as mentioned in the film, and he was released in 1962. Upon his release, he immediately began planning new heists. With ex-cons Michael Parille and William Pinkerton they used bolt cutters and drills to burglarize a manufacturing company of diamond drill bits, a scene which is closely recreated in the film.[11] Detective Chuck Adamson, upon whom Al Pacino's character is largely based, began keeping tabs on McCauley’s crew around this time, knowing that he had become active again. The two even met for coffee once, just as portrayed in the film.[10] Their dialogue in the script was almost exactly word for word the conversation that McCauley and Adamson had.[11] The next time the two would meet, guns would be drawn, just as the movie portrays.[10]

text: On March 25, 1964, McCauley and members of his regular crew followed an armored car that delivered money to a Chicago grocery store. Once the drop was made, three of the robbers entered the store. They threatened the clerks and stole money bags worth $10,000 before they sped off amid a hail of police gunfire.[10][11]

text: McCauley's crew was unaware that Adamson and eight other detectives had blocked off all potential exits, and when the getaway car turned down an alley and the bandits saw the blockade, they realized they were trapped. All four suspects exited the vehicle and began firing. Two of his crew, men named Breaden and Parille, were slain in an alley while a third man, Polesti (on whom Chris Shiherlis is very loosely based),[10] shot his way out and escaped. McCauley was shot to death on the lawn of a nearby home. He was 50 years old and the prime suspect in several burglaries.[12] Polesti was caught days later and sent to prison. As of 2011 Polesti was still alive.[11]

text: Adamson went on to a successful career as a television and film producer, and died in 2008 at age 71.[13] Michael Mann's 2009 film Public Enemies stated in its end credits "In memory of Chuck Adamson". As an additional inspiration for Hanna, in an 1995 interview Mann cited an unnamed man working internationally against drug cartels.[14] Additionally, the character of Nate, played by Jon Voight, is closely based on real-life former career criminal and fence turned writer Edward Bunker, who served as a consultant to Mann on the film.[10][11][15]

text: Canceled TV series

text: In 1979, Mann wrote a 180-page draft of Heat. He re-wrote it after making Thief in 1981 hoping to find a director to make it and mentioning it publicly in a promotional interview for his 1983 film The Keep. In the late 1980s, he offered the film to his friend, film director Walter Hill, who turned him down.[6] Following the success of Miami Vice and Crime Story, Mann was to produce a new crime television show for NBC. He turned the script that would become Heat into a 90-minute pilot for a television series featuring the Los Angeles Police Department Robbery–Homicide division,[6] featuring Scott Plank in the role of Hanna and Alex McArthur playing the character of Neil McCauley, renamed to Patrick McLaren.[7] The pilot was shot in only nineteen days, atypical for Mann.[6] The script was abridged down to almost a third of its original length, omitting many subplots that made it into Heat. The network was unhappy with Plank as the lead actor, and asked Mann to recast Hanna's role. Mann declined and the show was cancelled and the pilot aired on August 27, 1989 as a television film entitled L.A. Takedown.[6] which was later released on VHS and DVD in Europe.[16]

text: Production

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2014)

text: Pre-production

text: In April 1994, Mann was reported to have abandoned his earlier plan to shoot a biopic of James Dean in favor of directing Heat, producing it with Art Linson. The film was marketed as the first on-screen appearance of Robert De Niro and Al Pacino together in the same scene – both actors starred in The Godfather Part II, but owing to the nature of their roles, they were never seen in the same scene.[17] Pacino and De Niro were Mann's first choices for the roles of Hanna and McCauley, respectively, and they both immediately agreed to act.[18]

text: Mann assigned Janice Polley, a former collaborator on The Last of the Mohicans, as the film's location manager. Scouting locations lasted from August to December 1994. Mann requested locations which did not appear on film before, in which Polley was successful – fewer than 10 of the 85 filming locations were previously used. The most challenging shooting location proved to be Los Angeles International Airport, with the film crew almost missing out due to a threat to the airport by the Unabomber.[6]

