document_title: 1960 Winter Olympics

question_text: who was in charge of the opening ceremonies in the 1960 winter olympics

text: 1960 Winter Olympics

text: Host city selection[edit]

text: Squaw Valley was a struggling ski resort with minimal facilities, which made its selection to host the 1960 Winter Olympics a surprise.[1][2] Wayne Poulsen and Alexander Cushing, who were inspired to an Olympic bid by a newspaper article mentioning that Reno, Nevada, and Anchorage, Alaska, had expressed interest in the Games.[1][3] Poulsen, president of the Squaw Valley Development Company, petitioned California Governor Goodwin Knight to support a bid to host the Olympic Games. Knight's administration agreed and recommended that the California Legislature appropriate $1,000,000 to the effort.[4] Based on the financial support received from the State of California, the United States Olympic Committee (USOC) approved the bid on January 7, 1955. Cushing and the USOC received a resolution passed by the United States Congress and signed by President Dwight Eisenhower, calling on the International Olympic Committee (IOC) to consider Squaw Valley's bid for the 1960 Games.[4] Preliminary reports were drafted and submitted to the IOC, which was considering bids from Innsbruck, Austria, St. Moritz, Switzerland and Chamonix, France.[2] Squaw Valley was provisionally awarded the right to host the Games, but IOC president Avery Brundage warned the Organizing Committee that unless more funds were secured by April 1956, the bid would be awarded to Innsbruck.[5] Another $4,000,000 were committed by the State Legislature, which met Brundage's requirements. On April 4, 1956, the right to host the 1960 Winter Olympics was officially awarded to Squaw Valley.[6] Competitors and officials from European nations were angered by the selection; they felt that the alpine ski courses were not up to specifications and that the altitude would prove too stressful on the athletes.[7]

text:
1960 Winter Olympics bidding results[8]

City/Site
Country
Round 1
Round 2

Squaw Valley
 United States
30
32

Innsbruck
 Austria
24
30

Garmisch-Partenkirchen
 West Germany
5
—

St. Moritz
  Switzerland
3
—

text: Organization[edit]

text: Squaw Valley in 1956 consisted of one chair lift, two rope tows, and a fifty-room lodge. Cushing presented the site as a blank canvas of unspoiled environment, where a world-class ski resort could be constructed.[2] The obscurity of the location was underscored at the closing ceremonies of the 1956 Winter Olympics. Traditionally the mayor of the current host city passes a flag to the mayor of the next host city signalling the transfer of the Games. Since Squaw Valley was an unincorporated village it had no city government. John Garland, an IOC member from California, was asked to stand in and received the flag from the mayor of Cortina d'Ampezzo.[2]

text: After winning the right to host the Games, the California Olympic Commission was formed.[9] They were given four years to build venues, an Olympic Village, and expand infrastructure. With the expansion of roads, bridges, water and electrical capacity the resort of Squaw Valley became the city of Squaw Valley. Hotels, restaurants, administration buildings, a Sheriff's office and a sewage pumping and treatment plant were all constructed to support the influx of visitors for the Games.[10] Organizers wanted the Olympics to be intimate with the venues close to one another.[7] The Blyth Memorial Ice Arena was built along with three outdoor skating rinks, a 400-meter speed skating oval and four dormitories to house athletes. One venue deemed impractical to build was the bobsled run. Organizers felt the lack of possible entrants and the high cost of building the run were sufficient deterrents to leave the bobsled events off the 1960 Olympic program.[9][11]

text: Several design innovations and new technologies were used for the 1960 Games. The speed skating, figure skating and ice hockey events were held on artificial ice for the first time in Olympic history. A refrigeration plant capable of heating 4,800 homes had to be built to generate and maintain the ice. The heat generated from the refrigeration plant was used to warm spectators, provide hot water, and melt the snow off of roofs. New timing equipment provided by Longines was installed that used a quartz clock to measure to the hundredths of a second. IBM provided a computer that was capable of tabulating results and printing them in English and French. Blyth Arena, site of the opening and closing ceremonies as well as the figure skating and ice hockey competitions, was built with a 22 in (56 cm) gap in the roof, which would slide closed as the cables supporting the roof contracted during cold weather.[12]

text: Funding for Cushing's initial bid to the IOC came from the California Legislature and investors in the "Squaw Valley Development Company", who were owners of the existing resort.[2] To fund the construction, organizers turned to the federal government, which provided about a quarter of the $80 million required to host the Games. The monies were used to build sports arenas and provide military support during the Games.[13] Further funding was secured from private sponsorships and from the State of California. Governor Knight and his successor Edmund "Pat" Brown remained behind the project, seeing it as a means to showcase the state of California to the world.[9]

text: Television[edit]

text: Television was not new to the Olympic Winter Games; broadcasts of events to European audiences had begun in 1956.[14] What was unprecedented was the sale of exclusive United States television rights to broadcast the Games. The Organizing Committee decided to sell the television broadcast rights to CBS for $50,000.[15][16] Unknown at the time was how lucrative the sale of broadcast rights would become. For example, CBS purchased the rights to broadcast the 1960 Summer Olympics for $550,000.[15] During the Games, CBS broadcast 15 and a quarter hours of television focusing on ice hockey, speed skating, figure skating, alpine skiing and ski jumping.[17] The impact of television was felt during the Games; in the men's slalom event, officials who were unsure if a skier had missed a gate asked CBS if they could review tape of the event. This request gave CBS the idea for what is now known as instant replay.[3]

text: Politics[edit]

text: Athletic competition between the Soviet Union and United States had grown intense during the 1950s. Their opposing ideologies and interests in nations such as East and West Germany, China and North and South Korea created a delicate situation as the 1960 Winter Games approached. Of particular interest was the question of whether China would be allowed to participate.[18] Chinese athletes last competed at the 1952 Summer Games but had since withdrawn from the IOC due to a dispute over Taiwan's participation as a separate country.[19] The United States supported Taiwan while the Soviet Union stood behind China. Given the fact that the 1960 Games were to be held in America, there was concern among IOC members that the United States would not allow China or any other Communist country to participate.[18] In 1957 IOC president Avery Brundage, himself an American, announced that if the United States refused entry to any country recognized by the IOC, then they would revoke Squaw Valley's invitation to host the Games and he would resign the presidency.[20] Bowing to international pressure, the United States allowed athletes from Communist countries to participate. China continued to demand that Taiwan be expelled from the IOC, demands that were refused until China broke off relations ending any hope that they would participate in 1960.[21]

text: Problems similar to the issue with China broke out over North Korea and East Germany. Prior to the Korean War the IOC had recognized the Olympic committee of Korea, which was headquartered in Seoul. North Korea was not recognized as a separate country by the IOC who maintained the existence of one Olympic committee. A unified team compromise was proposed but rejected, which meant only athletes from South Korea participated due to their prior recognition.[22] Pressure for full recognition of East Germany continued despite the fact that both East and West Germany had participated as a unified team in 1956. One of the conditions for a unified German team was that the athletes be represented by a neutral flag. Initially West German officials refused to agree to this stipulation citing the fact that the West German flag had been used at both the 1956 Winter and Summer Games. Eventually the neutral flag was adopted and a unified German team participated.[23]

text: Events[edit]

text: The Games were held from February 18 to 28.[3] Medals were awarded in 27 events contested in 4 sports (8 disciplines).[7] The sport of biathlon was added to the program as were speed skating events for women. After a poll was taken indicating that only nine countries would send a bobsled team, the organizers determined that bobsled would be removed from the Olympic program. Despite petitions from the International Bobsleigh and Tobogganing Federation to reconsider, the organizers felt they could not justify the costs of constructing a bobsled run for nine competing nations. It would be the only time in Winter Olympic history that the bobsled events were not held.[7][11]

text:
Biathlon (1) (details)
 Ice hockey (1) (details)
Skating

 Figure skating (3) (details)
 Speed skating (8) (details)

Skiing

 Alpine skiing (6) (details)
 Nordic skiing (details)

 Cross-country skiing (6) (details)
 Nordic combined (1) (details)
 Ski jumping (1) (details)

text: Opening ceremonies[edit]

text: The chairman of the Pageantry Committee was Walt Disney, who was responsible for producing both the opening and closing ceremonies.[7] He organized an opening that included 5,000 entertainers, the release of 2,000 pigeons, and a military gun salute of eight shots, one for each of the previous Winter Olympic Games.[24][25] The opening ceremonies were held on February 18, 1960, at Blyth Arena in the midst of a blizzard. The heavy snow fall caused traffic problems that delayed the ceremony by an hour. The festivities began with a sustained drum roll as the flags of each participating nation were raised on specially designed flag poles. Vice President Richard Nixon represented the United States government and declared the Games open.[26] The Olympic cauldron was lit by Kenneth Henry, Olympic champion of the 500 meter speed skating race at the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo. The Olympic oath was taken by Carol Heiss on behalf of all the athletes. As the national delegations left the stadium fireworks concluded the ceremonies.[27]

text: Ice hockey[edit]

text: The ice hockey tournament took place at Blyth Arena and the Squaw Valley Olympic Skating Rink.[28] Controversy over the amateur status of some of the players overshadowed the event. Canadian Olympic officials objected to the use of "professional amateurs" by Eastern Bloc countries, and especially the Soviet Union. They alleged that the Soviets were giving their elite hockey players phantom jobs in the military that allowed them to play hockey full-time, which gave Soviet teams an advantage that they used to dominate Olympic hockey tournaments for nearly 30 years.[29] This issue started coming to light during the 1960 Games and would culminate in a Canadian boycott of the Olympic hockey tournament at the 1972 and 1976 Winter Olympics.[30] The team from the United States won an improbable gold medal, defeating the favored Canadian and Soviet teams, who took silver and bronze respectively.[31] This was the first Olympic gold medal in ice hockey for the United States and it would mark the last time a Soviet team did not win the Olympic tournament until the United States victory at the 1980 Winter Olympics.[32]

text: Cross-country skiing[edit]

text: There were six cross-country skiing races at the 1960 Olympics, four for men and two for women, all held at the McKinney Creek Cross-Country Complex. Soviet women swept the 10 kilometer race, which was the first medal sweep for the Soviets at the Winter Olympics.[33][34] They were however upset by Sweden in the 3×5 kilometer relay.[33] Nordic countries dominated the men's competition. Swedish lumberjack Sixten Jernberg added a gold and silver to the four medals he won in 1956. He would add two golds and a bronze in 1964 to finish his Olympic career with nine medals, which made him the most decorated Winter Olympian.[35][36] Finnish skier Veikko Hakulinen added a gold, silver and bronze to the two golds and two silvers he had won in 1952 and 1956.[37][38]

text: Biathlon[edit]

text: Biathlon made its Olympic debut in 1960. The precursor to biathlon, military patrol, was on the Olympic program for the first Olympic Games in 1924. It was a demonstration sport at the 1928, 1936, and 1948 Winter Olympics, though the competition was only open to members of the armed forces. Military patrol fell out of favor in 1948 due to anti-military sentiments in the post World War II era.[39] Biathlon took its place and was instated as a full Olympic sport in 1960. It encompassed a 20 kilometer cross-country race with four shooting stations at ranges from 100 to 250 m (330 to 820 ft).[40] Klas Lestander from Sweden became the first Olympic champion, Antti Tyrväinen from Finland and Soviet Aleksandr Privalov placed second and third respectively.[41]

text: Nordic combined[edit]

