document_title: Gladiator (2000 film)

question_text: who is maximus fighting in the beginning of gladiator

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text: Gladiator (2000 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In AD 180, Hispano-Roman General Maximus Decimus Meridius intends to return to his home after he leads the Roman army to victory against the Germanic tribes near Vindobona on the Limes Germanicus. Emperor Marcus Aurelius tells Maximus that his own son, Commodus, is unfit to rule and that he wishes Maximus to succeed him, as regent, to help save Rome from corruption. Commodus murders his father when he is told about the plan.

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text: Commodus announces he is the new Emperor and asks Maximus for his loyalty, but the general refuses. Maximus is arrested by guards and is told that he and his family will die. He kills his captors and rides for his home near Trujillo, where he finds his family murdered. Maximus buries his wife and son; then collapses. He is found by slavers who take him to the Roman province of Zucchabar, where he is sold to a gladiator trainer named Proximo.

text: Although reluctant at first, Maximus fights in local tournaments and makes friends with two other gladiators: Juba, a Numidian; and Hagen, a German. His military skills help him win matches and gain recognition from other gladiators and the crowd. Proximo reveals that he was once a gladiator, and advises Maximus that he must "win the crowd" to win his freedom. Proximo takes his gladiators to fight in Rome's Colosseum, because Commodus has organized 150 days of games.

text: Disguised by a masked helmet, Maximus debuts in gladiatorial combat in the Colosseum as a Carthaginian in a re-enactment of the Battle of Zama. Unexpectedly, Maximus leads his side to victory, and Commodus enters the Colosseum to offer his congratulations. He orders the disguised Maximus, as leader of the gladiators, to show himself and give his name; Maximus reveals himself and declares vengeance. Commodus is compelled by the crowd to let the gladiators live, and the Praetorian Guard is held back from striking them down.

text: Maximus's next fight is a victory against a legendary undefeated gladiator. Commodus orders Maximus to kill the gladiator, but Maximus spares his opponent's life; he is called "Maximus the Merciful" by the crowd. Angered at this outcome, Commodus taunts Maximus about his family's deaths, but Maximus turns and walks away.

text: Maximus discovers from Cicero, his ex-orderly, that his former legions remain loyal. Lucilla, Commodus's sister; Gracchus, an influential senator; and Maximus meet secretly. Maximus will escape Rome, join his soldiers, topple Commodus by force, and hand power back to the Roman Senate. Commodus learns of the plot by threatening Lucilla, and has the Praetorian Guard arrest Gracchus and attack the gladiators' barracks. Proximo and his men, including Hagen, sacrifice themselves to enable Maximus to escape. Maximus is captured at the rendezvous with Cicero, where Cicero is killed.

text: Commodus challenges Maximus to a duel in the Colosseum. He stabs Maximus before the match to gain an advantage. Maximus disarms Commodus, whom the Praetorian Guard refuse to aid. Commodus then produces a hidden knife, which Maximus drives into his throat, killing him. Maximus succumbs to his wound. Before he dies, he asks for political reforms, for his gladiator allies to be freed, and for Senator Gracchus to be reinstated. Maximus's friends and allies honor him as "a soldier of Rome", at Lucilla's behest, and carry his body out of the arena, leaving the dead Commodus behind.

text: Juba visits the Colosseum at night and buries the figurines of Maximus's wife and son at the spot where he died. Juba says he is to return to his own family and promises to see Maximus again, "but not yet".

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Russell Crowe as Maximus Decimus Meridius: a Hispano-Roman legatus forced into becoming a slave who seeks revenge against Commodus. He has earned the favor of Marcus Aurelius, and the love and admiration of Lucilla prior to the events of the film. His home is near Trujillo in today's Province of Cáceres, Spain. After the murder of his family he vows vengeance. Maximus is a fictional character partly inspired by Marcus Nonius Macrinus, Narcissus, Cincinnatus, and Maximus of Hispania. Mel Gibson was first offered the role,[6] but declined as he felt he was too old to play the character. Antonio Banderas and Hugh Jackman were also considered.[7]
Joaquin Phoenix as Commodus: The amoral, power-hungry, twisted son of Marcus Aurelius, he murders his father when he learns that Maximus will hold the emperor's powers in trust until a new republic can be formed.
Connie Nielsen as Lucilla: Maximus's former lover and the older child of Marcus Aurelius. Lucilla has been recently widowed. She resists her brother's incestuous advances and hates him, while also having to be careful to protect her son, Lucius, from her brother's corruption and wrath.
Oliver Reed as Antonius Proximo: An old, gruff gladiator trainer who buys Maximus in North Africa. A former gladiator himself, he was freed by Marcus Aurelius, and gives Maximus his own armor and eventually a chance at freedom, and becomes somewhat of a mentor to Maximus. This was Reed's final film appearance, before he died during the filming. In the original film script, Proximo was supposed to live.
Derek Jacobi as Senator Gracchus: A member of the Roman Senate who opposes Commodus's rule and an ally of Lucilla and Maximus.
Djimon Hounsou as Juba: A Numidian tribesman who was taken from his home and family by slave traders. He becomes Maximus's closest ally and friend, and inspires Maximus to bring down Commodus for the greater good before he joins his family in the afterlife.
Richard Harris as Marcus Aurelius: The old and wise emperor of Rome who appoints Maximus, whom he loves as a son, to be his successor, with the ultimate aim of returning Rome to a republican form of government. He is murdered by his son Commodus before his wish can be fulfilled.
Ralf Möller as Hagen: A Germanic warrior and Proximo's chief gladiator who later befriends Maximus and Juba during their battles in Rome.
Tommy Flanagan as Cicero, by his accent probably a native of Caledonia: Maximus's loyal servant who provides liaison between the enslaved Maximus, his former legion based at Ostia, and Lucilla. He is used as bait for the escaping Maximus and eventually killed by the Praetorian Guard.
David Schofield as Senator Falco: A Patrician, a senator opposed to Gracchus. He helps Commodus to consolidate his power.
John Shrapnel as Senator Gaius: Another Roman senator allied with Gracchus, Lucilla, and Maximus against Commodus.
Tomas Arana as General Quintus: another Roman legatus, who served under and was a friend to Maximus. Made commander of the Praetorian Guard by Commodus, after betraying Maximus. In the extended version, Quintus sees the mad side of the Emperor when he is forced to execute two innocent men. Quintus later redeems himself by refusing to allow Commodus a second sword during the latter's duel with Maximus, and promises to honor Maximus's last wishes.
Spencer Treat Clark as Lucius Verus: The young son of Lucilla. He is named after his father Lucius Verus, who was co-emperor until AD 169 . He is also the grandson of Marcus Aurelius.
David Hemmings as Cassius: the master of ceremonies for the gladiatorial games in the Colosseum.
Sven-Ole Thorsen as Tigris of Gaul: An undefeated champion gladiator who is called out of retirement by Commodus to kill Maximus but is defeated by Maximus. Commodus then ordered Maximus to kill Tigris, but Maximus spared him, much to Commodus' fury.
Omid Djalili as a slave trader.
Giannina Facio as Maximus's wife.
Giorgio Cantarini as Maximus's son, who is the same age as Lucilla's son Lucius.

text: Production[edit]

text: Screenplay[edit]

text: Gladiator was based on an original pitch by David Franzoni, who wrote the first draft.[8] Franzoni was given a three-picture deal with DreamWorks as writer and co-producer on the strength of his previous work, Steven Spielberg's Amistad, which helped establish the reputation of DreamWorks. Not a classical scholar, Franzoni was inspired by Daniel P. Mannix's 1958 novel Those About to Die, and he chose to base his story on Commodus after reading the Augustan History. In Franzoni's first draft, dated April 4, 1998, he named his protagonist Narcissus, a wrestler who, according to the ancient sources Herodian and Cassius Dio, strangled Emperor Commodus to death.[9]

text: Ridley Scott was approached by producers Walter F. Parkes and Douglas Wick. They showed him a copy of Jean-Léon Gérôme's 1872 painting entitled Pollice Verso (Thumbs Down).[10] Scott was enticed by filming the world of Ancient Rome. However, Scott felt Franzoni's dialogue was too "on the nose" (lacking subtlety) and hired John Logan to rewrite the script to his liking. Logan rewrote much of the first act and made the decision to kill off Maximus's family to increase the character's motivation.[11]

text: Russell Crowe describes being eager for the role as pitched by Walter F. Parkes, in his interview for Inside the Actors Studio: "They said, 'It's a 100-million-dollar film. You're being directed by Ridley Scott. You play a Roman General.' I've always been a big fan of Ridley's."[12]

text: With two weeks to go before filming, the actors complained of problems with the script. William Nicholson was brought to Shepperton Studios to make Maximus a more sensitive character. Nicholson reworked Maximus' friendship with Juba and developed the afterlife thread in the film, saying "he did not want to see a film about a man who wanted to kill somebody."[11]

text: The screenplay faced many rewrites and revisions. Crowe allegedly questioned every aspect of the evolving script and strode off the set when he did not get answers. According to a DreamWorks executive, "(Russell Crowe) tried to rewrite the entire script on the spot. You know the big line in the trailer, 'In this life or the next, I will have my vengeance'? At first he absolutely refused to say it."[13]

text: Russell Crowe described the script situation: "I read the script and it was substantially underdone. Even the character didn't exist on the pages. And that set about a long process, that's probably the first time that I've been in a situation where the script wasn't a complete done deal. We actually started shooting with about 32 pages and went through them in the first couple of weeks."[12]

