document_title: List of Academy Award records

question_text: who won the most academy awards in his lifetime than any other person

root

text: List of Academy Award records

text: Most awards[edit]

text:
Most awards won by a single film
Three films have won 11 Academy Awards:
Ben-Hur (1959) – 15 categories available for nomination; nominated for 12
Titanic (1997) – 17 categories available for nomination; nominated for 14
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003) – 17 categories available for nomination; nominated for 11
Most nominations received by a single film
Three films have received 14 nominations:
All About Eve (1950) – 16 categories available for nomination; won 6 awards
Titanic (1997) – 17 categories available for nomination; won 11 awards
La La Land (2016) – 17 categories available for nomination; won 6 awards
Largest sweep (winning awards in every nominated category)
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003) won all 11 categories for which it was nominated: Best Picture, Director, Adapted Screenplay, Original Score, Original Song, Sound Mixing, Art Direction, Makeup, Costume Design, Film Editing, and Visual Effects
Most awards won by an individual
Walt Disney won 22 Oscars.
Most awards won by a woman
Edith Head won eight Oscars, all for Costume Design
Most nominations in a single year / Most awards in a single year
In 1954, Walt Disney won four awards out of six nominations, both records. He won Best Documentary, Features for The Living Desert; Best Documentary, Short Subjects for The Alaskan Eskimo; Best Short Subject, Cartoons for Toot Whistle Plunk and Boom; and Best Short Subject, Two-reel for Bear Country. He had two additional nominations in Best Short Subject, Cartoons for Rugged Bear; and Best Short Subject, Two-reel for Ben and Me.
Most awards won by a person who is still living
Visual Effects Supervisor Dennis Muren has won nine Academy Awards – six competitive awards, two "Special Achievement" awards, and one "Technical Achievement" award
Most competitive awards won by a person who is still living
Composer Alan Menken has won eight competitive Academy Awards
Acting
Katharine Hepburn won four awards, all for Best Actress
Directing
John Ford won the most directing awards, with four
Cinematography
The highest number of Academy Awards won by a cinematographer is four:
Joseph Ruttenberg, in 1938, 1942, 1956, and 1958
Leon Shamroy, in 1942, 1944, 1945, and 1963
Art Direction
Cedric Gibbons, who designed the Oscar statuette, won 11 awards out of a total of 39 nominations.[1]
Makeup
Rick Baker won seven Academy Awards (all for Best Makeup)
Most awards won by a country for Best Foreign Language Film
Italy won 14 awards in this category and received, in total, 32 nominations
Most nominations received by a country for Best Foreign Language Film
France received 40 nominations and won the award 12 times
Most awards won by a foreign-language film
Two foreign-language films have won four Academy Awards:
Fanny and Alexander (1982) won Best Foreign Language Film, Best Cinematography, Best Art Direction, and Best Costume Design
Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (2000) won Best Foreign Language Film, Best Art Direction, Best Original Score, and Best Cinematography
Most nominations received by a foreign-language film
Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (2000) received ten nominations: Best Foreign Language Film, Best Picture, Best Director, Best Adapted Screenplay, Best Original Song, Best Costume Design, Best Art Direction, Best Film Editing, Best Original Score, and Best Cinematography

tag: ul

text: Awards for debut acting or directing performances on film[edit]

text: The following individuals won Academy Awards for their film debut acting performances:

tag: p

text:
Best Actor
None
Best Actress
Shirley Booth (Come Back, Little Sheba, 1952)
Julie Andrews (Mary Poppins, 1964)
Barbra Streisand (Funny Girl, 1968)
Marlee Matlin (Children of a Lesser God, 1986)
Best Supporting Actor
Harold Russell (The Best Years of Our Lives, 1946)
Timothy Hutton (Ordinary People, 1980)
Haing S. Ngor (The Killing Fields, 1984)
Best Supporting Actress
Gale Sondergaard (Anthony Adverse, 1936)
Katina Paxinou (For Whom the Bell Tolls, 1943)
Mercedes McCambridge (All the King's Men, 1949)
Eva Marie Saint (On the Waterfront, 1954)
Jo Van Fleet (East of Eden, 1955)
Tatum O'Neal (Paper Moon, 1973)
Anna Paquin (The Piano, 1993)
Jennifer Hudson (Dreamgirls, 2006)
Lupita Nyong'o (12 Years a Slave, 2013) [2][3][4]
Academy Juvenile Award
Claude Jarman Jr. (The Yearling, 1946)
Vincent Winter (The Little Kidnappers, 1954) [2][3][5]

text: The following individuals won Academy Awards for their film debut direction.

text:
Best Director
Delbert Mann (Marty, 1955)
Jerome Robbins (West Side Story, 1961)
Robert Redford (Ordinary People, 1980)
James L. Brooks (Terms of Endearment, 1983)
Kevin Costner (Dances with Wolves, 1990)
Sam Mendes (American Beauty, 1999) [2][3][6]

text: Big Five winners[edit]

text: Three films have received the Big Five Academy Awards: Best Picture, Director, Actor, Actress, and Screenplay (Original or Adapted).[7][8][9]

text:
It Happened One Night (1934)
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975)
The Silence of the Lambs (1991)

text: Most consecutive awards[edit]

text:
Any awards
Walt Disney was awarded a record of 10 awards in the eight consecutive years from 1931/32 through 1939. Eight (listed below) are for Short Subject (Cartoon), and two were Special Awards: one for the creation of Mickey Mouse, and one recognizing the innovation of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs.
Best Actress
Two actresses have won two consecutive awards:
Luise Rainer (The Great Ziegfeld, 1936 and The Good Earth, 1937)
Katharine Hepburn (Guess Who's Coming to Dinner, 1967 and The Lion in Winter, 1968)
Best Actor
Two actors have won two consecutive awards:
Spencer Tracy – Captains Courageous (1937) and Boys Town (1938)
Tom Hanks – Philadelphia (1993) and Forrest Gump (1994) [7][10]
Best Director
Three directors have won two consecutive awards:
John Ford – The Grapes of Wrath (1940) and How Green Was My Valley (1941)
Joseph L. Mankiewicz – A Letter to Three Wives (1949) and All About Eve (1950) [7][11]
Alejandro G. Iñárritu – Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance) (2014) and The Revenant (2015)
Best Supporting Actor
Jason Robards won two consecutive awards for All the President's Men in 1976 and Julia in 1977[12][13]
Best Supporting Actress
No consecutive winner for Best Supporting Actress
Best Picture
David O. Selznick produced two consecutive Best Picture winners Gone with the Wind in 1939 and Rebecca in 1940. (He himself was not awarded the Oscars as at the time the statuette went to the studio instead of the producer.)
Best Original Screenplay
No consecutive winner for Best Original Screenplay
Best Adapted Screenplay
Joseph L. Mankiewicz won two consecutive adapted screenplay awards for A Letter to Three Wives in 1949 and All About Eve in 1950
Robert Bolt won for Doctor Zhivago in 1965 and A Man for All Seasons in 1966
Best Cinematography
Emmanuel Lubezki has won three consecutive awards for Gravity in 2013, Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance) in 2014 and The Revenant in 2015
Best Art Direction
Thomas Little won three consecutive awards for Best Art Direction, Black and White, for the films How Green Was My Valley in 1941, This Above All in 1942, and The Song of Bernadette in 1943. Little also won an Oscar the next year in 1944 for Best Art Direction, Color for the film Wilson.
Best Film Editing
Angus Wall and Kirk Baxter won for The Social Network in 2010 and The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo in 2011
Best Original Score
Roger Edens won three consecutive awards for composing the scores for Easter Parade (1948), On the Town (1949), and Annie Get Your Gun (1950)
Best Original Song
Three composers have won two consecutive awards for best original song, but under different award names:
Henry Mancini (music) and Johnny Mercer (lyrics) shared the awards for Best Music (Song) for "Moon River" from Breakfast at Tiffany's in 1961 and "Days of Wine and Roses" from Days of Wine and Roses in 1962
Alan Menken (music) won twice consecutively for Best Music (Original Song) for "Beauty and the Beast" from Beauty and the Beast (lyrics by Howard Ashman) in 1991 and "A Whole New World" from Aladdin (lyrics by Tim Rice) in 1992
Best Visual Effects
Jim Rygiel and Randall William Cook won 3 consecutive visual effects Oscars for The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring, The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers, and The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King in 2001, 2002, and 2003 respectively.
Best Sound Mixing
Thomas Moulton won three consecutive awards for The Snake Pit in 1948, Twelve O'Clock High in 1949, and All About Eve in 1950.
Best Costume Design
Edith Head won three consecutive awards for The Heiress in 1949, All About Eve in 1950, and A Place in the Sun in 1951.
Best Short Subject (Cartoon)
Walt Disney won eight consecutive awards for Flowers and Trees in 1931/32, Three Little Pigs in 1932/33, The Tortoise and the Hare in 1934, Three Orphan Kittens in 1935, The Country Cousin in 1936, The Old Mill in 1937, Ferdinand the Bull in 1938, and The Ugly Duckling in 1939
Best Short Subject (Two-Reel)
Walt Disney won four consecutive awards for In Beaver Valley in 1950, Nature's Half Acre in 1951, Water Birds in 1952, and Bear Country in 1953
Best Documentary (Feature)
Walt Disney won two consecutive awards for The Living Desert in 1953 and The Vanishing Prairie in 1954

text: Academy Award firsts[edit]