text: To make the long shootout more realistic they hired British ex-Special Air Service special forces sergeant Andy McNab as a technical weapons trainer[19] and adviser. He designed a weapons training curriculum to train the actors for three months using live ammunition before shooting with blanks for the actual take and worked with training them for the bank robbery.[20]

text: Filming

text: Principal photography for Heat lasted 107 days. All of the shooting was done on location, Mann deciding not to use a soundstage.[6]

text: Release

text: Box office

text: Heat was released on December 15, 1995, and opened #3 in the box office with $8,445,656 opening weekend in 1,325 theaters (behind Jumanji and Toy Story respectively).[21] It grossed $67,436,818 in United States box offices, and $120 million in foreign box offices.[22] Heat was ranked the #25 highest-grossing film of 1995.[22]

text: Home media

text: Heat was released on VHS in June 1996.[23][24] Due to its running time, the film had to be released on two cassettes.[24] A DVD release followed in 1999.[25] A two-disc special-edition DVD was released in 2005, featuring an audio commentary by Michael Mann, deleted scenes, and numerous documentaries detailing the film's production.[citation needed] This edition contains the original theatrical cut.[26]

text: The initial Blu-ray Disc was released on November 10, 2009, featuring a high-definition film transfer, supervised by Mann.[27] Among the disc extras were Mann's audio commentary, a one-hour documentary about the making of the film and ten minutes worth of scenes cut from the film.[28] As well as approving the look of the transfer, Mann also recut two scenes slightly differently, referring to them as "new content changes".[29]

text: A Director's Definitive Edition Blu-Ray was released on May 9 2017 by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment, who acquired the distribution rights to the film through their part-ownership of Regency back in 2015. Sourced from a 4K remaster of the film supervised by Mann, the two disc set contains all the extras from the 2009 Blu-ray, along with two filmmakers panels from 2015 and 2016 discussing the movie with the filmmakers.[30]

text: Reception

text: Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports that 86% of 78 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating is 7.8/10. The film's critical consensus reads, "Though Al Pacino and Robert De Niro share but a handful of screen minutes together, Heat is an engrossing crime drama that draws compelling performances from its stars -- and confirms Michael Mann's mastery of the genre."[5] Metacritic gives the film a score of 76 out of 100, based on 22 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[31]

text: Roger Ebert gave the film 3½ stars out of 4, writing: "It's not just an action picture. Above all, the dialogue is complex enough to allow the characters to say what they're thinking: They are eloquent, insightful, fanciful, poetic when necessary. They're not trapped with cliches. Of the many imprisonments possible in our world, one of the worst must be to be inarticulate — to be unable to tell another person what you really feel."[32] Simon Cote of The Austin Chronicle called the film "one of the most intelligent crime-thrillers to come along in years", and said Pacino and De Niro's scenes together were "poignant and gripping".[33]

text: Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times called the film a "sleek, accomplished piece of work, meticulously controlled and completely involving. The dark end of the street doesn't get much more inviting than this."[34] Todd McCarthy of Variety wrote, "Stunningly made and incisively acted by a large and terrific cast, Michael Mann's ambitious study of the relativity of good and evil stands apart from other films of its type by virtue of its extraordinarily rich characterizations and its thoughtful, deeply melancholy take on modern life."[3] Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave it a B− rating, saying that "Mann's action scenes [...] have an existential, you-are-there jitteriness," but called the heist-planning and Hanna's investigation scenes "dry, talky."[35]

text: The film was nominated for the American Film Institute's "AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills" list.[36]

text: Impact

text: The explicit nature of several of the film's scenes was cited as the model of a spate of robberies since its release. This included armored car robberies in South Africa,[37] Colombia,[38] Denmark, and Norway[39] and most famously the 1997 North Hollywood shootout, in which Larry Phillips, Jr. and Emil Mătăsăreanu robbed the North Hollywood branch of the Bank of America and, similarly to the film, were confronted by the LAPD as they left the bank. This shootout is considered one of the longest and bloodiest events of its type in American police history. Both robbers were killed, and eleven police officers and seven civilians were injured during the shootout.[40] Heat was widely referenced during the coverage of the shootout.[41]

text: For his film The Dark Knight, director Christopher Nolan drew inspiration in his portrayal of Gotham City from Heat in order "to tell a very large, city story or the story of a city".[42]

text: Heat was one of the inspirations behind the video game Grand Theft Auto V, notably the mission "Blitz Play" where the crew blocks and then knocks over an armored car in order to rob it.[43]

text: In March 2016, Mann announced that he is developing a Heat prequel novel as part of launching his company Michael Mann Books.[44]

text: Soundtrack album

text:
Heat: Music from the Motion Picture

Soundtrack album by various artists

Released
December 19, 1995 (1995-12-19)

