document_title: List of American Horror Story episodes

question_text: list all the seasons of american horror story

text: List of American Horror Story episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Title
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
Murder House
12
October 5, 2011 (2011-10-05)
December 21, 2011 (2011-12-21)

2
Asylum
13
October 17, 2012 (2012-10-17)
January 23, 2013 (2013-01-23)

3
Coven
13
October 9, 2013 (2013-10-09)
January 29, 2014 (2014-01-29)

4
Freak Show
13
October 8, 2014 (2014-10-08)
January 21, 2015 (2015-01-21)

5
Hotel
12
October 7, 2015 (2015-10-07)
January 13, 2016 (2016-01-13)

6
Roanoke
10
September 14, 2016 (2016-09-14)
November 16, 2016 (2016-11-16)

7
Cult
11[7]
September 5, 2017 (2017-09-05)
November 14, 2017 (2017-11-14)[8]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1: Murder House (2011)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"Pilot"
Ryan Murphy
Ryan Murphy & Brad Falchuk
October 5, 2011 (2011-10-05)
1ATS79
3.18[9]

2
2
"Home Invasion"
Alfonso Gomez-Rejon
Ryan Murphy & Brad Falchuk
October 12, 2011 (2011-10-12)
1ATS01
2.46[10]

3
3
"Murder House"
Bradley Buecker
Jennifer Salt
October 19, 2011 (2011-10-19)
1ATS02
2.59[11]

4
4
"Halloween (Part 1)"
David Semel
James Wong
October 26, 2011 (2011-10-26)
1ATS03
2.96[12]

5
5
"Halloween (Part 2)"
David Semel
Tim Minear
November 2, 2011 (2011-11-02)
1ATS04
2.74[13]

6
6
"Piggy Piggy"
Michael Uppendahl
Jessica Sharzer
November 9, 2011 (2011-11-09)
1ATS05
2.83[14]

7
7
"Open House"
Tim Hunter
Brad Falchuk
November 16, 2011 (2011-11-16)
1ATS06
3.06[15]

8
8
"Rubber Man"
Miguel Arteta
Ryan Murphy
November 23, 2011 (2011-11-23)
1ATS07
2.81[16]

9
9
"Spooky Little Girl"
John Scott
Jennifer Salt
November 30, 2011 (2011-11-30)
1ATS08
2.85[17]

10
10
"Smoldering Children"
Michael Lehmann
James Wong
December 7, 2011 (2011-12-07)
1ATS09
2.54[18]

11
11
"Birth"
Alfonso Gomez-Rejon
Tim Minear
December 14, 2011 (2011-12-14)
1ATS10
2.59[19]

12
12
"Afterbirth"
Bradley Buecker
Jessica Sharzer
December 21, 2011 (2011-12-21)
1ATS11
3.22[20]

text: Season 2: Asylum (2012–13)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

13
1
"Welcome to Briarcliff"
Bradley Buecker
Tim Minear
October 17, 2012 (2012-10-17)
2ATS01
3.85[21]

14
2
"Tricks and Treats"
Bradley Buecker
James Wong
October 24, 2012 (2012-10-24)
2ATS02
3.06[22]

15
3
"Nor'easter"
Michael Uppendahl
Jennifer Salt
October 31, 2012 (2012-10-31)
2ATS03
2.47[23]

16
4
"I Am Anne Frank (Part 1)"
Michael Uppendahl
Jessica Sharzer
November 7, 2012 (2012-11-07)
2ATS04
2.65[24]

17
5
"I Am Anne Frank (Part 2)"
Alfonso Gomez-Rejon
Brad Falchuk
November 14, 2012 (2012-11-14)
2ATS05
2.78[25]

18
6
"The Origins of Monstrosity"
David Semel
Ryan Murphy
November 21, 2012 (2012-11-21)
2ATS06
1.89[26]

19
7
"Dark Cousin"
Michael Rymer
Tim Minear
November 28, 2012 (2012-11-28)
2ATS07
2.27[27]

20
8
"Unholy Night"
Michael Lehmann
James Wong
December 5, 2012 (2012-12-05)
2ATS08
2.36[28]

21
9
"The Coat Hanger"
Jeremy Podeswa
Jennifer Salt
December 12, 2012 (2012-12-12)
2ATS09
2.22[29]

22
10
"The Name Game"
Michael Lehmann
Jessica Sharzer
January 2, 2013 (2013-01-02)
2ATS10
2.21[30]

23
11
"Spilt Milk"
Alfonso Gomez-Rejon
Brad Falchuk
January 9, 2013 (2013-01-09)
2ATS11
2.51[31]

24
12
"Continuum"
Craig Zisk
Ryan Murphy
January 16, 2013 (2013-01-16)
2ATS12
2.30[32]

25
13
"Madness Ends"
Alfonso Gomez-Rejon
Tim Minear
January 23, 2013 (2013-01-23)
2ATS13
2.29[33]

text: Season 3: Coven (2013–14)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

26
1
"Bitchcraft"
Alfonso Gomez-Rejon
Ryan Murphy & Brad Falchuk
October 9, 2013 (2013-10-09)
3ATS01
5.54[34]

27
2
"Boy Parts"
Michael Rymer
Tim Minear
October 16, 2013 (2013-10-16)
3ATS02
4.51[35]

28
3
"The Replacements"
Alfonso Gomez-Rejon
James Wong
October 23, 2013 (2013-10-23)
3ATS03
3.78[36]

29
4
"Fearful Pranks Ensue"
Michael Uppendahl
Jennifer Salt
October 30, 2013 (2013-10-30)
3ATS04
3.71[37]

30
5
"Burn, Witch. Burn!"
Jeremy Podeswa
Jessica Sharzer
November 6, 2013 (2013-11-06)
3ATS05
3.80[38]

31
6
"The Axeman Cometh"
Michael Uppendahl
Douglas Petrie
November 13, 2013 (2013-11-13)
3ATS06
4.16[39]

32
7
"The Dead"
Bradley Buecker
Brad Falchuk
November 20, 2013 (2013-11-20)
3ATS07
4.00[40]

33
8
"The Sacred Taking"
Alfonso Gomez-Rejon
Ryan Murphy
December 4, 2013 (2013-12-04)
3ATS08
4.07[41]

34
9
"Head"
Howard Deutch
Tim Minear
December 11, 2013 (2013-12-11)
3ATS09
3.94[42]

35
10
"The Magical Delights of Stevie Nicks"
Alfonso Gomez-Rejon
James Wong
January 8, 2014 (2014-01-08)
3ATS10
3.49[43]

36
11
"Protect the Coven"
Bradley Buecker
Jennifer Salt
January 15, 2014 (2014-01-15)
3ATS11
3.46[44]

37
12
"Go to Hell"
Alfonso Gomez-Rejon
Jessica Sharzer
January 22, 2014 (2014-01-22)
3ATS12
3.35[45]

38
13
"The Seven Wonders"
Alfonso Gomez-Rejon
Douglas Petrie
January 29, 2014 (2014-01-29)
3ATS13
4.24[46]

text: Season 4: Freak Show (2014–15)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

39
1
"Monsters Among Us"
Ryan Murphy
Ryan Murphy & Brad Falchuk
October 8, 2014 (2014-10-08)
4ATS01
6.13[47]

40
2
"Massacres and Matinees"
Alfonso Gomez-Rejon
Tim Minear
October 15, 2014 (2014-10-15)
4ATS02
4.53[48]

41
3
"Edward Mordrake (Part 1)"
Michael Uppendahl
James Wong
October 22, 2014 (2014-10-22)
4ATS03
4.44[49]

42
4
"Edward Mordrake (Part 2)"
Howard Deutch
Jennifer Salt
October 29, 2014 (2014-10-29)
4ATS04
4.51[50]

43
5
"Pink Cupcakes"
Michael Uppendahl
Jessica Sharzer
November 5, 2014 (2014-11-05)
4ATS05
4.22[51]

44
6
"Bullseye"
Howard Deutch
John J. Gray
November 12, 2014 (2014-11-12)
4ATS06
3.65[52]

45
7
"Test of Strength"
Anthony Hemingway
Crystal Liu
November 19, 2014 (2014-11-19)
4ATS07
3.91[53]

46
8
"Blood Bath"
Bradley Buecker
Ryan Murphy
December 3, 2014 (2014-12-03)
4ATS08
3.30[54]

47
9
"Tupperware Party Massacre"
Loni Peristere
Brad Falchuk
December 10, 2014 (2014-12-10)
4ATS09
3.07[55]

48
10
"Orphans"
Bradley Buecker
James Wong
December 17, 2014 (2014-12-17)
4ATS10
2.99[56]

49
11
"Magical Thinking"
Michael Goi
Jennifer Salt
January 7, 2015 (2015-01-07)
4ATS11
3.11[57]

50
12
"Show Stoppers"
Loni Peristere
Jessica Sharzer
January 14, 2015 (2015-01-14)
4ATS12
2.94[58]

51
13
"Curtain Call"
Bradley Buecker
John J. Gray
January 21, 2015 (2015-01-21)
4ATS13
3.27[59]

text: Season 5: Hotel (2015–16)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

52
1
"Checking In"
Ryan Murphy
Ryan Murphy & Brad Falchuk
October 7, 2015 (2015-10-07)
5ATS01
5.81[60]

53
2
"Chutes and Ladders"
Bradley Buecker
Tim Minear
October 14, 2015 (2015-10-14)
5ATS02
4.06[61]

54
3
"Mommy"
Bradley Buecker
James Wong
October 21, 2015 (2015-10-21)
5ATS03
3.20[62]

55
4
"Devil's Night"
Loni Peristere
Jennifer Salt
October 28, 2015 (2015-10-28)
5ATS04
3.04[63]

56
5
"Room Service"
Michael Goi
Ned Martel
November 4, 2015 (2015-11-04)
5ATS05
2.87[64]

57
6
"Room 33"
Loni Peristere
John J. Gray
November 11, 2015 (2015-11-11)
5ATS06
2.64[65]

58
7
"Flicker"
Michael Goi
Crystal Liu
November 18, 2015 (2015-11-18)
5ATS07
2.64[66]

59
8
"The Ten Commandments Killer"
Loni Peristere
Ryan Murphy
December 2, 2015 (2015-12-02)
5ATS08
2.31[67]

60
9
"She Wants Revenge"
Michael Uppendahl
Brad Falchuk
December 9, 2015 (2015-12-09)
5ATS09
2.14[68]

61
10
"She Gets Revenge"
Bradley Buecker
James Wong
December 16, 2015 (2015-12-16)
5ATS10
1.85[69]

62
11
"Battle Royale"
Michael Uppendahl
Ned Martel
January 6, 2016 (2016-01-06)
5ATS11
1.84[70]

63
12
"Be Our Guest"
Bradley Buecker
John J. Gray
January 13, 2016 (2016-01-13)
5ATS12
2.24[71]

text: Season 6: Roanoke (2016)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

64
1
"Chapter 1"
Bradley Buecker
Ryan Murphy & Brad Falchuk
September 14, 2016 (2016-09-14)
6ATS01
5.14[72]

65
2
"Chapter 2"
Michael Goi
Tim Minear
September 21, 2016 (2016-09-21)
6ATS02
3.27[73]

66
3
"Chapter 3"
Jennifer Lynch
James Wong
September 28, 2016 (2016-09-28)
6ATS03
3.08[74]

67
4
"Chapter 4"
Marita Grabiak
John J. Gray
October 5, 2016 (2016-10-05)
6ATS04
2.83[75]

68
5
"Chapter 5"
Nelson Cragg
Akela Cooper
October 12, 2016 (2016-10-12)
6ATS05
2.82[76]