text: Of the writing and filming process, Crowe added, "Possibly, a lot of the stuff that I have to deal with now in terms of my quote unquote volatility has to do with that experience. Here was a situation where we got to Morocco with a crew of 200 and a cast of a 100 or whatever, and I didn't have anything to learn. I actually didn't know what the scenes were gonna be. We had, I think, one American writer working on it, one English writer working on it, and of course a group of producers who were also adding their ideas, and then Ridley himself; and then, on the occasion where Ridley would say, 'Look, this is the structure for it – what are you gonna say in that?' So then I'd be doing my own stuff, as well. And this is how things like, 'Strength and honor,' came up. This is how things like, 'At my signal, unleash hell,' came up. The name Maximus Decimus Meridius, it just flowed well."[12]

text: Maximus' habit of rubbing soil before each fight references the attachment and affection to his former life as a farmer.[14] In a conversation with Marcus Aurelius, Maximus says the fecund soil of his farm is "black like my wife's hair".[14] Crowe wrote the speech himself, drawing on his feelings of homesickness for his own ranch.[14]

text: Pre-production[edit]

text: In preparation for filming, Scott spent several months developing storyboards to develop the framework of the plot.[15] Over six weeks, production members scouted various locations within the extent of the Roman Empire before its collapse, including Italy, France, North Africa, and England.[16] All of the film's props, sets, and costumes were manufactured by crew members due to high costs and unavailability of the items.[17] One hundred suits of steel armour and 550 suits in polyurethane were made by Rod Vass and his company Armordillo. The unique sprayed-polyurethane system was developed by Armordillo and pioneered for this production. Over a three-month period, 27,500 component pieces of armor were made.[18]

text: Filming[edit]

text: The film was shot in three main locations between January and May 1999. The opening battle scenes in the forests of Germania were shot in three weeks in the Bourne Woods, near Farnham, Surrey, in England.[19] When Scott learned that the Forestry Commission planned to remove a section of the forest, he persuaded them to allow the battle scene to be shot there and burn it down.[20] Scott and cinematographer John Mathieson used multiple cameras filming at various frame rates and a 45-degree shutter, creating stop motion effects in the action sequences, similar to techniques used for the battle sequences of Saving Private Ryan (1998).[21] Subsequently, the scenes of slavery, desert travel, and gladiatorial training school were shot in Ouarzazate, Morocco, just south of the Atlas Mountains over a further three weeks.[22] To construct the arena where Maximus has his first fights, the crew used basic materials and local building techniques to manufacture the 30,000-seat mud brick arena.[23] Finally, the scenes of Ancient Rome were shot over a period of nineteen weeks in Fort Ricasoli, Malta.[24][25]

text: In Malta, a replica of about one-third of Rome's Colosseum was built, to a height of 52 feet (15.8 meters), mostly from plaster and plywood (the other two-thirds and remaining height were added digitally).[26] The replica took several months to build and cost an estimated $1 million.[27] The reverse side of the complex supplied a rich assortment of Ancient Roman street furniture, colonnades, gates, statuary, and marketplaces for other filming requirements. The complex was serviced by tented "costume villages" that had changing rooms, storage, armorers, and other facilities.[24] The rest of the Colosseum was created in computer-generated imagery using set-design blueprints and textures referenced from live action, and rendered in three layers to provide lighting flexibility for compositing in Flame and Inferno software.[28]

text: Post-production[edit]

text: British post-production company The Mill was responsible for much of the computer-generated imagery effects that were added after filming. The company was responsible for such tricks as compositing real tigers filmed on bluescreen into the fight sequences, and adding smoke trails and extending the flight paths of the opening scene's salvo of flaming arrows to get around regulations on how far they could be shot during filming. They also used 2,000 live actors to create a computer-generated crowd of 35,000 virtual actors that had to look believable and react to fight scenes.[29] The Mill accomplished this by shooting live actors at different angles giving various performances, and then mapping them onto cards, with motion-capture tools used to track their movements for three-dimensional compositing.[28] The Mill created over 90 visual effects shots, comprising approximately nine minutes of the film's running time.[30]

text: An unexpected post-production job was caused by the death of Oliver Reed of a heart attack during the filming in Malta, before all his scenes had been shot. The Mill created a digital body double for the remaining scenes involving his character Proximo[28] by photographing a live action body-double in the shadows and by mapping a three-dimensional computer-generated imagery mask of Reed's face to the remaining scenes during production at an estimated cost of $3.2 million for two minutes of additional footage.[31][32] Visual effects supervisor John Nelson reflected on the decision to include the additional footage: "What we did was small compared to our other tasks on the film. What Oliver did was much greater. He gave an inspiring, moving performance. All we did was help him finish it."[31] The film is dedicated to Reed's memory.[33]

text: Historical authenticity[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: The film is loosely based on real events that occurred within the Roman Empire in the latter half of the 2nd century AD. As Ridley Scott wanted to portray Roman culture more accurately than in any previous film, he hired several historians as advisors. Nevertheless, some deviations from historical fact were made to increase interest, maintain narrative continuity, and for practical or safety reasons. Scott also stated that due to the influence of previous films affecting the public perception of what ancient Rome was like, some historical facts were "too unbelievable" to include. For instance in an early version of the script, gladiators would have been carrying out product endorsements in the arena; while this would have been historically accurate, it was not filmed for fear that audiences would think it anachronistic.[34]

text: At least one historical advisor resigned due to these changes. Another asked not to be mentioned in the credits (though it was stated in the director's commentary that he constantly asked, "where is the proof that certain things were exactly like they say?"). Historian Allen Ward of the University of Connecticut believed that historical accuracy would not have made Gladiator less interesting or exciting because "creative artists need to be granted some poetic license, but that should not be a permit for the wholesale disregard of facts in historical fiction".[35][36]

text: Fictionalization[edit]

text:
Marcus Aurelius was not murdered by his son Commodus; he died at Vindobona (modern Vienna) in 180 AD from the Antonine Plague. The epidemic, believed to be either smallpox or measles, swept the Roman Empire during the reign of Marcus.[37]
There is no indication Marcus Aurelius wished to return the Empire to a Republican form of government, as depicted in the film. Moreover, he shared the rule of the Empire with Commodus for three years before his own death. Commodus then ruled alone from that point until his death at the end of 192 AD.[38]
The film depicts Marcus as defeating the barbarians in the Marcomannic Wars. In reality the war was still ongoing when Aurelius died; Commodus secured peace by a treaty with the two Germanic tribes allied against Rome, the Marcomanni and the Quadi, immediately after his father's death.[39]
The character of Maximus is fictional, although in some respects he resembles the historical figures Narcissus (Commodus's real-life murderer and the character's name in the first draft of the screenplay),[40] Spartacus (who led a significant slave revolt in 73-71 BC), Cincinnatus (519-430 BC) (a farmer who was made dictator, saved Rome from invasion, then resigned his six-month appointment after 15 days),[41][42] and Marcus Nonius Macrinus (a trusted general, Consul in 154 AD, and friend of Marcus Aurelius).[43][44][45]
Although Commodus engaged in show combat in the Colosseum, he was not killed in the arena; he was strangled in his bath by the wrestler Narcissus. Commodus reigned for over twelve years, unlike the shorter period portrayed in the film.[46][47]
In the film, Lucilla is portrayed as a lone widow of Lucius Verus with one son, also named Lucius Verus. While Lucilla was the widow of Verus and also had a son by that name, their son died young, long before the reign of Commodus, and Lucilla remarried Claudius Pompeianus soon after Verus' death.[48] She had been married to him for 11 years by the time her brother became Emperor. The film omits Lucilla's other two children with Verus, Lucilla Plautia and Aurelia Lucilla.[48]
Lucilla was implicated in a plot to assassinate her brother in 182 AD, along with her husband Pompeianus and several others. She was first exiled to the island of Capri by her brother, then executed on his orders later in the year.[49]
The character of Maximus had a similar career (and personality traits as documented by Herodian) to Claudius Pompeianus (a Syrian) who married Marcus Aurelius' daughter Lucilla following the death of Lucius Verus. It is believed Aurelius may have wanted Pompeianus to succeed him as Caesar in preference to Commodus but was turned down. Pompeianus had no part in any of the many plots against Commodus. He was not depicted in the film.[35]
In the film the character Antonius Proximo claims "the wise" Marcus Aurelius banned gladiatorial games in Rome forcing him to move to Mauretania. The real Aurelius did ban the games, but only in Antioch as punishment for the city's support of the usurper Avidius Cassius. No games were ever banned in Rome. However, when the Emperor started conscripting gladiators into the legions, the resulting shortage in fighters allowed lanistae such as Proximo to make "windfall" profits through increased charges for their services.[50]
In real life, the death of Commodus did not result in a peace for Rome, nor a return to the Roman Republic. Rather, it ushered in a chaotic and bloody power struggle that culminated in the Year of the Five Emperors of AD 193. According to Herodian, the people of Rome were overjoyed at the news of Commodus dying, although they feared that the praetorians would not accept the new emperor Pertinax.[51]

text: Anachronisms[edit]

text: Costumes within the film are almost never completely historically correct. Some of the soldiers wear fantasy helmets. The bands wrapped around their lower arms were rarely ever worn. Their appearance is the product of historical movies always depicting peoples of antiquity wearing such bands. Although the film is set within the 2nd century AD, the Imperial Gallic armor and the helmets worn by the legionaries are from AD 75, a century earlier. This was superseded by new designs in AD 100. Likewise the legions' standard bearers (Aquilifer), centurions, mounted forces, and auxiliaries would have worn scale armour, lorica squamata.[52][53] The Germanic tribes are dressed in clothes from the Stone Age period.[54]

text: The Roman cavalry are shown attacking using stirrups. This is anachronistic in that the horse-mounted forces of the Roman army used a two-horned saddle. Stirrups were only employed for safety reasons because of the additional training and skill required to ride with a Roman saddle.[50][55] Catapults and ballistae would not have been used in a forest. They were reserved primarily for sieges and were rarely used in open battles.[50]

text: The Praetorian Guards seen in the film are all wearing black uniforms. No historical evidence supports that. On campaign they usually wore standard legionary equipment albeit with some unique decorative elements.[56]

text: In the bird's eye view of Rome when the city is introduced for the first time there are several buildings that did not exist at the time of Gladiator. For example, the Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine is quite prominent; however, it was not completed until AD 312.

