document_title: List of Indian Premier League records and statistics

question_text: which player has made the highest number of runs in ipl

text: Team records

text: Results summary

text:
Team
Span
Mat
Won
Lost
Tie+W
Tie+L
NR
Win %
Titles

Mumbai Indians
2008–2017
157
91
65
1
0
0
58.28
3

Royal Challengers Bangalore
2008–2017
153
72
76
1
1
3
48.66
0

Kolkata Knight Riders
2008–2017
148
77
69
0
2
0
52.70
2

Kings XI Punjab
2008–2017
148
68
78
2
0
0
46.62
0

Delhi Daredevils
2008–2017
147
62
82
0
1
2
43.10
0

Chennai Super Kings
2008–2015
132
79
51
0
1
1
60.68
2

Rajasthan Royals
2008–2015
118
61
53
2
1
1
53.41
1

Sunrisers Hyderabad
2013–2017
76
41
34
1
0
0
54.60
1

Deccan Chargers
2008–2012
75
29
46
0
0
0
38.66
1

Pune Warriors India
2011–2013
46
12
33
0
0
1
26.66
0

Rising Pune Supergiants
2016–2017
30
15
15
0
0
0
50.00
0

Gujarat Lions
2016–2017
30
13
16
0
1
0
45.00
0

Kochi Tuskers Kerala
2011–2011
14
6
8
0
0
0
42.85
0

text: Note:

text:
Defunct Teams
Tie+W and Tie+L indicates matches tied and then won or lost by "Super Over"
The result percentage excludes no results and counts ties (irrespective of a tiebreaker) as half a win
The total matches does not include matches played for Champions League T20

text: Last updated: 21 May 2017

text: Highest totals

text:
Score
Team
Opponent
Season

7002264166666666669♠263/5 [a]
Royal Challengers Bangalore
Pune Warriors India
2013

248/3
Royal Challengers Bangalore
Gujarat Lions
2016

7002247166666666670♠246/5
Chennai Super Kings
Rajasthan Royals
2010

7002241166666666670♠240/5
Chennai Super Kings
Kings XI Punjab
2008

7002235166666666670♠235/1
Royal Challengers Bangalore
Mumbai Indians
2015

text: Last updated: 21 May 2017

text: Lowest totals

text:
Score
Team
Opponent
Season

7001680909090909090♠49
Royal Challengers Bangalore
Kolkata Knight Riders
2017

7001680909090909090♠58
Rajasthan Royals
Royal Challengers Bangalore
2009

7001680909090909090♠66
Delhi Daredevils
Mumbai Indians
2017

7001680909090909090♠67
Delhi Daredevils
Kings XI Punjab
2017

7001680909090909090♠67
Kolkata Knight Riders
Mumbai Indians
2008

text: Last updated: 21 May 2017

text: Highest successful run chases

text:
Score
Team
Opponent
Season

217/7
Rajasthan Royals
Deccan Chargers
2008

214/3
Delhi Daredevils
Gujarat Lions
2017

211/4
Kings XI Punjab
Sunrisers Hyderabad
2014

208/5
Chennai Super Kings
Royal Challengers Bangalore
2012

206/4
Kings XI Punjab
Chennai Super Kings
2014

text: Last updated: 21 May 2017

text: Lowest scores defended

text:
Score
Team
Opponent
Opponent score
Season

116/9
Chennai Super Kings
Kings XI Punjab
92/8
2009

119/8
Kings XI Punjab
Mumbai Indians
116/7
2009

Royal Challengers Bangalore
Pune Warriors India
108/10
2013

120/9
Mumbai Indians
Pune Warriors India
119/6
2012

126/8
Royal Challengers Bangalore
Chennai Super Kings
112/8
2008

Sunrisers Hyderabad
Pune Warriors India
104/10
2013

129/8
Mumbai Indians
Rising Pune Supergiant
128/6
2017

text: Last updated: 21 May 2017

text: Largest victories (by runs)

text:
Score
Team
Opponent
Season

146
Mumbai Indians
Delhi Daredevils
2017

144
Royal Challengers Bangalore
Gujarat Lions
2016

140
Kolkata Knight Riders
Royal Challengers Bangalore
2008

138
Royal Challengers Bangalore
Kings XI Punjab
2015

130
Royal Challengers Bangalore
Pune Warriors
2013

text: Last updated: 21 May 2017

text: Batting records

text: Most runs

text:
Batsman
Inns
Runs
Span

 Suresh Raina (CSK, GL)
158
4544
2008–2018

 Virat Kohli (RCB)
142
4449
2008–2018

 Sharma, RohitRohit Sharma (DC, MI)
155
4222
2008–2018

 Gambhir, GautamGautam Gambhir (DD, KKR)
148
4187
2008–2018

 David Warner (DD, SRH)
114
4014
2009–2017

text: Last updated: 8 April 2018

text: Highest individual score

text:
Batsman
Runs
Balls
Opp
Season

 Gayle, ChrisChris Gayle (RCB)
7002175000000000000♠175*
66
PWI
2013

 McCullum, BrendonBrendon McCullum (KKR)
7002158000000000000♠158*
73
RCB
2008

 Villiers, AB deAB de Villiers (RCB)
7002133000000000000♠133*
59
MI
2015

 Villiers, AB deAB de Villiers (RCB)
7002129000000000000♠129*
52
GL
2016

 Chris Gayle (RCB)
7002128000000000000♠128*
62
DD
2012

text: Last updated: 21 May 2017

text: Most sixes (overall)

text:
Batsman
Inn
6's
Span

 Chris Gayle (KKR, RCB)
100
265
2009–2017

 Suresh Raina (CSK, GL)
157
173
2008–2017

 Rohit Sharma (DC, MI)
154
172
2008–2017

 David Warner (DD, SRH)
114
160
2009–2017

 Virat Kohli (RCB)
141
159
2008–2017

text: Last updated: 21 May 2017

text: Most sixes (innings)

text:
Batsman
6's
Opponent
Season

 Chris Gayle (RCB)
17
PWI
2013

 Brendon McCullum (KKR)
13
RCB
2008

 Chris Gayle (RCB)
DD
2012

 Chris Gayle (RCB)
12
KXIP
2015

 AB de Villiers (RCB)
GL
2016

text: Last updated: 21 May 2017

text: Fastest centuries

text:
Batsman
Balls
Opp
Season

 Chris Gayle (RCB)
30
PWI
2013

 Yusuf Pathan (RR)
37
MI
2010

 David Miller (KXIP)
38
RCB
2013

 Adam Gilchrist (DC)
42
MI
2008

 AB de Villiers (RCB)
43
GL
2016

text: Last updated: 21 May 2017

text: Fastest fifties

text:
Batsman
Balls
Opp
Season

 K. L. Rahul (KXIP)
14
DD
2018

 Sunil Narine (KKR)
15
RCB
2017

 Yusuf Pathan (KKR)
SRH
2014

 Suresh Raina (CSK)
16
KXIP
2014

 Sunil Narine (KKR)
17
RCB
2018

 Kieron Pollard (MI)
KKR
2016

 Chris Morris (DD)
GL
2016

 Chris Gayle (RCB)
PWI
2013

 Adam Gilchrist (DC)
DD
2009

text: Last updated: 8 April 2018

text: Best strike rate

text:
Batsman
SR
Span

 Russell, AndreAndre Russell (DD, KKR)
173.41
2012–2016

 Chris Morris (CSK, DD, RR)
165.66
2013–2017

 Maxwell, GlennGlenn Maxwell (DD, KXIP, MI)
164.39
2012–2017

 Pandya, KrunalKrunal Pandya (MI)
158.41
2016–2017

 Lynn, ChrisChris Lynn (DC, KKR)
158.02
2012–2017

text: Minimum balls faced – 125

text: Last updated: 21 May 2017

text: Bowling records

text: Most wickets

text:
Bowler
Inn
Wkts
Span

 Malinga, LasithLasith Malinga (MI)
110
154
2009–2017

 Mishra, AmitAmit Mishra (DC, DD, SRH)
126
134
2008–2017

 Harbhajan Singh (MI)
134
127
2008–2017

 Piyush Chawla (KXIP, KKR)
128
126
2008–2017

 Dwayne Bravo (CSK, GL, MI)
103
122
2008–2016

text: Last updated: 21 May 2017

text: Best bowling figures in an innings

text:
Player
Ovr
BBI
Opp
Season

 Sohail TanvirSohail Tanvir (RR)
4.0
7000706666666666670♠6-14
CSK
2008

 Zampa, AdamAdam Zampa (RPS)
4.0
7000616666666666670♠6-19
SRH
2016

 Kumble, AnilAnil Kumble (RCB)
3.1
7000616666666666670♠5-5
RR
2009

 Sharma, IshantIshant Sharma (DC)
3.0
7000607692307692310♠5-12
KTK
2011

 Malinga, LasithLasith Malinga (MI)
3.4
7000607142857142860♠5-13
DD
2011

text: Last updated: 21 May 2017

text: Best bowling averages

text:
Player
Mat
Average
Span

 Doug Bollinger (CSK)
27
18.72
2010–2012

 Mascarenhas, DimitriDimitri Mascarenhas (KXIP, RR)
13
18.73
2008–2013

 Malinga, LasithLasith Malinga (MI)
110
19.01
2009–2017

 Farveez Maharoof (DC)
20
19.25
2008–2010

 Chaminda Vaas (DC)
13
19.72
2008–2010

text: Last updated: 21 May 2017

text: Best economy rates

text:
Player
Mat
Econ
Span

 Narine, SunilSunil Narine (KKR)
82
6.33
2012–2017

 Shaun Pollock (MI)
13
6.54
2008–2008

 Ashwin, RavichandranRavichandran Ashwin (CSK, RPS)
111
6.54
2009–2016

 Kumble, AnilAnil Kumble (RCB)
42
6.57
2009–2010

 Glenn Mcgrath (DD)
14
6.61
2008–2008

text: Last updated: 21 May 2017

text: Most runs conceded in an innings

text:
Bowler
Overs
Wkts
Runs
Opp
Season

 Ishant Sharma (SRH)
4.0
0
66
CSK
2013

 Umesh Yadav (DD)
4.0
0
65
RCB
2013

 Sandeep Sharma (KXIP)
4.0
1
65
SRH
2014

 Varun Aaron (DD)
4.0
2
63
CSK
2012

 Ashok Dinda (PWI)
4.0
0
63
MI
2013

text: Last updated: 21 May 2017

text: Most dot balls bowled

text:
Player
Inns
Dot Balls

 Praveen Kumar
119
1075

 Harbhajan Singh
134
1062

 Lasith Malinga
110
1060

 Dale Steyn
90
978

 Amit Mishra
126
953

text: Last updated: 21 May 2017

text: Most maiden overs bowled

text:
Player
Inns
Maidens

 Praveen Kumar
119
14

 Irfan Pathan
101
10

 Lasith Malinga
110
8

 Sandeep Sharma
56
8

 Dhawal Kulkarni
72
7

 Dale Steyn
90
7

text: Last updated: 21 May 2017

text: List of hat-tricks

text:
No.
Bowler
Opp
Season

1
 Lakshmipathy Balaji (CSK)
KXIP
2008

2
 Amit Mishra (DD)
DC
2008

3
 Makhaya Ntini (CSK)
KKR
2008

4
 Yuvraj Singh (KXIP)
RCB
2009

5
 Rohit Sharma (DC)
MI
2009

6
 Yuvraj Singh (KXIP)
DC
2009

7
 Praveen Kumar (RCB)
RR
2010

8
 Amit Mishra (DC)
KXIP
2011

9
 Ajit Chandila (RR)
PWI
2012

10
 Sunil Narine (KKR)
KXIP
2013

11
 Amit Mishra (SRH)
PWI
2013

12
 Pravin Tambe (RR)
KKR
2014

13
 Shane Watson (RR)
SRH
2014

14
 Axar Patel (KXIP)
GL
2016

15
 Samuel Badree (RCB)
MI
2017

16
 Andrew Tye (GL)
RPS
2017

17
 Jaydev Unadkat (RPS)
SRH
2017

text: Hat-tricks in IPL[1]

