document_title: List of The Drew Carey Show characters

question_text: who played mrs. wick on the drew carey show

text: List of The Drew Carey Show characters

text: Main characters[edit]

text:
Drew Allison Carey (Drew Carey) - Drew Carey is the main protagonist of the series. A perpetual "nice guy", for most of the series, he works in the human resources department of Winfred-Louder, a multinational department store chain. Drew is the founder and co-owner of Buzz Beer, a coffee-flavored caffeinated beer (at the time, such drinks were legal but uncommon in the United States). He has a long-standing feud with co-worker Mimi Bobeck; both play endless, occasionally complicated, seriously mean-spirited pranks on each other until she becomes his sister-in-law, after which they still dislike each other.[1]
Mimi Bobeck (Kathy Kinney) - Mimi Bobeck is Mr. Wick's assistant/secretary and the main antagonist of the series. Much like Fonzie from Happy Days and Steve Urkel from Family Matters, the Mimi character was originally a one-time character, only appearing in the pilot episode.[2] She is an overweight woman who wears a lot of makeup, yet has a very high but unstable self-esteem. (As an in-joke, Mimi's mother was played by known makeup addict and connoisseur Tammy Faye Bakker.) Mimi is Drew's nemesis; she vowed to make Drew's life a living hell after Drew denied her a job based on her makeup. Mimi's pranks included gluing Drew's hand to a pornographic magazine, covering Drew's desk with garbage, and eventually sending Drew to China while he is unconscious. She is also known for calling him "Pig" and "Doughboy." Mimi's past has a lot of connections to the world of music; she often talks about being a roadie for Foghat and was married to Eddie Money for two weeks after appearing at his first concert. Additionally, she claims to have slept with both Joe Walsh and Peter Frampton. Later on, Mimi becomes more of a friend to Drew (they agree to put their feud on hold while Mimi dates and later marries his brother, Steve) and a loving, if unconventional, mother to Gus. Early in the series, it was revealed that Mimi was Catholic and of Polish ancestry, and inherited the title of Duchess of Kraków after her aunt died. (Starting in 2009, Mimi/Kinney resurfaced as a guest on The Price is Right, hosted by Drew Carey since October 15, 2007, during the show's April Fool's episode, first in 2009 as a model and then ransacking Mike Richards' position as executive producer on the show, in 2010. Carey usually promotes Kinney's next project during the closing of that episode.)
Lewis Kiniski (Ryan Stiles) - Forms a double-act with Oswald. Lewis, who is tall, gangly, and perpetually bemused. Ryan Stiles once described Lewis as "Not even a character at first, just a creep really." He possesses an IQ of 162, but works as a janitor for a company called DrugCo, which conducts bizarre experiments. Due to accidentally releasing a strain of bacteria into the population, he was busted down to janitor from a position that required him to wear a lab coat. At one point, he posed as Drew to take his physical exam for him, unexpectedly taking a psychiatric exam as well. He tried to give answers which he thought suited Drew's life and situation, and the results showed him to be mentally unstable and possibly criminally insane. He mentioned in one episode he was adopted.
Oswald Lee Harvey (Diedrich Bader) - Lewis's slightly shorter, dark-haired friend is the dumb one of the double-act, which tends to be his most distinguishing characteristic. Lewis described him once as a "man-child stuck in a sort of prolonged adolescence." Oswald was a deejay at the beginning of the first season but later on became a delivery driver for Global Parcel (a fictional package-delivery service whose uniforms are modeled after those of UPS). He later attempted to become a nurse, but he failed the required tests. Drew later got him a job as a delivery man for Never Ending Store, but Oswald was injured on store property. After receiving damages, he bought the Warsaw. In the episode Bus-ted, it is revealed that Oswald joined the group of friends to replace Adam, a childhood friend who fell through the ice on a lake.
Kate O'Brien (Christa Miller) - Friends with Drew, Lewis, and Oswald since they were kids. Kate is a bit of a tomboy and a hothead and good with her fists. She and Oswald almost got married at one point, but she called it off just after Oswald threw her a surprise wedding (essentially leaving Oswald at the altar). She later found out about Drew's long-standing crush on her at their high school reunion, and she realized that she had feelings for him too. They dated for a season (even becoming engaged) but broke up when they disagreed about having kids. Drew and Kate were married for a short time in a later season, although this was illegal, as Drew had just become married to his old girlfriend, Nicki. Eventually, Drew's sham was discovered and Kate felt betrayed. Drew eventually regained Kate's trust and they became friends again. Kate left at the beginning of the eighth season, marrying a Naval aviator and moving from Cleveland to Guam.
Nigel Algernon Wick (Craig Ferguson) - Drew's boss after the first season, replacing Mr. Bell (Kevin Pollak). English, crude, boisterous and offensive, he was also a cocaine addict before he was forced to go into rehab. For some time, he and Drew were in a same-sex marriage (technically a civil union) in order for Mr. Wick to get his green card and Drew to get his job back. When he first appeared on stage in guest episodes in the last two seasons he was greeted with thunderous applause. Wick always had unusual methods of firing employees (usually men surnamed Johnson), which he does in most episodes. He is almost always referred to as "Mr. Wick", and his first name, Nigel, is rarely used. In the show's first April Fool's Day episode, Wick was shot in the crotch with a crossbow by an employee (named Johnson) whom he had just fired. Wick had to have one of his testicles removed. Wick also lost a toe and a nipple in a fox hunt that went terribly wrong. Craig Ferguson initially auditioned at Warner Bros. for a role as a Hispanic photographer on Suddenly Susan, and after he failed his audition, the casting director referred him to The Drew Carey Show which was auditioning across the studio. Ferguson, who is Scottish, played the role with an over-the-top posh English accent "to make up for generations of English actors doing crap Scottish accents." At the end of one episode, Ferguson broke the fourth wall and begin talking to the audience at home in his regular Scottish accent.
Steve Carey (John Carroll Lynch) - Drew's straight but cross-dressing brother. He came to Cleveland and got a job in the cosmetics department at Winfred-Louder. He fell in love with Mimi and after one season of dating they married in a ceremony in Drew's backyard, with Drew officiating along with an online minister from an Internet website. In later seasons the concept of Steve being a cross-dresser is abandoned entirely with little explanation (though it is hinted that he gave it up to make Mimi happy). He left, along with Kate and Wick, early in the eighth season.
Kellie Newmark (Cynthia Watros) - Drew's childhood friend. She has had a crush on Drew since high school but never told him. She was married but her husband cheated on her with her sister. Her mother is an alcoholic and leaves her father, eventually hooking up with Lewis. After Kate leaves, Drew realizes that he loves Kellie. Drew is afraid to tell Kellie because it may ruin their friendship like it did with Kate. After Lily leaves Drew, they confess their feelings for each other. When Kellie comes out while Drew is talking to his dad and asks Drew what they are going to do about their feelings for each other, Drew's dad falls off the roof and dies. Eventually during the beginning stage of their relationship Kellie finds out she is pregnant with Drew Jr. but won't marry Drew because she doesn't think he is ready for marriage. During the finale she decides Drew is ready. But her water breaks and she and Drew get married right when the baby is born.

text: Drew's marriages[edit]

text: Much of the show's humor revolved around Drew's single life (in real life, Drew was engaged for the first time in 2007, shortly after becoming a game show host). However, Drew was married a number of times during the show's run. His spouses during the series were:

text:
Diane (Nicole Sullivan) - A cocktail waitress Drew met on a business trip to Las Vegas. She tricked Drew into marrying her because she believed having a husband would give her an edge in winning custody of her children. Drew agreed to help her with the social workers, and they divorced a week later.
Nicki Fifer (Kate Walsh) - A real estate agent whom Drew dated and became engaged to; she dumped him after gaining a large amount of weight while they were dating (and, in her own words, "couldn't be with a man who loved to eat"). She lost the weight, got married and came back to Drew after her divorce (when Drew had just left a mental institution). Drew asked her to marry him on an impulse, and she agreed. Unfortunately, Drew married Kate soon after (thus becoming a bigamist) and she left him. Nicki returned later, having regained all her previous weight, and attempted to kill Drew because she blamed him for all the recent problems in her life. Drew let Nicki stay at his house until she could get back on her feet, after which she was rarely seen again.
Kate - The love of Drew's life and his best friend since childhood, Drew and Kate first broke off their engagement after a disagreement about having kids. After Drew's stint in the mental hospital, Kate realized that she still loved Drew and asked him to marry her. Drew agreed (despite having recently married Nicki and still being married to Mr. Wick) and kept both his marriages a secret for a time. Both wives discovered the situation, and Kate, furious, dumped Drew and told the newspapers about the situation; Drew became known as "The Impotent Bisexual Bigamist."
Lily (Tammy Lauren) - A Southern belle who met Drew after Oswald and Lewis started a campaign to find him a wife. Drew brought Lily to Cleveland and attempted to establish a relationship with her, but found it difficult to deal with Lily's night terrors. Drew ended up proposing to Lily on three different occasions: once in his house, another in a movie theater, and finally, back at his home again. After Drew tore up all of his pre-determined wedding plan receipts, Lily agreed to marry him. Lily left Drew after the wedding, driving off without him after giving Drew his ring back. At the reception, Drew and Kellie expressed their hidden love for each other and began their relationship, which would also lead to Drew's final marriage.
Kellie Newmark (Cynthia Watros) - Drew's childhood friend who was introduced in the eighth season. Drew went to a strip club and discovered that Kellie was working as a stripper to support herself after her divorce from her husband. Drew takes her into his home and their friendship blossoms. They were both reluctant to confess their feelings for each other, but they became a couple after Drew and Lily's wedding. Kellie soon becomes pregnant, but refuses to marry Drew for another eight months. On their wedding day and the series finale, Kellie gave birth to Drew Jr.

text: Other characters[edit]