text: The Nordic combined competition was held on February 21 at the Squaw Valley normal hill and the McKinney Creek Cross-Country Complex. The athletes had three jumps on February 21 followed by a 15 kilometer cross-country race.[42] German skier Georg Thoma became the first non-Nordic athlete to win the event. He would win bronze medal in the Nordic combined in 1964.[43] Tormod Knutsen of Norway and Nikolay Gusakov of the Soviet Union placed second and third, respectively. Gusakov's wife, Maria Gusakova, competed in the cross-country events, winning a gold and silver.[42][44]

text: Ski jumping[edit]

text: There was one ski jumping event at the 1960 Games, the men's normal hill, which was held on February 28. In 1964 the competition would be expanded to include a men's large hill event. Helmut Recknagel became the first German to win the event.[45][46] In 1994 he would be joined by Jens Weißflog as the only German ski jumping Olympic champions.[47] Niilo Halonen from Finland and Austrian Otto Leodolter earned the silver and bronze medals.[45]

text: Figure skating[edit]

text: Held at Blyth Memorial Arena, the figure skating competition took place between February 19 and 26. Though this was not the first time figure skating had been held indoors, it would never be contested outdoors again.[48] There were three events: men's and women's singles and the pairs competition. In the men's event, David Jenkins of the United States, brother of 1956 Winter Olympic figure skating champion Hayes Jenkins, won the gold medal.[37] It was his second Olympic medal, having won the bronze in 1956.[49] Czechoslovakian Karol Divín took the silver medal, and Canadian Donald Jackson won the bronze.[48][50] American Carol Heiss, winner of the silver medal in 1956, became the Olympic champion in 1960. A year later she married Hayes Jenkins and starred in Snow White and the Three Stooges.[51] Dutch skater Sjoukje Dijkstra took the silver medal; she would finish her amateur career with an Olympic gold medal in 1964.[52] Barbara Ann Roles gave the United States its third figure skating medal of the competition when she took the bronze. The Soviet Union made its Olympic figure skating debut by sending two couples to compete in the pairs competition; the result belied the fact that Soviet skaters would soon come to dominate this event.[48] The competition was won by the Canadian pair of Barbara Wagner and Bob Paul who had won the last three world championships. The German pair Marika Kilius and Hans-Jürgen Bäumler followed their recent European championship victory with the Olympic silver medal, and the American husband-and-wife team of Ron and Nancy Ludington took the bronze.[53]

text: Speed skating[edit]

text: Women were allowed to compete in the Olympic speed skating competition for the first time in 1960. The Soviet Union had requested the inclusion of women's speed skating events in the program for the 1956 Games, but the request was rejected by the IOC.[54] The issue was revisited for the 1960 Games, and since women had been competing internationally since 1936 and there was a World Championship for women's speed skating, the IOC agreed to four events; 500, 1,000, 1,500, and 3,000 meters.[55] Most of the events were held on the Squaw Valley Olympic Skating Rink, which was an outdoor skating oval, and featured artificial ice, a first for the Olympic speed skating competition. Given the altitude and the artificial ice, the rink was the fastest in the world, as evidenced by Norwegian Knut Johannesen’s world record in the 10,000 meter event. At 15:46.6 he was the first skater ever to break the 16-minute barrier, and eclipsed the previous world record by 46 seconds.[55] Despite Johannesen's victory, the Soviets dominated the speed skating events, winning all but two of the races. Yevgeny Grishin won both the 500 and 1,500 meter races, though he shared the 1,500 meter gold medal with Norwegian Roald Aas.[56] Lidiya Skoblikova from the Soviet Union was the other double gold medalist, when she won the 1,500 and 3,000 meter events. Polish skaters Helena Pilejczyk and Elwira Seroczyńska placed second and third in the 1,500 meter event, which were Poland's only medals of the Games. They were just the second and third Poles ever to win Winter Olympic medals.[57]

text: Alpine skiing[edit]

text: Despite the lack of facilities at Squaw Valley, the resort did have steep mountain slopes in close proximity, resulting in some of the most difficult alpine skiing courses in Olympic history.[37] Both men and women competed in the downhill, giant slalom and slalom with all 6 events held between February 20 and 26.[58] The men's downhill was won by Frenchman Jean Vuarnet who changed the sport by becoming the first Olympic champion to use metal skis.[37] Swiss skier Roger Staub won the giant slalom and Ernst Hinterseer from Austria was the slalom champion. German Heidi Biebl won the women's downhill, Yvonne Rüegg of Switzerland won the giant slalom and Anne Heggtveit from Canada won the slalom. Penny Pitou of the United States was the only multiple medal winner with two silvers in the downhill and giant slalom.[58]

text: Closing ceremonies[edit]

text: The Games were brought to a close on February 28 in Blyth Memorial Arena in front of 20,000 people. Flags of the participating nations were followed by the athletes who marched as a group with no national distinctions, a tradition carried over from the 1956 Summer Olympics. The flag bearers made a semi-circle around the rostrum and the national anthems of Greece (even though the nation didn't compete), United States, and Austria were played as their respective flags were raised.[59] IOC president Avery Brundage declared the Games closed, at which point the Olympic flame was extinguished. The Games concluded with the release of several thousand balloons.[60]

text: Calendar[edit]

text: The opening ceremony was held on February 18, along with the first games of the Ice hockey tournament. From February 19 to 28, at least one event final was held each day.[61]

text:
OC
Opening ceremony
  ●
Event competitions
 1
Event finals
 CC
Closing ceremony

text:
February
18
Thu
19
Fri
20
Sat
21
Sun
22
Mon
23
Tue
24
Wed
25
Thu
26
Fri
27
Sat
28
Sun
Events

 Ceremonies
OC

CC
N/A

 Ice hockey
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●

●
1
1

 Figure skating

1

1

1

3

 Speed skating

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

8

 Alpine skiing

1
1
1
1
1

1

6

 Cross-country skiing

1
1

1

1
1
1

6

 Nordic combined

●
1

1

 Ski jumping

1
1

 Biathlon

1

1

Daily medal events

2
3
3
3
4
2
2
4
2
2
27

Cumulative Total

2
5
8
11
15
17
19
23
25
27

February
18
Thu
19
Fri
20
Sat
21
Sun
22
Mon
23
Tue
24
Wed
25
Thu
26
Fri
27
Sat
28
Sun
Total events

text: † The numeral indicates the number of event finals for each sport held that day.

text: Venues[edit]

text: The lack of facilities prior to the Olympics gave organizers freedom to tailor the layout of the venues to fit the needs of the athletes.[62] Their vision was for an intimate Games in which athletes and spectators could walk between venues.[2] This was accomplished with the exception of the cross-country events, which were held at McKinney Creek, a 12 mi (19 km) drive from Squaw Valley.[9] In prior Winter Olympics the athletes were housed in hotels or billeted with local families. Since no such facilities existed in Squaw Valley, the organizers decided to build the first Olympic Village at the Winter Games.[63] Competitors slept in one of four dormitories and ate together in a dining room. The complex was located centrally, with access to all the sporting facilities.[62]

text: The peaks surrounding Squaw Valley were used for the alpine skiing events. The ladies' downhill and men's slalom and giant slalom were on KT-22 mountain, while the ladies' slalom and giant slalom were contested on Little Papoose Peak. Squaw Peak was the site of the men's downhill competition. Prior to the Games, concerns persisted that the courses would not meet international standards. To address these concerns, a test event was held in 1959 and the attending delegates from the International Ski Federation (FIS) left assured that the events would comply with FIS rules and specifications. Bleachers were constructed for officials, coaches and spectators, along with broadcast booths for radio and television.[64] Papoose Peak Jumps was located on Little Papoose Peak directly opposite Blyth Memorial Arena. Designed by Heini Klopfer, the hill was innovative in that it had 40-, 60-, and 80–meter jumps. Tall trees on both sides protected athletes from the wind, and it was situated so that the sun would be at the jumper's back during the competition.[65]

text: McKinney Creek Stadium was built to host all of the cross-country races, which included the biathlon and a portion of the Nordic combined competition. It consisted of a timing building, two Quonset huts for competitors and course workers, a scoreboard, and bleachers to accommodate 1,200 people. Shooting ranges were interspersed throughout the biathlon course, and were supervised by non-commissioned officers of the United States military.[66]

text: Blyth Memorial Arena was the centerpiece of the Games. It hosted the opening and closing ceremonies jointly with Squaw Valley Olympic Skating Rink, and also hosted the figure skating competition, a few of the speed skating events, as well as most of the games in the hockey tournament.[67] All three of the sports were held indoors on artificial ice for the first time in Olympic history.[28] At full capacity, the arena accommodated 11,000 people, 8,500 of whom were seated.[68] One end of the stadium could be opened and closed, depending on the event. During the ceremonies it was open to allow for the entrance of the athletes; during the competitions it was closed to accommodate more spectators. A special machine was created to resurface the ice for all three competitions. It could lay a new ice surface on the 400-meter speed skating track in 45 minutes. In addition to resurfacing the ice, the machine created the snow dividers that delineated the racing lanes.[28] The roof was designed on a suspension principle, using cables rather than vertical supports; this removed any visual impediments for the audience, but it weakened the strength of the roof. Given the amount of annual snowfall designers planned on using heat generated by the refrigeration plant to melt the snow.[12][28] There were flaws in the design and miscalculations in the load the roof could bear, and during a particularly heavy snowfall in 1983, a portion of the roof collapsed and the building was subsequently demolished.[31]

text: As of 2016, only three buildings from the 1960 Winter Olympics remain in Squaw Valley.[69] An expansion of the resort's village, currently in the planning stages, would see two of these buildings demolished.[69]

text: Participating nations[edit]

text: Athletes from 30 nations competed at the 1960 Games. South Africa competed at the Winter Games for the first time; it would be the last for many years, as apartheid policies prevented South African participation until 1994. Athletes from West Germany (FRG) and East Germany (GDR) competed together as the United Team of Germany from 1956 to 1964. The number at the end of each country denotes the number of athletes each country sent.[70]

text:
[hide]Participating National Olympic Committees

 Argentina (6)
 Australia (30)
 Austria (26)
 Bulgaria (7)
 Canada (44)
 Chile (5)
 Czechoslovakia (21)
 Denmark (1)
 Finland (48)
 France (26)
 United Team of Germany (74)
 Great Britain (17)
 Hungary (3)
 Iceland (4)
 Italy (28)
 Japan (41)
 South Korea (7)
 Lebanon (2)
 Liechtenstein (5)
 Netherlands (7)
 New Zealand (4)
 Norway (29)
 Poland (13)
 South Africa (4)
 Soviet Union (62)
 Spain (4)
 Sweden (47)
 Switzerland (21)
 Turkey (2)
 United States (79) (host)

text: Number of athletes by National Olympic Committees[edit]

text:
[show]IOC
Country
Athletes

USA
 United States
79

EUA
 United Team of Germany
74

URS
 Soviet Union
62

FIN
 Finland
48

SWE
 Sweden
47

CAN
 Canada
44

JPN
 Japan
41

AUS
 Australia
30

NOR
 Norway
29

ITA
 Italy
28

AUT
 Austria
26

FRA
 France
26

TCH
 Czechoslovakia
21

SUI
 Switzerland
21

GBR
 Great Britain
17

POL
 Poland
13

BUL
 Bulgaria
7

KOR
 South Korea
7

NED
 Netherlands
7

ARG
 Argentina
6

CHI
 Chile
5

LIE
 Liechtenstein
5

ISL
 Iceland
4

NZL
 New Zealand
4

RSA
 South Africa
4

ESP
 Spain
4

HUN
 Hungary
3

LIB
 Lebanon
2

TUR
 Turkey
2

DEN
 Denmark
1

Total
665

text: Medal count[edit]

text: Below is a list of nations that won medals at the Games:

text:
Rank
Nation
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

1
 Soviet Union
7
5
9
21

2
 United Team of Germany
4
3
1
8

3
 United States
3
4
3
10

4
 Norway
3
3
0
6

5
 Sweden
3
2
2
7

6
 Finland
2
3
3
8

7
 Canada
2
1
1
4

8
 Switzerland
2
0
0
2

9
 Austria
1
2
3
6

10
 France
1
0
2
3

11
 Netherlands
0
1
1
2

 Poland
0
1
1
2

13
 Czechoslovakia
0
1
0
1

14
 Italy
0
0
1
1

Total (14 NOCs)
28‡
26‡
27
81

text: The host nation is highlighted in blue.