text: Last updated: 21 May 2017

text: Wicketkeeping and fielding records

text: Most dismissals

text:
Wicket Keeper
Dis
Ct
St
Span

 Karthik, DineshDinesh Karthik (DD, KXIP, MI, RCB)
106
80
26
2008–2017

 MS Dhoni (CSK, RPS)
102
72
30
2008–2017

 Uthappa, RobinRobin Uthappa (KKR, MI, PWI, RCB)
90
58
32
2008–2017

 Naman Ojha (DD, RR, SRH)
75
65
10
2008–2017

 Patel, ParthivParthiv Patel (CSK, DC, KTK, MI, RCB, SRH)
71
57
14
2008–2017

text: Last updated: 21 May 2017

text: Most catches (fielder)

text:
Player
Ct
Span

 Suresh Raina (CSK, GL)
86
2008–2017

 AB de Villiers (DD, RCB)
72
2008–2017

 Rohit Sharma (DC, MI)
71
2008–2017

 Kieron Pollard (MI)
70
2010–2017

 Dwayne Bravo (CSK, MI)
60
2008–2016

text: Last updated: 21 May 2017

text: Miscellaneous records

text:
Records
Player /
Team
Stats
Season /
Span

Team

Most wins[2]
Mumbai Indians
91
(2008–2017)

Most defeats[2]
Delhi Daredevils
82
(2008–2017)

Highest win%[2]
Chennai Super Kings
60.68
(2008–2015)

Largest victory (runs)[3]
Mumbai Indians v Delhi Daredevils
146
2017

Most consecutive wins
(season)[4]
Kolkata Knight Riders
9
2014

Most consecutive wins
(overall)
Kolkata Knight Riders
10
(2014–2015)

Most consecutive defeats
(season)[5]
Delhi Daredevils
Pune Warriors
9
2014
2012

Most consecutive defeats
(overall)
Delhi Daredevils
Pune Warriors
11
(2014–2015)
(2012–2013)

Batting

Most 100s[6]
 Chris Gayle (KKR, RCB)
5
(2008–2017)

Most 50s[7]
 David Warner (DD, SRH)
36
(2009–2017)

Highest Partnership[8]
 Virat Kohli (RCB)
 AB de Villiers (RCB)
229
2016

Most ducks[9]
 Harbhajan Singh (MI)
13
(2008–2016)

Bowling

Most 4 wicket hauls[10][11]
 Sunil Narine (KKR)
6
(2012–2016)

Most 5 wicket hauls[12]
 James Faulkner (KXIP, PWI, RR )
2
(2011–2015)

Most hat-tricks[1]
 Amit Mishra (DC, DD, SRH)
3
(2008–2014)

Other Miscellaneous

Most matches[13]
 Suresh Raina (CSK, GL)
161
(2008–2017)

Most matches as captain[14]
 MS Dhoni (CSK, RPS)
143
(2008–2016)

Most man of the matches[15]
 Chris Gayle (KKR, RCB)
18
(2008–2017)

Most matches as umpire[16]
 Kumar Dharmasena
87
(2009–2016)

text: Last updated: 21 May 2017

text: Awards


document_title: Once Upon a Time (season 7)

question_text: when does the last episode of once upon a time air

root

text: Once Upon a Time (season 7)

text: Premise[edit]

text: Several years after the Final Battle, Henry Mills leaves Storybrooke in search of his own story, only to find himself in the New Enchanted Forest[11] where a conflict between Cinderella and Lady Tremaine culminates in the casting of yet another curse. As Henry's daughter sets out to restore his belief, the enchantress Mother Gothel revives a coven of witches with unknown intentions, the sinister Dr. Facilier reforges his connection with Regina, and a mysterious figure sets their murderous sights on the coven and anyone who gets in their way.

tag: p

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Regular[edit]

text:
Lana Parrilla as Evil Queen / Regina Mills / Roni[3]
Colin O'Donoghue as Captain Hook / Killian Jones / Rogers[3]
Andrew J. West as Henry Mills[3]
Dania Ramirez as Cinderella / Jacinda Vidrio[12][13]
Gabrielle Anwar as Rapunzel / Lady Tremaine / Victoria Belfrey[4][13][14]
Alison Fernandez as Lucy Mills[3]
Robert Carlyle as Rumplestiltskin / Mr. Gold / Weaver[3]
Mekia Cox as Tiana / Sabine[4][5]

tag: ul

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Jared S. Gilmore as young Henry Mills[15]
Adelaide Kane as Drizella / Ivy Belfrey[4][16]
Rose Reynolds as Alice / Tilly[4][17]
Emma Booth as Mother Gothel / Mother Nature / Eloise Gardener[18][19]
Chris Gauthier as Smee[20]
Rebecca Mader as Wicked Witch of the West / Zelena / Kelly West[21][22]
Daniel Francis as Dr. Facilier / Mr. Baron Samdi[23][24]
Robin Givens as Eudora[25]
Meegan Warner as young Rapunzel / Lady Tremaine[26]
Tiera Skovbye as Robin Hood / Margot[27][28]
Nathan Parsons as Hansel / Jack / Nick Branson[29][20]
Yael Yurman as Anastasia[30]
Jeff Pierre as Naveen / Drew[31][24]
Chilton Crane as the Blind Witch / Hilda Braeburn[24]

text: Guest[edit]

text:
Jillian Fargey as the Fairy Godmother[32]
Liam Hall as the Prince[32]
Jennifer Morrison as Emma Swan[33]
Emilie de Ravin as Belle[34]
Giles Matthey as Gideon[35]
Kevin Ryan as Robert[23]
Matty Finochio as Marcus Tremaine[30]
Cindy Luna as Cecelia[36][37]
Anna Cathcart as tween Drizella[30]
Alejandra Perez as young Ella[36]
Sophia Reid-Gantzert as young Anastasia[30]
Lula Mae Melench as young Drizella[30]
Sara Tomko as Tiger Lily[22]
Suzy Joachim as Madame Leota[38]
Nisreen Slim as Dr. Andrea Sage[38]
Chad Rook as Captain Ahab[39]
Elle McKinnon as young Alice[39]
Sara Canning as Gretel[40]
Charles Mesure as Blackbeard[41]
Kip Pardue as Chad[42]
Dan Payne as Ivo[43]
Seth Isaac Johnson as young Hansel[43]
Lily van der Griend as young Gretel[43]
Beverley Elliott as Widow Lucas / Granny[44]
Sean Maguire as Robin Hood[45]
JoAnna Garcia Swisher as Ariel[45]
Victoria Smurfit as Cruella De Vil / Cruella Feinberg[45]
Robbie Kay as Malcolm / Peter Pan / Pied Piper[45]
Lee Arenberg as Dreamy / Grumpy / Leroy[45]
Keegan Connor Tracy as the Blue Fairy / Mother Superior[45]
Tony Amendola as Geppetto / Marco[45]
Ginnifer Goodwin as Snow White / Mary Margaret Blanchard[46]
Josh Dallas as Prince Charming / David Nolan[46]
Raphael Sbarge as Jiminy Cricket / Dr. Archie Hopper[47]
David Paul Grove as Doc[48]
Faustino Di Bauda as Sleepy / Walter[48]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date [49]
U.S. viewers
(millions)

134
1
"Hyperion Heights"
Ralph Hemecker
Edward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz
October 6, 2017 (2017-10-06)
3.26[50]

In a flashback, an 18-year-old Henry says goodbye to Regina as he departs Storybrooke on a trip to new realms, in hopes of finding his own story. Many years later, Henry runs into Cinderella's carriage in the New Enchanted Forest and after a string of events that almost get them captured at a ball, he offers her the chance at a new start back in Storybrooke, as he is due to return through a portal that evening. When Henry finds a glass slipper left for him at their meeting spot, he decides to stay behind. In present-day Seattle, an older Henry is reunited with his daughter Lucy, whom he does not remember because of a curse. In hopes of breaking it, Lucy leads him to her neighborhood of Hyperion Heights, home to many other cursed fairytale characters including Jacinda, Lucy's down-on-her-luck single mother who is in a contentious relationship with her powerful stepmother Victoria. Others include Roni, a bar owner who is struggling with having to sell her establishment to Victoria, and Rogers, a cop who gets promoted to a detective and is introduced to his new partner, Weaver.

135
2
"A Pirate's Life"
Tara Nicole Weyr
Jane Espenson & Jerome Schwartz
October 13, 2017 (2017-10-13)
2.74[51]

In flashback to Storybrooke, Hook is training an 18 year old Henry as Emma watches on. She confesses to Hook that she worries Henry is about to leave on his own. In order to comfort her, Hook shows her a bottle Henry can use to call on them if he gets into trouble. Many years later, as Henry is about to be captured by Lady Tremaine, he uses the bottle to call on Emma, Hook, and Regina for help. In the present, Victoria hires Rogers and Weaver to drive Henry out of the neighborhood. Rogers does not agree with Weaver's methods and helps Henry instead. Rogers, Henry, and Roni end up forming an alliance against Victoria. Meanwhile, Jacinda has to find another way to be at Lucy's ballet recital after Victoria makes things difficult for her.

136
3
"The Garden of Forking Paths"
Ron Underwood
David H. Goodman & Brigitte Hales
October 20, 2017 (2017-10-20)
2.49[52]

In a flashback, Cinderella arrives at the spot in the forest where she is supposed to meet Henry, but does not find him there. She then meets Princess Tiana, who recruits her to be part of the resistance against Lady Tremaine. She leaves one of her glass slippers behind for Henry to find. A short while later, Henry, Regina, and Hook arrive at their campsite and join the efforts. Later, Cinderella sneaks into Tremaine's castle alone, where Tremaine reveals that she has kept her almost-deceased daughter Anastasia preserved since her "death" at age 14 and needs a pure heart to revive her. She tasks Cinderella with stealing Henry's, since he has the heart of the truest believer. In the present day, Jacinda tries to save Lucy's beloved community garden from Victoria, while Lucy takes a skeptical Henry on a trip under the garden lot in hopes of finding proof of everyone's fairytale pasts. Meanwhile, Henry, Roni, and Rogers find their first lead against Victoria. Rogers captures the man working with her, but is irritated to find Weaver setting the man free to use him as a future connection. Also, it is revealed that Victoria is not cursed and has been keeping a witch as her prisoner at the top of Belfrey Towers.

