document_title: History of Tasmania

question_text: when did the last convict ship reach tasmania

text: History of Tasmania

text: Indigenous people[edit]

text: Tasmania was inhabited by an indigenous population, the Tasmanian Aborigines, and evidence indicates their presence in the territory, later to become an island, at least 35,000 years ago. At the time of the British occupation and colonisation in 1803 the indigenous population was estimated at between 3000 and 10,000. Historian Lyndall Ryan's analysis of population studies led her to conclude that there were about 7000 spread throughout the island's nine nations;[1] Nicholas Clements, citing research by N.J.B. Plomley and Rhys Jones, settled on a figure of 3000 to 4000.[2] The combination of the so-called Black War, internecine conflict and, from the late 1820s, the spread of infectious diseases to which they had no immunity,[3] reduced the population to about 300 by 1833. Almost all of the indigenous population was relocated to Flinders Island by George Augustus Robinson. Until the 1970s, most people thought that the last surviving Tasmanian Aborigine was Trugernanner,[4] who died in 1876. However this "extinction" was a myth, as documented by Lyndall Ryan in 1991.[5]

tag: p

text: European arrival[edit]

text: The first reported sighting of Tasmania by a European was on 24 November 1642 by the Dutch explorer Abel Tasman, who named the island Anthoonij van Diemenslandt, after his sponsor, the Governor of the Dutch East Indies. The name was later shortened to Van Diemen's Land by the British. In 1772, a French expedition led by Marc-Joseph Marion du Fresne landed on the island. Captain James Cook also sighted the island in 1777, and numerous other European seafarers made landfalls, adding a colourful array to the names of topographical features.

text: The first settlement was by the British at Risdon Cove on the eastern bank of the Derwent estuary in 1803, by a small party sent from Sydney, under Lt. John Bowen. An alternative settlement was established by Capt. David Collins 5 km to the south in 1804 in Sullivans Cove on the western side of the Derwent, where fresh water was more plentiful. The latter settlement became known as Hobart Town, later shortened to Hobart, after the British Colonial Secretary of the time, Lord Hobart. The settlement at Risdon was later abandoned.

text: The early settlers were mostly convicts and their military guards, with the task of developing agriculture and other industries. Numerous other convict settlements were made in Van Diemens Land, including secondary prisons, such as the particularly harsh penal colonies at Port Arthur in the south-east and Macquarie Harbour on the West Coast. The Aboriginal resistance to this invasion was so strong, that troops were deployed across much of Tasmania to drive the Aborigines into captivity on nearby islands.

text: Timeline[edit]

text:
Date unknown (BC): Mouheneener band of South-East Tasmanian Aboriginal peoples settle in what is now the Hobart area
1642: Abel Tasman, of the Dutch East India Company, becomes first European to sight Tasmanian mainland; he names it Van Diemen's Land after fellow Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) Governor-General Anthony van Diemen
1792: Captain William Bligh anchors to Adventure Bay for a second time and names Table Mountain (now Mount Wellington)
1793: French explorer Bruni d'Entrecasteaux surveys Derwent, naming it Riviere du Nord
1793: John Hayes, of British East India Company, unaware of the French visit, sails up the river, which he names Derwent
1798: Explorers George Bass and Matthew Flinders visit Derwent as part of circumnavigation of Van Diemen's Land; Bass climbs at least part of Mount Wellington (then known as Table Mountain) on Christmas Day
1798: Adventure Bay became the site of a whaling station, then later on a Timber station.

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text:
1802: French explorer Nicolas Baudin surveys Derwent during month-long visit to South-East Tasmania, on which his party makes extensive notes on Aborigines, plants and animals.
1803: Lieutenant John Bowen's 49-member party, with the ships Lady Nelson and Albion, starts first British settlement of Tasmania at Risdon Cove, naming it Hobart.
1804: Lieutenant-Colonel David Collins' 262-member party lands at Sullivans Cove in February; the settlement, which becomes known as Hobart Town, grows to 433 with arrival in June of rest of his Port Phillip party.
1804: Soldiers temporarily refuse guard duties at Risdon amid fears of convict rebellion.
1804: Aborigines killed in Risdon affray and settlement there abandoned.
1804: Church of England clergyman Robert Knopwood conducts first divine service at Sullivans Cove.
1804: Hobart's first cemetery opens, later St David's Park.
1804: Colonel William Paterson establishes Port Dalrymple (Tamar River) settlement, first at George Town, then at York Town on river's western side.
1805: After supply ships fail to arrive on time, famine forces David Collins to cut rations by one-third
1805: Collins leaves tent home to take up residence in first Government House, a wooden cottage.
1805: Harbourmaster William Collins establishes Australia's first whaling station at Ralphs Bay.
1805: First land grants include 10 acres (40,000 m2) to Robert Knopwood
1806: Colonel William Paterson begins transfer of York Town settlement to site of modern Launceston
1807: First Norfolk Island settlers arrive in Hobart in the Lady Nelson and settle at New Norfolk
1807: Lieutenant Thomas Laycock leads five-man party on first overland journey from Launceston to Hobart, taking nine days, mainly to seek supplies for the northern settlement.
1809: Deposed New South Wales Governor William Bligh arrives in Hobart and temporarily disrupts David Collins' authority as lieutenant-governor.
1809: Floods in Derwent

text:
1810: David Collins dies suddenly, Lieutenant Edward Lord takes over and first of three administrators pending appointment of second lieutenant-governor.
1810: First church, St David's, built
1810: Colony's first flour mill built beside Rivulet between Murray St and Elizabeth St, operated by Edward Lord and William Collins
1810: Administration launches colony's first newspaper, the Derwent Star and Van Diemen's Land Intelligencer
1810: Sealing expedition discovers Macquarie Island
1811: After arriving from Sydney, Governor Lachlan Macquarie draws up plan for Hobart streets and orders construction of public buildings and Mount Nelson signal station.
1812: Michael Howe (later bushranging gang leader) among first convicts to arrive directly from England in HMS Indefatigable
1812: Northern Tasmania's lieutenant-governorship ceases, Government House in Hobart takes control of whole island
1813: Schooner Unity not heard of again after convicts seize it in Derwent
1813: First Post Office opens in postmaster's house on corner of Argyle St and Macquarie St
1814: Work starts on Anglesea Barracks, Australia's longest continuously occupied military building
1814: Colony's first horse races believed to have taken place at New Town
1814: Lieutenant-governor's court created to deal with small personal financial disputes.
1814: Governor Lachlan Macquarie offers amnesty to bushrangers
1814: Ship Argo disappears after seizure by convicts in Derwent
1815: Michael Howe's bushranging gang kills two settlers in New Norfolk raid
1815: Lieutenant-Governor Thomas Davey declares martial law against all bushrangers, mainly escaped convicts, with some military deserters; Governor Lachlan Macquarie later revokes order.
1815: Captain James Kelly circumnavigates island in whaleboat
1815: First Van Diemen's Land wheat shipment to Sydney.

text:
1816: First emigrant ship arrives with free settlers from England
1817: Weekly mail service begins between Hobart and Launceston
1817: Work starts on new St David's Church, replacing earlier structure blown down in storm
1817: First convict ships arrive directly from England
1817: New Government House occupied in Macquarie St, on site of present Town Hall, lower Elizabeth St and Franklin Square.
1818: Government opens flour mill in Hobart
1818: Soldiers and convict kill bushranger Michael Howe on banks of Shannon River
1818: Government establishes nucleus of Royal Tasmanian Botanical Gardens
1819: First proper hospital opens
1819: Hobart-New Norfolk road built
1819: St David's Church opens

text: In 1820, Tasmanian roads were first macadamised and carthorses began to replace bullocks. In the same year, the first substantial jail was completed on the corner of Macquarie Street and Murray Street and merino sheep arrived from John Macarthur's stud in New South Wales. 1820 also saw the first Wesleyan (Methodist) meeting in the colony. The following year marked the arrival of first Catholic clergyman, Father Phillip Conolly and on his second visit, Governor Lachlan Macquarie chooses sites for Perth, Campbell Town, Ross, Oatlands, Sorell and Brighton. In 1821, officials and convicts left Port Dalrymple to establish Macquarie Harbour penal settlement at Sarah Island.

text: 1822 was the first year Van Diemen's Land Agricultural Society held a meeting in Hobart. In 1823 the Presbyterian Church's first official ministry in Australia occurred in Hobart and the first Tasmanian bank, Bank of Van Diemen's Land, was established.

text: The inauguration of the Supreme Court occurred in 1824, as did the opening of Cascade Brewery, Australia's longest continuously operating Brewery. Cannibal convict Alexander Pearce was hanged after escaping twice from Macquarie Harbour who survived by eating his companions and convict Matthew Brady begins his bushranging career after escaping from Macquarie Harbour.

text: On 3 December 1825, Van Diemen's Land became an independent colony from New South Wales with an appointed Executive Council, its own judicial establishment, and Legislative Council. Also in that year, the Richmond Bridge, Australia's oldest existing bridge, was opened and a party of soldiers and convicts establishes Maria Island penal settlement

text: In 1826, Van Diemen's Land Company launches North-West pastoral and agricultural development at Circular Head and the Tasmanian Turf Club was established. Settler John Batman, later one of Melbourne's founders, helped capture bushranger Matthew Brady near Launceston. Hobart experienced a disease epidemic which was blamed on rivulet pollution. A courthouse was built on the corner of Macquarie Street and Murray Street and street lighting with oil lamps was introduced. 1826 was also the year that the Legislative Council met formally for the first time.

text: 1827 saw the first regatta-style events on Derwent River and Van Diemen's Land Company began settlement at Emu Bay (now Burnie). A proclamation made in 1828 by Lieutenant-Governor George Arthur excluded Aborigines from settled areas and was the year of the Cape Grim massacre.

text: In 1828, martial law was declared against Aborigines in settled areas after Van Diemen's Land Company shepherds killed 30 Aborigines at Cape Grim and regular mail services with Sydney began. That year also saw widespread floods. The following year a jail for women convicts ("female factory") opened at Cascades, "Protector" George Augustus Robinson starts an Aboriginal mission at Bruny Island, convicts seized the brig Cyprus at Recherche Bay and sail to China, Van Diemen's Land Scientific Society formed under patronage of Lieutenant-Governor George Arthur and a Hobart-New Norfolk coach service began.