text: ‡ Since there was a tie in the men's 1,500 meter speed skating race (like in 1956), two gold medals and no silver medals were awarded.[71]


document_title: Tiptoe Through the Tulips

question_text: when did tiptoe through the tulips come out

root

text: Tiptoe Through the Tulips

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text:
Tip Toe Through the Tulips with Me

by Joe Burke & Al Dubin

Cover of the sheet music for "Tip Toe Through The Tulips With Me"

Genre
Popular song from the 1929 film Gold Diggers of Broadway

Publisher
M. Witmark & Sons (New York)

text: "Tiptoe Through the Tulips", also known as "Tip Toe Through the Tulips with Me", is a popular song published in 1929. The song was written by Al Dubin (lyrics) and Joe Burke (music) and made popular by guitarist Nick Lucas.

tag: p

text: Recording history[edit]

text: "Crooning Troubadour" Nick Lucas topped the US charts with "Tiptoe Through the Tulips" in 1929, after introducing the song in the musical "talkie" film Gold Diggers of Broadway. Lucas's recording held the #1 position for 10 weeks.[1] Other artists charted with the song in 1929, including Jean Goldkette (#5), Johnny Marvin (#11), and Roy Fox (#18).

text: The song was used in Sinkin' in the Bathtub, the first Looney Tunes cartoon short, in 1930. It is also heard in the opening scene of the 1945 film Confidential Agent.

text: The song was revived in 1967 by the California rock group The Humane Society and in 1968 by Tiny Tim, whose version charted at #17 that year, becoming his signature song, which he would continue to perform throughout his career. It was also later covered by The Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band.

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: This article appears to contain trivial, minor, or unrelated references to popular culture. Please reorganize this content to explain the subject's impact on popular culture rather than simply listing appearances; add references to reliable sources if possible. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2017)

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The song is sung by Dr. Smith and again by the Robot in the Lost in Space episode "Space Circus"[2]

text: The song is mentioned in the 1997 book Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone.[3] Vernon Dursley hums the song while boarding up small cracks around the front and back doors of his house so he can stop letters from Hogwarts reaching Harry.

text: Comedian Otto Waalkes sang a version, similar to that from Tiny Tim in his program Otto[4]

text: In The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt, the phrase "I like to tiptoe through the tulips" is one of Geralt's speech options for the pass-phrase to enter the Putrid Grove in Novigrad (though not the correct one).[5]


document_title: List of countries bordering on two or more oceans

question_text: three countries that have coasts on the pacific ocean

text: This is a list of countries which border two or more oceans, including both sovereign states and dependencies, provided the same contiguous territory borders on more than one of the five named oceans, the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern, and Arctic.[1] Countries which border on multiple oceans because of discontiguous regions are excluded here but included in the list of transcontinental countries.

text: List[edit]

text:
Continent

Country

Pacific Ocean

Atlantic Ocean

Indian Ocean

Polar Oceans

Oceans

Trans-oceanic connection

Africa

 South Africa

South Atlantic

Indian Ocean

Southern Ocean

2 or 3[a]

Cape of Good Hope

Africa &Asia

 Egypt

Mediterranean Sea

Red Sea

2

Suez Canal

Asia

 Israel

Mediterranean Sea

Red Sea

2

High-speed railway to Eilat (proposed)

Asia

 Thailand

Gulf of Thailand

Andaman Sea

2

Kra Canal (proposed)

Asia

 Malaysia

South China Sea

Andaman Sea

2

Strait of Malacca

Asia

 Indonesia

Pacific Ocean

Indian Ocean

2

Strait of Malacca

Asia

 East Timor

Savu Sea, Flores Sea

Timor Sea

2

Asia &Europe

 Russia

North Pacific

Black SeaBaltic Sea

Arctic Ocean

3

Trans-Siberian Railway

Europe

 Norway

Norwegian Sea

Barents Sea

2

North America

 Greenland[b]

North Atlantic

Arctic Ocean

2

North America

 Canada

North Pacific

North Atlantic

Arctic Ocean

3

Canadian Pacific Railway

North America

 United States

North Pacific

North Atlantic

Arctic Ocean

3[c]

Trans-Alaska Pipeline

North America

 Mexico

Pacific Ocean

Gulf of MexicoCaribbean Sea

2

Tehuantepec route

North America

 Guatemala

Pacific Ocean

Gulf of Honduras

2

North America

 Honduras

Gulf of Fonseca

Caribbean Sea

2

North America

 Nicaragua

Pacific Ocean

Caribbean Sea

2

Nicaragua Canal (proposed)

North America

 Costa Rica

Pacific Ocean

Caribbean Sea

2

North America &South America[d]

 Panama

Gulf of Panama

Caribbean Sea

2

Panama Canal

South America

 Colombia

Pacific Ocean

Caribbean Sea

2

South America

 Chile

South Pacific

Straits of Magellan

Southern Ocean

2 or 3[e]

South America

 Argentina

South Atlantic

Drake Passage

1 or 2[f]

Australia

 Australia

South Pacific

Indian Ocean

Southern Ocean

2 or 3[g]

Antarctica

South Pacific

South Atlantic

Indian Ocean

Southern Ocean

3 or 1[h]

text:
Jump up ^ South Africa borders on three oceans if the Southern Ocean is considered to extend to its shores, but only on two otherwise.

Jump up ^ Greenland is part of Denmark.

Jump up ^ Although Alaska and the Lower 48 each border on two oceans, no single contiguous US territory borders on three oceans.

Jump up ^ The boundary between North and South America is somewhat arbitrary. Although atlases today generally show Panama entirely within North America, some 19th century atlases showed the continental boundary along the border between Costa Rica and Panama, which was then part of Colombia.[citation needed]

Jump up ^ Chile borders on three oceans if the Southern and Atlantic Oceans are considered to meet in its territory, but only on two otherwise.

Jump up ^ Argentina borders on two oceans if the Drake Passage is counted as part of the Southern Ocean, but only on one if it is considered part of the South Atlantic.

Jump up ^ Australia borders on three oceans if the Southern Ocean is considered to extend that far north, but only on two otherwise.

Jump up ^ Antarctica is included on this list although not a country. If the Southern ocean is considered a separate ocean, it borders on only that one ocean. If, however, the Southern Ocean is considered to be merely part of the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian oceans, Antarctica borders on all three.

tag: ol


document_title: Malaysian Open (golf)

question_text: who won the 2015 maybank malaysian open golf tournament

text: Malaysian Open (golf)

text:
Malaysian Open

Tournament information

Location
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Established
1962

Course(s)
Kuala Lumpur G&CC

Par
72

Length
6,967 yards (6,371 m)

Tour(s)
European Tour
Asian Tour

Format
Stroke play

Prize fund
$3,000,000

Month played
February

Final year
2015

Tournament record score

Aggregate
260 Arjun Atwal (2003)

To par
−24 (as above)

Final champion

 Anirban Lahiri

text: The Maybank Malaysian Open was a men's professional golf tournament. The tournament ran on the European and Asian Tours. Since its inauguration in 1962, there has never been a Malaysian winner. The tournament started in 1962 as an Asian Tour event but it did not join the European Tour until 1999.

text: The tournament was first sanctioned by the European Tour in 1999, as part of its expansion into Asia, which began in 1989. The 2012 event was held at the Kuala Lumpur Golf & Country Club with a prize fund of US$2.5 million.[1] Former winners include former World Number 1, Vijay Singh, and European Ryder Cup star, Lee Westwood and the 2010 Open Championship winner Louis Oosthuizen. Another notable other winner was 17 year old Matteo Manassero from Italy in 2011.

text: The event has not been staged since 2015. The final champion was India's Anirban Lahiri. This was his first ever win on the European Tour and it was his sixth win on the Asian Tour. It was played at the Kuala Lumpur G&CC .

text: Winners[edit]

text:
Season
Winner
Country
Score
To par
Margin
of victory
Runner(s)-up

Asian
Euro

Maybank Malaysian Open

2015
2015
Anirban Lahiri
 India
272
−16
1 stroke
 Bernd Wiesberger

2014
2014
Lee Westwood (2)
 England
270
−18
7 strokes
 Nicolas Colsaerts
 Louis Oosthuizen
 Bernd Wiesberger

2013
2013
Kiradech Aphibarnrat
 Thailand
203*
−13
1 stroke
 Edoardo Molinari

2012
2012
Louis Oosthuizen
 South Africa
271
−17
3 strokes
 Stephen Gallacher

2011
2011
Matteo Manassero
 Italy
272
−16
1 stroke
 Grégory Bourdy

2010
2010
Noh Seung-yul
 South Korea
274
−14
1 stroke
 K. J. Choi

2009
2009
Anthony Kang
 United States
271
−17
1 stroke
 David Horsey
 Prayad Marksaeng
 Jyoti Randhawa
 Miles Tunnicliff

2008
2008
Arjun Atwal (2)
 India
270
−18
Playoff
 Peter Hedblom

2007
2007
Peter Hedblom
 Sweden
280
−8
1 stroke
 Jean-François Lucquin

2006
2006
Charlie Wi
 South Korea
197*
−19
1 stroke
 Thongchai Jaidee

Carlsberg Malaysian Open

2005
2005
Thongchai Jaidee (2)
 Thailand
267
−21
3 strokes
 Jyoti Randhawa

2004
2004
Thongchai Jaidee
 Thailand
274
−14
2 strokes
 Brad Kennedy

2003
2003
Arjun Atwal
 India
260
−24
4 strokes
 Retief Goosen
 Brad Kennedy

2002
2002
Alastair Forsyth
 Scotland
267
−17
Playoff
 Stephen Leaney

2001
2001
Vijay Singh (2)
 Fiji
274
−14
Playoff
 Pádraig Harrington

Benson and Hedges Malaysian Open

2000
2000
Yeh Wei-tze
 Taiwan
278
−10
1 stroke
 Craig Hainline
 Pádraig Harrington
 Des Terblanche

Benson and Hedges Malaysian Open presented by Carlsberg

1999
1999
Gerry Norquist
 United States
280
−8
3 strokes
 Alex Čejka
 Bob May

text: * - event reduced to 54 holes due to weather.

text:
Year
Winner

1998
 Ed Fryatt

1997
 Lee Westwood

1996
 Steve Flesch

1995
 Clay Devers

1994
 Joakim Haeggman

1993
 Gerry Norquist

1992
 Vijay Singh

1991
 Rick Gibson

1990
 Glen Day

1989
 Jeff Maggert

1988
 Tray Tyner

1987
 Terry Gale (3)

1986
 Stewart Ginn

Year
Winner

1985
 Terry Gale (2)

1984
 Lu Chien-soon

1983
 Terry Gale

1982
 Denny Hepler

1981
 Lu Hsi-chuen (2)

1980
 Mark McNulty

1979
 Lu Hsi-chuen

1978
 Brian Jones

1977
 Stewart Ginn

1976
 Hsu Sheng-san

1975
 Graham Marsh (2)

1974
 Graham Marsh

Year
Winner

1973
 Hideyo Sugimoto

1972
 Takashi Murakami

1971
 Takaaki Kono (2)

1970
 Ben Arda

1969
 Takaaki Kono

1968
 Kenji Hosoishi

1967
 Ireneo Legaspi

1966
 Harold Henning

1965
 Tomoo Ishii (2)

1964
 Tomoo Ishii

1963
 Bill Dunk

1962
 Frank Phillips


document_title: Climate of Los Angeles

question_text: 6. the primary cause of wet winters in southern california is

question_tokens: 6 . the primary cause of wet winters in southern california is

text: Climate of Los Angeles

text: Temperatures and seasons[edit]

text: The primary weather station for Los Angeles is located near downtown at the University of Southern California campus, and this article refers primarily to climate data generated by this station as representative of the Los Angeles metropolitan area as a whole.