text:
First woman to win Best Picture
Julia Phillips for The Sting (1973)
First woman to win Best Director
Kathryn Bigelow for The Hurt Locker (2009)
First woman to win Best Animated Feature
Brenda Chapman for Brave (2012)
First woman to receive an Honorary Award
6 year old Shirley Temple received a Special Award in 1934
Greta Garbo received an Honorary Award in 1954
First foreign-language film to be nominated for Best Picture
Grand Illusion (1937), in French
First science fiction film to be nominated for Best Picture
A Clockwork Orange (1971)
First horror film to be nominated for Best Picture
The Exorcist (1973)
First animated film to be nominated for Best Picture
Beauty and the Beast (1991)
First fantasy film to win Best Picture
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003)
First 3-D films to be nominated for Best Picture
Avatar and Up (2009)
First film with an entirely non-white cast to win Best Picture
Slumdog Millionaire (2008)
First film with an all-black cast to win Best Picture
Moonlight (2016)
First science-fiction film to win Best Picture
The Shape of Water (2017)
First animated film to be nominated for Best Foreign Language Film
Waltz with Bashir (2008), representing Israel
First animated film to be nominated for Best Original Screenplay and for a Best Screenplay award in general
Toy Story (1995)
First animated film to be nominated for Best Adapted Screenplay
Shrek (2001)
First actress to be nominated for a performance in a 3-D film
Sandra Bullock for Gravity (2013)
First actor to be nominated for a performance in a 3-D film
Matt Damon for The Martian (2015)
First film to receive the most nominations of its year without receiving a Best Picture nomination
Dreamgirls (2006), with eight nominations
First X-rated film to win Best Picture
Midnight Cowboy (1969). It was also the first X-rated film to be nominated for Best Picture and the only one to date to have won it.
First actor to receive ten nominations for acting
Laurence Olivier received his tenth nomination (for Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor) for the film The Boys from Brazil (1978)
First actress to receive ten nominations for acting
Bette Davis received her tenth official nomination (all for Best Actress) for the film What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (1962)
First actress to receive twenty nominations for acting
Meryl Streep received her twentieth nomination (for Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress) for the film Florence Foster Jenkins (2016)
First posthumous nomination for acting
Jeanne Eagels, nominated for Best Actress for The Letter (1929)
First posthumous nomination for a male actor
James Dean, nominated for Best Actor for East of Eden (1955)
First posthumous win for acting
Peter Finch won Best Actor for Network (1976)
First actress to be nominated for performing in a language other than English
Melina Mercouri was nominated for Best Actress for Never on Sunday (1960), performing in Greek
First actor to be nominated for performing in a language other than English
Marcello Mastroianni was nominated for Best Actor for Divorce, Italian Style (1962), performing in Italian
First actress to win for performing in a language other than English
Sophia Loren won Best Actress for Two Women (1961), performing in Italian
First actor to win for performing in a language other than English
Robert De Niro won Best Supporting Actor for The Godfather Part II (1974), performing in Italian
First actress to win for performing in a sign language
Marlee Matlin won Best Actress for Children of a Lesser God (1986), performing in American Sign Language
First French actress to be nominated for performing in the French language
Anouk Aimée was nominated for Best Actress for A Man and a Woman (1966)
First French actress to win for performing in the French language
Marion Cotillard won Best Actress for La Vie en rose (2007). She's the only one to date to have won it.
First Nordic actress to be nominated for acting
Greta Garbo (from Sweden) was nominated for Best Actress for Anna Christie (1930)
First Nordic actor to be nominated for acting
Max von Sydow (from Sweden) was nominated for Best Actor for Pelle the Conqueror (1988)
First Nordic actress to win for acting
Ingrid Bergman (from Sweden) won Best Actress for Gaslight (1944)
First actor from Africa to be nominated for acting
Basil Rathbone (from South Africa), nominated for Best Supporting Actor for Romeo and Juliet (1936)
First actress from Africa to win for acting
Charlize Theron (from South Africa), won Best Actress for Monster (2003)
First actress from Asia to win for acting
Miyoshi Umeki (from Japan), won Best Supporting Actress for Sayonara (1957)
First Asian (and non-Caucasian) to win Best Director
Ang Lee (from Taiwan) for Brokeback Mountain (2005)
First Australian actress to win Best Actress
Nicole Kidman for The Hours (2002) – Born in the U.S.
First Australian actor to win Best Actor
Peter Finch for Network (1976)
First French actress to win Best Actress
Claudette Colbert for It Happened One Night (1934)
First French actor to win Best Actor
Jean Dujardin for The Artist (2011)
First Italian actress to win Best Actress
Anna Magnani for The Rose Tattoo (1955)
First Italian actor to win Best Actor
Roberto Benigni for Life Is Beautiful (1998)
First German actress to win Best Actress
Luise Rainer for The Great Ziegfeld (1937)
First German actor to win Best Actor
Emil Jannings (born in Switzerland) for The Way of All Flesh (1927) and The Last Command (1928)
First Austrian actor to win twice for acting
Christoph Waltz won Best Supporting Actor for Inglorious Basterds (2009) and Django Unchained (2012)
First persons from India to win in any music category
A. R. Rahman won Best Original Score and Best Original Song ("Jai Ho") for Slumdog Millionaire (2008)
Gulzar also won Best Original Song ("Jai Ho") for Slumdog Millionaire (2008)
First Middle Eastern/North African actor to be nominated for acting
Omar Sharif, nominated for Best Supporting Actor for Lawrence of Arabia (1962)
First Middle Eastern movie to win Best Foreign Language Film
A Separation (2011), representing Iran
First foreign actress to be nominated twice for Best Actress for foreign-language films without the films receiving a Best Foreign Language Film nomination
Marion Cotillard (from France) won Best Actress for La Vie en Rose (2007) and was nominated for Two Days, One Night (2014)
First black filmmaker to win Best Picture
Steve McQueen won for producing 12 Years a Slave (2013)
First black filmmaker to be nominated for Best Director
John Singleton for Boyz n the Hood (1991)
First black actress to win for acting
Hattie McDaniel won Best Supporting Actress for Gone with the Wind (1939)
First black actor to win for acting
Sidney Poitier won Best Actor for Lilies of the Field (1963)
First black actress to win Best Actress
Halle Berry for Monster's Ball (2001)
First black actress to win for film acting debut
Jennifer Hudson won Best Supporting Actress for Dreamgirls (2006)
First year in which two black actors/actresses won for acting
74th Academy Awards (in 2002, for 2001): Denzel Washington won Best Actor for Training Day; Halle Berry won Best Actress for Monster's Ball
First black African actor to be nominated for acting
Djimon Hounsou (born in Benin, U.S.-Benin dual citizen), nominated for Best Supporting Actor for In America (2003)
First black writer to win for screenwriting
Geoffrey S. Fletcher won Best Adapted Screenplay for Precious: Based on the Novel "Push" by Sapphire (2009)
First African American to receive an Honorary Award
James Baskett received a Special Award for his portrayal of Uncle Remus in Song of the South (1946)
First Latin American director to win Best Director
Alfonso Cuarón from Mexico won for Gravity in 2014
First Latin American actress to be nominated for Best Actress
Fernanda Montenegro from Brazil was nominated for Best Actress for Central Station (1998)
First Latin American actor to win Best Actor
José Ferrer from Puerto Rico won for Cyrano de Bergerac in 1950
First Muslim actor to win in an acting category
Mahershala Ali for Moonlight in 2016
First child actor to receive an Academy Award nomination [14]
Jackie Cooper, age 9, was nominated for Best Actor for Skippy (1931)
First short film to win an Academy Award outside of the Short Film categories
The Red Balloon (1956) for Best Original Screenplay
First professional athlete to win an Academy Award
Kobe Bryant for Best Animated Short Film, Dear Basketball (2017)

text: Age-related records[edit]

text:
Youngest winner of an acting award
Tatum O'Neal, age 10 (Best Supporting Actress, Paper Moon, 1973)
Youngest nominee for an acting award
Justin Henry, age 8 (Best Supporting Actor, Kramer vs. Kramer, 1979)
Youngest female winner of a lead acting award
Marlee Matlin, age 21 (Best Actress, Children of a Lesser God, 1986)
Youngest male winner of a lead acting award
Adrien Brody, age 29 (Best Actor, The Pianist, 2002)
Youngest male nominee for a lead acting award
Jackie Cooper, age 9 (Best Actor, Skippy, 1931)
Youngest female nominee for a lead acting award
Quvenzhané Wallis, age 9 (Best Actress, Beasts of the Southern Wild, 2012) [15][16] (also first person born in the 21st century to be nominated for an Academy Award)
Youngest winner of an Oscar
Shirley Temple, age 6, who was awarded the inaugural (now retired) non-competitive Academy Juvenile Award in 1934
Youngest winner of Best Director
Damien Chazelle, age 32 (La La Land, 2016)
Youngest nominee for Best Director
John Singleton, age 24 (Boyz n the Hood, 1991)
Oldest winner of Best Director
Clint Eastwood, age 74 (Million Dollar Baby, 2004)
Oldest nominee for Best Director
John Huston, age 79 (Prizzi's Honor, 1985)
Oldest winner of an acting award
Christopher Plummer, age 82 (Best Supporting Actor, Beginners, 2011)
Oldest woman to win best Actress Award
Jessica Tandy, age 80 (Best Actress, Driving Miss Daisy, 1989)
Oldest man to win Best Actor Award
Henry Fonda, age 76 (Best Actor, On Golden Pond, 1981)
Oldest nominee for an acting award
Christopher Plummer, age 88 (Best Supporting Actor, All the Money in the World, 2017)
Oldest nominee for a lead acting award
Emmanuelle Riva, age 85 (Best Actress, Amour, 2012) [15][16]
Oldest competitive Oscar winner
James Ivory, age 89 (Best Adapted Screenplay, Call Me by Your Name, 2017).
Oldest competitive Oscar nominee
Agnès Varda, age 89 (Best Documentary, Faces Places, 2017)
Earliest-born Oscar winner by birth year
George Arliss, born 10 April 1868 (Academy Award for Best Actor, Disraeli, 1929)
Earliest-born Oscar nominee by birth year
May Robson, born 19 April 1858 (Academy Award for Best Actress, Lady for a Day, 1933)
Year where all four Acting winners had the oldest age average
1981 with a combined average age of 70.5 years old[17].
Henry Fonda (aged 77)
John Gielgud (also 77)
Katharine Hepburn (72)
Maureen Stapleton (56)
Year where all four Acting winners had the youngest age average
1980 with a combined average age of 29 years old.
Sissy Spacek (aged 31)
Robert De Niro (37)
Timothy Hutton (20)
Mary Steenburgen (28)
Youngest multiple nominees for an acting award (best actor or best supporting actor)

text:
Nomination

Name

Age

Film

Year

Date of Birth

Date of Nomination

2nd

Sal Mineo

7003805300000000000♠22 years, 17 days

Exodus

1960

January 10, 1939

January 27, 1961

3rd

Marlon Brando

7004109100000000000♠29 years, 318 days

Julius Caesar

1953

April 3, 1924

February 15, 1954

4th

Marlon Brando

7004112720000000000♠30 years, 315 days

On the Waterfront

1954

April 3, 1924

February 12, 1955

5th

Marlon Brando

7004123740000000000♠33 years, 321 days

Sayonara

1957

April 3, 1924

February 18, 1958

6th

Richard Burton

7004161690000000000♠44 years, 98 days

Anne of the Thousand Days

1969

November 10, 1925

February 16, 1970

7th

Jack Nicholson

7004171010000000000♠46 years, 300 days

Terms of Endearment

1983

April 22, 1937

February 16, 1984

8th

Jack Nicholson

7004178210000000000♠48 years, 289 days

Prizzi's Honor

1985

April 22, 1937

February 5, 1986

9th

Jack Nicholson

7004185630000000000♠50 years, 301 days

Ironweed

1987

April 22, 1937

February 17, 1988

10th

Jack Nicholson

7004203910000000000♠55 years, 302 days

A Few Good Men

1992

April 22, 1937

February 18, 1993

tag: table

text: Youngest multiple nominees for an acting award (best actress or best supporting actress)

text:
Nomination

Name

Age

Film

Year

Date of Birth

Date of Nomination

2nd

Angela Lansbury

7003740800000000000♠20 years, 103 days

The Picture of Dorian Gray

1945

October 16, 1925

January 27, 1946

3rd

Jennifer Lawrence

7003855500000000000♠23 years, 154 days

American Hustle

2013

August 15, 1990

January 16, 2014

4th

Jennifer Lawrence

7003928300000000000♠25 years, 152 days

Joy

2015

August 15, 1990

January 14, 2016

5th

Kate Winslet

7004114330000000000♠31 years, 110 days

Little Children

2006

October 5, 1975

January 23, 2007

6th

Kate Winslet

7004121630000000000♠33 years, 109 days

The Reader

2008

October 5, 1975

January 22, 2009

7th

Bette Davis

7004134530000000000♠36 years, 304 days

Mr. Skeffington

1944

April 5, 1908

February 3, 1945

8th

Meryl Streep

7004144830000000000♠39 years, 238 days

A Cry in the Dark

1988

June 22, 1949

February 15, 1989

9th

Meryl Streep

7004152110000000000♠41 years, 236 days

Postcards from the Edge

1990

June 22, 1949

February 13, 1991

10th

Meryl Streep

7004170370000000000♠46 years, 236 days

The Bridges of Madison County

1995

June 22, 1949

February 13, 1996

text: Film records[edit]

