document_title: List of SAARC summits

question_text: who participated from nepal at the time saarc was first established

root

text: List of SAARC summits

text: Member Nations[edit]

text:
Flag of Afghanistan

Flag of Bangladesh

Flag of Bhutan

Flag of India

Flag of Maldives

Flag of Nepal

Flag of Pakistan

Flag of Sri Lanka

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text: Summits of SAARC[edit]

text: First summit 1st   Bangladesh[edit]

text: The first summit was held in Dhaka, Bangladesh on 6–8 December 1985 and was attended by the Government representative and president of Bangladesh, Maldives, Pakistan and Sri Lanka, the kings of Bhutan and Nepal, and the prime minister of India.[1] signed the SAARC Charter on 8 December 1985, thereby establishing the regional association, and established study groups on the problems of terrorism and drug trafficking, as well as planning a ministerial-level meeting about GATT, and a ministerial-level conference on increasing the participation of women at the regional level.[1] The summit also agreed to establish a SAARC secretariat and adopted an official SAARC emblem.[1]

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text: Second summit 2nd  India[edit]

text: The second summit was held in November 16–17 Bengaluru, India in 1986. The Heads of State or Government welcomed the signing of the Memorandum of Understanding on the establishment of the SAARC Secretariat by the Council of Ministers and their decision to locate the Secretariat in Kathmandu and appoint Ambassador Abul Ahsan of Bangladesh as the first Secretary-General of south Asian association of regional cooperation.Rajeev Gandhi prime minister that time.1986

text: Third summit 3rd   Nepal[edit]

text: The third summit was held in Kathmandu, Nepal from 2–4 November 1987, and was attended by the presidents of Bangladesh, the Maldives and Sri Lanka, the prime ministers of India and Pakistan, and the kings of Bhutan and Nepal.[2] The foreign ministers of the member states signed the SAARC Regional Convention on Suppression of Terrorism and an agreement to establish a South Asian Food Reserve.[2]

text: Fourth summit 4th  Pakistan[edit]

text: The fourth summit was held in Islamabad, Pakistan on 29–31 December 1988 and was attended by the presidents of Bangladesh, the Maldives and Sri Lanka, the prime ministers of India and Pakistan, and the kings of Bhutan and Nepal.[3] The summit discussed the coup attempt on 3 November 1988, declared 1989 to be the "SAARC Year Against Drug Abuse", declared 1990 to be the "SAARC Year of the Girl Child", set up a technical committee on education, and launched a regional plan called "SAARC-2000-A Basic Needs Perspective" to meet specific targets by the end of the twentieth century in areas such as food, shelter, education and environmental protection.[3] It was also agreed to hold regular "South Asian Festivals" with the first being hosted by India.[3]

text: Fifth summit 5th  Maldives[edit]

text: The fifth summit was held in Malé, Maldives on 21–23 November 1990 and was attended by the presidents of Bangladesh, the Maldives and Sri Lanka, the prime ministers of India, Nepal and Pakistan, and the king of Bhutan.[4] The leaders signed the SAARC Convention on Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, launched the Special SAARC Travel Document (providing visa-exemptions for national judges, parliamentarians and academics and their immediate families), launched a Scheme for the Promotion of Organised Tourism, authorized the SAARC secretariat to share information and exchange reports, studies and publications with the European Community and the Association of South East Asian Nations, declared various SAARC years (1991-2000 AD) to be the "SAARC Decade of the Girl Child", 1991 to be the "SAARC Year of Shelter", 1992 to be the "SAARC Year of the Environment", 1993 to be the "SAARC Year of Disabled Persons", and decided to set up the SAARC

text: Sixth summit 6th  Sri Lanka[edit]

text: The sixth summit was held in Colombo, Sri Lanka on 21 December 1991 and was attended by the prime ministers of Bangladesh, India, Nepal and Pakistan, the presidents of the Maldives and Sri Lanka, and the king of Bhutan.[5]

text: Seventh summit 7th  Bangladesh[edit]