69
6
"Chapter 6"
Angela Bassett
Ned Martel
October 19, 2016 (2016-10-19)
6ATS06
2.48[77]

70
7
"Chapter 7"
Elodie Keene
Crystal Liu
October 26, 2016 (2016-10-26)
6ATS07
2.62[78]

71
8
"Chapter 8"
Gwyneth Horder-Payton
Todd Kubrak
November 2, 2016 (2016-11-02)
6ATS08
2.20[79]

72
9
"Chapter 9"
Alexis O. Korycinski
Tim Minear
November 9, 2016 (2016-11-09)
6ATS09
2.43[80]

73
10
"Chapter 10"
Bradley Buecker
Ryan Murphy & Brad Falchuk
November 16, 2016 (2016-11-16)
6ATS10
2.45[81]

text: Season 7: Cult (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

74
1
"Election Night"
Bradley Buecker
Ryan Murphy & Brad Falchuk
September 5, 2017 (2017-09-05)
7ATS01
3.93[82]

75
2
"Don't Be Afraid of the Dark"
Liza Johnson
Tim Minear
September 12, 2017 (2017-09-12)
7ATS02
2.38[83]

76
3
"Neighbors from Hell"
Gwyneth Horder-Payton
James Wong
September 19, 2017 (2017-09-19)
7ATS03
2.25[84]

77
4
"11/9"
Gwyneth Horder-Payton
John J. Gray
September 26, 2017 (2017-09-26)
7ATS04
2.13[85]

78
5
"Holes"
Maggie Kiley
Crystal Liu
October 3, 2017 (2017-10-03)
7ATS05
2.20[86]

79
6
"Mid-Western Assassin"
Bradley Buecker
Todd Kubrak
October 10, 2017 (2017-10-10)
7ATS06
2.15[87]

80
7
"Valerie Solanas Died for Your Sins: Scumbag"
Rachel Goldberg
Crystal Liu
October 17, 2017 (2017-10-17)
7ATS07
2.07[88]

81
8
"Winter of Our Discontent"
Barbara Brown
Joshua Green
October 24, 2017 (2017-10-24)
7ATS08
2.06[89]

82
9
"Drink the Kool-Aid"[90]
Angela Bassett
Adam Penn
October 31, 2017 (2017-10-31)
TBA
TBD

83
10
"Charles (Manson) in Charge"[91]
Bradley Buecker
Ryan Murphy & Brad Falchuk
November 7, 2017 (2017-11-07)
TBA
TBD

84
11
"Great Again"[92]
Jennifer Lynch
Tim Minear
November 14, 2017 (2017-11-14)
TBA
TBD

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Ep. 1
Ep. 2
Ep. 3
Ep. 4
Ep. 5
Ep. 6
Ep. 7
Ep. 8
Ep. 9
Ep. 10
Ep. 11
Ep. 12
Ep. 13

Murder House
3.18
2.46
2.59
2.96
2.74
2.83
3.06
2.81
2.85
2.54
2.59
3.22
N/A

Asylum
3.85
3.06
2.47
2.65
2.78
1.89
2.27
2.36
2.22
2.21
2.51
2.30
2.29

Coven
5.54
4.51
3.78
3.71
3.80
4.16
4.00
4.07
3.94
3.49
3.46
3.35
4.24

Freak Show
6.13
4.53
4.44
4.51
4.22
3.65
3.91
3.30
3.07
2.99
3.11
2.94
3.27

Hotel
5.81
4.06
3.20
3.04
2.87
2.64
2.64
2.31
2.14
1.85
1.84
2.24
N/A

Roanoke
5.14
3.27
3.08
2.83
2.82
2.48
2.62
2.20
2.43
2.45
N/A

Cult
3.93
2.38
2.25
2.13
2.20
2.15
2.07
2.06
TBD
TBD
TBD
N/A


document_title: General Lee (car)

question_text: how many chargers used in dukes of hazzard movie

root

text: General Lee (car)

text: History[edit]

text: Although the estimated number of General Lees used varies from different sources, according to former cast member Ben Jones ("Cooter" in the show), as well as builders involved with the show, 325 General Lees were used to film the series. Others claim about 255 were used in the series. Approximately 17 still exist in various states of repair. On average, more than one General Lee was used up per show. When filming a jump, anywhere from 500 to 1,000 pounds (230 to 450 kg) of sand bags or concrete ballast was placed in the trunk to prevent the car from nosing over. Later in the series the mechanics would raise the front end of the car to keep it from scraping against the ramp causing it to lose speed, thereby providing a cushion for the driver upon landing. Stunt drivers report enjoying the flights but hating the landings. Despite the ballast, the landing attitude of the car was somewhat unpredictable, resulting in moderate to extremely violent forces, depending on how it landed. On many of the jumps the cars bent upon impact. All cars used in large jumps were immediately retired due to structural damage.

tag: p

text: Chargers from model-years 1968 & 1969 (no 1970 Chargers were used until the 2005 movie) were sourced and converted to General Lee specifications (taillights, grills, etc.). Despite popular belief, according to all builders involved over the years, obtaining cars was not a problem until later years. By that time, the car was the star of the show and Warner Bros. (WB) moved building of the cars in-house to keep the cars consistent in appearance. Later in the show's run, when it got too hard and/or expensive to continue procuring more Chargers, the producers started using more "jump footage" from previous episodes. In the final season radio-controlled miniatures were occasionally used to the chagrin of several cast members.

text: Episodes 1 through 5 were filmed in the Georgia towns of Covington and Conyers in November and December 1978. Georgia episode cars consisted of six Dodge Chargers. The first General Lees were built by Warner Bros. and shipped to Georgia where John Marendi (picture car coordinator) labeled the first three cars "LEE 1", "LEE 2", and "LEE 3" in no particular order for film editing purposes.

text: LEE 1 was a second unit car with a full roll cage. It is a 383 V8-powered 1969 Charger equipped with air-conditioning, an AM/FM stereo, power steering, and power drum brakes. It was originally painted in code T3 "Light Bronze Metallic" with a tan interior, a black vinyl top and chrome rocker trim. The rocker trim was left on due to previously poor body work on the left quarter panel, the gas cap trim, and wheel well trim were missing so the trim was removed on LEE 2 and 3 to match. It should also be noted that the chrome vinyl top trim was supposed to be removed but since the left quarter panel had been replaced and was very poorly installed the trim had to be left on to hide the body work and as a result most General Lees throughout the series had vinyl top trim. After the now-famous jump over Rosco P. Coltrane's police cruiser by stuntman Craig Baxley, it was stripped of its front seats and 1969-specific grill and taillight panel. LEE 1 was used once more as the "Richard Petty" tire test car in the fourth episode "Repo Men".

text: LEE 2, like LEE 1, was a second unit car with a full roll cage, a 383 V-8, a floor shifted automatic transmission and A/C. Originally painted B5 Blue with a black interior, the interior was repainted tan to match LEE 1 and 3 though its steering wheel remained black. It was used for the opening scene in "One Armed Bandits". In this scene, Bo and Luke were chasing Rosco's police cruiser with the General after Cooter stole it.

text: LEE 3 was the first unit 1 close-up car and the first General Lee built by Warner Brothers; it is seen in the first publicity photos. It was originally a F5 Medium Green Metallic R/T SE (Special Edition) model with a tan vinyl top. It was powered by a 440 Magnum engine with 375 HP, the car weighed 3,671-pound (1,665 kg). LEE 3 was equipped with A/C, power windows, a wood grain dash, and an AM radio. It also had a factory tachometer (which can be seen on "Repo Men"). This car had a tan leather interior and a removable roll bar that allowed installation of a camera for in-car shots. This car was painted 1975 Corvette Flame Red with a special base coat; the base coat was used after they found LEE 1's paint appeared to be blotchy due to the direct application over factory paint, they had first been painted Chrysler code EV2 or "Hemi Orange". Eventually, the first three General Lees started to show visible damage, so the crew had to start making more. The first General Lee built in Georgia was a 1968 Charger converted to look like a 1969; the tail light panel, front grill, and front seats taken from LEE 1 were used. Interiors not originally tan were sprayed with SEM brand "Saddle tan" vinyl dye. The first three Georgia Lees had a set of crossed flags (a Confederate flag and checkered flag) on the panel between the rear window and trunk lid. Although four sets were created, only three were used. They were discontinued due to the continuity of the General Lee graphics, making it one less thing to be used. The three surviving cars went back to California and had the crossed flags removed upon reconditioning. The wheels were generally 14-by-7-inch (36 cm × 18 cm) American Racing brand "Vectors" throughout the show (with Carroll Shelby center caps) and were mainly mounted on P235/70R14 B. F. Goodrich Radial T/A tires with the blackwall side facing out.

text: LEE 1 was sold to professional golfer Bubba Watson at the 2012 Barrett-Jackson Scottsdale auction for US$110,000 (US$121,000 after buyer premium).[2][3][4][5]

text: The Veluzat era[edit]

text: Andre and Renaud Veluzat built General Lees for WB from the second season into the fourth season. Viewers can also see two "Georgia" cars used often up into the early second season. LEE 3 and a specially caged car never appearing (but built) in Georgia were used heavily in early California episodes. The Veluzats were somewhat inconsistent in how they built the cars, so this is when the most variations from specification are found. The paint was GM code 70, Flame Red (still orange, just the name of the color), but there does appear to be some variance here: interiors were mostly dyed brown and occasionally SEM Saddle Tan. According to some sources, the Veluzats charged WB $250 a week per car for rental and a lump sum of $2000 to $3000 upon destruction of the vehicles; this included police cars. WB mechanics had to maintain the cars at company expense.

text: The money generated by building General Lees financed the Veluzat family project of restoring Gene Autry's Melody Ranch; it had burned in the 1960s. This ranch is where many classic Western films were shot, as well as the television series Gunsmoke. Today, it is a fully functional movie ranch where shows such as HBO's Deadwood are filmed.

text: The Warner Brothers era[edit]

text: By 1983, Warner Brothers turned total control of building General Lees to a man named Ken Fritz. Fritz didn't have the job long before he too was fired and at this point Warner Brothers moved full production in-house. The General Lee was now the highlight of the series, and WB received enormous amounts of Lee-specific fan mail that nit-picked the inconsistencies of the cars. Because of the fame of General Lee, WB had their staff mechanics build the cars to a specific appearance, even underneath. All graphics had to meet specifications, all side markers and rocker panel chrome trim were removed; and roll bars and push bars had to meet an exact specification. However, some changes were made before the specifications were laid out: The push bar became wider, the interior became a light beige color, and the roll bars were covered in black foam padding. During this period, the only way to distinguish the 1968 conversions from the 1969 originals is by the shape of the dashboard padding.

text: As the WB era rolled on, finding the cars became difficult: Piper Cubs were hired to perform aerial searches for 1968, 1969, and 1970 Chargers amongst the populace; the jumped cars were now no longer scrapped after one jump if deemed salvageable, and were repaired and used until they could no longer function; and, as last resort, miniature radio-controlled models were also brought in toward the end of the series to replace most of the big jump stunts, thereby saving more cars—something that proved unpopular with many episode directors (including Tom Wopat) who felt that the models did not look realistic. By this time, there was also a rivalry for "TV's greatest car" with the Knight Rider series, leading to the models being used more and more for greater jumps to try to out-do that series. Taking full control also saved some money, as now WB had the ability to buy cars, recondition them, and use them without paying daily rental fees.

text: The General Lee from The Dukes of Hazzard feature film[edit]

text: At the beginning of the movie, the General was a faded orange with a hand-painted "01" on the doors, black steel wheels, standard front bumper, and no Confederate Naval Flag. Midway through the film, Cooter repairs the General after it is vandalized by Boss Hogg's hirelings. He repaints it a bright Hemi orange and adds the well-known trademarks (American Racing "Vector" 10-spoke "turbine" wheels, octagonal "01", black grille guard, Confederate flag on the roof, "Dixie" horn, and "General Lee" above the door window openings).