text:
1830: George Augustus Robinson starts reconciliation efforts with Aborigines by visiting west coast
1830: Samuel Anderson, Pioneer Settler, arrives in Hobart aboard the Lang, employed as book keeper with Van Diemens Land Co. Will go on to establish the third permanent settlement in Victoria at Westernport.
1830: Administration launches "Black Line" military campaign across most of colony to round up Aborigines; in seven weeks two are shot and two are captured
1830: Port Arthur penal settlement established
1830: Convict chain gang starts work on causeway across Derwent at Bridgewater
1831: Australia's first novel, Quintus Servinton, by Henry Savery, published in Hobart
1831: New land regulations discontinue free land grants, replacing them with sales
1832: George Augustus Robinson arrives in Hobart with Aborigines from Oyster Bay and Big River tribes, the last Aborigines removed from European-settled areas; Wybalenna, Flinders Island, chosen for Aboriginal resettlement site.
1832: Ends of martial law against Aborigines
1832: Work starts on Cascade Brewery
1832: Regular Hobart-Launceston coach service begins
1832: Maria Island penal settlement closes
1832: Derwent Light ("Iron Pot") lit for first time
1833: Robert Massie arrives in Tasmania takes up position as Engineer with Van Diemens Land Co.
1833: First professional theatrical performance in Hobart
1833: Macquarie Harbour penal settlement closes, convicts transferred to Port Arthur
1834: Convicts evacuating Macquarie Harbour capture brig Frederick and sail to Chile
1834: Stagecoaches begin daily Hobart-New Norfolk, weekly Hobart-Launceston services
1834: Daily Hobart-New Norfolk steamship trips begin
1834: Launceston "female factory" completed
1834: Point Puer boys' convict establishment opens at Port Arthur
1834: First coal shipment leaves convict mines on Tasman Peninsula
1834: Jury trial system for all civil cases begins
1834: Horse-drawn coaches begin taxi-style service
1834: Henty brothers leave Launceston for Portland Bay to make first European settlement in Victoria
1835: Nearly all remaining Tasmanian Aborigines surrender to George Augustus Robinson and are moved to Flinders Island
1835: Transport George III sinks in D'Entrecasteaux Channel with loss of 139 male convicts of 220 aboard
1835: In separate expeditions, John Batman and John Pascoe Fawkner leave Launceston to launch first European settlements at Port Phillip, which developed into Melbourne.
1835: Samuel Anderson leaves Launceston to establish third permanent Victorian settlement at Bass in Western Port.
1835: Colonial artist John Glover sends 35 paintings of Van Diemen's Land to London exhibition.
1835: First meeting to establish Launceston Bank for Savings.
1836: First Catholic Church was built—St John the Evangelist's Church in Richmond. It is the oldest running Catholic Church in Australia.
1836: Charles Darwin visits Hobart during round-the-world voyage in HMS Beagle
1836: Post office moves to premises on corner of Elizabeth Street and Collins Street
1836: Eleven counties, and some parishes therein, proclaimed; establishing the cadastral divisions of the colony
1837: Robert Massie leaves VDL and joins Samuel Anderson at Bass Victoria where his skills as an engineer enhance their partnership with the building of a tidal powered flour mill.
1837: Theatre Royal opens
1837: Lieutenant Governor Sir John Franklin founds Tasmanian Society for the Study of Natural Science
1837: Police office built on corner of Macquarie Street and Murray Street
1838 The first secular register of births, deaths and marriages in the British colonies established
1838: First annual Hobart Regatta on Derwent
1838: Work begins on old Customs House, which becomes Parliament House at start of responsible self-government in 1856
1838: Sir John Franklin establishes board of education to introduce non-denominational schools
1838: Bruny Island lighthouse completed

text:
1840: Economic depression starts, continues until 1845
1840: Captain James Ross arrives with Antarctic expedition in HMS Erebus and HMS Terror
1840: Sir John Franklin establishes Ross Bank meteorological observatory site, named after explorer, near present Government House site
1840: Dr William Bedford founds first Hobart private hospital (in house near Theatre Royal) after dispute at government hospital
1840: Transportation from Britain to NSW ends, causing heavier influx of convicts to Tasmania
1842: Colony's first official census, population 57,471
1842: The Weekly Examiner begins publication in Launceston
1842: Hobart proclaimed a city
1842: Tasmanian Journal of Natural Science, first Australian scientific journal, begins publication
1842: Peak year for convict arrivals (5329)
1842: Maria Island's Darlington penitentiary reopened
1843: Arrival of Tasmania's first Anglican bishop, Francis Russell Nixon
1843: Bushranger Martin Cash captured in Hobart, his death sentence was commuted and he was later pardoned
1844: First Catholic bishop, Robert Willson, arrives
1844: Formation of Royal Society of Tasmania, first branch outside Britain, as development of society founded in 1837 by Sir John Franklin; society branch takes over botanical gardens
1844: Norfolk Island, formerly administered by NSW, comes under Tasmanian control
1845: Emigrant ship Cataraqui wrecked near King Island, 406 lives lost
1845: Hobart Savings Bank opens
1845: Jewish community consecrates Hobart Synagogue, Australia's oldest
1845: Artist John Skinner Prout organises first known Australian exhibition of pictures in Hobart
1846: Foundation of the Hutchins School and Launceston Grammar School
1846: Lieutenant-governor Sir John Eardley-Wilmot dismissed, allegedly for failure to suppress convict homosexuality
1846: Convict transportation to Tasmania suspended until 1848
1846: Tasmania becomes first Australian colony to enact legislation to protect native animals
1847: Britain orders closure of NSW convict establishment and transfer of remaining prisoners to Tasmania
1847: Big Hobart meeting petitions Queen Victoria for end to transportation
1847: Wybalenna Aboriginal settlement at Flinders Island closes and surviving 47 Aborigines move to Oyster Cove
1847: News of Sir John Franklin's death during Arctic exploration reaches Hobart
1847: Charles Davis founds hardware business
1847: Launceston doctor W. R. Pugh uses ether as general anaesthetic for first time in Tasmania
1848: Hobart peaks as whaling port, with 1046 men aboard 37 ships
1848: Colony now only place of transportation in British Empire
1849: "Young Irelanders" (Irish political prisoners), including William Smith O'Brien, arrive at Port Arthur
1849: Anti-transportation league formed after Launceston public meeting
1849: Tasmania gets first public library
1849: Tasmanian apple growers export to the United States of America and New Zealand

text:
1850: Prisoner Patrick O'Donoghue starts publishing 'The Irish Exile', first Irish Nationalist paper in Australia.
1850: First secular high school built at Domain
1850: Constitution Dock officially opened
1851: O'Donoghue sent to a chain-gang, released, restarts his paper and sent again to a chain-gang.
1851: Black Thursday bushfires in February
1851: Influenza epidemic
1851: First election for 16 non-appointed members of Legislative Council
1851: Hobart Chamber of Commerce established
1851: Launceston host for first intercolonial cricket match (Van Diemen's Land v Port Phillip district)
1851: Maria Island's Darlington penitentiary abandoned
1852: Elections for first Hobart and Launceston municipal councils
1852: Payable gold discovered near Fingal
1853: Jubilee festival in Hobart celebrates end of convict transportation after arrival of last ship, the St Vincent
1853: First Tasmanian adhesive postage stamp issued
1854: Severe floods, fires hit city
1854: The Mercury founded as bi-weekly publication
1855: Horse-drawn "buses" (large carts) begin services, mainly on city–New Town route; they later become enclosed vehicles
1855: Henry Young becomes first vice-regal representative to have title of Governor
1856: Name of Van Diemen's Land officially changed to Tasmania after grant of responsible self-government
1856: New two-house Parliament opens after elections, William Champ becomes colony's first Premier
1856: Norfolk Island transferred from Tasmanian to NSW control
1857: Hobart's municipal Incorporation
1857: Hobart-Launceston telegraph line opens
1857: Hobart customers start using coal gas, streets get gas lighting
1858: First meeting of Hobarts Marine Board, Australia's oldest port authority
1858: Hobart and Launceston councils form municipal police forces
1858: Council of Education established
1858: Hobart Savings Bank founded
1858: Parliament passes Rural Municipalities Act
1859: Worries about public health prompt Hobart Town Council to appoint health officer
1859: New Government House at Domain occupied for first time, by Governor Henry Young and Lady Young

text:
1860: British troops sail from Hobart for Māori war in New Zealand
1860: Volunteer corps of infantry, cavalry and artillery formed
1860: Economic depression
1860: The Mercury begins daily publication
1862: Tasmania adopts Torrens title land-conveyancing and registration system
1862: Serious Derwent flooding
1862: Hobart's post office moves to rebuilt courthouse on corner of Macquarie St and Murray St
1863: Opening of Tasmanian Museum on present site
1864: First shipment of trout and salmon ova arrives from England
1866: Hobart Town Hall opened
1866: Hobart Philharmonic Society formed
1867: George Peacock launches one of Australia's first jam factories in Hobart (later operated by Henry Jones and Co under the name IXL)
1868: First royal visit, during which Prince Alfred (Duke of Edinburgh) lays foundation stone for St David's Cathedral and turns first sod for Tasmania's first railway, Launceston-Deloraine line, built by a private company.
1868: With Education Act, Tasmania becomes first Australian colony to have compulsory state education system, administered by local school boards
1869: Death of William Lanne ("King Billy"), reputedly the last full blood Tasmanian Aboriginal man; whose remains were disrespected horribly after disagreement over who should have his remains.
1869: Submarine communications cable successfully establishes link between Tasmania and Melbourne.

text:
1870: British troops leave
1870: Tasmanian Public Library formally constituted
1871: Opening of Launceston–Deloraine railway, Tasmania's first—(1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in))
1871: James "Philosopher" Smith discovers tin at Mount Bischoff
1872: Direct telegraphic communication begins between Tasmania and England
1873: Work begins on private operated Hobart–Launceston rail link—(1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in))
1873: Government takes over Launceston-Deloraine line
1874: St David's Cathedral consecrated
1874: Tasmanian Racing Club established
1874: Launceston rioters protest against rates levy for Deloraine railway
1874: First book publication of Marcus Clarke's For the Term of His Natural Life, set mainly in Tasmania
1875: Hobart Hospital begins professional training of nurses
1875: Widespread flooding
1876: Truganini, described as last Tasmanian full blooded Aborigine, dies in Hobart
1876: Hobart-Launceston railway opens
1877: Port Arthur penal settlement closed
1877: Gold discovered at Beaconsfield
1878: Mount Heemskirk tin mining begins

text:
1880: Earthquake hits Hobart
1880: Tasmania gets first telephone with line from city centre to Mount Nelson signal station
1880: Start of Derwent Sailing Boat Club (later Royal Yacht Club of Tasmania)
1880: Gold discovered at Pieman River on West Coast, Tasmania
1881: William Shoobridge organises first trial shipment of apples from Hobart to Britain
1881: Hobart officially replaces 'Hobart Town' as capital's name
1882: Married Women's Property Act allows wives to own property in their own right
1882: Silver-lead discovered at Zeehan
1882: Hobart Stock Exchange opens
1883: Typhoid and diphtheria epidemic prompt public health legislation
1883: Government opens first Hobart and Launceston telephone exchanges
1883: Trades and Labor Council formed
1883: Discovery of gold at "Iron Blow" at Mount Lyell amidst increased West Coast, Tasmania mineral prospecting
1885: Education Department created, centralising control of schools
1885: Mersey and Deloraine Railway opened—4′6″ gauge
1885: Oatlands to Parattah Railway opened
1885: Formation of the Mt Lyell Prospecting Association
1886: Copper found at Mount Lyell
1886: Government takes over Tasmanian Museum and Royal Tasmanian Botanical Gardens
1886: Federal Council of Australasia discusses Federation at its first assembly held in Hobart
1886: Public Health Act creates local boards of health
1887: Derwent Valley railway line to New Norfolk opens, extended to Glenora within a year
1887: Establishment of The Friends School in Hobart by the Society of Friends (Quakers).
1887: Italian entrepreneur Diego Bernacchi floats company to develop Maria Island
1888: Hobart gets first technical school
1888: Reservoir water supply opened
1888: Launceston proclaimed a city