text: The seventh summit was held in Dhaka, on 10–11 April 1993, and was attended by the presidents of the Maldives and Sri Lanka, the prime ministers of Bangladesh, India, Nepal and Pakistan, and the king of Bhutan.[6]

text: Eighth summit 8th  India[edit]

text: The eighth summit was held in New Delhi, on 2–4 May 1995, and was attended by the presidents of the Maldives, Pakistan and Sri Lanka, the prime ministers of Bangladesh, India and Nepal, and the king of Bhutan.[7]

text: Ninth summit 9th  Maldives[edit]

text: The ninth summit was held in Male, on 12–14 May 1997, and was attended by the presidents of the Maldives and Sri Lanka, the prime ministers of Bangladesh, India, Nepal and Pakistan, and the king of Bhutan.[8]

text: Tenth summit 10th  Sri Lanka[edit]

text: The tenth summit was held in Colombo, on 29–31 July 1998, and was attended by the presidents of the Maldives and Sri Lanka and the prime ministers of Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal and Pakistan.SAARC countries stressed for eradicating poverty and promoting joint collaboration.[9]

text: Eleventh summit 11th   Nepal[edit]

text: The eleventh summit was held in Kathmandu, on 4–6 January 2002, and was attended by the presidents of the Maldives, Pakistan and Sri Lanka and the prime ministers of Bangladesh, Bhutan, India and Nepal.[10]

text: Twelfth summit 12th  Pakistan[edit]

text: The twelfth summit was held in Islamabad, on 4–6 January 2004, and was attended by the presidents of the Maldives and Sri Lanka and the prime ministers of Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal and Pakistan.[11]

text: Thirteenth summit 13th  Bangladesh[edit]

text: The thirteenth summit was held in Dhaka, on 12–13 November 2005, and was attended by the prime ministers of Bangladesh, Bhutan, India and Pakistan, the presidents of the Maldives and Sri Lanka, and the king of Nepal and attended the summit peacefully[12]

text: Fourteenth summit 14th  India[edit]

text: The fourteenth summit of SAARC was held in New Delhi, India on 3rd-4 April 2007, and was attended by the presidents of Afghanistan, the Maldives and Sri Lanka and the prime ministers Bhutan, INDIA, Nepal and Pakistan and the chief adviser of the government of Bangladesh.

text: Fifteenth summit 15th   Sri Lanka[edit]

text: The fifteenth summit of SAARC was held in Colombo, Sri Lanka on 1–3 August 2008. The issues discussed were regional cooperation, partnership for growth for the peoples of South Asia, connectivity, energy, the environment, water resources, poverty alleviation, the SAARC Development Fund, transport, information and communications technology development, science and technology, tourism, culture, the South Asian Free Trade Area, the SAARC Social Charter, women and children, education, combating terrorism, and the admission of Australia and Myanmar as observers.

text: Food security[edit]

text: At the summit, one of the major points of discussion was the global food crisis. The SAARC heads of government made a statement saying "in view of the emerging global situation of reduced food availability and worldwide rise in food prices, we direct that an Extra-ordinary Meeting of the Agriculture Ministers of the SAARC Member States be convened in New Delhi, India in November 2008, to evolve and implement people-centred short to medium term regional strategy and collaborative projects." They also acknowledged the need to forge greater cooperation with the international community to ensure the food availability and nutrition security.[13]

text: Sixteenth summit 16th   Bhutan[edit]

text: The sixteenth summit was held in Thimpu, Bhutan on 28–29 April 2010. Bhutan hosted the SAARC summit for the first time. This was marked the silver jubilee celebration of SAARC that was formed in Bangladesh in December 1985. Climate change was the central issue of the summit with summit's theme "Towards a Green and Happy South Asia". Outcome of Thimpu Summit regarding climate change issue:

