document_title: Drainage in New Orleans

question_text: how did they get rid of the water from hurricane katrina

text: Drainage in New Orleans

text: Geography[edit]

text: The city of New Orleans is located in the Mississippi River Delta on the east and west banks of the Mississippi River and south of Lake Pontchartrain. The city was originally settled on the natural levees or high ground, along the river. In the 1960s, floodwalls and man-made levees were constructed around a much larger geographic footprint that included previous marshland and swamp. Over time, pumping of nearby marshland allowed for development into lower elevation areas. Today, a large portion of New Orleans is at or below local mean sea level and evidence suggests that portions of the city may be dropping in elevation due to subsidence.

text: A 2007 study by Tulane and Xavier University suggested that "51%... of the contiguous urbanized portions of Orleans, Jefferson, and St. Bernard parishes lie at or above sea level," with the more densely populated areas generally on higher ground. A more recent study published by the ASCE Journal of Hydrologic Engineering in 2016, however, stated:

text:
“
...most of New Orleans proper - about 65% - is at or below mean sea level, as defined by the average elevation of Lake Pontchartrain[3]
”

text: Because of the low terrain of the New Orleans area, a complex system of levees, canals, and pumps are required to reduce the risk of flooding.

text: History of Flood Control[edit]

text: The natural levees along the Mississippi River were a result of soil deposits left from the river's annual floods. The site chosen for New Orleans had many advantages. Because it sits where distance between the river and Lake Pontchartrain is shortest, Louisiana Indians had long used the area as a depot and market for goods carried between the two waterways. The narrow strip of land also aided rapid troop movements, and the river's crescent shape slowed ships approaching from downriver and exposed them to gunfire,[4] however flooding was always a hazard.

text: The first artificial levees and canals were built in early colonial times. They were erected to protect New Orleans against routine flooding from the Mississippi River. The "back of town" away from the river originally drained down into the swamps running toward Lake Pontchartrain. Flooding from the lake side was rare and less severe as most of the old town had been built on high ground along the riverfront.

text: As the city grew, demand for more land encouraged expansion into lower areas more prone to periodic flooding. For most of the 19th century most residential buildings were raised up at least a foot above street level (often several feet), since periodic flooding of the streets was a certainty at the time.

text: In the 1830s state engineer George T. Dunbar proposed an ambitious system of underground drainage canals beneath the streets. The goal was to drain water by gravity into the low lying swamps, supplementing this with canals and mechanical pumps. The first of the city's steam engine powered drainage pumps, adapted from a ship's paddle wheel and used to push water along the Orleans Canal out to Bayou St. John, was constructed in this decade. However, only a few of Dunbar's plans were actually implemented as the panic of 1837 largely ended major systematic improvements for a generation.

text: In 1859 surveyor Louis H. Pilié improved the drainage canals, bricking in some portions. Four large steam "draining machines" were built to push water through the canals into the lake.

text: In 1871, some 36 miles (58 km) of canals were built in the city for both improved drainage and small vessel shipping within town. However, despite earlier efforts, at the end of the 19th century it was still common for water to cover streets from curb to curb after rainstorms, sometimes for days.

text: In 1893, the city government formed the Drainage Advisory Board to come up with better solutions to the city's drainage problems. Extensive topographical maps were made and some of the nation's top engineers were consulted. In 1899, a bond was floated, and a 2 mill per dollar property tax approved, which funded and founded the Sewerage & Water Board of New Orleans. The Sewerage & Water Board had the responsibility of draining the city along with constructing a modern sewage and tap water system for the city, which, at the time, still relied heavily on cisterns and outhouses. (A different entity, the Orleans Levee Board, was in charge of supervision of the city's levee and floodwall system.)

text: The Sewerage & Water Board found A. Baldwin Wood, a young engineer who not only supervised the plans for improved drainage and pumping, but also invented a number of improvements in pumps and plumbing in the process. These improvements were not only used in New Orleans, but adopted all over the world.

text: As the 20th century progressed, much of the land that had previously been swampland or considered fit for no other use than cow pasture (due to periodic flooding), was drained. The city then expanded back from the natural higher ground close to the river and the natural bayou formed ridges.

text: On 15 April 1927 in what became known as the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927, the city was deluged by a downpour of some 15 inches (380 mm) of rain within 19 hours. At the time, almost all of the city's pumps relied completely on the municipal electricity system, which went out early in the storm, thus knocking the pumps off line, which led to extensive flooding in the city. After this, back up diesel generators with sufficient fuel to run the pumps for at least a day if electricity failed were added to the pumping stations. The "Good Friday Flood", as it was known locally, happened when the Mississippi River levels were dangerously high along the levees at the city, but was not directly connected to the more wide-ranging flood.

text: 1927 also saw the start of a project to build a more extensive system of levees on the shoreline of Lake Pontchartrain. After 1945, all land up to the lake had been developed.

text: The city's system was effective when the 1947 Fort Lauderdale Hurricane directly hit the city. Wood's drainage pumps kept the city proper mostly dry, while the neighboring suburbs on the East Bank of Jefferson Parish (which at the time did not have a comparable system operational), flooded under up to 6 feet (1.8 m) of water.

text: Most of the city weathered Hurricane Betsy in 1965 without severe flooding, with the major exception of the Lower Ninth Ward neighborhood. The Lower Ninth Ward is separated from the rest of the city by the Industrial Canal and Gulf Intracoastal Waterway. It was flooded not by rainfall, but by a breach in the Industrial Canal levee, resulting in catastrophic flooding and loss of life in the neighborhood.

text: By the 1980s, the city boasted a system of 20 pumping stations with 89 pumps, with a combined capacity of 15,642,000 US gallons (59,210,000 L) per minute, equal to the flow of the Ohio River.

text: In May 1995, torrential rains (up to 20 inches (510 mm) in 12 hours in some places) overwhelmed pumping capacity, flooding substantial portions of the city. Slab houses in some low areas were flooded, and great numbers of automobiles on the city's flooded streets were declared insurance write-offs. This prompted projects increasing drainage capacity in the worst hit areas.

text: By early 2005, the city had 148 drainage pumps.

text: Hurricane Katrina[edit]

text: The greatest catastrophe in the city's drainage history occurred at the end of August 2005 when it was hit by Hurricane Katrina, after which eighty percent of the city flooded. Katrina brought tropical storm conditions to the city starting the night of 28 August, with hurricane conditions beginning the following day and lasting through the afternoon.

text: The hurricane itself did not flood the city. Rather, a series of failures in mis-designed levees and floodwalls allowed water from the Gulf of Mexico and Lake Pontchartrain to flow into the city.

text: The Industrial Canal was overwhelmed when a storm surge, funneled in by the Mississippi River Gulf Outlet, overflowed and breached levees and floodwalls in several locations, flooding not only the Lower Ninth Ward, but also Eastern New Orleans and portions of the Upper Ninth Ward west of the Canal.

text: Meanwhile, waters from storm-swollen Lake Pontchartrain poured into the city, first from a breach in the 17th Street Canal, and then from a pair of breaches in both sides of the London Avenue Canal. These canals were among those used to channel water pumped from city streets into the lake. The storm caused the flow to reverse, and as water levels rose the entire drainage system failed. Examinations afterwards showed that water levels in these locations never topped the floodwalls, but instead the levees failed with a water level supposedly within their safe tolerance.

text: In much of town west of the Industrial Canal, residents who did not evacuate before the storm reported that after the storm they were relieved to see their streets dry and the precipitation from the storm successfully pumped out. However, disaster was already spreading from the series of levee breaches. In areas of town far from the breaches, flood water came not in through the streets, but up from the storm drains beneath the street, in some places changing streets from dry to under 3 feet (0.91 m) of water within half an hour.

text: By the evening of August 30, some 80% of the city was under water. (This figure includes areas of widely differing flood levels, ranging from areas where streets were covered with water which never rose into homes to areas where homes were entirely submerged over the rooftops.) Most of the city's pumping stations were submerged. The few above the water line had no power and the emergency diesel fuel had run out. These few were often tiny islands in the flood, inaccessible even if intact enough to hypothetically be turned back on.

text: For most of the city to the west of the Industrial Canal, the flood levels were much the same as those reached in mid-19th century storms when, like Katrina, major hurricanes created a "lake flood" by pushing Lake Pontchartrain up into the South Shore. At the time of these earlier storms the lower lying areas of the city had little development, so effects on life and property were much less severe.

text: West of the Industrial Canal, the parts of the city unflooded or minimally flooded largely corresponded with areas of the city developed on naturally higher ground before 1900.

text: On August 31, flood levels started to subside. The water level in the city had reached that of Lake Pontchartrain, and as the lake started to drain back into the Gulf, some water in the city started to flow into the lake via the same levee breaches they had entered through. In 19th century lake floods, the water soon flowed back into the lake as there were no levees on that side. In 2005, while the levees proved inadequate to keep the lake out of the city, even in breached form they were sufficient to keep much of the flooding from flowing back out. As breaches were gradually filled, some city pumps were reactivated, supplemented by additional pumps brought in by the United States Army Corps of Engineers. Some of the city's pumps which survived could not be reactivated because of the failures of the canals that they pumped flood waters into. The combined task of closing breaches and pumping the flood waters out took weeks and was compounded by a setback in late September due to further flooding from Hurricane Rita.

text: Katrina Aftermath[edit]

text: By the start of October 2005, only a few small areas of flood waters remained within the city, but the disastrous flooding in the aftermath of Katrina left the majority of the city's houses and businesses so damaged as to be unusable until major renovations or repairs could be made. An article in the New Orleans Times-Picayune on 30 November 2005 reported that studies showed the 17th Street Canal levee was "destined to fail" as a result of fundamental design mistakes by the United States Army Corps of Engineers.[5]

text: Additional investigations found more problems with the design and construction of the London Avenue Canal, Industrial Canal, MRGO, and other levees and flood walls.

text: While the majority of the city's drainage pumps were able to be reactivated after the storm, some of the usually reliable pumps failed in 2006 due to corrosion. This was caused by wiring being submerged in the brackish water from Katrina.