Genre
Classical, Avant-garde, Modernist, Jazz fusion, Electronica, Alternative rock

Length
68:52

Label
Warner Bros.
9 46144-2

Producer
Matthias Gohl

Elliot Goldenthal chronology

Batman Forever
(1995)Batman Forever1995
Heat
(1995)
Michael Collins
(1996)Michael Collins1996

text:
Professional ratings

Review scores

Source
Rating

Filmtracks.com
[45]

Musicfromthemovies
[46]

AllMusic
[47]

text: On December 19, 1995, Warner Bros. Records released a soundtrack album on cassette and CD to accompany the film, entitled Heat: Music from the Motion Picture.[47] The album was produced by Matthias Gohl. It contains a 29-minute selection of the film score composed by Elliot Goldenthal, as well as songs by other artists such as U2 and Brian Eno (collaborating as Passengers), Terje Rypdal, Moby, and Lisa Gerrard. Heat used an abridged instrumental rendition of the Joy Division song "New Dawn Fades" by Moby, which also features in the same form on the soundtrack album. Mann reused the Einstürzende Neubauten track "Armenia" in his 1999 film The Insider.[48] The film ends with Moby's "God Moving Over the Face of the Waters", a different version of which was included at the end of the soundtrack album.[45]

text: Mann and Goldenthal decided on an atmospheric situation for the film soundtrack. Goldenthal used a setup consisting of multiple guitars, which he termed "guitar orchestra", and thought it brought the film score closer to a European style.[49] The soundtrack was noted for lack of a central theme. Christian Clemmensen of Filmtracks.com criticized the omission from the album of much music heard in the film due to the film's length, but praised the album as a decent listening experience, and Goldenthal's score as "psychologically engaging and intellectually challenging", believing it to be one of Goldenthal's best.[45] AllMusic called it a "soundtrack for the mind [...] full of twists and turns".[47] Musicfromthemovies.com thought of the album as uncharacteristic for Goldenthal's style, calling the atmosphere "absolutely electrifying".[46]

text:
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Performer
Length

1.
"Heat"
Elliot Goldenthal
Kronos Quartet
7:41

2.
"Always Forever Now" (from Original Soundtracks 1, 1995)
U2; Brian Eno
Passengers
6:54

3.
"Condensers"
Elliot Goldenthal
Elliot Goldenthal
2:35

4.
"Refinery Surveillance"
Elliot Goldenthal
Kronos Quartet
1:45

5.
"Last Nite" (from Blue, 1987)
Terje Rypdal
Terje Rypdal & The Chasers
3:29

6.
"Ultramarine" (from Cobalt Blue, 1992)
Michael Brook
Michael Brook
4:35

7.
"Armenia" (from Zeichnungen des Patienten O. T., 1983)
Blixa Bargeld; F.M. Einheit
Einstürzende Neubauten
4:58

8.
"Of Helplessness"
Elliot Goldenthal
Elliot Goldenthal
2:39

9.
"Steel Cello Lament"
Elliot Goldenthal
Elliot Goldenthal
1:43

10.
"Mystery Man" (from The Singles Collection, 1989)
Terje Rypdal
Terje Rypdal & The Chasers
4:39

11.
"New Dawn Fades" (from I Like to Score, 1997)
Ian Curtis; Peter Hook; Stephen Morris; Bernard Sumner
Moby
2:51

12.
"Entrada & Shootout"
Elliot Goldenthal
Elliot Goldenthal
1:49

13.
"Force Marker"
Brian Eno
Brian Eno
3:36

14.
"Coffee Shop"
Elliot Goldenthal
Elliot Goldenthal
1:38

15.
"Fate Scrapes"
Elliot Goldenthal
Elliot Goldenthal
1:34

16.
"La Bas: Song of the Drowned [Edited Version]" (from The Mirror Pool, 1995)
Lisa Gerrard
Lisa Gerrard
3:10