text: Influences[edit]

text: The film's plot was influenced by two 1960s Hollywood films of the sword-and-sandal genre, The Fall of the Roman Empire and Spartacus,[57] and shares several plot points with The Fall of the Roman Empire, which tells the story of Livius, who, like Maximus in Gladiator, is Marcus Aurelius's intended successor. Livius is in love with Lucilla and seeks to marry her while Maximus, who is happily married, was formerly in love with her. Both films portray the death of Marcus Aurelius as an assassination. In Fall of the Roman Empire a group of conspirators independent of Commodus, hoping to profit from Commodus's accession, arrange for Marcus Aurelius to be poisoned; in Gladiator Commodus himself murders his father by smothering him. In the course of Fall of the Roman Empire Commodus unsuccessfully seeks to win Livius over to his vision of empire in contrast to that of his father, but continues to employ him notwithstanding; in Gladiator, when Commodus fails to secure Maximus's allegiance, he executes Maximus's wife and son and tries unsuccessfully to execute him. Livius in Fall of the Roman Empire and Maximus in Gladiator kill Commodus in single combat, Livius to save Lucilla and Maximus to avenge the murder of his wife and son, and both do it for the greater good of Rome.

text: Scott cited Spartacus and Ben-Hur as influences on the film: "These movies were part of my cinema-going youth. But at the dawn of the new millennium, I thought this might be the ideal time to revisit what may have been the most important period of the last two thousand years – if not all recorded history – the apex and beginning of the decline of the greatest military and political power the world has ever known."[58]

text: Spartacus provides the film's gladiatorial motif, as well as the character of Senator Gracchus, a fictitious senator (bearing the name of a pair of revolutionary Tribunes from the 2nd century BC) who in both films is an elder statesman of ancient Rome attempting to preserve the ancient rights of the Roman Senate in the face of an ambitious autocrat –Marcus Licinius Crassus in Spartacus and Commodus in Gladiator. Both actors who played Gracchus (in Spartacus and Gladiator), played Claudius in previous films – Charles Laughton of Spartacus played Claudius in the unfinished 1937 film I, Claudius and Sir Derek Jacobi of Gladiator, played Claudius in the 1976 BBC adaptation. Both films also share a specific set piece, wherein a gladiator (Maximus here, Woody Strode's Draba in Spartacus) throws his weapon into a spectator box at the end of a match, as well as at least one line of dialogue: "Rome is the mob", said here by Gracchus and by Julius Caesar (John Gavin) in Spartacus.

text: The film's depiction of Commodus's entry into Rome borrows imagery from Leni Riefenstahl's Nazi propaganda film Triumph of the Will (1935), although Scott has pointed out that the iconography of Nazi rallies was itself inspired by the Roman Empire. Gladiator reflects back on the film by duplicating similar events that occurred in Adolf Hitler's procession. The Nazi film opens with an aerial view of Hitler arriving in a plane, while Scott shows an aerial view of Rome, quickly followed by a shot of the large crowd of people watching Commodus pass them in a procession with his chariot.[59] The first thing to appear in Triumph of the Will is a Nazi eagle, which is alluded to when a statue of an eagle sits atop one of the arches (and then is shortly followed by several more decorative eagles throughout the rest of the scene) leading up to the procession of Commodus. At one point in the Nazi film, a little girl gives flowers to Hitler, while Commodus is met by several girls who all give him bundles of flowers.[60]

text: Music[edit]

text:
Hans Zimmer and Lisa Gerrard – "Now We Are Free"

listen to a clip from the score of Gladiator.

Problems playing this file? See media help.

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text: The Oscar-nominated score was composed by Hans Zimmer and Lisa Gerrard, and conducted by Gavin Greenaway. Zimmer was originally planning to use Israeli vocalist Ofra Haza for the score, after his work with her in The Prince of Egypt. However, Haza died in late February 2000, before she was able to record, and so Gerrard was chosen instead. Lisa Gerrard's vocals are similar to her own work on The Insider score.[61] The music for many of the battle scenes has been noted as similar to Gustav Holst's "Mars: The Bringer of War", and in June 2006, the Holst Foundation sued Hans Zimmer for allegedly copying the late Holst's work.[62][63] Another close musical resemblance occurs in the scene of Commodus's triumphal entry into Rome, accompanied by music clearly evocative of two sections – the Prelude to Das Rheingold and Siegfried's Funeral March from Götterdämmerung – from Richard Wagner's Ring of the Nibelung. On February 27, 2001, nearly a year after the first soundtrack's release, Decca produced Gladiator: More Music From the Motion Picture. Then, on September 5, 2005, Decca produced Gladiator: Special Anniversary Edition, a two-CD pack containing both the above-mentioned releases. Some of the music from the film was featured in the NFL playoffs in January 2003 before commercial breaks and before and after half-time.[64] In 2003, Luciano Pavarotti released a recording of himself singing a song from the film and said he regretted turning down an offer to perform on the soundtrack.[65]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Gladiator grossed $187.7 million in the United States and Canada and $269.9 million in other territories for a total of $457.6 million, against a production budget of $103 million.[66]

text: In North America, the film earned $34.8 million in its opening weekend at 2,938 theaters, topping the box office.[67] It remained number one in its second weekend grossing $24.6 million, and dropped to third place in its third weekend with $19.7 million behind newcomers Mission: Impossible 2 and Shanghai Noon.[68][69]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 77% based on 189 reviews, with an average rating of 7.2/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Ridley Scott and an excellent cast successfully convey the intensity of Roman gladiatorial combat as well as the political intrigue brewing beneath." [70] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating, the film has a score of 67 out of 100, based on 46 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[71] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.[72]

text: The Battle of Germania was cited by CNN as one of their "favorite on-screen battle scenes",[73] while Entertainment Weekly named Maximus as their sixth favorite action hero, because of "Crowe's steely, soulful performance",[74] and named it as their third favorite revenge film.[75] In December 2000, Gladiator was named the best film of the year by viewers of Film 2000, taking 40% of the votes.[76] In 2002, a Channel 4 (UK TV) poll named it as the sixth greatest film of all time.[77] Entertainment Weekly put it on its end-of-the-decade, "best-of" list, saying, "Are you not entertained?".[78]

text: It was not without its deriders. Roger Ebert gave the film 2 out of 4 stars and criticized the look of the film as "muddy, fuzzy, and indistinct." He also derided the writing, saying it "employs depression as a substitute for personality, and believes that if characters are bitter and morose enough, we won't notice how dull they are."[79] Camille Paglia called the film "boring, badly shot and suffused with sentimental p.c. rubbish."[80]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: Gladiator was nominated in 36 individual ceremonies, including the 73rd Academy Awards, the BAFTA Awards, and the Golden Globe Awards. Of 119 award nominations, the film won 48 prizes.[81]

text: The film won five Academy Awards and was nominated for an additional seven, including Best Original Screenplay, Best Supporting Actor for Joaquin Phoenix and Best Director for Ridley Scott. It was the first movie to win Best Picture without winning either a directing or screenwriting award since All the King's Men at the 22nd Academy Awards in 1950. In 2003, Chicago became another Best Picture winner which didn't win an Academy Award in either of these two major categories. Due to Academy rules, only Hans Zimmer was officially nominated for Best Original Score, and not to Lisa Gerrard at the time.[82] However, the pair did win the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score as co-composers.

text:
73rd Academy Awards[83]

Best Picture (Douglas Wick, David Franzoni and Branko Lustig)
Best Actor (Russell Crowe)
Best Visual Effects
Best Costume Design
Best Sound Mixing (Bob Beemer, Scott Millan and Ken Weston)

BAFTA Awards

Best Cinematography
Best Editing
Best Film
Best Production Design

58th Golden Globe Awards

Best Motion Picture – Drama
Best Original Score – Motion Picture

American Film Institute Lists

AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains:

General Maximus Decimus Meridius – #50 Hero[84]

AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:

"Father to a murdered son. Husband to a murdered wife. And I will have my vengeance, in this life or the next." – Nominated[85]

AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores – Nominated[86]
AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers – Nominated[87]
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) – Nominated[88]
AFI's 10 Top 10 – Nominated Epic Film[89]

text: Impact[edit]

text: The film's mainstream success is responsible for an increased interest in Roman and classical history in the United States. According to The New York Times, this has been dubbed the "Gladiator Effect".

text: It's called the 'Gladiator' effect by writers and publishers. The snob in us likes to believe that it is always books that spin off movies. Yet in this case, it's the movies – most recently Gladiator two years ago – that have created the interest in the ancients. And not for more Roman screen colossals, but for writing that is serious or fun or both."[90]

text: The Cicero biography Cicero: The Life and Times of Rome's Greatest Politician and Gregory Hays's translation of Marcus Aurelius's Meditations received large spikes in sales after the release of the film.[90] The film also began a revival of the historical epic genre with films such as Troy, The Alamo, King Arthur, Alexander, 300, Kingdom of Heaven and Robin Hood (the last two were also directed by Scott).[91] The character of Maximus was placed 12th in the Total Film list of 50 best movie heroes and villains[92] and 35th in the Empire's 100 Greatest Movie Characters.[93] Maximus is also featured on 55c "Australian Legends" postage stamp series.[94] Russell Crowe attended a ceremony to mark the creation of the stamps.[94]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The film was first released on DVD on November 21, 2000, and has since been released in several different extended and special edition versions. Special features for the Blu-ray Disc and DVDs include deleted scenes, trailers, documentaries, commentaries, storyboards, image galleries, Easter eggs, and cast auditions. The film was released on Blu-ray in September 2009, in a 2-disc edition containing both the theatrical and extended cuts of the film, as part of Paramount's "Sapphire Series" (Paramount bought the DreamWorks library in 2006).[95] Initial reviews of the Blu-ray Disc release criticized poor image quality, leading many to call for it to be remastered, as Sony did with The Fifth Element in 2007.[96] A remastered version was later released in 2010.

