document_title: Supernatural (season 6)

question_text: what is wrong with sam winchester in season 6

text: Supernatural (season 6)

text: Cast[edit]

text: Starring[edit]

text:
Jared Padalecki as Sam Winchester
Jensen Ackles as Dean Winchester
Misha Collins as Castiel

text: Special guest stars[edit]

text:
Robert Englund as Dr. Robert
Brian Doyle-Murray as Robert Singer

text: Guest stars[edit]

text:
Jim Beaver as Bobby Singer
Mark A. Sheppard as Crowley
Mitch Pileggi as Samuel Campbell
Cindy Sampson as Lisa Braeden
Sebastian Roché as Balthazar
Nicholas Elia as Ben Braeden
Jessica Heafey as Gwen Campbell
Corin Nemec as Christian Campbell
Julia Maxwell and Samantha Smith as Eve
Kim Johnston Ulrich as Dr. Eleanor Visyak
Demore Barnes and Lanette Ware as Raphael
Laura Mennell as Brigitta
David Paetkau as Mark Campbell
Sonya Salomaa as Rachel
Steven Williams as Rufus Turner
Rick Worthy as Alpha Vampire
Genevieve Padalecki as Herself
Micah A. Hauptman as Eric Kripke
Amber Benson as Lenore
Samantha Ferris as Ellen Harvelle
Fredric Lehne as Azazel
Lindsey McKeon as Tessa
Rachel Miner as Meg Masters
Kim Rhodes as Sheriff Jody Mills
Julian Richings as Death

text: Episodes[edit]

text: This section's plot summaries may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve them by removing unnecessary details and making them more concise. (February 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The number in the first column represents the episode's number overall, whereas the number in the second column indicates the episode's number within this particular season (6). "U.S. viewers in millions" refers to how many Americans who watched the episode live or on the day of broadcast.

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

105
1
"Exile on Main St."
Phil Sgriccia
Sera Gamble
September 24, 2010 (2010-09-24)
3X6052
2.90[3]

Dean lives with Lisa and her son Ben, and has given up hunting for a year after Sam jumped into Lucifer's Cage. Mysterious occurrences appear in Dean's neighborhood and he is forced back into the world of the supernatural. Sam rescues Dean and reveals that he was mysteriously returned from Hell around the time Dean started living with Lisa. Sam then introduces Dean to family members he never even knew existed: the Campbells; his mother's cousins, hunters led by none other than their grandfather Samuel who was also mysteriously returned to earth one year ago. Dean leaves Lisa and Ben with Bobby so he and Sam can kill the Djinn tormenting the people close to Dean. Unbeknownst to Sam and Dean, Samuel captures one of the Djinn during the fight. In the end Dean decides to live with Lisa and Ben, and tells Sam to keep in touch.

106
2
"Two and a Half Men"
John Showalter
Adam Glass
October 1, 2010 (2010-10-01)
3X6053
2.33[4]

Sam investigates a case about missing babies whose parents are being mysteriously murdered. At one of the crime scenes, he discovers a baby that was left behind and calls Dean for help. Reluctant to leave Lisa and Ben, Dean finally agrees to meet Sam and surprises his brother with how parental he has become. The brothers take the baby (revealed to be a shape-shifter) to Samuel, who decides to raise it as a hunter, which infuriates Dean. However, before they can decide the baby's future, a shape-shifter breaks in and kidnaps the baby. The shape-shifter was apparently the father of all shape-shifters (the alpha), and was much stronger than the others. Samuel secretly talks to someone on the phone promising he'll capture the alpha. After losing the baby, Dean returns to Lisa, and tells her that he is not sure whether he should stay to protect her and Ben, or go to make sure nothing happens to them. Lisa tells Dean to leave, but just come back home whenever he can.

107
3
"The Third Man"
Robert Singer
Ben Edlund
October 8, 2010 (2010-10-08)
3X6054
2.16[5]

Sam and Dean call Castiel for help when they investigate a case about several dead police officers who seem to have been killed by the plagues of Egypt. Castiel confirms the staff of Moses was used to kill the cops and tells Sam and Dean that Heaven is in a state of chaos and civil war between angels and God's weapons have been stolen. The three find that the officers were involved in the shooting of a young man, whose brother has the staff, which he got from an angel in exchange for his soul. Castiel deduces that the angel responsible, Balthazar (Sebastian Roché), has split the staff into pieces to be able to buy more souls. When Castiel confronts Balthazar in his residence, Balthazar explains he deserted Heaven and thanks Castiel for creating the current situation. Raphael arrives and Balthazar leaves Castiel to deal with the mess. Before Castiel is killed by Raphael, Balthazar returns and uses what appears to be a white crystal to disintegrate Raphael's host into salt (apparently used on Lot's wife when she looked back at the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah). Dean uses holy fire to trap Balthazar and force him to return Aaron's soul. Castiel releases Balthazar for repaying his rescue and both angels depart with no explanation to the brothers. Later, Dean questions Sam on his recent actions and thinks something's different with him.

108
4
"Weekend at Bobby's"
Jensen Ackles
Andrew Dabb & Daniel Loflin
October 15, 2010 (2010-10-15)
3X6051
2.84[6]

Bobby summons Crowley to have him return his soul as part of the deal to end the Apocalypse. However, Crowley reneges on the deal and holds it for a ten-year period. Bobby begins to research Crowley's origins and even captures and tortures a Crossroads demon to find Crowley's real name. Throughout the weekend, Bobby provides support for the Winchester brothers and the rest of the hunters, helps fellow hunter Rufus bury a Japanese okami demon (later having to kill it again himself) and contends with an FBI agent trying to find Rufus. Dean tells Bobby about Sam's changes and his problems, but Bobby is distracted by other calls. When Dean scolds Bobby for being selfish and cold for not listening, Bobby snaps and reprimands both brothers, reminding them he also has his own problems and he can't always be there for them. Bobby learns from the Crossroads demon that Crowley's real name is Fergus Macleod and he is now the King of Hell. He then calls up Crowley's long deceased son Gavin for information and summons Crowley to threaten him to return his soul. Crowley refuses until Gavin himself tells his father that he told Bobby everything he could know about him. Crowley is shaken but remains unmoved until Dean and Sam call to reveal that they are at his grave in Scotland, ready to burn his bones. Crowley reluctantly returns Bobby's soul and destroys the contract, and goes to Scotland to pick up his remains. Later, Bobby thanks the brothers for helping him with this, and once again returns to his usual work.

109
5
"Live Free or Twihard"
Rod Hardy
Brett Matthews
October 22, 2010 (2010-10-22)
3X6056
2.47[7]

Sam and Dean investigate a series of missing girls in Limestone, Illinois who all share one thing in common: they are all hardcore Twilight fans. They realize the girls are being preyed upon by vampires in the area and stake out a local bar to find the culprits. While there, the brothers get separated and Dean gets confronted by a vampire named Boris who turns him while Sam seemingly just watches and lets it happen. Afterwards, believing Samuel is going to kill him when he arrives, Dean visits Lisa and Ben to say goodbye but nearly drains Lisa and shoves Ben. When Samuel arrives, he reveals to Dean that as he hasn't drank human blood, there is a cure, but he cannot drink and he must get the blood of Boris for it to work. Dean uses his new senses to track the nest down while a suspicious Samuel confronts Sam as he knows about the cure and Samuel suspects Sam let Dean get turned to get someone on the inside though Sam denies it. At the nest, Boris reveals he wants Dean to be a "recruiter" and that the vampires are building an army under the orders of their "father", the Alpha Vampire. As Boris figures Dean out, the Alpha Vampire sends a telepathic message to all vampires, including Dean, ordering them to continue recruiting. Waking up, Dean is confronted by the entire nest and kills them all single-handedly. Boris confronts him, telling Dean that he has stopped nothing, but Dean kills him anyway. Sam and Samuel track Dean down and cure him, but while reverting to human, he sees that Sam seemingly left him to be turned and becomes suspicious of his brother.

110
6
"You Can't Handle the Truth"
Jan Eliasberg
Story by: David Reed & Eric Charmelo & Nicole Snyder
Teleplay by: Eric Charmelo & Nicole Snyder
October 29, 2010 (2010-10-29)
3X6055
2.52[8]

Dean and Sam investigate a series of deaths in Calumet City, Illinois where the victims had everybody telling them the cruel truth about themselves, leading them to commit suicide. Dean also finally speaks to Lisa who breaks up with him, telling him that his life is too dangerous and that she is angry Dean shoved Ben. Dean is now wary of his brother ever since he remembers seeing Sam allowing the vampire to attack him. The spell affects Dean and he takes advantage of the situation to question Sam, but Sam says he just froze and is appalled Dean doesn't trust him. As Sam appears to have told the truth, they continue their hunt and discover it is the goddess of truth, Veritas who is invoking the spell. But things don't go as planned as brothers are taken captive by Veritas and she is shocked to see that Sam is unaffected by her spell and he has been lying to Dean all along. As Veritas prepares to eat them, the brothers break free and kill her before Dean confronts Sam. Sam finally admits he has been lying and that he allowed Dean to get turned, telling him he knew about the cure. Sam explains that he doesn't know why, but he just doesn't care about anything anymore. Enraged, Dean beats Sam unconscious.