text: As a stop-gap measure, the Corps of Engineers installed flood gates at the mouths of the drainage canals at Lake Pontchartrain, to be closed if the lake water level rises. While this prevents lake waters from flowing into the vulnerable canals, it also severely limits the ability of the city to pump out rain water while the gates are closed.

text: In March 2006, it was revealed that temporary pumps installed by the USACE were defective.[6][7]

text: Post-Katrina Flood Concerns[edit]

text: In 2008, Hurricane Gustav impacted the southeast Louisiana coast, but caused minimal flood impacts.[8]

text: In 2012, slow-moving Hurricane Isaac dropped up to 20 inches (51 cm) of rainfall on isolated parts of the city which exceeded New Orleans' pumping capacity, however minimal flood impacts were noted.[3]

text: On the afternoon of August 5, 2017, heavy rainfall over a roughly 3-4 hour period caused significant flooding across central sections of New Orleans. The rainfall - estimated as having only a 1-in-10 to 1-in-100 chance of occurring annually[9] - was higher than the city's pumping capacity. Numerous roadways were flooding with several feet of water, vehicles were flooded, and water entered some structures.[10] It was later revealed that 16 of New Orleans' 148 drainage pumps and 3 of 5 turbines which provide power to the pumping system were out of service, severely reducing pumping capacity during the rain event.[11]


document_title: Grown Ups (film)

question_text: where does the movie grown ups take place

root

text: Grown Ups (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1978, five childhood friends win their junior high school basketball championship. Afterwards, they celebrate at a rented lake house. The friends' coach, Robert Ferdinando (Blake Clark), whom they nickname "Buzzer", encourages them to live their lives in a similar way to how they played the game. Thirty years later, Lenny (Adam Sandler) has become an ambitious Hollywood talent agent with his wife, fashion designer Roxanne (Salma Hayek), and his three children—daughter Becky (Alexys Nycole Sanchez) and two sons Greg (Jake Goldberg) and Keith (Cameron Boyce). The boys act very spoiled in his vicinity, much to his annoyance. Eric (Kevin James) claims he is now a co-owner of a lawn furniture company, and is also disappointed in his wife Sally (Maria Bello) for continuing to breastfeed Bean (Morgan Gingerich), one of his two children, the other being Donna (Ada-Nicole Sanger). Kurt (Chris Rock) is a stay-at-home father with two children, Andre and Charlotte (Nadji Jeter and China Anne McClain). His wife Deanne (Maya Rudolph), the primary breadwinner of the family, is pregnant with another child and shares the house with her mother, Ronzoni (Ebony Jo-Ann). Rob (Rob Schneider), nicknamed Carrot, has been divorced three times and holds custody of his daughters Jasmine, Amber, and Bridget (Madison Riley, Jamie Chung, and Ashley Loren). His current wife, Gloria (Joyce Van Patten), is 30 years older than him. Marcus (David Spade) is a slacker and lothario. All five friends regularly harass each other in comedic fashion throughout the film: Lenny for being rich, Eric for being overweight, Kurt for being skinny and useless, Rob for his continuous use of the joke "Maize!" and for having a much older wife, and Marcus for being sexually juvenile.

tag: p

text: The friends each find out that Buzzer has died, and reunite at their hometown with their families, a first in the three decades. Intending to pay tribute to Buzzer at a private funeral, Lenny rents the lake house for the 4th of July weekend for his friends to stay at. However, Roxanne has planned a fashion show in Milan, forcing Lenny to retreat. While at the lake house, he becomes annoyed at how his sons are playing video games instead of being outdoors, and pushes them to play outside along with his friend's children. At a local restaurant, Lenny talks to his old nemesis, Dickie (Colin Quinn), who is still bitter towards Lenny for an error in the match, where his shot shouldn't have counted since he allegedly had his foot on the outside line. With this, Dickie challenges Lenny and his friends to a rematch, but he declines when commenting on Dickie's health. The next day, Buzzer's ashes are spread in the woods while Rob becomes depressed, lamenting his failed marriages, and later warns the arrival of his three daughters from the previous marriages. After having to deal with Jasmine, he then relaxes with his friends partaking in fishing. After joking on Rob, the others elect to cheer him up with a game of arrow roulette. Rob wins by staying in the circle for the longest time, but the arrow severely impales his foot when it flies back down. Rob then snaps at Gloria for using a maize-covered poultice. That night, Lenny manages to get the kids interested in talking on cup-phones and Roxanne accidentally reveals herself to be the "Tooth Fairy" when Becky listens in. Now happy that they are enjoying a similar kind of young fun that he had, Lenny proceeds to install an extensive cup-phone network in the house.

text: Roxanne settles on staying at the lake house over going to the fashion show. The friends decide to visit a water park, where Bean learns to drink milk out of a carton and Marcus repeatedly flirts with Jasmine and Amber, having bought them skimpy bikinis. The families cause mayhem throughout the park; Rob shoves a ride attendant down a water slide when the latter insults Bridget for being less attractive than her sisters; Eric ignores Donna's warning about a chemical in the kiddie pool that turns urine blue, and chaos results when the urine is revealed; the spouses spot and attempt to attract a muscleman, but he is laughed off due to his high-pitched Canadian accent; and at the zip line attraction, Lenny and the group meet Dickie again, accompanied by his own group of friends and former teammates, including Wiley (Steve Buscemi), who is severely injured after crashing into a shed while sliding down the zip line by his feet. Lenny teaches his son how to shoot a perfect shot during basketball, and the friends then end the night by sharing a dance with their spouses. The next day, Roxanne picks up Lenny's phone and confronts him on lying about canceling their flight trip before she agreed on staying. Eventually, everyone concedes into admitting their own truths about how they feel with their lives. On their final day at the lake house, Lenny accepts the rematch once and for all, and plays against their former opponents. At the game-deciding shot, Lenny purposely misses to allow Dickie's team to get a proper win. Before the end of the film, Marcus plays another game of arrow roulette, but with a larger crowd of people this time. Everyone fearfully takes off, and a still paralyzed Wiley gets his foot impaled by the arrow.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Adam Sandler as Lenny Feder

Michael Cavaleri as Young Lenny

Kevin James as Eric Lamonsoff

Andrew Bayard as Young Eric

Chris Rock as Kurt McKenzie

Jameel McGill as Young Kurt

David Spade as Marcus "Higgy" Higgins

Kyle Brooks as Young Marcus

Rob Schneider as Rob "Carrot" Hilliard

Joshua Matz as Young Rob

tag: ul

text: The Feder family[edit]

text:
Salma Hayek as Roxanne Feder
Jake Goldberg as Greg Feder
Cameron Boyce as Keith Feder
Alexys Nicole Sanchez as Becky Feder

text: The Lamonsoff family[edit]

text:
Maria Bello as Sally Lamonsoff
Ada-Nicole Sanger as Donna Lamonsoff
Frank and Morgan Gingerich as Bean Lamonsoff

text: The McKenzie family[edit]

text:
Maya Rudolph as Deanne McKenzie
Nadji Jeter as Andre McKenzie
China Anne McClain as Charlotte McKenzie

text: The Hilliard family[edit]

text:
Madison Riley as Jasmine Hilliard
Jamie Chung as Amber Hilliard
Ashley Loren as Bridget Hilliard

text: Other characters[edit]

text:
Joyce Van Patten as Gloria Noonan
Blake Clark as Coach Robert "Buzzer" Ferdinando
Victoria Cyr, Niece of Coach Buzzer[3]
Di Quon as Rita
Steve Buscemi as Wiley
Colin Quinn as Dickie Bailey

Hunter Silva as Young Dickie

Lisa M. (Seitz) Francis as Bailey's wife
Tim Meadows as Malcolm Fluzoo
Ebony Jo-Ann as Mama Ronzoni
Dan Patrick as Norby the Ride Guy
Tim Herlihy as Pastor
Norm Macdonald as Geezer
Jonathan Loughran as Robideaux

Connor Panzner as Young Robideaux

Dennis Dugan as Basketball Referee

text: Production[edit]

text: Filming commenced in Essex County, Massachusetts, in August, 2009.[4]

text: Release[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Grown Ups grossed $162 million in the United States and $109.4 million in other territories for a worldwide gross of $271.4 million against a production budget of $80 million.[1] Grown Ups surpassed Click to become Sandler's highest grossing film wordwide.[5] Happy with the gross, Adam Sandler showed his appreciation by buying brand-new Maserati sports cars for his four co-stars.[6][7]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 10% based on 164 reviews and an average rating of 3.3/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Grown Ups' cast of comedy vets is amiable, but they're let down by flat direction and the scattershot, lowbrow humor of a stunted script."[8] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 30 out of 100 based on reviews from 32 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[9] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.[10]

text: Connie Ogle of the Miami Herald referred to it as "the perfect poster child for this maddening summer of movie mediocrity."[11] Rick Groen of the Globe and Mail criticized what he saw as blatant commercialism, saying the cast "lob[bed] gags they surely disdain at an audience they probably despise while reserving their own laughter for that off-camera dash all the way to the bank." Richard Roeper went as far as to say that it was "a blight upon the bright canvas of American cinema", and that he hated it.[12] Tom Long of the Detroit News called it "trite comedy" and "total garbage."[13] On the other end of the spectrum, Lisa Kennedy of the Denver Post called it "crude and decent-hearted" and "easy, breezy, predictable."[14]

text: Awards[edit]

text: Rob Schneider was nominated for a Razzie Award for Worst Supporting Actor for the film, but lost to Jackson Rathbone for both The Last Airbender and The Twilight Saga: Eclipse.[citation needed]

text: The film won at the 2011 MTV Movie Awards for the "Best Line from a Movie" category, which it won for the line "I want to get chocolate wasted!", delivered by Becky, played by Alexys Nycole Sanchez.[citation needed]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Grown Ups was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc on November 9, 2010.

