document_title: List of adaptations of works by Stephen King

question_text: when was stephen king it made into a movie

root

text: Film[edit]

text:
1976 Carrie (based on the novel from 1974)
1980 The Shining (based on the novel from 1977)
1982 Creepshow (consists of five short films; two based on the short stories "Weeds" from 1976 and "The Crate" from 1979, the rest King wrote specifically for the film)
1983 Cujo (based on the novel from 1981)
1983 The Dead Zone (based on the novel from 1979)
1983 Christine (based on the novel from 1983)
1984 Children of the Corn (based on the short story from 1977)
1984 Firestarter (based on the novel from 1980)
1985 Cat's Eye (consists of three short films; two based on the short stories "Quitters, Inc." from 1978 and "The Ledge" from 1976, the other one was written specifically for the film)
1985 Silver Bullet (based on the novella Cycle of the Werewolf from 1983)
1986 Maximum Overdrive (based on the short story "Trucks" from 1973)
1986 Stand by Me (based on the novella The Body from 1982)
1987 Creepshow 2 (sequel to the 1982 film, consists of three short films; one based on the short story "The Raft" from 1982, the other two were written specifically for the film)
1987 The Lawnmower Man: A Suburban Nightmare (short film based on the short story from 1975)
1987 A Return to Salem's Lot (sequel to the 1979 mini-series)
1987 The Running Man (based on the novel from 1982)
1989 Pet Sematary (based on the novel from 1983)
1990 Tales from the Darkside: The Movie (consists of three short films; one based on the short story "The Cat from Hell" from 1977, the other two have no connection to King)
1990 Graveyard Shift (based on the short story from 1970)
1990 Misery (based on the novel from 1987)
1992 The Lawnmower Man (An adaptation in title only. King eventually sued New Line Cinema in order to have his name removed from the film's title)
1992 Sleepwalkers (original screenplay)
1992 Pet Sematary Two (sequel to the 1989 film)
1992 Children of the Corn II: The Final Sacrifice (sequel to the 1984 film; only sequel to be released theatrically)
1993 The Dark Half (based on the novel from 1989)
1993 Needful Things (based on the novel from 1990)
1994 The Shawshank Redemption (based on the novella Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption from 1982)
1995 The Mangler (based on the short story from 1972)
1995 Dolores Claiborne (based on the novel from 1992)
1995 Children of the Corn III: Urban Harvest (sequel to the 1993 film; first sequel to be released straight to video)
1996 The Lawnmower Man 2: Beyond Cyberspace (sequel to the 1992 film)
1996 Sometimes They Come Back... Again (sequel to the 1991 TV film)
1996 Children of the Corn IV: The Gathering (sequel to the 1995 film)
1996 Thinner (based on the novel from 1984)
1997 The Night Flier (based on the short story from 1988)
1998 Children of the Corn V: Fields of Terror (sequel to the 1996 film)
1998 Apt Pupil (based on the novella from 1982)
1998 Sometimes They Come Back… for More (sequel to the 1996 film)
1999 The Rage: Carrie 2 (sequel to the 1976 film)
1999 Children of the Corn 666: Isaac's Return (sequel to the 1998 film)
1999 The Green Mile (based on the novel from 1996)
2001 Hearts in Atlantis (based on the novella Low Men In Yellow Coats from 1999)
2001 Children of the Corn: Revelation (sequel to the 1999 film)
2002 The Mangler 2 (sequel to the 1995 film)
2002 Firestarter: Rekindled (sequel to the 1984 film)
2003 Dreamcatcher (based on the novel from 2001)
2004 Secret Window (based on the novella Secret Window, Secret Garden from 1990)
2004 Riding the Bullet (based on the novella from 2000)
2005 The Mangler Reborn (sequel to the 2002 film)
2005 Gotham Cafe (based on the short story "Lunch at the Gotham Café" from 1995)
2007 Creepshow III (unofficial sequel to the 1987 film; consists of five short films, none of which were written by King)
2007 1408 (based on the short story from 1999)
2007 The Mist (based on the novella from 1980)
2007 No Smoking (based on the short story Quitters Inc.)
2009 Dolan's Cadillac (based on the short story from 1985)
2011 Children of the Corn: Genesis (reboot)
2013 Carrie (third adaptation of the novel from 1974)
2014 A Good Marriage (based on the 2010 novella, Screenplay by Stephen King)
2014 Mercy (based on the short story "Gramma" from King's 1985 collection Skeleton Crew)
2016 Cell (based on the 2006 novel, Screenplay by Stephen King)
2017 The Dark Tower (sequel to book series)
2017 It (based on the 1986 novel)
2017 Gerald's Game (based on the 1992 novel)
2017 1922 (based on the 2010 novella, released September 23 2017)
2017 Children of the Corn: Runaway (sequel to the 2011 film)
2019 Pet Sematary (based on the 1983 novel, in development)
2019 It: Chapter Two (based on the 1986 novel, in development)
2019 In the Tall Grass (based on the 2012 novella, in development)

tag: ul

text: Television[edit]

text: Series/Movies

tag: p

text:
1979 Salem's Lot (mini-series based on the novel from 1975)
1990 It (mini-series based on the novel from 1986)
1991 Sometimes They Come Back (based on the short story from 1974)
1991 Golden Years (TV series, original screenplay)
1993 The Tommyknockers (mini-series based on the novel from 1987)
1994 The Stand (mini-series based on the novel from 1978)
1995 The Langoliers (mini-series based on the novella from 1990)
1997 The Shining (mini-series; second adaptation of the novel from 1977)
1997 Trucks (based on the short story from 1978)
1997 Quicksilver Highway (consists of two short films; one based on the short story "Chattery Teeth" from 1993, the other is based on a short story by Clive Barker)
1998 Woh (Indian TV series, adapted from the 1990 mini-series It)
1999 Storm of the Century (mini-series, original screenplay)
2002 Rose Red (mini-series, original screenplay)
2002–2007 The Dead Zone (TV series; second adaptation of the novel from 1979)
2002 Carrie (second adaptation of the novel from 1974)
2003 The Diary of Ellen Rimbauer (prequel to Rose Red)
2004 Kingdom Hospital (TV series based on Lars von Trier's mini-series The Kingdom)
2004 Salem's Lot (mini-series; second adaptation of the novel from 1975)
2006 Desperation (based on the novel from 1996)
2006 Nightmares and Dreamscapes (mini-series; eight episodes based on eight short stories)
2009 Children of the Corn (second adaptation of the short story from 1977)
2010–2015 Haven (TV series loosely inspired by characters and situations from the novel The Colorado Kid from 2005)
2011 Bag of Bones (mini-series based on the novel from 1998)
2013–2015 Under the Dome (TV series based on the novel from 2009)
2014 Big Driver (TV movie based on the 2010 novella)
2016 11.22.63 (Hulu Original Programming based on the novel from 2011)
2017 The Mist (Spike TV series based on the 1980 novella)
2017 Mr. Mercedes (TV series based on the 2014 novel)
2018 Castle Rock (Hulu Original Programming based on short stories)
2018 The Dark Tower (TV series based on Wizard And Glass)

text: Episodes

text:
1984 "Word Processor of the Gods" (episode of Tales from the Darkside based on the short story from 1983)
1986 "Gramma" (episode of The Twilight Zone based on the short story from 1984)
1987 "Sorry, Right Number" (episode of Tales from the Darkside, original screenplay)
1991 "The Moving Finger (short story) " (episode of Monsters based on the short story from 1990)
1997 "The Revelations of 'Becka Paulson" (episode of The Outer Limits based on the short story from 1984)
1998 "Chinga" (episode of The X-Files, original screenplay)
2014 "Heads Will Roll" (episode of Under the Dome)

text: Comic books[edit]

text: The Lawnmower Man

text: 1981 Bizarre Adventures #29 (based on the short story "The Lawnmower Man")

text: Creepshow

text: 1982 Creepshow (based on the Creepshow film)

text: The Dark Tower

text:
2007 The Dark Tower: The Gunslinger Born (first spin-off from the Dark Tower novels, published by Marvel Comics)
2008 The Dark Tower: The Long Road Home (second spin-off from the Dark Tower novels, published by Marvel Comics)
2008 The Dark Tower: Treachery (third spin-off from the Dark Tower novels, published by Marvel Comics)
2009 The Dark Tower: The Sorcerer (fourth spin-off from the Dark Tower novels, published by Marvel Comics)
2009 The Dark Tower: The Fall of Gilead (fifth spin-off from the Dark Tower novels, published by Marvel Comics)
2009 The Dark Tower: Battle of Jericho Hill (sixth spin-off from the Dark Tower novels, published by Marvel Comics)
2010 The Dark Tower: The Gunslinger - The Journey Begins (based on the novel The Dark Tower: The Gunslinger, published by Marvel Comics)
2010 The Dark Tower: The Gunslinger - The Little Sisters of Eluria (based on the short story The Little Sisters of Eluria, published by Marvel Comics)
2011 The Dark Tower: The Gunslinger - The Battle of Tull (based on the novel The Dark Tower: The Gunslinger, published by Marvel Comics)
2011 The Dark Tower: The Gunslinger - The Way Station (based on the novel The Dark Tower: The Gunslinger, published by Marvel Comics)
2012 The Dark Tower: The Gunslinger - The Man in Black (based on the novel The Dark Tower: The Gunslinger, published by Marvel Comics)

text: The Stand

text:
2008 The Stand: Captain Trips (based on the novel The Stand, published by Marvel Comics)
2009 The Stand: American Nightmares (based on the novel The Stand, published by Marvel Comics)
2009 The Stand: Soul Survivors [1] (based on the novel The Stand, published by Marvel Comics)
2010 The Stand: Hardcases (based on the novel The Stand, published by Marvel Comics)
2011 The Stand: No Mans Land (based on the novel The Stand, published by Marvel Comics)
2011 The Stand: Night Has Come (based on the novel The Stand, published by Marvel Comics)

text: The Talisman

text: 2009 The Talisman [2] (based on the novel The Talisman, published by Del Rey)

text: N.

text: 2010 N. In March 2010, Marvel published the first issue of a comic book adaptation of N., a limited series of four issues.