text:
Most nominations for a single film
Three films received 14 nominations:
All About Eve (1950)
Titanic (1997)
La La Land (2016)
Most Oscars without winning Best Picture
Cabaret won 8 awards (1972)
Most nominations without winning Best Picture
La La Land (2016) with 14 nominations
Most nominations without any wins
Two films received 11 nominations without winning any awards:
The Turning Point (1977)
The Color Purple (1985)
Most nominations without a Best Picture nomination
They Shoot Horses, Don't They? (1969) with 9 nominations
Most Oscars without a nomination for Best Picture
The Bad and the Beautiful (1952) with 5 wins
Fewest nominations for a Best Picture winner
Grand Hotel (1932) received only  the Best Picture nomination.
Nominations in the most different technical categories
Five films have been nominated in all 7 technical categories (Cinematography, Costume Design, Film Editing, Production Design/Art Direction, Sound Editing, Sound Mixing, and Visual Effects):
Titanic (1997)
Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World (2003)
Hugo (2011)
Mad Max: Fury Road (2015)
The Revenant (2015)
Most nominations without a major nomination (Picture, Director, Acting and Screenplay)
Pepe (1960) received 7 nominations with no major nominations.
These 6 films got 6 nominations with no major nominations:
The Rains Came (1939)
Hans Christian Andersen (1952)
It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World (1963)
Empire of the Sun (1987)
Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988) (note: received 7 nominations when you include a "special achievement")
Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991)
Best picture nominees that won every nomination except Best Picture
These 14 films were nominated for Best Picture and won in every category they were nominated for except Best Picture:
Bad Girl (1931), 2/3
The Private Life of Henry VIII (1932), 1/2
Naughty Marietta (1935), 1/2
The Story of Louis Pasteur (1936), 3/4
The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938), 3/4
Miracle on 34th Street (1947), 3/4
The Treasure of the Sierra Madre (1948), 3/4
A Letter to Three Wives (1949), 2/3
King Solomon's Mines (1950), 2/3
Three Coins in the Fountain (1954), 2/3
Jaws (1975), 3/4
Traffic (2000), 4/5
The Blind Side (2009), 1/2
Selma (2014), 1/2
Films nominated for Best Picture with no other major nominations
These 28 films were nominated for Best Picture but had no other major nominations (this does not include films that were only nominated for Best Picture and nothing else):
Wings (1927), 2 nominations (winner)
42nd Street (1933), 2 nominations
A Farewell to Arms (1933), 4 nominations
Cleopatra (1934), 5 nominations
Flirtation Walk (1934), 2 nominations
The Gay Divorcee (1934), 5 nominations
Imitation of Life (1934), 3 nominations
The White Parade (1934), 2 nominations
David Copperfield (1935), 3 nominations
Les Misérables (1935), 4 nominations
A Midsummer Night's Dream (1935), 4 nominations (note: really had 2, but 2 more were write in noms)
Naughty Marietta (1935), 2 nominations
Top Hat (1935), 4 nominations
A Tale of Two Cities (1936), 2 nominations
The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938), 4 nominations
Of Mice and Men (1939), 4 nominations
The Wizard of Oz (1939), 6 nominations
King Solomon's Mines (1950), 3 nominations
Decision Before Dawn (1951), 2 nominations
Three Coins in the Fountain (1954), 3 nominations
The Music Man (1962), 6 nominations
Doctor Dolittle (1967), 9 nominations
Hello, Dolly! (1969), 7 nominations
Jaws (1975), 4 nominations
Beauty and the Beast (1991), 6 nominations
The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (2002), 6 nominations
War Horse (2011), 6 nominations
Selma (2014), 2 nominations
Stories made into multiple Best Picture nominees
6 sets of Best Picture nominees share either original source material or were revised versions of the same story (* =winner):
Cleopatra (1934), Cleopatra (1963)
Mutiny on the Bounty (1935)*, Mutiny on the Bounty (1962)
Romeo and Juliet (1936), West Side Story (1960)*, Romeo and Juliet (1968). (The plot of another Best Picture winner, Shakespeare in Love, revolves around the original production of Romeo and Juliet)
Les Misérables (1935), Les Misérables (2012)
Pygmalion (1938), My Fair Lady (1964)*
Here Comes Mr. Jordan (1941), Heaven Can Wait (1978)
First Best Picture produced wholly by non-Americans
Hamlet (1948), United Kingdom
First Best Picture produced wholly by non-Americans or non-British
The Artist (2011), France
Most wins by a film produced wholly or partially by non-Americans
The Last Emperor (1987), Italy/Hong Kong/United Kingdom
Most nominations for a film produced wholly or partially by non-Americans
Two non-American films have received 13 nominations:
Shakespeare in Love (1998), United Kingdom/United States
The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001), New Zealand/United States
Best Picture with no female speaking roles
Lawrence of Arabia (1962)

text: Acting records[edit]

text:
Most awards for leading actress
Katharine Hepburn with 4 awards (1933, 1967, 1968*, 1981) (*Hepburn tied with Barbra Streisand in 1968.)
Most awards for leading actor
Daniel Day-Lewis with 3 awards (1989, 2007, 2012)
Most awards for supporting actor
Walter Brennan with 3 awards (1936, 1938, 1940)
Most consecutive leading actress nominations
Two actresses have been nominated 5 years in a row:
Bette Davis (1938–1942)
Greer Garson (1941–1945)
Most consecutive leading actor nominations
Marlon Brando with four nominations (1951 to 1954)
Actress with most total nominations for acting
Meryl Streep with 21 nominations
Actor with most total nominations for acting
Jack Nicholson with 12 nominations
Most acting nominations without an award
Peter O'Toole with 8 nominations (He received an Honorary Award in 2002)
Most nominations for an actor performing in a foreign language
Marcello Mastroianni with 3 nominations. He was nominated for Best Actor for Divorce, Italian Style (1962); A Special Day (1977) and Dark Eyes (1987), performing in Italian
Longest gap between first and second award
Helen Hayes won in 1932 for The Sin of Madelon Claudet and in 1971 for Airport, a 39-year gap
Longest time span between first and last nomination and between first and last award
Katharine Hepburn: 48 years from Morning Glory (1933, in the 1932/33 awards) until On Golden Pond (1981)
Most acting nominations before first award
Both Geraldine Page and Al Pacino won on their 8th nomination
Most posthumous nominations
James Dean with 2 (1955 for East of Eden and 1956 for Giant)
Shortest performance to win an acting Oscar
Beatrice Straight in Network (1976) – 5 minutes and 2 seconds
Shortest performance to win a lead acting Oscar
Patricia Neal in Hud (1963) – 21 minutes and 51 seconds [18]
Shortest performance to be nominated for an acting Oscar
Hermione Baddeley in Room at the Top (1959) – 2 minutes and 19 seconds
Shortest performance to be nominated for a lead acting Oscar
Spencer Tracy in San Francisco (1936) – 14 minutes and 58 seconds
Longest performance to win an acting Oscar
Vivien Leigh in Gone with the Wind (1939) – 2 hours, 23 minutes and 32 seconds
Longest performance to win a supporting acting Oscar
Tatum O'Neal in Paper Moon (1973) – 1 hour, 6 minutes and 58 seconds
Longest performance to be nominated for an acting Oscar
Vivien Leigh in Gone with the Wind (1939) – 2 hours, 23 minutes and 32 seconds
Longest performance to be nominated for a supporting acting Oscar
Frank Finlay in Othello (1965) – 1 hour, 30 minutes and 43 seconds
Most awards by an African American actor
Denzel Washington with 2, winning Best Supporting Actor for Glory (1989) and Best Actor for Training Day (2001)
Most awards for one acting performance
Harold Russell played Homer Parish in The Best Years of Our Lives in 1946. For this role he received 2 Oscars, one for Best Supporting and an honorary award for being an inspiration to all returning veterans.
Most nominations for one acting performance
Barry Fitzgerald was nominated as Best Actor and won for Best Supporting Actor for his role as Father Fitzgibbon in 1944's Going My Way
Years where all four Acting winners were born outside the United States
1964
Best Actor - Rex Harrison for My Fair Lady, United Kingdom
Best Actress - Julie Andrews for Mary Poppins, United Kingdom
Best Supporting Actor - Peter Ustinov for Topkapi, United Kingdom
Best Supporting Actress - Lila Kedrova for Zorba the Greek, Russia
2007
Best Actor - Daniel Day-Lewis for There Will Be Blood, United Kingdom
Best Actress - Marion Cotillard for La Vie en Rose, France
Best Supporting Actor - Javier Bardem for No Country for Old Men, Spain
Best Supporting Actress - Tilda Swinton for Michael Clayton, United Kingdom

text: Miscellaneous records[edit]