137
4
"Beauty"
Mick Garris
Dana Horgan & Leah Fong
October 27, 2017 (2017-10-27)
2.44[53]

This episode's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

In a flashback to Gideon's first birthday, Rumple and Belle decide to leave Storybrooke to travel the world. Years later, Rumple tells Belle that he wants to stop being the Dark One so he can be mortal again and live out one single life with her. Over the years, they search for ways to get rid of his darkness. When Gideon is 18, Belle comes across a prophecy that leads them to the Edge of Realms, where they must wait for the sun's brightest set before they can be guided to the path Rumple must take to get rid of the Darkness. They build a home there as they wait for the event to occur. However, an aging Belle eventually admits that the "sun" of which the prophecy spoke was actually herself and that her death will mark the start of his journey. When Belle dies, Rumple sets off to search for a Guardian who will be able to take the Darkness from him so that he can ultimately be reunited with Belle. In the present day, Tilly, who is actually Alice, begins to wake up from the curse after she stops taking pills given to her by Victoria and tries to get Weaver to remember his true identity.

138
5
"Greenbacks"
Geofrey Hildrew
Christopher Hollier & Adam Karp
November 3, 2017 (2017-11-03)
2.29[54]

In flashbacks, Tiana seeks a prince to help save her kingdom and is guided by Dr. Facilier to a man named Robert. She soon realizes that Facilier had enlisted Robert to steal a magical ruby from her in exchange for reuniting him with his lover who had been turned into a frog. In the present day, Tiana decides to run a pop-up beignet shop out of Mr. Cluck's with Jacinda's help. Victoria sends someone to burn the place down, which then causes friction between the two roommates. Rogers comes across a detainee at the police station who he thinks is connected to Eloise Gardener, the missing girl he's trying to find. Meanwhile, Roni decides to investigate Ivy's interest in helping Henry. Ivy takes her to the top of the towers and Roni finds a photo of herself and a young Henry taken in Storybrooke. However, it is later revealed that Ivy hasn't been cursed either and has her own dealings with the witch of which her mother is unaware.

139
6
"Wake Up Call"
Sharat Raju
Jerome Schwartz & Jane Espenson
November 10, 2017 (2017-11-10)
2.37[55]

In a flashback, Regina comes across Drizella, who is looking for magic to escape from her mother. When she reveals that she was actually born with magic, Regina begins to train her. However after Regina runs into Rumple, who tells her that Lady Tremaine must have been aware of the magic lessons, the two women realize that Lady Tremaine was counting on using Drizella's heart to revive Anastasia. Drizella ends up blackening her own heart by killing the prince, making it unusable for revival, and vows to cast a Curse like Regina's to make her mother suffer. In the present day, Roni struggles with what to believe about the mysterious photo, which is complicated by newly discovered information about "Regina Mills" into which Lucy encouraged her to look. Drizella gathers the ingredients for a plant that the witch then cultivates and, when she serves its essence to Roni, she wakes up and remembers her life as Regina. Drizella then reveals that she cast the curse and blackmails Regina into keeping Henry and Jacinda apart, reminding her of a special contingency that was put into the Curse that would force her to comply.

140
7
"Eloise Gardener"
Alex Kalymnios
David H. Goodman & Brigitte Hales
November 17, 2017 (2017-11-17)
2.28[56]

This episode's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

In a flashback to the Wish Realm shortly after the Charmings stopped Regina from casting her curse, Hook agrees to grant her passage on the Jolly Roger in exchange for leading him to powerful magic guarded by a witch. When he arrives at the witch's tower, he finds Rapunzel instead. She instructs him to retrieve a golden flower from the witch's garden. When he returns with it to help her, they spend the night together. The next morning, it is revealed that Rapunzel is actually Gothel and their night together produced a baby, whom Gothel leaves behind so she can escape the tower. Hook gives the Jolly Roger to Smee and decides to stay with his daughter, who is unable to leave due to the tower's spell. He names her Alice after his own mother. In the present day, Rogers is on a mad hunt for Eloise with help from Henry and Tilly. Tilly later informs him that Eloise has died, but it turns out that the news was planted by Weaver to throw him off the case. When Rogers finds Gothel, he believes that she is Eloise and frees her from Victoria, who gets locked up for kidnapping.

141
8
"Pretty in Blue"
Ralph Hemecker
Dana Horgan & Leah Fong
November 17, 2017 (2017-11-17)
2.28[56]

This episode's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

In flashbacks, Hook is reunited with Alice, who claims that they have been cured of their curse. However, when they try to embrace, Hook gets hurt and Alice runs away in fear. Henry and Cinderella chase her back to New Wonderland, a place where Cinderella reveals her mother Cecilia ran to after abandoning her and her stepfather. She takes a shrinking potion and leaves Henry, heading into the Infinite Maze alone to find answers. She finds Alice, who tells her that she met Cecilia before and that she was also afflicted with the Curse of the Poisoned Heart. Drizella appears in New Wonderland with a plan to curse Henry, but Alice and Cinderella are able to save him. Henry and Cinderella then share their first kiss. In the present day, Jacinda contacts Nick (Jack in Fairy Tale Land), a lawyer whom she has been cursed to believe is Lucy's father. He agrees to help her regain custody of Lucy, to Henry's dismay, and Lucy encourages Henry to fight for Jacinda. Meanwhile, Drizella and Gothel plan to revive Anastasia but, when they open her coffin, her body is missing. After Regina confronts Rumple, who refuses to confirm that he has woken up from the curse, she announces to Henry that she's heading to San Francisco to meet with someone who was pushed out of town by Victoria. He agrees to join her on the trip.

142
9
"One Little Tear"
Steve Pearlman
Christopher Hollier & Adam Karp
December 8, 2017 (2017-12-08)
2.45[57]

Victoria strikes a deal with Weaver in an attempt to free herself from jail and wake Anastasia. In flashbacks, Rapunzel steals from Mother Gothel's garden to save her family and is trapped in a tower in exchange. After six years of captivity, Rapunzel escapes using her hair, but finds her husband Marcus has married Cecilia, gaining a stepdaughter, Ella. Gothel tempts Rapunzel with a New Wonderland mushroom, which she uses to poison Cecilia's heart. One day, Anastasia and Ella fall through thin ice but, to Rapunzel's disbelief, their father only manages to save Ella. Rapunzel seeks Gothel's help, who magically seals Anastasia's last breath with the price of keeping Anastasia in the tower. However, Rapunzel tricks Gothel who becomes trapped in her own tower until someone in her bloodline takes her place. In the present, Victoria strangely gives full custody of Lucy to Jacinda, claiming to be a changed person. Victoria retrieves the Once Upon a Time book and shows Lucy her unfortunate life story as Rapunzel, convincing Lucy to give up her belief in happy endings. As Lucy sheds a tear, Victoria uses it to awaken Anastasia, while Lucy collapses into unconsciousness.

143
10
"The Eighth Witch"
Ralph Hemecker
Jane Espenson & Jerome Schwartz
December 15, 2017 (2017-12-15)
2.29[58]

In a flashback, baby Lucy is born, just as Drizella appears to deliver a prophecy about a curse. The heroes are able to turn Drizella to stone. Eight years later, everyone is celebrating Lucy's birthday when Gothel appears with her coven of witches, recruiting Drizella to join them as she is finally freed. With the curse looming, Regina heads off to get help from Zelena. Later, when the heroes confront the witches, Gothel reveals that they have poisoned Henry, and Regina is forced into casting Drizella's curse to save his life. In the present day, Regina has located a cursed Zelena in San Francisco, who is now known as Kelly. Regina is able to give Zelena her memories back and the two head back to Seattle, knowing that breaking the curse to help Lucy would only hurt Henry instead. Rumple tests Anastasia to see if she is the Guardian. However, Gothel also wants Anastasia and severs her alliance with Drizella after the girl is brought to her, deeming Anastasia to be more useful in her coven. Gothel tells her that they need to find their fellow witches.

144
11
"Secret Garden"
Mick Garris
Edward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz
March 2, 2018 (2018-03-02)
2.14[59]

In a flashback, an 18-year-old Robin has been secretly dabbling in magic against her mother's wishes. After attempting a spell that leads her to Gothel, Robin disappears from Storybrooke and Zelena arrives in the New Enchanted Forest looking for her. Robin is excited to apprentice under the powerful witch but soon finds out that Gothel only wants her to be the sacrifice needed for a resurrection amulet to bring Madame Leota back to the land of the living. In the present day, Regina and Zelena seek the resurrection amulet in hopes of finding another way to save Lucy. However, Tremaine gets a hold of the amulet and hands it over to Gothel, not realizing that Gothel intends to use Drizella as the sacrifice this time around. As the amulet's magic begins to take Drizella's life, Tremaine decides to sacrifice herself to save her daughter and dies as Lucy begins to awaken. Elsewhere, it is revealed that there is a killer on the loose in Hyperion Heights, as a doctor who finds out about Lucy's true paternity is poisoned by a mysterious figure.

145
12
"A Taste of the Heights"
Nina Lopez-Corrado
David H. Goodman & Brigitte Hales
March 9, 2018 (2018-03-09)
2.22[60]

In a flashback to the day of Tiana's coronation, Facilier appears to warn her of a danger to her kingdom, which ends up sending her on a hunt for a giant alligator. She meets Prince Naveen at the wreckage site and while the two don't get along, they agree to search for it together. When the alligator attacks them on a lake, Tiana is able to kill it but Naveen is left gravely injured. When Facilier reappears to claim a necklace from inside of the beast, Tiana gets him to revive Naveen, but on a previously undisclosed condition that the prince is to be enslaved to him until further notice. In the present day, Sabine is excited to participate in a food truck festival until an anonymous tip to the cops leaves her unable. She accuses Drew, a former classmate-turned-food truck rival, of sabotage. However, it is revealed that Drew is under orders from Samdi, a mysterious investor, to get close to her for his own purposes. Regina figures out that Facilier isn't really cursed and it is revealed that they have a history tracing back to the Enchanted Forest. Meanwhile, Lucy discovers upsetting information about the current curse, while Rogers and Weaver uncover that the neighborhood killer is going after witches in particular.