text: Road Rage

text: 2012 Road Rage (based on the novella "Throttle")

text: The Little Green God of Agony

text: 2012 The Little Green God of Agony (free web-comic on Stephen King's official website[3])

text: Stage[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text:
1988: Carrie is notorious for its history as a flop on Broadway, and has gained a cult following in recent years. The musical was revived at the Lucille Lortel Theatre in New York, directed by Stafford Arima from January until April 2012. On September 25, 2012, the first official cast recording was released. The new production is currently available to license for amateur productions from Rodgers & Hammerstein Theatricals.
1990: Ghost Stories was an adaptation of Stephen King's short stories "The Return of Timmy Baterman," about zombies; "Strawberry Spring," about a campus serial killer; "Gray Matter," a black comedy about a hideous mutation caused by a bottle of beer; "Uncle Otto's Truck," and "The Boogeyman," about a distraught father's encounter with a child-killing closet monster, as well as selections from Pet Sematary. Adapted and directed by Robert Pridham, the play premiered at the Arts Center Theatre at Kent Place School in Summit, New Jersey, and toured the United States in the mid-1990s.
1993: Rage stage play produced by Shane Black and directed by Jim Birge. Originally titled Getting It On, it was intended to premiere in Jasper, Indiana, but scheduling and venue issues forced it to move to the VFW in Santa Claus, Indiana, where it ran from April 23 to May 1. Venue problems caused the final show, on May 2, to be canceled.
2005: Misery stage play by Simon Moore based on 1987 novel. Another adaptation, written by William Goldman (who wrote the 1990 film), premiered on Broadway in 2015 with Bruce Willis and Laurie Metcalf. A musical version also exists, written by Jeff Hockhauser and Bob Johnson. While it has not been staged, a demo recording has circulated on the internet in recent years.
2009: Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption was dramatized by Dave Johns and Owen O'Neill for the Gaiety Theatre, Dublin.[4][5] A later version, directed by Peter Sheridan, had its world premiere at the Peter Sheridan Theatre in London in September 2010. A production was mounted at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe directed by Lucy Pitman-Wallace in August 2013.[6]
2012: Ghost Brothers of Darkland County, an original musical with book by Stephen King and music and lyrics by John Mellencamp. After a week of previews, it ran at Atlanta's Alliance Theatre from April 11 to May 13, 2012. A concept album was released the following year.
2013: Dolores Claiborne is an American opera composed by Tobias Picker. It premiered at the San Francisco Opera in Fall 2013.
2014: "The Body" (also known as "Stand By Me") was produced by Chellaston Players in Derby, England. Though an amateur staging (produced with Stephen King's permission), it received rave reviews.

text: There have also been dramatizations of many of King's short stories, including "Nona", "Quitters, Inc.", "In the Deathroom", "Strawberry Spring", "Harvey's Dream", "The Man Who Loved Flowers", "Mute", "The Ten O'Clock People" and King's poem, "Paranoid: A Chant". There have also been alleged stage productions of Rage as well as several parody stage versions of The Shining.

text: Music[edit]

text:
1983: "The Stand", recorded by The Alarm, and was released in the UK as a single. The song's lyrics were inspired by King's novel, The Stand.
1985: "Lone Justice" by Anthrax, is based on The Gunslinger.
1984: "Horror-Teria: (The Beginning)" from the Twisted Sister album Stay Hungry. The album's liner notes thank King for inspiring the piece.
1987: "Among the Living", recorded by Anthrax, is based on The Stand. "The Walkin' Dude" is Randall Flagg, the main villain in the book, and the beginning verse: "Disease! Disease! Spreading the disease!\With some help from Captain Trips\He'll bring the world down to its knees" refers to the virus that destroys most of the population in the novel.
1987: "A Skeleton in the Closet", recorded by Anthrax, is based on the King novella Apt Pupil from the collection Different Seasons.
1987: "Severed Survival" recorded by Autopsy is based on the King short story "Survivor Type".
1988: "Misery Loves Company" by Anthrax, is based on Misery
1989: "Pet Sematary", recorded by Ramones, a single from their 1989 album Brain Drain. The song is originally written for the King movie adaptation of the same name. The single became one of the Ramones' biggest radio hits, and a staple in their concerts during the 1990s.
1999: "Spit it Out", recorded by nu metal band Slipknot, the second single from their self-titled 1999 album was based on The Shining. The music video was more based on the Kubrick film.
2002: Formation of the Dutch band Delain, who takes the name from Kingdom of Delain, from the novel The Eyes of the Dragon
2006: The song "Carry the Blessed Home" on the Blind Guardian album A Twist in the Myth. It is about Roland Deschain and Jake Chambers at the end of The Dark Tower.
2008: "Dull Boy", recorded by heavy metal band Mudvayne, a single for both The New Game and their compilation album was based on both The Shining book and Stanley Kubrick 1980 film respectively.
2016: The song "Breathing Lightning" by Anthrax is based on The Dark Tower' series.


document_title: If Loving You Is Wrong (TV series)

question_text: who plays travis on if loving you is wrong

text: If Loving You Is Wrong (TV series)

text: Overview[edit]

text: If Loving You Is Wrong is loosely based on Perry's 2014 film The Single Moms Club. Actress Zulay Henao reprised her movie role of Esperanza, although her character and storyline was rebooted for the TV series. It was officially ordered straight-to-series on January 9, 2014.[3][4][5] It premiered on September 9, 2014, on the Oprah Winfrey Network (OWN), and the first half of the first season finale aired on November 4, 2014.[5][6][7]

text: The series premiere was the highest-rated in OWN history, setting a new record over The Haves and the Have Nots. The second half of the first season aired on March 24, 2015. On February 27, 2015, the series was renewed for a second season with 22 more episodes. The second season premiered on September 22, 2015. The second half premiered on March 15, 2016. OWN renewed the series for a third season. The third season of the series premiered on September 13, 2016.[8] The second half of the third season premiered on March 21, 2017. On August 29, 2017, OWN announced the show's return for the fourth season, which premiered on September 19, 2017.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Amanda Clayton as Alex Montgomery, a housewife who is married to businessman, Brad. She has two children with him, Peter and Paisley, after which he had a vasectomy. She was caught having an affair with her next door neighbor, Randall, which ends her friendship with Randall's wife Marcie and prompts Brad to leave her. She gave birth to a third child, a son, who may be Randall's son, born from their affair.[5]
Matt Cook as Joey Blackman, Natalie's oldest son who was released from jail. Somewhat naïve in a lot of things while getting used to being out of jail, and is often hovered over by his mother with whom he works with at her place of business, Burger Fast.
Edwina Findley as Kelly Issacs, a single and working mother to a young son named Justice. She is being pursued by a man named Travis, despite his being engaged to someone he met while in Haiti.[5]
Tiffany Haddish as Jackie (season 1), Natalie's loyal assistant at Burger Fast. A very business-savy woman.
Heather Hemmens as Marcie Holmes, a real estate agent and Randall's unhappy wife, who is angry with Alex for her affair with Randall. Gets even with both of them by embarking on a revenge affair with Brad. She demands that Randall divorce her; he refuses because he still loves her, but also loves Alex.[5] In the third season, it is revealed that Marcie is pregnant, but with Brad's child.
Zulay Henao as Esperanza Willis, ex-wife of Edward, a 911 dispatcher for the city of Maxine. Mother of a daughter named Mika with Edward. When she began dating Julius, he immediately became a target of Edward's rage and jealousy, which is later justified as he is the relative of a drug-cartel leader, which constantly places her and Mika in danger.[5]
April Parker Jones as Natalie Henning, a single working mother of four kids who manages a fast food place called Burger Fast. Often hovers over her oldest son, Joey.[5]
Eltony Williams as Dr. Randall Holmes, Marcie's estranged husband, a psychologist. He has an affair with Alex, which destroys both his marriage to Marcie and his friendship with Brad. With the affair out in the second season premiere he is attacked by both Eddie and Brad. Later that night Brad destroys Randall's boat and comes at him with an axe and the two begin to fight as Brad pulls out a gun and shots are fired. In season three Randall gets a dose of his own medicine when he finds Marcie and Brad begin a revenge affair and having sex in his shed where he had his affair with Alex. He refuses to divorce Marcie, because he wants to have both women in his life. In the season three finale it was revealed that Randall is not the father of Alex's newborn baby boy.[5]
Aiden Turner as Brad Montgomery, a former Royal Marine who fought in Iraq with Alex's cousin, Eddie and later became a businessman and married Alex. Now a businessman who was unaware of his wife's affair with his friend, Randall until the second season premiere. He gets into a fight with Randall, demolishes his boat and nearly kills him. He eventually leaves Alex and he begins a revenge affair with Marcie. Brad is the father of Peter and Paisley his children with Alex, Brad had a vasectomy after Paisley's birth, which gives credence to Randall being the father of Alex's newborn son.[5]
Joel Rush as Edward “Eddie” Willis, Esperanza's ex, Alex's cousin and Brad's friend. A former U.S. Marine and a very corrupt police officer for the city of Maxine. He has a daughter named Mika with Esperanza. He still intends to control her life although he himself is remarried and has kids with a woman named Yolanda, who would eventually leave him as well. Later revealed that he is still in love with Esperanza, which drives him to behave the way he does, and is also a recovering cocaine addict.[5]
Octavio Pizano as Julius Escada Jr., Esperanza's new boyfriend, a target of the jealous Edward's rage, in this case, justifiably, as he is the relative of a Drug-Cartel leader, and Edward is concerned for the safety of Esperanza and, more importantly, his daughter, Mika.[5]
Charles Malik Whitfield as Lushion Morgan, Natalie's fiancé and the father of her youngest son, Frankie. He's a rookie cop with Eddie, who has a hostile working relationship with him, due to his corrupt ways. However, he still has enough loyalty to save him from a drive by shooting.[5]
Denzel Wells as Travis Cain, Kelly's love interest, who is away on a relief mission in Haiti. Upon his return, he reveals that he got engaged to another woman while in Haiti and left Kelly. However, he has second thoughts, and ends his engagement. He then pursues Kelly anew, although she is very disinterested. In season three, he becomes very angry and hostile towards Kelly.
Dawan Owens as Quan (seasons 1–3), Joey's old running buddy who is not liked by Lushion and Natalie, and at times, Joey himself. In season 3 he is killed during a shoot-out with Joey, who was seriously injured but survives.

text: Recurring cast[edit]

text:
Brianne Davis as Yolanda, Edward's new wife who would, like Esperanza did, leave him. An alcoholic, she absolutely despises Esperanza, and the two women often quarrel. Has two children (one an unnamed older daughter) with Edward, and is Mika's stepmother.[9]
Claudette Ortiz as Claudia, a new addition to the 911 emergency service who is also the half-sister of Quan.
Jasmine Guy as Mattaline Cain, Travis' mother who did not approve of Kelly, but later accepts her.
Judi Blair as Faun, daughter of Mr. Kym, owner of Burger Fast. Faun is friendly with Joey, who works at Burger Fast with Natalie and Jackie.
Clayton Landey as Captain Daniel Mackey, the immediate superior of Edward and Lushion and the head of the Maxine Police Department.
Sharon Conley as Sally
Celine Areu as Mika Willis, the daughter of Eddie and Esperanza.
Chase Wainscott as Peter Montgomery, the son and oldest child of Brad and Alex.
Ashlyn Areu as Paisley Montgomery, the daughter and youngest child of Brad and Alex.
Timmy Richardson as Justice Issacs, the son of Kelly.
Donielle T. Hansley Jr. as Frank Morgan, the youngest son of Natalie and Lushion.
Trevante Rhodes as Ramsey Walters, Kelly's new neighbor, to whom she is attracted.
Chris V. Pipkin as Pete Davis, a rookie cop who takes it upon himself to investigates Ben's shooting.
Andrea Frye as Louise Holmes, Randall's mother. Tries to be a peace barrier for Marcie and Randall.
Jordan Wiseley as Ben Bryant, a drug addict and rookie cop who works under Eddie.