text: Los Angeles is a hot-summer mediterranean climate (Köppen Csa), with hot, dry summers, and cooler wetter winters. While the typical dry-summer and wet-winter pattern typical of most Mediterranean climates is part of the climate of Los Angeles, precipitation annually is lower than many typical Mediterranean climates.

text: The summer dry season normally runs from June through October, when clear skies, hot temperatures, and very little change in sensible weather occur from day to day. Average high temperatures are in the lower 80's F (26-28 C) with overnight lows in the lower 60's F (15-17 C). During this season, there is essentially no rainfall, and both July and August average less than 0.05 of a inches (1.27 mm) of monthly precipitation.

text: The winter wet season normally runs from November through early May. Precipitation episodes in Los Angeles, with a few notable exceptions, are largely caused by extratropical disturbances approaching California from the west or northwest during the winter season. The normal seasonal rainfall measured at downtown Los Angeles is 14.77 inches, of which 92% falls between November 1st and April 30th. [1] While there is a great increase in rainfall in the winter months, the winter months in the Los Angeles are still frequently sunny and pleasant with mild temperatures. The average highs range from the upper 60's F to 70 F (17-21 C) with cooler overnight lows in the upper 40's and lower 50's F (8-12 C).

text:
Climate data for Los Angeles (USC, Downtown), 1981–2010 averages, records 1877–present

Month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

Record high °F (°C)

95 (35)

95 (35)

99 (37)

106 (41)

103 (39)

112 (44)

109 (43)

106 (41)

113 (45)

108 (42)

100 (38)

92 (33)

113 (45)

Average high °F (°C)

68.2 (20.1)

68.6 (20.3)

70.2 (21.2)

72.7 (22.6)

74.5 (23.6)

78.1 (25.6)

83.1 (28.4)

84.4 (29.1)

83.1 (28.4)

78.5 (25.8)

72.8 (22.7)

67.7 (19.8)

75.2 (24)

Daily mean °F (°C)

58.0 (14.4)

58.9 (14.9)

60.6 (15.9)

63.1 (17.3)

65.8 (18.8)

69.2 (20.7)

73.3 (22.9)

74.3 (23.5)

73.1 (22.8)

68.6 (20.3)

62.4 (16.9)

57.6 (14.2)

65.4 (18.6)

Average low °F (°C)

47.8 (8.8)

49.3 (9.6)

51.0 (10.6)

53.5 (11.9)

57.1 (13.9)

60.3 (15.7)

63.6 (17.6)

64.1 (17.8)

63.1 (17.3)

58.7 (14.8)

52.0 (11.1)

47.5 (8.6)

55.7 (13.2)

Record low °F (°C)

28 (−2)

28 (−2)

31 (−1)

36 (2)

40 (4)

46 (8)

49 (9)

49 (9)

44 (7)

40 (4)

34 (1)

30 (−1)

28 (−2)

Average rainfall inches (mm)

3.12 (79.2)

3.80 (96.5)

2.43 (61.7)

0.91 (23.1)

0.26 (6.6)

0.09 (2.3)

0.01 (0.3)

0.04 (1)

0.24 (6.1)

0.66 (16.8)

1.04 (26.4)

2.33 (59.2)

14.93 (379.2)

Average rainy days (≥ 0.01 in)

6.1

6.4

5.5

3.2

1.3

0.6

0.3

0.3

1.0

2.5

3.3

5.2

35.7

Mean monthly sunshine hours

225.3

222.5

267.0

303.5

276.2

275.8

364.1

349.5

278.5

255.1

217.3

219.4

3,254.2

Percent possible sunshine

71

72

72

78

64

64

83

84

75

73

70

71

73

Source: NOAA (sun 1961–1977)[2][3][4]

text: Summer[edit]

text: Summers are warm to hot, and nearly completely dry. The summer temperature pattern usually begins in late June or early July, and lasts through September or October, although it may start as early as  late May. In August, the average high/low at the University of Southern California downtown campus are 84.8 °F (29.3 °C) and 65.6 °F (18.7 °C). The same figures at the LAX airport, approximately 12 miles (19 km) to the southwest and near the ocean, are 76.6 °F (24.8 °C) and 64.2 °F (17.9 °C). However, temperatures across the region sometimes exceed 90 °F (32 °C) during the summer. This happens when an atmospheric high-pressure area becomes dominant over the Great Basin of Nevada and Utah (a frequent occurrence), and the resulting offshore flow of the atmospheric air mass shuts off the normal coastal sea breeze in Los Angeles. July, August and September are the hottest months, with September holding the all-time record of 113 °F (45 °C). Skies are nearly constantly sunny, unless interrupted in late spring and early summer by the June Gloom pattern, which is unpredictable year-to-year. The North American Monsoon can bring occasional thunderstorms and high humidity to Los Angeles in the summer and early fall.

text: Winter[edit]

text: Winters are mildly cool to warm, with average high temperatures at the Downtown/USC weather station of 68 °F (20 °C) and lows of 48 °F (9 °C), with occasional heavy rainfall. Temperatures across the coastal basin rarely drop below 40 °F (4 °C), although light frost does occasionally form during cooler nights, at least in areas removed from the direct influence of the coastal air (approximately 5 miles (8 km) inland from the beach). The last severe cold outbreak in the Los Angeles area occurred in December 1990, when temperatures dropped below freezing across a major portion of the coastal plain, and into the low to mid 20s F over inland valleys.  Temperatures stayed below freezing for up to eight hours at some valley locations, resulting in significant damage to plants and commercial agriculture. [5]

text: In the winter months, high pressure systems over the deserts often bring Santa Ana winds, resulting in dry, and dusty days. On rare occasion, temperatures can reach into the 85 to 95 °F (29 to 35 °C) range during Santa Ana Winds even in December or January. Sunny skies characteristically dominate the weather pattern in the winter season, mixed in with the occasional rain producing weather system.

text: Spring and Autumn[edit]

text: Spring and autumn hardly exist as such in this climate. Summer temperature patterns of 75 to 90 °F (24 to 32 °C) highs and 60 to 70 °F (16 to 21 °C) lows usually persist until early-November. Likewise, the "winter-season" temperature pattern of 65 to 75 °F (18 to 24 °C) highs and 45 to 60 °F (7 to 16 °C) lows may last through April or May, periodically interrupted by hot Santa Ana wind events for up to a week at a time. The rainy season always ends by mid-May. June is normally a transitional month of less-volatile temperatures between 60 and 80 °F (16 and 27 °C), with increased cloudy days and the disappearance of the Santa Ana winds.

text: Rainfall[edit]

text: Rainfall, on average, is frequently below average. Most rain occurs during the winter and  early to mid spring, typical of a Mediterranean climate. However, the amount received is usually lower than in other Mediterranean climates. The first sporadic rainfall of the rainy season usually occurs in October or November, with heavy rain becoming more common December through early April. Usually the Pineapple Express storms from November to January. February, on average, is the wettest month. The rains then taper off in April or by May, usually see only two to three light rain showers. However, the timing and volume of rains in the winter is far from predictable. After a significant rain, the region's air is cleared of the usual atmospheric haze as well as man-made smog, giving exceptionally clear views across the giant metropolis.

text: Most cold fronts and depressions spun off by the polar low, the strong winter seasonal low-pressure area in the Gulf of Alaska, fail to carry significant precipitable moisture as far south as Los Angeles, resulting in the region's relatively low average rainfall amount of 12–15 inches (300–380 mm) even in normal years. However, a "normal" year rarely occurs, since rainfall in Los Angeles is subject to the position and strength of the jet stream, and the strength of the Gulf of Alaska low. Some years, a well-developed series of cold fronts moves into the area with relatively short separation between each, bringing intermittently rainy periods to Los Angeles for several weeks at a time. If this pattern persists in a rainy season, significantly above-average precipitation will be received. Other years, especially in the drought years of 2012–2016, a blocking region of atmospheric high pressure over the eastern Pacific Ocean, between Alaska and the Pacific Northwest, diverts the jet stream and its flow of cold fronts far to the north through Canada and down into the U.S. Midwest, leaving the U.S. west coast and especially Los Angeles under warm and dry conditions for weeks to months at a time.

text: Because the rainy season begins in late fall and ends in early to mid spring, precipitation is measured using the water year instead of the calendar year, to give an accurate picture of each rainy season's precipitation amounts. Each water year begins October 1 and ends the following September 30, during the driest part of the year.

text: Sometimes rainfall can occur in the summer from westward-straying monsoon thunderstorms, but this is unusual. Even less common is rain from remnants of dissipating eastern Pacific hurricanes. Los Angeles averages only 15.1 inches (384 mm) of precipitation per year, and this is lower at the coast and higher in the mountains and foothill cities. Rain is typically brought with when High Pressure systems in the summer which move east in a clockwise across the western United States bringing motion bringing in Monsoonal Moisture to the area. This will usually occur during the summer months (usually in July–September). Snow is extremely rare in the Greater Los Angeles area and basin, but the nearby San Gabriel Mountains and San Bernardino Mountains typically receive a heavy amount of snow every winter season. The greatest snowfall recorded in downtown Los Angeles was 2 inches (5 cm) on January 15, 1932.[6][7]

text: El Niño–Southern Oscillation[edit]

text: Historically-speaking, the warm-phase of an El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) regime typically coincides with above average precipitation across Southern California.[8] The above average sea-surface temperatures in the equatorial Pacific Ocean are largely responsible for this as the ocean acts as a rich moisture source for tropical moisture to advect towards the North American continent in atmospheric river events. Prior to the strong El Nino of 2015–2016, the previous two strong El Niño events[9] in 1982–83 and 1997–98 coincided with well-above average precipitation across Southern California.[10] While some measurements suggest the 2015-2016 El Niño was the strongest on record since 1950,[9] Southern California received below average precipitation contrary to what the Climate Prediction Center predicted leading up to the winter months.[11] While scientists have long agreed the intensity and timing of the winter precipitation pattern in Los Angeles is more complex than just analyzing the warm/cool phase of ENSO, the fact that Los Angeles received below average precipitation during the strong El Niño event of 2015–2016 will be the subject of numerous research studies among climate scientists.

text: Surrounding areas in the region[edit]

text: Coastal Basin[edit]

text: The Los Angeles Basin, composed of the coastal plain surrounded by mountains, is generally the coolest in summer and mildest in winter. Overall, it receives less rainfall than the surrounding valleys and mountains.

text: LAX[edit]

text: LAX airport and its surroundings (Westchester and El Segundo, as well as Santa Monica, Venice, and the immediately surrounding neighborhoods) are generally the coolest part of the region in the summer, as they receive a near-constant sea breeze. Santa Monica and its environs may be 10 to 15 °F (6 to 8 °C) cooler than areas only 5 miles (8.0 km) further inland. Under the Köppen climate classification LAX has a semi-arid climate due to its modest winter rainfall and mild mean temperatures.