text: The DVD editions that have been released since the original two-disc version, include a film only single-disc edition as well as a three-disc "extended edition" DVD which was released in August 2005. The extended edition DVD features approximately fifteen minutes of additional scenes, most of which appear in the previous release as deleted scenes. The original cut, which Scott still calls his director's cut, is also select-able via seamless branching (which is not included on the UK edition). The DVD is also notable for having a new commentary track featuring director Scott and star Crowe. The film is on the first disc, the second one has a three-hour documentary into the making of the film by DVD producer Charles de Lauzirika, and the third disc contains supplements. Discs one and two of the three-disc extended edition were also repackaged and sold as a two-disc "special edition" in the EU in 2005. The film will be released on 4K UHD on May 15 2018.[97]

text: Possible sequel[edit]

text: In June 2001, Douglas Wick said a Gladiator prequel was in development.[98] The following year, Wick, Walter Parkes, David Franzoni, and John Logan switched direction to a sequel set fifteen years later;[99] the Praetorian Guards rule Rome and an older Lucius is trying to learn who his real father was. However, Russell Crowe was interested in resurrecting Maximus, and further researched Roman beliefs about the afterlife to accomplish this.[100] Ridley Scott expressed interest, although he admitted the project would have to be retitled as it had little to do with gladiators.[101] An easter egg contained on disc 2 of the extended edition / special edition DVD releases includes a discussion of possible scenarios for a follow-up. This includes a suggestion by Parkes that, in order to enable Russell Crowe to return to play Maximus, who dies at the end of the original movie, a sequel could involve a "multi-generational drama about Maximus and the Aureleans and this chapter of Rome", similar in concept to The Godfather Part II.

text: In 2006, Scott stated he and Crowe approached Nick Cave to rewrite the film, but their ideas conflicted with DreamWorks's idea of a spin-off involving Lucius, whom Scott revealed would turn out to be Maximus's son with Lucilla. Scott noted that a tale of corruption in Rome was too complex, whereas Gladiator worked due to its simple drive.[102] In 2009, details of Cave's ultimately-rejected script surfaced on the internet: the script having Maximus being reincarnated by the Roman gods and returned to Rome to defend Christians against persecution; then transported to other important periods in history, including World War II, the Vietnam War, and finally being a general in the modern-day Pentagon. This script for a sequel, however, was rejected as being too far-fetched, and not in keeping with the spirit and theme of the original film.[103][104]

text: In March 2017, Scott again stated that he has an idea of how a sequel could be done, and that he is currently trying to convince Russell Crowe to reprise his role as Maximus.[105]


document_title: Stephen "tWitch" Boss

question_text: who is married to twitch on the ellen show

text: Stephen "tWitch" Boss

text: Career[edit]

text: In 2003, Boss was a semifinalist on MTV's The Wade Robson Project and a runner-up on the television talent competition Star Search.

text: In 2007 he was a "flamboyant dancer"(uncredited)[citation needed] in Blades of Glory and a Maybelle's Store Dancer in Hairspray.

text: After competing in So You Think You Can Dance, Boss went on to teach at South County Classical Ballet with fellow finalist Katee Shean. He has also choreographed for South Korean pop/R&B singer, Seven. On April 30, 2013, he and Allison Holker performed a dance routine on Dancing with the Stars. They danced to Crystallize, which was being performed live by Lindsey Stirling.

text: Since April 1, 2014, Boss has been featured on the Ellen DeGeneres Show as a guest DJ. and on October 1, 2014 he announced he had been cast for Magic Mike XXL.

text: Boss has been cast as Marcel X in the upcoming superhero movie Perfectus, and will later star in the movie Ushers.[1] He is managed by Nelson Diaz.

text: Boss is a member of the dance troupes "Breed OCLA" and "Chill Factor Crew".

text: So You Think You Can Dance[edit]

text: Boss first auditioned in 2007 for Season 3 but was not selected to be in the Top Twenty.

text: Boss returned to audition again in Season 4 in 2008, where he was not only selected to compete in the Top Twenty, but placed runner up in the competition after fellow Hip-hop dancer Joshua Allen. During Season 4, Boss danced with fellow contestant Katee Shean to a Contemporary piece choreographed by Mia Michaels. The dance was nominated for an Emmy for Choreography in the 61st Primetime Emmy Awards.[2]

text: In season 5, Boss returned to So You Think You Can Dance with fellow season 4 contestant Katee Shean to perform their Emmy-nominated piece "Mercy", choreographed by Mia Michaels. He was one of the 11 "All Stars" for season 7.

text: Boss served as a frequent All Star in Seasons 7, 8 and Season 9 of So You Think You Can Dance, performing many memorable routines, including the hip hop number "Outta Your Mind" with ballet dancer Alex Wong, which was then reprised by comedian Ellen DeGeneres in Season 7's finale.

text: Boss was the Team Captain for "Team Street" in Season 12 of So You Think You Can Dance. Boss has an apparel line, Boss Clothing.[citation needed]

text: Personal life[edit]

text: On December 10, 2013, Boss and fellow SYTYCD alum Allison Holker married at Nigel Lythgoe's Villa San Juliette Vineyard and Winery in Paso Robles, Calif.[3] He became father to Holker's daughter, Weslie. On March 27, 2016, Holker gave birth to their son, Maddox Laurel.[4][5]

text: Filmography[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

2007
Blades of Glory
Flamboyant Dancer
Uncredited

2007
Hairspray
Maybelle's Store Dancer
Role in the dance number
at the platter party and in "You Can't Stop the Beat"

2010
Stomp the Yard: Homecoming
Taz

2010
Step Up 3D
Jason Hardlerson

2010
Bones
Russell Leonard

2011
Touch
The Beastmaster

2012
Step Up Revolution
Jason Hardlerson

2012
Drop Dead Diva
Billy Donaldson
TV series, Season 6 episode 2: "Soulmates"

2014
Step Up: All In
Jason Hardlerson

2015
Bound & Babysitting
Ethan
TV film

2015
Magic Mike XXL
Malik

text:
2008: So You Think You Can Dance, season 4, runner-up
2011: So You Think You Can Dance, season 7, All Star
2012: So You Think You Can Dance, season 8, All Star
2013: So You Think You Can Dance, season 9, All Star
2013: Dancing with the Stars, season 12
2015: So You Think You Can Dance, season 12, Team Captain, Team Street
2014-2018: Ellen DeGeneres Show Season 11 - 15, Show DJ
2017: "Famous in Love"
2017-2018: "Ellen's Game of Games"

tag: ul

text:
2010: The Legion of Extraordinary Dancers as LXD Trainer, Teacher, Student
2011: The Legion of Extraordinary Dancers: The Secrets of the Ra as Dr E
2016: Love, episode 6

text: Awards[edit]

text:
Runner Up, Star Search, 2003
3rd Place, MTV's The Wade Robson Project, 2003
Runner Up, Season 4 of So You Think You Can Dance, 2008


document_title: Unified field theory

question_text: who combined the electric and magnetic phenomena into one unified theory

text: Unified field theory

text: Introduction[edit]

text: According to the modern understanding of physics, forces are not transmitted directly between interacting objects, but instead are described by intermediary entities called fields. All four of the known fundamental forces are mediated by fields, which in the Standard Model of particle physics result from exchange of gauge bosons. Specifically the four fundamental interactions to be unified are:

text:
Strong interaction: the interaction responsible for holding quarks together to form hadrons, and holding neutrons and also protons together to form atomic nuclei. The exchange particle that mediates this force is the gluon.
Electromagnetic interaction: the familiar interaction that acts on electrically charged particles. The photon is the exchange particle for this force.
Weak interaction: a short-range interaction responsible for some forms of radioactivity, that acts on electrons, neutrinos, and quarks. It is mediated by the W and Z bosons.
Gravitational interaction: a long-range attractive interaction that acts on all particles. The postulated exchange particle has been named the graviton.

text: Modern unified field theory attempts to bring these four interactions together into a single framework.

text: History[edit]

text: The first successful classical unified field theory was developed by James Clerk Maxwell. In 1820 Hans Christian Ørsted discovered that electric currents exerted forces on magnets, while in 1831, Michael Faraday made the observation that time-varying magnetic fields could induce electric currents. Until then, electricity and magnetism had been thought of as unrelated phenomena. In 1864, Maxwell published his famous paper on a dynamical theory of the electromagnetic field. This was the first example of a theory that was able to encompass previously separate field theories (namely electricity and magnetism) to provide a unifying theory of electromagnetism. By 1905, Albert Einstein had used the constancy of the speed of light in Maxwell's theory to unify our notions of space and time into an entity we now call spacetime and in 1915 he expanded this theory of special relativity to a description of gravity, General Relativity, using a field to describe the curving geometry of four-dimensional spacetime.