17.
"Gloradin" (from The Mirror Pool, 1995)
Lisa Gerrard
Lisa Gerrard
3:56

18.
"Run Uphill"
Elliot Goldenthal
Elliot Goldenthal
2:51

19.
"Predator Diorama"
Elliot Goldenthal
Kronos Quartet
2:40

20.
"Of Separation"
Elliot Goldenthal
Elliot Goldenthal
2:21

21.
"God Moving Over the Face of the Waters" (from Everything Is Wrong, 1995)
Richard Hall
Moby
6:58

text: Video game

text: A video game based on the film was announced at E3 2006, under development by Gearbox Software for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360.[50] During E3 2009, it was revealed that Gearbox did not have the license of the film to make the game, as this was being optioned to be sold.[51] Michael Mann, director of the film, was reported to be involved with the game. In a 2009 interview Randy Pitchford, President, CEO, and co-founder of Gearbox Software, said that development of the game had been halted and the IP could potentially be available to another developer saying:

text: "In a nutshell, we're nowhere. We have passionate game makers that would love to do it. We've got filmmakers that think it's a great idea that would love to see it done. We have publishing partners that would love to publish it. But we have no time. That's the limiting factor. Because of the situation, we're not keeping the IP locked down anymore. So if somebody else were in a spot where they could do it, and everybody was comfortable with that, then conceivably that could happen."[52]


document_title: Chief of the Air Staff (Nigeria)

question_text: who is the chief of air staff in nigeria

text: Chief of the Air Staff (Nigeria)

text: The Chief of the Air Staff (CAS) is the professional head of the Nigerian Air Force.  The following have served as Chief of the Air Staff:[1]

text:
Year

Rank

Name

1963–1965

Colonel

Gerhard Kahtz

1965–1966

Colonel

Wolfgang  Thimmig

1966–1967

Lieutenant Colonel

George T Kurubo

1967–1969

Colonel

Shittu Alao

1969–1975

Brigadier

Emmanuel E Ikwue

1975–1980

Air Vice-Marshal

John Nmadu Yisa-Doko

1980–1983

Air Vice-Marshal

Abdullahi Dominic Bello

1983–1990

Air Marshal

Ibrahim Mahmud Alfa

1990–1992

Air Vice-Marshal

Nuraini Yussuff

1992–1993

Air Marshal

Akin Dada

1993–1996

Air Vice Marshal

Femi John Femi

1996–1998

Air Marshal

Nsikak-Abasi Essien Eduok

1999–2001

Air Marshal

Isaac Alfa

2001–2006

Air Marshal

Jonah Wuyep

2006–2008

Air Marshal

Paul Dike

2008–2010

Air Marshal

Oluseyi Petinrin

2010-2012

Air Marshal

Mohammed Dikko Umar

2012 -2014

Air Marshal

Alex Sabundu Badeh

2014 - 2015

Air  Marshal

Adesola Nunayon Amosu

2015 -

Air Marshal

Sadique Abubakar


document_title: Seven Wonders of the Ancient World

question_text: which of the seven wonders of the ancient world was destroyed in an earthquake

text: Seven Wonders of the Ancient World

text: Background

text: The Greek conquest of much of the known western world in the 4th century BC gave Hellenistic travellers access to the civilizations of the Egyptians, Persians, and Babylonians.[1] Impressed and captivated by the landmarks and marvels of the various lands, these travellers began to list what they saw to remember them.[2][3]

text: Instead of "wonders", the ancient Greeks spoke of "theamata" (θεάματα), which means "sights", in other words "things to be seen" (Τὰ ἑπτὰ θεάματα τῆς οἰκουμένης [γῆς] Tà heptà theámata tēs oikoumenēs [gēs]). Later, the word for "wonder" ("thaumata" θαύματα, "wonders") was used.[4] Hence, the list was meant to be the Ancient World's counterpart of a travel guidebook.[1]