text:
SAARC leaders signed a SAARC Convention on Cooperation on Environment to tackle the problem of climate change.[14]
The SAARC nations also pledged to plant 10 million trees over the next 5 years.
India proposed setting up of climate innovation centres in South Asia to develop sustainable energy technologies.
India offered services of India's mission on sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem to the SAARC member states saying that the initiative could serve as a nucleus for regional cooperation in this vital area.
India announced "India endowment for climate change" in South Asia to help member states meet their urgent adaption and capacity building needs posed by the climate change.
The seven-page ‘Thimphu Silver Jubilee Declaration-Towards a Green and Happy South Asia’ emphasised the importance of reducing dependence on high-carbon technologies for economic growth and hoped promotion of climate resilience will promote both development and poverty eradication in a sustainable manner.

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text: Seventeenth summit 17th   Maldives[edit]

text: The Seventeenth Summit was held from 10-11 of November 2011 in Addu City, Maldives. The Meeting, which was held at the Equatorial Convention Centre, Addu City was opened by the outgoing Chair of SAARC, Prime Minister of the Royal Government of Bhutan, H.E.Lyonchhen Jigmi Yoezer Thinley.

text: H.E. Mohamed Nasheed was elected as the Chairperson of the 17th SAARC Summit. In his inaugural address President Nasheed highlighted three areas of cooperation in which progress should be made; trade, transport and economic integration; security issues such piracy and climate change; and good governance. The President also called on the Member States to establish a commission to address issues of gender inequalities in South Asia.

text: The Head of States of all the SAARC Member States addressed the Meeting. The inaugural meeting was attended by Foreign/External Ministers of SAARC Member States, the Secretary General of SAARC, the Heads of Observer Delegation, Cabinet Ministers of the Maldives, Ministers in the visiting delegations and other state dignitaries.

text: In her address Secretary General stated that the Summit being held under the theme of "Building Bridges" provides further impetus and momentum to build the many bridges that needs to be built: from bridging the gaps created by uneven economic development and income distribution, the gaps in recognizing and respecting the equality of men and women, the closing of space between intent and implementation.

text: In this Meeting, the Foreign Ministers of the respective Member States signed four agreements:

text:
SAARC Agreement on Rapid Response to Natural Disasters
SAARC Agreement on Multilateral Arrangement on Recognition of Conformity Assessment
SAARC Agreement on Implementation of Regional Standards
SAARC Seed Bank Agreement

text: In addition, the Addu Declaration of the Seventeenth SAARC Summit was adopted.

text: Eighteenth summit 18th    Nepal[edit]

text: The 18th SAARC Summit was held at the Nepalese capital Kathmandu from November 26 to November 27, 2014 and was attended by the prime ministers of Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal and Pakistan, and the presidents of the Afghanistan, Maldives and Sri Lanka. The motto was ‘Deeper Integration for Peace and Prosperity’. The legal permission on SAARC Satellite Scheme in this summit. The scheme will be developed in all member nations except Bangladesh and Pakistan.[15]

text: Nineteenth summit 19th   Pakistan[edit]

text:
Pakistan scheduled to host the 19th summit of South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) in Islamabad on 15 to 16 November 2016.
India including Afghanistan, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Maldives did not attend SAARC SUMMIT due to 2016 Uri attack. Pakistan postponed the SAARC summit and announced that new dates would be released soon,but it did not happen.

text: Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif in his address to the 19th SAARC summit being held in the Pakistan’s capital,[16] said that the objective of this summit was to address the security issues between India and Pakistan. Hours after Indian PM Narendra Modi decided to boycott the SAARC Summit in Islamabad in the wake of Uri terror attack Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Bhutan, Maldives and Sri Lanka have pulled out of the summit.[17]

text: According to sources, Bangladesh believes that growing interference in internal affairs of Bangladesh by one country has created environment not conducive to successful hosting of the 19th SAARC Summit in Islamabad in November 2016. Reportedly, Bangladesh said that it remains steadfast in its commitment to regional co-operation but believes these can only go forward in more congenial atmosphere.