text: In the years following the creation of the general theory, a large number of physicists and mathematicians enthusiastically participated in the attempt to unify the then-known fundamental interactions.[1] In view of later developments in this domain, of particular interest are the theories of Hermann Weyl of 1919, who introduced the concept of an (electromagnetic) gauge field in a classical field theory[2] and, two years later, that of Theodor Kaluza, who extended General Relativity to five dimensions.[3] Continuing in this latter direction, Oscar Klein proposed in 1926 that the fourth spatial dimension be curled up into a small, unobserved circle. In Kaluza–Klein theory, the gravitational curvature of the extra spatial direction behaves as an additional force similar to electromagnetism. These and other models of electromagnetism and gravity were pursued by Albert Einstein in his attempts at a classical unified field theory. By 1930 Einstein had already considered the Einstein–Maxwell–Dirac System [Dongen]. This system is (heuristically) the super-classical [Varadarajan] limit of (the not mathematically well-defined) Quantum Electrodynamics. One can extend this system to include the weak and strong nuclear forces to get the Einstein–Yang–Mills–Dirac System. The French physicist Marie-Antoinette Tonnelat published a paper in the early 1940s on the standard commutation relations for the quantized spin-2 field. She continued this work in collaboration with Erwin Schrödinger after the World War II. In 1965, Tonnelat published a book on the state of research on unified field theories.

text: In the 1960s Mendel Sachs proposed a generally covariant field theory that did not require recourse to renormalisation or perturbation theory.

text: Modern progress[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In 1963 American physicist Sheldon Glashow proposed that the weak nuclear force, electricity and magnetism could arise from a partially unified electroweak theory. In 1967, Pakistani Abdus Salam and American Steven Weinberg independently revised Glashow's theory by having the masses for the W particle and Z particle arise through spontaneous symmetry breaking with the Higgs mechanism. This unified theory modeled the electroweak interaction as a force mediated by four particles: the photon for the electromagnetic aspect, and a neutral Z particle and two charged W particles for weak aspect. As a result of the spontaneous symmetry breaking, the weak force becomes short-range and the W and Z bosons acquire masses of 80.4 and 7001912000000000000♠91.2 GeV/c2, respectively. Their theory was first given experimental support by the discovery of weak neutral currents in 1973. In 1983, the Z and W bosons were first produced at CERN by Carlo Rubbia's team. For their insights, Glashow, Salam, and Weinberg were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1979. Carlo Rubbia and Simon van der Meer received the Prize in 1984.

text: After Gerardus 't Hooft showed the Glashow–Weinberg–Salam electroweak interactions to be mathematically consistent, the electroweak theory became a template for further attempts at unifying forces. In 1974, Sheldon Glashow and Howard Georgi proposed unifying the strong and electroweak interactions into the Georgi–Glashow model, the first Grand Unified Theory, which would have observable effects for energies much above 100 GeV.

text: Since then there have been several proposals for Grand Unified Theories, e.g. the Pati–Salam model, although none is currently universally accepted. A major problem for experimental tests of such theories is the energy scale involved, which is well beyond the reach of current accelerators. Grand Unified Theories make predictions for the relative strengths of the strong, weak, and electromagnetic forces, and in 1991 LEP determined that supersymmetric theories have the correct ratio of couplings for a Georgi–Glashow Grand Unified Theory.

text: Many Grand Unified Theories (but not Pati–Salam) predict that the proton can decay, and if this were to be seen, details of the decay products could give hints at more aspects of the Grand Unified Theory. It is at present unknown if the proton can decay, although experiments have determined a lower bound of 1035 years for its lifetime.

text: Current status[edit]

text: Gravity has yet to be successfully included in a theory of everything.

text: Simply trying to combine the graviton with the strong and electroweak interactions runs into fundamental difficulties since the resulting theory is not renormalizable. Theoretical physicists have not yet formulated a widely accepted, consistent theory that combines general relativity and quantum mechanics. The incompatibility of the two theories remains an outstanding problem in the field of physics.

text: Some theoretical physicists currently believe that a quantum theory of general relativity may require frameworks other than field theory itself, such as string theory or loop quantum gravity. Some models in string theory that are promising by way of realizing our familiar standard model are the perturbative heterotic string models, 11-dimensional M-theory, Singular geometries (e.g. orbifold and orientifold), D-branes and other branes, flux compactification and warped geometry, and non-perturbative type IIB superstring solutions (F-theory).[4]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ See Catherine Goldstein & Jim Ritter (2003) "The varieties of unity: sounding unified theories 1920-1930" in A. Ashtekar, et al. (eds.), Revisiting the Foundations of Relativistic Physics, Dordrecht, Kluwer, p. 93-149; Vladimir Vizgin (1994), Unified Field Theories in the First Third of the 20th Century, Basel, Birkhäuser; Hubert Goenner On the History of Unified Field Theories.
Jump up ^ Erhard Scholtz (ed) (2001), Hermann Weyl's Raum - Zeit- Materie and a General Introduction to His Scientific Work, Basel, Birkhäuser.
Jump up ^ Daniela Wuensch (2003), "The fifth dimension: Theodor Kaluza's ground-breaking idea", Annalen der Physik, vol. 12, p. 519–542.
Jump up ^ arXiv:0812.1372

tag: ol


document_title: List of worst Major League Baseball season records

question_text: what is the worst season record in mlb history

text: Season records[edit]

text: The following teams finished the season with a .300 winning percentage or lower.

text:
NL = National League
AL = American League
AA = American Association
PL = Players' League

text:
Season
Franchise
League
Wins
Losses
Pct.
GB

1899 !1899
Cleveland Spiders
NL
20
134
.130
84

1890 !1890
Pittsburgh Alleghenys
NL
23
113
.169
66.5 !66½

1889 !1889
Louisville Colonels
AA
27
111
.196
66.5 !66½

1897 !1897
St. Louis Browns
NL
29
102
.221
63.5 !63½

1886 !1886
Washington Nationals
NL
28
92
.233
60

1886 !1886
Kansas City Cowboys
NL
30
91
.248
58.5 !58½

1898 !1898
St. Louis Browns
NL
39
111
.260
63.5 !63½

1895 !1895
Louisville Colonels
NL
35
96
.267
52.5 !52½

1890 !1890
Buffalo Bisons
PL
36
96
.273
46.5 !46½

1894 !1894
Louisville Colonels
NL
36
94
.277
54

1896 !1896
Louisville Colonels
NL
38
93
.290
53

1887 Indianapolis !1887
Indianapolis Hoosiers
NL
37
89
.294
43

1895 !1895
St. Louis Browns
NL
39
93
.295
48.5 !48½

1887 !1887
Cleveland Blues
AA
39
92
.298
54

text: Modern era (1900–present)[edit]

text:
Season
Franchise
League
Wins
Losses
Pct.
GB

1916 !1916
Philadelphia Athletics
AL
36
117
.235
54.5 !54½

1935 !1935
Boston Braves
NL
38
115
.248
61.5 !61½

1962 !1962
New York Mets
NL
40
120
.250
60.5 !60½

1904 !1904
Washington Senators
AL
38
113
.252
55.5 !55½

1919 !1919
Philadelphia Athletics
AL
36
104
.257
52

2003 !2003
Detroit Tigers
AL
43
119
.265
47

1952 !1952
Pittsburgh Pirates
NL
42
112
.273
54.5 !54½

1909 Washington !1909
Washington Senators
AL
42
110
.276
56

1942 !1942
Philadelphia Phillies
NL
42
109
.278
62.5 !62½

1939 !1939
St. Louis Browns
AL
43
111
.279
64.5 !64½

1932 !1932
Boston Red Sox
AL
43
111
.279
64

1941 !1941
Philadelphia Phillies
NL
43
111
.279
57

1915 !1915
Philadelphia Athletics
AL
43
109
.283
58.5 !58½

1928 !1928
Philadelphia Phillies
NL
43
109
.283
51

1911 Boston !1911
Boston Rustlers
NL
44
107
.291
54

1909 Boston !1909
Boston Doves
NL
45
108
.294
65.5 !65½

1911 St. Louis !1911
St. Louis Browns
AL
45
107
.296
56.5 !56½

1939 Philadelphia !1939
Philadelphia Phillies
NL
45
106
.298
50.5 !50½

1937 !1937
St. Louis Browns
AL
46
108
.299
56

1945 !1945
Philadelphia Phillies
NL
46
108
.299
52

1938 !1938
Philadelphia Phillies
NL
45
105
.300
43

text: 1898 St. Louis Browns and 1899 Cleveland Spiders[edit]

text: The 1899 Cleveland Spiders own the worst single-season record of all time (minimum 120 games) and for all eras, finishing at 20–134 (.130 percentage) in the final year of the National League's 12-team era in the 1890s; for comparison, this projects to 21–141 under the current 162-game schedule, and Pythagorean expectation based on the Spiders' results and the current 162-game schedule predicts a record of 25–137.

text: The Spiders had a fair amount of success in the 1890s, with seven straight winning seasons from 1892 to 1898 and a Temple Cup victory in 1895. Meanwhile, the once four-time American Association champion St. Louis Browns had fallen to 29–102 in 1897 and to 39–111 (including 19–67 on the road) in 1898. But the Spiders ownership, the Robison brothers, bought the Browns in time for the 1899 season, creating a conflict-of-interest situation which was later outlawed. On the eve of the season, they traded almost all of Cleveland's good players to St. Louis for very little in return, with respectable results for St. Louis and disastrous results for Cleveland.

text: The 1899 Spiders set the major league record for most consecutive losses in a season (24, from July 26 to September 16), and had six losing streaks of 10 games or more. The Spiders lost 40 of their last 41 games, finishing 84 games behind the 1899 National League champion Brooklyn Dodgers and 35 games behind the second-last-placed Washington Senators. They lost 27 games in September, a record for the most games lost in a month until the 1909 Washington Senators went 5–29 in July. Due to paltry attendances, the Spiders played 112 games on the road, finishing with a road record of 11–101 (the 101 road losses is a record which is unbreakable under the current MLB scheduling rules, which allow a maximum of 81 road games).