text:
Larry Almada (Ian Gomez) – One of Drew's co-workers, Larry is a bumbling and somewhat unprofessional employee who is often willing to resort to less than savory methods to gain the upper hand. During a competition to determine the new employee representative on the Winfred-Louder board of directors, he managed to obtain the position by having sex with Mrs. Louder, a practice he repeats several times after being dumped by his wife. He loses his job on the board shortly after receiving the promotion, but continues his secret relationship with Mrs. Louder. He also ends up in jail for selling drugs, but is released and continues his job at the department store. After leaving Winfred-Louder, he set up a reasonably successful dating service which later expanded into a television chat show.
Gerald Hawthorne Bell (Kevin Pollak) – Drew's boss for the show's first season. Mr. Bell only appeared in person for his last appearance. He gets caught having relations with a woman in his office, and he and Mrs. Louder have to talk it out. When he appears, he is wearing a Santa costume. We only heard his voice on Drew's speakerphone, despite the fact that Drew had his desk very close to Bell's office. Little was known about him, but he behaved in a sexist and unprofessional manner, including liaisons with at least one female staffer. In the last episode of the first season, Mr. Bell finally appeared on camera as he was seen leaving his office after getting fired from the store. The running joke of his never being officially seen until this moment is referenced in dialogue when he says; "What's the matter, Carey? You act like you've never seen me before!"
Fran Louder (Nan Martin) – Mrs. Louder is one of the executives' "cougars" and partial namesake of the Winfred-Louder corporation who originally inherited the store from her dead husband. She is the CEO of the company that owns the department store, and retains her position even after the corporation is bought out by a larger company located in Amsterdam. As the head of the store, she thinks very little of Drew, and openly expresses surprise at the assertion that he still has dreams of becoming more successful, Mrs. Louder occasionally gives him minor promotions throughout the series, but his personality clashes with her ruthless and businesslike nature. She is somewhat sex-obsessed and conducts a long affair with the boorish, lazy, and obnoxious Larry Almada, played by Ian Gomez. (In another episode we learn Almada is superendowed sexually.) Mrs. Louder is last seen accompanying Mimi and Steve on their honeymoon (she advises them that she is a voyeur but they are forced to take her with them, anyway). She is removed from power shortly after when a member of the board improvises a speech slurring ethnic groups and gays. The insulted employees begin to riot, gaining the attention of the bosses in Amsterdam, who replace the entire board of directors except, for some reason, for Mr. Wick.
Robert Soulard (Mark Curry) – One of Drew's bosses at Winfred-Louder, Mr. Soulard was appointed by the Dutch as Mrs. Louder's replacement after the latter was fired along with the original board of directors. Slightly more open-minded than his predecessor, Mr. Soulard agrees to listen to the employees after he is made the new boss, and quickly appoints Drew to be the new Store Manager when Mr. Wick's incompetence gets him sent to Toledo for retraining.
Beulah Carey (Marion Ross) – Drew's and Steve's mother, married to George Carey (Stanley Anderson). George Anderson dies towards the end of the series' run, although not due to the death of the actor.
Kim Harvey (Adrienne Barbeau) - Oswald's mother, who wears tight clothes and sweaters with plunging necklines. Her sexiness caused the young Drew in his childhood to commit some embarrassing fauxes pas.
King Augustus Antonio Carey (Dakota and Ryan Williams) - Gus is Steve and Mimi's son as well as Drew's nephew, who saved Mimi from being fired by Drew in the episode "Drew Pops Something On Kate". Just as Drew is about to fire Mimi, he kicks while in the womb for the first time, causing him to feel compassion for Mimi and preventing him from firing her. Gus was born while Drew was in a coma, and his spirit (voiced by Jon Polito) met Drew up in Heaven before being born. After hearing Drew make jokes about how horrible Mimi was, Gus was afraid to be born. Drew convinced him that Mimi would be a good mother by going back down to Earth and spending time in the baby's body. Drew told this story to the others after coming out of his coma, but nobody believed him. Gus was an infant for most of his time on the show, but received an age boost (putting him somewhere between 5 and 6 years old) for the final season. He burns down his house, initially thought to be with a wood-burning kit that Drew gives him as a gift. Since Mimi and Gus had nowhere to live, Drew offers his home to them, and they stay there almost until the end of the show. It was later discovered that Gus was a pyromaniac and intentionally started a fire in the house.
Lisa Robbins (Katy Selverstone) – Drew's girlfriend from season one, she is prevented from dating him as the rules at Winfred-Louder do not allow management to participate in romantic relationships with their employees. Although this initially forces them to hide their relationship in public, they eventually find a way to overcome this obstacle. She vies for a job as the head of the personal shopper department to become a member of the store's management, prompting a competition with fellow applicants Kate and Mimi. Lisa begins dating Drew after she gets the job, but after a failed attempt to live together they agree to break up. She leaves her dog, Speedy, behind to stay with him and departs for good after her marriage in the second season.
Lord Mercer (Jim Piddock) – An extremely wealthy Englishman, who bought Winfred-Louder and became the new owner after the Dutch divested themselves of the company/store(s). He also brings back Mr. Wick, saying only Englishmen know how to run a business.
Christine Watson (Wanda Sykes) – Hired to replace Nigel Wick as manager, falls in love with Drew.
Jay Clemens (Robert Torti) – Kate's handsome boyfriend from season one.
Evan (Kyle Howard) – Co-owner of Never Ending Store with his brother, Scott (of the two bosses, he is regarded as the 'nice' one). He is a Zen-seeking Buddhist who promotes peace and support, although he himself has a life coach, sees a family therapist with his brother, and takes anti-anxiety pills. He has a tenuous relationship with Scott because they spend so much time together.
Scott (Jonathan Mangum) – Co-owner of Never Ending Store with his brother, Evan. He is more business-minded than Evan, and can get very irritated by Evan's peace-seeking way of life. He teaches computer classes during the summer.
Mrs. Wick (Richard Chamberlain) – Nigel Wick's "Mum" Maggie, played by Chamberlain in drag. The character is clearly promiscuous, young Nigel having grown up with a series of "uncles" in and out of his life.
Chuck (Kelly Perine) - Security Guard/Head of Security at Winfred-Louder. Chuck is a fellow employee at Winfred-Louder who seems to have a friendly relationship with Drew, as he, in his first appearance in the episode "No Two Things Are Exactly Alike" in Season 1, he tips Drew to the person who complained about a fellow employee who became offended at a sexually offensive cartoon which he put on a memo in the hopes of boosting company morale. In Chuck's final appearance in the Season 5 episode "Drew and the Racial Tension Play", Chuck is among the many minority employees who become offended at the socially insensitive comments of senior company board member Arthur Crawford (Hansford Rowe) who try to solicit Drew to get Crawford to apologize for his comments or resign.

text: Notable guest stars/actor cameos[edit]

text:
Tim Allen - Himself
David Lander - Himself
Jamie Lee Curtis - Sioux
David Cross - Earl
Tom Bosley - Mimi's Father
Tammy Faye - Mimi's Mother
Brian Haley - Drew Look-Alike
Martin Mull - Himself
Michael R. White - Himself
Dan Castellaneta - Stan
Rachel Hunter - Herself
Donald Trump - Himself
Carol Channing - Herself
Rush Limbaugh - Himself
Eugene Levy - Dr. Rider
Joe Alaskey - Daffy Duck
Dick Clark - Himself
Paul "Triple H" Levesque - The Disciplinarian
Bo Derek - Herself
Wayne Brady - Himself
Greg Proops - Himself
Brad Sherwood - Himself
Laura Hall - Herself
Arturo Brachetti - Himself
J.P. Manoux - Malcolm
Cameron Mathison - Kirk
Norm Macdonald - Simon Tate
Heather Locklear - Herself
Dave Mustaine - Himself
Chip Esten - Himself

Kathy Greenwood - Herself
Carmen Electra - Lewis's Boss
Jay Leno - Lewis's Boss
Charles Nelson Reilly - Lewis's Boss
Ben Stein - Heavenly Guide
Gary Coleman - Drew's Double
Jimmie Walker - Lewis's African-American Double
Meshach Taylor - Oswald's African-American Double
Kim Fields - Kate's African-American Double
Thea Vidale - Mimi's African-American Double
Jenny McCarthy - Sketch Player/Marlo Kelly
Amanda Bynes - Sketch Player
Henry Winkler - Mr. Newsome
John Ratzenberger - Himself
Leslie Sykes - Herself
Lacey Chabert - Grace
Roselyn Sanchez - Maria
Kathryn Joosten - Natalie
French Stewart - Buddy
Lorenzo Music - Store Announcer
Jeff Davis - Himself/D'Artagnan
Jessica Cauffiel - Milan
Illeana Douglas - Rachel Murray
Tom Poston - Oswald's conniving former jailbird father
Colin Mochrie - Eugene Anderson
Wayne Knight - Insurance examiner

text: Musical artist cameos[edit]

text:
Little Richard
Joe Walsh (initially as himself, then as Ed, lead guitarist of Drew's band The Horn Dogs)
Dionne Warwick
Roy Clark
Dusty Hill
Jonny Lang
Lisa Loeb
Dave Mustaine
Rick Nielsen
Joey Ramone
Slash
Michael Stanley
Henry Rollins
Matthew Sweet
"Weird Al" Yankovic
Eddie Money

Charlotte Caffey
Belinda Carlisle
Gina Schock
Kathy Valentine
Jane Wiedlin
SHeDAISY
Smash Mouth
John Regan
Peter Frampton
Bob Mayo
Uncle Kracker
Sugar Ray
Motörhead
Blue Man Group
Dee Snider
Goo Goo Dolls
The Reverend Horton Heat
The Go-Go's

text: Sports personality cameos[edit]

text:
Rosey Brown
Dave Winfield
Bernie Kosar
Bob Costas
Kenny Mayne
Lynn Swann
Chris Palmer
Bobby Bonds
Jeff Gordon
Triple H


document_title: The Notebook

question_text: when did the movie the notebook come out

root

text: The Notebook

text: Plot[edit]

text: At a modern-day nursing home, an elderly man, Duke, reads a romantic story from his notebook to a fellow patient.

tag: p

text: In 1940, Seabrook Island, South Carolina, Noah Calhoun is smitten with 17 year old heiress Allison "Allie" Hamilton after seeing her at a carnival, and they have a summer love affair. Noah takes Allie to an abandoned house that he intends to buy for them. They try to make love, but are interrupted by Noah's friend Fin with the news that Allie's parents have the police looking for her.

text: When Allie and Noah return to her parents' mansion, Allie's mother Anne calls Noah trash and they ban her from seeing Noah. Noah walks out and Allie chases after him. The ensuing argument between the two ends in a break up and the next morning, Anne announces that the family is returning home to Charleston. Allie attempts to contact Noah, but is unable to find him, so she asks Fin to tell Noah that she loves him. When Noah gets the message he rushes to Allie's home, only to find the house empty.

text: Noah writes to Allie every day for a year but Anne intercepts the letters and they never reach Allie. Noah enlists with Fin to fight in World War II, where Fin is killed in battle. Allie volunteers in a hospital for wounded soldiers, where she meets officer Lon Hammond Jr., a young lawyer who comes from old Southern money. The two become engaged, to the delight of Allie's parents.

text: When Noah returns from the war, his father has sold their home so that Noah can buy the abandoned house. While visiting Charleston, Noah witnesses Allie and Lon kissing at a restaurant; he convinces himself that if he restores the house, Allie will come back to him. Allie is startled to read in the newspaper that Noah has completed the house to the specifications she made years before.

text: Allie returns to Seabrook to find Noah living in the restored house. The two renew their relationship and make love. In the morning, Anne appears on Noah's doorstep, warning Allie that Lon has followed her to Seabrook. Anne reveals that in her youth she had been in love with a lower-class young man and still thinks of him. He admits that he has often thought of her as well. She then gives Allie the letters that Noah wrote to her, admitting that she hid them from Allie. Allie confesses to Lon that she has been spending time with Noah, and tells him she knows she should be with him, but she remains indecisive. Ultimately, she goes back to her relationship with Noah.

text: In the present, it is revealed that the elderly woman is Allie, who is suffering from dementia. Duke is actually Noah, and was told by Allie during the onset of her illness to reread their journals to help her remember. She briefly remembers who he is and they reconcile, but soon forgets and panics, forcing medical personnel to sedate her. Noah has a heart attack and is sent to the hospital while Allie is sent to a dementia ward in the hospital. He visits her room in the middle of the night, and she remembers him again, expressing that she may forget again. Noah reassures her that they can do anything with the love they share, and fall asleep together in Allie's bed, dying in their sleep with a nurse discovering them in the morning.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Rachel McAdams as Allison "Allie" Hamilton
Ryan Gosling as Noah Calhoun
James Garner as Old Noah Calhoun / "Duke"
Gena Rowlands as Old Allie Calhoun (née Hamilton)
Joan Allen as Anne Hamilton
James Marsden as Lon Hammond, Jr.
Jamie Brown as Martha Shaw
Sam Shepard as Frank Calhoun
David Thornton as John Hamilton
Kevin Connolly as Fin
Heather Wahlquist as Sara Tuffington
Ed Grady as Harry
Obba Babatunde as Bandleader
Mark Johnson as Photographer
Starletta DuPois as Nurse Esther
William Sattelberg as Ryan Gosling's stunt double