111
7
"Family Matters"
Guy Bee
Andrew Dabb & Daniel Loflin
November 5, 2010 (2010-11-05)
3X6057
2.46[9]

Dean enlists Castiel's help to find out what's wrong with Sam, who reveals he can't sleep or feel any emotions except for physical pain. Castiel discovers Sam's soul is missing and when he goes elsewhere to investigate, the Winchesters learn that Samuel is going to hunt down the Alpha vampire. After torturing the Alpha vampire, Crowley appears to reveal that Samuel works for him to collect alpha creatures and he is the one who brought Sam back from Hell. Crowley tells them that he calls the shots and they have no choice but to follow his orders. After the demon leaves, Sam wants to kill Samuel for betraying and lying to them but Dean lets him go. Samuel tells them that he only works to capture creatures but has no intention to harm the brothers. While the brothers have no choice but to follow Crowley's orders, Sam assures Dean that Crowley will get what he deserves when they get the chance.

112
8
"All Dogs Go to Heaven"
Phil Sgriccia
Adam Glass
November 12, 2010 (2010-11-12)
3X6058
2.09[10]

Crowley offers the brothers a deal: an alpha in exchange for Sam's soul. He then sends the brothers to investigate a murder that appears to be a werewolf attack in Buffalo, New York. The two brothers arrive at a scene of another murder and learn that the second victim was murdered in the same way as the first. After some research, Sam discovers Cal Garrigan is the common denominator between the killings. They interview Cal and meet his girlfriend Mandy, Mandy's son Aiden and their dog Lucky. The brothers spy on Cal overnight, but see nothing; after they leave, Cal is killed by Lucky. Sam sees the dog Lucky transform into a man and follows him out of the house. There is a chase and Lucky is hit by a van. It turns out the killers are not werewolves but skin-walkers. Sam and Dean trap Lucky at an animal hospital and convince him that it would be better to give up his pack than to risk the family he loves. Lucky tells the two that the skin-walkers plan to infiltrate families as pet dogs and upon given a signal, turn the families into skin-walkers. Dean decides to eliminate the leader of the pack and there is a shootout. All the skin-walker pack except Lucky are killed, but he escapes, wounded. Lucky then goes back to Mandy to thank her for her kindness, but she tells him to leave and never come back. Afterwards, Sam, who Dean has been insisting is no longer the same without his soul, finally admits Dean is right and that he doesn't care about Dean or anything and asks Dean's help to get his soul back.

113
9
"Clap Your Hands If You Believe..."
John Showalter
Ben Edlund
November 19, 2010 (2010-11-19)
3X6059
1.94[11]

The Winchester brothers investigate a series of disappearances in the town of Elwood, Indiana resembling alien abductions. They question the first victim's father, Brennan, a watchmaker who is adamant that his son will never return. Dean is apparently abducted; Sam goes to a UFO gathering to learn more about the abductions. Dean is sent back hours later and is annoyed to find Sam spending the night with a groupie from the gathering instead of searching for him. Continuing their research, Dean begins seeing a strange man only he can see and encounters a Tinkerbell-like fairy radiating an energy sphere. Dean tries to convince Sam of the bizarre events but Sam remains skeptical. Dean checks out Brennan's shop, only to find elves working inside. Sam asks Brennan for the truth and is told that he summoned a leprechaun two months ago. The leprechaun makes him a deal to have his elves build watches and save his shop and reputation, but will take his first-born in exchange. Dean is followed by the strange man and ambushes him, only to mistakenly attack another man and is arrested for assault. Sam and Brennan attempt to undo the spell but Brennan is killed by the leprechaun, who turns out to be a UFO enthusiast (Robert Picardo) seen throughout the episode. He used the faked UFO sightings as cover up for the leprechauns' activities. The leprechaun senses the lack of a soul in Sam and makes an offer to get it back for him, but Sam declines and attacks him. Finally, Sam empties a rock salt shotgun shell onto the floor which forces the leprechaun to count each grain, and reads the spell to send all of them back to where they came from. Later, Dean asks Sam why he did not take the leprechaun's deal, and Sam replies that deals are never a good thing.

114
10
"Caged Heat"
Robert Singer
Brett Matthews & Jenny Klein
December 3, 2010 (2010-12-03)
3X6060
2.15[12]

Sam and Dean are ambushed by Meg the demon and some of her followers loyal to Lucifer, who are running from Crowley. Sam proposes a bargain: Meg will get to kill Crowley, if she can help them eventually recover Sam's soul. Meg agrees, and Sam decides to seek insurance in case of treachery. They try to get assistance from Samuel, who refuses - Crowley has promised to resurrect Sam and Dean's mother. Later, Samuel appears to have a change of heart, and tells the brothers and Castiel about a hidden monster prison Crowley is running, torturing creatures for information on Purgatory. During their preparation to attack the compound, Castiel voices his concern that since Sam's soul was locked with the very angry Michael and Lucifer, the ravages upon Sam's soul would either kill him or render him insane or broken. While attempting to infiltrate the compound, Meg's demons are killed by a hellhound, and Meg fights the creatures to buy the others time. Samuel has betrayed the brothers, forcing Castiel out of the building with a sigil spell and trapping Sam and Dean with Crowley's help. Sam escapes his guards, rescues Dean by killing the pair of ghouls, then Dean kills the demon controlling Christian, who found Meg and was torturing her for information. Together, the group tricks Crowley into stepping into a devil's trap, where Crowley states that getting the soul would be impossible, even for him. Crowley frees himself from the trap when Meg attacks him. Castiel reappears with Crowley's remains in tow, and once again Crowley professes that he cannot get Sam's soul back. Castiel immediately sets the bones ablaze, killing Crowley. Meg quickly vanishes, and Castiel leaves to fight a losing war against Raphael. Sam walks away from Dean stating that he doesn't want his soul back, as he is better off without it.

115
11
"Appointment in Samarra"
Mike Rohl
Sera Gamble & Robert Singer
December 10, 2010 (2010-12-10)
3X6061
2.27[13]

Dean meets with and makes a deal with Death: if Dean will take Death's place for an entire day, Death will regain Sam's soul and 'fix' the tortured parts. Dean tells Bobby and Sam of the plan, which Sam strongly disagrees with, but Dean goes ahead anyway. Dean is accompanied by Tessa to reap various people. Eventually, however, Dean has to reap a 12-year-old girl with a heart condition, which he refuses, and the girl begins to make a miraculous recovery. However, due to the change in the 'natural order', others die instead. Failing in the deal, Dean reaps the girl, admitting that though the natural order sucks, it must be adhered to. While Dean is acting as Death, Sam summons the angel Balthazar to learn how to prevent his soul from returning to his body. Balthazar admits that there is a spell, but it requires the "blood of the father" - patricide. Since Sam's father had passed on years ago, a surrogate - Bobby - would be necessary. Sam then attempts to chase down Bobby, who catches on to Sam's attempt to kill him and tries to stop him. Eventually, Sam gains the upper hand, and prepares to kill Bobby, only to be stopped and knocked out by Dean. Unsure of what to do about Sam, Dean is surprised by Death, who has come to reclaim his ring. Dean realizes that Death's game was rigged, and Death brushes off the accusation, revealing that he will still retrieve Sam's soul as Dean has learned a lesson about the natural order of things. Death also hints to Dean that there is some important realization about human souls that he must discover. Death then appears to Sam, soul in tow, and instructs Sam not to scratch at the wall he built around the Hell memories. Death then pushes the soul into a screaming and pained Sam.

116
12
"Like a Virgin"
Phil Sgriccia
Adam Glass
February 4, 2011 (2011-02-04)
3X6062
2.25[14]

After Death placed Sam's damaged soul from Hell into Sam's body, Sam awakens back to his normal state only to have no stable memory of when he was around with no soul. Dean and Sam investigate some disappearances of girls who are virgins in Portland, Oregon only to find that dragons are behind the kidnappings. Bobby sends Dean to Dr. Visyak, a professor in medieval mythology who has had experience in fighting dragons. She tells Dean that in order to kill the dragons, he needs a blade that has been forged in dragon's blood. However, they can use a powerful dragon-killing sword, one of which she has in her basement. Meanwhile Sam is researching where the dragon's hideout is and finds out they are staying in the underground sewers. Sam then begs for Castiel to be in his presence at which point Castiel shows up and tells Sam everything that has happened while he was soulless. Sam and Dean then go into the sewers and find virgin girls locked in a cage. As Sam and Dean are attempting to unlock the cage, they are interrupted by two dragons (in human form) and have a fight. They manage to kill one of the dragons while the other one escapes. They end up back at Bobby's and Sam apologizes to Dean for everything he has done, saying that Castiel told him everything. Bobby has learned the dragons are trying to open Purgatory to let something "big" walk the planet named the "Mother of All" and that they are reading an "instruction manual" on how to open it. Meanwhile the dragons still have one of the virgins; they work an incantation and shove her into a fiery pit. The virgin then flies out of the pit possessed by the "Mother of All".

117
13
"Unforgiven"
David Barrett
Andrew Dabb & Daniel Loflin
February 11, 2011 (2011-02-11)
3X6063
1.97[15]

Sam gets a mysterious text message directing him to the town of Bristol, Rhode Island where three women have gone missing in the past week. Upon arriving in the town, they discover that Samuel and Sam had been there before, working on a hunt where men had gone missing. However, as time progresses in the town, Sam's memories of his prior visit begin to surface, such as beating a suspicious police officer and having sex with various witnesses (who were now the victims). Sam is even arrested by the officer who he had beaten, and then confronted with the local sheriff's wife, Brenna Dobbs. Sam professes that he has no recollection of what happened, and Brenna frees him from jail. As the investigation continues, Sam realizes that he and Samuel had originally hunted an Arachne in the town, and Sam used Sheriff Dobbs as bait to lure in the creature. Upon finding Dobbs and the other abducted men, Sam successfully killed the Arachne and proceeded to kill the abducted men, as he believed that the men were poisoned and beyond help. It is later shown that the Arachne had not captured the men to feed, but to propagate the species, turning Dobbs and the other victims from a year ago into Arachnes as well, all of whom survived. Dobbs reveals himself by baiting Sam and Dean, and trapping them in webbing. While explaining what happened to him, and that the women he kidnapped have all been turned into Arachnes and scattered everywhere, Dean uses a shard of glass to cut the webbing and attack Dobbs. Brenna frees Sam, who decapitates Dobbs. Sam then tries to apologize to Brenna, but she does not wait to hear him. The episode ends with Sam, having "scratched the wall" as Dean had feared, being gripped in a flashback of his time in Hell and unable to respond to Dean.