text: Afghanistan stated that "Due to increased level of violence, fighting as a result of imposed terrorism on Afghanistan, President of Afghanistan with his responsibilities as Commander in Chief will be engaged and will not be able to attend the SAARC Summit."

text: Also, Bhutan has expressed concern over recent escalation of terrorism in the region, which seriously compromises environment for successful holding of the 19th SAARC Summit in Islamabad in Nov 2016, sources added. Bhutan has shared concerns of some of SAARC countries on deterioration of regional peace and security due to terrorism.

text: Sri Lanka decided to pull out of SAARC Summit, becoming the fifth country to pull out, citing the non-conductive situation in Islamabad. The island nation on September 30, 2016, said in a statement, "Sri Lanka condemns terrorism in all its forms and manifestations, and stresses in this regard, the need to deal with the issue of terrorism in the region in a decisive manner".

text: Maldives on 1 October 2016 joined hands with other five nations and boycott the summit to become sixth nation to do so.

text:
India alleged Pakistan for terrorism.
It is reported by Indian media that the SAARC summit in Pakistan is cancelled due to pulling out of six SAARC member states citing "poor conducive atmosphere" in the South Asian region.

text: Nepal is only country that have not pulled out of SAARC Sumit 2016. Nepal cannot pull out of SAARC summit due to present chairperson is from Nepal.

text: Nepal, the current chair of SAARC, urged that "a conducive environment be created soon to ensure the participation of all member states in the 19th SAARC summit in line with the spirit of the SAARC charter".


document_title: Politics of the United States during World War II

question_text: who was president in america during world war 2

text: Overview[edit]

text: The United States entered World War II with the same Administration that had been at the helm of the nation since 1932, that of Franklin Delano Roosevelt. This Administration had been preparing for war for a while by the time of the attack on Pearl Harbor.

text: President of the United States[edit]

text: President Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Vice President Henry A. Wallace won the election of 1940, and were at the helm of the nation as it prepared for and entered World War II. Roosevelt sought and won an unprecedented fourth term in office in 1944, but this time with Harry S. Truman as his Vice President. Roosevelt, who had been a victim of Polio early in life, died in April 1945, and Truman assumed the Presidency through the end of the war.

text: Cabinet[edit]

text:
Secretary of State

Cordell Hull pre-war to November 1944
Edward Stettinius to war's end

Secretary of the Interior

Harold Ickes throughout the war

Secretary of Commerce

Jesse H. Jones pre-war to June 1945
Henry A. Wallace to war's end

Secretary of the Treasury

Henry Morgenthau Jr. pre-war to June 1945
Carl Vinson to war's end

Secretary of Labor

Francis Perkins pre-war to June 1945
Schwellenback to war's end

Secretary of War

Henry L. Stimson throughout the war

Secretary of the Navy

Frank Knox pre-war to May 1944
James V. Forrestal to war's end

Secretary of Agriculture

Claude Wickard pre-war to June 1945
Anderson to war's end

Postmaster General

Frank C. Walker pre-war to June 1945
Hannegan to war's end

Attorney General

Francis Biddle pre-war to June 1945
Tom C. Clark to war's end

Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation

J. Edgar Hoover throughout the war

text: Executive Agencies[edit]

text:
Foreign Economic Administration under Director Crowley, formed September 1943 from the Office of Economic Warfare, the Office of Lend Lease Administration, and the Office of Foreign Relief and Rehabilitation Operations.
Office of Price Administration under Administrators Henderson, Brown, and Bowles, formed April 1941 (originally named the Office of Price Administration and Civilian Supply).
Office of War Mobilization and Reconversion under Chairmen Byrnes and Vinson, formed in May 1943 as the Office of War Mobilization.
War Production Board under Chairmen Nelson and King, formed in January 1942 from the Office of Production Management and the Supply Priorities and Allocation Board.
Economic Stabilization Board under Chairmen Byrnes and Vinson, formed in October 1942 as the Office of Economic Stabilization.
War Manpower Commission under Chairman McNuff, formed in April 1942.
United States Maritime Commission under Chairman Land.
War Shipping Administration under Administrator Land, formed in February 1942.
Office of Defense Transportation under Chairman Eastman, formed in December 1941.
Petroleum Administration for War under Administrator Ickes, formed in December 1942.
War Food Administration formed in December 1942.
National War Labor Board under Chairman Davis, formed in January 1942.
Office of Scientific Research and Development under Chairman Bush, formed in July 1941.
Office of War Information under Chairman Davis, formed in June 1942.
Office of Civilian Defense under Chairmen LaGuardia and Landis, formed in May 1941.