text: The movie General not only flies and makes controlled landings, but also drifts with the aid of professional drifter Rhys Millen. During jump scenes, some stunt cars were propelled under their own power by stunt drivers; others had their engines and transmissions removed. The engineless Chargers were then launched without drivers by a gas-driven catapult similar in principle to those used on aircraft carriers. Approximately 24 1968 to 1970 Chargers were used in the film.

text: Unlike the television show era Lees, the movie cars used aftermarket graphic kits. The movie gave them new credibility and is no longer considered to be an inaccurate choice. Otherwise, except for the white letters on the Goodrich "Radial T/A" tires, the exterior of the movie's "close-up" General Lees varied little from the television show cars. The paint was "Big Bad Orange" (an American Motors Corporation color) rather than Corvette "Flame Red"; the interior headliner was black instead of tan, an actual roll cage was used; a three-spoke Grant wood-trimmed steering wheel replaced the standard wheel, an AM/FM stereo radio with Compact Disc player was installed in the dashboard; and the interiors were a custom color vinyl fabric made to look like the dye/paint used in the later eras of the TV show. One still can differentiate the 1968 Chargers by looking at the dash pad, but now 1970 Chargers were thrown in the mix. The cars somewhat resembled a late 1990s to early 2000s (decade) General Lee clone, but the overall flavor of the General Lee is still obvious. On all of the cars, the back-up lights and side marker lenses were removed, the openings filled in.

text: Eleven of the cars used for the movie had been purchased from the Luedtke Auto Group. Many of the cars had been cut up to allow for inside camera views.

text: General Lee number 020 was the drift car used in the drifting scene around Lee Circle and was also the car racing the black Shelby at the end of the movie. It was the only 4-speed equipped cars and was the backup to car #005. The car contains a unique emergency brake handle near the shifter that allowed the stunt driver quick access to locking the rear brakes at will. Though it did sustain some damage during filming, it is fully road worthy and is privately owned by Troy Martinson in Minnesota.[citation needed]

text: Two of the General Lees (a 1969 R/T SE and a 1970 made to appear as a 1969) were temporarily sold to Warner Brothers by Everett "J.R." Barton of Wichita, Kansas, for $1.00 each then sold back to him for $1.25. They were picked up from him in Wichita and were transported to Baton Rouge, both in driving condition. The 1970 (made to 1969) car then had the engine removed, got the General Lee treatment then weight added to balance the car for the main Freeway jump. One other car was used before this car. The first one landed hard on its nose, broke, and careened right into the guardrail. Given its problematic landing it was not used for that scene. Mr. Barton's car, number 127, was then used for that scene. It was launched from a catapult system, much like that used on aircraft carriers. It flew the farthest of all the jumps in the film and truly did survive. This is the car that made that jump in the film. After the filming the cars were returned to Everett. Everett then put a motor back in the car and even in its jumped condition had driven it in a couple of parades. After keeping the car for 8 years, he sold it to an individual that plans to have it restored to show quality. It will be restored from the men on the TV show Graveyard Cars.[citation needed]

text: Smallville homage[edit]

text: Early in the fifth-season episode "Exposed" of the television series Smallville, former Dukes of Hazzard co-star Tom Wopat (Luke Duke), playing Kansas Senator Jack Jennings, old friend of Jonathan Kent, played by John Schneider (Bo Duke), fishtails his car into the Kent farmyard. The car is a 1968 Dodge Charger R/T, painted blue instead of orange, and lacking the General Lee's distinctive insignia.

text: General Lee TV commercials[edit]

text: In 2014 the General Lee was featured in a commercial spot for AutoTrader.[6] The commercial featured the General Lee with Dukes of Hazzard stars John Schneider and Tom Wopat. The Duke's theme song "Good Ole Boys" can be heard playing during the commercial. The video was released on June 6, 2014.

text: 2015 Confederate flag controversy[edit]

text: In the aftermath of the 2015 Charleston, South Carolina shooting deaths, there was a backlash against the Confederate battle flag, due to the flag's historical associations with treason, racism, slavery, and white supremacy.[7][8] In response, Warner Bros. Entertainment, Inc. announced they would halt production of General Lee toy cars.[9] Ben Jones criticized the move, stating, "I think all of Hazzard Nation understands that the Confederate battle flag is the symbol that represents the indomitable spirit of independence which keeps us 'makin' our way the only way we know how.'"[10] John Schneider responded by stating, "I take exception to those who say that the flag on the General Lee should always be considered a symbol of racism. Is the flag used as such in other applications? Yes, but certainly not on the Dukes."[11]

text: On July 2, 2015, golfer Bubba Watson, current owner of LEE 1, announced via Twitter that he would be painting over the Confederate flag on the car's roof.[12][13] Watson's announcement prompted Brian Grams, director of the Volo Auto Museum, to offer to purchase Watson's General Lee, citing how Watson's car was significant because it was used in the show's first season and would be worthy of inclusion in the museum's collection. His offer was turned down.[14]

text: Engines[edit]

text: Engines in the TV show General Lees varied; they used 318, 383, and 440-cubic-inch engines. None of the TV series cars had the 426 Hemi, although in the 2005 The Dukes of Hazzard motion picture, Cooter replaced the "General's" original engine with a Chrysler 426 Hemi engine. However, the "close-up" Lees (except for the first one) were 383-powered. The special purpose built "Ski Car" (the car that was used for stunts involving driving on the left side or right side wheels with the opposite side wheels in the air) had a 318, as it was lighter weight. Most of the 'workhorse' stunt cars had 383s and 440s. The stunt drivers tended to prefer 440s (a higher performance engine) for jumps, so 440-powered stunt Lees were often saved for the higher bobby and longer jumps. Also, though early sound effects led many people to believe otherwise, only a handful of Chargers had manual transmissions; most had 727 TorqueFlite automatic transmissions.

text: Exit and entry[edit]

text: The General Lee, except in the beginning of the movie, does not have opening doors. In the TV series, it is explained that racing cars have their doors welded shut, and this was often used for comedic effect when Uncle Jesse or Boss Hogg required help to squeeze through the window (WB stopped welding the doors for time crams). (In one episode, Sheriff Rosco hires a bounty hunter (Jason Steele in the show) to create a fake General Lee and trick the Dukes into driving it, at which point he promptly orders their arrest for auto theft. The fake car was easily identified because its doors opened.) This was not at first planned but while filming the first chase (where Bo and Luke are chasing Cooter in Rosco's car) the passenger's door handle was damaged (when it hit the mail boxes) and couldn't be opened from the outside, so Tom Wopat (Luke) climbed though the window and the director loved the move so much he had John Schneider (Bo) climb in too, this is why only LEE 1 and 2 had full roll cages and all other General Lees only had a roll bar (this made it easier for the actors to get in and out).[citation needed] In the movie, the car has been repaired after being trashed, but the doors could not be fixed fast enough. The driver and passenger must slide in the window (as in NASCAR). For a running entry, Bo and Luke also slide over the hood rather than walk around the front of the car. However, in the prequel The Dukes of Hazzard: The Beginning, the left door was welded shut while the right one was not.

text: Exhaust systems[edit]

text: Exhaust systems were basic: some had glasspack mufflers, but most had standard exhausts with the pipe cut just before the rear end. The exhaust sound that can be heard on most of the California-era episode General Lees is from a Thrush brand glasspack. The sounds came from the exhaust systems fitted to the "close-up" cars; the parts used were Blackjack brand headers, dual exhausts, and the aforementioned Thrush mufflers. However, the sounds were dubbed in after the scene was filmed.

text: Tires[edit]

text: [15]Tires used on the General Lee varied, but the best known make and model was the B.F. Goodrich Radial T/A. The most common size was P235/70R14; P235/70R15 was also used. Winston Winners were also used.


document_title: Rhinorrhea

question_text: where does the fluid come from when you have a runny nose

text: Rhinorrhea

text: Signs and symptoms[edit]

text: Rhinorrhea is characterized by an excess amount of mucus produced by the mucous membranes that line the nasal cavities. The membranes create mucus faster than it can be processed, causing a backup of mucus in the nasal cavities. As the cavity fills up, it blocks off the air passageway, causing difficulty breathing through the nose. Air caught in nasal cavities, namely the sinus cavities, cannot be released and the resulting pressure may cause a headache or facial pain. If the sinus passage remains blocked, there is a chance that sinusitis may result.[4] If the mucus backs up through the Eustachian tube, it may result in ear pain or an ear infection. Excess mucus accumulating in the throat or back of the nose may cause a post-nasal drip, resulting in a sore throat or coughing.[4] Additional symptoms include sneezing, nosebleeds, and nasal discharge.[5]

text: Causes[edit]

text: Cold temperature[edit]

text: Rhinorrhea is especially common during winter months and certain low temperature seasons. Cold-induced rhinorrhea occurs due to a combination of thermodynamics and the body's natural reactions to cold weather stimuli. One of the purposes of nasal mucus is to warm inhaled air to body temperature as it enters the body. In order for this to happen, the nasal cavities must be constantly coated with liquid mucus. During cold, dry seasons, the mucus lining nasal passages tends to dry out, meaning that mucous membranes must work harder, producing more mucus to keep the cavity lined. As a result, the nasal cavity can fill up with mucus. At the same time, when air is exhaled, water vapor in breath condenses as the warm air meets the colder outside temperature near the nostrils. This causes an excess amount of water to build up inside nasal cavities. In these cases, the excess fluid usually spills out externally through the nostrils.[6]

text: Infection[edit]

text: Rhinorrhea can be a symptom of other diseases, such as the common cold or influenza. During these infections, the nasal mucous membranes produce excess mucus, filling the nasal cavities. This is to prevent infection from spreading to the lungs and respiratory tract, where it could cause far worse damage.[7] It has also been suggested that rhinorrhea is a result of viral evolution, and may be a response that is not useful to the host, but which has evolved by the virus to maximise its own infectivity.[8] Rhinorrhea caused by these infections usually occur on circadian rhythms.[9] Over the course of a viral infection, sinusitis (the inflammation of the nasal tissue) may occur, causing the mucous membranes to release more mucus. Acute sinusitis consists of the nasal passages swelling during a viral infection. Chronic sinusitis occurs when one or more nasal polyps appear.[citation needed] This can be caused by a deviated septum as well as a viral infection.[10]

text: Allergies[edit]

text: Rhinorrhea can also occur when individuals with allergies to certain substances, such as pollen, dust, latex, soy, shellfish, or animal dander, are exposed to these allergens. In people with sensitized immune systems, the inhalation of one of these substances triggers the production of the antibody immunoglobulin E (IgE), which binds to mast cells and basophils. IgE bound to mast cells are stimulated by pollen and dust, causing the release of inflammatory mediators such as histamine.[11] In turn, this causes, among other things, inflammation and swelling of the tissue of the nasal cavities as well as increased mucus production. Particulate matter in polluted air and chemicals such as chlorine and detergents, which can normally be tolerated, can make the condition considerably worse.