text:
hideClimate data for Los Angeles (LAX), 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1944–present

Month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

Record high °F (°C)

91 (33)

92 (33)

95 (35)

95 (35)

91 (33)

94 (34)

93 (34)

98 (37)

106 (41)

101 (38)

101 (38)

94 (34)

106 (41)

Average high °F (°C)

64.6 (18.1)

64.3 (17.9)

64.4 (18)

66.4 (19.1)

68.1 (20.1)

70.6 (21.4)

73.8 (23.2)

74.9 (23.8)

74.6 (23.7)

72.5 (22.5)

68.9 (20.5)

64.6 (18.1)

69.0 (20.6)

Daily mean °F (°C)

56.7 (13.7)

57.1 (13.9)

58.0 (14.4)

60.1 (15.6)

62.7 (17.1)

65.5 (18.6)

68.8 (20.4)

69.6 (20.9)

68.9 (20.5)

65.9 (18.8)

61.1 (16.2)

56.6 (13.7)

62.6 (17)

Average low °F (°C)

48.8 (9.3)

50.0 (10)

51.7 (10.9)

53.8 (12.1)

57.3 (14.1)

60.5 (15.8)

63.7 (17.6)

64.3 (17.9)

63.2 (17.3)

59.3 (15.2)

53.2 (11.8)

48.7 (9.3)

56.2 (13.4)

Record low °F (°C)

27 (−3)

34 (1)

35 (2)

42 (6)

45 (7)

48 (9)

52 (11)

51 (11)

47 (8)

43 (6)

38 (3)

32 (0)

27 (−3)

Average rainfall inches (mm)

2.71 (68.8)

3.25 (82.6)

1.85 (47)

0.70 (17.8)

0.22 (5.6)

0.08 (2)

0.03 (0.8)

0.05 (1.3)

0.21 (5.3)

0.56 (14.2)

1.11 (28.2)

2.05 (52.1)

12.82 (325.7)

Average rainy days (≥ 0.01 in)

6.0

6.6

5.8

2.8

1.2

0.6

0.5

0.3

1.0

2.3

3.4

5.2

35.7

Average relative humidity (%)

63.4

67.9

70.5

71.0

74.0

75.9

76.6

76.6

74.2

70.5

65.5

62.9

70.8

Source: NOAA (relative humidity 1961–1990)[2][12][13]

text: Santa Monica[edit]

text: Santa Monica has mean temperatures low enough for its precipitation numbers to still retain a cool-summer mediterranean climate (csb).

text:
hideClimate data for Santa Monica Pier, California (on the beach)

Month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

Average high °F (°C)

63.7 (17.6)

63.4 (17.4)

62.1 (16.7)

63.4 (17.4)

63.6 (17.6)

65.9 (18.8)

68.8 (20.4)

70.3 (21.3)

70.5 (21.4)

69.6 (20.9)

67.3 (19.6)

64.8 (18.2)

66.1 (18.9)

Average low °F (°C)

50.2 (10.1)

51.3 (10.7)

52.1 (11.2)

53.9 (12.2)

56.5 (13.6)

59.4 (15.2)

62.1 (16.7)

63.1 (17.3)

62.6 (17)

59.4 (15.2)

54.3 (12.4)

50.5 (10.3)

56.3 (13.5)

Average rainfall inches (mm)

3.06 (77.7)

3.29 (83.6)

2.56 (65)

0.53 (13.5)

0.25 (6.4)

0.04 (1)

0.01 (0.3)

0.13 (3.3)

0.17 (4.3)

0.36 (9.1)

1.02 (25.9)

1.85 (47)

13.27 (337.1)

Average rainy days

6.0

5.9

5.1

2.4

1.0

0.4

0.2

0.5

1.0

1.8

2.5

4.0

30.8

Source: NOAA [14]

text: Culver City, Inglewood and Palms Area[edit]

text: Culver City, Inglewood,  Palms, and surrounding areas are only a few miles inland from Santa Monica and the beach, but reach temperatures up to 10 degrees (F) warmer on average in the summer. Culver City has a semi-arid climate that is still significantly moderated by the Pacific trade winds keeping averages mild compared to areas farther inland.

text:
hideClimate data for Culver City, California

Month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

Average high °F (°C)

67.3 (19.6)

68.6 (20.3)

69.3 (20.7)

72.6 (22.6)

73.5 (23.1)

77.1 (25.1)

80.0 (26.7)

81.1 (27.3)

80.2 (26.8)

77.0 (25)

71.6 (22)

67.7 (19.8)

73.8 (23.2)

Daily mean °F (°C)

56.7 (13.7)

57.9 (14.4)

59.2 (15.1)

62.3 (16.8)

64.6 (18.1)

68.0 (20)

70.8 (21.6)

71.7 (22.1)

70.8 (21.6)

67.1 (19.5)

61.2 (16.2)

57.0 (13.9)

63.9 (17.7)

Average low °F (°C)

46.1 (7.8)

47.2 (8.4)

49.1 (9.5)

52.0 (11.1)

55.7 (13.2)

58.8 (14.9)

61.5 (16.4)

62.2 (16.8)

61.3 (16.3)

57.2 (14)

50.8 (10.4)

46.3 (7.9)

54.0 (12.2)

Average rainfall inches (mm)

3.19 (81)

3.25 (82.6)

2.66 (67.6)

0.58 (14.7)

0.26 (6.6)

0.04 (1)

0.02 (0.5)

0.07 (1.8)

0.08 (2)

0.33 (8.4)

0.94 (23.9)

1.90 (48.3)

13.32 (338.3)

Average rainy days (≥ 0.01 inch)

5.7

5.3

5.8

1.7

0.7

0.2

0.3

0.2

0.6

1.1

1.9

4.0

27.5

Source: NOAA[15]

text: Long Beach[edit]

text: Long Beach, located in the coastal basin about 20 miles (30 km) to the south of downtown Los Angeles, has a coastally-influenced climate, but is not as cool as Santa Monica, or the Westside, or the South Bay during the summer. Long Beach sits on a south-facing section of coast, and does not receive as much sea breeze cooling from the prevailing westerly/south-westerly winds (as these winds may pass over the Palos Verdes Peninsula, San Pedro, and the twin ports first). Long Beach's high temperature can compete with those of downtown Los Angeles. Locations further north in Long Beach, which stretches over 8.5 miles (13.7 km) northward from the water, can be considerably warmer than Long Beach's coast and airport weather station.

text:
hideClimate data for Long Beach, California (Long Beach Airport)

Month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

Record high °F (°C)

93 (34)

91 (33)

98 (37)

105 (41)

104 (40)

109 (43)

107 (42)

105 (41)

111 (44)

111 (44)

101 (38)

92 (33)

111 (44)

Average high °F (°C)

67.4 (19.7)

67.2 (19.6)

68.6 (20.3)

71.7 (22.1)

73.6 (23.1)

76.7 (24.8)

81.9 (27.7)

83.8 (28.8)

82.1 (27.8)

77.2 (25.1)

72.1 (22.3)

66.8 (19.3)

74.1 (23.4)

Daily mean °F (°C)

56.7 (13.7)

57.6 (14.2)

59.6 (15.3)

62.4 (16.9)

65.6 (18.7)

68.9 (20.5)

73.2 (22.9)

74.3 (23.5)

72.7 (22.6)

67.7 (19.8)

61.4 (16.3)

56.3 (13.5)

64.7 (18.2)

Average low °F (°C)

46.1 (7.8)

48.0 (8.9)

50.5 (10.3)

53.2 (11.8)

57.6 (14.2)

61.0 (16.1)

64.5 (18.1)

64.9 (18.3)

63.2 (17.3)

58.3 (14.6)

50.8 (10.4)

45.8 (7.7)

55.3 (12.9)

Record low °F (°C)

25 (−4)

33 (1)

33 (1)

38 (3)

40 (4)

47 (8)

51 (11)

51 (11)

50 (10)

39 (4)

34 (1)

28 (−2)

25 (−4)

Average rainfall inches (mm)

2.60 (66)

3.09 (78.5)

1.87 (47.5)

0.60 (15.2)

0.21 (5.3)

0.07 (1.8)

0.03 (0.8)

0.03 (0.8)

0.18 (4.6)

0.63 (16)

1.00 (25.4)

1.95 (49.5)

12.26 (311.4)

Average rainy days (≥ 0.01 in)

5.9

6.5

5.3

3.1

1.1

0.7

0.5

0.3

0.9

2.5

3.4

5.0

35.2

Source: NOAA[16]

text: San Fernando Valley[edit]

text: The San Fernando Valley is known for significantly higher temperatures than the coastal basin. Canoga Park and Woodland Hills, in the south-west end of the valley, typically record the highest temperatures. The all-time high of 116 °F (47 °C) nearly rivals the record high temperatures of Phoenix, Arizona (122 °F (50 °C)) and Palm Springs (123 °F (51 °C)). The city of Burbank, at the eastern end of the Valley, is also known for being significantly hotter than downtown Los Angeles, which is only 9 miles (14 km) to the south. During winter both the Canoga Park and Burbank weather stations are significantly wetter than some coastal stations and thus retain hot-summer mediterranean climates (csa). By comparison, Canoga Park has quite cool summer nights, in contrast to many other interior Southern California areas.

text:
hideClimate data for Los Angeles (Canoga Park, in the San Fernando Valley)

Month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

Record high °F (°C)

93 (34)

94 (34)

101 (38)

105 (41)

113 (45)

113 (45)

115 (46)

116 (47)

115 (46)

110 (43)

99 (37)

96 (36)

116 (47)

Average high °F (°C)

67.9 (19.9)

69.9 (21.1)

72.0 (22.2)

77.7 (25.4)

81.3 (27.4)

88.8 (31.6)

95.0 (35)

96.0 (35.6)

91.7 (33.2)

84.4 (29.1)

74.7 (23.7)

68.8 (20.4)

80.7 (27.1)

Daily mean °F (°C)

53.7 (12.1)

55.4 (13)

57.2 (14)

61.3 (16.3)

65.2 (18.4)

71.0 (21.7)

76.0 (24.4)

76.8 (24.9)

73.5 (23.1)

66.8 (19.3)

58.2 (14.6)

53.6 (12)

64.1 (17.8)

Average low °F (°C)

39.5 (4.2)

40.9 (4.9)

42.3 (5.7)

44.8 (7.1)

49.1 (9.5)

53.2 (11.8)

56.9 (13.8)

57.6 (14.2)

55.2 (12.9)

49.2 (9.6)

41.7 (5.4)

38.3 (3.5)

47.4 (8.6)

Record low °F (°C)

19 (−7)

18 (−8)

26 (−3)

30 (−1)

33 (1)

36 (2)

42 (6)

42 (6)

38 (3)

27 (−3)

23 (−5)

20 (−7)

18 (−8)

Average rainfall inches (mm)

3.83 (97.3)

4.40 (111.8)

3.60 (91.4)

0.88 (22.4)

0.32 (8.1)

0.07 (1.8)

0.01 (0.3)

0.15 (3.8)

0.24 (6.1)

0.62 (15.7)

1.29 (32.8)

2.38 (60.5)

17.79 (452)

Average rainy days

6.2

5.9

6.1

3.0

1.3

0.4

0.1

0.7

1.3

2.0

3.2

4.4

34.6

Source: NOAA[17]

text:
hideClimate data for Burbank, California

Month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

Record high °F (°C)

93 (34)

92 (33)

98 (37)

105 (41)

107 (42)

111 (44)

110 (43)

111 (44)

113 (45)

108 (42)

101 (38)

92 (33)

113 (45)

Average high °F (°C)

70 (21)