text: Joint Chiefs of Staff[edit]

text: The Joint Chiefs were military officers, as opposed to the above, who were for the most part civilians.

text:
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff William D. Leahy
Army Commander-in-Chief and Chief of Staff George C. Marshall
Navy Commander-in-Chief and Chief of Operations Ernest King
Army Air Force Commander Henry Arnold
Marine Corps Commandant Alexander Vandegrift
Army Air Force Chief of Staff Giles
Army Ground Forces Commander Lear
Army Service Forces Commander Somervell

text: In addition, the following offices reported to the Joint Chiefs of Staff:

text:
Operations Division, formerly the War Plans Division.
Military Intelligence Division
Office of Naval Intelligence

text: Politics of World War IIUnited States home front during World War IIPolitics of the United States

text: Articles lacking sources from December 2009All articles lacking sources


document_title: Carolina Reaper

question_text: what's hotter ghost pepper or carolina reaper

question_tokens: what 's hotter ghost pepper or carolina reaper

text: Carolina Reaper

text:
Carolina Reaper

Species
Capsicum chinense

Hybrid parentage
Bhut jolokia × red habanero

Breeder
Ed Currie

Origin
Rock Hill, South Carolina, US

Heat
 Exceptionally hot

Scoville scale
1,569,300 on average SHU

text: The Carolina Reaper, originally named the HP22B,[1] is a cultivar of the Capsicum chinense plant. The pepper is red and gnarled, with a small pointed tail. In 2013, Guinness World Records dubbed it the hottest chili in the world, surpassing the previous record holder, the Trinidad Scorpion "Butch T".[2]

text: Pungency[edit]

text: The sensory heat or pungency detected when consuming a Carolina Reaper derives from the density of capsaicinoids, particularly capsaicin, which relates directly to intensity of chili pepper heat and Scoville scale.[3] Bred in a Rock Hill, South Carolina greenhouse by "Smokin" Ed Currie, proprietor of the PuckerButt Pepper Company in Fort Mill, the Carolina Reaper was certified as the world's hottest chili pepper by the Guinness World Records since August 7, 2013.[4][5] The official Guinness World Record heat level was 1,569,300 Scoville Heat Units (SHU) in 2013, according to tests conducted by Winthrop University in South Carolina. The figure is an average for the tested batch; the hottest individual pepper was measured at 2.2 million SHU.[4][5][6]

text: The original crossbreed was between a Bhut jolokia (a former world record holder) and a red habanero, and is named 'Reaper' due to the shape of its tail.[7][8]

text: For growing, the pepper has been described as "a good all-rounder to try at home" by UK ethnobotanist James Wong, who said that they require temperatures of at least 18–20 °C (64–68 °F) and suggested growing in 30–40 cm (12–16 in) pots to restrict growth and produce fruit sooner.[9] It has been described as having a fruity taste, with the initial bite being sweet and then immediately turning to "molten lava".[7][10] When fully ripe, two peppers occupy the palm of the hand.[10]

text: In May 2017, Mike Smith of St Asaph working with Nottingham Trent University claimed to have surpassed the Carolina Reaper with his Dragon's Breath pepper, reported to be 2.4 million SHUs, and applied to Guinness World Records for confirmation.[11] As of September 2017, the hottest chili pepper known was Pepper X, having a reported Scoville scale of 3.18 million units.[12]

text:
30-day-old Carolina Reaper plant

Mature plant

Mature plant