text: Lacrimation[edit]

text: Rhinorrhea is also associated with shedding tears, whether from emotional events or from eye irritation. When excess tears are produced, the liquid drains through the inner corner of the eyelids, through the nasolacrimal duct, and into the nasal cavities. As more tears are shed, more liquid flows into the nasal cavities, both stimulating mucus production and hydrating any dry mucus already present in the nasal cavity. The buildup of fluid is usually resolved via mucus expulsion through the nostrils.[7]

text: Head trauma[edit]

text: If caused by a head injury, rhinorrhea can be a much more serious condition. A basilar skull fracture can result in a rupture of the barrier between the sinonasal cavity and the anterior cranial fossae or the middle cranial fossae. This rupture can cause the nasal cavity to fill with cerebrospinal fluid. This condition, known as cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea or CSF rhinorrhea, can lead to a number of serious complications and possibly death if not addressed properly.[12]

text: Other causes[edit]

text: Rhinorrhea can occur as a symptom of opioid withdrawal accompanied by lacrimation.[13] Other causes include cystic fibrosis, whooping cough, nasal tumors, hormonal changes, and cluster headaches. Due to changes in clinical practice, Rhinorrhea is now reported as a frequent side effect of oxygen-intubation during colonoscopy procedures [A simple, innovative way to reduce rhinitis symptoms after sedation during endoscopy" by Nai-Liang Li, et al, Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2011, Feb; volume 25(2): pages 68–72.]. Rhinorrhea can also be the side effect of several genetic disorders, such as primary ciliary dyskinesia.[10]

text: Treatment[edit]

text: In most cases treatment for rhinorrhea is not necessary since it will clear up on its own—especially if it is the symptom of an infection. For general cases blowing your nose can get rid of the mucus buildup. Though blowing may be a quick-fix solution, it would likely proliferate mucosal production in the sinuses, leading to frequent and higher mucus buildups in the nose. Alternatively, saline nasal sprays and vasoconstrictor nasal sprays may also be used, but may become counterproductive after several days of use, causing rhinitis medicamentosa.

text: In recurring cases, such as those due to allergies, there are medicinal treatments available. For cases caused by histamine buildup, several types of antihistamines can be obtained relatively cheaply from drugstores.

text: People who prefer to keep clear nasal passages, such as singers, who need a clear nasal passage to perform, may use a technique called "nasal irrigation" to prevent rhinorrhea. Nasal irrigation involves rinsing the nasal cavity regularly with salty water or store bought saline solutions.[14]


document_title: Northeastern United States

question_text: what is the smallest state in northeast region

text: Northeastern United States

text: Composition[edit]

text: The Census Bureau has defined the Northeast region as comprising nine states: from northeast to southwest, they are Maine, New York, New Jersey, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire, and Pennsylvania.[1][a] The region is subdivided into New England (the six states east of New York) and the Mid-Atlantic states (New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania).

text: This definition has been essentially unchanged since 1880 and is widely used as a standard for data tabulation.[7][8][9][10] The Census Bureau has acknowledged the limitations of this definition[11] and the potential merits of a proposal created after the 1950 census that would include changing regional boundaries to include Delaware, Maryland, and Washington, D.C. with the Mid-Atlantic states, but ultimately decided that "the new system did not win enough overall acceptance among data users to warrant adoption as an official new set of general-purpose State groupings. The previous development of many series of statistics, arranged and issued over long periods of time on the basis of the existing State groupings, favored the retention of the summary units of the current regions and divisions."[12] The Census Bureau confirmed in 1994 that it would continue to "review the components of the regions and divisions to ensure that they continue to represent the most useful combinations of States and State equivalents."[12]

text: Many organizations and reference works follow the Census Bureau's definition for the region;[13][14][15] however, other entities define the Northeastern United States in significantly different ways for various purposes. The Association of American Geographers divides the Northeast into two divisions- "New England", which consists of Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut, and the "Middle States", which consists of New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware.[16] Similarly, the Geological Society of America defines the Northeast as these same states but with the addition of Maryland and the District of Columbia.[17] The narrowest definitions include only the states of New England.[18] Other more restrictive definitions include New England and New York as part of the Northeast United States, but exclude Pennsylvania and New Jersey.[19][20] States beyond the Census Bureau definition that other entities include in the Northeast United States are:

text:
Delaware, Maryland, and Washington, D.C.[4][21][22][23][24][25]
Delaware, Maryland, Washington, D.C., and West Virginia[26][27][28]
Delaware, Maryland, Washington, D.C., West Virginia, and Virginia[29]
Delaware, and parts of Maryland, West Virginia, and Virginia (but excluding Washington, D.C. and surrounding area)[30]
Ohio[31]
West Virginia, Ohio, Indiana, and Michigan[32]

tag: ul

text: History[edit]

text: Indigenous peoples[edit]

text: Anthropologists recognize the "Northeastern Woodlands" as one of the cultural regions that existed in the Western Hemisphere at the time of European colonists in the 15th and later centuries. Most did not settle in North America until the 17th century. The cultural area, known as the "Northeastern Woodlands", in addition to covering the entire Northeast U.S., also covered much of what is now Canada and others regions of what is now the eastern United States.[33] Among the many tribes that inhabited this area were those that made up the Iroquois nations and the numerous Algonquian peoples.[34] In the United States of the 21st century, 18 federally recognized tribes reside in the Northeast.[35] For the most part, the people of the Northeastern Woodlands, on whose lands European fishermen began camping to dry their codfish in the early 1600s, lived in villages, especially after being influenced by the agricultural traditions of the Ohio and Mississippi valley societies.[36]

text: Colonial history[edit]

text: All of the states making up the Northeastern region were among the original Thirteen Colonies, though Maine, Vermont, and Delaware were part of other colonies before the United States became independent in the American Revolution. The two cultural and geographic regions that form parts of the Northeastern region have distinct histories.

text: New England[edit]

text: The first Europeans to settle New England were Pilgrims from England, who landed in present-day Massachusetts in 1620.[37] The Pilgrims arrived by the Mayflower ship and founded Plymouth Colony so they could practice religion freely.[37] Ten years later, a larger group of Puritans settled north of Plymouth Colony in Boston to form Massachusetts Bay Colony.[38] In 1636, colonists established Connecticut Colony and Providence Plantations.[39][40] Providence was founded by Roger Williams, who was banished by Massachusetts for his beliefs in freedom of religion, and it was the first colony to guarantee all citizens freedom of worship.[40] Anne Hutchinson, who was also banished by Massachusetts, formed the town of Portsmouth.[40] Providence, Portsmouth, and two other towns (Newport and Warwick) consolidated to form the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations.[40]

text: Although the first settlers of New England were motivated by religion, in more recent history, New England has become one of the least religious parts of the United States. In a 2009 Gallup survey, less than half of residents in Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine, and Massachusetts reported religion as an important part of their daily life.[41] In a 2010 Gallup survey, less than 30% of residents in Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine, and Massachusetts reported attending church weekly, giving them the lowest church attendance among U.S. states.[42]

text: New England played a prominent role in early American education. Starting in the 17th century, the larger towns in New England opened grammar schools, the forerunner of the modern high school.[citation needed] The first public school in the English colonies was the Boston Latin School, founded in 1635.[43] In 1636, the colonial legislature of Massachusetts founded Harvard College, the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States.[44]

text: Mid-Atlantic[edit]

text: The first European explorer known to have explored the Atlantic shoreline of the Northeast since the Norse was Giovanni da Verrazzano in 1524. His ship La Dauphine explored the coast from what is now known as Florida to New Brunswick. Henry Hudson explored the area of present-day New York in 1609 and claimed it for the Netherlands. His journey stimulated Dutch interest, and the area became known as New Netherland. In 1625, the city of New Amsterdam (the location of present-day New York City) was designated the capital of the province.[45] The Dutch New Netherland settlement along the Hudson River and, for a time, the New Sweden settlement along the Delaware River divided the English settlements in the north and the south. In 1664, Charles II of England formally annexed New Netherland and incorporated it into the English colonial empire.[46] The territory became the colonies of New York and New Jersey.[46] New Jersey was originally split into East Jersey and West Jersey until the two were united as a royal colony in 1702.[46]

text: In 1681, William Penn, who wanted to give Quakers a land of religious freedom, founded Pennsylvania and extended freedom of religion to all citizens.[47]

text: Penn strongly desired access to the sea for his Pennsylvania Province and leased what then came to be known as the "Lower Counties on the Delaware"[48] from the Duke.

text: Penn established representative government and briefly combined his two possessions under one General Assembly in 1682. However, by 1704 the Province of Pennsylvania had grown so large that their representatives wanted to make decisions without the assent of the Lower Counties and the two groups of representatives began meeting on their own, one at Philadelphia, and the other at New Castle. Penn and his heirs remained proprietors of both and always appointed the same person Governor for their Province of Pennsylvania and their territory of the Lower Counties. The fact that Delaware and Pennsylvania shared the same governor was not unique. From 1703 to 1738, New York and New Jersey shared a governor.[49] Massachusetts and New Hampshire also shared a governor for some time.[50]

text: Environment[edit]

text: Topography[edit]

text: While most of the Northeastern United States lie in the Appalachian Highlands physiographic region, some are also part of the Atlantic coastal plain which extends south to the southern tip of Florida. The coastal plain areas (including Cape Cod in Massachusetts, Long Island in New York, most of New Jersey, Delaware, and the Chesapeake Bay region of Maryland) are generally low and flat, with sandy soil and marshy land.[4] The highlands, including the Piedmont and the Appalachian Mountains, are generally heavily forested, ranging from rolling hills to summits greater than 5,000 feet (1,500 m), and pocked with many lakes.[4] The highest peak in the Northeast is Mount Washington (New Hampshire), at 6,288 feet (1,917 m).[51]

text: Land use[edit]

text: As of 2007[update], forest-use covered approximately 60% of the Northeastern states (including Delaware, Maryland, and the District of Columbia), about twice the national average. About 12% was cropland and another 4% grassland pasture or range. There is also more urbanized land in the Northeast (11%) than any other region in the U.S.[25]

text: Climate[edit]

text: The climate of the Northeastern United States varies from northernmost New England in Maine to southernmost New Jersey and Pennsylvania. The climate of the region is created by the position of the general west to east flow of weather in the middle latitudes that much of the central and northern USA is controlled by. Summers are normally warm in northern areas to hot in southern areas, while in winter the subtropical high Bermuda High retreats eastward, and the prevailing westerly flow of air masses combines with the polar jet stream to bring cold and frequent storm systems to the region.[52] Annual mean temperatures range from the low 50s F from northern Maryland to southern Connecticut, to the 40s F in most of New York State, New England, and northern Pennsylvania.[52][53][54]

text: Wildlife[edit]

text: The Northeast has 72 National Wildlife Refuges, encompassing more than 500,000 acres (780 sq mi; 2,000 km2) of habitat, and designed to protect some of the 92 different threatened and endangered species living in the region.[35]

text: Demography[edit]

text: As of the July 2013 U.S. Census Bureau estimate, the population of the region totaled 55,943,073.[55] With an average of 345.5 people per square mile, the Northeast is 2.5 times as densely populated as the second-most dense region, the South. Since the last century, the U.S. population has been shifting away from the Northeast (and Midwest) toward the South and West.[56]

text: The two U.S. Census Bureau divisions in the Northeast (New England and Mid-Atlantic) rank #1 and #2 among the 9 divisions in population density according to the 2013 population estimate. The South Atlantic region (233.1) was very close behind New England (233.2). Due to the faster growth of the South Atlantic region, it will take over the #2 division rank in population density in the next estimate, dropping New England to 3rd position. New England is projected to retain the number 3 rank for many, many years, as the only other lower-ranked division with even half the population density of New England is the East North Central division (192.1) and this region's population is projected to grow slowly. [b][57]

text:
Population, area and density

Rank[c]
State
Division/Region
Population
(2015 est.)
Land area
(sq. mi)
Density
(sq.mi)
Geog.
sort