text:
Most nominations in different decades Six decades – John Williams, Elmer Bernstein[citation needed]
Only people to win both a Nobel Prize and an Oscar
George Bernard Shaw: Won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1925, and an Oscar for Best Adapted Screenplay in 1938 for the film Pygmalion
Bob Dylan: Won an Oscar for Best Original Song for the song "Things Have Changed" from Wonder Boys in 2000, and the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2016.
Only person to win both an Olympic medal and an Oscar
Kobe Bryant: Won gold medals in Basketball in 2008 and 2012, and an Oscar for Best Animated Short Film in 2018 for the film Dear Basketball
Only woman to win Best Actress and Best Original Song
Barbra Streisand: Best Actress (joint) for Funny Girl (1968); Best Original Song for the Love Theme ("Evergreen") from A Star Is Born (1976)
Only person to win an Academy Award for acting and writing
Emma Thompson: Best Actress for Howards End (1992); Best Adapted Screenplay for Sense and Sensibility (1995)
Only person nominated for Acting, Writing, Producing, and Directing the same film
Warren Beatty was nominated in the four categories for Heaven Can Wait (1978), and again for  Reds (1981).
Only actor to win an Academy Award for portraying a real Academy Award winner
Cate Blanchett won Best Supporting Actress for portraying Katharine Hepburn in The Aviator
Only actor to win an Academy Award for portraying a fictional Academy Award nominee
Maggie Smith won Best Supporting Actress in California Suite
Most total nominations without a win
Greg P. Russell has earned 16 nominations in the Best Sound Mixing category. (This does not include his nomination at the 89th Academy Awards for 13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi, which was revoked the day before the ceremony.)[19]
Most total nominations before receiving an award
Film composer Victor Young was nominated 21 times without winning. He was often nominated multiple times in one year; twice, four times at the same Oscars. He won posthumously for Around the World in 80 Days, alongside yet another nomination (also posthumous).
Sound re-recording mixer Kevin O'Connell comes in at a close second, with 20 unsuccessful nominations from 1983 until 2016, when he finally won for Hacksaw Ridge.
Most nominations for a person
Walt Disney with 59; followed by composer John Williams with 51; composer Alfred Newman with 43; production designer Cedric Gibbons with 39; costume designer Edith Head with 35; songwriter Sammy Cahn with 26; composer Max Steiner with 25; Woody Allen with 23; composer Victor Young with 22; sound mixer Kevin O'Connell, Billy Wilder and Meryl Streep tied  with 21.
Most nominations for a living person
Film composer John Williams with 51
Most nominated woman
Edith Head with 35
Highest "perfect score"
Sound editor Mark Berger has four nominations and four wins
Most nominations for directing
William Wyler with 12 nominations
Most wins for producing
Two producers received 3 awards:
Sam Spiegel
Saul Zaentz
Most nominations for producing
Steven Spielberg with 10 nominations
Most nominations for directing in a single year
Two people have received 2 nominations for Best Director in the same year:
Michael Curtiz for Angels with Dirty Faces and Four Daughters in 1938
Steven Soderbergh for Erin Brockovich and Traffic in 2000
Most Best Picture awards for a film series
The Godfather series with 2 (for The Godfather and The Godfather Part II)
Most nominations and awards for a film series
The Middle-earth series with 17 competitive wins out of 37 nominations (for The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit).
Most nominations for Best Original Screenplay
Woody Allen with 16 nominations and 3 wins
Longest time between the release of a film and winning an Oscar
Limelight (1952) is the only film to have won an award twenty years after its official release. Since it was not released in Los Angeles County until 1972, it was not eligible for any Academy Awards until that time.
Most posthumous award wins
William A. Horning won in 1958 for Best Art Direction for Gigi, and for Best Art Direction for Ben-Hur in 1959
Most posthumous award nominations
Howard Ashman with four
Lowest-grossing film to win Best Picture
Cimarron with $1,380,000
Longest film to win Best Picture
Gone with the Wind, 224 minutes (238 with overture, entr'acte, and exit music)
Longest film to win an award
O.J.: Made in America (2016), 467 minutes (Academy Award for Best Documentary)
The longest fictional film to win an award was War and Peace (1968), 431 minutes (Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film)
Shortest film to win Best Picture
Marty, 90 minutes
Most acting awards for a character
Portrayals of Vito Corleone won:
Best Actor for Marlon Brando in The Godfather
Best Supporting Actor for Robert De Niro in The Godfather Part II
Most nominations for a character
3 portrayals of Queen Elizabeth I of England earned nominations for:
Cate Blanchett in Elizabeth and Elizabeth: The Golden Age (Best Actress)
Judi Dench in Shakespeare in Love (winner, Best Supporting Actress)
3 Portrayals of King Henry VIII of England earned nominations for:
Charles Laughton in The Private Life of Henry VIII (winner, Best Actor)
Robert Shaw in A Man for All Seasons (Best Supporting Actor)
Richard Burton in Anne of the Thousand Days (Best Actor)
21 other characters have been nominated twice – (*) = winning portrayal:
Abraham Lincoln – Raymond Massey, Daniel Day-Lewis (*)
Arthur Chipping – Robert Donat (*), Peter O'Toole
Cyrano de Bergerac – Jose Ferrer (*), Gerard Depardieu
Esther Blodgett – Janet Gaynor, Judy Garland
"Fast Eddie" Felson – Paul Newman (*)
Father Chuck O'Malley – Bing Crosby (*)
Father Fitzgibbons – Barry Fitzgerald (*) – nominated for Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor for the same performance in Going My Way
Henry Higgins – Leslie Howard, Rex Harrison (*)
Howard Hughes – Jason Robards, Leonardo DiCaprio
Iris Murdoch – Judi Dench, Kate Winslet – portrayals of the same character at different ages in the same film (Iris)
Joe Pendleton – Robert Montgomery, Warren Beatty
King Henry II of England – Peter O'Toole
King Henry V of England – Laurence Olivier, Kenneth Branagh
Leslie Crosbie – Jeanne Eagels, Bette Davis
Max Corkle – James Gleason, Jack Warden
Michael Corleone – Al Pacino
Norman Maine – Fredric March, James Mason
Richard Nixon – Anthony Hopkins, Frank Langella
Rocky Balboa – Sylvester Stallone
Rooster Cogburn – John Wayne (*), Jeff Bridges
Rose DeWitt Bukater – Kate Winslet and Gloria Stuart – portray of the same character at different ages in the same film (Titanic)
Vito Corleone – Marlon Brando (*), Robert De Niro (*)

text:
Most Royalty and Leaders portrayed
43 portrayals of monarchs or civil leaders (real and fictional), have been nominated for acting awards, with 11 winners.
The United Kingdom is the most represented nation.
Overall, there have been 15 Nominations and 4 wins for portrayals of  British monarchs.
In addition, Vanessa Redgrave was nominated for her portrayal of  Mary, Queen of Scots.
3 portrayals of British Prime Ministers have been nominated, with 3 wins
The only portrayal of a non-British monarch to win an award was Yul Brynner as  King Mongkut of Siam in  The King and I.
9 portrayals of  Presidents of the United States - 2 of them fictional - have been nominated, with Daniel Day-Lewis's portrayal of Abraham Lincoln the only winner.
Portrayals of 4  French  kings and Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte have nominations.
3 portrayals of Dictators have been nominated:
Forest Whitaker won for his portrayal of Idi Amin in The Last King of Scotland
Charlie Chaplin and Jack Oakie were nominated for their turns as the dictators of Tomainia and Bacteria in The Great Dictator.
11 portrayals of spouses/consorts of leaders have been nominated, with Katharine Hepburn's  Eleanor of Aquitaine  the only winner.

text:
Most Honorary Awards
Bob Hope received 5 honorary awards – 2 Special, 2 Honorary, and the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award.[20]

text: Oscar speeches[edit]

text:
Longest speech
The longest Oscar speech was that given by Greer Garson at the 15th Academy Awards after she was named Best Actress for 1942 for Mrs. Miniver. Her speech ran for nearly six minutes.[21] It was shortly after this incident that the Academy set forty-five seconds as the allotted time for an acceptance speech and began to cut the winners off after this time limit. When presenting the Best Actor award at the 24th Academy Awards, Garson quipped, "I think I have ten minutes left over from a highly emotional speech I made a few years ago. I'd be glad to give it to them."
Shortest speech
The shortest Oscar speech was that given by Patty Duke at the 35th Academy Awards after she was named Best Supporting Actress for 1962 for The Miracle Worker. Duke, age 16, was the youngest person at that time to receive an Academy Award in a competitive category. Her acceptance speech was, simply, two words – "Thank you" – after which she walked off the stage.[22]

text: Tied winners[edit]

text: There have been six two-way ties:

text:
1931/32: Best Actor – Wallace Beery (The Champ) and Fredric March (Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde)
1949: Best Documentary Short – A Chance to Live and So Much for So Little
1968: Best Actress – Katharine Hepburn (The Lion in Winter) and Barbra Streisand (Funny Girl)
1986: Best Documentary – Artie Shaw: Time Is All You've Got and Down and Out in America
1994: Best Short Film (Live Action) – Franz Kafka's It's a Wonderful Life and Trevor
2012: Best Sound Editing – Paul N. J. Ottosson (Zero Dark Thirty) and Per Hallberg and Karen Baker Landers (Skyfall)


document_title: Roman numerals

question_text: what does lx stand for in roman numerals

question_tokens: what does lx stand for in roman numerals

text: Roman numerals

text: Roman numeric system

text: Basic decimal pattern

text: The original pattern for Roman numerals used the symbols I, V. and X (1, 5, and 10) as simple tally marks. Each marker for 1 (I) added a unit value up to 5 (V), and was then added to (V) to make the numbers from 6 to 9:

text: The numerals for 4 (IIII) and 9 (VIIII) proved problematic (among other things, they are easily confused with III and VIII), and are generally replaced with IV (one less than 5) and IX (one less than 10). This feature of Roman numerals is called subtractive notation.

text: The numbers from 1 to 10 (including subtractive notation for 4 and 9) are expressed in Roman numerals as follows:

text: The system being basically decimal, tens and hundreds follow the same pattern:

text: Thus 10 to 100 (counting in tens, with X taking the place of I, L taking the place of V and C taking the place of X):

text: Note that 40 (XL) and 90 (XC) follow the same subtractive pattern as 4 and 9.

text: Similarly, 100 to 1000 (counting in hundreds):

text: Many numbers include hundreds, units and tens. The Roman numeral system being basically decimal, each "place" is added separately, in descending sequence from left to right, as with "arabic" numbers. For example, the number 39 is XXXIX, (three tens and a ten less one), 246 is CCXLVI (two hundreds, a fifty less ten, a five and a one. As each place has its own notation there is no need for place keeping zeros, so "missing places" can be simply omitted: thus 207, for instance, is written CCVII (two hundreds, a five and two ones) and 1066 becomes MLXVI (a thousand, a fifty and a ten, a five and a one)[3][4]

text: Roman numerals for large numbers are nowadays seen mainly in the form of year numbers (other uses are detailed later in this article), as in these examples:

text:
1776 as MDCCLXXVI, the date written on the book held by the Statue of Liberty.[5]
1954 as MCMLIV, as in the trailer for the movie The Last Time I Saw Paris[6]
1990 as MCMXC, used as the title of musical project Enigma's debut album MCMXC a.D., named after the year of its release.
2014 as MMXIV, the year of the games of the XXII (22nd) Olympic Winter Games (in Sochi)
2018 as MMXVIII.

text: Alternative forms

text: The "standard" forms described above reflect typical modern usage rather than a universally accepted convention. Usage in ancient Rome varied greatly and remained inconsistent in medieval and modern times.[7]

text:
Inscriptions dating from the Roman period not infrequently use "additive" forms such as IIII and VIIII for "4" and "9" instead of IV and IX. There are even instances of both forms appearing within the same document.
While in standard usage subtractive notation is limited to use of "adjacent" numerals, so that 99 (for example) is written XCIX, forms such as IC are not unknown.
XIIX or IIXX are sometimes used for "18" instead of XVIII. The Latin word for "eighteen" is often rendered as the equivalent of "twenty less two", (duodeviginti) which may be the source of this usage.
Sometimes V and L are not used, with instances such as IIIIII and XXXXXX rather than VI or LX.[8][9]

text:
Clock faces that use Roman numerals normally show IIII for four o’clock but IX for nine o’clock, a practice that goes back to very early clocks such as the Wells Cathedral clock of the late 14th century.[10][11][12] However, this is far from universal: for example, the clock on the Palace of Westminster in London (aka "Big Ben") uses a "normal" IV.[11]
At the beginning of the 20th century, different representations of 900 (conventionally CM) appeared in several inscribed dates. For instance, 1910 is shown on Admiralty Arch, London, as MDCCCCX rather than MCMX, while on the north entrance to the Saint Louis Art Museum, 1903 is inscribed as MDCDIII rather than MCMIII.[13]

text: History

text: Pre-Roman times and ancient Rome

text: Although Roman numerals came to be written with letters of the Roman alphabet, they were originally independent symbols. The Etruscans, for example, used 𐌠, 𐌡, 𐌢, 𐌣, 𐌚, and ⊕ for I, V, X, L, C, and M, of which only I and X happened to be letters in their alphabet.