118
14
"Mannequin 3: The Reckoning"
Jeannot Szwarc
Eric Charmelo & Nicole Snyder
February 18, 2011 (2011-02-18)
3X6064
2.25[16]

Sam finally recovers from his flashback at the beginning of the episode, and together he and Dean investigate a strange case in Paterson, New Jersey where a janitor was killed and no one was around. Another murder takes place in another town, and they suspect a ghost controlled a mannequin to kill them. While investigating, Dean receives a call from Ben telling him Lisa is acting strange and he goes to see what is going on. Sam then discovers that both victims used to work together in a factory, and the janitor resigned after the strange death of a female worker called Rose. After a talk with her sister, Isabelle, Sam saves another guy that worked in the factory from getting killed and explained to him that he and a group of guys accidentally killed her because of a cruel joke they played on her. Sam then leaves and burns the body, thinking the case is solved, although the worker he just saved is killed that same night. After talking to Lisa, Dean realizes that Lisa has been trying to forget him but he keeps appearing in her life and that she still has feelings for him. Dean then talks to Ben who clearly wants Dean back in their lives. Sam then returns to Isabelle, looking for anything she could still be attached to and discovers Rose gave her a kidney when they were younger so if they cut the kidney out Isabelle would die. Dean comes back to see Isabelle, but Rose possesses the Impala and tries to kill Dean, who manages to escape, resulting in the Impala crashing and both sisters finally dying. After that, the brothers have a talk about how they got an innocent girl killed to save those guys and if they are actually doing the right thing.

119
15
"The French Mistake"
Charles Beeson
Ben Edlund
February 25, 2011 (2011-02-25)
3X6065
2.18[17]

After giving them a mysterious key, Balthazar sends the brothers to an alternate reality, where they are called actors named "Jared Padalecki" and "Jensen Ackles" who actually play Sam and Dean in a television show that follows their lives. Furthermore, they discover that everyone and everything they knew in their reality is gone in this reality: nothing supernatural exists, Bobby's house is a set, "Castiel" is Misha Collins, and Sam is married to Genevieve Padalecki, who had played Ruby in the fourth season. Sam and Dean attempt to return to their reality, but are hampered by their actors' lives and by the crew of their TV show. One of Raphael's assassins arrives to kill them and slaughters most of the TV crew, but the brothers best him because he has lost all his powers in this reality. Sam and Dean are then pulled back into their own universe by Raphael (Lanette Ware). Balthazar and Castiel appear and reveal that the key was a ruse to divert Raphael's attentions from the real transaction: Castiel now owns the weapons of Heaven that Balthazar stole. Raphael flees the area when Castiel threatens him. The brothers are frustrated with Castiel's using them as a decoy, but Castiel is evasive in explaining himself and only says that he will tell them more later.

120
16
"...And Then There Were None"
Mike Rohl
Brett Matthews
March 4, 2011 (2011-03-04)
3X6066
2.14[18]

The presence of the Mother of All Monsters—Eve—causes a spike of monster activity in Sandusky, Ohio. Dean, Sam, and Bobby partner up with Bobby's old friend Rufus to track her down. They encounter Samuel and Gwen Campbell, also on the hunt, but Dean becomes infected by a worm-like monster Eve has recently created to send after them, and kills Gwen under its control. The worm leaves Dean and infects Samuel, turning him violent and prompting Sam to kill him. The corpse attacks Bobby and Rufus when they try to open up Samuel's head to get the worm, but when the corpse is electrocuted, the worm flees, exposing a vulnerability to electricity. Sam, Dean, Bobby, and Rufus all agree to electrocute each other to find out who is now infected with the worm. Eventually, it is revealed that Bobby is the infected, and he kills Rufus. The brothers tie Bobby up and electrocute him until the worm dies. The episode closes with Bobby lamenting Rufus and how they had never fully reconciled over a horrible mistake Bobby had made in the past, while the three remaining hunters bury Rufus. They honor his memory by pouring his favorite drink on his grave.

121
17
"My Heart Will Go On"
Phil Sgriccia
Eric Charmelo & Nicole Snyder
April 15, 2011 (2011-04-15)
3X6068
2.26[19]

Sam and Dean follow up a new case in Chester, Pennsylvania, where people are dying in freak accidents. They determine there are no spirits or monsters involved, and remain at a loss. Inexplicably, Ellen (Samantha Ferris) and Jo Harvelle are both very much alive; in fact, Ellen is Bobby's wife. She traces the family trees of the victims, discovering their ancestors all immigrated to the United States in 1912 on the Titanic, a ship none of them have ever heard of that narrowly missed an iceberg on its maiden voyage. It is ultimately revealed that Castiel had given Balthazar the order to go back in time and save the Titanic from ever having sunk, creating a chain reaction in which more souls are produced to fuel Castiel's side's power in the Heaven civil war. One of the side-effects of the chain reaction is that Ellen and Jo never died. It transpires that Atropos of the three sisters of Fate is responsible for the freak accidents, as she is trying to kill all the descendants of the Titanic survivors who now exist but shouldn't. To protect Sam and Dean from the wrath of Atropos—who is already angry at the Winchesters for making her irrelevant—and her sisters—who would kill the brothers in revenge if Castiel were to kill Atropos—Castiel is forced to undo the timeline and make everything as it was before the episode, including the Titanic having sunk and the Harvelles being dead.

122
18
"Frontierland"
Guy Bee
Story by: Andrew Dabb & Daniel Loflin & Jackson Stewart
Teleplay by: Andrew Dabb & Daniel Loflin
April 22, 2011 (2011-04-22)
3X6067
1.90[20]

Bobby discovers that ashes from a phoenix can kill Eve, and Dean finds Samuel Colt's diary, where he claims to have killed a phoenix in Sunrise, Wyoming in 1861. They call Castiel so that he can send them back in time. Before transporting them through time, Cas explains the risks of sending them so far back and that they will only have 24 hours - longer, and he may not be able to bring them back. In 1861, the brothers witness the hanging of Elias Finch, who informs the judge, the sheriff, and the deputy that they are all going to burn. Sam and Dean learn that Colt is building some railroads 20 miles away from the town. Finch reappears to burn the judge and sheriff to death, and Dean is proclaimed as the new town sheriff. Sam finds Colt, presenting himself as a hunter from the year 2011 and gives his cellphone as proof. He tries to convince Colt to help him kill Elias, who is in fact the phoenix. Meanwhile, one of Castiel's lieutenants, Rachel, confronts Cas about his plan to win the war and then tries to kill him. Cas is seriously injured but manages to kill Rachel, after which he goes to Bobby's house. He tells Bobby he won't be able to bring the brothers back unless he can regain his power by touching a human soul, when Bobby offers up his own. Back in 1861, Dean uses the deputy as bait for Finch, who can't go through the iron bars protecting him. Finch kills him with a gun instead, and starts to chase Dean. Sam has Colt's gun, on loan, and gives it to Dean, who kills Finch with it. Cas brings them back to the present before they are able to collect the ashes. Thinking everything is lost, a mysterious package from Samuel Colt arrives, containing a letter, Sam's phone, and a jar with the ashes of the phoenix.

123
19
"Mommy Dearest"
John Showalter
Adam Glass
April 29, 2011 (2011-04-29)
3X6069
2.01[21]

Sam, Dean, Bobby, and Castiel track Eve to the small town of Grants Pass, Oregon. They discover a bar full of dead people, where Eve changed all of the patrons into vampire/wraith/shapeshifter hybrids, which Dean names "Jefferson Starships". Police come and arrest everyone but Dean, who follows them to the police station. Sam notices that they are also hybrids and kill all but one of them. Castiel interrogates the hybrid and finds out Eve is at a diner. In the diner, where everyone else is a hybrid, Eve tells Sam and Dean that Crowley is still alive and is after the power of the souls, not the purgatory and is also torturing her children. She takes the form of Mary to show them what is mother's love. Her plan is to ruin Crowley's plans by sending souls to Purgatory instead of Hell (only monsters go to Purgatory). Dean refuses to deal, and Eve tries to turn him, but he drank whiskey mixed with phoenix ashes earlier, which poisons her. Castiel kills the hybrids and spirits the men away. Sam, Dean and Bobby argue because they are suspicious of Castiel, thinking he let Crowley live. Crowley meets with Cas at the diner, saying he is tired of cleaning up his messes.