146
13
"Knightfall"
Steve Miner
Jerome Schwartz & Miguel Ian Raya
March 16, 2018 (2018-03-16)
2.38[61]

In the flashbacks, after a young Alice has been receiving frightening visions of Gothel attacking her and Hook in the tower, Hook vows to help her escape and seeks help from the Rumple in the Wish Realm. Rumple tells him to procure a magical fish hook from Captain Ahab. He wins it from Ahab over a die roll, however, when Ahab comes back to taunt him about his former pirate status, Hook agrees to a pistol duel. When he returns to the tower, Hook and Alice find themselves branded and cursed by Gothel, who had poisoned the bullet that hit him. In the present day, Rogers and Weaver interrogate Eloise about her cult, though she is only interested in playing mind games with Rogers. Tilly, who is experiencing a manic episode, desperately tries to convince the detectives to see Eloise for who she really is. When they deduce that Eloise was trying to mislead them about the case, they check up on Hilda in the hospital, only to find her dead with Tilly holding a scalpel in the room.

147
14
"The Girl in the Tower"
Antonio Negret
Dana Horgan & Leah Fong
March 23, 2018 (2018-03-23)
2.11[62]

In a flashback, Alice makes a birthday wish to get out of the tower and shortly after, a troll appears and helps her escape. Years later, Alice is caught spying on the resistance group by Robin, who had just recently arrived to the New Enchanted Forest. Robin intends to honor her father's legacy by hunting down Alice's troll, who has since been destroying villages, but Alice goes after her to protect it. In the present day, Rogers, Henry, and Tilly are looking for evidence of Tilly being elsewhere during the time of the baker's murder to clear her name. As she retraces her steps, Tilly grows frustrated when she finds that no one can remember seeing her at the places she had visited. Meanwhile, Regina asks Facilier out on a date so that Lucy can break into his suite to look for clues as to what he seeks in Hyperion Heights.

148
15
"Sisterhood"
Ellen S. Pressman
Christopher Hollier & Adam Karp
March 30, 2018 (2018-03-30)
2.03[63]

In a flashback, Gothel recruits Drizella to compete for one of two spots in her coven. Drizella strikes a partnership with Gretel and they agree to help each other out on the course, however, it turns out that real test was that one would have to kill the other to win. In the present day, Drizella is attacked by the neighborhood "Candy Killer." Facilier offers her a way to escape to her home realm, though it would be at the expense of Anastasia's life. Initially, Drizella lures Anastasia in under the guise of wanting to rekindle their sisterhood and brings her to Facilier to perform the ritual. When Anastasia unexpectedly awakens, she must choose between Drizella or Gothel, and ultimately chooses her sister. The two are able to open a portal and leave Hyperion Heights to start over together in the New Enchanted Forest. Meanwhile, Lucy organizes a boys night out for Henry, Rogers, and Nick, which ends with the revelation that Nick is the Candy Killer.

149
16
"Breadcrumbs"
Ron Underwood
Jane Espenson & Jerome Schwartz
April 6, 2018 (2018-04-06)
2.15[64]

In a flashback, Henry expresses his desire to find his own story, as he feels unworthy of Ella. When he mentions to Hook that he wants to propose with a special ring like the one of his grandparents, Hook suggests that they retrieve one from Davy Jones' locker and the two sneak aboard the Jolly Roger to overtake it from Blackbeard. However, it is revealed that it was all a set-up by Hook so that Henry could feel like he partook in an epic adventure. A little while later, Henry ends up proposing to Ella anyway. In the present day, Henry lands a job interview in New York but before he can leave, Weaver finds his novel at the crime scene and insists that he help the police identify the Candy Killer, whom they conclude is a man who believes he is the "Hansel" of the story. When Henry gets a flat tire driving to the airport, Nick offers him a ride, which ends with Henry getting kidnapped by Nick, who confirms the former's suspicions of him being Hansel and the Candy Killer. As this is happening, Zelena is horrified to find that she is the killer's next target.

150
17
"Chosen"
Lana Parrilla
Paul Karp & Brian Ridings
April 13, 2018 (2018-04-13)
2.18[65]

In a flashback, another witch, who is in possession of Hansel and Gretel, has settled into Oz, to Zelena's disdain. After Zelena refuses to help the kids, she is magically weakened by the witch, and faints in the forest. She is taken in by a blind man named Ivo, who happens to be Hansel and Gretel's father. When Zelena decides to go back for the children, she finds that they had already escaped and told their father about their encounter with her. When the family refuses to give her a second chance, Zelena angrily burns Hansel. In the present day, Jack tells Henry everything about their fairytale pasts, but Henry is still a nonbeliever. Jack kidnaps Chad to lure in Zelena to get his revenge. Zelena ends up having to tell Chad her real name and hints at her wicked past, though he doesn't care and the two decide to move back to San Francisco together. Meanwhile, Facilier uses Naveen, who is actually not cursed, to get magic for a voodoo doll that he uses to kill Jack.

151
18
"The Guardian"[66]
Geofrey Hildrew
David H. Goodman & Brigitte Hales
April 20, 2018 (2018-04-20)
TBD

152
19
"Flower Child"[67]
Tessa Blake[68]
Edward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz
April 27, 2018 (2018-04-27)
TBD

153
20
"Is This Henry Mills?"[69]
Ron Underwood
Dana Horgan & Leah Fong
May 4, 2018 (2018-05-04)
TBD

154
21
"Homecoming"[70]
Steve Pearlman[71]
David H. Goodman
May 11, 2018 (2018-05-11)
TBD

155
22
"Leaving Storybrooke"[72]
TBA
Edward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz
May 18, 2018 (2018-05-18)
TBD

tag: table

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In January 2017, while season 6 was still in production, ABC president Channing Dungey spoke of a possible "reset" of the show's narrative in the event that the show received a season 7 order.[9] After much speculation, executive producers Adam Horowitz and Edward Kitsis later confirmed that certain characters would have their storylines wrapped up and that the back-end of the sixth season had been written with the season 7 narrative change in mind.[73] Despite the major changes from seasons past, the showrunners have said that they do not view season 7 as a complete reboot of the show. Horowitz said: "I hesitate to use the word "reboot." We're more thinking about it as a hybrid of a lot of things. We're paying homage to the original premise, but there are certain characters who are returning and some who are not. It's a combination of a lot of things, but what we're trying to do is go in a new direction but stay true to the spirit of what the show has always been."[74]

text: In July 2017, the creators announced that the series now take place in the Seattle neighborhood of Hyperion Heights, which was created under a new and darker curse. Residents of this neighborhood include displaced characters from the original and new versions of the Enchanted Forest, as well as regular people from the Land Without Magic. This differs from Storybrooke in season 1, which was an isolated town that was blocked off from real-world Maine. The initial villain is Lady Tremaine, who assumes the role of an urban developer who seeks to "gentrify the neighborhood" and push out and separate fairy tale residents. Meanwhile, Storybrooke and various Fairy Tale Land locations still appear in the flashbacks of the season as the story bounces back and forth between the characters' lives before and during the latest curse.[75]

text: The main flashback setting of the seventh season is the New Enchanted Forest, which is a New Fairy Tale Land realm.[11] Other locations featured in flashbacks are New Wonderland, the Wish Realm and Storybrooke itself.

text: Casting[edit]

text: In May 2017, it was announced that Lana Parrilla, Colin O'Donoghue, and Robert Carlyle would be the only series regulars from season 6 to continue onto season 7.[3] It was teased that the three would be portraying their original characters but with cursed identities, similar to the circumstances in season 1. In July, the first promo of the season revealed that Killian is now a Seattle police officer with the last name Rogers, who is living with an unexplained sense of loss.[76] In August, it was revealed that Regina is now a bar owner named Roni, who is more dressed down and is "no longer in charge."[77]

text: Former main cast member Jennifer Morrison has confirmed that she has agreed to return for one episode, later revealed to be the second episode of the season.[78][79] Morrison announced her last filming day on July 19, 2017.[80] On July 22, it was confirmed that Emilie de Ravin would return for the fourth episode in the seventh season.[34]

text: In March 2017, Andrew J. West and Alison Fernandez were cast for unknown guest roles in the season six finale. During the episode, it was revealed that West was portraying an adult Henry Mills, while Fernandez portrayed his daughter, Lucy. After that episode's airing, they were confirmed as series regulars for season 7.[3] West will be taking over the role from Jared S. Gilmore, who has been confirmed to appear in at least the first two episodes of the season.[15][81]

text: On July 6, 2017, it was announced that Dania Ramirez and Gabrielle Anwar would be two additional series regulars for season 7.[3] Additionally, Adelaide Kane, Mekia Cox, and Rose Reynolds were cast in recurring roles for the upcoming season.[3]On July 15, it was announced that Ramirez would be portraying Cinderella, albeit a different version from the one previously played by Jessy Schram for the first six seasons.[12] On July 22 at San Diego Comic-Con, it was revealed that Anwar and Kane will be portraying Lady Tremaine and Drizella, respectively. Cox would be portraying Tiana from The Princess and the Frog, while Reynolds would be playing an alternate version of Alice, a character previously heavily featured in the spin-off Once Upon a Time in Wonderland.[76] In August 2017, Cox was promoted to series regular.[5]

text: On August 1, it was announced that Giles Matthey would return as an adult Gideon for the season's fourth episode. The episode, also featuring Emilie de Ravin, would be centered around Rumple.[35] On that same day, it was also announced that Emma Booth was cast in a major recurring role as the Witch,[18] whose more specific identity would be revealed later on during the season.[82] On August 25, Kevin Ryan announced that he would be making an appearance as a new prince in the upcoming season.[83] On August 30, it was announced that Robin Givens had been cast as Tiana's mother, Eudora.[25]

text: On September 8, it was announced that Meegan Warner would be guest starring as an alternate version of Rapunzel, a character previously featured in one episode of season 3.[26] It was later revealed that the character would appear in a multi-episode arc.[84] On September 20, it was announced that former main Rebecca Mader would return for multiple episodes in the seventh season as Zelena, who will also have a cursed identity.[21][85]

text: On October 2, it was announced that Dr. Facilier from The Princess and the Frog would make an appearance during the season,[86] later revealed to be portrayed by Daniel Francis in the season's fifth episode.[23] On October 3, it was announced that flashbacks of the ninth episode would feature a "tweenage" Anastasia, Lady Tremaine's other biological daughter.[87]

text: On November 1, it was announced that Tiera Skovbye would be recurring as an older version of Robin, the daughter of Zelena and Robin Hood.[27] On November 2, it was announced that Nathan Parsons had been cast in a recurring role as Nick, a lawyer and potential love interest for another character.[29] On November 3, it was announced that the show was casting for the role of Naveen from The Princess and the Frog, who will be recurring in the second half of the season.[88] It was later revealed that the role would be played by Jeff Pierre, who will first appear in the twelfth episode of the season.[31] On November 16, actor Chad Rook announced that he had been cast in an unknown role.[89]

text: On January 23, 2018, it was announced that Kip Pardue had been cast as Chad, Zelena's fiancé from when she was cursed as Kelly. He will make his first appearance in the seventeenth episode of the season.[42]

text: On March 16, it was announced that multiple former cast members were set to appear in one or both of the series' last two episodes. This includes former mains Jared S. Gilmore (who had also been confirmed to appear in the twentieth episode)[90] and Sean Maguire, as well as formerly recurring stars JoAnna Garcia Swisher, Victoria Smurfit, Robbie Kay, Beverley Elliott, Lee Arenberg, Keegan Connor Tracy, and Tony Amendola.[45] On March 21, it was announced that Jennifer Morrison and Emilie de Ravin would be back a second time, along with Ginnifer Goodwin and Josh Dallas for the final episode of the series.[46] In addition, Raphael Sbarge, David Paul Grove, and Faustino di Bauda later confirmed that they were also appearing in the series finale.[47][48]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"Hyperion Heights"
October 6, 2017
0.7/3
3.26[50]
0.7
1.72
1.4
4.98[91]