text:
1890: University of Tasmania opens at the Domain
1890: Government takes over Hobart-Launceston railway
1890: Legislation provides for payment of Tasmanian parliamentarians
1891: Bank of Van Diemen's Land collapses, economic depression follows
1891: Queen Victoria Museum and Art Gallery opens in Launceston
1891: Apsley Railway opened
1892: George FitzGerald founds FitzGeralds department store chain, now owned by Harris Scarfe
1893: Private company begins electric tramway in Hobart, first in an Australian capital city
1893: Mount Lyell Mining and Railway Company. formed (1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in))
1893: Government establishes Tasmanian Tourist Association
1894: Hobart international exhibition opens
1894: Government introduces flat-rate income tax system
1895: The premiers conference in Hobart discusses proposals for federal constitution and plebiscite.
1895: Launceston becomes first southern hemisphere city to get electric light after first Tasmanian hydro-electric station opens at Duck Reach on South Esk River
1895: All Tasmanian districts move to Australian Eastern Standard Time, ending different time zones in colony
1896: Entrepreneur George Adams launches Tattersalls lottery venture in Hobart; first lottery held to dispose of assets of failed Bank of Van Diemen's Land
1896: Ore smelting begins at Mount Lyell
1897: Hare-Clark voting system used on trial basis for state polls in Hobart and Launceston
1897: Formation of Southern Tasmania Football Association
1897: Serious bushfires start on New Year's Eve, end with six lives lost
1898: Tasmanians vote four to one in favor of referendum on federation with mainland colonies
1898: Municipal police forces become part of new statewide government force
1898: Electric street lighting begins in Hobart
1898: Norwegian-born Carsten Borchgrevink's Antarctic expedition arrives in Hobart on way south; Tasmanian Louis Bernacchi joins as physicist
1899: First Tasmanian troops leave for Second Boer War in South Africa
1899: Federation of Australia wins overwhelming Tasmanian approval in the second referendum

text:
1900: More Tasmanian troops leave for Second Boer War
1900: Adult male suffrage for House of Assembly adopted, with property qualifications abolished
1900: End of whaling operations from Hobart
1900: Bubonic plague scare grips Tasmania
1900: Macquarie Island becomes a Tasmanian dependency
1901: Administrator Sir John Dodds reads proclamation of Commonwealth of Australia from Tasmanian Supreme Court steps
1901: Visit by Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York (future King George V and Queen Mary)
1901: First elections for Federal Parliament
1901: Zeehan conference leads to formation of Tasmanian Workers Political League (forerunner to Labor Party)
1902: Last Tasmanian troops return from the Boer War
1902: Robert Carl Sticht completes world's first successful pyritic smelting at Mount Lyell
1903: Women get House of Assembly voting right (the already had it for federal polls)
1903: Hobart-Launceston telephone line opens
1903: Two ships leave Hobart on relief expedition to free British explorer Robert Scott's Discovery from Antarctic ice
1903: Launceston smallpox epidemic forces cancellation of Tasmanian centenary celebrations, some festivities a year later
1904: Legislation allows Tasmanian women to become lawyers
1904: Formation of Tasmanian National Association (forerunner to Liberal Party)
1904: Native flora and fauna reserve declared at Schouten Island and Freycinet Peninsula
1905: Wireless telegraphy experiments between Hobart and Tasman Island and between state and mainland
1905: General Post Office building opens
1906: Marconi Co. demonstrated a wireless telegraphy service between Devonport and Queenscliff, Victoria
1906: Tasman Lighthouse first lit
1907: New public library, built with money from American philanthropist Andrew Carnegie, opens in Hobart
1907: Hare-Clark voting system extended to all of Tasmania
1908: State school fees abolished
1908: Queen Alexandra Maternity Hospital opens in Hobart
1908: First Scout troops formed
1909: Guy Fawkes Day (5 November) fire destroy Hobart market, City Hall later built on site
1909: First statewide use of Hare-Clark voting system elects first Labor government, led by John Earle; government lasts only one week, with return of conservatives
1909: Irish blight wipes out potato crop

text:
1910: Carters' wage strike paralyses Hobart for a week, ends with win for workers
1910: Legislation sets maximum 48-hour working week and minimum wages in several trades
1910: Great Lake hydro-electric project starts
1911: The Christian Brothers founded and opened the St. Virgil's College School in what is now, Barrack Street in Hobart.
1911: Douglas Mawson's ship Aurora docks in Hobart on way to Antarctic
1911: Philip Smith teachers' college opens at Domain, Electric trams begin running in Launceston
1912: Mount Lyell fire traps miners underground, 42 die
1912: Norwegian Roald Amundsen, first man to reach South Pole, arrives in Hobart on return from Antarctic expedition
1912: Hobart City Council takes over tramway service
1912: First Tasmanian Girl Guide company formed
1913: First government high schools open in Hobart and Launceston
1913: Hobart City Council buys tram service
1913: Term "free by servitude" referring to ex-convicts, appears for last time in official documents, after use for more than 100 years
1914: A. Delfosse Badgery makes Tasmania's first flight from Elwick in a plane he built himself
1914: First Tasmanian troops leave to fight in World War I
1914: The town of Bismarck is renamed Collinsvale due to anti-German sentiment inflamed by the war
1914: State government buys hydro-electric company
1915: Tasmanian legislation establishes Australia's first special authority to create and manage parks and reserves
1915: Serious bushfires
1916: In Tasmania's worst rail disaster, driver and six passengers die, 31 survive injuries, after Launceston-Hobart express crashes near Campania
1916: First all-Tasmanian battalion (the 40th) leaves for World War I
1916: Opening of Great Lakes hydro scheme's first stage, Waddamana power station
1916: State's first national parks declared at Mount Field and Freycinet
1916: Daylight saving time first introduced as temporary wartime measure
1917: Electrolytic Zinc Company works at Risdon and Australian Commonwealth Carbide's plant at Electrona established
1917: Ridgeway reservoir completed
1919: Worldwide Spanish influenza epidemic reaches Tasmania, affecting one-third of the population and claiming 171 lives
1919: Ex-World War I airman A. L. Long makes first flight over Bass Strait
1919: Frozen Tasmanian meat exported for the first time

text:
1920: Visit by Prince of Wales, future King Edward VIII
1920: Miena dam completed
1920: Launceston-born Hudson Fysh helps found Qantas
1922: Legislation enables women to stand in state elections
1922: Legacy movement starts with founding of Remembrance Club in Hobart by Major-General Sir John Gellibrand
1922: Cradle Mountain-Lake St Clair National Park proclaimed
1923: First concert by Hobart Symphony Orchestra
1923: Severe flooding in Hobart
1923: Labor's Joseph Lyons, a future prime minister, becomes state premier
1924: Private company starts first Tasmanian radio station, 7ZL (now part of ABC), with regular broadcasts from The Mercury building
1924: Electrolytic Zinc Co makes first superphosphate at Risdon
1925: Workmen open David Collins' grave during conversion of old St David's Cemetery into St David's Park
1925: Osmiridium fields discovered at Adamsfield in south-west
1927: Inquiry into proposed bridge linking Hobart city with eastern shore
1927: Visit by Duke and Duchess of York (future King George VI and Queen Elizabeth)
1928: Cadbury's Claremont factory makes first chocolate
1928: Voting in Tasmanian state elections becomes compulsory (federal voting became compulsory in 1924)
1929: Disastrous floods, mainly in Northern Tasmania, take 22 lives; dam burst damages Derby township and tin mines
1929: Hobart gets automatic telephone system
1929: Great Depression begins
1929: Legislation creates Hydro-Electric Commission, replacing government department

text:
1931: Tasmanian Harold Gatty and American Wiley Post make record round-the-world flight (eight days, 15 hours)
1932: Ivan and Victor Holyman start air service between Launceston and Flinders Island
1932: Lyell Highway opens, linking Hobart with West Coast
1932: Former premier Joseph Lyons becomes prime minister, only Tasmanian to hold that office
1933: Commonwealth Grants Commission appointed to inquire into affairs of claimant states, including Tasmania
1934: Holyman Airways (a forerunner of Ansett) launches Launceston–Melbourne service, within months, company plane Miss Hobart disappears over Bass Strait with loss of 12 people, including proprietor Victor Holyman
1934: Election of government led by Albert Ogilvie starts 35 years of continuous Labor governments
1935: Five die when Holyman Airways plane Loina crashes off Flinders Island.
1935: Hobart gets first electric trolley buses
1935: Legislation for three-year state parliament terms
1936: SS Paringa sinks in Bass Strait while towing tanker, 31 die
1936: ABC forms orchestra
1936 (7 September): Last known Tasmanian tiger (thylacine) dies at Hobart's Beaumaris Zoo
1936: First commercial flights use federal aerodrome at Cambridge
1936: Submarine telephone cable service begins between Tasmania and Victoria via King Island
1936: First two area schools (renamed district schools in 1973) open at Sheffield and Hagley
1937: Open of Mount Wellington summit road, built as Depression relief work project
1937: Poliomyelitis epidemic
1937: Five-year state parliamentary terms return
1938: Production starts at APPM's Burnie mill
1938: Work begins on a floating arch bridge across Derwent in Hobart
1939: World War II begins
1939: Death in office of prime minister Joseph Lyons
1939: Royal Hobart Hospital opens on present site