124
20
"The Man Who Would Be King"
Ben Edlund
Ben Edlund
May 6, 2011 (2011-05-06)
3X6070
2.11[22]

The majority of the episode is from Castiel's perspective. He is no longer sure that stopping the Apocalypse was the right choice. He also reveals that he was the one that pulled Sam from Hell, but didn't have the power to pull him out all the way, though he was unaware of it at the time. Dean lies to Castiel to cover up that they are interrogating a demon to find Crowley. Castiel goes to meet with Crowley who is doing experiments with Eve's corpse. Crowley thinks the Winchesters are distracting Castiel, and tells him to kill them, but Castiel refuses, warning Crowley not to touch the brothers. Cas observes Sam, Dean and Bobby while invisible, then saves them from demons, but a slip lets them know their suspicions are correct. Continuing his monologue, Cas reveals he started the civil war in Heaven, using 50,000 souls from Hell, because Raphael wanted to raise Michael and Lucifer and resume the Apocalypse. The brothers summon Castiel and trap him in a circle of holy fire. Dean asks if Castiel is working with Crowley, and from Castiel's inability to look him in the eyes, Dean knows the answer. Crowley then appears to release Castiel, repeating that the Winchesters are holding him back. Back at Bobby's, Castiel appears to Dean, telling him to understand that he is doing this for him. Dean asks him to trust him and stop what he is doing, because he's like a brother to him, but Castiel says he won't. Dean then says he will do anything to stop him. Castiel asks God for a sign to see if what he is doing is right or wrong, and says that if God doesn't answer him, he will do whatever it takes. There is no sign.

125
21
"Let It Bleed"
John Showalter
Sera Gamble
May 20, 2011 (2011-05-20)
3X6071
2.02[23]

Crowley has Lisa and Ben kidnapped as a warning to Dean not to meddle in his plans. The brothers summon Balthazar for help but to no avail. Their investigation takes them and Bobby to the world of H.P. Lovecraft, who supposedly wrote a manuscript describing Purgatory shortly before his death. They discover that Lovecraft invited guests for a first-hand look into another dimension during a dinner party, where all of them eventually ended up dead or insane. Sam begs Castiel for help, who is enraged that Crowley threatened Dean with his loved ones. Castiel still believes that he is doing the right thing and when Dean is nearly killed by a demon he is interrogating, Castiel saves him and kills the demon, promising to save Lisa and Ben but asking Dean to stand down which he refuses to do. Balthazar meets with Castiel; he knows Cas is in league with Crowley, but agrees to help Castiel to the end. Bobby speaks with the sole survivor of the Lovecraft party back in 1937 to know more details, but inadvertently finds out that the old man's mother is Ellie Visyak (who Dean acquired the dragon-slayer sword from back in "Like a Virgin"), who is actually immortal and originated in Purgatory. She explains to Bobby that she fell through the cracks from the opening of dimensions and has been hiding out on Earth ever since. She refuses to tell Bobby how to open the gate to Purgatory or accept his help to protect her. Meanwhile, the brothers get help from Balthazar who teleports them to where Lisa and Ben are held. Dean discovers that Lisa is possessed by a demon who stabs her body to convince Dean to stop the exorcism. However, Dean is undeterred and exorcises the demon. He then carries Lisa all the way outside, reunites with Sam and the group heads for hospital. Lisa is mortally wounded however and as Dean grieves as she lies dying, Castiel appears to help. As a final act of friendship with Dean, he heals Lisa's wounds without being asked and both he and Dean admit they wish this changed the fact that they are now enemies. As one last favor to Dean, Castiel erases Lisa and Ben's memories of Dean so they can live a safe, normal life. Later, Ellie prepares to leave her safehouse but Castiel arrives and captures her.

126
22
"The Man Who Knew Too Much"
Robert Singer
Eric Kripke
May 20, 2011 (2011-05-20)
3X6072
2.11[23]

Sam is on the run from police. A bartender helps him investigate his loss of memory. Sam flashes to earlier memories where he is helping Dean and Bobby look for Ellie Visyak, who has been taken by Castiel. They eventually find her but she dies from her wounds while escaping from Crowley. Castiel shows up and breaks the wall in Sam's mind when they refuse to stop trying to stop him. In his mind, Sam fights a ruthless copy of himself (The soulless version from the beginning of the season), eventually winning, and absorbing his memories of the time he was soulless. In the real world, Balthazar betrays Castiel by giving up Crowley's hiding place to Dean and Bobby. Sam travels to Bobby's house in the dream world and meets a third Sam, who consists of the memories when he was in Lucifer's cage. "Tortured" Sam allows Sam to kill him, who then reintegrates into Sam's mind. Back in the real world, Castiel discovers Balthazar's treachery and kills him. Dean and Bobby arrive at Crowley's hideout but are attacked by a cloud of demons. Furious, Castiel tries to kill Crowley but discovers that he cannot. Crowley has allied with Raphael as Castiel betrayed him. Giving up Ellie's Purgatory blood, Castiel escapes, while Crowley recites the spell to open Purgatory with Raphael. Dean and Bobby recover and storm in but are both easily beaten by Crowley. As Crowley finishes the spell, nothing happens. Castiel had switched the jars of Purgatory blood, using the real one to open Purgatory and absorb every soul there. Now all powerful, Castiel destroys Raphael, while Crowley escapes. A recovered Sam arrives and stabs Cas with an angel's sword, but it has no effect. Castiel proclaims himself as the new God of the world, and tells the group to bow down and profess their love unto him their Lord or he shall destroy them.

text: Production[edit]

text: The show's creator Eric Kripke originally planned for the show to last only five seasons, but due to increased ratings from the fourth and fifth seasons, the CW network renewed the series for a sixth season. Kripke did not return as showrunner; however, he remained a hands-on executive producer, leaving long-time series writer Sera Gamble to take over the day-to-day production of the show.[24] Filming for the season began with the series star Jensen Ackles-directed fourth episode, "Weekend at Bobby's", to give the actor enough time for pre-production.[25] Kripke also wrote the season finale.[26]

text: Gamble said the sixth season of the show would focus on the brothers' relationship.[27][28] The season steered towards the format of the early seasons with "lots of meat-and-potatoes closed-ended episodes, and... a season-long story arc to weave in".[29] According to a press release by the CW, Heaven and Hell fell into "complete disarray", forcing Sam and Dean to reunite to "beat back the rising tide of creatures and demon-spawn" that "roam across a lawless and chaotic landscape".[2] The season jumped ahead a year to "get some distance between [Sam and Dean], get some personal history for each of them" to allow for "new conflict, new circumstances, new stuff".[30] The brothers' roles were reversed, with Dean now hesitant to return to the hunting lifestyle.[31] The brothers investigated why monsters have been "acting off-pattern".[32] The first few episodes establish the mythology.[30] An episode spoofing Twilight and other vampire series aired in October 2010 and examined the "current romantic fascination" with vampires.[33][34] However, the Twilight fans at the center of the Winchesters' "disparaging" comments were "slightly fictionalized". On this, Gamble noted, "...part of the thing is finding a balance between [showing] a poster from the actual show and having Sam and Dean really speak their minds. We don't want to offend." A fan of the Twilight series, she also commented, "I'm certainly not coming at this from a place of feeling superior to them. I have great respect."[35] Another episode of the season, "Clap Your Hands if You Believe", consisted of an "insane" storyline featuring Tinker Bell,[36] and the episode began with an alien abduction and a redone title sequence that is a tribute to The X-Files.[37]

text: Misha Collins returned as series regular Castiel,[38] and Jim Beaver returned as Bobby Singer for several episodes.[39] Mitch Pileggi made multiple appearances as Sam and Dean's grandfather Samuel.[40] The recurring role of Christian, the maternal cousin of Sam and Dean, was given to Corin Nemec;[41] he was described as "capable, calm under pressure, and very good at his job".[40] Kim Rhodes returned as Sheriff Jody Mills,[25] as did Fredric Lehne as Azazel.[42]

text: A two-hour season finale aired on May 20, 2011.[26]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 100% approval rating for Supernatural's sixth season, with an average rating of 7.2/10 based on 5 reviews.[43]


document_title: 1999 Major League Baseball draft

question_text: who was the second pick in the 1999 major league baseball draft

root

text: 1999 Major League Baseball draft

text: First round selections[edit]

text: = All-Star

tag: table

text:
Pick

Player

Team

Position

School

1

Josh Hamilton

Tampa Bay Devil Rays

OF

Athens Drive HS (Raleigh, North Carolina)

2

Josh Beckett

Florida Marlins

P

Spring HS (Spring, Texas)

3

Eric Munson

Detroit Tigers

C

University of Southern California

4

Corey Myers

Arizona Diamondbacks

SS

Desert Vista HS (Phoenix, Arizona)

5

B.J. Garbe

Minnesota Twins

OF, P

Moses Lake HS (Moses Lake, Washington)

6

Josh Girdley

Montreal Expos

P

Jasper HS (Jasper, Texas)

7

Kyle Snyder

Kansas City Royals

P

University of North Carolina

8

Bobby Bradley

Pittsburgh Pirates

P

Wellington Community HS (Wellington, Florida)

9

Barry Zito

Oakland Athletics

P

University of Southern California

10

Ben Sheets

Milwaukee Brewers

P

Northeast Louisiana University

11

Ryan Christianson

Seattle Mariners

C

Arlington HS (Riverside, California)

12

Brett Myers

Philadelphia Phillies

P

Englewood Senior HS (Jacksonville, Florida)

13

Mike Paradis

Baltimore Orioles

P

Clemson University

14

Ty Howington

Cincinnati Reds

P

Hudson's Bay HS (Vancouver, Washington)

15

Jason Stumm

Chicago White Sox

P

Centralia HS (Centralia, Washington)

16

Jason Jennings

Colorado Rockies

P

Baylor University

17

Rick Asadoorian

Boston Red Sox[Compensation 1]

OF

Northbridge HS (Whitinsville, Massachusetts)

18

Richard Stahl

Baltimore Orioles[Compensation 2]

P

Newton County HS (Covington, Georgia)

19

Alex Ríos

Toronto Blue Jays

OF

San Pedro Martin HS (Guaynabo, PR)

20

Vince Faison

San Diego Padres[Compensation 3]

OF

Toombs County HS (Lyons, Georgia)