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
20
September 9, 2014 (2014-09-09)
May 26, 2015 (2015-05-26)

2
22
September 22, 2015 (2015-09-22)
May 24, 2016 (2016-05-24)

3
22
September 13, 2016 (2016-09-13)
May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30)

4
18
September 19, 2017 (2017-09-19)
TBA


document_title: Leeds United F.C.

question_text: when did leeds last win the fa cup

question_tokens: when did leeds last win the fa cup

text: Leeds United F.C.

text: History summary[edit]

text: Pre-Leeds United[edit]

text: Leeds United's predecessor team, Leeds City, was formed in 1904 and were elected League members in 1905. At first they found it hard to draw big crowds to Elland Road but their fortunes improved following Herbert Chapman's arrival. In 1914 Chapman declared; "This city is built to support top-flight football", but Leeds City were forcibly disbanded and forced to sell off all their players by The Football League in 1919 in response to allegations of illegal payments to players during the First World War. In 1919, Leeds United was formed and they received an invitation to enter the Midland League, being voted into it on 31 October, taking the place vacated by Leeds City Reserves. Following Leeds City's disbanding, Yorkshire Amateurs bought their stadium Elland Road. Yorkshire Amateurs offered to make way for the new team under the management of former player Dick Ray.

text: The chairman of Huddersfield Town, Hilton Crowther loaned Leeds United £35,000, to be repaid when Leeds United won promotion to Division One. He brought in Barnsley's manager Arthur Fairclough and on 26 February 1920, Dick Ray stepped down to become Fairclough's assistant.

text: 1920–1960: Early years[edit]

text: On 31 May 1920, Leeds United were elected to the Football League. Over the following few years, they consolidated their position in the Second Division and in 1924 won the title and with it promotion to the First Division. They failed to establish themselves and were relegated in 1926–27. After their relegation, Fairclough resigned, which paved the way for Ray to return as manager. In the years up until the start of World War II Leeds were twice relegated, both times being instantly re-promoted the following season.

text: On 5 March 1935, Ray resigned and was replaced by Billy Hampson, who remained in charge for 12 years. In the 1946–47 season after the war, Leeds were relegated again, with the worst league record in their history. After this season, Hampson resigned (he stayed with Leeds as their chief scout for eight months) and was replaced in April 1947 by Willis Edwards. In 1948, Sam Bolton replaced Ernest Pullan as the chairman of Leeds United. Edwards was moved to assistant manager in April 1948 after just one year as manager. He was replaced by Major Frank Buckley.

text: Leeds remained in the Second Division until 1955–56, when they once again won promotion to the First Division, inspired by John Charles. Charles was hungry for success at the highest level, and manager Raich Carter was unable to convince him that Leeds could satisfy his ambitions. Charles was sold to Juventus for a then world record of £65,000. The loss of Charles resulted in Leeds being relegated to the Second Division in the 1959–60 season.

text: 1961–1974: Don Revie era[edit]

text: In March 1961, the club appointed former player Don Revie as manager, following the resignation of Jack Taylor. His stewardship began in adverse circumstances; the club was in financial difficulty[5] and in 1961–62 only a win in the final game of the season saved the club from relegation to Division Three. Revie implemented a youth policy and a change of kit colour to an all-white strip in the style of Real Madrid, and Leeds soon won promotion to the First Division in 1963–64. In his 13 years in charge, Revie guided Leeds to two Football League First Division titles, one FA Cup, one League Cup, two Inter-Cities Fairs Cups, one Football League Second Division title and one Charity Shield. He also guided them to three more FA Cup Finals, two more FA Cup Semi-Finals, one more Inter-Cities Fairs Cup Final and one Inter-Cities Fairs Cup Semi-Final, one European Cup Winners' Cup Final and one European Cup Semi-Final. The team also finished second in the Football League First Division five times, third once and fourth twice. In a survey of leading football writers, historians and academics by Total Sport magazine, Revie's Leeds United were voted as one of the 50 greatest football teams of all time.[6]

text: 1974–1988: Post-Revie and Relegation[edit]

text: Following the 1973–74 season, Revie left Leeds and Elland Road to manage the England national team. Brian Clough was appointed as Revie's successor. This was a surprise appointment, as Clough had been an outspoken critic of Revie and the team's tactics.[7] Clough's tenure as manager started badly, with defeat in the Charity Shield Match against Liverpool in which Billy Bremner and Kevin Keegan were sent off for fighting. Under Clough, the team performed poorly, and after only 44 days[8] he was dismissed.

text: Clough was replaced by former England captain Jimmy Armfield. Armfield took Revie's ageing team to the final of the 1974–75 European Cup, in which they were defeated by Bayern Munich under controversial circumstances.[9] Assisted by coach Don Howe, Armfield rebuilt Revie's team, and though it no longer dominated English football, it remained in the top ten for subsequent seasons. However, the board became impatient for success and dismissed Armfield in 1978, replacing him with Jock Stein, who also lasted just 44 days before leaving to manage Scotland. The board appointed Jimmy Adamson but he was unable to stop the decline and in 1980 Adamson resigned and was replaced by former player Allan Clarke. Despite spending freely on players, he was unable to stem the tide and the club was relegated at the end of 1981–82. Clarke was replaced by former teammate Eddie Gray.

text: With no money to spend on team building, Gray concentrated on youth development, but was unable to guide them to promotion from the Second Division.[10] The board again became impatient and sacked Gray in 1985, replacing him with another Revie teammate, Billy Bremner. Bremner found it just as difficult to achieve promotion, although Leeds reached the 1987 play-off final, but were defeated by Charlton Athletic. Leeds also endured a near miss in the FA Cup, losing out to Coventry City in the semi-finals.[11]

text: 1988–1996: Howard Wilkinson era[edit]

text: In October 1988, with the team 21st in the Second Division, Bremner was fired to make way for Howard Wilkinson. Leeds avoided relegation that season, and in March 1989 signed Gordon Strachan from Manchester United for £300,000. The Scottish midfielder was named captain, and helped Leeds win the Second Division in 1989–90 and gain promotion back to the First Division.[12] Under Wilkinson Leeds finished fourth in 1990–91, and in the 1991–92 season they won the title. However, the 1992–93 season saw Leeds exiting the Champions League in the early stages, and eventually finishing 17th in the league, narrowly avoiding relegation. Wilkinson's Leeds were unable to provide any consistent challenge for honours, and his position was not helped by a poor display in the 1996 League Cup final which Leeds lost to Aston Villa. Leeds could only finish 13th in 1995–96, and after a 4–0 home defeat by Manchester United early in 1996–97, Wilkinson had his contract terminated. One of the legacies of Wilkinson and youth coach Paul Hart was the development of Leeds United's youth academy, which has produced numerous talented footballers over the years.

text: 1997–2001: Graham and O'Leary[edit]

text: Leeds appointed George Graham as Wilkinson's successor. This appointment was controversial as Graham had previously received a one-year ban from The Football Association for receiving illegal payments from a football agent.[13] Graham made some astute purchases and also helped blood youngsters from Leeds' successful youth cup winning side. By the end of the 1997–98 season, Leeds had qualified for the following season's UEFA Cup. In October 1998, Graham left to become manager of Tottenham Hotspur, and Leeds opted to replace him with assistant manager David O'Leary.

text: Under O'Leary and assistant Eddie Gray, Leeds never finished outside the top five in the Premier League, and secured qualification for both the UEFA Cup and the UEFA Champions League, enjoying cup runs to the semi-finals of both competitions. However, during the same period, the team's image was tarnished when players Jonathan Woodgate and Lee Bowyer were involved in an incident that left an Asian student in hospital with severe injuries. The resulting court case took nearly two years to resolve; Bowyer was cleared, but Woodgate convicted of affray and sentenced to community service. Additionally, in the UEFA Cup semi-final against Galatasaray in Istanbul, two Leeds fans were stabbed to death before the game.[14][15]

text: 2001–2007: Financial implosion and relegation[edit]

text: Under chairman Peter Ridsdale, Leeds had taken out large loans against the prospect of the share of the TV rights and sponsorship revenues from UEFA Champions League qualification and subsequent progress in the competition. However, Leeds narrowly failed to qualify for the Champions League in two successive seasons, and as a consequence did not receive enough income to repay the loans. The first indication that the club was in financial trouble was the sale of Rio Ferdinand to Manchester United for approximately £30 million. Ridsdale and O'Leary publicly fell out over the sale, and O'Leary was sacked and replaced by former England manager Terry Venables. Leeds performed woefully under Venables, and other players were sold to repay the loans, including Jonathan Woodgate, who Ridsdale had promised Venables would not be sold. Tensions mounted between Ridsdale and Venables and with the team underachieving, Venables was sacked and replaced by Peter Reid. Ridsdale resigned from the Leeds board and was replaced by existing non-executive director Professor John McKenzie. At this time Leeds were in danger of relegation, but managed to avoid the drop in the penultimate game of the season, beating Arsenal 3–2 at Highbury with a late strike by Mark Viduka.

text: Reid was given a permanent contract at Leeds the following summer and brought in several players on loan. An unsuccessful start to the 2003–04 season saw Reid dismissed, and Eddie Gray took over as caretaker manager until the end of the season. An insolvency specialist, Gerald Krasner, led a consortium of local businessmen which took over Leeds and oversaw the sale of the club's assets, including senior and emerging youth players of any value. Leeds were relegated during the 2003–04 season.

text: Following relegation to the Championship, assistant manager Kevin Blackwell was appointed manager. Most of the remaining players were sold or released on free transfers to further reduce the high wage bill; Blackwell was forced to rebuild almost the entire squad through free transfers, and Leeds were forced to sell both their training ground and stadium in the autumn of 2004.[16][17]

text: The board finally sold the club to Ken Bates for £10 million.[18] Under Blackwell, Leeds reached the Championship play-off final, which they lost to Watford.[19] With the team performing poorly, Blackwell's contract was terminated, and Leeds hired John Carver as caretaker manager, but his spell was not a success and he was relieved of his duties, with Dennis Wise eventually installed as his replacement. Wise was unable to lift the team out of the relegation zone for much of the season, despite bringing in a number of experienced loan players and free transfers on short-term deals. With relegation virtually assured, Leeds entered administration on 4 May 2007, thus incurring a league-imposed 10-point deduction that officially relegated the club to the third tier of English football;[20][21] the club had previously never played any lower than the second tier. The players whom Wise had brought in were released; he was forced to build a squad almost from scratch, and because of administration Leeds were unable to sign any players until a few days before the opening game of the season.