71 (22)

74 (23)

77 (25)

82 (28)

85 (29)

90 (32)

92 (33)

91 (33)

83 (28)

76 (24)

70 (21)

80 (27)

Average low °F (°C)

45 (7)

46 (8)

47 (8)

50 (10)

55 (13)

61 (16)

64 (18)

65 (18)

63 (17)

57 (14)

48 (9)

45 (7)

54 (12)

Record low °F (°C)

22 (−6)

27 (−3)

22 (−6)

32 (0)

39 (4)

43 (6)

45 (7)

46 (8)

43 (6)

33 (1)

29 (−2)

22 (−6)

22 (−6)

Average rainfall inches (mm)

3.53 (89.7)

4.62 (117.3)

2.97 (75.4)

1.11 (28.2)

.35 (8.9)

.11 (2.8)

.02 (0.5)

.07 (1.8)

.23 (5.8)

.97 (24.6)

1.07 (27.2)

2.40 (61)

17.45 (443.2)

Source: Weather.com[18]

text: Orange County[edit]

text: North/Central Orange County[edit]

text: The climate of Santa Ana, the county seat of Orange County, as well as Anaheim, both in north-central Orange County, are quite similar, and typical of locations on the coastal plain 10 to 15 miles (16 to 24 km) inland from the beach. Whilst Santa Ana sits firmly on the border between the semi-arid and the hot-summer mediterranean climate, Anaheim is firmly a semi-arid climate with very low precipitation for the Los Angeles metropolitan area.

text:
hideClimate data for Santa Ana, California

Month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

Average high °F (°C)

69 (21)

70 (21)

71 (22)

74 (23)

75 (24)

79 (26)

83 (28)

84 (29)

83 (28)

80 (27)

74 (23)

70 (21)

75.9 (24.4)

Average low °F (°C)

47 (8)

48 (9)

50 (10)

52 (11)

56 (13)

60 (16)

63 (17)

64 (18)

63 (17)

58 (14)

51 (11)

46 (8)

54.8 (12.7)

Average rainfall inches (mm)

3.19 (81)

3.03 (77)

2.8 (71)

0.67 (17)

0.24 (6.1)

0.12 (3)

0.04 (1)

0.12 (3)

0.35 (8.9)

0.35 (8.9)

1.18 (30)

1.77 (45)

13.86 (351.9)

Source: U.S. Climate Data[19]

text:
hideClimate data for Anaheim, California

Month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

Average high °F (°C)

69 (21)

69 (21)

70 (21)

73 (23)

75 (24)

79 (26)

84 (29)

86 (30)

85 (29)

80 (27)

74 (23)

70 (21)

76 (24)

Average low °F (°C)

45 (7)

47 (8)

48 (9)

51 (11)

56 (13)

60 (16)

62 (17)

63 (17)

62 (17)

56 (13)

51 (11)

46 (8)

54 (12)

Average rainfall inches (mm)

2.4 (61)

2.8 (71)

2.5 (64)

0.6 (15)

0.1 (3)

0.1 (3)

0.0 (0)

0.0 (0)

0.1 (3)

0.2 (5)

0.8 (20)

1.3 (33)

10.9 (278)

Source: U.S. Climate Data[20]

text: Extreme weather[edit]

text: Records[edit]

text: In downtown Los Angeles, weather records began on July 1, 1877.  The highest temperature recorded in downtown Los Angeles was 113 °F (45 °C) on September 27, 2010.  The lowest temperature was 28 °F (−2 °C) on January 7, 1913 and on January 4, 1949.[21]  The wettest “rain year” from July to the following June was 1883/1884 with 38.18 inches (969.8 mm), and the driest 2006/2007 with 3.21 inches (81.5 mm).[22] The greatest rainfall in one month was 15.80 inches (401.3 mm) in December 1889, which also had the most days – twenty – receiving at least 0.01 inches (0.3 mm) of rain. The greatest rainfall in 24 hours was 5.68 inches (144.3 mm) on March 2, 1938.[23]

text: At the Los Angeles International Airport, the highest recorded temperature was 110 °F (43 °C) on September 26, 1963.  The lowest temperature was 27 °F (−3 °C) on January 4, 1949.  The wettest year was 1983 with 29.46 inches (748 mm) and the driest year was 1947 with 2.95 inches (74.9 mm).  The greatest rainfall in one month was 13.79 inches (350 mm) in February 1998.  The greatest rainfall in 24 hours was 5.60 inches (142.2 mm) on November 21, 1967.[24]

text: In Long Beach, the highest recorded temperature was 111 °F (44 °C) on October 16, 1958, and October 15, 1961, and again on September 27, 2010. The lowest temperature was 21 °F (−6 °C) on January 20, 1922.  The wettest year was 1978 with 27.67 inches (703 mm).  The driest year was 2002 with 2.63 inches (66.8 mm).  The greatest rainfall in one month was 14.50 inches (368 mm) in January 1969, including a record 24-hour rainfall of 6.71 inches (170.4 mm) on January 20 that month. [25][26]

text: Snowfall inside the city of Los Angeles is rare. The record snowfall occurred on January 19th, 1949, when  3.0 inches (7.6 cm) of snow fell inside city limits, however Burbank reported 4.7 inches. Since official records were first kept in 1877, the downtown Los Angeles weather station observed measurable snowfall three times, in 1882, 1932, and 1949. .[27]

text: Santa Ana Winds[edit]

text: The Santa Ana winds are strong, extremely dry offshore winds that characteristically sweep across Southern California and northern Baja California during late fall into winter season. They range from hot to cold, depending on the prevailing temperatures in the source region, the Great Basin and upper Mojave Desert. Nevertheless, the winds are notorious for causing hot, dry weather due to compressional heating of the lower atmosphere.

text: Notable Santa Ana windstorms happen several times a year between fall and spring. Once every several years a strong windstorm causes significant damage, toppling or uprooting large old trees and damaging structures across the region.

text: Heavy Rains, Landslides, and Debris Flows[edit]

text: While overall precipitation is low, the rain that does fall occasionally comes in brief heavy storms. Combined with steep mountain slopes and recent burn areas from wildfires, these heavy rains often cause landslides and debris flows in foothill areas, damaging structures and blocking roads.

text: Thunderstorms, Lightning, and Tornadoes[edit]

text: Textbook cumulonimbus-formed summer thunderstorms are fairly rare[28] in Los Angeles, because the atmosphere over the coastal basin is generally too stable and dry, especially during summer, to allow the strong vertical development necessary for mature cumulonimbus clouds. Full, mature thunderstorms can develop in the surrounding deserts and mountains during the summer North American Monsoon, but rarely over the Los Angeles metropolitan region and coastal basin but the moisture is coming off on Gulf of Mexico and Gulf of California. This atmospheric stability is largely due to the cool and persistent marine layer, which is fueled by the constant influx of cold Pacific water via the California Current. Summer thunderstorms that do manage to form on the coastal basin are typically associated with the North American Monsoon and/or tropical cyclones, or downburst winds, which can bring enough tropical heat and moisture to overcome the cool marine layer, destabilizing the atmosphere.

text: Though still relatively rare, thunderstorms most often occur during warm southerly-flow winter rain storms. These warm storms are different from the typical northwesterly cold fronts that bring most of the region's winter precipitation. Atmospheric instability caused by these warm winter storm systems allows the formation of small, weak, isolated thunderstorms, which tend to move across the area quickly, producing a few rumbles of thunder, and soon dissipate back into the larger rain storm system. Occasionally, these bring impressive displays of lightning, hail, and damaging winds to small localities within the region. Small, weak, isolated tornadoes can occur during these events, but are exceedingly rare. Likewise, weak-to-moderate-strength waterspouts may form over the ocean (typically off the stretch of coast between Long Beach and Huntington Beach) during warm winter storms, but again, this is very rare.

text: Sea temperatures[edit]

text: The average annual temperature of the sea is 63 °F (17 °C), from 58 °F (14 °C) in January to 68 °F (20 °C) in August.[29]

text:
Average sea temperature:[29]

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

58 °F (14 °C)

58 °F (14 °C)

60 °F (16 °C)

60 °F (16 °C)

61 °F (16 °C)

63 °F (17 °C)

66 °F (19 °C)

68 °F (20 °C)

67 °F (19 °C)

66 °F (19 °C)

64 °F (18 °C)

60 °F (16 °C)

63 °F (17 °C)


document_title: Australia at the Commonwealth Games

question_text: when was the commonwealth games held in australia

text: Australia at the Commonwealth Games

text: List of Games Host Nation Bids[edit]

text: Games Staged[edit]

text: Australia has hosted the Commonwealth Games on four occasions but have only won once via an international vote. That vote was for the host of the 2018 games, won by the Gold Coast.

text: Sydney 1938 was simply awarded.

text: Perth 1962 was a contest between Adelaide and Perth which Adelaide originally won at the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne, Australia. Adelaide first won 13 votes to Perth's 3. Two years later that was overturned by the Australian Commonwealth Games Association prior to the 1958 British Empire Games in Cardiff, Wales. A New Vote awarded Perth with a 9 to 7 vote.

text: Brisbane 1982 was awarded after Lagos, Nigeria; Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and Birmingham, England all withdrew prior to the Bid vote that took place in Montreal, Quebec, Canada during the 1976 Summer Olympics.

text: Melbourne 2006 was awarded to the city after Wellington, New Zealand withdrew their bid prior to the Bid Lodgement Deadline.

text:
Year
Host City, State
Years Between

2018 Commonwealth Games
Gold Coast, Queensland
12

2006 Commonwealth Games
Melbourne, Victoria
24

1982 Commonwealth Games
Brisbane, Queensland
20

1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games
Perth, Western Australia
24

1938 British Empire Games
Sydney, New South Wales
-

text: Failed bid Results[edit]

text:
Year
Australian Candidate City
Winning City
Vote Tally

1974 Commonwealth Games
Melbourne
Christchurch
2-36

1998 Commonwealth Games
Adelaide
Kuala Lumpur
25-40

text: Medals[edit]

text: Overall Medal Tally[edit]

text: Positions are calculated by the number of gold medals earned, then the number of silvers is taken into consideration and then the number of bronze.

text: Figures from Commonwealth Games Foundation website.[2] Those represented in bold are the highest scoring medal tally for each individual medal.

text: The 2006 Games saw the highest overall medal tally, including the highest number of silver and bronze medals. The 1994 Games remains the Games with the highest number of gold medals won for Australia.

text:
Total

 Australia

936
768
713
2427

text: Games Summary[edit]

text:
Games

Gold

Silver

Bronze

Total

Rank

Competitors

Officials

Flag Bearer Opening

Flag Bearer Closing

 1930 Hamilton
3
4
1
8
5
9
2
Bobby Pearce

 1934 London
8
4
2
14
3
17
2
Noel Ryan

 1938 Sydney
25
19
22
66
1
158
11
Edgar 'Dunc Gray

 1950 Auckland
34
27
19
80
1
148
20
Mervyn Wood

 1954 Vancouver
20
11
17
48
2
78
13
Dick Garrard

 1958 Cardiff
27
22
17
66
2
105
14
Ivan Lund

 1962 Perth
38
36
31
105
1
208
30
Tony Madigan

 1966 Kingston
23
28
22
73
2
101
23
David Dickson

 1970 Edinburgh
36
24
22
82
1
107
25
Pam Kilborn
Michael Wenden[3]

 1974 Christchurch
29
28
25
82
1
168
34
Michael Wenden

 1978 Edmonton
24
33
27
84
3
148
42
Remo Sansonetti  and  Salvatore Sansonetti
Tracey Wickham[4]

 1982 Brisbane
39
39
29
107
1
208
54
Rick Mitchell
Lisa Curry

 1986 Edinburgh
40
46
35
121
3
235
69
Michael Turtur
Gael Martin[5]

 1990 Auckland
52
54
56
162
1
247
68
Lisa Curry-Kenny
Phillip Adams

 1994 Victoria
87
52
42
181
1
241
92
Ian Hale
Gary Neiwand

 1998 Kuala Lumpur
80
61
57
198
1
311
130
Kieren Perkins
Susan O'Neill

 2002 Manchester
82
62
63
207
1
355
131
Damian Brown
Ian Thorpe

 2006 Melbourne
84
69
68
221
1
425
168
Jane Saville
Leisel Jones

 2010 Delhi
74
56
49
179
1
368
179
Sharelle McMahon
Alicia Coutts

 2014 Glasgow
49
42
46
137
2
409
184
Anna Meares
Mark Knowles

 2018 Gold Coast
80
59
59
198
1

Mark Knowles
Kurt Fearnley

 2022 Birmingham
Future event

Total
936
768
713
2427
1[6]