text: Sequel[edit]

text: A sequel, titled Grown Ups 2, was released on July 12, 2013. Dennis Dugan, the director of the first film, returned as director. The main cast, including Adam Sandler, Kevin James, Chris Rock, David Spade, Salma Hayek, Maya Rudolph, Maria Bello and Steve Buscemi reprised their roles, except Rob Schneider. New cast includes Andy Samberg, Taylor Lautner and Patrick Schwarzenegger. The sequel follows Lenny Feder as he relocates his family back to the small town where he and his friends grew up.[15] Like its predecessor, Grown Ups 2 received very poor reviews[16] but was still a box office hit.[17]


document_title: Matt Foley

question_text: who lives in a van down by the river

question_tokens: who lives in a van down by the river

text: Matt Foley

text: History[edit]

text: The character's concept was first created by Bob Odenkirk. Farley had performed the character in other comedy groups before joining the cast of Saturday Night Live. Farley named the character after one of his Marquette University rugby union teammates, who is now a Catholic priest in the Chicago suburb of Arlington Heights.[2]

text: Matt Foley appeared in eight Saturday Night Live sketches. Each sketch typically started with Foley brought into a specific situation by someone to speak to a group. In addition to his disheveled, overweight, and unstylish appearance, he exhibits poor social skills, frequently loses his temper, disparages and insults his audience, wallows in cynicism and self-pity, and presents a negative motivational message. Foley's trademark line is warning his audience that they could end up, like himself, being "35 years old, eating a steady diet of government cheese, thrice divorced, and living in a van down by the river!" In most sketches, whenever a member of his audience announces a personal accomplishment, Foley responds with mockery or belligerence: "Well, la-dee-frickin-da!", "Whoop-dee-frickin-doo!", or a similarly dismissive remark. The sketches usually feature Farley's physical comedy, such as the over-caffeinated Foley gesticulating wildly and leaping around, often breaking furniture.

text: In the character's debut, David Spade and Christina Applegate, who were playing teens supposedly in need of Foley's help, were visibly trying to stifle their laughter. Spade, in particular, spent most of the sketch with his hand covering his face. In the sketch, Farley's portrayal of Foley was so intense that he ended up falling onto the table in front of him, crushing it. The blooper was so popular that Farley turned it into one of his best-known routines and one which he would repeat many times, both as Foley and as other characters on SNL and in film during the remainder of his life and career, sometimes injuring himself in the process.

text: At the end of each sketch, he is usually rushed out of his speaking location, where the people left behind huddle together and comment on him, usually bemused and frightened. Though his intended message is always ruined by his bizarre presentation, his audience typically benefits from the experience, as they all don't want to be associated with Foley again. One departure sketch had George Foreman considering that he was too old and weak to continue boxing, and happening to walk by the river, where he comes across Foley's van. Foley does not go into his usual tirades, instead ordering Foreman to do all sorts of chores for him, such as grilling hamburgers, claiming the work is "for dexterity". When Foreman determines Foley is using him, he punches Foley, causing Foreman to realize he can still fight and ultimately going on to win the world championship. Foreman then recites this tale to Tim Meadows, who wonders aloud why he is cooking burgers for Foreman, only to be barked at, "You know why! For dexterity!"

text: Being a Wisconsin native, Farley was asked to portray the Matt Foley character at the 1994 Rose Bowl banquet.[citation needed] He delivered a comedic "motivational speech" to the Wisconsin Badgers football team, who were to face the UCLA Bruins that year and won the game, 21–16.

text: Plans for a film version with Spade in a supporting role were shelved after Farley's death in 1997.[3]

text: Physical appearance[edit]

text: Typically the outfit of choice for Matt is a blue-and-white plaid sport coat, a white dress shirt, a solid green necktie, black Horn-rimmed glasses, too-tight khakis, a wrist watch, dress shoes and has well-groomed blond hair. In prison, he dons blue jeans and a denim shirt with the inmate number "3307" while retaining his watch, glasses and a crucifix necklace (he also mentions a "homemade tattoo of a van down by the river"). While working as a mall Santa, he wears a stereotypical Santa outfit, complete with black snow boots.

text: Personality[edit]

text: While he is well meaning and very good-natured, he has a very violent temper, usually yelling at his audience and making a fool of himself.

text: He seems to have somewhat of a sense of self-pity and anger about his own poor life choices. Despite this, he has a passion for his career as a motivational speaker, going as far as to travel to Venezuela to speak to teens, or move in with teenagers to watch over them after they were caught with a bag of pot (although this was partially because he got tired of living in his van down by the river). While in prison, he seems to be respected, and to have a good friendship with his cellmate Deshawn Powers, who refers to Foley as "The OG of cell block C".

text: He is fond of coffee and caffeine-based products. In almost every appearance, he mentions drinking espresso or coffee, and he even brings a duffel bag with a pot of coffee to the gym to teach a spinning class.

text: He also seems to be a strong believer in "PMA" (Positive Mental Attitude).

text: Notable appearances[edit]

text: The character's debut performance (May 8, 1993) has been called one of the best segments in SNL history.[4] The reception of the audience combined with visible stifled laughter from the performers on stage added to the popularity of the skit. Notable physical gestures from Farley included what Spade referred to as “the thing with the glasses” when Farley lifted his glasses on and off of his face commenting, “Hey Dad, I can’t see real good, is that Bill Shakespeare over there?” and perhaps the most defining gesture was one that Farley saved for the live performance when he alternated hands adjusting his trousers, grabbing the hilt of his belt with one hand and the back of his pants with the other. In the skit itself, Foley attempts to motivate two teens, played by David Spade and Christina Applegate, to get themselves “back on the right track” after the family’s cleaning lady finds a bag of marijuana in their dresser. Foley’s attempt to motivate them falls short when he constantly reminds them that the only thing they will ever amount to is “living in a van down by the river!” The skit ends with Foley offering that the only solution to solve the family's problems is for him to move in with them; he leaves the house to get his things from his van and the family locks him out, finally reconciling and admitting to how much they love each other.

text: A later performance (February 19, 1994) features Foley in prison attempting to motivate troubled teens in a scared straight program; he was imprisoned for three to five years for non-payment of alimony (consistent with him being “thrice divorced”). Before entering the skit, Foley is introduced by his cellmate Deshawn Powers (Martin Lawrence) as “just finished a week in solitary, eating nothing but coffee beans.” Foley attempts to scare the juvenile delinquents by commenting in a slightly different manner that he “wished to dear God, that he was living in a van down by the river!” The skit followed the usual Foley routine with him falling through the prison wall instead of a coffee table, which eventually led to his and the other inmates' escape.

text: In the only cold open featuring Foley (April 15, 1995), the character attempts to motivate a pair of Venezuelan teens. Foley attempts to get through to them by motivating them in their native Spanish, saying “¡Yo vivo en van circa de un rio!” However the teenagers father (Michael McKean) informs Matt that he and his children are fluent in English causing Foley to response "¡Padre, dame un favor, y cállate su grande YAPPER!" The skit again features Foley mocking his audience, breaking household objects, and somehow succeeding in his motivational goals.

text: List of SNL episodes featured[edit]

text:
May 8, 1993 (host Christina Applegate)
October 30, 1993 (host Christian Slater)
December 11, 1993 (host Sally Field)
February 19, 1994 (host Martin Lawrence)
May 14, 1994 (host Heather Locklear)
December 17, 1994 (host George Foreman)
April 15, 1995 (host Courteney Cox)
October 25, 1997 (host Chris Farley)
February 15, 2015 (40th Anniversary Special, played by Melissa McCarthy)


document_title: Truck classification

question_text: how many tons does a ford f250 weight

question_tokens: how many tons does a ford f250 weight

text: Truck classification

text: United States[edit]

text: In the United States, commercial truck classification is determined based on the vehicle's gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR). The classes range from 1–8.[1][2] Trucks are also classified more broadly by the Department of Transportation's Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), which groups classes 1–3 as light duty, 4–6 as medium duty, and 7–8 as heavy duty.[1][3][4][5] The United States Environmental Protection Agency has a separate system of emissions classifications for trucks.[1][6] The United States Census Bureau also assigned classifications in its now-discontinued Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey (VIUS) (formerly Truck Inventory and Use Survey (TIUS)).[7]

text: Table of US GVWR classifications[edit]

text:
US truck class
Duty classification
Weight limit [1][8]
Examples

Class 1
Light truck
0–6,000 pounds (0–2,722 kg)
Dodge Dakota, Chevrolet Colorado/GMC Canyon, Toyota Tacoma, Nissan Frontier, Ford Ranger[9]

Class 2
Light truck
6,001–10,000 pounds (2,722–4,536 kg)
Ram 1500, Chevrolet Silverado 1500, Ford F-150

Class 3
Light truck
10,001–14,000 pounds (4,536–6,350 kg)
Ram 3500, GMC Sierra 3500, Ford E-350, Ford F-350, Hummer H1

Class 4
Medium truck
14,001–16,000 pounds (6,351–7,257 kg)
Ram 4500, GMC 4500, Ford E-450, Ford F-450 [9]

Class 5
Medium truck
16,001–19,500 pounds (7,258–8,845 kg)
Ram 5500, GMC 5500, Ford F-550, International TerraStar [10]

Class 6
Medium truck
19,501–26,000 pounds (8,846–11,793 kg)
Chevrolet Kodiak/GMC TopKick C6500, Ford F-650, International Durastar [11]

Class 7
Heavy truck
26,001–33,000 pounds (11,794–14,969 kg)
Autocar ACMD, GMC C7500, Ford F-750 [12]

Class 8
Heavy truck
33,001 pounds (14,969 kg)+
Autocar ACX, International WorkStar, Kenworth T600, Kenworth T660, Kenworth T680 - Semi-trailer trucks fall into this category

Class 9
Super-heavy / special duty truck
33,001 pounds (14,969 kg)+
Usually class 8 truck with special duty characteristics, e.g. - Autocar ACX 12x6, International WorkStar, Western Star 6900 (6900XD or 6900TS).[13][14][15][16][17]

tag: table

text: Notes on weight classes[edit]

text: Class 2[edit]

text: Class 2 is subdivided into Class 2a (½-ton) and Class 2b (¾-ton), with class 2a being 6,001–8,500 pounds (2,722–3,856 kg), and class 2b being 8,501–10,000 pounds (3,856–4,536 kg). Examples of vehicles in Class 2b include the Ram 2500, Chevrolet Silverado 2500, and the Ford F-250. SUVs in Class 2b include the Ford Excursion and the Chevrolet Suburban 2500. Class 2a is commonly referred to as a light duty truck, with class 2b being the lowest heavy-duty class, also called the light heavy-duty class.[9][18][19]

text: Medium duty ton rating[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: When light-duty trucks were first produced in the United States, they were rated by their payload capacity in tons (e.g., ½-, ¾- and 1-ton). Over time, payload capacities for most domestic pickup trucks have increased while the ton titles have stayed the same. The now-imprecise ton rating is presently used to compare standard sizes, rather than actual capacities.