text: The first reference to a list of seven such monuments was given by Diodorus Siculus.[5][6] The epigrammist Antipater of Sidon[7] who lived around or before 100 BC,[8] gave a list of seven such monuments, including six of the present list (substituting the walls of Babylon for the lighthouse):[9]

text: I have gazed on the walls of impregnable Babylon along which chariots may race, and on the Zeus by the banks of the Alpheus, I have seen the hanging gardens, and the Colossus of the Helios, the great man-made mountains of the lofty pyramids, and the gigantic tomb of Mausolus; but when I saw the sacred house of Artemis that towers to the clouds, the others were placed in the shade, for the sun himself has never looked upon its equal outside Olympus. – Greek Anthology IX.58

text: Another 2nd century BC observer, who claimed to be the mathematician Philo of Byzantium,[10] wrote a short account entitled The Seven Sights of the World. However, the incomplete surviving manuscript only covered six of the supposedly seven places, which agreed with Antipater's list.[3]

text: Earlier and later lists by the historian Herodotus (484 BC–ca. 425 BC) and the architect Callimachus of Cyrene (ca. 305–240 BC), housed at the Museum of Alexandria, survived only as references.

text: The Colossus of Rhodes was the last of the seven to be completed, after 280 BC, and the first to be destroyed, by an earthquake in 226/225 BC. Hence, all seven existed at the same time for a period of less than 60 years.

text: Scope

text: The list covered only the sculptural and architectural monuments of the Mediterranean and Middle Eastern regions,[10] which then comprised the known world for the Greeks. Hence, extant sites beyond this realm were not considered as part of contemporary accounts.[1]

text: The primary accounts, coming from Hellenistic writers, also heavily influenced the places included in the wonders list. Five of the seven entries are a celebration of Greek accomplishments in the arts and architecture (the exceptions being the Pyramids of Giza and the Hanging Gardens of Babylon).

text: Wonders

text:
Map all coordinates using: OpenStreetMap · Google Maps

Download coordinates as: KML · GPX

text:
Name
Date of construction
Builders
Date of destruction
Cause of destruction
Modern location

Great Pyramid of Giza
2584–2561 BC
Egyptians
Still in existence, majority of façade gone
Giza Necropolis, Egypt
29°58′45.03″N 31°08′03.69″E / 29.9791750°N 31.1343583°E / 29.9791750; 31.1343583 (Great Pyramid of Giza)

Hanging Gardens of Babylon
(existence unresolved)[11]
c. 600 BC (evident)
Babylonians or Assyrians
After 1st century AD
Unknown
Hillah or Nineveh, Iraq
32°32′08″N 44°25′39″E / 32.5355°N 44.4275°E / 32.5355; 44.4275 (Hanging Gardens of Babylon)

Temple of Artemis at Ephesus
c. 550 BC; and again at 323 BC
Greeks, Lydians
356 BC (by Herostratus)
AD 262 (by the Goths)
Arson by Herostratus, plundering
Near Selçuk, Turkey
37°56′59″N 27°21′50″E / 37.94972°N 27.36389°E / 37.94972; 27.36389 (Temple of Artemis at Ephesus)

Statue of Zeus at Olympia
466–456 BC (temple)
435 BC (statue)
Greeks
5th–6th centuries AD
Disassembled and reassembled at Constantinople; later destroyed by fire
Olympia, Greece
37°38′16.3″N 21°37′48″E / 37.637861°N 21.63000°E / 37.637861; 21.63000 (Statue of Zeus at Olympia)

Mausoleum at Halicarnassus
351 BC
Greeks,[12][13] Persians, Carians
12th–15th century AD
Earthquakes
Bodrum, Turkey
37°02′16″N 27°25′27″E / 37.0379°N 27.4241°E / 37.0379; 27.4241 (Mausoleum at Halicarnassus)

Colossus of Rhodes
292–280 BC
Greeks
226 BC
226 BC Rhodes earthquake
Rhodes, Greece
36°27′04″N 28°13′40″E / 36.45111°N 28.22778°E / 36.45111; 28.22778 (Colossus of Rhodes)