text: The 1899 Browns, renamed the "Perfectos" and staffed with all the best players from the 1898 Spiders (six of the Spiders' eight starting position players and four starting pitchers, including the great Cy Young) improved by 44½ games, from 39–111 to 84–67. However, all St. Louis did ultimately was to trade places with Cleveland in the standings. The Browns/Perfectos were renamed the St. Louis Cardinals in 1900, and are unrelated to the American League St. Louis Browns that adopted the discarded nickname and also appear on this list.

text: After the 1899 season, the National League contracted from twelve to eight clubs for the 1900 season, with the Spiders, the original Baltimore Orioles, Louisville Colonels (Louisville has never had another major league team since), and the original Washington Senators folding operations. Baltimore had also been stripped of its best players by Brooklyn in 1899, to somewhat less dramatic effect, but still enough to speed their demise. The smaller 1900 National League allowed the Western League to fulfill its dreams of becoming a major league, filling the void in a number of cities by renaming itself the American League in 1900 and declaring itself a major league in 1901.

text: Other teams[edit]

text: With shorter schedules before 1886, it was much more common for teams to finish with sub-.300 winning percentages, as there was less of the evening out effect of a longer season.

text: Four teams have finished with worse overall winning percentages than the 1899 Spiders, but these teams played less than 50 games during their seasons, and in leagues whose status as "major" is questionable.

text: Three of these occurred in the National Association (the status of the National Association as a major league has long been disputed):

text:
The 1872 Brooklyn Eckfords finished at 3-26 (.103 percentage), which for comparison would project to 17–145 under the current schedule, and Pythagorean expectation based on the Eckfords' results and the current 162-game schedule predicts a record of 19–143.
The 1873 Elizabeth Resolutes finished at 2–21 (.087 percentage), which for comparison would project to 7–155 under the current schedule, and Pythagorean expectation based on the Resolutes' results and the current 162-game schedule predicts a record of 16–146.
The 1875 Brooklyn Atlantics finished at 2–42 (.045 percentage), which for comparison would project to 7–155 under the current schedule, and Pythagorean expectation based on the Atlantics' results and the current 162-game schedule predicts a record of 13–149.

text: The Wilmington Quicksteps of the 1884 Union Association played only 18 games, finishing with a 2–16 record (.111 percentage) before they dropped out of the Association and folded. For comparison, this projects to 18–144 under the current schedule, and Pythagorean expectation based on the Quicksteps' results and the current 162-game schedule predicts a record of 14–148. However, while the Union Association is conventionally listed as a major league, this status has been questioned due to the league's overall lack of playing talent and poor organizational structure.

text: Contemporary baseball guides did not consider the Union Association to be a major league, with the earliest record referencing the Union Association as a major league dating to 1922.[1]

text: The 1890 Alleghenys were gutted before the season when nearly all of their best players defected to the Pittsburgh Burghers of the Players' League. Poor attendances meant that they played 97 of their 136 games on the road, finishing with a road record of 9–88 (the 88 road losses remained a record until 1899, and is unreachable under current MLB scheduling rules). The Alleghenys .093 road winning percentage is the lowest in MLB history for a minimum of 60 games.

text: The Philadelphia Athletics were a good team in the early 1910s, winning American League pennants in 1913 and 1914 and the World Series in 1913. However, owner-manager Connie Mack felt that he was unable to pay his star players' salaries while the Federal League was in operation, and he sold or traded most of them after the 1914 World Series ended. The Athletics then finished in last place from 1915–1922. In 1916, they went 36–117, including 13–64 on the road. The 1916 Athletics .235 winning percentage is the sixth-lowest of any MLB team and the lowest since 1900.

text: The 1935 Boston Braves featured Hall of Famers Rabbit Maranville (age 43) and Babe Ruth (age 40). Braves owner Emil Fuchs had promised Ruth an ownership stake in the Braves and a chance to manage the club in the near future, but had little intention of delivering either. Ruth retired on June 1, 1935, having hit .181 in 72 at-bats for the Braves, with six home runs (the last three all coming on the same day, May 25, 1935, at Pittsburgh). Fuchs, who had been plagued by financial problems for a decade, was forced to give up control of the Braves before the end of the season. The Braves' home winning percentage of .167 is the fifth-lowest of any MLB team and the lowest since 1900.

text: The 1939 Browns drew 386 fans to the park for a 7–4 home loss to Detroit on September 27.[2]

text: The 1962 New York Mets were an expansion team created to fill the void after the New York Giants and Brooklyn Dodgers left New York City at end of the 1957 season. The Mets, filled with castoffs like "Marvelous" Marv Throneberry as well as aging Hall of Famer Richie Ashburn and low-talent rookies such as Choo-Choo Coleman, finished with the third-worst winning percentage in the modern era and the modern-era record for most losses. The Mets went on to finish last or next-to-last for seven years in a row, before they shocked the baseball world by winning the 1969 World Series.

text: The 2003 Tigers seemed like a sure bet to break the 1962 Mets' modern record for most losses when they stood at 38–118 after 156 games, but they won five of their last six to avoid ignominy. On September 27, in their penultimate game, the Tigers came back from an 8–0 deficit to beat the Minnesota Twins 9–8 (the Twins, having just clinched the division, were resting their starters).[3] When the Tigers won the season finale to avoid tying the record, they received a standing ovation from the crowd. Mike Maroth, a starting pitcher for the 2003 Detroit Tigers, went 9–21 and became the first pitcher to lose 20 games in a season since Brian Kingman dropped 20 games for the 1980 Oakland Athletics.[4] Ramón Santiago of the Tigers became only the 12th Triple Crown loser (a player who finishes last in all of the three Triple Crown categories) in modern MLB history.[5] One baseball statistician described the Tigers as possibly "the worst team of all time without a good excuse", as virtually every other team on the list had been reduced to minor-league status, plagued by financial problems or was a first-year expansion team.[6]

text: Three years after losing 119 games, the Detroit Tigers went 95–67 and won their 10th American League pennant, before losing the World Series to the St. Louis Cardinals. Players common to the 2003 and 2006 Tigers teams included Brandon Inge, Ramón Santiago (who spent 2004 and 2005 with the Seattle Mariners), Craig Monroe, Dmitri Young (released in September 2006), Omar Infante, Mike Maroth, Jeremy Bonderman, Nate Robertson, Jamie Walker, Wilfredo Ledezma, and Fernando Rodney.


document_title: Hannah Montana (season 1)

question_text: when does jake show up in hannah montana

text: Hannah Montana (season 1)

text: Production[edit]

text: Hannah Montana debuted Friday, March 24, 2006 on Disney Channel with "Lilly, Do You Want to Know a Secret?" The first season completed its run on March 30, 2007 with "Bad Moose Rising". In the United Kingdom it first aired in the Summer period of 2006, then the first series aired on free-to-view channel FIVE showing all episodes, the second series then aired in 2009. The first season consists of 26 colored, full-screen, approx. 23-minute episodes (without ads) recorded using a multiple-camera setup. Filming began November 7, 2005.

text: Opening sequence[edit]

text: The theme song for Hannah Montana is "The Best of Both Worlds" written by Matthew Gerrard and Robbie Nevil, produced by Gerrard and performed by Miley Cyrus (as Hannah Montana). John Carta, who also composes the music cues to signify scene changes and commercial breaks, composed the music for the song. The song's lyrics describe the basic premise of the television series.

text: The full-length version, which is 2 minutes, 54 seconds in length, was included on the show's soundtrack, released in October 2006. For the TV version of the theme, which lasts only 50 seconds, only the first two stanzas and the last two were used.

text: "Just Like You" and "The Other Side of Me" were originally tested for the opening theme song, before "Best of Both Worlds" was chosen as the theme. Each cast member's name is "wiped" on the screen in a marquee-light-style, and episode clips of the cast members' character are shown as well. The sequence then switches to full-screen episode clips (most of the clips used in the Season One version of the sequence were of the early produced episodes) with the creator's names appearing in the second-to-last clip. The show's title logo design appears at the beginning, and again at the end, of the sequence (the latter portion as with most other portions of the sequence on the "concert stage" feature Cyrus as her character Hannah Montana).

text: Closing sequence[edit]

text: Episodes of the first season typically end with a scene that is not crucial to the plot, often functioning as a throwaway joke. Credits are shown for the crew and any guest stars or co-stars.

text: Casting[edit]

text: The show's five stars — Miley Cyrus, Emily Osment, Mitchel Musso, Jason Earles, and Billy Ray Cyrus — appear in all first-season episodes.

text: Recurring cast are Shanica Knowles as Amber Addison, Anna Maria Perez de Tagle as Ashley Dewitt, Greg Baker as Francis Corelli, Morgan York as Sarah, Cody Linley as Leslie "Jake" Ryan, Romi Dames as Traci Van Horn, Dolly Parton as Aunt Dolly, Vicki Lawrence as Mamaw Ruthie, Frances Callier as Roxy, and Moises Arias as Rico.

text: There were many guest stars including Corbin Bleu as Johnny Collins, Paul Vogt as Dontzig, Matt Winston as Fermine, Andre Kinney as Cooper, Ashley Tisdale as Maddie Fitzpatrick, and Lisa Arch as Liza the photographer.

text: Co-stars for this season are Derek Basco, Kyle Kaplan, Creagen Dow, Jack Taylor, Blake Berris, Frances Bay, Christian Serratos, Ryan Newman, Summer Bishil, Kunal Sharma, Cutter Garcia, Helen Duffy, Jeff Mallare, Betsy Kelso, Noah Cyrus, Aimee Teegarden, Gena DeVivo, Destiny Edmond, Jay Brian Winnick, Dollar Tan, Jason Thornton, Gary Pease, Marius Mazmanian, and Alec Leddand.