text: 2007–2010: League One[edit]

text: On 3 July 2007, HM Revenue & Customs lodged a legal challenge to Leeds' Creditors' Voluntary Agreement (CVA).[22] Under league rules, if the club were still in administration at the start of the following season, Leeds would have been prevented from starting their campaign by the Football League.[23][24] Following the challenge by HMRC, the club was put up for sale by KPMG,[25] and again Ken Bates's bid was accepted.[26] The League eventually sanctioned this under the "exceptional circumstances rule" but imposed a 15-point deduction due to the club failing to exit administration with a CVA, as the Football League rules required.[27] On 31 August 2007, HMRC decided not to pursue its legal challenge any further.[28]

text: Despite the 15-point deduction, Wise and his assistant Gus Poyet guided Leeds to a playoff position, only for Poyet to leave for Tottenham, and Wise quitting to take up a position at Newcastle United.[29] Wise was replaced by former club captain Gary McAllister.[30] Leeds went on to secure a place in the play-off final, but were beaten by Doncaster Rovers. The following season saw a poor run of results, and McAllister was sacked after a run of five defeats in a row. McAllister was replaced by Simon Grayson, who resigned from his post as manager of Blackpool to take the position.[31] Under Grayson, Leeds made the play-offs once again, but were beaten over the two legs of the semi-finals by Millwall.

text: In the 2009–10 season, Leeds secured the best start ever to a season by a Leeds side, and caused a major upset in the third round of the FA Cup by beating Manchester United at Old Trafford.[32] After the impressive run in the FA Cup, Leeds' league form suffered, with the team taking just seven points from a possible 24. However, the team rallied and Leeds won their final game of the season to confirm promotion to the Championship.

text: 2010–2014: Return to the Championship[edit]

text: Leeds spent much of the 2010–11 season in the playoff places, but eventually finished in seventh place, just missing out on the playoffs.

text: In May 2011, it was announced that Leeds chairman Ken Bates had bought the club and become the owner of Leeds.[33] Before the match against Middlesbrough, about 300 Leeds fans protested about what they saw as a lack of investment in the playing side, to which Bates responded by calling the protesters "morons".[34]

text: Despite securing promotion to the Championship, Grayson was sacked after failing to mount a consistent challenge for promotion to the Premier League.[35] Neil Warnock was appointed as the club's new manager on 18 February, with his initial contract lasting until the end of the 2012–13 season.[36]

text: On 21 November 2012, Middle East-based private equity group GFH Capital finalised a deal for a protracted takeover of Leeds, gaining a 100% shareholding in the club. It was also announced Ken Bates would remain as chairman until the end of the 2012–13 season and then become club president.[37] The takeover was officially completed on 21 December 2012.[38]

text: Despite runs to the quarter-finals of the League Cup and the fifth round of the FA Cup (albeit with both runs ending in five-goal thrashings, by Chelsea and Manchester City respectively), Leeds's league form in the 2012–13 season was generally mediocre, with the club never making any real challenge for the play-off places. Warnock resigned with six games remaining, and Leeds just five points above the relegation zone.[39] Brian McDermott replaced Warnock, and the club won three of their final five games of the season, enough to avoid relegation. That summer, Bates stepped down as chairman, and ultimately left the club altogether a few weeks later following a dispute over expenses.

text: On 7 January 2014, Leeds United's managing director David Haigh was involved in Sport Capital, a consortium involving the managing director of Leeds United's main sponsors, Enterprise Insurance, Andrew Flowers. Sports Capital came close to completing a transaction with GFH Capital that would have given them a 75% stakehold in the business.[40]

text: On 30 January, Sport Capital's takeover collapsed due to a lack of "financial backing". Haigh released a statement conceding that it was unable to complete a deal despite two months ago agreeing to purchase a 75% stake in the club from the owners Gulf Finance House. Haigh said he and Sport Capital had "injected substantial sums into the club to ensure its viability" but earlier in the week fellow consortium member Andrew Flowers, the managing director of Leeds's shirt sponsor Enterprise Insurance, stated that GFH had "breached their covenant with us" after inviting a rival bid from Massimo Cellino, the president of the Serie A club Cagliari Calcio.[41] Haigh's statement on his personal website read:

text: We [Sport Capital] signed a share acquisition agreement with GFH Capital at the end of last year. This meant, I believed, that we were in a position to move things forward and complete the transaction in time for the January transfer window. Unfortunately, however, some of the consortium's backers ultimately didn't feel able to deliver the financial backing we had hoped was agreed to take the club forward. I have met many, many potential investors over the past year and, sadly, while many are keen to talk the talk, they have been unable or unwilling to deliver in financial terms.[42]

text: On 31 January 2014, under controversial circumstances, it was reported that manager Brian McDermott had been removed from his position as the club's manager following a string of poor results, while the controversy surrounding the club was resolved.[43] New club captain Ross McCormack expressed his support for the former manager.[44] By 3 February the BBC was reporting that McDermott had been called by a lawyer representing Massimo Cellino "and told he had been relieved of his duties". However, Cellino still did not own the club, as the Football League had not yet approved his purchase, so neither he nor his lawyer could sack the manager. McDermott, therefore, remained in his post.[45]

text: After weeks of speculation regarding the purchase of Leeds United,[46] on 7 February 2014, Leeds United had announced that they had exchanged contracts for the sale of Leeds to Cellino's family consortium Eleonora Sport Ltd. The deal saw the Cellino family acquire a 75% ownership of the club, subject to Football League Approval.[47]

text: At its meeting on 23 March 2014, the board of the Football League decided unanimously that Cellino's conviction by an Italian court meant that he did not meet its owners and directors test, so could not take over Leeds United.[48]

text: In the backdrop of Cellino's takeover, Leeds suffered an appalling second half of the season, dropping from the play-off places to the fringes of the relegation battle. In the end, the weak performances of the teams below Leeds meant that they were never in any real danger of going down, and a late run of wins put survival beyond doubt well before the end of the season. However, McDermott still resigned his position a few weeks after the season ended.

text: 2014–2017: The Cellino era[edit]

text: On 5 April, Cellino was successful in his appeal with independent QC Tim Kerr to take over the club.[49] The takeover was completed on 10 April, with Cellino's company, Eleonora Sport Limited, buying 75% of the club's shares.[50] Two months later, the inexperienced Dave Hockaday was surprisingly appointed head coach, with Junior Lewis hired as his assistant.[51] After only 70 days, the pair were fired by Cellino.[52][53] Darko Milanič was given the head coach position in September 2014, but left the club the following month.[54][55] On 1 November 2014, Neil Redfearn was confirmed as the new head coach.[56]

text: On 1 December 2014, Cellino was disqualified by the Football League after it obtained documents from an Italian court, where he was found guilty of tax evasion.[57] He was disqualified from running the club until 10 April 2015, and on 24 February 2015, Cellino announced he would not be returning to the club after his ban ended.[58] Redfearn was replaced by Uwe Rosler as head coach in the summer of 2015, but Rosler was himself replaced by Steve Evans after only a few months in the role.

text: On 30 October 2015, Cellino agreed a deal in principle with Leeds Fans Utd to sell a majority stake in the club.[59][60] When asked to legally commit to an exclusivity period to allow due diligence to commence, he reneged.[61]

text: On 2 June 2016 Garry Monk was appointed as the new head coach, replacing Steve Evans.[62]

text: On 4 January 2017, Italian businessman Andrea Radrizzani purchased a 50% stake in the club from Massimo Cellino.[63]

text: At the close of the 2016/17 season, Leeds narrowly missed out on the Playoffs. Leeds had been in the Playoff positions for the majority of the season before a poor run of form in the final games saw them drop into seventh place. This was compounded by being knocked out in the Fourth Round of the F.A. Cup by non-league side Sutton United 1-0, who, at the time, were 84 places and 4 divisions below Leeds United.

text: 2017–: Radrizzani era[edit]

text: On 23 May 2017, Radrizzani announced the 100% buyout of Leeds United, buying the remaining 50% shares from previous Co-Owner Massimo Cellino, with Radrizzani taking full ownership of the club.[64] Garry Monk resigned as head coach two days after the takeover, after one season at the club guiding them to 7th place.[65] Then in June 2017, former Spain international Thomas Christiansen was announced as the new Head Coach of Leeds, joining from APOEL.[66] Followed by Radrizzani introducing Leeds United Ladies back to Leeds United ownership.[67] Also in June, Radrizzani completed the purchase of Elland Road, returning the stadium freehold to the club which had not been separate since 2004.[68]

text: In January 2018, Leeds announced an official partnership with Aspire Academy in Qatar.[69] Aspire own Spanish team Cultural Leonesa who saw Leeds players Yosuke Ideguchi and Ouasim Bouy both join them on loan as part of the partnership.[70] On 4 February 2018, Thomas Christiansen was sacked after a bad run of games (not a single win since Boxing Day 2017 across all competitions) leaving the team 10th in the Championship table. On 6 February, Paul Heckingbottom was confirmed as Christiansen’s replacement, just four days after signing a new contract at Barnsley

text: On 24 April, it was announced that Leeds United would go on tour in Myanmar in the post-season following the 2017-18 campaign and despite the 2017 Rohingya persecution, which has been described by the UN as ethnic cleansing,[71] two games took place.[72]

text: On 24 May 2018, Leeds announced that 49ers Enterprises had bought shares in the club to become a minority investor, the 49ers Enterprises is the business arm of the NFL side San Francisco 49ers owned by Denise DeBartolo York, Jed York and John York.[2]

text: Heckingbottom was sacked by Leeds on 1 June 2018 after being at the club for just four months.[73] Argentine manager Marcelo Bielsa was named the clubs new Head Coach on 15 June to replace Paul Heckingbottom, signing a 2 year contract with option of a 3rd year, after two weeks of negotiations with the club. In doing so he became the highest paid manager in Leeds United history.[74][75]

text: Colours and badge[edit]

text: Colours[edit]

text: In Leeds's first 15 years, the club kit was modelled on Huddersfield Town's blue and white striped shirts, white shorts and dark blue socks with blue and white rings on the turnovers,[76][77] because Huddersfield's chairman Hilton Crowther was attempting to merge the two clubs.[77] He eventually left Huddersfield to take over at Leeds.

text: In 1934, Leeds switched to blue and yellow halved shirts incorporating the city crest, white shorts and blue socks with yellow tops.[77] The kit was worn for the first time on 22 September 1934.[77] In 1950, Leeds switched to yellow shirts with blue sleeves and collars, white shorts and black, blue and gold hooped socks. In 1955, Leeds changed again to royal blue shirts with gold collars, white shorts, and blue and yellow hooped socks, thus echoing the original Leeds City strip.[77] In 1961, Don Revie introduced a plain white strip throughout, in the hope of emulating Spanish side Real Madrid.

text: Badge[edit]

text: The club adopted their first badge in 1934, using the city crest as Leeds City had, which survived in various guises until 1961.[78] A perching owl was added to the strip in 1964 as the club's emblem. The design was a surprise, given Revie's superstition about the symbolism of birds. The owl badge came from the city crest, which itself was based on the crest of Sir John Saville, the first alderman of Leeds. The owl was normally navy blue, but was coloured gold in the 1968 Football League Cup Final.[78] In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Leeds used the LUFC script found running down the centre of the current badge. However, this was presented in a diagonal fashion rather than the current vertical.