Lighthouse of Alexandria
c. 280 BC
Greeks, Ptolemaic Egyptians
AD 1303–1480
1303 Crete earthquake
Alexandria, Egypt
31°12′50″N 29°53′08″E / 31.21389°N 29.88556°E / 31.21389; 29.88556 (Lighthouse of Alexandria)

text: Influence

text: Arts and architecture

text: The seven wonders on Antipater's list won praises for their notable features, ranging from superlatives of the highest or largest of their types, to the artistry with which they were executed. Their architectural and artistic features were imitated throughout the Hellenistic world and beyond.

text: The Greek influence in Roman culture, and the revival of Greco-Roman artistic styles during the Renaissance caught the imagination of European artists and travellers.[15] Paintings and sculptures alluding to Antipater's list were made, while adventurers flocked to the actual sites to personally witness the wonders. Legends circulated to further complement the superlatives of the wonders.

text: Modern lists

text: Of Antipater's wonders, the only one that has survived to the present day is the Great Pyramid of Giza. Its brilliant white stone facing had survived intact until around 1300 AD, when local communities removed most of the stonework for building materials. The existence of the Hanging Gardens has not been proven, although theories abound.[16] Records and archaeology confirm the existence of the other five wonders. The Temple of Artemis and the Statue of Zeus were destroyed by fire, while the Lighthouse of Alexandria, Colossus, and tomb of Mausolus were destroyed by earthquakes. Among the artifacts to have survived are sculptures from the tomb of Mausolus and the Temple of Artemis in the British Museum in London.

text: Still, the listing of seven of the most marvellous architectural and artistic human achievements continued beyond the Ancient Greek times to the Roman Empire, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance and to the modern age. The Roman poet Martial and the Christian bishop Gregory of Tours had their versions.[1] Reflecting the rise of Christianity and the factor of time, nature and the hand of man overcoming Antipater's seven wonders, Roman and Christian sites began to figure on the list, including the Colosseum, Noah's Ark and Solomon's Temple.[1][3] In the 6th century, a list of seven wonders was compiled by St. Gregory of Tours: the list[17] included the Temple of Solomon, the Pharos of Alexandria and Noah's Ark.

text: Modern historians, working on the premise that the original Seven Ancient Wonders List was limited in its geographic scope, also had their versions to encompass sites beyond the Hellenistic realm—from the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World to the Seven Wonders of the World. Indeed, the "seven wonders" label has spawned innumerable versions among international organizations, publications and individuals based on different themes—works of nature, engineering masterpieces, constructions of the Middle Ages, etc. Its purpose has also changed from just a simple travel guidebook or a compendium of curious places, to lists of sites to defend or to preserve.


document_title: Vanity 6

question_text: how many members were in her group vanity 6

text: Vanity 6

text: Background[edit]

text: Formation[edit]

text: In 1981, Prince, himself a rising musical star, suggested that his three female friends—his girlfriend Susan Moonsie, Boston native Brenda Bennett, and Jamie Shoop form a girl group that would be called "The Hookers". Prince's vision was that the three women would perform in lingerie and sing sensual songs with lyrics about sex and fantasy. Prince had been wanting to mentor a girl singer or group since the late–1970s when he saw the film A Star is Born with Barbra Streisand and Kris Kristofferson.[citation needed]

text: The original trio recorded a few demos before Prince met the then named Denise Matthews, a model and Canadian B movie actress, in January 1980. Matthews was Rick James' date at the American Music Awards when Prince persuaded her to join his girl group.[6] Prince was so taken by her charisma that he decided she would be the perfect frontwoman for his "Hookers" project. Matthews was eventually re-christened Vanity. Prince had originally suggested that she use the stage name "Vagina," but instead they agreed upon "Vanity."[7] Other versions of the story suggest that it was Prince himself who coined the name "Vanity," as he said that looking at her was like looking in a mirror at the female version of himself. Around this time, Prince and Vanity began a romantic relationship. With Vanity's arrival, Shoop was dropped from the group.