text:
1940: Tasmanian soldiers leave for North African campaign with Australian 6th Division
1940: German naval raiders Pinguin and Atlantis lay mines off Hobart and other Australian areas. Hobart closed to shipping because of mine threat; Bass Strait closed after mine sinks British steamer Cambridge.
1941: Tasmanian soldiers leave for Malaya with Australian 8th Division
1941: Australian Newsprint Mills' Boyer plant becomes first in world to produce newsprint from hardwood
1942 (January–March): daylight saving time introduced as wartime measure
1942: Women 18 to 30 called up for war work
1943: Floating-arch pontoon bridge Hobart Bridge opens
1943: Enid Lyons (later Dame Enid), widow of Joseph Lyons, elected first woman member of House of Representatives, winning seat of Darwin (now Braddon).
1944: University of Tasmania begins transfer to Sandy Bay site
1944: State Library established
1945: Rani wins first Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race
1946: Australian National Airways plane crashes at Seven Mile Beach, killing 25
1946: Last horse-drawn Hobart cab ceases operation
1946: Poliomyelitis epidemic
1947: War-affected migrants begin arriving from Europe to work for Hydro-Electric Commission
1947: Edward Brooker takes over as Labor premier after Robert Cosgrove's resignation to face corruption and bribery charges
1947: Major flooding in south of state
1948: Margaret McIntyre wins Legislative Council seat in May, becoming the first woman member of Tasmanian Parliament; airliner crash in NSW in September kills her and 12 others.
1948: Robert Cosgrove resumes premiership after acquittal on corruption and bribery charges
1948: ABC forms Tasmanian Symphony Orchestra on permanent basis
1948: Fire destroys Ocean Pier
1948: Antarctic research station established on Macquarie Island
1949: Poliomyelitis epidemic
1949: Government introduces compulsory X-rays in fight against tuberculosis
1949: Tasmanian politician Dame Enid Lyons, widow of former prime minister Joseph Lyons, becomes first woman to reach federal ministry rank, as Executive Council vice-president
1949: Government buys Theatre Royal

text:
1951: Brighton army camp gets first intake of national service trainees
1951: Hartz Mountains National Park proclaimed
1951: Tasmanian Historical Research Association commences
1951: Serious bushfires
1951: Italian and German migrants arrive to work under contract for Hydro-Electric Commission
1952: First woman elected to Hobart City Council
1952: Severe floods
1952: Government ends free hospital scheme
1952: Single state licensing body formed for hotels and clubs
1953: Tasman Limited diesel train service begins between Hobart and northern towns
1953: Housing Department created to manage public housing
1953: Beaconsfield becomes first Australian centre to get fluoridated water
1954: Queen Elizabeth II becomes first reigning monarch to visit state, accompanied by Prince Phillip. As part of 150th anniversary celebrations, she unveils monument to pioneer British settlers
1954: Hobart Rivulet area damaged as severe floods affect southern and eastern Tasmania
1954: Metropolitan Transport Trust formed
1954: Tattersalls Lotteries moves headquarters from Hobart to Melbourne
1954: Spouses of property owners get right to vote in Legislative Council elections
1955: Royal commission appointed to inquire into University of Tasmania after request by Professor Sydney Orr
1955: House of Assembly gets first two women members, Liberals Mabel Miller and Amelia Best
1955: Hobart becomes first Australian city to get parking meters
1955: Proclamation of Lake Pedder National Park (later extended to form Southwest National Park).
1955: First ingot poured at Bell Bay aluminium refinery
1955: Labor Party's federal conference in Hobart brings Australian Labor Party split over industrial groups to head, leading to formation of Australian Labor Party (Anti-Communist), later Democratic Labor Party
1955: Lactos cheese factory opens at Burnie
1956: University of Tasmania Council dismisses Professor Sydney Orr, alleging improper conduct by him with female student; Orr launches unsuccessful court action against university for wrongful dismissal
1956: Tasmania gets first woman mayor, Dorothy Edwards of Launceston
1957: Water Act establishes Rivers and Water Supply Commission
1958: Hobart waterside works block two Australian Labor Party (Anti-Communist) members, father Frank Hursey and son Denis, from working in dispute over their objection to paying union levy that would partly go to ALP; police guard Hurseys after court order; Supreme Court awards them damages
1959: MG Car Club of Tasmania formed
1959: Princess of Tasmania becomes first roll-on/roll-off passenger ferry on Bass Strait run
1959: High Court verdict in Hursey case upholds unions' right to levy members for political purposes, expel those who refuse to pay
1959: Federal Government reduces claimant states to two, Tasmania and Western Australia

text:
1960: Severe floods in Derwent Valley and Hobart, with business basements under water and houses washed away
1960: Television stations ABT-2 (ABC) and TVT-6 (now WIN) start programs from Mount Wellington transmitters
1960: New jail opens at Risdon
1960: Hobart trams cease, succeeded by electric trolley buses
1960: First meeting of Inland Fisheries Commission
1960: Opening of new State Library headquarters
1960: First city parking station opens in Argyle Street
1961: Construction of Hobart-Sydney ferry terminal begins
1962: Australian Paper Makers Ltd's Port Huon mill opens
1962: TEMCO's Bell Bay ferro-manganese plant begins production
1962: Government subsidises municipal fluoridation schemes
1963: University of Tasmania completes move to Sandy Bay site; Universities Commission recommends medical school
1964: Tasman Bridge opens for traffic, old pontoon bridge towed away
1964: Hobart's water supply fluoridated
1964: Glenorchy proclaimed city
1965: First Tasmanians leave for Vietnam War under national service scheme
1965: Ferry Empress of Australia makes first Sydney–Hobart voyage
1965: Official opening of Tasmanian Conservatorium of Music
1965: Bass Strait oil drilling begins
1966: Huge copper reserves found in Mount Lyell area
1966: Savage River iron ore agreements involving $62 million signed
1967 (February): Black Tuesday bushfires claim 62 lives—53 in Hobart area—and destroy more than 1300 homes
1967: Tasmanian joins other states in approving full constitutional rights for Aborigines
1967: Hydro-Electric Commission tables plans in State Parliament to dam Lake Pedder in South-West
1967: Daylight saving time and breathalyser tests introduced
1968: Full adult franchise introduced for Legislative Council elections
1968: Hobart trolley buses cease, replaced by diesel vehicles
1968: State abolishes death penalty
1968: Savage River iron ore project officially opens
1968: Batman Bridge across lower Tamar River opens
1969: Tasmanians vote Labor Party out after 35 years in office, Liberal-Centre Party forms coalition government
1969: Worst floods in 40 years hit Launceston

text:
1970: Parliament legislates for permanent daylight saving time
1970: State marine research laboratories at Taroona open
1970: Electrolytic Zinc Company opens $6 million residue treatment plant
1971: First woodchip shipment leaves Tasmanian Pulp and Forest Holdings' mill at Triabunna
1971: APPM Ltd's Wesley Vale paper plant opens
1971: First state Aboriginal conference held in Launceston
1972: Conservationists lose battle to prevent flooding of Lake Pedder in South-West for hydro-electric scheme
1972: Liberal-Centre Party coalition government collapses
1972: Tasmanian College of Advanced Education opens in Hobart
1972: Ferry Princess of Tasmania makes last Tasmanian voyage
1972: Tasmanian Aboriginal Centre opens at Tasmanian Aboriginal Information Centre
1973: Coastal freighter Blythe Star sinks with loss of three men, seven survivors spend eight days adrift in lifeboat before coming ashore on Forestier Peninsula
1973: Australia's first legal casino opens at Wrest Point Hotel Casino
1973: Sir Stanley Burbury, formerly chief justice, becomes first Australian-born governor of Tasmania
1974: Three die when boiler explosion demolishes laundry at Mt St Canice Convent, Sandy Bay
1974: Tasmanian workers under state wages board awards get four weeks annual leave; woman awarded equal pay
1974: Hobart suburban rail services cease
1975: Freighter MV Lake Illawarra crashes into Tasman Bridge, causing 12 deaths and bringing down part of bridge; temporary Bailey bridge put across Derwent
1975: Police academy completed at Rokeby
1975: Hotels allowed to open for Sunday trading
1975: Totalizator Agency Board begins operating
1976: Members of Aboriginal community ritually cremate Truganini's remains, scatter ashes in D'Entrecasteaux Channel
1976: Tasmanian Wilderness Society formed
1976: Freight equalisation scheme subsidises sea cargo to and from state
1977: Repaired Tasman Bridge reopens to traffic
1977: Royal visit, during which Aboriginal activist Michael Mansell presents the Queen with land rights claim
1977: Tasmanian Film Corporation launched
1978: Australian National Railways takes over Tasmanian rail system; Tasman Limited ceases operations, ending regular passenger train services in state
1978: Hydro-Electric Commission proposes power scheme involving Gordon, Franklin and King rivers
1979: Tasmanian College of Advanced Education moves to Launceston
1979: State's first ombudsman begins duties
1979: Hobart gets increased Saturday morning shopping
1979: Government expands South-West conservation area to more than one-fifth of state's total area

text:
1980: Australian Antarctic Division headquarters completed at Kingston
1980: Labor MHA Gillian James becomes first woman to become State Government minister
1980: Australian Maritime College opens at Beauty Point
1980: Australian Heritage Commission includes Tasmania on National Estate register
1981: Plebiscite on preferred new hydro-electric power development scheme shows 47% of voters favour Gordon-below-Franklin development, 8% prefer Gordon-above-Olga, with 45% casting informal votes, including 'no dams' write-ins.
1981: Devonport proclaimed city
1981: Bushfires destroy 40 Zeehan homes
1982: Proclamation of Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area, including South-West, Franklin-Lower Gordon Wild Rivers and Cradle Mountain-Lake St Clair national parks; conservationists blockade Gordon-below-Franklin hydro-electric dam work
1982: Tasmanians elect Liberals as government in their own right for first time in state's history
1983: Federal regulations block Franklin Dam construction; High Court rules in favour of federal sovereignty, ending the proposed Gordon-below-Franklin scheme
1983: Tasmanian Aboriginal Land Council established
1983: Visit by The Prince and Princess of Wales
1984: Official opening of Bowen Bridge
1984: Official opening of Wrest Point Convention Centre
1984: Fire damages Theatre Royal
1984: Atlantic salmon eggs introduced to Tasmania
1985: Four-day cremation ceremony at Oyster Cove, south of Hobart, for Aboriginal remains recovered from museums
1985: CSIRO Marine Laboratories open in Hobart
1985: Last voyage by ferry Empress of Australia before replacement by Abel Tasman
1985: Last Tasmanian drive-in theatres close in Hobart and Launceston
1985: Municipal rationalisation advances with Launceston taking over St Leonards and Lilydale
1986: Pope John Paul II holds mass for 32,000 people at Elwick racecourse during Hobart visit
1986: Archaeologists discover Aboriginal rock paintings in South-West believed to be 20,000 years old
1987: Launching of Lady Nelson replica ship
1987: High Court decision bans logging in Lemonthyme, southern forests
1987: Antarctic supply ship Nella Dan sinks off Macquarie Island
1988: International fleet of about 200 sailing, cruise and naval ships from about 20 countries calls at Hobart as part of Australian Bicentennial celebrations; more than 150 leave on race to Sydney
1988: Clarence and Burnie proclaimed cities
1988: Tasmanian Sporting Hall of Fame opens
1989: State election ends with Labor-Green accord involving five independents; their no-confidence vote in Robin Gray's minority Liberal government gives Labor's Michael Field premiership