text: This has led to categorizing trucks similarly, even if their payload is different. Therefore, the Toyota Tacoma, Dodge Dakota, Ford Ranger, Honda Ridgeline, Chevrolet S-10, GMC S-15are called quarter-tons (¼-ton). The Ford F-150, Chevrolet C10/K10, Chevrolet/GMC 1500, and Dodge 1500 are half-tons (½-ton). The Ford F-250, Chevrolet C20/K20, Chevrolet/GMC 2500, and Dodge 2500 are three-quarter-tons (¾-ton). Chevrolet/GMC's ¾-ton suspension systems were further divided into light and heavy-duty, differentiated by 5-lug and 6 or 8-lug wheel hubs depending on year, respectively. The Ford F-350, Chevrolet C30/K30, Chevrolet/GMC 3500, and Dodge 3500 are one tons (1-ton).

text: Similar schemes exist for vans and SUVs (e.g. a 1-ton Dodge Van or a ½-ton GMC Suburban), medium duty trucks (e.g. the Ford 1½-ton F-450) and some military vehicles, like the ubiquitous deuce-and-a-half.

text: Class 7[edit]

text: Vehicles in Class 7 and above require a Class-B commercial driver's license (CDL) to operate in the United States.

text: Class 8[edit]

text: The Class 8 truck gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) is a vehicle with a GVWR exceeding 33000 lb (14969 kg).[1][20] These include tractor trailer tractors as well as single-unit dump trucks of a GVWR over 33,000 lb; such trucks typically have 3 or more axles. The typical 5-axle tractor-trailer combination, also called a "semi" or "18-wheeler", is a Class 8 vehicle. Standard trailers vary in length from 8' containers to 57' van trailers, with the most common length being the 53' trailer. Specialized trailers for oversized loads can be considerably longer. Commercial operation of a Class 8 vehicle in the United States requires either a Class-B CDL for non-combination vehicles, or a Class-A CDL for combination vehicles (tractor-trailers).

text: The practical gross vehicle weight limit in the USA for Class 8 trucks is determined by per-axle weight limits set by the Federal Bridge Gross Weight Formula on interstate highways. Longer 18-wheelers can weigh up to 80,000 lbs. In most states, exceptions to these limits can be made for an Oversize load but they require special permits and handling on a designated route.

text: Class 9/Super heavy duty[edit]

text: Usually classifies a heavy, special duty Class 8 truck. For example the Western Star 6900 is designed for off-highway vocations including logging, mining, and other similar applications.

text: Canada[edit]

text: Vehicle classifications vary among provinces in Canada, due to "differences in size and weight regulations, economic activity, physical environment, and other issues".[21]:3 While several provinces use their own classification schemes for traffic monitoring, Manitoba, Ontario, Prince Edward Island and Saskatchewan have adopted the 13-class system from the United States' Federal Highway Administration—sometimes with modifications, or in Ontario's case, for limited purposes.[21]:3–4[needs update] British Columbia and Ontario also distinguish between short- and long-combination trucks.[21]:3–4[needs update] In accident reporting, eight jurisdictions subdivide trucks by GVWR into light and heavy classes at approximately 4500 kg 9921 lb.[21]:6

text: European Union[edit]

text: In the European scheme the licenses are (among others) B for cars, C for trucks (lorries), D for buses, and are limited by the GVWR.

text: Divides into two types:

text:
appending a number to the class denotes the "light" versions of said class.
appending the letter E allows for larger trailers (GTWR).

tag: ol

text:
Class B permits the use of vehicles with GVWRs of not more than 3500 kg and a trailer with GTWRs not exceeding 750 kg, or a trailer above said limit, if the gross weight of car and trailer combined does not exceed 3500 kg (or 4250 kg after a theoretical and practical course of 7 hours). Such vehicles are also commonly known as light commercial vehicles (LCVs), and include the Ford Transit, Mercedes-Benz Sprinter and Fiat Ducato.
Class BE allows for trailers up to 3500 kg GTWR while driving a class B vehicle.
Class C1 raises the GVWR limit to 7500 kg and a trailer of GTWR not exceeding 750 kg.
Class C removes the GVWR limit, but the GTWR limit for the trailer of 750 kg stays.
Class C1E allows for a class B or C1 vehicle and a trailer of more than 750 kg GTWR, if the combined gross weight does not exceed 12000 kg.
Class CE removes the trailers GTWR limit while driving a Class C vehicle.

text: List of truck types[edit]

text:
Truck (Lorry) See List of truck types

Box truck
Cab forward
Chassis cab
Conversion van
Flatbed truck
Logging truck
Panel van
Platform truck
Pickup truck
Sport utility vehicle
Tractor unit (Semi tractor)
Tow truck
Van

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Class 1 Light duty Toyota Tacoma

Class 2 2001 Ford Excursion 4×4 (GVWR: 8,600 pounds (3.9 t)

Class 3 Ford F-350

Class 4 2008 Ford F-450 4×4 pick-up truck (GVWR: 14,500 pounds (6.6 t))

Class 5 2005 Chevy Kodiak 4×4 (GVWR: 17,500 pounds (7.9 t))

Class 6 2002 Ford F-650 in front (GVWR: 26000 lb), 1989 Ford F-600 in back (GVWR: 20,200 pounds (9.2 t)

Class 7 Peterbilt 330 dump truck.

Class 8 Kenworth W900 tractor with spread-axle 48 feet (15 m) refrigerated trailer.

Class 9 Western Star 6900XD tractor.


document_title: List of Young Dracula episodes

question_text: how many seasons of young dracula are there

text: List of Young Dracula episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Series