text: In 1973 came the embodiment of 1970s imagery, with the iconic LU smiley badge. Revie's predilection for gimmicks was years ahead of its time, and done with the explicit intention of gaining acceptance from a public outside West Yorkshire.[77] In 1977, the smiley badge was reversed from yellow with a blue smiley to blue with a yellow smiley; the following year it was back to yellow but enclosed, in a circle with the words Leeds United AFC surrounding it.

text: In 1978–79, a new badge was worn that was similar to the previous season's smiley but had the design of a peacock. In 1984, another badge was introduced, lasting until 1998, making it the longest lived of the modern era. The rose and ball badge was distinctive, in the traditional blue, gold and white, incorporating the White Rose of York, together with the club's name, and a football in the core section: a truncated icosahedron similar to the Adidas Telstar but in Leeds' colours white and yellow.[78]

text: In the 1998–99 season, the club logo changed again with some modifications of the previous version. It again featured the white rose and was blue, gold and white in colour, reading "LUFC" vertically down the centre.[4] The current badge was officially adopted in 1999 when the football from the 1984 badge was added to the centre of the rose.[78]

text: The replacement to this badge, due to enter service for the 2018–19 season and drafted in time for Leeds' centenary year, was revealed on 24 January 2018, depicting the "Leeds Salute".[79] This new badge attracted criticism from huge numbers of fans,[80][81] resulting in an online petition over 77,000 signatures strong against the design's introduction.[82] The club then decided to "re-open the consultation process" in light of the poor reception the new crest engendered.[82]

text: Kit sponsors and manufacturers[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Year
Kit Manufacturer
Main Shirt Sponsor
Secondary Sponsor
Tertiary Sponsor

1972–1973
 Umbro
none
none
none

1973–1981
 Admiral

1981–1983
 Umbro
RFW

1983–1984
Systime

1984–1985
WKG

1985–1986
Lion Cabinets

1986–1989
Burton

1989–1991
Topman

1991–1992
Evening Post

1992–1993
 Admiral
Admiral

1993–1996
 ASICS
Thistle Hotels

1996–2000
 Puma
Packard Bell

2000–2003
 Nike
Strongbow

2003–2004
Whyte & Mackay

2004–2005
 Diadora
Rhodar

2005–2006
 Admiral

2006–2007
Bet 24
Empire Direct

2007–2008
Red Kite
OHS

2008–2011
 Macron
NetFlights.com

2011–2014
Enterprise Insurance

2014–2015
Help-Link

2015–2016
 Kappa
none

2016–
32Red
Clipper Logistics
Greenpeace

text: Stadium[edit]

text: Leeds United have only ever used one stadium as their home ground, Elland Road, where they have played since foundation in 1919. An all-seater football stadium situated in Beeston, Leeds, West Yorkshire, England, it is the 12th largest football stadium in England, and the fourth-largest ground outside the Premier League as of the 2016–17 season. Elland Road was previously occupied by their predecessors, Leeds City before their disbanding.[83] After their formation, the council allowed them to rent the stadium until they could afford to buy it. With the exception of periods from the 1960s until 1983, and from 1997 to 2004, the local council owned the stadium.[84] However, it was sold by the club in October 2004, with a 25-year sale-leaseback deal being agreed, and a commercial buy-back clause also included for when the club's finances improve sufficiently.

text: Initially the ground was the home of the Holbeck Rugby Club, which played in the Northern Rugby Union, the forerunner of the Rugby Football League.[85] One of Leeds' first nicknames, 'The Peacocks', comes from the original name of Elland Road – 'The Old Peacock ground'. It was named by the original owners of the ground, Bentley's Brewery, after its pub The Old Peacock, which still faces the site.[86] The newly formed Leeds City agreed to rent and later own Elland Road. After their disbandment, it was sold to Leeds United. The most recent stand at Elland Road is the East, or Family, Stand, a cantilever structure completed during the 1992–93 season that can hold 17,000 seated spectators. It is a two-tiered stand that continues around the corners and is the largest part of the stadium. The Don Revie Stand was opened at the start of the 1994–95 season, and can hold just under 7,000 seated spectators.[specify] The roof of the West Stand holds a television commentary gantry and walkway for TV personnel. Elland Road was named in December 2009 as one of the contenders for the England 2018 World Cup bid. As a result of the bid, Leeds drew up plans to redevelop parts of Elland Road and increase the stadium's capacity. Ken Bates also revealed plans to take out the executive boxes out of the South Stand to increase the starting capacity by a further 2,000–3,000. More executive boxes would be built in the east stand.

text: Sir Alex Ferguson has said that Elland Road has one of the most intimidating atmospheres in European football.[87]

text: A statue for legendary Captain Billy Bremner was unviled outside the stadium in 1999 in the area known as 'Bremner Square'.[88] Then a bronze statue for Leeds' most successful manager Don Revie was also unveiled in 2012, celebrating the 40th anniversary of the club winning the FA Cup.[89] As part of the renovation towards the Bremner statue in the summer of the 2018, 'Bremner Square XI' was announced[90], which featured 10 further 'legendary Leeds players' who will have engraved stones featuring the legends keys stats and achievements during their careers with Leeds United.[91]

text: On 28 June 2017, new Leeds owner Andrea Radrizzani completed the purchase of Elland Road, making the stadium property of Leeds United for the first time since 2004.[92] In July 2018, Elland Road was voted 'Best Ground In the Championship' by football supporters.[93]

text: Supporters[edit]

text: Peter Reid commented after being relieved of his managerial duties at Elland Road that "In 30 years I've never seen support like I did at the Arsenal game [at Elland Road] a couple of weeks ago. The fans at Leeds are fantastic."[94] Reid was also joined by two other previous managers on the eve of Leeds's first appearance in the third tier. Reid said that "the support is fantastic" and "incredible", Kevin Blackwell said "fans will follow them everywhere" and David O'Leary commented "There is an immense fan base and they are still with the club".[95]

text: The supporters are renowned for singing the signature song "Marching On Together" during matches. Other notable songs Leeds fans sing during games are "We Are The Champions, Champions Of Europe" (more commonly known as WACCOE) in reference to the 1975 European Cup Final which Leeds lost due to dubious refereeing decisions. Leeds United fans also have their own salute.[96] Leeds are 10th in the all-time average attendance figures for the Football League and Premier League.[97] They have the third most rivalries in the English League[98] and were, allegedly, the most hated club in English football as of the start of the 2008–09 season.[99]

text: An LGBT fans' group was formed in 2017 and will sit on the club's Supporters' Advisory Group.[100]

text: Rivalries[edit]

text: Leeds United have rivalries with several clubs, including local rivalries with Sheffield Wednesday, Sheffield United, Bradford City and Huddersfield Town, and national rivalries with Manchester United, Chelsea and Millwall. A rivalry with Turkish club Galatasaray was created after two Leeds fans were murdered by Galatasaray supporters before a UEFA Cup fixture in April 2000.[101] When former Leeds player Harry Kewell moved to Galatasaray in 2008, it caused uproar with Leeds supporters.[102][103][104]

text: Media[edit]

text: Leeds United owned their own radio station, Yorkshire Radio, which broadcast on DAB Digital Radio and LUTV, before being closed in July 2013 by new owners GFH Capital, after outgoing president Ken Bates left the club.[105] LUTV is the club's own internet television channel, and is available to watch online via a mix of freeview and a subscription service.[106] It features a daily news programme, player and staff interviews, match highlights (of the first team, the development squad and the under 18s) and live commentary of all Leeds matches by Thom Kirwin and former player and manager Eddie Gray. Alternative commentary is broadcast on BBC Radio Leeds by Adam Pope and co-commentator Noel Whelan.[107]

text: The club also published its own magazine, Leeds, Leeds, Leeds, which was first produced in 1998. In recent years, the magazine was taken out of circulation in newsagents and supermarkets, and so was only available to official club members by mail or by purchase in the official club shop. The magazine ceased publication in 2011.

text: After the takeover by GFH Capital, Leeds introduced a Leeds United official Twitter feed to help interact via social media.[108] GFH Capital also expanded the club's Facebook page and introduced Instagram accounts and further official Twitter pages for commercial ventures. The club also re-branded and re-designed the official club website in August 2013, with an integrated LUTV facility. The club also has an official Snapchat account too.

text: In October 2014, it was revealed that Ken Bates-owned radio station Radio Yorkshire would broadcast Leeds United games, thus sharing broadcasting rights with BBC Radio Leeds and LUTV for live matchday commentary of all Leeds United first team games.

text: Music[edit]

text: In April 1972, the Leeds squad released a single, "Leeds United" with the B-side being "Leeds! Leeds! Leeds!" (commonly known as "Marching On Together"). It was issued to coincide with the team reaching the 1972 FA Cup Final; the vocals on the original recording were by the Leeds team. The record reached number 10 in the UK singles chart.[109] After Leeds's promotion back to the Championship in May 2010, the song was digitally re-mastered and re-released in an effort to get the song into the UK singles chart. By 4 pm on Monday, the song was already at eighth in the iTunes store charts and top of both the Amazon.com and Play.com singles charts. On the Official Chart Company's Official Chart Update the song charted at 10 (for the second time in its history) and was the highest new entry apart from B.o.B's "Nothin' on You". Whilst it is not officially the club anthem, "Marching On Together" is played before every home game. Unlike many football songs that are just new words set to existing music, "Leeds Leeds Leeds" is an original composition by Les Reed and Barry Mason, written especially for Leeds United.

text: For many years, "Strings for Yasmin" by Tin Tin Out was played before kick-off at Elland Road; it was replaced in the 2008–09 season with "Eye of the Tiger" by Survivor and in the 2009–10 season with "Dance of the Knights", composed by Sergei Prokofiev. "Nightmare" by Brainbug is currently played before the start of the second half.

text: Players[edit]

text: Current squad[edit]

text: Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

text:
No.

Position

Player

1

GK

Bailey Peacock-Farrell

2

DF

Luke Ayling (vice-captain)

3

DF

Barry Douglas

4

MF

Adam Forshaw

6

DF

Liam Cooper (captain)

7

FW

Kemar Roofe

9

FW

Patrick Bamford

10

MF

Ezgjan Alioski

11

FW

Tyler Roberts

13

GK

Will Huffer

14

MF

Samuel Sáiz

15

MF

Stuart Dallas

18

DF

Pontus Jansson

19

MF

Pablo Hernández

20

DF

Tom Pearce

No.

Position

Player

22

MF

Jack Harrison (on loan from Manchester City)

23

MF

Kalvin Phillips

27

GK

Jamal Blackman (on loan from Chelsea)

28

DF

Gaetano Berardi

34

MF

Lewis Baker (on loan from Chelsea)

35

DF

Conor Shaughnessy

39

FW

Ryan Edmondson

41

FW

Sam Dalby

42

MF

Callum Nicell

43

MF

Mateusz Klich

44

DF

Hugo Díaz

46

MF

Jamie Shackleton

47

FW

Jack Clarke

48

MF

Jordan Stevens

50

DF

Pascal Struijk

text: Other players under contract[edit]

text:
No.

Position

Player

DF

Vurnon Anita

No.