2
"A Pirate's Life"
October 13, 2017
0.7/3
2.74[51]
0.6
N/A
1.3[92]
N/A

3
"The Garden of Forking Paths"
October 20, 2017
0.5/3
2.49[52]
0.6
N/A
1.1[93]
N/A

4
"Beauty"
October 27, 2017
0.5/2
2.44[53]
0.5
N/A
1.0[94]
N/A

5
"Greenbacks"
November 3, 2017
0.5/2
2.29[54]
0.5
1.27
1.0
3.56[95]

6
"Wake Up Call"
November 10, 2017
0.5/2
2.37[55]
0.5
1.32
1.0
3.69[96]

7
"Eloise Gardener"
November 17, 2017
0.5/2
2.28[56]
0.5
1.30
1.0
3.58[97]

8
"Pretty in Blue"
November 17, 2017
0.5/2
2.28[56]
0.5
1.30
1.0
3.58[97]

9
"One Little Tear"
December 8, 2017
0.5/2
2.45[57]
0.4
N/A
0.9[98]
N/A

10
"The Eighth Witch"
December 15, 2017
0.5/2
2.29[58]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

11
"Secret Garden"
March 2, 2018
0.4/2
2.14[59]
0.5
N/A
0.9[99]
N/A

12
"A Taste of the Heights"
March 9, 2018
0.5/2
2.22[60]
0.4
N/A
0.9[100]
N/A

13
"Knightfall"
March 16, 2018
0.5/2
2.38[61]
0.4
N/A
0.9[101]
N/A

14
"The Girl in the Tower"
March 23, 2018
0.4/2
2.11[62]
0.5
N/A
0.9[102]
N/A

15
"Sisterhood"
March 30, 2018
0.5/2
2.03[63]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

16
"Breadcrumbs"
April 6, 2018
0.5/2
2.15[64]
0.4
N/A
0.9[103]
N/A

17
"Chosen"
April 13, 2018
0.4/2
2.18[65]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD


document_title: Rosary

question_text: what mysteries of the rosary is said after easter

question_tokens: what mysteries of the rosary is said after easter

text: Rosary

text: Theological significance

text: The rosary is part of Catholic veneration of Mary, which has been promoted by numerous popes. In the 16th century, Pope Pius V associated the rosary with the General Roman Calendar by instituting the Feast of Our Lady of Victory (later changed to Our Lady of the Rosary), which is celebrated on 7 October.

text: Pope Leo XIII, known as "The Rosary Pope", issued twelve encyclicals and five apostolic letters on the rosary and added the invocation Queen of the most Holy Rosary to the Litany of Loreto. Pope Pius XII and his successors actively promoted veneration of the Virgin in Lourdes and Fatima, which is credited with a new resurgence of the rosary within the Catholic Church.[8] Pope John Paul II (whose pontificate had major Marian themes) issued the Apostolic Letter Rosarium Virginis Mariae which emphasized the Christocentric nature of the Rosary as a meditation on the life of Christ.[9]

text: On 3 May 2008, Pope Benedict XVI stated that the Rosary was experiencing a new springtime: "It is one of the most eloquent signs of love that the young generation nourish for Jesus and his Mother."[10] To Benedict XVI, the rosary is a meditation on all the important moments of salvation history.

text: The Congregation for Divine Worship's directory of popular piety and the liturgy emphasizes the Christian meditation/meditative aspects of the rosary, and states that the Rosary is essentially a contemplative prayer which requires "tranquility of rhythm or even a mental lingering which encourages the faithful to meditate on the mysteries of the Lord's life."[11] The Congregation for Divine Worship points out the role the Rosary can have as a formative component of spiritual life.

text: The theologian Romano Guardini described the Roman Catholic emphasis on the rosary as "participation in the life of Mary, whose focus was Christ."[8] This view was earlier expressed by Leo XIII who viewed the rosary as way to accompany Mary in her contemplation of Christ.[12]

text: Devotions and spirituality

text: Devotion to the rosary is one of the most notable features of popular Catholic spirituality.[13] Pope John Paul II placed the rosary at the very center of Christian spirituality and called it "among the finest and most praiseworthy traditions of Christian contemplation."[14][9]

text: Saints and popes have emphasized the meditative and contemplative elements of the rosary and provided specific teachings for how the rosary should be prayed, for instance the need for "focus, respect, reverence and purity of intention" during rosary recitations and contemplations.[15]

text: From the sixteenth century onwards, rosary recitations often involved "picture texts" that assisted meditation. Such imagery continues to be used to depict the mysteries of the rosary. Saints have stressed the importance of meditation and contemplation. Scriptural meditations on the rosary build on the Christian tradition of Lectio Divina, (literally divine reading) as a way of using the Gospel to start a conversation between the person and Christ. Padre Pio, a rosary devotee, said: "Through the study of books one seeks God; by meditation one finds him."[16]

text: References to the rosary have been part of a number of reported Marian Apparitions spanning two centuries. The reported messages from these apparitions have influenced the spread of rosary devotion worldwide.[17][18] In Quamquam pluries Pope Leo XIII related rosary devotions to Saint Joseph and granted indulgences for adding a prayer to St. Joseph to the Rosary during the month of October.[19]

text: Praying the rosary may be prescribed by priests as a form of penance after confession. Penance in this form is not generally intended as a "punishment"; rather, it is meant to encourage reflection upon and spiritual growth from past sins.[20]

text: History

text: According to pious tradition, the concept of the rosary was given to Saint Dominic in an apparition of the Virgin Mary in the year 1214 in the church of Prouille. This Marian apparition received the title of Our Lady of the Rosary.[21] In the 15th century it was promoted by Alanus de Rupe (aka Alain de la Roche or Blessed Alan of the Rock), a Dominican priest and theologian, who established the "fifteen rosary promises" and started many rosary confraternities.

text: According to Herbert Thurston, it is certain that in the course of the twelfth century and before the birth of St. Dominic, the practice of reciting 50 or 150 Ave Marias had become generally familiar. According to 20th century editions of the Catholic Encyclopedia, the story of St. Dominic's devotion to the rosary and supposed apparition of Our Lady of the Rosary does not appear in any documents of the Church or Dominican Order prior to the writings of Blessed Alanus, some 250 years after Dominic.[22][22] However recent scholarship by Donald H. Calloway, which has received the endorsement of some of the Church hierarchy, seeks to refute this claim.[23]

text: Leonard Foley claimed that although Mary's giving the rosary to St. Dominic is recognized as a legend, the development of this prayer form owes much to the Order of Preachers.[24]

text: The practice of meditation during the praying of the Hail Mary is attributed to Dominic of Prussia (1382–1460), a Carthusian monk who called it "Life of Jesus Rosary".[8] The German monk from Trier added a sentence to each of the 50 Hail Marys, using quotes from scriptures (which at that time followed the name "Jesus", before the intercessory ending was added during the Counter-Reformation).[25] In 1569, the papal bull Consueverunt Romani Pontifices by the Dominican Pope Pius V officially established the devotion to the rosary in the Catholic Church.[26]

text: From the 16th to the early 20th century, the structure of the rosary remained essentially unchanged.[22] There were 15 mysteries, one for each of the 15 decades. In the 20th century the addition of the Fatima Prayer to the end of each decade became more common. There were no other changes until 2002 when John Paul II instituted five optional new Luminous Mysteries, although variations of these had already been proposed by the likes of St. Louis de Montfort and were implemented in the mid-20th Century by figures such as Patrick Peyton.

text: Devotional growth

text: The rosary has been featured in the writings of Roman Catholic figures from saints to popes and continues to be mentioned in reported Marian apparitions, with a number of promises attributed to the power of the rosary.

text: According to Alan de la Roche, the Virgin Mary is reputed to have made 15 specific promises to Christians who pray the rosary.[27] The Fifteen rosary promises range from protection from misfortune to meriting a high degree of glory in heaven.[28]

text: John T. McNicholas says that during the time of the Penal Laws in Ireland when Mass was either infrequent or impossible, the Rosary became a substitute in the home.[29] In the 18th century, the French priest Louis de Montfort elaborated on the importance of the rosary and its power in his book Secret of the Rosary. He emphasized the power of the rosary and provided specific instructions on how it should be prayed, e.g. with attention, devotion, and modesty (reverence), with reflective pauses.[30]

text: One of the forces that drove the spread of the rosary during the 19th century among Roman Catholics was the influence of the Rosary Pope, a title given to Leo XIII (1878–1903) because he issued a record twelve encyclicals and five Apostolic Letters on the rosary, instituted the Catholic custom of daily rosary prayer during the month of October and, in 1883, added the invocation Queen of the most Holy Rosary to the Litany of Loreto.[31]

text: Leo XIII explained the importance of the rosary as the one road to God from the faithful to the mother and from her to Christ and through Christ to the Father, and that the rosary was a vital means to participate in the life of Mary and to find the way to Christ.[12] This emphasis on the path through Mary to Christ has since been a key direction in Roman Catholic Mariology, with Mariology being viewed as inherent in Christology.[32][33][34]

text: Rosary as a family prayer was supported by Pope Pius XII in his encyclical Ingruentium malorum: "The custom of the family praying of the Holy Rosary is a most efficacious means."[35]

text: Structure of prayers

text: Basic structure

text: The structure of the Rosary is as follows:[36]

text: The Rosary is begun on the short strand:

text:
The sign of the cross on the Crucifix;
The prayer "O Lord, open my lips;[37] O God, come to my aid; O Lord, make haste to help me",[38] still on the Crucifix;
The Apostles' Creed, still on the Crucifix;
The Lord's Prayer at the first large bead (for the intentions of the pope and the needs of the Church);
The Hail Mary on each of the next three beads (for the three theological virtues: faith, hope, and charity); and
The Glory Be on the next large bead.

text: The praying of the decades then follows, repeating this cycle for each mystery:

text:
Announce the mystery;
The Lord's Prayer on the large bead;
The Hail Mary on each of the ten adjacent small beads;
The Glory Be on the space before the next large bead; and

text: To conclude:

text:
The Salve Regina;
The Loreto Litany;
Any further intentions; and
The sign of the cross.

text: Instead of ending each decade with the Gloria Patri, Pope Pius IX would add "May the souls of the faithful departed through the mercy of God rest in peace."[39] The Fatima Prayer, is commonly added here as a pious addition, still on the large bead.