21

Larry Bigbie

Baltimore Orioles[Compensation 4]

OF

Ball State University

22

Matt Ginter

Chicago White Sox[Compensation 5]

P

Mississippi State University

23

Keith Reed

Baltimore Orioles[Compensation 6]

OF

Providence College

24

Kurt Ainsworth

San Francisco Giants

P

Louisiana State University

25

Mike MacDougal

Kansas City Royals[Compensation 7]

P

Wake Forest University

26

Ben Christensen

Chicago Cubs

P

Wichita State University

27

David Walling

New York Yankees

P

University of Arkansas

28

Gerik Baxter

San Diego Padres

P

Edmonds Woodway HS (Edmonds, Washington)

29

Omar Ortíz

San Diego Padres[Compensation 8]

P

University of Texas-Pan American

30

Chance Caple

St. Louis Cardinals[Compensation 9]

P

Texas A&M University

text: Supplemental first round selections[edit]

text:
Pick

Player

Team

Position

School

31

Casey Daigle

Arizona Diamondbacks[Compensation 10]

P

Sulphur HS (Sulphur, Louisiana)

32

Jay Gehrke

Kansas City Royals[Compensation 11]

P

Pepperdine University

33

Jeff Heaverlo

Seattle Mariners[Compensation 12]

P

University of Washington

34

Joshua Cenate

Baltimore Orioles[Compensation 13]

P

Jefferson HS (Charlestown, West Virginia)

35

Brian West

Chicago White Sox[Compensation 14]

P

West Monroe HS (West Monroe, Louisiana)

36

Nick Stocks

St. Louis Cardinals[Compensation 15]

P

Florida State University

37

Jason Repko

Los Angeles Dodgers[Compensation 16]

OF

Hanford HS (Richland, Washington)

38

Colby Lewis

Texas Rangers[Compensation 17]

P

Bakersfield College

39

Jerome Williams

San Francisco Giants[Compensation 18]

P

Waipahu HS (Waipahu, Hawaii)

40

Brad Baker

Boston Red Sox[Compensation 19]

P

Pioneer Valley Regional HS (Leyden, Massachusetts)

41

Casey Burns

San Diego Padres[Compensation 20]

P

University of Richmond

42

Mike Rosamond

Houston Astros[Compensation 21]

SS

University of Mississippi

43

Jimmy Gobble

Kansas City Royals[Compensation 22]

P

John S. Battle HS (Bristol, Virginia)

44

Scott Rice

Baltimore Orioles[Compensation 23]

P

Royal HS (Simi Valley, California)

45

Rob Purvis

Chicago White Sox[Compensation 24]

P

Bradley University

46

Chris Duncan

St. Louis Cardinals[Compensation 25]

1B

Canyon del Oro HS (Oro Valley, Arizona)

47

Mike Mead

Texas Rangers[Compensation 26]

P

Soddy Daisy HS (Soddy-Daisy, Tennessee)

48

Casey Fossum

Boston Red Sox[Compensation 27]

P

Texas A&M University

49

Mike Bynum

San Diego Padres[Compensation 28]

P

University of North Carolina

50

Brian Roberts

Baltimore Orioles[Compensation 29]

SS

University of North Carolina

51

Nick Trzesniak

San Diego Padres[Compensation 30]

C

Victor J. Andrew HS (Tinley Park, Illinois)

text: Compensation Picks[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Pick from Anaheim Angels as compensation for signing of free agent Mo Vaughn

Jump up ^ Pick from St. Louis Cardinals as compensation for signing of free agent Eric Davis

Jump up ^ Pick from Los Angeles Dodgers as compensation for signing of free agent Kevin Brown

Jump up ^ Pick from Texas Rangers as compensation for signing of free agent Rafael Palmeiro

Jump up ^ Pick from New York Mets as compensation for signing of free agent Robin Ventura

Jump up ^ Pick from Cleveland Indians as compensation for signing of free agent Roberto Alomar

Jump up ^ Pick from Boston Red Sox as compensation for signing of free agent Jose Offerman

Jump up ^ Pick from Houston Astros as compensation for signing of free agent Ken Caminiti

Jump up ^ Pick from Atlanta Braves as compensation for signing of free agent Brian Jordan

Jump up ^ Supplemental pick for loss of free agent Devon White

Jump up ^ Supplemental pick for loss of free agent Jose Offerman

Jump up ^ Supplemental pick for loss of free agent Mike Timlin

Jump up ^ Supplemental pick for loss of free agent Roberto Alomar

Jump up ^ Supplemental pick for loss of free agent Albert Belle

Jump up ^ Supplemental pick for loss of free agent Brian Jordan

Jump up ^ Supplemental pick for loss of free agent Scott Radinsky

Jump up ^ Supplemental pick for loss of free agent Todd Stottlemyre

Jump up ^ Supplemental pick for loss of free agent José Mesa

Jump up ^ Supplemental pick for loss of free agent Mo Vaughn

Jump up ^ Supplemental pick for loss of free agent Kevin Brown

Jump up ^ Supplemental pick for loss of free agent Randy Johnson

Jump up ^ Supplemental pick for loss of free agent Dean Palmer

Jump up ^ Supplemental pick for loss of free agent Eric Davis

Jump up ^ Supplemental pick for loss of free agent Robin Ventura

Jump up ^ Supplemental pick for loss of free agent Delino DeShields

Jump up ^ Supplemental pick for loss of free agent Will Clark

Jump up ^ Supplemental pick for loss of free agent Greg Swindell

Jump up ^ Supplemental pick for loss of free agent Ken Caminiti

Jump up ^ Supplemental pick for loss of free agent Rafael Palmeiro

Jump up ^ Supplemental pick for loss of free agent Steve Finley

tag: ol

text: Other notable players[edit]

text:
Carl Crawford, 2nd round, 52nd overall by the Tampa Bay Devil Rays
Brandon Phillips, 2nd round, 57th overall by the Montreal Expos
Ryan Doumit, 2nd round, 59th overall by the Pittsburgh Pirates
Ryan Ludwick, 2nd round, 60th overall by the Oakland Athletics
John Lackey, 2nd round, 68th overall by the Anaheim Angels
Justin Morneau, 3rd round, 89th overall by the Minnesota Twins
Willie Bloomquist, 3rd round, 95th overall by the Seattle Mariners
Jon Rauch, 3rd round, 99th overall by the Chicago White Sox
Josh Bard, 3rd round, 100th overall by the Colorado Rockies
Hank Blalock, 3rd round, 105th overall by the Texas Rangers
Cody Ross, 4th round, 117th overall by the Detroit Tigers
Kevin Mench, 4th round, 118th overall by the Texas Rangers
Ángel Pagán, 4th round, 136th overall by the New York Mets
Nate Robertson, 5th round, 146th overall by the Florida Marlins
Joe Saunders, 5th round, 156th overall by the Philadelphia Phillies, but did not sign
J. J. Putz, 6th round, 185th overall by the Seattle Mariners
Érik Bédard, 6th round, 187th overall by the Baltimore Orioles
Shane Victorino, 6th round, 194th overall by the Los Angeles Dodgers
Aaron Harang, 6th round, 195th overall by the Texas Rangers
Coco Crisp, 7th round, 222nd overall by the St. Louis Cardinals
Chris Capuano, 8th round, 238th overall by the Arizona Diamondbacks
Mark Ellis, 9th round, 271st overall by the Kansas City Royals
Marlon Byrd, 10th round, 306th overall by the Philadelphia Phillies
Matt Guerrier, 10th round, 309th overall by the Chicago White Sox
Greg Dobbs, 10th round, 323rd overall by the Houston Astros, but did not sign
Lew Ford, 12th round, 379th overall by the Boston Red Sox
Albert Pujols, 13th round, 402nd overall by the St. Louis Cardinals
Brandon Lyon, 14th round, 433rd overall by the Toronto Blue Jays
Garrett Jones, 14th round, 444th overall by the Atlanta Braves
Jake Peavy, 15th round, 472nd overall by the San Diego Padres
Matt Diaz, 17th round, 505th overall by the Tampa Bay Devil Rays
Reed Johnson, 17th round, 523rd overall by the Toronto Blue Jays
Ryan Raburn, 18th round, 535th overall by the Tampa Bay Devil Rays, but did not sign
Lyle Overbay, 18th round, 538th overall by the Arizona Diamondbacks
Scott Hairston, 18th round, 549th overall by the Chicago White Sox, but did not sign
Noah Lowry, 19th round, 585th overall by the Texas Rangers, but did not sign
Willie Harris, 24th round, 727th overall by the Baltimore Orioles
Kevin Tillman, 31st round, 941st overall by the Anaheim Angels
Jason Frasor, 33rd round, 1145th overall by the Detroit Tigers
Rich Harden, 38th round, 987th overall by the Seattle Mariners, but did not sign
Mike Jacobs, 38th round, 1156th overall by the New York Mets
Kameron Loe, 39th round, 1176th overall by the Philadelphia Phillies, but did not sign
Adam LaRoche, 42nd round, 1254th overall by the Florida Marlins, but did not sign
Chris Snyder, 43rd round, 1290th overall by the Seattle Mariners, but did not sign
Pat Neshek, 45th round, 1337th overall by the Minnesota Twins, but did not sign

tag: ul

text: NFL players drafted[edit]

text: Michael Bishop, 44th round, 1328th overall by the Cleveland Indians, but did not sign


document_title: Diffuse axonal injury

question_text: when do symptoms of axon damage show up

question_tokens: when do symptoms of axon damage show up

text: Diffuse axonal injury

text: Mechanism[edit]

text: DAI is the result of traumatic shearing forces that occur when the head is rapidly accelerated or decelerated, as may occur in car accidents, falls, and assaults.[5] Vehicle accidents are the most frequent cause of DAI; it can also occur as the result of child abuse[6] such as in shaken baby syndrome.[7]

tag: p

text: Immediate disconnection of axons could be observed in severe brain injury, but the major damage of DAI is delayed secondary axon disconnections slowly developed over an extended time course.[8] Tracts of axons, which appear white due to myelination, are referred to as white matter. Lesions in both grey and white matters are found in postmortem brains in CT and MRI exams.[2]

text: Besides mechanical breaking of the axonal cytoskeleton, DAI pathology also includes secondary physiological changes such as interrupted axonal transport, progressive swellings and degeneration.[9] Recent studies have linked these changes to twisting and misalignment of broken axon microtubules, as well as tau and APP deposition.[9][10]

text: Characteristics[edit]

text: Lesions typically exist in the white matter of brains injured by DAI; these lesions vary in size from about 1–15 mm and are distributed in a characteristic way.[2] DAI most commonly affects white matter in areas including the brain stem, the corpus callosum, and the cerebral hemispheres.