Position

Player

MF

Eunan O'Kane

text: Out on loan[edit]

text:
No.

Position

Player

FW

Paweł Cibicki (on loan to Molde FK until 31 December 2018)

DF

Lewie Coyle (on loan to Fleetwood Town until 1 January 2019)

DF

Liam Kitching (on loan to Harrogate Town until 2 January 2019)

FW

Mallik Wilks (on loan to Doncaster Rovers until 2 January 2019)

DF

Laurens De Bock (on loan to KV Oostende until 31 May 2019)

DF

Tyler Denton (on loan to Peterborough United until 31 May 2019)

DF

Oriol Rey (on loan to UB Conquense until 31 May 2019)[112]

No.

Position

Player

DF

Paudie O'Connor (on loan to Blackpool until 31 May 2019)

MF

Ouasim Bouy (on loan to PEC Zwolle until 31 May 2019)

MF

Yōsuke Ideguchi (on loan to Greuther Fürth until 31 May 2019)

MF

Hadi Sacko (on loan to Las Palmas until 31 May 2019)

FW

Adrián Balboa (on loan to Terrassa FC until 31 May 2019)[113]

FW

Jay-Roy Grot (on loan to VVV-Venlo until 31 May 2019)

FW

Alex Machuca (on loan to Burgos CF until 31 May 2019)[114]

text: Retired numbers[edit]

text: On 15 May 2014, Leeds United retired the number 17 shirt due to then-owner Massimo Cellino's superstitious beliefs. Up until June 2014, the last occupant of the shirt had been Michael Brown.[115]

text: Reserves and Youth Team[edit]

text: Notable players[edit]

text: First team staff[edit]

text:
Position

Staff

Head Coach
 Marcelo Bielsa[116]

Assistant Head Coach
 Pablo Quiroga[117]

Assistant Head Coach
 Diego Reyes[117]

Assistant Head Coach
 Diego Flores[117]

First Team Coach & Development Squad Manager
 Carlos Corberán[117]

Translator
 Salim Lamrani[117]

Goalkeeper Coach
 Marcos Abad[117]

Performance Analyst
 Jorge García Valera[117]

Performance Analyst
 Chris Meek

text: Last updated: 18 June 2018Source:Leeds United and Yorkshire Evening Post

text: Medical team[edit]

text:
Position

Staff

Head of Medicine and Performance
 Rob Price[118]

Fitness Coach
 Rubén Crespo[119]

Fitness Coach
 Benoit Delaval[117]

Sports Scientist
 Tom Robinson[120]

Performance Nutritionist
 Nessan Costello

Head Physio
 Henry McStay[121]

Assistant Physio
 Daryl Carter

Sports Massage Therapist
 Paul Evans[122]

text: Scouting team[edit]

text:
Position

Staff

Head of European Recruitment
 Gaby Ruiz[123]

Head of Football Development (Asia)
 Toshiya Fujita[123]

Head of Emerging Talent
 Craig Dean[124]

Scout
 Dani Salas[123]

Scout
 Paco Peral[123]

Recruitment Analyst
 Alex Davies[123]

Recruitment Analyst
 Andrea Iore[123]

text: Last updated: 15 May 2018Source:Yorkshire Evening Post

text: Under 23s and Academy staff[edit]

text: Directors and backroom staff[edit]

text: Owners and directors[edit]

text:
Leeds United Football Club Limited ('LUFC') Owners

 Aser Group Holding (90% shares)

Leeds United Football Club Limited ('LUFC') Owners

 49ers Enterprises (10% shares)

Patron

 Patricia Lascelles, The Countess of Harewood (Posthumous)

Chairman / Owner

 Andrea Radrizzani

Chief Executive

 Angus Kinnear

Director

 Iván Bravo

Director

 Paraag Marathe

Director

 Andre Tegner

Director of Football

 Victor Orta

Executive Director

 Paul Bell

text: Last updated: 01 May 2018Source:Leeds United Official Website

text: League history[edit]

text:
1920–1924: Division 2
1924–1927: Division 1
1927–1928: Division 2
1928–1931: Division 1
1931–1932: Division 2
1932–1947: Division 1
1947–1956: Division 2
1956–1960: Division 1

1960–1964: Division 2
1964–1982: Division 1
1982–1990: Division 2
1990–1992: Division 1
1992–2004: Premier League
2004–2007: Championship
2007–2010: League One
2010 – present: Championship

text: Manager/Head Coach history[edit]

text:
1919–20 Dick Ray
1920–27 Arthur Fairclough
1927–35 Dick Ray
1935–47 Billy Hampson
1947–48 Willis Edwards
1948–53 Frank Buckley
1953–58 Raich Carter
1958–59 Bill Lambton
1959–61 Jack Taylor
1961–74 Don Revie
1974000 Brian Clough
1974–78 Jimmy Armfield
1978000 Jock Stein
1978–80 Jimmy Adamson
1980–82 Allan Clarke
1982–85 Eddie Gray
1985–88 Billy Bremner
1988–96 Howard Wilkinson
1996–98 George Graham
1998–02 David O'Leary

2002–03 Terry Venables
2003000 Peter Reid
2003–04 Eddie Gray
2004–06 Kevin Blackwell
2006000 John Carver
2006–08 Dennis Wise
2008000 Gary McAllister
2008–12 Simon Grayson
2012000 Neil Redfearn
2012–13 Neil Warnock
2013000 Neil Redfearn
2013–14 Brian McDermott
2014000 Dave Hockaday
2014000 Darko Milanič
2014–15 Neil Redfearn
2015000 Uwe Rösler
2015–16 Steve Evans
2016–17 Garry Monk
2017–18 Thomas Christiansen
2018 Paul Heckingbottom
2018—— Marcelo Bielsa (Current)

text: Club honours[edit]

text: English leagues[edit]

text:
Football League First Division/Premier League
Champions (3): 1968–69, 1973–74, 1991–92
Runners Up (5): 1964–65, 1965–66, 1969–
70, 1970–71, 1971–72
Football League Second Division/Championship
Champions (3): 1923–24, 1963–64, 1989–90
Runners Up (3): 1927–28, 1931–32, 1955–56
Play-off Runners Up (2): 1986–87, 2005–06
Football League Third Division/League One
Runners Up (1): 2009–10
Play-off Runners Up (1): 2007–08

text: English cups[edit]

text:
FA Cup
Winners (1): 1971–72
Runners Up (3): 1964–65, 1969–70, 1972–73
Football League Cup
Winners (1): 1967–68
Runners Up (1): 1995–96
FA Charity Shield/Community Shield
Winners (2): 1969, 1992
Runners Up (1): 1974

text: European competition[edit]

text:
European Cup/Champions League
Runners Up (1): 1974–75
UEFA Cup Winners Cup
Runners Up (1): 1972–73
Inter-Cities Fairs Cup
Winners (2): 1967–68, 1970–71
Runners Up (1): 1966–67
Trophy Play-Off Runner Up: 1971–72

text: Personnel honours[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: English Football Hall of Fame[edit]

text: The following have either played for or managed Leeds and have been inducted into the English Football Hall of Fame :

text:
Players

 Eric Cantona (2002 Inaugural Inductee)
 John Charles (2002 Inaugural Inductee)
 Billy Bremner (2004 Inductee)
 Jack Charlton (2005 Inductee)
 Ian Rush (2006 Inductee)
 Johnny Giles (2010 Inductee)
 Eddie Gray (2013 Inductee)
 Denis Irwin (2016 Inductee)
 Rio Ferdinand (2016 Inductee)
 David Seaman (2016 Inductee)
 Gary Speed (2017 Inductee)

Managers

 Brian Clough (2002 Inaugural Inductee)
 Don Revie (2004 Inductee)
 Terry Venables (2007 Inductee)
 Jimmy Armfield (2008 Inductee)

text: Scottish Football Hall of Fame[edit]

text: The following have either played for or managed Leeds and have been inducted into the Scottish Football Hall of Fame :

text:
Players

 Billy Bremner (2004 Inaugural Inductee)
 Joe Jordan (2005 Inductee)
 Gordon Strachan (2007 Inductee)
 Gordon McQueen (2012 Inductee)
 Eddie Gray (2013 Inductee)
 Peter Lorimer (2014 Inductee)
 Gary McAllister (2016 Inductee)
 John McGovern (2017 Inductee)

Managers

 Jock Stein (2004 Inaugural Inductee)

text: Welsh Sports Hall of Fame[edit]

text: The following have played for Leeds and have been inducted into the Welsh Sports Hall of Fame :

text:
Players

 John Charles (1993 Inductee)
 Ian Rush (2001 Inductee)
 Gary Speed (2016 Inductee)
 Terry Yorath (2017 Inductee)

text: European Hall of Fame[edit]

text: The following have played for Leeds and have been inducted into the European Hall of Fame :

text:
Players

 John Charles

Managers

 Brian Clough

text: Football League 100 Legends[edit]

text: The following have played for Leeds and were included in the Football League 100 Legends :

text:
Wilf Copping
 John Charles
 Johnny Giles
 Billy Bremner
 Norman Hunter
 Ian Rush
 Eric Cantona

text: FWA Player of the Year[edit]

text:
The following have won the Football Writers' Association Footballer of the Year award whilst playing for Leeds :

1965  Bobby Collins
1967  Jack Charlton
1970  Billy Bremner
1991  Gordon Strachan

text: PFA Players' Player of the Year[edit]

text:
The following have won the PFA Players' Player of the Year award whilst playing for Leeds :

1974  Norman Hunter

text: PFA Young Player of the Year[edit]

text:
The following have won the PFA Young Player of the Year award whilst playing for Leeds :

2000  Harry Kewell

text: PFA Team of the Year[edit]

text:
The following have been included in the PFA Team of the Year whilst playing for Leeds :

1974  Paul Madeley,  Norman Hunter,  Billy Bremner,  Johnny Giles,  Allan Clarke (First Division)
1975  Paul Madeley,  Gordon McQueen,  Duncan McKenzie (First Division)
1976  Paul Madeley,  Duncan McKenzie (First Division)
1979  Tony Currie (First Division)
1986  Ian Snodin (Second Division)
1987  John Sheridan (Second Division)
1988  John Sheridan (Second Division)
1989  John Sheridan (Second Division)
1990  Chris Fairclough,  Gordon Strachan, (Second Division)
1991  Gordon Strachan (First Division)
1992  Gary McAllister (First Division)
1993  Tony Dorigo,  Gary Speed (Premiership)
1994  Gary Kelly,  Gary McAllister (Premiership)
1999  Nigel Martyn (Premiership)
2000  Ian Harte,  Gary Kelly,  Harry Kewell,  Nigel Martyn (Premiership)
2002  Rio Ferdinand (Premiership)
2006  Gary Kelly (Championship)
2008  Jermaine Beckford (League One)
2009  Fabian Delph (League One)
2010  Patrick Kisnorbo,  Robert Snodgrass (League One)
2014  Ross McCormack (Championship)
2017  Chris Wood (Championship) [127]

text: Football League awards[edit]

text:
The following have won the Football League's Player of the Year whilst playing for Leeds :