text: Career[edit]

text: With the new trio finalized, Prince renamed the group Vanity 6. He provided the group, now dressed in lingerie and high heels, with provocative songs (although within the album credits, group members were sometimes given sole writing credits). Their first single, "He's So Dull", was a minor hit in Australia[8] and the Netherlands,[9] and appeared in the film National Lampoon's Vacation. The second single, "Nasty Girl", was a hit on both the U.S. R&B chart, peaking at number 7, and U.S. Dance chart (where it hit number one), and it also made an appearance on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart.[10] "Nasty Girl" was a top 10 hit in the Netherlands,[9] and a top 20 hit in the Flanders region of Belgium.[11] The song was featured in the film Beverly Hills Cop, although it was not included on the soundtrack. "Nasty Girl" was also featured in the 1983 sex-comedy Private School. During the group's existence, members sometimes provided backing vocals on Prince's albums.

text: Dissension and dissolution[edit]

text: The third single, "Drive Me Wild", was another minor hit. Music videos were shot for all three singles. Their self-titled album, Vanity 6 (which would turn out to be their only release) was eventually certified gold. The group opened up on the 1999 Tour, between 1982 and 1983, which also featured The Time and Prince, as the headliner. The fact that The Time played behind a curtain during the Vanity 6 performance, caused a rift between the bands and friction within those friendships.[citation needed]

text: To the other group members' dismay, Prince chose Vanity to pose with him for a Richard Avedon photograph used on the cover of an issue of Rolling Stone magazine. The issue also contained a two-page Avedon photo of Vanity 6. In 1983, Vanity recorded a demo for a new song, "Sex Shooter", and started reading for her lead role in Purple Rain opposite Prince. Prior to the shooting of the movie, later in 1983, Vanity abruptly decided to leave the Prince camp and relinquish her role in the film. Many reasons were given for her sudden departure, including money, the end of their romantic relationship, and, most importantly, Vanity having been offered a lucrative solo deal from Motown Records.

text: Apollonia 6[edit]

text: Vanity was replaced in Purple Rain by Patricia Kotero, who would adopt the stage name Apollonia. She also inherited the lead role in Vanity 6, which was renamed Apollonia 6, alongside Bennett and Moonsie. The new trio recorded what would be their only album, Apollonia 6 in 1984.

text: Later life[edit]

text: In 1994, former front woman Vanity overdosed on crack cocaine and suffered from near-fatal renal failure. Upon recovering, she renounced her stage name and music and became a born again Christian.[12] Vanity died on February 15, 2016 – aged 57 – from sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis, a complex form of a kidney disease.[13]

text: Discography[edit]

text: Albums[edit]

text: 1982: Vanity 6 — US #45[14]

text: Singles[edit]

text:
1982: "He's So Dull" b/w "Make-Up" — AUS #92,[8] NED #44[9]
1982: "Nasty Girl" b/w "Drive Me Wild" — US #101,[14] BEL(Flanders) #11,[11] NED #7[9]
1982: "Drive Me Wild" b/w "3 × 2 = 6"
1982: "Bite the Beat" b/w "3 × 2 = 6"

text: Scheduled for Vanity 6[edit]

text: A number of songs were in fact intended for the Vanity 6 follow up album, but due to Vanity's departure, these songs ended up performed by others.

text:
"Sex Shooter" was released by Apollonia 6. Vanity 6 did in fact record at least one version of this song which has been leaked on the internet extensively. The arrangement on this version is sparse and somewhat loose in performance which may indicate that this version was merely a rehearsal or demo version.
"17 Days", the B-side to Prince's "When Doves Cry", ended up being released by Prince, with Bennett's background vocals still on the recording.
"G-Spot", which ended up on Jill Jones debut album. The Vanity 6/Prince demo has been leaked on the internet as well.
"Vibrator", which has been leaked extensively online. This song features Prince in a comedic sketch as well as Jill Jones. The song is about Vanity feeling ignored by her lover only to find solace with her (actual quote from the song) "body massager" which midway through the song loses power prompting Vanity to go purchase batteries at 2 different stores. The song is set in three distinct parts: 1) verse and chorus portions then 2) the comedic sketch and finally 3) Vanity achieving an orgasm with her vibrator.
"Manic Monday", which Prince offered to and was eventually recorded by The Bangles for their album Different Light.