text: Variations and common pious additions

text: Common pious additions to the Rosary occur after each decade and after recitation of the Hail Holy Queen. Some Catholics recite the Fatima Decade Prayer at the end of each decade, preceding or following the Glory Be. Some add the Miraculous Medal prayer "O Mary, conceived without sin..." or the Fatima Ave refrain ("Ave, Ave, Ave Maria! Ave, Ave, Ave Maria!"). Others add a praying of the pious Eucharistic prayer "O Sacrament Most Holy, O Sacrament Divine, All praise and all thanksgiving be every moment Thine" at the end of each decade in honor of Jesus in the Blessed Sacrament. In the practice of the Brothers of the Christian Schools, there is an additional decade for the intentions of the students or the Virgin Mary.

text: After the Hail, Holy Queen many Catholics add the prayer "O God, by Your Only Begotten Son...", the prayer to Saint Michael, and a prayer for the intentions of the Pope. In some cases, the Litany of Loreto may be recited at the end.

text: In the practice of the Dominican Order, the opening prayers of the rosary mirror the opening of the Divine Office:[40]

text:
In the Name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit. Amen.
Hail Mary, full of grace, the Lord is with Thee.
Blessed art Thou among women, and Blessed is the Fruit of Thy Womb, Jesus.
O Lord, open my lips.
And my mouth will proclaim Your praise.
Incline Your aid to me, O God.
O Lord, make haste to help me.
Glory be to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Spirit, as it was in the beginning, is now, and ever shall be, world without end. Amen.[41]

tag: ol

text: Group recitation of the Rosary

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: When a group recites the Rosary, it is customary that the prayers that constitute the decades are divided into two parts. A leader may recite the first half of the prayer while the other participants recite the rest.

text: The second part of the Our Father begins with "Give us this day our daily bread ..."; the second part of the Hail Mary begins with "Holy Mary, Mother of God ..."; and the second part of the Glory Be to the Father with "As it was in the beginning...."

text: In another style of praying the Rosary, the recitation of the first part of the prayers is sometimes entrusted to different persons while still maintaining the traditional Leader versus Congregation style of praying.

text: Among certain cultures,[who?] the first, third, and fifth mysteries are recited by the single leader while the other members of the group say the second part; the second and fourth mysteries are recited by the congregation by saying the first part and the leader says the second part of the prayer.

text: Mysteries of the Rosary

text:
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text: The Mysteries of the Rosary are meditations on episodes in the life and death of Jesus from the Annunciation to the Ascension and beyond, known as the Joyful (or Joyous) Mysteries, the Sorrowful Mysteries, and the Glorious Mysteries. Each of these Mysteries contemplates five different stages of Christ's life.[36]

text: Typically a fruit (spiritual goal) are also assigned to the mystery. Below are listed from the appendix Louis Marie de Montfort's Book, Secret of the Rosary for the original 15 mysteries, with other possible fruits being listed in other pamphlets bracketed:

text:
The Annunciation. Fruit of the Mystery: Humility
The Visitation. Fruit of the Mystery: Love of Neighbour
The Nativity. Fruit of the Mystery: Poverty, Detachment from the things of the world, Contempt of Riches, Love of the Poor
The Presentation of Jesus at the Temple. Fruit of the Mystery: Gift of Wisdom and Purity of mind and body (Obedience)
The Finding of Jesus in the Temple. Fruit of the Mystery: True Conversion (Piety, Joy of Finding Jesus)

text:
The Agony in the Garden. Fruit of the Mystery: Sorrow for Sin, Uniformity with the Will of God
The Scourging at the Pillar. Fruit of the Mystery: Mortification (Purity)
The Crowning with Thorns. Fruit of the Mystery: Contempt of the world (moral courage)
The Carrying of the Cross. Fruit of the Mystery: Patience
The Crucifixion and Death of our Lord. Fruit of the Mystery: Perseverance in faith, grace for a holy death (Forgiveness)

text:
The Resurrection. Fruit of the Mystery: Faith
The Ascension. Fruit of the Mystery: Hope, Desire for ascension to Heaven
The Descent of the Holy Spirit. Fruit of the Mystery: Love of God, Holy Wisdom to know the truth and share with everyone, Divine Charity, Worship of the Holy Spirit
The Assumption of Mary. Fruit of the Mystery: Grace of a Happy Death and True Devotion towards Mary
The Coronation of the Virgin. Fruit of the Mystery: Perseverance and increase in virtue (Trust in Mary's Intercession)

text: Pope John Paul II, in his apostolic letter Rosarium Virginis Mariae (October 2002), recommended an additional set called the Luminous Mysteries (or the "Mysteries of Light").[42] The original Mysteries of Light were written by George Preca, the only Maltese official Catholic Saint, and later reformed by the Pope.[43]

text:
The Baptism of Jesus in the Jordan. Fruit of the Mystery: Openness to the Holy Spirit, the Healer.
The Wedding at Cana. Fruit of the Mystery: To Jesus through Mary. The understanding of the ability to manifest-through faith.
Jesus' Proclamation of the Kingdom of God. Fruit of the Mystery: Trust in God (Call of Conversion to Messiah)
The Transfiguration. Fruit of the Mystery: Desire for Holiness.
The Institution of the Eucharist. Fruit of the Mystery: Adoration

text: Days of praying

text: The full rosary consists of praying all sets of mysteries, with the Joyful, Sorrowful and Glorious considered the minimal amount. Alternatively, a single set of five mysteries can be prayed each day, according to the following convention:

text:
Day of praying
Standard / Traditional
With the Luminous Mysteries

Sunday
During Advent, Christmas, and Time After Epiphany: The Joyful Mysteries
During Septuagesima and Lent: The Sorrowful Mysteries
During Easter and Time After Pentecost: The Glorious Mysteries
The Glorious Mysteries

Monday
The Joyful Mysteries†
The Joyful Mysteries

Tuesday
The Sorrowful Mysteries
The Sorrowful Mysteries

Wednesday
The Glorious Mysteries†
The Glorious Mysteries

Thursday
The Joyful Mysteries†
The Luminous Mysteries

Friday
The Sorrowful Mysteries
The Sorrowful Mysteries

Saturday
The Glorious Mysteries†
The Joyful Mysteries

text: † Note: It is customary to pray only the Sorrowful Mysteries during the seasons of Septuagesima and Lent, regardless of the day of week.

text: Rosary beads

text: The rosary beads provide a physical method of keeping count of the number of Hail Marys said as the mysteries are contemplated.[36] The fingers are moved along the beads as the prayers are recited. By not having to keep track of the count mentally, the mind is free to meditate on the mysteries. A five-decade rosary contains five groups of ten beads (a decade), with additional large beads before each decade.[44] The Hail Mary is said on the ten beads within a decade, while the Lord's Prayer is said on the large bead before each decade. A new mystery meditation commences at each of the large beads. Some rosaries, particularly those used by religious orders, contain fifteen decades, corresponding to the traditional fifteen mysteries of the rosary. Both five- and fifteen-decade rosaries are attached to a shorter strand, which starts with a crucifix, followed by one large bead, three small beads, and one large bead, before connecting to the rest of the rosary.[36]

text: Although counting the prayers on a string of beads is customary, the prayers of the rosary do not actually require a set of beads, but can be said using any type of counting device, by counting on the fingers or by counting without any device at all.[36]

text: Single-decade rosaries

text: Single-decade rosaries can also be used: the devotee counts the same ring of ten beads repeatedly for every decade. During religious conflict in 16th and 17th century Ireland severe legal penalties were prescribed against practicing Roman Catholics. Small, easily hidden rosaries were thus used to avoid identification and became known as Irish penal rosaries.[36] Sometimes rather than a cross, other symbols of specific meanings were used, such as a hammer to signify the nails of the cross, cords to represent the scourging, a chalice to recall the Last Supper, or a crowing rooster signifying the denial of Peter.

text: Materials and distribution

text: The beads can be made from any materials, including wood, bone, glass, crushed flowers, semi-precious stones such as agate, jet, amber, or jasper, or precious materials including coral, crystal, silver, and gold. Beads may be made to include enclosed sacred relics or drops of holy water. Rosaries are sometimes made from the seeds of the "rosary pea" or "bead tree". Today, the vast majority of rosary beads are made of glass, plastic, or wood. It is common for beads to be made of material with some special significance, such as jet from the shrine of St. James at Santiago de Compostela, or olive seeds from the Garden of Gethsemane. In rare cases beads are made of expensive materials, from gold and silver to mother of pearl and Swarovski black diamond designs. Early rosaries were strung on thread, often silk, but modern ones are more often made as a series of chain-linked beads. Catholic missionaries in Africa have reported that rosaries made of tree bark have been used there for praying due to the lack of conventional rosaries. Our Lady's Rosary Makers produce some 7 million rosaries annually that are distributed to those considered to be in economic and spiritual need.[45]

text: Most rosaries used in the world today have simple and inexpensive plastic or wooden beads connected by cords or strings.The major cost is labour for assembly. A large number of inexpensive rosary beads are manufactured in Asia, especially in China and Taiwan. Italy has a strong manufacturing presence in medium- and high-cost rosaries.

text: Rosaries are often made for sale; hundreds of millions have also been made and distributed free of charge by Roman Catholic lay and religious apostolates worldwide. There are a number of rosary-making clubs around the world that make and distribute rosaries to missions, hospitals, prisons, etc. free of charge. To comply with safety precautions in prisons, special rosaries are donated using string that easily breaks.

text: Wearing the rosary

text: The Apostolate of Holy Motherhood writes that the Virgin Mary encourages the faithful to wear the rosary and scapular because "it will help them to love Jesus more" and serve as a "protection from Satan."[46] In addition, Saint Louis-Marie Grignion de Montfort encouraged Christians to wear the rosary, stating that doing so "eased him considerably."[47] Many religious orders wear the rosary as part of their habit. A rosary hanging from the belt often forms part of the Carthusian habit.[48]

text: Canon Law §1171 provides that sacred objects, which are designated for divine worship by dedication or blessing, are to be treated reverently and are not to be employed for profane or inappropriate use even if they are owned by private persons.[49] As such, according to Edward McNamara, professor of liturgy at the Regina Apostolorum university:

text: If the reason for wearing a rosary is as a statement of faith, as a reminder to pray it, or some similar reason "to the glory of God," then there is nothing to object to. It would not be respectful to wear it merely as jewelry. This latter point is something to bear in mind in the case of wearing a rosary around the neck. In the first place, while not unknown, it is not common Catholic practice. ...While a Catholic may wear a rosary around the neck for a good purpose, he or she should consider if the practice will be positively understood in the cultural context in which the person moves. If any misunderstanding is likely, then it would be better to avoid the practice. ...Similar reasoning is observed in dealing with rosary bracelets and rings, although in this case there is far less danger of confusion as to meaning. They are never mere jewelry but are worn as a sign of faith.[50]

text: A rosary ring is a ring worn around the finger with 10 indentations and a cross on the surface, representing one decade of a rosary. These rosary rings have been given to some Catholic nuns at the time of their solemn profession.[51] A finger rosary is similar to a ring, but is somewhat larger. Rosaries like these are used by either rotating or just holding them between a finger and thumb while praying. A hand rosary is a decade in a complete loop, with one bead separated from ten other beads, this is meant to be carried while walking or running, so as not to entangle the larger type. Smaller ring rosaries became known as soldiers' rosaries, because they were often taken into battle by soldiers, most notably during World War I.[citation needed]

text: In addition to a string of beads, single-decade rosaries are made in other physical forms. A ring rosary, also known as a "Basque rosary", is a finger ring with eleven knobs on it, ten round ones and one crucifix.