text:
1990: Sea Cat Tasmania, built in Hobart by Incat, begins summer crossings of Bass Strait
1990: King Island scheelite mine closes
1990: World Rowing Championships held on Lake Barrington, near Sheffield
1991: Savings Bank of Tasmania and Tasmanian Bank amalgamate as Trust Bank
1991: Port Huon paper mill, Electrona silicon smelter, Renison tin mine and Devonport Ovaltine factory close
1992: Aborigines occupy Risdon Cove in protest over land claims
1992: Royal Hobart Hospital nursing school closes, ending hospital-based nursing training in Tasmania
1992: Seven women ordained as Anglican priests at St David's Cathedral
1992: State's unemployment rate reaches 12.2% as jobs decline in public and private sectors; rallies of angry workers force temporary closure of House of Assembly
1993: Christine Milne (Tasmanian Greens) becomes first female leader of a Tasmanian political party
1993: Spirit of Tasmania replaces Abel Tasman on Bass Strait ferry service
1993: Tasmania's unemployment rate reaches 13.4%
1993: State Government reduces total of municipalities from 46 to 29, number of departments from 17 to 12
1994: End to 80 years of dam building as state's last power station, Tribute, opens near Tullah
1994: HMAS Huon naval base decommissioned
1995: All-day Saturday shop trading begins
1995: Government announces legislation to transfer 38 km2 of culturally significant land to Aboriginal community, including Risdon Cove and Oyster Cove
1995: States unemployment rate falls to 9.6% as number of Tasmanians in work sets record
1996 (28 April): Gunman Martin Bryant kills 35 people and injures 20 more in shooting rampage at Port Arthur historic site; Supreme Court sentences him to life imprisonment
1996: Former federal Liberal minister Peter Nixon heads Commonwealth state inquiry into Tasmanian economy
1997: Tasmania becomes first state to formally apologise to Aboriginal community for past actions connected with the 'stolen generation'.
1997: Hobart Ports Corporation succeeds marine board
1997: State Parliament repeals two century-old laws that together made all male homosexual activity criminal
1997: Royal Hobart Hospital announces part privatisation
1997: Official opening of Hobart's Aquatic Centre
1997: Nixon report recommendations include single chamber State Parliament with 27 members, government asset sales
1997: About 800 gaming machines introduced into 55 Tasmanian hotels, clubs amid predictions of major social problems
1998: Federal Government sells Hobart and Launceston airports
1998: Subsidiary Kendell Airlines takes over Ansett's Tasmanian services
1998: Parliament reduced from 54 members to 40—25 Members of the House of Assembly and 15 Members of the Legislative Council
1998: Legislation passed to separate Hydro-Electric Commission into three bodies: Aurora Energy, Transend Networks and Hydro Tasmania.
1998: Bushfires destroy six houses in Hobart suburbs, burn out 30 km2
1998 (December): Storms and massive seas claim six lives in Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race
1999: Wild winds and heavy rain caused chaos across Tasmania, one casualty being the Ferris Wheel at the Royal Hobart Regatta which blew over onto the Gee Whizzer ride. 113 km/h winds in Hobart, 158 km/h winds on Mount Wellington.
1999: Tasmanian cricketer David Boon announced his retirement from Sheffield Shield cricket
March 1999: Tasmania is almost booked out for the millennium New Year's Eve party—a once-in-1000-year event for Tasmania's key resorts, hotels, motels and restaurants
1999: Albanian refugees from Kosovo housed at Brighton military camp, renamed Tasmanian Peace Haven
1999: Legislation passed to give Aboriginal community control of Wybalenna, Flinders Island
1999: Colonial State Bank of NSW takes over Trust Bank
1999: Official opening of Port Arthur Visitor Centre
1999: Queen Alexandra Hospital building leased to private operators
1999 (25 October): Labor part stalwart Eric Reece, hailed as Tasmania's greatest premier, died in Hobart, aged 90
1999: Proclamation of Tasmanian Seamounts Marine Reserve, Australia's first deep-sea reserve
1999: Tasmania voted the best temperate island in the world by the world's largest travel magazine, Conde Nast Traveler

text:
2000 (1 January): Tasmania beamed to 43 television networks around the world to herald the new millennium
2000: Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia visits Hobart
2000: Tasmania hosts its first Sorry Day at Risdon Cove
2000: Olympic Torch comes to Tasmania
2000: New Federation Concert Hall opens in Hobart
2001 (10 May): Centenary of Federation celebrated
2001: For the first time in 120 years, Tasmanian Australian rules football clubs take the national stage playing home and away VFL games
2001: Tasmanian company Gunns clinches $335 million deal to become one of the giants of the Australian forestry industry
2001: Impulse Airlines begins, cutting one way Hobart-Melbourne fares to $40, but is subsumed by Qantas
2001: 10 Days on the Island begins. It is Tasmania's biggest cultural festival in a century
2001: State Government announces $53 million jail to replace the old Risdon Jail
2001: New traffic laws introduced, drivers face automatic disqualification if travelling 38 km/h over the limit
2001: Meningoccocal hits Tasmania with the first of many deaths
2002: House and land boom begins with East Coast blocks selling for almost three times the town's previous record
2002 (May): : Tasmania's suburban street speed limit dropped to 50 km/h in a bid to increase road safety
2002: Tasmania hit by drought
2002 (16 May): Death of Australia's last ANZAC, Tasmania's Alec Campbell, aged 103.
2002 (3 August): Tasmanian boxer Daniel Geale wins Tasmania's only gold medal at the Commonwealth Games in Manchester, England.
2002: Virgin Blue begins operating in Tasmania offering introductory $66 one-way fares to Melbourne
2002 (1 September): Tasmania's fast ferries Spirit of Tasmania I and II replace original Spirit of Tasmania on Bass Strait trade.
2002 (12 October): Tasmanian Tim Hawkins killed in Bali bombing
2002: Deregulated shop trading hours begin
2003 (January): People urged by Tasmanian Fire Service to abandon their Australia Day long-weekend plans and prepare their homes for a potential firestorm as a number of fires pose the worst fire threat in 30 years
2003: Official opening of the restored Queenstown to Regatta Point railway line West Coast Wilderness Railway. (1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in))
2003: Attempted hijack of a Qantas flight from Melbourne to Launceston
2003: Federal Hotels gets exclusive control of state's gaming machines for 15 years with a further 5-year option
2003: Richard Butler becomes Tasmania's new governor
2003: Regina Bird wins reality-TV show Big Brother, becomes first Tasmanian to do so
2003: Tasmania passed some of the most progressive relationship laws in the world including same-sex adoptions and registration of 'significant' relationships
2003: Engagement of Tasmania's Mary Donaldson to Denmark's Prince Frederik
2004 (13 January): Spirit of Tasmania III makes its first voyage from Sydney to Devonport
2004: State Government announces legislation to legalise brothels; leading to a back flip in 2005 when the government chose to ban brothels altogether.
2004 (14 May): Wedding of Tasmania's Mary Donaldson to Denmark's Prince Frederik in Copenhagen.
2004 (20 May): Premier Jim Bacon dies in Hobart of lung cancer
2004 (8 August): Tasmanian governor Richard Butler resigns at the request the premier, who agreed to pay "compensation" of $600,000 in lost salary
2005 (15 October): Tasmanian Mary Donaldson and Prince Frederik give birth to a male infant Prince Christian who will be in the line of succession to the Danish throne
2006 (26 April): Beaconsfield mine collapse—One miner killed, two trapped underground for a fortnight.
2006 (27 August): Final crossing of the Spirit of Tasmania III from Sydney to Devonport
2011 (22 January) : The Museum of Old and New Art (MONA) opens to the public.
2012 : Tasmania's largest company, Gunns, enters voluntary administration.


document_title: Harvard Extension School

question_text: is harvard extension school the same as harvard

root

text: Harvard Extension School

text: History[edit]

text:
Year[1]
Enrollment

1910–11
863

1914[7]
1,034

1915[7]
1,488

1919[8]
~1,300

1922–23[9]
1,727

1930–31
1,690

1934–35
871

1942–43
808

1945–46
1,243

1946–47
1,528

1947–1948
1,955

1951–52
2,062

1952–1953[1][10]
2,141

1956–57
2,890

1959–60
5,500+

1962–63
7,448

1963–64
8,435

1963–64
8,693

1971–72
10,000+

1974–75
9,677

1975–76
9,705

1977–78
~11,677

1979–80
12,567

1981–82
17,034

1983–84
19,561

1984–85
20,366

1986–87
20,578

1990–91
~22,500

1999–2000
~24,000

2007–08
25,000+

tag: table

text: Founded in 1910 by President A. Lawrence Lowell, the Harvard Extension School grew out of the Lowell Institute, which was created according to the terms of a bequest by John Lowell, Jr. It was designed to serve the educational interests and needs of the greater Boston community,[6] particularly those "who had the ability and desire to attend college, but also had other obligations that kept them from traditional schools."[11] It has since extended its "academic resources to the public, locally, nationally, and internationally."[12]

text: During the 1920s professors from Boston and Harvard Universities left the confines of their campuses and traveled to teach courses offsite.[13] While they were primarily aimed at teachers, courses were offered wherever 40 or more students expressed an interest.[13] Professors traveled on a weekly basis to places around New England and as far away as Yonkers, New York,[13] some 200 miles away.

text: Despite falling revenue due to the Great Depression, A. Lawrence Lowell insisted in 1931 that the bequest from John Lowell prevented courses from costing more than two bushels of wheat. As a result, a half-year course cost could no more than $5, and a full course no more than $10.[14] Some courses cost as little as $2.50.[15]

text: University Extension courses were to be taught by "the most experienced teachers that can be secured"[16] who all received "excellent pay."[10] In the early years courses were run by a commission composed of several Boston area schools, though it was largely a Harvard-run program.[10][17][18] In 1938 there were 28 professors from Commission faculties, including 11 full professors.[15] Early faculty included Charles Townsend Copeland, William Yandell Elliot, William Langer, Oscar Handlin, Perry Miller, John Kenneth Galbraith, and Frank M. Carpenter.[19] In 1953 there was a similar number of professors.[10]

text: In his will, John Lowell asked his successors to set up courses "more erudite and particular corresponding to the age and wants of the age."[10] By the 50th anniversary of the University Extension in 1960, more than 1,400 courses had been offered and there had been more than 85,000 enrollments.[20] While the vast majority of classes were held on the Harvard campus, a few in the late 1960s were offered at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Boston University, as well as at the Old South Meeting House.[21][22] At this time non-credit courses cost between $15 and $25, and courses for credit cost between $20 and $35.[22]

text: After 100 years, an estimated 500,000 students have taken courses at the Extension School.[6] Fees were kept as low as possible to allow as many as possible to enroll, only 0.18% have ever earned a degree.[23] Including certificate earners, 2.5% have graduated.[24] Today more degrees are awarded each year than were awarded in the first 50 years combined.[24] While there has never been a formal entrance exam such as the SAT, non-native English speakers must provide designated proof of English proficiency or receive a minimum score on the TOEFL, IELTS, or PTEA.[25] Additionally, the preadmission Expository Writing E-25 course requires students to complete E-15 with a grade of B or higher in EXPO 15 or successfully complete the Test of Critical Reading and Writing Skills.[26] Several years after retiring, President Lowell wrote that the Extension courses "have given a service to the public ... which seems to me of the utmost importance."[27] In 2013, more than 100 years after its founding, the Extension School's classes were described as "surprisingly affordable"[28] and the school itself was said to be a "thriving institution."[29]

text: Degree development[edit]

text: Harvard University currently offers two degrees in Extension Studies, the Bachelor of Liberal Arts and the Master of Liberal Arts (ALM).[30][31] From 1911 to 1933, the university offered an Associate in Arts, and from 1933 to 1960 they offered an Adjunct in Arts.[31] Both were considered the equivalent of a bachelor's degree.[31] From 1971 to 2014, the University offered an Associate of Arts in Extension Studies (AA), the equivalent of a two-year degree.[31] A Master's in Liberal Arts was added in 1979.[31]

text: The emphasis on liberal arts in the revised degree titles (for both the A.L.B. and A.L.M. degrees) was not intended to signify a difference in the degree itself versus the University's other offerings, but instead to serve as a response to concerns expressed by some that programs catering to non-traditional students were overly vocational in nature. The purpose of the name was to reaffirm adherence to the University's historic focus on the liberal arts, and distinguish it from other, more vocational, institutions.