text: Hypotheses about the origin of Roman numerals

text: Tally marks

text: One hypothesis is that the Etrusco-Roman numerals actually derive from notches on tally sticks, which continued to be used by Italian and Dalmatian shepherds into the 19th century.[14]

text: Thus, ⟨I⟩ descends not from the letter ⟨I⟩ but from a notch scored across the stick. Every fifth notch was double cut i.e. ⋀, ⋁, ⋋, ⋌, etc.), and every tenth was cross cut (X), IIIIΛIIIIXIIIIΛIIIIXII...), much like European tally marks today. This produced a positional system: Eight on a counting stick was eight tallies, IIIIΛIII, or the eighth of a longer series of tallies; either way, it could be abbreviated ΛIII (or VIII), as the existence of a Λ implies four prior notches. By extension, eighteen was the eighth tally after the first ten, which could be abbreviated X, and so was XΛIII. Likewise, number four on the stick was the I-notch that could be felt just before the cut of the Λ (V), so it could be written as either IIII or IΛ (IV). Thus the system was neither additive nor subtractive in its conception, but ordinal. When the tallies were transferred to writing, the marks were easily identified with the existing Roman letters I, V and X.

text: The tenth V or X along the stick received an extra stroke. Thus 50 was written variously as N, И, K, Ψ, ⋔, etc., but perhaps most often as a chicken-track shape like a superimposed V and I: ↆ. This had flattened to Ʇ (an inverted T) by the time of Augustus, and soon thereafter became identified with the graphically similar letter L. Likewise, 100 was variously Ж, ⋉, ⋈, H, or as any of the symbols for 50 above plus an extra stroke. The form Ж (that is, a superimposed X and I like: 𐌟) came to predominate. It was written variously as >I< or ↃIC, was then abbreviated to Ↄ or C, with C variant finally winning out because, as a letter, it stood for centum, Latin for "hundred".

text: The hundredth V or X was marked with a box or circle. Thus 500 was like a Ↄ superimposed on a ⋌ or ⊢, becoming D or Ð by the time of Augustus, under the graphic influence of the letter ⟨D⟩. It was later identified as the letter D; an alternative symbol for "thousand" was (I) (or CIↃ or CꟾↃ), and half of a thousand or "five hundred" is the right half of the symbol, I) (or IↃ or ꟾↃ), and this may have been converted into ⟨D⟩.[15] This at least was the etymology given to it later on.

text: Meanwhile, 1000 was a circled or boxed X: Ⓧ, ⊗, ⊕, and by Augustinian times was partially identified with the Greek letter Φ phi. Over time, the symbol changed to Ψ and ↀ. The latter symbol further evolved into ∞, then ⋈, and eventually changed to M under the influence of the Latin word mille "thousand".

text: Hand signals

text: Alfred Hooper has an alternative hypothesis for the origin of the Roman numeral system, for small numbers.[16] Hooper contends that the digits are related to hand gestures for counting. For example, the numbers I, II, III, IIII correspond to the number of fingers held up for another to see. V, then represents that hand upright with fingers together and thumb apart. Numbers 6–10, are represented with two hands as follows (left hand, right hand) 6=(V,I), 7=(V,II), 8=(V,III), 9=(V,IIII), 10=(V,V) and X results from either crossing of the thumbs, or holding both hands up in a cross.

text: Another possibility is that each I represents a finger and V represents the thumb of one hand. This way the numbers between 1–10 can be counted on one hand using the order: I=P, II=PR, III=PRM, IV=IT, V=T, VI=TP, VII=TPR, VIII=TPRM, IX=IN, X=N (P=Pinky, R=Ring, M=Middle, I=Index, T=Thumb N=No Fingers/Other Hand). This pattern can also be continued using the other hand with the fingers representing X and the thumb L.

text: Intermediate symbols deriving from few original symbols

text: A third hypothesis about the origins states that the basic ciphers were I, X, C and Φ (or ⊕) and that the intermediary ones were derived from taking half of those (half an X is V, half a C is L and half a Φ/⊕ is D).[17] The Φ was later replaced with M, the initial of Mille (the Latin word for "thousand").

text: Middle Ages and Renaissance

text: Minuscule (lower-case) letters were developed in the Middle Ages, well after the demise of the Western Roman Empire, and since that time lower-case versions of Roman numbers have also been commonly used: i, ii, iii, iv, and so on.

text: Since the Middle Ages, a "j" has sometimes been substituted for the final "i" of a "lower-case" Roman numeral, such as "iij" for 3 or "vij" for 7. This "j" can be considered a swash variant of "i" (see example [1]). The use of a final "j" is still used in medical prescriptions to prevent tampering with or misinterpretation of a number after it is written.[18][19]

text: Numerals in documents and inscriptions from the Middle Ages sometimes include additional symbols, which today are called "medieval Roman numerals". Some simply substitute another letter for the standard one (such as "A" for "V", or "Q" for "D"), while others serve as abbreviations for compound numerals ("O" for "XI", or "F" for "XL"). Although they are still listed today in some dictionaries, they are long out of use.[20]

text:
Number
Medieval
abbreviation
Notes and etymology

5
A
Resembles an upside-down V. Also said to equal 500.

6
ↅ
Either from a ligature of VI, or the Greek numeral 6: stigma (Ϛ).[21]

7
S, Z
Presumed abbreviation of septem, Latin for 7.

11
O
Presumed abbreviation of onze, French for 11.

40
F
Presumed abbreviation of English forty.

70
S
Also could stand for 7, with the same derivation.

80
R

90
N
Presumed abbreviation of nonaginta, Latin for 90. (N.B. N is also used for "nothing" (nullus)).

150
Y
Possibly derived from the lowercase y's shape.

151
K
Unusual, origin unknown; also said to stand for 250.[22]

160
T
Possibly derived from Greek tetra, as 4 × 40 = 160.

200
H
Could also stand for 2 (see also 𐆙, the symbol for the dupondius). From a barring of two I's.

250
E

300
B

400
P, G

500
Q
Redundant with D; abbreviates quingenti, Latin for 500.

2000
Z

text: Chronograms, messages with dates encoded into them, were popular during the Renaissance era. The chronogram would be a phrase containing the letters I, V, X, L, C, D, and M. By putting these letters together, the reader would obtain a number, usually indicating a particular year.

text: Modern use

text: By the 11th century, Hindu–Arabic numerals had been introduced into Europe from al-Andalus, by way of Arab traders and arithmetic treatises. Roman numerals, however, proved very persistent, remaining in common use in the West well into the 14th and 15th centuries, even in accounting and other business records (where the actual calculations would have been made using an abacus). Replacement by their more convenient "Arabic" equivalents was quite gradual, and Roman numerals are still used today in certain contexts. A few examples of their current use are:

text:
Names of monarchs and popes, e.g. Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, Pope Benedict XVI. These are referred to as regnal numbers and are usually read as ordinals; e.g. II is pronounced "the second". This tradition began in Europe sporadically in the Middle Ages, gaining widespread use in England only during the reign of Henry VIII. Previously, the monarch was not known by numeral but by an epithet such as Edward the Confessor. Some monarchs (e.g. Charles IV of Spain and Louis XIV of France) seem to have preferred the use of IIII instead of IV on their coinage (see illustration).
Generational suffixes, particularly in the US, for people sharing the same name across generations, for example William Howard Taft IV.
In the French Republican Calendar, initiated during the French Revolution, years were numbered by Roman numerals – from the year I (1792) when this calendar was introduced to the year XIV (1805) when it was abandoned.
The year of production of films, television shows and other works of art within the work itself. It has been suggested – by BBC News, perhaps facetiously – that this was originally done "in an attempt to disguise the age of films or television programmes."[23] Outside reference to the work will use regular Hindu–Arabic numerals.
Hour marks on timepieces. In this context, 4 is usually written IIII.
The year of construction on building faces and cornerstones.
Page numbering of prefaces and introductions of books, and sometimes of annexes, too.
Book volume and chapter numbers, as well as the several acts within a play (e.g. Act iii, Scene 2).
Sequels of some movies, video games, and other works (as in Rocky II).
Outlines that use numbers to show hierarchical relationships.
Occurrences of a recurring grand event, for instance:

The Summer and Winter Olympic Games (e.g. the XXI Olympic Winter Games; the Games of the XXX Olympiad)
The Super Bowl, the annual championship game of the National Football League (e.g. Super Bowl XXXVII; Super Bowl 50 is a one-time exception[24])
WrestleMania, the annual professional wrestling event for the WWE (e.g. WrestleMania XXX). This usage has also been inconsistent.

text: Specific disciplines

text: In astronomy, the natural satellites or "moons" of the planets are traditionally designated by capital Roman numerals appended to the planet’s name. For example, Titan's designation is Saturn VI.

text: In chemistry, Roman numerals are often used to denote the groups of the periodic table. They are also used in the IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry, for the oxidation number of cations which can take on several different positive charges. They are also used for naming phases of polymorphic crystals, such as ice.

text: In computing, Roman numerals may be used in identifiers which are limited to alphabetic characters by syntactic constraints of the programming language. In LaTeX, for instance, \labelitemiii refers to the label of an item in the third level iii of a nested list environment.

text: In military unit designation, Roman numerals are often used to distinguish between units at different levels. This reduces possible confusion, especially when viewing operational or strategic level maps. In particular, army corps are often numbered using Roman numerals (for example the American XVIII Airborne Corps or the WW2-era German III Panzerkorps) with Hindu-Arabic numerals being used for divisions and armies.

text: In music, Roman numerals are used in several contexts:

text:
Movements are often numbered using Roman numerals.
In music theory, the diatonic functions are identified using Roman numerals. (See: Roman numeral analysis)
Individual strings of stringed instruments, such as the violin, are often denoted by Roman numerals, with higher numbers denoting lower strings.

text: In pharmacy, Roman numerals are used in some contexts, including S to denote "one half" and N to mean "nothing".[25] (See the sections below on "zero" and "fractions".)

text: In photography, Roman numerals (with zero) are used to denote varying levels of brightness when using the Zone System.

text: In seismology, Roman numerals are used to designate degrees of the Mercalli intensity scale of earthquakes.

text: In tarot, Roman numerals (with zero) are used to denote the cards of the Major Arcana.

text: In theology and biblical scholarship, the Septuagint is often referred to as LXX, as this translation of the Old Testament into Greek is named for the legendary number of its translators (septuaginta being Latin for "seventy").

text: In entomology, the broods of the thirteen and seventeen year periodical cicadas are identified by Roman numerals.

text: In advanced mathematics (including trigonometry, statistics, and calculus), when a graph includes negative numbers, its quadrants are named using I, II, III, and IV. These quadrant names signify positive numbers on both axes, negative numbers on the X axis, negative numbers on both axes, and negative numbers on the Y axis, respectively. The use of Roman numerals to designate quadrants avoids confusion, since Hindu-Arabic numerals are used for the actual data represented in the graph.

text: Modern use in continental Europe

text: Some uses that are rare or never seen in English speaking countries are relatively common in continental Europe. For instance:

text: Capital or small capital Roman numerals are widely used in Romance languages to denote centuries, e.g. the French xviiie siècle[26] and the Spanish siglo XVIII mean "18th century". Slavic languages in and adjacent to Russia similarly favour Roman numerals (XVIII век). On the other hand, in Slavic languages in Central Europe, like most Germanic languages, one writes "18." (with a period) before the local word for "century".