2008  Jermaine Beckford (League One)
The following have won the Football League's EFL League One Player of the Year at EFL Awards whilst playing for Leeds :

2010  Jermaine Beckford (League One)
The following have won the Football League's Young Player of the Year whilst playing for Leeds :

2009  Fabian Delph
2016  Lewis Cook
The following have won the Football League's Football League Championship Apprentice of the Year whilst playing for Leeds :

2015  Lewis Cook

text: Continent Player of the year[edit]

text: The following have played for Leeds United and been a recipient of a Footballer of the Year award, including the Ballon d'Or, African Footballer of the Year, Asian Footballer of the Year, South American Footballer of the Year, Oceania Footballer of the Year and CONCAF Player Of The Year

text:
2001 & 2002  El Hadji Diouf (African Footballer of the Year)
1996  Paul Okon (Oceania Footballer of the Year)
1999, 2001 & 2003  Harry Kewell (Oceania Footballer of the Year)
2000  Mark Viduka (Oceania Footballer of the Year)

text: Note:

text:
Eric Cantona  finished Ballon d'Or Third Place: 1993.[128]
Tony Yeboah  finished Runner Up 1993 and Third Place in 1992 for African Footballer of the Year

text: Goal of the season[edit]

text: The following have won the Goal of the Season award whilst playing for Leeds :

text:
1993–94  Rod Wallace
1995–96  Tony Yeboah

text: Premier League Golden Boot[edit]

text: The following have won the Golden Boot award whilst playing for Leeds :

text: 1998–99  Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink

text: EFL Championship Golden Boot[edit]

text: The following have won the EFL Championship Top Scorer award whilst playing for Leeds :

text:
2013-14  Ross McCormack
2016-17  Chris Wood

text: In popular culture[edit]

text:
The Damned Utd – A fictional best-selling novel by David Peace based on Brian Clough's tenure as manager of Leeds United.
The Damned United – A 2009 film based on the above novel.
The ground was featured at the end of an episode of BBC comedy series Porridge, when a released prisoner began to dig up the turf in the mistaken belief there was buried loot underneath. The Leeds team was also referred to in another episode as being "hard but fair".
The Penalty King – A 2006 film about a Leeds United fan who goes blind after an accident and uses the Legend of Billy Bremner as inspiration to take up football again.
Leeds United – A Song by Amanda Palmer.
Gary Speed – A Song by Lars Vaular.[129]
Paint It White: Following Leeds Everywhere and Leeds United: The Second Coat – bestselling books by Gary Edwards, a man who has missed only one game, including friendlies, since he started watching Leeds United in 1968.
English: Own Goal – A BBC Schools Drama set in and around Elland Road based around a group of children who tackle criminals forging fake shirts and tickets.[130]
Since the club's dramatic demise in the 2000s, the phrase "doing a Leeds" has entered English football terminology to refer to the potential pitfalls faced by any club due to over-spending or failing to qualify for the UEFA Champions' league.[131][132][133][134]


document_title: United States in World War I

question_text: who did the us fight in the first world war

text: United States in World War I

text: Entry[edit]

text: The American entry into World War I came in April 1917, after more than two and a half years of efforts by President Woodrow Wilson to keep the United States out of the war. Apart from an Anglophile element urging early support for the British, American public opinion reflected that of the president: the sentiment for neutrality was particularly strong among Irish Americans, German Americans and Scandinavian Americans,[2] as well as among church leaders and among women in general. On the other hand, even before World War I had broken out, American opinion had been more negative toward Germany than towards any other country in Europe.[3] Over time, especially after reports of atrocities in Belgium in 1914 and following the sinking of the passenger liner RMS Lusitania in 1915, the American people increasingly came to see Germany as the aggressor in Europe.

text: As U.S. President, it was Wilson who made the key policy decisions over foreign affairs: while the country was at peace, the domestic economy ran on a laissez-faire basis, with American banks making huge loans to Britain and France — funds that were in large part used to buy munitions, raw materials and food from across the Atlantic. Until 1917, Wilson made minimal preparations for a land war and kept the United States Army on a small peacetime footing, despite increasing demands for enhanced preparedness. He did however expand the United States Navy.

text: In 1917, with Russia experiencing political upheaval following widespread disillusionment there over the war, and with Britain and France low on credit, Germany appeared to have the upper hand in Europe,[4] while the Ottoman Empire clung to its possessions in the Middle East. In the same year, Germany decided to resume unrestricted submarine warfare against any vessel approaching British waters; this attempt to starve Britain into surrender was balanced against the knowledge that it would almost certainly bring the United States into the war. Germany also made a secret offer to help Mexico regain territories lost in the Mexican–American War in an encoded telegram known as the Zimmermann Telegram, which was intercepted by British Intelligence. Publication of that communique outraged Americans just as German U-boats started sinking American merchant ships in the North Atlantic. Wilson then asked Congress for "a war to end all wars" that would "make the world safe for democracy", and Congress voted to declare war on Germany on April 6, 1917.[5] On December 7, 1917, the U.S. declared war on Austria-Hungary.[6][7] U.S. troops began arriving on the Western Front in large numbers in 1918.

text: Neutrality[edit]

text: After the war began in 1914, the United States proclaimed a policy of neutrality despite president Woodrow Wilson's antipathies against Germany. Early in the war, the United States started to favor the British and their allies.[8] President Wilson aimed to broker a peace and sent his top aide, Colonel House, on repeated missions to the two sides, but each remained so confident of victory that they ignored peace proposals.

text: When the German U-boat U-20 sank the British liner Lusitania on 7 May 1915 with 128 US citizens aboard, Wilson said "America is too proud to fight" and demanded an end to attacks on passenger ships. Germany complied. Wilson repeatedly warned that the US would not tolerate unrestricted submarine warfare in violation of international law and of human rights.[citation needed] Wilson came under pressure from war hawks led by former president Theodore Roosevelt, who denounced German acts as "piracy",[9] and from British delegations under Cecil Spring Rice and Sir Edward Grey. Wilson realized he needed to enter the war in order to shape the peace; indeed in 1919 he was one of those who achieved the establishment of the League of Nations at the Paris Peace Conference.[10] Wilson's Secretary of State, William Jennings Bryan, whose pacifist goals Wilson ignored, resigned in frustration in June 1915. Public opinion reacted with outrage to suspected German sabotage of Black Tom in Jersey City, New Jersey on 30 July 1916, and to the Kingsland explosion on 11 January 1917 in present-day Lyndhurst, New Jersey.[11]

text: Public opinion[edit]

text: American public opinion was divided, with most Americans until early 1917 largely of the opinion that the United States should stay out of the war. Opinion changed gradually, partly in response to German actions in Belgium and the Lusitania, partly as German Americans lost influence, and partly in response to Wilson's position that America had to play a role to make the world safe for democracy.[12]

text: In the general public, there was little if any support for entering the war on the side of Germany. The great majority of German Americans, as well as Scandinavian Americans, wanted the United States to remain neutral; however, at the outbreak of war, thousands of US citizens had tried to enlist in the German army.[13][14] The Irish Catholic community, based in the large cities and often in control of the Democratic Party apparatus, was strongly hostile to helping Britain in any way, especially after the Easter uprising of 1916 in Ireland.[15] Most of the Protestant church leaders in the United States, regardless of their theology, favoured pacifistic solutions whereby the United States would broker a peace.[16] Most of the leaders of the women's movement, typified by Jane Addams, likewise sought pacifistic solutions.[17] The most prominent opponent of war was industrialist Henry Ford, who personally financed and led a peace ship to Europe to try to negotiate among the belligerents; no negotiations resulted.[18]

text: Britain had significant support among intellectuals, Yankees, and families with close ties to Britain.[19] The most prominent leader was Samuel Insull of Chicago, a leading industrialist who had emigrated from England. Insull funded many propaganda efforts, and financed young Americans who wished to fight by joining the Canadian military,[20] Canada at that time being a Dominion of the British Empire.[21]

text: Preparedness movement[edit]

text: By 1915, Americans were paying much more attention to the war. The sinking of the Lusitania aroused furious denunciations of German brutality.[citation needed] By 1915, in Eastern cities a new "Preparedness" movement emerged. It argued that the United States needed to build up immediately strong naval and land forces for defensive purposes; an unspoken assumption was that America would fight sooner or later. The driving forces behind Preparedness were all Republicans, notably General Leonard Wood, ex-president Theodore Roosevelt, and former secretaries of war Elihu Root and Henry Stimson; they enlisted many of the nation's most prominent bankers, industrialists, lawyers and scions of prominent families. Indeed, there emerged an "Atlanticist" foreign policy establishment, a group of influential Americans drawn primarily from upper-class lawyers, bankers, academics, and politicians of the Northeast, committed to a strand of Anglophile internationalism.[22]

text: The Preparedness movement had what political scientists call a "realism" philosophy of world affairs—they believed that economic strength and military muscle were more decisive than idealistic crusades focused on causes like democracy and national self-determination. Emphasizing over and over the weak state of national defences, they showed that the United States' 100,000-man Army even augmented by the 112,000-strong National Guard, was outnumbered 20 to one by the German army, similarly in 1915, the armed forces of Great Britain and the British empire, France, Russia, the Austro-Hungarian empire, Ottoman empire, Italy, Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, Belgium, Japan and Greece were all larger and more experienced than the United States military.[23]

text: They called for UMT or "universal military service" under which the 600,000 men who turned 18 every year would be required to spend six months in military training, and then be assigned to reserve units. The small regular army would primarily be a training agency. Public opinion, however, was not willing to go that far.[24]

text: Both the regular army and the Preparedness leaders had a low opinion of the National Guard, which it saw as politicized, provincial, poorly armed, ill trained, too inclined to idealistic crusading (as against Spain in 1898), and too lacking in understanding of world affairs. The National Guard on the other hand was securely rooted in state and local politics, with representation from a very broad cross section of the US political economy. The Guard was one of the nation's few institutions that (in some northern states) accepted black men on an equal footing with white men.

text: Democrats respond[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The Democratic party saw the Preparedness movement as a threat. Roosevelt, Root and Wood were prospective Republican presidential candidates. More subtly, the Democrats were rooted in localism that appreciated the National Guard, and the voters were hostile to the rich and powerful in the first place. Working with the Democrats who controlled Congress, Wilson was able to sidetrack the Preparedness forces. Army and Navy leaders were forced to testify before Congress to the effect that the nation's military was in excellent shape.

text: In reality, neither the US Army nor US Navy was in shape for war in terms of manpower, size, military hardware or experience. The Navy had fine ships but Wilson had been using them to threaten Mexico, and the fleet's readiness had suffered. The crews of the Texas and the New York, the two newest and largest battleships, had never fired a gun, and the morale of the sailors was low. The Army and Navy air forces were tiny in size. Despite the flood of new weapons systems unveiled in the war in Europe, the Army was paying scant attention. For example, it was making no studies of trench warfare, poison gas or tanks, and was unfamiliar with the rapid evolution of Aerial warfare. The Democrats in Congress tried to cut the military budget in 1915. The Preparedness movement effectively exploited the surge of outrage over the "Lusitania" in May 1915, forcing the Democrats to promise some improvements to the military and naval forces. Wilson, less fearful of the Navy, embraced a long-term building program designed to make the fleet the equal of the British Royal Navy by the mid-1920s, although this would not come to pass until after World War II.[25] "Realism" was at work here; the admirals were Mahanians and they therefore wanted a surface fleet of heavy battleships second to none—that is, equal to Great Britain. The facts of submarine warfare (which necessitated destroyers, not battleships) and the possibilities of imminent war with Germany (or with Britain, for that matter), were simply ignored.