text: A rosary bracelet is one with ten beads and often a cross or medal as well. Another form is the rosary card. A rosary card is either one with a "handle" that moves like a slide rule to count the decade, or it has a whole rosary with bumps similar to Braille and ancient counting systems. Some households that cannot afford Christian artwork or a crucifix hang up a rosary.[52] In addition, many Christians hang rosaries from the rear-view mirror of their automobiles as a sign of their faith and for protection as they drive.[53]

text: Rosary and Scapular

text: "The Rosary and the Scapular are inseparable" were words attributed to the Virgin Mary by Lucia Santos, one of the three children who reported the Marian apparitions of Our Lady of Fátima in 1917 and later the Pontevedra apparitions in 1925, Fátima, Portugal, and Pontevedra in Galicia, Spain.[54] In these apparitions, the Virgin Mary reportedly called herself The Lady of the Rosary and in one of the final Fátima appearances on 13 October 1917 had a Brown Scapular in one hand and a Rosary in the other. The Lady of the Rosary reportedly encouraged the praying of the Rosary and the wearing of the Brown Scapular.[55]

text: Throughout history, the Rosary and the Scapular as objects for devotions and prayers have been supported, encouraged, and linked by a number of popes, and specific indulgences have been attached to them.[56][57]

text: Rosary based devotions

text: The use of Novenas which include a rosary is popular among Roman Catholics.[58] As in other Novenas, the traditional method consists of praying the rosary on nine consecutive days, and submitting a petition along with each prayer. Indulgences are provided for rosary Novenas that include specific prayers, e.g. a prayer to Saint Catherine of Siena and Saint Dominic.[59]

text: The longer "54-day Rosary Novena" consists of two parts, 27 days each, i.e. three repetitions of the 9 day Novena cycle. It is an uninterrupted series of Rosaries in honor of the Virgin Mary, reported as a private revelation by Fortuna Agrelli in Naples, Italy, in 1884.[60] The Novena is performed by praying five decades of the Rosary each day for twenty-seven days in petition. The second phase which immediately follows it consists of five decades each day for twenty-seven days in thanksgiving, and is prayed whether or not the petition has been granted. During the novena, the meditations rotate among the joyful, sorrowful and glorious mysteries.[61]

text: Rosary beads are at times used to say rosary based prayers which do not primarily involve the Hail Mary and the mysteries of the rosary. Some forms of the Roman Catholic rosary are aimed at reparation including the sins of others. An example is the Rosary of the Holy Wounds first introduced at the beginning of the 20th century by the Venerable Sister Marie Martha Chambon, a Roman Catholic nun of the Monastery of the Visitation Order in Chambéry, France.[62] This rosary is somewhat similar in structure to the Chaplet of Divine Mercy introduced by Saint Faustina Kowalska said on the usual rosary beads and intended as an Act of Reparation to Jesus Christ for the sins of the world. These prayers often use rosary beads, but their words and format do not correspond to the Mysteries. Both Kowałska and Chambon attributed these prayers to visions of Jesus.[63]

text: Recordings of the Rosary

text: Recordings of the rosary prayers are sometimes used by devotees to help with aspects of prayer such as pacing, memorization, and by providing inspirational meditations. Some of the more well known include:

text:
The Rosary is a Place, Fr. Benedict J. Groeschel, CFR and Simonetta, The Saint Philomena Foundation
The Rosary is a Luminous Place, Fr. Benedict J. Groeschel, CFR and Simonetta, The Saint Philomena Foundation
The Rosary, Fr. Kevin Scallon and Dana, Heartbeat Records
Pray the Rosary with Servant of God, Fr. Patrick Peyton

text: In non-Catholic Christianity

text: Many similar prayer practices exist in other Christian communities, each with its own set of prescribed prayers and its own form of prayer beads, such as the prayer rope in Eastern Orthodox Christianity. These other devotions and their associated beads are usually referred to as "chaplets". The rosary is sometimes used by other Christians, especially in Lutheranism, the Anglican Communion, and the Old Catholic Church.[64][65]

text: Another example of rosary-based prayers includes the non-denominational Ecumenical Miracle Rosary, "a set of prayers and meditations which covers key moments in the New Testament."[66]

text: Anglicanism

text: The use of the Catholic Rosary is fairly common among Anglicans of Anglo-Catholic churchmanship.[67] Many Anglo-Catholic prayer books and manuals of devotion contain the Roman Catholic Rosary along with other Marian devotions. The public services of the Anglican churches, as contained in the Book of Common Prayer, do not directly invoke the Blessed Virgin or any other saint in prayer as the Thirty-Nine Articles reject the practice of praying to saints, but many Anglo-Catholics feel free to do so in their private devotions. Anglicans who pray the Roman Catholic Rosary tend not to use the Luminous Mysteries or the Fátima decade prayer.[64]

text: Anglican prayer beads, also known informally as the "Anglican Rosary", are a recent innovation created in the 1980s.[68] They consist of four "weeks" (the equivalent of a decade) of seven beads each. The weeks are separated from each other by single beads termed "cruciform beads." A variety of different prayers may be said, the most common being the Jesus Prayer.

text: Anglican Prayer Beads are not a Marian devotion, and there are no appointed meditations. Although it is sometimes called the "Anglican rosary," it is distinct from the Rosary of Our Lady as prayed by Catholics, Anglicans, and other Western Christians.[67]

text: Lutheranism

text: A small minority of Lutherans pray the Rosary.[69] However, while following the Catholic format of the Rosary, each "Hail Mary" is replaced with the "Jesus Prayer". The only time the "Hail Mary" is said is at the end of the Mysteries on the medal, where it is then replaced with the "Pre-Trent" version of the prayer (which omits "Holy Mary, mother of God, pray for us sinners, now and at the hour of our death"). The final "Hail Mary" can also be replaced by reciting of either the Magnificat, or Martin Luther's "Evangelical praise of the Mother of God."[65] The Wreath of Christ is used in the Swedish Lutheran church.

text: Churches named for the Rosary

text: A number of churches around the world are named after the Rosary. These range from small churches in Poland,[citation needed] Canada,[citation needed] Brazil[citation needed] and Hong Kong[citation needed] to key basilicas at Lourdes and Fatima with millions of pilgrims per year.[citation needed]. Roman Catholic Marian churches around the world named in honor of the rosary include: the Shrine of the Virgin of the Rosary of Pompei in Italy, Our Lady of the Rosary Basilica in the Archdiocesan seat of Rosario province, Argentina; the Sanctuary of Our Lady of the Rosary of San Nicolás in the neighboring suffragan diocese of San Nicolás de los Arroyos, the Rosary Basilica in Lourdes, and Nossa Senhora do Rosário in Porto Alegre, Brazil.

text:
Rosary Basilica, Fatima, Portugal, 1953.

Rosary Basilica, Lourdes, France, 1899.

Our Lady of the Rosary, Drawień, Poland, 1695.

Rosary Cathedral, Toledo, Ohio, 1931.

Sanctuary of Our Lady of the Rosary of San Nicolás, Buenes Aires province, Argentina

text: In Marian art

text: Since the 17th century, the Rosary began to appear as an element in key pieces of Roman Catholic Marian art. Key examples include Murrillo's Madonna with the Rosary at the Museo del Prado in Spain and the statue of Madonna with Rosary at the church of San Nazaro Maggiore in Milan.

text:
Madonna and rosary by Nicola Porta

Madonna with rosary, by Guido Reni, 1596

Madonna offering Saint Dominic rosary by August Palme, 1860

Madonna with the Rosary by Murillo, 1650

Madonna of the Rosary statue, Naples, Italy

Rosary Madonna, Porto Alegre, Brazil

Madonna with Rosary, South-Tyrol, Austria

Madonna with Rosary by Josef Mersa, Italy

Crucifixion and rosary

Saint Anthony with a rosary

Rosary with pomander

Old woman praying

Madonna of the Rosary by Caravaggio


document_title: Kalyan Singh

question_text: who was the chief minister of up during babri masjid demolition

text: Kalyan Singh

text: Political career[edit]

text: First term as Chief Minister[edit]

text: He first became the chief minister of Uttar Pradesh in June 1991.

text: Role in demolition of Babri Masjid[edit]

text: According to the chargesheet filed by the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) in the Babri Masjid demolition case, just after becoming chief minister, he, with his colleagues, "visited Ayodhya and took a vow to construct Ram temple there itself."[3] In October 1991, his government acquired 2.77 acres (11,200 m2) of land around the "Babri Masjid Complex" under a government notification for the purpose of "promoting tourism". In July 1992, the Sangh Parivar laid the foundation for the proposed Ram temple by digging around the Babri Masjid and filling the area with 10-foot (3.0 m)-thick layer of reinforced cement concrete. Kalyan Singh's government called it a "platform" for performing bhajans while the Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP) declared it as the foundation for Ram temple.[4]

text: Kar Seva was supposed to be conducted in Ayodhya on 6 December 1992 and he filed an affidavit in the Supreme Court that as the chief minister of Uttar Pradesh, he will not allow any damage to the mosque.[5] However, Kar Sevaks demolished Babri mosque on that day. Taking the moral responsibility, he resigned from the post of Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh in the evening. Later, Union government dissolved Uttar Pradesh assembly.

text: Post-Babri politics[edit]

text: He contested assembly elections to Uttar Pradesh assembly in November 1993 from two constituencies, namely Atrauli and Kasganj and won from both. As Samajwadi Party-Bahujan Samaj Party combine formed the government in the state under the chief ministership of Mulayam Singh Yadav, even though the BJP won the most votes and increased its vote share[6] Kalyan Singh served as Leader of Opposition in the assembly.

text: He later served as Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh again between September 1997 and November 1999. This government of his "insisted that all primary classes should begin the day with a worship of Bharat Mata and that Vande Mataram should substitute 'Yes Sir' during roll call".[7] In February 1998, his government withdrew cases against those who were associated with Ram janmabhoomi movement and said that a "Ram temple will be constructed at the same site if the Bharatiya Janata Party came to power at the centre".[8] He also promised to create Uttarakhand within 90 days if BJP leader Atal Bihari Vajpayee became the Prime Minister.[9]

text: On 21 October 1997, Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) withdrew support to Kalyan Singh government. Kalyan Singh, who was already in touch with disgruntled Indian National Congress Member of Legislative Assembly (MLA), Naresh Agrawal, contacted him and Agrawal immediately rushed to his support with 21 other MLAs having hurriedly formed a new party, Vinay Sharam the Loktantrik Congress.[10] For this, he was given the energy portfolio in the new cabinet.