text: Mixed Roman and Hindu-Arabic numerals are sometimes used in numeric representations of dates (especially in formal letters and official documents, but also on tombstones). The month is written in Roman numerals, while the day is in Hindu-Arabic numerals: "14.VI.1789" and "VI.14.1789" both refer unambiguously to 14 June 1789.

text: Roman numerals are sometimes used to represent the days of the week in hours-of-operation signs displayed in windows or on doors of businesses,[27] and also sometimes in railway and bus timetables. Monday, taken as the first day of the week, is represented by I. Sunday is represented by VII. The hours of operation signs are tables composed of two columns where the left column is the day of the week in Roman numerals and the right column is a range of hours of operation from starting time to closing time. In the example case (left), the business opens from 10 AM to 7 PM on weekdays, 10 AM to 5 PM on Saturdays and is closed on Sundays. Note that the listing uses 24-hour time.

text: Roman numerals may also be used for floor numbering.[28][29] For instance, apartments in central Amsterdam are indicated as 138-III, with both a Hindu-Arabic numeral (number of the block or house) and a Roman numeral (floor number). The apartment on the ground floor is indicated as '138-huis'.

text: In Italy, where roads outside built-up areas have kilometre signs, major roads and motorways also mark 100-metre subdivisionals, using Roman numerals from I to IX for the smaller intervals. The sign "IX | 17" thus marks kilometre 17.9.

text: A notable exception to the use of Roman numerals in Europe is in Greece, where Greek numerals (based on the Greek alphabet) are generally used in contexts where Roman numerals would be used elsewhere.

text: Special values

text: Zero

text: The number zero does not have its own Roman numeral, but the word nulla (the Latin word meaning "none") was used by medieval scholars in lieu of 0. Dionysius Exiguus was known to use nulla alongside Roman numerals in 525.[30][31] About 725, Bede or one of his colleagues used the letter N, the initial of nulla or of nihil (the Latin word for "nothing"), in a table of epacts, all written in Roman numerals.[32]

text: Fractions

text: Though the Romans used a decimal system for whole numbers, reflecting how they counted in Latin, they used a duodecimal system for fractions, because the divisibility of twelve (12 = 22 × 3) makes it easier to handle the common fractions of 1/3 and 1/4 than does a system based on ten (10 = 2 × 5). On coins, many of which had values that were duodecimal fractions of the unit as, they used a tally-like notational system based on twelfths and halves. A dot (•) indicated an uncia "twelfth", the source of the English words inch and ounce; dots were repeated for fractions up to five twelfths. Six twelfths (one half) was abbreviated as the letter S for semis "half". Uncia dots were added to S for fractions from seven to eleven twelfths, just as tallies were added to V for whole numbers from six to nine.[33]

text: Each fraction from 1/12 to 12/12 had a name in Roman times; these corresponded to the names of the related coins:

text:
Fraction
Roman numeral
Name (nominative and genitive)
Meaning

1/12
•
Uncia, unciae
"Ounce"

2/12 = 1/6
•• or :
Sextans, sextantis
"Sixth"

3/12 = 1/4
••• or ∴
Quadrans, quadrantis
"Quarter"

4/12 = 1/3
•••• or ::
Triens, trientis
"Third"

5/12
••••• or :·:
Quincunx, quincuncis
"Five-ounce" (quinque unciae → quincunx)

6/12 = 1/2
S
Semis, semissis
"Half"

7/12
S•
Septunx, septuncis
"Seven-ounce" (septem unciae → septunx)

8/12 = 2/3
S•• or S:
Bes, bessis
"Twice" (as in "twice a third")

9/12 = 3/4
S••• or S:·
Dodrans, dodrantis
or nonuncium, nonuncii
"Less a quarter" (de-quadrans → dodrans)
or "ninth ounce" (nona uncia → nonuncium)

10/12 = 5/6
S•••• or S::
Dextans, dextantis
or decunx, decuncis
"Less a sixth" (de-sextans → dextans)
or "ten ounces" (decem unciae → decunx)

11/12
S••••• or S:·:
Deunx, deuncis
"Less an ounce" (de-uncia → deunx)

12/12 = 1
I
As, assis
"Unit"

text: The arrangement of the dots was variable and not necessarily linear. Five dots arranged like (⁙) (as on the face of a die) are known as a quincunx, from the name of the Roman fraction/coin. The Latin words sextans and quadrans are the source of the English words sextant and quadrant.

text: Other Roman fractional notations included the following:

text:
1/8 sescuncia, sescunciae (from sesqui- + uncia, i.e. 1½ uncias), represented by a sequence of the symbols for the semuncia and the uncia.
1/24 semuncia, semunciae (from semi- + uncia, i.e. ½ uncia), represented by several variant glyphs deriving from the shape of the Greek letter sigma (Σ), one variant resembling the pound sign (£) without the horizontal line(s) and another resembling the Cyrillic letter Є.
1/36 binae sextulae, binarum sextularum ("two sextulas") or duella, duellae, represented by a sequence of two reversed Ss (ƧƧ).
1/48 sicilicus, sicilici, represented by a reversed C (Ɔ).
1/72 sextula, sextulae (1/6 of an uncia), represented by a reversed S (Ƨ).
1/144 = 12−2 dimidia sextula, dimidiae sextulae ("half a sextula"), represented by a reversed S crossed by a horizontal line (𐆔).
1/288 scripulum, scripuli (a scruple), represented by the symbol ℈.
1/1728 = 12−3 siliqua, siliquae, represented by a symbol resembling closing guillemets (𐆕).

text: Large numbers

text: A number of systems were developed for the expression of larger numbers that cannot be conveniently expressed using the normal seven letter symbols of conventional Roman numerals.

text: Apostrophus

text: One of these was the apostrophus,[34] in which 500 (usually written as "D") was written as |Ɔ, while 1,000 was written as C|Ɔ instead of "M".[15] This is a system of encasing numbers to denote thousands (the Cs and Ɔs functioned in this case as the Roman equivalent of parentheses), and has its origins in Etruscan numeral usage. Each extra set of C combined with Ɔ, raises C|Ɔ by a factor of ten, for example, CC|ƆƆ is 10,000 and CCC|ƆƆƆ is 100,000. Whereas the |Ɔ (representing 500) is raised by a factor of ten by combining it with a Ɔ, for example, |ƆƆ is 5,000, and |ƆƆƆ is 50,000. The D and M used to represent 500 and 1,000 in conventional Roman numerals were probably derived from |Ɔ and C|Ɔ, respectively.

text: For example:

text:
Base number

C|Ɔ = 1,000
CC|ƆƆ = 10,000
CCC|ƆƆƆ = 100,000

with |Ɔ
|Ɔ = 500
C|Ɔ|Ɔ = 1,500 (broken down as C|Ɔ plus |Ɔ)
CC|ƆƆ|Ɔ = 10,500 (broken down as CC|ƆƆ plus |Ɔ)
CCC|ƆƆƆ|Ɔ = 100,500 (broken down as CCC|ƆƆƆ plus |Ɔ)

with |ƆƆ
|ƆƆ = 5,000

CC|ƆƆ|ƆƆ = 15,000 (broken down as CC|ƆƆ plus |ƆƆ)
CCC|ƆƆƆ|ƆƆ = 105,000 (broken down as CCC|ƆƆƆ plus |ƆƆ)

with |ƆƆƆ
|ƆƆƆ = 50,000

CCC|ƆƆƆ|ƆƆƆ = 150,000 (broken down as CCC|ƆƆƆ plus |ƆƆƆ)

text: Sometimes C|Ɔ was reduced to ↀ for 1,000. John Wallis is often credited for introducing the symbol for infinity (modern ∞), and one conjecture is that he based it on this usage, since 1,000 was hyperbolically used to represent very large numbers. Similarly, |ƆƆ for 5,000 was reduced to ↁ; CC|ƆƆ for 10,000 to ↂ; |ƆƆƆ for 50,000 to ↇ; and CCC|ƆƆƆ for 100,000 to ↈ.[14]

text: Vinculum

text: Another system is the vinculum, where a conventional Roman numeral is multiplied by 1,000 by adding an overline.[14] Although mathematical historian David Eugene Smith disputes that this was part of ancient Roman usage,[35] the notation was certainly in use in the Middle Ages, and is at least a convenient and "conventional" way to express numbers greater than 3,999 in Roman numerals.

text: For instance:

text:
IV for 4,000
XXV for 25,000

text: Adding vertical lines (or brackets) before and after the numeral seems to have been used (at least by late medieval times) to multiply a Roman numeral by 10: thus |M| for 10,000 rather than X (perhaps under the influence of Arabic/Hindu numerals, which were by this time coming into use). In combination with the overline the bracketed forms might be used to raise the multiplier to (say) ten (or one hundred) thousand, thus:

text:
|VIII| for 80,000 (or 800,000)
|XX| for 200,000 (or 2,000,000)

text: This needs to be distinguished from the custom of adding both underline and overline to a Roman numeral, simply to make it clear that it is a number, e.g. MCMLXVII.


document_title: Indian Engineering Services

question_text: what is the age limit for ies exam

question_tokens: what is the age limit for ies exam

text: Indian Engineering Services

text: Civil engineering[edit]

text:
Border Roads Engineering Service (Border Roads Organisation)
Central Engineering Service (Central Public Works Department)
Central Engineering Service (Ministry of Road Transport & Highways)
Central Water Engineering Service (Central Water Commission)
Indian Defence Service of Engineers (Military Engineer Services)
Indian Ordnance Factories Service (IOFS)
Indian Railway Service of Engineers
Indian Railway Stores Service
Survey of India Service
P & T Building Works Service (DoT, Ministry of Communication & Information Technology)
Military Engineer Services (QS & C)

text: Mechanical engineering[edit]

text:
Indian Naval Material Management Service (INMMS)
Border Roads Engineering Service (Border Roads Organisation)
Central Electrical & Mechanical Engineering Service (Central Public Works Department)
Central Engineering Service (Ministry of Road Transport & Highways)
Central Power Engineering Service (Central Electricity Authority)
Central Water Engineering Service (Central Water Commission)
Corps of Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (EME), Indian Army
Defence Aeronautical Quality Assurance Service
Indian Defence Service of Engineers (Military Engineer Services)
Indian Inspection Service (Directorate General of Supply and Disposals
Indian Naval Armament Service (Directorate of Naval Armament)
Indian Naval Stores Service (Indian Navy)
Indian Ordnance Factories Service (IOFS)
Indian Railway Service of Mechanical Engineers
Indian Railway Stores Service
Indian Supply Service (Directorate General of Supply and Disposals)
Geological Survey of India
Indian Skill Development Services

text: Electrical engineering[edit]