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: The film rights to Nicholas Sparks's novel were acquired by New Line Cinema in 1996, represented by producer Mark Johnson.[8] Jeremy Leven was hired to write the script, which caught the attention of director Steven Spielberg in 1998,[9] who wished to film it with Tom Cruise as Noah Calhoun.[10] Spielberg's commitment to other projects led to Jim Sheridan becoming attached to direct the following year. Filming was to start in 1999 but pushed back over rewrites.[11] Sheridan eventually backed out by October 2000 to work on In America.[12] Martin Campbell entered negotiations to direct in March 2001,[10] before he was replaced by Nick Cassavetes a year later.[13]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Cassavetes wanted someone unknown and "not handsome" to portray Noah; he therefore cast Ryan Gosling in the role.[14] Gosling was initially surprised by this: "I read [the script] and I thought, 'He's crazy. I couldn't be more wrong for this movie.' "[15] "It gave me an opportunity to play a character over a period of time - from 1940 to 1946 - that was quite profound and formative."[16] To prepare for the part, Gosling temporarily moved to Charleston, South Carolina prior to filming. During two months, he rowed the Ashley River and made furniture.[17] A nationwide search was conducted to find the right actress to play Allie. Actresses who auditioned for the role included Jessica Biel,[18] Britney Spears,[19] Ashley Judd, and Reese Witherspoon,[20] and Rachel McAdams was ultimately cast.[16] On casting her, Cassavetes said: "When Rachel McAdams came in and read, it was apparent that she was the one. She and Ryan had great chemistry between them." She commented: "I thought it would be a dream to be able to do it. I read the script and went into the audition just two days later. It was a good way to do it, because I was very full of the story."[21] Gosling commented that, "I think that it's pretty fair to say that we probably wouldn't have made the film if we hadn't found Rachel...Really, Allie drives the movie. It's her movie and we're in it. It all kind of depended on an actress."[22] In comparison to the book, the role was extended.[23] McAdams spent time in Charleston before filming to familiarize herself with the surroundings,[24] and took ballet and etiquette classes.[25] She had a dialect coach to learn the southern accent.[26]

text: Filming[edit]

text: The Notebook was filmed mostly on location in South Carolina, in late 2002 and early 2003, as well as the wintery battlefield just outside Montreal, Quebec.[16][27] Production offices for the film were set up at the old Charleston Naval Base in North Charleston.[28]

text: Much of the film's plot takes place in and around Seabrook Island, an actual town which is one of the South Carolina "sea islands." It is located 20 miles southwest of Charleston, South Carolina. However, none of the filming took place in the Seabrook area. The house that Noah is seen fixing up is a private residence at Wadmalaw Island, South Carolina,[29] which is another "sea island" locality situated 10 miles closer to Charleston. The house was not actually in a dilapidated state at any time, but it was made to look that way by special effects in the first half of the film. Contrary to the suggestion in the film's dialogue, neither the house nor the Seabrook area was home to South Carolina Revolutionary hero Francis Marion, whose plantation was actually located some distance northwest of Charleston.[30] The Boone Hall Plantation served as Allie's summer house.[29]

text: Many of the scenes set in Seabrook were filmed in the town of Mt. Pleasant, (a suburb of Charleston). Others were filmed in Charleston and in Edisto Island. The lake scenes were filmed at Cypress Gardens (in Moncks Corner, South Carolina)[29] with trained birds that were brought in from elsewhere.[31]

text: The nursing home scenes were filmed at Rice Hope Plantation,[32] located in Georgetown County, South Carolina. The college depicted briefly in the film is identified in the film as Sarah Lawrence College, but the campus that is seen is actually the College of Charleston.[29]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film premiered June 25, 2004, in the United States and Canada and grossed $13,464,745 in 2,303 theaters its opening weekend, ranking number 4 at the box office.[33] The film grossed a total of $115,603,229 worldwide, $81,001,787 in Canada and the United States and $34,601,442 in other countries.[2] It is the 15th highest-grossing romantic drama film of all time.[34]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The Notebook received a mixed reaction from film critics. Based on 155 reviews on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, 52% of critics gave the film a positive review, with an average rating of 5.7/10 and the website's consensus stating "It's hard not to admire its unabashed sentimentality, but The Notebook is too clumsily manipulative to rise above its melodramatic clichés."[35] At Metacritic, which assigns an average rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the film currently holds an average score of 53, based on 34 reviews, which indicates "mixed or average reviews."[36]

text: Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times praised the film, awarding it three-and-a-half stars out of four, calling the photography "striking in its rich, saturated effects" and stating that the "actors are blessed by good material."[37] Peter Lowry of Film Threat gave the film three-and-a-half stars out of five; praising the performances of both Gosling and McAdams, he wrote: "Gosling and especially McAdams give all-star performances, doing just enough to hand the reins over to the pros, who take what's left of the film and finish the audience off with some touching scenes that don't leave a dry eye in the house." About the film itself he added: "Overall, The Notebook is a surprisingly good film that manages to succeed where many other "chick flick" like romances fail."[38]

text: Stephen Holden of The New York Times gave the film a positive review, stating that "the scenes between the young lovers confronting adult authority have the same seething tension and lurking hysteria that the young Warren Beatty and Natalie Wood brought more than 40 years ago to their roles in Splendor in the Grass."[39] Ann Hornaday of The Washington Post also gave the film a positive review, she also praised the performances of Gosling and McAdams, stating: "Never mind that McAdams and Gosling don't for a minute call to mind 1940s America; they're both suitably attractive and appealing. Gosling, who delivered a searing and largely unseen screen debut performance in the 2001 drama The Believer, is particularly convincing as a young man who charms his way past a girl's strongest defenses." About the film, she added: "Audiences craving big, gooey over-the-top romance have their must-see summer movie in The Notebook."[40] William Arnold of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer praised the performance of McAdams but criticized the performance of Gosling, stating that he "just doesn't have the kind of star power or chemistry with McAdams to anchor this kind of minor-league Gone with the Wind." He also added about the film that it "doesn't completely work on its own terms, mainly because its romantic casting just doesn't spark: It doesn't make us fall in love with its lovers."[41] Wesley Morris of The Boston Globe gave the film two-and-a-half stars, praising the performances of its cast members, writing about McAdams that "she's soulfully committed to the suds in the story and fiercely attentive to the other actors". He added about Gosling: "Gosling is adept at playing sociopaths and intense brooders, and there's reason to think, early on, that Noah might be similarly off, as when he threatens to drop from a Ferris wheel unless Allie agrees to go on a date with him." About the film, he wrote: "Considering the sunny, relatively pleasurable romantic business that precedes it, the elderly stuff seems dark, morbid, and forced upon us."[42]

text: Jessica Winter of The Village Voice gave the film a mixed review, stating: "Amid the sticky-sweet swamp of Jeremy Leven's script, Rowlands and Garner emerge spotless and beatific, lending a magnanimous credibility to their scenes together. These two old pros slice cleanly through the thicket of sap-weeping dialogue and contrivance, locating the terror and desolation wrought by the cruel betrayals of a failing mind."[43] Robert Koehler of Variety magazine also gave the film a mixed review, he however, praised the performances, writing that "already one of the most intriguing young thesps, Gosling extends his range to pure romance without sacrificing a bit of his naturally subversive qualities, and even seems comfortable looking beautiful in a manly American way. The head-turner is McAdams, doing such a different perf from her top bitch in Mean Girls that it's hard to tell it's the same actor. She skillfully carries much of the film's emotional weight with a free and easy manner."[44]

text: In June 2010, Entertainment Weekly included Allie and Noah in its list of the "100 Greatest Characters of the Last 20 Years."[45] The periodical listed The Notebook in their 25 Sexiest Movies Ever.[46] Us Weekly included the film in their list of the 30 Most Romantic Movies of All Time.[47] Boston.com ranked the film the third Top Romantic Movie.[48] The Notebook appeared on Moviefone's list of the 25 Best Romance Movies of All Time.[49] Marie Claire also put the film on its list of the 12 Most Romantic Movie Scenes of All Time.[50] In 2011, The Notebook was named the best chick-flick during ABC News and People's television special Best in Film: The Greatest Movies of Our Time.[51] The scene where Noah climbs the Ferris Wheel because he wants a date with Allie made the list of Total Film's 50 Most Romantic Movie Moments of All Time.[52] The kiss in the rain was ranked no. 4 in Total Film's 50 Best Movie Kisses list.[53]154

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Recipient(s)
Result

2004
Golden Trailer Awards[54]
Best Romance

Nominated

Teen Choice Awards[55]
Choice Movie of the Summer

Nominated

Choice Breakout Movie Star
Rachel McAdams
Nominated

2005
Artios Awards[56]
Outstanding Achievement in Casting – Feature Film, Drama
Matthew Barry and Nancy Green-Keyes
Nominated

Golden Satellite Awards[55]
Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture
Gena Rowlands
Won

MTV Movie Awards[57]
Best Female Performance
Rachel McAdams
Nominated

Best Kiss
Rachel McAdams and Ryan Gosling
Won

Screen Actors Guild Awards[58]
Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role
James Garner
Nominated

Teen Choice Awards[59]
Choice Movie Drama

Won

Choice Date Movie

Won

Choice Movie Actor – Drama
Ryan Gosling
Won

Choice Movie Actress – Drama
Rachel McAdams
Won

Choice Movie Breakout Performance – Male
Ryan Gosling
Won

Choice Movie Chemistry
Rachel McAdams and Ryan Gosling
Won

Choice Movie Liplock
Rachel McAdams and Ryan Gosling
Won

Choice Movie Love Scene
Rachel McAdams and Ryan Gosling
Won

tag: table

text: Home media[edit]

text: The Notebook was released on DVD on February 8, 2005 and Blu-ray on May 4, 2010.[60] By February 2010, the film had sold over 11 million copies on DVD.[61]

text: Music[edit]

text: The soundtrack to The Notebook was released on June 8, 2004.

text:
No.
Title
Artist
Length

1.
"Main Title"
Aaron Zigman
2:49

2.
"Overture"
Aaron Zigman
6:16

3.
"I'll Be Seeing You"
Billie Holiday
3:33

4.
"Alabamy Home"
Duke Ellington
3:02

5.
"Allie Returns"
Aaron Zigman
5:07

6.
"House Blues / The Porch Dance / The Proposal / The Carnival"
Aaron Zigman
8:04

7.
"Noah's Journey"
Aaron Zigman
6:03

8.
"Always And Always"
Benny Goodman & His Orchestra
3:17

9.
"A String of Pearls"
Glenn Miller & His Orchestra
3:16

10.
"On The Lake"
Aaron Zigman
5:39

11.
"Diga Diga Doo"
Rex Stewart And The Ellingtonians
4:16

12.
"One O'Clock Jump"
Benny Goodman & His Orchestra
3:15

13.
"I'll Be Seeing You"
Jimmy Durante
3:13

14.
"Noah's Last Letter"
Aaron Zigman
4:32

15.
"Our Love Can Do Miracles"
Aaron Zigman
4:31

Total length:
66:53[62]

text: Television series[edit]

text: On August 11, 2015, it was reported that a television series is in development by The CW.[63] The series will follow Noah and Allie's courtship following the events of the film, and in a post-WWII world.


document_title: The World's Billionaires

question_text: who is number one on the forbes list

question_tokens: who is number one on the forbes list

text: The World's Billionaires

text: Methodology

text: Each year, Forbes employs a team of more than 50 reporters from a variety of countries to track the activity of the world's wealthiest individuals.[11] Preliminary surveys are sent to those who may qualify for the list. According to Forbes, they received three types of responses – some people try to inflate their wealth, others cooperate but leave out details, and some refuse to answer any questions.[12] Business deals are then scrutinized and estimates of valuable assets – land, homes, vehicles, artwork, etc. – are made. Interviews are conducted to vet the figures and improve the estimate of an individual's holdings. Finally, positions in a publicly traded stock are priced to market on a date roughly a month before publication. Privately held companies are priced by the prevailing price-to-sales or price-to-earnings ratios. Known debt is subtracted from assets to get a final estimate of an individual's estimated worth in United States dollars. Since stock prices fluctuate rapidly, an individual's true wealth and ranking at the time of publication may vary from their situation when the list was compiled.[11]

text: Family fortunes dispersed over a large number of relatives are included only if those individuals' holdings are worth more than a billion dollars. However, when a living individual has dispersed his or her wealth to immediate family members, it is included under a single listing provided that individual is still living.[11] Royal families and dictators that have their wealth contingent on a position are always excluded from these lists.[13]

text: Annual rankings

text: The rankings are published annually in March, so the net worth listed are snapshots taken at that time. These lists only show the top 10 wealthiest billionaires for each year.

text: In the 32nd annual Forbes list of the world's billionaires, the gap between the top one percent and the rest of the billionaires continued to widen with the 20 richest people on the planet worth $1.2 trillion that amounts to 13 percent of all billionaires' fortunes combined.[2] A record of 2,208 billionaires were in the ranking and the total wealth was $9.1 trillion, up 18% since 2017. For the first time, Jeff Bezos was listed as the top billionaire due to Amazon's rising stock price that resulted in one person's biggest one year gain in wealth ($35 billion) since Forbes started tracking in 1987.[2] The U.S. continued to have the most billionaires in the world, with a record of 585, while China is catching up with 476 (when including Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan).[2]

text:
No.