text: A proposal before the Faculty of Arts and Science in 2009 and 2010 to rename the school and the degrees offered was not accepted.[32][33] A committee, led by Professor of Computer Science Harry R. Lewis, proposed renaming the school the "Harvard School of Continuing and Professional Studies," and to drop the words "in Extension Studies" from degrees, so that the School would offer Bachelor of Arts and Master of Arts degrees. Some faculty objected, saying that those degrees were already offered by the College and the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences.[33]

text: In 2014, Harvard University conferred four certificates as well as the following academic degrees: five Associate in the Arts, 152 Bachelor of Liberal Arts in Extension Studies, and 539 Master of Liberal Arts in Extension Studies.[5]

text: In 2016, a student group calling itself the Harvard Extension Degree Change Initiative rallied in front of University Hall to call for removing “Extension Studies” from the degree name and adding a student's concentration instead.[34] The Harvard Crimson editorialized in favor saying that they "urge[d] Harvard to consider changing the title of Extension School degrees to include the field of study rather than the ambiguous 'Extension Studies.'"[34] Although the Extension School retains "Extension Studies" in the official title of their degrees, student transcripts reflect the student's area of academic concentration.

text: Deans[edit]

text: There have been six deans in the School's history:[35]

text:
James Hardy Ropes, Chairman of Commission on Extension Courses, Dean of University Extension, 1910–1922
Arthur F. Whittem, Chairman of Commission on Extension Courses, Director of University Extension, 1922–1946
George W. Adams, Chairman of Commission on Extension Courses, Director of University Extension, 1946–1949
Reginald H. Phelps, Chairman of Commission on Extension Courses, Director of University Extension, 1949–1975
Michael Shinagel, Director of Continuing Education and University Extension, 1975–1977, and Dean of Continuing Education and University Extension, 1977–2013
Huntington D. Lambert, Dean of Continuing Education and University Extension, 2013–present

text: Academics[edit]

text:
Year[1]
Courses offered

1910
16

1915–15
24

1918–19
33

1921–22
22

1922–23[9]
27

1923–24[9]
29

1951–52
30

1953-54[10]
32

1956–57
37

1959–60
56

1962–63
70

1971–72
144

1974–75
135

1975–76
~200

1979–80
316

1980–81
335

1981–82
398

1983–84
480

1984–85
527

1986–87
575

1999–2000
584

2014–15[36]
715

2016[37]
~800

text: As a part of the Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences, the Harvard Extension School offers more than eight hundred on-campus and online courses.[38] Students take courses with Harvard professors, including Nobel laureates, as well as faculty from Boston-area universities, business professionals, and community leaders in various fields.[39][40] The number of courses has been growing rapidly over the last five years.

text: Most of the courses at the Extension School are "virtually identical"[39][41][42] to courses offered to the traditional students at Harvard College, with "the only significant difference" being that the classes are taught at night instead of during the day.[39][41] This has remained constant over time, as Ropes, the first dean, said that "our aim will be to give the young people of Boston who have heretofore been prevented from securing a college education the same instruction they would receive were they undergraduates at Harvard."[16] In 1953, it was said that the "format of the classes is exactly the same."[10]

text: Many daytime Harvard College courses are recorded, and offered to Extension students online.[40] For these courses, office hours and other student support are typically offered using live or asynchronous software. Additionally, Extension students are offered the option to attend class lectures for these dual-listed courses on campus. Extension degree candidates who meet required criteria may also apply for "Special Student status" in order to take classes that are offered only to Harvard College students.[43] The majority of professors at the School are Harvard affiliates. The remainder are faculty at other institutions and industry professionals.[37]

text: Students may enroll full or part-time, and classes may be taken on campus, via distance-learning, or both. In order to earn an academic degree, students must complete a minimum number of on-campus-only credits at Harvard.[44]

text: Non-degree seeking students have access to resources through Harvard's Grossman Library, electronic resources through the Harvard Libraries Portal and select computer facilities.[45] A professor at both the Extension School and Harvard College has opined that the open enrollment system "'give[s] a lot' to the institution by permitting an atmosphere of valuable diversity that does not exist at any of Harvard's other schools."[46]

text: Accreditation and partnerships[edit]

text: Harvard Extension School is accredited by the New England Association of Schools and Colleges as one of the twelve degree-granting schools of Harvard University.[38]

text: The Extension School and Harvard Business School have together created the HBX Credential of Readiness (CORe) program.[47] Having begun in 2014, this program allows undergraduate students at the Extension School to take courses with Business School professors for credit.[47] Students at other institutions may be able to take the courses for transfer credit as well.[47]

text: The graduate program in Museum Studies has also developed a partnership with the Smithsonian Institution.[48] The new courses include two active learning weekends in Washington, D.C.[48] The Extension School is also looking into partnerships with the School of Public Health, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and the Medical School.[37]

text: Pre-medical program[edit]

text: A pre-med program was established at the Extension School in 1980.[49] Two years later, in 1982, five students applied to medical school, and 3 were accepted at the University of Massachusetts, Tufts University, and New York University.[50] Of the 19 students who applied to medical schools in 1985, 15 were admitted, including two women to Harvard Medical School.[51]

text: All 27 graduates who applied to medical school in 1989 were accepted, including three to Harvard Medical School and nine to the University of Massachusetts.[52] Five years later, 90% of students were accepted to medical school, including 5 to Harvard. Only one in three were accepted nationwide.[53] The Health Careers Program has sponsored nearly 1,000 students for admission to medical school since it was started in 1979–80, and more than 845 were accepted. This 85% success rate far exceeds the national acceptance rate of 35%.[54]

text: Students who successfully complete the pre-medical program are eligible for sponsorship through the program and a committee letter of support in their applications to medical school.[55][56]

text: Distance education[edit]

text: History[edit]

text: Harvard Extension was a pioneer in distance education. Beginning on December 5, 1949, courses were offered on the Lowell Institute's new radio station. New Englanders could go to college six nights a week at 7:30 in their living rooms simply by tuning into courses on psychology, world history, and economics.[57] The first course on radio was by Peter A. Bertocci of Boston University. For 30 years he taught Extension courses, with never fewer than 100 students. He often taught over 300 students per course and once had over 400. Over the years Bertocci had at least 7,000 Extension students, "surely a record in the annals of Extension at Harvard."[58]

text: The radio courses proved to be so successful that when the television station WGBH went on the air in October 1951 they began broadcasting an Extension class every weekday at 3:30 and 7:30.[59] The first course, offered by Robert G. Albion, was on European Imperialism on Monday and Thursday evenings.[60] In the late 1960s, three of the televised courses were offered in the Deer Island Prison.[61] Students who watched the courses on television could attend six "conferences" and take a mid-term and a final exam at Harvard in order to gain credit for the class.[60]

text: Contemporary[edit]

text: As of 2014[update], distance-learning courses at Harvard Extension School are offered in two formats: asynchronous video courses (lectures are recorded and uploaded within 24 hours of on-campus class meetings); and live web-conference courses (courses are streamed live, and typically allow for synchronous participation from students via a secondary online platform).[62]

text: The first online courses were offered in 1997.[37] Between 2013 and 2016, the number of online classes grew from 200 to more than 450.[37]

text: Awards and honors[edit]

text: The Dean's Prize for Outstanding Master of Liberal Arts thesis is awarded during commencement ceremonies, and includes a medal, a certificate, and a monetary award. It is awarded to a student whose graduate thesis "embodies the highest level of imaginative scholarship."[63] In addition to the Dean's Prize for Outstanding ALM Thesis, there are several other academic prizes:[64]

text:
The Academy of American Poets is awarded to an ALB candidate or an undergraduate student at the college for the best poem or group of poems.
The Santo J. Aurelio Prize, named for Santo J. Aurelio, ALB '83, ALM '85, is awarded annually on the basis of "academic achievement and character." It is normally given to Extension School undergraduate degree recipients who—as did Mr. Aurelio—complete their academic work with distinction after age 50.
The Derek Bok Public Service Prizes are awards presented at Commencement. They consist of a cash prize along with a citation and a medal given to two graduating Extension School students. The award recognizes creative initiatives in community service or long-standing records of civic achievement.[65]
The Commencement Speaker Prize is awarded to either an ALB or ALM graduate who delivers the student Commencement speech at the Extension School diploma awarding ceremony.
The Annamae and Allan R. Crite prizes are awarded for a mother and son who are Extension School alumni. Annamae faithfully attended Extension courses for more than 50 years. Allan, who is widely recognized as the dean of African-American artists in the Greater Boston area, received a bachelor's degree in 1968. The prize is awarded to Extension School degree recipients who demonstrate "singular dedication to learning and the arts".
The Klein Family History Prize recognizes the thesis in the field of history that represents superior achievement in historical scholarship.
The Harold Langlois Award recognizes a Certificate of Special Studies graduate who has demonstrated exceptional academic accomplishment and promise as a manager. It was established in 2003.
The Patrick Lee Award in Drama is an annual award given to the student who shows the best promise in the field of dramatic arts.
The Reginald H. Phelps Prize, named for the former dean, is awarded annually on the basis of "academic achievement and character" to outstanding graduating students receiving bachelor's degrees.
The Emanuel and Lilly Shinagel prize, named in honor of Dean Michael Shinagel in honor of his parents, supports deserving and needy students in the Extension School's Institute for English Language Programs. The prizes are awarded by the Institute for English Language. The Programs to outstanding students based on an essay writing contest.
The John Osborne Sargent Prize for a Latin Translation is offered for the best metrical translation [students may choose meter] of a lyric poem of Horace, to be selected each year by the Department of the Classics. In addition to ALB candidates, it is also open to undergraduates at the College and visiting undergraduate sunder the Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
The Thomas Small Prize is named for a Lithuanian immigrant who, at the age of 89, became the oldest earned graduate degree recipient in the history of Harvard University. Two prizes are awarded annually on the basis "academic achievement and character" to two outstanding Master of Liberal Arts in Extension Studies degree recipients.
The Judith Wood Memorial Prizes are awarded during Commencement Week to Harvard Extension School students who, while compiling honors academic records at the School, also contended with disabilities of a serious nature. It was established in honor of a blind Extension Student student who had cystic fibrosis and diabetes to recognize students who must travel a singularly difficult path to degree or certificate completion.
The Katie Y. F. Yang Prize Fund was established to promote East Asian culture, grant scholarships to exceptional students, and provide charitable assistance to those in need. Mrs. Yang was a leading Chinese opera singer under the stage name Fong Yim Fun. Her daughter, Simmone Yang, received her Certificate of Special Studies (CSS) from the Extension School. The purpose of the Prize is "to recognize the initiative, character, and outstanding academic achievement of foreign students graduating from the CSS Program" in the Extension School. The award is generally given to the foreign student with the highest academic standing in the CSS program.