text:
Central Electrical and Mechanical Engineering Service (Central Public Works Department)
Central Power Engineering Service
Corps of Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (EME), Indian Army
Indian Defence Service of Engineers (Military Engineer Services)
Defence Aeronautical Assurance Service
Indian Naval Armament Service (Directorate of Naval Armament)
Indian Naval Material Management Service (INMMS)
Indian Ordnance Factories Service (IOFS)
Indian Railway Service of Electrical Engineers
Indian Railway Stores Service
Indian Supply Service (Directorate General of Supply and Disposals)
P & T Building Works Service (Department of Telecommunications (DOT), Ministry of Communications)
Indian Skill Development Services

text: Electronics & telecommunication engineering[edit]

text:
Indian Naval Material Management Service (INMMS)
Central Power Engineering Service (Central Electricity Authority)
Corps of Electronics and Mechanical Engineers (EME), Indian Army
Defence Aeronautical Quality Assurance Service
Indian Inspection Service (Directorate General of Supply and Disposals)
Indian Naval Armament Service (Directorate of Naval Armament)
Indian Naval Stores Service (Indian Navy)
Indian Ordnance Factories Service (IOFS)
Indian Radio Regulatory Service
Indian Railway Service of Signal Engineers
Indian Railway Stores Service
Indian Supply Service (Directorate General of Supply and Disposals)
Indian Telecommunication Service

text: Functions of officers[edit]

text: The nature of work performed by these bureaucrats largely depends on their engineering branch and the service or cadre they are recruited in. However, they can move to any cadre, organisation, agency, department, ministry or PSU of the Government of India. They are appointed in the posts analogous to their present one, either on deputation basis which is of a fixed tenure (at least 5 years and extensible) after which the officer returns to their parent cadre or on absorption basis where the official leaves the parent cadre and is "absorbed" permanently into the new cadre.[6][13]

text: Eligibility[edit]

text: Nationality[edit]

text: The candidate must be one of the following:

text:
A citizen of India
A citizen of Nepal or a subject of Bhutan
a person of Indian origin who has migrated from Pakistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, Zaire, Ethiopia or Vietnam with the intention of permanently settling in India.

text: Educational qualifications[edit]

text: At least a bachelor's degree in Engineering (B.E. / B. Tech) from a recognised university or equivalent. M.Sc. degree or its equivalent with Wireless Communications, Electronics, Radio Physics or Radio Engineering as special subjects also acceptable for certain services / posts only.[14]

text: Age limits[edit]

text: 21–30 years on 1 August of the year of Engineering Services Examination.[14]

text: The upper age limit relaxation is provided to candidates as follows:

text:
A maximum of three years for OBC candidates [Non Creamy Layer only]
A maximum of four years in case of Defence Services personnel disabled in operations during hostilities with any foreign country or in a disturbed area and released as a consequence thereof
A maximum of five years for candidates belonging to a Scheduled Caste or a Scheduled Tribe
A maximum of five years if a candidate had ordinarily been domiciled in the State of Jammu & Kashmir during the period from 1 January 1980 to 31 December 1989
A maximum of five years in case of ex-servicemen including commissioned officers and ECOs/SSCOs who have rendered at least five years military service as on 1 August.

text: Examination[edit]

text: Application[edit]

text: Candidates are required to apply online only, using UPSC's official website.

text: Application fee[edit]

text: The application fee of the online form for General category male candidates is ₹200, while no fee is required by female and reserved category applicants.

text: Test centres[edit]

text: The test is conducted in June every year at centres across India, namely: Agartala, Ahmedabad, Aizwal, Aligarh, Allahabad, Bangalore, Bareilly, Bhopal, Chandigarh, Chennai, Cuttack, Dehradun, Delhi, Dharwad, Dispur, Gangtok, Hyderabad, Imphal, Itanagar, Jaipur, Jammu, Jorhat, Kochi, Kohima, Kolkata, Lucknow, Madurai, Mumbai, Nagpur, Panaji (Goa), Patna, Port Blair, Raipur, Ranchi, Sambalpur, Shillong, Shimla, Srinagar, Thiruvananthapuram, Tirupati, Udaipur and Visakhapatnam.

text: Plan of examination[edit]

text: Based on the recommendations of expert committees formed by the Union Public Service Commission, the Government of India has conveyed its approval to the following structural changes in the scheme and syllabi of the Engineering Services Examination to be implemented from the year 2017 onwards.

text:
Revised scheme of examination

Stage-I:

Engineering Services (Preliminary / Stage-I)
Examination (Objective Type Papers)

Paper-I
(common for all candidates)

General Studies and Engineering Aptitude Paper
2 hours duration
200 marks (max.)

Paper-II
Engineering Discipline-Specific Paper
3 hours duration
300 Marks (max.)

Stage-I

Sub-total

500 marks (max.)

Minimum qualifying marks for each paper are at the discretion of the Commission.
Only those candidates qualifying at this stage are permitted to appear for Stage-II examination.

Stage-II

Engineering Services (Main / Stage-II))
Examination (conventional type papers)

Paper-I
Engineering Discipline-Specific Paper-I
3 hours duration
300 Marks (max.)

Paper-II

Engineering Discipline-Specific Paper-II
3 hours duration
300 marks (max.)

Stage-II
Sub-total
600 marks (max.)

Stage-I + Stage-II

Sub-total

1100 marks (max.)

Only those candidates qualifying at this stage (i.e. Stage-I + Stage-II) are permitted to appear for Stage-III examination.

Stage-III:

Personality Test

200 marks (max.)

Stage-I + Stage-II +
Stage-III

Total

1300 marks (max.)

Only those candidates qualifying at this Stage (i.e. Stage I + Stage II + Stage III) are included in the Final Merit List of Engineering Services Exam.
Thus the marks secured by the candidates in the Stage-I (objective type papers) of the Engineering Services Examination should be added to the marks secured in the Stage-II (conventional type papers) of the examination and Stage-III (personality test) and accordingly, such marks secured by the candidates in Stage-I should also be counted for merit.

text: Personality Test[edit]

text: This is the final stage; candidates who qualify the written exam are called for the interview, which carries 200 marks. Officially called "Personality Test", the object of the interview is to assess the personal suitability of the candidate for a career in public service by a board of competent and unbiased observers. The test is intended to judge the mental caliber of a candidate. In broad terms this is an assessment of not only his intellectual qualities but also social traits and interest in current affairs. Some of the qualitiesjudged are mental alertness, critical powers of assimilation, clear and logical exposition, balance of judgement, variety and depth of interest, ability for social cohesion and leadership, and intellectual and moral integrity.

text: The technique of the interview is not that of a strict cross-examination but of a natural, though directed and purposive conversation which is intended to reveal the mental qualities of the candidate.

text: The interview test is not intended to be a test either of the specialized or general knowledge of the candidates which has been already tested through their written papers. Candidates are expected to have taken an intelligent interest not only in their special subjects of academic study but also in the events  happening around them both within and outside their own state or country as well as in modern currents of thought and in new discoveries which should rouse the curiosity of well educated youth.

text: These four stages ensure that the candidates selected are best suited to handle the responsibilities which will be entrusted to them. The selected candidates then undergo training at the institutes of their respective cadres that makes them acquainted with the area of work, the cadre or service they are engaged in.

text: Notable officers[edit]

text:
Narinder Singh Kapany - former IOFS officer, FREng, "father of fibre optics", also known as "The Man who Bent Light";[15] invented fibre optics that revolutionalised telecommunication, power transmission, laparoscopic and endoscopic surgery. Named as one of the seven "Unsung Heroes of the 20th century" by Fortune magazine for his Nobel Prize deserving invention.[16] Former professor at Stanford, Universities of California at Berkeley, Santa Barbara and Santa Cruz. He has more than 150 patents to his credit.[15]
Nalini Ranjan Mohanty - former IOFS officer; secured All India 2nd Rank in the Engineering Services Examination of 1965; served as the Chairman & Managing Director of Hindustan Aeronautics Limited; director of Kudremukh Iron Ore Company, Mahanadi Coalfields, National Aluminium Company, and Bharat Earth Movers; awarded Padma Shri in 2004 by the Government of India for his role in the development of LCA - Tejas
Rajendra K. Pachauri - former IRSME officer; Chair of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change when the organisation received the Nobel Prize in 2007; Director General of The Energy and Resources Institute, India; rceived Padma Bhushan, Padma Vibhushan from the Government of India, Order of the White Rose of Finland from the Finnish Government, Order of the Rising Sun, Gold and Silver Star from the Japanese Government and Légion d'Honneur from the French Government
H. P. S. Ahluwalia - former IOFS officer, FRGS; author; mountaineer; social worker; first Indian to climb Mount Everest.[17][18] Founder & Chairman of Indian Spinal Injuries Centre. Awarded Arjuna Award, Padma Shri and Padma Bhushan by the Government of India. Also served as a Commissioned officer in the Indian Army and Member of Planning Commission (India).
Ashwani Lohani - IRSME officer, known as "Mr. Turnaround" for his ability to turn around sick entities. Current Chairman of the Indian Railways, and former Chairman & Managing Director of Air India. Holds a Limca Record for having four engineering "degree equivalents" in Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Metallurgical Engineering and Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering from Institution of Engineers, India; a place in the Guinness Book of World Records for successfully running the ‘Fairy Queen Express’, the world’s oldest working steam locomotive. Also served as DRM, Delhi Division; Director, National Rail Museum; Director, Ministry of Tourism, Govt of India; Chief Administrative Officer, Rail Alternate Fuels; Commissioner and Managing Director of Madhya Pradesh Tourism Development Corporation and Chairman & Managing Director India Tourism Development Corporation.[19][20]
K. C. Banerjee - Joined as an IOFS officer. Awarded Padma Shri, India's fourth highest civilian honour by the Government of India, presented by the President of India in 1967, for his contributions during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 as the General Manager of Rifle Factory Ishapore.[21]
O. P. Bahl - Served as an IOFS officer. Former Additional Director General Ordnance Factories & Member, Ordnance Factory Board. Awarded Padma Shri in 1972 by the Government of India in the Civil Service category for his efforts during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971.[22]
G. B. Meemamsi - Former ITS officer. Founding Director of C-DOT, also known as the "Father of Rural Automatic Exchange (RAX)", that revolutionised telecommunication in India. Awarded Padma Shri in 1998 by the Government of India.[23][24]
Satyendra Dubey - Whistleblower against corruption, served as Project Director of the Golden Quadrilateral Project of National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) at Koderma. He was assassinated while exposing corruption which led to huge public uproar. Following the outcry, Parliament of India passed the Whistle Blowers Protection Act, 2011.
E. Sreedharan - Former IRSE officer. "Metro Man of India", Former Chairman & Managing Director of the Konkan Railway, Cochin Shipyard Limited and the Delhi Metro. He retired as the Member of the Indian Railway Board. Awarded Padma Shri and Padma Vibhushan by the Government of India, Order of the Rising Sun, Gold and Silver Star by the Japanese Government and Légion d'Honneur by the French Government.


document_title: 30th parallel north

question_text: in which hemisphere is the 30degree line of latitude located

text: 30th parallel north

text:
[show]Map all coordinates using OSM
Map all coordinates using Google

Export all coordinates as KML

Export all coordinates as GPX

Map all microformatted coordinates

Place data as RDF

text: The 30th parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 30 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane. It stands one-third of the way between the equator and the North Pole and crosses Africa, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, North America and the Atlantic Ocean.