43
39 ! Rhode Island
1,056,298
50 !1,034
04 !1,017.1
01 !NEng

15
21 ! Massachusetts
6,794,422
45 !7,800
06 !858.0
02 !NEng

29
07 ! Connecticut
3,590,886
48 !4,842
09 !742.6
03 !NEng

41
29 ! New Hampshire
1,330,608
44 !8,953
33 !147.8
04 !NEng

49
45 ! Vermont
626,043
43 !9,217
48 !68.0
05 !NEng

42
19 ! Maine
1,329,328
39 !30,843
56 !43.1
06 !NEng

52 !2
55 !       New England
14,727,585
59 !62,688
21 !233.2
07 !NEast

11
30 ! New Jersey
11 !8,899,339
46 !7,354
02 !1,210.1
08 !MdAtl

4
32 ! New York
03 !19,651,127
30 !47,126
07 !420.1
09 !MdAtl

6
38 ! Pennsylvania
06 !12,773,801
32 !44,743
18 !285.5
10 !MdAtl

51 !1
53 !       Mid-Atlantic
54 !41,324,267
58 !99,223
14 !416.5
11 !NEast

60 !1
61 !       Northeast
63 !55,943,073
63 !161,912
16 !345.5
12 !USA

tag: table

text: Below are the ten most populous metropolitan statistical areas, and the ten largest cities of the Census Bureau-defined region. Several of these cities in a narrow strip along the seaboard comprise the backbone of the Northeast megalopolis, excluding Baltimore and Washington, D.C.[58][59]

text:
Rank
Metropolitan Area
State(s)
Population
(2010 Census)

1
New York City
CT, NJ, NY, PA
18,897,109

2
Philadelphia
DE, MD, NJ, PA
6,051,170

3
Boston
MA, NH, RI
4,552,402

4
Pittsburgh
PA
2,356,285

5
Providence
MA, RI
1,600,852

6
Hartford
CT
1,212,381

7
Buffalo
NY
1,135,509

8
Rochester
NY
1,054,323

9
Bridgeport
CT
933,835

10
Worcester
MA, CT
923,762

text:
Rank
City
State
Population
(2012 est.)
City area (km2)
Population density /km2
(2012 est.)

1
New York
NY
8,336,697
784
10,640

2
Philadelphia
PA
1,537,211
347
4,394

3
Boston
MA
636,479
125
4,980

4
Pittsburgh
PA
306,211
144
2,140

5
Newark
NJ
277,727
63
4,424

6
Buffalo
NY
259,384
105
2,569

7
Jersey City
NJ
254,441
38
6,462

8
Rochester
NY
210,855
93
2,369

9
Yonkers
NY
198,449
18
4,188

10
Worcester
MA
182,669
97
1,808

text: Economy[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2013)

text: As of 2012[update], the Northeast accounts for approximately 23% of U.S. gross domestic product.[62]

text: The Nuclear Regulatory Commission oversees 34 nuclear reactors, eight for research or testing and 26 for power production in the Northeastern United States.[24]

text: New York City, considered a global financial center, is in the Northeast.

text: The Federal Bureau of Prisons maintains 17 federal prisons and two affiliated private facilities in the region.[31]

text: Transportation[edit]

text: The following table includes all eight airports categorized by the FAA as large hubs[63] located in the Northeastern states[64] (New England and Eastern regions[65]):

text:
Rank
Metro area served
Airport
code
Airport name
Largest airline[66]

1
New York
JFK
John F Kennedy International
JetBlue (37%)

2
New York
EWR
Newark Liberty International
United (49%)

3
Philadelphia
PHL
Philadelphia International
American (80%)

4
Boston
BOS
General Edward Lawrence Logan International
JetBlue (29%)

5
New York
LGA
La Guardia
Delta (21%)

6
Baltimore/Washington
BWI
Baltimore/Washington International Thurgood Marshall
Southwest (65%)

7
Washington
IAD
Washington Dulles International
United (41%)

8
Washington
DCA
Ronald Reagan Washington National
American (50%)

text: Culture[edit]

text: Geographer Wilbur Zelinsky asserts that the Northeast region lacks a unified cultural identity,[3] but has served as a "culture hearth" for the rest of the nation.[67] Several much smaller geographical regions within the Northeast do have distinct cultural identities.[3]

text: Landmarks[edit]

text: Almost half of the National Historic Landmarks maintained by the National Park Service are located in the Northeastern United States.[68]

text: Religion[edit]

text: According to a 2009 Gallup poll, the Northeastern states differ from most of the rest of the U.S. in religious affiliation, generally reflecting the descendants of immigration patterns of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with many Catholics arriving from Ireland, Italy, and eastern Europe. Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, and New Jersey are the only states in the nation where Catholics outnumber Protestants and other Christian denominations. More than 20% of respondents in Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont declared no religious identity.[69] Compared to other U.S. regions, the Northeast has the lowest regular religious service attendance and the fewest number of people for whom religion is an important part of their daily lives.[70]

text: Sports[edit]

text: The Northeast region is home to several professional sports franchises in the "Big Four" leagues (NFL, NBA, NHL and MLB),[71] with more than 100 championships collectively among them.[72]

text:
New York metropolitan area: Giants, Jets (NFL), Yankees, Mets (MLB), Knicks, Nets (NBA), Rangers, Islanders, Devils (NHL)
Philadelphia: Eagles (NFL), Phillies (MLB), 76ers (NBA), Flyers (NHL)
Washington, D.C.: Redskins (NFL), Nationals (MLB), Wizards (NBA), Capitals (NHL)
Boston: Patriots (NFL), Red Sox (MLB), Celtics (NBA), Bruins (NHL)
Baltimore: Ravens (NFL), Orioles (MLB)
Pittsburgh: Steelers (NFL), Pirates (MLB), Penguins (NHL)
Buffalo: Bills (NFL), Sabres (NHL)

text: Major League Soccer features five Northeastern teams: D.C. United, New England Revolution, New York City FC, New York Red Bulls, and Philadelphia Union. The region also has three WNBA teams: Connecticut Sun, New York Liberty and Washington Mystics.

text: Notable golf tournaments in the Northeastern United States include the Deutsche Bank Championship, The Barclays, Quicken Loans National and Atlantic City LPGA Classic. The US Open, held at New York City, is one of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments, whereas Washington Open is part of the ATP World Tour 500 series.

text: Notable Northeastern motorsports tracks include Watkins Glen International, Dover International Speedway, Pocono Raceway, New Hampshire Motor Speedway and Lime Rock Park, which have hosted Formula One, IndyCar, NASCAR and International Motor Sports Association races. Also, drag strips such as Englishtown, Epping, and Reading have hosted NHRA national events. Pimlico Race Course at Baltimore and Belmont Park at New York host the Preakness Stakes and Belmont Stakes horse races, which are part of the Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing.

text: The region has also been noted for the relative prevalence of the traditionally Northeastern sports of ice hockey and lacrosse.[73]

text: Health[edit]

text: The rate of potentially preventable hospitalizations in the Northeastern United States fell from 2005 to 2011 for overall conditions, acute conditions, and chronic conditions.[74]

text: Politics[edit]

text: The Northeastern United States tended to vote Republican in federal elections through the first half of the 20th century, but the region has since the 1990s shifted to become the most Democratic in the nation.[23] Results from a 2008 Gallup poll indicated that eight of the top ten Democratic states were located in the region, with every Northeastern state having a Democratic party affiliation advantage of at least ten points.[75] The following table demonstrates Democratic support in the Northeast as compared to the remainder of the nation.[76]

text:
Year
% President vote
% Senate seats
% House seats

Northeast
Remainder
Northeast
Remainder
Northeast
Remainder

2000
57.6
47.5
60.0
46.3
59.6
45.7

2002

60.0
45.0
58.3
44.7

2004
57.1
47.3
60.0
40.0
59.5
43.0

2006

75.0
45.0
73.8
48.3

2008
60.7
52.0
80.0
52.5
81.0
52.9

2010

75.0
47.5
67.9
38.5

text: The following table of United States presidential election results since 1900 illustrates that over the past six presidential elections, only three Northeastern states supported a Republican candidate (New Hampshire voted for George W. Bush in 2000; Pennsylvania and Maine's 2nd congressional district voted for Donald Trump in 2016).[77] Bolded entries indicate that party's candidate also won the general election.

text:
State
1900
1904
1908
1912
1916
1920

1924
1928
1932
1936
1940
1944
1948
1952
1956
1960

1964
1968
1972
1976
1980
1984
1988
1992
1996
2000

2004
2008
2012
2016

CT
R
R
R
D
R
R
R
R
R
D
D
D
R
R
R
D
D
D
R
R
R
R
R
D
D
D
D
D
D
D

DE
R
R
R
D
R
R
R
R
R
D
D
D
R
R
R
D
D
R
R
D
R
R
R
D
D
D
D
D
D
D

DC

D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D

ME
R
R
R
D
D
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
D
D
R
R
R
R
R
D
D
D
D
D
D
D (R ME-02)

MD
R
D
D
D
D
R
R
R
D
D
D
D
R
R
R
D
D
D
R
D
D
R
R
D
D
D
D
D
D
D

MA
R
R
R
D
R
R
R
D
D
D
D
D
D
R
R
D
D
D
D
D
R
R
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D

NH
R
R
R
D
D
R
R
R
R
D
D
D
R
R
R
R
D
R
R
R
R
R
R
D
D
R
D
D
D
D

NJ
R
R
R
D
R
R
R
R
D
D
D
D
R
R
R
D
D
R
R
R
R
R
R
D
D
D
D
D
D
D

NY
R
R
R
D
R
R
R
R
D
D
D
D
R
R
R
D
D
D
R
D
R
R
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D

PA
R
R
R
P
R
R
R
R
R
D
D
D
R
R
R
D
D
D
R
D
R
R
R
D
D
D
D
D
D
R

RI
R
R
R
D
R
R
R
D
D
D
D
D
D
R
R
D
D
D
R
D
D
R
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D

VT
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
D
R
R
R
R
R
R
D
D
D
D
D
D
D

text: The following table shows the breakdown of party affiliation of governors, state legislative houses, and U.S. congressional delegation for the Northeastern states, as of 2017[update]. (Demographics reflect registration-by-party figures from that state's registered voter statistics.)

text:
State
Governor
Upper House Majority
Lower House Majority
Senior U.S. Senator
Junior U.S. Senator
U.S. House Delegation
Demographics

CT
Democratic
Tied
18-18
Democratic
80-71
Democratic
Democratic
Democratic
5-0
Democratic
36-21

DE
Democratic
Democratic
11-10
Democratic
25-16
Democratic
Democratic
Democratic
1-0
Democratic
48-28

ME
Republican
Republican
18-17
Democratic
76-72-2
Republican
Independent
Tied
1-1
Democratic
32-27

MD
Republican
Democratic
33-14
Democratic
91-50
Democratic
Democratic
Democratic
7-1
Democratic
55-26

MA
Republican
Democratic
34-6
Democratic
125-35
Democratic
Democratic
Democratic
9-0
Democratic
35-11

NH
Republican
Republican
14-10
Republican
226-174
Democratic
Democratic
Democratic
2-0
Republican
30-27

NJ
Republican
Democratic
24-16
Democratic
52-28
Democratic
Democratic
Democratic
7-5
Democratic
33-20

NY
Democratic
Rep. Led Coalition
40-22
Democratic
107-43
Democratic
Democratic
Democratic
18-9
Democratic
49-24

PA
Democratic
Republican
34-16
Republican
121-82
Democratic
Republican
Republican
13-5
Democratic
50-37

RI
Democratic
Democratic
33-5
Democratic
64-10-1
Democratic
Democratic
Democratic
2-0
Democratic
42-11