text: Academic degrees[edit]

text: The extension program offers open enrollment courses. To be eligible to apply for admission to their degree granting program, students must "earn [their] way in" by taking three classes and earning a B or better in each.[37] 32% of those who intend to pursue an undergraduate degree earn the grades necessary and are considered for admission, and 85% of those admitted successfully earn their degree.[37] For adult, part-time learners, the Extension School is "very selective."[37]

text: Students are "presumed capable" but then must "prove that presumption with actual performance."[66] The "democratic admissions policy for its degree programs ... is based on proof that a student is capable of Harvard-level work, giving degree and certificate candidates the chance to prove themselves."[46] The "most relevant predictor" of success for students is a students' "ability to do honors-level work at Harvard."[66]

text: ALB students may graduate with the Latin honors, cum laude, but magna- and summa- cum laude are not offered. ALM students may, upon graduation, be included in the ALM Dean's list for Academic achievement, based on strict GPA requirements. Many courses are offered online, but a degree cannot be earned entirely online.[37]

text: Students who wish to earn degrees must be formally admitted to the Extension School by the Admissions Committee.[66] Admitted degree candidates are granted full privileges to Harvard's libraries, facilities, student resources, as well as access to Harvard's museums and academic workshops.[45] In 2016, an undergraduate degree cost around $40,000, and a graduate degree cost about $32,000.[37]

text: An Extension School professor asserts that undergraduate HES students "are brilliantly milking the cow of Harvard University," as they "get a very similar experience and then have the Harvard name on [their] résumé."[67] A professor at both the Extension School and Harvard College has opined that the open enrollment system "'give[s] a lot' to the institution by permitting an atmosphere of valuable diversity that does not exist at any of Harvard's other schools."[46]

text: Bachelor of Liberal Arts[edit]

text: Undergraduate degree programs are based upon the curriculum for Harvard College students and are the academic equivalent of the College's AB degree; degree requirements include expository writing, quantitative reasoning, foreign language, moral reasoning, writing-intensive classes, and courses in the student's area of concentration.[68] The expository writing class is known as a "gatekeeper course" as it will typically "determine whether [students] are prepared for the intensive and demanding curriculum."[66]

text: Once admitted as an ALB degree candidate, students must successfully complete 128 credits[69] (Harvard courses are typically 4 credits each) and maintain good academic standing (3.0 GPA) to meet graduation requirements.[70] Upon admission into the ALB program, students may petition to transfer up to a maximum of 64 credits from other accredited post-secondary institutions, but 64 credits must be completed at Harvard University (Extension School, Summer School, or the Faculty of Arts and Sciences).[70] Students must also select one of three 'areas of concentration' including: Sciences; Social Sciences; or Humanities. Students must earn 40 credits with at least a B– in their areas of concentration.[71]

text: ALB degree candidates are also required to complete a minimum of 16 on-campus-only credits at Harvard;[72] students must also complete a minimum of 12 credits in "Writing intensive" courses, and earn a minimum of 52 credits in courses that are taught by Harvard instructors.[69] In addition to a concentration, degree candidates have the option to pursue one of twenty 'Fields of study', (akin to a traditional major). In order to successfully complete a field of study, students must earn a B– or higher in 32 Harvard credits in one field, and maintain a B average in the field. Students may also complement their field of study with a maximum of one liberal arts minor.[71]

text: Undergraduate admissions[edit]

text: Undergraduate degree programs require pre-admission courses as well as a formal application process.[73] Students applying for degree candidacy must first complete three 4-credit liberal arts courses at Harvard (Extension School, Summer School, or the Faculty of Arts and Sciences) with at least a B grade in each, and maintain a minimum 3.0 cumulative GPA.[38] One of these three pre-admission courses must be EXPO E-25, the equivalent of Harvard College's mandatory and "notoriously difficult" expository writing course.[74] To enroll in this course, students must pass a placement test, which measures critical reading and writing skills.[73] Students failing to earn at least a B in a class can retake it once. Students who meet all these criteria are then eligible for admission in the Extension School's undergraduate degree programs.[38]

text: Master of Liberal Arts[edit]

text: The Master of Liberal Arts in Extension Studies (ALM) includes 19 liberal arts fields of study and seven professional degree programs (Biotechnology, Information Technology, Journalism, Management, Mathematics for Teaching, Museum Studies, & Sustainability and Environmental Management).[75] ALM candidates must complete 10 to 12 courses including a thesis or capstone project depending on their degree program, which must be crafted under the direction of an instructor or Harvard faculty member holding a teaching appointment in the Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences.[76]

text: Graduate admissions[edit]

text: Generally, admission into a graduate degree program at Harvard Extension School requires a minimum of an accredited bachelor's degree (or foreign equivalent), as well as completion of three pre-admission courses with grades of B or higher and a minimum of 3.0 overall GPA. One of the three pre-admission courses must be the "Proseminar" course for the intended area of study, which is akin to a traditional research methods course, and prior to registering for a proseminar students must pass a qualification test to assess graduate-level critical reading and writing skills.[73] Certain disciplines have other specified pre-admission coursework, while some have specific coursework that is required before submitting a master's thesis proposal (e.g. biology and psychology fields must take a specific graduate statistics course). Students who meet these criteria are then eligible to submit an application for admission into the graduate degree programs.[38]

text: Once a student has met the three course requirement, he or she is then eligible to formally apply to the ALM program. Typically applicants must submit a completed application, proof of an accredited bachelor's degree (or foreign equivalent) plus transcripts, resume, two essays, and a nonrefundable application fee. Some programs require additional specific classes to be part of the initial three before formal admission.[77] Students will be denied admission indefinitely if they fail to earn a grade of B after twice enrolling in the Proseminar course.[78]

text: Some programs have additional requirements, including specific pre-admission courses and supplemental application materials. For instance, the Literature and Creative writing candidates must submit original manuscripts.[79]

text: Student life[edit]

text: Beginning in the 1960s, the university began providing additional facilities for Extension students. Study spaces, conferences rooms, library facilities, and a dining hall were set up in Lehman Hall for students in 1964.[80] In addition, there was a television lounge were students could watch the WGBH programs.[21]

text: Today, admitted degree candidates are granted access to Harvard's athletic facilities, dining services, on and off campus apartment housing, career services and student life organizations.[45] Students have "nearly unfettered access to some of Harvard's most prized resources—world-renowned libraries, a distinguished faculty, and an impressive body of speakers."[46]

text: ALB candidates are eligible for membership in the Harvard Extension Student Association (HESA). Established in 2001, the HESA's mission is to build and maintain a sense of community among Extension students. In partnership with many other organizations on campus, HESA provides a variety of social activities, educational events, and forums that enrich student life and experience. All degree and diploma candidates in good standing at Harvard Extension School are voting members of HESA.[81] Alpha Sigma Lambda, a national honors society for nontraditional students, established the Phi Beta chapter in 2002–03.[82] The Harvard Extension School Pre-Health Society offers advising, events, and networking for students who wish to go to medical school or to pursue a career in the health care industry.[83][84]

text: President Faust said that "the Extension School is a critical part of the University"[85] and "students increasingly should come to see themselves as full-fledged members of not just an individual school but Harvard as a university."[86]

text: Student demographics[edit]

text: The graduating class of 2016, the largest class to date, had 801 students receiving degrees.[87] Of them, the youngest was 16 and the oldest was 70 with an average age of 36.[87] They were nearly equally split between the genders, with 52% being male, and came from 36 countries and 42 states.[87] Almost all, 96%, were taking classes for professional gain.[37] Half take a single course, and half pursue a degree.[37] The increase in online course offerings has fueled growth, and students from more than 150 countries are enrolled.[37]

text: In 2000 there were 14,216 students, with the youngest in their early teens and the oldest in their late 80s.[88][66] There is often a span of 60 years between the oldest and youngest students,[89] and students as young as 11 years old have taken courses alongside those old enough to be their parents or grandparents.[90] Of the students enrolled at the turn of the century, 75% had a bachelor's degree, and 20% had a graduate degree. More than 1,700 were staff members using the Tuition Assistance Program, and an estimated 10%-15% were exclusively online students. Of the 255 Certificate of Special Studies graduates that year, 163 were international students hailing from 39 countries.[88]

text: In the early 2000s there were 208 students under the age of 18. Most attended local high schools, but a growing number of them were home-schooled. Professor Paul Bamberg taught a class with both Extension and Harvard College students, and the top two students were from the Extension School, with the top student being a home-schooled teenager.[91]

text: Harvard Extension School accepts international students. To be admitted to courses or degrees, a student must prove proficiency in the English language. If English is not a student's native language then he or she must submit an official TOEFL or IELTS score with a minimum score of 100 for the TOEFL or a minimum score of 7.0 for the IELTS. International students must also meet the on-campus-only course requirements as outlined above. The Extension School does not issue I-20s for the F-1 visa but the Summer School does.[92] In 2007–08, more than 2,500 international students and nearly 2,000 Harvard University employees were enrolled in classes.[93] In 2013, students came from 118 countries and 46 states.[66]

text: Alumni[edit]

text:
Year[1]
Associate
Bachelors
Masters

1913–1933
120*
n/a
n/a

1934–1936
24*
n/a
n/a

1937–1952
78*
n/a
n/a

1953
6*
n/a
n/a

1954–1962
57*
n/a
n/a

1963
n/a
14
n/a

1964
n/a
22
n/a

1966
n/a
35
n/a

1967
n/a
31
n/a

1968
n/a
48
n/a

1971
n/a
38
n/a

1972
44
54
n/a

1975
37
42
n/a

1976**
<82
<82
n/a

1980
n/a
 ?
1

1981
n/a
 ?
3

1982
n/a
91
15

1985**
n/a
<158
<158

1987**
n/a
<143
<143

2000**
<226
<226
<226

2008
7
111
91

2014[5]
5
152
539

2016[87]
8
158
635

*From 1913 until 1932 Harvard offered Associate in Arts Degrees, and from 1933 until 1962 they awarded Adjunct in Arts degrees. Both were considered the equivalent of a bachelor's degree.
**Only aggregate numbers were reported for these years.