text: It is the approximate southern border of the horse latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere, meaning that much of the land area touching the 30th parallel is arid or semi-arid. If there is a source of wind from a body of water the area would more likely be subtropical.

text: At this latitude the sun is visible for 14 hours, 5 minutes during the summer solstice and 10 hours, 13 minutes during the winter solstice.[1] On 21 June, the maximum altitude of the sun is 83.83 degrees and 36.17 degrees on 21 December.[citation needed]

text: At this latitude:

text:
One degree of longitude = 96.49 km or 59.95 mi
One minute of longitude = 1.61 km or 1.00 mi
One second of longitude = 26.80 m or 87.93 ft

text: Around the world[edit]

text: Starting at the Prime Meridian and heading eastwards, the parallel 30° north passes through:

text:
Co-ordinates
Country, territory or sea
Notes

30°0′N 0°0′E / 30.000°N 0.000°E / 30.000; 0.000 (Prime Meridian)
 Algeria

30°0′N 9°28′E / 30.000°N 9.467°E / 30.000; 9.467 (Libya)
 Libya

30°0′N 24°56′E / 30.000°N 24.933°E / 30.000; 24.933 (Egypt)
 Egypt

30°0′N 34°32′E / 30.000°N 34.533°E / 30.000; 34.533 (Israel)
 Israel

30°0′N 35°11′E / 30.000°N 35.183°E / 30.000; 35.183 (Jordan)
 Jordan

30°0′N 38°0′E / 30.000°N 38.000°E / 30.000; 38.000 (Saudi Arabia)
 Saudi Arabia

30°0′N 43°38′E / 30.000°N 43.633°E / 30.000; 43.633 (Iraq)
 Iraq

30°0′N 47°9′E / 30.000°N 47.150°E / 30.000; 47.150 (Kuwait)
 Kuwait
Mainland and Warbah Island

30°0′N 48°9′E / 30.000°N 48.150°E / 30.000; 48.150 (Persian Gulf)
Persian Gulf

30°0′N 48°16′E / 30.000°N 48.267°E / 30.000; 48.267 (Iraq)
 Iraq

30°0′N 48°27′E / 30.000°N 48.450°E / 30.000; 48.450 (Iran)
 Iran

30°0′N 48°40′E / 30.000°N 48.667°E / 30.000; 48.667 (Persian Gulf)
Persian Gulf

30°0′N 49°33′E / 30.000°N 49.550°E / 30.000; 49.550 (Iran)
 Iran
For about 2 km

30°0′N 49°34′E / 30.000°N 49.567°E / 30.000; 49.567 (Persian Gulf)
Persian Gulf

30°0′N 50°9′E / 30.000°N 50.150°E / 30.000; 50.150 (Iran)
 Iran

30°0′N 61°0′E / 30.000°N 61.000°E / 30.000; 61.000 (Afghanistan)
 Afghanistan

30°0′N 66°19′E / 30.000°N 66.317°E / 30.000; 66.317 (Pakistan)
 Pakistan
Balochistan
Punjab

30°0′N 73°33′E / 30.000°N 73.550°E / 30.000; 73.550 (India)
 India
Rajasthan
Punjab
Haryana
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand

30°0′N 80°43′E / 30.000°N 80.717°E / 30.000; 80.717 (Nepal)
   Nepal

30°0′N 82°30′E / 30.000°N 82.500°E / 30.000; 82.500 (China)
 People's Republic of China
Tibet
Sichuan
Chongqing
Hubei
Hunan
Hubei
Anhui
Jiangxi
Anhui
Zhejiang — passing just north of Ningbo

30°0′N 121°38′E / 30.000°N 121.633°E / 30.000; 121.633 (East China Sea)
East China Sea
Hangzhou Bay

30°0′N 121°50′E / 30.000°N 121.833°E / 30.000; 121.833 (China)
 People's Republic of China
Zhejiang (islands of Jintang, Zhoushan and Mount Putuo)

30°0′N 122°24′E / 30.000°N 122.400°E / 30.000; 122.400 (East China Sea)
East China Sea
Hangzhou Bay

30°0′N 129°55′E / 30.000°N 129.917°E / 30.000; 129.917 (Japan)
 Japan
Island of Kuchinoshima

30°0′N 129°55′E / 30.000°N 129.917°E / 30.000; 129.917 (Pacific Ocean)
Pacific Ocean

30°0′N 115°48′W / 30.000°N 115.800°W / 30.000; -115.800 (Mexico)
 Mexico
Baja California

30°0′N 114°32′W / 30.000°N 114.533°W / 30.000; -114.533 (Gulf of California)
Gulf of California

30°0′N 112°44′W / 30.000°N 112.733°W / 30.000; -112.733 (Mexico)
 Mexico
Sonora
Chihuahua

30°0′N 104°41′W / 30.000°N 104.683°W / 30.000; -104.683 (United States)
 United States
Texas — passes through Houston as well as through the George Bush Intercontinental Airport
Louisiana — passes through New Orleans[2]

30°0′N 89°27′W / 30.000°N 89.450°W / 30.000; -89.450 (Gulf of Mexico)
Gulf of Mexico

30°0′N 88°50′W / 30.000°N 88.833°W / 30.000; -88.833 (United States)
 United States
Louisiana - Chandeleur Islands

30°0′N 88°50′W / 30.000°N 88.833°W / 30.000; -88.833 (Gulf of Mexico)
Gulf of Mexico

30°0′N 85°30′W / 30.000°N 85.500°W / 30.000; -85.500 (United States)
 United States
Florida

30°0′N 84°22′W / 30.000°N 84.367°W / 30.000; -84.367 (Gulf of Mexico)
Gulf of Mexico
Apalachee Bay

30°0′N 83°51′W / 30.000°N 83.850°W / 30.000; -83.850 (United States)
 United States
Florida

30°0′N 81°19′W / 30.000°N 81.317°W / 30.000; -81.317 (Atlantic Ocean)
Atlantic Ocean

30°0′N 9°43′W / 30.000°N 9.717°W / 30.000; -9.717 (Morocco)
 Morocco

30°0′N 5°8′W / 30.000°N 5.133°W / 30.000; -5.133 (Algeria)
 Algeria


document_title: Buddhism in Senegal

question_text: what does nam mo a di da phat mean

question_tokens: what does nam mo a di da phat mean

text: Buddhism in Senegal

text: In Senegal, Mahayana Buddhism is followed by a very tiny portion of the Vietnamese community,[1] but it is informal Buddhism because they only worship their ancestors by burning the incenses on a small altar and in the end of all prayers are: "Nam mô A Di Đà Phật" (Mean:"Glory to Buddha Amitabha") as traditional of Vietnamese faith[2] that is  Bodhisattvas as Địa Tạng Vương Bồ tát and Quan Thế Âm Bồ tát will bless and teach the spirits of dead people how to take a better life in next incarnations or go to Nirvana forever.

text: Total Buddhists in Senegal is around 0.01% as maximum and 99% of all Buddhists here is Vietnamese descents.

text: Vietnamese people maybe the only one East Asian community in Senegal.With communities of European and Lebanese made-up about 1% of total population in Senegal.


document_title: Roman de la Rose

question_text: who translated romance of the rose into english

text: Roman de la Rose

text: Reception[edit]

text: Early[edit]

text: The work was both popular and controversial. It was one of the most widely read works in France for three centuries, and it was possibly the most read book in Europe in the 14th and 15th centuries.[1] Its emphasis on sensual language and imagery provoked attacks by Jean Gerson, Christine de Pizan and many other writers and moralists of the 14th and 15th centuries. Historian Johan Huizinga writes: "It is astonishing that the Church, which so rigorously repressed the slightest deviations from dogma of a speculative character, suffered the teaching of this breviary of the aristocracy (for the Roman de la Rose was nothing else) to be disseminated with impunity."[2]

text: Modern[edit]

text: Later reactions suggested that it had a tenuous encyclopedic quality. The nineteenth century scholar and writer Gaston Paris wrote that it was "an encyclopedia in disorder" and British author C. S. Lewis described it as having an "encyclopedic character".[3] One historian wrote that while Roman de la Rose is obviously not an encyclopedia, "it evokes one, represents one, dreams one, perhaps, with all its aspirations and limitations".[4]

text: Manuscripts and incunabula[edit]

text: About 300 manuscripts are extant,[5] one of the highest figures for a secular work. Many of these are illustrated, most with fewer than ten remaining illustrations, but there are a number with twenty or more illustrations,[6] and the exceptional Burgundian British Library Harley MS 4425 has 92 large and high quality miniatures, despite a date around 1500; the text was copied by hand from a printed edition. These are by the artist known as the Master of the Prayer Books of around 1500, commissioned by Count Engelbert II of Nassau[7] The peak period of production was the 14th century, but manuscript versions continued to be produced until the advent of printing, and indeed afterwards - there are at least seven manuscripts dated after 1500.[8] There are also seven incunabula printed editions before 1500, the first from Geneva in about 1481, followed by two from Lyons in the 1480s and four from Paris in the 1490s.[9] An edition from Lyons in 1503 is illustrated with 140 woodcuts.[10] Digital images of more than 140 of these manuscripts are available for study in the Roman de la Rose Digital Library.

text: Translation and influence[edit]

text: Part of the story was translated from its original Old French into Middle English as The Romaunt of the Rose, which had a great influence on English literature. Chaucer was familiar with the original French text, and a portion of the Middle English translation is thought to be his work. Critics suggest that the character of "La Vieille" acted as source material for Chaucer's Wife of Bath. There were several other early translations into languages including Middle Dutch (Heinrik van Aken, c. 1280). Il Fiore is a "reduction" of the poem into 232 Italian sonnets by a "ser Durante", sometimes thought to have been Dante, although this is generally thought unlikely. Dante never mentions the Roman, but is often said to have been highly conscious of it in his own work. In 1900, the pre-Raphaelite F. S. Ellis translated the whole of the poem into English verse. C. S. Lewis's 1936 study The Allegory of Love renewed interest in the poem.

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Miniature from a manuscript of the Roman de la Rose (Oxford, Bodleian Library, Douce 195), folio 1r, portrait of Guillaume de Lorris.

Abélard and Héloïse in a 14th-century manuscript of the Roman de la Rose

The God of Love locks the Lover's heart. f. 15r.b, Roman de la Rose MS NLW 5016D

text: Editions[edit]

text:
Langlois, Ernest, ed. Le Roman de la Rose par Guillaume de Lorris et Jean de Meun. 5 vols. Société des Anciens Textes Français. Paris: Firmin Didot, 1914–24.
Lecoy, Félix, ed. Le Roman de la Rose par Guillaume de Lorris et Jean de Meun. 3 vols. Classiques français du Moyen Âge. Paris: Champion, 1965–70.
Strubel, Armand, ed., trans, and annot. Le Roman de la Rose. Lettres gothiques, 4533. Paris: Librairie Générale Française – Livre de Poche, 1992. ISBN 2-253-06079-8

text: English translations[edit]

text:
Robbins, Harry W., trans. The Romance of the Rose. New York: Dutton, 1962.
Dahlberg, Charles, trans. The Romance of the Rose. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1971. ISBN 0-691-06197-1
Horgan, Frances, trans. and annot. The Romance of the Rose. Oxford World's Classics. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1999. ISBN 0-19-283948-9