VT
Republican
Democratic
21-7-2
Democratic
83-53-7-7
Democratic
Independent
Democratic
1-0
Democratic
47-31


document_title: History of hard disk drives

question_text: when was the first terabyte hard drive made

text: History of hard disk drives

text: The IBM 350 Disk File was developed under the code-name RAMAC by an IBM San Jose team led by Reynold Johnson. It was announced in 1956 with the then new IBM 305 RAMAC computer.[7] A variant, the IBM 355 Disk File, was simultaneously announced with the IBM RAM 650 computer,[8] an enhancement to the IBM 650.

text: The IBM 350 drive had fifty 24-inch (0.6 m) platters, with a total capacity of five million 6-bit characters (3.75 megabytes).[9] A single head assembly having two heads was used for access to all the platters, yielding an average access time of just under 1 second.

text: The RAMAC disk drive created a new level in the computer data hierarchy, today known as secondary storage, less expensive and slower than main memory (then typically core or drum) but faster and more expensive than tape drives.[10] Subsequently there was a period of about 20 years in which other technologies competed with disks in the secondary storage marketplace, for example tape strips, e.g., NCR CRAM, tape cartridges, e.g., IBM 3850, and drums, e.g., Burroughs B430, UNIVAC FASTRAND, but all ultimately were displaced by HDDs. Today SSDs compete with HDDs in the marketplace.

text: The IBM 1301 Disk Storage Unit,[11] announced in 1961, introduced the usage of heads having self-acting air bearings (self-flying heads) with one head per each surface of the disks.

text: Also in 1961, Bryant Computer Products introduced its 4000 series disk drives. These massive units stood 52 inches (1.3 m) tall, 70 inches (1.8 m) wide, and had up to 26 platters, each 39 inches (0.99 m) in diameter, rotating at up to 1,200 rpm. Access times were from 50 to 205 milliseconds (ms). The drive's total capacity, depending on the number of platters installed, was up to 205,377,600 bytes (205 MB).[12][13]

text: The first disk drive to use removable media was the IBM 1311 drive. It was introduced in 1962 using the IBM 1316 disk pack to store two million characters. It was followed by the IBM 2311 (1964) 5 megabyte and IBM 2314 (1965) 29 megabyte disk pack HDDs.

text: Memorex in 1968 shipped the first HDD, the Memorex 630, plug compatible to an IBM model 2311 marking the beginning of independent competition (Plug Compatible Manufacturers or PCMs) for HDDs attached to IBM systems. It was followed in 1969 by the Memorex 660, an IBM 2314 compatible, which was OEM'ed to DEC and resold as the RP02.

text: In 1973, IBM introduced the IBM 3340 "Winchester" disk drive, the first significant commercial use of low mass and low load heads with lubricated platters. This technology and its derivatives remained the standard through 2011. Project head Kenneth Haughton named it after the Winchester 30-30 rifle because it was planned to have two 30 MB spindles; however, the actual product shipped with two spindles for data modules of either 35 MB or 70 MB.[14] The name 'Winchester' and some derivatives are still common in some non-English speaking countries to generally refer to any hard disks (e.g. Hungary, Russia).

text: Also in 1973, Control Data Corporation introduced the first of its series of SMD disk drives using conventional disk pack technology. The SMD family became the predominant disk drive in the minicomputer market into the 1980s.

text: Smaller diameter media came into usage during the 1970s and by the end of the decade standard form factors had been established for drives using nominally 8-inch media (e.g., Shugart SA1000) and nominally 5.25-inch media (e.g., Seagate ST-506).

text: During the 1970s, captive production, dominated by IBM's production for its own use, remained the largest revenue channel for HDDs, though the relative importance of the OEM channel grew. Led by Control Data, Diablo Systems, CalComp and Memorex, the OEM segment reached $631 million in 1979, but still well below the $2.8 billion associated with captive production.[15]

text: 1980s, the transition to the PC era[edit]

text: The 1980s saw the minicomputer age plateau as PCs were introduced. Manufacturers such as DEC and Hewlett-Packard continued to manufacture minicomputer compatible hard drive systems as industry demanded higher storage. Hewlett-Packard introduced the HP 7935 as one such drive. But it was clear that smaller Winchester storage systems were eclipsing large platter hard drives.[citation needed]

text: Hard disk drives for personal computers (PCs) were initially a rare and very expensive optional feature; systems typically had only the less expensive floppy disk drives or even cassette tape drives as both secondary storage and transport media. However by the late '80s, hard disk drives were standard on all but the cheapest PC and floppy disks were used almost solely as transport media.

text: Most hard disk drives in the early 1980s were sold to PC end users by systems integrators such as the Corvus Disk System or the systems manufacturer such as the Apple ProFile. The IBM PC XT in 1983, included an internal standard 10MB hard disk drive, and soon thereafter internal hard disk drives proliferated on personal computers.

text: HDDs continued to get smaller with the introduction of the 3.5-inch form factor in the middle of the decade Rodime 1983 and the 2.5-inch form factor PrairieTek 1988.

text: Industry participation peaked with about 75 active manufacturers in 1985 and then declined thereafter even though volume continued to climb: by 1989 reaching 22 million units and $23 billion in revenue.[16]

text: Even though there were a number of new entrants, industry participants continued to decline in total to 15 in 1999. Unit volume and industry revenue monotonically increased during the 1990s to 174 million units and $26 billion.[17]

text: The industry production consolidated around the 3.5-inch and 2.5 inch form factors; the larger form factors dying off while several smaller form factors were offered but achieved limited success, e.g. HP 1.3-inch Kittyhawk, IBM 1-inch Microdrive, etc..

text: 2000 to present[edit]

text: In 2001 the HDD industry experienced its first ever decline in units and revenue.

text: The number of industry participants decreased to 6 in 2009 and 3 in 2013

text: Unit production peaked in 2010 at about 650 million units and has been in a slow decline since then[18] Shipments in 2016 estimated at about 424 million units.[19]

text: Timeline[edit]

text:
1956 – IBM 350, shipment of test disk drive to Zellerbach, SF CA, USA
1957 – IBM 350, first production disk drive, 5 million characters (6-bit), equivalent to 3.75 megabytes.
1961 – IBM 1301 Disk Storage Unit introduced with one head per surface and aerodynamic flying heads, 28 million characters (6-bit) per module.
1961 – Bryant Computer Products division of Ex-Cell-O, 1 meter platters, 1200 RPM, up to 205MB.
1962 – IBM 1311 introduced removable disk packs containing 6 disks, storing 2 million characters per pack
1964 – IBM 2311 with 7.25 megabytes per disk pack
1964 – IBM 2310 removable cartridge disk drive with 1.02 MB on one disk
1965 – IBM 2314 with 11 disks and 29 MB per disk pack
1968 – Memorex is first to ship an IBM-plug-compatible disk drive
1970 – IBM 3330 Merlin, introduced error correction, 100 MB per disk pack
1973 – IBM 3340 Winchester introduced removable sealed disk packs that included head and arm assembly, 35 or 70 MB per pack
1973 – CDC SMD announced and shipped, 40 MB disk pack
1976 – 1976 IBM 3350 "Madrid" – 317.5 megabytes, eight 14" disks, re-introduction of disk drive with fixed disk media
1979 – IBM 3370 introduced thin film heads, 571 MB, non-removable
1979 – 1979 IBM 62PC "Piccolo" – 64.5 megabytes, six 8" disks, first 8-inch HDD
1980 – The IBM 3380 was the world's first gigabyte-capacity disk drive. Two 1.26 GB, head disk assemblies (essentially two HDDs) were packaged in a cabinet the size of a refrigerator,[20] weighed 455 kg (1000 lb), and had a price tag of 81,000 USD (Model B4) which is 240,579 USD in present-day terms.[21]
1980 – ST-506 first 51⁄4 inch drive released with capacity of 5 megabytes, cost $1500 USD
1982 – HP 7935 404 megabyte, 7 platter hard drive for minicomputers, HP-IB bus, $27,000
1983 – RO351/RO352 first 31⁄2 inch drive released with capacity of 10 megabytes[22]
1986 – Standardization of SCSI
1988 – PrairieTek 220 – 20 megabytes, two 2.5" disks, first 2.5 inch HDD
1989 – Jimmy Zhu and H. Neal Bertram from UCSD proposed exchange decoupled granular microstructure for thin film disk storage media, still used today.
1990 – 1990 IBM 0681 "Redwing" – 857 megabytes, twelve 5.25" disks. First HDD with PRML Technology (Digital Read Channel with 'partial response maximum likelihood' algorithm).
1991 – IBM 0663 "Corsair" – 1,004 megabytes, eight 3.5" disks; first HDD using magnetoresistive heads
1991 – Integral Peripherals 1820 "Mustang" – 21.4 megabytes, one 1.8" disk, first 1.8-inch HDD[23]
1992 – HP Kittyhawk – 20MB, first 1.3-inch hard-disk drive
1993 – IBM 3390 model 9, the last Single Large Expensive Disk drive announced by IBM
1994 – IBM introduces Laser Textured Landing Zones (LZT)
1997 – IBM Deskstar 16GP "Titan" – 16,800 megabytes, five 3.5" disks; first (Giant Magnetoresistance) heads
1997 – Seagate introduces the first hard drive with fluid bearings[24]
1998 – UltraDMA/33 and ATAPI standardized
1999 – IBM releases the Microdrive in 170 MB and 340 MB capacities
2002 – (Parallel) ATA breaks 137 GB (128 GiB) addressing space barrier
2003 – Serial ATA introduced
2003 – IBM sells disk drive division to Hitachi
2004 – MK2001MTN first 0.85-inch drive released by Toshiba with capacity of 2 gigabytes[23]
2005 – First 500 GB hard drive shipping (Hitachi GST)
2005 – Serial ATA 3 Gbit/s standardized
2005 – Seagate introduces Tunnel MagnetoResistive Read Sensor (TMR) and Thermal Spacing Control
2005 – Introduction of faster SAS (Serial Attached SCSI)
2005 – First perpendicular magnetic recording (PMR) HDD shipped: Toshiba 1.8-inch 40/80 GB[25]
2006 – First 750 GB hard drive (Seagate)
2006 – First 200 GB 2.5" hard drive utilizing perpendicular recording (Toshiba)
2006 – Fujitsu develops heat-assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) that could one day achieve one terabit per square inch densities[26]
2007 – First 1 terabyte[27] hard drive[28] (Hitachi GST)
2008 – First 1.5 terabyte[27] hard drive[29] (Seagate)
2009 – First 2.0 terabyte hard drive[30] (Western Digital)
2010 – First 3.0 terabyte hard drive[31][32] (Seagate, Western Digital)
2010 – First hard drive manufactured by using the Advanced Format of 4,096 bytes a block ("4K") instead of 512 bytes a block[33]
2011 – First 4.0 terabyte hard drive[34] (Seagate)
2011 – Floods hit many hard drive factories. Predictions of a worldwide shortage of hard disk drives cause prices to double.[35][36][37]
2012 – Western Digital announces the first 2.5-inch, 5 mm thick drive, and the first 2.5-inch, 7 mm thick drive with two platters[38] (Western Digital)
2012 – HGST announces helium-filled hard disk drives, promising cooler operation and the ability to increase the maximum number of platters from five to seven in the 3.5" form factor[39] (Hitachi GST)
2012 – TDK demonstrates 2 TB on a single 3.5-inch platter[40]
2012 – Hitachi Global Storage Technologies and Western Digital merge to one hard drive manufacturer. To ensure actual competition on the hard drive market after the merging, the U.S. Federal Trade Commission requires that Western Digital and Hitachi GST give assets and intellectual property rights to Toshiba.[41] This allows Toshiba to re-enter the 3.5" desktop hard disk drive market with capacities up to 3 TB.[42] Prior to this, Toshiba had only manufactured 2.5" laptop HDDs for many years.
2013 – Seagate announces that it will ship hard disk drives with capacities up to 5 TB using shingled magnetic recording (SMR), a method where tracks are written to partially overlap each other. The read head, being smaller, can still read the overlapped tracks.[43]
2013 – HGST announces a helium-filled 6 TB hard disk drive for enterprise applications[44]
2013 – Western Digital demonstrates heat assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) technology[45][46][47][48]
2014 – Seagate introduces 6 TB hard drives that do not use helium, in turn increasing their power consumption and lowering their overall cost[49]
2014 – Seagate ships world's first 8 TB hard drives[50]
2015 – In June HGST ships Ultrastar Archive Ha10 SMR HDD, the world's first 10 TB HDD[51] followed in December by a conventional PMR HDD[52]
2017 – 12 TB Helium-based HDD available from Western Digital.[53]
2017 – 14 TB Helium-filled PMR HDD announced by Toshiba, with availability being promised for 2018 Q1 or Q2.[54]

text: Manufacturing history[edit]

text: Manufacturing began in California's Silicon Valley in 1957 with IBM's production shipment of the first HDD, the IBM RAMAC 350. The industry grew slowly at first with three additional companies in the market by 1964, Anelex Corp., Bryant Computer Products and Data Products Corp..[55] The industry grew rapidly in the late 1960s and again in the 1980s reaching a peak of 75 manufacturers in 1984.[56] There have been at least 221 companies manufacturing hard disk drives[57][58][59][60] but most of that industry has vanished through bankruptcy or mergers and acquisitions. Surviving manufacturers are Seagate, Toshiba and Western Digital (WD) with Toshiba as the senior participant having entered the market in 1977,[61] twenty years after IBM started the market.