text: The lobes of the brain most likely to be injured are the frontal and temporal lobes.[11] Other common locations for DAI include the white matter in the cerebral cortex, the superior cerebral peduncles,[7] basal ganglia, thalamus, and deep hemispheric nuclei.[12] These areas may be more easily damaged because of the difference in density between them and the rest of the brain.[12]

text: Histological characteristics[edit]

text: DAI is characterized by axonal separation, in which the axon is torn at the site of stretch and the part distal to the tear degrades. While it was once thought that the main cause of axonal separation was tearing due to mechanical forces during the trauma, it is now understood that axons are not typically torn upon impact; rather, secondary biochemical cascades, which occur in response to the primary injury (which occurs as the result of mechanical forces at the moment of trauma) and take place hours to days after the initial injury, are largely responsible for the damage to axons.[13][14][15]

text: Though the processes involved in secondary brain injury are still poorly understood, it is now accepted that stretching of axons during injury causes physical disruption to and proteolytic degradation of the cytoskeleton.[1] It also opens sodium channels in the axolemma, which causes voltage-gated calcium channels to open and Ca2+ to flow into the cell.[1] The intracellular presence of Ca2+ unleashes several different pathways, including activating phospholipases and proteolytic enzymes, damaging mitochondria and the cytoskeleton, and activating secondary messengers, which can lead to separation of the axon and death of the cell.[13]

text: Cytoskeleton disruption[edit]

text: Axons are normally elastic, but when rapidly stretched they become brittle, and the axonal cytoskeleton can be broken. Misalignment of cytoskeletal elements after stretch injury can lead to tearing of the axon and death of the neuron. Axonal transport continues up to the point of the break in the cytoskeleton, but no further, leading to a buildup of transport products and local swelling at that point.[16] When it becomes large enough, swelling can tear the axon at the site of the break in the cytoskeleton, causing it to draw back toward the cell body and form a bulb.[4] This bulb is called a retraction ball, the hallmark of diffuse axonal injury.[2]

text: When the axon is transected, Wallerian degeneration, in which the part of the axon distal to the break degrades, takes place within one to two days after injury.[17] The axolemma disintegrates,[17] myelin breaks down and begins to detach from cells in an anterograde direction (from the body of the cell toward the end of the axon),[18] and nearby cells begin phagocytic activity, engulfing debris.[19]

text: Calcium influx[edit]

text: While sometimes only the cytoskeleton is disturbed, frequently disruption of the axolemma occurs as well, causing the influx of Ca2+ into the cell and unleashing a variety of degrading processes.[17][20] An increase in Ca2+ and Na+ levels and a drop in K+ levels is found within the axon directly after injury.[13][17] Possible routes of Ca2+ entry include sodium channels, pores torn in the membrane during stretch, and failure of ATP-dependent transporters due to mechanical blockage or lack of energy.[13] High levels of intracellular Ca2+, the major cause of post-injury cell damage,[21] destroy mitochondria,[4] and trigger phospholipases and proteolytic enzymes that damage Na+ channels and degrade or alter the cytoskeleton and the axoplasm.[22][17] Excess Ca2+ can also lead to damage to the blood brain barrier and swelling of the brain.[21]

text: One of the proteins activated by the presence of calcium in the cell is calpain, a Ca2+-dependent non-lysosomal protease.[22] About 15 minutes to half an hour after the onset of injury, a process called calpain-mediated spectrin proteolysis, or CMSP, begins to occur.[23] Calpain breaks down a molecule called spectrin, which holds the membrane onto the cytoskeleton, causing the formation of blebs and the breakdown of the cytoskeleton and the membrane, and ultimately the death of the cell.[22][23] Other molecules that can be degraded by calpains are microtubule subunits, microtubule-associated proteins, and neurofilaments.[22]

text: Generally occurring one to six hours into the process of post-stretch injury, the presence of calcium in the cell initiates the caspase cascade, a process in cell injury that usually leads to apoptosis, or "cell suicide".[23]

text: Mitochondria, dendrites, and parts of the cytoskeleton damaged in the injury have a limited ability to heal and regenerate, a process which occurs over 2 or more weeks.[24] After the injury, astrocytes can shrink, causing parts of the brain to atrophy.[2]

text: Diagnosis[edit]

text: DAI is difficult to detect since it does not show up well on CT scans or with other macroscopic imaging techniques, though it shows up microscopically.[2] However, there are characteristics typical of DAI that may or may not show up on a CT scan. Diffuse injury has more microscopic injury than macroscopic injury and is difficult to detect with CT and MRI, but its presence can be inferred when small bleeds are visible in the corpus callosum or the cerebral cortex.[25] MRI is more useful than CT for detecting characteristics of diffuse axonal injury in the subacute and chronic time frames.[26] Newer studies such as Diffusion Tensor Imaging are able to demonstrate the degree of white matter fiber tract injury even when the standard MRI is negative. Since axonal damage in DAI is largely a result of secondary biochemical cascades, it has a delayed onset, so a person with DAI who initially appears well may deteriorate later. Thus injury is frequently more severe than is realized, and medical professionals should suspect DAI in any patients whose CT scans appear normal but who have symptoms like unconsciousness.[2]

text: MRI is more sensitive than CT scans, but MRI may also miss DAI, because it identifies the injury using signs of edema, which may not be present.[24]

text: DAI is classified into grades based on severity of the injury. In Grade I, widespread axonal damage is present but no focal abnormalities are seen. In Grade II, damage found in Grade I is present in addition to focal abnormalities, especially in the corpus callosum. Grade III damage encompasses both Grades I and II plus rostral brain stem injury and often tears in the tissue.[27]

text: Treatment[edit]

text: DAI currently lacks a specific treatment beyond what is done for any type of head injury, including stabilizing the patient and trying to limit increases in intracranial pressure (ICP).

text: History[edit]

text: The idea of DAI first came about as a result of studies by Sabina Strich on lesions of the white matter of individuals who had suffered head trauma years before.[28] Strich first proposed the idea in 1956, calling it diffuse degeneration of white matter, however the more concise term "Diffuse Axonal Injury" was eventually preferred.[29] Strich was researching the relationship between dementia and head trauma[28] and asserted in 1956 that DAI played an integral role in the eventual development of dementia due to head trauma.[6] The term DAI was introduced in the early 1980s.[30]

text: Notable examples[edit]

text:
Top Gear presenter Richard Hammond suffered a DAI as a result of the Vampire Dragster Crash in 2006.
Champ Car World Series driver Roberto Guerrero suffered a DAI as a result of a crash during testing at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in 1987.[31]
Formula 1 driver Jules Bianchi suffered a DAI as a result of an accident at the 2014 Japanese Grand Prix[32] and died, without regaining consciousness, 9 months later on 17 July 2015.[33]
Actor and audiobook narrator Frank Muller, well known for his readings of Stephen King's The Dark Tower, suffered a DAI due to a motorcycle accident in 2001. He died in 2008.[34]


document_title: Volume license key

question_text: what is mak and kms in microsoft key

question_tokens: what is mak and kms in microsoft key

text: Volume license key

text: Use[edit]

text: Volume licenses are not always transferable; however, some types of Microsoft volume-license can be transferred provided a formal transfer process is completed, which enables Microsoft to register the new owner. A very small number of software vendors specialize in brokering such transfers in order to allow the selling of volume licenses and keys. The most notable of these, Discount-Licensing, pioneered the sale of Microsoft volume licenses in this way.[2]

text: MAK and KMS[edit]

text: Starting with Windows Vista, Microsoft replaced VLKs with Multiple Activation Keys (MAK) and Key Management Server (KMS) keys. Hosts activated via a KMS have to report back to that key server once every 180 days.[3][4]

text: KMS and ACPI_SLIC requirements[edit]

text: Microsoft's licensing for volume license products requires that volume licensing be an additional cost or license, applied over the top of an existing qualifying Microsoft product license. Windows license data is stored in the computer's BIOS in an area referred to as the "ACPI_SLIC", so that KMS can detect the use of previous Microsoft products even with the storage device removed or erased.[5]

text: KMS licensing of a client device will be refused if licensing entries for a prior qualifying Windows license either do not exist or are corrupted in the ACPI_SLIC table. KMS client refusal can also occur if a properly qualifying Windows license was previously installed but the motherboard manufacturer did not correctly enable ACPI_SLIC in the BIOS.

text: In the event that the KMS server rejects the client device due to problems with the ACPI_SLIC data, the only way available to apply a volume license key is with the MAK product key.[6] Problems with ACPI_SLIC can be diagnosed with the Microsoft MGADiag tool.

text: Unauthorized use[edit]

text: Microsoft has blocked several volume license keys that have been abused in service packs, starting with Windows XP Service Pack 1. Microsoft even developed a new key verification engine for Windows XP Service Pack 2 that could detect illicit keys, even those that had never been used before. Several security consultants have condemned the move by Microsoft, saying that leaving a large install base unpatched from various security holes is irresponsible because this unpatched install base can be leveraged in large scale Internet attacks, such as Trojan horses used to send spam e-mail. Others have come to Microsoft's defense, arguing that Microsoft should not have to provide support for illegal users. After much public outcry, Microsoft elected to disable the new key verification engine. Service Pack 2 only checks for the same small list of commonly used keys as Service Pack 1. Users of existing installations of Windows XP can also change their product key by following instructions from Microsoft.[7]

text: Leaked keys[edit]

text: A volume license key that was commonly used to bypass product activation in early versions of Microsoft's Windows XP operating system was FCKGW-RHQQ2-YXRKT-8TG6W-2B7Q8.[8] This key was part of the first warez release of the final version of Windows XP by a group called devils0wn, 35 days before the official retail release on 28 August 2001.[9] The key is now obsolete, as it has been blacklisted by Microsoft since August 2004, and affected computers will display a WGA notification.[10] It was made famous partly because it featured in a popular image circulated on the Internet before the retail launch of Windows XP. In the image, the key is written on a CD-R containing the leaked operating system and held in front of a digital Microsoft sign counting down the days until the release of Windows XP.[11]

text: Users using these keys will receive an error message when they install the latest service pack, and such users are told to obtain a legitimate license and change their product key.[12]

text: Public KMS servers[edit]

text: Any client machine with the correct KMS client setup keys can authenticate against any KMS server. KMS client keys are well known and documented publicly by Microsoft.[13] KMS servers require a minimum of 25 clients to properly activate, but also stop counting additional licenses beyond 50, and automatically accept any client key once reaching the 25 client threshold.

text: Businesses operating KMS servers are required to properly shield the KMS server behind firewalls so that it cannot be reached from the Internet, and be used to authorize illegal use of KMS client keys by the general public. Public exposure of a KMS server can result in Microsoft revoking the server key, thereby disabling all attaching clients.

text: External KMS server access is desirable for devices on long-term leave away from the corporate network, as KMS client activation will expire after six months of not being able to contact a KMS server. For this situation, a business can make it accessible through a virtual private network (VPN) known only to the devices outside the corporate network.

text: KMS server and client emulators[edit]

text: An unofficial KMS server emulator that will activate Windows or Office even if the software was not licensed or paid for, regardless of whether or not there are 25 or more computers on the network, and regardless of whether or not a previous version of Windows was installed.[14] There is also a program that will send KMS requests to a legitimate KMS server, in order to fool the server into thinking that there are 25 or more computers on the network. Microsoft considers both of these exploits to be a violation of the Terms and Conditions.[15]


document_title: List of Presidents of the United States

question_text: who was the last president that was not a democrat or republican

text: List of Presidents of the United States

text: Presidents

text:
Unaffiliated (2)       Federalist (1)       Democratic-Republican (4)       Democratic (15)       Whig (4)       Republican (19)       National Union (2)

Presidency[a]
President
Prior office[b]
Party[c]
Term[d]
Vice President

1
April 30, 1789
[e]
–
March 4, 1797

George Washington
1732–1799
(Lived: 67 years)
[3][4][5]
Commander-in-Chief
of the
Continental Army
(1775–1783)

Unaffiliated
[2]
(1788–89)
1
(1789)
John Adams
[f][g]

(1792)
2
(1793)

2
March 4, 1797
–
March 4, 1801

John Adams
1735–1826
(Lived: 90 years)
[6][7][8]
1st
Vice President of the United States

Federalist
(1796)
3
(1797)
Thomas Jefferson
[h]

3
March 4, 1801
–
March 4, 1809

Thomas Jefferson
1743–1826
(Lived: 83 years)
[9][10][11]
2nd
Vice President of the United States

Democratic-
Republican
(1800)
4
(1801)
Aaron Burr
March 4, 1801 – March 4, 1805

(1804)
5
(1805)
George Clinton
March 4, 1805 – March 4, 1809

4
March 4, 1809
–
March 4, 1817

James Madison
1751–1836
(Lived: 85 years)
[12][13][14]
5th
United States Secretary of State
(1801–1809)

Democratic-
Republican
(1808)
6
(1809)
George Clinton
March 4, 1809 – April 20, 1812
(Died in office)

Office vacant
(Balance of Clinton's term)

(1812)
7
(1813)
Elbridge Gerry
March 4, 1813 – November 23, 1814
(Died in office)

Office vacant
(Balance of Gerry's term)

5
March 4, 1817
–
March 4, 1825

James Monroe
1758–1831
(Lived: 73 years)
[15][16][17]
7th
United States Secretary of State
(1811–1817)

Democratic-
Republican
(1816)
8
(1817)
Daniel D. Tompkins

(1820)
9
(1821)

6
March 4, 1825
–
March 4, 1829

John Quincy Adams
1767–1848
(Lived: 80 years)
[18][19][20]
8th
United States Secretary of State
(1817–1825)

Democratic-
Republican
(1824)
10
(1825)
John C. Calhoun

7
March 4, 1829
–
March 4, 1837

Andrew Jackson
1767–1845
(Lived: 78 years)
[21][22][23]
U.S. Senator (Class 2) from Tennessee
(1797–1798 & 1823–1825)

Democratic
(1828)
11
(1829)
John C. Calhoun
[i]
March 4, 1829 – December 28, 1832
(Resigned from office)

Office vacant
(Balance of Calhoun's term)

(1832)
12
(1833)
Martin Van Buren
March 4, 1833 – March 4, 1837

8
March 4, 1837
–
March 4, 1841

Martin Van Buren
1782–1862
(Lived: 79 years)
[24][25][26]
8th
Vice President of the United States

Democratic
(1836)
13
(1837)
Richard M. Johnson

9
March 4, 1841
–
April 4, 1841
(Died in office)

William Henry Harrison
1773–1841
(Lived: 68 years)
[27][28][29]
United States Minister to Colombia
(1828–1829)

Whig
(1840)
14
(1841)
(1841)
[j]
John Tyler
(Succeeded to presidency)

10
April 4, 1841
[k]
–
March 4, 1845

John Tyler
1790–1862
(Lived: 71 years)
[30][31][32]
10th
Vice President of the United States

Whig
April 4, 1841 – September 13, 1841
Office vacant

Unaffiliated
September 13, 1841 – March 4, 1845
[l]

11
March 4, 1845
–
March 4, 1849

James K. Polk
1795–1849
(Lived: 53 years)
[33][34][35]
9th
Governor of Tennessee
(1839–1841)

Democratic
(1844)
15
(1845)
George M. Dallas

12

March 4, 1849
–
July 9, 1850
(Died in office)

Zachary Taylor
1784–1850
(Lived: 65 years)
[36][37][38]
Major General of the 1st Infantry Regiment
United States Army
(1846–1849)
(No prior elected office)

Whig
(1848)
16
(1849)
(1850)
[j]
Millard Fillmore
(Succeeded to presidency)

13
July 9, 1850
[m]
–
March 4, 1853

Millard Fillmore
1800–1874
(Lived: 74 years)
[39][40][41]
12th
Vice President of the United States

Whig
Office vacant

14
March 4, 1853
–
March 4, 1857

Franklin Pierce
1804–1869
(Lived: 64 years)
[42][43][44]
Brigadier General of the 9th Infantry
United States Army
(1847–1848)

Democratic
(1852)
17
(1853)
William R. King
March 4 – April 18, 1853
(Died in office)

Office vacant
(Balance of King's term)

15
March 4, 1857
–
March 4, 1861

James Buchanan
1791–1868
(Lived: 77 years)
[45][46][47]
United States Minister to the
Court of St James's
(1853–1856)

Democratic
(1856)
18
(1857)
John C. Breckinridge

16
March 4, 1861
–
April 15, 1865
(Died in office)

Abraham Lincoln
1809–1865
(Lived: 56 years)
[48][49][50]
U.S. Representative for Illinois's 7th District
(1847–1849)

Republican
(National Union)
[n]
(1860)
19
(1861)
Hannibal Hamlin
March 4, 1861 – March 4, 1865

(1864)
20
(1865)
(1865)
[j]
Andrew Johnson
March 4 – April 15, 1865
(Succeeded to presidency)

17
April 15, 1865
–
March 4, 1869

Andrew Johnson
1808–1875
(Lived: 66 years)
[51][52][53]
16th
Vice President of the United States

National Union
April 15, 1865 – c. 1868
Office vacant

Democratic
c. 1868 – March 4, 1869
[o]

18

March 4, 1869
–
March 4, 1877

Ulysses S. Grant
1822–1885
(Lived: 63 years)
[54][55][56]
Commanding General of the U.S. Army
(1864–1869)
(No prior elected office)

Republican
(1868)
21
(1869)
Schuyler Colfax
March 4, 1869 – March 4, 1873

(1872)
22
(1873)
Henry Wilson
March 4, 1873 – November 22, 1875
(Died in office)

Office vacant
(Balance of Wilson's term)

19
March 4, 1877
–
March 4, 1881

Rutherford B. Hayes
1822–1893
(Lived: 70 years)
[57][58][59]
29th & 32nd
Governor of Ohio
(1868–1872 & 1876–1877)

Republican
(1876)
23
(1877)
William A. Wheeler

20
March 4, 1881
–
September 19, 1881
(Died in office)

James A. Garfield
1831–1881
(Lived: 49 years)
[60][61][62]
U.S. Representative for Ohio's 19th District
(1863–1881)

Republican
(1880)
24
(1881)
(1881)
[j]
Chester A. Arthur
(Succeeded to presidency)

21
September 19, 1881
[p]
–
March 4, 1885

Chester A. Arthur
1829–1886
(Lived: 57 years)
[63][64][65]
20th
Vice President of the United States

Republican
Office vacant

22
March 4, 1885
–
March 4, 1889

Grover Cleveland
1837–1908
(Lived: 71 years)
[66][67]
28th
Governor of New York
(1883–1885)

Democratic
(1884)
25
(1885)
Thomas A. Hendricks
March 4 – November 25, 1885
(Died in office)

Office vacant
(Balance of Hendricks's term)

23
March 4, 1889
–
March 4, 1893

Benjamin Harrison
1833–1901
(Lived: 67 years)
[68][69][70]
U.S. Senator (Class 1) from Indiana
(1881–1887)

Republican
(1888)
26
(1889)
Levi P. Morton

24
March 4, 1893
–
March 4, 1897

Grover Cleveland
1837–1908
(Lived: 71 years)
[66][67]
22nd
President of the United States
(1885–1889)

Democratic
(1892)
27
(1893)
Adlai Stevenson

25
March 4, 1897
–
September 14, 1901
(Died in office)

William McKinley
1843–1901
(Lived: 58 years)
[71][72][73]
39th
Governor of Ohio
(1892–1896)

Republican
(1896)
28
(1897)
Garret Hobart
March 4, 1897 – November 21, 1899
(Died in office)

Office vacant
(Balance of Hobart's term)

(1900)
29
(1901)
(1901)
[j]
Theodore Roosevelt
March 4 – September 14, 1901
(Succeeded to presidency)

26
September 14, 1901
–
March 4, 1909

Theodore Roosevelt
1858–1919
(Lived: 60 years)
[74][75][76]
25th
Vice President of the United States

Republican
Office vacant
September 14, 1901 – March 4, 1905

(1904)
30
(1905)
Charles W. Fairbanks
March 4, 1905 – March 4, 1909

27
March 4, 1909
–
March 4, 1913

William Howard Taft
1857–1930
(Lived: 72 years)
[77][78][79]
42nd
United States Secretary of War
(1904–1908)

Republican
(1908)
31
(1909)
James S. Sherman
March 4, 1909 – October 30, 1912
(Died in office)

Office vacant
(Balance of Sherman's term)

28
March 4, 1913
–
March 4, 1921

Woodrow Wilson
1856–1924
(Lived: 67 years)
[80][81][82]
34th
Governor of New Jersey
(1911–1913)

Democratic
(1912)
32
(1913)
Thomas R. Marshall

(1916)
33
(1917)

29
March 4, 1921
–
August 2, 1923
(Died in office)

Warren G. Harding
1865–1923
(Lived: 57 years)
[83][84][85]
U.S. Senator (Class 3) from Ohio
(1915–1921)

Republican
(1920)
34
(1921)
(1923)
[j]
Calvin Coolidge
(Succeeded to presidency)

30
August 2, 1923
[q]
–
March 4, 1929

Calvin Coolidge
1872–1933
(Lived: 60 years)
[86][87][88]
29th
Vice President of the United States

Republican
Office vacant
August 2, 1923 – March 4, 1925

(1924)
35
(1925)
Charles G. Dawes
March 4, 1925 – March 4, 1929

31

March 4, 1929
–
March 4, 1933

Herbert Hoover
1874–1964
(Lived: 90 years)
[89][90][91]
3rd
United States Secretary of Commerce
(1921–1928)
(No prior elected office)

Republican
(1928)
36
(1929)
Charles Curtis

32
March 4, 1933
–
April 12, 1945
(Died in office)

Franklin D. Roosevelt
1882–1945
(Lived: 63 years)
[92][93][94]
44th
Governor of New York
(1929–1932)

Democratic
(1932)
37
(1933)
John N. Garner
March 4, 1933 – January 20, 1941
[r]

(1936)
38
(1937)

(1940)
39
(1941)
Henry A. Wallace
January 20, 1941 – January 20, 1945

(1944)
40
(1945)
(1945)
[j]
Harry S. Truman
January 20 – April 12, 1945
(Succeeded to presidency)

33
April 12, 1945
–
January 20, 1953

Harry S. Truman
1884–1972
(Lived: 88 years)
[95][96][97]
34th
Vice President of the United States

Democratic
Office vacant
April 12, 1945 – January 20, 1949

(1948)
41
(1949)
Alben W. Barkley
January 20, 1949 – January 20, 1953

34

January 20, 1953
–
January 20, 1961

Dwight D. Eisenhower
1890–1969
(Lived: 78 years)
[98][99][100]
Supreme Allied Commander Europe
(1949–1952)
(No prior elected office)

Republican
(1952)
42
(1953)
Richard Nixon

(1956)
43
(1957)

35
January 20, 1961
–
November 22, 1963
(Died in office)

John F. Kennedy
1917–1963
(Lived: 46 years)
[101][102][103]
U.S. Senator (Class 1) from Massachusetts
(1953–1960)

Democratic
(1960)
44
(1961)
(1963)
[j]
Lyndon B. Johnson
(Succeeded to presidency)

36
November 22, 1963
–
January 20, 1969

Lyndon B. Johnson
1908–1973
(Lived: 64 years)
[104][105]
37th
Vice President of the United States

Democratic
Office vacant
November 22, 1963 – January 20, 1965

(1964)
45
(1965)
Hubert Humphrey
January 20, 1965 – January 20, 1969

37
January 20, 1969
–
August 9, 1974
(Resigned from office)

Richard Nixon
1913–1994
(Lived: 81 years)
[106][107][108]
36th
Vice President of the United States
(1953–1961)

Republican
(1968)
46
(1969)
Spiro Agnew
January 20, 1969 – October 10, 1973
(Resigned from office)

(1972)
47
(1973)
(1974)
[j]

Office vacant
October 10 – December 6, 1973

Gerald Ford
December 6, 1973 – August 9, 1974
(Succeeded to presidency)

38
August 9, 1974
–
January 20, 1977

Gerald Ford
1913–2006
(Lived: 93 years)
[109][110][111]
40th
Vice President of the United States

Republican
Office vacant
August 9 – December 19, 1974

Nelson Rockefeller
December 19, 1974 – January 20, 1977

39
January 20, 1977
–
January 20, 1981

Jimmy Carter
Born 1924
(93 years old)
[112][113][114]
76th
Governor of Georgia
(1971–1975)

Democratic
(1976)
48
(1977)
Walter Mondale

40
January 20, 1981
–
January 20, 1989

Ronald Reagan
1911–2004
(Lived: 93 years)
[115][116][117]
33rd
Governor of California
(1967–1975)

Republican
(1980)
49
(1981)
George H. W. Bush

(1984)
50
(1985)

41
January 20, 1989
–
January 20, 1993

George H. W. Bush
Born 1924
(93 years old)
[118][119][120]
43rd
Vice President of the United States

Republican
(1988)
51
(1989)
Dan Quayle

42
January 20, 1993
–
January 20, 2001

Bill Clinton
Born 1946
(71 years old)
[121][122][123]
40th & 42nd
Governor of Arkansas
(1979–1981 & 1983–1992)

Democratic
(1992)
52
(1993)
Al Gore

(1996)
53
(1997)

43
January 20, 2001
–
January 20, 2009

George W. Bush
Born 1946
(71 years old)
[124][125]
46th
Governor of Texas
(1995–2000)

Republican
(2000)
54
(2001)
Dick Cheney

(2004)
55
(2005)

44
January 20, 2009
–
January 20, 2017

Barack Obama
Born 1961
(56 years old)
[126][127]
U.S. Senator (Class 3) from Illinois
(2005–2008)

Democratic
(2008)
56
(2009)
Joe Biden

(2012)
57
(2013)

45
January 20, 2017
–
Incumbent

Donald Trump
Born 1946
(71 years old)
[128][129]
Chairman of
The Trump Organization
(1971–2017)
(No prior elected office)

Republican
(2016)
58
(2017)
Mike Pence

text: Subsequent public office

text: Three presidents held another U.S. federal office after serving as president.

text:
President
Presidency[a]
Subsequent service

John Quincy Adams
6
1825–1829
U.S. Representative from Massachusetts (1831–1848)

Andrew Johnson
17
1865–1869
U.S. Senator from Tennessee (1875)

William Howard Taft
27
1909–1913
10th Chief Justice of the United States (1921–1930)

text: Several presidents campaigned unsuccessfully for other U.S. state or federal elective offices after serving as president.

text:
President
Presidency[a]
Office sought unsuccessfully

John Quincy Adams
6
1825–1829
Governor of Massachusetts (1833)

Martin Van Buren
8
1837–1841
President of the United States (1844)

President of the United States (1848)

Millard Fillmore
13
1850–1853
President of the United States (1856)

Andrew Johnson
17
1865–1869
U.S. Senator from Tennessee (1870)

U.S. Representative from Tennessee (1872)

Ulysses S. Grant
18
1869–1877
President of the United States (1880)

Theodore Roosevelt
26
1901–1909
President of the United States (1912)

Herbert Hoover
31
1929–1933
President of the United States (1940)

text: Additionally, one former president, John Tyler, served in the government of the Confederate States during the American Civil War. Tyler served in the Provisional Confederate Congress from 1861 to 1862. He was elected to the Confederate House of Representatives in November 1861, but died before he could take his seat.