Episodes

Original UK air dates

DVD release date

Series premiere

Series finale

Region 2

Region 4

1

14

21 September 2006 (2006-09-21)

21 December 2006 (2006-12-21)

15 October 2012 (2012-10-15)[1]

3 October 2012 (2012-10-03)[2]

2

13

2 November 2007 (2007-11-02)

8 February 2008 (2008-02-08)

TBA

6 February 2013 (2013-02-06)[3]

3

13

31 October 2011 (2011-10-31)

12 December 2011 (2011-12-12)

TBA

3 April 2013 (2013-04-03)[4]

4

13

29 October 2012 (2012-10-29)

1 December 2012 (2012-12-01)

TBA

1 October 2014 (2014-10-01)[5]

5

13

13 January 2014 (2014-01-13)[6]

31 March 2014 (2014-03-31)

TBA

5 November 2014 (2014-11-05)[7]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Series 1 (2006)[edit]

text:
Nº

Ep

Title

Original air date
11"When You're a Stranger"21 September 2006 (2006-09-21)
Count Dracula, is forced to move from Transylvania to a castle in Stokely, Wales with his children Vlad and Ingrid and his servant, Renfield. Vlad has no wish to follow in his father's footsteps in becoming an evil, fully fledged vampire. On the other hand the Branagh family's youngest son, Robin Branagh is a passionate vampire fan who Vlad meets when he climbs up into his room through the window. First appearance of Vlad, Ingrid and Count Dracula, Renfield, Zoltan, Robin, Ian, Paul, Chloe, Graham and Elizabeth Branagh
22"Dead-Ucation"28 September 2006 (2006-09-28)
Vlad tries to persuade his Dad to let him go to school where he has to try extra hard to conceal his and his family's heritage. Vlad has no luck until the headmistress of Stokely Grammar School says the Count will have to send both Vlad and Ingrid to school or he'll be taken to court, so he agrees. It is also the first day of teaching at the school for the woodwork teacher, Eric Van Helsing, a rather useless vampire slayer with an annoying obsession with killing vampires, and also his son Jonathan. Van Helsing at first mistakes Robin for being a vampire because of his cape he adores wearing and for him taking the blame for owning a brooch depicting the Dracula coat of arms, which in fact was given to Vlad by the Count. Van Helsing turns his attention to Vlad and his family after discovering they live in a castle and that he was from Transylvania. Robin's sister Chloe also discovers Vlad and his family are vampires but she, like Robin, agrees not to tell anyone. First appearance of Eric and Jonathan Van Helsing
33"Mummy Returns"5 October 2006 (2006-10-05)
Ingrid, being tired of being ignored by her father, invites her and Vlad's mother, Magda, to come to stay for a while, but having previously run off with a werewolf called Patrick, the Count is not as pleased to see her. Vlad warns his father not to take her back because she is evil and manipulative. When Magda is thrown out of the castle and stays with the Branaghs' she decides to marry the Count, so that if the Count mysteriously dies, she would get the castle. She brings Van Helsing to the castle to slay Count Dracula after the ceremony, but with the help of Robin and Chloe, Vlad exposes his mother's plans and she is kicked out of the castle again while Van Helsing fails to slay the Count. First Appearance of Madgda Carmilla Elizabetta Barthoria Westenra
44"Slaytime TV"12 October 2006 (2006-10-12)
The Count becomes addicted to daytime TV and decides that making a movie would be easy. Meanwhile, Robin convinces the Count that he and Vlad must have been switched at birth as he and his family were in Transylvania during the time that he and Vlad were babies. Ingrid fakes a diary of her mother's to show the boys were switched at birth as an attempt to get rid of Vlad, but when she realises how happy she has made Robin she confesses.
55"Like Father, Like Son"19 October 2006 (2006-10-19)
When Vlad and Robin are suspended from school due to Ingrid's attempt of originally planning to suspend herself, the Count tries to take on their education at home, but a hypnosis lesson goes astray. Vlad accidentally hypnotises the Count, but uses it to his advantage by making him forget he's a vampire. Meanwhile, Robin asks Vlad to hypnotise his own parents so they would believe they are actual vampires, but it doesn't go according to plan and they try to drink Robin and Chloe's blood. Vlad also reveals to Ingrid the truth that Van Helsing is a vampire slayer.
66"Toothache"26 October 2006 (2006-10-26)
A toothache makes Vlad think that his fangs are starting to grow through. Meanwhile, it is Ingrid's 15th birthday and the Count is trying to marry her off to a vampire farmer from Transiberia so Robin agrees to Ingrid's request to pretend to be her boyfriend. It is only when Robin is exposed and is about to be punished by the Count does Vlad tell the Count he thinks his fangs are coming through. But it is revealed his toothache was caused by cavities after eating too many sweets.
77"A Matter of Life and Chess"2 November 2006 (2006-11-02)
It's Parent's Evening at Stokely Grammar School, much to Robin and Vlad's dismay, especially when Van Helsing is looking forward to 'speaking' with Vlad's father. Meanwhile, a mummy with a vendetta against the Count escapes from Dracula's castle and heads for the school, looking for him. But Robin is otherwise engaged, if parents evening doesn't go well he will have to go to 'happy camp', much to his horror.
88"Blood Relations"9 November 2006 (2006-11-09)
Vlad's 13th birthday has arrived and while he is making plans for a 'normal' party, his very strict and traditional grandparents turn up for a surprise. They insist that he undergoes a special ritual to gain his full vampire powers three years early. Luckily Chloe gave Vlad a sunlamp for his birthday and Ingrid uses it to stop the ceremony. First and only appearance of Krone and Atilla Westenra
99"The Sleepover"16 November 2006 (2006-11-16)
The Count is delighted when a cockroach epidemic forces the Branagh family to temporarily move into the castle with him. But because Mrs. Branagh is so nice to the Count he decides to marry her instead of just drinking her blood, to do this she has to drink his blood. Vlad, Robin, Chloe and Ingrid have to team up to stop this from happening.
1010"Blood Sport"23 November 2006 (2006-11-23)
In his continuing efforts to be normal, Vlad wants to try out for the school rugby league team, but his father does not allow it. Only when Robin says that it is a 'horrible and brutal' sport does he change his mind. Meanwhile, Robin's parents also want him to join the team, but Robin seeks help from Chloe to help him get out of the trials.
1111"Father's Day"30 November 2006 (2006-11-30)
Vlad and Robin take their fathers camping for Father's Day, but the men have an argument that will seemingly end in a duel. Chloe try to tell Renfield that he should stand up for himself and demand recognition.
1212"Halloscream"7 December 2006 (2006-12-07)
On Halloween, the main activities of the Dracula and Van Helsing children turn out to be restraining their fathers. A curse is put on the Dracula family reducing them to mortal Breathers unless three screams are heard. Ingrid goes round to the Branagh house to babysit Robin's brothers but screams when she asks them who the most beautiful girl in the school is. The Count then screams when Vlad accidentally throws garlic into the same room as him. Finally Vlad screams when trying to protect Robin from Eric Van Helsing when he tries to stake them.
1313"The Blood Test"14 December 2006 (2006-12-14)
It is time for Vlad to undergo a test that all vampires must take – the blood test. Vlad wants to fail the test so he would almost pass as human, but the Count threatens that Vlad would not see his friends any more if he failed. So Vlad seeks help from vampire-expert, Robin. After an argument involving Vlad complaining that Robin isn't a 'normal' friend, Robin joins the football team which turns out that he is very good at. Vlad at first tries to fail the blood test, but after but Robin reconciles with Vlad he passes but just barely.
1414"Countdown"21 December 2006 (2006-12-21)
To find a new wife, the Count decides to host a vampire Hunt Ball, but when Van Helsing shoots him with a garlic arrow they believe the Count is dead. Unfortunately and ironically for Van Helsing, it turns out his metal flask of poisoned blood saved the Count which was a flask Van Helsing had given the Count when disguised as a female guest. Jonno finally accepts that they are all vampires and wants to go slaying with his dad.

text: Series 2 (2007–08)[edit]

text:
Nº

Ep

Title

Original air date
151"Kidnipped"2 November 2007 (2007-11-02)
Now the Count knows that there is a slayer in town, things are going to get much more interesting in Stokely. However, when both the Count and Van Helsing kidnap each other's children, things go unexpectedly awry.
162"The Yanks Are Coming"9 November 2007 (2007-11-09)
The Draculas are visited by the Count's brother, Ivan from America along with his children Boris and Olga. The Count, remembering Ivan as a bloodthirsty, monstrous vampire from his youth, is shocked to find that life in America has turned his brother 'blood-free'. Ivan, who now wishes to be known as Harvey, attempts to convert the Count to the blood-free way of life, but fails miserably. Vlad meanwhile, meets his cousin Boris, who is to go through the 'transformation' in a couple of days time. Eventually, the Count agrees to go 'blood-free' if and only if his brother can convince Van Helsing to give up slaying. Ivan attempts this, but having always had a weak spot for slayer's blood, fails and reverts back to his old ways, much to the delight of The Count. First appearance of Ivan, Boris and Olga Dracula
173"Mirror Mirror"16 November 2007 (2007-11-16)
With the day of his 'transformation' getting ever closer, Boris' 'blood-lust' and other vampire traits are starting to show, and are making life increasingly difficult for those around him. Meanwhile, Vlad discovers the Dracula family 'Blood Mirror' – an ancient Mirror that controls the vampire power of the Dracula family. Breaking it will prevent Vlad from ever becoming a vampire, but will do the same to every member of his family. With his father being over 600 years in age, transforming him into a human will reduce him to dust. Ingrid pretends that she has smashed to the blood mirror to win a bet against Olga after they argue over who is the most evil.
184"Bad Reflection"23 November 2007 (2007-11-23)
The time has come for Boris to go through the transformation. Once complete, the transformation from small, wimp-like cowering Boris to an evil, power hungry maniac is extreme. Boris tries to convince Vlad that he is not evil and is in fact the same Boris he was before, but more confident and powerful. However, secretly Boris is stealing power from the Blood Mirror. By the end of the episode, his image as a power-crazed lunatic is made clear to the rest of the family. Vlad tricks him into returning his powers to the Count and Ivan, and he is carted off back to America in a straitjacket. Last appearance of Olga and Ivan Dracula
195"Dad's Back"30 November 2007 (2007-11-30)
Whilst learning about Alchemy (used here to describe the science of creating life from a smaller piece of DNA), Vlad discovers a diary belonging to Renfield's father. It contains an introduction to a potion to turn a vampire human, but the vital instructions are missing. Vlad brings Renfield Senior back to life, but things do not go a smooth as he hoped. Vlad is forced to kick Renfield out of the castle and Renfield Senior pretends he wishes to turn Vlad human, but he secretly is creating a potion to turn the Count into "an ancient pile of dust" when he refused to offer him immortality. When Vlad, still in the dark about Renfield Senior's real intentions, goes as far as to trick Robin into involuntarily donating all of his blood for the potion, it's up to Ingrid, Chloe and Renfield to stop Renfield Senior in his tracks. First and only appearance of Renfield Sr
206"Baby Dracula"7 December 2007 (2007-12-07)
Magda returns to the castle with a shock-announcement: she is pregnant. Stating that it is the Count's baby, she moves back in and convinced that it will be a boy. The Count immediately replaces Vlad with the unborn baby as his son and heir. The baby is named Vladimir and Vlad is renamed Barry, much to his annoyance. Meanwhile, Van Helsing contemplates giving up slaying for good, pointing out the dangers involved to Jonathan who tries hard to convince him otherwise. Shortly after the birth, and just as the Count is about to finish the ceremony to mark baby Vlad's new status as his son and heir. However, the baby is revealed to be part-werewolf, clearly showing that the Count was not never the father to begin with. First appearance of Barry "Wolfie" Westenra
217"Insomnia"14 December 2007 (2007-12-14)
Vlad is having nightmares where he is being chased by Robin's family, who are depicted as vampire slayers. Trouble is, Vlad is falling asleep regularly and uncontrollably. Worse still, any injuries he obtains whilst dreaming somehow manifest themselves on his person. It becomes clear that he must survive in the 'dreamworld' to survive real life. Vlad is given advice to connect with his vampire powers by Robin whilst in the 'dreamworld', who is depicted as a wise-man. In the 'dreamworld' Vlad discovers that he is the 'chosen one' and will one day lead all vampires to glory. Vlad still doesn't want to be a vampire and lies to his Dad when he asks and tries to deny it. Meanwhile, Mina, Jonathan's mother, visits him and Van Helsing. Discovering that they are now both obsessed with vampires, the very reason she left Eric in the first place, she decides to stay to try to knock some sense into them. First appearance of Mina Van Helsing
228"Love Bites"21 December 2007 (2007-12-21)
It's Valentines Day, also known as 'Bag a Breather' day in the vampire world. Vlad must do all he can to prevent his father devouring anyone that day. Problem is, a new girl named Delila (Klariza Clayton) distracts Vlad's attention from this task. He and Robin fight over Delila, but Vlad succeeds in the end, using his powers of hypnosis to his benefit. Meanwhile, a money-making scam of Ingrid's is ruined by a boy named Will Clark. In trying to seek her revenge, however, Ingrid finds she cannot hypnotise Will. It translates that this is a sign that Ingrid is in love — as Will is a breather, Ingrid is not happy...
239"Body Swap"11 January 2008 (2008-01-11)
With the arrival of the Staff of Carpathia at Stokely Museum, the legend of the staff says that it can stop the cause of vampirism. Vlad thinks he's found a way of escaping his destiny. But the Count and Van Helsing have other ideas, especially after an unintended collision has mind-blowing consequence when the Count's life force gets trapped inside Van Helsing and doesn't want to leave. But all this leaves his body defenceless. When the Count finally returns to his own body, he lies convincingly to Vlad that the Staff of Carpathia did not cure vampirism and that it was just a back scratcher.
2410"Sweet Sixteen"18 January 2008 (2008-01-18)
It's Ingrid's 16th birthday, and time for her to transform into a fully fanged vampire. Things don't go to plan when she discovers she'll hurt Will if she becomes evil, something she really does not want to do. Vlad, Ingrid and Robin are forced to go on the run to escape Ingrid's evil reflection. Can Ingrid escape her destiny after all?
2511"Eclipse"25 January 2008 (2008-01-25)
A policeman calls round asking for the Count. Vlad sends him away telling him to come back the next day at 1:00 pm, but when a total eclipse makes it dark for a few minutes Ingrid meets Will at the cinema when he remarks about wanting to date a vampire she proves she is one but when Will panics she bites him, meanwhile the police have found a missing man the Count kidnapped but all is good when it turns out the missing man is actually a dangerous criminal.
2612"When Vampires Go Bad"1 February 2008 (2008-02-01)
The Grand High Vampire comes to Stokely and sentences the Count to death after it is discovered he is constantly fraternising with Breathers. However the Grand High Vampire is killed first, but by who? Will and Justice Moroi arrange a duel after Moroi calls Will a half-fang. It turns out that the insane Boris slayed both Moroi and the Grand High Vampire but he is killed by the Grand High Vampire's Crown. Van Helsing attempts to slay the Count who says that unless he leaves quietly Mina will be killed. Van Helsing is kicked out of the slayers' guild. At the end Van Helsing swears revenge.
2713"The Chosen One"8 February 2008 (2008-02-08)
It is time to appoint a new Grand High vampire and Vlad is having ghost visions of the old leader telling him that he is the Chosen One. Anyone else who tries on the crown becomes disintegrated by it. Many vampires try and wear the crown but all are turned to dust. Then Count Dracula wants to put on the crown. Ingrid and Will persuade him to but they are actually trying to get him killed. Meanwhile Eric & Jonno return to the Slayers base against guild orders and run into a professional slayer with some more advanced weaponry, a fight ensues at the crowning ceremony. The Van Helsings are re-united, Eric finally slays his first vampire, the Branaghs & Mina Van Helsing finally accept that the family are all vampires and Will, amongst several other vampires, is slain. Vlad finally realises that in order to save his family he must don the Crown and accept his full vampire powers. He wipes the memory of all humans (including the bewildered Renfield) in the building and then collapses to the floor unconscious. The Count remained trapped in a UV cage, leaving Ingrid to claim the 'throne' and claim to make "the streets of Stokely run red with blood." Last appearance of The Branaghs, Eric Van Helsing and Boris Dracula

text: Series 3 (2011)[edit]

text:
Nº

Ep

Title

Original air date
281"Hide and Seek"31 October 2011 (2011-10-31)
We pick up the story four years on and Vlad and the Count have fled from Stokley. Pursued by slayers and radical vampires alike, The Count and Vlad keep a low profile and "hide in plain sight" by buying a school called 'Garside Grange'. The Count is determined that Vlad fulfils his destiny to lead the vampire race, but this is threatened by The Count's own tendency to create mayhem and disaster on a daily basis and by the re-emergence of the anarchic Ingrid, who brings a trail of destruction in her wake. The family is reunited when Erin saves a sick Ingrid from the slayers and Vlad comes to their aid. First appearance of Miss Alex McCauley, Erin Noble and Ryan Noble
292"The Enemy Within"1 November 2011 (2011-11-01)
Erin has her newly-bitten brother in the boot of her car and plans to slay the Draculas. She fails when she gets her chance with Ingrid. Vlad has to cope with the forced arrival of several tutors – he manages to get rid of the first two, but he cannot outwit menacing Bertrand, who brings with him a book, the Praedictum Impaver, which only the Chosen One can open, it is bound with the bones of the enemies from the years it is similar to the chosen one's crown. A book Vlad learns, that he cannot ignore. Ingrid is cured, after several hideous concoctions produce hairy results. First appearance of Bertrand Du Fortunesa
303"Faustian Slip"7 November 2011 (2011-11-07)
Magda arrives as a penniless bag lady (utterly attractive to Renfield) and is taken into the home. But it is a ploy for Magda to emotionally manipulate Vlad into giving her the Regency. She plans to get famous on the back of the Chosen One and sets up media interviews. Vlad is determined to prevent this, as it would reveal their location, leaving them open for attack. Not only that but Erin is also planning on slaying the Draculas by calling a brotherhood and telling them the location. Unknowingly Vlad prevents this with the help of Renfield and Magda is also eventually ousted but leaves a little something of herself behind, Wolfie, the son of her and Patrick.
314"Fangs for the Memories"8 November 2011 (2011-11-08)
Vlad comforts an upset Erin who has been having nightmares about failing to save her brother Ryan, and they talk about his past and how he tried not to become a vampire and his life back in Stokely. Vlad confides his plans for vampires and breathers to live side-by-side, and Erin agrees to help him. Unknown to them, Bertrand overhears and disapproves. Meanwhile, the Count decides he wants a statue of himself placed in the school courtyard, but things don't go to plan when he trusts Renfield with creating the masterpiece. Wolfie, initially an annoyance to the Count, becomes something off a cute little child to the Count, who lets him stay when Renfield notes that, if Wolfie goes, it will just be him and the Count again. The Count, horrified, allows Wolfie to stay on a "trial" basis, though it's not really a trial since the Count wants him to stay indefinitely.
325"Carpathian Feast"14 November 2011 (2011-11-14)
Vlad and the count are clashing. Ingrid is nearly better and stirring things up between Vlad and his dad. The count demands Vlad show him some respect by throwing a Carpathian feast, which involves a vampire being thrown to the flames — and Erin is the intended victim. Vlad tries to save Erin by kissing her and other things — according to Ingrid's deliberate misinformation, a kiss from the Chosen One will save any vampire from the flames — but Erin's lips are warm — the secret that she is a breather is revealed. Now he knows she's been lying. But he still saves her from the flames, mentioning at the last moment to the count that they have not signed the appropriate forms and failure to do so will result in ritual staking.
336"Blood Thief"15 November 2011 (2011-11-15)
Vlad asks Erin on a date, but their plans are interrupted when Bertrand tries to kill Erin by deliberately giving wrong information and locking her outside until dawn, not knowing that she isn't a vampire. Meanwhile The Count discovers that one of his favourite vintages of blood has been stolen and replaced with soy blood. He gets Wolfie to guard the blood cellar in an attempt to stop it from happening again. But before Wolfie guards the cellar, he turns into a dog. When he is guarding the cellar, Ingrid tells him to play dead and let her go in. In an attempt to regain his Masters favour, Renfield goes on a hunt for forensic evidence to find the culprit. In the end Vlad manages to rescue Erin and protect the fact that she is a breather and The Blood Thief is revealed to be Ingrid. The Count, deciding that he has had enough of Ingrid gives her the choice of being given to slayers or going to school, she chooses school, despite being twenty.
347"Bad to the Bone: Part 1"21 November 2011 (2011-11-21)
The unopened book emits signals to the leader of the clans, Ramanga, who arrives demanding answers. Bertrand threatens Vlad, Vlad thinks that Bertrand knows that Erin is a breather however the only by saying that he knows Erin's and Vlad's secret. The secret that Bertrand knows is that Vlad wants vampires and breathers to live together. Not knowing this Vlad tries to hide Erin until he can figure out a way to help Erin escape. When Vlad hears voices inside his head he follows them and is led to the cellar where the blood mirror is. Two gargoyles on either side of the blood mirror throw him inside it. Meanwhile, Ramanga is insulted by Vlad's absence and threatens the family who try to buy time by creating a life-size puppet of Vlad but it all goes horribly wrong when Renfield (who is doing the voice of puppet Vlad) says Praedictum Impaver wrong and accidentally knocks of the head. Inside the blood mirror, Vlad battles with his bad reflection before his bad side tells him he doesn't only have one evil reflection he has 1000 and all of them leap inside Vlad's body telling them that he could be the strongest vampire. Vlad becomes more powerful and more evil as each reflection jumps into him and before Ramanga can do any real damage to the other Dracula's, Vlad with the power of 1000 bad vampires, walks out of the mirror and instantly opens the Praedictum Impaver for the first time, proving himself to be the Chosen One. He then tells Ramanga that the vampires time was coming. First appearance of Ramanga
358"Bad Vlad: Part 2"22 November 2011 (2011-11-22)
Vlad has now become an evil and bloodthirsty vampire. He no longer has a conscience or care for the Count or Ingrid. He causes destruction throughout the school on the day of an inspection. At Miss McCauley's request the Count tries to persuade Vlad to hold back for a day but he ignores him. The Count and Renfield trap Vlad until he promises to obey the Count until he's eighteen, Vlad promises he will but after he's released traps the Count instead and puts a necklace of garlic around the Count's neck, leaving him slowly dying. Ingrid sets out to stake Vlad before he gets too powerful, but he easily stops her and pushes her outside into the sunlight. Throughout all this, Vlad tries to bite Erin but finds that he can't despite really trying to. In the end Erin is the only one who can appeal to his good side to overcome his bad causing his reflection to be thrown out of his body. Erin saves Ingrid who is in a catatonic state since Vlad threw her into the sunlight. Vlad also saves the Count, after he is separated from his bad side, by taking of the garlic necklace and giving the Count a bit of blood to drink. Vlad goes to the blood mirror knowing he can't stay apart from his reflection forever. After Vlad and his evil side battle, he must come to terms with what is in him and disappears from the school.
369"Therapy"28 November 2011 (2011-11-28)
Ingrid has hit rock bottom since her near-death experience. On the advice of Miss McCauley, she has a therapy session. The therapist asks Ingrid to look into her past to find herself. In this session with the therapist, Joan, Ingrid talks about her past in Stokely including her memories about Will. The session works and Ingrid is back, but is pretending to be a caring, loving sister and daughter. Vlad is missing and the count and Bertrand bicker over whose fault it is. Erin leaves because Vlad, her protector, is no longer there. She is persuaded by a desperate Ryan to return to make one last attempt at finding a cure. As she is sneaking a look in the Praedictum Impaver, she gets scratched by one of the fingers and the blood produces text in the book.
3710"The Return"29 November 2011 (2011-11-29)
Post-'The Return', Vlad returns to the school and is changed – he has matured and grown into a leader. The slayers Jonno and Mina Van Helsing arrive at the school, but it appears they are unaware of the existence of vampires and that their mind wipes from four years ago are still in place or at least that's what the Draculas and Bertrand think. Vlad sets out to test them. Ingrid has to go along with Jonno's false memory that they used to be a couple. Vlad and Bertrand set up the count in a potentially fatal situation, to test if Mina is telling the truth. The Count is furious and feels ousted from Vlad's affections. He has his own plan – he manipulates Bertrand into slaying Ingrid, so Vlad will believe it was the Van Helsings. However the Count tricks Bertrand and shows Vlad what the Count wants him to think about Bertrand (obviously after Vlad stops this scheme just in time). Erin confronts the slayers (Van Helsings) with who they really are and they tell her that they came here to get revenge for the death of Eric husband and father of the Van Helsings who was killed unknowingly by a vampire because of Vlad's mind wipe. They also tell her that they were sent by the slayers guild and that they were told about Erin and what happened to her brother Ryan but do not know where he is since they last met him. At last they tell her that she only has two weeks to deal with the Draculas, or they are coming back to get them with their super weapon.
3811"Hit Chicks"5 December 2011 (2011-12-05)
Post-'Therapy', Ingrid is pretending she is sweetness and light when really she plans to take charge. She turns a visiting team of netball players into vampires and tells them their mission is to wipe out Vlad. Erin now trusts Vlad and shows him the text in the Praedictum Impaver. It is a foreign language (Aramaic) which Vlad cannot read, but Bertrand or his dad may understand it. Erin shows Vlad how the text appeared but bagged blood doesn't work. She goes to use her own fresh blood, but Vlad stops her. He doesn't want blood spilled to reveal his destiny. While at school, one of Ingrid's recruits try to destroy Vlad but ends up getting staked herself. After, Erin talks to Vlad about what was in the book, he then tells who it was about. Then another one of Ingrid's recruits tries to stake Vlad again but fails after walking in sunlight. Erin finds one of Ingrid's recruits in Vlad's room, but lies to her and she ends up dead, due to the fact that she went inside Vlad's coffin and was killed by a UV bomb which you needed to kill Vlad. Wanting to help Ryan, Erin creeps into the room to put more text in the book. Bertrand finds her there and discovers she is a breather. Vlad defends her but when it comes out she is a slayer, he is heartbroken and doesn't believe Erin when she tries to tell him that Ingrid is trying to kill him. Vlad, now considerably angry, tells her to leave. First reappearance of Jonathen and Mina Van Helsing
3912"Blood Loyalties: Part 1"6 December 2011 (2011-12-06)
A banished Erin goes to the Van Helsings. After passing a lie detector test, she then has to dust a vampire to prove herself – her brother, Ryan! When Erin discovers the weapon and plan to destroy the Draculas, she sends a warning letter to Vlad, explaining that the slayers have a super weapon to use against him, a giant sun lamp. He consults his family and they tell him not to trust her; but he manages to persuade the count to go with him to the slayer base. Using cunning Erin frees Ryan with the ash of a Count who Jonno, only to find he is fully changed and loyal to Ingrid. Vlad visits with the count to destroy the weapon and Erin lets them into the slayer's base and they disable the weapon. Jonno finds out Erin has betrayed him. Vlad persuades Erin to run, but as she is leaving she is kidnapped by a rebellious Bertrand who has also stolen the Praedictum Impaver, believing that Erin's blood will release the last words of the book.
4013"All for One: Part 2"12 December 2011 (2011-12-12)
Ryan follows him and learns that slayer's blood creates text in the book and steals the book for Ingrid. Vlad senses Erin is in danger and when he gets to her she tells him about Bertrand, Ryan and the book. Renfield is kidnapped by Ingrid's posse but his blood does not open the book, it transpires that only a slayer's blood can do that. Vlad takes control and commands the book to him, but Erin offers drops of her blood and the last page is filled. Sethius is released from the book, claiming that he is the Chosen One. He declares war on all breathers and enlists the help of Bertrand and Ingrid. However, Vlad decides that he doesn't believe in Sethius's way of dealing with things; so by getting the Count's aid, offering Ingrid "the status she's always craved" and warning Bertrand he would surely be killed if he served Sethius, Vlad gets them on his side and they manage to turn Sethius into a pile of ash. But as Vlad is talking to his family and the slayers, Bertrand takes some of Sethius' ashes and puts them in his pocket. Vlad also gets the slayers on his side by proposing a treaty of sorts stating that vampires will no longer feed off Breathers in return for no more slaying, to which Jonathan and Mina agree and the Count replies, "No fun!" Last appearance of Zoltan

text: Series 4 (2012)[edit]

text:
Nº

Ep

Title

Original air date
411"The Good, the Bad and the Undead"29 October 2012 (2012-10-29)
Vlad and his gang have 48 hours to ensure that all Vampires are off the street and are prepared to abide by peaceful co-existence between the Vampires and the Slayers. There are plenty of people who are hoping and plotting for Vlad's initiative to fail. Not least the Count who is secretively in cahoots with Vampire High Council Member, Ramanga and High Council wannabe Ingrid, to bring the peaceful co-existence to its knees, when he's not fantasizing about his beloved Miss McCauley. In a last-ditch attempt to prove his plan can succeed, Vlad and Jonno arrange a Vampires vs Slayers football tournament. What can possibly go wrong? First appearance of Malik Vaccaria
422"Revamped"5 November 2012 (2012-11-05)
Vlad's peace initiative hangs in the balance but with a lot of help from Jonno, Bertrand and Erin they manage to persuade all the lawless ferals, including the charismatic new boy Malik, and Ryan to turn up to SCRAP school at Garside. The school will help them wean off biting and onto a breather friendly alternative - soya blood. A victory as far as Vlad is concerned until the Count bowls a googly: To win favour with the High Council and the ancient vampire clans, Vlad must marry Adze, Ramanga's daughter.
433"Storm in a Blood Cup"12 November 2012 (2012-11-12)
Adze arrives at Garside and much to Erin's chagrin, she is beautiful. Vlad doesn't appear to notice, as he's too busy scheming on how he can get out of the arrangement. However, Ramanga and Adze are plotting to get rid of the only person who might put a spoke in the wheel - Erin. A direct assault would be too provocative so they plan a smear campaign centring on Ryan. It backfires and opportunes Vlad with a moment of reprise. First appearance of Adze and Elizabeta Vaccaria
444"The Crown of Ludlaw Erant"19 November 2012 (2012-11-19)
Malik is secretly meeting with a mystery being and his loyalty to the Draculas is not so clear cut. Ingrid strikes a deal with Ramanga. She will give spy on Vlad and Erin in return for Ramanga's support in her bid to be the first woman on the High Council. Vlad is under duress not just because he has to find a way out of his forthcoming marriage to Adze but also because finding enough blood to supply his SCRAP vampires is not as easy he and Jonno initially thought. And as if Vlad didn't have enough to worry about the Count has agreed to Ms McCauley's suggestion that they elect a member of the SCRAPs onto Garside school's senate. When the reluctant Ryan wins, instead of Malik it begins to look like it was a fit up - this escalates to downright suspicion when Ryan collapses and dies after being crowned with Mortar board. Last appearance of Ryan
455"Murderer in the Midst"26 November 2012 (2012-11-26)
Bertrand is put in charge of finding Ryan's murderer. The problem is everyone has a motive, but he begins to suspect that someone as yet unknown has them running round in circles, especially when his proof miraculously disappears. Vlad is impatient and wants hard proof. Erin is becoming increasingly isolated and worried that rather than letting Vlad get on with his peaceful co-existence initiative he is being distracted and made vulnerable by her presence. She makes a decision to leave, as it is the only way for Vlad's vision for breather and biters to succeed. Vlad is torn.
466"Bloodbound"27 November 2012 (2012-11-27)
The day of the bloodbinding arrives. A reluctant and nervous Vlad prepares to stand by his word and marry Adze. Ramanga proposes to an astonished Ingrid but soon wishes he hasn't and Bertrand uncovers Ramanga's secret gift to Adze - Erin. Vlad and Bertrand rush to her aid but Adze uses the dark magic and Erin is fatally wounded.
477"Do the Bite Thing"3 December 2012 (2012-12-03)
Erin's life hangs in the balance and Vlad keeps a vigil at her bedside. Despite everyone's advice Vlad bites Erin as a means of stopping her dying. Will she be grateful for her eternal life? The Count and Malik seek revenge on Ramanga for threatening Vlad and trying to overturn the House of Dracula. Malik reveals to the Count that he is his son.
488"Loyalty's for Breathers"4 December 2012 (2012-12-04)
The Count decides to challenge his sons to fight for their position as his rightful heir. Reluctantly Vlad agrees.
499"Sun and Heir"10 December 2012 (2012-12-10)
Bertrand is convinced the Shapeshifter is linked to Malik. In retaliation the Shapeshifter creates chaos by manipulating the Dracula clan: first she engineers a near death situation for the Count and Malik in the hope that it will provide the impetus to bond as father and son. Then she impersonates Bertrand and invites Adze and Mina to Garside, where their meeting degenerates into a confrontation. The peaceful coexistence is teetering on a knife edge and Vlad has never felt so alone. Last appearance of Adze and Bertrand Du Fortunesa
5010"Whatever It Takes"11 December 2012 (2012-12-11)
Vlad's problems appear to escalate even though he's dusted Bertrand. The Slayers Guild anticipate an end to the ceasefire and plan to attack. The only way they will deviate from their plan is if Vlad sacrifices Erin who is still biting. Ingrid is unaware of the Slayers' conditions and prepares for all out war, galvanising her troops at Garside. The Count is a little distracted by a new teacher who has the attention of his beloved McCauley.
5111"Bootiful Breathers"17 December 2012 (2012-12-17)
Vlad is still in denial about Bertrand's death and is lying to everyone about the mind wipe of the slayers. Ingrid's bid for a position on the Vampire High Council fails due to an outsider, and she suspects foul play. With the help of Renfield she finds out the truth - and reveals to Vlad what vampires are capable of, if left un-policed by the slayers. Vlad resolves to reverse the mind wipe. Malik helps the Count to get rid of his love rival.
5212"Cuckoo in the Nest: Part 1"18 December 2012 (2012-12-18)
Vlad decides that he must make amends for the bad decisions he has recently made. However, when the Count finds out his actions, he disinherits Vlad and formally makes Malik the Dracula heir. Vlad comes face-to-face with the Shapeshifter. Last appearance of Jonathan and Mina Van Helsing
5313"Kiss of Death: Part 2"18 December 2012 (2012-12-18)
Vlad and Ingrid join forces to capture the Shapeshifter, but since she can assume the physical appearance of anybody, they are initially at a loss as to know who she is. As bait for Elisabeta, they capture and torture Malik to force her to show herself; banking on the fact that even the most twisted of mothers still care about their young. Last appearance of Erin Noble, Barry "Wolfie" Westerna, first and only appearance in an illusion of Arta Dracula

text: Series 5 (2014)[edit]

text:
Nº

Ep

Title

Original air date
541"Fight or Flight"13 January 2014 (2014-01-13)
Desperate for Vlad to stay, the Count resorts to bribery when he learns that Vlad is only planning a brief stopover back home during his worldwide travels. We learn that Garside Grange is no longer a school. When the youngster starts to feel ill, Renfield's search for a cure uncovers a surprising family secret.
552"Who's the Daddy?"[8]20 January 2014 (2014-01-20)
Vlad's curiosity is aroused when Renfield lets slip that he's suffering from a breather cold. His suspicions are compounded when, following a violent cough, Vlad is exposed to direct sunlight and only suffers a mild singeing. Meanwhile, Ingrid tries to climb the ladder at the VHC by dusting her competition.
563"Flesh and Blood"27 January 2014 (2014-01-27)
When the Count converts Garside into a vampire-themed hotel, Vlad invites his breather mother to stay without revealing his true identity. Will Ingrid's early return scupper his plans? First appearance of Sally and George
574"One Bitten, Twice Shy"3 February 2014 (2014-02-03)
Vlad persuades Sally and George to stay a little while at Garside, as he would like to get to know them better. Despite his pleas for his vampire family to pretend to be normal, Ingrid can't help herself and chaos soon descends.
585"Warning Shadows"10 February 2014 (2014-02-10)
A mysterious new visitor at Garside warns the Draculas that they are the next target of Ramanga's fearsome Shadow Warriors. Is he telling the truth? First appearance of Asan
596"The Enemy Within"17 February 2014 (2014-02-17)
The count is reveling in his victory over the Shadow Warriors when he gets even more good news. The Dracula family celebrations are cut short by another unexpected arrival. An "Unordinary" bat appears at the castle, and strangely, at the time, every biter vampire gets infected with a strange green moss.
607"Nemesis Rising"24 February 2014 (2014-02-24)
Malik finds a surprising ally in his mission to rescue his mother from the Blood Mirror. Vlad is delighted when a friend he met travelling pays him a visit, but what will she make of his breather houseguests? First appearance of Talitha, last appearance of Elizabeta Vaccaria
618"Open House"3 March 2014 (2014-03-03)
Renfield arranges an open house viewing to sell Garside but thanks to Asan and Shango there are a few surprises in store for the Draculas and their potential breather buyers.
629"The Bodyguard"10 March 2014 (2014-03-10)
Vlad worries that his half-human identity will be revealed when the VHC appoints him a personal bodyguard.
6310"Blood Match"[9]17 March 2014 (2014-03-17)
The family's bedtime routine descends into chaos when they are suddenly set upon by enemies old and new - and Renfield will be sweeping up the dust of at least one fallen vampire before the end of the night. Last appearance of Ramanga and Malik
6411"Bite Me"24 March 2014 (2014-03-24)
Ingrid decides to make a final bid for power as Vlad is close to turning 18, but she underestimates Renfield, who will not give up until he is bitten.
6512"The Darkest Hour: Part 1"[a]31 March 2014 (2014-03-31)
Vlad decides whether to be a human or a vampire on his 18th birthday, as the combined forces of the vengeful Ramangas, the power-crazy VHC and the Magister Maleficorum threaten to wipe out his family for ever.
6613"The Darkest Hour: Part 2"[b]31 March 2014 (2014-03-31)
As the sun rises on his 18th birthday, will Vlad be granted his biggest wish and become human? With the Blood Seed flourishing and his family under attack, it's certainly not going to be an easy decision to make.

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Original Broadcast as 60 Minute Episode with Part 2.

Jump up ^ Original Broadcast as 60 Minute Episode with Part 1.


document_title: Spitball

question_text: who threw major league baseballs last legal spitball

text: Spitball

text: History[edit]

text: The invention of the spitball has been popularly credited to a number of individuals, among them Elmer Stricklett and Frank Corridon.  Numerous accounts, however, refer to different players experimenting with versions of the spitball throughout the latter half of the 19th century, and it remains unlikely that any one individual "invented" the spitball.[1]

text: Ed Walsh, however, is certainly responsible for popularizing it. Walsh dominated the American League from 1906–1912 primarily on the strength of his spitball, and pitchers around the league soon copied his spitball or invented their own trick pitch.

text: The dramatic increase in the popularity of "freak deliveries" led to a great deal of controversy throughout the 1910s regarding the abolition of the spitball and related pitches. In his autobiography, Ty Cobb wrote that such "freak pitches [...] were outlawed when the owners greedily sold out to home runs."[2]

text: In addition, there were serious issues with the spitball, as a variation on the standard spitball called for the pitcher to smear the entire surface of the normally white ball with a mixture of tobacco spittle and dirt or mud in order to stain it the same deep brown color as the infield, making it nearly impossible for batters to see or avoid in low-light conditions. In August 1920, Ray Chapman was killed when he was struck in the temple by a spitball thrown by pitcher Carl Mays during a poorly lit game.

text: Ban[edit]

text: The spitball was banned in two stages. In the winter of 1919–1920, managers voted to partially ban the spitball, allowing each team to designate at most two pitchers who would be permitted to legally throw spitballs. Then, following the 1920 season, the spitball was banned leaguewide, except for existing spitballers who were grandfathered in and allowed to keep throwing the pitch legally until they retired.[3]

text: Seventeen existing spitballers were granted this exemption.  Burleigh Grimes lasted the longest, retiring in 1934. The complete list: Ray Fisher (played through 1920); Doc Ayers (1921); Ray Caldwell (1921); Phil Douglas (1922); Dana Fillingim (1925); Marv Goodwin (1925); Dutch Leonard (1925); Allen Russell (1925); Allen Sothoron (1926); Dick Rudolph (1927); Stan Coveleski (1928); Urban Shocker (1928); Bill Doak (1929); Clarence Mitchell (1932); Red Faber (1933); Jack Quinn (1933); and Grimes.[4]

text: In March 1955, MLB Commissioner Ford Frick advocated for the return of the spitball, telling a sportswriter, "If I had my way, I'd legalize the old spitter. It was a great pitch and one of the easiest to throw. There was nothing dangerous about it."[5] Despite the Commissioner's enthusiasm, the pitch remained illegal.

text: Methodology[edit]

text: Although the spitball is now banned at all levels of professional and organized amateur baseball, it is still sometimes thrown in violation of the rules. (In 1942, Leo Durocher, then-manager of the Brooklyn Dodgers, fined Bobo Newsom for throwing a spitball and "lying to me about it.") Typically, a lubricant is hidden behind the pitcher's knee or under the peak of his cap. Others will place the ball in their mitt and then cough on or lick it.  Another tactic pitchers use is to soak their hair in water before going out to the mound, and then rubbing their hand in their hair before a pitch.  Some pitchers have even glued a piece of sandpaper to one of their fingers, and scuffed a part of the ball to achieve an effect similar to the spitball. Ted "Double Duty" Radcliffe has stated that he would hide a piece of emery board in his belt buckle so that he could roughen the ball or even cut it.  During the Minnesota Twins' 1987 pennant chase, one of their starting pitchers, Joe Niekro, was suspended when he was caught on the field with a nail file in his back pocket;  Niekro said in defense that he had been filing his nails, a common practice amongst knuckleball pitchers. One week later, Philadelphia Phillies pitcher Kevin Gross was caught with sandpaper in his glove and suspended. In the 1986 season, Houston Astros pitcher Mike Scott was frequently accused of cheating;[6] during the 1986 NLCS, New York Mets player Wally Backman presented to the media a collection of 17 balls scuffed the same way, after Scott's dominating performance in Game 4 of that series.[7]

text: Preacher Roe, who played for the Brooklyn Dodgers in the 1950s, was renowned both for his ability to control the spitball and to throw it without getting caught, and described his methodology in a 1955 article in Sports Illustrated, "The Outlawed Spitball Was My Money Pitch", published a year after he retired.[8] Another famous user of the pitch was Gaylord Perry, who went so far as to title his autobiography Me and the Spitter.  (For example, Perry would put vaseline on his zipper because umpires would never check there.)  Don Drysdale and Lew Burdette also used the pitch regularly.[citation needed]

text: Legal spits[edit]

text: The name dry spitter is sometimes used to describe a pitch that moves like a spitball without saliva, such as the forkball or split-finger fastball. It is sometimes used simply as slang for the knuckleball.

text: There is also the remote term of God-given spitter, which is when the ball is naturally dampened by moist air or light rainfall, which allows pitchers to be able to throw pitches with sharper breaks, much like a spitball.

text: Comparison to other sports[edit]

text: The techniques used to prepare a spitball are analogous to the techniques still used to condition the ball in cricket. As was the case in pre-1920s baseball, usually a single cricket ball is used for a long period of time (almost 500 deliveries in international cricket), where in the newer ball has because of its condition swings naturally and as the ball gets older it loses the swing. The fielding team progressively attempts to make one side of the ball more shiny than the other to create phenomena such as reverse swing, which is opposite of conventional swing by using the principles of aerodynamics. Some techniques, such as physically polishing the ball against the player's clothing, or applying sweat and saliva, are entirely legal and are used widely; other techniques are illegal (known as ball tampering), including practices such as altering the ball's state by the use of artificial substances such as sun block or dirt, or degradation by fingernails or other hard substances, intentionally returning the ball along the ground to abrade it, or picking the seam.