text: From beginning and into the early 1980s manufacturing was mainly by US firms in the United States at locations such as Silicon Valley, Los Angeles, Minnesota and Oklahoma City.[58]:Table 7 In the 1980s US firms, beginning with Seagate, began to shift production to Singapore and then other locations in southeast Asia. In a span of seven years, 1983 to 1990, Singapore became the single largest location of HDD production, amounting to 55% of worldwide production.[58]:Table 9 Japanese HDD companies later also moved their production to southeast Asia.[58]:Table 10 Today the three remaining firms all produce their units in the Pacific Rim.

text: By the 1990s the dollar value of magnetic recording devices produced by companies located in California's "Silicon Valley" exceeded the dollar value of semiconductor devices produced there leading some to suggest that a more appropriate name for this area would be "Iron Oxide Valley," after the magnetic material coating the disks.[62] All three remaining firms still have significant activities in Silicon Valley, but no manufacturing.


document_title: Once Upon a Time (season 7)

question_text: when does the next season of once upon a time come on

text: Once Upon a Time (season 7)

text: Premise[edit]

text: Years after the Final Battle was won, Henry decides to leave Storybrooke to other realms in search of his own story. After years of realm travelling, he ends up in the New Enchanted Forest[10], where he gets tangled into a conflict between Cinderella, Lady Tremaine, Drizella, a resistance led by Princess Tiana, and the Coven of the Eight led by Mother Gothel that eventually leads to the casting of another curse that takes the inhabitants to a newly created neighbourhood called Hyperion Heights in Seattle. Lucy, Henry's daughter, tries to get Henry believe again to break the curse, but the breaking of the curse would have chilling consequences while an awaken Mother Gothel seeks the members of her coven, having captured Lady Tremaine and Drizella.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Regular[edit]

text:
Lana Parrilla as Evil Queen / Regina Mills / Roni[3]
Colin O'Donoghue as Captain Hook / Killian Jones / Rogers[3]
Andrew J. West as Henry Mills[3]
Dania Ramirez as Cinderella / Jacinda[11][12]
Gabrielle Anwar as Rapunzel / Lady Tremaine / Victoria Belfrey[4][12][13]
Alison Fernandez as Lucy[3]
Robert Carlyle as Rumplestiltskin / Mr. Gold / Weaver[3]
Mekia Cox as Tiana / Sabine[4][5]

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Adelaide Kane as Drizella / Ivy Belfrey[4][14]
Rose Reynolds as Alice / Tilly[4][15]
Emma Booth as Mother Gothel / Eloise Gardener[16][17]
Rebecca Mader as Wicked Witch of the West / Zelena / Kelly[18][19]
Meegan Warner as young Rapunzel[20]
Tiera Skovbye as Robin[21]
Nathan Parsons as Jack / Nick Branson[22][23]
Yael Yurman as Anastasia[24]

text: Guest[edit]

text:
Jared S. Gilmore as young Henry Mills[25]
Jillian Fargey as the Fairy Godmother[26]
Liam Hall as the Prince[26]
Jennifer Morrison as Emma Swan[27]
Emilie de Ravin as Belle[28]
Giles Matthey as Gideon[29]
Robin Givens as Eudora[30]
Kevin Ryan as Robert[31]
Daniel Francis as Dr. Facilier[31]
Chris Gauthier as William Smee[23]
Matty Finochio as Marcus Tremaine[24]
Cindy Luna as Cecilia[32]
Anna Cathcart as tween Drizella[24]
Alejandra Perez as young Ella[32]
Sophia Reid-Gantzert as young Anastasia[24]
Lula Mae Melench as young Drizella[24]
Sara Tomko as Tiger Lily[19]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

134
1
"Hyperion Heights"
Ralph Hemecker
Edward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz
October 6, 2017 (2017-10-06)
3.26[33]

In a flashback, an 18-year-old Henry says goodbye to Regina as he departs Storybrooke on a trip to new realms, in hopes of finding his own story. Many years later, Henry runs into Cinderella's carriage in the New Enchanted Forest and after a string of events that almost get them captured at a ball, he offers her the chance at a new start back in Storybrooke, as he is due to return through a portal that evening. When Henry finds a glass slipper left for him at their meeting spot, he decides to stay behind. In present-day Seattle, an older Henry is reunited with his daughter Lucy, whom he does not remember because of a curse. In hopes of breaking it, Lucy leads him to her neighborhood of Hyperion Heights, home to many other cursed fairytale characters including Jacinda, Lucy's down-on-her-luck single mother who is in a contentious relationship with her powerful stepmother Victoria. Others include Roni, a bar owner who is struggling with having to sell her establishment to Victoria, and Rogers, a cop who gets promoted to a detective and is introduced to his new partner, Weaver.

135
2
"A Pirate's Life"
Tara Nicole Weyr
Jane Espenson & Jerome Schwartz
October 13, 2017 (2017-10-13)
2.74[34]

In flashback to Storybrooke, Hook is training an 18 year old Henry as Emma watches on. She confesses to Hook that she worries Henry is about to leave on his own. In order to comfort her, Hook shows her a bottle Henry can use to call on them if he gets into trouble. Many years later, as Henry is about to be captured by Lady Tremaine, he uses the bottle to call on Emma, Hook, and Regina for help. In the present, Victoria hires Rogers and Weaver to drive Henry out of the neighborhood. Rogers does not agree with Weaver's methods and helps Henry instead. Rogers, Henry, and Roni end up forming an alliance against Victoria. Meanwhile, Jacinda has to find another way to be at Lucy's ballet recital after Victoria makes things difficult for her.

136
3
"The Garden of Forking Paths"
Ron Underwood
David H. Goodman & Brigitte Hales
October 20, 2017 (2017-10-20)
2.49[35]

In a flashback, Cinderella arrives at the spot in the forest where she is supposed to meet Henry, but does not find him there. She then meets Princess Tiana, who recruits her to be part of the resistance against Lady Tremaine. She leaves one of her glass slippers behind for Henry to find. A short while later, Henry, Regina, and Hook arrive at their campsite and join the efforts. Later, Cinderella sneaks into Tremaine's castle alone, where Tremaine reveals that she has kept her almost-deceased daughter Anastasia preserved since her "death" at age 14 and needs a pure heart to revive her. She tasks Cinderella with stealing Henry's, since he has the heart of the truest believer. In the present day, Jacinda tries to save Lucy's beloved community garden from Victoria, while Lucy takes a skeptical Henry on a trip under the garden lot in hopes of finding proof of everyone's fairytale pasts. Meanwhile, Henry, Roni, and Rogers find their first lead against Victoria. Rogers captures the man working with her, but is irritated to find Weaver setting the man free to use him as a future connection. Also, it is revealed that Victoria is not cursed and has been keeping a witch as her prisoner at the top of Belfrey Towers.

137
4
"Beauty"
Mick Garris
Dana Horgan & Leah Fong
October 27, 2017 (2017-10-27)
2.44[36]

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In a flashback to Gideon's first birthday, Rumple and Belle decide to leave Storybrooke to travel the world. Years later, Rumple tells Belle that he wants to stop being the Dark One so he can be mortal again and live out one single life with her. Over the years, they search for ways to get rid of his darkness. When Gideon is 18, Belle comes across a prophecy that leads them to the Edge of Realms, where they must wait for the sun's brightest set before they can be guided to the path Rumple must take to get rid of the Darkness. They build a home there as they wait for the event to occur. However, an aging Belle eventually admits that the "sun" of which the prophecy spoke was actually herself and that her death will mark the start of his journey. When Belle dies, Rumple sets off to search for a Guardian who will be able to take the Darkness from him so that he can ultimately be reunited with Belle. In the present day, Tilly, who is actually Alice, begins to wake up from the curse after she stops taking pills given to her by Victoria. In her new state of clarity, she tries to get Weaver to remember his true identity. Meanwhile, Ivy is tasked with taking Lucy trick-or-treating and loses her in the streets. She ends up bonding with Henry and defies her mother to give Jacinda and Lucy time together.

138
5
"Greenbacks"
Geofrey Hildrew
Christopher Hollier & Adam Karp
November 3, 2017 (2017-11-03)
2.29[37]

In the flashbacks, Tiana seeks a prince to help save her kingdom and is guided by Dr. Facilier to a man named Robert. She soon realizes that Facilier had enlisted Robert to steal a magical ruby from her in exchange for reuniting him with his lover who had been turned into a frog. In the present day, Tiana decides to run a pop-up beignet shop out of Mr. Cluck's with Jacinda's help. Victoria sends someone to burn the place down, which then causes friction between the two roommates. Rogers comes across a detainee at the police station who he thinks is connected to Eloise Gardener, the missing girl he's trying to find. Meanwhile, Roni decides to investigate Ivy's interest in helping Henry. Ivy takes her to the top of the towers and Roni finds a photo of herself and a young Henry taken in Storybrooke. However, it is later revealed that Ivy hasn't been cursed either and has her own dealings with the witch of which her mother is unaware.

139
6
"Wake Up Call"
Sharat Raju
Jerome Schwartz & Jane Espenson
November 10, 2017 (2017-11-10)
2.37[38]

In a flashback, Regina comes across Drizella, who is looking for magic to escape from her mother. When she reveals that she was actually born with magic, Regina begins to train her. However after Regina runs into Rumple, who tells her that Lady Tremaine must have been aware of the magic lessons, the two women realize that Lady Tremaine was counting on using Drizella's heart to revive Anastasia. Drizella ends up blackening her own heart by killing the prince, making it unusable for revival, and vows to cast a Curse like Regina's to make her mother suffer. In the present day, Roni struggles with what to believe about the mysterious photo, which is complicated by newly discovered information about "Regina Mills" into which Lucy encouraged her to look. Drizella gathers the ingredients for a plant that the witch then cultivates and, when she serves its essence to Roni, she wakes up and remembers her life as Regina. Drizella then reveals that she cast the curse and blackmails Regina into keeping Henry and Jacinda apart, reminding her of a special contingency that was put into the Curse that would force her to comply.