[7][8]

text: Overall Medal Tally by Sport[edit]

text: Overall total of medals achieved for each individual Commonwealth Games sporting area from 1930-2006.

text:
Sport

 Gold

 Silver

 Bronze

Total

Archery
1
0
2
3

Athletics
159
136
111
406

Badminton
2
1
9
12

Basketball
2
0
0
2

Boxing
11
14
28
53

Cricket
0
1
0
1

Cycling
78
50
34
162

Diving
27
31
26
84

Fencing
3
15
11
29

Gymnastics
38
28
36
102

Hockey
5
0
1
6

Judo
2
3
9
14

Lawn Bowls
6
18
7
31

Netball
3
2
0
5

Rowing
16
10
8
34

Rugby 7's
0
1
1
2

Shooting
52
44
32
128

Squash
4
5
9
18

Swimming
241
167
150
558

Table Tennis
0
3
2
5

Tennis
3
3
2
8

Tenpin Bowling
5
1
1
7

Triathlon
0
1
1
2

Waterpolo
1
0
0
1

Weightlifting
53
46
40
139

Wrestling
14
22
15
51

text: Progressive Medal Tally[edit]

text:
Commonwealth Games Progressive Medal Tally

Year

 Gold

 Silver

 Bronze

Total

2018

932

778

709

2419

2014

852
716
650
2218

2010

803
673
604
2080

2006

729
618
555
1902

2002

645
549
487
1681

1998

564
488
424
1476

1994

485
427
367
1279

1990

398
375
325
1098

1986

346
321
269
936

1982

306
275
234
815

1978

267
236
205
708

1974

243
203
178
624

1970

214
175
153
542

1966

178
151
131
460

1962

155
123
109
387

1958

117
87
78
282

1954

90
65
61
216

1950

70
54
44
168

1938

36
27
25
88

1934

11
8
3
22

1930

3
4
1
8

text: Numbers of athletes and sports[edit]

text: This list shows the total number of athletes, male and female, and the total sports they were selected to compete in.

text:
Year

Athletes

Male

Female

Sports

2006
426
220
206
18

2002
371

1998
320

1994
250

1990
248

1986
235

1982
210

1978
148

1974

1970

1966

1962

1958

1954

1950

1938

1934

1930

text: Team & Individual Competitor Achievements[edit]

text: Notable Achievements[edit]

text: Represented at most Games[edit]

text:
Arthur Tunstall has represented Australia as an official at 8 Commonwealth Games (1962, 66, 70, 74, 78, 86, 90, 94).
Donald Stockins has represented Australia as an official at 8 Commonwealth Games (1974, 78, 82, 86, 90, 94, 98, 2002).
Shooter Bruce Quick has represented at 7 Commonwealth Games 1990, 1998, 2002,2006,2010,2014 and 2018
Shooter Phillip Adams has competed in 6 Commonwealth Games (1982, 86, 90, 94, 98, 2002).

tag: ul

text: Best Individual Medal Achievements[edit]

text: Most gold medals won[edit]

text:
Swimmer Susie O'Neill won 10 gold medals at three successive Games (1990, 94, 98).
Swimmer Ian Thorpe won 10 gold medals at two successive Games (1998, 2002).
Swimmer Leisel Jones won 10 gold medals at three successive Games (2002, 06, 10).

text: Most gold medals won at a single Games[edit]

text:
Swimmer Susie O'Neill won 6 gold medals at the 1998 Games.
Swimmer Ian Thorpe won 6 gold medals at the 2002 Games.

text: Most medals won by a competitor[edit]

text:
Shooter Phillip Adams has won 18 medals (7 gold, 9 silver, 2 bronze) at five Games (1982, 86, 90, 94, 2002).
Swimmer Susie O'Neill has won 15 medals (10 gold, 5 silver) at three Games (1990, 94, 98).
Shooter Bruce Quick has won 14 medals ( 1 Gold, 9 Silver and 4 Bronze) at 6 games ( 1990,1998,2002,2006,2010 and 2014).

text: Oldest gold medal winner[edit]

text: Dorothy Roche, was 61 years and 10 months old when she won a gold medal in the women's fours in Bowls at the 1990 Games.

text: Youngest gold medal winner[edit]

text: Jenny Turrall, was 13 years, 8 months old when she won a gold medal in the 400m freestyle at Christchurch, New Zealand in 1974.[9]  Jenny Turrall also won Silver medals in the 200m Freestyle, 800m Freestyle and the 4x100 Freestyle Relay -women at the 1974 Christchurch Games.[10]

text: Winning Streaks[edit]

text: Australia has won gold in the following events for each consecutive Games since the beginning of each individual streak.

text:
Swimming, Men's 4 × 200 m (13 Games - 1954, 58, 62, 66, 70, 74, 78, 82, 86, 90, 94, 98, 2002)
Swimming, Men's 4 × 100 m (6 Games - 1982, 86, 90, 94, 98, 2002)
Swimming, Women's 4 × 100 m Medley (6 Games - 1990, 94, 98, 2002, 06, 10)
Men's Hockey (4 Games - 1998, 2002, 06, 10)

text: Australian Records Achieved at Commonwealth Games[edit]

text: Record Types listed follow this Key:

text:
WR: World Record
CR: Commonwealth Record
AR: Australian Record
GR: Games Record

text: Record Summary[edit]

text: This list shows a summary of known Australian records and totals for each year and overall. A world record also covers all other records (Commonwealth, Australian and Games) but is not included in each individual tally. This also goes for each other section overlapping. The hierarchy is defined by the record key.

text:
Year

WR

CR

AR

GR

Total

2006

2002
6

44
50

1998

20
20

1994

29
29

1990

7
7

1986

6
6

1982

2
2

1978

1
1

1974

1
1

1970

3
3

1966

14
14

1962

5
5

1958

0
0

1954

3
3

1950

2
2

1938

0
0

1934

2
2

1930

0
0

Total
6

139
145

text:
6 World Records were set during these Games.
44 Commonwealth Games Records were set in the 2002 Games.

text:
Type
Sport
Discipline
Athlete/Team
Record
Margin

WR
Cycling
4,000 m Team Pursuit (Qualifying)
Team: Graeme Brown, Peter Dawson, Mark Renshaw, Luke Roberts
4:04.034

WR
Cycling
4,000 m Team Pursuit
Team: Graeme Brown, Peter Dawson, Mark Renshaw, Luke Roberts
3:59.583

WR
Swimming
50 m Freestyle Multi Disability (Heat)
James Austin
27.48

WR
Swimming
100 m Freestyle Multi Disability (Heat)
James Austin
1:00.21

WR
Swimming
100 m Freestyle Multi Disability (Final)
James Austin
1:00.27

WR
Swimming
400 m Freestyle
Ian Thorpe
3:40.08

GR
Athletics
Men's 20 km Walk
Nathan Deakes
1:25.35 (hours)

GR
Athletics
Women's 20 km Walk
Jane Saville
1:36.34 (hours)

GR
Athletics
Women's 4 × 400 m Relay
Australia
3:25.63 (mins)

GR
Athletics
Men's 50 km Walk
Nathan Deakes
3:52.40 (hours)

GR
Athletics
Women's Marathon
Kerryn McCann
2:30.05 (hours)

GR
Athletics
Women's Pole Vault
Tatiana Grigorieva
4.35 (meters)

GR
Athletics
Men's Shot Put
Justin Anlezark
20.91 (meters)

GR
Cycling
Men's 20 km Scratch Race
Graeme Brown
24:14.660 (mins)

GR
Cycling
Women's 25 km Points Race
Katherine Bates
37 (points)

GR
Cycling
Men's 4000 m Individual Pursuit
Bradley "Brad" McGee
4:16.358 (mins)

GR
Cycling
Women's 500 m Time Trial
Kerrie Meares
35.084 (seconds)

GR
Cycling
Men's Road Race (187.2 km)
Stuart O'Grady
4:43:17 (hours)

GR
Cycling
Men's Road Time Trial (46.8 km)
Cadel Evans
1:00:53.50 (hours)

GR
Cycling
Men's Team Sprint
Australia
44.506 (seconds)

GR
Shooting
Women's 25 m Standard Pistol (Ind)
Lalita Yauhleuskaya
686.8 (points)

GR
Shooting
Women's 25 m Standard Pistol (Team)
Australia
1150 (points)

GR
Shooting
Men's 50 m Free Rifle-3 Position (Team)
Australia
2297 (points)

GR
Shooting
Women's 50 m Rifle Prone (Ind)
Kim Frazer
588 (points)

GR
Shooting
Women's Skeet (Ind)
Lauryn Ogilvie
93 (points)

GR
Shooting
Women's Skeet (Team)
Australia
95 (points)

GR
Shooting
Men's Trap (Team)
Australia
187 (points)

GR
Shooting
Women's Trap (Team)
Australia
90 (points)

GR
Swimming
Men's 100 m Backstroke
Matt Welsh
0:54.72 (mins)

GR
Swimming
Men's 100 m Butterfly
Geoff Huegill
0:52.36 (mins)

GR
Swimming
Women's 100 m Butterfly
Petria Thomas
0:58.57 (mins)

GR
Swimming
Men's 100 m Freestyle
Ian Thorpe
48.73 (seconds)

GR
Swimming
Men's 100 m Multi Disability Freestyle
Ben Austin
(mins)

GR
Swimming
Men's 200 m Butterfly
Justin Norris
1:56.95 (mins)

GR
Swimming
Men's 200 m Freestyle
Ian Thorpe
1:44.71 (mins)

GR
Swimming
Men's 400 m Freestyle
Ian Thorpe
3:40.08 (mins)

GR
Swimming
Men's 400 m Individual Medley
Justin Norris
4:16.95 (mins)

GR
Swimming
Men's 4 × 100 m Freestyle Relay
Australia
3:16.42 (mins)

GR
Swimming
Women's 4 × 100 m Freestyle Relay
Australia
3:40.41 (mins)

GR
Swimming
Men's 4 × 100 m Medley Relay
Australia
3:36.05 (mins)

GR
Swimming
Women's 4 × 100 m Medley Relay
Australia
4:03.70 (mins)

GR
Swimming
Men's 4 × 200 m Freestyle Relay
Australia
7:11.69 (mins)

GR
Swimming
Men's 50 m Backstroke
Matt Welsh
25.65 (seconds)

GR
Swimming
Women's 50 m Backstroke
Dyana Calub
28.98 (seconds)

GR
Swimming
Men's 50 m Butterfly
Geoff Huegill
23.57 (seconds)

GR
Swimming
Women's 50 m Butterfly
Petria Thomas
26.66 (seconds)

GR
Swimming
Men's 50 m Multi Disability Freestyle
Ben Austin
(seconds)

GR
Weightlifting
Women's 75 kg+ Snatch
Caroline Pileggi
100.0 (kg)

GR
Weightlifting
Men's 77 kg Snatch
Damian Brown
147.5 (kg)

GR
Weightlifting
Men's 94 kg Snatch
Alex Karapetyn
167.5 (kg)

text: 20 Commonwealth Games Records were set in the 1998 Games.

text:
Type

Sport

Discipline

Athlete/Team

Record

Margin

GR
Athletics
Women's 10 km Road Walk
Jane Saville
43:57 (mins)

GR
Cycling
Men's 184 km Road Race
Jay Sweet
4:31:56 (hours)

GR
Cycling
Women's 24 km Points Race
Alayna Burns
34 (points)

GR
Cycling
Women's Road Race (28 km)
Anna Wilson
37:34 (mins)

GR
Cycling
Men's Sprint
Darryn Hill
10.533 (seconds)

GR
Shooting
Women's Air Pistol (Ind)
Annemarie Forder
480.6 (points)

GR
Shooting
Women's Air Pistol (Team)
Australia
748 (points)

GR
Shooting
Men's Smallbore Rifle 3 Position (Ind)
Timothy Lowndes
1235.3 (points)

GR
Shooting
Women's Smallbore Sport Rifle 3 Position (Ind)
Susan McCready
667.3 (points)

GR
Shooting
Women's Smallbore Sport Rifle Prone (Team)
Australia
1174 (points)

GR
Shooting
Women's Sport Pistol (Team)
Australia
1140 (points)

GR
Swimming
Women's 200 m Butterfly
Susie O'Neill
2:06.60 (mins)

GR
Swimming
Men's 200 m Individual Medley
Matthew Dunn
2:00.26 (mins)

GR
Tenpin Bowling
Women's Doubles
Australia
3678 (points)

GR
Tenpin Bowling
Mixed Doubles
Australia
3605 (points)

GR
Tenpin Bowling
Women's Singles
Cara Honeychurch
6406 (points)

GR
Weightlifting
Men's 77 kg Clean and Jerk
Damian Brown
187.5 (kg)

GR
Weightlifting
Men's 77 kg Combined
Damian Brown
327.5 (kg)

GR
Weightlifting
Men's 94 kg Clean and Jerk
Kiril Kounev
205.0 (kg)

GR
Weightlifting
Men's 94 kg Combined
Kiril Kounev
370.0 (kg)

text: 29 Commonwealth Games Records were set in the 1994 Games.

text:
Type

Sport

Discipline

Athlete/Team

Record

Margin

GR
Athletics
Men's Marathon Wheelchair
Paul Wiggins
1:37.33 (hours)

GR
Cycling
Men's 10 Mile
Stuart O'Grady
18:50.520 (mins)

GR
Cycling
Men's 100 km Team Time Trial
Australia
1:53:19.13 (hours)

GR
Cycling
Women's 25 km Team Time Trial
Australia
1:04:03.20 (mins)

GR
Cycling
Men's 4000 m Team Pursuit
Australia
4:10.485 (mins)

GR
Cycling
Men's 40 km Points Race
Brett Aitken
38 (points)

GR
Cycling
Women's Road Race
Kathryn "Kathy" Watt
2:48:04.73 (seconds)

GR
Shooting
Fullbore Rifle Queens Prize - Open (Pair)
Australia
593 (points)

GR
Shooting
Men's Running Target (Ind)
Bryan Wilson
657.9 (points)

GR
Shooting
Women's Smallbore Rifle Prone (Team)
Australia
1160 (points)

GR
Shooting
Women's Sport Pistol (Ind)
Christine Trefry
679.4 (points)

GR
Swimming
Women's 100 m Breaststroke
Samantha Riley
1:08.02 (mins)

GR
Swimming
Women's 100 m Freestyle S9
Melissa Carlton
1:09.61 (mins)

GR
Swimming
Men's 1500 m Freestyle
Kieren Perkins
14:41.66 (mins)

GR
Swimming
Women's 200 m Breaststroke
Samantha Riley
2:25.53 (mins)

GR
Weightlifting
Men's 108 kg + Clean and Jerk
Stefan Botev
200.0 (kg)

GR
Weightlifting
Men's 108 kg + Combined
Stefan Botev
360.0 (kg)

GR
Weightlifting
Men's 108 kg + Snatch
Steven Kettner
165.0 (kg)

GR
Weightlifting
Men's 108 kg Clean and Jerk
Nicu Vlad
220.0 (kg)

GR
Weightlifting
Men's 108 kg Combined
Nicu Vlad
405.0 (kg)

GR
Weightlifting
Men's 108 kg Snatch
Nicu Vlad
185.0 (kg)

GR
Weightlifting
Men's 64 kg Combined
Sevdalin Marinov
277.5 (kg)

GR
Weightlifting
Men's 76 kg Clean and Jerk
Damian Brown
182.5 (kg)

GR
Weightlifting
Men's 83 kg Clean and Jerk
Kiril Kounev
200.0 (kg)

GR
Weightlifting
Men's 83 kg Combined
Kiril Kounev
352.5 (kg)

GR
Weightlifting
Men's 83 kg Snatch
Kiril Kounev
152.5 (kg)

GR
Weightlifting
Men's 91 kg Clean and Jerk
Harvey Goodman
200.0 (kg)

GR
Weightlifting
Men's 91 kg Combined
Harvey Goodman
362.5 (kg)

GR
Weightlifting
Men's 91 kg Snatch
Harvey Goodman
162.5 (kg)

text: 7 Commonwealth Games Records were set in the 1990 Games.

text:
Type

Sport

Discipline

Athlete/Team

Record

Margin

GR
Athletics
Men's Hammer Throw
Sean Carlin
75.66 (meters)

GR
Athletics
Women's Heptathlon
Jane Flemming
6695 (points)

GR
Cycling
Men's 50 km Points Race
Robert Burns
81 (points)

GR
Cycling
Women's Road Race (72 km)
Kathryn "Kathy" Watt
1:55:11.60 (hours)

GR
Shooting
Men's 50 m/Free Pistol (Team)
Australia
1106 (points)

GR
Swimming
Women's 400 m Individual Medley
Hayley Lewis
4:42.65 (mins)

GR
Weightlifting
Men's 75 kg Clean and Jerk
Ronald Laycock
177.5 (kg)

text: 6 Commonwealth Games Records were set in the 1986 Games.

text:
Type

Sport

Discipline

Athlete/Team

Record

Margin

GR
Athletics
Men's 30 km Road Walk
Simon Francis Baker
2:07.47 (hours)

GR
Athletics
Women's Shot Put
Gael Martin (née Mulhall)
19.00 (meters)

GR
Rowing
Men's Eight Oared Shell
Australia
5:44.42 (mins)

GR
Rowing
Women's Eight Oared Shell
Australia
6:43.69 (mins)

GR
Rowing
Men's Lightweight Single Sculls
Peter Antonie
7:16.43 (mins)

GR
Rowing
Women's Lightweight Single Sculls
Adair Ferguson
7:45.49 (mins)

text: 2 Commonwealth Games Records were set in the 1978 Games.

text:
Type

Sport

Discipline

Athlete/Team

Record

Margin

GR
Cycling
Men's Road Race (117 miles)
Phillip Anderson
4:22:34.41 (hours)

GR
Swimming
Women's 800 m Freestyle
Tracey Wickham
8:24.62 (mins)

text: 1 Commonwealth Games Records were set in the 1974 Games.

text:
Type

Sport

Discipline

Athlete/Team

Record

Margin

GR
Cycling
Men's Road Race (114 miles)
Clyde Sefton
5:07:16.87 (hours)

text: 3 Commonwealth Games Records were set in the 1970 Games.

text:
Type

Sport

Discipline

Athlete/Team

Record

Margin

GR
Athletics
Men's 20 Mile Walk
Noel Freeman
2:33:33 (hours)

GR
Weightlifting
Men's 110 kg + Combined
Raymond Rigby
500 (kg)

GR
Weightlifting
Men's 52 kg Combined
George Vasiliades
290 (kg)

text: 14 Commonwealth Games Records were set in the 1966 Games.

text:
Type

Sport

Discipline

Athlete/Team

Record

Margin

GR
Athletics
Women's 100 Yard Dash
Dianne Burge
10.6 (seconds)

GR Athletics Men's 100 Yard Dash Michael Van Der Velde 10.1 (seconds)

GR
Athletics
Women's 440 Yard Run/Quarter Mile
Judith Pollock
53.0 (seconds)

GR
Athletics
Women's 4x110 Yard Relay
Australia
45.3 (seconds)

GR
Athletics
Men's 880 Yard Run/Half-Mile
Noel Clough
1:46.9 (mins)

GR
Swimming
Men's 110 Yards Breaststroke
Ian O'Brien
1:08.2 (mins)

GR
Swimming
Men's 110 Yards Freestyle
Michael Wenden
54.0 (seconds)

GR
Swimming
Men's 220 Yard Backstroke
Peter Reynolds
2:12.0 (mins)

GR
Swimming
Men's 220 Yards Breaststroke
Ian O'Brien
2:29.3 (mins)

GR
Swimming
Men's 440 Yards Freestyle
Robert Windle
4:15.0 (mins)

GR
Swimming
Women's 440 Yards Freestyle
Kathryn Wainwright
4:38.8 (mins)

GR
Swimming
Men's 440 Yards Freestyle Relay
Australia
3:35.6 (mins)

GR
Swimming
Men's 440 Yards Individual Medley
Peter Reynolds
4:50.8 (mins)

GR
Swimming
Men's 880 Yards Freestyle Relay
Australia
7:59.5 (mins)

GR
Weightlifting
Men's 82.5 kg Combined
George Vakakis
925.5 (pounds)

text: 5 Commonwealth Games Records were set in the 1962 Games.

text:
Type

Sport

Discipline

Athlete/Team

Record

Margin

GR
Athletics
Women's 880 Yard Run/Half-Mile
Dixie Willis
2:03.7 (mins)

GR
Swimming
Men's 110 Yards Butterfly
Kevin Berry
0:59.5 (mins)

GR
Swimming
Women's 110 Yards Freestyle
Dawn Fraser
0:59.5 (seconds)

GR
Swimming
Men's 1650 Yards Freestyle
Murray Rose
17:18.1 (mins)

GR
Swimming
Men's 220 Yards Butterfly
Kevin Berry
2:10.8 (mins)

text: 3 Commonwealth Games Records were set in the 1958 Games.

text:
Type

Sport

Discipline

Athlete/Team

Record

Margin

GR
Athletics
Women's 220 Yard Dash
Marlene Mathews-Willard
23.6 (seconds)

GR
Athletics
Women's 80 m H
Norma Thrower
10.7 (seconds)

GR
Rowing
Men's Singles Sculls
Stuart MacKenzie
7:20.1 (mins)

text: 2 Commonwealth Games Records were set in the 1950 Games.

text:
Type

Sport

Discipline

Athlete/Team

Record

Margin

GR
Athletics
Women's 440 yard relay
Australia
47.9 (seconds)

GR
Athletics
Women's 660 Yard Relay
Australia
1:13.4 (mins)

text: 2 Commonwealth Games Records were set in the 1934 Games.

text:
Type

Sport

Discipline

Athlete/Team

Record

Margin

GR
Swimming
Men's 1500 Yards Freestyle
Noel Ryan
18:25.4 (mins)

GR
Swimming
Women's 200 Yards Breaststroke
Clare Dennis
2:50.2 (mins)