Name

Net worth (USD)
(March 2018)[14]

Age

Nationality

Source(s) of wealth

7000100000000000000♠1
Jeff Bezos
$112 billion
54
 United States
Amazon

7000200000000000000♠2
Bill Gates
$90 billion
62
 United States
Microsoft

7000300000000000000♠3
Warren Buffett
$84 billion
87
 United States
Berkshire Hathaway

7000400000000000000♠4
Bernard Arnault
$72 billion
69
 France
LVMH

7000500000000000000♠5
Mark Zuckerberg
$71 billion
33
 United States
Facebook

7000600000000000000♠6
Amancio Ortega
$70 billion
81
 Spain
Inditex, Zara

7000700000000000000♠7
Carlos Slim
$67.1 billion
78
 Mexico
América Móvil, Grupo Carso

7000800000000000000♠8
Charles Koch
$60 billion
82
 United States
Koch Industries

7000800000000000000♠8
David Koch
$60 billion
77
 United States
Koch Industries

7001100000000000000♠10
Larry Ellison
$58.5 billion
73
 United States
Oracle Corporation

text: On the 30th anniversary of the Forbes' list of the world's billionaires, for the fourth year in a row, Bill Gates was named the richest man in the world.[5] In 2017, there was a record of 2,043 people on the list, which is the first time over 2,000 people were listed, that included 195 newcomers that included 76 from China and 25 from the U.S.; there were 56 people under 40 and it had a record of 227 women.[15] The number of billionaires increased 13% to 2,043 from 1,810 in 2016; this is the biggest change in over 30 years of tracking billionaires globally.[5] Added together, the total net worth for 2017's billionaires was US$7.67 trillion, up from US$7.1 trillion in 2015.[5][6] This is the first time after 12 years that Carlos Slim was not within the top five. The U.S. had the most billionaires in the world, with a record of 565. China had 319 (not including Hong Kong or Macau), Germany had 114, and India had the fourth most with 101; India had reached over 100 billionaires for its first time.

text:
No.

Name

Net worth (USD)

Age

Nationality

Source(s) of wealth

7000100000000000000♠1
Bill Gates
$86.0 billion
61
 United States
Microsoft

7000200000000000000♠2
Warren Buffett
$75.6 billion
86
 United States
Berkshire Hathaway

7000300000000000000♠3
Jeff Bezos
$72.8 billion
53
 United States
Amazon

7000400000000000000♠4
Amancio Ortega
$71.3 billion
80
 Spain
Inditex, Zara

7000500000000000000♠5
Mark Zuckerberg
$56.0 billion
32
 United States
Facebook

7000600000000000000♠6
Carlos Slim
$54.5 billion
77
 Mexico
América Móvil, Grupo Carso

7000700000000000000♠7
Larry Ellison
$52.2 billion
72
 United States
Oracle Corporation

7000800000000000000♠8
Charles Koch
$48.3 billion
81
 United States
Koch Industries

7000800000000000000♠8
David Koch
$48.3 billion
76
 United States
Koch Industries

7001100000000000000♠10
Michael Bloomberg
$47.5 billion
75
 United States
Bloomberg L.P.

text: For the third year in a row, Bill Gates was named the richest man in the world by Forbes's 2016 list of the world's billionaires.[16] This is the 17th time that the founder of Microsoft has claimed the top spot. Amancio Ortega rose from last year's position of number four to second.[17] Warren Buffett of Berkshire Hathaway came in third for the second consecutive time,[18] while Mexican telecommunication mogul Carlos Slim slipped down from last year's second position to fourth. Jeff Bezos of Amazon,[19] Mark Zuckerberg of Facebook[20] and Michael Bloomberg of Bloomberg L.P.,[21] appear for the first time on the Forbes top 10 billionaires list, coming at fifth, sixth and eighth position, respectively. Zuckerberg became the youngest top 10 billionaire this year at the age of 31. Larry Ellison, Charles Koch and David Koch also slipped down from their last year's positions, with Ellison dropping to seventh from fifth and the Kochs falling to ninth position from sixth, respectively.

text:
No.

Name

Net worth (USD)

Age

Nationality

Source(s) of wealth

7000100000000000000♠1
Bill Gates
$75.0 billion
60
 United States
Microsoft

7000200000000000000♠2
Amancio Ortega
$67.0 billion
79
 Spain
Inditex

7000300000000000000♠3
Warren Buffett
$60.8 billion
85
 United States
Berkshire Hathaway

7000400000000000000♠4
Carlos Slim
$50.0 billion
76
 Mexico
América Móvil, Grupo Carso

7000500000000000000♠5
Jeff Bezos
$45.2 billion
52
 United States
Amazon

7000600000000000000♠6
Mark Zuckerberg
$44.6 billion
31
 United States
Facebook

7000700000000000000♠7
Larry Ellison
$43.6 billion
71
 United States
Oracle Corporation

7000800000000000000♠8
Michael Bloomberg
$40.0 billion
74
 United States
Bloomberg L.P.

7000900000000000000♠9
Charles Koch
$39.6 billion
80
 United States
Koch Industries

7000900000000000000♠9
David Koch
$39.6 billion
75
 United States
Koch Industries

text: In the 29th annual Forbes list of global billionaires, a record 1,826 billionaires were named with an aggregated net worth of $7.1 trillion compared to $6.4 trillion last year. 46 of the billionaires in this list are under the age of 40. A record number of 290 people joined the list for the first time, of whom 25 percent hail from China, which produced a world-leading 71 newcomers. The United States came in second, with 57, followed by India, with 28, and Germany, with 23.[22] The United States has the largest number of billionaires with 526. Russia went down to 88 from 111 in 2014. Russia was placed behind China, Germany and India by the number of billionaires. Self-made billionaires made up the largest number of people on the list with 1,191 positions (over 65 percent) while just 230 (under 13 percent) have wealth through inheritance. The number of billionaires who inherited a portion but are still working to increase their fortunes is 405.[23]

text: Bill Gates was named the richest man in the world by Forbes's annual list of the world's billionaires. This was the 16th time that the founder of Microsoft claimed the top spot. Carlos Slim came in second for the second consecutive time. Warren Buffett of Berkshire Hathaway was placed third, while Amancio Ortega of Spain, slipped down a position from last year to number four. Larry Ellison, the founder of Oracle rounded off the top five. Christy Walton was the highest-ranking female at number eight. America's Evan Spiegel, co-founder of photo messaging app Snapchat became the youngest billionaire this year at the age of 24. At age 99, David Rockefeller maintained his position as the oldest billionaire to be included in the list.[24] Mark Zuckerberg, the founder of Facebook, rose to number 16 with $33.4 billion. Iceland had a billionaire, Thor Bjorgolfsson, in the list after a gap of five years. Guatemala had a billionaire, Mario Lopez Estrada, for the first time in its history.[25]

text:
No.

Name

Net worth (USD)

Age

Nationality

Source(s) of wealth

7000100000000000000♠1
Bill Gates
$79.2 billion
59
 United States
Microsoft

7000200000000000000♠2
Carlos Slim
$77.1 billion
75
 Mexico
América Móvil, Telmex, Grupo Carso

7000300000000000000♠3
Warren Buffett
$72.7 billion
84
 United States
Berkshire Hathaway

7000400000000000000♠4
Amancio Ortega
$64.5 billion
78
 Spain
Inditex

7000500000000000000♠5
Larry Ellison
$54.3 billion
70
 United States
Oracle Corporation

7000600000000000000♠6
Charles Koch
$42.9 billion
79
 United States
Koch Industries

7000600000000000000♠6
David Koch
$42.9 billion
74
 United States
Koch Industries

7000800000000000000♠8
Christy Walton
$41.7 billion
66
 United States
Walmart

7000900000000000000♠9
Jim Walton
$40.6 billion
66
 United States
Walmart

7001100000000000000♠10
Liliane Bettencourt
$40.1 billion
92
 France
L'Oreal

text: Gates added $9 billion to his fortune since 2013 and topped the Forbes 2014 billionaire list. He has topped the list 15 of the previous 20 years, but his previous number one ranking was in 2009.[26] Mexican telecommunication mogul Carlos Slim came in second place after being number one the previous four years. Zara founder Amancio Ortega placed third for the second consecutive year. American investor Warren Buffett was in the top five for the 20th consecutive year, placing fourth.[27] America's Christy Walton was the highest ranking woman, placing ninth overall.[1] Aliko Dangote of Nigeria became the first African ever to enter the top 25, with an estimated net worth of $25 billion.[3]

text: A total of 1,645 people made the 2014 billionaire list, representing combined wealth of $6.4 trillion.[27] Of those, a record 268 were newcomers, surpassing 2008's 226 newcomers.[1] One hundred people listed in 2013 failed to make the list.[27] The number of women on the list rose to a record 172 in 2014.[1] Approximately 66 percent of the list was self-made, 13 percent achieved their wealth through inheritance alone, and 21 percent through a mixture of the two.[3]

text: The United States had 492 billionaires on the list, the most of any country.[27] The country also had the most newcomers with 50, and women with 54.[1] China had the second most billionaires with 152, while Russia was third with 111.[27] Algeria, Lithuania, Tanzania, and Uganda were all represented on the list for the first time. Turkey saw the most people drop off the list, 19, due to a period of high inflation in the country.[3]

text:
No.

Name

Net worth (USD)

Age

Nationality

Source(s) of wealth

7000100000000000000♠1
Bill Gates
$76.0 billion
58
 United States
Microsoft

7000200000000000000♠2
Carlos Slim & family
$72.0 billion
74
 Mexico
Telmex, América Móvil, Grupo Carso

7000300000000000000♠3
Amancio Ortega
$64.0 billion
77
 Spain
Inditex

7000400000000000000♠4
Warren Buffett
$58.2 billion
83
 United States
Berkshire Hathaway

7000500000000000000♠5
Larry Ellison
$48.0 billion
70
 United States
Oracle Corporation

7000600000000000000♠6
Charles Koch
$40.0 billion
78
 United States
Koch Industries

7000600000000000000♠6
David Koch
$40.0 billion
73
 United States
Koch Industries

7000800000000000000♠8
Sheldon Adelson
$38.0 billion
80
 United States
Las Vegas Sands

7000900000000000000♠9
Christy Walton & family
$36.7 billion
65
 United States
Walmart

7001100000000000000♠10
Jim Walton
$34.7 billion
65
 United States
Walmart

text: Carlos Slim topped the 2013 billionaire list, marking his fourth consecutive year at the top. Gates remained in second, while Amancio Ortega moved up to third. Ortega's gain of $19.5 billion was the largest of anyone on the list.[28] Warren Buffett failed to make the top three for the first time since 2000, placing fourth. Diesel founder Renzo Rosso was among the top newcomers, debuting with an estimate net worth of $3 billion.[29]

text: A global rise in asset prices, led Forbes editor Randall Lane to declare "It [was] a very good year to be a billionaire". However, it was not a good year to be Eike Batista who fell from seventh to 100th, suffering the largest net loss of anyone on the list.[28] Overall, net gainers outnumbered net losers by 4:1.[29]

text: A record total of 1,426 people made the 2013 list, representing $5.4 trillion of assets.[30] Of those, 442 billionaires hailed from the United States.[28] The Asian-Pacific region had 386 billionaires and Europe 366. The list also featured a record number of newcomers, 210, representing 42 countries. Sixty people from the 2012 list fell below a billion dollar of assets in 2013 and eight others from the 2012 list died. The Asia-Pacific region had the most drop-offs, with 29, followed by the United States with 16. The 2013 list featured 138 women, of which 50 came from the United States. A majority of the list (961 individuals, 67 percent) was entirely self-made; 184 (13 percent) inherited their wealth, and 281 (20 percent) achieved their fortune through a combination of inheritance and business acumen.[30] Vietnam's Phạm Nhật Vượng was the first person from that country to be included in this list.

text:
No.

Name

Net worth (USD)

Age

Nationality

Source(s) of wealth

7000100000000000000♠1
Carlos Slim & family
$73.0 billion
73
 Mexico
Telmex, América Móvil, Grupo Carso

7000200000000000000♠2
Bill Gates
$67.0 billion
57
 United States
Microsoft

7000300000000000000♠3
Amancio Ortega
$57.0 billion
76
 Spain
Inditex Group

7000400000000000000♠4
Warren Buffett
$53.5 billion
82
 United States
Berkshire Hathaway

7000500000000000000♠5
Larry Ellison
$43.0 billion
68
 United States
Oracle Corporation

7000600000000000000♠6
Charles Koch
$34.0 billion
77
 United States
Koch Industries

7000600000000000000♠6
David Koch
$34.0 billion
72
 United States
Koch Industries

7000800000000000000♠8
Li Ka-shing
$31.0 billion
84
 Hong Kong
Cheung Kong Holdings

7000900000000000000♠9
Liliane Bettencourt & family
$30.0 billion
90
 France
L'Oréal

7001100000000000000♠10
Bernard Arnault
$29.0 billion
63
 France
LVMH

text: Carlos Slim topped the 2012 list, marking this third consecutive year at the top. Gates placed second, but narrowed the gap from 2011 as Slim's fortune fell $5 billion while Gates' rose $5 billion. Warren Buffett remained in third place. Bernard Arnault of France was the top-ranking European on the list, placing fourth.[31] Ricardo Salinas Pliego was the greatest gainer in terms of dollars, adding $9.2 billion to his fortune and moving up to number 37 overall.[31] Making her debut on the list at age 27, Spanx founder Sara Blakely became the youngest self-made female billionaire ever.[32] Colombia's Alejandro Santo Domingo was the highest-ranked newcomer, inheriting a $9.5 billion stake in Santo Domingo Group from his father.[31] India's Lakshmi Mittal was the largest loser as his fortune dropped from $31.1 billion to $20.7 billion as the price of steel maker ArcelorMittal fell sharply.[31] As a result, he failed to make the top 10 for the first time since 2004 and lost his title of richest Asian to Hong Kong’s Li Ka-shing.[33]

text: A record total of 1,226 people made the 2012 list, representing 58 countries. Of those, 126 were newcomers to the list and 104 were women. The United States had the greatest number of billionaires with 425. Russia had 96 people on the list, while China had 95.[31] Georgia, Morocco, and Peru were newly represented on the list. Falling stock prices in Asia contributed to 117 former billionaires falling from the list worldwide. Twelve others listed in 2011 died. Overall, net gainers (460) barely outnumbered net losers (441).[33]

text: To coincide with the release of the 2012 list, Forbes announced a new "Billionaire Real-Time Ticker" updating the wealth of the world's top fifty billionaires in real time.[31]

text:
No.

Name

Net worth (USD)

Age

Nationality

Source(s) of wealth

7000100000000000000♠1
Carlos Slim & family
$69.0 billion
72
 Mexico
Telmex, América Móvil, Grupo Carso

7000200000000000000♠2
Bill Gates
$61.0 billion
56
 United States
Microsoft

7000300000000000000♠3
Warren Buffett
$44.0 billion
81
 United States
Berkshire Hathaway

7000400000000000000♠4
Bernard Arnault
$41.0 billion
63
 France
LVMH Moët Hennessy • Louis Vuitton

7000500000000000000♠5
Amancio Ortega
$37.5 billion
75
 Spain
Inditex Group

7000600000000000000♠6
Larry Ellison
$36.0 billion
67
 United States
Oracle Corporation

7000700000000000000♠7
Eike Batista
$30.0 billion
55
 Brazil
EBX Group

7000800000000000000♠8
Stefan Persson
$26.0 billion
64
 Sweden
H&M

7000900000000000000♠9
Li Ka-shing
$25.5 billion
83
 Hong Kong
Cheung Kong Holdings

7001100000000000000♠10
Karl Albrecht
$25.4 billion
92
 Germany
Aldi

text: In the 25th annual Forbes list of global billionaires, Slim added $20.5 billion to his fortune, the most of anyone, and retained his number one ranking with a total fortune of $74 billion. Gates remained in second place with $56 billion, while Warren Buffett was third with $50 billion. The top 10 had a combined wealth of $406 billion, up from $342 billion in 2010.[34] According to Forbes editor Kerry Dolan, "media and technology billionaires definitely benefited from a stronger stock market and a growing enthusiasm for all things social" since the 2010 list.[35] However, Nigerian commodity mogul Aliko Dangote was the greatest gainer on a percentage basis as his fortune increased 557 percent to $13.5 billion. Mark Zuckerberg was one of seven Facebook-related billionaires on the list, as he $9.5 billion to his fortune to move up to 52nd. Facebook co-founder Dustin Moskovitz was the youngest person on the list. Aged 26, eight days younger than Zuckerberg, he debuted at number 420 with an estimated fortune of $2.7 billion. IKEA founder Ingvar Kamprad was the largest loser as he saw his fortune plummet from $23 billion to $6 billion, dropping him from 11th to 162nd overall.[34]

text: A record 1,210 billionaires made the 2011 list, representing a combined wealth of $4.5 trillion, up from $3.6 trillion the previous year.[36] One third of the world's billionaires, 413, came from the United States. China had the second most billionaires with 115, while Russia was third with 101. Asia moved up to 332 billionaires, passing Europe as a region for the first time since the 1990s.[34] The 2011 list included 214 newcomers and the average net worth of those on it increased to $3.7 billion.[35]

text:
No.

Name

Net worth (USD)

Age

Nationality

Source(s) of wealth

7000100000000000000♠1
Carlos Slim & family
$74.0 billion
71
 Mexico
Telmex, América Móvil, Grupo Carso

7000200000000000000♠2
Bill Gates
$56.0 billion
55
 United States
Microsoft

7000300000000000000♠3
Warren Buffett
$50.0 billion
80
 United States
Berkshire Hathaway

7000400000000000000♠4
Bernard Arnault
$41.0 billion
62
 France
LVMH Moët Hennessy • Louis Vuitton

7000500000000000000♠5
Larry Ellison
$39.5 billion
66
 United States
Oracle Corporation

7000600000000000000♠6
Lakshmi Mittal
$31.1 billion
60
 India
Arcelor Mittal

7000700000000000000♠7
Amancio Ortega
$31.0 billion
74
 Spain
Inditex Group

7000800000000000000♠8
Eike Batista
$30.0 billion
53
 Brazil
EBX Group

7000900000000000000♠9
Mukesh Ambani
$27.0 billion
54
 India
Reliance Industries

7001100000000000000♠10
Christy Walton & family
$26.5 billion
62
 United States
Walmart

text: Slim narrowly eclipsed Gates to top the billionaire list for the first time. Slim saw his estimated worth surge $18.5 billion to $53.5 billion as shares of America Movil rose 35 percent. Gates' estimated wealth rose $13 billion to $53 billion, placing him second. Warren Buffett was third with $47 billion.[37] Christy Walton was the highest-ranking woman, placing 12th overall, with an inherited fortune of $22.5 billion.[38] At age 25, Mark Zuckerberg continued to be the world's youngest self-made billionaire.[12] American Isaac Perlmutter was among the newcomers with an estimated fortune of $4 billion largely acquired in his sale of Marvel Entertainment to Disney.[37]

text: A total of 1,011 people made the 2010 list. The United States accounted for 403 billionaires, followed by China with 89 and Russia with 62.[38] It was the first time China, while including Hong Kong, placed second.[37] A total of 55 countries were represented on the 2010 list, including Finland and Pakistan which claimed their first billionaires.[38] Eighty-nine women made the list, but only 14 of them were self-made.[38] The combined net worth of the list was $3.6 trillion, up 50 percent from 2009's $2.4 trillion, while the average net worth was $3.5 billion.[12]

text: The 2010 list featured 164 re-entries and 97 true newcomers.[12] Asia accounted for more than 100 of the new entrants. Overall, just 12 percent of the list lost wealth since 2009, and 30 people fell off the list. Thirteen others died.[37] Of the 89 women, 12 were newcomers in 2010. Steve Forbes said the growing number of billionaires was clear sign that the world's economy was recovering from 2009's global financial crisis.[12]

text: In June 2010, Gates and Buffett announce the Giving Pledge that is a promise to give the majority of their wealth to philanthropy. As of 2017, the pledge has 158 signatories, but some of the signatories have since died. Most of the signers of the pledge are billionaires, and their pledges total to over $365 billion.[39]

text:
No.

Name

Net worth (USD)

Age

Nationality

Source(s) of wealth

7000100000000000000♠1
Carlos Slim & family
$53.5 billion
70
 Mexico
Telmex, América Móvil, Grupo Carso

7000200000000000000♠2
Bill Gates
$53.0 billion
54
 United States
Microsoft

7000300000000000000♠3
Warren Buffett
$47.0 billion
79
 United States
Berkshire Hathaway

7000400000000000000♠4
Mukesh Ambani
$29.0 billion
53
 India
Reliance Industries

7000500000000000000♠5
Lakshmi Mittal
$28.7 billion
60
 India
Arcelor Mittal

7000600000000000000♠6
Larry Ellison
$28.0 billion
66
 United States
Oracle Corporation

7000700000000000000♠7
Bernard Arnault
$27.5 billion
61
 France
LVMH Moët Hennessy • Louis Vuitton

7000800000000000000♠8
Eike Batista
$27.0 billion
53
 Brazil
EBX Group

7000900000000000000♠9
Amancio Ortega
$25.0 billion
74
 Spain
Inditex Group

7001100000000000000♠10
Karl Albrecht
$23.5 billion
90
 Germany
Aldi Süd

text: In the wake of the Financial crisis of 2007–2008, the world's billionaires lose $2 trillion in net worth and the list becomes 30% smaller than the previous year's list.[40]

text:
No.

Name

Net worth (USD)

Age

Nationality

Source(s) of wealth

7000100000000000000♠1
Bill Gates
$40.0 billion
53
 United States
Microsoft

7000200000000000000♠2
Warren Buffett
$37.0 billion
78
 United States
Berkshire Hathaway

7000300000000000000♠3
Carlos Slim
$35.0 billion
69
 Mexico
Telmex, América Móvil

7000400000000000000♠4
Larry Ellison
$22.5 billion
64
 United States
Oracle Corporation

7000500000000000000♠5
Ingvar Kamprad
$22.0 billion
83
 Sweden
IKEA

7000600000000000000♠6
Karl Albrecht
$21.5 billion
89
 Germany
Aldi Süd

7000700000000000000♠7
Mukesh Ambani
$19.5 billion
52
 India
Reliance Industries

7000800000000000000♠8
Lakshmi Mittal
$19.3 billion
58
 India
Arcelor Mittal

7000900000000000000♠9
Theo Albrecht
$18.8 billion
87
 Germany
Aldi Nord, Trader Joe's

7001100000000000000♠10
Amancio Ortega
$18.3 billion
73
 Spain
Inditex Group

text: Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg, four years after starting the company, joins the list at 23 to become the youngest self-made billionaire.

text:
No.

Name

Net worth (USD)

Age

Nationality

Source(s) of wealth

7000100000000000000♠1
Warren  Buffett
$62.0 billion
77
 United States
Berkshire Hathaway

7000200000000000000♠2
Carlos Slim
$60.0 billion
68
 Mexico
Telmex, América Móvil

7000300000000000000♠3
Bill Gates
$58.0 billion
52
 United States
Microsoft

7000400000000000000♠4
Lakshmi Mittal
$45.0 billion
57
 India
Arcelor Mittal

7000500000000000000♠5
Mukesh Ambani
$43.0 billion
51
 India
Reliance Industries

7000600000000000000♠6
Anil Ambani
$42.0 billion
48
 India
Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group

7000700000000000000♠7
Ingvar Kamprad
$31.0 billion
81
 Sweden
IKEA

7000800000000000000♠8
Kushal Pal Singh
$30.0 billion
76
 India
DLF Group

7000900000000000000♠9
Oleg Deripaska
$28.0 billion
40
 Russia
Rusal

7001100000000000000♠10
 Karl   Albrecht
$27.0 billion
88
 Germany
Aldi Süd

text:
No.

Name

Net worth (USD)

Age

Nationality

Source(s) of wealth

7000100000000000000♠1
Bill Gates
$56.0 billion
51
 United States
Microsoft

7000200000000000000♠2
Warren Buffett
$52.0 billion
76
 United States
Berkshire Hathaway

7000300000000000000♠3
Carlos Slim
$49.0 billion
67
 Mexico
Telmex, América Móvil, Grupo Carso

7000400000000000000♠4
Ingvar Kamprad
$33.0 billion
80
 Sweden
IKEA

7000500000000000000♠5
Lakshmi Mittal
$32.0 billion
56
 India
Arcelor Mittal

7000600000000000000♠6
Sheldon Adelson
$26.5 billion
73
 United States
Las Vegas Sands

7000700000000000000♠7
Bernard Arnault
$26.0 billion
58
 France
LVMH

7000800000000000000♠8
Amancio Ortega
$24.0 billion
71
 Spain
Inditex Group

7000900000000000000♠9
Li Ka-shing
$23.0 billion
78
 Hong Kong
Cheung Kong Holdings, Hutchison Whampoa

7001100000000000000♠10
David Thomson
$22.0 billion
49
 Canada
Thomson Corporation

text: Free cash used by consumers from home equity extraction, known as the real estate bubble created a total of nearly $5 trillion in 2005, contributing to economic growth worldwide.[41]

text:
No.

Name

Net worth (USD)

Age

Nationality

Source(s) of wealth

7000100000000000000♠1
Bill Gates
$52.0 billion
50
 United States
Microsoft

7000200000000000000♠2
Warren Buffett
$42.0 billion
75
 United States
Berkshire Hathaway

7000300000000000000♠3
Carlos Slim
$30.0 billion
66
 Mexico
Telmex

7000400000000000000♠4
Ingvar Kamprad
$28.0 billion
79
 Sweden
IKEA

7000500000000000000♠5
Lakshmi Mittal
$23.5 billion
55
 India
Mittal Steel Company

7000600000000000000♠6
Paul Allen
$22.0 billion
53
 United States
Microsoft

7000700000000000000♠7
Bernard Arnault
$21.5 billion
57
 France
LVMH Moët Hennessy • Louis Vuitton

7000800000000000000♠8
Prince Al-Waleed
$20.0 billion
49
 Saudi Arabia
Kingdom Holding Company

7000900000000000000♠9
Kenneth Thomson
$19.6 billion
82
 Canada
The Thomson Corporation

7001100000000000000♠10
Li Ka Shing
$18.8 billion
77
 Hong Kong Canada
Cheung Kong Group, Hutchison Whampoa

text:
No.

Name

Net worth (USD)

Age

Nationality

Source(s) of wealth

7000100000000000000♠1
Bill Gates
$46.5 billion
49
 United States
Microsoft

7000200000000000000♠2
Warren Buffett
$44.0 billion
74
 United States
Berkshire Hathaway

7000300000000000000♠3
Lakshmi Mittal
$25.0 billion
54
 India
Mittal Steel Company

7000400000000000000♠4
Carlos Slim
$23.8 billion
65
 Mexico
Telmex

7000500000000000000♠5
Prince Al-Waleed
$23.7 billion
49
 Saudi Arabia
Kingdom Holding Company

7000600000000000000♠6
Ingvar Kamprad
$23.0 billion
79
 Sweden
IKEA

7000700000000000000♠7
Paul Allen
$21.0 billion
52
 United States
Microsoft

7000800000000000000♠8
Karl Albrecht
$18.5 billion
85
 Germany
Aldi Süd

7000900000000000000♠9
Larry Ellison
$18.4 billion
60
 United States
Oracle Corporation

7001100000000000000♠10
S. Robson Walton
$18.3 billion
61
 United States
Walmart

text: The founders of Google, Sergey Brin and Larry Page, become billionaires at age 30.

text:
No.

Name

Net worth (USD)

Age

Nationality

Source(s) of wealth

7000100000000000000♠1
Bill Gates
$46.6 billion
48
 United States
Microsoft

7000200000000000000♠2
Warren Buffett
$42.9 billion
73
 United States
Berkshire Hathaway

7000300000000000000♠3
Karl Albrecht
$23.0 billion
84
 Germany
Aldi Süd

7000400000000000000♠4
Prince Al-Waleed
$21.5 billion
47
 Saudi Arabia
Kingdom Holding Company

7000500000000000000♠5
Paul Allen
$21.0 billion
51
 United States
Microsoft

7000600000000000000♠6
Alice Walton*
$20.0 billion
55
 United States
Wal-Mart

7000600000000000000♠6
Helen Walton*
$20.0 billion
84
 United States
Wal-Mart

7000600000000000000♠6
Jim Walton*
$20.0 billion
56
 United States
Wal-Mart

7000600000000000000♠6
John Walton*
$20.0 billion
58
 United States
Wal-Mart

7000600000000000000♠6
S. Robson Walton*
$20.0 billion
60
 United States
Wal-Mart

text: Each hold an essentially equal share in Walmart.

text: Oprah Winfrey becomes the first female African-American billionaire.

text:
No.

Name

Net worth (USD)

Age

Nationality

Source(s) of wealth

7000100000000000000♠1
Bill Gates
$40.7 billion
47
 United States
Microsoft

7000200000000000000♠2
Warren Buffett
$30.5 billion
72
 United States
Berkshire Hathaway

7000300000000000000♠3
Karl and Theo Albrecht
$25.6 billion
83
 Germany
Aldi Süd

7000400000000000000♠4
Paul Allen
$20.1 billion
50
 United States
Microsoft

7000500000000000000♠5
Prince Al-Waleed
$17.7 billion
46
 Saudi Arabia
Kingdom Holding Company

7000600000000000000♠6
Larry Ellison
$16.6 billion
58
 United States
Oracle Corporation

7000700000000000000♠7
Alice Walton*
$16.5 billion
54
 United States
Wal-Mart

7000700000000000000♠7
Helen Walton*
$16.5 billion
83
 United States
Wal-Mart

7000700000000000000♠7
Jim Walton*
$16.5 billion
55
 United States
Wal-Mart

7000700000000000000♠7
John Walton*
$16.5 billion
57
 United States
Wal-Mart

7000700000000000000♠7
S. Robson Walton*
$16.5 billion
59
 United States
Wal-Mart

text: As a result of the market crash caused by the Dot-com bubble, 83 billionaires drop off the list from the previous year.

text:
No.

Name

Net worth (USD)

Age

Nationality

Source(s) of wealth

7000100000000000000♠1
Bill Gates
$52.8 billion
46
 United States
Microsoft

7000200000000000000♠2
Warren Buffett
$35.0 billion
71
 United States
Berkshire Hathaway

7000300000000000000♠3
Karl and Theo Albrecht
$26.8 billion
82
 Germany
Aldi Süd

7000400000000000000♠4
Paul Allen
$25.2 billion
49
 United States
Microsoft

7000500000000000000♠5
Larry Ellison
$23.5 billion
57
 United States
Oracle Corporation

7000600000000000000♠6
Jim Walton*
$20.8 billion
54
 United States
Wal-Mart

7000700000000000000♠7
John Walton*
$20.7 billion
56
 United States
Wal-Mart

7000800000000000000♠8
Alice Walton*
$20.5 billion
53
 United States
Wal-Mart

7000800000000000000♠8
S. Robson Walton*
$20.5 billion
58
 United States
Wal-Mart

7000800000000000000♠8
Helen Walton*
$20.5 billion
82
 United States
Wal-Mart

text: In 2001, BET founder Robert L. Johnson became the first ever African-American billionaire.[42]

text:
No.

Name

Net worth (USD)

Age

Nationality

Source(s) of wealth

7000100000000000000♠1
Bill Gates
$58.7 billion
45
 United States
Microsoft

7000200000000000000♠2
Warren Buffett
$32.3 billion
70
 United States
Berkshire Hathaway

7000300000000000000♠3
Paul Allen
$30.4 billion
48
 United States
Microsoft

7000400000000000000♠4
Larry Ellison
$26.0 billion
56
 United States
Oracle Corporation

7000500000000000000♠5
Karl and Theo Albrecht
$25.0 billion
81
 Germany
Aldi

7000600000000000000♠6
Prince Al-Waleed
$20.0 billion
44
 Saudi Arabia
Kingdom Holding Company

7000700000000000000♠7
Jim Walton*
$18.8 billion
53
 United States
Wal-Mart

7000800000000000000♠8
John Walton*
$18.7 billion
55
 United States
Wal-Mart

7000900000000000000♠9
S. Robson Walton*
$18.6 billion
57
 United States
Wal-Mart

7001100000000000000♠10
Alice Walton*
$18.5 billion
52
 United States
Wal-Mart

7001100000000000000♠10
Helen Walton*
$18.5 billion
81
 United States
Wal-Mart

text: Each hold an essentially equal share in Wal-Mart. Had he been alive in 2001, Sam Walton would have been the world's wealthiest person.

text: Gates became the first American to take the top spot of the World's Billionaires in 1995 with a net worth of $12.5 billion and he remained there during the Dot-com bubble's height in 1999 when Gates' fortune peaked at $90 billion. After the dot-com bubble started to collapse in 2000, his wealth dropped to $60 billion although he remained at the top of the list.

text:
No.

Name

Net worth (USD)

Age

Nationality

Source(s) of wealth

7000100000000000000♠1
Bill Gates
$60.0 billion
44
 United States
Microsoft

7000200000000000000♠2
Larry Ellison
$47.0 billion
55
 United States
Oracle Corporation

7000300000000000000♠3
Paul Allen
$28.0 billion
47
 United States
Microsoft

7000400000000000000♠4
Warren Buffett
$25.6 billion
69
 United States
Berkshire Hathaway

7000500000000000000♠5
Karl and Theo Albrecht
$20.0 billion
80
 Germany
Aldi Süd

7000600000000000000♠6
Prince Al-Waleed
$20.0 billion
43
 Saudi Arabia
Kingdom Holding Company

7000700000000000000♠7
S. Robson Walton
$20.0 billion
57
 United States
Wal-Mart

7000800000000000000♠8
Masayoshi Son
$19.4 billion
43
 Japan
Softbank Capital, SoftBank Mobile

7000900000000000000♠9
Michael Dell
$19.1 billion
35
 United States
Dell

7001100000000000000♠10
Kenneth Thomson
$16.1 billion
77
 Canada
The Thomson Corporation

text: Legend

text:
Icon

Description

Has not changed from the previous ranking.

Has increased from the previous ranking.

Has decreased from the previous ranking.

text: Statistics

text: The dot-com bubble created the most paper wealth for some billionaires. However, once the dotcom bubble burst the new rich saw their fortunes disappear.[43] Billionaires' fortunes were hit even harder by the global financial crisis; 2009 was the first time in five years that the world had a net loss in the number of billionaires.[44] The strong performance of the financial markets and global economic recovery have erased financial assets losses. Most of the richest people in the world have seen their fortunes soar in the early 2010s.[45][46]

text:
Number and combined net worth of billionaires by year[47]

Year

Number of billionaires

Group's combined net worth

2018

2,208

$9.1 trillion

2017

2,043

$7.7 trillion

2016

1,810

$6.5 trillion

2015[6]

1,826

$7.1 trillion

2014[48]

1,645

$6.4 trillion

2013[49]

1,426

$5.4 trillion

2012

1,226

$4.6 trillion

2011

1,210

$4.5 trillion

2010

1,011

$3.6 trillion

2009

793

$2.4 trillion

2008

1,125

$4.4 trillion

2007

946

$3.5 trillion

2006

793

$2.6 trillion

2005

691

$2.2 trillion

2004

587

$1.9 trillion

2003

476

$1.4 trillion

2002

497

$1.5 trillion

2001

538

$1.8 trillion

2000

470

$898 billion

text: Source: Forbes.[6][48][47][49]


document_title: List of nominated members of Rajya Sabha

question_text: who nominates the 12 members of the rajya sabha

text: As per the Fourth Schedule (Articles 4(1) and 80(2)) of the Constitution of India, 12 members are nominated  by the President of India for six-years term for their contributions to art, literature, science, and social services.

text: Current Nominated Members of Rajya Sabha[edit]

text: This is a Current list of Members of the Rajya Sabha who have been nominated by the President.

text:
No.

Name[1]

Field

Affiliation [2]

Date of  Appointment[3]

Date of Retirement[3]

1

Raghunath Mohapatra

Art

Bharatiya Janata Party

14-Jul-2018

13-Jul-2024

2

Sonal Mansingh

Art

Bharatiya Janata Party

14-Jul-2018

13-Jul-2024

3

Ram Shakal

Social work

Bharatiya Janata Party

14-Jul-2018

13-Jul-2024

4

Rakesh Sinha

Literature

Bharatiya Janata Party

14-Jul-2018

13-Jul-2024

5

Roopa Ganguly

Art

Bharatiya Janata Party

04-Oct-2016

03-Oct-2022

6

Sambhaji Raje

Social work

Bharatiya Janata Party

07-Jun-2016

03-May-2022

7

Suresh Gopi

Art

Bharatiya Janata Party

25-Apr-2016

24-Apr-2022

8

Subramanian Swamy

Economics

Bharatiya Janata Party

25-Apr-2016

24-Apr-2022

9

Narendra Jadhav

Economics

Nominated

25-Apr-2016

24-Apr-2022

10

Mary Kom

Sport

Nominated

25-Apr-2016

24-Apr-2022

11

Swapan Dasgupta

Journalism

Nominated

25-Apr-2016

24-Apr-2022

12

K. T. S. Tulsi

Law

Nominated

25-Feb-2014

24-Feb-2020

text: Complete List of Nominated Members of Rajya Sabha[edit]

text: This is a Complete list of Members of the Rajya Sabha who have been nominated by the President.

text:
Sr. No.
Image
Name
Tenure

1
 –
 Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer
1952–1953

2

 Satyendranath Bose
1952–1960

3

 Prithviraj Kapoor
1952–1960

4
 –
 Jagadisan Mohandas Kumarappa
1952–1954

5
 –
 Kalidas Nag
1952–1954

6

 Rukmini Devi Arundale
1952–1962

7
 –
 N. R. Malkani
1952–1962

8
 –
 Sahib Singh Sokhey
1952–1956

9
 –
 Zakir Hussain
1952–1962

10
 –
 Maithili Sharan Gupt
1952–1964

11
 –
 Kakasaheb Kalelkar
1952–1964

12
 –
 Radha Kumud Mukherjee
1952–1958

13

 Pandurang Vaman Kane
1953–1964

14
 –
 Moturi Satyanarayana
1954–1966

15
 –
 Ardeshir Ruttonji Wadia
1954–1966

16
 –
 Bhargavram Vitthal Warerkar
1956–1968

17
 –
 Tara Chand
1956–1968

18
 –
 Ajudhia Nath Khosla
1958–1964

19
 –
 K. M. Panikkar
1959–1966

20
 –
 Jairamdas Daulatram
1959–1976

21
 –
 Mohanlal Saksena
1959–1964

22
 –
 Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay
1960–1966

23
 –
 V. T. Krishnamachari
1961–1967

24
 –
 R. R. Diwakar
1962–1968

25
 –
 Gopal Singh
1962–1968

26
 –
 M. Ajmal Khan
1964–1972

27
 –
 Satyavrata Siddhantalankar
1964–1968

28

 Shakuntala Paranjpye
1964–1970

29
 –
 Badri Nath Prasad
1964–1970

30
 –
 G. Ramachandran
1964–1970

31
 –
 M. N. Kaul
1964–1972

32
 –
 Harivanshrai Bachchan
1966–1972

33
 –
 Dhananjay Ramchandra Gadgil
1966–1972

34
 –
 M.C. Setalvad
1966–1972

35

 G. Sankara Kurup
1968–1972

36

 Joachim Alva
1968–1974

37

 S. Nurul Hasan
1968–1974

38
 –
 K. Ramiah
1968–1974

39
 –
 Ganga Sharan Sinha
1968–1974

40
 –
 Maragatham Chandrasekar
1970–1988

41
 –
 Umashankar Joshi
1970–1976

42
 –
 Rasheeduddin Khan
1970–1982

43
 –
 Vidya Prakash Dutt
1971–1980

44
 –
 Abu Abraham
1972–1978

45
 –
 Pramathanath Bishi
1972–1978

46
 –
 C. K. Daphtary
1972–1978

47
 –
 Habib Tanvir
1972–1978

48
 –
 Krishna Kriplani
1974–1980

49

 Lokesh Chandra
1974–1986

50
 –
 Scato Swu
1974–1986

51
 –
 B.N. Banerjee
1976–1982

52
 –
 Malcolm Adiseshiah
1978–1984

53
 –
 Fathema Ismail
1978–1984

54
 –
 Pandurang Dharmaji Jadhav
1978–1984

55
 –
 Bhagwati Charan Varma
1978–1984

56

 Nargis Dutt
1980–1986

57

 Khushwant Singh
1980–1986

58
 –
 Asima Chatterjee
1982–1990

59

 Sivaji Ganesan
1982–1986

60
 –
 Hayatullah Ansari
1982–1988

61
 –
 Madan Bhatia
1982–1994

62
 –
 V.N. Tiwari
1982–1984

63
 –
 Ghulam Rasool Kar
1984–1987

64
 –
 Tindivanam K. Ramamurthy
1984–1990

65
 –
 H.L. Kapur
1985–1988

66

 Salim Ali
1985–1988

67
 –
 Purushottam Kakodkar
1985–1991

68

 Ela Bhatt
1986–1988

69
 –
 Amrita Pritam
1986–1992

70

 M.F. Husain
1986–1992

71
 –
 R.K. Narayan
1986–1992

72

 Ravi Shankar
1986–1992

73
 –
 Syeda Anwara Taimur
1988–1990

74
 –
 Sat Paul Mittal
1988–1994

75
 –
 Bishambhar Nath Pande
1988–1994

76
 –
 Mohammad Yunus
1989–1995

77

 Prakash Ambedkar
1990–1996

78
 –
 Jagmohan
1990–1996

79
 –
 Bhupinder Singh Mann
1990–1996

80
 –
 Russi Karanjia
1991–1997

81
 –
 Mahendra Prasad
1993–1994

82
 –
 M. Aram
1993–1999

83

 Vyjayantimala Bali
1993–1999

84
 –
 B.B. Dutta
1993–1999

85
 –
 Maulana Habibur Rahman Nomani
1993–1999

86

 Nirmala Deshpande
1997 – 1999 and 2004 – 2010

87

 Shabana Azmi
1997–2003

88
 –
 P. Selvie Das
1997–2003

89
 –
 Kartar Singh Duggal
1997–2003

90

 Kuldip Nayyar
1997–2003

91
 –
 Raja Ramanna
1997–2003

92

 C. Narayana Reddy
1997–2003

93

 Mrinal Sen
1997–2003

94
 –
 Harmohan Singh Yadav
1997–2003

95
 –
 Nanaji Deshmukh
1999–2005

96

 Lata Mangeshkar
1999–2005

97
 –
 Fali Nariman
1999–2005

98
 –
 Cho Ramaswamy
1999–2005

99

 Hema Malini
2003–2009

100
 –
 Bimal Jalan
2003–2009

101

 K. Kasturirangan
2003–2009

102
 –
 Narayan Singh Manaklao
2003–2009

103
 –
 Vidya Niwas Misra
2003–2009

104
 –
 Chandan Mitra
2003–2009

105

 Dara Singh
2003–2009

106

 Kapila Vatsyayan
2006–2012

107

 Ram Jethmalani
2006–2009

108
 –
 Shobhana Bhartia
2006–2012

109

 Shyam Benegal
2006–2012

110

 M. S. Swaminathan
2007–2013

111
 –
 C. Rangarajan
2008–2010

112
 –
 H. K. Dua
2009–2015

113
 –
 Ashok Sekhar Ganguly
2009–2015

114
 –
 Mani Shankar Aiyar
2010–2016

115

 Javed Akhtar
2010–2016

116

 B. Jayashree
2010–2016

117

 Ram Dayal Munda
2010–2011

118
 –
 Bhalchandra Mungekar
2010–2016

119
 –
Mrinal Miri
2012–2016

120
 –
Anu Aga
2012–2018

121
 –
K. Parasaran
2012–2018

122

Rekha
2012–2018

123

Sachin Tendulkar
2012–2018

124
 –
K. T. S. Tulsi
2014-2020

125
 –
Subramanian Swamy
2016-2022

126

M C Mary Kom
2016-2022

127

Narendra Jadhav
2016-2022

129

Suresh Gopi
2016-2022

130
 –
Swapan Dasgupta
2016-2022

131
 –
Sambhaji Raje
2016-2022

132
 –
Roopa Ganguly
2016-2022

133
 –
Ram Shakal
2018-2024

134
 –
Rakesh Sinha
2018-2024

135

Raghunath Mohapatra
2018-2024

136

Sonal Mansingh
2018-2024


document_title: Battles of Tarain

question_text: who was defeated in second battle of tarain

text: Battles of Tarain

text: The First Battle[edit]

text:
1st Battle of TarainDate1191Locationnear ThanesarResult
Decisive Chauhan Rajput victoryTerritorialchanges
Prithviraj retakes the fortress of BhatindaBelligerents
Ghurid Empire
RajputCommanders and leaders
Mu'izz al-Din (WIA)
Prithviraj ChauhanStrength
unknown[2]
unknown, reportedly outnumbered Mu'izz al-Din's army[2]

text: In 1191, Mu'izz al-Din captured the fortress of Bhatinda in East Punjab, which was on the frontier of Prithiviraj Chauhan's domains.[1] Prithviraj marched on to Bhatinda and met his enemy at a place called Tarain (also called Taraori) near the ancient town of Thanesar. The Ghurid army initiates battle by attacking with cavalry who launch arrows at the Rajput center. The forces of Prithviraj counter-attack from three sides and dominate the battle, pressuring the Ghurid army into a withdrawal. Meanwhile, Mu'izz al-Din is wounded in personal combat with Prithviraj's brother, Govind Tai.[1] The victory of Prithviraj was decisive, he inflicted the crushing defeat on Mu'izz ad-Din by completely routing his forces and succeeded in stopping the Ghurid advance towards Hindustan in the first battle of Tarain. He did not pursue Ghori's army either not wanting to invade hostile territory or misjudging Ghori's ambition,[3] instead electing to retake the fortress of Bhatinda.[1]

text: The Second Battle[edit]

text:
2nd Battle of TarainDate1192Locationnear ThanesarResult
Ghurid victoryTerritorialchanges
Mu'izz al-Din takes Bihar provinceBelligerents
Ghurid Empire
RajputCommanders and leaders
Mu'izz al-Din
Prithviraj Chauhan †Strength
120,000[3]Modern estimates (12,000-20,000 Cavalry  and 1,200 horse archers ).
300,000 (likely exaggeration)[3]Modern estimates 100,000 soldiers (cavalry , infantry  and War elephants).Casualties and losses

Prithviraj Chauhan (executed)

text: On his return to Ghazni, Mu'izz al-Din made preparations to avenge his defeat. When he reached Lahore, he sent his envoy to Prithviraj to demand his submission, but the Chauhan ruler refused to comply. Prithviraj saw through Mu'izz al-Din's stratagem and issued a fervent appeal to his fellow Rajput chiefs to come to his aid against the Muslim invader.

text: Size of the forces and generals[edit]

text: According to Firishta, the Rajput army consisted of 3,000 elephants, 300,000 cavalry and infantry, most likely a gross exaggeration.[3] Minhaj-i-Siraj, stated Mu'izz al-Din brought 120,000 fully armored men to battle.[3]

text: Battle[edit]

text: The battle occurred in the same field as the first one. Knowing the Rajputs were well-disciplined, the Ghurids did not want to engage in melee combat with them. Instead the Ghurids army was formed into five units, and four units were sent to attack the Rajput flanks and rear. The flanking attacks failed and the fighting continued. In hopes of causing a break in the Rajput lines, Mu'izz al-Din ordered his fifth unit to feign retreat. The Rajput's charged the fleeing Ghurid unit, as the Ghurids expected. The Ghurids then sent a fresh cavalry unit of 12,000 and they managed to throw back the Rajput advance. The remaining Ghurid forces then attack and the Rajputs flee in panic.[1] Prithviraj Chauhan abandons his elephant for a horse and tries to escape. But he is caught a few miles from the battlefield and promptly executed.[1]

text: The aftermath[edit]

text: Mu'izz al-Din barely won against Prithviraj, he followed up this victory by defeating Jayachandra in the Battle of Chandawar, eradicating Buddhism in that area.[1] Later in 1202, his army completes the occupation of Hindustan by taking the province of Bengal.[1]

text: The third battle of Tarain[edit]

text: Shamshuddin Iltutmish (1211-1236), the king of the Mamluk dynasty, also known as Slave dynasty, captured Taj al-Din Yildiz in a battle at Tarain (1216) and then executed him at Budaun in the same year.[4]


document_title: Madea's Family Reunion

question_text: who played aunt ruby in madea's family reunion

question_tokens: who played aunt ruby in madea 's family reunion

text: Madea's Family Reunion

text: Plot[edit]

text: After Madea (Tyler Perry) violates the terms of her house arrest (which she was subjected to in the previous film), the judge orders her to take in a troubled foster child named Nikki (Keke Palmer) in order to avoid jail.

text: Lisa Breaux (Rochelle Aytes), one of Madea's nieces, is engaged to Carlos Armstrong (Blair Underwood), an abusive and controlling investment banker. While she desperately wants to get out of the engagement, her mother, Victoria (Lynn Whitfield), urges her to go through with the wedding, telling Lisa to avoid doing things that make Carlos angry, because Victoria is a conniving gold digger. Vanessa (Lisa Arrindell Anderson), the other of Madea's nieces, who lives with her, has two children fathered by two different men, neither of whom is involved in their children's lives. Victoria regularly degrades Vanessa for this, even referring to her grandchildren as "bastards". Vanessa is successfully, though through some struggle, wooed by poetry-spouting bus driver Frankie Henderson (Boris Kodjoe), who is the single father of a young son, and has a passion for painting. As much as Vanessa likes Frankie, she is emotionally closed off and has a difficult time trusting him.

text: Lisa eventually leaves Carlos with the intention of calling off the wedding. She temporarily moves in with Madea. Carlos, eager to move forward with the wedding, dispatches Victoria to bring her back to him. Victoria confronts Carlos about the abuse, suggesting that insecurity about his masculinity is causing him to act out and that he needs counseling. Carlos counters by suggesting that she's controlling every aspect of Lisa's life because she wants to make up for all of the shortcomings in her own. It is then revealed that Victoria, with Carlos' assistance, has stolen from Lisa's trust fund over the years, leaving virtually no money left, and is now encouraging Lisa to marry Carlos in order to keep up her livelihood. Carlos makes it clear that he will not bail Victoria out unless the wedding goes forward. Victoria goes to Madea's house to fetch Lisa, only to end up in a passionate argument with Vanessa, who has become aware of Carlos' abuse and is eager to protect her sister.

text: During the confrontation, Vanessa reveals a shocking secret to her younger sister: Victoria allowed her second husband, Lisa's father, to rape Vanessa in order to keep him in the marriage. Vanessa states that the sexual abuse occurred on a regular basis after that, which as a result, left her closed off emotionally and unable to trust the men in her life, including Frankie. Even more shockingly, Victoria makes no attempt to deny Vanessa's accusations. Instead, she rationalizes her actions, telling her daughters that they would have been destitute if Lisa's father had left, and that after going through a previous divorce with Vanessa's father and working two jobs to support the family afterwards, she was tired of struggling and felt that she deserved better. She also reveals that her own mother, a prostitute and drug addict, regularly traded her for "ten dollars and a fix", almost mirroring what she'd done with Vanessa and Lisa's father.

text: Victoria then states that she would not allow Vanessa to ruin her happiness, and that she would not apologize for the choices she'd made. She then turns on a horrified Lisa, demanding that Lisa begin taking care of her financially as she made sure that Lisa had the best of everything while she was growing up. Victoria then leaves and later lies to Lisa and tells her that Carlos has agreed to counseling. Lisa returns to Carlos and resumes her wedding plans. At the family reunion, held at the home of ninety-six-year-old Aunt Ruby (Georgia Allen), Vanessa and Victoria get into another verbal confrontation, eventually turning into a physical fight after Victoria insults Vanessa about her relationship with Frankie in front of the family. The fight is broken up when Myrtle, (Cicely Tyson) Madea's daughter-in-law, and Aunt May (Maya Angelou) gathers the family members to an old shack the family's ancestors grew up in. They, along with some of the older members of the family are appalled by how the family has turned out and Myrtle gives a long speech convincing them to act better to each other and to themselves.

text: On the day of Lisa's wedding, Madea tells her to stand up against Carlos and fight back. When he finds her, he asks that he and Lisa be alone. Madea asks Carlos if he'd like something to eat, and tells Lisa to give him some grits on the stove, making sure to tell Lisa that they're hot. When Madea leaves the room, Carlos slaps Lisa in the face, but then, in retaliation, she throws the pot of hot grits in his face, burning him badly, and then beats him with a frying pan, as Madea listens outside with laughter. She then takes off her ring and throws it at an injured Carlos before leaving. At the church, Lisa announces to the guests that Carlos had been beating her every day since they were engaged and that the wedding is off. Frankie then asks Vanessa to marry him. She says yes, and they're married at the church instead. At the reception, Victoria tells Vanessa that the two are a beautiful couple and they hug, signifying the first steps in a possible reconciliation.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Tyler Perry as Brian, Joe, and Mabel "Madea" Simmons
Blair Underwood as Carlos Armstrong
Lynn Whitfield as Victoria Breaux
Boris Kodjoe as Frankie Henderson
Lisa Arrindell Anderson as Vanessa Breaux
Maya Angelou as Aunt May
Rochelle Aytes as Lisa Breaux
Jenifer Lewis as Milay Jenay Lori
Keke Palmer as Nikki Grady
Tangi Miller as Donna
Henry Simmons as Isaac
Cicely Tyson as Myrtle
China Anne McClain as Tamara
Johnny Gill as Wedding singer
Cassi Davis as Aunt Sarah
Georgia Allen as Aunt Ruby
Nicholas Ortiz as Himself
Judge Mablean Ephriam (cameo) as Herself
David Wiebers as Wedding Musician (trumpet)

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: The soundtrack was released by Motown Records on February 21, 2006.

text:
Track listing

No.
Title
Performer(s)
Length

1.
"Find Myself in You"
Brian McKnight
4:14

2.
"We're Gonna Make It"
LL Cool J and Mary Mary
4:54

3.
"Keep Your Head Up"
Chaka Khan
4:34

4.
"Tonight"
Kem
3:55

5.
"Everyday (Family Reunion)"
Chaka Khan, Carl Thomas, Yolanda Adams, and Gerald Levert
4:48

6.
"Love and Happiness"
Al Green
5:02

7.
"You For Me (Wedding Song)"
Johnny Gill
5:37

8.
"Family Reunion"
The O'Jays
6:55

9.
"I'll Be"
Will Downing
4:10

10.
"Wounds in the Way"
Rachelle Ferrell
4:21

text: Release and reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Madea's Family Reunion was budgeted at $6 million and opened at #1 in its opening weekend (2/24-26) with $30,030,661[1] and eventually grossed $63,257,940 in North America with an additional $50,939 internationally, tying $63,308,879 worldwide after 9 weeks in theaters.[2]

text: Small independent filmmaker Tyler Perry has garnered one of the highest wide-release openings to date in 2006, in both gross ($30 million) and screen average ($13,687).[3]

text: "The number one movie is Madea's Family Reunion, a small comedy/melodrama which grossed an astounding $30.3 million from 2,194 venues. It had a super-hot venue average of $13,787...."[4]

text: "Playing at 2,194 locations across North America, the film averaged a remarkable estimated $13,788 per screen, demonstrating the enormous breadth and depth of Perry's audience. The debut weekend of Madea's Family Reunion outperformed the opening weekend of Lionsgate's first Tyler Perry film, Diary of a Mad Black Woman, by nearly 40 percent."[5]

text: Audience[edit]

text: The reasoning for the film's relative success,[1] according to Steve Rothenberg, Lions Gate president of domestic distribution, is due to its targeted market appeal, "I believe that we're in all the right theaters...I'm not sure there's much room for expansion."[6] To illustrate the point, Lions Gate's exit polls[6] showed 52 percent of the audience were black women over the age of 35.

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Madea's Family Reunion received mixed reviews from critics. It holds a Rotten Tomatoes rating of 25%, based on 55 reviews, with an average rating of 4.5/10. The consensus reads "Tyler Perry's Madea's Family Reunion is sincere in its positive intentions, but leaves something to be desired as a film."[7] Metacritic gives the film a score of 45% based on reviews from 18 critics.[8]


document_title: National bank

question_text: what does the na mean after a bank name

question_tokens: what does the na mean after a bank name

text: National bank

text: Afghanistan[edit]

text: Pashtany Bank is the government-owned bank in based in Kabul that controls Da Afghanistan Bank as well as the Afghan National Bank.

text: Argentina[edit]

text: Argentina's national bank is the Banco de la Nación Argentina, founded in 1891.

text: Australia[edit]

text: The Commonwealth Bank of Australia was founded by an Australian Act of Parliament in 1911. Bank Nationalisation was the policy of the Andrew Fisher Labor Government. In a rare move for the time, the bank was to have both savings and general bank business. The bank was also the first bank in Australia to receive a Federal Government guarantee.

text: In 1958 and 1959, there was a controversy concerning the dual function of the bank as the central bank on the one hand and a general bank on the other. As a result of this, the bank was split, giving the reserve bank function to the Reserve Bank of Australia and the general bank function to the Commonwealth Banking Corporation.

text: The Commonwealth bank was privatised in the 1990s by the Keating Labor government. As of 2016, it is one of the big four banks, along with the National Australia Bank which has always been privately owned.

text: Bulgaria[edit]

text:
Bulgarian national bank was founded on 25.01.1879 and it is the 13 oldest central bank in the world. Its headquarter is in Sofia. BNB is an independent institution responsible for the issuance of national currency (the Bulgarian lev) and maintenance of the bank system's stability. The bank has a key role in Bulgarian economy. Since 1.01.2007 the bank is a member of European system of central banks. The governor of BNB is a member of General Assembly of European central bank.
The bank has three departments:
- Issue Department - responsible to maintain the full foreign exchange cover of the total amount of monetary liabilities i.s. responsible for issuance of national currency;
-Banking department - in case of system risk, this department performs the lender of last resort function. This department performs the function of a monetary board, introduced in Bg, since 1997.
- Supervision Department - performs the supervision of the bank system.

text: Canada[edit]

text: For Canada's central bank see Bank of Canada. The National Bank of Canada is a privately owned bank unrelated to the central bank.

text: Chile[edit]

text: The national bank in Chile is BancoEstado. It was created in 1953 by merging several state-owned financial institutions. The bank operates in competition with private banks but in addition to profitability its goals include having a positive social impact.[1]

text: Colombia[edit]

text: The national bank in Colombia is the Bank of the Republic. Its primary role is to control the flow of money inside and outside the country and to issue the Colombian currency, the peso.

text: Denmark[edit]

text: Danmarks Nationalbank is the central bank of the Kingdom of Denmark.

text: India[edit]

text: The National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development[2] (NABARD) is an Indian government development bank that was established on 18 July 1981 to implement the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development Act 1981.

text: Iran[edit]

text:
Iran's national bank is Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran (CBI) (Persian: بانک مرکزی جمهوری اسلامی ايران, Bank Markazi Jomhouri Islami Iran).
It was established in 1960.[3]

text: Kenya[edit]

text: National Bank of Kenya is a commercial bank founded in 1968. Its shares are listed on the Nairobi Stock Exchange and are majority owned (70%) jointly by the Government of Kenya and by the state owned National Social Security Fund of Kenya.[4][5]

text: New Zealand[edit]

text: New Zealand currently has one state-owned bank, Kiwibank, established in 2001.[6]

text: The New Zealand government formerly owned two other banks in New Zealand: The Bank of New Zealand, from 1945 to 1992 when it was privatised and sold, and Post Office Savings Bank, which was created as a separate entity with the privatisation of New Zealand Post. PostBank was sold to ANZ New Zealand in 1989.

text: The National Bank of New Zealand was a retail bank which, in 2003, was purchased by ANZ from its former owner, Lloyds TSB. In 2013 it was rebranded as ANZ.

text: Pakistan[edit]

text: National Bank of Pakistan is a major bank in Pakistan.

text: Palestine[edit]

text: The National Bank TNB is the leading bank in Palestine.

text: Serbia[edit]

text: National Bank of Serbia is the state-owned central bank in Serbia which regulates the currency Serbian dinar.

text: South Africa[edit]

text: First National Bank (South Africa) is a commercial bank and is one of the "Big Four" banks in South Africa.

text: United States[edit]

text: In the United States, the term national bank originally referred to the Revolutionary War-era Bank of North America (later the First Bank of the United States) or its successor, the Second Bank of the United States. Both are now defunct.

text: In the modern United States, the term national bank has a precise meaning: a banking institution chartered and supervised by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency ("OCC"), an agency in the U.S. Treasury Department, pursuant to the National Bank Act. Inclusion in the bank's name of the word National, the designation National Association, or its abbreviation N.A. is a required part of the distinguishing legal title of a national bank, as in "Citibank, N.A." Many state banks, by contrast, are chartered by the applicable state government agencies (usually the state's department of banking). The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) insures deposits at both national and state banks.

text: The advantage of holding a National Bank Act charter is that a national bank is not subject to state usury laws intended to prevent predatory lending.[7] (However, see also Cuomo v. Clearing House Association, L. L. C., stating that federal banking regulations do not preempt the ability of states to enforce their own fair-lending laws.)[8] There is currently no federal cap on rates. The federal government only requires that whatever rates, fees, or terms are set by issuers be disclosed to the consumer in accordance with the Truth in Lending Act.

text: Notwithstanding the name, not all national banks have nationwide operations. Some national banks have operations in only one city, county, or state. National banks should also be distinguished from federal savings associations, including federal savings and loans and federal savings banks, which are financial institutions chartered by the Office of Thrift Supervision, an agency of the U.S. Treasury Department that was merged with the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency on July 21, 2012.

text: The Federal Reserve is the central bank of the United States; it is not a national bank but rather a unique system of institutions specially chartered by Congress to serve in this capacity.