140
7
"Eloise Gardener"
Alex Kalymnios
David H. Goodman & Brigitte Hales
November 17, 2017 (2017-11-17)
2.28[39]

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In a flashback to the Wish Realm shortly after the Charmings stopped Regina from casting her curse, Hook agrees to grant her passage on the Jolly Roger in exchange for leading him to powerful magic guarded by a witch. When he arrives at the witch's tower, he finds Rapunzel instead. She instructs him to retrieve a golden flower from the witch's garden. When he returns with it to help her, they spend the night together. The next morning, it is revealed that Rapunzel is actually Gothel and their night together produced a baby, whom Gothel leaves behind so she can escape the tower. Hook gives the Jolly Roger to Smee and decides to stay with his daughter, who is unable to leave due to the tower's spell. He names her Alice after his own mother. In the present day, Rogers is on a mad hunt for Eloise with help from Henry and Tilly. Tilly later informs him that Eloise has died, but it turns out that the news was planted by Weaver to throw him off the case. Weaver warns Rogers that Eloise is not the person he thinks she is. When Rogers finds Gothel, he believes that she is Eloise and frees her from Victoria, who gets locked up for kidnapping. Meanwhile, Tremaine has discovered that Drizella is awake and Regina tries to put some distance between Henry and Jacinda.

141
8
"Pretty in Blue"
Ralph Hemecker
Dana Horgan & Leah Fong
November 17, 2017 (2017-11-17)
2.28[39]

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In flashbacks, Hook is reunited with Alice, who claims that they have been cured of their curse. However, when they try to embrace, Hook gets hurt and Alice runs away in fear. Henry and Cinderella chase her back to New Wonderland, a place where Cinderella reveals her mother Cecilia ran to after abandoning her and her stepfather. She takes a shrinking potion and leaves Henry, heading into the Infinite Maze alone to find answers. She finds Alice, who tells her that she met Cecilia before and that she was also afflicted with the Curse of the Poisoned Heart. Drizella appears in New Wonderland with a plan to curse Henry, but Alice and Cinderella are able to save him. Henry and Cinderella then share their first kiss. In the present day, Jacinda contacts Nick (Jack in Fairy Tale Land), a lawyer whom she has been cursed to believe is Lucy's father. He agrees to help her regain custody of Lucy, to Henry's dismay, and Lucy encourages Henry to fight for Jacinda. Meanwhile, Drizella and Gothel plan to revive Anastasia but, when they open her coffin, her body is missing. After Regina confronts Rumple, who refuses to confirm that he has woken up from the curse, she announces to Henry that she's heading to San Francisco to meet with someone who was pushed out of town by Victoria. He agrees to join her on the trip.

142
9
"One Little Tear"
Steve Pearlman
Christopher Hollier & Adam Karp
December 8, 2017 (2017-12-08)
2.45[40]

Victoria strikes a deal with Weaver in an attempt to free herself from jail and wake Anastasia. In flashbacks, Rapunzel takes from Mother Gothel's garden to save her family and is trapped in a tower in exchange. After 6 years of captivity, Rapunzel escapes using her hair but finds her husband Marcus has remarried to Cecilia, gaining a stepdaughter, Ella. Gothel tempts Rapunzel with a New Wonderland mushroom, which she uses to poison Cecilia's heart. One day, Anastasia and Ella falls through thin ice, but to Rapunzel's disbelief, their father only manages to save Ella. Rapunzel seeks Gothel's help, who magically seals Anastasia's last breath with the price of keeping Anastasia in the tower. However, Rapunzel tricks Gothel who becomes trapped in her own tower until someone in her bloodline takes her place. In the present day, Victoria strangely gives full custody of Lucy to Jacinda, claiming to be a changed person. Victoria retrieves the Once Upon a Time book and shows Lucy her unfortunate life story as Rapunzel and convinces Lucy to give up her belief in happy endings. As Lucy sheds a tear, Victoria uses it to awaken Anastasia, while Lucy collapses into unconsciousness.

143
10
"The Eighth Witch"
Ralph Hemecker
Jane Espenson & Jerome Schwartz
December 15, 2017 (2017-12-15)
2.29[41]

In a flashback, baby Lucy is born, just as Drizella appears to deliver a prophecy about a curse. The heroes are able to turn Drizella to stone. Eight years later, everyone is celebrating Lucy's birthday when Gothel appears with her coven of witches, recruiting Drizella to join them as she is finally freed. With the curse looming, Regina heads off to get help from Zelena. Later, when the heroes confront the witches, Gothel reveals that they have poisoned Henry, and Regina is forced into casting Drizella's curse to save his life. In the present day, Regina has located a cursed Zelena in San Francisco, who is now known as Kelly. Regina is able to give Zelena her memories back and the two head back to Seattle, knowing that breaking the curse to help Lucy would only hurt Henry instead. Rumple tests Anastasia to see if she is the Guardian. However, Gothel also wants Anastasia and severs her alliance with Drizella after the girl is brought to her, deeming Anastasia to be more useful in her coven. Gothel tells her that they need to find their fellow witches.

144
11
"Secret Garden"[42]
TBA
Edward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz
March 2, 2018 (2018-03-02)[43]
TBD

145
12
"A Taste of the Heights"[44]
TBA
David H. Goodman & Brigitte Hales
TBA
TBD

146
13
"Knightfall"[45]
TBA
Jerome Schwartz & Miguel Ian Raya
TBA
TBD

147
14
"The Girl in the Tower"[46]
TBA
Dana Horgan & Leah Fong
TBA
TBD

148
15
"Sisterhood"[47]
TBA
Christopher Hollier & Adam Karp
TBA
TBD

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In January 2017, while season 6 was still in production, ABC president Channing Dungey spoke of a possible "reset" of the show's narrative in the event that the show received a season 7 order.[9] After much speculation, executive producers Adam Horowitz and Edward Kitsis later confirmed that certain characters would have their storylines wrapped up and that the back-end of the sixth season had been written with the season 7 narrative change in mind.[48] Despite the major changes from seasons past, the showrunners have said that they do not view season 7 as a complete reboot of the show. Horowitz said: "I hesitate to use the word "reboot." We're more thinking about it as a hybrid of a lot of things. We're paying homage to the original premise, but there are certain characters who are returning and some who are not. It's a combination of a lot of things, but what we're trying to do is go in a new direction but stay true to the spirit of what the show has always been."[49]

text: In July 2017, the creators announced that the series now take place in the Seattle neighborhood of Hyperion Heights, which was created under a new and darker curse. Residents of this neighborhood include displaced characters from the original and new versions of the Enchanted Forest, as well as regular people from the Land Without Magic. This differs from Storybrooke in season 1, which was an isolated town that was blocked off from real-world Maine. The initial villain is Lady Tremaine, who assumes the role of an urban developer who seeks to "gentrify the neighborhood" and push out and separate fairy tale residents. Meanwhile, Storybrooke and various Fairy Tale Land locations still appear in the flashbacks of the season as the story bounces back and forth between the characters' lives before and during the latest curse.[50]

text: Casting[edit]

text: In May 2017, it was announced that Lana Parrilla, Colin O'Donoghue, and Robert Carlyle would be the only series regulars from season 6 to continue onto season 7.[3] It was teased that the three would be portraying their original characters but with cursed identities, similar to the circumstances in season 1. In July, the first promo of the season revealed that Killian is now a Seattle police officer with the last name Rogers, who is living with an unexplained sense of loss.[51] In August, it was revealed that Regina is now a bar owner named Roni, who is more dressed down and is "no longer in charge."[52]

text: Former main cast member Jennifer Morrison has confirmed that she has agreed to return for one episode, later revealed to be the second episode of the season.[53][54] Morrison announced her last filming day on July 19, 2017.[55] On July 22, it was confirmed that Emilie de Ravin would return for the fourth episode in the seventh season.[28]

text: In March 2017, Andrew J. West and Alison Fernandez were cast for unknown guest roles in the season six finale. During the episode, it was revealed that West was portraying an adult Henry Mills, while Fernandez portrayed his daughter, Lucy. After that episode's airing, they were confirmed as series regulars for season 7.[3] West will be taking over the role from Jared S. Gilmore, who has been confirmed to appear in at least the first two episodes of the season.[25][56]

text: On July 6, 2017, it was announced that Dania Ramirez and Gabrielle Anwar would be two additional series regulars for season 7.[3] Additionally, Adelaide Kane, Mekia Cox, and Rose Reynolds were cast in recurring roles for the upcoming season.[3] On July 15, it was announced that Ramirez would be portraying Cinderella, albeit a different version from the one previously played by Jessy Schram for the first six seasons.[11] On July 22 at San Diego Comic-Con, it was revealed that Anwar and Kane will be portraying Lady Tremaine and Drizella, respectively. Cox would be portraying Tiana from The Princess and the Frog, while Reynolds would be playing an alternate version of Alice, a character previously heavily featured in the spin-off Once Upon a Time in Wonderland.[51] In August 2017, Cox was promoted to series regular.[5]

text: On August 1, it was announced that Giles Matthey would return as an adult Gideon for the season's fourth episode. The episode, also featuring Emilie de Ravin, would be centered around Rumple.[29] On that same day, it was also announced that Emma Booth was cast in a major recurring role as the Witch,[16] whose more specific identity would be revealed later on during the season.[57] On August 25, Kevin Ryan announced that he would be making an appearance as a new prince in the upcoming season.[58] On August 30, it was announced that Robin Givens had been cast as Tiana's mother, Eudora.[30]

text: On September 8, it was announced that Meegan Warner would be guest starring as an alternate version of Rapunzel, a character previously featured in one episode of season 3.[20] It was later revealed that the character would appear in a multi-episode arc.[59] On September 20, it was announced that former main Rebecca Mader would return for multiple episodes in the seventh season as Zelena, who will also have a cursed identity.[18][60]

text: On October 2, it was announced that Dr. Facilier from The Princess and the Frog would make an appearance during the season,[61] later revealed to be portrayed by Daniel Francis in the season's fifth episode.[31] On October 3, it was announced that flashbacks of the ninth episode would feature a "tweenage" Anastasia, Lady Tremaine's other biological daughter.[62]

text: On November 1, it was announced that Tiera Skovbye would be recurring as an older version of Robin, the daughter of Zelena and Robin Hood.[21] On November 2, it was announced that Nathan Parsons had been cast in a recurring role as Nick, a lawyer and potential love interest for another character.[22] On November 3, it was announced that the show was casting for the role of Naveen from The Princess and the Frog, who will be appearing in the second half of the season.[63] On November 16, actor Chad Rook announced that he had been cast in an unknown role.[64]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"Hyperion Heights"
October 6, 2017
0.7/3
3.26[33]
0.7
1.72
1.4
4.98[65]

2
"A Pirate's Life"
October 13, 2017
0.7/3
2.74[34]
0.6
N/A
1.3[66]
N/A

3
"The Garden of Forking Paths"
October 20, 2017
0.5/3
2.49[35]
0.6
N/A
1.1[67]
N/A

4
"Beauty"
October 27, 2017
0.5/2
2.44[36]
0.5
N/A
1.0[68]
N/A

5
"Greenbacks"
November 3, 2017
0.5/2
2.29[37]
0.5
1.27
1.0
3.56[69]

6
"Wake Up Call"
November 10, 2017
0.5/2
2.37[38]
0.5
1.32
1.0
3.69[70]

7
"Eloise Gardener"
November 17, 2017
0.5/2
2.28[39]
0.5
1.30
1.0
3.58[71]

8
"Pretty in Blue"
November 17, 2017
0.5/2
2.28[39]
0.5
1.30
1.0
3.58[71]

9
"One Little Tear"
December 8, 2017
0.5/2
2.45[40]
0.4
N/A
0.9[72]
N/A

10
"The Eighth Witch"
December 15, 2017
0.5/2
2.29[41]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD