document_title: Sarah & Duck

question_text: who is the narrator in sarah and duck

question_tokens: who is the narrator in sarah and duck

text: Sarah & Duck

text: Premise[edit]

text: The series follows the adventures of Sarah, a very kind, polite seven-year-old girl, with big eyes, rosy cheeks and a green hat,[7] and her best friend Duck, a mallard. The central theme is the relationship between these two characters and the adventures they have together. CBeebies state that the show has two learning themes: 'Friendship and imagination' and 'Problem Solving'.[8]

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text:
Name
Voice cast[9]
About

Sarah
Tasha Lawrence[10]
She is a very kind, polite and somewhat eccentric seven-year-old[10] girl. She is best friends with Duck. She plays the tuba, likes sea cows (manatees), and drinks "lemon water".

Duck
N/A
He is Sarah's quacky, flappy best friend. Duck wants to be a penguin and has a toy robot. He turns two years old in series 1.[11]

Narrator
Roger Allam[12]
He talks to Sarah & Duck, asks them questions and gives them suggestions. There is a possibility that the Narrator is Sarah's father, given the reference made in 'Old Toys'.

Scarf Lady
Lesley Nicol[13]
She is a forgetful old lady who loves knitting. She lives in a house full of woollen items. She has a talking knitting bag and a pet donkey.

Bag
Andy Nyman
He is Scarf Lady's knitting bag. He corrects Scarf Lady when she gets confused.

Donkey
N/A
He is Scarf Lady's pet. He looks sad but isn't really.

text: Other characters[edit]

text:
John is Sarah's Japanese friend voiced by Luca Pilkington Massey.
Flamingo is John's pet voiced by Tim O'Sullivan.
The Shallots are planted by Sarah & Duck in the first episode. There are three similar-sized and one tiny one. The three repeat the same phrase when spoken to while the tiny one says a variation thereof. They live in Sarah's front garden by the door, and are voiced by Tim O'Sullivan and Tony Clarke.
Rainbow makes friends with Sarah & Duck after a rain shower. He is very tickly, and voiced by David Carling.
Moon first meets Sarah & Duck at the Big Shop when he is heading to work at night. He is voiced by Pete Gallagher.
Venus is a good friend of Moon and normally Sarah only sees her at night.
Mars, a bruff Sargent Major type character, joins Moon & Venus from time to time.
Hat Lady (or Hattie) is Scarf Lady's old sporting rival and runs the local hat museum. Like her arch-nemesis Scarf Lady, she is voiced by Lesley Nicol.
Umbrella is scared of the rain and voiced by Jamie Oram.
Bug is a large ladybird that lives in Sarah & Duck's house plant and collects buttons.
The Cloud Captain is a French engineer who operates the weather system from Sarah's local park, voiced by Derek Griffiths.
The Ribbon Sisters are Sarah & Duck's quiet next-door neighbours wearing differently-coloured large sunglasses. They like to play with ribbons and are voiced by Kiki Brooks.
Scooter Boy has a scooter and wears a helmet. He has been seen riding his scooter only once, and walks it everywhere he goes. He is voiced by Dylan Issberner.
Plate Girl carries a plate with her at most times and is voiced by Yaeli Miller.
Cake helps bake and is voiced by Andy Nyman.
Bread Man runs the local bakery, which Sarah and especially Duck like to visit.
Tortoise is slow and easily scared when he retreats into his shell which has windows he can look out. Tortoise doesn't speak.
Spare Wool sits patiently in Scarf Lady's wool room, and is voiced by Andy Nyman.
Poetry Pete is first featured on one of Scarf Lady's LPs and is voiced by Simon Callow

text: Production[edit]

text: The series is produced using computer-assisted animation techniques and the Adobe After Effects[14] and CelAction2D[15] packages.

text: A second series began airing on 11 August 2014.

text: On 17 June 2015 it was renewed for a third series [16] which aired starting the 18 October 2016 on CBeebies.

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: BBC Worldwide have secured global distribution and merchandising rights for the new show and will air it to BBC Worldwide's network of channels.[17] On 19 August 2013, Sarah & Duck was first broadcast in the U.S., on Universal Kids. The first series of Sarah & Duck has also aired in Japan (NHK), Norway (NRK), Sweden (SVT), Denmark (DR), Finland (YLE), Germany (KiKa), Portugal (RTP), Iceland (RUV), the Netherlands (NPO) and Israel (HOP).[18] In Canada it is broadcast on the Family Jr. channel.[19] In Australia, it broadcasts on ABC Kids. On 12 February 2016 Sarah & Duck was made available in the U.S. on Netflix.[20]

text: Reception[edit]

text: A pilot for Sarah & Duck was first aired at the Cartoon Forum 2010[21] where it was warmly received. The series was an immediate hit in the UK, and the first four episodes were the most popular pre-school programmes of their week on the BBC catch-up TV service, iPlayer.[22]

text: The first episode 'Lots of Shallots' was part of the official selection for the 2013 Annecy International Animated Film Festival.[23]

text: In October 2013 Sarah & Duck was nominated for a Children's British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) award in the pre-school animation category.[24] The BAFTA was awarded to Timmy Time.

text: In January 2014 Sarah & Duck was nominated in the pre-school category of the British Animation Awards.[25]

text: In November 2014, with a second nomination, Sarah & Duck won the British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) award in the pre-school animation category.[26]

text: In February 2017, it was tied in the Kidscreen Award for best animated series with Doc McStuffins.[27]

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Series
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
40
18 February 2013 (2013-02-18)
19 December 2013 (2013-12-19)

2
40
11 August 2014 (2014-08-11)
15 December 2015 (2015-12-15)

3
40
18 October 2016 (2016-10-18)
15 December 2017 (2017-12-15)

text: DVD Releases[edit]

text:
Release No.
Release Name
Episodes
Number and duration
R2 release date

1
Lots of Shallots and other stories
Lots of Shallots, Sarah Duck & the Penguin, Cheer Up Donkey, Cake Bake, Scarf Lady's House, Robot Juice, Bouncy Ball, Rainbow Lemon, Sit Shop, Kite Flight
70 mins
17 February 2014[28]

2
Doubles and other stories
Doubles, Umbrella and the Rain, Big Shop, Woollen Music, Fairground, Sarah Gets a Cold, Ribbon Sisters, Stargazing, Coloured Light, Strawberry Souffle
70 mins
8 September 2014[29]

3
Balloon Race and other stories
Balloon Race, Camera, Tapping Shoes, Fireworks Dance, Fancy Park, Pipe Conductor, Slow Quest, World Bread Day, Pond Princess, Puncture Pump[30]
70 mins
16 February 2015[31]

4
Petal Light Picking and other stories
Petal Light Picking, Bobsleigh, Plate Fog, Scared of Stairs, Moon Paint, The Play, Bread Bike, Bug's Button Bank, No More Wool, Octogon Club[32]
70 mins
19 October 2015[33]

5
Cloud Tower and other stories
Cloud Tower, Outside Outside, Umbrella Bubbles, Sound Jumble, The Mouse's Birthday, Tortoise Snooze, Fast Slow Bungalow, Bags of Bags, Ribbon Fall, Garden Gaming[34]
70 mins
15 February 2016[35]

6
Duck Hotel and other stories
Duck Hotel, Origami Overload, Shallot Circus, Toy Tidy, Plate Escape, The Big Sleepover, Paisley Sea, Duck's Quack, Rainbow's Niece, Decorating Donkey[36]
70 mins
16 May 2016[37]

7
Beach Break and other stories
Beach Break, Parasol Show, Extra Bounce, Cake Relocate, Lost Librarian, Scooter Stand Still, Music Fixer, Wool on Wheels, Lemon Cafe, Star Renovation[38]
70 mins
25 July 2016[39]

8
Duck Flies and other stories
Duck Flies, Seacow Snowtrail, Woolly Memories, Bubble Bumbling, Toggle Tangle, Tummy Talk, Moon's Exhibition, Pond Prose, The Art of Pink, Bug Bop[40]
70 mins
17 October 2016[41]

9
Train Fudge and other stories
Train Fudge, Picture Planes, Hat Fuss, Dewy Morning, Sticker Swap, Magic Panic, Birthday Buoy, Alarm Clock, Twang Ball, Auto Cat[42]
70 mins
20 February 2017[42]

10
Constable Quack and other stories
Constable Quack, Fluff Bread, Moonbow, Bench Blocked, Planetarium Aquarium, Shallot Boat, Cake Decorate, Balloon Barnacles, Basking Shark, Old Toys[43]
70 mins
2 October 2017[44]


document_title: The West Wing (season 3)

question_text: when did season 3 episode 1 of west wing air

root

text: The West Wing (season 3)

text: Production[edit]

text: The season premiere was delayed by the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in the United States. When the season did return, the first episode was a special episode titled "Isaac and Ishmael", in which the main cast paid tribute to those affected by the attacks and informed viewers about what to expect from the delayed premiere.

tag: p

text: Series creator Aaron Sorkin acknowledged in October 2002 that the terrorism-related plots designed to keep the series relevant after the real-life attacks were awkward at times, saying "from week to week, you felt like you were writing the show handcuffed, a little bit. I didn't know how to write it anymore. It was a constant search for what I wasn't doing that used to make the show work. Maybe there was a way to make it work. There probably was. I wasn't able to find it in twenty-two episodes."[1]

text: Cast[edit]

text: The third season had star billing for nine major roles. Eight of these were filled by returning main cast members from the second season. Rob Lowe received star billing, while Martin Sheen received the final credit for his role as President Josiah Bartlet. The rest of the ensemble, now including previously recurring Stockard Channing, were credited alphabetically. Channing was only credited for the episodes in which she appears.

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Rob Lowe as Sam Seaborn, the Deputy Communications Director
Stockard Channing as Abbey Bartlet, the First Lady
Dulé Hill as Charlie Young, the Personal Aide to the President
Allison Janney as C. J. Cregg, the White House Press Secretary
Janel Moloney as Donna Moss, the Assistant to the Deputy Chief of Staff
Richard Schiff as Toby Ziegler, the Communications Director
John Spencer as Leo McGarry, the White House Chief of Staff
Bradley Whitford as Josh Lyman, the Deputy Chief of Staff
Martin Sheen as Josiah Bartlet, the President of the United States

tag: ul

text: Plot[edit]

text: The third season, covering the administration's third and fourth years in office, begins with Bartlet announcing his intention to run for re-election and is dominated by the subsequent campaign. Other prominent story lines include a Congressional investigation into allegations Bartlet committed electoral fraud by concealing his MS, a death threat against C.J. and the ensuing relationship she develops with the Secret Service agent assigned to protect her, and Qumari defense minister Abdul Shareef's planning of terrorist attacks against the US. The season finale resolves several of these story lines when Bartlet meets his electoral opponent and reaffirms his commitment to defeat him, finally decides to order Shareef's assassination, and, just minutes after the man who threatened her is arrested, C.J.'s Secret Service agent interrupts a convenience store robbery and is killed.

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code

45
1
"Manchester (Part I)"
Thomas Schlamme
Aaron Sorkin
October 10, 2001 (2001-10-10)
227201

Surprising everyone, President Bartlet announces his intentions to run for re-election, angering Abbey. Meanwhile, Haiti's obstreperous dictator is giving National Security Advisor Nancy McNally fits. The staff scrambles to work the news cycle in their favor in the wake of the President's announcement. C.J. makes a critical error in a statement to the press.

46
2
"Manchester (Part II)"
Thomas Schlamme
Aaron Sorkin
October 17, 2001 (2001-10-17)
227202

Senior staffers clash with newly hired political operative Bruno Gianelli and his aides Connie and Doug. Josh is upset because Leo won't let him "wave off the FDA" on RU-486. C.J. contemplates her future at the White House. President Bartlet makes it clear he values both Bruno's team and his senior staff and gets them focused on running a successful re-election campaign as allies rather than adversaries.

47
3
"Ways and Means"
Alex Graves
Story by : Eli Attie & Gene Sperling
Teleplay by : Aaron Sorkin
October 24, 2001 (2001-10-24)
227203

The special prosecutor begins his probe and the White House feels his objective, unbiased approach may hurt them politically. C.J. begins maneuvering within the press to persuade Congress to start their own investigation, believing it will be easier to win a battle with bloodthirsty Republicans. Meanwhile, Sam and Bruno are concerned about a powerful California labor leader and Toby and Josh are preoccupied with a congressional battle over the estate tax. Donna meets a young Republican lawyer.

48
4
"On the Day Before"
Christopher Misiano
Story by : Paul Redford & Nanda Chitre
Teleplay by : Aaron Sorkin
October 31, 2001 (2001-10-31)
227204

The President vetoes his first bill—the repeal of the estate tax—and staffers scramble to counter the GOP's override threat, first having to deal with an opportunistic Democratic Congressman before Sam has an idea that leads them to a surprising ally. An international crisis erupts when Palestinian terrorists kill two Americans in Israel. Meanwhile, Charlie has been offered legal immunity and everyone urges him to take it, and an incompetent reporter mocks C.J. and finds out that was a stupid thing to do.

49
5
"War Crimes"
Alex Graves
Story by : Allison Abner
Teleplay by : Aaron Sorkin
November 7, 2001 (2001-11-07)
227205

The President asks a reluctant Vice President (Tim Matheson) to speak at an anti-gun rally in Texas after a church shooting, while Donna goes before a Congressional committee investigating Bartlet's lack of disclosure and lies under oath when her new boyfriend asks her a personal question. Toby deals with a leaked quote that is embarrassing to the President, while C.J. meets up with a gutsy reporter and Sam ponders a plan to eliminate the penny.

50
6
"Gone Quiet"
Jon Hutman
Story by : Julia Dahl & Laura Glasser
Teleplay by : Aaron Sorkin
November 14, 2001 (2001-11-14)
227207

An American spy submarine suddenly goes silent in hostile waters outside North Korea, and Bartlet must decide whether he should notify the enemy or attempt a risky, secret rescue. Meanwhile, a top Republican contender can't articulate why he wants to be President, but C.J. is disappointed with President Bartlet's own answer to that question. Toby clashes with a Congresswoman over funding the National Endowment for the Arts. This episode guest stars Hal Holbrook as Deputy Secretary of State Albie Duncan, marking the first of several appearances for his character.

51
7
"The Indians in the Lobby"
Paris Barclay
Story by : Allison Abner
Teleplay by : Allison Abner & Kevin Falls and Aaron Sorkin
November 21, 2001 (2001-11-21)
227208

On the day before Thanksgiving, the President is talking turkey to whoever will listen (and everyone must). Meanwhile, C.J. deals with two Native Americans who have encamped in the lobby. Toby annoys the President when he finds out polls involving the First Family increase his popularity. Sam is dismayed by a new formula for poverty and Josh goes diplomatic on a case involving a Georgia teen who killed his teacher and fled to Italy.

52
8
"The Women of Qumar"
Alex Graves
Story by : Felicia Wilson & Laura Glasser & Julia Dahl
Teleplay by : Aaron Sorkin
November 28, 2001 (2001-11-28)
227209

C.J. argues with senior staff over whether to make public the possibility of an outbreak of mad cow disease, as well as the renewal of a lease on a Qumari military base despite her horror with that nation's treatment of women. Toby meets with veterans upset about the content of a Smithsonian Pearl Harbor exhibition, and Josh finds some sparks when he meets with a woman's group director named Amy Gardner.

53
9
"Bartlet for America"
Thomas Schlamme
Aaron Sorkin
December 12, 2001 (2001-12-12)
227210

It's Christmas, and the most pressing matter is a threat to firebomb black churches in Tennessee on Christmas Eve. Leo testifies before a Congressional committee on the MS matter, recalling several critical moments from the Bartlet campaign and a personal slip-up that could end his career and badly damage the President.

54
10
"H. Con-172"
Vincent Misiano
Story by : Eli Attie
Teleplay by : Aaron Sorkin
January 9, 2002 (2002-01-09)
227211

Leo defiantly rejects the Congressional committee's offer of a public censure of Bartlet that would end the investigation into Bartlet's concealment of his illness and spare Leo of any possible personal repercussions, while the President continues to weigh his options. In other stories, Josh puts his foot in his mouth over his courtship of Amy, Sam is angry over a White House tell-all book, and Charlie's heartfelt purchase of an old Middle East map for the President leads to some political problems.

55
11
"100,000 Airplanes"
David Nutter
Aaron Sorkin
January 16, 2002 (2002-01-16)
227212

While the White House staff works intensely on the President's State of the Union speech, Bartlet and the First Lady have dinner with a group of her scientist friends who speculate that sphingosine kinase could lead to a cure for cancer. As a result, Bartlet demands that a passage ambitiously promising a crusade to cure cancer within 10 years be included. Sam is the point man for this speech, which is billed as the most important of the President's career and one whose failure will end his hopes for re-election. As Sam is very reluctantly interviewed for a Vanity Fair profile by Lisa Sherborne, who was once his fiancée, he lays out the process by which a State of the Union address comes about. Sam knows that the pledge to cure cancer is noble and the kind of over-reaching government should do, but also that for political reasons it can't be included in the final speech and removes it, taking out most of his frustrations on Lisa, who finally tells Sam she's taking herself off the story, and then reminds him that it was he and not her who ended their engagement. Attracted to Amy Gardner, a prominent women's rights leader, Josh tries to persuade her that her burgeoning romance with a Congressman is solely a result of political machinations.

56
12
"The Two Bartlets"
Alex Graves
Story by : Gene Sperling
Teleplay by : Kevin Falls and Aaron Sorkin
January 30, 2002 (2002-01-30)
227213

The staff debates whether to counter a fast-rising Republican presidential candidate's verbal assault on affirmative action at the Iowa caucuses and Josh postpones his tropical vacation with women's rights advocate Amy Gardner to defuse a risky situation in Vieques, Puerto Rico. C.J. surprises Toby with her lack of enthusiasm for affirmative action, while Sam has to meet with a UFO crackpot per Leo's orders. Toby and President Bartlet clash over the President's mental state and relationship with his father.

57
13
"Night Five"
Christopher Misiano
Aaron Sorkin
February 6, 2002 (2002-02-06)
227214

Bartlet consults a psychiatrist, Dr. Stanley Keyworth, for a troubling sleep disorder and receives a sobering personal assessment. C.J. lobbies vigorously to help secure the release of a White House reporter who has been taken hostage while on assignment in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Toby clashes again with his ex-wife over a speech for the UN that takes radical Islam to task. Sam is accused of sexism by a young intern but Ainsley comes to his defense.

58
14
"Hartsfield's Landing"
Vincent Misiano
Aaron Sorkin
February 27, 2002 (2002-02-27)
227215

Bartlet engages both Sam and Toby in intricate chess matches that mirror the wily game of brinksmanship that Bartlet is playing with the Chinese, who are conducting war games in the Taiwan Strait. The small New England town of Hartsfield's Landing kicks off voting in the New Hampshire primary, and Josh is lobbying for every vote he can get. A prank war between C.J. and Charlie turns somewhat destructive.

59
15
"Dead Irish Writers"
Alex Graves
Story by : Paul Redford
Teleplay by : Aaron Sorkin
March 6, 2002 (2002-03-06)
227216

As Abbey contemplates the possible loss of her medical license, she grudgingly attends a big White House party for her birthday. Toby discusses the inclusion of a Sinn Féin member in the guest list of a White House event with British Ambassador Lord John Marbury. Sam gets another visit from someone who wants to give him orders on what to do, this time from a respected former teacher of his who wants the U.S. to fund a major scientific research effort. Donna's US citizenship is called into question.

60
16
"The U.S. Poet Laureate"
Christopher Misiano
Story by : Laura Glasser
Teleplay by : Aaron Sorkin
March 27, 2002 (2002-03-27)
227217

Bartlet makes a disparaging comment about a potential Republican nominee after a television interview, apparently not realizing that he is still being recorded. Meanwhile, Toby tries to dissuade the newly named U.S. poet laureate, Tabatha Fortis (played by Laura Dern), from publicly objecting to the government's lack of support for a treaty on land mines. Sam offers Ainsley Hayes a big promotion and Josh discovers he has an Internet message board following that turns into a fictionalized version of Aaron Sorkin's real-life flame wars at Television Without Pity.

61
17
"Stirred"
Jeremy Kagan
Story by : Dee Dee Myers
Teleplay by : Aaron Sorkin & Eli Attie
April 3, 2002 (2002-04-03)
227218

When a truck carrying uranium fuel rods crashes in a remote Idaho tunnel, Bartlet's staff prepares for a potential environmental or terrorist crisis. Donna seeks a presidential proclamation honoring the retirement of her favorite teacher. The staff considers eliminating Vice President John Hoynes from the election ticket but for different reasons, Sam and the President are not going to let that happen.

62
18
"Enemies Foreign and Domestic"
Alex Graves
Paul Redford and Aaron Sorkin
May 1, 2002 (2002-05-01)
227219

As Sam is finalizing the details of Bartlet's upcoming summit with the Russian president, satellite photographs reveal an Iranian nuclear bomb facility being built using Russian technology. During a press briefing, C.J. voices her personal indignation that a group of schoolgirls in Saudi Arabia were prevented from escaping a burning building by religious police because they were not dressed properly according to Sharia law. After receiving death threats, C.J. is assigned Secret Service Special Agent Simon Donovan (Mark Harmon) for personal protection, and he tells her that the individual who is targeting her has no connection to jihadists. Toby tries to help a Russian journalist he thinks is being suppressed by her government, and Charlie unravels a mystery involving a long-lost letter to FDR.

63
19
"The Black Vera Wang"
Christopher Misiano
Aaron Sorkin
May 8, 2002 (2002-05-08)
227220

While C.J. gets used to being tailed by Special Agent Donovan, the President must deal with a terrorist threat on a military installation that gets closer and closer to home and leads to a frightening revelation. Meanwhile, Toby plays hardball with network TV executives who want to cut national convention coverage, and Sam's plan to keep dirty tricks out of the Presidential campaign blows up in his face.

64
20
"We Killed Yamamoto"
Thomas Schlamme
Aaron Sorkin
May 15, 2002 (2002-05-15)
227221

Bartlet agonizes over whether to disregard the principle of diplomatic immunity for an important Middle Eastern official who is known to be plotting terrorist acts. Bartlet is advised not to attend a fundraiser for a politically sensitive cause because his Republican opponent will also be attending. Josh and Amy clash over a welfare renewal bill, while Sam is gun-shy after the tape disclosure from earlier.

65
21
"Posse Comitatus"
Alex Graves
Aaron Sorkin
May 22, 2002 (2002-05-22)
227222

Bartlet makes a life-or-death decision regarding the defense minister of Qumar who is a known terrorist. The flirtation between C.J. and her Secret Service bodyguard, Simon Donovan, is limited by their professional relationship and then cut short by tragedy. Josh defeats Amy in the welfare bill battle and their relationship is left with an uncertain future. Bartlet encounters his opponent, Governor Ritchie, at a performance of War of the Roses.

tag: table

text: Specials[edit]

text: Two special episodes, not part of the official continuity, were produced to complement the series and were broadcast on NBC. Both episodes ran within the third season and were included on the season's DVD.[2]

text: "Isaac and Ishmael"[edit]

text: Written by series creator Aaron Sorkin and directed by Christopher Misiano, this episode was a terrorism-themed episode produced in the wake of the September 11 attacks. The episode pushed the scheduled season premiere back a week and encouraged viewers to donate to charity—profits from the episode and cast members' weekly pay were also donated.[3] The episode "was written and produced in record time"—less than three weeks[3][4]—and aired on October 3, 2001. Although timely and well-intentioned, the episode was criticized for being condescending and preachy.[4]

text: "Documentary Special"[edit]

text: The second special interspersed the characters' fictional lives with interviews of real West Wing personnel, including Presidents Ford, Carter, and Clinton; press secretaries Marlin Fitzwater and Dee Dee Myers; presidential advisors David Gergen, Paul Begala, and incumbent Karl Rove; Secretary of State Henry Kissinger; Chief of Staff Leon Panetta; presidential personal secretary Betty Currie; and speechwriter Peggy Noonan.[5] The documentary won a Primetime Emmy Award in 2002 for "Outstanding Special Class Program".[6]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The third season received 21 Emmy Award nominations for the 54th Primetime Emmy Awards, the most-nominated season, winning a total of 4 awards. The series won its third consecutive award for Outstanding Drama Series and Allison Janney also won her third consecutive award, this time in the Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series category. John Spencer and Stockard Channing each won for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series and Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series, respectively, after being nominated twice before. The season received several acting nominations, which included Martin Sheen for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series; Dulé Hill, Richard Schiff, and Bradley Whitford for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series; Janel Moloney and Mary-Louise Parker for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series; Mark Harmon, Tim Matheson, and Ron Silver for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series. Paris Barclay (for "The Indians in the Lobby") and Alex Graves (for "Posse Comitatus") were each nominated for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series, and Aaron Sorkin was nominated for Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series (for "Posse Comitatus").[7]

text: Thomas Del Ruth won an award from the American Society of Cinematographers for the episode "Bartlet for America".[8]


document_title: Extended periodic table

question_text: what is the atomic number of the yet undiscovered element directly below ra in the periodic table

question_tokens: what is the atomic number of the yet undiscovered element directly below ra in the periodic table

text: Extended periodic table

text: History[edit]

text: It is unknown how far the periodic table might extend beyond the known 118 elements. Glenn T. Seaborg suggested that the highest possible element may be under Z = 130,[8] while Walter Greiner predicted that there may not be a highest possible element. The table below shows one possibility for the appearance of the eighth period, with placement of elements primarily based on their predicted chemistry.[9]

text:
Extended periodic table (Large version) v · t · e

1
2
3

4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

1
H

He

2
Li
Be

B
C
N
O
F
Ne

3
Na
Mg

Al
Si
P
S
Cl
Ar

4
K
Ca
Sc

Ti
V
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
Ga
Ge
As
Se
Br
Kr

5
Rb
Sr
Y

Zr
Nb
Mo
Tc
Ru
Rh
Pd
Ag
Cd
In
Sn
Sb
Te
I
Xe

6
Cs
Ba
La

Ce
Pr
Nd
Pm
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Tm
Yb
Lu
Hf
Ta
W
Re
Os
Ir
Pt
Au
Hg
Tl
Pb
Bi
Po
At
Rn

7
Fr
Ra
Ac

Th
Pa
U
Np
Pu
Am
Cm
Bk
Cf
Es
Fm
Md
No
Lr
Rf
Db
Sg
Bh
Hs
Mt
Ds
Rg
Cn
Nh
Fl
Mc
Lv
Ts
Og

8
119
120
121

144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172

122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143

Alkali metal
Alkaline earth metal
Superactinide
Lanthanide
Actinide
Transition metal
Post-transition metal
Metalloid
Polyatomic nonmetal
Diatomic nonmetal
Noble gas

predicted
predicted
predicted

predicted
predicted
predicted
predicted
predicted
predicted

text: All of these hypothetical undiscovered elements are named by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) systematic element name standard which creates a generic name for use until the element has been discovered, confirmed, and an official name approved. These names are typically not used in the literature, and are referred to by their atomic numbers; hence, element 164 would usually not be called "unhexquadium" (the IUPAC systematic name), but rather "element 164" with symbol "164", "(164)", or "E164".

text: As of April 2011[update], synthesis has been attempted for only ununennium, unbinilium, unbibium, unbiquadium, unbihexium, and unbiseptium. (Z = 119, 120, 122, 124, 126, and 127)

text: At element 118, the orbitals 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 3d, 4s, 4p, 4d, 4f, 5s, 5p, 5d, 5f, 6s, 6p, 6d, 7s and 7p are assumed to be filled, with the remaining orbitals unfilled. A simple extrapolation from the Aufbau principle would predict the eighth row to fill orbitals in the order 8s, 5g, 6f, 7d, 8p; but after element 120, the proximity of the electron shells makes placement in a simple table problematic. Although a simple extrapolation of the periodic table, following Seaborg's original concept, would put the elements after 120 as follows: 121-138 form the g-block superactinides; 139-152 form the f-block superactinides, 153-161 would be transition metals; 162-166 post-transition metals; 167=halogen; 168=noble gas; 169=alkali metal; 170=alkaline earth metal, Dirac-Fock calculations predict that it will most likely go: 121-142 form the g-block superactinides; 143-156 form the f-block superactinides; 157-165 form the transition metals; 166-170 post-transition metals; 171=halogen; 172=noble gas.

text: This article needs attention from an expert on the subject. Please add a reason or a talk parameter to this template to explain the issue with the article. Consider associating this request with a WikiProject. (December 2011)

text: Not all models show the higher elements following the pattern established by lighter elements. Pekka Pyykkö, for example, used computer modeling to calculate the positions of elements up to Z=172, and found that several were displaced from the Madelung energy-ordering rule.[6] He predicts that the orbital shells will fill up in this order:

text:
8s,
5g,
the first two spaces of 8p,
6f,
7d,
9s,
the first two spaces of 9p,
the rest of 8p.

text: He also suggests that period 8 be split into three parts:

text:
8a, containing 8s,
8b, containing the first two elements of 8p,
8c, containing 7d and the rest of 8p.[10]

text: Fricke et al. also predicted the extended periodic table up to 184.[5] This model has been more widely used among scientists and is shown above as the main form of the extended periodic table.

text: Predicted properties of eighth-period elements[edit]

text: Element 118, oganesson, is the last element that has been synthesized. The next two elements, elements 119 and 120, should form an 8s series and be an alkali and alkaline earth metal respectively. Beyond element 120, the superactinide series is expected to begin, when the 8s electrons and the filling 8p1/2, 7d3/2, 6f5/2, and 5g7/2 subshells determine the chemistry of these elements. Complete and accurate CCSD calculations are not available for elements beyond 122 because of the extreme complexity of the situation: the 5g, 6f, and 7d orbitals should have about the same energy level, and in the region of element 160 the 9s, 8p3/2, and 9p1/2 orbitals should also be about equal in energy. This will cause the electron shells to mix so that the block concept no longer applies very well, and will also result in novel chemical properties that will make positioning these elements in a periodic table very difficult. For example, element 164 is expected to mix characteristics of the elements of group 10, 12, 14, and 18.[11]

text: Chemical and physical properties[edit]

text: 8s elements[edit]

text:
Some predicted properties of elements 119 and 120[5][11]

Property
119
120

Standard atomic weight
[322]
[325]

Group
1
2

Valence electron configuration
8s1
8s2

Stable oxidation states
1, 3
2, 4

First ionization energy
437.1 kJ/mol
578.9 kJ/mol

Metallic radius
260 pm
200 pm

Density
3 g/cm3
7 g/cm3

Melting point
0–30 °C
680 °C

Boiling point
630 °C
1700 °C

text: The first two elements of period 8 are expected to be ununennium and unbinilium, elements 119 and 120. Their electron configurations should have the 8s orbital being filled. This orbital is relativistically stabilized and contracted and thus, elements 119 and 120 should be more like rubidium and strontium than their immediate neighbours above, francium and radium. Another effect of the relativistic contraction of the 8s orbital is that the atomic radii of these two elements should be about the same of those of francium and radium. They should behave like normal alkali and alkaline earth metals, normally forming +1 and +2 oxidation states respectively, but the relativistic destabilization of the 7p3/2 subshell and the relatively low ionization energies of the 7p3/2 electrons should make higher oxidation states like +3 and +4 (respectively) possible as well.[5][11]

text: Superactinides[edit]

text: The superactinide series is expected to contain elements 121 to 157. In the superactinide series, the 7d3/2, 8p1/2, 6f5/2 and 5g7/2 shells should all fill simultaneously:[12] this creates very complicated situations, so much so that complete and accurate CCSD calculations have been done only for elements 121 and 122.[11] The first superactinide, unbiunium (element 121), should be a congener of lanthanum and actinium and should have similar properties to them:[13] its main oxidation state should be +3, although the closeness of the valence subshells' energy levels may permit higher oxidation states, just as in elements 119 and 120.[11] Relativistic stabilization of the 8p subshell should result in a ground-state 8s28p1 valence electron configuration for element 121, in contrast to the ds2 configurations of lanthanum and actinium.[11] Its first ionization energy is predicted to be 429.4 kJ/mol, which would be lower than those of all known elements except for the alkali metals potassium, rubidium, caesium, and francium: this value is even lower than that of the period 8 alkali metal ununennium (463.1 kJ/mol). Similarly, the next superactinide, unbibium (element 122), may be a congener of cerium and thorium, with a main oxidation state of +4, but would have a ground-state 7d18s28p1 valence electron configuration, unlike thorium's 6d27s2 configuration. Hence, its first ionization energy would be smaller than thorium's (Th: 6.3 eV; Ubb: 5.6 eV) because of the greater ease of ionizing unbibium's 8p1/2 electron than thorium's 6d electron.[11]

text: In the first few superactinides, the binding energies of the added electrons are predicted to be small enough that they can lose all their valence electrons; for example, unbihexium (element 126) could easily form a +8 oxidation state, and even higher oxidation states for the next few elements may be possible. Unbihexium is also predicted to display a variety of other oxidation states: recent calculations have suggested a stable monofluoride UbhF may be possible, resulting from a bonding interaction between the 5g orbital on unbihexium and the 2p orbital on fluorine.[14] Other predicted oxidation states include +2, +4, and +6; +4 is expected to be the most usual oxidation state of unbihexium.[12] The presence of electrons in g-orbitals, which do not exist in the ground state electron configuration of any currently known element, should allow presently unknown hybrid orbitals to form and influence the chemistry of the superactinides in new ways, although the absence of g electrons in known elements makes predicting their chemistry more difficult.[5]

text:
Some predicted compounds of the superactinides (X = a halogen)[10][15]

121
122
123
124
125
126
132
142
143
144
145
146
148
153
154
155
156
157

Compound
UbuX3
UbbX4
UbtX5
UbqX6
UbpX6
UbpO2+
2
UbhF
UbhF6
UbhO4

UqbX4
UqbX6
UqtF6
UqqX6
UqqO2+
2
UqqF8
UqqO4
UqpF6

UqoO6

Analogs
LaX3
AcX3
CeX4
ThX4

NpO2+
2

ThF4

UF6
UO2+
2
PuF8
PuO4

UO6

Oxidation states
3
4
5
6
6
1, 2, 4, 6, 8
6
4, 6
6, 8
3, 4, 5, 6, 8
6
8
12
3
0, 2
3, 5
2
3

text: In the later superactinides, the oxidation states should become lower. By element 132, the predominant most stable oxidation state will be only +6; this is further reduced to +3 and +4 by element 144, and at the end of the superactinide series it will be only +2 (and possibly even 0) because the 6f shell, which is being filled at that point, is deep inside the electron cloud and the 8s and 8p1/2 electrons are bound too strongly to be chemically active. The 5g shell should be filled at element 144 and the 6f shell at around element 154, and at this region of the superactinides the 8p1/2 electrons are bound so strongly that they are no longer active chemically, so that only a few electrons can participate in chemical reactions. Calculations by Fricke et al. predict that at element 154, the 6f shell is full and there are no d- or other electron wave functions outside the chemically inactive 8s and 8p1/2 shells. This would cause element 154 to be very unreactive, so that it may exhibit properties similar to those of the noble gases.[5][11]

text: Similarly to the lanthanide and actinide contractions, there should be a superactinide contraction in the superactinide series where the ionic radii of the superactinides are smaller than expected. In the lanthanides, the contraction is about 4.4 pm per element; in the actinides, it is about 3 pm per element. The contraction is larger in the lanthanides than in the actinides due to the greater localization of the 4f wave function as compared to the 5f wave function. Comparisons with the wave functions of the outer electrons of the lanthanides, actinides, and superactinides lead to a prediction of a contraction of about 2 pm per element in the superactinides; although this is smaller than the contractions in the lanthanides and actinides, its total effect is larger due to the fact that 32 electrons are filled in the deeply buried 5g and 6f shells, instead of just 14 electrons being filled in the 4f and 5f shells in the lanthanides and actinides respectively.[5]

text: Pekka Pyykkö divides these superactinides into three series: a 5g series (elements 121 to 138), an 8p1/2 series (elements 139 to 140), and a 6f series (elements 141 to 155), although noting that there would be a great deal of overlapping between energy levels and that the 6f, 7d, or 8p1/2 orbitals could well also be occupied in the early superactinide atoms or ions. He also expects that they would behave more like "superlanthanides", in the sense that the 5g electrons would mostly be chemically inactive, similarly to how only one or two 4f electrons in each lanthanide are ever ionized in chemical compounds. He also predicted that the possible oxidation states of the superactinides might rise very high in the 6f series, to values such as +12 in element 148.[10]

text: As an example from the late superactinides, element 156 is expected to exhibit mainly the +2 oxidation state. Its first ionization energy should be about 395.6 kJ/mol and its metallic radius should be about 170 picometers. It should be a very heavy metal with a density of around 26 g/cm3. Its relative atomic mass should be around 445 u.[5]

text: 7d transition metals[edit]

text: The transition metals in period 8 are expected to be elements 157 to 165; to these element 166 may be added to complete the 7d subshell. Although the 8s and 8p1/2 electrons are bound so strongly in these elements that they should not be able to take part in any chemical reactions, the 9s and 9p1/2 levels are expected to be readily available for hybridization such that these elements will still behave chemically like their lighter homologues in the periodic table, showing the same oxidation states as they do, in contrast to earlier predictions which predicted the period 8 transition metals to have main oxidation states two less than those of their lighter congeners.[5][11]

text: The noble metals of this series of transition metals are not expected to be as noble as their lighter homologues, due to the absence of an outer s shell for shielding and also because the 7d shell is strongly split into two subshells due to relativistic effects. This causes the first ionization energies of the 7d transition metals to be smaller than those of their lighter congeners.[5][11][12]

text:
Calculations predict that the 7d electrons of element 164 (unhexquadium) should participate very readily in chemical reactions, so that unhexquadium should be able to show stable +6 and +4 oxidation states in addition to the normal +2 state in aqueous solutions with strong ligands. Unhexquadium should thus be able to form compounds like Uhq(CO)4, Uhq(PF3)4 (both tetrahedral), and Uhq(CN)2−
2 (linear), which is very different behavior from that of lead, which unhexquadium would be a heavier homologue of if not for relativistic effects. Nevertheless, the divalent state would be the main one in aqueous solution, and unhexquadium(II) should behave more similarly to lead than unhexquadium(IV) and unhexquadium(VI).[11][12]

text: Unhexquadium should be a soft metal like mercury, and metallic unhexquadium should have a high melting point as it is predicted to bond covalently. It is also expected to be a soft Lewis acid and have Ahrlands softness parameter close to 4 eV. It should also have some similarities to oganesson as well as to the other group 12 elements.[11] Unhexquadium should be at most moderately reactive, having a first ionization energy that should be around 685 kJ/mol, comparable to that of molybdenum.[5][12] Due to the lanthanide, actinide, and superactinide contractions, unhexquadium should have a metallic radius of only 158 pm, very close to that of the much lighter magnesium, despite its being expected to have an atomic weight of around 474 u, about 19.5 times as much as that of magnesium.[5] This small radius and high weight cause it to be expected to have an extremely high density of around 46 g·cm−3, over twice that of osmium, currently the most dense element known, at 22.61 g·cm−3; unhexquadium should be the second most dense element in the first 172 elements in the periodic table, with only its neighbor unhextrium (element 163) being more dense (at 47 g·cm−3).[5] Metallic unhexquadium should be quite stable, as the 8s and 8p1/2 electrons are very deeply buried in the electron core and only the 7d electrons are available for bonding. Metallic unhexquadium should have a very large cohesive energy (enthalpy of crystallization) due to its covalent bonds, most probably resulting in a high melting point.[12]

text: Theoretical interest in the chemistry of unhexquadium is largely motivated by theoretical predictions that it, especially the isotope 482Uhq (with 164 protons and 318 neutrons), would be at the center of a hypothetical second island of stability (the first being centered on copernicium, particularly the isotopes 291Cn, 293Cn, and 296Cn which are expected to have half-lives of centuries or millennia).[16][17][18]

text: Elements 165 (unhexpentium) and 166 (unhexhexium), the last two 7d metals, should behave similarly to alkali and alkaline earth metals when in the +1 and +2 oxidation states respectively. The 9s electrons should have ionization energies comparable to those of the 3s electrons of sodium and magnesium, due to relativistic effects causing the 9s electrons to be much more strongly bound than non-relativistic calculations would predict. Elements 165 and 166 should normally exhibit the +1 and +2 oxidation states respectively, although the ionization energies of the 7d electrons are low enough to allow higher oxidation states like +3 for element 165. The oxidation state +4 for element 166 is less likely, creating a situation similar to the lighter elements in groups 11 and 12 (particularly gold and mercury).[5][11]

text:
Some predicted properties of the 7d transition metals.
The metallic radii and densities are first approximations. X represents a halogen.[5][10][11]
Most analogous group is given first, followed by other similar groups.[12]

Property
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166

Standard atomic weight
[448]
[452]
[456]
[459]
[463]
[466]
[470]
[474]
[477]
[481]

Group
3
(5)
4
(6)
5
(7)
6
(8)
7
(9)
8
(10)
9
(11)
10
(12, 14, 18)
11
(1, 13)
12
(2, 14)

Valence electron configuration
7d3
7d4
7d4 9s1
7d5 9s1
7d6 9s1
7d7 9s1
7d8 9s1
7d10
7d10 9s1
7d10 9s2

Stable oxidation states
3
4
1
2
3
4
5
2, 4, 6
1, 3
2

First ionization energy
453.5 kJ/mol
521.0 kJ/mol
337.7 kJ/mol
424.5 kJ/mol
472.8 kJ/mol
559.6 kJ/mol
617.5 kJ/mol
685.0 kJ/mol
521.0 kJ/mol
627.2 kJ/mol

Metallic radius
163 pm
157 pm
152 pm
148 pm
148 pm
149 pm
152 pm
158 pm
250 pm
200 pm

Density
28 g/cm3
30 g/cm3
33 g/cm3
36 g/cm3
40 g/cm3
45 g/cm3
47 g/cm3
46 g/cm3
7 g/cm3
11 g/cm3

text: Elements 167 to 172 [edit]

text: The next six elements on the periodic table should be the last six main-group elements before the end of the periodic table at Z = 173.[10] In elements 167 to 172, the 9p1/2 and 8p3/2 shells will be filled. Their energy eigenvalues are so close together that they behave as one combined p shell, similar to the non-relativistic 2p and 3p shells. Thus, the inert pair effect does not occur and the most common oxidation states of elements 167 to 170 should be +3, +4, +5, and +6 respectively. Element 171 (unseptunium) is expected to show some similarities to the halogens, showing various oxidation states ranging from −1 to +7, although its physical properties should be closer to that of a metal. Its electron affinity should be 3.0 eV, allowing it to form HUsu, analogous to a hydrogen halide. The Usu− ion is expected to be a soft base, comparable to iodide (I−). Element 172 (unseptbium) should be a noble gas with chemical behaviour similar to that of xenon, as their ionization energies should be very similar (Xe, 1170.4 kJ/mol; Usb, 1090.3 kJ/mol). The only main difference between them is that element 172, unlike xenon, is expected to be a liquid or a solid at standard temperature and pressure due to its much higher atomic weight.[5] Unseptbium should be a strong Lewis acid, forming fluorides and oxides, similarly to its lighter congener xenon.[12] Because of this analogy of elements 165–172 to periods 2 and 3, Fricke et al. considered them to form a ninth period of the periodic table, while the eighth period was taken by them to end at the noble metal element 164. This ninth and final period would be similar to the second and third period in that it should have no transition metals.[12]

text:
Some predicted properties of elements 167–172, the last main-group elements on the periodic table.
The metallic or covalent radii and densities are first approximations.[5][11]
Most analogous group is given first, followed by other similar groups.[12]

Property
167
168
169
170
171
172

Standard atomic weight
[485]
[489]
[493]
[496]
[500]
[504]

Group
13
14
15
16
17
18

Valence electron configuration
9s2 9p1
9s2 9p2
9s2 9p2 8p1
9s2 9p2 8p2
9s2 9p2 8p3
9s2 9p2 8p4

Stable oxidation states
3
4
5
6
−1, 3, 7
0, 4, 6, 8

First ionization energy
617.5 kJ/mol
723.6 kJ/mol
800.8 kJ/mol
887.7 kJ/mol
984.2 kJ/mol
1090.3 kJ/mol

Metallic or covalent radius
190 pm
180 pm
175 pm
170 pm
165 pm
220 pm

Density
17 g/cm3
19 g/cm3
18 g/cm3
17 g/cm3
16 g/cm3
9 g/cm3

text: Beyond element 172 [edit]

text: Immediately after element 172 (unseptbium, the last period 8 element), the first noble gas after oganesson (the last period 7 element), it was originally expected that another long transition series like the superactinides should begin, filling the 6g, 7f, 8d, and perhaps 6h shells. These electrons would be very loosely bound, rendering extremely high oxidation states possibly easy to reach.[12] Element 184 (unoctquadium) was significantly targeted in early predictions, as it was originally speculated that 184 would be a proton magic number.[5][12][19]

text: However, these extrapolations are unlikely to be fulfilled, due to the impending end of the periodic table at Z = 173.[10]

text: In element 173 (unsepttrium), the last electron would enter the 6g7/2 subshell.[20]

text: End of the periodic table[edit]

text: The number of physically possible elements is unknown. A low estimate is that the periodic table may end soon after the island of stability,[8] which is expected to center on Z = 126, as the extension of the periodic and nuclides tables is restricted by the proton and the neutron drip lines;[21] some, such as Walter Greiner, predicted that there may not be an end to the periodic table.[9] Other predictions of an end to the periodic table include Z = 128 (John Emsley) and Z = 155 (Albert Khazan).[22]

text: Feynmanium and elements above the atomic number 137[edit]

text: It is a "folk legend" among physicists that Richard Feynman suggested that neutral atoms could not exist for atomic numbers greater than Z = 137, on the grounds that the relativistic Dirac equation predicts that the ground-state energy of the innermost electron in such an atom would be an imaginary number. Here, the number 137 arises as the inverse of the fine-structure constant. By this argument, neutral atoms cannot exist beyond untriseptium (alternatively called "feynmanium"), and therefore a periodic table of elements based on electron orbitals breaks down at this point. However, this argument presumes that the atomic nucleus is pointlike. A more accurate calculation must take into account the small, but nonzero, size of the nucleus, which is predicted to push the limit further to Z ≈ 173.[9]

text: Bohr model[edit]

text: The Bohr model exhibits difficulty for atoms with atomic number greater than 137, for the speed of an electron in a 1s electron orbital, v, is given by

text: where Z is the atomic number, and α is the fine structure constant, a measure of the strength of electromagnetic interactions.[23] Under this approximation, any element with an atomic number of greater than 137 would require 1s electrons to be traveling faster than c, the speed of light. Hence the non-relativistic Bohr model is clearly inaccurate when applied to such an element.

text: Relativistic Dirac equation[edit]

text: The relativistic Dirac equation gives the ground state energy as

text: where m is the rest mass of the electron. For Z > 137, the wave function of the Dirac ground state is oscillatory, rather than bound, and there is no gap between the positive and negative energy spectra, as in the Klein paradox.[24] More accurate calculations taking into account the effects of the finite size of the nucleus indicate that the binding energy first exceeds 2mc2 for Z > Zcr ≈ 173. For Z > Zcr, if the innermost orbital (1s) is not filled, the electric field of the nucleus will pull an electron out of the vacuum, resulting in the spontaneous emission of a positron.[25][26] The precise details of what happens to atoms with Z > 173 are not known yet, but they probably should not survive long enough as such to be considered elements.[9][27]

text: Nuclear properties[edit]

text: The first island of stability is expected to be centered on unbibium-306 (with 122 protons and 184 neutrons),[16] and the second is expected to be centered on unhexquadium-482 (with 164 protons and 318 neutrons).[17][18] This second island of stability should confer additional stability on elements 152–168; on the other hand, due to the enormously greater forces of electromagnetic repulsion that must be overcome by the strong force at this second island, it is possible that nuclei around this region only exist as resonances and cannot stay together for a meaningful amount of time. It is also possible that some of the superactinides between these series may not actually exist because they are too far from both islands, in which case the periodic table would quite possibly end around Z = 130 instead of 173, with nuclear properties imposing an end earlier than the electronic properties.[12]

text: Calculations according to the Hartree–Fock–Bogoliubov Method using the non-relativistic Skyrme interaction have proposed Z = 126 as a closed proton shell. In this region of the periodic table, N = 184 and N = 196 have been suggested as closed neutron shells. Therefore, the isotopes of most interest are 310Ubh and 322Ubh, for these might be considerably longer-lived than other isotopes. Element 126, having a magic number of protons, is predicted to be more stable than other elements in this region, and may have nuclear isomers with very long half-lives.[28]

text: Electron configurations[edit]

text: The following are the expected electron configurations of elements 118–173. Beyond element 122, no complete calculations are available and hence the data in this table must be taken as tentative.[12][20]

text:
Chemical element
Chemical series
Predicted electron configuration[11][12][20][29]

118
Og
Oganesson
Noble gas
[Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p6

119
Uue
Ununennium
Alkali metal
[Og] 8s1

120
Ubn
Unbinilium
Alkaline earth metal
[Og] 8s2

121
Ubu
Unbiunium
Superactinide
[Og] 8s2 8p1
1/2

122
Ubb
Unbibium
Superactinide
[Og] 7d1 8s2 8p1
1/2

123
Ubt
Unbitrium
Superactinide
[Og] 6f2 8s2 8p1
1/2

124
Ubq
Unbiquadium
Superactinide
[Og] 6f3 8s2 8p1
1/2

125
Ubp
Unbipentium
Superactinide
[Og] 5g1 6f2 8s2 8p2
1/2

126
Ubh
Unbihexium
Superactinide
[Og] 5g2 6f3 8s2 8p1
1/2

127
Ubs
Unbiseptium
Superactinide
[Og] 5g3 6f2 8s2 8p2
1/2

128
Ubo
Unbioctium
Superactinide
[Og] 5g4 6f2 8s2 8p2
1/2

129
Ube
Unbiennium
Superactinide
[Og] 5g4 6f3 7d1 8s2 8p1
1/2

130
Utn
Untrinilium
Superactinide
[Og] 5g5 6f3 7d1 8s2 8p1
1/2

131
Utu
Untriunium
Superactinide
[Og] 5g6 6f3 8s2 8p2
1/2

132
Utb
Untribium
Superactinide
[Og] 5g7 6f3 8s2 8p2
1/2

133
Utt
Untritrium
Superactinide
[Og] 5g8 6f3 8s2 8p2
1/2

134
Utq
Untriquadium
Superactinide
[Og] 5g8 6f4 8s2 8p2
1/2

135
Utp
Untripentium
Superactinide
[Og] 5g9 6f4 8s2 8p2
1/2

136
Uth
Untrihexium
Superactinide
[Og] 5g10 6f4 8s2 8p2
1/2

137
Uts
Untriseptium
Superactinide
[Og] 5g11 6f4 8s2 8p2
1/2

138
Uto
Untrioctium
Superactinide
[Og] 5g12 6f3 7d1 8s2 8p2
1/2

139
Ute
Untriennium
Superactinide
[Og] 5g13 6f2 7d2 8s2 8p2
1/2

140
Uqn
Unquadnilium
Superactinide
[Og] 5g14 6f3 7d1 8s2 8p2
1/2

141
Uqu
Unquadunium
Superactinide
[Og] 5g15 6f2 7d2 8s2 8p2
1/2

142
Uqb
Unquadbium
Superactinide
[Og] 5g16 6f2 7d2 8s2 8p2
1/2

143
Uqt
Unquadtrium
Superactinide
[Og] 5g17 6f2 7d2 8s2 8p2
1/2

144
Uqq
Unquadquadium
Superactinide
[Og] 5g17 6f2 7d3 8s2 8p2
1/2

145
Uqp
Unquadpentium
Superactinide
[Og] 5g18 6f3 7d2 8s2 8p2
1/2

146
Uqh
Unquadhexium
Superactinide
[Og] 5g18 6f4 7d2 8s2 8p2
1/2

147
Uqs
Unquadseptium
Superactinide
[Og] 5g18 6f5 7d2 8s2 8p2
1/2

148
Uqo
Unquadoctium
Superactinide
[Og] 5g18 6f6 7d2 8s2 8p2
1/2

149
Uqe
Unquadennium
Superactinide
[Og] 5g18 6f6 7d3 8s2 8p2
1/2

150
Upn
Unpentnilium
Superactinide
[Og] 5g18 6f7 7d3 8s2 8p2
1/2

151
Upu
Unpentunium
Superactinide
[Og] 5g18 6f8 7d3 8s2 8p2
1/2

152
Upb
Unpentbium
Superactinide
[Og] 5g18 6f9 7d3 8s2 8p2
1/2

153
Upt
Unpenttrium
Superactinide
[Og] 5g18 6f10 7d3 8s2 8p2
1/2

154
Upq
Unpentquadium
Superactinide
[Og] 5g18 6f11 7d3 8s2 8p2
1/2

155
Upp
Unpentpentium
Superactinide
[Og] 5g18 6f12 7d3 8s2 8p2
1/2

156
Uph
Unpenthexium
Superactinide
[Og] 5g18 6f13 7d3 8s2 8p2
1/2

157
Ups
Unpentseptium
Superactinide
[Og] 5g18 6f14 7d3 8s2 8p2
1/2

158
Upo
Unpentoctium
Transition metal
[Og] 5g18 6f14 7d4 8s2 8p2
1/2

159
Upe
Unpentennium
Transition metal
[Og] 5g18 6f14 7d4 8s2 8p2
1/2 9s1

160
Uhn
Unhexnilium
Transition metal
[Og] 5g18 6f14 7d5 8s2 8p2
1/2 9s1

161
Uhu
Unhexunium
Transition metal
[Og] 5g18 6f14 7d6 8s2 8p2
1/2 9s1

162
Uhb
Unhexbium
Transition metal
[Og] 5g18 6f14 7d7 8s2 8p2
1/2 9s1

163
Uht
Unhextrium
Transition metal
[Og] 5g18 6f14 7d8 8s2 8p2
1/2 9s1

164
Uhq
Unhexquadium
Transition metal
[Og] 5g18 6f14 7d10 8s2 8p2
1/2

165
Uhp
Unhexpentium
Transition metal
[Og] 5g18 6f14 7d10 8s2 8p2
1/2 9s1

166
Uhh
Unhexhexium
Post-transition metal
[Og] 5g18 6f14 7d10 8s2 8p2
1/2 9s2

167
Uhs
Unhexseptium
Post-transition metal
[Og] 5g18 6f14 7d10 8s2 8p2
1/2 9s2 9p1
1/2

168
Uho
Unhexoctium
Post-transition metal
[Og] 5g18 6f14 7d10 8s2 8p2
1/2 9s2 9p2
1/2

169
Uhe
Unhexennium
Post-transition metal
[Og] 5g18 6f14 7d10 8s2 8p2
1/2 8p1
3/2 9s2 9p2
1/2

170
Usn
Unseptnilium
Post-transition metal
[Og] 5g18 6f14 7d10 8s2 8p2
1/2 8p2
3/2 9s2 9p2
1/2

171
Usu
Unseptunium
Post-transition metal
[Og] 5g18 6f14 7d10 8s2 8p2
1/2 8p3
3/2 9s2 9p2
1/2

172
Usb
Unseptbium
Noble gas
[Og] 5g18 6f14 7d10 8s2 8p2
1/2 8p4
3/2 9s2 9p2
1/2

173
Ust
Unsepttrium
—
[Usb] 6g1

text: Attempts to synthesize still undiscovered elements[edit]

text: Projects to build period 8 elements that have had synthesis attempts were elements 119, 120, 122, 124, 126, and 127. So far, none of these synthesis attempts were successful.

text: Ununennium[edit]

text: The synthesis of ununennium was first attempted in 1985 by bombarding a target of einsteinium-254 with calcium-48 ions at the superHILAC accelerator at Berkeley, California:

text: No atoms were identified, leading to a limiting cross section of 300 nb.[30] Later calculations suggest that the cross section of the 3n reaction (which would result in 299Uue and three neutrons as products) would actually be six hundred thousand times lower than this upper bound, at 0.5 pb.[31]

text: As ununennium is the lightest undiscovered element, it has been the target of synthesis experiments by both German and Russian teams in recent years.[32][33] The Russian experiments were conducted in 2011, and no results were released, strongly implying that no ununennium atoms were identified. From April to September 2012, an attempt to synthesize the isotopes 295Uue and 296Uue was made by bombarding a target of berkelium-249 with titanium-50 at the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research in Darmstadt, Germany.[34][35] Based on the theoretically predicted cross-section, it was expected that an ununennium atom would be synthesized within five months of the beginning of the experiment.[36]

text: The experiment was originally planned to continue to November 2012,[37] but was stopped early to make use of the 249Bk target to confirm the synthesis of tennessine (thus changing the projectiles to 48Ca).[38] This reaction between 249Bk and 50Ti was predicted to be the most favorable practical reaction for formation of ununennium,[35] as it is rather asymmetrical,[36] though also somewhat cold.[38] (The reaction between 254Es and 48Ca would be superior, but preparing milligram quantities of 254Es for a target is difficult.)[36] Nevertheless, the necessary change from the "silver bullet" 48Ca to 50Ti divides the expected yield of ununennium by about twenty, as the yield is strongly dependent on the asymmetry of the fusion reaction.[36]

text: Due to the predicted short half-lives, the GSI team used new "fast" electronics capable of registering decay events within microseconds.[35] No ununennium atoms were identified, implying a limiting cross-section of 70 fb.[38] The predicted actual cross-section is around 40 fb, which is at the limits of current technology.[36]

text: The team at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia, is planning to begin new experiments on the synthesis of ununennium and unbinilium using the 249Bk+50Ti and 249Cf+50Ti reactions in 2019 using a new experimental complex.[39][40] The team at RIKEN in Japan also plans to make attempts on these elements around the same time with 248Cm targets using the 248Cm+51V and 248Cm+54Cr reactions.[41]

text: Unbinilium[edit]

text: Following their success in obtaining oganesson by the reaction between 249Cf and 48Ca in 2006, the team at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) in Dubna started similar experiments in hope of creating unbinilium (element 120) from nuclei of 58Fe and 244Pu.[42] Isotopes of unbinilium are predicted to have alpha decay half-lives of the order of microseconds.[43][44] In March–April 2007, the synthesis of unbinilium was attempted at the JINR by bombarding a plutonium-244 target with iron-58 ions.[45] Initial analysis revealed that no atoms of element 120 were produced providing a limit of 400 fb for the cross section at the energy studied.[46]

text: The Russian team planned to upgrade their facilities before attempting the reaction again.[47]

text: In April 2007, the team at the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research in Darmstadt, Germany attempted to create unbinilium using uranium-238 and nickel-64:[47]

text: No atoms were detected providing a limit of 1.6 pb on the cross section at the energy provided. The GSI repeated the experiment with higher sensitivity in three separate runs from April–May 2007, January–March 2008, and September–Oct 2008, all with negative results and providing a cross section limit of 90 fb.[47]

text: In June–July 2010, and again in 2011, after upgrading their equipment to allow the use of more radioactive targets, scientists at the GSI attempted the more asymmetrical fusion reaction:[47]

text: It was expected that the change in reaction would quintuple the probability of synthesizing unbinilium,[48] as the yield of such reactions is strongly dependent on their asymmetry.[36] Three correlated signals were observed that matched the predicted alpha decay energies of 299Ubn and its daughter 295Og, as well as the experimentally known decay energy of its granddaughter 291Lv. However, the lifetimes of these possible decays were much longer than expected, and the results could not be confirmed.[49][50][51]

text: In August–October 2011, a different team at the GSI using the TASCA facility tried a new, even more asymmetrical reaction:[47]

text: Because of its asymmetry,[52] the reaction between 249Cf and 50Ti was predicted to be the most favorable practical reaction for synthesizing unbinilium, although it is also somewhat cold. No unbinilium atoms were identified, implying a limiting cross-section of 200 fb.[38] Jens Volker Kratz predicted the actual maximum cross-section for producing unbinilium by any of these reactions to be around 0.1 fb;[16] in comparison, the world record for the smallest cross section of a successful reaction was 30 fb for the reaction 209Bi(70Zn,n)278Nh,[36] and Kratz predicted a maximum cross-section of 20 fb for producing the neighbouring ununennium.[16] If these predictions are accurate, then synthesizing ununennium would be at the limits of current technology, and synthesizing unbinilium would require new methods.[16]

text: The team at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia, is planning to begin new experiments on the synthesis of ununennium and unbinilium using the 249Bk+50Ti and 249Cf+50Ti reactions in 2019 using a new experimental complex.[53][54] The team at RIKEN in Japan also plans to make attempts on these elements around the same time with 248Cm targets using the 248Cm+51V and 248Cm+54Cr reactions.[41]

text: Unbibium[edit]

text: The first attempt to synthesize unbibium was performed in 1972 by Flerov et al. at JINR (Joint Institute for Nuclear Research), using the hot fusion reaction:[22]

text: No atoms were detected and a yield limit of 5 mb (5,000,000,000 pb) was measured. Current results (see flerovium) have shown that the sensitivity of this experiment was too low by at least 6 orders of magnitude.[citation needed]

text: In 2000, the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (GSI) performed a very similar experiment with much higher sensitivity:[22]

text: These results indicate that the synthesis of such heavier elements remains a significant challenge and further improvements of beam intensity and experimental efficiency is required. The sensitivity should be increased to 1 fb.[citation needed]

text: Another unsuccessful attempt to synthesize unbibium was carried out in 1978 at the GSI, where a natural erbium target was bombarded with xenon-136 ions:[22]

text: The two attempts in the 1970s to synthesize unbibium were caused by research investigating whether superheavy elements could potentially be naturally occurring.[22] Several experiments have been performed between 2000-2004 at the Flerov laboratory of Nuclear Reactions studying the fission characteristics of the compound nucleus 306Ubb. Two nuclear reactions have been used, namely 248Cm + 58Fe and 242Pu + 64Ni.[22] The results have revealed how nuclei such as this fission predominantly by expelling closed shell nuclei such as 132Sn (Z=50, N=82). It was also found that the yield for the fusion-fission pathway was similar between 48Ca and 58Fe projectiles, indicating a possible future use of 58Fe projectiles in superheavy element formation.[55]

text: Unbiquadium[edit]

text: In a series of experiments, scientists at GANIL (Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds) have attempted to measure the direct and delayed fission of compound nuclei of elements with Z=114, 120, and 124 in order to probe shell effects in this region and to pinpoint the next spherical proton shell. This is because having complete nuclear shells (or, equivalently, having a magic number of protons or neutrons) would confer more stability on the nuclei of such superheavy elements, thus moving closer to the island of stability. In 2006, with full results published in 2008, the team provided results from a reaction involving the bombardment of a natural germanium target with uranium ions:

text: The team reported that they had been able to identify compound nuclei fissioning with half-lives > 10−18 s. This result suggests a strong stabilizing effect at Z=124 and points to the next proton shell at Z>120, not at Z=114 as previously thought. A compound nucleus is a loose combination of nucleons that have not arranged themselves into nuclear shells yet. It has no internal structure and is held together only by the collision forces between the target and projectile nuclei. It is estimated that it requires around 10−14 s for the nucleons to arrange themselves into nuclear shells, at which point the compound nucleus becomes a nuclide, and this number is used by IUPAC as the minimum half-life a claimed isotope must have to potentially be recognised as being discovered. Thus, the GANIL experiments do not count as a discovery of element 124.[22]

text: Unbihexium[edit]

text: The first and only attempt to synthesize unbihexium, which was unsuccessful, was performed in 1971 at CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research) by René Bimbot and John M. Alexander using the hot fusion reaction:[22]

text: A high-energy alpha particle was observed and taken as possible evidence for the synthesis of unbihexium. Recent research[which?] suggests that this is highly unlikely as the sensitivity of experiments performed in 1971 would have been several orders of magnitude too low according to current understanding.

text: Unbiseptium[edit]

text: Unbiseptium has had one failed attempt at synthesis in 1978 at the Darmstadt UNILAC accelerator by bombarding a natural tantalum target with xenon ions:[22]

text: Possible natural occurrence[edit]

text: On April 24, 2008, a group led by Amnon Marinov at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem claimed to have found single atoms of unbibium-292 in naturally occurring thorium deposits at an abundance of between 10−11 and 10−12, relative to thorium.[56] The claim of Marinov et al. was criticized by a part of the scientific community, and Marinov says he has submitted the article to the journals Nature and Nature Physics but both turned it down without sending it for peer review.[57] The unbibium-292 atoms were claimed to be superdeformed or hyperdeformed isomers, with a half-life of at least 100 million years.[22]

text: A criticism of the technique, previously used in purportedly identifying lighter thorium isotopes by mass spectrometry,[58] was published in Physical Review C in 2008.[59] A rebuttal by the Marinov group was published in Physical Review C after the published comment.[60]

text: A repeat of the thorium-experiment using the superior method of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) failed to confirm the results, despite a 100-fold better sensitivity.[61] This result throws considerable doubt on the results of the Marinov collaboration with regard to their claims of long-lived isotopes of thorium,[58] roentgenium[62] and unbibium.[56] It is still possible that traces of unbibium might only exist in some thorium samples, although this is unlikely.[22]

text: It was suggested in 1976 that primordial superheavy elements (mainly livermorium, unbiquadium, unbihexium, and unbiseptium) could be a cause of unexplained radiation damage in minerals. This prompted many researchers to search for them in nature from 1976 to 1983. Some claimed that they had detected alpha particles with the right energies to cause the damage observed, supporting the presence of these elements, while some claimed that none had been detected.

text: The possible extent of primordial superheavy elements on Earth today is uncertain. Even if they are confirmed to have caused the radiation damage long ago, they might now have decayed to mere traces, or even be completely gone.[28]

text: Extended periodic table[edit]

text:
v
t
e

Extended periodic table

Superheavy elements may not exist, and may not follow the order of this table even if they do exist.

1
1
H

2
He

2
3
Li
4
Be

5
B
6
C
7
N
8
O
9
F
10
Ne

3
11
Na
12
Mg

13
Al
14
Si
15
P
16
S
17
Cl
18
Ar

4
19
K
20
Ca

21
Sc
22
Ti
23
V
24
Cr
25
Mn
26
Fe
27
Co
28
Ni
29
Cu
30
Zn
31
Ga
32
Ge
33
As
34
Se
35
Br
36
Kr

5
37
Rb
38
Sr

39
Y
40
Zr
41
Nb
42
Mo
43
Tc
44
Ru
45
Rh
46
Pd
47
Ag
48
Cd
49
In
50
Sn
51
Sb
52
Te
53
I
54
Xe

6
55
Cs
56
Ba

57
La
58
Ce
59
Pr
60
Nd
61
Pm
62
Sm
63
Eu
64
Gd
65
Tb
66
Dy
67
Ho
68
Er
69
Tm
70
Yb
71
Lu
72
Hf
73
Ta
74
W
75
Re
76
Os
77
Ir
78
Pt
79
Au
80
Hg
81
Tl
82
Pb
83
Bi
84
Po
85
At
86
Rn

7
87
Fr
88
Ra

89
Ac
90
Th
91
Pa
92
U
93
Np
94
Pu
95
Am
96
Cm
97
Bk
98
Cf
99
Es
100
Fm
101
Md
102
No
103
Lr
104
Rf
105
Db
106
Sg
107
Bh
108
Hs
109
Mt
110
Ds
111
Rg
112
Cn
113
Nh
114
Fl
115
Mc
116
Lv
117
Ts
118
Og

8
119
Uue
120
Ubn
121
Ubu
122
Ubb
123
Ubt
124
Ubq
125
Ubp
126
Ubh
127
Ubs
128
Ubo
129
Ube
130
Utn
131
Utu
132
Utb
133
Utt
134
Utq
135
Utp
136
Uth
137
Uts
138
Uto
139
Ute
140
Uqn
141
Uqu
142
Uqb
143
Uqt
144
Uqq
145
Uqp
146
Uqh
147
Uqs
148
Uqo
149
Uqe
150
Upn
151
Upu
152
Upb
153
Upt
154
Upq
155
Upp
156
Uph
157
Ups
158
Upo
159
Upe
160
Uhn
161
Uhu
162
Uhb
163
Uht
164
Uhq
165
Uhp
166
Uhh
167
Uhs
168
Uho

text:
Legend

v
t
e

s-block
p-block
d-block
f-block

Background color shows the block of the periodic table

s-block
p-block
d-block
f-block
g-block
Predicted elements are colored in a lighter shade


document_title: The Notebook

question_text: where is the notebook supposed to take place

text: The Notebook

text: Plot[edit]

text: At a modern-day nursing home, an elderly man, Duke, reads a romantic story from his notebook to a fellow patient.

text: In 1940, Seabrook Island, South Carolina, Noah Calhoun is smitten with 17 year old heiress Allison "Allie" Hamilton after seeing her at a carnival, and they have a summer love affair. Noah takes Allie to an abandoned house that he intends to buy for them. They try to make love, but are interrupted by Noah's friend Fin with the news that Allie's parents have the police looking for her.

text: When Allie and Noah return to her parents' mansion, Allie's mother Anne calls Noah trash and they ban her from seeing Noah. Noah walks out and Allie chases after him. The ensuing argument between the two ends in a break up and the next morning, Anne announces that the family is returning home to Charleston. Allie attempts to contact Noah, but is unable to find him, so she asks Fin to tell Noah that she loves him. When Noah gets the message he rushes to Allie's home, only to find the house empty.

text: Noah writes to Allie every day for a year but Anne intercepts the letters and they never reach Allie. Noah enlists with Fin to fight in World War II, where Fin is killed in battle. Allie volunteers in a hospital for wounded soldiers, where she meets officer Lon Hammond Jr., a young lawyer who comes from old Southern money. The two become engaged, to the delight of Allie's parents.

text: When Noah returns from the war, his father has sold their home so that Noah can buy the abandoned house. While visiting Charleston, Noah witnesses Allie and Lon kissing at a restaurant; he convinces himself that if he restores the house, Allie will come back to him. Allie is startled to read in the newspaper that Noah has completed the house to the specifications she made years before.

text: Allie returns to Seabrook to find Noah living in the restored house. The two renew their relationship and make love. In the morning, Anne appears on Noah's doorstep, warning Allie that Lon has followed her to Seabrook. Anne reveals that in her youth she had been in love with a lower-class young man and still thinks of him. He admits that he has often thought of her as well. She then gives Allie the letters that Noah wrote to her, admitting that she hid them from Allie. Allie confesses to Lon that she has been spending time with Noah, and tells him she knows she should be with him, but she remains indecisive. Ultimately, she goes back to her relationship with Noah.

text: In the present, it is revealed that the elderly woman is Allie, who is suffering from dementia. Duke is actually Noah, and was told by Allie during the onset of her illness to reread their journals to help her remember. She briefly remembers who he is and they reconcile, but soon forgets and panics, forcing medical personnel to sedate her. Noah has a heart attack and is sent to the hospital while Allie is sent to a dementia ward in the hospital. He visits her room in the middle of the night, and she remembers him again, expressing that she may forget again. Noah reassures her that they can do anything with the love they share, and fall asleep together in Allie's bed, dying in their sleep with a nurse discovering them in the morning.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Rachel McAdams as Allison "Allie" Hamilton
Ryan Gosling as Noah Calhoun
James Garner as Old Noah Calhoun / "Duke"
Gena Rowlands as Old Allie Calhoun (née Hamilton)
Joan Allen as Anne Hamilton
James Marsden as Lon Hammond, Jr.
Jamie Brown as Martha Shaw
Sam Shepard as Frank Calhoun
David Thornton as John Hamilton
Kevin Connolly as Fin
Heather Wahlquist as Sara Tuffington
Ed Grady as Harry
Obba Babatunde as Bandleader
Mark Johnson as Photographer
Starletta DuPois as Nurse Esther
William Sattelberg as Ryan Gosling's stunt double

text: Production[edit]

text: The film rights to Nicholas Sparks's novel were acquired by New Line Cinema in 1996, represented by producer Mark Johnson.[8] Jeremy Leven was hired to write the script, which caught the attention of director Steven Spielberg in 1998,[9] who wished to film it with Tom Cruise as Noah Calhoun.[10] Spielberg's commitment to other projects led to Jim Sheridan becoming attached to direct the following year. Filming was to start in 1999 but pushed back over rewrites.[11] Sheridan eventually backed out by October 2000 to work on In America.[12] Martin Campbell entered negotiations to direct in March 2001,[10] before he was replaced by Nick Cassavetes a year later.[13]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Cassavetes wanted someone unknown and "not handsome" to portray Noah; he therefore cast Ryan Gosling in the role.[14] Gosling was initially surprised by this: "I read [the script] and I thought, 'He's crazy. I couldn't be more wrong for this movie.' "[15] "It gave me an opportunity to play a character over a period of time - from 1940 to 1946 - that was quite profound and formative."[16] To prepare for the part, Gosling temporarily moved to Charleston, South Carolina prior to filming. During two months, he rowed the Ashley River and made furniture.[17] A nationwide search was conducted to find the right actress to play Allie. Actresses who auditioned for the role included Jessica Biel,[18] Britney Spears,[19] Ashley Judd, and Reese Witherspoon,[20] and Rachel McAdams was ultimately cast.[16] On casting her, Cassavetes said: "When Rachel McAdams came in and read, it was apparent that she was the one. She and Ryan had great chemistry between them." She commented: "I thought it would be a dream to be able to do it. I read the script and went into the audition just two days later. It was a good way to do it, because I was very full of the story."[21] Gosling commented that, "I think that it's pretty fair to say that we probably wouldn't have made the film if we hadn't found Rachel...Really, Allie drives the movie. It's her movie and we're in it. It all kind of depended on an actress."[22] In comparison to the book, the role was extended.[23] McAdams spent time in Charleston before filming to familiarize herself with the surroundings,[24] and took ballet and etiquette classes.[25] She had a dialect coach to learn the southern accent.[26]

text: Filming[edit]

text: The Notebook was filmed mostly on location in South Carolina, in late 2002 and early 2003, as well as the wintery battlefield just outside Montreal, Quebec.[16][27] Production offices for the film were set up at the old Charleston Naval Base in North Charleston.[28]

text: Much of the film's plot takes place in and around Seabrook Island, an actual town which is one of the South Carolina "sea islands." It is located 20 miles southwest of Charleston, South Carolina. However, none of the filming took place in the Seabrook area. The house that Noah is seen fixing up is a private residence at Wadmalaw Island, South Carolina,[29] which is another "sea island" locality situated 10 miles closer to Charleston. The house was not actually in a dilapidated state at any time, but it was made to look that way by special effects in the first half of the film. Contrary to the suggestion in the film's dialogue, neither the house nor the Seabrook area was home to South Carolina Revolutionary hero Francis Marion, whose plantation was actually located some distance northwest of Charleston.[30] The Boone Hall Plantation served as Allie's summer house.[29]

text: Many of the scenes set in Seabrook were filmed in the town of Mt. Pleasant, (a suburb of Charleston). Others were filmed in Charleston and in Edisto Island. The lake scenes were filmed at Cypress Gardens (in Moncks Corner, South Carolina)[29] with trained birds that were brought in from elsewhere.[31]

text: The nursing home scenes were filmed at Rice Hope Plantation,[32] located in Georgetown County, South Carolina. The college depicted briefly in the film is identified in the film as Sarah Lawrence College, but the campus that is seen is actually the College of Charleston.[29]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film premiered June 25, 2004, in the United States and Canada and grossed $13,464,745 in 2,303 theaters its opening weekend, ranking number 4 at the box office.[33] The film grossed a total of $115,603,229 worldwide, $81,001,787 in Canada and the United States and $34,601,442 in other countries.[2] It is the 15th highest-grossing romantic drama film of all time.[34]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The Notebook received a mixed reaction from film critics. Based on 155 reviews on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, 52% of critics gave the film a positive review, with an average rating of 5.7/10 and the website's consensus stating "It's hard not to admire its unabashed sentimentality, but The Notebook is too clumsily manipulative to rise above its melodramatic clichés."[35] At Metacritic, which assigns an average rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the film currently holds an average score of 53, based on 34 reviews, which indicates "mixed or average reviews."[36]

text: Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times praised the film, awarding it three-and-a-half stars out of four, calling the photography "striking in its rich, saturated effects" and stating that the "actors are blessed by good material."[37] Peter Lowry of Film Threat gave the film three-and-a-half stars out of five; praising the performances of both Gosling and McAdams, he wrote: "Gosling and especially McAdams give all-star performances, doing just enough to hand the reins over to the pros, who take what's left of the film and finish the audience off with some touching scenes that don't leave a dry eye in the house." About the film itself he added: "Overall, The Notebook is a surprisingly good film that manages to succeed where many other "chick flick" like romances fail."[38]

text: Stephen Holden of The New York Times gave the film a positive review, stating that "the scenes between the young lovers confronting adult authority have the same seething tension and lurking hysteria that the young Warren Beatty and Natalie Wood brought more than 40 years ago to their roles in Splendor in the Grass."[39] Ann Hornaday of The Washington Post also gave the film a positive review, she also praised the performances of Gosling and McAdams, stating: "Never mind that McAdams and Gosling don't for a minute call to mind 1940s America; they're both suitably attractive and appealing. Gosling, who delivered a searing and largely unseen screen debut performance in the 2001 drama The Believer, is particularly convincing as a young man who charms his way past a girl's strongest defenses." About the film, she added: "Audiences craving big, gooey over-the-top romance have their must-see summer movie in The Notebook."[40] William Arnold of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer praised the performance of McAdams but criticized the performance of Gosling, stating that he "just doesn't have the kind of star power or chemistry with McAdams to anchor this kind of minor-league Gone with the Wind." He also added about the film that it "doesn't completely work on its own terms, mainly because its romantic casting just doesn't spark: It doesn't make us fall in love with its lovers."[41] Wesley Morris of The Boston Globe gave the film two-and-a-half stars, praising the performances of its cast members, writing about McAdams that "she's soulfully committed to the suds in the story and fiercely attentive to the other actors". He added about Gosling: "Gosling is adept at playing sociopaths and intense brooders, and there's reason to think, early on, that Noah might be similarly off, as when he threatens to drop from a Ferris wheel unless Allie agrees to go on a date with him." About the film, he wrote: "Considering the sunny, relatively pleasurable romantic business that precedes it, the elderly stuff seems dark, morbid, and forced upon us."[42]

text: Jessica Winter of The Village Voice gave the film a mixed review, stating: "Amid the sticky-sweet swamp of Jeremy Leven's script, Rowlands and Garner emerge spotless and beatific, lending a magnanimous credibility to their scenes together. These two old pros slice cleanly through the thicket of sap-weeping dialogue and contrivance, locating the terror and desolation wrought by the cruel betrayals of a failing mind."[43] Robert Koehler of Variety magazine also gave the film a mixed review, he however, praised the performances, writing that "already one of the most intriguing young thesps, Gosling extends his range to pure romance without sacrificing a bit of his naturally subversive qualities, and even seems comfortable looking beautiful in a manly American way. The head-turner is McAdams, doing such a different perf from her top bitch in Mean Girls that it's hard to tell it's the same actor. She skillfully carries much of the film's emotional weight with a free and easy manner."[44]

text: In June 2010, Entertainment Weekly included Allie and Noah in its list of the "100 Greatest Characters of the Last 20 Years."[45] The periodical listed The Notebook in their 25 Sexiest Movies Ever.[46] Us Weekly included the film in their list of the 30 Most Romantic Movies of All Time.[47] Boston.com ranked the film the third Top Romantic Movie.[48] The Notebook appeared on Moviefone's list of the 25 Best Romance Movies of All Time.[49] Marie Claire also put the film on its list of the 12 Most Romantic Movie Scenes of All Time.[50] In 2011, The Notebook was named the best chick-flick during ABC News and People's television special Best in Film: The Greatest Movies of Our Time.[51] The scene where Noah climbs the Ferris Wheel because he wants a date with Allie made the list of Total Film's 50 Most Romantic Movie Moments of All Time.[52] The kiss in the rain was ranked no. 4 in Total Film's 50 Best Movie Kisses list.[53]154

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Recipient(s)
Result

2004
Golden Trailer Awards[54]
Best Romance

Nominated

Teen Choice Awards[55]
Choice Movie of the Summer

Nominated

Choice Breakout Movie Star
Rachel McAdams
Nominated

2005
Artios Awards[56]
Outstanding Achievement in Casting – Feature Film, Drama
Matthew Barry and Nancy Green-Keyes
Nominated

Golden Satellite Awards[55]
Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture
Gena Rowlands
Won

MTV Movie Awards[57]
Best Female Performance
Rachel McAdams
Nominated

Best Kiss
Rachel McAdams and Ryan Gosling
Won

Screen Actors Guild Awards[58]
Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role
James Garner
Nominated

Teen Choice Awards[59]
Choice Movie Drama

Won

Choice Date Movie

Won

Choice Movie Actor – Drama
Ryan Gosling
Won

Choice Movie Actress – Drama
Rachel McAdams
Won

Choice Movie Breakout Performance – Male
Ryan Gosling
Won

Choice Movie Chemistry
Rachel McAdams and Ryan Gosling
Won

Choice Movie Liplock
Rachel McAdams and Ryan Gosling
Won

Choice Movie Love Scene
Rachel McAdams and Ryan Gosling
Won

text: Home media[edit]

text: The Notebook was released on DVD on February 8, 2005 and Blu-ray on May 4, 2010.[60] By February 2010, the film had sold over 11 million copies on DVD.[61]

text: Music[edit]

text: The soundtrack to The Notebook was released on June 8, 2004.

text:
No.
Title
Artist
Length

1.
"Main Title"
Aaron Zigman
2:49

2.
"Overture"
Aaron Zigman
6:16

3.
"I'll Be Seeing You"
Billie Holiday
3:33

4.
"Alabamy Home"
Duke Ellington
3:02

5.
"Allie Returns"
Aaron Zigman
5:07

6.
"House Blues / The Porch Dance / The Proposal / The Carnival"
Aaron Zigman
8:04

7.
"Noah's Journey"
Aaron Zigman
6:03

8.
"Always And Always"
Benny Goodman & His Orchestra
3:17

9.
"A String of Pearls"
Glenn Miller & His Orchestra
3:16

10.
"On The Lake"
Aaron Zigman
5:39

11.
"Diga Diga Doo"
Rex Stewart And The Ellingtonians
4:16

12.
"One O'Clock Jump"
Benny Goodman & His Orchestra
3:15

13.
"I'll Be Seeing You"
Jimmy Durante
3:13

14.
"Noah's Last Letter"
Aaron Zigman
4:32

15.
"Our Love Can Do Miracles"
Aaron Zigman
4:31

Total length:
66:53[62]

text: Television series[edit]

text: On August 11, 2015, it was reported that a television series is in development by The CW.[63] The series will follow Noah and Allie's courtship following the events of the film, and in a post-WWII world.


document_title: Prayer flag

question_text: where do you put tibetan buddhist prayer flags

text: Prayer flag

text: History[edit]

text: Nepal Sutras, originally written on cloth banners, were transmitted to other regions of the world as prayer flags.[3] Legend ascribes the origin of the prayer flag to the Gautama Buddha, whose prayers were written on battle flags used by the devas against their adversaries, the asuras.[4] The legend may have given the Indian bhikku a reason for carrying the heavenly banner as a way of signifying his commitment to ahimsa.[5] This knowledge was carried into Tibet by 800 CE, and the actual flags were introduced no later than 1040 CE, where they were further modified.[5] The Indian monk Atisha (980 – 1054 CE) introduced the Indian practice of printing on cloth prayer flags to Tibet and Nepal.[4]

text: During the Cultural Revolution, prayer flags were discouraged but not entirely eliminated. Many traditional designs may have been lost. Currently, different styles of prayer flags can be seen all across the Tibetan region.

text: Lung ta/Darchog styles[edit]

text: There are two kinds of prayer flags: horizontal ones, called Lung ta (Wylie: rlung-rta, meaning "Wind Horse") in Tibetan, and vertical ones, called Darchog (Wylie: dar-lcog, meaning "flagstaff").

text: Lung ta (horizontal) prayer flags are of square or rectangular shape, and are connected along their top edges to a long string or thread. They are commonly hung on a diagonal line from high to low between two objects (e.g., a rock and the top of a pole) in high places such as the tops of temples, monasteries, stupas, and mountain passes.

text: Darchog (vertical) prayer flags are usually large single rectangles attached to poles along their vertical edge. Darchog are commonly planted in the ground, mountains, cairns, and on rooftops, and are iconographically and symbolically related to the Dhvaja.

text: Colour and order[edit]

text: Traditionally, prayer flags come in sets of five: one in each of five colors. The five colors are arranged from left to right in a specific order: blue, white, red, green, and yellow. The five colors represent the five elements[2] and the Five Pure Lights. Different elements are associated with different colors for specific traditions, purposes and sadhana. Blue symbolizes the sky and space, white symbolizes the air and wind, red symbolizes fire, green symbolizes water, and yellow symbolizes earth.[2] According to Traditional Tibetan medicine, health and harmony are produced through the balance of the five elements.[2]

text: Symbols and prayers[edit]

text: The center of a prayer flag traditionally features a Lung ta (powerful or strong horse) bearing three flaming jewels (specifically ratna) on its back. The Ta is a symbol of speed and the transformation of bad fortune to good fortune. The three flaming jewels symbolize the Buddha, the Dharma (Buddhist teachings), and the Sangha (Buddhist community): the three cornerstones of Tibetan philosophical tradition.

text: Surrounding the Lung ta are various versions of approximately 400 traditional mantras, each dedicated to a particular deity. These writings include mantras from three of the great Buddhist Bodhisattvas: Padmasambhava (Guru Rinpoche), Avalokiteśvara (Chenrezig, the bodhisattva of compassion, and the patron of the Tibetan people), and Manjusri.

text: In addition to mantras, prayers for a long life of good fortune are often included for the person who mounts the flags.

text: Images or the names of four powerful animals, also known as the Four Dignities, adorn each corner of a flag: the dragon, the garuda, the tiger, and the snowlion.

text: Symbolism and tradition[edit]

text: Traditionally, prayer flags are used to promote peace, compassion, strength, and wisdom. The flags do not carry prayers to gods, which is a common misconception; rather, the Tibetans believe the prayers and mantras will be blown by the wind to spread the good will and compassion into all pervading space. Therefore, prayer flags are thought to bring benefit to all.

text: By hanging flags in high places the Lung ta will carry the blessings depicted on the flags to all beings. As wind passes over the surface of the flags, which are sensitive to the slightest movement of the wind, the air is purified and sanctified by the mantras.

text: The prayers of a flag become a permanent part of the universe as the images fade from exposure to the elements. Just as life moves on and is replaced by new life, Tibetans renew their hopes for the world by continually mounting new flags alongside the old. This act symbolizes a welcoming of life's changes and an acknowledgment that all beings are part of a greater ongoing cycle.

text: According to traditional belief, because the symbols and mantras on prayer flags are sacred, they should be treated with respect. They should not be placed on the ground or used on clothing. Old prayer flags should be burned.

text:
Prayer flags

Prayer flags at Swayambunath, Kathmandu.

A Darchog prayer flag in northern India.

Close-up of a Lung ta ("Wind Horse") prayer flag, Ladakh, India.

Prayer flags in central Nepal.

text: Timing of hanging and taking down[edit]

text: Some believe that if the flags are hung on inauspicious astrological dates, they may bring negative results for as long as they are flying. The best time to put up new prayer flags is in the morning on sunny, windy days.

text: Old prayer flags are replaced with new ones annually on the Tibetan New Year.