text: Episodes[edit]

text: The series premiere with "Lilly, Do You Want to Know a Secret?" had 5.4 million viewers breaking the highest-rated series premiere on a kids network in seven years and was the highest rated Disney Channel series premiere until Cory in the House.[1][2][3][4] In the episode, Miley reveals to Lilly that she is Hannah Montana.

text: Season 1 included a special episode called "On the Road Again?" that was part of "That's So Suite Life of Hannah Montana". The episode had cross-overs with shows That's So Raven and The Suite Life of Zack & Cody.[5]

text:
Hannah Montana Season 1 episodes

No. inseries

No. inseason

Title

Directed by

Written by

Original air date

Prod.code

Viewers(millions)
11"Lilly, Do You Want to Know a Secret?"Lee Shallat-ChemelTeleplay by: Michael Poryes,Gary Dontzig & Steven PetermanStory by: Michael Poryes,Rich Correll & Barry O'BrienMarch 24, 2006 (2006-03-24)1015.4[1]
Lilly Truscott (Emily Osment) buys two tickets to see a Hannah Montana concert for her and her best friend Miley (Miley Cyrus). Because Miley secretly is Hannah Montana, she says she can't go, so Lilly goes to the concert with Oliver Oken (Miley and Lilly's friend). After sneaking into her dressing room, she finds out that Miley is Hannah Montana, so Miley shows Lilly her secret Hannah closet. However, when Lilly tries to convince Miley she should tell her secret to her school, Miley tells Lilly why it's a terrible idea, and they get into a fight, but make up soon after. Meanwhile, Jackson (Miley's older brother) tries to impress a girl by telling her he knows Hannah Montana and could get free tickets for her next show.
Co-star: Derek Basco as MTB Host
Guest stars: Matt Winston as Fermine, Corbin Bleu as Johnny Collins, Shanica Knowles as Amber Addison and Anna Maria Perez de Tagle as Ashley Dewitt

Hannah song featured: "This is the Life"
22"Miley Get Your Gum"David KendallMichael PoryesMarch 31, 2006 (2006-03-31)1034.0[6]
Oliver still doesn't know Miley is Hannah. When he tells her that he loves Hannah, Miley and Lilly try to get him to turn his attention to other girls, since Miley is worried that if she told him the truth he'd be in love with her too. The girls come up with a plan to get Oliver to hate Hannah. Oliver and Hannah meet up at Malibu beach and she chews gum since Oliver hates it, but the plan backfires. Eventually, Miley reveals to Oliver that she is Hannah Montana, causing him to faint. Meanwhile, Jackson accidentally buys a "girl's car", and he tries to get Robby to get rid of it.
Co-stars: Kyle Kaplan
Guest stars: Andre Jamal Kinney and Paul Vogt
Hannah song featured: "Just Like You"

Notes: In this episode, Lilly says her name is Lola LaFonda but in "It's My Party and I'll Lie if I Want To," she says that her name is Lola Luftnagle, which is the name she uses from then on.
33"She's a Supersneak"David KendallKim FrieseApril 7, 2006 (2006-04-07)1054.4[1]
Despite their father telling them that they can't go to a movie premiere because they have to study for their mid-terms, Miley sneaks out with Lilly and Oliver after they convince her, while Jackson also sneaks out separately with his friend Cooper. When they both find out that they sneaked out, they see Robby with a woman at the movie theater when he said he was attending a meeting, so they try to find more information about the woman. Miley gets upset, thinking Robbie is trying to replace her mother, who died three years ago, which in the series is who she wrote the song "I Miss You" for.
Guest stars: Andre Jamal Kinney and Lindsey Stoddart
Hannah song featured: "Pumpin' Up the Party"
Miley song featured: "I Miss You"

Note: This was the only time that a Miley song was featured
44"I Can't Make You Love Hannah if You Don't"Roger S. ChristansenKim FrieseApril 14, 2006 (2006-04-14)1083.9[7]
Miley has a crush on a ninth grader at school, but finds out that he hates Hannah Montana. Miley decides to forget about him, but then he says he will take her to a Hannah Montana concert to give Hannah a chance. At the concert, Miley runs back and forth, trying to do the concert and be with him at the same time. After several times of going back and forth, the guy leaves without telling Miley. At the end of the episode, Miley is sad, but her father tells her that someday she'll meet a guy who likes everything about her.
Guest stars: Andre Jamal Kinney, Rae'Ven Larrymore Kelly, and Daniel Samonas

Hannah song featured: "The Other Side of Me"
55"It's My Party and I'll Lie if I Want To"Roger S. ChristiansenDouglas LiebleinApril 21, 2006 (2006-04-21)1023.6[1]
Because she is embarrassing, Traci (Hannah's producer's daughter) uninvites Lola (Lilly) to T-Swizzles, and Miley has to hide it from her. The next day, newspaper headlines sport out Hannah "attacking" a paparazzi for taking photographs, and Miley tries to hide the evidence that she went to the party, since she told Lilly it was cancelled. Meanwhile, Jackson's hair is being used by a girl named Nina to practice her hair-styling techniques. What Jackson doesn't know is that she was hired by Rico to do so.
Co-stars: Kunal Sharma, Lisa Robinson, D. Elliot Woods and Cutter Mitchell
Guest stars: Moises Arias, Alison Brie, and Romi Dames

Hannah song featured: "Just Like You"
66"Grandmas Don't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Play Favorites"Roger S. ChristansenDouglas LiebleinApril 28, 2006 (2006-04-28)1093.2[1]
Hannah gets to perform in front of Her Majesty The Queen and her granddaughter, but a visit from Miley and Jackson's grandma "Mammaw" makes Miley feel hurt because she's here for Jackson's volleyball tournament. The queen is late for Hannah's performance, which stalls the tournament. Hannah finishes her song quickly, making just enough time to make it to the end of Jackson's tournament, but at the same time trying to not let fans mob her at the last minute.
Co-stars: Helen Duffy and Jeff Mallare
Guest stars: Patrick Kerr
Special guest star: Vicki Lawrence

Hannah song featured: "The Other Side Of Me"
77"It's a Mannequin's World"Roger S. ChristansenHoward MeyersMay 12, 2006 (2006-05-12)1104.6[1]
Miley fears that Robby will get her a horrible birthday present after having horrific experiences with her previous ones, so she sends Lilly to help Robby pick an awesome birthday present by posing as the store's Hannah Montana mannequin. When she thinks he is getting her a jacket she liked, Robbie actually bought her a kitty sweater that meows when you press it, which makes Miley feel embarrassed towards others who are making fun of her. Meanwhile, Jackson has troubles delivering a cake to Miley's birthday party, so Cooper helps him.
Co-stars: Betsy Kelso and Noah Cyrus

Guest stars: Andre Jamal Kinney, Frances Callier, Shanica Knowles, and Anna Maria Perez de Tagle
88"Mascot Love"Roger S. ChristansenSally LapidussMay 26, 2006 (2006-05-26)1114.2[1]
Miley and Lilly want to spend more time together, so they try out for cheerleading. Unfortunately, Lilly makes the squad while Miley becomes the mascot, which makes her jealous. Meanwhile, Robby bets Jackson $50 that he can't fix the sink.
Co-stars: Kyle Kaplan
Guest stars: Shanica Knowles as Amber Addison, Anna Maria Perez de Tagle as Ashley Dewitt

Hannah song featured: "Pumpin' Up the Party"
99"Ooo, Ooo, Itchy Woman"David KendallGary Dontzig & Steven PetermanJune 10, 2006 (2006-06-10)1043.7[8]
After finding out Miley and Lilly have to share a tent with Amber and Ashley on a class camping trip, they hatch a plan to get back at them. This backfires when they catch poison oak. Meanwhile, Jackson and Robby try to catch a mouse.
Co-stars: Creagen Dow
Guest stars: Shanica Knowles, Anna Maria Perez de Tagle, Cooper Thornton, and Rich Pierrelouis

Hannah song featured: "The Other Side of Me"
1010"O Say, Can You Remember the Words?"Lee Shallat-ChemelSally LapidussJune 30, 2006 (2006-06-30)1134.1[1]
Miley and Oliver get partnered up for a project by performing a play, but Miley bails on Oliver after telling Robby that he is a horrible partner. This causes her to forget the words to the American national anthem at a basketball game. Meanwhile, Jackson goes on a sugar high after keeping Rico's candy away from him.
Co-star: Noah Cyrus
Guest stars: Moises Arias and Greg Baker

Hannah songs featured: "This is the Life" and "Who Said"
1111"Oops! I Meddled Again!"Chip HurdLisa AlbertJuly 15, 2006 (2006-07-15)1073.4[1]
Miley and Lilly receive a Hannah e-mail from a girl at Miley's school who informs them that she likes Oliver. They try to set them up together, and backfires when she sends them an e-mail that she wants to break up with her "boyfriend", which makes Lilly and Miley think that she wanted to break up with Oliver. However, it was really her ex-boyfriend that she wanted to dump. Meanwhile, Rico makes Jackson wear a chicken suit to advertise Rico's chicken wings due to something Cooper said and gets humiliated repeatedly as a result of it.