text: Wilson's decision touched off a firestorm.[26] Secretary of War Lindley Garrison adopted many of the proposals of the Preparedness leaders, especially their emphasis on a large federal reserves and abandonment of the National Guard. Garrison's proposals not only outraged the provincial politicians of both parties, they also offended a strongly held belief shared by the liberal wing of the Progressive movement, that was, that warfare always had a hidden economic motivation. Specifically, they warned the chief warmongers were New York bankers (such as J. P. Morgan) with millions at risk, profiteering munition makers (such as Bethlehem Steel, which made armour, and DuPont, which made powder) and unspecified industrialists searching for global markets to control. Antiwar critics blasted them. These selfish special interests were too powerful, especially, Senator La Follette noted, in the conservative wing of the Republican Party. The only road to peace was disarmament in the eyes of many.

text: National debate[edit]

text: Garrison's plan unleashed the fiercest battle in peacetime history over the relationship of military planning to national goals. In peacetime, War Department arsenals and Navy yards manufactured nearly all munitions that lacked civilian uses, including warships, artillery, naval guns, and shells. Items available on the civilian market, such as food, horses, saddles, wagons, and uniforms were always purchased from civilian contractors.

text: Peace leaders like Jane Addams of Hull House and David Starr Jordan of Stanford University redoubled their efforts, and now turned their voices against the President because he was "sowing the seeds of militarism, raising up a military and naval caste." Many ministers, professors, farm spokesmen and labor union leaders joined in, with powerful support from a band of four dozen southern Democrats in Congress who took control of the House Military Affairs Committee. Wilson, in deep trouble, took his cause to the people in a major speaking tour in early 1916, a warm-up for his reelection campaign that fall.

text: Wilson seemed to have won over the middle classes, but had little impact on the largely ethnic working classes and the deeply isolationist farmers. Congress still refused to budge, so Wilson replaced Garrison as Secretary of War with Newton Baker, the Democratic mayor of Cleveland and an outspoken opponent of preparedness.[27] The upshot was a compromise passed in May 1916, as the war raged on and Berlin was debating whether America was so weak it could be ignored. The Army was to double in size to 11,300 officers and 208,000 men, with no reserves, and a National Guard that would be enlarged in five years to 440,000 men. Summer camps on the Plattsburg model were authorized for new officers, and the government was given $20 million to build a nitrate plant of its own. Preparedness supporters were downcast, the antiwar people were jubilant. The United States would now be too weak to go to war. Colonel Robert L. Bullard privately complained that "Both sides [Britain and Germany] treat us with scorn and contempt; our fool, smug conceit of superiority has been exploded in our faces and deservedly.".[28] The House gutted the naval plans as well, defeating a "big navy" plan by 189 to 183, and scuttling the battleships. The battle of Jutland (May 31/June 1, 1916) saw the main German High Seas Fleet engage in a monumental yet inconclusive clash with the far stronger Grand Fleet of the Royal Navy. Arguing this battle proved the validity of Mahanian doctrine, the navalists took control in the Senate, broke the House coalition, and authorized a rapid three-year buildup of all classes of warships.[citation needed] A new weapons system, naval aviation, received $3.5 million, and the government was authorized to build its own armour-plate factory. The very weakness of American military power encouraged Berlin to start its unrestricted submarine attacks in 1917. It knew this meant war with America, but it could discount the immediate risk because the US Army was negligible and the new warships would not be at sea until 1919 by which time the war would be over, Germany thought, with Germany victorious. The notion that armaments led to war was turned on its head: refusal to arm in 1916 led to war in 1917.

text: War declared[edit]

text: In January 1917, Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare. The German Foreign minister, Arthur Zimmermann invited revolution-torn Mexico to join the war as Germany's ally against the United States in the Zimmermann Telegram. In return, the Germans would send Mexico money and help it recover the territories of Texas, New Mexico and Arizona that Mexico lost during the Mexican–American War 70 years earlier.[29] British intelligence intercepted the telegram and passed the information on to Washington. Wilson released the Zimmerman note to the public and Americans saw it as a casus belli—a cause for war.

text: At first, Wilson tried to maintain neutrality while fighting off the submarines by arming American merchant ships with guns powerful enough to sink German submarines on the surface (but useless when the U-boats were under water). After submarines sank seven US merchant ships, Wilson finally went to Congress calling for a declaration of war on Germany, which Congress voted on April 6, 1917.[30]

text: As a result of the Russian February Revolution in 1917, the Tsar abdicated and was replaced by a Russian Provisional Government. This helped overcome Wilson's reluctance to having the US fight alongside a country ruled by an absolutist monarch. Pleased by the Provisional Government's pro-war stance, the US accorded the new government diplomatic recognition on March 9, 1917.[31]

text: Although the United States declared war on Germany on April 6, 1917, it did not initially declare war on the other Central Powers, a state of affairs that Woodrow Wilson described as an "embarrassing obstacle" in his State of the Union speech.[32] Congress declared war on the Austro-Hungarian Empire on December 7, 1917,[33] but never made declarations of war against the other Central Powers, Bulgaria, the Ottoman Empire or the various co-belligerents allied with the Central Powers.[34] Thus, the United States remained uninvolved in the military campaigns in central and eastern Europe, the Middle East, the Caucasus, North Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia and the Pacific.

text: Home front[edit]

text: The home front saw a systematic mobilization of the entire population and the entire economy to produce the soldiers, food supplies, munitions, and money needed to win the war. Although the United States entered the war in 1917, there had been very little planning, or even recognition of the problems that the British and other Allies had to solve on their home fronts. As a result, the level of confusion was high in the first 12 months, then efficiency took control.[35]

text: The war came in the midst of the Progressive Era, when efficiency and expertise were highly valued. Therefore, the federal government set up a multitude of temporary agencies with 500,000 to 1,000,000 new employees to bring together the expertise necessary to redirect the economy into the production of munitions and food necessary for the war, as well as for propaganda purposes.[36]

text: Food[edit]

text: The United States Food Administration under Herbert Hoover launched a massive campaign to teach Americans to economize on their food budgets and grow victory gardens in their backyards, where crops were grown for US soldiers. It managed the nation's food distribution and prices.[37]

text: Propaganda[edit]

text: Crucial to US participation was the sweeping domestic propaganda campaign executed by the Committee on Public Information, overseen by George Creel.[38] The campaign consisted of tens of thousands of government-selected community leaders giving brief carefully scripted pro-war speeches at thousands of public gatherings.[39][40] Along with other branches of government and private vigilante groups like the American Protective League, it also included the general repression and harassment of people either opposed to American entry into the war or of German heritage.[41] Rumors about a German induced attempt to start uprising among Black Americans caused a wave of lynchings to occur in the Southern United States.[42] Other forms of propaganda included newsreels, photos, large-print posters (designed by several well-known illustrators of the day, including Louis D. Fancher and Henry Reuterdahl), magazine and newspaper articles, and billboards.[43]

text: Children[edit]

text: The nation placed a great importance on the role of children, teaching them patriotism and national service and asking them to encourage war support and educate the public about the importance of the war. The Boy Scouts of America helped distribute war pamphlets, helped sell war bonds, and helped to drive nationalism and support for the war.[44]

text: Army and Navy[edit]

text: The United States as late as 1917 maintained only a small army, and smaller than thirteen of the nations and empires already active in the war. After the passage of the Selective Service Act in 1917, it drafted 4 million men into military service.[45] By the summer of 1918, about 2 million US soldiers had arrived in France, about half of whom eventually saw front-line service; by the Armistice of November 11 approximately 10,000 fresh soldiers were arriving in France daily.[46] In 1917, Congress gave US citizenship to Puerto Ricans when they were drafted to participate in World War I, as part of the Jones Act. In the end, Germany miscalculated the United States' influence on the outcome of the conflict, believing it would be many more months before US troops would arrive and overestimating the effectiveness of U-boats in slowing the American buildup.[47]

text: The United States Navy sent a battleship group to Scapa Flow to join with the British Grand Fleet, destroyers to Queenstown, Ireland and submarines to help guard convoys. Several regiments of Marines were also dispatched to France. The British and French wanted US units used to reinforce their troops already on the battle lines and not to waste scarce shipping on bringing over supplies. The US rejected the first proposition and accepted the second. General John J. Pershing, American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) commander, refused to break up US units to serve as mere reinforcements for British Empire and French units. As an exception, he did allow African-American combat regiments to fight in French divisions. The Harlem Hellfighters fought as part of the French 16th Division, earning a unit Croix de Guerre for their actions at Château-Thierry, Belleau Wood, and Séchault.[48]

text: Impact of US forces on the war[edit]

text: On the battlefields of France in spring 1918, the war-weary Allied armies enthusiastically welcomed the fresh American troops. They arrived at the rate of 10,000 a day,[46] at a time when the Germans were unable to replace their losses. The Americans won a victory at Cantigny, then again in defensive stands at Chateau-Thierry and Belleau Wood. The Americans helped the British Empire, French and Portuguese forces defeat and turned back the powerful final German offensive (Spring Offensive of March to July, 1918), and most importantly, the Americans played a role in the Allied final offensive (Hundred Days Offensive of August to November). However, many American commanders used the same flawed tactics which the British, French, Germans and others had abandoned early in the war, and so many American offensives were not particularly effective. Pershing continued to commit troops to these full- frontal attacks, resulting in high casualties against experienced veteran German and Austrian-Hungarian units. Nevertheless, the infusion of new and fresh US troops greatly strengthened the Allies' strategic position and boosted morale. The Allies achieved victory over Germany on November 11, 1918 after German morale had collapsed both at home and on the battlefield.[49][50]

text: After the war[edit]

text: Britain, France, Italy and America imposed severe economic penalties on Germany in the Treaty of Versailles, and both the British and French empires annexed former German and Ottoman Empire colonies in Africa, the Middle East and the Pacific. Russia was not involved in this because of their withdrawal from the war soon after the Russian revolution in 1917.[citation needed] The United States swiftly pulled its troops out of Europe after Germany had surrendered. Two thirds of the American soldiers participating in the war had returned back home already when the Treaty of Versailles was signed. Only a lone U.S. Army unit was left in the European soil at end of the decade.[51] The United States Senate did not ratify the Treaty of Versailles; instead, the United States signed separate peace treaties with Germany, Austria and Hungary in August 1921.[52] The Senate also refused to enter the newly created League of Nations on Wilson's terms, and Wilson rejected the Senate's compromise proposal.