text: On 21 February 1998, his government was dismissed and Governor of Uttar Pradesh, Romesh Bhandari invited Jagdambika Pal to form the new government when the same Naresh Agrawal withdrew support to Kalyan Singh's government and became deputy chief minister in Jagdambika's short-lived government.[11] The order was stayed by a division bench of the Allahabad High Court which directed the status quo ante bellum to be maintained thus reinstating his government.[12] After this decision, Atal Bihari Vajpayee, who had gone on fast unto death in protest against the governor's order called off his fast and said that the court's verdict was a "well-deserved slap in the face of the governor".[13]

text: Naresh Agrawal, who had become deputy chief minister in Jagdambika Pal's government, returned to BJP fold after the court order. When Kalyan Singh successfully proved his majority on the floor of the assembly with the support of Agrawal as well as some BSP rebels, Agrawal claimed that he had succeeded in proving that only his party could provide a stable government.[10] The BSP rebels were to be rewarded with ministerial berths[14] and this was duly done within days.

text: He left the party in December 1999 and rejoined in January 2004.[15] He contested the 2004 Lok Sabha elections on the BJP ticket from Bulandshahar. Before the LokSabha election of 2009 he left BJP and contest election from Etah LokSabha seat as an independent and subsequently won it.

text: It has been reported that Kalyan Singh is expected to join BJP and is to be appointed as a Vice-President of Bharatiya Janata Party.[16] His son Rajveer Singh have also been a Member of Legislative Assembly for a term.

text: The Liberhan Commission gave clean chit to then PM Rao but criticized CM Kalyan Singh and his government for pre-planned mannered events, misuse of power, attracting youth for support, and allowing Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh to run the state government directly.[citation needed]

text: Defections[edit]

text: Singh resigned his post and party membership on 20 January 2009.[17] After meetings with Samajwadi Party leaders Mulayam Singh Yadav and Amar Singh, Singh announced that he would campaign for the SP in the 2009 Lok Sabha elections.[18] Meanwhile, his son Rajveer Singh, one of the main reasons of his disenchantment with the BJP, joined the Samajwadi Party.[19]

text: On 14 November 2009, Mulayam Singh Yadav said that the poor performance of the party at the Firozabad Lok Sabha by-election was due to the loss of Muslim support because of Kalyan Singh.[20] In January 2010, he announced the formation of a new Hindutva-oriented political party, the Jan Kranti Party, but chose to take the role of patron while his son became the leader.[21]

text: Governor of Rajasthan[edit]

text: Singh was sworn in as Governor of Rajasthan on 4 September 2014.[22]


document_title: Haight-Ashbury

question_text: who lived in haight ashbury in the 60s

question_tokens: who lived in haight ashbury in the 60s

text: Haight-Ashbury

text: Location[edit]

text: The district generally encompasses the neighborhood surrounding Haight Street, bounded by Stanyan Street and Golden Gate Park on the west, Oak Street and the Golden Gate Park Panhandle on the north, Baker Street and Buena Vista Park to the east and Frederick Street and Ashbury Heights and Cole Valley neighborhoods to the south.[6]

text: The street names commemorate two early San Francisco leaders: Pioneer and exchange banker Henry Haight[7] and Munroe Ashbury, a member of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors from 1864 to 1870.[8] Both Haight and his nephew, as well as Ashbury, had a hand in the planning of the neighborhood and, more importantly, nearby Golden Gate Park at its inception. The name "Upper Haight", used by locals, is in contrast to the Haight-Fillmore or Lower Haight district; the latter being lower in elevation and part of what was previously the principal African-American and Japanese neighborhoods in San Francisco's early years.

text: The Haight-Ashbury district is noted for its role as a center of the 1960s hippie movement. The earlier bohemians of the beat movement had congregated around San Francisco's North Beach neighborhood from the late 1950s. Many who could not find accommodation there turned to the quaint, relatively cheap and underpopulated Haight-Ashbury.[9] The Summer of Love (1967), the 1960s era as a whole, and much of modern American counterculture have been synonymous with San Francisco and the Haight-Ashbury neighborhood ever since.

text: History[edit]

text: Farms, entertainment, and homes[edit]

text: Before the completion of the Haight Street Cable Railroad in 1883, what is now the Haight-Ashbury was a collection of isolated farms and acres of sand dunes. The Haight cable car line, completed in 1883, connected the east end of Golden Gate Park with the geographically central Market Street line and the rest of downtown San Francisco. As the primary gateway to Golden Gate Park, and with an amusement park known as the Chutes[10] on Haight Street between Cole and Clayton Streets between 1895 and 1902[11] and the California League Baseball Grounds stadium opening in 1887, the area became a popular entertainment destination, especially on weekends. The cable car, land grading and building techniques of the 1890s and early 20th century later reinvented the Haight-Ashbury as a residential upper middle class homeowners' district.[12] It was one of the few neighborhoods spared from the fires that followed the catastrophic San Francisco earthquake of 1906.

text: Depression and war[edit]

text: The Haight was hit hard by the Depression, as was much of the city. Residents with enough money to spare left the declining and crowded neighborhood for greener pastures within the growing city limits, or newer, smaller suburban homes in the Bay Area. During the housing shortage of World War II, large single-family Victorians were divided into apartments to house workers. Others were converted into boarding homes for profit. By the 1950s, the Haight was a neighborhood in decline. Many buildings were left vacant after the war. Deferred maintenance also took its toll, and the exodus of middle class residents to newer suburbs continued to leave many units for rent.

text: Postwar[edit]

text: In the 1950s, a freeway was proposed that would have run through the Panhandle, but due to a citizen freeway revolt, it was cancelled in a series of battles that lasted until 1966.[13][14][page needed] The Haight Ashbury Neighborhood Council (HANC) was formed at the time of the 1959 revolt.[15] HANC is still active in the neighborhood as of 2008.[16]

text: The Haight-Ashbury's elaborately detailed, 19th century, multi-story, wooden houses became a haven for hippies during the 1960s,[17] due to the availability of cheap rooms and vacant properties for rent or sale in the district; property values had dropped in part because of the proposed freeway.[18] The bohemian subculture that subsequently flourished there took root, and to a great extent, has remained to this day.[19]

text: Hippie community[edit]

text: The mainstream media's coverage of hippie life in the Haight-Ashbury drew the attention of youth from all over America. Hunter S. Thompson labeled the district "Hashbury" in The New York Times Magazine, and the activities in the area were reported almost daily.[20] The Haight-Ashbury district was sought out by hippies to constitute a community based upon counterculture ideals, drugs, and music. This neighborhood offered a concentrated gathering spot for hippies to create a social experiment that would soon spread throughout the nation.[21]

text: The first ever head shop, Ron and Jay Thelin's Psychedelic Shop, opened on Haight Street on January 3, 1966, offering hippies a spot to purchase marijuana and LSD, which was essential to hippie life in Haight-Ashbury.[22] Along with businesses like the coffee shop The Blue Unicorn, the Psychedelic Shop quickly became one of the unofficial community centers for the growing numbers of freaks, heads, and hippies migrating to the neighborhood in 1966-67.[23] The entire hippie community had easy access to drugs, which was perceived as a community unifier.[24]

text: Another well-known neighborhood presence was the Diggers, a local "community anarchist" group known for its street theater, formed in the mid to late 1960s. The Diggers believed in a free society and the good in human nature. To express their belief, they established a free store, gave out free meals daily, and built a free medical clinic, which was the first of its kind, all of which relied on volunteers and donations.[25] The Diggers were strongly opposed to a capitalistic society; they felt that by eliminating the need for money, people would be free to examine their own personal values, which would provoke people to change the way they lived to better suit their character, and thus lead a happier life.[26]

text: During the 1967 Summer of Love, psychedelic rock music was entering the mainstream, receiving more and more commercial radio airplay. The Scott McKenzie song "San Francisco (Be Sure to Wear Flowers in Your Hair)," became a hit that year. The Monterey Pop Festival in June further cemented the status of psychedelic music as a part of mainstream culture and elevated local Haight bands such as the Grateful Dead, Big Brother and the Holding Company, and Jefferson Airplane to national stardom. A July 7, 1967, Time magazine cover story on "The Hippies: Philosophy of a Subculture," an August CBS News television report on "The Hippie Temptation"[27] and other major media interest in the hippie subculture exposed the Haight-Ashbury district to enormous national attention and popularized the counterculture movement across the country and around the world.

text: The neighborhood's fame reached its peak as it became the haven for a number of psychedelic rock performers and groups of the time. The members of Jefferson Airplane and the Grateful Dead, and Janis Joplin, all lived close to the intersection. They not only immortalized the scene in song, but also knew many within the community.[28]

text: The Summer of Love attracted a wide range of people of various ages: teenagers and college students drawn by their peers and the allure of joining a cultural utopia; middle-class vacationers; and even partying military personnel from bases within driving distance. The Haight-Ashbury could not accommodate this rapid influx of people, and the neighborhood scene quickly deteriorated. Overcrowding, homelessness, hunger, drug problems, and crime afflicted the neighborhood. Many people left in the autumn to resume their college studies.[26] On October 6, 1967, those remaining in the Haight staged a mock funeral, Digger happening, "The Death of the Hippie" ceremony.[29] Mary Kasper explained the message of the mock funeral as:

text: We wanted to signal that this was the end of it, don't come out. Stay where you are! Bring the revolution to where you live. Don't come here because it's over and done with.[30]

text: Recent history[edit]

text: After 1968, the area went into decline due to "an influx of hard drugs and a lack of police presence,"[31][32] but was improved and renewed in the late 1970s.[33]

text: The Haight Ashbury was the origin of several communities and movements. The Farm started here as did the Rainbow Family. The Haight was at one point the home to hundreds of intentional communities, few lasted and many moved outside the area. The last hippie commune with a continuous presence there may have been Kerista Commune.

text: Throughout the 1980s, the Haight became an epicenter for the SF Comedy Scene when a small coffee house off Haight Street called The Other Café at 100 Carl Street[34] (currently the restaurant Crepes on Cole) became a full-time comedy club that helped launch the careers of Robin Williams, Dana Carvey, and Whoopi Goldberg.[35] Also from the 1980s to the early 1990s, the I-Beam nightclub on Haight Street became a hot spot for modern rock dance music in San Francisco, and a popular venue for live performances by new wave, punk, industrial and indie bands.

text: Attractions and characteristics[edit]

text: The Red Victorian hotel is a popular attraction. An independent theater of the same name operated about a block away from the hotel from 1980 to 2011.[36]

text: The Haight-Ashbury Street Fair is held on the second Sunday of June each year attracting thousands of people, during which Haight Street is closed between Stanyan and Masonic to vehicular traffic, with one sound stage at each end.[37]