Guest stars: Andre Jamal Kinney, Moises Arias, and Kirby Bliss Blanton
1212"On the Road Again?"(Part three of "That's So Suite Life of Hannah Montana")Roger S. ChristiansenSteven James MeyerJuly 28, 2006 (2006-07-28)1127.1[9]
Hannah befriends Maddie Fitzpatrick at the Tipton, who informs her on how famous Robbie Ray once was and claiming Hannah's "holding him back". This makes Miley feel guilty for forcing him to end his own singing career to begin Hannah's, and vows to get her father back on track. But when Robbie takes an offer to a week tour, Miley and Jackson are stuck with their worst enemy, Roxy. At the end, Maddie gets to meet Miley too, until Roxy goes too far literally protecting Miley.
Guest stars: Frances Callier and Richard Portnow
Special guest star: Ashley Tisdale as Maddie Fitzpatrick
Note: This episode was a part of That's So Suite Life of Hannah Montana

Billy Ray song featured: "I Want My Mullet Back"
1313"You're So Vain, You Probably Think This Zit is About You"Chip HurdTodd J. GreenwaldAugust 12, 2006 (2006-08-12)1063.5[1]
Miley tries, but fails, not to be bothered over an unflattering Hannah Montana billboard in hopes of making Lilly feel less self-conscious about having to wear her eyeglasses for a skateboarding competition after she loses her contacts, with Miley convincing Lilly that looks don't matter. Meanwhile, Rico tricks Jackson to become his magic assistant, making him wear a red sparkling dress with a red sparkling tiara, and be named "The Lovely Tina", although Jackson gets revenge on Rico in the end.
Co-stars: Creagan Dow, Gena DeVivo and Destiny Edmond
Guest stars: Lisa Arch, Aimee Teegarden and Moises Arias

Hannah song featured: "This is the Life"
1414"New Kid in School"Kenneth ShapiroTodd J. GreenwaldAugust 18, 2006 (2006-08-18)1143.4[1]
Superstar Jake Ryan from the TV series "Zombie High" enrolls in Miley's school. Miley becomes jealous of how he's being treated at school because of his fame and as a result tells a reporter about her secret identity and afterward has to convince the reporter that it's all in her head. Meanwhile Jackson borrows and scratches Robbie's new car while picking up a girl he's dating and Robbie rips the front passenger door off Jackson's old car.
Co-stars: Jack Taylor, and Jay Brian Winnick
Guest stars: Gwendoline Yeo, Cody Linley, Greg Baker, Shanica Knowles and Anna Maria Perez de Tagle

Note: While convincing the reporter, Robby Ray mentions he is Billy Ray Cyrus, which is his name in real life.
1515"More Than a Zombie to Me"Roger S. ChristiansenSteven PetermanSeptember 8, 2006 (2006-09-08)1163.7[1]
Jake Ryan asks Miley to the school dance but she turns him down both times. After Hannah guest stars on Jake's TV show and almost kisses him, Miley realizes that she really does have feelings for him, so she tries to get him to take her back, but he's already taking Lilly to the dance. Meanwhile, Robby and Jackson pull pranks on each other to see who's the prank master, which makes them not answer the door to a ten million dollar check.
Co-stars: Blake Berris, Dollar Tan, Jason Thornton

Guest star: Cody Linley
1616"Good Golly, Miss Dolly"Roger S. ChristiansenSally LapidussSeptember 29, 2006 (2006-09-29)1183.7[1]
When Miley's godmother, Aunt Dolly (Dolly Parton) visits Malibu, she accidentally records a video tape of Miley saying that she's "totally in love" with Jake and then Oliver mixes it up with his own tape which Jake has to edit. Aunt Dolly also turns the house more girly and pink, sending Robby and Jackson to extremes to preserve their "manliness".
Co-stars: Summer Bishil
Guest stars: Cody Linley, Donovan Scott, Shanica Knowles, and Anna Maria Perez de Tagle
Special guest star: Dolly Parton

Hannah songs featured: "If We Were A Movie" and "Who Said"
1717"Torn Between Two Hannahs"Roger S. ChristiansenTeleplay by: Todd J. GreenwaldStory by: Valerie Ahern &Christian McLaughlinOctober 14, 2006 (2006-10-14)1263.5[1]
Miley's evil identical cousin, Luann (Miley Cyrus) from Tennessee visits, and disguises herself as Hannah in order to reveal Miley's secret at Traci Van Horne's Halloween party. Meanwhile, Robby and Jackson decorate their house to make it look scarier than Dontzig's.
Co-star: Noah Cyrus
Guest stars: Peter Allen Vogt and Romi Dames
Hannah songs featured: "The Other Side of Me", "The Best of Both Worlds", "I Got Nerve", "Pumpin' Up The Party" and lost song "Not This Girl".

Billy Ray song featured: "Stand"
1818"People Who Use People"Shannon FlynnMichael PoryesNovember 3, 2006 (2006-11-03)1194.1[1]
Miley and Jake date other people in order to make each other jealous of the other, though it results in the pair kissing; Jackson uses Robby to get an "A" in Math class by hooking him up with his strict teacher, Ms. Kunkle.
Co-star: Gary Pease and Josie Loren

Guest stars: Cody Linley, Drew Osborne and Erin Matthews
1919"Money for Nothing, Guilt for Free"Roger S. ChristiansenHeather WordhamNovember 26, 2006 (2006-11-26)1153.6[1]
Miley uses her Hannah Montana power to her full advantage as she competes in a fund-raising event against Amber and Ashley to help Sarah; Jackson tries to beat Robby at a game after learning that all his previous 'victories' only happened because Robby was letting Jackson win.
Guest stars: Andre Jamal Kinney, Shanica Knowles, Anna Maria Perez de Tagle, Greg Baker, and Morgan York

Hannah song featured: "Who Said"
2020"Debt It Be"Roger S. ChristiansenHeather Wordham & Sally LapidussDecember 1, 2006 (2006-12-01)1204.3[1]
Miley and Jackson both receive new credit cards and promise to use them in "emergencies only", but Lilly convinces her to go to a flea market with her credit card, and buys almost everything there. In order to pay off the bill, she sells Hannah's used clothes and accessories that she thinks that she'll "probably never have to wear again". When she finds out a pair of earrings from a video shoot are worth more money than she sold them for, she and Jackson go to extremes to retrieve them from the little old lady who bought them.
Co-stars: Frances Bay and Marius Mazmanian

Guest stars: Ellen Albertini Dow and Amir Talai
2121"My Boyfriend's Jackson and There's Gonna Be Trouble"Roger S. ChristiansenAndrew Green & Sally LapidussJanuary 1, 2007 (2007-01-01)1243.5[1]
When a tabloid picture makes Hannah and Jackson look like a couple, Jackson takes advantage of being Hannah's "boyfriend" for the perks; Oliver works on a school project with Sarah, and ends up liking her.
Co-stars: Cutter Garcia
Guest stars: Romi Dames, Morgan York, Sandy Brown and Daniel Booko

Hannah song featured: "I Got Nerve" and "If We Were A Movie"
2222"We Are Family, Now Get Me Some Water!"Roger S. ChristiansenJay J. Demopoulos &Andrew GreenJanuary 7, 2007 (2007-01-07)1224.1[1]
Miley accidentally gets Jackson fired from Rico's after harassing Rico to give Jackson a raise, so she hires him as Hannah's "personal assisticant" with disastrous results; Rico hires Oliver at his shop to replace Jackson.
Guest stars: Moises Arias and Ray Auxais

Hannah song featured: "I Got Nerve"
2323"Schooly Bully"Roger S. ChristiansenDouglas Lieblein & Heather WordhamJanuary 19, 2007 (2007-01-19)1253.2[1]
Roxy disguises herself as a new student at Miley's school in order to protect Miley from getting beaten up by a bully; Robby and Jackson get snowed in at a cabin with a creepy owner (Kenneth Mars) and his equally creepy ventriloquist dummy.
Co-stars: Jack Taylor
Guest stars: Kenneth Mars, Frances Callier, RJ Mitte, and Jaelin Palmer
Hannah song featured: "The Other Side of Me"

Note: This episode, along with "Oops! I Meddled Again!" and "New Kid in School" are the only episodes of Season 1 in which Hannah Montana doesn't appear.
2424"The Idol Side of Me"Fred SavageDouglas LiebleinFebruary 9, 2007 (2007-02-09)1173.7[10]
Hannah participates in Singing with the Stars, a contest that consists of amateurs paired with celebrities, and gets Amber in the top three with the intention of humiliating her, later regretting it; Jackson and Robby are annoyed by Dontzig's dog.
Co-stars: Jack Taylor, Alec Ledd, and Christian Serratos
Guest stars: Shanica Knowles, Anna Maria Perez de Tagle, R. Brandon Johnson, Peter Allen Vogt and Morgan York
Hannah songs featured: "Pumpin' Up the Party" and "The Other Side of Me"

Note: In this episode Lilly states that she can't believe Miley has a pet pig named Luann. However, in the episode "Torn Between Two Hannahs" Lilly actually brings up the point that Miley has a pig named Luann.
2525"Smells Like Teen Sellout"Sheldon EppsHeather WordhamMarch 2, 2007 (2007-03-02)1234.4[11]
Hannah agrees to endorse a new fragrance, which smells like raspberries, but can't stand its smell because of a horrid childhood disaster where she threw up on the governor of Tennessee after winning a pie-eating contest in 1999; Jackson tries out for a television survival program with disastrous results.
Co-stars: Ryan Newman

Guest stars: Lisa Arch and Michael Kagan
2626"Bad Moose Rising"Roger S. ChristiansenDouglas Lieblein &Steven James MeyerMarch 30, 2007 (2007-03-30)1214.8[1]
Jackson arranges for Miley to learn what it's like to be the older sibling by having her babysit Dontzig's bratty niece until finding out her uncle was pretending to be sick; Robby gets over a cold with help from Roxy and her rather odd home remedies.
Guest stars: Frances Callier, Peter Allen Vogt, and Savannah Stehlin

Hannah song featured: "Who Said"