text: Upon graduation, students are eligible for membership in the Harvard Alumni Association (HAA)[94] and the Harvard Extension Alumni Association (HEAA).[95] Graduates also take part in the commencement ceremonies with all other schools of Harvard.[96]

text: The HEAA was founded in 1967–68 by Ella Smith and Edgar Grossman, both members of the class of 1966.[80] Extension School alumni have been admitted to all of the graduate schools at Harvard.[46]

text: Notable alumni[edit]

text: Both the oldest and youngest graduates in the more than 375-year history of Harvard University received their degrees from the Extension School. In 1997 Mary Fasano became the oldest undergraduate degree recipient,[97] and in 1983 Thomas Small became the oldest student to ever earn a master's degree.[98] Both were in their 90th year. The youngest degree earner in Harvard history was 18-year-old Amit Chatterjee who earned an ALB in 2002.[99]

text: One of Small's classmates, Christopher Lohse, was selected to give the graduate commencement address. His speech, "The 10,000 Ghosts of Harvard", was a play on both the university's fight song and the fact that classes are taught after dark.[98] In 1989 another ALM graduate gave the commencement address. Joseph R. Paolino, Jr. began his studies as a Providence city councilor, and at the time of his speech he was the Mayor of Providence. He went on to become Ambassador to Malta.

text: In 1936, one person had taken courses for 26 consecutive years.[100] Two others that same year had been students for 24 years.[100]

text: Coat of arms[edit]

text: The coat of arms for the Extension School was approved in 1983. At the top of the shield the three books spelling out Veritas (Latin for "truth") represent graduate education, as the same device is found on the arms of the other graduate schools. Instead of a straight line separating it from the rest of the shield, as is found in the other schools, a line with six arcs pointing up was used instead. A silver chevron was used to represent undergraduate education, a device used in the shield of Harvard College in the 17th to 19th centuries. Two bushels of wheat are included to represent John Lowell's stipulation that courses should not cost more than two bushels of wheat. A golden lamp is included to represent both learning and the fact that classes are taught at night.[101]


document_title: Right to Buy

question_text: when did right to buy council house start

text: Right to Buy

text: History[edit]

text: Individual local authorities have always had the ability to sell council houses to their tenants, but until the early 1970s such sales were extremely rare.

text: The Labour Party initially proposed the idea of the right of tenants to own the house they live in, in their manifesto for the 1959 general election which they subsequently lost.[2] Later, the Conservative-controlled Greater London Council (GLC) of the late 1960s was persuaded by Horace Cutler, its Chairman of Housing, to create a general sales scheme. Cutler disagreed with the concept of local authorities as providers of housing, and supported a free-market approach. GLC housing sales were not allowed during the Labour administration of the mid-1970s, but picked up again once Cutler became Leader in 1977. They proved extremely popular. Cutler was close to Margaret Thatcher (MP for Finchley) who made the right to buy council housing a Conservative Party policy nationally. The policy was largely in place for the 1974 Conservative manifesto, but did not prove an asset in the two general elections that year because of high interest and mortgage repayment rates, as well as the growth of negative equity as house prices fell.[3]

text: In the meantime, council house sales to tenants began to increase. Some 7,000 were sold to their tenants during 1970; this soared to more than 45,000 in 1972.[4]

text: Thatcher policies[edit]

text: After Margaret Thatcher became Prime Minister in May 1979, the legislation to implement the Right to Buy was passed in the Housing Act 1980. Michael Heseltine, in his role as Secretary of State for the Environment, was in charge of implementing the legislation. Some 6,000,000 people were affected; about one in three actually purchased their housing unit. Heseltine noted that "no single piece of legislation has enabled the transfer of so much capital wealth from the state to the people". He said the right to buy had two main objectives: to give people what they wanted, and to reverse the trend of ever-increasing dominance of the state over the life of the individual.

text: He said: "There is in this country a deeply ingrained desire for home ownership. The Government believe that this spirit should be fostered. It reflects the wishes of the people, ensures the wide spread of wealth through society, encourages a personal desire to improve and modernise one's own home, enables parents to accrue wealth for their children and stimulates the attitudes of independence and self-reliance that are the bedrock of a free society."[5]

text: The sale price of a council house was based on its market valuation but also included a discount of between 33% and 50% (up to 70% for council flats), to reflect the rents paid by tenants and also to encourage take-up. According to a government survey in 1988, the average discount that had been offered was 44%.[6] Mortgages involved no downpayments. The legislation gave council tenants the right to buy their council house at a discounted value, depending on how long they had been living in the house, with the proviso that if they sold their house before a minimum period had expired they would have to pay back a proportion of the discount. The sales were an attractive deal for tenants; hundreds of thousands of homes were sold. The policy became one of the major points of Thatcherism.[7]

text: The policy proved immediately popular. Some local Labour-controlled councils were opposed, but the legislation prevented them from blocking purchases, and gave them half the proceeds.[8] Sales were much higher in the south and east of England than in inner London and northern England.[9] Sales were restricted to general-needs housing; adapted properties and those built specifically for older people were exempted from the scheme.

text: Half the proceeds of the sales were paid to the local authorities, but the government restricted authorities' use of most of the money to reducing their debt until it was cleared, rather than spending it on building more homes. The effect was to reduce the council housing stock, especially in areas where property prices were high, such as London and the south-east of England.[10]

text: 200,000 council houses were sold to their tenants in 1982. By 1987, more than 1,000,000 council houses in the UK had been sold to their tenants, although the number of council houses purchased by tenants declined during the 1990s.[11]

text: The Labour Party was initially against the sales, and pledged to oppose them at the 1983 general election, but then dropped its official opposition to the scheme in 1985.[12] However, at the 1987 general election, the Conservative government warned voters that a Labour government would still abolish the scheme.[13]

text: When Labour returned to power at the 1997 general election, it reduced the discount available to tenants in local authorities which had severe pressure on their housing stock; this included almost the whole of London.[14]

text: Right to Buy rules after 2005[edit]

text: The Right to Buy rules were changed in 2005. Five years' tenancy was now required for new tenants to qualify, and properties purchased after January 2005 could no longer immediately be placed on the open market should the owner decide to sell. Such owners now had to approach their previous landlord (council or housing association) and offer them "first right of refusal". If the previous landlord was no longer in existence, for example in cases where the former landlord was a registered social landlord that has ceased business, then the property had to first be offered to the local housing authority.

text: The time in which a Right to Buy conveyance should take place was reduced from 12 months to 3 months. The Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) now governed and regulated most types of mortgage-selling.

text: The FCA's governance of Right to Buy purchases was partly to solve the widespread problem of Right to Buy mis-selling from brokers and solicitors alike. Each had their own agenda and many were actively charging excessive fees which were then taken out of their client's discount. Fortunately, the above actions that have been taken coupled with the end of the boom period seem to have brought this problem under control.

text: In 2009, the Localis think tank suggested, as part of a review of principles for social housing reform, that the right to buy should be extended into equity slivers, which could be part-earned through being a good tenant.[15]

text: The qualifying period changed from 5 years to 3 years (edited rbcdd3117 in 2018)

text: Recent changes[edit]

text: At the 2011 Conservative Party Conference, David Cameron proposed to increase Right to Buy discounts in order to revitalise the housing market and generate receipts which could be spent on new housing. Social housing professionals expressed concerns over the proposal.[16]

text: As of 2 April 2012, the Right to Buy discount was increased to a maximum of £75,000 or 60% of the house value (70% for a flat) depending on which is lower. In March 2013, the maximum discount in London was increased to £100,000.[17]

text: The maximum amount of discount changes annually wef April 2017 it changed to £78,600.00 (edited 2018 rbc dd3117)

text: The maximum right to buy discount increases each financial year in line with CPI as at the previous September (see separate document from the Right to Buy Team, Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government.

text: As the CPI in September 2017 was 3% the new maximum discounts for Redditch in respect of the financial year 2018/19 will be £80,900 and applies to all applications made by the tenant on or after 6 April 2018.  Any applications made before then are processed using the current discounts (£78,600). In summary discount is a maximum of £80,900.00 from April 2018 (rbcdd3117)

text: The aim of the scheme is, for every additional home sold, a new home will be built for 'affordable rent'[18] at up to 80% of market rent, aimed at maintaining the level of affordable housing while also increasing the number of properties available for those on the waiting list. The five year tenancy criterion will remain, and should the property be sold within the first five years of the original sale, part or all of the discount will be required to be paid back.

text: The Housing and Planning Bill 2016 will if enacted extend right-to-buy to housing association tenants.[19]

text: In July 2013, the Scottish Government confirmed that Right to Buy would be abolished in Scotland from 2017.[20] It was in the end abolished as a part of the Housing (Scotland) Act 2014 from 1 August 2016.[21][22]

text: In the summer of 2017, the Welsh Government proposed a law to abolish Right to Buy in Wales. This law was passed by the Welsh Assembly in December 2017.

text: Criticisms[edit]

text: The Right to Buy scheme has been criticised for the following reasons:

text:
Speculating investors were able to buy up council properties through deferred transaction agreements, hastening the rise in property costs;[23][not in citation given]
Commercially and socially valuable council assets being sold at below their market value or replacement cost;
The remaining stock of council housing was concentrated in undesirable areas with little employment opportunity, further isolating and stigmatising the tenants.[24]

text:
A report published in January 2013 by London Assembly member Tom Copley, From Right to Buy to Buy to Let,[25] showed that 36% of homes sold under Right to Buy in London (52,000 homes) were being rented by councils from private landlords, leading to criticisms that the scheme "represents incredibly poor value for money to taxpayers" since it "helped to fuel the increase in the housing benefit bill, heaped more pressure on local authority waiting lists and led to more Londoners being forced into the under-regulated private rented sector".[26]
A survey in 2013 showed around one third of Right to Buy houses were now owned by private landlords, while the son of the late Ian Gow (Thatcher's sometime housing minister) owned some 40 houses.[27]

text: As of recent changes in 2015, Alan Murie concluded that "the proposed extension of right-to-buy could not easily be reconciled with the independence and charitable status of housing associations", and that "extending the right-to-buy to housing association tenants revived a previous Parliamentary debate and raised questions about the legal position of charities and the risks faced by housing associations and their funders".[28]

text: A 2017 BBC survey of council areas where waiting lists were rising showed the councils had bought back houses they had been forced to sell, sometimes at many times the original price. Housing charities criticised the lack of investment in affordable housing.[29]